From 5bee92c9a9703de1a5576fdfd07ea83286d53f6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jtshed2016 <jshedlock@berkeley.edu>
Date: Fri, 5 Feb 2016 14:41:29 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] updating earlier lab files so I can rebase

---
 html_css/responsive_design/index.html | 11 ++++++-----
 html_css/responsive_design/small.css  |  6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
diff --git a/html_css/responsive_design/index.html b/html_css/responsive_design/index.html
index 19828ec..18e21fb 100644
--- a/html_css/responsive_design/index.html
+++ b/html_css/responsive_design/index.html
@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@
 <html>
 	<head>
 		<meta charset="UTF-8">
+		
 		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-		<title>Vijay Velagapudi</title>
+		<title>Jordan Shedlock</title>
 		<!-- Load stylesheets based on viewport  -->
 		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">
-		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="(max-width: 667px)" href="small.css">
-		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="(min-width: 668px) and (max-width: 800px)" href="medium.css">
+		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="(max-width: 500px)" href="small.css">
+		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="(min-width: 500px) and (max-width: 700px)" href="medium.css">
 		<!-- Load in custom fonts -->
 		<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lobster' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
 		<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Arimo' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@
 
 	<body>
 		<header>
-			<h1 id="site-title">Vijay Velagapudi</h1>
+			<h1 id="site-title">Jordan Shedlock</h1>
 			<nav id="navigation">
 				<a class="nav-button" href="#">Home</a>
 				<a class="nav-button" href="#projects">Projects</a>
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ <h3 class="project-title">Tweetday</h3>
 		</div>
 
 		<footer>
-			<span>Contact me: vijayv@berkeley.edu</span>
+			<span>Contact me: jshedlock@berkeley.edu</span>
 		</footer>
 	</body>
 </html>
diff --git a/html_css/responsive_design/small.css b/html_css/responsive_design/small.css
index 06fa3d9..e2545ce 100644
--- a/html_css/responsive_design/small.css
+++ b/html_css/responsive_design/small.css
@@ -1 +1,7 @@
 /*Your mobile targeted css should go here*/
+
+nav {
+	/*background-color: blue;*/
+	border: 1px solid blue;
+	width: 50%;
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 02b75f122aa10cbc1d66005ee0399bf3ca25abf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jtshed2016 <jshedlock@berkeley.edu>
Date: Sun, 27 Mar 2016 22:59:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] uploading hw6

---
 flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app.db     |  Bin 9216 -> 9216 bytes
 .../orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/forms.py |   24 +-
 .../models-tutorial/app/models.py             |   37 +-
 .../app/templates/addlist.html                |   31 +
 .../models-tutorial/app/templates/base.html   |    4 +
 .../app/templates/chooseadd.html              |   16 +
 .../app/templates/customer.html               |   28 +-
 .../models-tutorial/app/templates/home.html   |   20 +-
 .../app/templates/newaddress.html             |   42 +
 .../app/templates/neworder.html               |   31 +
 .../orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/views.py |  116 +-
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/.Python       |    1 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate  |   78 +
 .../sqlpractice/bin/activate.csh              |   36 +
 .../sqlpractice/bin/activate.fish             |   76 +
 .../sqlpractice/bin/activate_this.py          |   34 +
 .../sqlpractice/bin/easy_install              |   11 +
 .../sqlpractice/bin/easy_install-3.5          |   11 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip       |   11 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3      |   11 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3.5    |   11 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python    |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/bin/python-config             |   78 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3   |    1 +
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5 |  Bin 0 -> 13172 bytes
 .../models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/wheel     |   11 +
 .../sqlpractice/include/python3.5m            |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/__future__.py   |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py  |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py         |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py            |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py  |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/abc.py          |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/base64.py       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/bisect.py       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/codecs.py       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/collections     |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m     |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copy.py         |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py      |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py       |  101 +
 .../lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg     |    6 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/encodings       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py      |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/functools.py    |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py  |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py      |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/heapq.py        |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hmac.py         |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/imp.py          |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/importlib       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/io.py           |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/keyword.py      |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload     |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/linecache.py    |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/locale.py       |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/no-global-site-packages.txt |    0
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/operator.py     |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/os.py           |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin     |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py    |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/random.py       |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/re.py           |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/readline.so     |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py      |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py  |    1 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/shutil.py       |    1 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst    |   41 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/INSTALLER          |    1 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/METADATA           |   63 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/RECORD             |  148 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/WHEEL              |    5 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/metadata.json      |    1 +
 .../Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/top_level.txt      |    1 +
 .../DESCRIPTION.rst                           |   15 +
 .../Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/INSTALLER  |    1 +
 .../Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/METADATA   |   40 +
 .../Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/RECORD     |   11 +
 .../Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL      |    5 +
 .../metadata.json                             |    1 +
 .../top_level.txt                             |    1 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst  |   17 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER        |    1 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/METADATA         |   45 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/RECORD           |   29 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/WHEEL            |    5 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/metadata.json    |    1 +
 .../Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt    |    1 +
 .../Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst      |   36 +
 .../Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/INSTALLER            |    1 +
 .../Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/METADATA             |   63 +
 .../site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/RECORD |   54 +
 .../site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/WHEEL  |    6 +
 .../Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt     |    4 +
 .../Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/metadata.json        |    1 +
 .../Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/top_level.txt        |    1 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst |  101 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/INSTALLER       |    1 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/METADATA        |  121 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/RECORD          |   19 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/WHEEL           |    5 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/metadata.json   |    1 +
 .../MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/top_level.txt   |    1 +
 .../DESCRIPTION.rst                           |  137 +
 .../SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER     |    1 +
 .../SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/METADATA      |  157 +
 .../SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/RECORD        |  376 ++
 .../SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/WHEEL         |    5 +
 .../SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/metadata.json |    1 +
 .../SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt |    1 +
 .../WTForms-2.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst     |    3 +
 .../WTForms-2.1.dist-info/INSTALLER           |    1 +
 .../WTForms-2.1.dist-info/METADATA            |   28 +
 .../WTForms-2.1.dist-info/RECORD              |  134 +
 .../site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL |    6 +
 .../WTForms-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json       |    1 +
 .../WTForms-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt       |    1 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst |   54 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER       |    1 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/METADATA        |   79 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/RECORD          |   94 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL           |    6 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/metadata.json   |    1 +
 .../Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/top_level.txt   |    1 +
 .../site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py      |   16 +
 .../site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py       |  119 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py   |    5 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/__init__.py |   50 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/_compat.py  |   73 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py  | 1842 ++++++
 .../site-packages/flask/blueprints.py         |  401 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/config.py   |  168 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ctx.py  |  394 ++
 .../site-packages/flask/debughelpers.py       |   87 +
 .../site-packages/flask/ext/__init__.py       |   29 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/exthook.py  |  120 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/globals.py  |   44 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/helpers.py  |  849 +++
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/json.py |  243 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/logging.py  |   45 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/module.py   |   42 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/sessions.py |  332 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/signals.py  |   55 +
 .../site-packages/flask/templating.py         |  143 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/testing.py  |  124 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/__init__.py |  246 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/appctx.py   |  101 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/basic.py    | 1254 ++++
 .../flask/testsuite/blueprints.py             |  790 +++
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/config.py   |  299 +
 .../flask/testsuite/deprecations.py           |   24 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/examples.py |   38 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/ext.py      |  134 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/helpers.py  |  593 ++
 .../flask/testsuite/regression.py             |  116 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/reqctx.py   |  185 +
 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/signals.py  |  153 +
 .../flask/testsuite/static/index.html         |    1 +
 .../flask/testsuite/subclassing.py            |   46 +
 .../flask/testsuite/templates/_macro.html     |    1 +
 .../testsuite/templates/context_template.html |    1 +
 .../templates/escaping_template.html          |    6 +
 .../flask/testsuite/templates/mail.txt        |    1 +
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 .../testsuite/templates/simple_template.html  |    1 +
 .../testsuite/templates/template_filter.html  |    1 +
 .../testsuite/templates/template_test.html    |    3 +
 .../flask/testsuite/templating.py             |  302 +
 .../test_apps/blueprintapp/__init__.py        |    7 +
 .../test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/__init__.py   |    0
 .../blueprintapp/apps/admin/__init__.py       |   15 +
 .../apps/admin/static/css/test.css            |    1 +
 .../blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt   |    1 +
 .../apps/admin/templates/admin/index.html     |    1 +
 .../blueprintapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py    |    8 +
 .../frontend/templates/frontend/index.html    |    1 +
 .../testsuite/test_apps/config_module_app.py  |    4 +
 .../test_apps/config_package_app/__init__.py  |    4 +
 .../test_apps/flask_broken/__init__.py        |    2 +
 .../testsuite/test_apps/flask_broken/b.py     |    0
 .../flask_newext_package/__init__.py          |    1 +
 .../flask_newext_package/submodule.py         |    2 +
 .../test_apps/flask_newext_simple.py          |    1 +
 .../testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/__init__.py  |    0
 .../flaskext/oldext_package/__init__.py       |    1 +
 .../flaskext/oldext_package/submodule.py      |    2 +
 .../test_apps/flaskext/oldext_simple.py       |    1 +
 .../flask/testsuite/test_apps/importerror.py  |    2 +
 .../lib/python2.5/site-packages/SiteEgg.egg   |  Bin 0 -> 1218 bytes
 .../lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_app.py   |    3 +
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 .../flask/testsuite/test_apps/main_app.py     |    4 +
 .../testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/__init__.py |    7 +
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 .../site-packages/flask/testsuite/testing.py  |  242 +
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 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/views.py    |  149 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask/wrappers.py |  184 +
 .../flask_sqlalchemy/__init__.py              | 1001 +++
 .../site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/_compat.py |   37 +
 .../site-packages/flask_wtf/__init__.py       |   19 +
 .../site-packages/flask_wtf/_compat.py        |   21 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/csrf.py |  272 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/file.py |   78 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/form.py |  171 +
 .../site-packages/flask_wtf/html5.py          |    4 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/i18n.py |   66 +
 .../flask_wtf/recaptcha/__init__.py           |    4 +
 .../flask_wtf/recaptcha/fields.py             |   17 +
 .../flask_wtf/recaptcha/validators.py         |   77 +
 .../flask_wtf/recaptcha/widgets.py            |   42 +
 .../DESCRIPTION.rst                           |    3 +
 .../itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/INSTALLER     |    1 +
 .../itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/METADATA      |   16 +
 .../itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/RECORD        |    9 +
 .../itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/WHEEL         |    5 +
 .../itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/metadata.json |    1 +
 .../itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/top_level.txt |    1 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous.py   |  872 +++
 .../site-packages/jinja2/__init__.py          |   70 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_compat.py |  111 +
 .../site-packages/jinja2/_stringdefs.py       |  132 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/bccache.py |  362 ++
 .../site-packages/jinja2/compiler.py          | 1686 +++++
 .../site-packages/jinja2/constants.py         |   32 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/debug.py   |  350 +
 .../site-packages/jinja2/defaults.py          |   43 +
 .../site-packages/jinja2/environment.py       | 1213 ++++
 .../site-packages/jinja2/exceptions.py        |  146 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/ext.py |  636 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/filters.py |  996 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/lexer.py   |  734 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py |  481 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/meta.py    |  103 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/nodes.py   |  919 +++
 .../site-packages/jinja2/optimizer.py         |   68 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/parser.py  |  899 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py |  667 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/sandbox.py |  367 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/tests.py   |  173 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/utils.py   |  531 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/visitor.py |   87 +
 .../site-packages/markupsafe/__init__.py      |  298 +
 .../site-packages/markupsafe/_compat.py       |   26 +
 .../site-packages/markupsafe/_constants.py    |  267 +
 .../site-packages/markupsafe/_native.py       |   46 +
 .../site-packages/markupsafe/_speedups.c      |  239 +
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 .../site-packages/markupsafe/tests.py         |  179 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst       |   34 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER             |    1 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA              |   62 +
 .../site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD  |  477 ++
 .../site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL   |    6 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt      |    5 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json         |    1 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt         |    1 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py   |  315 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py   |   19 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py     |  100 +
 .../pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py        |   16 +
 .../pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py         |  119 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py      |   11 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py          |   60 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py       |  117 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py         |   39 +
 .../_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py   |   18 +
 .../_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py |  116 +
 .../cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py        |   41 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py        |   20 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py    |  353 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py   |   63 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py    |  138 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py     |  190 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py       |   21 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py          |    7 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py              |  102 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py       |  232 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py        |   81 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py             |  154 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py           |  162 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py           |   23 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py |    6 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py     |   41 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py   |  761 +++
 .../_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg   |   84 +
 .../_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py    |  788 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py  | 2607 ++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py             | 1102 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py           | 1305 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py              |  513 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py           | 1264 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py           |  367 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py            |  190 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py           | 1058 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py          |  350 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py            |  365 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe |  Bin 0 -> 89088 bytes
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t64.exe |  Bin 0 -> 97792 bytes
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py | 1579 +++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py            |  742 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe |  Bin 0 -> 85504 bytes
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w64.exe |  Bin 0 -> 94208 bytes
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py              |  976 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py          |   25 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py         | 3102 +++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__init__.py  |    0
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py     |   12 +
 .../filters/alphabeticalattributes.py         |   20 +
 .../html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py   |   65 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py      |   90 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py  |  205 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py |   12 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py    |   38 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py       | 2724 ++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py          |  285 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py       |  903 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py         |  300 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py   |   16 +
 .../html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py     |  317 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py         | 1731 +++++
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/__init__.py |    0
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py  |   44 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py |   76 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py    |  377 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py  |  227 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py    |  337 +
 .../html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py       |  369 ++
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py  |  147 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py |  200 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py   |   43 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py |  136 +
 .../html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py      |   69 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py |  201 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py   |   63 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py     |   12 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py        |   37 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py       |   44 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py           |   67 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py             |  103 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py    | 2417 +++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py          |  347 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py      |   73 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py     |   84 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py       |  190 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py    |  156 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py   |   70 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py        |   21 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py         |   14 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py          |   30 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py      |   68 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py          |  275 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py       |  776 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py          |  393 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py     | 3159 ++++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py          |  123 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py |   83 +
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py           |   47 +
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py           |   91 +
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py           |   40 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py    | 3801 +++++++++++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py    |   34 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py          |   83 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py          |  453 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py |  145 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py              |  223 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem           | 5616 +++++++++++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py             |   25 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py            |   62 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py           |  487 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py        |  114 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py             |   34 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/models.py            |  851 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py |   36 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py     |   32 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py     |  925 +++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py   |   42 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py   |   80 +
 .../packages/chardet/chardistribution.py      |  231 +
 .../packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py    |  106 +
 .../packages/chardet/charsetprober.py         |   62 +
 .../packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py    |   61 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/compat.py       |   34 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/constants.py    |   39 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py  |   44 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py    |   86 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py        |  242 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py  |   90 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py    |  596 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py  |   42 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py    |  428 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py  |   41 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py   |  472 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py |   41 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py |  283 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py      |  569 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py       |  227 +
 .../packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py    |  229 +
 .../packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py     |  329 +
 .../packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py        |  225 +
 .../packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py       |  201 +
 .../packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py    |  225 +
 .../packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py         |  200 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py |  139 +
 .../packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py       |   86 +
 .../packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py       |   54 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py       |  572 ++
 .../packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py       |  120 +
 .../packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py       |   69 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py   |   91 +
 .../packages/chardet/universaldetector.py     |  170 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py   |   76 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py     |   93 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py |  324 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py   |  288 +
 .../packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py        |  818 +++
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py      |    0
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py     |  223 +
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py      |  115 +
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py     |  310 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py   |  201 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py       |  178 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py     |   94 +
 .../packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py     |    5 +
 .../packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py |  259 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py |  385 ++
 .../packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py   |   13 +
 .../ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py     |  105 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py  |  281 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/request.py      |  151 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/response.py     |  514 ++
 .../packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py         |   44 +
 .../packages/urllib3/util/connection.py       |  101 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py |   72 +
 .../packages/urllib3/util/response.py         |   74 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py   |  286 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py    |  317 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py |  242 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py     |  217 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py          |  680 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py      |   90 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py        |  104 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py             |  721 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py     |  267 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py          |  868 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/basecommand.py          |  325 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py |  292 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py |  618 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py    |   85 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py  |   68 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/download.py    |  136 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py      |   71 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py        |   57 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/help.py        |   35 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/install.py     |  386 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/list.py        |  209 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/search.py      |  139 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/show.py        |  131 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py   |   76 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py       |  204 +
 .../site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py      |  158 +
 .../site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py    |  565 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py   |  894 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py |  236 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py  | 1033 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py  |  182 +
 .../site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py      |    4 +
 .../site-packages/pip/models/index.py         |   16 +
 .../site-packages/pip/operations/__init__.py  |    0
 .../site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py    |  112 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py |  222 +
 .../site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py         |   10 +
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py         |  338 +
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py      | 1217 ++++
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py          |  745 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py    |  195 +
 .../site-packages/pip/status_codes.py         |    8 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py       |  834 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py        |  224 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/build.py          |   42 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py    |   76 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py     |   28 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py         |   92 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py        |  130 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py       |  162 +
 .../pip/utils/setuptools_build.py             |    6 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py   |  339 +
 .../site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py         |  363 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py |  116 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py    |  274 +
 .../site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py        |  103 +
 .../site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py       |  249 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py  |  854 +++
 .../site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py   | 3159 ++++++++++
 .../pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py         |    0
 .../_vendor/packaging/__about__.py            |   31 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/__init__.py             |   24 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/_compat.py              |   40 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/_structures.py          |   78 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py           |  784 +++
 .../_vendor/packaging/version.py              |  403 ++
 .../pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py              |  868 +++
 .../pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py          |   71 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst |  238 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER       |    1 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA        |  268 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/RECORD          |  129 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/WHEEL           |    6 +
 .../dependency_links.txt                      |    2 +
 .../entry_points.txt                          |   61 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json   |    1 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt   |    4 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe        |    1 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py      |  169 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py  |  170 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli-64.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 74752 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli-arm-32.exe   |  Bin 0 -> 69120 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli.exe          |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../setuptools/command/__init__.py            |   18 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py |   80 +
 .../setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py           |  471 ++
 .../setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py           |   43 +
 .../setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py       |   21 +
 .../setuptools/command/build_ext.py           |  296 +
 .../setuptools/command/build_py.py            |  222 +
 .../setuptools/command/develop.py             |  196 +
 .../setuptools/command/easy_install.py        | 2308 +++++++
 .../setuptools/command/egg_info.py            |  482 ++
 .../setuptools/command/install.py             |  125 +
 .../setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py    |  118 +
 .../setuptools/command/install_lib.py         |  120 +
 .../setuptools/command/install_scripts.py     |   60 +
 .../setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml  |   15 +
 .../setuptools/command/register.py            |   10 +
 .../setuptools/command/rotate.py              |   62 +
 .../setuptools/command/saveopts.py            |   22 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py |  196 +
 .../setuptools/command/setopt.py              |  150 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py  |  196 +
 .../setuptools/command/upload_docs.py         |  192 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/depends.py       |  217 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/dist.py          |  872 +++
 .../site-packages/setuptools/extension.py     |   57 +
 .../setuptools/extern/__init__.py             |    5 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui-64.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 75264 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui-arm-32.exe   |  Bin 0 -> 69120 bytes
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 .../site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py    |   58 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py |   63 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py | 1069 ++++
 .../site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py    |   22 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py    |   15 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py    |   52 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py       |  492 ++
 .../setuptools/script (dev).tmpl              |    5 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl      |    3 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py    |   76 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py   |  242 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py |   41 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/utils.py         |   11 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/version.py       |    1 +
 .../setuptools/windows_support.py             |   29 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py      |  138 +
 .../sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py         |   10 +
 .../sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py           |  150 +
 .../sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py           |  183 +
 .../sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py           |   60 +
 .../cprocessors.cpython-35m-darwin.so         |  Bin 0 -> 17076 bytes
 .../cresultproxy.cpython-35m-darwin.so        |  Bin 0 -> 18908 bytes
 .../sqlalchemy/cutils.cpython-35m-darwin.so   |  Bin 0 -> 9820 bytes
 .../sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py          |   30 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py           |   45 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py  |   21 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py      |  738 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py       |  118 +
 .../dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py          |  184 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py     |   27 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py     |   80 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py         | 1929 ++++++
 .../dialects/mssql/information_schema.py      |  136 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py       |  112 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py      |   96 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py       |  265 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py       |   69 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py     |   31 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py         | 3438 ++++++++++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py      |   87 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py     |  102 +
 .../dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py          |  176 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py      |  198 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py       |  254 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py      |   57 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py       |   79 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py       |  117 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py    |   24 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py        | 1546 +++++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py   |  989 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py      |  235 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py           |   18 +
 .../dialects/postgresql/__init__.py           |   31 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py    | 2940 +++++++++
 .../dialects/postgresql/constraints.py        |   98 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py  |  376 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py    |  358 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py  |  264 +
 .../dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py           |  726 +++
 .../dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py       |   61 +
 .../dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py       |   97 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py  |  168 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py  |   46 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py    |   20 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py        | 1488 +++++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py |  116 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py    |  377 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py    |   28 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py        |  825 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py      |   33 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py      |   86 +
 .../sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py    |  102 +
 .../sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py             |  433 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py   | 2134 +++++++
 .../sqlalchemy/engine/default.py              | 1026 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py           | 1152 ++++
 .../sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py           |  788 +++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py | 1273 ++++
 .../sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py           |  262 +
 .../sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py          |  138 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py    |  253 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py   |   74 +
 .../sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py              |   11 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py     |  188 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py    |  373 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py    |  289 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py  |  169 +
 .../sqlalchemy/event/registry.py              |  262 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py        | 1101 ++++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py |  374 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py  |   11 +
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py        | 1068 ++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py   | 1038 +++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py     |  523 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py  |  461 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py    |   18 +
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py         |  687 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py        |  657 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py |  328 +
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py        |  131 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py    |  810 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py         |  414 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py   |  701 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py            |  380 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py              |  159 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py    |   93 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py    |  312 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py |  217 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py  |  275 +
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py              | 1598 +++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py      |  540 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py             | 1580 +++++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py              | 1175 ++++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py   |  487 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py        |  699 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py   |  370 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py |  134 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py    | 1801 ++++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py       |  165 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py  |  314 +
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py         |  528 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py              |  640 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py   |  669 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py    | 2909 +++++++++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py           |  291 +
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py             | 1408 +++++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py              |  276 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py     | 4019 ++++++++++++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py           | 2861 +++++++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py   |  184 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py   | 2820 +++++++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py     |  729 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py              | 1618 +++++
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py        | 1056 ++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py      |  140 +
 .../sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py              |  656 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py      | 1034 +++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py          | 1367 ++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py    |  155 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py        |   65 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py  |   92 +
 .../sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py              |  196 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py      |  635 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py  | 2822 +++++++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py      |  571 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py       | 1095 ++++
 .../sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py      |  288 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py       |  846 +++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py  | 3951 ++++++++++++
 .../sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py              |  137 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py |  618 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py    |  146 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py |  905 +++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py    | 3787 +++++++++++
 .../sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py              | 3436 ++++++++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py  | 1709 +++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py  | 1186 ++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py      |  612 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py  |  328 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py            |   36 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py          |  491 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py           |  372 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/config.py              |   92 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py       |   11 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py             |  346 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py            |  101 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py          |  441 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py            |  386 ++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py  |   21 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py          |  143 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py     |    0
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py    |   44 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py   |  107 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py  |  552 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py |  181 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py           |  265 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py           |  317 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/replay_fixture.py      |  172 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py        |  709 +++
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py              |   50 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py              |   98 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py      |   10 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py      |   65 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py  |   41 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py   |  269 +
 .../testing/suite/test_reflection.py          |  656 ++
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py  |  220 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py   |  192 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py |  126 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py    |  594 ++
 .../testing/suite/test_update_delete.py       |   63 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py  |  280 +
 .../sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py            |   34 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py         |   78 +
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py |   49 +
 .../sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py           | 1043 +++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py   |  263 +
 .../sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py           |  146 +
 .../sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py            | 1384 ++++
 .../site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py    |  199 +
 .../sqlalchemy/util/topological.py            |  100 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/__init__.py        |  152 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/_compat.py         |  206 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/_internal.py       |  414 ++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/_reloader.py       |  252 +
 .../werkzeug/contrib/__init__.py              |   16 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/atom.py    |  355 ++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/cache.py   |  795 +++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/fixers.py  |  254 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/iterio.py  |  352 ++
 .../werkzeug/contrib/jsrouting.py             |  264 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/limiter.py |   41 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/lint.py    |  339 +
 .../werkzeug/contrib/profiler.py              |  147 +
 .../werkzeug/contrib/securecookie.py          |  323 +
 .../werkzeug/contrib/sessions.py              |  352 ++
 .../werkzeug/contrib/testtools.py             |   73 +
 .../werkzeug/contrib/wrappers.py              |  284 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/datastructures.py  | 2690 ++++++++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/debug/__init__.py  |  349 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/debug/console.py   |  215 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/debug/repr.py      |  281 +
 .../werkzeug/debug/shared/FONT_LICENSE        |   96 +
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 .../werkzeug/debug/shared/style.css           |  142 +
 .../werkzeug/debug/shared/ubuntu.ttf          |  Bin 0 -> 70220 bytes
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/debug/tbtools.py   |  556 ++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/exceptions.py      |  658 ++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/filesystem.py      |   66 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/formparser.py      |  525 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/http.py  | 1023 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/local.py |  416 ++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/posixemulation.py  |  106 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/routing.py         | 1774 ++++++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/script.py          |  318 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/security.py        |  264 +
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py         |  739 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py  |  896 +++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/testapp.py         |  230 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/urls.py  | 1004 +++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/useragents.py      |  195 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/utils.py |  628 ++
 .../site-packages/werkzeug/wrappers.py        | 1848 ++++++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wsgi.py  | 1061 ++++
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst    |  325 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/INSTALLER          |    1 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt        |   22 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/METADATA           |  357 ++
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/RECORD             |   82 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/WHEEL              |    6 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt   |    5 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/metadata.json      |    1 +
 .../wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/top_level.txt      |    1 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py |    2 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py |   17 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py  |   80 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py        |  453 ++
 .../site-packages/wheel/decorator.py          |   19 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py          |   73 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt          |   87 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py  |  480 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py |  317 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py    |   41 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py         |  169 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py  |   44 +
 .../wheel/signatures/__init__.py              |  106 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py   |  270 +
 .../wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py             |   52 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py    |   99 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py      |    1 +
 .../test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py |    2 +
 .../wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py          |   30 +
 .../wheel/test/headers.dist/header.h          |    0
 .../wheel/test/headers.dist/headersdist.py    |    0
 .../wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py          |   16 +
 .../wheel/test/pydist-schema.json             |  362 ++
 .../wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py           |   17 +
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 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py    |  176 +
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 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py    |    6 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py  |   43 +
 .../wheel/test/test_signatures.py             |   47 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py   |  176 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py     |   25 +
 .../wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py              |  142 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py      |  360 ++
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py |  167 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py      |  187 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/__init__.py         |   16 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/compat.py |   32 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/csrf/__init__.py    |    0
 .../site-packages/wtforms/csrf/core.py        |   98 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/csrf/session.py     |   88 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/__init__.py     |    0
 .../wtforms/ext/appengine/__init__.py         |    8 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/db.py |  464 ++
 .../wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py           |  215 +
 .../wtforms/ext/appengine/ndb.py              |  418 ++
 .../wtforms/ext/csrf/__init__.py              |    1 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/fields.py  |   18 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py    |   53 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py |   71 +
 .../wtforms/ext/dateutil/__init__.py          |    0
 .../wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py            |   97 +
 .../wtforms/ext/django/__init__.py            |    8 +
 .../wtforms/ext/django/fields.py              |  133 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/i18n.py  |   24 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/orm.py   |  168 +
 .../ext/django/templatetags/__init__.py       |    0
 .../ext/django/templatetags/wtforms.py        |   80 +
 .../wtforms/ext/i18n/__init__.py              |    0
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/form.py    |   45 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/utils.py   |   15 +
 .../wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/__init__.py        |   10 +
 .../wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py          |  190 +
 .../wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/orm.py             |  304 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/fields/__init__.py  |    7 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/fields/core.py      |  987 +++
 .../site-packages/wtforms/fields/html5.py     |   88 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/fields/simple.py    |   69 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/form.py   |  310 +
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 .../python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/utils.py  |   54 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/validators.py       |  561 ++
 .../site-packages/wtforms/widgets/__init__.py |    4 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/widgets/core.py     |  312 +
 .../site-packages/wtforms/widgets/html5.py    |  124 +
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site.py         |  758 +++
 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py  |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py            |    1 +
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 .../sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/weakref.py      |    1 +
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/forms.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/forms.py
index 5724699..b631eaa 100644
--- a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/forms.py
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/forms.py
@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
 from flask.ext.wtf import Form
-from wtforms import StringField, IntegerField
+from wtforms import StringField, IntegerField, SelectField, FloatField
 from flask_wtf.html5 import EmailField
 from wtforms.validators import DataRequired
 
 class CustomerForm(Form):
     company = StringField('company', validators=[DataRequired()])
     email = EmailField('email', validators=[DataRequired()])
-    # Add additional Address fields here
+    phone = StringField('phone', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    streetno = IntegerField('streetno', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    streetname = StringField('streetname', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    city = StringField('city', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    state = StringField('state', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    zipcode = IntegerField('zipcode', validators=[DataRequired()])
+   
+class AddressForm(Form):
+    company_name = SelectField('company_name', coerce=int, validators=[DataRequired()])
+    #this is a misnomer...should be "company_id" but whatevs
+    streetno = IntegerField('streetno', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    streetname = StringField('streetname', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    city = StringField('city', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    state = StringField('state', validators=[DataRequired()])
+    zipcode = IntegerField('zipcode', validators=[DataRequired()])
+
+class OrderForm(Form):
+    company_name = SelectField('company_name', coerce=int, validators=[DataRequired()])
+    #this is a misnomer...should be "company_id" but whatevs
+    total_spent = FloatField('total_spent', validators = [DataRequired()])
+    num_parts_ordered = IntegerField('num_parts_ordered', validators = [DataRequired()])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/models.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/models.py
index 2f53581..0dc6644 100644
--- a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/models.py
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/models.py
@@ -1,15 +1,48 @@
 from app import db
 
+#helper table (associative entity?) for many-to-many relationship b/t custs and orders
+#not sure if this is correct...have not been able to successfully implement
+order_relationship = db.Table('order_relationship',
+    db.Column('cust_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('customer.id')),
+    db.Column('order_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('order.id'))
+)
+
 
 class Customer(db.Model):
+    #__tablename__ = 'Customer'
     id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
     company = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=False)
     email = db.Column(db.String(120))
-    # You need to a relationship to Address table here
+    phone = db.Column(db.String(12))
+    addresses = db.relationship('Address', backref='customer', lazy='select')
+    orders = db.relationship('Order', secondary=order_relationship, 
+        backref=db.backref('customers', lazy='dynamic'))
     # see http://flask-sqlalchemy.pocoo.org/2.1/models/#one-to-many-relationships
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<Customer %r>' % self.email
 
 # Your Address code should go here
-# class Address(db.Model):
+class Address(db.Model):
+    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+    streetno = db.Column(db.Integer)
+    streetname = db.Column(db.String(40))
+    city = db.Column(db.String(50))
+    state = db.Column(db.String(2))
+    zipcode = db.Column(db.Integer)
+    current = db.Column(db.Boolean)
+    customer_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('customer.id'))
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Address %i %r' % (self.streetno, self.streetname)
+
+class Order(db.Model):
+    #__tablename__ ='Order'
+    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+    total_spent = db.Column(db.Float(scale=2))
+    num_parts_ordered = db.Column(db.Integer)
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Order %r>' %self.id
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/addlist.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/addlist.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a193a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/addlist.html
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+<div class="section">
+<a href="{{ url_for('display_customer') }}">Home</a>
+<h3>Addresses for {{ customer }}</h3>
+
+<table>
+	<thead>
+		<tr>
+			<th>Number</th>
+			<th>Street Name</th>
+			<th>City</th>
+			<th>State</th>
+			<th>Zip</th>
+			<th>Current?</th>
+		</tr>
+	</thead>
+	{% for address in addresses %}
+		<tr>
+        	<td>{{ address.streetno }}</td>
+            <td>{{ address.streetname }}</td>
+            <td>{{ address.city }}</td>
+            <td>{{ address.state }}</td>
+            <td>{{ address.zipcode }}</td>
+            <td>{{ address.current }}</td>
+      	</tr>
+   {% endfor %}
+	</table>
+</div>
+
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/base.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/base.html
index db51f24..2555a81 100644
--- a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/base.html
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/base.html
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
     {% endif %}
     <!-- Compiled and minified CSS -->
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/materialize/0.97.5/css/materialize.min.css">
+    <!--setting "display" to "inline" for "select" menus, otherwise they don't show up for some reason-->
+    <style>
+    	select {display:inline;}
+    </style>
   </head>
   <body>
     {% block content %}{% endblock %}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/chooseadd.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/chooseadd.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef5d427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/chooseadd.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+<h3>Select Customer</h3>
+
+
+<form name="cust_form" action="/addresslist" method="get">
+	<select style="display:inline" name="cust_select">
+	<!--this had "display:none" by default.  No idea why.-->
+		{% for customer in customers %}
+			<option value ="{{ customer.id }}">{{ customer.company }}</option>
+		{% endfor %}
+	</select>
+	<input type="submit" value="Select">
+</form>
+
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/customer.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/customer.html
index d7b457a..30a3ef3 100644
--- a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/customer.html
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/customer.html
@@ -18,11 +18,35 @@ <h2>Add Customer to Our Database</h2>
           Customer email:<br>
           {{ form.email(size=120) }}<br>
         </p>
+        <p>
+          Customer phone:<br>
+          {{ form.phone(size=12) }}<br>
+        </p>
       </div>
-      <div class="divider"></div>
+      <div class="divider"></div> 
       <div class="section">
-        <!-- Additional form fields for the Address should go here -->
+        <p>
+          Street Number:<br>
+          {{ form.streetno(size=12) }}<br>
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Street Name:<br>
+          {{ form.streetname(size=12) }}<br>
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          City:<br>
+          {{ form.city(size=12) }}<br>
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          State:<br>
+          {{ form.state(size=12) }}<br>
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          ZIP:<br>
+          {{ form.zipcode(size=12) }}<br>
+        </p>
       </div>
+
       <p><input type="submit" value="Create Customer"></p>
     </form>
   </div>
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/home.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/home.html
index 6b447ec..0a8e0d5 100644
--- a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/home.html
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/home.html
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
       <h1>Welcome to ACME Aircraft Parts</h1>
       <div class= "section">
         <a href="{{ url_for('create_customer') }}">Add a Customer</a>
+        •
+        <a href="{{ url_for('select_address_company') }}">View Addresses</a>
+        •
+        <a href="{{ url_for('add_address') }}">Change Address</a>
+        •
+        <a href="{{ url_for('add_order') }}">New Order</a>
       </div>
       <div class="divider"></div>
       <div class="section">
@@ -14,17 +20,25 @@ <h3>These are all of our awesome customers:</h3>
             <tr>
               <th data-field="company">Company</th>
               <th data-field="email">Email</th>
+              <th data-field="phone">Phone</th>
+              <th data-field="address">Address</th>
+              
             </tr>
           </thead>
           {% for customer in customers %}
-          <!-- {% for address in customer.addresses %}
-          {% endfor %} -->
+          
+          
             <tr>
               <td>{{ customer.company }}</td>
               <td>{{ customer.email }}</td>
-            </tr>
+              <td>{{ customer.phone }}</td>
+              <td>{{ addresses[customer.id] }}
+           </tr>
           {% endfor %}
         </table>
+
+        
+
       </div>
     </div>
   </div>
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/newaddress.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/newaddress.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea38aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/newaddress.html
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+<div class="container">
+	<div class="row">
+		<div class= "section">
+      		<a href="{{ url_for('display_customer') }}">Home</a>
+    	</div>	
+		<h3>Enter Customer's New Address</h3>
+		<form action ="" method="post" name="addaddress">
+			{{ addForm.hidden_tag() }}
+			<div class="divider"></div>
+		      <div class="section">
+		        <p>
+		          Company:<br>
+		          {{ addForm.company_name(size=120) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          Street Number:<br>
+		          {{ addForm.streetno(size=5) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          Street Name:<br>
+		          {{ addForm.streetname(size=120) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          City:<br>
+		          {{ addForm.city(size=120) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          State:<br>
+		          {{ addForm.state(size=120) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          ZIP code:<br>
+		          {{ addForm.zipcode(size=5) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		      </div>
+			<input type="submit" value="Submit">
+		</form>
+	</div>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/neworder.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/neworder.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1767498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/templates/neworder.html
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+<div class="container">
+	<div class="row">
+		<div class= "section">
+      		<a href="{{ url_for('display_customer') }}">Home</a>
+    	</div>	
+		<h3>Create New Order</h3>
+		<form action ="" method="post" name="addaddress">
+			{{ newOrderForm.hidden_tag() }}
+			<div class="divider"></div>
+		      <div class="section">
+		        <p>
+		          Company:<br>
+		          {{ newOrderForm.company_name(size=120) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          Total Cost: $<br>
+		          {{ newOrderForm.total_spent(size=40) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        <p>
+		          Number of Parts Ordered:<br>
+		          {{ newOrderForm.num_parts_ordered(size=120) }}<br>
+		        </p>
+		        
+		      </div>
+			<input type="submit" value="Submit">
+		</form>
+	</div>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/views.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/views.py
index e49db4f..7868be0 100644
--- a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/views.py
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/app/views.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from flask import render_template, redirect, request
 from app import app, models, db
-from .forms import CustomerForm
+from .forms import CustomerForm, AddressForm, OrderForm
 
 
 @app.route('/')
 def index():
-    return redirect('/create_customer')
+    return redirect('/customers')
 
 @app.route('/create_customer', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 def create_customer():
@@ -13,15 +13,119 @@ def create_customer():
     if form.validate_on_submit():
         customer = models.Customer(
                             company = form.company.data,
-                            email = form.email.data)
-        # you will need to add Address here
+                            email = form.email.data,
+                            phone = form.phone.data)
         db.session.add(customer)
+        #commit to get ID for associating address
+        db.session.commit()
+        
+        address = models.Address(
+            streetno = form.streetno.data,
+            streetname = form.streetname.data,
+            city = form.city.data,
+            state = form.state.data,
+            zipcode = form.zipcode.data,
+            current = True,
+            customer_id = customer.id)
+        db.session.add(address)
         db.session.commit()
         return redirect('/customers')
     return render_template('customer.html', form=form)
 
-@app.route('/customers')
+@app.route('/customers', methods=['GET'])
 def display_customer():
     customers = models.Customer.query.all()
+    
+    #get all current addresses, in order of customer id
+    address_query = models.Address.query.filter(models.Address.current == True, models.Address.customer_id != None).order_by(models.Address.customer_id).all()
+    addresses = ['dummy'] #dummy value so indices line up w/ customer ids
+    for add in address_query:
+        addresses.append(str(add.streetno) + ' ' + add.streetname + ', ' + add.city + ', ' + add.state + ' ' + str(add.zipcode))
+  
+
     return render_template('home.html',
-                            customers=customers)
+                            customers=customers, addresses=addresses)
+
+@app.route('/addresses', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+def select_address_company():
+    #get all customers and render in "select" menu
+    customers = models.Customer.query.all()
+    return render_template('chooseadd.html', customers=customers)
+
+@app.route('/addresslist', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+def show_company_adds():
+
+    cust_key=request.args['cust_select']
+
+    customer = models.Customer.query.get(cust_key).company
+    addresses = models.Address.query.filter_by(customer_id=cust_key).all()
+    return render_template('addlist.html', customer = customer, addresses = addresses)
+
+@app.route('/add_address', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+def add_address():
+    #get list of companies for select field to control inputs
+    companies = models.Customer.query.all()
+    all_company_names = [cust.company for cust in companies]
+    kv_company_names = list(enumerate(all_company_names))
+    #adjust indices
+    kv_company_names_adj = [(value+1, label) for value, label in kv_company_names]
+    
+
+    addForm = AddressForm()
+    #populate "company" select field with company names
+    addForm.company_name.choices = kv_company_names_adj
+    if addForm.validate_on_submit():
+        newaddress  = models.Address(
+            streetno = addForm.streetno.data,
+            streetname = addForm.streetname.data,
+            city = addForm.city.data,
+            state = addForm.state.data,
+            zipcode = addForm.zipcode.data,
+            current = True,
+            customer_id = addForm.company_name.data)
+        
+        #set all other addresses to current==False
+        currAddress = models.Address.query.filter(models.Address.current == True, models.Address.customer_id == newaddress.customer_id).all()
+        for x in currAddress:
+            x.current = False
+        db.session.add(newaddress)
+        
+        db.session.commit()
+        return redirect('/customers')
+
+
+    return render_template('newaddress.html', addForm = addForm)
+
+@app.route('/neworder', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+def add_order():
+    #get list of companies for select field to control inputs
+    #try and set this off into a function if there's time
+    companies = models.Customer.query.all()
+    all_company_names = [cust.company for cust in companies]
+    kv_company_names = list(enumerate(all_company_names))
+    #adjust indices
+    kv_company_names_adj = [(value+1, label) for value, label in kv_company_names]
+
+    newOrderForm = OrderForm()
+    newOrderForm.company_name.choices = kv_company_names_adj
+
+    #This is not working.  I have not been able to figure out how many-to-many relationships are handled and 
+    #what data types/attributes are required.  
+    if newOrderForm.validate_on_submit():
+        print(newOrderForm.company_name.data, newOrderForm.total_spent.data, newOrderForm.num_parts_ordered.data)
+        order_company = models.Customer.query.get(newOrderForm.company_name.data)
+        print(order_company)
+        order_company.orders.append(models.Order(
+            customers = newOrderForm.company_name.data,
+            total_spent = newOrderForm.total_spent.data,
+            num_parts_ordered = newOrderForm.num_parts_ordered.data
+        ))
+        #print(newOrder)
+    #else:
+     #   print(newOrderForm.company_name.data, newOrderForm.total_spent.data, newOrderForm.num_parts_ordered.data)
+
+      #  return redirect('/customers')
+
+    return render_template('neworder.html', newOrderForm = newOrderForm)
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/.Python b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/.Python
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..9ba4d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/.Python
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/Python
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e57cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate" *from bash*
+# you cannot run it directly
+
+deactivate () {
+    unset -f pydoc
+
+    # reset old environment variables
+    # ! [ -z ${VAR+_} ] returns true if VAR is declared at all
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH+_}" ] ; then
+        PATH="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH"
+        export PATH
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    fi
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME+_}" ] ; then
+        PYTHONHOME="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME"
+        export PYTHONHOME
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    fi
+
+    # This should detect bash and zsh, which have a hash command that must
+    # be called to get it to forget past commands.  Without forgetting
+    # past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+    if [ -n "${BASH-}" ] || [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ] ; then
+        hash -r 2>/dev/null
+    fi
+
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1+_}" ] ; then
+        PS1="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1"
+        export PS1
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1
+    fi
+
+    unset VIRTUAL_ENV
+    if [ ! "${1-}" = "nondestructive" ] ; then
+    # Self destruct!
+        unset -f deactivate
+    fi
+}
+
+# unset irrelevant variables
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+VIRTUAL_ENV="/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice"
+export VIRTUAL_ENV
+
+_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
+export PATH
+
+# unset PYTHONHOME if set
+if ! [ -z "${PYTHONHOME+_}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME="$PYTHONHOME"
+    unset PYTHONHOME
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT-}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1="$PS1"
+    if [ "x" != x ] ; then
+        PS1="$PS1"
+    else
+        PS1="(`basename \"$VIRTUAL_ENV\"`) $PS1"
+    fi
+    export PS1
+fi
+
+# Make sure to unalias pydoc if it's already there
+alias pydoc 2>/dev/null >/dev/null && unalias pydoc
+
+pydoc () {
+    python -m pydoc "$@"
+}
+
+# This should detect bash and zsh, which have a hash command that must
+# be called to get it to forget past commands.  Without forgetting
+# past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+if [ -n "${BASH-}" ] || [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ] ; then
+    hash -r 2>/dev/null
+fi
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate.csh b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate.csh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc25c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate.csh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate.csh" *from csh*.
+# You cannot run it directly.
+# Created by Davide Di Blasi <davidedb@gmail.com>.
+
+alias deactivate 'test $?_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH != 0 && setenv PATH "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH" && unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH; rehash; test $?_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT != 0 && set prompt="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT" && unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT; unsetenv VIRTUAL_ENV; test "\!:*" != "nondestructive" && unalias deactivate && unalias pydoc'
+
+# Unset irrelevant variables.
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+setenv VIRTUAL_ENV "/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice"
+
+set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+setenv PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
+
+
+
+if ("" != "") then
+    set env_name = ""
+else
+    set env_name = `basename "$VIRTUAL_ENV"`
+endif
+
+# Could be in a non-interactive environment,
+# in which case, $prompt is undefined and we wouldn't
+# care about the prompt anyway.
+if ( $?prompt ) then
+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT="$prompt"
+    set prompt = "[$env_name] $prompt"
+endif
+
+unset env_name
+
+alias pydoc python -m pydoc
+
+rehash
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate.fish b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate.fish
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00ce55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate.fish
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# This file must be used using `. bin/activate.fish` *within a running fish ( http://fishshell.com ) session*.
+# Do not run it directly.
+
+function deactivate -d 'Exit virtualenv mode and return to the normal environment.'
+    # reset old environment variables
+    if test -n "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH"
+        set -gx PATH $_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+        set -e _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    end
+
+    if test -n "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME"
+        set -gx PYTHONHOME $_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+        set -e _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    end
+
+    if test -n "$_OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE"
+        # Set an empty local `$fish_function_path` to allow the removal of `fish_prompt` using `functions -e`.
+        set -l fish_function_path
+
+        # Erase virtualenv's `fish_prompt` and restore the original.
+        functions -e fish_prompt
+        functions -c _old_fish_prompt fish_prompt
+        functions -e _old_fish_prompt
+        set -e _OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE
+    end
+
+    set -e VIRTUAL_ENV
+
+    if test "$argv[1]" != 'nondestructive'
+        # Self-destruct!
+        functions -e pydoc
+        functions -e deactivate
+    end
+end
+
+# Unset irrelevant variables.
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+set -gx VIRTUAL_ENV "/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice"
+
+set -gx _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH $PATH
+set -gx PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin" $PATH
+
+# Unset `$PYTHONHOME` if set.
+if set -q PYTHONHOME
+    set -gx _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME $PYTHONHOME
+    set -e PYTHONHOME
+end
+
+function pydoc
+    python -m pydoc $argv
+end
+
+if test -z "$VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT"
+    # Copy the current `fish_prompt` function as `_old_fish_prompt`.
+    functions -c fish_prompt _old_fish_prompt
+
+    function fish_prompt
+        # Save the current $status, for fish_prompts that display it.
+        set -l old_status $status
+
+        # Prompt override provided?
+        # If not, just prepend the environment name.
+        if test -n ""
+            printf '%s%s' "" (set_color normal)
+        else
+            printf '%s(%s%s%s) ' (set_color normal) (set_color -o white) (basename "$VIRTUAL_ENV") (set_color normal)
+        end
+
+        # Restore the original $status
+        echo "exit $old_status" | source
+        _old_fish_prompt
+    end
+
+    set -gx _OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE "$VIRTUAL_ENV"
+end
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate_this.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate_this.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f18193b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/activate_this.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""By using execfile(this_file, dict(__file__=this_file)) you will
+activate this virtualenv environment.
+
+This can be used when you must use an existing Python interpreter, not
+the virtualenv bin/python
+"""
+
+try:
+    __file__
+except NameError:
+    raise AssertionError(
+        "You must run this like execfile('path/to/activate_this.py', dict(__file__='path/to/activate_this.py'))")
+import sys
+import os
+
+old_os_path = os.environ.get('PATH', '')
+os.environ['PATH'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) + os.pathsep + old_os_path
+base = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'Lib', 'site-packages')
+else:
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
+prev_sys_path = list(sys.path)
+import site
+site.addsitedir(site_packages)
+sys.real_prefix = sys.prefix
+sys.prefix = base
+# Move the added items to the front of the path:
+new_sys_path = []
+for item in list(sys.path):
+    if item not in prev_sys_path:
+        new_sys_path.append(item)
+        sys.path.remove(item)
+sys.path[:0] = new_sys_path
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/easy_install b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/easy_install
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5b2d089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/easy_install
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/easy_install-3.5 b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/easy_install-3.5
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..5b2d089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/easy_install-3.5
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..80e341e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pip import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3 b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..80e341e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pip import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3.5 b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3.5
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..80e341e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/pip3.5
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pip import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f549cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+python3.5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python-config b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python-config
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2364d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python-config
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python
+
+import sys
+import getopt
+import sysconfig
+
+valid_opts = ['prefix', 'exec-prefix', 'includes', 'libs', 'cflags',
+              'ldflags', 'help']
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
+    valid_opts.insert(-1, 'extension-suffix')
+    valid_opts.append('abiflags')
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+    valid_opts.append('configdir')
+
+
+def exit_with_usage(code=1):
+    sys.stderr.write("Usage: {0} [{1}]\n".format(
+        sys.argv[0], '|'.join('--'+opt for opt in valid_opts)))
+    sys.exit(code)
+
+try:
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], '', valid_opts)
+except getopt.error:
+    exit_with_usage()
+
+if not opts:
+    exit_with_usage()
+
+pyver = sysconfig.get_config_var('VERSION')
+getvar = sysconfig.get_config_var
+
+opt_flags = [flag for (flag, val) in opts]
+
+if '--help' in opt_flags:
+    exit_with_usage(code=0)
+
+for opt in opt_flags:
+    if opt == '--prefix':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('prefix'))
+
+    elif opt == '--exec-prefix':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('exec_prefix'))
+
+    elif opt in ('--includes', '--cflags'):
+        flags = ['-I' + sysconfig.get_path('include'),
+                 '-I' + sysconfig.get_path('platinclude')]
+        if opt == '--cflags':
+            flags.extend(getvar('CFLAGS').split())
+        print(' '.join(flags))
+
+    elif opt in ('--libs', '--ldflags'):
+        abiflags = getattr(sys, 'abiflags', '')
+        libs = ['-lpython' + pyver + abiflags]
+        libs += getvar('LIBS').split()
+        libs += getvar('SYSLIBS').split()
+        # add the prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/config dir, but only if there is no
+        # shared library in prefix/lib/.
+        if opt == '--ldflags':
+            if not getvar('Py_ENABLE_SHARED'):
+                libs.insert(0, '-L' + getvar('LIBPL'))
+            if not getvar('PYTHONFRAMEWORK'):
+                libs.extend(getvar('LINKFORSHARED').split())
+        print(' '.join(libs))
+
+    elif opt == '--extension-suffix':
+        ext_suffix = sysconfig.get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')
+        if ext_suffix is None:
+            ext_suffix = sysconfig.get_config_var('SO')
+        print(ext_suffix)
+
+    elif opt == '--abiflags':
+        if not getattr(sys, 'abiflags', None):
+            exit_with_usage()
+        print(sys.abiflags)
+
+    elif opt == '--configdir':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('LIBPL'))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3 b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f549cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+python3.5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5 b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/wheel b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/wheel
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..907782e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/wheel
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/bin/python3.5
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from wheel.tool import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/include/python3.5m b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/include/python3.5m
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..db56fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/include/python3.5m
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/include/python3.5m
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/__future__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f94228f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..62523b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..80bcb06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..47e03e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f3a2dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/abc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/abc.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..73087d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/abc.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/base64.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/base64.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1b85a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/base64.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/base64.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/bisect.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..380fde4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/codecs.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..b9f77a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/collections b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/collections
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..20a9d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/collections
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/collections
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..9b9cb4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copy.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copy.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..02630c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copy.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/copy.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..fe52af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29fc1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings 
+import imp
+import opcode # opcode is not a virtualenv module, so we can use it to find the stdlib
+              # Important! To work on pypy, this must be a module that resides in the
+              # lib-python/modified-x.y.z directory
+
+dirname = os.path.dirname
+
+distutils_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(opcode.__file__), 'distutils')
+if os.path.normpath(distutils_path) == os.path.dirname(os.path.normpath(__file__)):
+    warnings.warn(
+        "The virtualenv distutils package at %s appears to be in the same location as the system distutils?")
+else:
+    __path__.insert(0, distutils_path)
+    real_distutils = imp.load_module("_virtualenv_distutils", None, distutils_path, ('', '', imp.PKG_DIRECTORY))
+    # Copy the relevant attributes
+    try:
+        __revision__ = real_distutils.__revision__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    __version__ = real_distutils.__version__
+
+from distutils import dist, sysconfig
+
+try:
+    basestring
+except NameError:
+    basestring = str
+
+## patch build_ext (distutils doesn't know how to get the libs directory
+## path on windows - it hardcodes the paths around the patched sys.prefix)
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as old_build_ext
+    class build_ext(old_build_ext):
+        def finalize_options (self):
+            if self.library_dirs is None:
+                self.library_dirs = []
+            elif isinstance(self.library_dirs, basestring):
+                self.library_dirs = self.library_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+            
+            self.library_dirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "Libs"))
+            old_build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+            
+    from distutils.command import build_ext as build_ext_module 
+    build_ext_module.build_ext = build_ext
+
+## distutils.dist patches:
+
+old_find_config_files = dist.Distribution.find_config_files
+def find_config_files(self):
+    found = old_find_config_files(self)
+    system_distutils = os.path.join(distutils_path, 'distutils.cfg')
+    #if os.path.exists(system_distutils):
+    #    found.insert(0, system_distutils)
+        # What to call the per-user config file
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        user_filename = ".pydistutils.cfg"
+    else:
+        user_filename = "pydistutils.cfg"
+    user_filename = os.path.join(sys.prefix, user_filename)
+    if os.path.isfile(user_filename):
+        for item in list(found):
+            if item.endswith('pydistutils.cfg'):
+                found.remove(item)
+        found.append(user_filename)
+    return found
+dist.Distribution.find_config_files = find_config_files
+
+## distutils.sysconfig patches:
+
+old_get_python_inc = sysconfig.get_python_inc
+def sysconfig_get_python_inc(plat_specific=0, prefix=None):
+    if prefix is None:
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    return old_get_python_inc(plat_specific, prefix)
+sysconfig_get_python_inc.__doc__ = old_get_python_inc.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_python_inc = sysconfig_get_python_inc
+
+old_get_python_lib = sysconfig.get_python_lib
+def sysconfig_get_python_lib(plat_specific=0, standard_lib=0, prefix=None):
+    if standard_lib and prefix is None:
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    return old_get_python_lib(plat_specific, standard_lib, prefix)
+sysconfig_get_python_lib.__doc__ = old_get_python_lib.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_python_lib = sysconfig_get_python_lib
+
+old_get_config_vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars
+def sysconfig_get_config_vars(*args):
+    real_vars = old_get_config_vars(*args)
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        lib_dir = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "libs")
+        if isinstance(real_vars, dict) and 'LIBDIR' not in real_vars:
+            real_vars['LIBDIR'] = lib_dir # asked for all
+        elif isinstance(real_vars, list) and 'LIBDIR' in args:
+            real_vars = real_vars + [lib_dir] # asked for list
+    return real_vars
+sysconfig_get_config_vars.__doc__ = old_get_config_vars.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_config_vars = sysconfig_get_config_vars
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1af230e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# This is a config file local to this virtualenv installation
+# You may include options that will be used by all distutils commands,
+# and by easy_install.  For instance:
+#
+#   [easy_install]
+#   find_links = http://mylocalsite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/encodings b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/encodings
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..bddfc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/encodings
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/encodings
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8365972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/functools.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/functools.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8d1091c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/functools.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/functools.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..bb942ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..30c2a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/heapq.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..eb3478e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hmac.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ad3982c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/imp.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/imp.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7e073b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/imp.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/imp.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/importlib b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/importlib
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..caa3994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/importlib
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/importlib
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/io.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/io.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1cf3da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/io.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/io.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/keyword.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/keyword.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..6a9bbf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/keyword.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/keyword.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7884f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/linecache.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/linecache.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..9bc95cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/linecache.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/linecache.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/locale.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/locale.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..c6e6095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/locale.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/locale.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/no-global-site-packages.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/no-global-site-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1fbcee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/operator.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/operator.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..e19e482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/operator.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/operator.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20448b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/os.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/os.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4101e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/os.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/os.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4c1ef49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8bcb554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/random.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/random.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ede3213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/random.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/random.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/re.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/re.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..c16226e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/re.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/re.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/readline.so b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/readline.so
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..366ef4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/readline.so
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload/readline.cpython-35m-darwin.so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..139b0f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..08737e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/shutil.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/shutil.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..81c77db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/shutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/shutil.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c2d35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+
+Flask
+-----
+
+Flask is a microframework for Python based on Werkzeug, Jinja 2 and good
+intentions. And before you ask: It's BSD licensed!
+
+Flask is Fun
+````````````
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from flask import Flask
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @app.route("/")
+    def hello():
+        return "Hello World!"
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        app.run()
+
+And Easy to Setup
+`````````````````
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+    $ pip install Flask
+    $ python hello.py
+     * Running on http://localhost:5000/
+
+Links
+`````
+
+* `website <http://flask.pocoo.org/>`_
+* `documentation <http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/>`_
+* `development version
+  <http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/zipball/master#egg=Flask-dev>`_
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e0a895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: Flask
+Version: 0.10.1
+Summary: A microframework based on Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good intentions
+Home-page: http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/
+Author: Armin Ronacher
+Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
+License: BSD
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Requires-Dist: Jinja2 (>=2.4)
+Requires-Dist: Werkzeug (>=0.7)
+Requires-Dist: itsdangerous (>=0.21)
+
+
+Flask
+-----
+
+Flask is a microframework for Python based on Werkzeug, Jinja 2 and good
+intentions. And before you ask: It's BSD licensed!
+
+Flask is Fun
+````````````
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from flask import Flask
+    app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    @app.route("/")
+    def hello():
+        return "Hello World!"
+
+    if __name__ == "__main__":
+        app.run()
+
+And Easy to Setup
+`````````````````
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+    $ pip install Flask
+    $ python hello.py
+     * Running on http://localhost:5000/
+
+Links
+`````
+
+* `website <http://flask.pocoo.org/>`_
+* `documentation <http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/>`_
+* `development version
+  <http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/zipball/master#egg=Flask-dev>`_
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2408315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/RECORD
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21a0bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: cp35-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7f12bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "A microframework based on Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good intentions", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 4 - Beta", "Environment :: Web Environment", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "armin.ronacher@active-4.com", "name": "Armin Ronacher", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "license": "BSD", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "Flask", "platform": "any", "run_requires": [{"requires": ["Jinja2 (>=2.4)", "Werkzeug (>=0.7)", "itsdangerous (>=0.21)"]}], "extras": [], "version": "0.10.1"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e10602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask-0.10.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+flask
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9db5b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+Flask-SQLAlchemy
+----------------
+
+Adds SQLAlchemy support to your Flask application.
+
+Links
+`````
+
+* `documentation <http://flask-sqlalchemy.pocoo.org>`_
+* `development version
+  <http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask-sqlalchemy/zipball/master#egg=Flask-SQLAlchemy-dev>`_
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19193fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: Flask-SQLAlchemy
+Version: 2.1
+Summary: Adds SQLAlchemy support to your Flask application
+Home-page: http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask-sqlalchemy
+Author: Phil Howell
+Author-email: phil@quae.co.uk
+License: BSD
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Requires-Dist: Flask (>=0.10)
+Requires-Dist: SQLAlchemy (>=0.7)
+
+
+Flask-SQLAlchemy
+----------------
+
+Adds SQLAlchemy support to your Flask application.
+
+Links
+`````
+
+* `documentation <http://flask-sqlalchemy.pocoo.org>`_
+* `development version
+  <http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask-sqlalchemy/zipball/master#egg=Flask-SQLAlchemy-dev>`_
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bea3da3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
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+flask_sqlalchemy/_compat.py,sha256=wVdOzefs6BI6Fi5mu21YctjQjrkIDdkPfgsWkye1v-4,623
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21a0bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: cp35-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fc3883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Adds SQLAlchemy support to your Flask application", "classifiers": ["Environment :: Web Environment", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://github.com/mitsuhiko/flask-sqlalchemy"}, "contacts": [{"email": "phil@quae.co.uk", "name": "Phil Howell", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "license": "BSD", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "Flask-SQLAlchemy", "platform": "any", "run_requires": [{"requires": ["Flask (>=0.10)", "SQLAlchemy (>=0.7)"]}], "extras": [], "version": "2.1"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a5538e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_SQLAlchemy-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+flask_sqlalchemy
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edb6f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+Flask-WTF
+=========
+
+Simple integration of Flask and WTForms, including CSRF, file upload
+and Recaptcha integration.
+
+Links
+-----
+
+* `documentation <https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.org>`_
+* `development version
+  <http://github.com/lepture/flask-wtf>`_
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..471aee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: Flask-WTF
+Version: 0.12
+Summary: Simple integration of Flask and WTForms
+Home-page: http://github.com/lepture/flask-wtf
+Author: Hsiaoming Yang
+Author-email: me@lepture.com
+License: BSD
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Requires-Dist: Flask
+Requires-Dist: WTForms
+Requires-Dist: Werkzeug
+
+
+Flask-WTF
+=========
+
+Simple integration of Flask and WTForms, including CSRF, file upload
+and Recaptcha integration.
+
+Links
+-----
+
+* `documentation <https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.org>`_
+* `development version
+  <http://github.com/lepture/flask-wtf>`_
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e09996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21a0bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: cp35-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb13282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Simple integration of Flask and WTForms", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 4 - Beta", "Environment :: Web Environment", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation", "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython", "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy", "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://github.com/lepture/flask-wtf"}, "contacts": [{"email": "me@lepture.com", "name": "Hsiaoming Yang", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "license": "BSD", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "Flask-WTF", "platform": "any", "run_requires": [{"requires": ["Flask", "WTForms", "Werkzeug"]}], "extras": [], "version": "0.12", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["Flask-Babel", "nose"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..716f422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Flask_WTF-0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+flask_wtf
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4421f04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Jinja2
+~~~~~~
+
+Jinja2 is a template engine written in pure Python.  It provides a
+`Django`_ inspired non-XML syntax but supports inline expressions and
+an optional `sandboxed`_ environment.
+
+Nutshell
+--------
+
+Here a small example of a Jinja template::
+
+    {% extends 'base.html' %}
+    {% block title %}Memberlist{% endblock %}
+    {% block content %}
+      <ul>
+      {% for user in users %}
+        <li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
+      {% endfor %}
+      </ul>
+    {% endblock %}
+
+Philosophy
+----------
+
+Application logic is for the controller but don't try to make the life
+for the template designer too hard by giving him too few functionality.
+
+For more informations visit the new `Jinja2 webpage`_ and `documentation`_.
+
+.. _sandboxed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)
+.. _Django: http://www.djangoproject.com/
+.. _Jinja2 webpage: http://jinja.pocoo.org/
+.. _documentation: http://jinja.pocoo.org/2/documentation/
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..304d7c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: Jinja2
+Version: 2.8
+Summary: A small but fast and easy to use stand-alone template engine written in pure python.
+Home-page: http://jinja.pocoo.org/
+Author: Armin Ronacher
+Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
+License: BSD
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML
+Requires-Dist: MarkupSafe
+Provides-Extra: i18n
+Requires-Dist: Babel (>=0.8); extra == 'i18n'
+
+Jinja2
+~~~~~~
+
+Jinja2 is a template engine written in pure Python.  It provides a
+`Django`_ inspired non-XML syntax but supports inline expressions and
+an optional `sandboxed`_ environment.
+
+Nutshell
+--------
+
+Here a small example of a Jinja template::
+
+    {% extends 'base.html' %}
+    {% block title %}Memberlist{% endblock %}
+    {% block content %}
+      <ul>
+      {% for user in users %}
+        <li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
+      {% endfor %}
+      </ul>
+    {% endblock %}
+
+Philosophy
+----------
+
+Application logic is for the controller but don't try to make the life
+for the template designer too hard by giving him too few functionality.
+
+For more informations visit the new `Jinja2 webpage`_ and `documentation`_.
+
+.. _sandboxed: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)
+.. _Django: http://www.djangoproject.com/
+.. _Jinja2 webpage: http://jinja.pocoo.org/
+.. _documentation: http://jinja.pocoo.org/2/documentation/
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d44344f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dff69d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.24.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32e6b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+    [babel.extractors]
+    jinja2 = jinja2.ext:babel_extract[i18n]
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5b1ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"license": "BSD", "name": "Jinja2", "metadata_version": "2.0", "generator": "bdist_wheel (0.24.0)", "summary": "A small but fast and easy to use stand-alone template engine written in pure python.", "run_requires": [{"requires": ["Babel (>=0.8)"], "extra": "i18n"}, {"requires": ["MarkupSafe"]}], "version": "2.8", "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://jinja.pocoo.org/"}, "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}, "contacts": [{"role": "author", "email": "armin.ronacher@active-4.com", "name": "Armin Ronacher"}]}, "python.exports": {"babel.extractors": {"jinja2": "jinja2.ext:babel_extract [i18n]"}}}, "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Environment :: Web Environment", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules", "Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML"], "extras": ["i18n"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f7afbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Jinja2-2.8.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+jinja2
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67256b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+MarkupSafe
+==========
+
+Implements a unicode subclass that supports HTML strings:
+
+>>> from markupsafe import Markup, escape
+>>> escape("<script>alert(document.cookie);</script>")
+Markup(u'&lt;script&gt;alert(document.cookie);&lt;/script&gt;')
+>>> tmpl = Markup("<em>%s</em>")
+>>> tmpl % "Peter > Lustig"
+Markup(u'<em>Peter &gt; Lustig</em>')
+
+If you want to make an object unicode that is not yet unicode
+but don't want to lose the taint information, you can use the
+`soft_unicode` function.  (On Python 3 you can also use `soft_str` which
+is a different name for the same function).
+
+>>> from markupsafe import soft_unicode
+>>> soft_unicode(42)
+u'42'
+>>> soft_unicode(Markup('foo'))
+Markup(u'foo')
+
+HTML Representations
+--------------------
+
+Objects can customize their HTML markup equivalent by overriding
+the `__html__` function:
+
+>>> class Foo(object):
+...  def __html__(self):
+...   return '<strong>Nice</strong>'
+...
+>>> escape(Foo())
+Markup(u'<strong>Nice</strong>')
+>>> Markup(Foo())
+Markup(u'<strong>Nice</strong>')
+
+Silent Escapes
+--------------
+
+Since MarkupSafe 0.10 there is now also a separate escape function
+called `escape_silent` that returns an empty string for `None` for
+consistency with other systems that return empty strings for `None`
+when escaping (for instance Pylons' webhelpers).
+
+If you also want to use this for the escape method of the Markup
+object, you can create your own subclass that does that::
+
+    from markupsafe import Markup, escape_silent as escape
+
+    class SilentMarkup(Markup):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @classmethod
+        def escape(cls, s):
+            return cls(escape(s))
+
+New-Style String Formatting
+---------------------------
+
+Starting with MarkupSafe 0.21 new style string formats from Python 2.6 and
+3.x are now fully supported.  Previously the escape behavior of those
+functions was spotty at best.  The new implementations operates under the
+following algorithm:
+
+1.  if an object has an ``__html_format__`` method it is called as
+    replacement for ``__format__`` with the format specifier.  It either
+    has to return a string or markup object.
+2.  if an object has an ``__html__`` method it is called.
+3.  otherwise the default format system of Python kicks in and the result
+    is HTML escaped.
+
+Here is how you can implement your own formatting::
+
+    class User(object):
+
+        def __init__(self, id, username):
+            self.id = id
+            self.username = username
+
+        def __html_format__(self, format_spec):
+            if format_spec == 'link':
+                return Markup('<a href="/user/{0}">{1}</a>').format(
+                    self.id,
+                    self.__html__(),
+                )
+            elif format_spec:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid format spec')
+            return self.__html__()
+
+        def __html__(self):
+            return Markup('<span class=user>{0}</span>').format(self.username)
+
+And to format that user:
+
+>>> user = User(1, 'foo')
+>>> Markup('<p>User: {0:link}').format(user)
+Markup(u'<p>User: <a href="/user/1"><span class=user>foo</span></a>')
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d06751b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: MarkupSafe
+Version: 0.23
+Summary: Implements a XML/HTML/XHTML Markup safe string for Python
+Home-page: http://github.com/mitsuhiko/markupsafe
+Author: Armin Ronacher
+Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
+License: BSD
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML
+
+MarkupSafe
+==========
+
+Implements a unicode subclass that supports HTML strings:
+
+>>> from markupsafe import Markup, escape
+>>> escape("<script>alert(document.cookie);</script>")
+Markup(u'&lt;script&gt;alert(document.cookie);&lt;/script&gt;')
+>>> tmpl = Markup("<em>%s</em>")
+>>> tmpl % "Peter > Lustig"
+Markup(u'<em>Peter &gt; Lustig</em>')
+
+If you want to make an object unicode that is not yet unicode
+but don't want to lose the taint information, you can use the
+`soft_unicode` function.  (On Python 3 you can also use `soft_str` which
+is a different name for the same function).
+
+>>> from markupsafe import soft_unicode
+>>> soft_unicode(42)
+u'42'
+>>> soft_unicode(Markup('foo'))
+Markup(u'foo')
+
+HTML Representations
+--------------------
+
+Objects can customize their HTML markup equivalent by overriding
+the `__html__` function:
+
+>>> class Foo(object):
+...  def __html__(self):
+...   return '<strong>Nice</strong>'
+...
+>>> escape(Foo())
+Markup(u'<strong>Nice</strong>')
+>>> Markup(Foo())
+Markup(u'<strong>Nice</strong>')
+
+Silent Escapes
+--------------
+
+Since MarkupSafe 0.10 there is now also a separate escape function
+called `escape_silent` that returns an empty string for `None` for
+consistency with other systems that return empty strings for `None`
+when escaping (for instance Pylons' webhelpers).
+
+If you also want to use this for the escape method of the Markup
+object, you can create your own subclass that does that::
+
+    from markupsafe import Markup, escape_silent as escape
+
+    class SilentMarkup(Markup):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @classmethod
+        def escape(cls, s):
+            return cls(escape(s))
+
+New-Style String Formatting
+---------------------------
+
+Starting with MarkupSafe 0.21 new style string formats from Python 2.6 and
+3.x are now fully supported.  Previously the escape behavior of those
+functions was spotty at best.  The new implementations operates under the
+following algorithm:
+
+1.  if an object has an ``__html_format__`` method it is called as
+    replacement for ``__format__`` with the format specifier.  It either
+    has to return a string or markup object.
+2.  if an object has an ``__html__`` method it is called.
+3.  otherwise the default format system of Python kicks in and the result
+    is HTML escaped.
+
+Here is how you can implement your own formatting::
+
+    class User(object):
+
+        def __init__(self, id, username):
+            self.id = id
+            self.username = username
+
+        def __html_format__(self, format_spec):
+            if format_spec == 'link':
+                return Markup('<a href="/user/{0}">{1}</a>').format(
+                    self.id,
+                    self.__html__(),
+                )
+            elif format_spec:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid format spec')
+            return self.__html__()
+
+        def __html__(self):
+            return Markup('<span class=user>{0}</span>').format(self.username)
+
+And to format that user:
+
+>>> user = User(1, 'foo')
+>>> Markup('<p>User: {0:link}').format(user)
+Markup(u'<p>User: <a href="/user/1"><span class=user>foo</span></a>')
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcef85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst,sha256=VnEbwPneiOkqh-nzxb0DUiGlcVGHuaDQjsNBLi-yNYw,3091
+MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=g-KikeSr9J7vagkJoCt0ViT2ORy9O4NYV7XtRu1Pni8,3879
+MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/RECORD,,
+MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=cp1tYlZmV4Yt5--yltOqGfF0jlhhwYS1sk9XhimxDT4,110
+MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/metadata.json,sha256=PpKj8xa1nabDnbcphviEjnWr_kTHz6C5EZb2zqUNQMY,901
+MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=qy0Plje5IJuvsCBjejJyhDCjEAdcDLK_2agVcex8Z6U,11
+markupsafe/__init__.py,sha256=zFQpANILi3mCCALiPd6ZJdlW6ibu_hTKzikMXKXVtaM,10338
+markupsafe/_compat.py,sha256=r1HE0CpcAZeb-AiTV9wITR91PeLHn0CzZ_XHkYoozpI,565
+markupsafe/_constants.py,sha256=U_xybFQsyXKCgHSfranJnFzo-z9nn9fuBeSk243sE5Q,4795
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfda93c
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+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/WHEEL
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+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp35-cp35m-macosx_10_9_x86_64
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/MarkupSafe-0.23.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0557a1c
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..479eaf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+SQLAlchemy
+==========
+
+The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
+
+Introduction
+-------------
+
+SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
+that gives application developers the full power and
+flexibility of SQL. SQLAlchemy provides a full suite
+of well known enterprise-level persistence patterns,
+designed for efficient and high-performing database
+access, adapted into a simple and Pythonic domain
+language.
+
+Major SQLAlchemy features include:
+
+* An industrial strength ORM, built 
+  from the core on the identity map, unit of work,
+  and data mapper patterns.   These patterns
+  allow transparent persistence of objects 
+  using a declarative configuration system.
+  Domain models
+  can be constructed and manipulated naturally,
+  and changes are synchronized with the
+  current transaction automatically.
+* A relationally-oriented query system, exposing
+  the full range of SQL's capabilities 
+  explicitly, including joins, subqueries, 
+  correlation, and most everything else, 
+  in terms of the object model.
+  Writing queries with the ORM uses the same 
+  techniques of relational composition you use 
+  when writing SQL.  While you can drop into
+  literal SQL at any time, it's virtually never
+  needed.
+* A comprehensive and flexible system 
+  of eager loading for related collections and objects.
+  Collections are cached within a session,
+  and can be loaded on individual access, all 
+  at once using joins, or by query per collection
+  across the full result set.
+* A Core SQL construction system and DBAPI 
+  interaction layer.  The SQLAlchemy Core is
+  separate from the ORM and is a full database
+  abstraction layer in its own right, and includes
+  an extensible Python-based SQL expression 
+  language, schema metadata, connection pooling, 
+  type coercion, and custom types.
+* All primary and foreign key constraints are 
+  assumed to be composite and natural.  Surrogate
+  integer primary keys are of course still the 
+  norm, but SQLAlchemy never assumes or hardcodes
+  to this model.
+* Database introspection and generation.  Database
+  schemas can be "reflected" in one step into
+  Python structures representing database metadata;
+  those same structures can then generate 
+  CREATE statements right back out - all within
+  the Core, independent of the ORM.
+
+SQLAlchemy's philosophy:
+
+* SQL databases behave less and less like object
+  collections the more size and performance start to
+  matter; object collections behave less and less like
+  tables and rows the more abstraction starts to matter.
+  SQLAlchemy aims to accommodate both of these
+  principles.
+* An ORM doesn't need to hide the "R".   A relational
+  database provides rich, set-based functionality
+  that should be fully exposed.   SQLAlchemy's
+  ORM provides an open-ended set of patterns
+  that allow a developer to construct a custom
+  mediation layer between a domain model and 
+  a relational schema, turning the so-called
+  "object relational impedance" issue into
+  a distant memory.
+* The developer, in all cases, makes all decisions
+  regarding the design, structure, and naming conventions
+  of both the object model as well as the relational
+  schema.   SQLAlchemy only provides the means
+  to automate the execution of these decisions.
+* With SQLAlchemy, there's no such thing as 
+  "the ORM generated a bad query" - you 
+  retain full control over the structure of 
+  queries, including how joins are organized,
+  how subqueries and correlation is used, what 
+  columns are requested.  Everything SQLAlchemy
+  does is ultimately the result of a developer-
+  initiated decision.
+* Don't use an ORM if the problem doesn't need one.
+  SQLAlchemy consists of a Core and separate ORM
+  component.   The Core offers a full SQL expression
+  language that allows Pythonic construction 
+  of SQL constructs that render directly to SQL
+  strings for a target database, returning
+  result sets that are essentially enhanced DBAPI
+  cursors.
+* Transactions should be the norm.  With SQLAlchemy's
+  ORM, nothing goes to permanent storage until
+  commit() is called.  SQLAlchemy encourages applications
+  to create a consistent means of delineating
+  the start and end of a series of operations.
+* Never render a literal value in a SQL statement.
+  Bound parameters are used to the greatest degree
+  possible, allowing query optimizers to cache 
+  query plans effectively and making SQL injection
+  attacks a non-issue.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+Latest documentation is at:
+
+http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/
+
+Installation / Requirements
+---------------------------
+
+Full documentation for installation is at 
+`Installation <http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/intro.html#installation>`_.
+
+Getting Help / Development / Bug reporting
+------------------------------------------
+
+Please refer to the `SQLAlchemy Community Guide <http://www.sqlalchemy.org/support.html>`_.
+
+License
+-------
+
+SQLAlchemy is distributed under the `MIT license
+<http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php>`_.
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f993bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: SQLAlchemy
+Version: 1.0.12
+Summary: Database Abstraction Library
+Home-page: http://www.sqlalchemy.org
+Author: Mike Bayer
+Author-email: mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com
+License: MIT License
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: Jython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Database :: Front-Ends
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+
+SQLAlchemy
+==========
+
+The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
+
+Introduction
+-------------
+
+SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
+that gives application developers the full power and
+flexibility of SQL. SQLAlchemy provides a full suite
+of well known enterprise-level persistence patterns,
+designed for efficient and high-performing database
+access, adapted into a simple and Pythonic domain
+language.
+
+Major SQLAlchemy features include:
+
+* An industrial strength ORM, built 
+  from the core on the identity map, unit of work,
+  and data mapper patterns.   These patterns
+  allow transparent persistence of objects 
+  using a declarative configuration system.
+  Domain models
+  can be constructed and manipulated naturally,
+  and changes are synchronized with the
+  current transaction automatically.
+* A relationally-oriented query system, exposing
+  the full range of SQL's capabilities 
+  explicitly, including joins, subqueries, 
+  correlation, and most everything else, 
+  in terms of the object model.
+  Writing queries with the ORM uses the same 
+  techniques of relational composition you use 
+  when writing SQL.  While you can drop into
+  literal SQL at any time, it's virtually never
+  needed.
+* A comprehensive and flexible system 
+  of eager loading for related collections and objects.
+  Collections are cached within a session,
+  and can be loaded on individual access, all 
+  at once using joins, or by query per collection
+  across the full result set.
+* A Core SQL construction system and DBAPI 
+  interaction layer.  The SQLAlchemy Core is
+  separate from the ORM and is a full database
+  abstraction layer in its own right, and includes
+  an extensible Python-based SQL expression 
+  language, schema metadata, connection pooling, 
+  type coercion, and custom types.
+* All primary and foreign key constraints are 
+  assumed to be composite and natural.  Surrogate
+  integer primary keys are of course still the 
+  norm, but SQLAlchemy never assumes or hardcodes
+  to this model.
+* Database introspection and generation.  Database
+  schemas can be "reflected" in one step into
+  Python structures representing database metadata;
+  those same structures can then generate 
+  CREATE statements right back out - all within
+  the Core, independent of the ORM.
+
+SQLAlchemy's philosophy:
+
+* SQL databases behave less and less like object
+  collections the more size and performance start to
+  matter; object collections behave less and less like
+  tables and rows the more abstraction starts to matter.
+  SQLAlchemy aims to accommodate both of these
+  principles.
+* An ORM doesn't need to hide the "R".   A relational
+  database provides rich, set-based functionality
+  that should be fully exposed.   SQLAlchemy's
+  ORM provides an open-ended set of patterns
+  that allow a developer to construct a custom
+  mediation layer between a domain model and 
+  a relational schema, turning the so-called
+  "object relational impedance" issue into
+  a distant memory.
+* The developer, in all cases, makes all decisions
+  regarding the design, structure, and naming conventions
+  of both the object model as well as the relational
+  schema.   SQLAlchemy only provides the means
+  to automate the execution of these decisions.
+* With SQLAlchemy, there's no such thing as 
+  "the ORM generated a bad query" - you 
+  retain full control over the structure of 
+  queries, including how joins are organized,
+  how subqueries and correlation is used, what 
+  columns are requested.  Everything SQLAlchemy
+  does is ultimately the result of a developer-
+  initiated decision.
+* Don't use an ORM if the problem doesn't need one.
+  SQLAlchemy consists of a Core and separate ORM
+  component.   The Core offers a full SQL expression
+  language that allows Pythonic construction 
+  of SQL constructs that render directly to SQL
+  strings for a target database, returning
+  result sets that are essentially enhanced DBAPI
+  cursors.
+* Transactions should be the norm.  With SQLAlchemy's
+  ORM, nothing goes to permanent storage until
+  commit() is called.  SQLAlchemy encourages applications
+  to create a consistent means of delineating
+  the start and end of a series of operations.
+* Never render a literal value in a SQL statement.
+  Bound parameters are used to the greatest degree
+  possible, allowing query optimizers to cache 
+  query plans effectively and making SQL injection
+  attacks a non-issue.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+Latest documentation is at:
+
+http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/
+
+Installation / Requirements
+---------------------------
+
+Full documentation for installation is at 
+`Installation <http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/intro.html#installation>`_.
+
+Getting Help / Development / Bug reporting
+------------------------------------------
+
+Please refer to the `SQLAlchemy Community Guide <http://www.sqlalchemy.org/support.html>`_.
+
+License
+-------
+
+SQLAlchemy is distributed under the `MIT license
+<http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php>`_.
+
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/RECORD
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfda93c
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.12.dist-info/top_level.txt
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+Version: 2.1
+Summary: A flexible forms validation and rendering library for python web development.
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4e0d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "A flexible forms validation and rendering library for python web development.", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Environment :: Web Environment", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://wtforms.simplecodes.com/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "wtforms@simplecodes.com", "name": "Thomas Johansson, James Crasta", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "license": "BSD", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "WTForms", "extras": ["Locale"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["Babel (>=1.3)"], "extra": "Locale"}, {"requires": ["ordereddict"], "environment": "python_version==\"2.6\""}], "version": "2.1"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26d80fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/WTForms-2.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+wtforms
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a6e8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+Werkzeug
+========
+
+Werkzeug started as simple collection of various utilities for WSGI
+applications and has become one of the most advanced WSGI utility
+modules.  It includes a powerful debugger, full featured request and
+response objects, HTTP utilities to handle entity tags, cache control
+headers, HTTP dates, cookie handling, file uploads, a powerful URL
+routing system and a bunch of community contributed addon modules.
+
+Werkzeug is unicode aware and doesn't enforce a specific template
+engine, database adapter or anything else.  It doesn't even enforce
+a specific way of handling requests and leaves all that up to the
+developer. It's most useful for end user applications which should work
+on as many server environments as possible (such as blogs, wikis,
+bulletin boards, etc.).
+
+Details and example applications are available on the
+`Werkzeug website <http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/>`_.
+
+
+Features
+--------
+
+-   unicode awareness
+
+-   request and response objects
+
+-   various utility functions for dealing with HTTP headers such as
+    `Accept` and `Cache-Control` headers.
+
+-   thread local objects with proper cleanup at request end
+
+-   an interactive debugger
+
+-   A simple WSGI server with support for threading and forking
+    with an automatic reloader.
+
+-   a flexible URL routing system with REST support.
+
+-   fully WSGI compatible
+
+
+Development Version
+-------------------
+
+The Werkzeug development version can be installed by cloning the git
+repository from `github`_::
+
+    git clone git@github.com:mitsuhiko/werkzeug.git
+
+.. _github: http://github.com/mitsuhiko/werkzeug
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cb6785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: Werkzeug
+Version: 0.11.4
+Summary: The Swiss Army knife of Python web development
+Home-page: http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/
+Author: Armin Ronacher
+Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
+License: BSD
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+
+Werkzeug
+========
+
+Werkzeug started as simple collection of various utilities for WSGI
+applications and has become one of the most advanced WSGI utility
+modules.  It includes a powerful debugger, full featured request and
+response objects, HTTP utilities to handle entity tags, cache control
+headers, HTTP dates, cookie handling, file uploads, a powerful URL
+routing system and a bunch of community contributed addon modules.
+
+Werkzeug is unicode aware and doesn't enforce a specific template
+engine, database adapter or anything else.  It doesn't even enforce
+a specific way of handling requests and leaves all that up to the
+developer. It's most useful for end user applications which should work
+on as many server environments as possible (such as blogs, wikis,
+bulletin boards, etc.).
+
+Details and example applications are available on the
+`Werkzeug website <http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/>`_.
+
+
+Features
+--------
+
+-   unicode awareness
+
+-   request and response objects
+
+-   various utility functions for dealing with HTTP headers such as
+    `Accept` and `Cache-Control` headers.
+
+-   thread local objects with proper cleanup at request end
+
+-   an interactive debugger
+
+-   A simple WSGI server with support for threading and forking
+    with an automatic reloader.
+
+-   a flexible URL routing system with REST support.
+
+-   fully WSGI compatible
+
+
+Development Version
+-------------------
+
+The Werkzeug development version can be installed by cloning the git
+repository from `github`_::
+
+    git clone git@github.com:mitsuhiko/werkzeug.git
+
+.. _github: http://github.com/mitsuhiko/werkzeug
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/RECORD
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--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8ce7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "The Swiss Army knife of Python web development", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Environment :: Web Environment", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "armin.ronacher@active-4.com", "name": "Armin Ronacher", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "license": "BSD", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "Werkzeug", "platform": "any", "version": "0.11.4"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fe8da8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/Werkzeug-0.11.4.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+werkzeug
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2b237b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+try:
+    import ast
+    from _markerlib.markers import default_environment, compile, interpret
+except ImportError:
+    if 'ast' in globals():
+        raise
+    def default_environment():
+        return {}
+    def compile(marker):
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            # 'empty markers are True' heuristic won't install extra deps.
+            return not marker.strip()
+        marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+        return marker_fn
+    def interpret(marker, environment=None, override=None):
+        return compile(marker)()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa83706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Interpret PEP 345 environment markers.
+
+EXPR [in|==|!=|not in] EXPR [or|and] ...
+
+where EXPR belongs to any of those:
+
+    python_version = '%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+    python_full_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+    os.name = os.name
+    sys.platform = sys.platform
+    platform.version = platform.version()
+    platform.machine = platform.machine()
+    platform.python_implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+    a free string, like '2.6', or 'win32'
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['default_environment', 'compile', 'interpret']
+
+import ast
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+import weakref
+
+_builtin_compile = compile
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError:
+    if os.name == "java":
+        # Jython 2.5 has ast module, but not platform.python_implementation() function.
+        def python_implementation():
+            return "Jython"
+    else:
+        raise
+
+
+# restricted set of variables
+_VARS = {'sys.platform': sys.platform,
+         'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2],
+         # FIXME parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other
+         # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version
+         'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0],
+         'os.name': os.name,
+         'platform.version': platform.version(),
+         'platform.machine': platform.machine(),
+         'platform.python_implementation': python_implementation(),
+         'extra': None # wheel extension
+        }
+
+for var in list(_VARS.keys()):
+    if '.' in var:
+        _VARS[var.replace('.', '_')] = _VARS[var]
+
+def default_environment():
+    """Return copy of default PEP 385 globals dictionary."""
+    return dict(_VARS)
+
+class ASTWhitelist(ast.NodeTransformer):
+    def __init__(self, statement):
+        self.statement = statement # for error messages
+
+    ALLOWED = (ast.Compare, ast.BoolOp, ast.Attribute, ast.Name, ast.Load, ast.Str)
+    # Bool operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.And, ast.Or)
+    # Comparison operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.Eq, ast.Gt, ast.GtE, ast.In, ast.Is, ast.IsNot, ast.Lt, ast.LtE, ast.NotEq, ast.NotIn)
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        """Ensure statement only contains allowed nodes."""
+        if not isinstance(node, self.ALLOWED):
+            raise SyntaxError('Not allowed in environment markers.\n%s\n%s' %
+                               (self.statement,
+                               (' ' * node.col_offset) + '^'))
+        return ast.NodeTransformer.visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        """Flatten one level of attribute access."""
+        new_node = ast.Name("%s.%s" % (node.value.id, node.attr), node.ctx)
+        return ast.copy_location(new_node, node)
+
+def parse_marker(marker):
+    tree = ast.parse(marker, mode='eval')
+    new_tree = ASTWhitelist(marker).generic_visit(tree)
+    return new_tree
+
+def compile_marker(parsed_marker):
+    return _builtin_compile(parsed_marker, '<environment marker>', 'eval',
+                   dont_inherit=True)
+
+_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+def compile(marker):
+    """Return compiled marker as a function accepting an environment dict."""
+    try:
+        return _cache[marker]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    if not marker.strip():
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """"""
+            return True
+    else:
+        compiled_marker = compile_marker(parse_marker(marker))
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """override updates environment"""
+            if override is None:
+                override = {}
+            if environment is None:
+                environment = default_environment()
+            environment.update(override)
+            return eval(compiled_marker, environment)
+    marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+    _cache[marker] = marker_fn
+    return _cache[marker]
+
+def interpret(marker, environment=None):
+    return compile(marker)(environment)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d87e984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Run the EasyInstall command"""
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
+    main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fd8908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask
+    ~~~~~
+
+    A microframework based on Werkzeug.  It's extensively documented
+    and follows best practice patterns.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+__version__ = '0.10.1'
+
+# utilities we import from Werkzeug and Jinja2 that are unused
+# in the module but are exported as public interface.
+from werkzeug.exceptions import abort
+from werkzeug.utils import redirect
+from jinja2 import Markup, escape
+
+from .app import Flask, Request, Response
+from .config import Config
+from .helpers import url_for, flash, send_file, send_from_directory, \
+    get_flashed_messages, get_template_attribute, make_response, safe_join, \
+    stream_with_context
+from .globals import current_app, g, request, session, _request_ctx_stack, \
+     _app_ctx_stack
+from .ctx import has_request_context, has_app_context, \
+     after_this_request, copy_current_request_context
+from .module import Module
+from .blueprints import Blueprint
+from .templating import render_template, render_template_string
+
+# the signals
+from .signals import signals_available, template_rendered, request_started, \
+     request_finished, got_request_exception, request_tearing_down, \
+     appcontext_tearing_down, appcontext_pushed, \
+     appcontext_popped, message_flashed
+
+# We're not exposing the actual json module but a convenient wrapper around
+# it.
+from . import json
+
+# This was the only thing that flask used to export at one point and it had
+# a more generic name.
+jsonify = json.jsonify
+
+# backwards compat, goes away in 1.0
+from .sessions import SecureCookieSession as Session
+json_available = True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c342884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask._compat
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Some py2/py3 compatibility support based on a stripped down
+    version of six so we don't have to depend on a specific version
+    of it.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2013 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+_identity = lambda x: x
+
+
+if not PY2:
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = (str,)
+    integer_types = (int, )
+
+    iterkeys = lambda d: iter(d.keys())
+    itervalues = lambda d: iter(d.values())
+    iteritems = lambda d: iter(d.items())
+
+    from io import StringIO
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+    implements_to_string = _identity
+
+else:
+    text_type = unicode
+    string_types = (str, unicode)
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+
+    iterkeys = lambda d: d.iterkeys()
+    itervalues = lambda d: d.itervalues()
+    iteritems = lambda d: d.iteritems()
+
+    from cStringIO import StringIO
+
+    exec('def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):\n raise tp, value, tb')
+
+    def implements_to_string(cls):
+        cls.__unicode__ = cls.__str__
+        cls.__str__ = lambda x: x.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+        return cls
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a
+    # dummy metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces
+    # itself with the actual metaclass.  Because of internal type checks
+    # we also need to make sure that we downgrade the custom metaclass
+    # for one level to something closer to type (that's why __call__ and
+    # __init__ comes back from type etc.).
+    #
+    # This has the advantage over six.with_metaclass in that it does not
+    # introduce dummy classes into the final MRO.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        __call__ = type.__call__
+        __init__ = type.__init__
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if this_bases is None:
+                return type.__new__(cls, name, (), d)
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return metaclass('temporary_class', None, {})
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..addc40b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1842 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.app
+    ~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements the central WSGI application object.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+from threading import Lock
+from datetime import timedelta
+from itertools import chain
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from werkzeug.datastructures import ImmutableDict
+from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule, RequestRedirect, BuildError
+from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, InternalServerError, \
+     MethodNotAllowed, BadRequest
+
+from .helpers import _PackageBoundObject, url_for, get_flashed_messages, \
+     locked_cached_property, _endpoint_from_view_func, find_package
+from . import json
+from .wrappers import Request, Response
+from .config import ConfigAttribute, Config
+from .ctx import RequestContext, AppContext, _AppCtxGlobals
+from .globals import _request_ctx_stack, request, session, g
+from .sessions import SecureCookieSessionInterface
+from .module import blueprint_is_module
+from .templating import DispatchingJinjaLoader, Environment, \
+     _default_template_ctx_processor
+from .signals import request_started, request_finished, got_request_exception, \
+     request_tearing_down, appcontext_tearing_down
+from ._compat import reraise, string_types, text_type, integer_types
+
+# a lock used for logger initialization
+_logger_lock = Lock()
+
+
+def _make_timedelta(value):
+    if not isinstance(value, timedelta):
+        return timedelta(seconds=value)
+    return value
+
+
+def setupmethod(f):
+    """Wraps a method so that it performs a check in debug mode if the
+    first request was already handled.
+    """
+    def wrapper_func(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self.debug and self._got_first_request:
+            raise AssertionError('A setup function was called after the '
+                'first request was handled.  This usually indicates a bug '
+                'in the application where a module was not imported '
+                'and decorators or other functionality was called too late.\n'
+                'To fix this make sure to import all your view modules, '
+                'database models and everything related at a central place '
+                'before the application starts serving requests.')
+        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+    return update_wrapper(wrapper_func, f)
+
+
+class Flask(_PackageBoundObject):
+    """The flask object implements a WSGI application and acts as the central
+    object.  It is passed the name of the module or package of the
+    application.  Once it is created it will act as a central registry for
+    the view functions, the URL rules, template configuration and much more.
+
+    The name of the package is used to resolve resources from inside the
+    package or the folder the module is contained in depending on if the
+    package parameter resolves to an actual python package (a folder with
+    an `__init__.py` file inside) or a standard module (just a `.py` file).
+
+    For more information about resource loading, see :func:`open_resource`.
+
+    Usually you create a :class:`Flask` instance in your main module or
+    in the `__init__.py` file of your package like this::
+
+        from flask import Flask
+        app = Flask(__name__)
+
+    .. admonition:: About the First Parameter
+
+        The idea of the first parameter is to give Flask an idea what
+        belongs to your application.  This name is used to find resources
+        on the file system, can be used by extensions to improve debugging
+        information and a lot more.
+
+        So it's important what you provide there.  If you are using a single
+        module, `__name__` is always the correct value.  If you however are
+        using a package, it's usually recommended to hardcode the name of
+        your package there.
+
+        For example if your application is defined in `yourapplication/app.py`
+        you should create it with one of the two versions below::
+
+            app = Flask('yourapplication')
+            app = Flask(__name__.split('.')[0])
+
+        Why is that?  The application will work even with `__name__`, thanks
+        to how resources are looked up.  However it will make debugging more
+        painful.  Certain extensions can make assumptions based on the
+        import name of your application.  For example the Flask-SQLAlchemy
+        extension will look for the code in your application that triggered
+        an SQL query in debug mode.  If the import name is not properly set
+        up, that debugging information is lost.  (For example it would only
+        pick up SQL queries in `yourapplication.app` and not
+        `yourapplication.views.frontend`)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+       The `static_url_path`, `static_folder`, and `template_folder`
+       parameters were added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+       The `instance_path` and `instance_relative_config` parameters were
+       added.
+
+    :param import_name: the name of the application package
+    :param static_url_path: can be used to specify a different path for the
+                            static files on the web.  Defaults to the name
+                            of the `static_folder` folder.
+    :param static_folder: the folder with static files that should be served
+                          at `static_url_path`.  Defaults to the ``'static'``
+                          folder in the root path of the application.
+    :param template_folder: the folder that contains the templates that should
+                            be used by the application.  Defaults to
+                            ``'templates'`` folder in the root path of the
+                            application.
+    :param instance_path: An alternative instance path for the application.
+                          By default the folder ``'instance'`` next to the
+                          package or module is assumed to be the instance
+                          path.
+    :param instance_relative_config: if set to `True` relative filenames
+                                     for loading the config are assumed to
+                                     be relative to the instance path instead
+                                     of the application root.
+    """
+
+    #: The class that is used for request objects.  See :class:`~flask.Request`
+    #: for more information.
+    request_class = Request
+
+    #: The class that is used for response objects.  See
+    #: :class:`~flask.Response` for more information.
+    response_class = Response
+
+    #: The class that is used for the :data:`~flask.g` instance.
+    #:
+    #: Example use cases for a custom class:
+    #:
+    #: 1. Store arbitrary attributes on flask.g.
+    #: 2. Add a property for lazy per-request database connectors.
+    #: 3. Return None instead of AttributeError on expected attributes.
+    #: 4. Raise exception if an unexpected attr is set, a "controlled" flask.g.
+    #:
+    #: In Flask 0.9 this property was called `request_globals_class` but it
+    #: was changed in 0.10 to :attr:`app_ctx_globals_class` because the
+    #: flask.g object is not application context scoped.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    app_ctx_globals_class = _AppCtxGlobals
+
+    # Backwards compatibility support
+    def _get_request_globals_class(self):
+        return self.app_ctx_globals_class
+    def _set_request_globals_class(self, value):
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('request_globals_class attribute is now '
+                                'called app_ctx_globals_class'))
+        self.app_ctx_globals_class = value
+    request_globals_class = property(_get_request_globals_class,
+                                     _set_request_globals_class)
+    del _get_request_globals_class, _set_request_globals_class
+
+    #: The debug flag.  Set this to `True` to enable debugging of the
+    #: application.  In debug mode the debugger will kick in when an unhandled
+    #: exception occurs and the integrated server will automatically reload
+    #: the application if changes in the code are detected.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the `DEBUG`
+    #: configuration key.  Defaults to `False`.
+    debug = ConfigAttribute('DEBUG')
+
+    #: The testing flag.  Set this to `True` to enable the test mode of
+    #: Flask extensions (and in the future probably also Flask itself).
+    #: For example this might activate unittest helpers that have an
+    #: additional runtime cost which should not be enabled by default.
+    #:
+    #: If this is enabled and PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS is not changed from the
+    #: default it's implicitly enabled.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: `TESTING` configuration key.  Defaults to `False`.
+    testing = ConfigAttribute('TESTING')
+
+    #: If a secret key is set, cryptographic components can use this to
+    #: sign cookies and other things.  Set this to a complex random value
+    #: when you want to use the secure cookie for instance.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: `SECRET_KEY` configuration key.  Defaults to `None`.
+    secret_key = ConfigAttribute('SECRET_KEY')
+
+    #: The secure cookie uses this for the name of the session cookie.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: `SESSION_COOKIE_NAME` configuration key.  Defaults to ``'session'``
+    session_cookie_name = ConfigAttribute('SESSION_COOKIE_NAME')
+
+    #: A :class:`~datetime.timedelta` which is used to set the expiration
+    #: date of a permanent session.  The default is 31 days which makes a
+    #: permanent session survive for roughly one month.
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: `PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME` configuration key.  Defaults to
+    #: ``timedelta(days=31)``
+    permanent_session_lifetime = ConfigAttribute('PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME',
+        get_converter=_make_timedelta)
+
+    #: Enable this if you want to use the X-Sendfile feature.  Keep in
+    #: mind that the server has to support this.  This only affects files
+    #: sent with the :func:`send_file` method.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.2
+    #:
+    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
+    #: `USE_X_SENDFILE` configuration key.  Defaults to `False`.
+    use_x_sendfile = ConfigAttribute('USE_X_SENDFILE')
+
+    #: The name of the logger to use.  By default the logger name is the
+    #: package name passed to the constructor.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.4
+    logger_name = ConfigAttribute('LOGGER_NAME')
+
+    #: Enable the deprecated module support?  This is active by default
+    #: in 0.7 but will be changed to False in 0.8.  With Flask 1.0 modules
+    #: will be removed in favor of Blueprints
+    enable_modules = True
+
+    #: The logging format used for the debug logger.  This is only used when
+    #: the application is in debug mode, otherwise the attached logging
+    #: handler does the formatting.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.3
+    debug_log_format = (
+        '-' * 80 + '\n' +
+        '%(levelname)s in %(module)s [%(pathname)s:%(lineno)d]:\n' +
+        '%(message)s\n' +
+        '-' * 80
+    )
+
+    #: The JSON encoder class to use.  Defaults to :class:`~flask.json.JSONEncoder`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    json_encoder = json.JSONEncoder
+
+    #: The JSON decoder class to use.  Defaults to :class:`~flask.json.JSONDecoder`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    json_decoder = json.JSONDecoder
+
+    #: Options that are passed directly to the Jinja2 environment.
+    jinja_options = ImmutableDict(
+        extensions=['jinja2.ext.autoescape', 'jinja2.ext.with_']
+    )
+
+    #: Default configuration parameters.
+    default_config = ImmutableDict({
+        'DEBUG':                                False,
+        'TESTING':                              False,
+        'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,
+        'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
+        'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
+        'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
+        'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
+        'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
+        'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
+        'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
+        'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
+        'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
+        'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
+        'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
+        'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
+        'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
+        'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            12 * 60 * 60, # 12 hours
+        'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
+        'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
+        'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
+        'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
+        'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
+        'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
+    })
+
+    #: The rule object to use for URL rules created.  This is used by
+    #: :meth:`add_url_rule`.  Defaults to :class:`werkzeug.routing.Rule`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    url_rule_class = Rule
+
+    #: the test client that is used with when `test_client` is used.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    test_client_class = None
+
+    #: the session interface to use.  By default an instance of
+    #: :class:`~flask.sessions.SecureCookieSessionInterface` is used here.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    session_interface = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
+
+    def __init__(self, import_name, static_path=None, static_url_path=None,
+                 static_folder='static', template_folder='templates',
+                 instance_path=None, instance_relative_config=False):
+        _PackageBoundObject.__init__(self, import_name,
+                                     template_folder=template_folder)
+        if static_path is not None:
+            from warnings import warn
+            warn(DeprecationWarning('static_path is now called '
+                                    'static_url_path'), stacklevel=2)
+            static_url_path = static_path
+
+        if static_url_path is not None:
+            self.static_url_path = static_url_path
+        if static_folder is not None:
+            self.static_folder = static_folder
+        if instance_path is None:
+            instance_path = self.auto_find_instance_path()
+        elif not os.path.isabs(instance_path):
+            raise ValueError('If an instance path is provided it must be '
+                             'absolute.  A relative path was given instead.')
+
+        #: Holds the path to the instance folder.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        self.instance_path = instance_path
+
+        #: The configuration dictionary as :class:`Config`.  This behaves
+        #: exactly like a regular dictionary but supports additional methods
+        #: to load a config from files.
+        self.config = self.make_config(instance_relative_config)
+
+        # Prepare the deferred setup of the logger.
+        self._logger = None
+        self.logger_name = self.import_name
+
+        #: A dictionary of all view functions registered.  The keys will
+        #: be function names which are also used to generate URLs and
+        #: the values are the function objects themselves.
+        #: To register a view function, use the :meth:`route` decorator.
+        self.view_functions = {}
+
+        # support for the now deprecated `error_handlers` attribute.  The
+        # :attr:`error_handler_spec` shall be used now.
+        self._error_handlers = {}
+
+        #: A dictionary of all registered error handlers.  The key is `None`
+        #: for error handlers active on the application, otherwise the key is
+        #: the name of the blueprint.  Each key points to another dictionary
+        #: where they key is the status code of the http exception.  The
+        #: special key `None` points to a list of tuples where the first item
+        #: is the class for the instance check and the second the error handler
+        #: function.
+        #:
+        #: To register a error handler, use the :meth:`errorhandler`
+        #: decorator.
+        self.error_handler_spec = {None: self._error_handlers}
+
+        #: A list of functions that are called when :meth:`url_for` raises a
+        #: :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError`.  Each function registered here
+        #: is called with `error`, `endpoint` and `values`.  If a function
+        #: returns `None` or raises a `BuildError` the next function is
+        #: tried.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        self.url_build_error_handlers = []
+
+        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that should be called at the
+        #: beginning of the request.  The key of the dictionary is the name of
+        #: the blueprint this function is active for, `None` for all requests.
+        #: This can for example be used to open database connections or
+        #: getting hold of the currently logged in user.  To register a
+        #: function here, use the :meth:`before_request` decorator.
+        self.before_request_funcs = {}
+
+        #: A lists of functions that should be called at the beginning of the
+        #: first request to this instance.  To register a function here, use
+        #: the :meth:`before_first_request` decorator.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        self.before_first_request_funcs = []
+
+        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that should be called after
+        #: each request.  The key of the dictionary is the name of the blueprint
+        #: this function is active for, `None` for all requests.  This can for
+        #: example be used to open database connections or getting hold of the
+        #: currently logged in user.  To register a function here, use the
+        #: :meth:`after_request` decorator.
+        self.after_request_funcs = {}
+
+        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that are called after
+        #: each request, even if an exception has occurred. The key of the
+        #: dictionary is the name of the blueprint this function is active for,
+        #: `None` for all requests. These functions are not allowed to modify
+        #: the request, and their return values are ignored. If an exception
+        #: occurred while processing the request, it gets passed to each
+        #: teardown_request function. To register a function here, use the
+        #: :meth:`teardown_request` decorator.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.teardown_request_funcs = {}
+
+        #: A list of functions that are called when the application context
+        #: is destroyed.  Since the application context is also torn down
+        #: if the request ends this is the place to store code that disconnects
+        #: from databases.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        self.teardown_appcontext_funcs = []
+
+        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that can be used as URL
+        #: value processor functions.  Whenever a URL is built these functions
+        #: are called to modify the dictionary of values in place.  The key
+        #: `None` here is used for application wide
+        #: callbacks, otherwise the key is the name of the blueprint.
+        #: Each of these functions has the chance to modify the dictionary
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.url_value_preprocessors = {}
+
+        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that can be used as URL value
+        #: preprocessors.  The key `None` here is used for application wide
+        #: callbacks, otherwise the key is the name of the blueprint.
+        #: Each of these functions has the chance to modify the dictionary
+        #: of URL values before they are used as the keyword arguments of the
+        #: view function.  For each function registered this one should also
+        #: provide a :meth:`url_defaults` function that adds the parameters
+        #: automatically again that were removed that way.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.url_default_functions = {}
+
+        #: A dictionary with list of functions that are called without argument
+        #: to populate the template context.  The key of the dictionary is the
+        #: name of the blueprint this function is active for, `None` for all
+        #: requests.  Each returns a dictionary that the template context is
+        #: updated with.  To register a function here, use the
+        #: :meth:`context_processor` decorator.
+        self.template_context_processors = {
+            None: [_default_template_ctx_processor]
+        }
+
+        #: all the attached blueprints in a dictionary by name.  Blueprints
+        #: can be attached multiple times so this dictionary does not tell
+        #: you how often they got attached.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.blueprints = {}
+
+        #: a place where extensions can store application specific state.  For
+        #: example this is where an extension could store database engines and
+        #: similar things.  For backwards compatibility extensions should register
+        #: themselves like this::
+        #:
+        #:      if not hasattr(app, 'extensions'):
+        #:          app.extensions = {}
+        #:      app.extensions['extensionname'] = SomeObject()
+        #:
+        #: The key must match the name of the `flaskext` module.  For example in
+        #: case of a "Flask-Foo" extension in `flaskext.foo`, the key would be
+        #: ``'foo'``.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        self.extensions = {}
+
+        #: The :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Map` for this instance.  You can use
+        #: this to change the routing converters after the class was created
+        #: but before any routes are connected.  Example::
+        #:
+        #:    from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
+        #:
+        #:    class ListConverter(BaseConverter):
+        #:        def to_python(self, value):
+        #:            return value.split(',')
+        #:        def to_url(self, values):
+        #:            return ','.join(BaseConverter.to_url(value)
+        #:                            for value in values)
+        #:
+        #:    app = Flask(__name__)
+        #:    app.url_map.converters['list'] = ListConverter
+        self.url_map = Map()
+
+        # tracks internally if the application already handled at least one
+        # request.
+        self._got_first_request = False
+        self._before_request_lock = Lock()
+
+        # register the static folder for the application.  Do that even
+        # if the folder does not exist.  First of all it might be created
+        # while the server is running (usually happens during development)
+        # but also because google appengine stores static files somewhere
+        # else when mapped with the .yml file.
+        if self.has_static_folder:
+            self.add_url_rule(self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>',
+                              endpoint='static',
+                              view_func=self.send_static_file)
+
+    def _get_error_handlers(self):
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('error_handlers is deprecated, use the '
+            'new error_handler_spec attribute instead.'), stacklevel=1)
+        return self._error_handlers
+    def _set_error_handlers(self, value):
+        self._error_handlers = value
+        self.error_handler_spec[None] = value
+    error_handlers = property(_get_error_handlers, _set_error_handlers)
+    del _get_error_handlers, _set_error_handlers
+
+    @locked_cached_property
+    def name(self):
+        """The name of the application.  This is usually the import name
+        with the difference that it's guessed from the run file if the
+        import name is main.  This name is used as a display name when
+        Flask needs the name of the application.  It can be set and overridden
+        to change the value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        if self.import_name == '__main__':
+            fn = getattr(sys.modules['__main__'], '__file__', None)
+            if fn is None:
+                return '__main__'
+            return os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(fn))[0]
+        return self.import_name
+
+    @property
+    def propagate_exceptions(self):
+        """Returns the value of the `PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS` configuration
+        value in case it's set, otherwise a sensible default is returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        rv = self.config['PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS']
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return self.testing or self.debug
+
+    @property
+    def preserve_context_on_exception(self):
+        """Returns the value of the `PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION`
+        configuration value in case it's set, otherwise a sensible default
+        is returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        rv = self.config['PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION']
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return self.debug
+
+    @property
+    def logger(self):
+        """A :class:`logging.Logger` object for this application.  The
+        default configuration is to log to stderr if the application is
+        in debug mode.  This logger can be used to (surprise) log messages.
+        Here some examples::
+
+            app.logger.debug('A value for debugging')
+            app.logger.warning('A warning occurred (%d apples)', 42)
+            app.logger.error('An error occurred')
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3
+        """
+        if self._logger and self._logger.name == self.logger_name:
+            return self._logger
+        with _logger_lock:
+            if self._logger and self._logger.name == self.logger_name:
+                return self._logger
+            from flask.logging import create_logger
+            self._logger = rv = create_logger(self)
+            return rv
+
+    @locked_cached_property
+    def jinja_env(self):
+        """The Jinja2 environment used to load templates."""
+        return self.create_jinja_environment()
+
+    @property
+    def got_first_request(self):
+        """This attribute is set to `True` if the application started
+        handling the first request.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        return self._got_first_request
+
+    def make_config(self, instance_relative=False):
+        """Used to create the config attribute by the Flask constructor.
+        The `instance_relative` parameter is passed in from the constructor
+        of Flask (there named `instance_relative_config`) and indicates if
+        the config should be relative to the instance path or the root path
+        of the application.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        root_path = self.root_path
+        if instance_relative:
+            root_path = self.instance_path
+        return Config(root_path, self.default_config)
+
+    def auto_find_instance_path(self):
+        """Tries to locate the instance path if it was not provided to the
+        constructor of the application class.  It will basically calculate
+        the path to a folder named ``instance`` next to your main file or
+        the package.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        prefix, package_path = find_package(self.import_name)
+        if prefix is None:
+            return os.path.join(package_path, 'instance')
+        return os.path.join(prefix, 'var', self.name + '-instance')
+
+    def open_instance_resource(self, resource, mode='rb'):
+        """Opens a resource from the application's instance folder
+        (:attr:`instance_path`).  Otherwise works like
+        :meth:`open_resource`.  Instance resources can also be opened for
+        writing.
+
+        :param resource: the name of the resource.  To access resources within
+                         subfolders use forward slashes as separator.
+        :param mode: resource file opening mode, default is 'rb'.
+        """
+        return open(os.path.join(self.instance_path, resource), mode)
+
+    def create_jinja_environment(self):
+        """Creates the Jinja2 environment based on :attr:`jinja_options`
+        and :meth:`select_jinja_autoescape`.  Since 0.7 this also adds
+        the Jinja2 globals and filters after initialization.  Override
+        this function to customize the behavior.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        options = dict(self.jinja_options)
+        if 'autoescape' not in options:
+            options['autoescape'] = self.select_jinja_autoescape
+        rv = Environment(self, **options)
+        rv.globals.update(
+            url_for=url_for,
+            get_flashed_messages=get_flashed_messages,
+            config=self.config,
+            # request, session and g are normally added with the
+            # context processor for efficiency reasons but for imported
+            # templates we also want the proxies in there.
+            request=request,
+            session=session,
+            g=g
+        )
+        rv.filters['tojson'] = json.tojson_filter
+        return rv
+
+    def create_global_jinja_loader(self):
+        """Creates the loader for the Jinja2 environment.  Can be used to
+        override just the loader and keeping the rest unchanged.  It's
+        discouraged to override this function.  Instead one should override
+        the :meth:`jinja_loader` function instead.
+
+        The global loader dispatches between the loaders of the application
+        and the individual blueprints.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        return DispatchingJinjaLoader(self)
+
+    def init_jinja_globals(self):
+        """Deprecated.  Used to initialize the Jinja2 globals.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+           This method is deprecated with 0.7.  Override
+           :meth:`create_jinja_environment` instead.
+        """
+
+    def select_jinja_autoescape(self, filename):
+        """Returns `True` if autoescaping should be active for the given
+        template name.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        if filename is None:
+            return False
+        return filename.endswith(('.html', '.htm', '.xml', '.xhtml'))
+
+    def update_template_context(self, context):
+        """Update the template context with some commonly used variables.
+        This injects request, session, config and g into the template
+        context as well as everything template context processors want
+        to inject.  Note that the as of Flask 0.6, the original values
+        in the context will not be overridden if a context processor
+        decides to return a value with the same key.
+
+        :param context: the context as a dictionary that is updated in place
+                        to add extra variables.
+        """
+        funcs = self.template_context_processors[None]
+        reqctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        if reqctx is not None:
+            bp = reqctx.request.blueprint
+            if bp is not None and bp in self.template_context_processors:
+                funcs = chain(funcs, self.template_context_processors[bp])
+        orig_ctx = context.copy()
+        for func in funcs:
+            context.update(func())
+        # make sure the original values win.  This makes it possible to
+        # easier add new variables in context processors without breaking
+        # existing views.
+        context.update(orig_ctx)
+
+    def run(self, host=None, port=None, debug=None, **options):
+        """Runs the application on a local development server.  If the
+        :attr:`debug` flag is set the server will automatically reload
+        for code changes and show a debugger in case an exception happened.
+
+        If you want to run the application in debug mode, but disable the
+        code execution on the interactive debugger, you can pass
+        ``use_evalex=False`` as parameter.  This will keep the debugger's
+        traceback screen active, but disable code execution.
+
+        .. admonition:: Keep in Mind
+
+           Flask will suppress any server error with a generic error page
+           unless it is in debug mode.  As such to enable just the
+           interactive debugger without the code reloading, you have to
+           invoke :meth:`run` with ``debug=True`` and ``use_reloader=False``.
+           Setting ``use_debugger`` to `True` without being in debug mode
+           won't catch any exceptions because there won't be any to
+           catch.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.10
+           The default port is now picked from the ``SERVER_NAME`` variable.
+
+        :param host: the hostname to listen on. Set this to ``'0.0.0.0'`` to
+                     have the server available externally as well. Defaults to
+                     ``'127.0.0.1'``.
+        :param port: the port of the webserver. Defaults to ``5000`` or the
+                     port defined in the ``SERVER_NAME`` config variable if
+                     present.
+        :param debug: if given, enable or disable debug mode.
+                      See :attr:`debug`.
+        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying
+                        Werkzeug server.  See
+                        :func:`werkzeug.serving.run_simple` for more
+                        information.
+        """
+        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
+        if host is None:
+            host = '127.0.0.1'
+        if port is None:
+            server_name = self.config['SERVER_NAME']
+            if server_name and ':' in server_name:
+                port = int(server_name.rsplit(':', 1)[1])
+            else:
+                port = 5000
+        if debug is not None:
+            self.debug = bool(debug)
+        options.setdefault('use_reloader', self.debug)
+        options.setdefault('use_debugger', self.debug)
+        try:
+            run_simple(host, port, self, **options)
+        finally:
+            # reset the first request information if the development server
+            # resetted normally.  This makes it possible to restart the server
+            # without reloader and that stuff from an interactive shell.
+            self._got_first_request = False
+
+    def test_client(self, use_cookies=True):
+        """Creates a test client for this application.  For information
+        about unit testing head over to :ref:`testing`.
+
+        Note that if you are testing for assertions or exceptions in your
+        application code, you must set ``app.testing = True`` in order for the
+        exceptions to propagate to the test client.  Otherwise, the exception
+        will be handled by the application (not visible to the test client) and
+        the only indication of an AssertionError or other exception will be a
+        500 status code response to the test client.  See the :attr:`testing`
+        attribute.  For example::
+
+            app.testing = True
+            client = app.test_client()
+
+        The test client can be used in a `with` block to defer the closing down
+        of the context until the end of the `with` block.  This is useful if
+        you want to access the context locals for testing::
+
+            with app.test_client() as c:
+                rv = c.get('/?vodka=42')
+                assert request.args['vodka'] == '42'
+
+        See :class:`~flask.testing.FlaskClient` for more information.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.4
+           added support for `with` block usage for the client.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+           The `use_cookies` parameter was added as well as the ability
+           to override the client to be used by setting the
+           :attr:`test_client_class` attribute.
+        """
+        cls = self.test_client_class
+        if cls is None:
+            from flask.testing import FlaskClient as cls
+        return cls(self, self.response_class, use_cookies=use_cookies)
+
+    def open_session(self, request):
+        """Creates or opens a new session.  Default implementation stores all
+        session data in a signed cookie.  This requires that the
+        :attr:`secret_key` is set.  Instead of overriding this method
+        we recommend replacing the :class:`session_interface`.
+
+        :param request: an instance of :attr:`request_class`.
+        """
+        return self.session_interface.open_session(self, request)
+
+    def save_session(self, session, response):
+        """Saves the session if it needs updates.  For the default
+        implementation, check :meth:`open_session`.  Instead of overriding this
+        method we recommend replacing the :class:`session_interface`.
+
+        :param session: the session to be saved (a
+                        :class:`~werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie`
+                        object)
+        :param response: an instance of :attr:`response_class`
+        """
+        return self.session_interface.save_session(self, session, response)
+
+    def make_null_session(self):
+        """Creates a new instance of a missing session.  Instead of overriding
+        this method we recommend replacing the :class:`session_interface`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        return self.session_interface.make_null_session(self)
+
+    def register_module(self, module, **options):
+        """Registers a module with this application.  The keyword argument
+        of this function are the same as the ones for the constructor of the
+        :class:`Module` class and will override the values of the module if
+        provided.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+           The module system was deprecated in favor for the blueprint
+           system.
+        """
+        assert blueprint_is_module(module), 'register_module requires ' \
+            'actual module objects.  Please upgrade to blueprints though.'
+        if not self.enable_modules:
+            raise RuntimeError('Module support was disabled but code '
+                'attempted to register a module named %r' % module)
+        else:
+            from warnings import warn
+            warn(DeprecationWarning('Modules are deprecated.  Upgrade to '
+                'using blueprints.  Have a look into the documentation for '
+                'more information.  If this module was registered by a '
+                'Flask-Extension upgrade the extension or contact the author '
+                'of that extension instead.  (Registered %r)' % module),
+                stacklevel=2)
+
+        self.register_blueprint(module, **options)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def register_blueprint(self, blueprint, **options):
+        """Registers a blueprint on the application.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        first_registration = False
+        if blueprint.name in self.blueprints:
+            assert self.blueprints[blueprint.name] is blueprint, \
+                'A blueprint\'s name collision occurred between %r and ' \
+                '%r.  Both share the same name "%s".  Blueprints that ' \
+                'are created on the fly need unique names.' % \
+                (blueprint, self.blueprints[blueprint.name], blueprint.name)
+        else:
+            self.blueprints[blueprint.name] = blueprint
+            first_registration = True
+        blueprint.register(self, options, first_registration)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_url_rule(self, rule, endpoint=None, view_func=None, **options):
+        """Connects a URL rule.  Works exactly like the :meth:`route`
+        decorator.  If a view_func is provided it will be registered with the
+        endpoint.
+
+        Basically this example::
+
+            @app.route('/')
+            def index():
+                pass
+
+        Is equivalent to the following::
+
+            def index():
+                pass
+            app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', index)
+
+        If the view_func is not provided you will need to connect the endpoint
+        to a view function like so::
+
+            app.view_functions['index'] = index
+
+        Internally :meth:`route` invokes :meth:`add_url_rule` so if you want
+        to customize the behavior via subclassing you only need to change
+        this method.
+
+        For more information refer to :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.2
+           `view_func` parameter added.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+           `OPTIONS` is added automatically as method.
+
+        :param rule: the URL rule as string
+        :param endpoint: the endpoint for the registered URL rule.  Flask
+                         itself assumes the name of the view function as
+                         endpoint
+        :param view_func: the function to call when serving a request to the
+                          provided endpoint
+        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying
+                        :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.  A change
+                        to Werkzeug is handling of method options.  methods
+                        is a list of methods this rule should be limited
+                        to (`GET`, `POST` etc.).  By default a rule
+                        just listens for `GET` (and implicitly `HEAD`).
+                        Starting with Flask 0.6, `OPTIONS` is implicitly
+                        added and handled by the standard request handling.
+        """
+        if endpoint is None:
+            endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func)
+        options['endpoint'] = endpoint
+        methods = options.pop('methods', None)
+
+        # if the methods are not given and the view_func object knows its
+        # methods we can use that instead.  If neither exists, we go with
+        # a tuple of only `GET` as default.
+        if methods is None:
+            methods = getattr(view_func, 'methods', None) or ('GET',)
+        methods = set(methods)
+
+        # Methods that should always be added
+        required_methods = set(getattr(view_func, 'required_methods', ()))
+
+        # starting with Flask 0.8 the view_func object can disable and
+        # force-enable the automatic options handling.
+        provide_automatic_options = getattr(view_func,
+            'provide_automatic_options', None)
+
+        if provide_automatic_options is None:
+            if 'OPTIONS' not in methods:
+                provide_automatic_options = True
+                required_methods.add('OPTIONS')
+            else:
+                provide_automatic_options = False
+
+        # Add the required methods now.
+        methods |= required_methods
+
+        # due to a werkzeug bug we need to make sure that the defaults are
+        # None if they are an empty dictionary.  This should not be necessary
+        # with Werkzeug 0.7
+        options['defaults'] = options.get('defaults') or None
+
+        rule = self.url_rule_class(rule, methods=methods, **options)
+        rule.provide_automatic_options = provide_automatic_options
+
+        self.url_map.add(rule)
+        if view_func is not None:
+            old_func = self.view_functions.get(endpoint)
+            if old_func is not None and old_func != view_func:
+                raise AssertionError('View function mapping is overwriting an '
+                                     'existing endpoint function: %s' % endpoint)
+            self.view_functions[endpoint] = view_func
+
+    def route(self, rule, **options):
+        """A decorator that is used to register a view function for a
+        given URL rule.  This does the same thing as :meth:`add_url_rule`
+        but is intended for decorator usage::
+
+            @app.route('/')
+            def index():
+                return 'Hello World'
+
+        For more information refer to :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
+
+        :param rule: the URL rule as string
+        :param endpoint: the endpoint for the registered URL rule.  Flask
+                         itself assumes the name of the view function as
+                         endpoint
+        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying
+                        :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.  A change
+                        to Werkzeug is handling of method options.  methods
+                        is a list of methods this rule should be limited
+                        to (`GET`, `POST` etc.).  By default a rule
+                        just listens for `GET` (and implicitly `HEAD`).
+                        Starting with Flask 0.6, `OPTIONS` is implicitly
+                        added and handled by the standard request handling.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            endpoint = options.pop('endpoint', None)
+            self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def endpoint(self, endpoint):
+        """A decorator to register a function as an endpoint.
+        Example::
+
+            @app.endpoint('example.endpoint')
+            def example():
+                return "example"
+
+        :param endpoint: the name of the endpoint
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.view_functions[endpoint] = f
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def errorhandler(self, code_or_exception):
+        """A decorator that is used to register a function give a given
+        error code.  Example::
+
+            @app.errorhandler(404)
+            def page_not_found(error):
+                return 'This page does not exist', 404
+
+        You can also register handlers for arbitrary exceptions::
+
+            @app.errorhandler(DatabaseError)
+            def special_exception_handler(error):
+                return 'Database connection failed', 500
+
+        You can also register a function as error handler without using
+        the :meth:`errorhandler` decorator.  The following example is
+        equivalent to the one above::
+
+            def page_not_found(error):
+                return 'This page does not exist', 404
+            app.error_handler_spec[None][404] = page_not_found
+
+        Setting error handlers via assignments to :attr:`error_handler_spec`
+        however is discouraged as it requires fiddling with nested dictionaries
+        and the special case for arbitrary exception types.
+
+        The first `None` refers to the active blueprint.  If the error
+        handler should be application wide `None` shall be used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+           One can now additionally also register custom exception types
+           that do not necessarily have to be a subclass of the
+           :class:`~werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException` class.
+
+        :param code: the code as integer for the handler
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self._register_error_handler(None, code_or_exception, f)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def register_error_handler(self, code_or_exception, f):
+        """Alternative error attach function to the :meth:`errorhandler`
+        decorator that is more straightforward to use for non decorator
+        usage.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        self._register_error_handler(None, code_or_exception, f)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def _register_error_handler(self, key, code_or_exception, f):
+        if isinstance(code_or_exception, HTTPException):
+            code_or_exception = code_or_exception.code
+        if isinstance(code_or_exception, integer_types):
+            assert code_or_exception != 500 or key is None, \
+                'It is currently not possible to register a 500 internal ' \
+                'server error on a per-blueprint level.'
+            self.error_handler_spec.setdefault(key, {})[code_or_exception] = f
+        else:
+            self.error_handler_spec.setdefault(key, {}).setdefault(None, []) \
+                .append((code_or_exception, f))
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_filter(self, name=None):
+        """A decorator that is used to register custom template filter.
+        You can specify a name for the filter, otherwise the function
+        name will be used. Example::
+
+          @app.template_filter()
+          def reverse(s):
+              return s[::-1]
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_template_filter(f, name=name)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_template_filter(self, f, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template filter.  Works exactly like the
+        :meth:`template_filter` decorator.
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        self.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_test(self, name=None):
+        """A decorator that is used to register custom template test.
+        You can specify a name for the test, otherwise the function
+        name will be used. Example::
+
+          @app.template_test()
+          def is_prime(n):
+              if n == 2:
+                  return True
+              for i in range(2, int(math.ceil(math.sqrt(n))) + 1):
+                  if n % i == 0:
+                      return False
+              return True
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_template_test(f, name=name)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_template_test(self, f, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template test.  Works exactly like the
+        :meth:`template_test` decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        self.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def template_global(self, name=None):
+        """A decorator that is used to register a custom template global function.
+        You can specify a name for the global function, otherwise the function
+        name will be used. Example::
+
+            @app.template_global()
+            def double(n):
+                return 2 * n
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_template_global(f, name=name)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def add_template_global(self, f, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template global function. Works exactly like the
+        :meth:`template_global` decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        self.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def before_request(self, f):
+        """Registers a function to run before each request."""
+        self.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def before_first_request(self, f):
+        """Registers a function to be run before the first request to this
+        instance of the application.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        self.before_first_request_funcs.append(f)
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def after_request(self, f):
+        """Register a function to be run after each request.  Your function
+        must take one parameter, a :attr:`response_class` object and return
+        a new response object or the same (see :meth:`process_response`).
+
+        As of Flask 0.7 this function might not be executed at the end of the
+        request in case an unhandled exception occurred.
+        """
+        self.after_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def teardown_request(self, f):
+        """Register a function to be run at the end of each request,
+        regardless of whether there was an exception or not.  These functions
+        are executed when the request context is popped, even if not an
+        actual request was performed.
+
+        Example::
+
+            ctx = app.test_request_context()
+            ctx.push()
+            ...
+            ctx.pop()
+
+        When ``ctx.pop()`` is executed in the above example, the teardown
+        functions are called just before the request context moves from the
+        stack of active contexts.  This becomes relevant if you are using
+        such constructs in tests.
+
+        Generally teardown functions must take every necessary step to avoid
+        that they will fail.  If they do execute code that might fail they
+        will have to surround the execution of these code by try/except
+        statements and log occurring errors.
+
+        When a teardown function was called because of a exception it will
+        be passed an error object.
+
+        .. admonition:: Debug Note
+
+           In debug mode Flask will not tear down a request on an exception
+           immediately.  Instead if will keep it alive so that the interactive
+           debugger can still access it.  This behavior can be controlled
+           by the ``PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION`` configuration variable.
+        """
+        self.teardown_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def teardown_appcontext(self, f):
+        """Registers a function to be called when the application context
+        ends.  These functions are typically also called when the request
+        context is popped.
+
+        Example::
+
+            ctx = app.app_context()
+            ctx.push()
+            ...
+            ctx.pop()
+
+        When ``ctx.pop()`` is executed in the above example, the teardown
+        functions are called just before the app context moves from the
+        stack of active contexts.  This becomes relevant if you are using
+        such constructs in tests.
+
+        Since a request context typically also manages an application
+        context it would also be called when you pop a request context.
+
+        When a teardown function was called because of an exception it will
+        be passed an error object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        self.teardown_appcontext_funcs.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def context_processor(self, f):
+        """Registers a template context processor function."""
+        self.template_context_processors[None].append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def url_value_preprocessor(self, f):
+        """Registers a function as URL value preprocessor for all view
+        functions of the application.  It's called before the view functions
+        are called and can modify the url values provided.
+        """
+        self.url_value_preprocessors.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    @setupmethod
+    def url_defaults(self, f):
+        """Callback function for URL defaults for all view functions of the
+        application.  It's called with the endpoint and values and should
+        update the values passed in place.
+        """
+        self.url_default_functions.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def handle_http_exception(self, e):
+        """Handles an HTTP exception.  By default this will invoke the
+        registered error handlers and fall back to returning the
+        exception as response.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3
+        """
+        handlers = self.error_handler_spec.get(request.blueprint)
+        # Proxy exceptions don't have error codes.  We want to always return
+        # those unchanged as errors
+        if e.code is None:
+            return e
+        if handlers and e.code in handlers:
+            handler = handlers[e.code]
+        else:
+            handler = self.error_handler_spec[None].get(e.code)
+        if handler is None:
+            return e
+        return handler(e)
+
+    def trap_http_exception(self, e):
+        """Checks if an HTTP exception should be trapped or not.  By default
+        this will return `False` for all exceptions except for a bad request
+        key error if ``TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS`` is set to `True`.  It
+        also returns `True` if ``TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS`` is set to `True`.
+
+        This is called for all HTTP exceptions raised by a view function.
+        If it returns `True` for any exception the error handler for this
+        exception is not called and it shows up as regular exception in the
+        traceback.  This is helpful for debugging implicitly raised HTTP
+        exceptions.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        if self.config['TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS']:
+            return True
+        if self.config['TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS']:
+            return isinstance(e, BadRequest)
+        return False
+
+    def handle_user_exception(self, e):
+        """This method is called whenever an exception occurs that should be
+        handled.  A special case are
+        :class:`~werkzeug.exception.HTTPException`\s which are forwarded by
+        this function to the :meth:`handle_http_exception` method.  This
+        function will either return a response value or reraise the
+        exception with the same traceback.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+        assert exc_value is e
+
+        # ensure not to trash sys.exc_info() at that point in case someone
+        # wants the traceback preserved in handle_http_exception.  Of course
+        # we cannot prevent users from trashing it themselves in a custom
+        # trap_http_exception method so that's their fault then.
+        if isinstance(e, HTTPException) and not self.trap_http_exception(e):
+            return self.handle_http_exception(e)
+
+        blueprint_handlers = ()
+        handlers = self.error_handler_spec.get(request.blueprint)
+        if handlers is not None:
+            blueprint_handlers = handlers.get(None, ())
+        app_handlers = self.error_handler_spec[None].get(None, ())
+        for typecheck, handler in chain(blueprint_handlers, app_handlers):
+            if isinstance(e, typecheck):
+                return handler(e)
+
+        reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
+
+    def handle_exception(self, e):
+        """Default exception handling that kicks in when an exception
+        occurs that is not caught.  In debug mode the exception will
+        be re-raised immediately, otherwise it is logged and the handler
+        for a 500 internal server error is used.  If no such handler
+        exists, a default 500 internal server error message is displayed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3
+        """
+        exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+
+        got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e)
+        handler = self.error_handler_spec[None].get(500)
+
+        if self.propagate_exceptions:
+            # if we want to repropagate the exception, we can attempt to
+            # raise it with the whole traceback in case we can do that
+            # (the function was actually called from the except part)
+            # otherwise, we just raise the error again
+            if exc_value is e:
+                reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
+            else:
+                raise e
+
+        self.log_exception((exc_type, exc_value, tb))
+        if handler is None:
+            return InternalServerError()
+        return handler(e)
+
+    def log_exception(self, exc_info):
+        """Logs an exception.  This is called by :meth:`handle_exception`
+        if debugging is disabled and right before the handler is called.
+        The default implementation logs the exception as error on the
+        :attr:`logger`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        self.logger.error('Exception on %s [%s]' % (
+            request.path,
+            request.method
+        ), exc_info=exc_info)
+
+    def raise_routing_exception(self, request):
+        """Exceptions that are recording during routing are reraised with
+        this method.  During debug we are not reraising redirect requests
+        for non ``GET``, ``HEAD``, or ``OPTIONS`` requests and we're raising
+        a different error instead to help debug situations.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        if not self.debug \
+           or not isinstance(request.routing_exception, RequestRedirect) \
+           or request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'):
+            raise request.routing_exception
+
+        from .debughelpers import FormDataRoutingRedirect
+        raise FormDataRoutingRedirect(request)
+
+    def dispatch_request(self):
+        """Does the request dispatching.  Matches the URL and returns the
+        return value of the view or error handler.  This does not have to
+        be a response object.  In order to convert the return value to a
+        proper response object, call :func:`make_response`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+           This no longer does the exception handling, this code was
+           moved to the new :meth:`full_dispatch_request`.
+        """
+        req = _request_ctx_stack.top.request
+        if req.routing_exception is not None:
+            self.raise_routing_exception(req)
+        rule = req.url_rule
+        # if we provide automatic options for this URL and the
+        # request came with the OPTIONS method, reply automatically
+        if getattr(rule, 'provide_automatic_options', False) \
+           and req.method == 'OPTIONS':
+            return self.make_default_options_response()
+        # otherwise dispatch to the handler for that endpoint
+        return self.view_functions[rule.endpoint](**req.view_args)
+
+    def full_dispatch_request(self):
+        """Dispatches the request and on top of that performs request
+        pre and postprocessing as well as HTTP exception catching and
+        error handling.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        self.try_trigger_before_first_request_functions()
+        try:
+            request_started.send(self)
+            rv = self.preprocess_request()
+            if rv is None:
+                rv = self.dispatch_request()
+        except Exception as e:
+            rv = self.handle_user_exception(e)
+        response = self.make_response(rv)
+        response = self.process_response(response)
+        request_finished.send(self, response=response)
+        return response
+
+    def try_trigger_before_first_request_functions(self):
+        """Called before each request and will ensure that it triggers
+        the :attr:`before_first_request_funcs` and only exactly once per
+        application instance (which means process usually).
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        if self._got_first_request:
+            return
+        with self._before_request_lock:
+            if self._got_first_request:
+                return
+            self._got_first_request = True
+            for func in self.before_first_request_funcs:
+                func()
+
+    def make_default_options_response(self):
+        """This method is called to create the default `OPTIONS` response.
+        This can be changed through subclassing to change the default
+        behavior of `OPTIONS` responses.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        adapter = _request_ctx_stack.top.url_adapter
+        if hasattr(adapter, 'allowed_methods'):
+            methods = adapter.allowed_methods()
+        else:
+            # fallback for Werkzeug < 0.7
+            methods = []
+            try:
+                adapter.match(method='--')
+            except MethodNotAllowed as e:
+                methods = e.valid_methods
+            except HTTPException as e:
+                pass
+        rv = self.response_class()
+        rv.allow.update(methods)
+        return rv
+
+    def should_ignore_error(self, error):
+        """This is called to figure out if an error should be ignored
+        or not as far as the teardown system is concerned.  If this
+        function returns `True` then the teardown handlers will not be
+        passed the error.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        """
+        return False
+
+    def make_response(self, rv):
+        """Converts the return value from a view function to a real
+        response object that is an instance of :attr:`response_class`.
+
+        The following types are allowed for `rv`:
+
+        .. tabularcolumns:: |p{3.5cm}|p{9.5cm}|
+
+        ======================= ===========================================
+        :attr:`response_class`  the object is returned unchanged
+        :class:`str`            a response object is created with the
+                                string as body
+        :class:`unicode`        a response object is created with the
+                                string encoded to utf-8 as body
+        a WSGI function         the function is called as WSGI application
+                                and buffered as response object
+        :class:`tuple`          A tuple in the form ``(response, status,
+                                headers)`` where `response` is any of the
+                                types defined here, `status` is a string
+                                or an integer and `headers` is a list of
+                                a dictionary with header values.
+        ======================= ===========================================
+
+        :param rv: the return value from the view function
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+           Previously a tuple was interpreted as the arguments for the
+           response object.
+        """
+        status = headers = None
+        if isinstance(rv, tuple):
+            rv, status, headers = rv + (None,) * (3 - len(rv))
+
+        if rv is None:
+            raise ValueError('View function did not return a response')
+
+        if not isinstance(rv, self.response_class):
+            # When we create a response object directly, we let the constructor
+            # set the headers and status.  We do this because there can be
+            # some extra logic involved when creating these objects with
+            # specific values (like default content type selection).
+            if isinstance(rv, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
+                rv = self.response_class(rv, headers=headers, status=status)
+                headers = status = None
+            else:
+                rv = self.response_class.force_type(rv, request.environ)
+
+        if status is not None:
+            if isinstance(status, string_types):
+                rv.status = status
+            else:
+                rv.status_code = status
+        if headers:
+            rv.headers.extend(headers)
+
+        return rv
+
+    def create_url_adapter(self, request):
+        """Creates a URL adapter for the given request.  The URL adapter
+        is created at a point where the request context is not yet set up
+        so the request is passed explicitly.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+           This can now also be called without a request object when the
+           URL adapter is created for the application context.
+        """
+        if request is not None:
+            return self.url_map.bind_to_environ(request.environ,
+                server_name=self.config['SERVER_NAME'])
+        # We need at the very least the server name to be set for this
+        # to work.
+        if self.config['SERVER_NAME'] is not None:
+            return self.url_map.bind(
+                self.config['SERVER_NAME'],
+                script_name=self.config['APPLICATION_ROOT'] or '/',
+                url_scheme=self.config['PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME'])
+
+    def inject_url_defaults(self, endpoint, values):
+        """Injects the URL defaults for the given endpoint directly into
+        the values dictionary passed.  This is used internally and
+        automatically called on URL building.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        funcs = self.url_default_functions.get(None, ())
+        if '.' in endpoint:
+            bp = endpoint.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+            funcs = chain(funcs, self.url_default_functions.get(bp, ()))
+        for func in funcs:
+            func(endpoint, values)
+
+    def handle_url_build_error(self, error, endpoint, values):
+        """Handle :class:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError` on :meth:`url_for`.
+        """
+        exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+        for handler in self.url_build_error_handlers:
+            try:
+                rv = handler(error, endpoint, values)
+                if rv is not None:
+                    return rv
+            except BuildError as error:
+                pass
+
+        # At this point we want to reraise the exception.  If the error is
+        # still the same one we can reraise it with the original traceback,
+        # otherwise we raise it from here.
+        if error is exc_value:
+            reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
+        raise error
+
+    def preprocess_request(self):
+        """Called before the actual request dispatching and will
+        call every as :meth:`before_request` decorated function.
+        If any of these function returns a value it's handled as
+        if it was the return value from the view and further
+        request handling is stopped.
+
+        This also triggers the :meth:`url_value_processor` functions before
+        the actual :meth:`before_request` functions are called.
+        """
+        bp = _request_ctx_stack.top.request.blueprint
+
+        funcs = self.url_value_preprocessors.get(None, ())
+        if bp is not None and bp in self.url_value_preprocessors:
+            funcs = chain(funcs, self.url_value_preprocessors[bp])
+        for func in funcs:
+            func(request.endpoint, request.view_args)
+
+        funcs = self.before_request_funcs.get(None, ())
+        if bp is not None and bp in self.before_request_funcs:
+            funcs = chain(funcs, self.before_request_funcs[bp])
+        for func in funcs:
+            rv = func()
+            if rv is not None:
+                return rv
+
+    def process_response(self, response):
+        """Can be overridden in order to modify the response object
+        before it's sent to the WSGI server.  By default this will
+        call all the :meth:`after_request` decorated functions.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+           As of Flask 0.5 the functions registered for after request
+           execution are called in reverse order of registration.
+
+        :param response: a :attr:`response_class` object.
+        :return: a new response object or the same, has to be an
+                 instance of :attr:`response_class`.
+        """
+        ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        bp = ctx.request.blueprint
+        funcs = ctx._after_request_functions
+        if bp is not None and bp in self.after_request_funcs:
+            funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.after_request_funcs[bp]))
+        if None in self.after_request_funcs:
+            funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.after_request_funcs[None]))
+        for handler in funcs:
+            response = handler(response)
+        if not self.session_interface.is_null_session(ctx.session):
+            self.save_session(ctx.session, response)
+        return response
+
+    def do_teardown_request(self, exc=None):
+        """Called after the actual request dispatching and will
+        call every as :meth:`teardown_request` decorated function.  This is
+        not actually called by the :class:`Flask` object itself but is always
+        triggered when the request context is popped.  That way we have a
+        tighter control over certain resources under testing environments.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+           Added the `exc` argument.  Previously this was always using the
+           current exception information.
+        """
+        if exc is None:
+            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        funcs = reversed(self.teardown_request_funcs.get(None, ()))
+        bp = _request_ctx_stack.top.request.blueprint
+        if bp is not None and bp in self.teardown_request_funcs:
+            funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.teardown_request_funcs[bp]))
+        for func in funcs:
+            rv = func(exc)
+        request_tearing_down.send(self, exc=exc)
+
+    def do_teardown_appcontext(self, exc=None):
+        """Called when an application context is popped.  This works pretty
+        much the same as :meth:`do_teardown_request` but for the application
+        context.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        if exc is None:
+            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        for func in reversed(self.teardown_appcontext_funcs):
+            func(exc)
+        appcontext_tearing_down.send(self, exc=exc)
+
+    def app_context(self):
+        """Binds the application only.  For as long as the application is bound
+        to the current context the :data:`flask.current_app` points to that
+        application.  An application context is automatically created when a
+        request context is pushed if necessary.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            with app.app_context():
+                ...
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        return AppContext(self)
+
+    def request_context(self, environ):
+        """Creates a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext` from the given
+        environment and binds it to the current context.  This must be used in
+        combination with the `with` statement because the request is only bound
+        to the current context for the duration of the `with` block.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            with app.request_context(environ):
+                do_something_with(request)
+
+        The object returned can also be used without the `with` statement
+        which is useful for working in the shell.  The example above is
+        doing exactly the same as this code::
+
+            ctx = app.request_context(environ)
+            ctx.push()
+            try:
+                do_something_with(request)
+            finally:
+                ctx.pop()
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.3
+           Added support for non-with statement usage and `with` statement
+           is now passed the ctx object.
+
+        :param environ: a WSGI environment
+        """
+        return RequestContext(self, environ)
+
+    def test_request_context(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Creates a WSGI environment from the given values (see
+        :func:`werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder` for more information, this
+        function accepts the same arguments).
+        """
+        from flask.testing import make_test_environ_builder
+        builder = make_test_environ_builder(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            return self.request_context(builder.get_environ())
+        finally:
+            builder.close()
+
+    def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
+        """The actual WSGI application.  This is not implemented in
+        `__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without losing a
+        reference to the class.  So instead of doing this::
+
+            app = MyMiddleware(app)
+
+        It's a better idea to do this instead::
+
+            app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app)
+
+        Then you still have the original application object around and
+        can continue to call methods on it.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+           The behavior of the before and after request callbacks was changed
+           under error conditions and a new callback was added that will
+           always execute at the end of the request, independent on if an
+           error occurred or not.  See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`.
+
+        :param environ: a WSGI environment
+        :param start_response: a callable accepting a status code,
+                               a list of headers and an optional
+                               exception context to start the response
+        """
+        ctx = self.request_context(environ)
+        ctx.push()
+        error = None
+        try:
+            try:
+                response = self.full_dispatch_request()
+            except Exception as e:
+                error = e
+                response = self.make_response(self.handle_exception(e))
+            return response(environ, start_response)
+        finally:
+            if self.should_ignore_error(error):
+                error = None
+            ctx.auto_pop(error)
+
+    @property
+    def modules(self):
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('Flask.modules is deprecated, use '
+                                'Flask.blueprints instead'), stacklevel=2)
+        return self.blueprints
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        """Shortcut for :attr:`wsgi_app`."""
+        return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.name,
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/blueprints.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/blueprints.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4575ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/blueprints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.blueprints
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Blueprints are the recommended way to implement larger or more
+    pluggable applications in Flask 0.7 and later.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from .helpers import _PackageBoundObject, _endpoint_from_view_func
+
+
+class BlueprintSetupState(object):
+    """Temporary holder object for registering a blueprint with the
+    application.  An instance of this class is created by the
+    :meth:`~flask.Blueprint.make_setup_state` method and later passed
+    to all register callback functions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, blueprint, app, options, first_registration):
+        #: a reference to the current application
+        self.app = app
+
+        #: a reference to the blueprint that created this setup state.
+        self.blueprint = blueprint
+
+        #: a dictionary with all options that were passed to the
+        #: :meth:`~flask.Flask.register_blueprint` method.
+        self.options = options
+
+        #: as blueprints can be registered multiple times with the
+        #: application and not everything wants to be registered
+        #: multiple times on it, this attribute can be used to figure
+        #: out if the blueprint was registered in the past already.
+        self.first_registration = first_registration
+
+        subdomain = self.options.get('subdomain')
+        if subdomain is None:
+            subdomain = self.blueprint.subdomain
+
+        #: The subdomain that the blueprint should be active for, `None`
+        #: otherwise.
+        self.subdomain = subdomain
+
+        url_prefix = self.options.get('url_prefix')
+        if url_prefix is None:
+            url_prefix = self.blueprint.url_prefix
+
+        #: The prefix that should be used for all URLs defined on the
+        #: blueprint.
+        self.url_prefix = url_prefix
+
+        #: A dictionary with URL defaults that is added to each and every
+        #: URL that was defined with the blueprint.
+        self.url_defaults = dict(self.blueprint.url_values_defaults)
+        self.url_defaults.update(self.options.get('url_defaults', ()))
+
+    def add_url_rule(self, rule, endpoint=None, view_func=None, **options):
+        """A helper method to register a rule (and optionally a view function)
+        to the application.  The endpoint is automatically prefixed with the
+        blueprint's name.
+        """
+        if self.url_prefix:
+            rule = self.url_prefix + rule
+        options.setdefault('subdomain', self.subdomain)
+        if endpoint is None:
+            endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func)
+        defaults = self.url_defaults
+        if 'defaults' in options:
+            defaults = dict(defaults, **options.pop('defaults'))
+        self.app.add_url_rule(rule, '%s.%s' % (self.blueprint.name, endpoint),
+                              view_func, defaults=defaults, **options)
+
+
+class Blueprint(_PackageBoundObject):
+    """Represents a blueprint.  A blueprint is an object that records
+    functions that will be called with the
+    :class:`~flask.blueprint.BlueprintSetupState` later to register functions
+    or other things on the main application.  See :ref:`blueprints` for more
+    information.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+
+    warn_on_modifications = False
+    _got_registered_once = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, import_name, static_folder=None,
+                 static_url_path=None, template_folder=None,
+                 url_prefix=None, subdomain=None, url_defaults=None):
+        _PackageBoundObject.__init__(self, import_name, template_folder)
+        self.name = name
+        self.url_prefix = url_prefix
+        self.subdomain = subdomain
+        self.static_folder = static_folder
+        self.static_url_path = static_url_path
+        self.deferred_functions = []
+        self.view_functions = {}
+        if url_defaults is None:
+            url_defaults = {}
+        self.url_values_defaults = url_defaults
+
+    def record(self, func):
+        """Registers a function that is called when the blueprint is
+        registered on the application.  This function is called with the
+        state as argument as returned by the :meth:`make_setup_state`
+        method.
+        """
+        if self._got_registered_once and self.warn_on_modifications:
+            from warnings import warn
+            warn(Warning('The blueprint was already registered once '
+                         'but is getting modified now.  These changes '
+                         'will not show up.'))
+        self.deferred_functions.append(func)
+
+    def record_once(self, func):
+        """Works like :meth:`record` but wraps the function in another
+        function that will ensure the function is only called once.  If the
+        blueprint is registered a second time on the application, the
+        function passed is not called.
+        """
+        def wrapper(state):
+            if state.first_registration:
+                func(state)
+        return self.record(update_wrapper(wrapper, func))
+
+    def make_setup_state(self, app, options, first_registration=False):
+        """Creates an instance of :meth:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`
+        object that is later passed to the register callback functions.
+        Subclasses can override this to return a subclass of the setup state.
+        """
+        return BlueprintSetupState(self, app, options, first_registration)
+
+    def register(self, app, options, first_registration=False):
+        """Called by :meth:`Flask.register_blueprint` to register a blueprint
+        on the application.  This can be overridden to customize the register
+        behavior.  Keyword arguments from
+        :func:`~flask.Flask.register_blueprint` are directly forwarded to this
+        method in the `options` dictionary.
+        """
+        self._got_registered_once = True
+        state = self.make_setup_state(app, options, first_registration)
+        if self.has_static_folder:
+            state.add_url_rule(self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>',
+                               view_func=self.send_static_file,
+                               endpoint='static')
+
+        for deferred in self.deferred_functions:
+            deferred(state)
+
+    def route(self, rule, **options):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.route` but for a blueprint.  The endpoint for the
+        :func:`url_for` function is prefixed with the name of the blueprint.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            endpoint = options.pop("endpoint", f.__name__)
+            self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_url_rule(self, rule, endpoint=None, view_func=None, **options):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.add_url_rule` but for a blueprint.  The endpoint for
+        the :func:`url_for` function is prefixed with the name of the blueprint.
+        """
+        if endpoint:
+            assert '.' not in endpoint, "Blueprint endpoint's should not contain dot's"
+        self.record(lambda s:
+            s.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, view_func, **options))
+
+    def endpoint(self, endpoint):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.endpoint` but for a blueprint.  This does not
+        prefix the endpoint with the blueprint name, this has to be done
+        explicitly by the user of this method.  If the endpoint is prefixed
+        with a `.` it will be registered to the current blueprint, otherwise
+        it's an application independent endpoint.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            def register_endpoint(state):
+                state.app.view_functions[endpoint] = f
+            self.record_once(register_endpoint)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def app_template_filter(self, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template filter, available application wide.  Like
+        :meth:`Flask.template_filter` but for a blueprint.
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_app_template_filter(f, name=name)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_app_template_filter(self, f, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template filter, available application wide.  Like
+        :meth:`Flask.add_template_filter` but for a blueprint.  Works exactly
+        like the :meth:`app_template_filter` decorator.
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def register_template(state):
+            state.app.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
+        self.record_once(register_template)
+
+    def app_template_test(self, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template test, available application wide.  Like
+        :meth:`Flask.template_test` but for a blueprint.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_app_template_test(f, name=name)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_app_template_test(self, f, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template test, available application wide.  Like
+        :meth:`Flask.add_template_test` but for a blueprint.  Works exactly
+        like the :meth:`app_template_test` decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def register_template(state):
+            state.app.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
+        self.record_once(register_template)
+
+    def app_template_global(self, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template global, available application wide.  Like
+        :meth:`Flask.template_global` but for a blueprint.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.add_app_template_global(f, name=name)
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_app_template_global(self, f, name=None):
+        """Register a custom template global, available application wide.  Like
+        :meth:`Flask.add_template_global` but for a blueprint.  Works exactly
+        like the :meth:`app_template_global` decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+        :param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
+                     function name will be used.
+        """
+        def register_template(state):
+            state.app.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
+        self.record_once(register_template)
+
+    def before_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.before_request` but for a blueprint.  This function
+        is only executed before each request that is handled by a function of
+        that blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.before_request_funcs
+            .setdefault(self.name, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def before_app_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.before_request`.  Such a function is executed
+        before each request, even if outside of a blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.before_request_funcs
+            .setdefault(None, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def before_app_first_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.before_first_request`.  Such a function is
+        executed before the first request to the application.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.before_first_request_funcs.append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def after_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.after_request` but for a blueprint.  This function
+        is only executed after each request that is handled by a function of
+        that blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.after_request_funcs
+            .setdefault(self.name, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def after_app_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.after_request` but for a blueprint.  Such a function
+        is executed after each request, even if outside of the blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.after_request_funcs
+            .setdefault(None, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def teardown_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.teardown_request` but for a blueprint.  This
+        function is only executed when tearing down requests handled by a
+        function of that blueprint.  Teardown request functions are executed
+        when the request context is popped, even when no actual request was
+        performed.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.teardown_request_funcs
+            .setdefault(self.name, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def teardown_app_request(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.teardown_request` but for a blueprint.  Such a
+        function is executed when tearing down each request, even if outside of
+        the blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.teardown_request_funcs
+            .setdefault(None, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def context_processor(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.context_processor` but for a blueprint.  This
+        function is only executed for requests handled by a blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.template_context_processors
+            .setdefault(self.name, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def app_context_processor(self, f):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.context_processor` but for a blueprint.  Such a
+        function is executed each request, even if outside of the blueprint.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.template_context_processors
+            .setdefault(None, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def app_errorhandler(self, code):
+        """Like :meth:`Flask.errorhandler` but for a blueprint.  This
+        handler is used for all requests, even if outside of the blueprint.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.errorhandler(code)(f))
+            return f
+        return decorator
+
+    def url_value_preprocessor(self, f):
+        """Registers a function as URL value preprocessor for this
+        blueprint.  It's called before the view functions are called and
+        can modify the url values provided.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.url_value_preprocessors
+            .setdefault(self.name, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def url_defaults(self, f):
+        """Callback function for URL defaults for this blueprint.  It's called
+        with the endpoint and values and should update the values passed
+        in place.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.url_default_functions
+            .setdefault(self.name, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def app_url_value_preprocessor(self, f):
+        """Same as :meth:`url_value_preprocessor` but application wide.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.url_value_preprocessors
+            .setdefault(None, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def app_url_defaults(self, f):
+        """Same as :meth:`url_defaults` but application wide.
+        """
+        self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.url_default_functions
+            .setdefault(None, []).append(f))
+        return f
+
+    def errorhandler(self, code_or_exception):
+        """Registers an error handler that becomes active for this blueprint
+        only.  Please be aware that routing does not happen local to a
+        blueprint so an error handler for 404 usually is not handled by
+        a blueprint unless it is caused inside a view function.  Another
+        special case is the 500 internal server error which is always looked
+        up from the application.
+
+        Otherwise works as the :meth:`~flask.Flask.errorhandler` decorator
+        of the :class:`~flask.Flask` object.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            self.record_once(lambda s: s.app._register_error_handler(
+                self.name, code_or_exception, f))
+            return f
+        return decorator
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/config.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..155afa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.config
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the configuration related objects.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import imp
+import os
+import errno
+
+from werkzeug.utils import import_string
+from ._compat import string_types
+
+
+class ConfigAttribute(object):
+    """Makes an attribute forward to the config"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, get_converter=None):
+        self.__name__ = name
+        self.get_converter = get_converter
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        rv = obj.config[self.__name__]
+        if self.get_converter is not None:
+            rv = self.get_converter(rv)
+        return rv
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        obj.config[self.__name__] = value
+
+
+class Config(dict):
+    """Works exactly like a dict but provides ways to fill it from files
+    or special dictionaries.  There are two common patterns to populate the
+    config.
+
+    Either you can fill the config from a config file::
+
+        app.config.from_pyfile('yourconfig.cfg')
+
+    Or alternatively you can define the configuration options in the
+    module that calls :meth:`from_object` or provide an import path to
+    a module that should be loaded.  It is also possible to tell it to
+    use the same module and with that provide the configuration values
+    just before the call::
+
+        DEBUG = True
+        SECRET_KEY = 'development key'
+        app.config.from_object(__name__)
+
+    In both cases (loading from any Python file or loading from modules),
+    only uppercase keys are added to the config.  This makes it possible to use
+    lowercase values in the config file for temporary values that are not added
+    to the config or to define the config keys in the same file that implements
+    the application.
+
+    Probably the most interesting way to load configurations is from an
+    environment variable pointing to a file::
+
+        app.config.from_envvar('YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS')
+
+    In this case before launching the application you have to set this
+    environment variable to the file you want to use.  On Linux and OS X
+    use the export statement::
+
+        export YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS='/path/to/config/file'
+
+    On windows use `set` instead.
+
+    :param root_path: path to which files are read relative from.  When the
+                      config object is created by the application, this is
+                      the application's :attr:`~flask.Flask.root_path`.
+    :param defaults: an optional dictionary of default values
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, root_path, defaults=None):
+        dict.__init__(self, defaults or {})
+        self.root_path = root_path
+
+    def from_envvar(self, variable_name, silent=False):
+        """Loads a configuration from an environment variable pointing to
+        a configuration file.  This is basically just a shortcut with nicer
+        error messages for this line of code::
+
+            app.config.from_pyfile(os.environ['YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS'])
+
+        :param variable_name: name of the environment variable
+        :param silent: set to `True` if you want silent failure for missing
+                       files.
+        :return: bool. `True` if able to load config, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        rv = os.environ.get(variable_name)
+        if not rv:
+            if silent:
+                return False
+            raise RuntimeError('The environment variable %r is not set '
+                               'and as such configuration could not be '
+                               'loaded.  Set this variable and make it '
+                               'point to a configuration file' %
+                               variable_name)
+        return self.from_pyfile(rv, silent=silent)
+
+    def from_pyfile(self, filename, silent=False):
+        """Updates the values in the config from a Python file.  This function
+        behaves as if the file was imported as module with the
+        :meth:`from_object` function.
+
+        :param filename: the filename of the config.  This can either be an
+                         absolute filename or a filename relative to the
+                         root path.
+        :param silent: set to `True` if you want silent failure for missing
+                       files.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+           `silent` parameter.
+        """
+        filename = os.path.join(self.root_path, filename)
+        d = imp.new_module('config')
+        d.__file__ = filename
+        try:
+            with open(filename) as config_file:
+                exec(compile(config_file.read(), filename, 'exec'), d.__dict__)
+        except IOError as e:
+            if silent and e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.EISDIR):
+                return False
+            e.strerror = 'Unable to load configuration file (%s)' % e.strerror
+            raise
+        self.from_object(d)
+        return True
+
+    def from_object(self, obj):
+        """Updates the values from the given object.  An object can be of one
+        of the following two types:
+
+        -   a string: in this case the object with that name will be imported
+        -   an actual object reference: that object is used directly
+
+        Objects are usually either modules or classes.
+
+        Just the uppercase variables in that object are stored in the config.
+        Example usage::
+
+            app.config.from_object('yourapplication.default_config')
+            from yourapplication import default_config
+            app.config.from_object(default_config)
+
+        You should not use this function to load the actual configuration but
+        rather configuration defaults.  The actual config should be loaded
+        with :meth:`from_pyfile` and ideally from a location not within the
+        package because the package might be installed system wide.
+
+        :param obj: an import name or object
+        """
+        if isinstance(obj, string_types):
+            obj = import_string(obj)
+        for key in dir(obj):
+            if key.isupper():
+                self[key] = getattr(obj, key)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, dict.__repr__(self))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ctx.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ctx.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f134237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ctx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.ctx
+    ~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the objects required to keep the context.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+import sys
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
+
+from .globals import _request_ctx_stack, _app_ctx_stack
+from .module import blueprint_is_module
+from .signals import appcontext_pushed, appcontext_popped
+
+
+class _AppCtxGlobals(object):
+    """A plain object."""
+
+    def get(self, name, default=None):
+        return self.__dict__.get(name, default)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self.__dict__
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.__dict__)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        top = _app_ctx_stack.top
+        if top is not None:
+            return '<flask.g of %r>' % top.app.name
+        return object.__repr__(self)
+
+
+def after_this_request(f):
+    """Executes a function after this request.  This is useful to modify
+    response objects.  The function is passed the response object and has
+    to return the same or a new one.
+
+    Example::
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            @after_this_request
+            def add_header(response):
+                response.headers['X-Foo'] = 'Parachute'
+                return response
+            return 'Hello World!'
+
+    This is more useful if a function other than the view function wants to
+    modify a response.  For instance think of a decorator that wants to add
+    some headers without converting the return value into a response object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    """
+    _request_ctx_stack.top._after_request_functions.append(f)
+    return f
+
+
+def copy_current_request_context(f):
+    """A helper function that decorates a function to retain the current
+    request context.  This is useful when working with greenlets.  The moment
+    the function is decorated a copy of the request context is created and
+    then pushed when the function is called.
+
+    Example::
+
+        import gevent
+        from flask import copy_current_request_context
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            @copy_current_request_context
+            def do_some_work():
+                # do some work here, it can access flask.request like you
+                # would otherwise in the view function.
+                ...
+            gevent.spawn(do_some_work)
+            return 'Regular response'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    """
+    top = _request_ctx_stack.top
+    if top is None:
+        raise RuntimeError('This decorator can only be used at local scopes '
+            'when a request context is on the stack.  For instance within '
+            'view functions.')
+    reqctx = top.copy()
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        with reqctx:
+            return f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)
+
+
+def has_request_context():
+    """If you have code that wants to test if a request context is there or
+    not this function can be used.  For instance, you may want to take advantage
+    of request information if the request object is available, but fail
+    silently if it is unavailable.
+
+    ::
+
+        class User(db.Model):
+
+            def __init__(self, username, remote_addr=None):
+                self.username = username
+                if remote_addr is None and has_request_context():
+                    remote_addr = request.remote_addr
+                self.remote_addr = remote_addr
+
+    Alternatively you can also just test any of the context bound objects
+    (such as :class:`request` or :class:`g` for truthness)::
+
+        class User(db.Model):
+
+            def __init__(self, username, remote_addr=None):
+                self.username = username
+                if remote_addr is None and request:
+                    remote_addr = request.remote_addr
+                self.remote_addr = remote_addr
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    return _request_ctx_stack.top is not None
+
+
+def has_app_context():
+    """Works like :func:`has_request_context` but for the application
+    context.  You can also just do a boolean check on the
+    :data:`current_app` object instead.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    """
+    return _app_ctx_stack.top is not None
+
+
+class AppContext(object):
+    """The application context binds an application object implicitly
+    to the current thread or greenlet, similar to how the
+    :class:`RequestContext` binds request information.  The application
+    context is also implicitly created if a request context is created
+    but the application is not on top of the individual application
+    context.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app):
+        self.app = app
+        self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(None)
+        self.g = app.app_ctx_globals_class()
+
+        # Like request context, app contexts can be pushed multiple times
+        # but there a basic "refcount" is enough to track them.
+        self._refcnt = 0
+
+    def push(self):
+        """Binds the app context to the current context."""
+        self._refcnt += 1
+        _app_ctx_stack.push(self)
+        appcontext_pushed.send(self.app)
+
+    def pop(self, exc=None):
+        """Pops the app context."""
+        self._refcnt -= 1
+        if self._refcnt <= 0:
+            if exc is None:
+                exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            self.app.do_teardown_appcontext(exc)
+        rv = _app_ctx_stack.pop()
+        assert rv is self, 'Popped wrong app context.  (%r instead of %r)' \
+            % (rv, self)
+        appcontext_popped.send(self.app)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.push()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.pop(exc_value)
+
+
+class RequestContext(object):
+    """The request context contains all request relevant information.  It is
+    created at the beginning of the request and pushed to the
+    `_request_ctx_stack` and removed at the end of it.  It will create the
+    URL adapter and request object for the WSGI environment provided.
+
+    Do not attempt to use this class directly, instead use
+    :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` and
+    :meth:`~flask.Flask.request_context` to create this object.
+
+    When the request context is popped, it will evaluate all the
+    functions registered on the application for teardown execution
+    (:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`).
+
+    The request context is automatically popped at the end of the request
+    for you.  In debug mode the request context is kept around if
+    exceptions happen so that interactive debuggers have a chance to
+    introspect the data.  With 0.4 this can also be forced for requests
+    that did not fail and outside of `DEBUG` mode.  By setting
+    ``'flask._preserve_context'`` to `True` on the WSGI environment the
+    context will not pop itself at the end of the request.  This is used by
+    the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_client` for example to implement the
+    deferred cleanup functionality.
+
+    You might find this helpful for unittests where you need the
+    information from the context local around for a little longer.  Make
+    sure to properly :meth:`~werkzeug.LocalStack.pop` the stack yourself in
+    that situation, otherwise your unittests will leak memory.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, environ, request=None):
+        self.app = app
+        if request is None:
+            request = app.request_class(environ)
+        self.request = request
+        self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(self.request)
+        self.flashes = None
+        self.session = None
+
+        # Request contexts can be pushed multiple times and interleaved with
+        # other request contexts.  Now only if the last level is popped we
+        # get rid of them.  Additionally if an application context is missing
+        # one is created implicitly so for each level we add this information
+        self._implicit_app_ctx_stack = []
+
+        # indicator if the context was preserved.  Next time another context
+        # is pushed the preserved context is popped.
+        self.preserved = False
+
+        # remembers the exception for pop if there is one in case the context
+        # preservation kicks in.
+        self._preserved_exc = None
+
+        # Functions that should be executed after the request on the response
+        # object.  These will be called before the regular "after_request"
+        # functions.
+        self._after_request_functions = []
+
+        self.match_request()
+
+        # XXX: Support for deprecated functionality.  This is going away with
+        # Flask 1.0
+        blueprint = self.request.blueprint
+        if blueprint is not None:
+            # better safe than sorry, we don't want to break code that
+            # already worked
+            bp = app.blueprints.get(blueprint)
+            if bp is not None and blueprint_is_module(bp):
+                self.request._is_old_module = True
+
+    def _get_g(self):
+        return _app_ctx_stack.top.g
+    def _set_g(self, value):
+        _app_ctx_stack.top.g = value
+    g = property(_get_g, _set_g)
+    del _get_g, _set_g
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Creates a copy of this request context with the same request object.
+        This can be used to move a request context to a different greenlet.
+        Because the actual request object is the same this cannot be used to
+        move a request context to a different thread unless access to the
+        request object is locked.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        """
+        return self.__class__(self.app,
+            environ=self.request.environ,
+            request=self.request
+        )
+
+    def match_request(self):
+        """Can be overridden by a subclass to hook into the matching
+        of the request.
+        """
+        try:
+            url_rule, self.request.view_args = \
+                self.url_adapter.match(return_rule=True)
+            self.request.url_rule = url_rule
+        except HTTPException as e:
+            self.request.routing_exception = e
+
+    def push(self):
+        """Binds the request context to the current context."""
+        # If an exception occurs in debug mode or if context preservation is
+        # activated under exception situations exactly one context stays
+        # on the stack.  The rationale is that you want to access that
+        # information under debug situations.  However if someone forgets to
+        # pop that context again we want to make sure that on the next push
+        # it's invalidated, otherwise we run at risk that something leaks
+        # memory.  This is usually only a problem in testsuite since this
+        # functionality is not active in production environments.
+        top = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        if top is not None and top.preserved:
+            top.pop(top._preserved_exc)
+
+        # Before we push the request context we have to ensure that there
+        # is an application context.
+        app_ctx = _app_ctx_stack.top
+        if app_ctx is None or app_ctx.app != self.app:
+            app_ctx = self.app.app_context()
+            app_ctx.push()
+            self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.append(app_ctx)
+        else:
+            self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.append(None)
+
+        _request_ctx_stack.push(self)
+
+        # Open the session at the moment that the request context is
+        # available. This allows a custom open_session method to use the
+        # request context (e.g. code that access database information
+        # stored on `g` instead of the appcontext).
+        self.session = self.app.open_session(self.request)
+        if self.session is None:
+            self.session = self.app.make_null_session()
+
+    def pop(self, exc=None):
+        """Pops the request context and unbinds it by doing that.  This will
+        also trigger the execution of functions registered by the
+        :meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request` decorator.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+           Added the `exc` argument.
+        """
+        app_ctx = self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.pop()
+
+        clear_request = False
+        if not self._implicit_app_ctx_stack:
+            self.preserved = False
+            self._preserved_exc = None
+            if exc is None:
+                exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            self.app.do_teardown_request(exc)
+
+            # If this interpreter supports clearing the exception information
+            # we do that now.  This will only go into effect on Python 2.x,
+            # on 3.x it disappears automatically at the end of the exception
+            # stack.
+            if hasattr(sys, 'exc_clear'):
+                sys.exc_clear()
+
+            request_close = getattr(self.request, 'close', None)
+            if request_close is not None:
+                request_close()
+            clear_request = True
+
+        rv = _request_ctx_stack.pop()
+        assert rv is self, 'Popped wrong request context.  (%r instead of %r)' \
+            % (rv, self)
+
+        # get rid of circular dependencies at the end of the request
+        # so that we don't require the GC to be active.
+        if clear_request:
+            rv.request.environ['werkzeug.request'] = None
+
+        # Get rid of the app as well if necessary.
+        if app_ctx is not None:
+            app_ctx.pop(exc)
+
+    def auto_pop(self, exc):
+        if self.request.environ.get('flask._preserve_context') or \
+           (exc is not None and self.app.preserve_context_on_exception):
+            self.preserved = True
+            self._preserved_exc = exc
+        else:
+            self.pop(exc)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.push()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        # do not pop the request stack if we are in debug mode and an
+        # exception happened.  This will allow the debugger to still
+        # access the request object in the interactive shell.  Furthermore
+        # the context can be force kept alive for the test client.
+        # See flask.testing for how this works.
+        self.auto_pop(exc_value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s \'%s\' [%s] of %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.request.url,
+            self.request.method,
+            self.app.name,
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/debughelpers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/debughelpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f8510f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/debughelpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.debughelpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Various helpers to make the development experience better.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from ._compat import implements_to_string
+
+
+class UnexpectedUnicodeError(AssertionError, UnicodeError):
+    """Raised in places where we want some better error reporting for
+    unexpected unicode or binary data.
+    """
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class DebugFilesKeyError(KeyError, AssertionError):
+    """Raised from request.files during debugging.  The idea is that it can
+    provide a better error message than just a generic KeyError/BadRequest.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request, key):
+        form_matches = request.form.getlist(key)
+        buf = ['You tried to access the file "%s" in the request.files '
+               'dictionary but it does not exist.  The mimetype for the request '
+               'is "%s" instead of "multipart/form-data" which means that no '
+               'file contents were transmitted.  To fix this error you should '
+               'provide enctype="multipart/form-data" in your form.' %
+               (key, request.mimetype)]
+        if form_matches:
+            buf.append('\n\nThe browser instead transmitted some file names. '
+                       'This was submitted: %s' % ', '.join('"%s"' % x
+                            for x in form_matches))
+        self.msg = ''.join(buf)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.msg
+
+
+class FormDataRoutingRedirect(AssertionError):
+    """This exception is raised by Flask in debug mode if it detects a
+    redirect caused by the routing system when the request method is not
+    GET, HEAD or OPTIONS.  Reasoning: form data will be dropped.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        exc = request.routing_exception
+        buf = ['A request was sent to this URL (%s) but a redirect was '
+               'issued automatically by the routing system to "%s".'
+               % (request.url, exc.new_url)]
+
+        # In case just a slash was appended we can be extra helpful
+        if request.base_url + '/' == exc.new_url.split('?')[0]:
+            buf.append('  The URL was defined with a trailing slash so '
+                       'Flask will automatically redirect to the URL '
+                       'with the trailing slash if it was accessed '
+                       'without one.')
+
+        buf.append('  Make sure to directly send your %s-request to this URL '
+                   'since we can\'t make browsers or HTTP clients redirect '
+                   'with form data reliably or without user interaction.' %
+                   request.method)
+        buf.append('\n\nNote: this exception is only raised in debug mode')
+        AssertionError.__init__(self, ''.join(buf).encode('utf-8'))
+
+
+def attach_enctype_error_multidict(request):
+    """Since Flask 0.8 we're monkeypatching the files object in case a
+    request is detected that does not use multipart form data but the files
+    object is accessed.
+    """
+    oldcls = request.files.__class__
+    class newcls(oldcls):
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            try:
+                return oldcls.__getitem__(self, key)
+            except KeyError as e:
+                if key not in request.form:
+                    raise
+                raise DebugFilesKeyError(request, key)
+    newcls.__name__ = oldcls.__name__
+    newcls.__module__ = oldcls.__module__
+    request.files.__class__ = newcls
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ext/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f29958a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/ext/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.ext
+    ~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Redirect imports for extensions.  This module basically makes it possible
+    for us to transition from flaskext.foo to flask_foo without having to
+    force all extensions to upgrade at the same time.
+
+    When a user does ``from flask.ext.foo import bar`` it will attempt to
+    import ``from flask_foo import bar`` first and when that fails it will
+    try to import ``from flaskext.foo import bar``.
+
+    We're switching from namespace packages because it was just too painful for
+    everybody involved.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+
+def setup():
+    from ..exthook import ExtensionImporter
+    importer = ExtensionImporter(['flask_%s', 'flaskext.%s'], __name__)
+    importer.install()
+
+
+setup()
+del setup
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/exthook.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/exthook.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0d814c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/exthook.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.exthook
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Redirect imports for extensions.  This module basically makes it possible
+    for us to transition from flaskext.foo to flask_foo without having to
+    force all extensions to upgrade at the same time.
+
+    When a user does ``from flask.ext.foo import bar`` it will attempt to
+    import ``from flask_foo import bar`` first and when that fails it will
+    try to import ``from flaskext.foo import bar``.
+
+    We're switching from namespace packages because it was just too painful for
+    everybody involved.
+
+    This is used by `flask.ext`.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+import os
+from ._compat import reraise
+
+
+class ExtensionImporter(object):
+    """This importer redirects imports from this submodule to other locations.
+    This makes it possible to transition from the old flaskext.name to the
+    newer flask_name without people having a hard time.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, module_choices, wrapper_module):
+        self.module_choices = module_choices
+        self.wrapper_module = wrapper_module
+        self.prefix = wrapper_module + '.'
+        self.prefix_cutoff = wrapper_module.count('.') + 1
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__.__module__ == other.__class__.__module__ and \
+               self.__class__.__name__ == other.__class__.__name__ and \
+               self.wrapper_module == other.wrapper_module and \
+               self.module_choices == other.module_choices
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def install(self):
+        sys.meta_path[:] = [x for x in sys.meta_path if self != x] + [self]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname.startswith(self.prefix):
+            return self
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        if fullname in sys.modules:
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        modname = fullname.split('.', self.prefix_cutoff)[self.prefix_cutoff]
+        for path in self.module_choices:
+            realname = path % modname
+            try:
+                __import__(realname)
+            except ImportError:
+                exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+                # since we only establish the entry in sys.modules at the
+                # very this seems to be redundant, but if recursive imports
+                # happen we will call into the move import a second time.
+                # On the second invocation we still don't have an entry for
+                # fullname in sys.modules, but we will end up with the same
+                # fake module name and that import will succeed since this
+                # one already has a temporary entry in the modules dict.
+                # Since this one "succeeded" temporarily that second
+                # invocation now will have created a fullname entry in
+                # sys.modules which we have to kill.
+                sys.modules.pop(fullname, None)
+
+                # If it's an important traceback we reraise it, otherwise
+                # we swallow it and try the next choice.  The skipped frame
+                # is the one from __import__ above which we don't care about
+                if self.is_important_traceback(realname, tb):
+                    reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb.tb_next)
+                continue
+            module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
+            if '.' not in modname:
+                setattr(sys.modules[self.wrapper_module], modname, module)
+            return module
+        raise ImportError('No module named %s' % fullname)
+
+    def is_important_traceback(self, important_module, tb):
+        """Walks a traceback's frames and checks if any of the frames
+        originated in the given important module.  If that is the case then we
+        were able to import the module itself but apparently something went
+        wrong when the module was imported.  (Eg: import of an import failed).
+        """
+        while tb is not None:
+            if self.is_important_frame(important_module, tb):
+                return True
+            tb = tb.tb_next
+        return False
+
+    def is_important_frame(self, important_module, tb):
+        """Checks a single frame if it's important."""
+        g = tb.tb_frame.f_globals
+        if '__name__' not in g:
+            return False
+
+        module_name = g['__name__']
+
+        # Python 2.7 Behavior.  Modules are cleaned up late so the
+        # name shows up properly here.  Success!
+        if module_name == important_module:
+            return True
+
+        # Some python versions will will clean up modules so early that the
+        # module name at that point is no longer set.  Try guessing from
+        # the filename then.
+        filename = os.path.abspath(tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename)
+        test_string = os.path.sep + important_module.replace('.', os.path.sep)
+        return test_string + '.py' in filename or \
+               test_string + os.path.sep + '__init__.py' in filename
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/globals.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/globals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67d41f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/globals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.globals
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Defines all the global objects that are proxies to the current
+    active context.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from functools import partial
+from werkzeug.local import LocalStack, LocalProxy
+
+
+def _lookup_req_object(name):
+    top = _request_ctx_stack.top
+    if top is None:
+        raise RuntimeError('working outside of request context')
+    return getattr(top, name)
+
+
+def _lookup_app_object(name):
+    top = _app_ctx_stack.top
+    if top is None:
+        raise RuntimeError('working outside of application context')
+    return getattr(top, name)
+
+
+def _find_app():
+    top = _app_ctx_stack.top
+    if top is None:
+        raise RuntimeError('working outside of application context')
+    return top.app
+
+
+# context locals
+_request_ctx_stack = LocalStack()
+_app_ctx_stack = LocalStack()
+current_app = LocalProxy(_find_app)
+request = LocalProxy(partial(_lookup_req_object, 'request'))
+session = LocalProxy(partial(_lookup_req_object, 'session'))
+g = LocalProxy(partial(_lookup_app_object, 'g'))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/helpers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e7c87f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,849 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.helpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements various helpers.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import pkgutil
+import posixpath
+import mimetypes
+from time import time
+from zlib import adler32
+from threading import RLock
+from werkzeug.routing import BuildError
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+try:
+    from werkzeug.urls import url_quote
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import quote as url_quote
+
+from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers
+from werkzeug.exceptions import NotFound
+
+# this was moved in 0.7
+try:
+    from werkzeug.wsgi import wrap_file
+except ImportError:
+    from werkzeug.utils import wrap_file
+
+from jinja2 import FileSystemLoader
+
+from .signals import message_flashed
+from .globals import session, _request_ctx_stack, _app_ctx_stack, \
+     current_app, request
+from ._compat import string_types, text_type
+
+
+# sentinel
+_missing = object()
+
+
+# what separators does this operating system provide that are not a slash?
+# this is used by the send_from_directory function to ensure that nobody is
+# able to access files from outside the filesystem.
+_os_alt_seps = list(sep for sep in [os.path.sep, os.path.altsep]
+                    if sep not in (None, '/'))
+
+
+def _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func):
+    """Internal helper that returns the default endpoint for a given
+    function.  This always is the function name.
+    """
+    assert view_func is not None, 'expected view func if endpoint ' \
+                                  'is not provided.'
+    return view_func.__name__
+
+
+def stream_with_context(generator_or_function):
+    """Request contexts disappear when the response is started on the server.
+    This is done for efficiency reasons and to make it less likely to encounter
+    memory leaks with badly written WSGI middlewares.  The downside is that if
+    you are using streamed responses, the generator cannot access request bound
+    information any more.
+
+    This function however can help you keep the context around for longer::
+
+        from flask import stream_with_context, request, Response
+
+        @app.route('/stream')
+        def streamed_response():
+            @stream_with_context
+            def generate():
+                yield 'Hello '
+                yield request.args['name']
+                yield '!'
+            return Response(generate())
+
+    Alternatively it can also be used around a specific generator::
+
+        from flask import stream_with_context, request, Response
+
+        @app.route('/stream')
+        def streamed_response():
+            def generate():
+                yield 'Hello '
+                yield request.args['name']
+                yield '!'
+            return Response(stream_with_context(generate()))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    """
+    try:
+        gen = iter(generator_or_function)
+    except TypeError:
+        def decorator(*args, **kwargs):
+            gen = generator_or_function()
+            return stream_with_context(gen)
+        return update_wrapper(decorator, generator_or_function)
+
+    def generator():
+        ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        if ctx is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Attempted to stream with context but '
+                'there was no context in the first place to keep around.')
+        with ctx:
+            # Dummy sentinel.  Has to be inside the context block or we're
+            # not actually keeping the context around.
+            yield None
+
+            # The try/finally is here so that if someone passes a WSGI level
+            # iterator in we're still running the cleanup logic.  Generators
+            # don't need that because they are closed on their destruction
+            # automatically.
+            try:
+                for item in gen:
+                    yield item
+            finally:
+                if hasattr(gen, 'close'):
+                    gen.close()
+
+    # The trick is to start the generator.  Then the code execution runs until
+    # the first dummy None is yielded at which point the context was already
+    # pushed.  This item is discarded.  Then when the iteration continues the
+    # real generator is executed.
+    wrapped_g = generator()
+    next(wrapped_g)
+    return wrapped_g
+
+
+def make_response(*args):
+    """Sometimes it is necessary to set additional headers in a view.  Because
+    views do not have to return response objects but can return a value that
+    is converted into a response object by Flask itself, it becomes tricky to
+    add headers to it.  This function can be called instead of using a return
+    and you will get a response object which you can use to attach headers.
+
+    If view looked like this and you want to add a new header::
+
+        def index():
+            return render_template('index.html', foo=42)
+
+    You can now do something like this::
+
+        def index():
+            response = make_response(render_template('index.html', foo=42))
+            response.headers['X-Parachutes'] = 'parachutes are cool'
+            return response
+
+    This function accepts the very same arguments you can return from a
+    view function.  This for example creates a response with a 404 error
+    code::
+
+        response = make_response(render_template('not_found.html'), 404)
+
+    The other use case of this function is to force the return value of a
+    view function into a response which is helpful with view
+    decorators::
+
+        response = make_response(view_function())
+        response.headers['X-Parachutes'] = 'parachutes are cool'
+
+    Internally this function does the following things:
+
+    -   if no arguments are passed, it creates a new response argument
+    -   if one argument is passed, :meth:`flask.Flask.make_response`
+        is invoked with it.
+    -   if more than one argument is passed, the arguments are passed
+        to the :meth:`flask.Flask.make_response` function as tuple.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    """
+    if not args:
+        return current_app.response_class()
+    if len(args) == 1:
+        args = args[0]
+    return current_app.make_response(args)
+
+
+def url_for(endpoint, **values):
+    """Generates a URL to the given endpoint with the method provided.
+
+    Variable arguments that are unknown to the target endpoint are appended
+    to the generated URL as query arguments.  If the value of a query argument
+    is `None`, the whole pair is skipped.  In case blueprints are active
+    you can shortcut references to the same blueprint by prefixing the
+    local endpoint with a dot (``.``).
+
+    This will reference the index function local to the current blueprint::
+
+        url_for('.index')
+
+    For more information, head over to the :ref:`Quickstart <url-building>`.
+
+    To integrate applications, :class:`Flask` has a hook to intercept URL build
+    errors through :attr:`Flask.build_error_handler`.  The `url_for` function
+    results in a :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError` when the current app does
+    not have a URL for the given endpoint and values.  When it does, the
+    :data:`~flask.current_app` calls its :attr:`~Flask.build_error_handler` if
+    it is not `None`, which can return a string to use as the result of
+    `url_for` (instead of `url_for`'s default to raise the
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError` exception) or re-raise the exception.
+    An example::
+
+        def external_url_handler(error, endpoint, **values):
+            "Looks up an external URL when `url_for` cannot build a URL."
+            # This is an example of hooking the build_error_handler.
+            # Here, lookup_url is some utility function you've built
+            # which looks up the endpoint in some external URL registry.
+            url = lookup_url(endpoint, **values)
+            if url is None:
+                # External lookup did not have a URL.
+                # Re-raise the BuildError, in context of original traceback.
+                exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+                if exc_value is error:
+                    raise exc_type, exc_value, tb
+                else:
+                    raise error
+            # url_for will use this result, instead of raising BuildError.
+            return url
+
+        app.build_error_handler = external_url_handler
+
+    Here, `error` is the instance of :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError`, and
+    `endpoint` and `**values` are the arguments passed into `url_for`.  Note
+    that this is for building URLs outside the current application, and not for
+    handling 404 NotFound errors.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+       The `_scheme` parameter was added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       The `_anchor` and `_method` parameters were added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       Calls :meth:`Flask.handle_build_error` on
+       :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError`.
+
+    :param endpoint: the endpoint of the URL (name of the function)
+    :param values: the variable arguments of the URL rule
+    :param _external: if set to `True`, an absolute URL is generated. Server
+      address can be changed via `SERVER_NAME` configuration variable which
+      defaults to `localhost`.
+    :param _scheme: a string specifying the desired URL scheme. The `_external`
+      parameter must be set to `True` or a `ValueError` is raised.
+    :param _anchor: if provided this is added as anchor to the URL.
+    :param _method: if provided this explicitly specifies an HTTP method.
+    """
+    appctx = _app_ctx_stack.top
+    reqctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+    if appctx is None:
+        raise RuntimeError('Attempted to generate a URL without the '
+                           'application context being pushed. This has to be '
+                           'executed when application context is available.')
+
+    # If request specific information is available we have some extra
+    # features that support "relative" urls.
+    if reqctx is not None:
+        url_adapter = reqctx.url_adapter
+        blueprint_name = request.blueprint
+        if not reqctx.request._is_old_module:
+            if endpoint[:1] == '.':
+                if blueprint_name is not None:
+                    endpoint = blueprint_name + endpoint
+                else:
+                    endpoint = endpoint[1:]
+        else:
+            # TODO: get rid of this deprecated functionality in 1.0
+            if '.' not in endpoint:
+                if blueprint_name is not None:
+                    endpoint = blueprint_name + '.' + endpoint
+            elif endpoint.startswith('.'):
+                endpoint = endpoint[1:]
+        external = values.pop('_external', False)
+
+    # Otherwise go with the url adapter from the appctx and make
+    # the urls external by default.
+    else:
+        url_adapter = appctx.url_adapter
+        if url_adapter is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Application was not able to create a URL '
+                               'adapter for request independent URL generation. '
+                               'You might be able to fix this by setting '
+                               'the SERVER_NAME config variable.')
+        external = values.pop('_external', True)
+
+    anchor = values.pop('_anchor', None)
+    method = values.pop('_method', None)
+    scheme = values.pop('_scheme', None)
+    appctx.app.inject_url_defaults(endpoint, values)
+
+    if scheme is not None:
+        if not external:
+            raise ValueError('When specifying _scheme, _external must be True')
+        url_adapter.url_scheme = scheme
+
+    try:
+        rv = url_adapter.build(endpoint, values, method=method,
+                               force_external=external)
+    except BuildError as error:
+        # We need to inject the values again so that the app callback can
+        # deal with that sort of stuff.
+        values['_external'] = external
+        values['_anchor'] = anchor
+        values['_method'] = method
+        return appctx.app.handle_url_build_error(error, endpoint, values)
+
+    if anchor is not None:
+        rv += '#' + url_quote(anchor)
+    return rv
+
+
+def get_template_attribute(template_name, attribute):
+    """Loads a macro (or variable) a template exports.  This can be used to
+    invoke a macro from within Python code.  If you for example have a
+    template named `_cider.html` with the following contents:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+       {% macro hello(name) %}Hello {{ name }}!{% endmacro %}
+
+    You can access this from Python code like this::
+
+        hello = get_template_attribute('_cider.html', 'hello')
+        return hello('World')
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2
+
+    :param template_name: the name of the template
+    :param attribute: the name of the variable of macro to access
+    """
+    return getattr(current_app.jinja_env.get_template(template_name).module,
+                   attribute)
+
+
+def flash(message, category='message'):
+    """Flashes a message to the next request.  In order to remove the
+    flashed message from the session and to display it to the user,
+    the template has to call :func:`get_flashed_messages`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3
+       `category` parameter added.
+
+    :param message: the message to be flashed.
+    :param category: the category for the message.  The following values
+                     are recommended: ``'message'`` for any kind of message,
+                     ``'error'`` for errors, ``'info'`` for information
+                     messages and ``'warning'`` for warnings.  However any
+                     kind of string can be used as category.
+    """
+    # Original implementation:
+    #
+    #     session.setdefault('_flashes', []).append((category, message))
+    #
+    # This assumed that changes made to mutable structures in the session are
+    # are always in sync with the sess on object, which is not true for session
+    # implementations that use external storage for keeping their keys/values.
+    flashes = session.get('_flashes', [])
+    flashes.append((category, message))
+    session['_flashes'] = flashes
+    message_flashed.send(current_app._get_current_object(),
+                         message=message, category=category)
+
+
+def get_flashed_messages(with_categories=False, category_filter=[]):
+    """Pulls all flashed messages from the session and returns them.
+    Further calls in the same request to the function will return
+    the same messages.  By default just the messages are returned,
+    but when `with_categories` is set to `True`, the return value will
+    be a list of tuples in the form ``(category, message)`` instead.
+
+    Filter the flashed messages to one or more categories by providing those
+    categories in `category_filter`.  This allows rendering categories in
+    separate html blocks.  The `with_categories` and `category_filter`
+    arguments are distinct:
+
+    * `with_categories` controls whether categories are returned with message
+      text (`True` gives a tuple, where `False` gives just the message text).
+    * `category_filter` filters the messages down to only those matching the
+      provided categories.
+
+    See :ref:`message-flashing-pattern` for examples.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3
+       `with_categories` parameter added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+        `category_filter` parameter added.
+
+    :param with_categories: set to `True` to also receive categories.
+    :param category_filter: whitelist of categories to limit return values
+    """
+    flashes = _request_ctx_stack.top.flashes
+    if flashes is None:
+        _request_ctx_stack.top.flashes = flashes = session.pop('_flashes') \
+            if '_flashes' in session else []
+    if category_filter:
+        flashes = list(filter(lambda f: f[0] in category_filter, flashes))
+    if not with_categories:
+        return [x[1] for x in flashes]
+    return flashes
+
+
+def send_file(filename_or_fp, mimetype=None, as_attachment=False,
+              attachment_filename=None, add_etags=True,
+              cache_timeout=None, conditional=False):
+    """Sends the contents of a file to the client.  This will use the
+    most efficient method available and configured.  By default it will
+    try to use the WSGI server's file_wrapper support.  Alternatively
+    you can set the application's :attr:`~Flask.use_x_sendfile` attribute
+    to ``True`` to directly emit an `X-Sendfile` header.  This however
+    requires support of the underlying webserver for `X-Sendfile`.
+
+    By default it will try to guess the mimetype for you, but you can
+    also explicitly provide one.  For extra security you probably want
+    to send certain files as attachment (HTML for instance).  The mimetype
+    guessing requires a `filename` or an `attachment_filename` to be
+    provided.
+
+    Please never pass filenames to this function from user sources without
+    checking them first.  Something like this is usually sufficient to
+    avoid security problems::
+
+        if '..' in filename or filename.startswith('/'):
+            abort(404)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       The `add_etags`, `cache_timeout` and `conditional` parameters were
+       added.  The default behavior is now to attach etags.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+       mimetype guessing and etag support for file objects was
+       deprecated because it was unreliable.  Pass a filename if you are
+       able to, otherwise attach an etag yourself.  This functionality
+       will be removed in Flask 1.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       cache_timeout pulls its default from application config, when None.
+
+    :param filename_or_fp: the filename of the file to send.  This is
+                           relative to the :attr:`~Flask.root_path` if a
+                           relative path is specified.
+                           Alternatively a file object might be provided
+                           in which case `X-Sendfile` might not work and
+                           fall back to the traditional method.  Make sure
+                           that the file pointer is positioned at the start
+                           of data to send before calling :func:`send_file`.
+    :param mimetype: the mimetype of the file if provided, otherwise
+                     auto detection happens.
+    :param as_attachment: set to `True` if you want to send this file with
+                          a ``Content-Disposition: attachment`` header.
+    :param attachment_filename: the filename for the attachment if it
+                                differs from the file's filename.
+    :param add_etags: set to `False` to disable attaching of etags.
+    :param conditional: set to `True` to enable conditional responses.
+
+    :param cache_timeout: the timeout in seconds for the headers. When `None`
+                          (default), this value is set by
+                          :meth:`~Flask.get_send_file_max_age` of
+                          :data:`~flask.current_app`.
+    """
+    mtime = None
+    if isinstance(filename_or_fp, string_types):
+        filename = filename_or_fp
+        file = None
+    else:
+        from warnings import warn
+        file = filename_or_fp
+        filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)
+
+        # XXX: this behavior is now deprecated because it was unreliable.
+        # removed in Flask 1.0
+        if not attachment_filename and not mimetype \
+           and isinstance(filename, string_types):
+            warn(DeprecationWarning('The filename support for file objects '
+                'passed to send_file is now deprecated.  Pass an '
+                'attach_filename if you want mimetypes to be guessed.'),
+                stacklevel=2)
+        if add_etags:
+            warn(DeprecationWarning('In future flask releases etags will no '
+                'longer be generated for file objects passed to the send_file '
+                'function because this behavior was unreliable.  Pass '
+                'filenames instead if possible, otherwise attach an etag '
+                'yourself based on another value'), stacklevel=2)
+
+    if filename is not None:
+        if not os.path.isabs(filename):
+            filename = os.path.join(current_app.root_path, filename)
+    if mimetype is None and (filename or attachment_filename):
+        mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename or attachment_filename)[0]
+    if mimetype is None:
+        mimetype = 'application/octet-stream'
+
+    headers = Headers()
+    if as_attachment:
+        if attachment_filename is None:
+            if filename is None:
+                raise TypeError('filename unavailable, required for '
+                                'sending as attachment')
+            attachment_filename = os.path.basename(filename)
+        headers.add('Content-Disposition', 'attachment',
+                    filename=attachment_filename)
+
+    if current_app.use_x_sendfile and filename:
+        if file is not None:
+            file.close()
+        headers['X-Sendfile'] = filename
+        headers['Content-Length'] = os.path.getsize(filename)
+        data = None
+    else:
+        if file is None:
+            file = open(filename, 'rb')
+            mtime = os.path.getmtime(filename)
+            headers['Content-Length'] = os.path.getsize(filename)
+        data = wrap_file(request.environ, file)
+
+    rv = current_app.response_class(data, mimetype=mimetype, headers=headers,
+                                    direct_passthrough=True)
+
+    # if we know the file modification date, we can store it as the
+    # the time of the last modification.
+    if mtime is not None:
+        rv.last_modified = int(mtime)
+
+    rv.cache_control.public = True
+    if cache_timeout is None:
+        cache_timeout = current_app.get_send_file_max_age(filename)
+    if cache_timeout is not None:
+        rv.cache_control.max_age = cache_timeout
+        rv.expires = int(time() + cache_timeout)
+
+    if add_etags and filename is not None:
+        rv.set_etag('flask-%s-%s-%s' % (
+            os.path.getmtime(filename),
+            os.path.getsize(filename),
+            adler32(
+                filename.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(filename, text_type)
+                else filename
+            ) & 0xffffffff
+        ))
+        if conditional:
+            rv = rv.make_conditional(request)
+            # make sure we don't send x-sendfile for servers that
+            # ignore the 304 status code for x-sendfile.
+            if rv.status_code == 304:
+                rv.headers.pop('x-sendfile', None)
+    return rv
+
+
+def safe_join(directory, filename):
+    """Safely join `directory` and `filename`.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        @app.route('/wiki/<path:filename>')
+        def wiki_page(filename):
+            filename = safe_join(app.config['WIKI_FOLDER'], filename)
+            with open(filename, 'rb') as fd:
+                content = fd.read() # Read and process the file content...
+
+    :param directory: the base directory.
+    :param filename: the untrusted filename relative to that directory.
+    :raises: :class:`~werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound` if the resulting path
+             would fall out of `directory`.
+    """
+    filename = posixpath.normpath(filename)
+    for sep in _os_alt_seps:
+        if sep in filename:
+            raise NotFound()
+    if os.path.isabs(filename) or \
+       filename == '..' or \
+       filename.startswith('../'):
+        raise NotFound()
+    return os.path.join(directory, filename)
+
+
+def send_from_directory(directory, filename, **options):
+    """Send a file from a given directory with :func:`send_file`.  This
+    is a secure way to quickly expose static files from an upload folder
+    or something similar.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        @app.route('/uploads/<path:filename>')
+        def download_file(filename):
+            return send_from_directory(app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'],
+                                       filename, as_attachment=True)
+
+    .. admonition:: Sending files and Performance
+
+       It is strongly recommended to activate either `X-Sendfile` support in
+       your webserver or (if no authentication happens) to tell the webserver
+       to serve files for the given path on its own without calling into the
+       web application for improved performance.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param directory: the directory where all the files are stored.
+    :param filename: the filename relative to that directory to
+                     download.
+    :param options: optional keyword arguments that are directly
+                    forwarded to :func:`send_file`.
+    """
+    filename = safe_join(directory, filename)
+    if not os.path.isfile(filename):
+        raise NotFound()
+    options.setdefault('conditional', True)
+    return send_file(filename, **options)
+
+
+def get_root_path(import_name):
+    """Returns the path to a package or cwd if that cannot be found.  This
+    returns the path of a package or the folder that contains a module.
+
+    Not to be confused with the package path returned by :func:`find_package`.
+    """
+    # Module already imported and has a file attribute.  Use that first.
+    mod = sys.modules.get(import_name)
+    if mod is not None and hasattr(mod, '__file__'):
+        return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(mod.__file__))
+
+    # Next attempt: check the loader.
+    loader = pkgutil.get_loader(import_name)
+
+    # Loader does not exist or we're referring to an unloaded main module
+    # or a main module without path (interactive sessions), go with the
+    # current working directory.
+    if loader is None or import_name == '__main__':
+        return os.getcwd()
+
+    # For .egg, zipimporter does not have get_filename until Python 2.7.
+    # Some other loaders might exhibit the same behavior.
+    if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
+        filepath = loader.get_filename(import_name)
+    else:
+        # Fall back to imports.
+        __import__(import_name)
+        filepath = sys.modules[import_name].__file__
+
+    # filepath is import_name.py for a module, or __init__.py for a package.
+    return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filepath))
+
+
+def find_package(import_name):
+    """Finds a package and returns the prefix (or None if the package is
+    not installed) as well as the folder that contains the package or
+    module as a tuple.  The package path returned is the module that would
+    have to be added to the pythonpath in order to make it possible to
+    import the module.  The prefix is the path below which a UNIX like
+    folder structure exists (lib, share etc.).
+    """
+    root_mod_name = import_name.split('.')[0]
+    loader = pkgutil.get_loader(root_mod_name)
+    if loader is None or import_name == '__main__':
+        # import name is not found, or interactive/main module
+        package_path = os.getcwd()
+    else:
+        # For .egg, zipimporter does not have get_filename until Python 2.7.
+        if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
+            filename = loader.get_filename(root_mod_name)
+        elif hasattr(loader, 'archive'):
+            # zipimporter's loader.archive points to the .egg or .zip
+            # archive filename is dropped in call to dirname below.
+            filename = loader.archive
+        else:
+            # At least one loader is missing both get_filename and archive:
+            # Google App Engine's HardenedModulesHook
+            #
+            # Fall back to imports.
+            __import__(import_name)
+            filename = sys.modules[import_name].__file__
+        package_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(filename))
+        # package_path ends with __init__.py for a package
+        if loader.is_package(root_mod_name):
+            package_path = os.path.dirname(package_path)
+
+    site_parent, site_folder = os.path.split(package_path)
+    py_prefix = os.path.abspath(sys.prefix)
+    if package_path.startswith(py_prefix):
+        return py_prefix, package_path
+    elif site_folder.lower() == 'site-packages':
+        parent, folder = os.path.split(site_parent)
+        # Windows like installations
+        if folder.lower() == 'lib':
+            base_dir = parent
+        # UNIX like installations
+        elif os.path.basename(parent).lower() == 'lib':
+            base_dir = os.path.dirname(parent)
+        else:
+            base_dir = site_parent
+        return base_dir, package_path
+    return None, package_path
+
+
+class locked_cached_property(object):
+    """A decorator that converts a function into a lazy property.  The
+    function wrapped is called the first time to retrieve the result
+    and then that calculated result is used the next time you access
+    the value.  Works like the one in Werkzeug but has a lock for
+    thread safety.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, func, name=None, doc=None):
+        self.__name__ = name or func.__name__
+        self.__module__ = func.__module__
+        self.__doc__ = doc or func.__doc__
+        self.func = func
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        with self.lock:
+            value = obj.__dict__.get(self.__name__, _missing)
+            if value is _missing:
+                value = self.func(obj)
+                obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = value
+            return value
+
+
+class _PackageBoundObject(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, import_name, template_folder=None):
+        #: The name of the package or module.  Do not change this once
+        #: it was set by the constructor.
+        self.import_name = import_name
+
+        #: location of the templates.  `None` if templates should not be
+        #: exposed.
+        self.template_folder = template_folder
+
+        #: Where is the app root located?
+        self.root_path = get_root_path(self.import_name)
+
+        self._static_folder = None
+        self._static_url_path = None
+
+    def _get_static_folder(self):
+        if self._static_folder is not None:
+            return os.path.join(self.root_path, self._static_folder)
+    def _set_static_folder(self, value):
+        self._static_folder = value
+    static_folder = property(_get_static_folder, _set_static_folder)
+    del _get_static_folder, _set_static_folder
+
+    def _get_static_url_path(self):
+        if self._static_url_path is None:
+            if self.static_folder is None:
+                return None
+            return '/' + os.path.basename(self.static_folder)
+        return self._static_url_path
+    def _set_static_url_path(self, value):
+        self._static_url_path = value
+    static_url_path = property(_get_static_url_path, _set_static_url_path)
+    del _get_static_url_path, _set_static_url_path
+
+    @property
+    def has_static_folder(self):
+        """This is `True` if the package bound object's container has a
+        folder named ``'static'``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        return self.static_folder is not None
+
+    @locked_cached_property
+    def jinja_loader(self):
+        """The Jinja loader for this package bound object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        if self.template_folder is not None:
+            return FileSystemLoader(os.path.join(self.root_path,
+                                                 self.template_folder))
+
+    def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename):
+        """Provides default cache_timeout for the :func:`send_file` functions.
+
+        By default, this function returns ``SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT`` from
+        the configuration of :data:`~flask.current_app`.
+
+        Static file functions such as :func:`send_from_directory` use this
+        function, and :func:`send_file` calls this function on
+        :data:`~flask.current_app` when the given cache_timeout is `None`. If a
+        cache_timeout is given in :func:`send_file`, that timeout is used;
+        otherwise, this method is called.
+
+        This allows subclasses to change the behavior when sending files based
+        on the filename.  For example, to set the cache timeout for .js files
+        to 60 seconds::
+
+            class MyFlask(flask.Flask):
+                def get_send_file_max_age(self, name):
+                    if name.lower().endswith('.js'):
+                        return 60
+                    return flask.Flask.get_send_file_max_age(self, name)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        return current_app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT']
+
+    def send_static_file(self, filename):
+        """Function used internally to send static files from the static
+        folder to the browser.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        """
+        if not self.has_static_folder:
+            raise RuntimeError('No static folder for this object')
+        # Ensure get_send_file_max_age is called in all cases.
+        # Here, we ensure get_send_file_max_age is called for Blueprints.
+        cache_timeout = self.get_send_file_max_age(filename)
+        return send_from_directory(self.static_folder, filename,
+                                   cache_timeout=cache_timeout)
+
+    def open_resource(self, resource, mode='rb'):
+        """Opens a resource from the application's resource folder.  To see
+        how this works, consider the following folder structure::
+
+            /myapplication.py
+            /schema.sql
+            /static
+                /style.css
+            /templates
+                /layout.html
+                /index.html
+
+        If you want to open the `schema.sql` file you would do the
+        following::
+
+            with app.open_resource('schema.sql') as f:
+                contents = f.read()
+                do_something_with(contents)
+
+        :param resource: the name of the resource.  To access resources within
+                         subfolders use forward slashes as separator.
+        :param mode: resource file opening mode, default is 'rb'.
+        """
+        if mode not in ('r', 'rb'):
+            raise ValueError('Resources can only be opened for reading')
+        return open(os.path.join(self.root_path, resource), mode)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/json.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45ba324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.jsonimpl
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implementation helpers for the JSON support in Flask.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2012 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import io
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime
+from .globals import current_app, request
+from ._compat import text_type, PY2
+
+from werkzeug.http import http_date
+from jinja2 import Markup
+
+# Use the same json implementation as itsdangerous on which we
+# depend anyways.
+try:
+    from itsdangerous import simplejson as _json
+except ImportError:
+    from itsdangerous import json as _json
+
+
+# figure out if simplejson escapes slashes.  This behavior was changed
+# from one version to another without reason.
+_slash_escape = '\\/' not in _json.dumps('/')
+
+
+__all__ = ['dump', 'dumps', 'load', 'loads', 'htmlsafe_dump',
+           'htmlsafe_dumps', 'JSONDecoder', 'JSONEncoder',
+           'jsonify']
+
+
+def _wrap_reader_for_text(fp, encoding):
+    if isinstance(fp.read(0), bytes):
+        fp = io.TextIOWrapper(io.BufferedReader(fp), encoding)
+    return fp
+
+
+def _wrap_writer_for_text(fp, encoding):
+    try:
+        fp.write('')
+    except TypeError:
+        fp = io.TextIOWrapper(fp, encoding)
+    return fp
+
+
+class JSONEncoder(_json.JSONEncoder):
+    """The default Flask JSON encoder.  This one extends the default simplejson
+    encoder by also supporting ``datetime`` objects, ``UUID`` as well as
+    ``Markup`` objects which are serialized as RFC 822 datetime strings (same
+    as the HTTP date format).  In order to support more data types override the
+    :meth:`default` method.
+    """
+
+    def default(self, o):
+        """Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a
+        serializable object for ``o``, or calls the base implementation (to
+        raise a ``TypeError``).
+
+        For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement
+        default like this::
+
+            def default(self, o):
+                try:
+                    iterable = iter(o)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    return list(iterable)
+                return JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
+        """
+        if isinstance(o, datetime):
+            return http_date(o)
+        if isinstance(o, uuid.UUID):
+            return str(o)
+        if hasattr(o, '__html__'):
+            return text_type(o.__html__())
+        return _json.JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
+
+
+class JSONDecoder(_json.JSONDecoder):
+    """The default JSON decoder.  This one does not change the behavior from
+    the default simplejson encoder.  Consult the :mod:`json` documentation
+    for more information.  This decoder is not only used for the load
+    functions of this module but also :attr:`~flask.Request`.
+    """
+
+
+def _dump_arg_defaults(kwargs):
+    """Inject default arguments for dump functions."""
+    if current_app:
+        kwargs.setdefault('cls', current_app.json_encoder)
+        if not current_app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII']:
+            kwargs.setdefault('ensure_ascii', False)
+        kwargs.setdefault('sort_keys', current_app.config['JSON_SORT_KEYS'])
+    else:
+        kwargs.setdefault('sort_keys', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault('cls', JSONEncoder)
+
+
+def _load_arg_defaults(kwargs):
+    """Inject default arguments for load functions."""
+    if current_app:
+        kwargs.setdefault('cls', current_app.json_decoder)
+    else:
+        kwargs.setdefault('cls', JSONDecoder)
+
+
+def dumps(obj, **kwargs):
+    """Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON formatted ``str`` by using the application's
+    configured encoder (:attr:`~flask.Flask.json_encoder`) if there is an
+    application on the stack.
+
+    This function can return ``unicode`` strings or ascii-only bytestrings by
+    default which coerce into unicode strings automatically.  That behavior by
+    default is controlled by the ``JSON_AS_ASCII`` configuration variable
+    and can be overriden by the simplejson ``ensure_ascii`` parameter.
+    """
+    _dump_arg_defaults(kwargs)
+    encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', None)
+    rv = _json.dumps(obj, **kwargs)
+    if encoding is not None and isinstance(rv, text_type):
+        rv = rv.encode(encoding)
+    return rv
+
+
+def dump(obj, fp, **kwargs):
+    """Like :func:`dumps` but writes into a file object."""
+    _dump_arg_defaults(kwargs)
+    encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', None)
+    if encoding is not None:
+        fp = _wrap_writer_for_text(fp, encoding)
+    _json.dump(obj, fp, **kwargs)
+
+
+def loads(s, **kwargs):
+    """Unserialize a JSON object from a string ``s`` by using the application's
+    configured decoder (:attr:`~flask.Flask.json_decoder`) if there is an
+    application on the stack.
+    """
+    _load_arg_defaults(kwargs)
+    if isinstance(s, bytes):
+        s = s.decode(kwargs.pop('encoding', None) or 'utf-8')
+    return _json.loads(s, **kwargs)
+
+
+def load(fp, **kwargs):
+    """Like :func:`loads` but reads from a file object.
+    """
+    _load_arg_defaults(kwargs)
+    if not PY2:
+        fp = _wrap_reader_for_text(fp, kwargs.pop('encoding', None) or 'utf-8')
+    return _json.load(fp, **kwargs)
+
+
+def htmlsafe_dumps(obj, **kwargs):
+    """Works exactly like :func:`dumps` but is safe for use in ``<script>``
+    tags.  It accepts the same arguments and returns a JSON string.  Note that
+    this is available in templates through the ``|tojson`` filter which will
+    also mark the result as safe.  Due to how this function escapes certain
+    characters this is safe even if used outside of ``<script>`` tags.
+
+    The following characters are escaped in strings:
+
+    -   ``<``
+    -   ``>``
+    -   ``&``
+    -   ``'``
+
+    This makes it safe to embed such strings in any place in HTML with the
+    notable exception of double quoted attributes.  In that case single
+    quote your attributes or HTML escape it in addition.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.10
+       This function's return value is now always safe for HTML usage, even
+       if outside of script tags or if used in XHTML.  This rule does not
+       hold true when using this function in HTML attributes that are double
+       quoted.  Always single quote attributes if you use the ``|tojson``
+       filter.  Alternatively use ``|tojson|forceescape``.
+    """
+    rv = dumps(obj, **kwargs) \
+        .replace(u'<', u'\\u003c') \
+        .replace(u'>', u'\\u003e') \
+        .replace(u'&', u'\\u0026') \
+        .replace(u"'", u'\\u0027')
+    if not _slash_escape:
+        rv = rv.replace('\\/', '/')
+    return rv
+
+
+def htmlsafe_dump(obj, fp, **kwargs):
+    """Like :func:`htmlsafe_dumps` but writes into a file object."""
+    fp.write(unicode(htmlsafe_dumps(obj, **kwargs)))
+
+
+def jsonify(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Creates a :class:`~flask.Response` with the JSON representation of
+    the given arguments with an `application/json` mimetype.  The arguments
+    to this function are the same as to the :class:`dict` constructor.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        from flask import jsonify
+
+        @app.route('/_get_current_user')
+        def get_current_user():
+            return jsonify(username=g.user.username,
+                           email=g.user.email,
+                           id=g.user.id)
+
+    This will send a JSON response like this to the browser::
+
+        {
+            "username": "admin",
+            "email": "admin@localhost",
+            "id": 42
+        }
+
+    For security reasons only objects are supported toplevel.  For more
+    information about this, have a look at :ref:`json-security`.
+
+    This function's response will be pretty printed if it was not requested
+    with ``X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest`` to simplify debugging unless
+    the ``JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR`` config parameter is set to false.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2
+    """
+    indent = None
+    if current_app.config['JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR'] \
+        and not request.is_xhr:
+        indent = 2
+    return current_app.response_class(dumps(dict(*args, **kwargs),
+        indent=indent),
+        mimetype='application/json')
+
+
+def tojson_filter(obj, **kwargs):
+    return Markup(htmlsafe_dumps(obj, **kwargs))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/logging.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ad641d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.logging
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the logging support for Flask.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from logging import getLogger, StreamHandler, Formatter, getLoggerClass, DEBUG
+
+
+def create_logger(app):
+    """Creates a logger for the given application.  This logger works
+    similar to a regular Python logger but changes the effective logging
+    level based on the application's debug flag.  Furthermore this
+    function also removes all attached handlers in case there was a
+    logger with the log name before.
+    """
+    Logger = getLoggerClass()
+
+    class DebugLogger(Logger):
+        def getEffectiveLevel(x):
+            if x.level == 0 and app.debug:
+                return DEBUG
+            return Logger.getEffectiveLevel(x)
+
+    class DebugHandler(StreamHandler):
+        def emit(x, record):
+            StreamHandler.emit(x, record) if app.debug else None
+
+    handler = DebugHandler()
+    handler.setLevel(DEBUG)
+    handler.setFormatter(Formatter(app.debug_log_format))
+    logger = getLogger(app.logger_name)
+    # just in case that was not a new logger, get rid of all the handlers
+    # already attached to it.
+    del logger.handlers[:]
+    logger.__class__ = DebugLogger
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+    return logger
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/module.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/module.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c4f466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/module.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.module
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements a class that represents module blueprints.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from .blueprints import Blueprint
+
+
+def blueprint_is_module(bp):
+    """Used to figure out if something is actually a module"""
+    return isinstance(bp, Module)
+
+
+class Module(Blueprint):
+    """Deprecated module support.  Until Flask 0.6 modules were a different
+    name of the concept now available as blueprints in Flask.  They are
+    essentially doing the same but have some bad semantics for templates and
+    static files that were fixed with blueprints.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+       Modules were deprecated in favor for blueprints.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, import_name, name=None, url_prefix=None,
+                 static_path=None, subdomain=None):
+        if name is None:
+            assert '.' in import_name, 'name required if package name ' \
+                'does not point to a submodule'
+            name = import_name.rsplit('.', 1)[1]
+        Blueprint.__init__(self, name, import_name, url_prefix=url_prefix,
+                           subdomain=subdomain, template_folder='templates')
+
+        if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self.root_path, 'static')):
+            self._static_folder = 'static'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/sessions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3246eb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.sessions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements cookie based sessions based on itsdangerous.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2012 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import uuid
+import hashlib
+from base64 import b64encode, b64decode
+from datetime import datetime
+from werkzeug.http import http_date, parse_date
+from werkzeug.datastructures import CallbackDict
+from . import Markup, json
+from ._compat import iteritems, text_type
+
+from itsdangerous import URLSafeTimedSerializer, BadSignature
+
+
+def total_seconds(td):
+    return td.days * 60 * 60 * 24 + td.seconds
+
+
+class SessionMixin(object):
+    """Expands a basic dictionary with an accessors that are expected
+    by Flask extensions and users for the session.
+    """
+
+    def _get_permanent(self):
+        return self.get('_permanent', False)
+
+    def _set_permanent(self, value):
+        self['_permanent'] = bool(value)
+
+    #: this reflects the ``'_permanent'`` key in the dict.
+    permanent = property(_get_permanent, _set_permanent)
+    del _get_permanent, _set_permanent
+
+    #: some session backends can tell you if a session is new, but that is
+    #: not necessarily guaranteed.  Use with caution.  The default mixin
+    #: implementation just hardcodes `False` in.
+    new = False
+
+    #: for some backends this will always be `True`, but some backends will
+    #: default this to false and detect changes in the dictionary for as
+    #: long as changes do not happen on mutable structures in the session.
+    #: The default mixin implementation just hardcodes `True` in.
+    modified = True
+
+
+class TaggedJSONSerializer(object):
+    """A customized JSON serializer that supports a few extra types that
+    we take for granted when serializing (tuples, markup objects, datetime).
+    """
+
+    def dumps(self, value):
+        def _tag(value):
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                return {' t': [_tag(x) for x in value]}
+            elif isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
+                return {' u': value.hex}
+            elif isinstance(value, bytes):
+                return {' b': b64encode(value).decode('ascii')}
+            elif callable(getattr(value, '__html__', None)):
+                return {' m': text_type(value.__html__())}
+            elif isinstance(value, list):
+                return [_tag(x) for x in value]
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime):
+                return {' d': http_date(value)}
+            elif isinstance(value, dict):
+                return dict((k, _tag(v)) for k, v in iteritems(value))
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                try:
+                    return text_type(value)
+                except UnicodeError:
+                    raise UnexpectedUnicodeError(u'A byte string with '
+                        u'non-ASCII data was passed to the session system '
+                        u'which can only store unicode strings.  Consider '
+                        u'base64 encoding your string (String was %r)' % value)
+            return value
+        return json.dumps(_tag(value), separators=(',', ':'))
+
+    def loads(self, value):
+        def object_hook(obj):
+            if len(obj) != 1:
+                return obj
+            the_key, the_value = next(iteritems(obj))
+            if the_key == ' t':
+                return tuple(the_value)
+            elif the_key == ' u':
+                return uuid.UUID(the_value)
+            elif the_key == ' b':
+                return b64decode(the_value)
+            elif the_key == ' m':
+                return Markup(the_value)
+            elif the_key == ' d':
+                return parse_date(the_value)
+            return obj
+        return json.loads(value, object_hook=object_hook)
+
+
+session_json_serializer = TaggedJSONSerializer()
+
+
+class SecureCookieSession(CallbackDict, SessionMixin):
+    """Baseclass for sessions based on signed cookies."""
+
+    def __init__(self, initial=None):
+        def on_update(self):
+            self.modified = True
+        CallbackDict.__init__(self, initial, on_update)
+        self.modified = False
+
+
+class NullSession(SecureCookieSession):
+    """Class used to generate nicer error messages if sessions are not
+    available.  Will still allow read-only access to the empty session
+    but fail on setting.
+    """
+
+    def _fail(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise RuntimeError('the session is unavailable because no secret '
+                           'key was set.  Set the secret_key on the '
+                           'application to something unique and secret.')
+    __setitem__ = __delitem__ = clear = pop = popitem = \
+        update = setdefault = _fail
+    del _fail
+
+
+class SessionInterface(object):
+    """The basic interface you have to implement in order to replace the
+    default session interface which uses werkzeug's securecookie
+    implementation.  The only methods you have to implement are
+    :meth:`open_session` and :meth:`save_session`, the others have
+    useful defaults which you don't need to change.
+
+    The session object returned by the :meth:`open_session` method has to
+    provide a dictionary like interface plus the properties and methods
+    from the :class:`SessionMixin`.  We recommend just subclassing a dict
+    and adding that mixin::
+
+        class Session(dict, SessionMixin):
+            pass
+
+    If :meth:`open_session` returns `None` Flask will call into
+    :meth:`make_null_session` to create a session that acts as replacement
+    if the session support cannot work because some requirement is not
+    fulfilled.  The default :class:`NullSession` class that is created
+    will complain that the secret key was not set.
+
+    To replace the session interface on an application all you have to do
+    is to assign :attr:`flask.Flask.session_interface`::
+
+        app = Flask(__name__)
+        app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    """
+
+    #: :meth:`make_null_session` will look here for the class that should
+    #: be created when a null session is requested.  Likewise the
+    #: :meth:`is_null_session` method will perform a typecheck against
+    #: this type.
+    null_session_class = NullSession
+
+    #: A flag that indicates if the session interface is pickle based.
+    #: This can be used by flask extensions to make a decision in regards
+    #: to how to deal with the session object.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    pickle_based = False
+
+    def make_null_session(self, app):
+        """Creates a null session which acts as a replacement object if the
+        real session support could not be loaded due to a configuration
+        error.  This mainly aids the user experience because the job of the
+        null session is to still support lookup without complaining but
+        modifications are answered with a helpful error message of what
+        failed.
+
+        This creates an instance of :attr:`null_session_class` by default.
+        """
+        return self.null_session_class()
+
+    def is_null_session(self, obj):
+        """Checks if a given object is a null session.  Null sessions are
+        not asked to be saved.
+
+        This checks if the object is an instance of :attr:`null_session_class`
+        by default.
+        """
+        return isinstance(obj, self.null_session_class)
+
+    def get_cookie_domain(self, app):
+        """Helpful helper method that returns the cookie domain that should
+        be used for the session cookie if session cookies are used.
+        """
+        if app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN'] is not None:
+            return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN']
+        if app.config['SERVER_NAME'] is not None:
+            # chop of the port which is usually not supported by browsers
+            rv = '.' + app.config['SERVER_NAME'].rsplit(':', 1)[0]
+
+            # Google chrome does not like cookies set to .localhost, so
+            # we just go with no domain then.  Flask documents anyways that
+            # cross domain cookies need a fully qualified domain name
+            if rv == '.localhost':
+                rv = None
+
+            # If we infer the cookie domain from the server name we need
+            # to check if we are in a subpath.  In that case we can't
+            # set a cross domain cookie.
+            if rv is not None:
+                path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
+                if path != '/':
+                    rv = rv.lstrip('.')
+
+            return rv
+
+    def get_cookie_path(self, app):
+        """Returns the path for which the cookie should be valid.  The
+        default implementation uses the value from the SESSION_COOKIE_PATH``
+        config var if it's set, and falls back to ``APPLICATION_ROOT`` or
+        uses ``/`` if it's `None`.
+        """
+        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_PATH'] or \
+               app.config['APPLICATION_ROOT'] or '/'
+
+    def get_cookie_httponly(self, app):
+        """Returns True if the session cookie should be httponly.  This
+        currently just returns the value of the ``SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY``
+        config var.
+        """
+        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY']
+
+    def get_cookie_secure(self, app):
+        """Returns True if the cookie should be secure.  This currently
+        just returns the value of the ``SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE`` setting.
+        """
+        return app.config['SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE']
+
+    def get_expiration_time(self, app, session):
+        """A helper method that returns an expiration date for the session
+        or `None` if the session is linked to the browser session.  The
+        default implementation returns now + the permanent session
+        lifetime configured on the application.
+        """
+        if session.permanent:
+            return datetime.utcnow() + app.permanent_session_lifetime
+
+    def open_session(self, app, request):
+        """This method has to be implemented and must either return `None`
+        in case the loading failed because of a configuration error or an
+        instance of a session object which implements a dictionary like
+        interface + the methods and attributes on :class:`SessionMixin`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def save_session(self, app, session, response):
+        """This is called for actual sessions returned by :meth:`open_session`
+        at the end of the request.  This is still called during a request
+        context so if you absolutely need access to the request you can do
+        that.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class SecureCookieSessionInterface(SessionInterface):
+    """The default session interface that stores sessions in signed cookies
+    through the :mod:`itsdangerous` module.
+    """
+    #: the salt that should be applied on top of the secret key for the
+    #: signing of cookie based sessions.
+    salt = 'cookie-session'
+    #: the hash function to use for the signature.  The default is sha1
+    digest_method = staticmethod(hashlib.sha1)
+    #: the name of the itsdangerous supported key derivation.  The default
+    #: is hmac.
+    key_derivation = 'hmac'
+    #: A python serializer for the payload.  The default is a compact
+    #: JSON derived serializer with support for some extra Python types
+    #: such as datetime objects or tuples.
+    serializer = session_json_serializer
+    session_class = SecureCookieSession
+
+    def get_signing_serializer(self, app):
+        if not app.secret_key:
+            return None
+        signer_kwargs = dict(
+            key_derivation=self.key_derivation,
+            digest_method=self.digest_method
+        )
+        return URLSafeTimedSerializer(app.secret_key, salt=self.salt,
+                                      serializer=self.serializer,
+                                      signer_kwargs=signer_kwargs)
+
+    def open_session(self, app, request):
+        s = self.get_signing_serializer(app)
+        if s is None:
+            return None
+        val = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
+        if not val:
+            return self.session_class()
+        max_age = total_seconds(app.permanent_session_lifetime)
+        try:
+            data = s.loads(val, max_age=max_age)
+            return self.session_class(data)
+        except BadSignature:
+            return self.session_class()
+
+    def save_session(self, app, session, response):
+        domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
+        path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
+        if not session:
+            if session.modified:
+                response.delete_cookie(app.session_cookie_name,
+                                       domain=domain, path=path)
+            return
+        httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
+        secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
+        expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
+        val = self.get_signing_serializer(app).dumps(dict(session))
+        response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, val,
+                            expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
+                            domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
+
+
+from flask.debughelpers import UnexpectedUnicodeError
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/signals.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/signals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bd0385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/signals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.signals
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements signals based on blinker if available, otherwise
+    falls silently back to a noop
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+signals_available = False
+try:
+    from blinker import Namespace
+    signals_available = True
+except ImportError:
+    class Namespace(object):
+        def signal(self, name, doc=None):
+            return _FakeSignal(name, doc)
+
+    class _FakeSignal(object):
+        """If blinker is unavailable, create a fake class with the same
+        interface that allows sending of signals but will fail with an
+        error on anything else.  Instead of doing anything on send, it
+        will just ignore the arguments and do nothing instead.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, name, doc=None):
+            self.name = name
+            self.__doc__ = doc
+        def _fail(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise RuntimeError('signalling support is unavailable '
+                               'because the blinker library is '
+                               'not installed.')
+        send = lambda *a, **kw: None
+        connect = disconnect = has_receivers_for = receivers_for = \
+            temporarily_connected_to = connected_to = _fail
+        del _fail
+
+# the namespace for code signals.  If you are not flask code, do
+# not put signals in here.  Create your own namespace instead.
+_signals = Namespace()
+
+
+# core signals.  For usage examples grep the sourcecode or consult
+# the API documentation in docs/api.rst as well as docs/signals.rst
+template_rendered = _signals.signal('template-rendered')
+request_started = _signals.signal('request-started')
+request_finished = _signals.signal('request-finished')
+request_tearing_down = _signals.signal('request-tearing-down')
+got_request_exception = _signals.signal('got-request-exception')
+appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal('appcontext-tearing-down')
+appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal('appcontext-pushed')
+appcontext_popped = _signals.signal('appcontext-popped')
+message_flashed = _signals.signal('message-flashed')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/templating.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/templating.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63adb09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/templating.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.templating
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the bridge to Jinja2.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import posixpath
+from jinja2 import BaseLoader, Environment as BaseEnvironment, \
+     TemplateNotFound
+
+from .globals import _request_ctx_stack, _app_ctx_stack
+from .signals import template_rendered
+from .module import blueprint_is_module
+from ._compat import itervalues, iteritems
+
+
+def _default_template_ctx_processor():
+    """Default template context processor.  Injects `request`,
+    `session` and `g`.
+    """
+    reqctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+    appctx = _app_ctx_stack.top
+    rv = {}
+    if appctx is not None:
+        rv['g'] = appctx.g
+    if reqctx is not None:
+        rv['request'] = reqctx.request
+        rv['session'] = reqctx.session
+    return rv
+
+
+class Environment(BaseEnvironment):
+    """Works like a regular Jinja2 environment but has some additional
+    knowledge of how Flask's blueprint works so that it can prepend the
+    name of the blueprint to referenced templates if necessary.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, **options):
+        if 'loader' not in options:
+            options['loader'] = app.create_global_jinja_loader()
+        BaseEnvironment.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.app = app
+
+
+class DispatchingJinjaLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """A loader that looks for templates in the application and all
+    the blueprint folders.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app):
+        self.app = app
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        for loader, local_name in self._iter_loaders(template):
+            try:
+                return loader.get_source(environment, local_name)
+            except TemplateNotFound:
+                pass
+
+        raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+    def _iter_loaders(self, template):
+        loader = self.app.jinja_loader
+        if loader is not None:
+            yield loader, template
+
+        # old style module based loaders in case we are dealing with a
+        # blueprint that is an old style module
+        try:
+            module, local_name = posixpath.normpath(template).split('/', 1)
+            blueprint = self.app.blueprints[module]
+            if blueprint_is_module(blueprint):
+                loader = blueprint.jinja_loader
+                if loader is not None:
+                    yield loader, local_name
+        except (ValueError, KeyError):
+            pass
+
+        for blueprint in itervalues(self.app.blueprints):
+            if blueprint_is_module(blueprint):
+                continue
+            loader = blueprint.jinja_loader
+            if loader is not None:
+                yield loader, template
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        result = set()
+        loader = self.app.jinja_loader
+        if loader is not None:
+            result.update(loader.list_templates())
+
+        for name, blueprint in iteritems(self.app.blueprints):
+            loader = blueprint.jinja_loader
+            if loader is not None:
+                for template in loader.list_templates():
+                    prefix = ''
+                    if blueprint_is_module(blueprint):
+                        prefix = name + '/'
+                    result.add(prefix + template)
+
+        return list(result)
+
+
+def _render(template, context, app):
+    """Renders the template and fires the signal"""
+    rv = template.render(context)
+    template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)
+    return rv
+
+
+def render_template(template_name_or_list, **context):
+    """Renders a template from the template folder with the given
+    context.
+
+    :param template_name_or_list: the name of the template to be
+                                  rendered, or an iterable with template names
+                                  the first one existing will be rendered
+    :param context: the variables that should be available in the
+                    context of the template.
+    """
+    ctx = _app_ctx_stack.top
+    ctx.app.update_template_context(context)
+    return _render(ctx.app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list),
+                   context, ctx.app)
+
+
+def render_template_string(source, **context):
+    """Renders a template from the given template source string
+    with the given context.
+
+    :param source: the sourcecode of the template to be
+                   rendered
+    :param context: the variables that should be available in the
+                    context of the template.
+    """
+    ctx = _app_ctx_stack.top
+    ctx.app.update_template_context(context)
+    return _render(ctx.app.jinja_env.from_string(source),
+                   context, ctx.app)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testing.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dc383a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testing
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements test support helpers.  This module is lazily imported
+    and usually not used in production environments.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from werkzeug.test import Client, EnvironBuilder
+from flask import _request_ctx_stack
+
+try:
+    from werkzeug.urls import url_parse
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import urlsplit as url_parse
+
+
+def make_test_environ_builder(app, path='/', base_url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Creates a new test builder with some application defaults thrown in."""
+    http_host = app.config.get('SERVER_NAME')
+    app_root = app.config.get('APPLICATION_ROOT')
+    if base_url is None:
+        url = url_parse(path)
+        base_url = 'http://%s/' % (url.netloc or http_host or 'localhost')
+        if app_root:
+            base_url += app_root.lstrip('/')
+        if url.netloc:
+            path = url.path
+    return EnvironBuilder(path, base_url, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class FlaskClient(Client):
+    """Works like a regular Werkzeug test client but has some knowledge about
+    how Flask works to defer the cleanup of the request context stack to the
+    end of a with body when used in a with statement.  For general information
+    about how to use this class refer to :class:`werkzeug.test.Client`.
+
+    Basic usage is outlined in the :ref:`testing` chapter.
+    """
+
+    preserve_context = False
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def session_transaction(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """When used in combination with a with statement this opens a
+        session transaction.  This can be used to modify the session that
+        the test client uses.  Once the with block is left the session is
+        stored back.
+
+            with client.session_transaction() as session:
+                session['value'] = 42
+
+        Internally this is implemented by going through a temporary test
+        request context and since session handling could depend on
+        request variables this function accepts the same arguments as
+        :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` which are directly
+        passed through.
+        """
+        if self.cookie_jar is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Session transactions only make sense '
+                               'with cookies enabled.')
+        app = self.application
+        environ_overrides = kwargs.setdefault('environ_overrides', {})
+        self.cookie_jar.inject_wsgi(environ_overrides)
+        outer_reqctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        with app.test_request_context(*args, **kwargs) as c:
+            sess = app.open_session(c.request)
+            if sess is None:
+                raise RuntimeError('Session backend did not open a session. '
+                                   'Check the configuration')
+
+            # Since we have to open a new request context for the session
+            # handling we want to make sure that we hide out own context
+            # from the caller.  By pushing the original request context
+            # (or None) on top of this and popping it we get exactly that
+            # behavior.  It's important to not use the push and pop
+            # methods of the actual request context object since that would
+            # mean that cleanup handlers are called
+            _request_ctx_stack.push(outer_reqctx)
+            try:
+                yield sess
+            finally:
+                _request_ctx_stack.pop()
+
+            resp = app.response_class()
+            if not app.session_interface.is_null_session(sess):
+                app.save_session(sess, resp)
+            headers = resp.get_wsgi_headers(c.request.environ)
+            self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(c.request.environ, headers)
+
+    def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('environ_overrides', {}) \
+            ['flask._preserve_context'] = self.preserve_context
+
+        as_tuple = kwargs.pop('as_tuple', False)
+        buffered = kwargs.pop('buffered', False)
+        follow_redirects = kwargs.pop('follow_redirects', False)
+        builder = make_test_environ_builder(self.application, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return Client.open(self, builder,
+                           as_tuple=as_tuple,
+                           buffered=buffered,
+                           follow_redirects=follow_redirects)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self.preserve_context:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot nest client invocations')
+        self.preserve_context = True
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.preserve_context = False
+
+        # on exit we want to clean up earlier.  Normally the request context
+        # stays preserved until the next request in the same thread comes
+        # in.  See RequestGlobals.push() for the general behavior.
+        top = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        if top is not None and top.preserved:
+            top.pop()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fe6148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests Flask itself.  The majority of Flask is already tested
+    as part of Werkzeug.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import os
+import sys
+import flask
+import warnings
+import unittest
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from werkzeug.utils import import_string, find_modules
+from flask._compat import reraise, StringIO
+
+
+def add_to_path(path):
+    """Adds an entry to sys.path if it's not already there.  This does
+    not append it but moves it to the front so that we can be sure it
+    is loaded.
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(path):
+        raise RuntimeError('Tried to add nonexisting path')
+
+    def _samefile(x, y):
+        if x == y:
+            return True
+        try:
+            return os.path.samefile(x, y)
+        except (IOError, OSError, AttributeError):
+            # Windows has no samefile
+            return False
+    sys.path[:] = [x for x in sys.path if not _samefile(path, x)]
+    sys.path.insert(0, path)
+
+
+def iter_suites():
+    """Yields all testsuites."""
+    for module in find_modules(__name__):
+        mod = import_string(module)
+        if hasattr(mod, 'suite'):
+            yield mod.suite()
+
+
+def find_all_tests(suite):
+    """Yields all the tests and their names from a given suite."""
+    suites = [suite]
+    while suites:
+        s = suites.pop()
+        try:
+            suites.extend(s)
+        except TypeError:
+            yield s, '%s.%s.%s' % (
+                s.__class__.__module__,
+                s.__class__.__name__,
+                s._testMethodName
+            )
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def catch_warnings():
+    """Catch warnings in a with block in a list"""
+    # make sure deprecation warnings are active in tests
+    warnings.simplefilter('default', category=DeprecationWarning)
+
+    filters = warnings.filters
+    warnings.filters = filters[:]
+    old_showwarning = warnings.showwarning
+    log = []
+    def showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None):
+        log.append(locals())
+    try:
+        warnings.showwarning = showwarning
+        yield log
+    finally:
+        warnings.filters = filters
+        warnings.showwarning = old_showwarning
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def catch_stderr():
+    """Catch stderr in a StringIO"""
+    old_stderr = sys.stderr
+    sys.stderr = rv = StringIO()
+    try:
+        yield rv
+    finally:
+        sys.stderr = old_stderr
+
+
+def emits_module_deprecation_warning(f):
+    def new_f(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        with catch_warnings() as log:
+            f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            self.assert_true(log, 'expected deprecation warning')
+            for entry in log:
+                self.assert_in('Modules are deprecated', str(entry['message']))
+    return update_wrapper(new_f, f)
+
+
+class FlaskTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Baseclass for all the tests that Flask uses.  Use these methods
+    for testing instead of the camelcased ones in the baseclass for
+    consistency.
+    """
+
+    def ensure_clean_request_context(self):
+        # make sure we're not leaking a request context since we are
+        # testing flask internally in debug mode in a few cases
+        leaks = []
+        while flask._request_ctx_stack.top is not None:
+            leaks.append(flask._request_ctx_stack.pop())
+        self.assert_equal(leaks, [])
+
+    def setup(self):
+        pass
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        pass
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.setup()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        unittest.TestCase.tearDown(self)
+        self.ensure_clean_request_context()
+        self.teardown()
+
+    def assert_equal(self, x, y):
+        return self.assertEqual(x, y)
+
+    def assert_raises(self, exc_type, callable=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        catcher = _ExceptionCatcher(self, exc_type)
+        if callable is None:
+            return catcher
+        with catcher:
+            callable(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def assert_true(self, x, msg=None):
+        self.assertTrue(x, msg)
+
+    def assert_false(self, x, msg=None):
+        self.assertFalse(x, msg)
+
+    def assert_in(self, x, y):
+        self.assertIn(x, y)
+
+    def assert_not_in(self, x, y):
+        self.assertNotIn(x, y)
+
+    if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
+        def assertIn(self, x, y):
+            assert x in y, "%r unexpectedly not in %r" % (x, y)
+
+        def assertNotIn(self, x, y):
+            assert x not in y, "%r unexpectedly in %r" % (x, y)
+
+
+class _ExceptionCatcher(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, test_case, exc_type):
+        self.test_case = test_case
+        self.exc_type = exc_type
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        exception_name = self.exc_type.__name__
+        if exc_type is None:
+            self.test_case.fail('Expected exception of type %r' %
+                                exception_name)
+        elif not issubclass(exc_type, self.exc_type):
+            reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
+        return True
+
+
+class BetterLoader(unittest.TestLoader):
+    """A nicer loader that solves two problems.  First of all we are setting
+    up tests from different sources and we're doing this programmatically
+    which breaks the default loading logic so this is required anyways.
+    Secondly this loader has a nicer interpolation for test names than the
+    default one so you can just do ``run-tests.py ViewTestCase`` and it
+    will work.
+    """
+
+    def getRootSuite(self):
+        return suite()
+
+    def loadTestsFromName(self, name, module=None):
+        root = self.getRootSuite()
+        if name == 'suite':
+            return root
+
+        all_tests = []
+        for testcase, testname in find_all_tests(root):
+            if testname == name or \
+               testname.endswith('.' + name) or \
+               ('.' + name + '.') in testname or \
+               testname.startswith(name + '.'):
+                all_tests.append(testcase)
+
+        if not all_tests:
+            raise LookupError('could not find test case for "%s"' % name)
+
+        if len(all_tests) == 1:
+            return all_tests[0]
+        rv = unittest.TestSuite()
+        for test in all_tests:
+            rv.addTest(test)
+        return rv
+
+
+def setup_path():
+    add_to_path(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(
+        os.path.dirname(__file__), 'test_apps')))
+
+
+def suite():
+    """A testsuite that has all the Flask tests.  You can use this
+    function to integrate the Flask tests into your own testsuite
+    in case you want to test that monkeypatches to Flask do not
+    break it.
+    """
+    setup_path()
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    for other_suite in iter_suites():
+        suite.addTest(other_suite)
+    return suite
+
+
+def main():
+    """Runs the testsuite as command line application."""
+    try:
+        unittest.main(testLoader=BetterLoader(), defaultTest='suite')
+    except Exception as e:
+        print('Error: %s' % e)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/appctx.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/appctx.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8524d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/appctx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.appctx
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests the application context.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2012 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+
+
+class AppContextTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_basic_url_generation(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
+        app.config['PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME'] = 'https'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            pass
+
+        with app.app_context():
+            rv = flask.url_for('index')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, 'https://localhost/')
+
+    def test_url_generation_requires_server_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.app_context():
+            with self.assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+                flask.url_for('index')
+
+    def test_url_generation_without_context_fails(self):
+        with self.assert_raises(RuntimeError):
+            flask.url_for('index')
+
+    def test_request_context_means_app_context(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.current_app._get_current_object(), app)
+        self.assert_equal(flask._app_ctx_stack.top, None)
+
+    def test_app_context_provides_current_app(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.app_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.current_app._get_current_object(), app)
+        self.assert_equal(flask._app_ctx_stack.top, None)
+
+    def test_app_tearing_down(self):
+        cleanup_stuff = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.teardown_appcontext
+        def cleanup(exception):
+            cleanup_stuff.append(exception)
+
+        with app.app_context():
+            pass
+
+        self.assert_equal(cleanup_stuff, [None])
+
+    def test_custom_app_ctx_globals_class(self):
+        class CustomRequestGlobals(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.spam = 'eggs'
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.app_ctx_globals_class = CustomRequestGlobals
+        with app.app_context():
+            self.assert_equal(
+                flask.render_template_string('{{ g.spam }}'), 'eggs')
+
+    def test_context_refcounts(self):
+        called = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def teardown_req(error=None):
+            called.append('request')
+        @app.teardown_appcontext
+        def teardown_app(error=None):
+            called.append('app')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            with flask._app_ctx_stack.top:
+                with flask._request_ctx_stack.top:
+                    pass
+            self.assert_true(flask._request_ctx_stack.top.request.environ
+                ['werkzeug.request'] is not None)
+            return u''
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        self.assertEqual(called, ['request', 'app'])
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(AppContextTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/basic.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/basic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51fd46f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/basic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1254 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.basic
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    The basic functionality.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import re
+import uuid
+import flask
+import pickle
+import unittest
+from datetime import datetime
+from threading import Thread
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase, emits_module_deprecation_warning
+from flask._compat import text_type
+from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest, NotFound
+from werkzeug.http import parse_date
+from werkzeug.routing import BuildError
+
+
+class BasicFunctionalityTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_options_work(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello World'
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/', method='OPTIONS')
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST'])
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'')
+
+    def test_options_on_multiple_rules(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello World'
+        @app.route('/', methods=['PUT'])
+        def index_put():
+            return 'Aha!'
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/', method='OPTIONS')
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST', 'PUT'])
+
+    def test_options_handling_disabled(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello World!'
+        index.provide_automatic_options = False
+        app.route('/')(index)
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/', method='OPTIONS')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 405)
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def index2():
+            return 'Hello World!'
+        index2.provide_automatic_options = True
+        app.route('/', methods=['OPTIONS'])(index2)
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/', method='OPTIONS')
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['OPTIONS'])
+
+    def test_request_dispatching(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.method
+        @app.route('/more', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+        def more():
+            return flask.request.method
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'GET')
+        rv = c.post('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 405)
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'])
+        rv = c.head('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_false(rv.data) # head truncates
+        self.assert_equal(c.post('/more').data, b'POST')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/more').data, b'GET')
+        rv = c.delete('/more')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 405)
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST'])
+
+    def test_url_mapping(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.method
+        def more():
+            return flask.request.method
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', index)
+        app.add_url_rule('/more', 'more', more, methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'GET')
+        rv = c.post('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 405)
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'])
+        rv = c.head('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_false(rv.data) # head truncates
+        self.assert_equal(c.post('/more').data, b'POST')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/more').data, b'GET')
+        rv = c.delete('/more')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 405)
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(rv.allow), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST'])
+
+    def test_werkzeug_routing(self):
+        from werkzeug.routing import Submount, Rule
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.url_map.add(Submount('/foo', [
+            Rule('/bar', endpoint='bar'),
+            Rule('/', endpoint='index')
+        ]))
+        def bar():
+            return 'bar'
+        def index():
+            return 'index'
+        app.view_functions['bar'] = bar
+        app.view_functions['index'] = index
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo/').data, b'index')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo/bar').data, b'bar')
+
+    def test_endpoint_decorator(self):
+        from werkzeug.routing import Submount, Rule
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.url_map.add(Submount('/foo', [
+            Rule('/bar', endpoint='bar'),
+            Rule('/', endpoint='index')
+        ]))
+
+        @app.endpoint('bar')
+        def bar():
+            return 'bar'
+
+        @app.endpoint('index')
+        def index():
+            return 'index'
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo/').data, b'index')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo/bar').data, b'bar')
+
+    def test_session(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'testkey'
+        @app.route('/set', methods=['POST'])
+        def set():
+            flask.session['value'] = flask.request.form['value']
+            return 'value set'
+        @app.route('/get')
+        def get():
+            return flask.session['value']
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.post('/set', data={'value': '42'}).data, b'value set')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/get').data, b'42')
+
+    def test_session_using_server_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.update(
+            SECRET_KEY='foo',
+            SERVER_NAME='example.com'
+        )
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.session['testing'] = 42
+            return 'Hello World'
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://example.com/')
+        self.assert_in('domain=.example.com', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+        self.assert_in('httponly', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+
+    def test_session_using_server_name_and_port(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.update(
+            SECRET_KEY='foo',
+            SERVER_NAME='example.com:8080'
+        )
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.session['testing'] = 42
+            return 'Hello World'
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://example.com:8080/')
+        self.assert_in('domain=.example.com', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+        self.assert_in('httponly', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+
+    def test_session_using_server_name_port_and_path(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.update(
+            SECRET_KEY='foo',
+            SERVER_NAME='example.com:8080',
+            APPLICATION_ROOT='/foo'
+        )
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.session['testing'] = 42
+            return 'Hello World'
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://example.com:8080/foo')
+        self.assert_in('domain=example.com', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+        self.assert_in('path=/foo', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+        self.assert_in('httponly', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+
+    def test_session_using_application_root(self):
+        class PrefixPathMiddleware(object):
+            def __init__(self, app, prefix):
+                self.app = app
+                self.prefix = prefix
+            def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+                environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = self.prefix
+                return self.app(environ, start_response)
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.wsgi_app = PrefixPathMiddleware(app.wsgi_app, '/bar')
+        app.config.update(
+            SECRET_KEY='foo',
+            APPLICATION_ROOT='/bar'
+        )
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.session['testing'] = 42
+            return 'Hello World'
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://example.com:8080/')
+        self.assert_in('path=/bar', rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower())
+
+    def test_session_using_session_settings(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.update(
+            SECRET_KEY='foo',
+            SERVER_NAME='www.example.com:8080',
+            APPLICATION_ROOT='/test',
+            SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN='.example.com',
+            SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=False,
+            SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True,
+            SESSION_COOKIE_PATH='/'
+        )
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.session['testing'] = 42
+            return 'Hello World'
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://www.example.com:8080/test/')
+        cookie = rv.headers['set-cookie'].lower()
+        self.assert_in('domain=.example.com', cookie)
+        self.assert_in('path=/', cookie)
+        self.assert_in('secure', cookie)
+        self.assert_not_in('httponly', cookie)
+
+    def test_missing_session(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def expect_exception(f, *args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                f(*args, **kwargs)
+            except RuntimeError as e:
+                self.assert_true(e.args and 'session is unavailable' in e.args[0])
+            else:
+                self.assert_true(False, 'expected exception')
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_true(flask.session.get('missing_key') is None)
+            expect_exception(flask.session.__setitem__, 'foo', 42)
+            expect_exception(flask.session.pop, 'foo')
+
+    def test_session_expiration(self):
+        permanent = True
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'testkey'
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.session['test'] = 42
+            flask.session.permanent = permanent
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/test')
+        def test():
+            return text_type(flask.session.permanent)
+
+        client = app.test_client()
+        rv = client.get('/')
+        self.assert_in('set-cookie', rv.headers)
+        match = re.search(r'\bexpires=([^;]+)(?i)', rv.headers['set-cookie'])
+        expires = parse_date(match.group())
+        expected = datetime.utcnow() + app.permanent_session_lifetime
+        self.assert_equal(expires.year, expected.year)
+        self.assert_equal(expires.month, expected.month)
+        self.assert_equal(expires.day, expected.day)
+
+        rv = client.get('/test')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'True')
+
+        permanent = False
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in('set-cookie', rv.headers)
+        match = re.search(r'\bexpires=([^;]+)', rv.headers['set-cookie'])
+        self.assert_true(match is None)
+
+    def test_session_stored_last(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'development-key'
+        app.testing = True
+
+        @app.after_request
+        def modify_session(response):
+            flask.session['foo'] = 42
+            return response
+        @app.route('/')
+        def dump_session_contents():
+            return repr(flask.session.get('foo'))
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'None')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'42')
+
+    def test_session_special_types(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'development-key'
+        app.testing = True
+        now = datetime.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0)
+        the_uuid = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        @app.after_request
+        def modify_session(response):
+            flask.session['m'] = flask.Markup('Hello!')
+            flask.session['u'] = the_uuid
+            flask.session['dt'] = now
+            flask.session['b'] = b'\xff'
+            flask.session['t'] = (1, 2, 3)
+            return response
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def dump_session_contents():
+            return pickle.dumps(dict(flask.session))
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        rv = pickle.loads(c.get('/').data)
+        self.assert_equal(rv['m'], flask.Markup('Hello!'))
+        self.assert_equal(type(rv['m']), flask.Markup)
+        self.assert_equal(rv['dt'], now)
+        self.assert_equal(rv['u'], the_uuid)
+        self.assert_equal(rv['b'], b'\xff')
+        self.assert_equal(type(rv['b']), bytes)
+        self.assert_equal(rv['t'], (1, 2, 3))
+
+    def test_flashes(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'testkey'
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_false(flask.session.modified)
+            flask.flash('Zap')
+            flask.session.modified = False
+            flask.flash('Zip')
+            self.assert_true(flask.session.modified)
+            self.assert_equal(list(flask.get_flashed_messages()), ['Zap', 'Zip'])
+
+    def test_extended_flashing(self):
+        # Be sure app.testing=True below, else tests can fail silently.
+        #
+        # Specifically, if app.testing is not set to True, the AssertionErrors
+        # in the view functions will cause a 500 response to the test client
+        # instead of propagating exceptions.
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'testkey'
+        app.testing = True
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.flash(u'Hello World')
+            flask.flash(u'Hello World', 'error')
+            flask.flash(flask.Markup(u'<em>Testing</em>'), 'warning')
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/test/')
+        def test():
+            messages = flask.get_flashed_messages()
+            self.assert_equal(len(messages), 3)
+            self.assert_equal(messages[0], u'Hello World')
+            self.assert_equal(messages[1], u'Hello World')
+            self.assert_equal(messages[2], flask.Markup(u'<em>Testing</em>'))
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/test_with_categories/')
+        def test_with_categories():
+            messages = flask.get_flashed_messages(with_categories=True)
+            self.assert_equal(len(messages), 3)
+            self.assert_equal(messages[0], ('message', u'Hello World'))
+            self.assert_equal(messages[1], ('error', u'Hello World'))
+            self.assert_equal(messages[2], ('warning', flask.Markup(u'<em>Testing</em>')))
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/test_filter/')
+        def test_filter():
+            messages = flask.get_flashed_messages(category_filter=['message'], with_categories=True)
+            self.assert_equal(len(messages), 1)
+            self.assert_equal(messages[0], ('message', u'Hello World'))
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/test_filters/')
+        def test_filters():
+            messages = flask.get_flashed_messages(category_filter=['message', 'warning'], with_categories=True)
+            self.assert_equal(len(messages), 2)
+            self.assert_equal(messages[0], ('message', u'Hello World'))
+            self.assert_equal(messages[1], ('warning', flask.Markup(u'<em>Testing</em>')))
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/test_filters_without_returning_categories/')
+        def test_filters2():
+            messages = flask.get_flashed_messages(category_filter=['message', 'warning'])
+            self.assert_equal(len(messages), 2)
+            self.assert_equal(messages[0], u'Hello World')
+            self.assert_equal(messages[1], flask.Markup(u'<em>Testing</em>'))
+            return ''
+
+        # Create new test client on each test to clean flashed messages.
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        c.get('/test/')
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        c.get('/test_with_categories/')
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        c.get('/test_filter/')
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        c.get('/test_filters/')
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        c.get('/test_filters_without_returning_categories/')
+
+    def test_request_processing(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        evts = []
+        @app.before_request
+        def before_request():
+            evts.append('before')
+        @app.after_request
+        def after_request(response):
+            response.data += b'|after'
+            evts.append('after')
+            return response
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            self.assert_in('before', evts)
+            self.assert_not_in('after', evts)
+            return 'request'
+        self.assert_not_in('after', evts)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/').data
+        self.assert_in('after', evts)
+        self.assert_equal(rv, b'request|after')
+
+    def test_after_request_processing(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            @flask.after_this_request
+            def foo(response):
+                response.headers['X-Foo'] = 'a header'
+                return response
+            return 'Test'
+        c = app.test_client()
+        resp = c.get('/')
+        self.assertEqual(resp.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(resp.headers['X-Foo'], 'a header')
+
+    def test_teardown_request_handler(self):
+        called = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def teardown_request(exc):
+            called.append(True)
+            return "Ignored"
+        @app.route('/')
+        def root():
+            return "Response"
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_in(b'Response', rv.data)
+        self.assert_equal(len(called), 1)
+
+    def test_teardown_request_handler_debug_mode(self):
+        called = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def teardown_request(exc):
+            called.append(True)
+            return "Ignored"
+        @app.route('/')
+        def root():
+            return "Response"
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_in(b'Response', rv.data)
+        self.assert_equal(len(called), 1)
+
+    def test_teardown_request_handler_error(self):
+        called = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def teardown_request1(exc):
+            self.assert_equal(type(exc), ZeroDivisionError)
+            called.append(True)
+            # This raises a new error and blows away sys.exc_info(), so we can
+            # test that all teardown_requests get passed the same original
+            # exception.
+            try:
+                raise TypeError()
+            except:
+                pass
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def teardown_request2(exc):
+            self.assert_equal(type(exc), ZeroDivisionError)
+            called.append(True)
+            # This raises a new error and blows away sys.exc_info(), so we can
+            # test that all teardown_requests get passed the same original
+            # exception.
+            try:
+                raise TypeError()
+            except:
+                pass
+        @app.route('/')
+        def fails():
+            1 // 0
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 500)
+        self.assert_in(b'Internal Server Error', rv.data)
+        self.assert_equal(len(called), 2)
+
+    def test_before_after_request_order(self):
+        called = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.before_request
+        def before1():
+            called.append(1)
+        @app.before_request
+        def before2():
+            called.append(2)
+        @app.after_request
+        def after1(response):
+            called.append(4)
+            return response
+        @app.after_request
+        def after2(response):
+            called.append(3)
+            return response
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def finish1(exc):
+            called.append(6)
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def finish2(exc):
+            called.append(5)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return '42'
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'42')
+        self.assert_equal(called, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+    def test_error_handling(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.errorhandler(404)
+        def not_found(e):
+            return 'not found', 404
+        @app.errorhandler(500)
+        def internal_server_error(e):
+            return 'internal server error', 500
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.abort(404)
+        @app.route('/error')
+        def error():
+            1 // 0
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 404)
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'not found')
+        rv = c.get('/error')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 500)
+        self.assert_equal(b'internal server error', rv.data)
+
+    def test_before_request_and_routing_errors(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.before_request
+        def attach_something():
+            flask.g.something = 'value'
+        @app.errorhandler(404)
+        def return_something(error):
+            return flask.g.something, 404
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 404)
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'value')
+
+    def test_user_error_handling(self):
+        class MyException(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.errorhandler(MyException)
+        def handle_my_exception(e):
+            self.assert_true(isinstance(e, MyException))
+            return '42'
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            raise MyException()
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'42')
+
+    def test_trapping_of_bad_request_key_errors(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.route('/fail')
+        def fail():
+            flask.request.form['missing_key']
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/fail').status_code, 400)
+
+        app.config['TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS'] = True
+        c = app.test_client()
+        try:
+            c.get('/fail')
+        except KeyError as e:
+            self.assert_true(isinstance(e, BadRequest))
+        else:
+            self.fail('Expected exception')
+
+    def test_trapping_of_all_http_exceptions(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.config['TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS'] = True
+        @app.route('/fail')
+        def fail():
+            flask.abort(404)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        try:
+            c.get('/fail')
+        except NotFound as e:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('Expected exception')
+
+    def test_enctype_debug_helper(self):
+        from flask.debughelpers import DebugFilesKeyError
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+        @app.route('/fail', methods=['POST'])
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.files['foo'].filename
+
+        # with statement is important because we leave an exception on the
+        # stack otherwise and we want to ensure that this is not the case
+        # to not negatively affect other tests.
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            try:
+                c.post('/fail', data={'foo': 'index.txt'})
+            except DebugFilesKeyError as e:
+                self.assert_in('no file contents were transmitted', str(e))
+                self.assert_in('This was submitted: "index.txt"', str(e))
+            else:
+                self.fail('Expected exception')
+
+    def test_response_creation(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/unicode')
+        def from_unicode():
+            return u'Hällo Wörld'
+        @app.route('/string')
+        def from_string():
+            return u'Hällo Wörld'.encode('utf-8')
+        @app.route('/args')
+        def from_tuple():
+            return 'Meh', 400, {
+                'X-Foo': 'Testing',
+                'Content-Type': 'text/plain; charset=utf-8'
+            }
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/unicode').data, u'Hällo Wörld'.encode('utf-8'))
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/string').data, u'Hällo Wörld'.encode('utf-8'))
+        rv = c.get('/args')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Meh')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.headers['X-Foo'], 'Testing')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 400)
+        self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/plain')
+
+    def test_make_response(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            rv = flask.make_response()
+            self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+
+            rv = flask.make_response('Awesome')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Awesome')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+
+            rv = flask.make_response('W00t', 404)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 404)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'W00t')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+
+    def test_make_response_with_response_instance(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            rv = flask.make_response(
+                flask.jsonify({'msg': 'W00t'}), 400)
+            self.assertEqual(rv.status_code, 400)
+            self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'{\n  "msg": "W00t"\n}')
+            self.assertEqual(rv.mimetype, 'application/json')
+
+            rv = flask.make_response(
+                flask.Response(''), 400)
+            self.assertEqual(rv.status_code, 400)
+            self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'')
+            self.assertEqual(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+
+            rv = flask.make_response(
+                flask.Response('', headers={'Content-Type': 'text/html'}),
+                400, [('X-Foo', 'bar')])
+            self.assertEqual(rv.status_code, 400)
+            self.assertEqual(rv.headers['Content-Type'], 'text/html')
+            self.assertEqual(rv.headers['X-Foo'], 'bar')
+
+    def test_url_generation(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/hello/<name>', methods=['POST'])
+        def hello():
+            pass
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('hello', name='test x'), '/hello/test%20x')
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('hello', name='test x', _external=True),
+                              'http://localhost/hello/test%20x')
+
+    def test_build_error_handler(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        # Test base case, a URL which results in a BuildError.
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assertRaises(BuildError, flask.url_for, 'spam')
+
+        # Verify the error is re-raised if not the current exception.
+        try:
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                flask.url_for('spam')
+        except BuildError as err:
+            error = err
+        try:
+            raise RuntimeError('Test case where BuildError is not current.')
+        except RuntimeError:
+            self.assertRaises(BuildError, app.handle_url_build_error, error, 'spam', {})
+
+        # Test a custom handler.
+        def handler(error, endpoint, values):
+            # Just a test.
+            return '/test_handler/'
+        app.url_build_error_handlers.append(handler)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('spam'), '/test_handler/')
+
+    def test_custom_converters(self):
+        from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
+        class ListConverter(BaseConverter):
+            def to_python(self, value):
+                return value.split(',')
+            def to_url(self, value):
+                base_to_url = super(ListConverter, self).to_url
+                return ','.join(base_to_url(x) for x in value)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.url_map.converters['list'] = ListConverter
+        @app.route('/<list:args>')
+        def index(args):
+            return '|'.join(args)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/1,2,3').data, b'1|2|3')
+
+    def test_static_files(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/static/index.html')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.strip(), b'<h1>Hello World!</h1>')
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('static', filename='index.html'),
+                              '/static/index.html')
+        rv.close()
+
+    def test_none_response(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def test():
+            return None
+        try:
+            app.test_client().get('/')
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.assert_equal(str(e), 'View function did not return a response')
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.assert_true("Expected ValueError")
+
+    def test_request_locals(self):
+        self.assert_equal(repr(flask.g), '<LocalProxy unbound>')
+        self.assertFalse(flask.g)
+
+    def test_test_app_proper_environ(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.update(
+            SERVER_NAME='localhost.localdomain:5000'
+        )
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'Foo'
+
+        @app.route('/', subdomain='foo')
+        def subdomain():
+            return 'Foo SubDomain'
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Foo')
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://localhost.localdomain:5000')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Foo')
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'https://localhost.localdomain:5000')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Foo')
+
+        app.config.update(SERVER_NAME='localhost.localdomain')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'https://localhost.localdomain')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Foo')
+
+        try:
+            app.config.update(SERVER_NAME='localhost.localdomain:443')
+            rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'https://localhost.localdomain')
+            # Werkzeug 0.8
+            self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 404)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            # Werkzeug 0.7
+            self.assert_equal(str(e), "the server name provided " +
+                    "('localhost.localdomain:443') does not match the " + \
+                    "server name from the WSGI environment ('localhost.localdomain')")
+
+        try:
+            app.config.update(SERVER_NAME='localhost.localdomain')
+            rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://foo.localhost')
+            # Werkzeug 0.8
+            self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 404)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            # Werkzeug 0.7
+            self.assert_equal(str(e), "the server name provided " + \
+                    "('localhost.localdomain') does not match the " + \
+                    "server name from the WSGI environment ('foo.localhost')")
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/', 'http://foo.localhost.localdomain')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Foo SubDomain')
+
+    def test_exception_propagation(self):
+        def apprunner(configkey):
+            app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+            @app.route('/')
+            def index():
+                1 // 0
+            c = app.test_client()
+            if config_key is not None:
+                app.config[config_key] = True
+                try:
+                    resp = c.get('/')
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self.fail('expected exception')
+            else:
+                self.assert_equal(c.get('/').status_code, 500)
+
+        # we have to run this test in an isolated thread because if the
+        # debug flag is set to true and an exception happens the context is
+        # not torn down.  This causes other tests that run after this fail
+        # when they expect no exception on the stack.
+        for config_key in 'TESTING', 'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS', 'DEBUG', None:
+            t = Thread(target=apprunner, args=(config_key,))
+            t.start()
+            t.join()
+
+    def test_max_content_length(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH'] = 64
+        @app.before_request
+        def always_first():
+            flask.request.form['myfile']
+            self.assert_true(False)
+        @app.route('/accept', methods=['POST'])
+        def accept_file():
+            flask.request.form['myfile']
+            self.assert_true(False)
+        @app.errorhandler(413)
+        def catcher(error):
+            return '42'
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.post('/accept', data={'myfile': 'foo' * 100})
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'42')
+
+    def test_url_processors(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        @app.url_defaults
+        def add_language_code(endpoint, values):
+            if flask.g.lang_code is not None and \
+               app.url_map.is_endpoint_expecting(endpoint, 'lang_code'):
+                values.setdefault('lang_code', flask.g.lang_code)
+
+        @app.url_value_preprocessor
+        def pull_lang_code(endpoint, values):
+            flask.g.lang_code = values.pop('lang_code', None)
+
+        @app.route('/<lang_code>/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.url_for('about')
+
+        @app.route('/<lang_code>/about')
+        def about():
+            return flask.url_for('something_else')
+
+        @app.route('/foo')
+        def something_else():
+            return flask.url_for('about', lang_code='en')
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/de/').data, b'/de/about')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/de/about').data, b'/foo')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo').data, b'/en/about')
+
+    def test_inject_blueprint_url_defaults(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('foo.bar.baz', __name__,
+                       template_folder='template')
+
+        @bp.url_defaults
+        def bp_defaults(endpoint, values):
+            values['page'] = 'login'
+        @bp.route('/<page>')
+        def view(page): pass
+
+        app.register_blueprint(bp)
+
+        values = dict()
+        app.inject_url_defaults('foo.bar.baz.view', values)
+        expected = dict(page='login')
+        self.assert_equal(values, expected)
+
+        with app.test_request_context('/somepage'):
+            url = flask.url_for('foo.bar.baz.view')
+        expected = '/login'
+        self.assert_equal(url, expected)
+
+    def test_nonascii_pathinfo(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+
+        @app.route(u'/киртест')
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello World!'
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get(u'/киртест')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello World!')
+
+    def test_debug_mode_complains_after_first_request(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'Awesome'
+        self.assert_false(app.got_first_request)
+        self.assert_equal(app.test_client().get('/').data, b'Awesome')
+        try:
+            @app.route('/foo')
+            def broken():
+                return 'Meh'
+        except AssertionError as e:
+            self.assert_in('A setup function was called', str(e))
+        else:
+            self.fail('Expected exception')
+
+        app.debug = False
+        @app.route('/foo')
+        def working():
+            return 'Meh'
+        self.assert_equal(app.test_client().get('/foo').data, b'Meh')
+        self.assert_true(app.got_first_request)
+
+    def test_before_first_request_functions(self):
+        got = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.before_first_request
+        def foo():
+            got.append(42)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(got, [42])
+        c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(got, [42])
+        self.assert_true(app.got_first_request)
+
+    def test_routing_redirect_debugging(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+        @app.route('/foo/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+        def foo():
+            return 'success'
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            try:
+                c.post('/foo', data={})
+            except AssertionError as e:
+                self.assert_in('http://localhost/foo/', str(e))
+                self.assert_in('Make sure to directly send your POST-request '
+                               'to this URL', str(e))
+            else:
+                self.fail('Expected exception')
+
+            rv = c.get('/foo', data={}, follow_redirects=True)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'success')
+
+        app.debug = False
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.post('/foo', data={}, follow_redirects=True)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'success')
+
+    def test_route_decorator_custom_endpoint(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+
+        @app.route('/foo/')
+        def foo():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        @app.route('/bar/', endpoint='bar')
+        def for_bar():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        @app.route('/bar/123', endpoint='123')
+        def for_bar_foo():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            assert flask.url_for('foo') == '/foo/'
+            assert flask.url_for('bar') == '/bar/'
+            assert flask.url_for('123') == '/bar/123'
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/foo/').data, b'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/bar/').data, b'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/bar/123').data, b'123')
+
+    def test_preserve_only_once(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+
+        @app.route('/fail')
+        def fail_func():
+            1 // 0
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        for x in range(3):
+            with self.assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError):
+                c.get('/fail')
+
+        self.assert_true(flask._request_ctx_stack.top is not None)
+        self.assert_true(flask._app_ctx_stack.top is not None)
+        # implicit appctx disappears too
+        flask._request_ctx_stack.top.pop()
+        self.assert_true(flask._request_ctx_stack.top is None)
+        self.assert_true(flask._app_ctx_stack.top is None)
+
+    def test_preserve_remembers_exception(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+        errors = []
+
+        @app.route('/fail')
+        def fail_func():
+            1 // 0
+
+        @app.route('/success')
+        def success_func():
+            return 'Okay'
+
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def teardown_handler(exc):
+            errors.append(exc)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        # After this failure we did not yet call the teardown handler
+        with self.assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError):
+            c.get('/fail')
+        self.assert_equal(errors, [])
+
+        # But this request triggers it, and it's an error
+        c.get('/success')
+        self.assert_equal(len(errors), 2)
+        self.assert_true(isinstance(errors[0], ZeroDivisionError))
+
+        # At this point another request does nothing.
+        c.get('/success')
+        self.assert_equal(len(errors), 3)
+        self.assert_equal(errors[1], None)
+
+    def test_get_method_on_g(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+
+        with app.app_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.g.get('x'), None)
+            self.assert_equal(flask.g.get('x', 11), 11)
+            flask.g.x = 42
+            self.assert_equal(flask.g.get('x'), 42)
+            self.assert_equal(flask.g.x, 42)
+
+    def test_g_iteration_protocol(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+
+        with app.app_context():
+            flask.g.foo = 23
+            flask.g.bar = 42
+            self.assert_equal('foo' in flask.g, True)
+            self.assert_equal('foos' in flask.g, False)
+            self.assert_equal(sorted(flask.g), ['bar', 'foo'])
+
+
+class SubdomainTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_basic_support(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
+        @app.route('/')
+        def normal_index():
+            return 'normal index'
+        @app.route('/', subdomain='test')
+        def test_index():
+            return 'test index'
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/', 'http://localhost/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'normal index')
+
+        rv = c.get('/', 'http://test.localhost/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'test index')
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_module_static_path_subdomain(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'example.com'
+        from subdomaintestmodule import mod
+        app.register_module(mod)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/static/hello.txt', 'http://foo.example.com/')
+        rv.direct_passthrough = False
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.strip(), b'Hello Subdomain')
+        rv.close()
+
+    def test_subdomain_matching(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
+        @app.route('/', subdomain='<user>')
+        def index(user):
+            return 'index for %s' % user
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/', 'http://mitsuhiko.localhost/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'index for mitsuhiko')
+
+    def test_subdomain_matching_with_ports(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost:3000'
+        @app.route('/', subdomain='<user>')
+        def index(user):
+            return 'index for %s' % user
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/', 'http://mitsuhiko.localhost:3000/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'index for mitsuhiko')
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_module_subdomain_support(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        mod = flask.Module(__name__, 'test', subdomain='testing')
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'localhost'
+
+        @mod.route('/test')
+        def test():
+            return 'Test'
+
+        @mod.route('/outside', subdomain='xtesting')
+        def bar():
+            return 'Outside'
+
+        app.register_module(mod)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/test', 'http://testing.localhost/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Test')
+        rv = c.get('/outside', 'http://xtesting.localhost/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Outside')
+
+    def test_multi_route_rules(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        @app.route('/<test>/')
+        def index(test='a'):
+            return test
+
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'a')
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/b/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'b')
+
+    def test_multi_route_class_views(self):
+        class View(object):
+            def __init__(self, app):
+                app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', self.index)
+                app.add_url_rule('/<test>/', 'index', self.index)
+
+            def index(self, test='a'):
+                return test
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        _ = View(app)
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'a')
+        rv = app.test_client().open('/b/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'b')
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(BasicFunctionalityTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SubdomainTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/blueprints.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/blueprints.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72cf518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/blueprints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,790 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.blueprints
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Blueprints (and currently modules)
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+import warnings
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase, emits_module_deprecation_warning
+from flask._compat import text_type
+from werkzeug.exceptions import NotFound
+from werkzeug.http import parse_cache_control_header
+from jinja2 import TemplateNotFound
+
+
+# import moduleapp here because it uses deprecated features and we don't
+# want to see the warnings
+warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
+from moduleapp import app as moduleapp
+warnings.simplefilter('default', DeprecationWarning)
+
+
+class ModuleTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_basic_module(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        admin = flask.Module(__name__, 'admin', url_prefix='/admin')
+        @admin.route('/')
+        def admin_index():
+            return 'admin index'
+        @admin.route('/login')
+        def admin_login():
+            return 'admin login'
+        @admin.route('/logout')
+        def admin_logout():
+            return 'admin logout'
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'the index'
+        app.register_module(admin)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'the index')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/admin/').data, b'admin index')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/admin/login').data, b'admin login')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/admin/logout').data, b'admin logout')
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_default_endpoint_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        mod = flask.Module(__name__, 'frontend')
+        def index():
+            return 'Awesome'
+        mod.add_url_rule('/', view_func=index)
+        app.register_module(mod)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Awesome')
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('frontend.index'), '/')
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_request_processing(self):
+        catched = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        admin = flask.Module(__name__, 'admin', url_prefix='/admin')
+        @admin.before_request
+        def before_admin_request():
+            catched.append('before-admin')
+        @admin.after_request
+        def after_admin_request(response):
+            catched.append('after-admin')
+            return response
+        @admin.route('/')
+        def admin_index():
+            return 'the admin'
+        @app.before_request
+        def before_request():
+            catched.append('before-app')
+        @app.after_request
+        def after_request(response):
+            catched.append('after-app')
+            return response
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'the index'
+        app.register_module(admin)
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'the index')
+        self.assert_equal(catched, ['before-app', 'after-app'])
+        del catched[:]
+
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/admin/').data, b'the admin')
+        self.assert_equal(catched, ['before-app', 'before-admin',
+                           'after-admin', 'after-app'])
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_context_processors(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        admin = flask.Module(__name__, 'admin', url_prefix='/admin')
+        @app.context_processor
+        def inject_all_regular():
+            return {'a': 1}
+        @admin.context_processor
+        def inject_admin():
+            return {'b': 2}
+        @admin.app_context_processor
+        def inject_all_module():
+            return {'c': 3}
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template_string('{{ a }}{{ b }}{{ c }}')
+        @admin.route('/')
+        def admin_index():
+            return flask.render_template_string('{{ a }}{{ b }}{{ c }}')
+        app.register_module(admin)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'13')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/admin/').data, b'123')
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_late_binding(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        admin = flask.Module(__name__, 'admin')
+        @admin.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return '42'
+        app.register_module(admin, url_prefix='/admin')
+        self.assert_equal(app.test_client().get('/admin/').data, b'42')
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_error_handling(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        admin = flask.Module(__name__, 'admin')
+        @admin.app_errorhandler(404)
+        def not_found(e):
+            return 'not found', 404
+        @admin.app_errorhandler(500)
+        def internal_server_error(e):
+            return 'internal server error', 500
+        @admin.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.abort(404)
+        @admin.route('/error')
+        def error():
+            1 // 0
+        app.register_module(admin)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 404)
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'not found')
+        rv = c.get('/error')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 500)
+        self.assert_equal(b'internal server error', rv.data)
+
+    def test_templates_and_static(self):
+        app = moduleapp
+        app.testing = True
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello from the Frontend')
+        rv = c.get('/admin/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello from the Admin')
+        rv = c.get('/admin/index2')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello from the Admin')
+        rv = c.get('/admin/static/test.txt')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.strip(), b'Admin File')
+        rv.close()
+        rv = c.get('/admin/static/css/test.css')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.strip(), b'/* nested file */')
+        rv.close()
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('admin.static', filename='test.txt'),
+                              '/admin/static/test.txt')
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            try:
+                flask.render_template('missing.html')
+            except TemplateNotFound as e:
+                self.assert_equal(e.name, 'missing.html')
+            else:
+                self.assert_true(0, 'expected exception')
+
+        with flask.Flask(__name__).test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.render_template('nested/nested.txt'), 'I\'m nested')
+
+    def test_safe_access(self):
+        app = moduleapp
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            f = app.view_functions['admin.static']
+
+            try:
+                f('/etc/passwd')
+            except NotFound:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assert_true(0, 'expected exception')
+            try:
+                f('../__init__.py')
+            except NotFound:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assert_true(0, 'expected exception')
+
+            # testcase for a security issue that may exist on windows systems
+            import os
+            import ntpath
+            old_path = os.path
+            os.path = ntpath
+            try:
+                try:
+                    f('..\\__init__.py')
+                except NotFound:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self.assert_true(0, 'expected exception')
+            finally:
+                os.path = old_path
+
+    @emits_module_deprecation_warning
+    def test_endpoint_decorator(self):
+        from werkzeug.routing import Submount, Rule
+        from flask import Module
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.url_map.add(Submount('/foo', [
+            Rule('/bar', endpoint='bar'),
+            Rule('/', endpoint='index')
+        ]))
+        module = Module(__name__, __name__)
+
+        @module.endpoint('bar')
+        def bar():
+            return 'bar'
+
+        @module.endpoint('index')
+        def index():
+            return 'index'
+
+        app.register_module(module)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo/').data, b'index')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/foo/bar').data, b'bar')
+
+
+class BlueprintTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_blueprint_specific_error_handling(self):
+        frontend = flask.Blueprint('frontend', __name__)
+        backend = flask.Blueprint('backend', __name__)
+        sideend = flask.Blueprint('sideend', __name__)
+
+        @frontend.errorhandler(403)
+        def frontend_forbidden(e):
+            return 'frontend says no', 403
+
+        @frontend.route('/frontend-no')
+        def frontend_no():
+            flask.abort(403)
+
+        @backend.errorhandler(403)
+        def backend_forbidden(e):
+            return 'backend says no', 403
+
+        @backend.route('/backend-no')
+        def backend_no():
+            flask.abort(403)
+
+        @sideend.route('/what-is-a-sideend')
+        def sideend_no():
+            flask.abort(403)
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(frontend)
+        app.register_blueprint(backend)
+        app.register_blueprint(sideend)
+
+        @app.errorhandler(403)
+        def app_forbidden(e):
+            return 'application itself says no', 403
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/frontend-no').data, b'frontend says no')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/backend-no').data, b'backend says no')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/what-is-a-sideend').data, b'application itself says no')
+
+    def test_blueprint_url_definitions(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('test', __name__)
+
+        @bp.route('/foo', defaults={'baz': 42})
+        def foo(bar, baz):
+            return '%s/%d' % (bar, baz)
+
+        @bp.route('/bar')
+        def bar(bar):
+            return text_type(bar)
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/1', url_defaults={'bar': 23})
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/2', url_defaults={'bar': 19})
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/1/foo').data, b'23/42')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/2/foo').data, b'19/42')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/1/bar').data, b'23')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/2/bar').data, b'19')
+
+    def test_blueprint_url_processors(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('frontend', __name__, url_prefix='/<lang_code>')
+
+        @bp.url_defaults
+        def add_language_code(endpoint, values):
+            values.setdefault('lang_code', flask.g.lang_code)
+
+        @bp.url_value_preprocessor
+        def pull_lang_code(endpoint, values):
+            flask.g.lang_code = values.pop('lang_code')
+
+        @bp.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.url_for('.about')
+
+        @bp.route('/about')
+        def about():
+            return flask.url_for('.index')
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/de/').data, b'/de/about')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/de/about').data, b'/de/')
+
+    def test_templates_and_static(self):
+        from blueprintapp import app
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello from the Frontend')
+        rv = c.get('/admin/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello from the Admin')
+        rv = c.get('/admin/index2')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello from the Admin')
+        rv = c.get('/admin/static/test.txt')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.strip(), b'Admin File')
+        rv.close()
+        rv = c.get('/admin/static/css/test.css')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.strip(), b'/* nested file */')
+        rv.close()
+
+        # try/finally, in case other tests use this app for Blueprint tests.
+        max_age_default = app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT']
+        try:
+            expected_max_age = 3600
+            if app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] == expected_max_age:
+                expected_max_age = 7200
+            app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] = expected_max_age
+            rv = c.get('/admin/static/css/test.css')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, expected_max_age)
+            rv.close()
+        finally:
+            app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] = max_age_default
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('admin.static', filename='test.txt'),
+                              '/admin/static/test.txt')
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            try:
+                flask.render_template('missing.html')
+            except TemplateNotFound as e:
+                self.assert_equal(e.name, 'missing.html')
+            else:
+                self.assert_true(0, 'expected exception')
+
+        with flask.Flask(__name__).test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.render_template('nested/nested.txt'), 'I\'m nested')
+
+    def test_default_static_cache_timeout(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        class MyBlueprint(flask.Blueprint):
+            def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename):
+                return 100
+
+        blueprint = MyBlueprint('blueprint', __name__, static_folder='static')
+        app.register_blueprint(blueprint)
+
+        # try/finally, in case other tests use this app for Blueprint tests.
+        max_age_default = app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT']
+        try:
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                unexpected_max_age = 3600
+                if app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] == unexpected_max_age:
+                    unexpected_max_age = 7200
+                app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] = unexpected_max_age
+                rv = blueprint.send_static_file('index.html')
+                cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+                self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 100)
+                rv.close()
+        finally:
+            app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] = max_age_default
+
+    def test_templates_list(self):
+        from blueprintapp import app
+        templates = sorted(app.jinja_env.list_templates())
+        self.assert_equal(templates, ['admin/index.html',
+                                     'frontend/index.html'])
+
+    def test_dotted_names(self):
+        frontend = flask.Blueprint('myapp.frontend', __name__)
+        backend = flask.Blueprint('myapp.backend', __name__)
+
+        @frontend.route('/fe')
+        def frontend_index():
+            return flask.url_for('myapp.backend.backend_index')
+
+        @frontend.route('/fe2')
+        def frontend_page2():
+            return flask.url_for('.frontend_index')
+
+        @backend.route('/be')
+        def backend_index():
+            return flask.url_for('myapp.frontend.frontend_index')
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(frontend)
+        app.register_blueprint(backend)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/fe').data.strip(), b'/be')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/fe2').data.strip(), b'/fe')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/be').data.strip(), b'/fe')
+
+    def test_dotted_names_from_app(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        test = flask.Blueprint('test', __name__)
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def app_index():
+            return flask.url_for('test.index')
+
+        @test.route('/test/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.url_for('app_index')
+
+        app.register_blueprint(test)
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'/test/')
+
+    def test_empty_url_defaults(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+
+        @bp.route('/', defaults={'page': 1})
+        @bp.route('/page/<int:page>')
+        def something(page):
+            return str(page)
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'1')
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/page/2').data, b'2')
+
+    def test_route_decorator_custom_endpoint(self):
+
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+
+        @bp.route('/foo')
+        def foo():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        @bp.route('/bar', endpoint='bar')
+        def foo_bar():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        @bp.route('/bar/123', endpoint='123')
+        def foo_bar_foo():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        @bp.route('/bar/foo')
+        def bar_foo():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/').data, b'index')
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/py/foo').data, b'bp.foo')
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/py/bar').data, b'bp.bar')
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/py/bar/123').data, b'bp.123')
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/py/bar/foo').data, b'bp.bar_foo')
+
+    def test_route_decorator_custom_endpoint_with_dots(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+
+        @bp.route('/foo')
+        def foo():
+            return flask.request.endpoint
+
+        try:
+            @bp.route('/bar', endpoint='bar.bar')
+            def foo_bar():
+                return flask.request.endpoint
+        except AssertionError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError('expected AssertionError not raised')
+
+        try:
+            @bp.route('/bar/123', endpoint='bar.123')
+            def foo_bar_foo():
+                return flask.request.endpoint
+        except AssertionError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError('expected AssertionError not raised')
+
+        def foo_foo_foo():
+            pass
+
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AssertionError,
+            lambda: bp.add_url_rule(
+                '/bar/123', endpoint='bar.123', view_func=foo_foo_foo
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.assertRaises(
+            AssertionError,
+            bp.route('/bar/123', endpoint='bar.123'),
+            lambda: None
+        )
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        self.assertEqual(c.get('/py/foo').data, b'bp.foo')
+        # The rule's didn't actually made it through
+        rv = c.get('/py/bar')
+        assert rv.status_code == 404
+        rv = c.get('/py/bar/123')
+        assert rv.status_code == 404
+
+    def test_template_filter(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_filter()
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('my_reverse', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        bp.add_app_template_filter(my_reverse)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('my_reverse', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_with_name(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_filter('strrev')
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('strrev', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter_with_name(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        bp.add_app_template_filter(my_reverse, 'strrev')
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('strrev', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_with_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_filter()
+        def super_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_after_route_with_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_filter()
+        def super_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter_with_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def super_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        bp.add_app_template_filter(super_reverse)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_with_name_and_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_filter('super_reverse')
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter_with_name_and_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        bp.add_app_template_filter(my_reverse, 'super_reverse')
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_test(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_test()
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('is_boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['is_boolean'], is_boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['is_boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_add_template_test(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        bp.add_app_template_test(is_boolean)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('is_boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['is_boolean'], is_boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['is_boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_template_test_with_name(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_test('boolean')
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'], is_boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_add_template_test_with_name(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        bp.add_app_template_test(is_boolean, 'boolean')
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        self.assert_in('boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'], is_boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_template_test_with_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_test()
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_template_test_after_route_with_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_test()
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_add_template_test_with_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        bp.add_app_template_test(boolean)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_template_test_with_name_and_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        @bp.app_template_test('boolean')
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_add_template_test_with_name_and_template(self):
+        bp = flask.Blueprint('bp', __name__)
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        bp.add_app_template_test(is_boolean, 'boolean')
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/py')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(BlueprintTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(ModuleTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/config.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..477c6db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.config
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Configuration and instances.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import flask
+import pkgutil
+import unittest
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+
+
+# config keys used for the ConfigTestCase
+TEST_KEY = 'foo'
+SECRET_KEY = 'devkey'
+
+
+class ConfigTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def common_object_test(self, app):
+        self.assert_equal(app.secret_key, 'devkey')
+        self.assert_equal(app.config['TEST_KEY'], 'foo')
+        self.assert_not_in('ConfigTestCase', app.config)
+
+    def test_config_from_file(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.from_pyfile(__file__.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + '.py')
+        self.common_object_test(app)
+
+    def test_config_from_object(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.from_object(__name__)
+        self.common_object_test(app)
+
+    def test_config_from_class(self):
+        class Base(object):
+            TEST_KEY = 'foo'
+        class Test(Base):
+            SECRET_KEY = 'devkey'
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.from_object(Test)
+        self.common_object_test(app)
+
+    def test_config_from_envvar(self):
+        env = os.environ
+        try:
+            os.environ = {}
+            app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+            try:
+                app.config.from_envvar('FOO_SETTINGS')
+            except RuntimeError as e:
+                self.assert_true("'FOO_SETTINGS' is not set" in str(e))
+            else:
+                self.assert_true(0, 'expected exception')
+            self.assert_false(app.config.from_envvar('FOO_SETTINGS', silent=True))
+
+            os.environ = {'FOO_SETTINGS': __file__.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + '.py'}
+            self.assert_true(app.config.from_envvar('FOO_SETTINGS'))
+            self.common_object_test(app)
+        finally:
+            os.environ = env
+
+    def test_config_from_envvar_missing(self):
+        env = os.environ
+        try:
+            os.environ = {'FOO_SETTINGS': 'missing.cfg'}
+            try:
+                app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+                app.config.from_envvar('FOO_SETTINGS')
+            except IOError as e:
+                msg = str(e)
+                self.assert_true(msg.startswith('[Errno 2] Unable to load configuration '
+                                            'file (No such file or directory):'))
+                self.assert_true(msg.endswith("missing.cfg'"))
+            else:
+                self.fail('expected IOError')
+            self.assertFalse(app.config.from_envvar('FOO_SETTINGS', silent=True))
+        finally:
+            os.environ = env
+
+    def test_config_missing(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        try:
+            app.config.from_pyfile('missing.cfg')
+        except IOError as e:
+            msg = str(e)
+            self.assert_true(msg.startswith('[Errno 2] Unable to load configuration '
+                                        'file (No such file or directory):'))
+            self.assert_true(msg.endswith("missing.cfg'"))
+        else:
+            self.assert_true(0, 'expected config')
+        self.assert_false(app.config.from_pyfile('missing.cfg', silent=True))
+
+    def test_session_lifetime(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME'] = 42
+        self.assert_equal(app.permanent_session_lifetime.seconds, 42)
+
+
+class LimitedLoaderMockWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, loader):
+        self.loader = loader
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name in ('archive', 'get_filename'):
+            msg = 'Mocking a loader which does not have `%s.`' % name
+            raise AttributeError(msg)
+        return getattr(self.loader, name)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def patch_pkgutil_get_loader(wrapper_class=LimitedLoaderMockWrapper):
+    """Patch pkgutil.get_loader to give loader without get_filename or archive.
+
+    This provides for tests where a system has custom loaders, e.g. Google App
+    Engine's HardenedModulesHook, which have neither the `get_filename` method
+    nor the `archive` attribute.
+    """
+    old_get_loader = pkgutil.get_loader
+    def get_loader(*args, **kwargs):
+        return wrapper_class(old_get_loader(*args, **kwargs))
+    try:
+        pkgutil.get_loader = get_loader
+        yield
+    finally:
+        pkgutil.get_loader = old_get_loader
+
+
+class InstanceTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_explicit_instance_paths(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        try:
+            flask.Flask(__name__, instance_path='instance')
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.assert_in('must be absolute', str(e))
+        else:
+            self.fail('Expected value error')
+
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__, instance_path=here)
+        self.assert_equal(app.instance_path, here)
+
+    def test_main_module_paths(self):
+        # Test an app with '__main__' as the import name, uses cwd.
+        from main_app import app
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
+        self.assert_equal(app.instance_path, os.path.join(here, 'instance'))
+        if 'main_app' in sys.modules:
+            del sys.modules['main_app']
+
+    def test_uninstalled_module_paths(self):
+        from config_module_app import app
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        self.assert_equal(app.instance_path, os.path.join(here, 'test_apps', 'instance'))
+
+    def test_uninstalled_package_paths(self):
+        from config_package_app import app
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        self.assert_equal(app.instance_path, os.path.join(here, 'test_apps', 'instance'))
+
+    def test_installed_module_paths(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        site_packages = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'lib', 'python2.5', 'site-packages')
+        sys.path.append(site_packages)
+        try:
+            import site_app
+            self.assert_equal(site_app.app.instance_path,
+                              os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                           'site_app-instance'))
+        finally:
+            sys.prefix = real_prefix
+            sys.path.remove(site_packages)
+            if 'site_app' in sys.modules:
+                del sys.modules['site_app']
+
+    def test_installed_module_paths_with_limited_loader(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        site_packages = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'lib', 'python2.5', 'site-packages')
+        sys.path.append(site_packages)
+        with patch_pkgutil_get_loader():
+            try:
+                import site_app
+                self.assert_equal(site_app.app.instance_path,
+                                  os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                               'site_app-instance'))
+            finally:
+                sys.prefix = real_prefix
+                sys.path.remove(site_packages)
+                if 'site_app' in sys.modules:
+                    del sys.modules['site_app']
+
+    def test_installed_package_paths(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        installed_path = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'path')
+        sys.path.append(installed_path)
+        try:
+            import installed_package
+            self.assert_equal(installed_package.app.instance_path,
+                              os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                           'installed_package-instance'))
+        finally:
+            sys.prefix = real_prefix
+            sys.path.remove(installed_path)
+            if 'installed_package' in sys.modules:
+                del sys.modules['installed_package']
+
+    def test_installed_package_paths_with_limited_loader(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        installed_path = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'path')
+        sys.path.append(installed_path)
+        with patch_pkgutil_get_loader():
+            try:
+                import installed_package
+                self.assert_equal(installed_package.app.instance_path,
+                                  os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                               'installed_package-instance'))
+            finally:
+                sys.prefix = real_prefix
+                sys.path.remove(installed_path)
+                if 'installed_package' in sys.modules:
+                    del sys.modules['installed_package']
+
+    def test_prefix_package_paths(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        site_packages = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'lib', 'python2.5', 'site-packages')
+        sys.path.append(site_packages)
+        try:
+            import site_package
+            self.assert_equal(site_package.app.instance_path,
+                              os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                           'site_package-instance'))
+        finally:
+            sys.prefix = real_prefix
+            sys.path.remove(site_packages)
+            if 'site_package' in sys.modules:
+                del sys.modules['site_package']
+
+    def test_prefix_package_paths_with_limited_loader(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        site_packages = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'lib', 'python2.5', 'site-packages')
+        sys.path.append(site_packages)
+        with patch_pkgutil_get_loader():
+            try:
+                import site_package
+                self.assert_equal(site_package.app.instance_path,
+                                  os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                               'site_package-instance'))
+            finally:
+                sys.prefix = real_prefix
+                sys.path.remove(site_packages)
+                if 'site_package' in sys.modules:
+                    del sys.modules['site_package']
+
+    def test_egg_installed_paths(self):
+        here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        expected_prefix = os.path.join(here, 'test_apps')
+        real_prefix, sys.prefix = sys.prefix, expected_prefix
+        site_packages = os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'lib', 'python2.5', 'site-packages')
+        egg_path = os.path.join(site_packages, 'SiteEgg.egg')
+        sys.path.append(site_packages)
+        sys.path.append(egg_path)
+        try:
+            import site_egg # in SiteEgg.egg
+            self.assert_equal(site_egg.app.instance_path,
+                              os.path.join(expected_prefix, 'var',
+                                           'site_egg-instance'))
+        finally:
+            sys.prefix = real_prefix
+            sys.path.remove(site_packages)
+            sys.path.remove(egg_path)
+            if 'site_egg' in sys.modules:
+                del sys.modules['site_egg']
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(ConfigTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(InstanceTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/deprecations.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5637182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/deprecations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.deprecations
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests deprecation support.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase, catch_warnings
+
+
+class DeprecationsTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+    """not used currently"""
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(DeprecationsTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/examples.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/examples.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d30958
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/examples.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.examples
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests the examples.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import add_to_path
+
+
+def setup_path():
+    example_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                                os.pardir, os.pardir, 'examples')
+    add_to_path(os.path.join(example_path, 'flaskr'))
+    add_to_path(os.path.join(example_path, 'minitwit'))
+
+
+def suite():
+    setup_path()
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    try:
+        from minitwit_tests import MiniTwitTestCase
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(MiniTwitTestCase))
+    try:
+        from flaskr_tests import FlaskrTestCase
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(FlaskrTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/ext.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cc3df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.ext
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests the extension import thing.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import sys
+import unittest
+try:
+    from imp import reload as reload_module
+except ImportError:
+    reload_module = reload
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+from flask._compat import PY2
+
+class ExtImportHookTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def setup(self):
+        # we clear this out for various reasons.  The most important one is
+        # that a real flaskext could be in there which would disable our
+        # fake package.  Secondly we want to make sure that the flaskext
+        # import hook does not break on reloading.
+        for entry, value in list(sys.modules.items()):
+            if (entry.startswith('flask.ext.') or
+                entry.startswith('flask_') or
+                entry.startswith('flaskext.') or
+                entry == 'flaskext') and value is not None:
+                sys.modules.pop(entry, None)
+        from flask import ext
+        reload_module(ext)
+
+        # reloading must not add more hooks
+        import_hooks = 0
+        for item in sys.meta_path:
+            cls = type(item)
+            if cls.__module__ == 'flask.exthook' and \
+               cls.__name__ == 'ExtensionImporter':
+                import_hooks += 1
+        self.assert_equal(import_hooks, 1)
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        from flask import ext
+        for key in ext.__dict__:
+            self.assert_not_in('.', key)
+
+    def test_flaskext_new_simple_import_normal(self):
+        from flask.ext.newext_simple import ext_id
+        self.assert_equal(ext_id, 'newext_simple')
+
+    def test_flaskext_new_simple_import_module(self):
+        from flask.ext import newext_simple
+        self.assert_equal(newext_simple.ext_id, 'newext_simple')
+        self.assert_equal(newext_simple.__name__, 'flask_newext_simple')
+
+    def test_flaskext_new_package_import_normal(self):
+        from flask.ext.newext_package import ext_id
+        self.assert_equal(ext_id, 'newext_package')
+
+    def test_flaskext_new_package_import_module(self):
+        from flask.ext import newext_package
+        self.assert_equal(newext_package.ext_id, 'newext_package')
+        self.assert_equal(newext_package.__name__, 'flask_newext_package')
+
+    def test_flaskext_new_package_import_submodule_function(self):
+        from flask.ext.newext_package.submodule import test_function
+        self.assert_equal(test_function(), 42)
+
+    def test_flaskext_new_package_import_submodule(self):
+        from flask.ext.newext_package import submodule
+        self.assert_equal(submodule.__name__, 'flask_newext_package.submodule')
+        self.assert_equal(submodule.test_function(), 42)
+
+    def test_flaskext_old_simple_import_normal(self):
+        from flask.ext.oldext_simple import ext_id
+        self.assert_equal(ext_id, 'oldext_simple')
+
+    def test_flaskext_old_simple_import_module(self):
+        from flask.ext import oldext_simple
+        self.assert_equal(oldext_simple.ext_id, 'oldext_simple')
+        self.assert_equal(oldext_simple.__name__, 'flaskext.oldext_simple')
+
+    def test_flaskext_old_package_import_normal(self):
+        from flask.ext.oldext_package import ext_id
+        self.assert_equal(ext_id, 'oldext_package')
+
+    def test_flaskext_old_package_import_module(self):
+        from flask.ext import oldext_package
+        self.assert_equal(oldext_package.ext_id, 'oldext_package')
+        self.assert_equal(oldext_package.__name__, 'flaskext.oldext_package')
+
+    def test_flaskext_old_package_import_submodule(self):
+        from flask.ext.oldext_package import submodule
+        self.assert_equal(submodule.__name__, 'flaskext.oldext_package.submodule')
+        self.assert_equal(submodule.test_function(), 42)
+
+    def test_flaskext_old_package_import_submodule_function(self):
+        from flask.ext.oldext_package.submodule import test_function
+        self.assert_equal(test_function(), 42)
+
+    def test_flaskext_broken_package_no_module_caching(self):
+        for x in range(2):
+            with self.assert_raises(ImportError):
+                import flask.ext.broken
+
+    def test_no_error_swallowing(self):
+        try:
+            import flask.ext.broken
+        except ImportError:
+            exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            self.assert_true(exc_type is ImportError)
+            if PY2:
+                message = 'No module named missing_module'
+            else:
+                message = 'No module named \'missing_module\''
+            self.assert_equal(str(exc_value), message)
+            self.assert_true(tb.tb_frame.f_globals is globals())
+
+            # reraise() adds a second frame so we need to skip that one too.
+            # On PY3 we even have another one :(
+            next = tb.tb_next.tb_next
+            if not PY2:
+                next = next.tb_next
+            self.assert_in('flask_broken/__init__.py', next.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename)
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(ExtImportHookTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/helpers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..636f67f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,593 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.helpers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Various helpers.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import flask
+import unittest
+from logging import StreamHandler
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase, catch_warnings, catch_stderr
+from werkzeug.http import parse_cache_control_header, parse_options_header
+from flask._compat import StringIO, text_type
+
+
+def has_encoding(name):
+    try:
+        import codecs
+        codecs.lookup(name)
+        return True
+    except LookupError:
+        return False
+
+
+class JSONTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_json_bad_requests(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/json', methods=['POST'])
+        def return_json():
+            return flask.jsonify(foo=text_type(flask.request.get_json()))
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.post('/json', data='malformed', content_type='application/json')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 400)
+
+    def test_json_body_encoding(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.get_json()
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        resp = c.get('/', data=u'"Hällo Wörld"'.encode('iso-8859-15'),
+                     content_type='application/json; charset=iso-8859-15')
+        self.assert_equal(resp.data, u'Hällo Wörld'.encode('utf-8'))
+
+    def test_jsonify(self):
+        d = dict(a=23, b=42, c=[1, 2, 3])
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/kw')
+        def return_kwargs():
+            return flask.jsonify(**d)
+        @app.route('/dict')
+        def return_dict():
+            return flask.jsonify(d)
+        c = app.test_client()
+        for url in '/kw', '/dict':
+            rv = c.get(url)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'application/json')
+            self.assert_equal(flask.json.loads(rv.data), d)
+
+    def test_json_as_unicode(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII'] = True
+        with app.app_context():
+            rv = flask.json.dumps(u'\N{SNOWMAN}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '"\\u2603"')
+
+        app.config['JSON_AS_ASCII'] = False
+        with app.app_context():
+            rv = flask.json.dumps(u'\N{SNOWMAN}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, u'"\u2603"')
+
+    def test_json_attr(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/add', methods=['POST'])
+        def add():
+            json = flask.request.get_json()
+            return text_type(json['a'] + json['b'])
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.post('/add', data=flask.json.dumps({'a': 1, 'b': 2}),
+                            content_type='application/json')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'3')
+
+    def test_template_escaping(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        render = flask.render_template_string
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            rv = flask.json.htmlsafe_dumps('</script>')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, u'"\\u003c/script\\u003e"')
+            self.assert_equal(type(rv), text_type)
+            rv = render('{{ "</script>"|tojson }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '"\\u003c/script\\u003e"')
+            rv = render('{{ "<\0/script>"|tojson }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '"\\u003c\\u0000/script\\u003e"')
+            rv = render('{{ "<!--<script>"|tojson }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '"\\u003c!--\\u003cscript\\u003e"')
+            rv = render('{{ "&"|tojson }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '"\\u0026"')
+            rv = render('{{ "\'"|tojson }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '"\\u0027"')
+            rv = render("<a ng-data='{{ data|tojson }}'></a>",
+                data={'x': ["foo", "bar", "baz'"]})
+            self.assert_equal(rv,
+                '<a ng-data=\'{"x": ["foo", "bar", "baz\\u0027"]}\'></a>')
+
+    def test_json_customization(self):
+        class X(object):
+            def __init__(self, val):
+                self.val = val
+        class MyEncoder(flask.json.JSONEncoder):
+            def default(self, o):
+                if isinstance(o, X):
+                    return '<%d>' % o.val
+                return flask.json.JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
+        class MyDecoder(flask.json.JSONDecoder):
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                kwargs.setdefault('object_hook', self.object_hook)
+                flask.json.JSONDecoder.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            def object_hook(self, obj):
+                if len(obj) == 1 and '_foo' in obj:
+                    return X(obj['_foo'])
+                return obj
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.json_encoder = MyEncoder
+        app.json_decoder = MyDecoder
+        @app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
+        def index():
+            return flask.json.dumps(flask.request.get_json()['x'])
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.post('/', data=flask.json.dumps({
+            'x': {'_foo': 42}
+        }), content_type='application/json')
+        self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'"<42>"')
+
+    def test_modified_url_encoding(self):
+        class ModifiedRequest(flask.Request):
+            url_charset = 'euc-kr'
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.request_class = ModifiedRequest
+        app.url_map.charset = 'euc-kr'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.args['foo']
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get(u'/?foo=정상처리'.encode('euc-kr'))
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, u'정상처리'.encode('utf-8'))
+
+    if not has_encoding('euc-kr'):
+        test_modified_url_encoding = None
+
+    def test_json_key_sorting(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        self.assert_equal(app.config['JSON_SORT_KEYS'], True)
+        d = dict.fromkeys(range(20), 'foo')
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.jsonify(values=d)
+
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        lines = [x.strip() for x in rv.data.strip().decode('utf-8').splitlines()]
+        self.assert_equal(lines, [
+            '{',
+            '"values": {',
+            '"0": "foo",',
+            '"1": "foo",',
+            '"2": "foo",',
+            '"3": "foo",',
+            '"4": "foo",',
+            '"5": "foo",',
+            '"6": "foo",',
+            '"7": "foo",',
+            '"8": "foo",',
+            '"9": "foo",',
+            '"10": "foo",',
+            '"11": "foo",',
+            '"12": "foo",',
+            '"13": "foo",',
+            '"14": "foo",',
+            '"15": "foo",',
+            '"16": "foo",',
+            '"17": "foo",',
+            '"18": "foo",',
+            '"19": "foo"',
+            '}',
+            '}'
+        ])
+
+
+class SendfileTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_send_file_regular(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            rv = flask.send_file('static/index.html')
+            self.assert_true(rv.direct_passthrough)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+            with app.open_resource('static/index.html') as f:
+                rv.direct_passthrough = False
+                self.assert_equal(rv.data, f.read())
+            rv.close()
+
+    def test_send_file_xsendfile(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.use_x_sendfile = True
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            rv = flask.send_file('static/index.html')
+            self.assert_true(rv.direct_passthrough)
+            self.assert_in('x-sendfile', rv.headers)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.headers['x-sendfile'],
+                os.path.join(app.root_path, 'static/index.html'))
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+            rv.close()
+
+    def test_send_file_object(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with catch_warnings() as captured:
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                f = open(os.path.join(app.root_path, 'static/index.html'))
+                rv = flask.send_file(f)
+                rv.direct_passthrough = False
+                with app.open_resource('static/index.html') as f:
+                    self.assert_equal(rv.data, f.read())
+                self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+                rv.close()
+            # mimetypes + etag
+            self.assert_equal(len(captured), 2)
+
+        app.use_x_sendfile = True
+        with catch_warnings() as captured:
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                f = open(os.path.join(app.root_path, 'static/index.html'))
+                rv = flask.send_file(f)
+                self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/html')
+                self.assert_in('x-sendfile', rv.headers)
+                self.assert_equal(rv.headers['x-sendfile'],
+                    os.path.join(app.root_path, 'static/index.html'))
+                rv.close()
+            # mimetypes + etag
+            self.assert_equal(len(captured), 2)
+
+        app.use_x_sendfile = False
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            with catch_warnings() as captured:
+                f = StringIO('Test')
+                rv = flask.send_file(f)
+                rv.direct_passthrough = False
+                self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Test')
+                self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'application/octet-stream')
+                rv.close()
+            # etags
+            self.assert_equal(len(captured), 1)
+            with catch_warnings() as captured:
+                f = StringIO('Test')
+                rv = flask.send_file(f, mimetype='text/plain')
+                rv.direct_passthrough = False
+                self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Test')
+                self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/plain')
+                rv.close()
+            # etags
+            self.assert_equal(len(captured), 1)
+
+        app.use_x_sendfile = True
+        with catch_warnings() as captured:
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                f = StringIO('Test')
+                rv = flask.send_file(f)
+                self.assert_not_in('x-sendfile', rv.headers)
+                rv.close()
+            # etags
+            self.assert_equal(len(captured), 1)
+
+    def test_attachment(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with catch_warnings() as captured:
+            with app.test_request_context():
+                f = open(os.path.join(app.root_path, 'static/index.html'))
+                rv = flask.send_file(f, as_attachment=True)
+                value, options = parse_options_header(rv.headers['Content-Disposition'])
+                self.assert_equal(value, 'attachment')
+                rv.close()
+            # mimetypes + etag
+            self.assert_equal(len(captured), 2)
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(options['filename'], 'index.html')
+            rv = flask.send_file('static/index.html', as_attachment=True)
+            value, options = parse_options_header(rv.headers['Content-Disposition'])
+            self.assert_equal(value, 'attachment')
+            self.assert_equal(options['filename'], 'index.html')
+            rv.close()
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            rv = flask.send_file(StringIO('Test'), as_attachment=True,
+                                 attachment_filename='index.txt',
+                                 add_etags=False)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.mimetype, 'text/plain')
+            value, options = parse_options_header(rv.headers['Content-Disposition'])
+            self.assert_equal(value, 'attachment')
+            self.assert_equal(options['filename'], 'index.txt')
+            rv.close()
+
+    def test_static_file(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        # default cache timeout is 12 hours
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            # Test with static file handler.
+            rv = app.send_static_file('index.html')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 12 * 60 * 60)
+            rv.close()
+            # Test again with direct use of send_file utility.
+            rv = flask.send_file('static/index.html')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 12 * 60 * 60)
+            rv.close()
+        app.config['SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT'] = 3600
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            # Test with static file handler.
+            rv = app.send_static_file('index.html')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 3600)
+            rv.close()
+            # Test again with direct use of send_file utility.
+            rv = flask.send_file('static/index.html')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 3600)
+            rv.close()
+        class StaticFileApp(flask.Flask):
+            def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename):
+                return 10
+        app = StaticFileApp(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            # Test with static file handler.
+            rv = app.send_static_file('index.html')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 10)
+            rv.close()
+            # Test again with direct use of send_file utility.
+            rv = flask.send_file('static/index.html')
+            cc = parse_cache_control_header(rv.headers['Cache-Control'])
+            self.assert_equal(cc.max_age, 10)
+            rv.close()
+
+
+class LoggingTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_logger_cache(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        logger1 = app.logger
+        self.assert_true(app.logger is logger1)
+        self.assert_equal(logger1.name, __name__)
+        app.logger_name = __name__ + '/test_logger_cache'
+        self.assert_true(app.logger is not logger1)
+
+    def test_debug_log(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            app.logger.warning('the standard library is dead')
+            app.logger.debug('this is a debug statement')
+            return ''
+
+        @app.route('/exc')
+        def exc():
+            1 // 0
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            with catch_stderr() as err:
+                c.get('/')
+                out = err.getvalue()
+                self.assert_in('WARNING in helpers [', out)
+                self.assert_in(os.path.basename(__file__.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + '.py'), out)
+                self.assert_in('the standard library is dead', out)
+                self.assert_in('this is a debug statement', out)
+
+            with catch_stderr() as err:
+                try:
+                    c.get('/exc')
+                except ZeroDivisionError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self.assert_true(False, 'debug log ate the exception')
+
+    def test_debug_log_override(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+        app.logger_name = 'flask_tests/test_debug_log_override'
+        app.logger.level = 10
+        self.assert_equal(app.logger.level, 10)
+
+    def test_exception_logging(self):
+        out = StringIO()
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.logger_name = 'flask_tests/test_exception_logging'
+        app.logger.addHandler(StreamHandler(out))
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            1 // 0
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 500)
+        self.assert_in(b'Internal Server Error', rv.data)
+
+        err = out.getvalue()
+        self.assert_in('Exception on / [GET]', err)
+        self.assert_in('Traceback (most recent call last):', err)
+        self.assert_in('1 // 0', err)
+        self.assert_in('ZeroDivisionError:', err)
+
+    def test_processor_exceptions(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.before_request
+        def before_request():
+            if trigger == 'before':
+                1 // 0
+        @app.after_request
+        def after_request(response):
+            if trigger == 'after':
+                1 // 0
+            return response
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'Foo'
+        @app.errorhandler(500)
+        def internal_server_error(e):
+            return 'Hello Server Error', 500
+        for trigger in 'before', 'after':
+            rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 500)
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello Server Error')
+
+    def test_url_for_with_anchor(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return '42'
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('index', _anchor='x y'),
+                              '/#x%20y')
+
+    def test_url_for_with_scheme(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return '42'
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('index',
+                                            _external=True,
+                                            _scheme='https'),
+                              'https://localhost/')
+
+    def test_url_for_with_scheme_not_external(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return '42'
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_raises(ValueError,
+                               flask.url_for,
+                               'index',
+                               _scheme='https')
+
+    def test_url_with_method(self):
+        from flask.views import MethodView
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        class MyView(MethodView):
+            def get(self, id=None):
+                if id is None:
+                    return 'List'
+                return 'Get %d' % id
+            def post(self):
+                return 'Create'
+        myview = MyView.as_view('myview')
+        app.add_url_rule('/myview/', methods=['GET'],
+                         view_func=myview)
+        app.add_url_rule('/myview/<int:id>', methods=['GET'],
+                         view_func=myview)
+        app.add_url_rule('/myview/create', methods=['POST'],
+                         view_func=myview)
+
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('myview', _method='GET'),
+                              '/myview/')
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('myview', id=42, _method='GET'),
+                              '/myview/42')
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('myview', _method='POST'),
+                              '/myview/create')
+
+
+class NoImportsTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+    """Test Flasks are created without import.
+
+    Avoiding ``__import__`` helps create Flask instances where there are errors
+    at import time.  Those runtime errors will be apparent to the user soon
+    enough, but tools which build Flask instances meta-programmatically benefit
+    from a Flask which does not ``__import__``.  Instead of importing to
+    retrieve file paths or metadata on a module or package, use the pkgutil and
+    imp modules in the Python standard library.
+    """
+
+    def test_name_with_import_error(self):
+        try:
+            flask.Flask('importerror')
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.fail('Flask(import_name) is importing import_name.')
+
+
+class StreamingTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_streaming_with_context(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            def generate():
+                yield 'Hello '
+                yield flask.request.args['name']
+                yield '!'
+            return flask.Response(flask.stream_with_context(generate()))
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/?name=World')
+        self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'Hello World!')
+
+    def test_streaming_with_context_as_decorator(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            @flask.stream_with_context
+            def generate():
+                yield 'Hello '
+                yield flask.request.args['name']
+                yield '!'
+            return flask.Response(generate())
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/?name=World')
+        self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'Hello World!')
+
+    def test_streaming_with_context_and_custom_close(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        called = []
+        class Wrapper(object):
+            def __init__(self, gen):
+                self._gen = gen
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return self
+            def close(self):
+                called.append(42)
+            def __next__(self):
+                return next(self._gen)
+            next = __next__
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            def generate():
+                yield 'Hello '
+                yield flask.request.args['name']
+                yield '!'
+            return flask.Response(flask.stream_with_context(
+                Wrapper(generate())))
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/?name=World')
+        self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'Hello World!')
+        self.assertEqual(called, [42])
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    if flask.json_available:
+        suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(JSONTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SendfileTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(LoggingTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(NoImportsTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(StreamingTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/regression.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/regression.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e516dc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/regression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.regression
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests regressions.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import gc
+import sys
+import flask
+import threading
+import unittest
+from werkzeug.exceptions import NotFound
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+
+
+_gc_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+class _NoLeakAsserter(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, testcase):
+        self.testcase = testcase
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        gc.disable()
+        _gc_lock.acquire()
+        loc = flask._request_ctx_stack._local
+
+        # Force Python to track this dictionary at all times.
+        # This is necessary since Python only starts tracking
+        # dicts if they contain mutable objects.  It's a horrible,
+        # horrible hack but makes this kinda testable.
+        loc.__storage__['FOOO'] = [1, 2, 3]
+
+        gc.collect()
+        self.old_objects = len(gc.get_objects())
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        if not hasattr(sys, 'getrefcount'):
+            gc.collect()
+        new_objects = len(gc.get_objects())
+        if new_objects > self.old_objects:
+            self.testcase.fail('Example code leaked')
+        _gc_lock.release()
+        gc.enable()
+
+
+class MemoryTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def assert_no_leak(self):
+        return _NoLeakAsserter(self)
+
+    def test_memory_consumption(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('simple_template.html', whiskey=42)
+
+        def fire():
+            with app.test_client() as c:
+                rv = c.get('/')
+                self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 200)
+                self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'<h1>42</h1>')
+
+        # Trigger caches
+        fire()
+
+        # This test only works on CPython 2.7.
+        if sys.version_info >= (2, 7) and \
+                not hasattr(sys, 'pypy_translation_info'):
+            with self.assert_no_leak():
+                for x in range(10):
+                    fire()
+
+    def test_safe_join_toplevel_pardir(self):
+        from flask.helpers import safe_join
+        with self.assert_raises(NotFound):
+            safe_join('/foo', '..')
+
+
+class ExceptionTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_aborting(self):
+        class Foo(Exception):
+            whatever = 42
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.errorhandler(Foo)
+        def handle_foo(e):
+            return str(e.whatever)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            raise flask.abort(flask.redirect(flask.url_for('test')))
+        @app.route('/test')
+        def test():
+            raise Foo()
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            self.assertEqual(rv.headers['Location'], 'http://localhost/test')
+            rv = c.get('/test')
+            self.assertEqual(rv.data, b'42')
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    if os.environ.get('RUN_FLASK_MEMORY_TESTS') == '1':
+        suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(MemoryTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(ExceptionTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/reqctx.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/reqctx.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c232a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/reqctx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.reqctx
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Tests the request context.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2012 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+try:
+    from greenlet import greenlet
+except ImportError:
+    greenlet = None
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+
+
+class RequestContextTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_teardown_on_pop(self):
+        buffer = []
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def end_of_request(exception):
+            buffer.append(exception)
+
+        ctx = app.test_request_context()
+        ctx.push()
+        self.assert_equal(buffer, [])
+        ctx.pop()
+        self.assert_equal(buffer, [None])
+
+    def test_proper_test_request_context(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config.update(
+            SERVER_NAME='localhost.localdomain:5000'
+        )
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return None
+
+        @app.route('/', subdomain='foo')
+        def sub():
+            return None
+
+        with app.test_request_context('/'):
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('index', _external=True), 'http://localhost.localdomain:5000/')
+
+        with app.test_request_context('/'):
+            self.assert_equal(flask.url_for('sub', _external=True), 'http://foo.localhost.localdomain:5000/')
+
+        try:
+            with app.test_request_context('/', environ_overrides={'HTTP_HOST': 'localhost'}):
+                pass
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.assert_true(isinstance(e, ValueError))
+            self.assert_equal(str(e), "the server name provided " +
+                    "('localhost.localdomain:5000') does not match the " + \
+                    "server name from the WSGI environment ('localhost')")
+
+        try:
+            app.config.update(SERVER_NAME='localhost')
+            with app.test_request_context('/', environ_overrides={'SERVER_NAME': 'localhost'}):
+                pass
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No ValueError exception should have been raised \"%s\"" % e
+            )
+
+        try:
+            app.config.update(SERVER_NAME='localhost:80')
+            with app.test_request_context('/', environ_overrides={'SERVER_NAME': 'localhost:80'}):
+                pass
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No ValueError exception should have been raised \"%s\"" % e
+            )
+
+    def test_context_binding(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello %s!' % flask.request.args['name']
+        @app.route('/meh')
+        def meh():
+            return flask.request.url
+
+        with app.test_request_context('/?name=World'):
+            self.assert_equal(index(), 'Hello World!')
+        with app.test_request_context('/meh'):
+            self.assert_equal(meh(), 'http://localhost/meh')
+        self.assert_true(flask._request_ctx_stack.top is None)
+
+    def test_context_test(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        self.assert_false(flask.request)
+        self.assert_false(flask.has_request_context())
+        ctx = app.test_request_context()
+        ctx.push()
+        try:
+            self.assert_true(flask.request)
+            self.assert_true(flask.has_request_context())
+        finally:
+            ctx.pop()
+
+    def test_manual_context_binding(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello %s!' % flask.request.args['name']
+
+        ctx = app.test_request_context('/?name=World')
+        ctx.push()
+        self.assert_equal(index(), 'Hello World!')
+        ctx.pop()
+        try:
+            index()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.assert_true(0, 'expected runtime error')
+
+    def test_greenlet_context_copying(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        greenlets = []
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            reqctx = flask._request_ctx_stack.top.copy()
+            def g():
+                self.assert_false(flask.request)
+                self.assert_false(flask.current_app)
+                with reqctx:
+                    self.assert_true(flask.request)
+                    self.assert_equal(flask.current_app, app)
+                    self.assert_equal(flask.request.path, '/')
+                    self.assert_equal(flask.request.args['foo'], 'bar')
+                self.assert_false(flask.request)
+                return 42
+            greenlets.append(greenlet(g))
+            return 'Hello World!'
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/?foo=bar')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello World!')
+
+        result = greenlets[0].run()
+        self.assert_equal(result, 42)
+
+    def test_greenlet_context_copying_api(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        greenlets = []
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            reqctx = flask._request_ctx_stack.top.copy()
+            @flask.copy_current_request_context
+            def g():
+                self.assert_true(flask.request)
+                self.assert_equal(flask.current_app, app)
+                self.assert_equal(flask.request.path, '/')
+                self.assert_equal(flask.request.args['foo'], 'bar')
+                return 42
+            greenlets.append(greenlet(g))
+            return 'Hello World!'
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/?foo=bar')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello World!')
+
+        result = greenlets[0].run()
+        self.assert_equal(result, 42)
+
+    # Disable test if we don't have greenlets available
+    if greenlet is None:
+        test_greenlet_context_copying = None
+        test_greenlet_context_copying_api = None
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(RequestContextTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/signals.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/signals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e061932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/signals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.signals
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Signalling.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+
+
+class SignalsTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_template_rendered(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('simple_template.html', whiskey=42)
+
+        recorded = []
+        def record(sender, template, context):
+            recorded.append((template, context))
+
+        flask.template_rendered.connect(record, app)
+        try:
+            app.test_client().get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(len(recorded), 1)
+            template, context = recorded[0]
+            self.assert_equal(template.name, 'simple_template.html')
+            self.assert_equal(context['whiskey'], 42)
+        finally:
+            flask.template_rendered.disconnect(record, app)
+
+    def test_request_signals(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        calls = []
+
+        def before_request_signal(sender):
+            calls.append('before-signal')
+
+        def after_request_signal(sender, response):
+            self.assert_equal(response.data, b'stuff')
+            calls.append('after-signal')
+
+        @app.before_request
+        def before_request_handler():
+            calls.append('before-handler')
+
+        @app.after_request
+        def after_request_handler(response):
+            calls.append('after-handler')
+            response.data = 'stuff'
+            return response
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            calls.append('handler')
+            return 'ignored anyway'
+
+        flask.request_started.connect(before_request_signal, app)
+        flask.request_finished.connect(after_request_signal, app)
+
+        try:
+            rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'stuff')
+
+            self.assert_equal(calls, ['before-signal', 'before-handler',
+                             'handler', 'after-handler',
+                             'after-signal'])
+        finally:
+            flask.request_started.disconnect(before_request_signal, app)
+            flask.request_finished.disconnect(after_request_signal, app)
+
+    def test_request_exception_signal(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        recorded = []
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            1 // 0
+
+        def record(sender, exception):
+            recorded.append(exception)
+
+        flask.got_request_exception.connect(record, app)
+        try:
+            self.assert_equal(app.test_client().get('/').status_code, 500)
+            self.assert_equal(len(recorded), 1)
+            self.assert_true(isinstance(recorded[0], ZeroDivisionError))
+        finally:
+            flask.got_request_exception.disconnect(record, app)
+
+    def test_appcontext_signals(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        recorded = []
+        def record_push(sender, **kwargs):
+            recorded.append('push')
+        def record_pop(sender, **kwargs):
+            recorded.append('push')
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return 'Hello'
+
+        flask.appcontext_pushed.connect(record_push, app)
+        flask.appcontext_popped.connect(record_pop, app)
+        try:
+            with app.test_client() as c:
+                rv = c.get('/')
+                self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello')
+                self.assert_equal(recorded, ['push'])
+            self.assert_equal(recorded, ['push', 'pop'])
+        finally:
+            flask.appcontext_pushed.disconnect(record_push, app)
+            flask.appcontext_popped.disconnect(record_pop, app)
+
+    def test_flash_signal(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'secret'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.flash('This is a flash message', category='notice')
+            return flask.redirect('/other')
+
+        recorded = []
+        def record(sender, message, category):
+            recorded.append((message, category))
+
+        flask.message_flashed.connect(record, app)
+        try:
+            client = app.test_client()
+            with client.session_transaction():
+                client.get('/')
+                self.assert_equal(len(recorded), 1)
+                message, category = recorded[0]
+                self.assert_equal(message, 'This is a flash message')
+                self.assert_equal(category, 'notice')
+        finally:
+            flask.message_flashed.disconnect(record, app)
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    if flask.signals_available:
+        suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SignalsTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/static/index.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/static/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de8b69b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/static/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<h1>Hello World!</h1>
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/subclassing.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/subclassing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b81db9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/subclassing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.subclassing
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Test that certain behavior of flask can be customized by
+    subclasses.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import flask
+import unittest
+from logging import StreamHandler
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+from flask._compat import StringIO
+
+
+class FlaskSubclassingTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_suppressed_exception_logging(self):
+        class SuppressedFlask(flask.Flask):
+            def log_exception(self, exc_info):
+                pass
+
+        out = StringIO()
+        app = SuppressedFlask(__name__)
+        app.logger_name = 'flask_tests/test_suppressed_exception_logging'
+        app.logger.addHandler(StreamHandler(out))
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            1 // 0
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.status_code, 500)
+        self.assert_in(b'Internal Server Error', rv.data)
+
+        err = out.getvalue()
+        self.assert_equal(err, '')
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(FlaskSubclassingTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/_macro.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/_macro.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3460ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/_macro.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{% macro hello(name) %}Hello {{ name }}!{% endmacro %}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/context_template.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/context_template.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fadf3e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/context_template.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<p>{{ value }}|{{ injected_value }}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/escaping_template.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/escaping_template.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc47644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/escaping_template.html
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{{ text }}
+{{ html }}
+{% autoescape false %}{{ text }}
+{{ html }}{% endautoescape %}
+{% autoescape true %}{{ text }}
+{{ html }}{% endautoescape %}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/mail.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/mail.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6cb92e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/mail.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{{ foo}} Mail
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/nested/nested.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/nested/nested.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c8634f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/nested/nested.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+I'm nested
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/simple_template.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/simple_template.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c24612c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/simple_template.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<h1>{{ whiskey }}</h1>
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/template_filter.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/template_filter.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af46cd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/template_filter.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{{ value|super_reverse }}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/template_test.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/template_test.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92d5561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templates/template_test.html
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{% if value is boolean %}
+    Success!
+{% endif %}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templating.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templating.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2870de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/templating.py
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.templating
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Template functionality
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+
+
+class TemplatingTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_context_processing(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.context_processor
+        def context_processor():
+            return {'injected_value': 42}
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('context_template.html', value=23)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'<p>23|42')
+
+    def test_original_win(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template_string('{{ config }}', config=42)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'42')
+
+    def test_request_less_rendering(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.config['WORLD_NAME'] = 'Special World'
+        @app.context_processor
+        def context_processor():
+            return dict(foo=42)
+
+        with app.app_context():
+            rv = flask.render_template_string('Hello {{ config.WORLD_NAME }} '
+                                              '{{ foo }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, 'Hello Special World 42')
+
+    def test_standard_context(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'development key'
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.g.foo = 23
+            flask.session['test'] = 'aha'
+            return flask.render_template_string('''
+                {{ request.args.foo }}
+                {{ g.foo }}
+                {{ config.DEBUG }}
+                {{ session.test }}
+            ''')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/?foo=42')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data.split(), [b'42', b'23', b'False', b'aha'])
+
+    def test_escaping(self):
+        text = '<p>Hello World!'
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('escaping_template.html', text=text,
+                                         html=flask.Markup(text))
+        lines = app.test_client().get('/').data.splitlines()
+        self.assert_equal(lines, [
+            b'&lt;p&gt;Hello World!',
+            b'<p>Hello World!',
+            b'<p>Hello World!',
+            b'<p>Hello World!',
+            b'&lt;p&gt;Hello World!',
+            b'<p>Hello World!'
+        ])
+
+    def test_no_escaping(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            self.assert_equal(flask.render_template_string('{{ foo }}',
+                              foo='<test>'), '<test>')
+            self.assert_equal(flask.render_template('mail.txt', foo='<test>'),
+                              '<test> Mail')
+
+    def test_macros(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        with app.test_request_context():
+            macro = flask.get_template_attribute('_macro.html', 'hello')
+            self.assert_equal(macro('World'), 'Hello World!')
+
+    def test_template_filter(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_filter()
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        self.assert_in('my_reverse', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app.add_template_filter(my_reverse)
+        self.assert_in('my_reverse', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['my_reverse']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_with_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_filter('strrev')
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        self.assert_in('strrev', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter_with_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app.add_template_filter(my_reverse, 'strrev')
+        self.assert_in('strrev', app.jinja_env.filters.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev'], my_reverse)
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.filters['strrev']('abcd'), 'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_with_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_filter()
+        def super_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter_with_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def super_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app.add_template_filter(super_reverse)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_filter_with_name_and_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_filter('super_reverse')
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_add_template_filter_with_name_and_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def my_reverse(s):
+            return s[::-1]
+        app.add_template_filter(my_reverse, 'super_reverse')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_filter.html', value='abcd')
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'dcba')
+
+    def test_template_test(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_test()
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        self.assert_in('boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'], boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_add_template_test(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app.add_template_test(boolean)
+        self.assert_in('boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'], boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_template_test_with_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_test('boolean')
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        self.assert_in('boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'], is_boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_add_template_test_with_name(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app.add_template_test(is_boolean, 'boolean')
+        self.assert_in('boolean', app.jinja_env.tests.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'], is_boolean)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.tests['boolean'](False))
+
+    def test_template_test_with_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_test()
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_add_template_test_with_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app.add_template_test(boolean)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_template_test_with_name_and_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_test('boolean')
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_add_template_test_with_name_and_template(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        def is_boolean(value):
+            return isinstance(value, bool)
+        app.add_template_test(is_boolean, 'boolean')
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('template_test.html', value=False)
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_in(b'Success!', rv.data)
+
+    def test_add_template_global(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.template_global()
+        def get_stuff():
+            return 42
+        self.assert_in('get_stuff', app.jinja_env.globals.keys())
+        self.assert_equal(app.jinja_env.globals['get_stuff'], get_stuff)
+        self.assert_true(app.jinja_env.globals['get_stuff'](), 42)
+        with app.app_context():
+            rv = flask.render_template_string('{{ get_stuff() }}')
+            self.assert_equal(rv, '42')
+
+    def test_custom_template_loader(self):
+        class MyFlask(flask.Flask):
+            def create_global_jinja_loader(self):
+                from jinja2 import DictLoader
+                return DictLoader({'index.html': 'Hello Custom World!'})
+        app = MyFlask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template('index.html')
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Hello Custom World!')
+
+    def test_iterable_loader(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.context_processor
+        def context_processor():
+            return {'whiskey': 'Jameson'}
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.render_template(
+                ['no_template.xml', # should skip this one
+                'simple_template.html', # should render this
+                'context_template.html'],
+                value=23)
+
+        rv = app.test_client().get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'<h1>Jameson</h1>')
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(TemplatingTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b8ef75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+from flask import Flask
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+from blueprintapp.apps.admin import admin
+from blueprintapp.apps.frontend import frontend
+app.register_blueprint(admin)
+app.register_blueprint(frontend)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f714d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from flask import Blueprint, render_template
+
+admin = Blueprint('admin', __name__, url_prefix='/admin',
+                  template_folder='templates',
+                  static_folder='static')
+
+
+@admin.route('/')
+def index():
+    return render_template('admin/index.html')
+
+
+@admin.route('/index2')
+def index2():
+    return render_template('./admin/index.html')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/css/test.css b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/css/test.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9f564d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/css/test.css
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/* nested file */
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f220d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Admin File
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/templates/admin/index.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/templates/admin/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeec199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/admin/templates/admin/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello from the Admin
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69c8666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from flask import Blueprint, render_template
+
+frontend = Blueprint('frontend', __name__, template_folder='templates')
+
+
+@frontend.route('/')
+def index():
+    return render_template('frontend/index.html')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/frontend/templates/frontend/index.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/frontend/templates/frontend/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a062d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/blueprintapp/apps/frontend/templates/frontend/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello from the Frontend
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/config_module_app.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/config_module_app.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..380d46b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/config_module_app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import os
+import flask
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+app = flask.Flask(__name__)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/config_package_app/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/config_package_app/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..380d46b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/config_package_app/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import os
+import flask
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+app = flask.Flask(__name__)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_broken/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_broken/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c194c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_broken/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import flask.ext.broken.b
+import missing_module
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_broken/b.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_broken/b.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_package/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_package/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fd13e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_package/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ext_id = 'newext_package'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_package/submodule.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_package/submodule.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26ad56b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_package/submodule.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def test_function():
+    return 42
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_simple.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_simple.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc4a362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flask_newext_simple.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ext_id = 'newext_simple'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_package/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_package/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c46206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_package/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ext_id = 'oldext_package'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_package/submodule.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_package/submodule.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26ad56b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_package/submodule.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def test_function():
+    return 42
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_simple.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_simple.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6664a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/flaskext/oldext_simple.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ext_id = 'oldext_simple'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/importerror.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/importerror.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb298b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/importerror.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# NoImportsTestCase
+raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/SiteEgg.egg b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/SiteEgg.egg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d80abe9309fb1a9d0c4fce1fd76e87679282a012
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_app.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_app.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0627110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import flask
+
+app = flask.Flask(__name__)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_package/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_package/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0627110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site_package/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import flask
+
+app = flask.Flask(__name__)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/main_app.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/main_app.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f372c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/main_app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import flask
+
+# Test Flask initialization with main module.
+app = flask.Flask('__main__')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35e82d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+from flask import Flask
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+from moduleapp.apps.admin import admin
+from moduleapp.apps.frontend import frontend
+app.register_module(admin)
+app.register_module(frontend)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b85b802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from flask import Module, render_template
+
+
+admin = Module(__name__, url_prefix='/admin')
+
+
+@admin.route('/')
+def index():
+    return render_template('admin/index.html')
+
+
+@admin.route('/index2')
+def index2():
+    return render_template('./admin/index.html')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/static/css/test.css b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/static/css/test.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9f564d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/static/css/test.css
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/* nested file */
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f220d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/static/test.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Admin File
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/templates/index.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/templates/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeec199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/admin/templates/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello from the Admin
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f83581e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/frontend/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from flask import Module, render_template
+
+
+frontend = Module(__name__)
+
+
+@frontend.route('/')
+def index():
+    return render_template('frontend/index.html')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/frontend/templates/index.html b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/frontend/templates/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a062d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/moduleapp/apps/frontend/templates/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello from the Frontend
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/path/installed_package/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/path/installed_package/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0627110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/path/installed_package/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import flask
+
+app = flask.Flask(__name__)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/subdomaintestmodule/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/subdomaintestmodule/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c5e358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/subdomaintestmodule/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from flask import Module
+
+
+mod = Module(__name__, 'foo', subdomain='foo')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/subdomaintestmodule/static/hello.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/subdomaintestmodule/static/hello.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12e23c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/test_apps/subdomaintestmodule/static/hello.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello Subdomain
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/testing.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a618f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.testing
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Test client and more.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+from flask._compat import text_type
+
+
+class TestToolsTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def test_environ_defaults_from_config(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'example.com:1234'
+        app.config['APPLICATION_ROOT'] = '/foo'
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.url
+
+        ctx = app.test_request_context()
+        self.assert_equal(ctx.request.url, 'http://example.com:1234/foo/')
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'http://example.com:1234/foo/')
+
+    def test_environ_defaults(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return flask.request.url
+
+        ctx = app.test_request_context()
+        self.assert_equal(ctx.request.url, 'http://localhost/')
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'http://localhost/')
+
+    def test_redirect_keep_session(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.secret_key = 'testing'
+
+        @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+        def index():
+            if flask.request.method == 'POST':
+                return flask.redirect('/getsession')
+            flask.session['data'] = 'foo'
+            return 'index'
+
+        @app.route('/getsession')
+        def get_session():
+            return flask.session.get('data', '<missing>')
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.get('/getsession')
+            assert rv.data == b'<missing>'
+
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            assert rv.data == b'index'
+            assert flask.session.get('data') == 'foo'
+            rv = c.post('/', data={}, follow_redirects=True)
+            assert rv.data == b'foo'
+
+            # This support requires a new Werkzeug version
+            if not hasattr(c, 'redirect_client'):
+                assert flask.session.get('data') == 'foo'
+
+            rv = c.get('/getsession')
+            assert rv.data == b'foo'
+
+    def test_session_transactions(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.secret_key = 'testing'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            return text_type(flask.session['foo'])
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            with c.session_transaction() as sess:
+                self.assert_equal(len(sess), 0)
+                sess['foo'] = [42]
+                self.assert_equal(len(sess), 1)
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'[42]')
+            with c.session_transaction() as sess:
+                self.assert_equal(len(sess), 1)
+                self.assert_equal(sess['foo'], [42])
+
+    def test_session_transactions_no_null_sessions(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            try:
+                with c.session_transaction() as sess:
+                    pass
+            except RuntimeError as e:
+                self.assert_in('Session backend did not open a session', str(e))
+            else:
+                self.fail('Expected runtime error')
+
+    def test_session_transactions_keep_context(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        app.secret_key = 'testing'
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            rv = c.get('/')
+            req = flask.request._get_current_object()
+            self.assert_true(req is not None)
+            with c.session_transaction():
+                self.assert_true(req is flask.request._get_current_object())
+
+    def test_session_transaction_needs_cookies(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.testing = True
+        c = app.test_client(use_cookies=False)
+        try:
+            with c.session_transaction() as s:
+                pass
+        except RuntimeError as e:
+            self.assert_in('cookies', str(e))
+        else:
+            self.fail('Expected runtime error')
+
+    def test_test_client_context_binding(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index():
+            flask.g.value = 42
+            return 'Hello World!'
+
+        @app.route('/other')
+        def other():
+            1 // 0
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            resp = c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(flask.g.value, 42)
+            self.assert_equal(resp.data, b'Hello World!')
+            self.assert_equal(resp.status_code, 200)
+
+            resp = c.get('/other')
+            self.assert_false(hasattr(flask.g, 'value'))
+            self.assert_in(b'Internal Server Error', resp.data)
+            self.assert_equal(resp.status_code, 500)
+            flask.g.value = 23
+
+        try:
+            flask.g.value
+        except (AttributeError, RuntimeError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError('some kind of exception expected')
+
+    def test_reuse_client(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        with c:
+            self.assert_equal(c.get('/').status_code, 404)
+
+        with c:
+            self.assert_equal(c.get('/').status_code, 404)
+
+    def test_test_client_calls_teardown_handlers(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        called = []
+        @app.teardown_request
+        def remember(error):
+            called.append(error)
+
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            self.assert_equal(called, [])
+            c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(called, [])
+        self.assert_equal(called, [None])
+
+        del called[:]
+        with app.test_client() as c:
+            self.assert_equal(called, [])
+            c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(called, [])
+            c.get('/')
+            self.assert_equal(called, [None])
+        self.assert_equal(called, [None, None])
+
+
+class SubdomainTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        self.app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'example.com'
+        self.client = self.app.test_client()
+
+        self._ctx = self.app.test_request_context()
+        self._ctx.push()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self._ctx is not None:
+            self._ctx.pop()
+
+    def test_subdomain(self):
+        @self.app.route('/', subdomain='<company_id>')
+        def view(company_id):
+            return company_id
+
+        url = flask.url_for('view', company_id='xxx')
+        response = self.client.get(url)
+
+        self.assert_equal(200, response.status_code)
+        self.assert_equal(b'xxx', response.data)
+
+
+    def test_nosubdomain(self):
+        @self.app.route('/<company_id>')
+        def view(company_id):
+            return company_id
+
+        url = flask.url_for('view', company_id='xxx')
+        response = self.client.get(url)
+
+        self.assert_equal(200, response.status_code)
+        self.assert_equal(b'xxx', response.data)
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(TestToolsTestCase))
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(SubdomainTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/views.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/views.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4eee015
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/testsuite/views.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.testsuite.views
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Pluggable views.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import flask
+import flask.views
+import unittest
+from flask.testsuite import FlaskTestCase
+from werkzeug.http import parse_set_header
+
+class ViewTestCase(FlaskTestCase):
+
+    def common_test(self, app):
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        self.assert_equal(c.get('/').data, b'GET')
+        self.assert_equal(c.post('/').data, b'POST')
+        self.assert_equal(c.put('/').status_code, 405)
+        meths = parse_set_header(c.open('/', method='OPTIONS').headers['Allow'])
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(meths), ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST'])
+
+    def test_basic_view(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        class Index(flask.views.View):
+            methods = ['GET', 'POST']
+            def dispatch_request(self):
+                return flask.request.method
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+        self.common_test(app)
+
+    def test_method_based_view(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        class Index(flask.views.MethodView):
+            def get(self):
+                return 'GET'
+            def post(self):
+                return 'POST'
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+
+        self.common_test(app)
+
+    def test_view_patching(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        class Index(flask.views.MethodView):
+            def get(self):
+                1 // 0
+            def post(self):
+                1 // 0
+
+        class Other(Index):
+            def get(self):
+                return 'GET'
+            def post(self):
+                return 'POST'
+
+        view = Index.as_view('index')
+        view.view_class = Other
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=view)
+        self.common_test(app)
+
+    def test_view_inheritance(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        class Index(flask.views.MethodView):
+            def get(self):
+                return 'GET'
+            def post(self):
+                return 'POST'
+
+        class BetterIndex(Index):
+            def delete(self):
+                return 'DELETE'
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=BetterIndex.as_view('index'))
+        c = app.test_client()
+
+        meths = parse_set_header(c.open('/', method='OPTIONS').headers['Allow'])
+        self.assert_equal(sorted(meths), ['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS', 'POST'])
+
+    def test_view_decorators(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        def add_x_parachute(f):
+            def new_function(*args, **kwargs):
+                resp = flask.make_response(f(*args, **kwargs))
+                resp.headers['X-Parachute'] = 'awesome'
+                return resp
+            return new_function
+
+        class Index(flask.views.View):
+            decorators = [add_x_parachute]
+            def dispatch_request(self):
+                return 'Awesome'
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.headers['X-Parachute'], 'awesome')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Awesome')
+
+    def test_implicit_head(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        class Index(flask.views.MethodView):
+            def get(self):
+                return flask.Response('Blub', headers={
+                    'X-Method': flask.request.method
+                })
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'Blub')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.headers['X-Method'], 'GET')
+        rv = c.head('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.headers['X-Method'], 'HEAD')
+
+    def test_explicit_head(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+
+        class Index(flask.views.MethodView):
+            def get(self):
+                return 'GET'
+            def head(self):
+                return flask.Response('', headers={'X-Method': 'HEAD'})
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+        c = app.test_client()
+        rv = c.get('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'GET')
+        rv = c.head('/')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.data, b'')
+        self.assert_equal(rv.headers['X-Method'], 'HEAD')
+
+    def test_endpoint_override(self):
+        app = flask.Flask(__name__)
+        app.debug = True
+
+        class Index(flask.views.View):
+            methods = ['GET', 'POST']
+            def dispatch_request(self):
+                return flask.request.method
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+
+        with self.assert_raises(AssertionError):
+            app.add_url_rule('/', view_func=Index.as_view('index'))
+
+        # But these tests should still pass. We just log a warning.
+        self.common_test(app)
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(ViewTestCase))
+    return suite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/views.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/views.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3b61b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/views.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.views
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides class-based views inspired by the ones in Django.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from .globals import request
+from ._compat import with_metaclass
+
+
+http_method_funcs = frozenset(['get', 'post', 'head', 'options',
+                               'delete', 'put', 'trace', 'patch'])
+
+
+class View(object):
+    """Alternative way to use view functions.  A subclass has to implement
+    :meth:`dispatch_request` which is called with the view arguments from
+    the URL routing system.  If :attr:`methods` is provided the methods
+    do not have to be passed to the :meth:`~flask.Flask.add_url_rule`
+    method explicitly::
+
+        class MyView(View):
+            methods = ['GET']
+
+            def dispatch_request(self, name):
+                return 'Hello %s!' % name
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/hello/<name>', view_func=MyView.as_view('myview'))
+
+    When you want to decorate a pluggable view you will have to either do that
+    when the view function is created (by wrapping the return value of
+    :meth:`as_view`) or you can use the :attr:`decorators` attribute::
+
+        class SecretView(View):
+            methods = ['GET']
+            decorators = [superuser_required]
+
+            def dispatch_request(self):
+                ...
+
+    The decorators stored in the decorators list are applied one after another
+    when the view function is created.  Note that you can *not* use the class
+    based decorators since those would decorate the view class and not the
+    generated view function!
+    """
+
+    #: A for which methods this pluggable view can handle.
+    methods = None
+
+    #: The canonical way to decorate class-based views is to decorate the
+    #: return value of as_view().  However since this moves parts of the
+    #: logic from the class declaration to the place where it's hooked
+    #: into the routing system.
+    #:
+    #: You can place one or more decorators in this list and whenever the
+    #: view function is created the result is automatically decorated.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    decorators = []
+
+    def dispatch_request(self):
+        """Subclasses have to override this method to implement the
+        actual view function code.  This method is called with all
+        the arguments from the URL rule.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def as_view(cls, name, *class_args, **class_kwargs):
+        """Converts the class into an actual view function that can be used
+        with the routing system.  Internally this generates a function on the
+        fly which will instantiate the :class:`View` on each request and call
+        the :meth:`dispatch_request` method on it.
+
+        The arguments passed to :meth:`as_view` are forwarded to the
+        constructor of the class.
+        """
+        def view(*args, **kwargs):
+            self = view.view_class(*class_args, **class_kwargs)
+            return self.dispatch_request(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        if cls.decorators:
+            view.__name__ = name
+            view.__module__ = cls.__module__
+            for decorator in cls.decorators:
+                view = decorator(view)
+
+        # we attach the view class to the view function for two reasons:
+        # first of all it allows us to easily figure out what class-based
+        # view this thing came from, secondly it's also used for instantiating
+        # the view class so you can actually replace it with something else
+        # for testing purposes and debugging.
+        view.view_class = cls
+        view.__name__ = name
+        view.__doc__ = cls.__doc__
+        view.__module__ = cls.__module__
+        view.methods = cls.methods
+        return view
+
+
+class MethodViewType(type):
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, bases, d):
+        rv = type.__new__(cls, name, bases, d)
+        if 'methods' not in d:
+            methods = set(rv.methods or [])
+            for key in d:
+                if key in http_method_funcs:
+                    methods.add(key.upper())
+            # if we have no method at all in there we don't want to
+            # add a method list.  (This is for instance the case for
+            # the baseclass or another subclass of a base method view
+            # that does not introduce new methods).
+            if methods:
+                rv.methods = sorted(methods)
+        return rv
+
+
+class MethodView(with_metaclass(MethodViewType, View)):
+    """Like a regular class-based view but that dispatches requests to
+    particular methods.  For instance if you implement a method called
+    :meth:`get` it means you will response to ``'GET'`` requests and
+    the :meth:`dispatch_request` implementation will automatically
+    forward your request to that.  Also :attr:`options` is set for you
+    automatically::
+
+        class CounterAPI(MethodView):
+
+            def get(self):
+                return session.get('counter', 0)
+
+            def post(self):
+                session['counter'] = session.get('counter', 0) + 1
+                return 'OK'
+
+        app.add_url_rule('/counter', view_func=CounterAPI.as_view('counter'))
+    """
+    def dispatch_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        meth = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), None)
+        # if the request method is HEAD and we don't have a handler for it
+        # retry with GET
+        if meth is None and request.method == 'HEAD':
+            meth = getattr(self, 'get', None)
+        assert meth is not None, 'Unimplemented method %r' % request.method
+        return meth(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/wrappers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/wrappers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a17824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/wrappers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask.wrappers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the WSGI wrappers (request and response).
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2011 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as RequestBase, Response as ResponseBase
+from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest
+
+from .debughelpers import attach_enctype_error_multidict
+from . import json
+from .globals import _request_ctx_stack
+
+
+_missing = object()
+
+
+def _get_data(req, cache):
+    getter = getattr(req, 'get_data', None)
+    if getter is not None:
+        return getter(cache=cache)
+    return req.data
+
+
+class Request(RequestBase):
+    """The request object used by default in Flask.  Remembers the
+    matched endpoint and view arguments.
+
+    It is what ends up as :class:`~flask.request`.  If you want to replace
+    the request object used you can subclass this and set
+    :attr:`~flask.Flask.request_class` to your subclass.
+
+    The request object is a :class:`~werkzeug.wrappers.Request` subclass and
+    provides all of the attributes Werkzeug defines plus a few Flask
+    specific ones.
+    """
+
+    #: the internal URL rule that matched the request.  This can be
+    #: useful to inspect which methods are allowed for the URL from
+    #: a before/after handler (``request.url_rule.methods``) etc.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    url_rule = None
+
+    #: a dict of view arguments that matched the request.  If an exception
+    #: happened when matching, this will be `None`.
+    view_args = None
+
+    #: if matching the URL failed, this is the exception that will be
+    #: raised / was raised as part of the request handling.  This is
+    #: usually a :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound` exception or
+    #: something similar.
+    routing_exception = None
+
+    # switched by the request context until 1.0 to opt in deprecated
+    # module functionality
+    _is_old_module = False
+
+    @property
+    def max_content_length(self):
+        """Read-only view of the `MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH` config key."""
+        ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        if ctx is not None:
+            return ctx.app.config['MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH']
+
+    @property
+    def endpoint(self):
+        """The endpoint that matched the request.  This in combination with
+        :attr:`view_args` can be used to reconstruct the same or a
+        modified URL.  If an exception happened when matching, this will
+        be `None`.
+        """
+        if self.url_rule is not None:
+            return self.url_rule.endpoint
+
+    @property
+    def module(self):
+        """The name of the current module if the request was dispatched
+        to an actual module.  This is deprecated functionality, use blueprints
+        instead.
+        """
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('modules were deprecated in favor of '
+                                'blueprints.  Use request.blueprint '
+                                'instead.'), stacklevel=2)
+        if self._is_old_module:
+            return self.blueprint
+
+    @property
+    def blueprint(self):
+        """The name of the current blueprint"""
+        if self.url_rule and '.' in self.url_rule.endpoint:
+            return self.url_rule.endpoint.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def json(self):
+        """If the mimetype is `application/json` this will contain the
+        parsed JSON data.  Otherwise this will be `None`.
+
+        The :meth:`get_json` method should be used instead.
+        """
+        # XXX: deprecate property
+        return self.get_json()
+
+    def get_json(self, force=False, silent=False, cache=True):
+        """Parses the incoming JSON request data and returns it.  If
+        parsing fails the :meth:`on_json_loading_failed` method on the
+        request object will be invoked.  By default this function will
+        only load the json data if the mimetype is ``application/json``
+        but this can be overriden by the `force` parameter.
+
+        :param force: if set to `True` the mimetype is ignored.
+        :param silent: if set to `False` this method will fail silently
+                       and return `False`.
+        :param cache: if set to `True` the parsed JSON data is remembered
+                      on the request.
+        """
+        rv = getattr(self, '_cached_json', _missing)
+        if rv is not _missing:
+            return rv
+
+        if self.mimetype != 'application/json' and not force:
+            return None
+
+        # We accept a request charset against the specification as
+        # certain clients have been using this in the past.  This
+        # fits our general approach of being nice in what we accept
+        # and strict in what we send out.
+        request_charset = self.mimetype_params.get('charset')
+        try:
+            data = _get_data(self, cache)
+            if request_charset is not None:
+                rv = json.loads(data, encoding=request_charset)
+            else:
+                rv = json.loads(data)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            if silent:
+                rv = None
+            else:
+                rv = self.on_json_loading_failed(e)
+        if cache:
+            self._cached_json = rv
+        return rv
+
+    def on_json_loading_failed(self, e):
+        """Called if decoding of the JSON data failed.  The return value of
+        this method is used by :meth:`get_json` when an error occurred.  The
+        default implementation just raises a :class:`BadRequest` exception.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.10
+           Removed buggy previous behavior of generating a random JSON
+           response.  If you want that behavior back you can trivially
+           add it by subclassing.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        raise BadRequest()
+
+    def _load_form_data(self):
+        RequestBase._load_form_data(self)
+
+        # in debug mode we're replacing the files multidict with an ad-hoc
+        # subclass that raises a different error for key errors.
+        ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+        if ctx is not None and ctx.app.debug and \
+           self.mimetype != 'multipart/form-data' and not self.files:
+            attach_enctype_error_multidict(self)
+
+
+class Response(ResponseBase):
+    """The response object that is used by default in Flask.  Works like the
+    response object from Werkzeug but is set to have an HTML mimetype by
+    default.  Quite often you don't have to create this object yourself because
+    :meth:`~flask.Flask.make_response` will take care of that for you.
+
+    If you want to replace the response object used you can subclass this and
+    set :attr:`~flask.Flask.response_class` to your subclass.
+    """
+    default_mimetype = 'text/html'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6b67eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1001 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flaskext.sqlalchemy
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds basic SQLAlchemy support to your application.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by Armin Ronacher, Daniel Neuhäuser.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from __future__ import with_statement, absolute_import
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+import functools
+import warnings
+import sqlalchemy
+from math import ceil
+from functools import partial
+from flask import _request_ctx_stack, abort, has_request_context, request
+from flask.signals import Namespace
+from operator import itemgetter
+from threading import Lock
+from sqlalchemy import orm, event, inspect
+from sqlalchemy.orm.exc import UnmappedClassError
+from sqlalchemy.orm.session import Session as SessionBase
+from sqlalchemy.engine.url import make_url
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, DeclarativeMeta
+from flask_sqlalchemy._compat import iteritems, itervalues, xrange, \
+     string_types
+
+# the best timer function for the platform
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    _timer = time.clock
+else:
+    _timer = time.time
+
+try:
+    from flask import _app_ctx_stack
+except ImportError:
+    _app_ctx_stack = None
+
+
+__version__ = '2.1'
+
+
+# Which stack should we use?  _app_ctx_stack is new in 0.9
+connection_stack = _app_ctx_stack or _request_ctx_stack
+
+
+_camelcase_re = re.compile(r'([A-Z]+)(?=[a-z0-9])')
+_signals = Namespace()
+
+
+models_committed = _signals.signal('models-committed')
+before_models_committed = _signals.signal('before-models-committed')
+
+
+def _make_table(db):
+    def _make_table(*args, **kwargs):
+        if len(args) > 1 and isinstance(args[1], db.Column):
+            args = (args[0], db.metadata) + args[1:]
+        info = kwargs.pop('info', None) or {}
+        info.setdefault('bind_key', None)
+        kwargs['info'] = info
+        return sqlalchemy.Table(*args, **kwargs)
+    return _make_table
+
+
+def _set_default_query_class(d):
+    if 'query_class' not in d:
+        d['query_class'] = BaseQuery
+
+
+def _wrap_with_default_query_class(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def newfn(*args, **kwargs):
+        _set_default_query_class(kwargs)
+        if "backref" in kwargs:
+            backref = kwargs['backref']
+            if isinstance(backref, string_types):
+                backref = (backref, {})
+            _set_default_query_class(backref[1])
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+    return newfn
+
+
+def _include_sqlalchemy(obj):
+    for module in sqlalchemy, sqlalchemy.orm:
+        for key in module.__all__:
+            if not hasattr(obj, key):
+                setattr(obj, key, getattr(module, key))
+    # Note: obj.Table does not attempt to be a SQLAlchemy Table class.
+    obj.Table = _make_table(obj)
+    obj.relationship = _wrap_with_default_query_class(obj.relationship)
+    obj.relation = _wrap_with_default_query_class(obj.relation)
+    obj.dynamic_loader = _wrap_with_default_query_class(obj.dynamic_loader)
+    obj.event = event
+
+
+class _DebugQueryTuple(tuple):
+    statement = property(itemgetter(0))
+    parameters = property(itemgetter(1))
+    start_time = property(itemgetter(2))
+    end_time = property(itemgetter(3))
+    context = property(itemgetter(4))
+
+    @property
+    def duration(self):
+        return self.end_time - self.start_time
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<query statement="%s" parameters=%r duration=%.03f>' % (
+            self.statement,
+            self.parameters,
+            self.duration
+        )
+
+
+def _calling_context(app_path):
+    frm = sys._getframe(1)
+    while frm.f_back is not None:
+        name = frm.f_globals.get('__name__')
+        if name and (name == app_path or name.startswith(app_path + '.')):
+            funcname = frm.f_code.co_name
+            return '%s:%s (%s)' % (
+                frm.f_code.co_filename,
+                frm.f_lineno,
+                funcname
+            )
+        frm = frm.f_back
+    return '<unknown>'
+
+
+class SignallingSession(SessionBase):
+    """The signalling session is the default session that Flask-SQLAlchemy
+    uses.  It extends the default session system with bind selection and
+    modification tracking.
+
+    If you want to use a different session you can override the
+    :meth:`SQLAlchemy.create_session` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1
+        The `binds` option was added, which allows a session to be joined
+        to an external transaction.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, db, autocommit=False, autoflush=True, app=None, **options):
+        #: The application that this session belongs to.
+        self.app = app = db.get_app()
+        track_modifications = app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS']
+        bind = options.pop('bind', None) or db.engine
+        binds = options.pop('binds', None) or db.get_binds(app)
+
+        if track_modifications is None or track_modifications:
+            _SessionSignalEvents.register(self)
+
+        SessionBase.__init__(
+            self, autocommit=autocommit, autoflush=autoflush,
+            bind=bind, binds=binds, **options
+        )
+
+    def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None):
+        # mapper is None if someone tries to just get a connection
+        if mapper is not None:
+            info = getattr(mapper.mapped_table, 'info', {})
+            bind_key = info.get('bind_key')
+            if bind_key is not None:
+                state = get_state(self.app)
+                return state.db.get_engine(self.app, bind=bind_key)
+        return SessionBase.get_bind(self, mapper, clause)
+
+
+class _SessionSignalEvents(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, session):
+        if not hasattr(session, '_model_changes'):
+            session._model_changes = {}
+
+        event.listen(session, 'before_flush', cls.record_ops)
+        event.listen(session, 'before_commit', cls.record_ops)
+        event.listen(session, 'before_commit', cls.before_commit)
+        event.listen(session, 'after_commit', cls.after_commit)
+        event.listen(session, 'after_rollback', cls.after_rollback)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unregister(cls, session):
+        if hasattr(session, '_model_changes'):
+            del session._model_changes
+
+        event.remove(session, 'before_flush', cls.record_ops)
+        event.remove(session, 'before_commit', cls.record_ops)
+        event.remove(session, 'before_commit', cls.before_commit)
+        event.remove(session, 'after_commit', cls.after_commit)
+        event.remove(session, 'after_rollback', cls.after_rollback)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def record_ops(session, flush_context=None, instances=None):
+        try:
+            d = session._model_changes
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+
+        for targets, operation in ((session.new, 'insert'), (session.dirty, 'update'), (session.deleted, 'delete')):
+            for target in targets:
+                state = inspect(target)
+                key = state.identity_key if state.has_identity else id(target)
+                d[key] = (target, operation)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def before_commit(session):
+        try:
+            d = session._model_changes
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+
+        if d:
+            before_models_committed.send(session.app, changes=list(d.values()))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def after_commit(session):
+        try:
+            d = session._model_changes
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+
+        if d:
+            models_committed.send(session.app, changes=list(d.values()))
+            d.clear()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def after_rollback(session):
+        try:
+            d = session._model_changes
+        except AttributeError:
+            return
+
+        d.clear()
+
+
+class _EngineDebuggingSignalEvents(object):
+    """Sets up handlers for two events that let us track the execution time of queries."""
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, import_name):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.app_package = import_name
+
+    def register(self):
+        event.listen(self.engine, 'before_cursor_execute', self.before_cursor_execute)
+        event.listen(self.engine, 'after_cursor_execute', self.after_cursor_execute)
+
+    def before_cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement,
+                              parameters, context, executemany):
+        if connection_stack.top is not None:
+            context._query_start_time = _timer()
+
+    def after_cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement,
+                             parameters, context, executemany):
+        ctx = connection_stack.top
+        if ctx is not None:
+            queries = getattr(ctx, 'sqlalchemy_queries', None)
+            if queries is None:
+                queries = []
+                setattr(ctx, 'sqlalchemy_queries', queries)
+            queries.append(_DebugQueryTuple((
+                statement, parameters, context._query_start_time, _timer(),
+                _calling_context(self.app_package))))
+
+
+def get_debug_queries():
+    """In debug mode Flask-SQLAlchemy will log all the SQL queries sent
+    to the database.  This information is available until the end of request
+    which makes it possible to easily ensure that the SQL generated is the
+    one expected on errors or in unittesting.  If you don't want to enable
+    the DEBUG mode for your unittests you can also enable the query
+    recording by setting the ``'SQLALCHEMY_RECORD_QUERIES'`` config variable
+    to `True`.  This is automatically enabled if Flask is in testing mode.
+
+    The value returned will be a list of named tuples with the following
+    attributes:
+
+    `statement`
+        The SQL statement issued
+
+    `parameters`
+        The parameters for the SQL statement
+
+    `start_time` / `end_time`
+        Time the query started / the results arrived.  Please keep in mind
+        that the timer function used depends on your platform. These
+        values are only useful for sorting or comparing.  They do not
+        necessarily represent an absolute timestamp.
+
+    `duration`
+        Time the query took in seconds
+
+    `context`
+        A string giving a rough estimation of where in your application
+        query was issued.  The exact format is undefined so don't try
+        to reconstruct filename or function name.
+    """
+    return getattr(connection_stack.top, 'sqlalchemy_queries', [])
+
+
+class Pagination(object):
+    """Internal helper class returned by :meth:`BaseQuery.paginate`.  You
+    can also construct it from any other SQLAlchemy query object if you are
+    working with other libraries.  Additionally it is possible to pass `None`
+    as query object in which case the :meth:`prev` and :meth:`next` will
+    no longer work.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, query, page, per_page, total, items):
+        #: the unlimited query object that was used to create this
+        #: pagination object.
+        self.query = query
+        #: the current page number (1 indexed)
+        self.page = page
+        #: the number of items to be displayed on a page.
+        self.per_page = per_page
+        #: the total number of items matching the query
+        self.total = total
+        #: the items for the current page
+        self.items = items
+
+    @property
+    def pages(self):
+        """The total number of pages"""
+        if self.per_page == 0:
+            pages = 0
+        else:
+            pages = int(ceil(self.total / float(self.per_page)))
+        return pages
+
+    def prev(self, error_out=False):
+        """Returns a :class:`Pagination` object for the previous page."""
+        assert self.query is not None, 'a query object is required ' \
+                                       'for this method to work'
+        return self.query.paginate(self.page - 1, self.per_page, error_out)
+
+    @property
+    def prev_num(self):
+        """Number of the previous page."""
+        return self.page - 1
+
+    @property
+    def has_prev(self):
+        """True if a previous page exists"""
+        return self.page > 1
+
+    def next(self, error_out=False):
+        """Returns a :class:`Pagination` object for the next page."""
+        assert self.query is not None, 'a query object is required ' \
+                                       'for this method to work'
+        return self.query.paginate(self.page + 1, self.per_page, error_out)
+
+    @property
+    def has_next(self):
+        """True if a next page exists."""
+        return self.page < self.pages
+
+    @property
+    def next_num(self):
+        """Number of the next page"""
+        return self.page + 1
+
+    def iter_pages(self, left_edge=2, left_current=2,
+                   right_current=5, right_edge=2):
+        """Iterates over the page numbers in the pagination.  The four
+        parameters control the thresholds how many numbers should be produced
+        from the sides.  Skipped page numbers are represented as `None`.
+        This is how you could render such a pagination in the templates:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+            {% macro render_pagination(pagination, endpoint) %}
+              <div class=pagination>
+              {%- for page in pagination.iter_pages() %}
+                {% if page %}
+                  {% if page != pagination.page %}
+                    <a href="{{ url_for(endpoint, page=page) }}">{{ page }}</a>
+                  {% else %}
+                    <strong>{{ page }}</strong>
+                  {% endif %}
+                {% else %}
+                  <span class=ellipsis>…</span>
+                {% endif %}
+              {%- endfor %}
+              </div>
+            {% endmacro %}
+        """
+        last = 0
+        for num in xrange(1, self.pages + 1):
+            if num <= left_edge or \
+               (num > self.page - left_current - 1 and \
+                num < self.page + right_current) or \
+               num > self.pages - right_edge:
+                if last + 1 != num:
+                    yield None
+                yield num
+                last = num
+
+
+class BaseQuery(orm.Query):
+    """The default query object used for models, and exposed as
+    :attr:`~SQLAlchemy.Query`. This can be subclassed and
+    replaced for individual models by setting the :attr:`~Model.query_class`
+    attribute.  This is a subclass of a standard SQLAlchemy
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query` class and has all the methods of a
+    standard query as well.
+    """
+
+    def get_or_404(self, ident):
+        """Like :meth:`get` but aborts with 404 if not found instead of
+        returning `None`.
+        """
+        rv = self.get(ident)
+        if rv is None:
+            abort(404)
+        return rv
+
+    def first_or_404(self):
+        """Like :meth:`first` but aborts with 404 if not found instead of
+        returning `None`.
+        """
+        rv = self.first()
+        if rv is None:
+            abort(404)
+        return rv
+
+    def paginate(self, page=None, per_page=None, error_out=True):
+        """Returns `per_page` items from page `page`.  By default it will
+        abort with 404 if no items were found and the page was larger than
+        1.  This behavor can be disabled by setting `error_out` to `False`.
+
+        If page or per_page are None, they will be retrieved from the
+        request query.  If the values are not ints and ``error_out`` is
+        true, it will abort with 404.  If there is no request or they
+        aren't in the query, they default to page 1 and 20
+        respectively.
+
+        Returns an :class:`Pagination` object.
+        """
+
+        if has_request_context():
+            if page is None:
+                try:
+                    page = int(request.args.get('page', 1))
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    if error_out:
+                        abort(404)
+
+                    page = 1
+
+            if per_page is None:
+                try:
+                    per_page = int(request.args.get('per_page', 20))
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    if error_out:
+                        abort(404)
+
+                    per_page = 20
+        else:
+            if page is None:
+                page = 1
+
+            if per_page is None:
+                per_page = 20
+
+        if error_out and page < 1:
+            abort(404)
+
+        items = self.limit(per_page).offset((page - 1) * per_page).all()
+
+        if not items and page != 1 and error_out:
+            abort(404)
+
+        # No need to count if we're on the first page and there are fewer
+        # items than we expected.
+        if page == 1 and len(items) < per_page:
+            total = len(items)
+        else:
+            total = self.order_by(None).count()
+
+        return Pagination(self, page, per_page, total, items)
+
+
+class _QueryProperty(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, sa):
+        self.sa = sa
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, type):
+        try:
+            mapper = orm.class_mapper(type)
+            if mapper:
+                return type.query_class(mapper, session=self.sa.session())
+        except UnmappedClassError:
+            return None
+
+
+def _record_queries(app):
+    if app.debug:
+        return True
+    rq = app.config['SQLALCHEMY_RECORD_QUERIES']
+    if rq is not None:
+        return rq
+    return bool(app.config.get('TESTING'))
+
+
+class _EngineConnector(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, sa, app, bind=None):
+        self._sa = sa
+        self._app = app
+        self._engine = None
+        self._connected_for = None
+        self._bind = bind
+        self._lock = Lock()
+
+    def get_uri(self):
+        if self._bind is None:
+            return self._app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI']
+        binds = self._app.config.get('SQLALCHEMY_BINDS') or ()
+        assert self._bind in binds, \
+            'Bind %r is not specified.  Set it in the SQLALCHEMY_BINDS ' \
+            'configuration variable' % self._bind
+        return binds[self._bind]
+
+    def get_engine(self):
+        with self._lock:
+            uri = self.get_uri()
+            echo = self._app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO']
+            if (uri, echo) == self._connected_for:
+                return self._engine
+            info = make_url(uri)
+            options = {'convert_unicode': True}
+            self._sa.apply_pool_defaults(self._app, options)
+            self._sa.apply_driver_hacks(self._app, info, options)
+            if echo:
+                options['echo'] = True
+            self._engine = rv = sqlalchemy.create_engine(info, **options)
+            if _record_queries(self._app):
+                _EngineDebuggingSignalEvents(self._engine,
+                                             self._app.import_name).register()
+            self._connected_for = (uri, echo)
+            return rv
+
+
+def _should_set_tablename(bases, d):
+    """Check what values are set by a class and its bases to determine if a
+    tablename should be automatically generated.
+
+    The class and its bases are checked in order of precedence: the class
+    itself then each base in the order they were given at class definition.
+
+    Abstract classes do not generate a tablename, although they may have set
+    or inherited a tablename elsewhere.
+
+    If a class defines a tablename or table, a new one will not be generated.
+    Otherwise, if the class defines a primary key, a new name will be generated.
+
+    This supports:
+
+    * Joined table inheritance without explicitly naming sub-models.
+    * Single table inheritance.
+    * Inheriting from mixins or abstract models.
+
+    :param bases: base classes of new class
+    :param d: new class dict
+    :return: True if tablename should be set
+    """
+
+    if '__tablename__' in d or '__table__' in d or '__abstract__' in d:
+        return False
+
+    if any(v.primary_key for v in itervalues(d) if isinstance(v, sqlalchemy.Column)):
+        return True
+
+    for base in bases:
+        if hasattr(base, '__tablename__') or hasattr(base, '__table__'):
+            return False
+
+        for name in dir(base):
+            attr = getattr(base, name)
+
+            if isinstance(attr, sqlalchemy.Column) and attr.primary_key:
+                return True
+
+
+class _BoundDeclarativeMeta(DeclarativeMeta):
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, bases, d):
+        if _should_set_tablename(bases, d):
+            def _join(match):
+                word = match.group()
+                if len(word) > 1:
+                    return ('_%s_%s' % (word[:-1], word[-1])).lower()
+                return '_' + word.lower()
+            d['__tablename__'] = _camelcase_re.sub(_join, name).lstrip('_')
+
+        return DeclarativeMeta.__new__(cls, name, bases, d)
+
+    def __init__(self, name, bases, d):
+        bind_key = d.pop('__bind_key__', None)
+        DeclarativeMeta.__init__(self, name, bases, d)
+        if bind_key is not None:
+            self.__table__.info['bind_key'] = bind_key
+
+
+def get_state(app):
+    """Gets the state for the application"""
+    assert 'sqlalchemy' in app.extensions, \
+        'The sqlalchemy extension was not registered to the current ' \
+        'application.  Please make sure to call init_app() first.'
+    return app.extensions['sqlalchemy']
+
+
+class _SQLAlchemyState(object):
+    """Remembers configuration for the (db, app) tuple."""
+
+    def __init__(self, db, app):
+        self.db = db
+        self.app = app
+        self.connectors = {}
+
+
+class Model(object):
+    """Baseclass for custom user models."""
+
+    #: the query class used.  The :attr:`query` attribute is an instance
+    #: of this class.  By default a :class:`BaseQuery` is used.
+    query_class = BaseQuery
+
+    #: an instance of :attr:`query_class`.  Can be used to query the
+    #: database for instances of this model.
+    query = None
+
+
+class SQLAlchemy(object):
+    """This class is used to control the SQLAlchemy integration to one
+    or more Flask applications.  Depending on how you initialize the
+    object it is usable right away or will attach as needed to a
+    Flask application.
+
+    There are two usage modes which work very similarly.  One is binding
+    the instance to a very specific Flask application::
+
+        app = Flask(__name__)
+        db = SQLAlchemy(app)
+
+    The second possibility is to create the object once and configure the
+    application later to support it::
+
+        db = SQLAlchemy()
+
+        def create_app():
+            app = Flask(__name__)
+            db.init_app(app)
+            return app
+
+    The difference between the two is that in the first case methods like
+    :meth:`create_all` and :meth:`drop_all` will work all the time but in
+    the second case a :meth:`flask.Flask.app_context` has to exist.
+
+    By default Flask-SQLAlchemy will apply some backend-specific settings
+    to improve your experience with them.  As of SQLAlchemy 0.6 SQLAlchemy
+    will probe the library for native unicode support.  If it detects
+    unicode it will let the library handle that, otherwise do that itself.
+    Sometimes this detection can fail in which case you might want to set
+    `use_native_unicode` (or the ``SQLALCHEMY_NATIVE_UNICODE`` configuration
+    key) to `False`.  Note that the configuration key overrides the
+    value you pass to the constructor.
+
+    This class also provides access to all the SQLAlchemy functions and classes
+    from the :mod:`sqlalchemy` and :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm` modules.  So you can
+    declare models like this::
+
+        class User(db.Model):
+            username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
+            pw_hash = db.Column(db.String(80))
+
+    You can still use :mod:`sqlalchemy` and :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm` directly, but
+    note that Flask-SQLAlchemy customizations are available only through an
+    instance of this :class:`SQLAlchemy` class.  Query classes default to
+    :class:`BaseQuery` for `db.Query`, `db.Model.query_class`, and the default
+    query_class for `db.relationship` and `db.backref`.  If you use these
+    interfaces through :mod:`sqlalchemy` and :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm` directly,
+    the default query class will be that of :mod:`sqlalchemy`.
+
+    .. admonition:: Check types carefully
+
+       Don't perform type or `isinstance` checks against `db.Table`, which
+       emulates `Table` behavior but is not a class. `db.Table` exposes the
+       `Table` interface, but is a function which allows omission of metadata.
+
+    You may also define your own SessionExtension instances as well when
+    defining your SQLAlchemy class instance. You may pass your custom instances
+    to the `session_extensions` keyword. This can be either a single
+    SessionExtension instance, or a list of SessionExtension instances. In the
+    following use case we use the VersionedListener from the SQLAlchemy
+    versioning examples.::
+
+        from history_meta import VersionedMeta, VersionedListener
+
+        app = Flask(__name__)
+        db = SQLAlchemy(app, session_extensions=[VersionedListener()])
+
+        class User(db.Model):
+            __metaclass__ = VersionedMeta
+            username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True)
+            pw_hash = db.Column(db.String(80))
+
+    The `session_options` parameter can be used to override session
+    options.  If provided it's a dict of parameters passed to the
+    session's constructor.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+       The `session_options` parameter was added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.16
+       `scopefunc` is now accepted on `session_options`. It allows specifying
+        a custom function which will define the SQLAlchemy session's scoping.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1
+       The `metadata` parameter was added. This allows for setting custom
+       naming conventions among other, non-trivial things.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app=None, use_native_unicode=True, session_options=None, metadata=None):
+
+        if session_options is None:
+            session_options = {}
+
+        session_options.setdefault('scopefunc', connection_stack.__ident_func__)
+        self.use_native_unicode = use_native_unicode
+        self.session = self.create_scoped_session(session_options)
+        self.Model = self.make_declarative_base(metadata)
+        self.Query = BaseQuery
+        self._engine_lock = Lock()
+        self.app = app
+        _include_sqlalchemy(self)
+
+        if app is not None:
+            self.init_app(app)
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self):
+        """Returns the metadata"""
+        return self.Model.metadata
+
+    def create_scoped_session(self, options=None):
+        """Helper factory method that creates a scoped session.  It
+        internally calls :meth:`create_session`.
+        """
+        if options is None:
+            options = {}
+        scopefunc = options.pop('scopefunc', None)
+        return orm.scoped_session(partial(self.create_session, options),
+                                  scopefunc=scopefunc)
+
+    def create_session(self, options):
+        """Creates the session.  The default implementation returns a
+        :class:`SignallingSession`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+        return SignallingSession(self, **options)
+
+    def make_declarative_base(self, metadata=None):
+        """Creates the declarative base."""
+        base = declarative_base(cls=Model, name='Model',
+                                metadata=metadata,
+                                metaclass=_BoundDeclarativeMeta)
+        base.query = _QueryProperty(self)
+        return base
+
+    def init_app(self, app):
+        """This callback can be used to initialize an application for the
+        use with this database setup.  Never use a database in the context
+        of an application not initialized that way or connections will
+        leak.
+        """
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI', 'sqlite://')
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_BINDS', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_NATIVE_UNICODE', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_ECHO', False)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_RECORD_QUERIES', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW', None)
+        app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_COMMIT_ON_TEARDOWN', False)
+        track_modifications = app.config.setdefault('SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS', None)
+
+        if track_modifications is None:
+            warnings.warn('SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS adds significant overhead and will be disabled by default in the future.  Set it to True to suppress this warning.')
+
+        if not hasattr(app, 'extensions'):
+            app.extensions = {}
+        app.extensions['sqlalchemy'] = _SQLAlchemyState(self, app)
+
+        # 0.9 and later
+        if hasattr(app, 'teardown_appcontext'):
+            teardown = app.teardown_appcontext
+        # 0.7 to 0.8
+        elif hasattr(app, 'teardown_request'):
+            teardown = app.teardown_request
+        # Older Flask versions
+        else:
+            if app.config['SQLALCHEMY_COMMIT_ON_TEARDOWN']:
+                raise RuntimeError("Commit on teardown requires Flask >= 0.7")
+            teardown = app.after_request
+
+        @teardown
+        def shutdown_session(response_or_exc):
+            if app.config['SQLALCHEMY_COMMIT_ON_TEARDOWN']:
+                if response_or_exc is None:
+                    self.session.commit()
+            self.session.remove()
+            return response_or_exc
+
+    def apply_pool_defaults(self, app, options):
+        def _setdefault(optionkey, configkey):
+            value = app.config[configkey]
+            if value is not None:
+                options[optionkey] = value
+        _setdefault('pool_size', 'SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE')
+        _setdefault('pool_timeout', 'SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT')
+        _setdefault('pool_recycle', 'SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE')
+        _setdefault('max_overflow', 'SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW')
+
+    def apply_driver_hacks(self, app, info, options):
+        """This method is called before engine creation and used to inject
+        driver specific hacks into the options.  The `options` parameter is
+        a dictionary of keyword arguments that will then be used to call
+        the :func:`sqlalchemy.create_engine` function.
+
+        The default implementation provides some saner defaults for things
+        like pool sizes for MySQL and sqlite.  Also it injects the setting of
+        `SQLALCHEMY_NATIVE_UNICODE`.
+        """
+        if info.drivername.startswith('mysql'):
+            info.query.setdefault('charset', 'utf8')
+            if info.drivername != 'mysql+gaerdbms':
+                options.setdefault('pool_size', 10)
+                options.setdefault('pool_recycle', 7200)
+        elif info.drivername == 'sqlite':
+            pool_size = options.get('pool_size')
+            detected_in_memory = False
+            # we go to memory and the pool size was explicitly set to 0
+            # which is fail.  Let the user know that
+            if info.database in (None, '', ':memory:'):
+                detected_in_memory = True
+                from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+                options['poolclass'] = StaticPool
+                if 'connect_args' not in options:
+                    options['connect_args'] = {}
+                options['connect_args']['check_same_thread'] = False
+
+                if pool_size == 0:
+                    raise RuntimeError('SQLite in memory database with an '
+                                       'empty queue not possible due to data '
+                                       'loss.')
+            # if pool size is None or explicitly set to 0 we assume the
+            # user did not want a queue for this sqlite connection and
+            # hook in the null pool.
+            elif not pool_size:
+                from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+                options['poolclass'] = NullPool
+
+            # if it's not an in memory database we make the path absolute.
+            if not detected_in_memory:
+                info.database = os.path.join(app.root_path, info.database)
+
+        unu = app.config['SQLALCHEMY_NATIVE_UNICODE']
+        if unu is None:
+            unu = self.use_native_unicode
+        if not unu:
+            options['use_native_unicode'] = False
+
+    @property
+    def engine(self):
+        """Gives access to the engine.  If the database configuration is bound
+        to a specific application (initialized with an application) this will
+        always return a database connection.  If however the current application
+        is used this might raise a :exc:`RuntimeError` if no application is
+        active at the moment.
+        """
+        return self.get_engine(self.get_app())
+
+    def make_connector(self, app, bind=None):
+        """Creates the connector for a given state and bind."""
+        return _EngineConnector(self, app, bind)
+
+    def get_engine(self, app, bind=None):
+        """Returns a specific engine.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.12
+        """
+        with self._engine_lock:
+            state = get_state(app)
+            connector = state.connectors.get(bind)
+            if connector is None:
+                connector = self.make_connector(app, bind)
+                state.connectors[bind] = connector
+            return connector.get_engine()
+
+    def get_app(self, reference_app=None):
+        """Helper method that implements the logic to look up an application.
+        """
+        if reference_app is not None:
+            return reference_app
+        if self.app is not None:
+            return self.app
+        ctx = connection_stack.top
+        if ctx is not None:
+            return ctx.app
+        raise RuntimeError('application not registered on db '
+                           'instance and no application bound '
+                           'to current context')
+
+    def get_tables_for_bind(self, bind=None):
+        """Returns a list of all tables relevant for a bind."""
+        result = []
+        for table in itervalues(self.Model.metadata.tables):
+            if table.info.get('bind_key') == bind:
+                result.append(table)
+        return result
+
+    def get_binds(self, app=None):
+        """Returns a dictionary with a table->engine mapping.
+
+        This is suitable for use of sessionmaker(binds=db.get_binds(app)).
+        """
+        app = self.get_app(app)
+        binds = [None] + list(app.config.get('SQLALCHEMY_BINDS') or ())
+        retval = {}
+        for bind in binds:
+            engine = self.get_engine(app, bind)
+            tables = self.get_tables_for_bind(bind)
+            retval.update(dict((table, engine) for table in tables))
+        return retval
+
+    def _execute_for_all_tables(self, app, bind, operation, skip_tables=False):
+        app = self.get_app(app)
+
+        if bind == '__all__':
+            binds = [None] + list(app.config.get('SQLALCHEMY_BINDS') or ())
+        elif isinstance(bind, string_types) or bind is None:
+            binds = [bind]
+        else:
+            binds = bind
+
+        for bind in binds:
+            extra = {}
+            if not skip_tables:
+                tables = self.get_tables_for_bind(bind)
+                extra['tables'] = tables
+            op = getattr(self.Model.metadata, operation)
+            op(bind=self.get_engine(app, bind), **extra)
+
+    def create_all(self, bind='__all__', app=None):
+        """Creates all tables.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.12
+           Parameters were added
+        """
+        self._execute_for_all_tables(app, bind, 'create_all')
+
+    def drop_all(self, bind='__all__', app=None):
+        """Drops all tables.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.12
+           Parameters were added
+        """
+        self._execute_for_all_tables(app, bind, 'drop_all')
+
+    def reflect(self, bind='__all__', app=None):
+        """Reflects tables from the database.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.12
+           Parameters were added
+        """
+        self._execute_for_all_tables(app, bind, 'reflect', skip_tables=True)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        app = None
+        if self.app is not None:
+            app = self.app
+        else:
+            ctx = connection_stack.top
+            if ctx is not None:
+                app = ctx.app
+        return '<%s engine=%r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            app and app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] or None
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1085e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flaskext.sqlalchemy._compat
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Internal Python 2.x/3.x compatibility layer.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2013 by Daniel Neuhäuser
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+
+
+if PY2:
+    def iteritems(d):
+        return d.iteritems()
+
+    def itervalues(d):
+        return d.itervalues()
+
+    xrange = xrange
+
+    string_types = (unicode, bytes)
+
+else:
+    def iteritems(d):
+        return iter(d.items())
+
+    def itervalues(d):
+        return iter(d.values())
+
+    xrange = range
+
+    string_types = (str, )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e0c2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    flask_wtf
+    ~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Flask-WTF extension
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Dan Jacob.
+    :copyright: (c) 2013 - 2015 by Hsiaoming Yang.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+# flake8: noqa
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .form import Form
+from .csrf import CsrfProtect
+from .recaptcha import *
+
+__version__ = '0.12'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb6e9ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import sys
+if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = (str,)
+else:
+    text_type = unicode
+    string_types = (str, unicode)
+
+
+def to_bytes(text):
+    """Transform string to bytes."""
+    if isinstance(text, text_type):
+        text = text.encode('utf-8')
+    return text
+
+
+def to_unicode(input_bytes, encoding='utf-8'):
+    """Decodes input_bytes to text if needed."""
+    if not isinstance(input_bytes, string_types):
+        input_bytes = input_bytes.decode(encoding)
+    return input_bytes
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/csrf.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/csrf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b66032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/csrf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+    flask_wtf.csrf
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    CSRF protection for Flask.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2013 by Hsiaoming Yang.
+"""
+
+import os
+import hmac
+import hashlib
+import time
+from flask import Blueprint
+from flask import current_app, session, request, abort
+from werkzeug.security import safe_str_cmp
+from ._compat import to_bytes, string_types
+try:
+    from urlparse import urlparse
+except ImportError:
+    # python 3
+    from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+
+__all__ = ('generate_csrf', 'validate_csrf', 'CsrfProtect')
+
+
+def generate_csrf(secret_key=None, time_limit=None):
+    """Generate csrf token code.
+
+    :param secret_key: A secret key for mixing in the token,
+                       default is Flask.secret_key.
+    :param time_limit: Token valid in the time limit,
+                       default is 3600s.
+    """
+    if not secret_key:
+        secret_key = current_app.config.get(
+            'WTF_CSRF_SECRET_KEY', current_app.secret_key
+        )
+
+    if not secret_key:
+        raise Exception('Must provide secret_key to use csrf.')
+
+    if time_limit is None:
+        time_limit = current_app.config.get('WTF_CSRF_TIME_LIMIT', 3600)
+
+    if 'csrf_token' not in session:
+        session['csrf_token'] = hashlib.sha1(os.urandom(64)).hexdigest()
+
+    if time_limit:
+        expires = int(time.time() + time_limit)
+        csrf_build = '%s%s' % (session['csrf_token'], expires)
+    else:
+        expires = ''
+        csrf_build = session['csrf_token']
+
+    hmac_csrf = hmac.new(
+        to_bytes(secret_key),
+        to_bytes(csrf_build),
+        digestmod=hashlib.sha1
+    ).hexdigest()
+    return '%s##%s' % (expires, hmac_csrf)
+
+
+def validate_csrf(data, secret_key=None, time_limit=None):
+    """Check if the given data is a valid csrf token.
+
+    :param data: The csrf token value to be checked.
+    :param secret_key: A secret key for mixing in the token,
+                       default is Flask.secret_key.
+    :param time_limit: Check if the csrf token is expired.
+                       default is True.
+    """
+    if not data or '##' not in data:
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        expires, hmac_csrf = data.split('##', 1)
+    except ValueError:
+        return False  # unpack error
+
+    if time_limit is None:
+        time_limit = current_app.config.get('WTF_CSRF_TIME_LIMIT', 3600)
+
+    if time_limit:
+        try:
+            expires = int(expires)
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        now = int(time.time())
+        if now > expires:
+            return False
+
+    if not secret_key:
+        secret_key = current_app.config.get(
+            'WTF_CSRF_SECRET_KEY', current_app.secret_key
+        )
+
+    if 'csrf_token' not in session:
+        return False
+
+    csrf_build = '%s%s' % (session['csrf_token'], expires)
+    hmac_compare = hmac.new(
+        to_bytes(secret_key),
+        to_bytes(csrf_build),
+        digestmod=hashlib.sha1
+    ).hexdigest()
+
+    return safe_str_cmp(hmac_compare, hmac_csrf)
+
+
+class CsrfProtect(object):
+    """Enable csrf protect for Flask.
+
+    Register it with::
+
+        app = Flask(__name__)
+        CsrfProtect(app)
+
+    And in the templates, add the token input::
+
+        <input type="hidden" name="csrf_token" value="{{ csrf_token() }}"/>
+
+    If you need to send the token via AJAX, and there is no form::
+
+        <meta name="csrf_token" content="{{ csrf_token() }}" />
+
+    You can grab the csrf token with JavaScript, and send the token together.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app=None):
+        self._exempt_views = set()
+        self._exempt_blueprints = set()
+
+        if app:
+            self.init_app(app)
+
+    def init_app(self, app):
+        self._app = app
+        app.jinja_env.globals['csrf_token'] = generate_csrf
+        app.config.setdefault(
+            'WTF_CSRF_HEADERS', ['X-CSRFToken', 'X-CSRF-Token']
+        )
+        app.config.setdefault('WTF_CSRF_SSL_STRICT', True)
+        app.config.setdefault('WTF_CSRF_ENABLED', True)
+        app.config.setdefault('WTF_CSRF_CHECK_DEFAULT', True)
+        app.config.setdefault('WTF_CSRF_METHODS', ['POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH'])
+
+        # expose csrf_token as a helper in all templates
+        @app.context_processor
+        def csrf_token():
+            return dict(csrf_token=generate_csrf)
+
+        if not app.config['WTF_CSRF_ENABLED']:
+            return
+
+        if not app.config['WTF_CSRF_CHECK_DEFAULT']:
+            return
+
+        @app.before_request
+        def _csrf_protect():
+            # many things come from django.middleware.csrf
+            if request.method not in app.config['WTF_CSRF_METHODS']:
+                return
+
+            if self._exempt_views or self._exempt_blueprints:
+                if not request.endpoint:
+                    return
+
+                view = app.view_functions.get(request.endpoint)
+                if not view:
+                    return
+
+                dest = '%s.%s' % (view.__module__, view.__name__)
+                if dest in self._exempt_views:
+                    return
+                if request.blueprint in self._exempt_blueprints:
+                    return
+
+            self.protect()
+
+    def _get_csrf_token(self):
+        # find the ``csrf_token`` field in the subitted form
+        # if the form had a prefix, the name will be
+        # ``{prefix}-csrf_token``
+        for key in request.form:
+            if key.endswith('csrf_token'):
+                csrf_token = request.form[key]
+                if csrf_token:
+                    return csrf_token
+
+        for header_name in self._app.config['WTF_CSRF_HEADERS']:
+            csrf_token = request.headers.get(header_name)
+            if csrf_token:
+                return csrf_token
+        return None
+
+    def protect(self):
+        if request.method not in self._app.config['WTF_CSRF_METHODS']:
+            return
+
+        if not validate_csrf(self._get_csrf_token()):
+            reason = 'CSRF token missing or incorrect.'
+            return self._error_response(reason)
+
+        if request.is_secure and self._app.config['WTF_CSRF_SSL_STRICT']:
+            if not request.referrer:
+                reason = 'Referrer checking failed - no Referrer.'
+                return self._error_response(reason)
+
+            good_referrer = 'https://%s/' % request.host
+            if not same_origin(request.referrer, good_referrer):
+                reason = 'Referrer checking failed - origin does not match.'
+                return self._error_response(reason)
+
+        request.csrf_valid = True  # mark this request is csrf valid
+
+    def exempt(self, view):
+        """A decorator that can exclude a view from csrf protection.
+
+        Remember to put the decorator above the `route`::
+
+            csrf = CsrfProtect(app)
+
+            @csrf.exempt
+            @app.route('/some-view', methods=['POST'])
+            def some_view():
+                return
+        """
+        if isinstance(view, Blueprint):
+            self._exempt_blueprints.add(view.name)
+            return view
+        if isinstance(view, string_types):
+            view_location = view
+        else:
+            view_location = '%s.%s' % (view.__module__, view.__name__)
+        self._exempt_views.add(view_location)
+        return view
+
+    def _error_response(self, reason):
+        return abort(400, reason)
+
+    def error_handler(self, view):
+        """A decorator that set the error response handler.
+
+        It accepts one parameter `reason`::
+
+            @csrf.error_handler
+            def csrf_error(reason):
+                return render_template('error.html', reason=reason)
+
+        By default, it will return a 400 response.
+        """
+        self._error_response = view
+        return view
+
+
+def same_origin(current_uri, compare_uri):
+    parsed_uri = urlparse(current_uri)
+    parsed_compare = urlparse(compare_uri)
+
+    if parsed_uri.scheme != parsed_compare.scheme:
+        return False
+
+    if parsed_uri.hostname != parsed_compare.hostname:
+        return False
+
+    if parsed_uri.port != parsed_compare.port:
+        return False
+    return True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/file.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/file.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2fa5cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from werkzeug import FileStorage
+from wtforms import FileField as _FileField
+from wtforms.validators import InputRequired, StopValidation
+
+
+class FileField(_FileField):
+    """
+    Werkzeug-aware subclass of **wtforms.FileField**
+
+    Provides a `has_file()` method to check if its data is a FileStorage
+    instance with an actual file.
+    """
+    def has_file(self):
+        '''Return True iff self.data is a FileStorage with file data'''
+        if not isinstance(self.data, FileStorage):
+            return False
+        # filename == None => the field was present but no file was entered
+        # filename == '<fdopen>' is for a werkzeug hack:
+        #   large file uploads will get stored in a temporary file on disk and
+        #   show up as an extra FileStorage with name '<fdopen>'
+        return self.data.filename not in [None, '', '<fdopen>']
+
+
+class FileRequired(InputRequired):
+    """
+    Validates that field has a file.
+
+    :param message: error message
+
+    You can also use the synonym **file_required**.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if not field.has_file():
+            if self.message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('This field is required.')
+            else:
+                message = self.message
+            raise StopValidation(message)
+
+file_required = FileRequired
+
+
+class FileAllowed(object):
+    """
+    Validates that the uploaded file is allowed by the given
+    Flask-Uploads UploadSet.
+
+    :param upload_set: A list/tuple of extention names or an instance
+                       of ``flask.ext.uploads.UploadSet``
+    :param message: error message
+
+    You can also use the synonym **file_allowed**.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, upload_set, message=None):
+        self.upload_set = upload_set
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if not field.has_file():
+            return
+
+        filename = field.data.filename.lower()
+
+        if isinstance(self.upload_set, (tuple, list)):
+            ext = filename.rsplit('.', 1)[-1]
+            if ext in self.upload_set:
+                return
+            message = '{} is not in the allowed extentions: {}'.format(
+                ext, self.upload_set)
+            raise StopValidation(self.message or message)
+
+        if not self.upload_set.file_allowed(field.data, filename):
+            raise StopValidation(self.message or
+                                 'File does not have an approved extension')
+
+file_allowed = FileAllowed
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/form.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/form.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37d97dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/form.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+import werkzeug.datastructures
+
+from jinja2 import Markup, escape
+from flask import request, session, current_app
+from wtforms.fields import HiddenField
+from wtforms.widgets import HiddenInput
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+from wtforms.ext.csrf.form import SecureForm
+from ._compat import text_type, string_types
+from .csrf import generate_csrf, validate_csrf
+
+try:
+    from .i18n import translations
+except ImportError:
+    translations = None  # babel not installed
+
+
+class _Auto():
+    '''Placeholder for unspecified variables that should be set to defaults.
+
+    Used when None is a valid option and should not be replaced by a default.
+    '''
+    pass
+
+
+def _is_hidden(field):
+    """Detect if the field is hidden."""
+    if isinstance(field, HiddenField):
+        return True
+    if isinstance(field.widget, HiddenInput):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+class Form(SecureForm):
+    """
+    Flask-specific subclass of WTForms **SecureForm** class.
+
+    If formdata is not specified, this will use flask.request.form.
+    Explicitly pass formdata = None to prevent this.
+
+    :param csrf_context: a session or dict-like object to use when making
+                         CSRF tokens. Default: flask.session.
+
+    :param secret_key: a secret key for building CSRF tokens. If this isn't
+                       specified, the form will take the first of these
+                       that is defined:
+
+                       * SECRET_KEY attribute on this class
+                       * WTF_CSRF_SECRET_KEY config of flask app
+                       * SECRET_KEY config of flask app
+                       * session secret key
+
+    :param csrf_enabled: whether to use CSRF protection. If False, all
+                         csrf behavior is suppressed.
+                         Default: WTF_CSRF_ENABLED config value
+    """
+
+    SECRET_KEY = None
+    TIME_LIMIT = None
+
+    def __init__(self, formdata=_Auto, obj=None, prefix='', csrf_context=None,
+                 secret_key=None, csrf_enabled=None, *args, **kwargs):
+
+        if csrf_enabled is None:
+            csrf_enabled = current_app.config.get('WTF_CSRF_ENABLED', True)
+
+        self.csrf_enabled = csrf_enabled
+
+        if formdata is _Auto:
+            if self.is_submitted():
+                formdata = request.form
+                if request.files:
+                    formdata = formdata.copy()
+                    formdata.update(request.files)
+                elif request.json:
+                    formdata = werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict(request.json)
+            else:
+                formdata = None
+
+        if self.csrf_enabled:
+            if csrf_context is None:
+                csrf_context = session
+            if secret_key is None:
+                # It wasn't passed in, check if the class has a SECRET_KEY
+                secret_key = getattr(self, "SECRET_KEY", None)
+
+            self.SECRET_KEY = secret_key
+        else:
+            csrf_context = {}
+            self.SECRET_KEY = ''
+        super(Form, self).__init__(formdata, obj, prefix,
+                                   csrf_context=csrf_context,
+                                   *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def generate_csrf_token(self, csrf_context=None):
+        if not self.csrf_enabled:
+            return None
+        return generate_csrf(self.SECRET_KEY, self.TIME_LIMIT)
+
+    def validate_csrf_token(self, field):
+        if not self.csrf_enabled:
+            return True
+        if hasattr(request, 'csrf_valid') and request.csrf_valid:
+            # this is validated by CsrfProtect
+            return True
+        if not validate_csrf(field.data, self.SECRET_KEY, self.TIME_LIMIT):
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF token missing'))
+
+    def validate_csrf_data(self, data):
+        """Check if the csrf data is valid.
+
+        .. versionadded: 0.9.0
+
+        :param data: the csrf string to be validated.
+        """
+        return validate_csrf(data, self.SECRET_KEY, self.TIME_LIMIT)
+
+    def is_submitted(self):
+        """
+        Checks if form has been submitted. The default case is if the HTTP
+        method is **PUT** or **POST**.
+        """
+
+        return request and request.method in ("PUT", "POST")
+
+    def hidden_tag(self, *fields):
+        """
+        Wraps hidden fields in a hidden DIV tag, in order to keep XHTML
+        compliance.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3
+
+        :param fields: list of hidden field names. If not provided will render
+                       all hidden fields, including the CSRF field.
+        """
+
+        if not fields:
+            fields = [f for f in self if _is_hidden(f)]
+
+        name = current_app.config.get('WTF_HIDDEN_TAG', 'div')
+        attrs = current_app.config.get(
+            'WTF_HIDDEN_TAG_ATTRS', {'style': 'display:none;'})
+
+        tag_attrs = u' '.join(
+            u'%s="%s"' % (escape(k), escape(v)) for k, v in attrs.items())
+        tag_start = u'<%s %s>' % (escape(name), tag_attrs)
+        tag_end = u'</%s>' % escape(name)
+
+        rv = [tag_start]
+        for field in fields:
+            if isinstance(field, string_types):
+                field = getattr(self, field)
+            rv.append(text_type(field))
+        rv.append(tag_end)
+
+        return Markup(u"".join(rv))
+
+    def validate_on_submit(self):
+        """
+        Checks if form has been submitted and if so runs validate. This is
+        a shortcut, equivalent to ``form.is_submitted() and form.validate()``
+        """
+        return self.is_submitted() and self.validate()
+
+    def _get_translations(self):
+        if not current_app.config.get('WTF_I18N_ENABLED', True):
+            return None
+        return translations
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/html5.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/html5.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83de5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/html5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# flake8: noqa
+from wtforms.widgets.html5 import *
+from wtforms.fields.html5 import *
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/i18n.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/i18n.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63ac36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/i18n.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+    flask_wtf.i18n
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Internationalization support for Flask WTF.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2013 by Hsiaoming Yang.
+"""
+
+from flask import _request_ctx_stack
+from flask_babel import get_locale
+from babel import support
+try:
+    from wtforms.i18n import messages_path
+except ImportError:
+    from wtforms.ext.i18n.utils import messages_path
+
+
+__all__ = ('Translations', 'translations')
+
+
+def _get_translations():
+    """Returns the correct gettext translations.
+    Copy from flask-babel with some modifications.
+    """
+    ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
+    if ctx is None:
+        return None
+    # babel should be in extensions for get_locale
+    if 'babel' not in ctx.app.extensions:
+        return None
+    translations = getattr(ctx, 'wtforms_translations', None)
+    if translations is None:
+        dirname = messages_path()
+        translations = support.Translations.load(
+            dirname, [get_locale()], domain='wtforms'
+        )
+        ctx.wtforms_translations = translations
+    return translations
+
+
+class Translations(object):
+    def gettext(self, string):
+        t = _get_translations()
+        if t is None:
+            return string
+        if hasattr(t, 'ugettext'):
+            return t.ugettext(string)
+        # Python 3 has no ugettext
+        return t.gettext(string)
+
+    def ngettext(self, singular, plural, n):
+        t = _get_translations()
+        if t is None:
+            if n == 1:
+                return singular
+            return plural
+
+        if hasattr(t, 'ungettext'):
+            return t.ungettext(singular, plural, n)
+        # Python 3 has no ungettext
+        return t.ngettext(singular, plural, n)
+
+
+translations = Translations()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47627d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from .fields import *
+from .validators import *
+from .widgets import *
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dff3d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from wtforms.fields import Field
+
+from . import widgets
+from .validators import Recaptcha
+
+__all__ = ["RecaptchaField"]
+
+
+class RecaptchaField(Field):
+    widget = widgets.RecaptchaWidget()
+
+    # error message if recaptcha validation fails
+    recaptcha_error = None
+
+    def __init__(self, label='', validators=None, **kwargs):
+        validators = validators or [Recaptcha()]
+        super(RecaptchaField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/validators.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcff23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+try:
+    import urllib2 as http
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3
+    from urllib import request as http
+
+from flask import request, current_app
+from wtforms import ValidationError
+from werkzeug import url_encode
+from .._compat import to_bytes, to_unicode
+import json
+
+RECAPTCHA_VERIFY_SERVER = 'https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify'
+RECAPTCHA_ERROR_CODES = {
+    'missing-input-secret': 'The secret parameter is missing.',
+    'invalid-input-secret': 'The secret parameter is invalid or malformed.',
+    'missing-input-response': 'The response parameter is missing.',
+    'invalid-input-response': 'The response parameter is invalid or malformed.'
+}
+
+
+__all__ = ["Recaptcha"]
+
+
+class Recaptcha(object):
+    """Validates a ReCaptcha."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        if message is None:
+            message = RECAPTCHA_ERROR_CODES['missing-input-response']
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if current_app.testing:
+            return True
+
+        if request.json:
+            response = request.json.get('g-recaptcha-response', '')
+        else:
+            response = request.form.get('g-recaptcha-response', '')
+        remote_ip = request.remote_addr
+
+        if not response:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext(self.message))
+
+        if not self._validate_recaptcha(response, remote_ip):
+            field.recaptcha_error = 'incorrect-captcha-sol'
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext(self.message))
+
+    def _validate_recaptcha(self, response, remote_addr):
+        """Performs the actual validation."""
+        try:
+            private_key = current_app.config['RECAPTCHA_PRIVATE_KEY']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise RuntimeError("No RECAPTCHA_PRIVATE_KEY config set")
+
+        data = url_encode({
+            'secret':     private_key,
+            'remoteip':   remote_addr,
+            'response':   response
+        })
+
+        http_response = http.urlopen(RECAPTCHA_VERIFY_SERVER, to_bytes(data))
+
+        if http_response.code != 200:
+            return False
+
+        json_resp = json.loads(to_unicode(http_response.read()))
+
+        if json_resp["success"]:
+            return True
+
+        for error in json_resp.get("error-codes", []):
+            if error in RECAPTCHA_ERROR_CODES:
+                raise ValidationError(RECAPTCHA_ERROR_CODES[error])
+
+        return False
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/widgets.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/widgets.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71a1006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask_wtf/recaptcha/widgets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from flask import current_app, Markup
+from flask import json
+from werkzeug import url_encode
+JSONEncoder = json.JSONEncoder
+
+RECAPTCHA_SCRIPT = u'https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js'
+
+RECAPTCHA_TEMPLATE = u'''
+<script src='%s' async defer></script>
+<div class="g-recaptcha" %s></div>
+'''
+
+__all__ = ["RecaptchaWidget"]
+
+
+class RecaptchaWidget(object):
+
+    def recaptcha_html(self, public_key):
+        html = current_app.config.get('RECAPTCHA_HTML')
+        if html:
+            return Markup(html)
+        params = current_app.config.get('RECAPTCHA_PARAMETERS')
+        script = RECAPTCHA_SCRIPT
+        if params:
+            script += u'?' + url_encode(params)
+
+        attrs = current_app.config.get('RECAPTCHA_DATA_ATTRS', {})
+        attrs['sitekey'] = public_key
+        snippet = u' '.join([u'data-%s="%s"' % (k, attrs[k]) for k in attrs])
+        return Markup(RECAPTCHA_TEMPLATE % (script, snippet))
+
+    def __call__(self, field, error=None, **kwargs):
+        """Returns the recaptcha input HTML."""
+
+        try:
+            public_key = current_app.config['RECAPTCHA_PUBLIC_KEY']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise RuntimeError("RECAPTCHA_PUBLIC_KEY config not set")
+
+        return self.recaptcha_html(public_key)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e118723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+UNKNOWN
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cb7351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: itsdangerous
+Version: 0.24
+Summary: Various helpers to pass trusted data to untrusted environments and back.
+Home-page: http://github.com/mitsuhiko/itsdangerous
+Author: Armin Ronacher
+Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
+License: UNKNOWN
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+
+UNKNOWN
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf85999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+itsdangerous.py,sha256=l7u6oqIepEllYDR7hRmoE7z47Ry6vtFCF6EAbJt-ilI,31840
+itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst,sha256=OCTuuN6LcWulhHS3d5rfjdsQtW22n7HENFRh6jC6ego,10
+itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=9b-dx0zycw57kVzRJ7mF7j_shyBFpAZOyfxuwPsYYcQ,442
+itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/RECORD,,
+itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=bfpjj1zBtYtglW1hWtnRCmhEcEV3TH8magB_ZQeGgSg,93
+itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/metadata.json,sha256=J3PRMWTBg-LCH_6bHp6zTK46_0s4qxLerEDalPVzylA,586
+itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=gKN1OKLk81i7fbWWildJA88EQ9NhnGMSvZqhfz9ICjk,13
+/Users/Jordan/Desktop/IOLab/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+__pycache__/itsdangerous.cpython-35.pyc,,
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21a0bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: cp35-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a5833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Various helpers to pass trusted data to untrusted environments and back.", "classifiers": ["License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "http://github.com/mitsuhiko/itsdangerous"}, "contacts": [{"email": "armin.ronacher@active-4.com", "name": "Armin Ronacher", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}}, "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "itsdangerous", "version": "0.24"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e163955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous-0.24.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+itsdangerous
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..228d101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/itsdangerous.py
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    itsdangerous
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    A module that implements various functions to deal with untrusted
+    sources.  Mainly useful for web applications.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by Armin Ronacher and the Django Software Foundation.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import sys
+import hmac
+import zlib
+import time
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import operator
+from datetime import datetime
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+if PY2:
+    from itertools import izip
+    text_type = unicode
+    int_to_byte = chr
+    number_types = (int, long, float)
+else:
+    from functools import reduce
+    izip = zip
+    text_type = str
+    int_to_byte = operator.methodcaller('to_bytes', 1, 'big')
+    number_types = (int, float)
+
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
+
+class _CompactJSON(object):
+    """Wrapper around simplejson that strips whitespace.
+    """
+
+    def loads(self, payload):
+        return json.loads(payload)
+
+    def dumps(self, obj):
+        return json.dumps(obj, separators=(',', ':'))
+
+
+compact_json = _CompactJSON()
+
+
+# 2011/01/01 in UTC
+EPOCH = 1293840000
+
+
+def want_bytes(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        s = s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s
+
+
+def is_text_serializer(serializer):
+    """Checks wheather a serializer generates text or binary."""
+    return isinstance(serializer.dumps({}), text_type)
+
+
+# Starting with 3.3 the standard library has a c-implementation for
+# constant time string compares.
+_builtin_constant_time_compare = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest', None)
+
+
+def constant_time_compare(val1, val2):
+    """Returns True if the two strings are equal, False otherwise.
+
+    The time taken is independent of the number of characters that match.  Do
+    not use this function for anything else than comparision with known
+    length targets.
+
+    This is should be implemented in C in order to get it completely right.
+    """
+    if _builtin_constant_time_compare is not None:
+        return _builtin_constant_time_compare(val1, val2)
+    len_eq = len(val1) == len(val2)
+    if len_eq:
+        result = 0
+        left = val1
+    else:
+        result = 1
+        left = val2
+    for x, y in izip(bytearray(left), bytearray(val2)):
+        result |= x ^ y
+    return result == 0
+
+
+class BadData(Exception):
+    """Raised if bad data of any sort was encountered.  This is the
+    base for all exceptions that itsdangerous is currently using.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.15
+    """
+    message = None
+
+    def __init__(self, message):
+        Exception.__init__(self, message)
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return text_type(self.message)
+
+    if PY2:
+        __unicode__ = __str__
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+
+
+class BadPayload(BadData):
+    """This error is raised in situations when payload is loaded without
+    checking the signature first and an exception happend as a result of
+    that.  The original exception that caused that will be stored on the
+    exception as :attr:`original_error`.
+
+    This can also happen with a :class:`JSONWebSignatureSerializer` that
+    is subclassed and uses a different serializer for the payload than
+    the expected one.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.15
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, original_error=None):
+        BadData.__init__(self, message)
+        #: If available, the error that indicates why the payload
+        #: was not valid.  This might be `None`.
+        self.original_error = original_error
+
+
+class BadSignature(BadData):
+    """This error is raised if a signature does not match.  As of
+    itsdangerous 0.14 there are helpful attributes on the exception
+    instances.  You can also catch down the baseclass :exc:`BadData`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, payload=None):
+        BadData.__init__(self, message)
+        #: The payload that failed the signature test.  In some
+        #: situations you might still want to inspect this, even if
+        #: you know it was tampered with.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.14
+        self.payload = payload
+
+
+class BadTimeSignature(BadSignature):
+    """Raised for time based signatures that fail.  This is a subclass
+    of :class:`BadSignature` so you can catch those down as well.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, payload=None, date_signed=None):
+        BadSignature.__init__(self, message, payload)
+
+        #: If the signature expired this exposes the date of when the
+        #: signature was created.  This can be helpful in order to
+        #: tell the user how long a link has been gone stale.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 0.14
+        self.date_signed = date_signed
+
+
+class BadHeader(BadSignature):
+    """Raised if a signed header is invalid in some form.  This only
+    happens for serializers that have a header that goes with the
+    signature.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.24
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, payload=None, header=None,
+                 original_error=None):
+        BadSignature.__init__(self, message, payload)
+
+        #: If the header is actually available but just malformed it
+        #: might be stored here.
+        self.header = header
+
+        #: If available, the error that indicates why the payload
+        #: was not valid.  This might be `None`.
+        self.original_error = original_error
+
+
+class SignatureExpired(BadTimeSignature):
+    """Signature timestamp is older than required max_age.  This is a
+    subclass of :exc:`BadTimeSignature` so you can use the baseclass for
+    catching the error.
+    """
+
+
+def base64_encode(string):
+    """base64 encodes a single bytestring (and is tolerant to getting
+    called with a unicode string).
+    The resulting bytestring is safe for putting into URLs.
+    """
+    string = want_bytes(string)
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(string).strip(b'=')
+
+
+def base64_decode(string):
+    """base64 decodes a single bytestring (and is tolerant to getting
+    called with a unicode string).
+    The result is also a bytestring.
+    """
+    string = want_bytes(string, encoding='ascii', errors='ignore')
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(string + b'=' * (-len(string) % 4))
+
+
+def int_to_bytes(num):
+    assert num >= 0
+    rv = []
+    while num:
+        rv.append(int_to_byte(num & 0xff))
+        num >>= 8
+    return b''.join(reversed(rv))
+
+
+def bytes_to_int(bytestr):
+    return reduce(lambda a, b: a << 8 | b, bytearray(bytestr), 0)
+
+
+class SigningAlgorithm(object):
+    """Subclasses of `SigningAlgorithm` have to implement `get_signature` to
+    provide signature generation functionality.
+    """
+
+    def get_signature(self, key, value):
+        """Returns the signature for the given key and value"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def verify_signature(self, key, value, sig):
+        """Verifies the given signature matches the expected signature"""
+        return constant_time_compare(sig, self.get_signature(key, value))
+
+
+class NoneAlgorithm(SigningAlgorithm):
+    """This class provides a algorithm that does not perform any signing and
+    returns an empty signature.
+    """
+
+    def get_signature(self, key, value):
+        return b''
+
+
+class HMACAlgorithm(SigningAlgorithm):
+    """This class provides signature generation using HMACs."""
+
+    #: The digest method to use with the MAC algorithm.  This defaults to sha1
+    #: but can be changed for any other function in the hashlib module.
+    default_digest_method = staticmethod(hashlib.sha1)
+
+    def __init__(self, digest_method=None):
+        if digest_method is None:
+            digest_method = self.default_digest_method
+        self.digest_method = digest_method
+
+    def get_signature(self, key, value):
+        mac = hmac.new(key, msg=value, digestmod=self.digest_method)
+        return mac.digest()
+
+
+class Signer(object):
+    """This class can sign bytes and unsign it and validate the signature
+    provided.
+
+    Salt can be used to namespace the hash, so that a signed string is only
+    valid for a given namespace.  Leaving this at the default value or re-using
+    a salt value across different parts of your application where the same
+    signed value in one part can mean something different in another part
+    is a security risk.
+
+    See :ref:`the-salt` for an example of what the salt is doing and how you
+    can utilize it.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.14
+       `key_derivation` and `digest_method` were added as arguments to the
+       class constructor.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.18
+        `algorithm` was added as an argument to the class constructor.
+    """
+
+    #: The digest method to use for the signer.  This defaults to sha1 but can
+    #: be changed for any other function in the hashlib module.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionchanged:: 0.14
+    default_digest_method = staticmethod(hashlib.sha1)
+
+    #: Controls how the key is derived.  The default is Django style
+    #: concatenation.  Possible values are ``concat``, ``django-concat``
+    #: and ``hmac``.  This is used for deriving a key from the secret key
+    #: with an added salt.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.14
+    default_key_derivation = 'django-concat'
+
+    def __init__(self, secret_key, salt=None, sep='.', key_derivation=None,
+                 digest_method=None, algorithm=None):
+        self.secret_key = want_bytes(secret_key)
+        self.sep = sep
+        self.salt = 'itsdangerous.Signer' if salt is None else salt
+        if key_derivation is None:
+            key_derivation = self.default_key_derivation
+        self.key_derivation = key_derivation
+        if digest_method is None:
+            digest_method = self.default_digest_method
+        self.digest_method = digest_method
+        if algorithm is None:
+            algorithm = HMACAlgorithm(self.digest_method)
+        self.algorithm = algorithm
+
+    def derive_key(self):
+        """This method is called to derive the key.  If you're unhappy with
+        the default key derivation choices you can override them here.
+        Keep in mind that the key derivation in itsdangerous is not intended
+        to be used as a security method to make a complex key out of a short
+        password.  Instead you should use large random secret keys.
+        """
+        salt = want_bytes(self.salt)
+        if self.key_derivation == 'concat':
+            return self.digest_method(salt + self.secret_key).digest()
+        elif self.key_derivation == 'django-concat':
+            return self.digest_method(salt + b'signer' +
+                self.secret_key).digest()
+        elif self.key_derivation == 'hmac':
+            mac = hmac.new(self.secret_key, digestmod=self.digest_method)
+            mac.update(salt)
+            return mac.digest()
+        elif self.key_derivation == 'none':
+            return self.secret_key
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Unknown key derivation method')
+
+    def get_signature(self, value):
+        """Returns the signature for the given value"""
+        value = want_bytes(value)
+        key = self.derive_key()
+        sig = self.algorithm.get_signature(key, value)
+        return base64_encode(sig)
+
+    def sign(self, value):
+        """Signs the given string."""
+        return value + want_bytes(self.sep) + self.get_signature(value)
+
+    def verify_signature(self, value, sig):
+        """Verifies the signature for the given value."""
+        key = self.derive_key()
+        try:
+            sig = base64_decode(sig)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        return self.algorithm.verify_signature(key, value, sig)
+
+    def unsign(self, signed_value):
+        """Unsigns the given string."""
+        signed_value = want_bytes(signed_value)
+        sep = want_bytes(self.sep)
+        if sep not in signed_value:
+            raise BadSignature('No %r found in value' % self.sep)
+        value, sig = signed_value.rsplit(sep, 1)
+        if self.verify_signature(value, sig):
+            return value
+        raise BadSignature('Signature %r does not match' % sig,
+                           payload=value)
+
+    def validate(self, signed_value):
+        """Just validates the given signed value.  Returns `True` if the
+        signature exists and is valid, `False` otherwise."""
+        try:
+            self.unsign(signed_value)
+            return True
+        except BadSignature:
+            return False
+
+
+class TimestampSigner(Signer):
+    """Works like the regular :class:`Signer` but also records the time
+    of the signing and can be used to expire signatures.  The unsign
+    method can rause a :exc:`SignatureExpired` method if the unsigning
+    failed because the signature is expired.  This exception is a subclass
+    of :exc:`BadSignature`.
+    """
+
+    def get_timestamp(self):
+        """Returns the current timestamp.  This implementation returns the
+        seconds since 1/1/2011.  The function must return an integer.
+        """
+        return int(time.time() - EPOCH)
+
+    def timestamp_to_datetime(self, ts):
+        """Used to convert the timestamp from `get_timestamp` into a
+        datetime object.
+        """
+        return datetime.utcfromtimestamp(ts + EPOCH)
+
+    def sign(self, value):
+        """Signs the given string and also attaches a time information."""
+        value = want_bytes(value)
+        timestamp = base64_encode(int_to_bytes(self.get_timestamp()))
+        sep = want_bytes(self.sep)
+        value = value + sep + timestamp
+        return value + sep + self.get_signature(value)
+
+    def unsign(self, value, max_age=None, return_timestamp=False):
+        """Works like the regular :meth:`~Signer.unsign` but can also
+        validate the time.  See the base docstring of the class for
+        the general behavior.  If `return_timestamp` is set to `True`
+        the timestamp of the signature will be returned as naive
+        :class:`datetime.datetime` object in UTC.
+        """
+        try:
+            result = Signer.unsign(self, value)
+            sig_error = None
+        except BadSignature as e:
+            sig_error = e
+            result = e.payload or b''
+        sep = want_bytes(self.sep)
+
+        # If there is no timestamp in the result there is something
+        # seriously wrong.  In case there was a signature error, we raise
+        # that one directly, otherwise we have a weird situation in which
+        # we shouldn't have come except someone uses a time-based serializer
+        # on non-timestamp data, so catch that.
+        if not sep in result:
+            if sig_error:
+                raise sig_error
+            raise BadTimeSignature('timestamp missing', payload=result)
+
+        value, timestamp = result.rsplit(sep, 1)
+        try:
+            timestamp = bytes_to_int(base64_decode(timestamp))
+        except Exception:
+            timestamp = None
+
+        # Signature is *not* okay.  Raise a proper error now that we have
+        # split the value and the timestamp.
+        if sig_error is not None:
+            raise BadTimeSignature(text_type(sig_error), payload=value,
+                                   date_signed=timestamp)
+
+        # Signature was okay but the timestamp is actually not there or
+        # malformed.  Should not happen, but well.  We handle it nonetheless
+        if timestamp is None:
+            raise BadTimeSignature('Malformed timestamp', payload=value)
+
+        # Check timestamp is not older than max_age
+        if max_age is not None:
+            age = self.get_timestamp() - timestamp
+            if age > max_age:
+                raise SignatureExpired(
+                    'Signature age %s > %s seconds' % (age, max_age),
+                    payload=value,
+                    date_signed=self.timestamp_to_datetime(timestamp))
+
+        if return_timestamp:
+            return value, self.timestamp_to_datetime(timestamp)
+        return value
+
+    def validate(self, signed_value, max_age=None):
+        """Just validates the given signed value.  Returns `True` if the
+        signature exists and is valid, `False` otherwise."""
+        try:
+            self.unsign(signed_value, max_age=max_age)
+            return True
+        except BadSignature:
+            return False
+
+
+class Serializer(object):
+    """This class provides a serialization interface on top of the
+    signer.  It provides a similar API to json/pickle and other modules but is
+    slightly differently structured internally.  If you want to change the
+    underlying implementation for parsing and loading you have to override the
+    :meth:`load_payload` and :meth:`dump_payload` functions.
+
+    This implementation uses simplejson if available for dumping and loading
+    and will fall back to the standard library's json module if it's not
+    available.
+
+    Starting with 0.14 you do not need to subclass this class in order to
+    switch out or customer the :class:`Signer`.  You can instead also pass a
+    different class to the constructor as well as keyword arguments as
+    dictionary that should be forwarded::
+
+        s = Serializer(signer_kwargs={'key_derivation': 'hmac'})
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.14:
+       The `signer` and `signer_kwargs` parameters were added to the
+       constructor.
+    """
+
+    #: If a serializer module or class is not passed to the constructor
+    #: this one is picked up.  This currently defaults to :mod:`json`.
+    default_serializer = json
+
+    #: The default :class:`Signer` class that is being used by this
+    #: serializer.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.14
+    default_signer = Signer
+
+    def __init__(self, secret_key, salt=b'itsdangerous', serializer=None,
+                 signer=None, signer_kwargs=None):
+        self.secret_key = want_bytes(secret_key)
+        self.salt = want_bytes(salt)
+        if serializer is None:
+            serializer = self.default_serializer
+        self.serializer = serializer
+        self.is_text_serializer = is_text_serializer(serializer)
+        if signer is None:
+            signer = self.default_signer
+        self.signer = signer
+        self.signer_kwargs = signer_kwargs or {}
+
+    def load_payload(self, payload, serializer=None):
+        """Loads the encoded object.  This function raises :class:`BadPayload`
+        if the payload is not valid.  The `serializer` parameter can be used to
+        override the serializer stored on the class.  The encoded payload is
+        always byte based.
+        """
+        if serializer is None:
+            serializer = self.serializer
+            is_text = self.is_text_serializer
+        else:
+            is_text = is_text_serializer(serializer)
+        try:
+            if is_text:
+                payload = payload.decode('utf-8')
+            return serializer.loads(payload)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise BadPayload('Could not load the payload because an '
+                'exception occurred on unserializing the data',
+                original_error=e)
+
+    def dump_payload(self, obj):
+        """Dumps the encoded object.  The return value is always a
+        bytestring.  If the internal serializer is text based the value
+        will automatically be encoded to utf-8.
+        """
+        return want_bytes(self.serializer.dumps(obj))
+
+    def make_signer(self, salt=None):
+        """A method that creates a new instance of the signer to be used.
+        The default implementation uses the :class:`Signer` baseclass.
+        """
+        if salt is None:
+            salt = self.salt
+        return self.signer(self.secret_key, salt=salt, **self.signer_kwargs)
+
+    def dumps(self, obj, salt=None):
+        """Returns a signed string serialized with the internal serializer.
+        The return value can be either a byte or unicode string depending
+        on the format of the internal serializer.
+        """
+        payload = want_bytes(self.dump_payload(obj))
+        rv = self.make_signer(salt).sign(payload)
+        if self.is_text_serializer:
+            rv = rv.decode('utf-8')
+        return rv
+
+    def dump(self, obj, f, salt=None):
+        """Like :meth:`dumps` but dumps into a file.  The file handle has
+        to be compatible with what the internal serializer expects.
+        """
+        f.write(self.dumps(obj, salt))
+
+    def loads(self, s, salt=None):
+        """Reverse of :meth:`dumps`, raises :exc:`BadSignature` if the
+        signature validation fails.
+        """
+        s = want_bytes(s)
+        return self.load_payload(self.make_signer(salt).unsign(s))
+
+    def load(self, f, salt=None):
+        """Like :meth:`loads` but loads from a file."""
+        return self.loads(f.read(), salt)
+
+    def loads_unsafe(self, s, salt=None):
+        """Like :meth:`loads` but without verifying the signature.  This is
+        potentially very dangerous to use depending on how your serializer
+        works.  The return value is ``(signature_okay, payload)`` instead of
+        just the payload.  The first item will be a boolean that indicates
+        if the signature is okay (``True``) or if it failed.  This function
+        never fails.
+
+        Use it for debugging only and if you know that your serializer module
+        is not exploitable (eg: do not use it with a pickle serializer).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.15
+        """
+        return self._loads_unsafe_impl(s, salt)
+
+    def _loads_unsafe_impl(self, s, salt, load_kwargs=None,
+                           load_payload_kwargs=None):
+        """Lowlevel helper function to implement :meth:`loads_unsafe` in
+        serializer subclasses.
+        """
+        try:
+            return True, self.loads(s, salt=salt, **(load_kwargs or {}))
+        except BadSignature as e:
+            if e.payload is None:
+                return False, None
+            try:
+                return False, self.load_payload(e.payload,
+                    **(load_payload_kwargs or {}))
+            except BadPayload:
+                return False, None
+
+    def load_unsafe(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Like :meth:`loads_unsafe` but loads from a file.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.15
+        """
+        return self.loads_unsafe(f.read(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TimedSerializer(Serializer):
+    """Uses the :class:`TimestampSigner` instead of the default
+    :meth:`Signer`.
+    """
+
+    default_signer = TimestampSigner
+
+    def loads(self, s, max_age=None, return_timestamp=False, salt=None):
+        """Reverse of :meth:`dumps`, raises :exc:`BadSignature` if the
+        signature validation fails.  If a `max_age` is provided it will
+        ensure the signature is not older than that time in seconds.  In
+        case the signature is outdated, :exc:`SignatureExpired` is raised
+        which is a subclass of :exc:`BadSignature`.  All arguments are
+        forwarded to the signer's :meth:`~TimestampSigner.unsign` method.
+        """
+        base64d, timestamp = self.make_signer(salt) \
+            .unsign(s, max_age, return_timestamp=True)
+        payload = self.load_payload(base64d)
+        if return_timestamp:
+            return payload, timestamp
+        return payload
+
+    def loads_unsafe(self, s, max_age=None, salt=None):
+        load_kwargs = {'max_age': max_age}
+        load_payload_kwargs = {}
+        return self._loads_unsafe_impl(s, salt, load_kwargs, load_payload_kwargs)
+
+
+class JSONWebSignatureSerializer(Serializer):
+    """This serializer implements JSON Web Signature (JWS) support.  Only
+    supports the JWS Compact Serialization.
+    """
+
+    jws_algorithms = {
+        'HS256': HMACAlgorithm(hashlib.sha256),
+        'HS384': HMACAlgorithm(hashlib.sha384),
+        'HS512': HMACAlgorithm(hashlib.sha512),
+        'none': NoneAlgorithm(),
+    }
+
+    #: The default algorithm to use for signature generation
+    default_algorithm = 'HS256'
+
+    default_serializer = compact_json
+
+    def __init__(self, secret_key, salt=None, serializer=None,
+                 signer=None, signer_kwargs=None, algorithm_name=None):
+        Serializer.__init__(self, secret_key, salt, serializer,
+                            signer, signer_kwargs)
+        if algorithm_name is None:
+            algorithm_name = self.default_algorithm
+        self.algorithm_name = algorithm_name
+        self.algorithm = self.make_algorithm(algorithm_name)
+
+    def load_payload(self, payload, return_header=False):
+        payload = want_bytes(payload)
+        if b'.' not in payload:
+            raise BadPayload('No "." found in value')
+        base64d_header, base64d_payload = payload.split(b'.', 1)
+        try:
+            json_header = base64_decode(base64d_header)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise BadHeader('Could not base64 decode the header because of '
+                'an exception', original_error=e)
+        try:
+            json_payload = base64_decode(base64d_payload)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise BadPayload('Could not base64 decode the payload because of '
+                'an exception', original_error=e)
+        try:
+            header = Serializer.load_payload(self, json_header,
+                serializer=json)
+        except BadData as e:
+            raise BadHeader('Could not unserialize header because it was '
+                'malformed', original_error=e)
+        if not isinstance(header, dict):
+            raise BadHeader('Header payload is not a JSON object',
+                header=header)
+        payload = Serializer.load_payload(self, json_payload)
+        if return_header:
+            return payload, header
+        return payload
+
+    def dump_payload(self, header, obj):
+        base64d_header = base64_encode(self.serializer.dumps(header))
+        base64d_payload = base64_encode(self.serializer.dumps(obj))
+        return base64d_header + b'.' + base64d_payload
+
+    def make_algorithm(self, algorithm_name):
+        try:
+            return self.jws_algorithms[algorithm_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise NotImplementedError('Algorithm not supported')
+
+    def make_signer(self, salt=None, algorithm=None):
+        if salt is None:
+            salt = self.salt
+        key_derivation = 'none' if salt is None else None
+        if algorithm is None:
+            algorithm = self.algorithm
+        return self.signer(self.secret_key, salt=salt, sep='.',
+            key_derivation=key_derivation, algorithm=algorithm)
+
+    def make_header(self, header_fields):
+        header = header_fields.copy() if header_fields else {}
+        header['alg'] = self.algorithm_name
+        return header
+
+    def dumps(self, obj, salt=None, header_fields=None):
+        """Like :meth:`~Serializer.dumps` but creates a JSON Web Signature.  It
+        also allows for specifying additional fields to be included in the JWS
+        Header.
+        """
+        header = self.make_header(header_fields)
+        signer = self.make_signer(salt, self.algorithm)
+        return signer.sign(self.dump_payload(header, obj))
+
+    def loads(self, s, salt=None, return_header=False):
+        """Reverse of :meth:`dumps`. If requested via `return_header` it will
+        return a tuple of payload and header.
+        """
+        payload, header = self.load_payload(
+            self.make_signer(salt, self.algorithm).unsign(want_bytes(s)),
+            return_header=True)
+        if header.get('alg') != self.algorithm_name:
+            raise BadHeader('Algorithm mismatch', header=header,
+                            payload=payload)
+        if return_header:
+            return payload, header
+        return payload
+
+    def loads_unsafe(self, s, salt=None, return_header=False):
+        kwargs = {'return_header': return_header}
+        return self._loads_unsafe_impl(s, salt, kwargs, kwargs)
+
+
+class TimedJSONWebSignatureSerializer(JSONWebSignatureSerializer):
+    """Works like the regular :class:`JSONWebSignatureSerializer` but also
+    records the time of the signing and can be used to expire signatures.
+
+    JWS currently does not specify this behavior but it mentions a possibility
+    extension like this in the spec.  Expiry date is encoded into the header
+    similarily as specified in `draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token
+    <http://self-issued.info/docs/draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token.html#expDef`_.
+
+    The unsign method can raise a :exc:`SignatureExpired` method if the
+    unsigning failed because the signature is expired.  This exception is a
+    subclass of :exc:`BadSignature`.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_EXPIRES_IN = 3600
+
+    def __init__(self, secret_key, expires_in=None, **kwargs):
+        JSONWebSignatureSerializer.__init__(self, secret_key, **kwargs)
+        if expires_in is None:
+            expires_in = self.DEFAULT_EXPIRES_IN
+        self.expires_in = expires_in
+
+    def make_header(self, header_fields):
+        header = JSONWebSignatureSerializer.make_header(self, header_fields)
+        iat = self.now()
+        exp = iat + self.expires_in
+        header['iat'] = iat
+        header['exp'] = exp
+        return header
+
+    def loads(self, s, salt=None, return_header=False):
+        payload, header = JSONWebSignatureSerializer.loads(
+            self, s, salt, return_header=True)
+
+        if 'exp' not in header:
+            raise BadSignature('Missing expiry date', payload=payload)
+
+        if not (isinstance(header['exp'], number_types)
+                and header['exp'] > 0):
+            raise BadSignature('expiry date is not an IntDate',
+                               payload=payload)
+
+        if header['exp'] < self.now():
+            raise SignatureExpired('Signature expired', payload=payload,
+                                   date_signed=self.get_issue_date(header))
+
+        if return_header:
+            return payload, header
+        return payload
+
+    def get_issue_date(self, header):
+        rv = header.get('iat')
+        if isinstance(rv, number_types):
+            return datetime.utcfromtimestamp(int(rv))
+
+    def now(self):
+        return int(time.time())
+
+
+class URLSafeSerializerMixin(object):
+    """Mixed in with a regular serializer it will attempt to zlib compress
+    the string to make it shorter if necessary.  It will also base64 encode
+    the string so that it can safely be placed in a URL.
+    """
+
+    def load_payload(self, payload):
+        decompress = False
+        if payload.startswith(b'.'):
+            payload = payload[1:]
+            decompress = True
+        try:
+            json = base64_decode(payload)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise BadPayload('Could not base64 decode the payload because of '
+                'an exception', original_error=e)
+        if decompress:
+            try:
+                json = zlib.decompress(json)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise BadPayload('Could not zlib decompress the payload before '
+                    'decoding the payload', original_error=e)
+        return super(URLSafeSerializerMixin, self).load_payload(json)
+
+    def dump_payload(self, obj):
+        json = super(URLSafeSerializerMixin, self).dump_payload(obj)
+        is_compressed = False
+        compressed = zlib.compress(json)
+        if len(compressed) < (len(json) - 1):
+            json = compressed
+            is_compressed = True
+        base64d = base64_encode(json)
+        if is_compressed:
+            base64d = b'.' + base64d
+        return base64d
+
+
+class URLSafeSerializer(URLSafeSerializerMixin, Serializer):
+    """Works like :class:`Serializer` but dumps and loads into a URL
+    safe string consisting of the upper and lowercase character of the
+    alphabet as well as ``'_'``, ``'-'`` and ``'.'``.
+    """
+    default_serializer = compact_json
+
+
+class URLSafeTimedSerializer(URLSafeSerializerMixin, TimedSerializer):
+    """Works like :class:`TimedSerializer` but dumps and loads into a URL
+    safe string consisting of the upper and lowercase character of the
+    alphabet as well as ``'_'``, ``'-'`` and ``'.'``.
+    """
+    default_serializer = compact_json
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..029fb2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2
+    ~~~~~~
+
+    Jinja2 is a template engine written in pure Python.  It provides a
+    Django inspired non-XML syntax but supports inline expressions and
+    an optional sandboxed environment.
+
+    Nutshell
+    --------
+
+    Here a small example of a Jinja2 template::
+
+        {% extends 'base.html' %}
+        {% block title %}Memberlist{% endblock %}
+        {% block content %}
+          <ul>
+          {% for user in users %}
+            <li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
+          {% endfor %}
+          </ul>
+        {% endblock %}
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+__docformat__ = 'restructuredtext en'
+__version__ = '2.8'
+
+# high level interface
+from jinja2.environment import Environment, Template
+
+# loaders
+from jinja2.loaders import BaseLoader, FileSystemLoader, PackageLoader, \
+     DictLoader, FunctionLoader, PrefixLoader, ChoiceLoader, \
+     ModuleLoader
+
+# bytecode caches
+from jinja2.bccache import BytecodeCache, FileSystemBytecodeCache, \
+     MemcachedBytecodeCache
+
+# undefined types
+from jinja2.runtime import Undefined, DebugUndefined, StrictUndefined, \
+     make_logging_undefined
+
+# exceptions
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateError, UndefinedError, \
+     TemplateNotFound, TemplatesNotFound, TemplateSyntaxError, \
+     TemplateAssertionError
+
+# decorators and public utilities
+from jinja2.filters import environmentfilter, contextfilter, \
+     evalcontextfilter
+from jinja2.utils import Markup, escape, clear_caches, \
+     environmentfunction, evalcontextfunction, contextfunction, \
+     is_undefined
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Environment', 'Template', 'BaseLoader', 'FileSystemLoader',
+    'PackageLoader', 'DictLoader', 'FunctionLoader', 'PrefixLoader',
+    'ChoiceLoader', 'BytecodeCache', 'FileSystemBytecodeCache',
+    'MemcachedBytecodeCache', 'Undefined', 'DebugUndefined',
+    'StrictUndefined', 'TemplateError', 'UndefinedError', 'TemplateNotFound',
+    'TemplatesNotFound', 'TemplateSyntaxError', 'TemplateAssertionError',
+    'ModuleLoader', 'environmentfilter', 'contextfilter', 'Markup', 'escape',
+    'environmentfunction', 'contextfunction', 'clear_caches', 'is_undefined',
+    'evalcontextfilter', 'evalcontextfunction', 'make_logging_undefined',
+]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..143962f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2._compat
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Some py2/py3 compatibility support based on a stripped down
+    version of six so we don't have to depend on a specific version
+    of it.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2013 by the Jinja team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+import sys
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PYPY = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_translation_info')
+_identity = lambda x: x
+
+
+if not PY2:
+    unichr = chr
+    range_type = range
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = (str,)
+    integer_types = (int,)
+
+    iterkeys = lambda d: iter(d.keys())
+    itervalues = lambda d: iter(d.values())
+    iteritems = lambda d: iter(d.items())
+
+    import pickle
+    from io import BytesIO, StringIO
+    NativeStringIO = StringIO
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+    ifilter = filter
+    imap = map
+    izip = zip
+    intern = sys.intern
+
+    implements_iterator = _identity
+    implements_to_string = _identity
+    encode_filename = _identity
+    get_next = lambda x: x.__next__
+
+else:
+    unichr = unichr
+    text_type = unicode
+    range_type = xrange
+    string_types = (str, unicode)
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+
+    iterkeys = lambda d: d.iterkeys()
+    itervalues = lambda d: d.itervalues()
+    iteritems = lambda d: d.iteritems()
+
+    import cPickle as pickle
+    from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO, StringIO
+    NativeStringIO = BytesIO
+
+    exec('def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):\n raise tp, value, tb')
+
+    from itertools import imap, izip, ifilter
+    intern = intern
+
+    def implements_iterator(cls):
+        cls.next = cls.__next__
+        del cls.__next__
+        return cls
+
+    def implements_to_string(cls):
+        cls.__unicode__ = cls.__str__
+        cls.__str__ = lambda x: x.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+        return cls
+
+    get_next = lambda x: x.next
+
+    def encode_filename(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, unicode):
+            return filename.encode('utf-8')
+        return filename
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a
+    # dummy metaclass for one level of class instanciation that replaces
+    # itself with the actual metaclass.  Because of internal type checks
+    # we also need to make sure that we downgrade the custom metaclass
+    # for one level to something closer to type (that's why __call__ and
+    # __init__ comes back from type etc.).
+    #
+    # This has the advantage over six.with_metaclass in that it does not
+    # introduce dummy classes into the final MRO.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        __call__ = type.__call__
+        __init__ = type.__init__
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if this_bases is None:
+                return type.__new__(cls, name, (), d)
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return metaclass('temporary_class', None, {})
+
+
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as url_quote
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib import quote as url_quote
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_stringdefs.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_stringdefs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da5830e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/_stringdefs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2._stringdefs
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Strings of all Unicode characters of a certain category.
+    Used for matching in Unicode-aware languages. Run to regenerate.
+
+    Inspired by chartypes_create.py from the MoinMoin project, original
+    implementation from Pygments.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2009 by the Jinja team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from jinja2._compat import unichr
+
+Cc = u'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\x7f\x80\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x8a\x8b\x8c\x8d\x8e\x8f\x90\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96\x97\x98\x99\x9a\x9b\x9c\x9d\x9e\x9f'
+
+Cf = u'\xad\u0600\u0601\u0602\u0603\u06dd\u070f\u17b4\u17b5\u200b\u200c\u200d\u200e\u200f\u202a\u202b\u202c\u202d\u202e\u2060\u2061\u2062\u2063\u206a\u206b\u206c\u206d\u206e\u206f\ufeff\ufff9\ufffa\ufffb'
+
+Cn = 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d4\uabd5\uabd6\uabd7\uabd8\uabd9\uabda\uabdb\uabdc\uabdd\uabde\uabdf\uabe0\uabe1\uabe2\uabe3\uabe4\uabe5\uabe6\uabe7\uabe8\uabe9\uabea\uabeb\uabec\uabed\uabee\uabef\uabf0\uabf1\uabf2\uabf3\uabf4\uabf5\uabf6\uabf7\uabf8\uabf9\uabfa\uabfb\uabfc\uabfd\uabfe\uabff\ud7a4\ud7a5\ud7a6\ud7a7\ud7a8\ud7a9\ud7aa\ud7ab\ud7ac\ud7ad\ud7ae\ud7af\ud7b0\ud7b1\ud7b2\ud7b3\ud7b4\ud7b5\ud7b6\ud7b7\ud7b8\ud7b9\ud7ba\ud7bb\ud7bc\ud7bd\ud7be\ud7bf\ud7c0\ud7c1\ud7c2\ud7c3\ud7c4\ud7c5\ud7c6\ud7c7\ud7c8\ud7c9\ud7ca\ud7cb\ud7cc\ud7cd\ud7ce\ud7cf\ud7d0\ud7d1\ud7d2\ud7d3\ud7d4\ud7d5\ud7d6\ud7d7\ud7d8\ud7d9\ud7da\ud7db\ud7dc\ud7dd\ud7de\ud7df\ud7e0\ud7e1\ud7e2\ud7e3\ud7e4\ud7e5\ud7e6\ud7e7\ud7e8\ud7e9\ud7ea\ud7eb\ud7ec\ud7ed\ud7ee\ud7ef\ud7f0\ud7f1\ud7f2\ud7f3\ud7f4\ud7f5\ud7f6\ud7f7\ud7f8\ud7f9\ud7fa\ud7fb\ud7fc\ud7fd\ud7fe\ud7ff\ufa2e\ufa2f\ufa6b\ufa6c\ufa6d\ufa6e\ufa6f\ufada\ufadb\ufadc\ufadd\ufade\ufadf\ufae0\ufae1\ufae2\ufae3\ufae4\ufae5\ufae6\ufae7\ufae8\ufae9\ufaea\ufaeb\ufaec\ufaed\ufaee\ufaef\ufaf0\ufaf1\ufaf2\ufaf3\ufaf4\ufaf5\ufaf6\ufaf7\ufaf8\ufaf9\ufafa\ufafb\ufafc\ufafd\ufafe\ufaff\ufb07\ufb08\ufb09\ufb0a\ufb0b\ufb0c\ufb0d\ufb0e\ufb0f\ufb10\ufb11\ufb12\ufb18\ufb19\ufb1a\ufb1b\ufb1c\ufb37\ufb3d\ufb3f\ufb42\ufb45\ufbb2\ufbb3\ufbb4\ufbb5\ufbb6\ufbb7\ufbb8\ufbb9\ufbba\ufbbb\ufbbc\ufbbd\ufbbe\ufbbf\ufbc0\ufbc1\ufbc2\ufbc3\ufbc4\ufbc5\ufbc6\ufbc7\ufbc8\ufbc9\ufbca\ufbcb\ufbcc\ufbcd\ufbce\ufbcf\ufbd0\ufbd1\ufbd2\ufd40\ufd41\ufd42\ufd43\ufd44\ufd45\ufd46\ufd47\ufd48\ufd49\ufd4a\ufd4b\ufd4c\ufd4d\ufd4e\ufd4f\ufd90\ufd91\ufdc8\ufdc9\ufdca\ufdcb\ufdcc\ufdcd\ufdce\ufdcf\ufdd0\ufdd1\ufdd2\ufdd3\ufdd4\ufdd5\ufdd6\ufdd7\ufdd8\ufdd9\ufdda\ufddb\ufddc\ufddd\ufdde\ufddf\ufde0\ufde1\ufde2\ufde3\ufde4\ufde5\ufde6\ufde7\ufde8\ufde9\ufdea\ufdeb\ufdec\ufded\ufdee\ufdef\ufdfe\ufdff\ufe1a\ufe1b\ufe1c\ufe1d\ufe1e\ufe1f\ufe24\ufe25\ufe26\ufe27\ufe28\ufe29\ufe2a\ufe2b\ufe2c\ufe2d\ufe2e\ufe2f\ufe53\ufe67\ufe6c\ufe6d\ufe6e\ufe6f\ufe75\ufefd\ufefe\uff00\uffbf\uffc0\uffc1\uffc8\uffc9\uffd0\uffd1\uffd8\uffd9\uffdd\uffde\uffdf\uffe7\uffef\ufff0\ufff1\ufff2\ufff3\ufff4\ufff5\ufff6\ufff7\ufff8\ufffe'
+
+Co = 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+
+try:
+    Cs = eval(r"'\ud800\ud801\ud802\ud803\ud804\ud805\ud806\ud807\ud808\ud809\ud80a\ud80b\ud80c\ud80d\ud80e\ud80f\ud810\ud811\ud812\ud813\ud814\ud815\ud816\ud817\ud818\ud819\ud81a\ud81b\ud81c\ud81d\ud81e\ud81f\ud820\ud821\ud822\ud823\ud824\ud825\ud826\ud827\ud828\ud829\ud82a\ud82b\ud82c\ud82d\ud82e\ud82f\ud830\ud831\ud832\ud833\ud834\ud835\ud836\ud837\ud838\ud839\ud83a\ud83b\ud83c\ud83d\ud83e\ud83f\ud840\ud841\ud842\ud843\ud844\ud845\ud846\ud847\ud848\ud849\ud84a\ud84b\ud84c\ud84d\ud84e\ud84f\ud850\ud851\ud852\ud853\ud854\ud855\ud856\ud857\ud858\ud859\ud85a\ud85b\ud85c\ud85d\ud85e\ud85f\ud860\ud861\ud862\ud863\ud864\ud865\ud866\ud867\ud868\ud869\ud86a\ud86b\ud86c\ud86d\ud86e\ud86f\ud870\ud871\ud872\ud873\ud874\ud875\ud876\ud877\ud878\ud879\ud87a\ud87b\ud87c\ud87d\ud87e\ud87f\ud880\ud881\ud882\ud883\ud884\ud885\ud886\ud887\ud888\ud889\ud88a\ud88b\ud88c\ud88d\ud88e\ud88f\ud890\ud891\ud892\ud893\ud894\ud895\ud896\ud897\ud898\ud899\ud89a\ud89b\ud89c\ud89d\ud89e\ud89f\ud8a0\ud8a1\ud8a2\ud8a3\ud8a4\ud8a5\ud8a6\ud8a7\ud8a8\ud8a9\ud8aa\ud8ab\ud8ac\ud8ad\ud8ae\ud8af\ud8b0\ud8b1\ud8b2\ud8b3\ud8b4\ud8b5\ud8b6\ud8b7\ud8b8\ud8b9\ud8ba\ud8bb\ud8bc\ud8bd\ud8be\ud8bf\ud8c0\ud8c1\ud8c2\ud8c3\ud8c4\ud8c5\ud8c6\ud8c7\ud8c8\ud8c9\ud8ca\ud8cb\ud8cc\ud8cd\ud8ce\ud8cf\ud8d0\ud8d1\ud8d2\ud8d3\ud8d4\ud8d5\ud8d6\ud8d7\ud8d8\ud8d9\ud8da\ud8db\ud8dc\ud8dd\ud8de\ud8df\ud8e0\ud8e1\ud8e2\ud8e3\ud8e4\ud8e5\ud8e6\ud8e7\ud8e8\ud8e9\ud8ea\ud8eb\ud8ec\ud8ed\ud8ee\ud8ef\ud8f0\ud8f1\ud8f2\ud8f3\ud8f4\ud8f5\ud8f6\ud8f7\ud8f8\ud8f9\ud8fa\ud8fb\ud8fc\ud8fd\ud8fe\ud8ff\ud900\ud901\ud902\ud903\ud904\ud905\ud906\ud907\ud908\ud909\ud90a\ud90b\ud90c\ud90d\ud90e\ud90f\ud910\ud911\ud912\ud913\ud914\ud915\ud916\ud917\ud918\ud919\ud91a\ud91b\ud91c\ud91d\ud91e\ud91f\ud920\ud921\ud922\ud923\ud924\ud925\ud926\ud927\ud928\ud929\ud92a\ud92b\ud92c\ud92d\ud92e\ud92f\ud930\ud931\ud932\ud933\ud934\ud935\ud936\ud937\ud938\ud939\ud93a\ud93b\ud93c\ud93d\ud93e\ud93f\ud940\ud941\ud942\ud943\ud944\ud945\ud946\ud947\ud948\ud949\ud94a\ud94b\ud94c\ud94d\ud94e\ud94f\ud950\ud951\ud952\ud953\ud954\ud955\ud956\ud957\ud958\ud959\ud95a\ud95b\ud95c\ud95d\ud95e\ud95f\ud960\ud961\ud962\ud963\ud964\ud965\ud966\ud967\ud968\ud969\ud96a\ud96b\ud96c\ud96d\ud96e\ud96f\ud970\ud971\ud972\ud973\ud974\ud975\ud976\ud977\ud978\ud979\ud97a\ud97b\ud97c\ud97d\ud97e\ud97f\ud980\ud981\ud982\ud983\ud984\ud985\ud986\ud987\ud988\ud989\ud98a\ud98b\ud98c\ud98d\ud98e\ud98f\ud990\ud991\ud992\ud993\ud994\ud995\ud996\ud997\ud998\ud999\ud99a\ud99b\ud99c\ud99d\ud99e\ud99f\ud9a0\ud9a1\ud9a2\ud9a3\ud9a4\ud9a5\ud9a6\ud9a7\ud9a8\ud9a9\ud9aa\ud9ab\ud9ac\ud9ad\ud9ae\ud9af\ud9b0\ud9b1\ud9b2\ud9b3\ud9b4\ud9b5\ud9b6\ud9b7\ud9b8\ud9b9\ud9ba\ud9bb\ud9bc\ud9bd\ud9be\ud9bf\ud9c0\ud9c1\ud9c2\ud9c3\ud9c4\ud9c5\ud9c6\ud9c7\ud9c8\ud9c9\ud9ca\ud9cb\ud9cc\ud9cd\ud9ce\ud9cf\ud9d0\ud9d1\ud9d2\ud9d3\ud9d4\ud9d5\ud9d6\ud9d7\ud9d8\ud9d9\ud9da\ud9db\ud9dc\ud9dd\ud9de\ud9df\ud9e0\ud9e1\ud9e2\ud9e3\ud9e4\ud9e5\ud9e6\ud9e7\ud9e8\ud9e9\ud9ea\ud9eb\ud9ec\ud9ed\ud9ee\ud9ef\ud9f0\ud9f1\ud9f2\ud9f3\ud9f4\ud9f5\ud9f6\ud9f7\ud9f8\ud9f9\ud9fa\ud9fb\ud9fc\ud9fd\ud9fe\ud9ff\uda00\uda01\uda02\uda03\uda04\uda05\uda06\uda07\uda08\uda09\uda0a\uda0b\uda0c\uda0d\uda0e\uda0f\uda10\uda11\uda12\uda13\uda14\uda15\uda16\uda17\uda18\uda19\uda1a\uda1b\uda1c\uda1d\uda1e\uda1f\uda20\uda21\uda22\uda23\uda24\uda25\uda26\uda27\uda28\uda29\uda2a\uda2b\uda2c\uda2d\uda2e\uda2f\uda30\uda31\uda32\uda33\uda34\uda35\uda36\uda37\uda38\uda39\uda3a\uda3b\uda3c\uda3d\uda3e\uda3f\uda40\uda41\uda42\uda43\uda44\uda45\uda46\uda47\uda48\uda49\uda4a\uda4b\uda4c\uda4d\uda4e\uda4f\uda50\uda51\uda52\uda53\uda54\uda55\uda56\uda57\uda58\uda59\uda5a\uda5b\uda5c\uda5d\uda5e\uda5f\uda60\uda61\uda62\uda63\uda64\uda65\uda66\uda67\uda68\uda69\uda6a\uda6b\uda6c\uda6d\uda6e\uda6f\uda70\uda71\uda72\uda73\uda74\uda75\uda76\uda77\uda78\uda79\uda7a\uda7b\uda7c\uda7d\uda7e\uda7f\uda80\uda81\uda82\uda83\uda84\uda85\uda86\uda87\uda88\uda89\uda8a\uda8b\uda8c\uda8d\uda8e\uda8f\uda90\uda91\uda92\uda93\uda94\uda95\uda96\uda97\uda98\uda99\uda9a\uda9b\uda9c\uda9d\uda9e\uda9f\udaa0\udaa1\udaa2\udaa3\udaa4\udaa5\udaa6\udaa7\udaa8\udaa9\udaaa\udaab\udaac\udaad\udaae\udaaf\udab0\udab1\udab2\udab3\udab4\udab5\udab6\udab7\udab8\udab9\udaba\udabb\udabc\udabd\udabe\udabf\udac0\udac1\udac2\udac3\udac4\udac5\udac6\udac7\udac8\udac9\udaca\udacb\udacc\udacd\udace\udacf\udad0\udad1\udad2\udad3\udad4\udad5\udad6\udad7\udad8\udad9\udada\udadb\udadc\udadd\udade\udadf\udae0\udae1\udae2\udae3\udae4\udae5\udae6\udae7\udae8\udae9\udaea\udaeb\udaec\udaed\udaee\udaef\udaf0\udaf1\udaf2\udaf3\udaf4\udaf5\udaf6\udaf7\udaf8\udaf9\udafa\udafb\udafc\udafd\udafe\udaff\udb00\udb01\udb02\udb03\udb04\udb05\udb06\udb07\udb08\udb09\udb0a\udb0b\udb0c\udb0d\udb0e\udb0f\udb10\udb11\udb12\udb13\udb14\udb15\udb16\udb17\udb18\udb19\udb1a\udb1b\udb1c\udb1d\udb1e\udb1f\udb20\udb21\udb22\udb23\udb24\udb25\udb26\udb27\udb28\udb29\udb2a\udb2b\udb2c\udb2d\udb2e\udb2f\udb30\udb31\udb32\udb33\udb34\udb35\udb36\udb37\udb38\udb39\udb3a\udb3b\udb3c\udb3d\udb3e\udb3f\udb40\udb41\udb42\udb43\udb44\udb45\udb46\udb47\udb48\udb49\udb4a\udb4b\udb4c\udb4d\udb4e\udb4f\udb50\udb51\udb52\udb53\udb54\udb55\udb56\udb57\udb58\udb59\udb5a\udb5b\udb5c\udb5d\udb5e\udb5f\udb60\udb61\udb62\udb63\udb64\udb65\udb66\udb67\udb68\udb69\udb6a\udb6b\udb6c\udb6d\udb6e\udb6f\udb70\udb71\udb72\udb73\udb74\udb75\udb76\udb77\udb78\udb79\udb7a\udb7b\udb7c\udb7d\udb7e\udb7f\udb80\udb81\udb82\udb83\udb84\udb85\udb86\udb87\udb88\udb89\udb8a\udb8b\udb8c\udb8d\udb8e\udb8f\udb90\udb91\udb92\udb93\udb94\udb95\udb96\udb97\udb98\udb99\udb9a\udb9b\udb9c\udb9d\udb9e\udb9f\udba0\udba1\udba2\udba3\udba4\udba5\udba6\udba7\udba8\udba9\udbaa\udbab\udbac\udbad\udbae\udbaf\udbb0\udbb1\udbb2\udbb3\udbb4\udbb5\udbb6\udbb7\udbb8\udbb9\udbba\udbbb\udbbc\udbbd\udbbe\udbbf\udbc0\udbc1\udbc2\udbc3\udbc4\udbc5\udbc6\udbc7\udbc8\udbc9\udbca\udbcb\udbcc\udbcd\udbce\udbcf\udbd0\udbd1\udbd2\udbd3\udbd4\udbd5\udbd6\udbd7\udbd8\udbd9\udbda\udbdb\udbdc\udbdd\udbde\udbdf\udbe0\udbe1\udbe2\udbe3\udbe4\udbe5\udbe6\udbe7\udbe8\udbe9\udbea\udbeb\udbec\udbed\udbee\udbef\udbf0\udbf1\udbf2\udbf3\udbf4\udbf5\udbf6\udbf7\udbf8\udbf9\udbfa\udbfb\udbfc\udbfd\udbfe\U0010fc00\udc01\udc02\udc03\udc04\udc05\udc06\udc07\udc08\udc09\udc0a\udc0b\udc0c\udc0d\udc0e\udc0f\udc10\udc11\udc12\udc13\udc14\udc15\udc16\udc17\udc18\udc19\udc1a\udc1b\udc1c\udc1d\udc1e\udc1f\udc20\udc21\udc22\udc23\udc24\udc25\udc26\udc27\udc28\udc29\udc2a\udc2b\udc2c\udc2d\udc2e\udc2f\udc30\udc31\udc32\udc33\udc34\udc35\udc36\udc37\udc38\udc39\udc3a\udc3b\udc3c\udc3d\udc3e\udc3f\udc40\udc41\udc42\udc43\udc44\udc45\udc46\udc47\udc48\udc49\udc4a\udc4b\udc4c\udc4d\udc4e\udc4f\udc50\udc51\udc52\udc53\udc54\udc55\udc56\udc57\udc58\udc59\udc5a\udc5b\udc5c\udc5d\udc5e\udc5f\udc60\udc61\udc62\udc63\udc64\udc65\udc66\udc67\udc68\udc69\udc6a\udc6b\udc6c\udc6d\udc6e\udc6f\udc70\udc71\udc72\udc73\udc74\udc75\udc76\udc77\udc78\udc79\udc7a\udc7b\udc7c\udc7d\udc7e\udc7f\udc80\udc81\udc82\udc83\udc84\udc85\udc86\udc87\udc88\udc89\udc8a\udc8b\udc8c\udc8d\udc8e\udc8f\udc90\udc91\udc92\udc93\udc94\udc95\udc96\udc97\udc98\udc99\udc9a\udc9b\udc9c\udc9d\udc9e\udc9f\udca0\udca1\udca2\udca3\udca4\udca5\udca6\udca7\udca8\udca9\udcaa\udcab\udcac\udcad\udcae\udcaf\udcb0\udcb1\udcb2\udcb3\udcb4\udcb5\udcb6\udcb7\udcb8\udcb9\udcba\udcbb\udcbc\udcbd\udcbe\udcbf\udcc0\udcc1\udcc2\udcc3\udcc4\udcc5\udcc6\udcc7\udcc8\udcc9\udcca\udccb\udccc\udccd\udcce\udccf\udcd0\udcd1\udcd2\udcd3\udcd4\udcd5\udcd6\udcd7\udcd8\udcd9\udcda\udcdb\udcdc\udcdd\udcde\udcdf\udce0\udce1\udce2\udce3\udce4\udce5\udce6\udce7\udce8\udce9\udcea\udceb\udcec\udced\udcee\udcef\udcf0\udcf1\udcf2\udcf3\udcf4\udcf5\udcf6\udcf7\udcf8\udcf9\udcfa\udcfb\udcfc\udcfd\udcfe\udcff\udd00\udd01\udd02\udd03\udd04\udd05\udd06\udd07\udd08\udd09\udd0a\udd0b\udd0c\udd0d\udd0e\udd0f\udd10\udd11\udd12\udd13\udd14\udd15\udd16\udd17\udd18\udd19\udd1a\udd1b\udd1c\udd1d\udd1e\udd1f\udd20\udd21\udd22\udd23\udd24\udd25\udd26\udd27\udd28\udd29\udd2a\udd2b\udd2c\udd2d\udd2e\udd2f\udd30\udd31\udd32\udd33\udd34\udd35\udd36\udd37\udd38\udd39\udd3a\udd3b\udd3c\udd3d\udd3e\udd3f\udd40\udd41\udd42\udd43\udd44\udd45\udd46\udd47\udd48\udd49\udd4a\udd4b\udd4c\udd4d\udd4e\udd4f\udd50\udd51\udd52\udd53\udd54\udd55\udd56\udd57\udd58\udd59\udd5a\udd5b\udd5c\udd5d\udd5e\udd5f\udd60\udd61\udd62\udd63\udd64\udd65\udd66\udd67\udd68\udd69\udd6a\udd6b\udd6c\udd6d\udd6e\udd6f\udd70\udd71\udd72\udd73\udd74\udd75\udd76\udd77\udd78\udd79\udd7a\udd7b\udd7c\udd7d\udd7e\udd7f\udd80\udd81\udd82\udd83\udd84\udd85\udd86\udd87\udd88\udd89\udd8a\udd8b\udd8c\udd8d\udd8e\udd8f\udd90\udd91\udd92\udd93\udd94\udd95\udd96\udd97\udd98\udd99\udd9a\udd9b\udd9c\udd9d\udd9e\udd9f\udda0\udda1\udda2\udda3\udda4\udda5\udda6\udda7\udda8\udda9\uddaa\uddab\uddac\uddad\uddae\uddaf\uddb0\uddb1\uddb2\uddb3\uddb4\uddb5\uddb6\uddb7\uddb8\uddb9\uddba\uddbb\uddbc\uddbd\uddbe\uddbf\uddc0\uddc1\uddc2\uddc3\uddc4\uddc5\uddc6\uddc7\uddc8\uddc9\uddca\uddcb\uddcc\uddcd\uddce\uddcf\uddd0\uddd1\uddd2\uddd3\uddd4\uddd5\uddd6\uddd7\uddd8\uddd9\uddda\udddb\udddc\udddd\uddde\udddf\udde0\udde1\udde2\udde3\udde4\udde5\udde6\udde7\udde8\udde9\uddea\uddeb\uddec\udded\uddee\uddef\uddf0\uddf1\uddf2\uddf3\uddf4\uddf5\uddf6\uddf7\uddf8\uddf9\uddfa\uddfb\uddfc\uddfd\uddfe\uddff\ude00\ude01\ude02\ude03\ude04\ude05\ude06\ude07\ude08\ude09\ude0a\ude0b\ude0c\ude0d\ude0e\ude0f\ude10\ude11\ude12\ude13\ude14\ude15\ude16\ude17\ude18\ude19\ude1a\ude1b\ude1c\ude1d\ude1e\ude1f\ude20\ude21\ude22\ude23\ude24\ude25\ude26\ude27\ude28\ude29\ude2a\ude2b\ude2c\ude2d\ude2e\ude2f\ude30\ude31\ude32\ude33\ude34\ude35\ude36\ude37\ude38\ude39\ude3a\ude3b\ude3c\ude3d\ude3e\ude3f\ude40\ude41\ude42\ude43\ude44\ude45\ude46\ude47\ude48\ude49\ude4a\ude4b\ude4c\ude4d\ude4e\ude4f\ude50\ude51\ude52\ude53\ude54\ude55\ude56\ude57\ude58\ude59\ude5a\ude5b\ude5c\ude5d\ude5e\ude5f\ude60\ude61\ude62\ude63\ude64\ude65\ude66\ude67\ude68\ude69\ude6a\ude6b\ude6c\ude6d\ude6e\ude6f\ude70\ude71\ude72\ude73\ude74\ude75\ude76\ude77\ude78\ude79\ude7a\ude7b\ude7c\ude7d\ude7e\ude7f\ude80\ude81\ude82\ude83\ude84\ude85\ude86\ude87\ude88\ude89\ude8a\ude8b\ude8c\ude8d\ude8e\ude8f\ude90\ude91\ude92\ude93\ude94\ude95\ude96\ude97\ude98\ude99\ude9a\ude9b\ude9c\ude9d\ude9e\ude9f\udea0\udea1\udea2\udea3\udea4\udea5\udea6\udea7\udea8\udea9\udeaa\udeab\udeac\udead\udeae\udeaf\udeb0\udeb1\udeb2\udeb3\udeb4\udeb5\udeb6\udeb7\udeb8\udeb9\udeba\udebb\udebc\udebd\udebe\udebf\udec0\udec1\udec2\udec3\udec4\udec5\udec6\udec7\udec8\udec9\udeca\udecb\udecc\udecd\udece\udecf\uded0\uded1\uded2\uded3\uded4\uded5\uded6\uded7\uded8\uded9\udeda\udedb\udedc\udedd\udede\udedf\udee0\udee1\udee2\udee3\udee4\udee5\udee6\udee7\udee8\udee9\udeea\udeeb\udeec\udeed\udeee\udeef\udef0\udef1\udef2\udef3\udef4\udef5\udef6\udef7\udef8\udef9\udefa\udefb\udefc\udefd\udefe\udeff\udf00\udf01\udf02\udf03\udf04\udf05\udf06\udf07\udf08\udf09\udf0a\udf0b\udf0c\udf0d\udf0e\udf0f\udf10\udf11\udf12\udf13\udf14\udf15\udf16\udf17\udf18\udf19\udf1a\udf1b\udf1c\udf1d\udf1e\udf1f\udf20\udf21\udf22\udf23\udf24\udf25\udf26\udf27\udf28\udf29\udf2a\udf2b\udf2c\udf2d\udf2e\udf2f\udf30\udf31\udf32\udf33\udf34\udf35\udf36\udf37\udf38\udf39\udf3a\udf3b\udf3c\udf3d\udf3e\udf3f\udf40\udf41\udf42\udf43\udf44\udf45\udf46\udf47\udf48\udf49\udf4a\udf4b\udf4c\udf4d\udf4e\udf4f\udf50\udf51\udf52\udf53\udf54\udf55\udf56\udf57\udf58\udf59\udf5a\udf5b\udf5c\udf5d\udf5e\udf5f\udf60\udf61\udf62\udf63\udf64\udf65\udf66\udf67\udf68\udf69\udf6a\udf6b\udf6c\udf6d\udf6e\udf6f\udf70\udf71\udf72\udf73\udf74\udf75\udf76\udf77\udf78\udf79\udf7a\udf7b\udf7c\udf7d\udf7e\udf7f\udf80\udf81\udf82\udf83\udf84\udf85\udf86\udf87\udf88\udf89\udf8a\udf8b\udf8c\udf8d\udf8e\udf8f\udf90\udf91\udf92\udf93\udf94\udf95\udf96\udf97\udf98\udf99\udf9a\udf9b\udf9c\udf9d\udf9e\udf9f\udfa0\udfa1\udfa2\udfa3\udfa4\udfa5\udfa6\udfa7\udfa8\udfa9\udfaa\udfab\udfac\udfad\udfae\udfaf\udfb0\udfb1\udfb2\udfb3\udfb4\udfb5\udfb6\udfb7\udfb8\udfb9\udfba\udfbb\udfbc\udfbd\udfbe\udfbf\udfc0\udfc1\udfc2\udfc3\udfc4\udfc5\udfc6\udfc7\udfc8\udfc9\udfca\udfcb\udfcc\udfcd\udfce\udfcf\udfd0\udfd1\udfd2\udfd3\udfd4\udfd5\udfd6\udfd7\udfd8\udfd9\udfda\udfdb\udfdc\udfdd\udfde\udfdf\udfe0\udfe1\udfe2\udfe3\udfe4\udfe5\udfe6\udfe7\udfe8\udfe9\udfea\udfeb\udfec\udfed\udfee\udfef\udff0\udff1\udff2\udff3\udff4\udff5\udff6\udff7\udff8\udff9\udffa\udffb\udffc\udffd\udffe\udfff'")
+except UnicodeDecodeError:
+    Cs = '' # Jython can't handle isolated surrogates
+
+Ll = u'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\xaa\xb5\xba\xdf\xe0\xe1\xe2\xe3\xe4\xe5\xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea\xeb\xec\xed\xee\xef\xf0\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6\xf8\xf9\xfa\xfb\xfc\xfd\xfe\xff\u0101\u0103\u0105\u0107\u0109\u010b\u010d\u010f\u0111\u0113\u0115\u0117\u0119\u011b\u011d\u011f\u0121\u0123\u0125\u0127\u0129\u012b\u012d\u012f\u0131\u0133\u0135\u0137\u0138\u013a\u013c\u013e\u0140\u0142\u0144\u0146\u0148\u0149\u014b\u014d\u014f\u0151\u0153\u0155\u0157\u0159\u015b\u015d\u015f\u0161\u0163\u0165\u0167\u0169\u016b\u016d\u016f\u0171\u0173\u0175\u0177\u017a\u017c\u017e\u017f\u0180\u0183\u0185\u0188\u018c\u018d\u0192\u0195\u0199\u019a\u019b\u019e\u01a1\u01a3\u01a5\u01a8\u01aa\u01ab\u01ad\u01b0\u01b4\u01b6\u01b9\u01ba\u01bd\u01be\u01bf\u01c6\u01c9\u01cc\u01ce\u01d0\u01d2\u01d4\u01d6\u01d8\u01da\u01dc\u01dd\u01df\u01e1\u01e3\u01e5\u01e7\u01e9\u01eb\u01ed\u01ef\u01f0\u01f3\u01f5\u01f9\u01fb\u01fd\u01ff\u0201\u0203\u0205\u0207\u0209\u020b\u020d\u020f\u0211\u0213\u0215\u0217\u0219\u021b\u021d\u021f\u0221\u0223\u0225\u0227\u0229\u022b\u022d\u022f\u0231\u0233\u0234\u0235\u0236\u0237\u0238\u0239\u023c\u023f\u0240\u0250\u0251\u0252\u0253\u0254\u0255\u0256\u0257\u0258\u0259\u025a\u025b\u025c\u025d\u025e\u025f\u0260\u0261\u0262\u0263\u0264\u0265\u0266\u0267\u0268\u0269\u026a\u026b\u026c\u026d\u026e\u026f\u0270\u0271\u0272\u0273\u0274\u0275\u0276\u0277\u0278\u0279\u027a\u027b\u027c\u027d\u027e\u027f\u0280\u0281\u0282\u0283\u0284\u0285\u0286\u0287\u0288\u0289\u028a\u028b\u028c\u028d\u028e\u028f\u0290\u0291\u0292\u0293\u0294\u0295\u0296\u0297\u0298\u0299\u029a\u029b\u029c\u029d\u029e\u029f\u02a0\u02a1\u02a2\u02a3\u02a4\u02a5\u02a6\u02a7\u02a8\u02a9\u02aa\u02ab\u02ac\u02ad\u02ae\u02af\u0390\u03ac\u03ad\u03ae\u03af\u03b0\u03b1\u03b2\u03b3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b6\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03bc\u03bd\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03c2\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03c7\u03c8\u03c9\u03ca\u03cb\u03cc\u03cd\u03ce\u03d0\u03d1\u03d5\u03d6\u03d7\u03d9\u03db\u03dd\u03df\u03e1\u03e3\u03e5\u03e7\u03e9\u03eb\u03ed\u03ef\u03f0\u03f1\u03f2\u03f3\u03f5\u03f8\u03fb\u03fc\u0430\u0431\u0432\u0433\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0437\u0438\u0439\u043a\u043b\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0444\u0445\u0446\u0447\u0448\u0449\u044a\u044b\u044c\u044d\u044e\u044f\u0450\u0451\u0452\u0453\u0454\u0455\u0456\u0457\u0458\u0459\u045a\u045b\u045c\u045d\u045e\u045f\u0461\u0463\u0465\u0467\u0469\u046b\u046d\u046f\u0471\u0473\u0475\u0477\u0479\u047b\u047d\u047f\u0481\u048b\u048d\u048f\u0491\u0493\u0495\u0497\u0499\u049b\u049d\u049f\u04a1\u04a3\u04a5\u04a7\u04a9\u04ab\u04ad\u04af\u04b1\u04b3\u04b5\u04b7\u04b9\u04bb\u04bd\u04bf\u04c2\u04c4\u04c6\u04c8\u04ca\u04cc\u04ce\u04d1\u04d3\u04d5\u04d7\u04d9\u04db\u04dd\u04df\u04e1\u04e3\u04e5\u04e7\u04e9\u04eb\u04ed\u04ef\u04f1\u04f3\u04f5\u04f7\u04f9\u0501\u0503\u0505\u0507\u0509\u050b\u050d\u050f\u0561\u0562\u0563\u0564\u0565\u0566\u0567\u0568\u0569\u056a\u056b\u056c\u056d\u056e\u056f\u0570\u0571\u0572\u0573\u0574\u0575\u0576\u0577\u0578\u0579\u057a\u057b\u057c\u057d\u057e\u057f\u0580\u0581\u0582\u0583\u0584\u0585\u0586\u0587\u1d00\u1d01\u1d02\u1d03\u1d04\u1d05\u1d06\u1d07\u1d08\u1d09\u1d0a\u1d0b\u1d0c\u1d0d\u1d0e\u1d0f\u1d10\u1d11\u1d12\u1d13\u1d14\u1d15\u1d16\u1d17\u1d18\u1d19\u1d1a\u1d1b\u1d1c\u1d1d\u1d1e\u1d1f\u1d20\u1d21\u1d22\u1d23\u1d24\u1d25\u1d26\u1d27\u1d28\u1d29\u1d2a\u1d2b\u1d62\u1d63\u1d64\u1d65\u1d66\u1d67\u1d68\u1d69\u1d6a\u1d6b\u1d6c\u1d6d\u1d6e\u1d6f\u1d70\u1d71\u1d72\u1d73\u1d74\u1d75\u1d76\u1d77\u1d79\u1d7a\u1d7b\u1d7c\u1d7d\u1d7e\u1d7f\u1d80\u1d81\u1d82\u1d83\u1d84\u1d85\u1d86\u1d87\u1d88\u1d89\u1d8a\u1d8b\u1d8c\u1d8d\u1d8e\u1d8f\u1d90\u1d91\u1d92\u1d93\u1d94\u1d95\u1d96\u1d97\u1d98\u1d99\u1d9a\u1e01\u1e03\u1e05\u1e07\u1e09\u1e0b\u1e0d\u1e0f\u1e11\u1e13\u1e15\u1e17\u1e19\u1e1b\u1e1d\u1e1f\u1e21\u1e23\u1e25\u1e27\u1e29\u1e2b\u1e2d\u1e2f\u1e31\u1e33\u1e35\u1e37\u1e39\u1e3b\u1e3d\u1e3f\u1e41\u1e43\u1e45\u1e47\u1e49\u1e4b\u1e4d\u1e4f\u1e51\u1e53\u1e55\u1e57\u1e59\u1e5b\u1e5d\u1e5f\u1e61\u1e63\u1e65\u1e67\u1e69\u1e6b\u1e6d\u1e6f\u1e71\u1e73\u1e75\u1e77\u1e79\u1e7b\u1e7d\u1e7f\u1e81\u1e83\u1e85\u1e87\u1e89\u1e8b\u1e8d\u1e8f\u1e91\u1e93\u1e95\u1e96\u1e97\u1e98\u1e99\u1e9a\u1e9b\u1ea1\u1ea3\u1ea5\u1ea7\u1ea9\u1eab\u1ead\u1eaf\u1eb1\u1eb3\u1eb5\u1eb7\u1eb9\u1ebb\u1ebd\u1ebf\u1ec1\u1ec3\u1ec5\u1ec7\u1ec9\u1ecb\u1ecd\u1ecf\u1ed1\u1ed3\u1ed5\u1ed7\u1ed9\u1edb\u1edd\u1edf\u1ee1\u1ee3\u1ee5\u1ee7\u1ee9\u1eeb\u1eed\u1eef\u1ef1\u1ef3\u1ef5\u1ef7\u1ef9\u1f00\u1f01\u1f02\u1f03\u1f04\u1f05\u1f06\u1f07\u1f10\u1f11\u1f12\u1f13\u1f14\u1f15\u1f20\u1f21\u1f22\u1f23\u1f24\u1f25\u1f26\u1f27\u1f30\u1f31\u1f32\u1f33\u1f34\u1f35\u1f36\u1f37\u1f40\u1f41\u1f42\u1f43\u1f44\u1f45\u1f50\u1f51\u1f52\u1f53\u1f54\u1f55\u1f56\u1f57\u1f60\u1f61\u1f62\u1f63\u1f64\u1f65\u1f66\u1f67\u1f70\u1f71\u1f72\u1f73\u1f74\u1f75\u1f76\u1f77\u1f78\u1f79\u1f7a\u1f7b\u1f7c\u1f7d\u1f80\u1f81\u1f82\u1f83\u1f84\u1f85\u1f86\u1f87\u1f90\u1f91\u1f92\u1f93\u1f94\u1f95\u1f96\u1f97\u1fa0\u1fa1\u1fa2\u1fa3\u1fa4\u1fa5\u1fa6\u1fa7\u1fb0\u1fb1\u1fb2\u1fb3\u1fb4\u1fb6\u1fb7\u1fbe\u1fc2\u1fc3\u1fc4\u1fc6\u1fc7\u1fd0\u1fd1\u1fd2\u1fd3\u1fd6\u1fd7\u1fe0\u1fe1\u1fe2\u1fe3\u1fe4\u1fe5\u1fe6\u1fe7\u1ff2\u1ff3\u1ff4\u1ff6\u1ff7\u2071\u207f\u210a\u210e\u210f\u2113\u212f\u2134\u2139\u213c\u213d\u2146\u2147\u2148\u2149\u2c30\u2c31\u2c32\u2c33\u2c34\u2c35\u2c36\u2c37\u2c38\u2c39\u2c3a\u2c3b\u2c3c\u2c3d\u2c3e\u2c3f\u2c40\u2c41\u2c42\u2c43\u2c44\u2c45\u2c46\u2c47\u2c48\u2c49\u2c4a\u2c4b\u2c4c\u2c4d\u2c4e\u2c4f\u2c50\u2c51\u2c52\u2c53\u2c54\u2c55\u2c56\u2c57\u2c58\u2c59\u2c5a\u2c5b\u2c5c\u2c5d\u2c5e\u2c81\u2c83\u2c85\u2c87\u2c89\u2c8b\u2c8d\u2c8f\u2c91\u2c93\u2c95\u2c97\u2c99\u2c9b\u2c9d\u2c9f\u2ca1\u2ca3\u2ca5\u2ca7\u2ca9\u2cab\u2cad\u2caf\u2cb1\u2cb3\u2cb5\u2cb7\u2cb9\u2cbb\u2cbd\u2cbf\u2cc1\u2cc3\u2cc5\u2cc7\u2cc9\u2ccb\u2ccd\u2ccf\u2cd1\u2cd3\u2cd5\u2cd7\u2cd9\u2cdb\u2cdd\u2cdf\u2ce1\u2ce3\u2ce4\u2d00\u2d01\u2d02\u2d03\u2d04\u2d05\u2d06\u2d07\u2d08\u2d09\u2d0a\u2d0b\u2d0c\u2d0d\u2d0e\u2d0f\u2d10\u2d11\u2d12\u2d13\u2d14\u2d15\u2d16\u2d17\u2d18\u2d19\u2d1a\u2d1b\u2d1c\u2d1d\u2d1e\u2d1f\u2d20\u2d21\u2d22\u2d23\u2d24\u2d25\ufb00\ufb01\ufb02\ufb03\ufb04\ufb05\ufb06\ufb13\ufb14\ufb15\ufb16\ufb17\uff41\uff42\uff43\uff44\uff45\uff46\uff47\uff48\uff49\uff4a\uff4b\uff4c\uff4d\uff4e\uff4f\uff50\uff51\uff52\uff53\uff54\uff55\uff56\uff57\uff58\uff59\uff5a'
+
+Lm = u'\u02b0\u02b1\u02b2\u02b3\u02b4\u02b5\u02b6\u02b7\u02b8\u02b9\u02ba\u02bb\u02bc\u02bd\u02be\u02bf\u02c0\u02c1\u02c6\u02c7\u02c8\u02c9\u02ca\u02cb\u02cc\u02cd\u02ce\u02cf\u02d0\u02d1\u02e0\u02e1\u02e2\u02e3\u02e4\u02ee\u037a\u0559\u0640\u06e5\u06e6\u0e46\u0ec6\u10fc\u17d7\u1843\u1d2c\u1d2d\u1d2e\u1d2f\u1d30\u1d31\u1d32\u1d33\u1d34\u1d35\u1d36\u1d37\u1d38\u1d39\u1d3a\u1d3b\u1d3c\u1d3d\u1d3e\u1d3f\u1d40\u1d41\u1d42\u1d43\u1d44\u1d45\u1d46\u1d47\u1d48\u1d49\u1d4a\u1d4b\u1d4c\u1d4d\u1d4e\u1d4f\u1d50\u1d51\u1d52\u1d53\u1d54\u1d55\u1d56\u1d57\u1d58\u1d59\u1d5a\u1d5b\u1d5c\u1d5d\u1d5e\u1d5f\u1d60\u1d61\u1d78\u1d9b\u1d9c\u1d9d\u1d9e\u1d9f\u1da0\u1da1\u1da2\u1da3\u1da4\u1da5\u1da6\u1da7\u1da8\u1da9\u1daa\u1dab\u1dac\u1dad\u1dae\u1daf\u1db0\u1db1\u1db2\u1db3\u1db4\u1db5\u1db6\u1db7\u1db8\u1db9\u1dba\u1dbb\u1dbc\u1dbd\u1dbe\u1dbf\u2090\u2091\u2092\u2093\u2094\u2d6f\u3005\u3031\u3032\u3033\u3034\u3035\u303b\u309d\u309e\u30fc\u30fd\u30fe\ua015\uff70\uff9e\uff9f'
+
+Lo = 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fd56\ufd57\ufd58\ufd59\ufd5a\ufd5b\ufd5c\ufd5d\ufd5e\ufd5f\ufd60\ufd61\ufd62\ufd63\ufd64\ufd65\ufd66\ufd67\ufd68\ufd69\ufd6a\ufd6b\ufd6c\ufd6d\ufd6e\ufd6f\ufd70\ufd71\ufd72\ufd73\ufd74\ufd75\ufd76\ufd77\ufd78\ufd79\ufd7a\ufd7b\ufd7c\ufd7d\ufd7e\ufd7f\ufd80\ufd81\ufd82\ufd83\ufd84\ufd85\ufd86\ufd87\ufd88\ufd89\ufd8a\ufd8b\ufd8c\ufd8d\ufd8e\ufd8f\ufd92\ufd93\ufd94\ufd95\ufd96\ufd97\ufd98\ufd99\ufd9a\ufd9b\ufd9c\ufd9d\ufd9e\ufd9f\ufda0\ufda1\ufda2\ufda3\ufda4\ufda5\ufda6\ufda7\ufda8\ufda9\ufdaa\ufdab\ufdac\ufdad\ufdae\ufdaf\ufdb0\ufdb1\ufdb2\ufdb3\ufdb4\ufdb5\ufdb6\ufdb7\ufdb8\ufdb9\ufdba\ufdbb\ufdbc\ufdbd\ufdbe\ufdbf\ufdc0\ufdc1\ufdc2\ufdc3\ufdc4\ufdc5\ufdc6\ufdc7\ufdf0\ufdf1\ufdf2\ufdf3\ufdf4\ufdf5\ufdf6\ufdf7\ufdf8\ufdf9\ufdfa\ufdfb\ufe70\ufe71\ufe72\ufe73\ufe74\ufe76\ufe77\ufe78\ufe79\ufe7a\ufe7b\ufe7c\ufe7d\ufe7e\ufe7f\ufe80\ufe81\ufe82\ufe83\ufe84\ufe85\ufe86\ufe87\ufe88\ufe89\ufe8a\ufe8b\ufe8c\ufe8d\ufe8e\ufe8f\ufe90\ufe91\ufe92\ufe93\ufe94\ufe95\ufe96\ufe97\ufe98\ufe99\ufe9a\ufe9b\ufe9c\ufe9d\ufe9e\ufe9f\ufea0\ufea1\ufea2\ufea3\ufea4\ufea5\ufea6\ufea7\ufea8\ufea9\ufeaa\ufeab\ufeac\ufead\ufeae\ufeaf\ufeb0\ufeb1\ufeb2\ufeb3\ufeb4\ufeb5\ufeb6\ufeb7\ufeb8\ufeb9\ufeba\ufebb\ufebc\ufebd\ufebe\ufebf\ufec0\ufec1\ufec2\ufec3\ufec4\ufec5\ufec6\ufec7\ufec8\ufec9\ufeca\ufecb\ufecc\ufecd\ufece\ufecf\ufed0\ufed1\ufed2\ufed3\ufed4\ufed5\ufed6\ufed7\ufed8\ufed9\ufeda\ufedb\ufedc\ufedd\ufede\ufedf\ufee0\ufee1\ufee2\ufee3\ufee4\ufee5\ufee6\ufee7\ufee8\ufee9\ufeea\ufeeb\ufeec\ufeed\ufeee\ufeef\ufef0\ufef1\ufef2\ufef3\ufef4\ufef5\ufef6\ufef7\ufef8\ufef9\ufefa\ufefb\ufefc\uff66\uff67\uff68\uff69\uff6a\uff6b\uff6c\uff6d\uff6e\uff6f\uff71\uff72\uff73\uff74\uff75\uff76\uff77\uff78\uff79\uff7a\uff7b\uff7c\uff7d\uff7e\uff7f\uff80\uff81\uff82\uff83\uff84\uff85\uff86\uff87\uff88\uff89\uff8a\uff8b\uff8c\uff8d\uff8e\uff8f\uff90\uff91\uff92\uff93\uff94\uff95\uff96\uff97\uff98\uff99\uff9a\uff9b\uff9c\uff9d\uffa0\uffa1\uffa2\uffa3\uffa4\uffa5\uffa6\uffa7\uffa8\uffa9\uffaa\uffab\uffac\uffad\uffae\uffaf\uffb0\uffb1\uffb2\uffb3\uffb4\uffb5\uffb6\uffb7\uffb8\uffb9\uffba\uffbb\uffbc\uffbd\uffbe\uffc2\uffc3\uffc4\uffc5\uffc6\uffc7\uffca\uffcb\uffcc\uffcd\uffce\uffcf\uffd2\uffd3\uffd4\uffd5\uffd6\uffd7\uffda\uffdb\uffdc'
+
+Lt = u'\u01c5\u01c8\u01cb\u01f2\u1f88\u1f89\u1f8a\u1f8b\u1f8c\u1f8d\u1f8e\u1f8f\u1f98\u1f99\u1f9a\u1f9b\u1f9c\u1f9d\u1f9e\u1f9f\u1fa8\u1fa9\u1faa\u1fab\u1fac\u1fad\u1fae\u1faf\u1fbc\u1fcc\u1ffc'
+
+Lu = u'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\xc0\xc1\xc2\xc3\xc4\xc5\xc6\xc7\xc8\xc9\xca\xcb\xcc\xcd\xce\xcf\xd0\xd1\xd2\xd3\xd4\xd5\xd6\xd8\xd9\xda\xdb\xdc\xdd\xde\u0100\u0102\u0104\u0106\u0108\u010a\u010c\u010e\u0110\u0112\u0114\u0116\u0118\u011a\u011c\u011e\u0120\u0122\u0124\u0126\u0128\u012a\u012c\u012e\u0130\u0132\u0134\u0136\u0139\u013b\u013d\u013f\u0141\u0143\u0145\u0147\u014a\u014c\u014e\u0150\u0152\u0154\u0156\u0158\u015a\u015c\u015e\u0160\u0162\u0164\u0166\u0168\u016a\u016c\u016e\u0170\u0172\u0174\u0176\u0178\u0179\u017b\u017d\u0181\u0182\u0184\u0186\u0187\u0189\u018a\u018b\u018e\u018f\u0190\u0191\u0193\u0194\u0196\u0197\u0198\u019c\u019d\u019f\u01a0\u01a2\u01a4\u01a6\u01a7\u01a9\u01ac\u01ae\u01af\u01b1\u01b2\u01b3\u01b5\u01b7\u01b8\u01bc\u01c4\u01c7\u01ca\u01cd\u01cf\u01d1\u01d3\u01d5\u01d7\u01d9\u01db\u01de\u01e0\u01e2\u01e4\u01e6\u01e8\u01ea\u01ec\u01ee\u01f1\u01f4\u01f6\u01f7\u01f8\u01fa\u01fc\u01fe\u0200\u0202\u0204\u0206\u0208\u020a\u020c\u020e\u0210\u0212\u0214\u0216\u0218\u021a\u021c\u021e\u0220\u0222\u0224\u0226\u0228\u022a\u022c\u022e\u0230\u0232\u023a\u023b\u023d\u023e\u0241\u0386\u0388\u0389\u038a\u038c\u038e\u038f\u0391\u0392\u0393\u0394\u0395\u0396\u0397\u0398\u0399\u039a\u039b\u039c\u039d\u039e\u039f\u03a0\u03a1\u03a3\u03a4\u03a5\u03a6\u03a7\u03a8\u03a9\u03aa\u03ab\u03d2\u03d3\u03d4\u03d8\u03da\u03dc\u03de\u03e0\u03e2\u03e4\u03e6\u03e8\u03ea\u03ec\u03ee\u03f4\u03f7\u03f9\u03fa\u03fd\u03fe\u03ff\u0400\u0401\u0402\u0403\u0404\u0405\u0406\u0407\u0408\u0409\u040a\u040b\u040c\u040d\u040e\u040f\u0410\u0411\u0412\u0413\u0414\u0415\u0416\u0417\u0418\u0419\u041a\u041b\u041c\u041d\u041e\u041f\u0420\u0421\u0422\u0423\u0424\u0425\u0426\u0427\u0428\u0429\u042a\u042b\u042c\u042d\u042e\u042f\u0460\u0462\u0464\u0466\u0468\u046a\u046c\u046e\u0470\u0472\u0474\u0476\u0478\u047a\u047c\u047e\u0480\u048a\u048c\u048e\u0490\u0492\u0494\u0496\u0498\u049a\u049c\u049e\u04a0\u04a2\u04a4\u04a6\u04a8\u04aa\u04ac\u04ae\u04b0\u04b2\u04b4\u04b6\u04b8\u04ba\u04bc\u04be\u04c0\u04c1\u04c3\u04c5\u04c7\u04c9\u04cb\u04cd\u04d0\u04d2\u04d4\u04d6\u04d8\u04da\u04dc\u04de\u04e0\u04e2\u04e4\u04e6\u04e8\u04ea\u04ec\u04ee\u04f0\u04f2\u04f4\u04f6\u04f8\u0500\u0502\u0504\u0506\u0508\u050a\u050c\u050e\u0531\u0532\u0533\u0534\u0535\u0536\u0537\u0538\u0539\u053a\u053b\u053c\u053d\u053e\u053f\u0540\u0541\u0542\u0543\u0544\u0545\u0546\u0547\u0548\u0549\u054a\u054b\u054c\u054d\u054e\u054f\u0550\u0551\u0552\u0553\u0554\u0555\u0556\u10a0\u10a1\u10a2\u10a3\u10a4\u10a5\u10a6\u10a7\u10a8\u10a9\u10aa\u10ab\u10ac\u10ad\u10ae\u10af\u10b0\u10b1\u10b2\u10b3\u10b4\u10b5\u10b6\u10b7\u10b8\u10b9\u10ba\u10bb\u10bc\u10bd\u10be\u10bf\u10c0\u10c1\u10c2\u10c3\u10c4\u10c5\u1e00\u1e02\u1e04\u1e06\u1e08\u1e0a\u1e0c\u1e0e\u1e10\u1e12\u1e14\u1e16\u1e18\u1e1a\u1e1c\u1e1e\u1e20\u1e22\u1e24\u1e26\u1e28\u1e2a\u1e2c\u1e2e\u1e30\u1e32\u1e34\u1e36\u1e38\u1e3a\u1e3c\u1e3e\u1e40\u1e42\u1e44\u1e46\u1e48\u1e4a\u1e4c\u1e4e\u1e50\u1e52\u1e54\u1e56\u1e58\u1e5a\u1e5c\u1e5e\u1e60\u1e62\u1e64\u1e66\u1e68\u1e6a\u1e6c\u1e6e\u1e70\u1e72\u1e74\u1e76\u1e78\u1e7a\u1e7c\u1e7e\u1e80\u1e82\u1e84\u1e86\u1e88\u1e8a\u1e8c\u1e8e\u1e90\u1e92\u1e94\u1ea0\u1ea2\u1ea4\u1ea6\u1ea8\u1eaa\u1eac\u1eae\u1eb0\u1eb2\u1eb4\u1eb6\u1eb8\u1eba\u1ebc\u1ebe\u1ec0\u1ec2\u1ec4\u1ec6\u1ec8\u1eca\u1ecc\u1ece\u1ed0\u1ed2\u1ed4\u1ed6\u1ed8\u1eda\u1edc\u1ede\u1ee0\u1ee2\u1ee4\u1ee6\u1ee8\u1eea\u1eec\u1eee\u1ef0\u1ef2\u1ef4\u1ef6\u1ef8\u1f08\u1f09\u1f0a\u1f0b\u1f0c\u1f0d\u1f0e\u1f0f\u1f18\u1f19\u1f1a\u1f1b\u1f1c\u1f1d\u1f28\u1f29\u1f2a\u1f2b\u1f2c\u1f2d\u1f2e\u1f2f\u1f38\u1f39\u1f3a\u1f3b\u1f3c\u1f3d\u1f3e\u1f3f\u1f48\u1f49\u1f4a\u1f4b\u1f4c\u1f4d\u1f59\u1f5b\u1f5d\u1f5f\u1f68\u1f69\u1f6a\u1f6b\u1f6c\u1f6d\u1f6e\u1f6f\u1fb8\u1fb9\u1fba\u1fbb\u1fc8\u1fc9\u1fca\u1fcb\u1fd8\u1fd9\u1fda\u1fdb\u1fe8\u1fe9\u1fea\u1feb\u1fec\u1ff8\u1ff9\u1ffa\u1ffb\u2102\u2107\u210b\u210c\u210d\u2110\u2111\u2112\u2115\u2119\u211a\u211b\u211c\u211d\u2124\u2126\u2128\u212a\u212b\u212c\u212d\u2130\u2131\u2133\u213e\u213f\u2145\u2c00\u2c01\u2c02\u2c03\u2c04\u2c05\u2c06\u2c07\u2c08\u2c09\u2c0a\u2c0b\u2c0c\u2c0d\u2c0e\u2c0f\u2c10\u2c11\u2c12\u2c13\u2c14\u2c15\u2c16\u2c17\u2c18\u2c19\u2c1a\u2c1b\u2c1c\u2c1d\u2c1e\u2c1f\u2c20\u2c21\u2c22\u2c23\u2c24\u2c25\u2c26\u2c27\u2c28\u2c29\u2c2a\u2c2b\u2c2c\u2c2d\u2c2e\u2c80\u2c82\u2c84\u2c86\u2c88\u2c8a\u2c8c\u2c8e\u2c90\u2c92\u2c94\u2c96\u2c98\u2c9a\u2c9c\u2c9e\u2ca0\u2ca2\u2ca4\u2ca6\u2ca8\u2caa\u2cac\u2cae\u2cb0\u2cb2\u2cb4\u2cb6\u2cb8\u2cba\u2cbc\u2cbe\u2cc0\u2cc2\u2cc4\u2cc6\u2cc8\u2cca\u2ccc\u2cce\u2cd0\u2cd2\u2cd4\u2cd6\u2cd8\u2cda\u2cdc\u2cde\u2ce0\u2ce2\uff21\uff22\uff23\uff24\uff25\uff26\uff27\uff28\uff29\uff2a\uff2b\uff2c\uff2d\uff2e\uff2f\uff30\uff31\uff32\uff33\uff34\uff35\uff36\uff37\uff38\uff39\uff3a'
+
+Mc = u'\u0903\u093e\u093f\u0940\u0949\u094a\u094b\u094c\u0982\u0983\u09be\u09bf\u09c0\u09c7\u09c8\u09cb\u09cc\u09d7\u0a03\u0a3e\u0a3f\u0a40\u0a83\u0abe\u0abf\u0ac0\u0ac9\u0acb\u0acc\u0b02\u0b03\u0b3e\u0b40\u0b47\u0b48\u0b4b\u0b4c\u0b57\u0bbe\u0bbf\u0bc1\u0bc2\u0bc6\u0bc7\u0bc8\u0bca\u0bcb\u0bcc\u0bd7\u0c01\u0c02\u0c03\u0c41\u0c42\u0c43\u0c44\u0c82\u0c83\u0cbe\u0cc0\u0cc1\u0cc2\u0cc3\u0cc4\u0cc7\u0cc8\u0cca\u0ccb\u0cd5\u0cd6\u0d02\u0d03\u0d3e\u0d3f\u0d40\u0d46\u0d47\u0d48\u0d4a\u0d4b\u0d4c\u0d57\u0d82\u0d83\u0dcf\u0dd0\u0dd1\u0dd8\u0dd9\u0dda\u0ddb\u0ddc\u0ddd\u0dde\u0ddf\u0df2\u0df3\u0f3e\u0f3f\u0f7f\u102c\u1031\u1038\u1056\u1057\u17b6\u17be\u17bf\u17c0\u17c1\u17c2\u17c3\u17c4\u17c5\u17c7\u17c8\u1923\u1924\u1925\u1926\u1929\u192a\u192b\u1930\u1931\u1933\u1934\u1935\u1936\u1937\u1938\u19b0\u19b1\u19b2\u19b3\u19b4\u19b5\u19b6\u19b7\u19b8\u19b9\u19ba\u19bb\u19bc\u19bd\u19be\u19bf\u19c0\u19c8\u19c9\u1a19\u1a1a\u1a1b\ua802\ua823\ua824\ua827'
+
+Me = u'\u0488\u0489\u06de\u20dd\u20de\u20df\u20e0\u20e2\u20e3\u20e4'
+
+Mn = u'\u0300\u0301\u0302\u0303\u0304\u0305\u0306\u0307\u0308\u0309\u030a\u030b\u030c\u030d\u030e\u030f\u0310\u0311\u0312\u0313\u0314\u0315\u0316\u0317\u0318\u0319\u031a\u031b\u031c\u031d\u031e\u031f\u0320\u0321\u0322\u0323\u0324\u0325\u0326\u0327\u0328\u0329\u032a\u032b\u032c\u032d\u032e\u032f\u0330\u0331\u0332\u0333\u0334\u0335\u0336\u0337\u0338\u0339\u033a\u033b\u033c\u033d\u033e\u033f\u0340\u0341\u0342\u0343\u0344\u0345\u0346\u0347\u0348\u0349\u034a\u034b\u034c\u034d\u034e\u034f\u0350\u0351\u0352\u0353\u0354\u0355\u0356\u0357\u0358\u0359\u035a\u035b\u035c\u035d\u035e\u035f\u0360\u0361\u0362\u0363\u0364\u0365\u0366\u0367\u0368\u0369\u036a\u036b\u036c\u036d\u036e\u036f\u0483\u0484\u0485\u0486\u0591\u0592\u0593\u0594\u0595\u0596\u0597\u0598\u0599\u059a\u059b\u059c\u059d\u059e\u059f\u05a0\u05a1\u05a2\u05a3\u05a4\u05a5\u05a6\u05a7\u05a8\u05a9\u05aa\u05ab\u05ac\u05ad\u05ae\u05af\u05b0\u05b1\u05b2\u05b3\u05b4\u05b5\u05b6\u05b7\u05b8\u05b9\u05bb\u05bc\u05bd\u05bf\u05c1\u05c2\u05c4\u05c5\u05c7\u0610\u0611\u0612\u0613\u0614\u0615\u064b\u064c\u064d\u064e\u064f\u0650\u0651\u0652\u0653\u0654\u0655\u0656\u0657\u0658\u0659\u065a\u065b\u065c\u065d\u065e\u0670\u06d6\u06d7\u06d8\u06d9\u06da\u06db\u06dc\u06df\u06e0\u06e1\u06e2\u06e3\u06e4\u06e7\u06e8\u06ea\u06eb\u06ec\u06ed\u0711\u0730\u0731\u0732\u0733\u0734\u0735\u0736\u0737\u0738\u0739\u073a\u073b\u073c\u073d\u073e\u073f\u0740\u0741\u0742\u0743\u0744\u0745\u0746\u0747\u0748\u0749\u074a\u07a6\u07a7\u07a8\u07a9\u07aa\u07ab\u07ac\u07ad\u07ae\u07af\u07b0\u0901\u0902\u093c\u0941\u0942\u0943\u0944\u0945\u0946\u0947\u0948\u094d\u0951\u0952\u0953\u0954\u0962\u0963\u0981\u09bc\u09c1\u09c2\u09c3\u09c4\u09cd\u09e2\u09e3\u0a01\u0a02\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a42\u0a47\u0a48\u0a4b\u0a4c\u0a4d\u0a70\u0a71\u0a81\u0a82\u0abc\u0ac1\u0ac2\u0ac3\u0ac4\u0ac5\u0ac7\u0ac8\u0acd\u0ae2\u0ae3\u0b01\u0b3c\u0b3f\u0b41\u0b42\u0b43\u0b4d\u0b56\u0b82\u0bc0\u0bcd\u0c3e\u0c3f\u0c40\u0c46\u0c47\u0c48\u0c4a\u0c4b\u0c4c\u0c4d\u0c55\u0c56\u0cbc\u0cbf\u0cc6\u0ccc\u0ccd\u0d41\u0d42\u0d43\u0d4d\u0dca\u0dd2\u0dd3\u0dd4\u0dd6\u0e31\u0e34\u0e35\u0e36\u0e37\u0e38\u0e39\u0e3a\u0e47\u0e48\u0e49\u0e4a\u0e4b\u0e4c\u0e4d\u0e4e\u0eb1\u0eb4\u0eb5\u0eb6\u0eb7\u0eb8\u0eb9\u0ebb\u0ebc\u0ec8\u0ec9\u0eca\u0ecb\u0ecc\u0ecd\u0f18\u0f19\u0f35\u0f37\u0f39\u0f71\u0f72\u0f73\u0f74\u0f75\u0f76\u0f77\u0f78\u0f79\u0f7a\u0f7b\u0f7c\u0f7d\u0f7e\u0f80\u0f81\u0f82\u0f83\u0f84\u0f86\u0f87\u0f90\u0f91\u0f92\u0f93\u0f94\u0f95\u0f96\u0f97\u0f99\u0f9a\u0f9b\u0f9c\u0f9d\u0f9e\u0f9f\u0fa0\u0fa1\u0fa2\u0fa3\u0fa4\u0fa5\u0fa6\u0fa7\u0fa8\u0fa9\u0faa\u0fab\u0fac\u0fad\u0fae\u0faf\u0fb0\u0fb1\u0fb2\u0fb3\u0fb4\u0fb5\u0fb6\u0fb7\u0fb8\u0fb9\u0fba\u0fbb\u0fbc\u0fc6\u102d\u102e\u102f\u1030\u1032\u1036\u1037\u1039\u1058\u1059\u135f\u1712\u1713\u1714\u1732\u1733\u1734\u1752\u1753\u1772\u1773\u17b7\u17b8\u17b9\u17ba\u17bb\u17bc\u17bd\u17c6\u17c9\u17ca\u17cb\u17cc\u17cd\u17ce\u17cf\u17d0\u17d1\u17d2\u17d3\u17dd\u180b\u180c\u180d\u18a9\u1920\u1921\u1922\u1927\u1928\u1932\u1939\u193a\u193b\u1a17\u1a18\u1dc0\u1dc1\u1dc2\u1dc3\u20d0\u20d1\u20d2\u20d3\u20d4\u20d5\u20d6\u20d7\u20d8\u20d9\u20da\u20db\u20dc\u20e1\u20e5\u20e6\u20e7\u20e8\u20e9\u20ea\u20eb\u302a\u302b\u302c\u302d\u302e\u302f\u3099\u309a\ua806\ua80b\ua825\ua826\ufb1e\ufe00\ufe01\ufe02\ufe03\ufe04\ufe05\ufe06\ufe07\ufe08\ufe09\ufe0a\ufe0b\ufe0c\ufe0d\ufe0e\ufe0f\ufe20\ufe21\ufe22\ufe23'
+
+Nd = u'0123456789\u0660\u0661\u0662\u0663\u0664\u0665\u0666\u0667\u0668\u0669\u06f0\u06f1\u06f2\u06f3\u06f4\u06f5\u06f6\u06f7\u06f8\u06f9\u0966\u0967\u0968\u0969\u096a\u096b\u096c\u096d\u096e\u096f\u09e6\u09e7\u09e8\u09e9\u09ea\u09eb\u09ec\u09ed\u09ee\u09ef\u0a66\u0a67\u0a68\u0a69\u0a6a\u0a6b\u0a6c\u0a6d\u0a6e\u0a6f\u0ae6\u0ae7\u0ae8\u0ae9\u0aea\u0aeb\u0aec\u0aed\u0aee\u0aef\u0b66\u0b67\u0b68\u0b69\u0b6a\u0b6b\u0b6c\u0b6d\u0b6e\u0b6f\u0be6\u0be7\u0be8\u0be9\u0bea\u0beb\u0bec\u0bed\u0bee\u0bef\u0c66\u0c67\u0c68\u0c69\u0c6a\u0c6b\u0c6c\u0c6d\u0c6e\u0c6f\u0ce6\u0ce7\u0ce8\u0ce9\u0cea\u0ceb\u0cec\u0ced\u0cee\u0cef\u0d66\u0d67\u0d68\u0d69\u0d6a\u0d6b\u0d6c\u0d6d\u0d6e\u0d6f\u0e50\u0e51\u0e52\u0e53\u0e54\u0e55\u0e56\u0e57\u0e58\u0e59\u0ed0\u0ed1\u0ed2\u0ed3\u0ed4\u0ed5\u0ed6\u0ed7\u0ed8\u0ed9\u0f20\u0f21\u0f22\u0f23\u0f24\u0f25\u0f26\u0f27\u0f28\u0f29\u1040\u1041\u1042\u1043\u1044\u1045\u1046\u1047\u1048\u1049\u17e0\u17e1\u17e2\u17e3\u17e4\u17e5\u17e6\u17e7\u17e8\u17e9\u1810\u1811\u1812\u1813\u1814\u1815\u1816\u1817\u1818\u1819\u1946\u1947\u1948\u1949\u194a\u194b\u194c\u194d\u194e\u194f\u19d0\u19d1\u19d2\u19d3\u19d4\u19d5\u19d6\u19d7\u19d8\u19d9\uff10\uff11\uff12\uff13\uff14\uff15\uff16\uff17\uff18\uff19'
+
+Nl = u'\u16ee\u16ef\u16f0\u2160\u2161\u2162\u2163\u2164\u2165\u2166\u2167\u2168\u2169\u216a\u216b\u216c\u216d\u216e\u216f\u2170\u2171\u2172\u2173\u2174\u2175\u2176\u2177\u2178\u2179\u217a\u217b\u217c\u217d\u217e\u217f\u2180\u2181\u2182\u2183\u3007\u3021\u3022\u3023\u3024\u3025\u3026\u3027\u3028\u3029\u3038\u3039\u303a'
+
+No = u'\xb2\xb3\xb9\xbc\xbd\xbe\u09f4\u09f5\u09f6\u09f7\u09f8\u09f9\u0bf0\u0bf1\u0bf2\u0f2a\u0f2b\u0f2c\u0f2d\u0f2e\u0f2f\u0f30\u0f31\u0f32\u0f33\u1369\u136a\u136b\u136c\u136d\u136e\u136f\u1370\u1371\u1372\u1373\u1374\u1375\u1376\u1377\u1378\u1379\u137a\u137b\u137c\u17f0\u17f1\u17f2\u17f3\u17f4\u17f5\u17f6\u17f7\u17f8\u17f9\u2070\u2074\u2075\u2076\u2077\u2078\u2079\u2080\u2081\u2082\u2083\u2084\u2085\u2086\u2087\u2088\u2089\u2153\u2154\u2155\u2156\u2157\u2158\u2159\u215a\u215b\u215c\u215d\u215e\u215f\u2460\u2461\u2462\u2463\u2464\u2465\u2466\u2467\u2468\u2469\u246a\u246b\u246c\u246d\u246e\u246f\u2470\u2471\u2472\u2473\u2474\u2475\u2476\u2477\u2478\u2479\u247a\u247b\u247c\u247d\u247e\u247f\u2480\u2481\u2482\u2483\u2484\u2485\u2486\u2487\u2488\u2489\u248a\u248b\u248c\u248d\u248e\u248f\u2490\u2491\u2492\u2493\u2494\u2495\u2496\u2497\u2498\u2499\u249a\u249b\u24ea\u24eb\u24ec\u24ed\u24ee\u24ef\u24f0\u24f1\u24f2\u24f3\u24f4\u24f5\u24f6\u24f7\u24f8\u24f9\u24fa\u24fb\u24fc\u24fd\u24fe\u24ff\u2776\u2777\u2778\u2779\u277a\u277b\u277c\u277d\u277e\u277f\u2780\u2781\u2782\u2783\u2784\u2785\u2786\u2787\u2788\u2789\u278a\u278b\u278c\u278d\u278e\u278f\u2790\u2791\u2792\u2793\u2cfd\u3192\u3193\u3194\u3195\u3220\u3221\u3222\u3223\u3224\u3225\u3226\u3227\u3228\u3229\u3251\u3252\u3253\u3254\u3255\u3256\u3257\u3258\u3259\u325a\u325b\u325c\u325d\u325e\u325f\u3280\u3281\u3282\u3283\u3284\u3285\u3286\u3287\u3288\u3289\u32b1\u32b2\u32b3\u32b4\u32b5\u32b6\u32b7\u32b8\u32b9\u32ba\u32bb\u32bc\u32bd\u32be\u32bf'
+
+Pc = u'_\u203f\u2040\u2054\ufe33\ufe34\ufe4d\ufe4e\ufe4f\uff3f'
+
+Pd = u'-\u058a\u1806\u2010\u2011\u2012\u2013\u2014\u2015\u2e17\u301c\u3030\u30a0\ufe31\ufe32\ufe58\ufe63\uff0d'
+
+Pe = u')]}\u0f3b\u0f3d\u169c\u2046\u207e\u208e\u232a\u23b5\u2769\u276b\u276d\u276f\u2771\u2773\u2775\u27c6\u27e7\u27e9\u27eb\u2984\u2986\u2988\u298a\u298c\u298e\u2990\u2992\u2994\u2996\u2998\u29d9\u29db\u29fd\u3009\u300b\u300d\u300f\u3011\u3015\u3017\u3019\u301b\u301e\u301f\ufd3f\ufe18\ufe36\ufe38\ufe3a\ufe3c\ufe3e\ufe40\ufe42\ufe44\ufe48\ufe5a\ufe5c\ufe5e\uff09\uff3d\uff5d\uff60\uff63'
+
+Pf = u'\xbb\u2019\u201d\u203a\u2e03\u2e05\u2e0a\u2e0d\u2e1d'
+
+Pi = u'\xab\u2018\u201b\u201c\u201f\u2039\u2e02\u2e04\u2e09\u2e0c\u2e1c'
+
+Po = u'!"#%&\'*,./:;?@\\\xa1\xb7\xbf\u037e\u0387\u055a\u055b\u055c\u055d\u055e\u055f\u0589\u05be\u05c0\u05c3\u05c6\u05f3\u05f4\u060c\u060d\u061b\u061e\u061f\u066a\u066b\u066c\u066d\u06d4\u0700\u0701\u0702\u0703\u0704\u0705\u0706\u0707\u0708\u0709\u070a\u070b\u070c\u070d\u0964\u0965\u0970\u0df4\u0e4f\u0e5a\u0e5b\u0f04\u0f05\u0f06\u0f07\u0f08\u0f09\u0f0a\u0f0b\u0f0c\u0f0d\u0f0e\u0f0f\u0f10\u0f11\u0f12\u0f85\u0fd0\u0fd1\u104a\u104b\u104c\u104d\u104e\u104f\u10fb\u1361\u1362\u1363\u1364\u1365\u1366\u1367\u1368\u166d\u166e\u16eb\u16ec\u16ed\u1735\u1736\u17d4\u17d5\u17d6\u17d8\u17d9\u17da\u1800\u1801\u1802\u1803\u1804\u1805\u1807\u1808\u1809\u180a\u1944\u1945\u19de\u19df\u1a1e\u1a1f\u2016\u2017\u2020\u2021\u2022\u2023\u2024\u2025\u2026\u2027\u2030\u2031\u2032\u2033\u2034\u2035\u2036\u2037\u2038\u203b\u203c\u203d\u203e\u2041\u2042\u2043\u2047\u2048\u2049\u204a\u204b\u204c\u204d\u204e\u204f\u2050\u2051\u2053\u2055\u2056\u2057\u2058\u2059\u205a\u205b\u205c\u205d\u205e\u23b6\u2cf9\u2cfa\u2cfb\u2cfc\u2cfe\u2cff\u2e00\u2e01\u2e06\u2e07\u2e08\u2e0b\u2e0e\u2e0f\u2e10\u2e11\u2e12\u2e13\u2e14\u2e15\u2e16\u3001\u3002\u3003\u303d\u30fb\ufe10\ufe11\ufe12\ufe13\ufe14\ufe15\ufe16\ufe19\ufe30\ufe45\ufe46\ufe49\ufe4a\ufe4b\ufe4c\ufe50\ufe51\ufe52\ufe54\ufe55\ufe56\ufe57\ufe5f\ufe60\ufe61\ufe68\ufe6a\ufe6b\uff01\uff02\uff03\uff05\uff06\uff07\uff0a\uff0c\uff0e\uff0f\uff1a\uff1b\uff1f\uff20\uff3c\uff61\uff64\uff65'
+
+Ps = u'([{\u0f3a\u0f3c\u169b\u201a\u201e\u2045\u207d\u208d\u2329\u23b4\u2768\u276a\u276c\u276e\u2770\u2772\u2774\u27c5\u27e6\u27e8\u27ea\u2983\u2985\u2987\u2989\u298b\u298d\u298f\u2991\u2993\u2995\u2997\u29d8\u29da\u29fc\u3008\u300a\u300c\u300e\u3010\u3014\u3016\u3018\u301a\u301d\ufd3e\ufe17\ufe35\ufe37\ufe39\ufe3b\ufe3d\ufe3f\ufe41\ufe43\ufe47\ufe59\ufe5b\ufe5d\uff08\uff3b\uff5b\uff5f\uff62'
+
+Sc = u'$\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5\u060b\u09f2\u09f3\u0af1\u0bf9\u0e3f\u17db\u20a0\u20a1\u20a2\u20a3\u20a4\u20a5\u20a6\u20a7\u20a8\u20a9\u20aa\u20ab\u20ac\u20ad\u20ae\u20af\u20b0\u20b1\u20b2\u20b3\u20b4\u20b5\ufdfc\ufe69\uff04\uffe0\uffe1\uffe5\uffe6'
+
+Sk = u'^`\xa8\xaf\xb4\xb8\u02c2\u02c3\u02c4\u02c5\u02d2\u02d3\u02d4\u02d5\u02d6\u02d7\u02d8\u02d9\u02da\u02db\u02dc\u02dd\u02de\u02df\u02e5\u02e6\u02e7\u02e8\u02e9\u02ea\u02eb\u02ec\u02ed\u02ef\u02f0\u02f1\u02f2\u02f3\u02f4\u02f5\u02f6\u02f7\u02f8\u02f9\u02fa\u02fb\u02fc\u02fd\u02fe\u02ff\u0374\u0375\u0384\u0385\u1fbd\u1fbf\u1fc0\u1fc1\u1fcd\u1fce\u1fcf\u1fdd\u1fde\u1fdf\u1fed\u1fee\u1fef\u1ffd\u1ffe\u309b\u309c\ua700\ua701\ua702\ua703\ua704\ua705\ua706\ua707\ua708\ua709\ua70a\ua70b\ua70c\ua70d\ua70e\ua70f\ua710\ua711\ua712\ua713\ua714\ua715\ua716\uff3e\uff40\uffe3'
+
+Sm = u'+<=>|~\xac\xb1\xd7\xf7\u03f6\u2044\u2052\u207a\u207b\u207c\u208a\u208b\u208c\u2140\u2141\u2142\u2143\u2144\u214b\u2190\u2191\u2192\u2193\u2194\u219a\u219b\u21a0\u21a3\u21a6\u21ae\u21ce\u21cf\u21d2\u21d4\u21f4\u21f5\u21f6\u21f7\u21f8\u21f9\u21fa\u21fb\u21fc\u21fd\u21fe\u21ff\u2200\u2201\u2202\u2203\u2204\u2205\u2206\u2207\u2208\u2209\u220a\u220b\u220c\u220d\u220e\u220f\u2210\u2211\u2212\u2213\u2214\u2215\u2216\u2217\u2218\u2219\u221a\u221b\u221c\u221d\u221e\u221f\u2220\u2221\u2222\u2223\u2224\u2225\u2226\u2227\u2228\u2229\u222a\u222b\u222c\u222d\u222e\u222f\u2230\u2231\u2232\u2233\u2234\u2235\u2236\u2237\u2238\u2239\u223a\u223b\u223c\u223d\u223e\u223f\u2240\u2241\u2242\u2243\u2244\u2245\u2246\u2247\u2248\u2249\u224a\u224b\u224c\u224d\u224e\u224f\u2250\u2251\u2252\u2253\u2254\u2255\u2256\u2257\u2258\u2259\u225a\u225b\u225c\u225d\u225e\u225f\u2260\u2261\u2262\u2263\u2264\u2265\u2266\u2267\u2268\u2269\u226a\u226b\u226c\u226d\u226e\u226f\u2270\u2271\u2272\u2273\u2274\u2275\u2276\u2277\u2278\u2279\u227a\u227b\u227c\u227d\u227e\u227f\u2280\u2281\u2282\u2283\u2284\u2285\u2286\u2287\u2288\u2289\u228a\u228b\u228c\u228d\u228e\u228f\u2290\u2291\u2292\u2293\u2294\u2295\u2296\u2297\u2298\u2299\u229a\u229b\u229c\u229d\u229e\u229f\u22a0\u22a1\u22a2\u22a3\u22a4\u22a5\u22a6\u22a7\u22a8\u22a9\u22aa\u22ab\u22ac\u22ad\u22ae\u22af\u22b0\u22b1\u22b2\u22b3\u22b4\u22b5\u22b6\u22b7\u22b8\u22b9\u22ba\u22bb\u22bc\u22bd\u22be\u22bf\u22c0\u22c1\u22c2\u22c3\u22c4\u22c5\u22c6\u22c7\u22c8\u22c9\u22ca\u22cb\u22cc\u22cd\u22ce\u22cf\u22d0\u22d1\u22d2\u22d3\u22d4\u22d5\u22d6\u22d7\u22d8\u22d9\u22da\u22db\u22dc\u22dd\u22de\u22df\u22e0\u22e1\u22e2\u22e3\u22e4\u22e5\u22e6\u22e7\u22e8\u22e9\u22ea\u22eb\u22ec\u22ed\u22ee\u22ef\u22f0\u22f1\u22f2\u22f3\u22f4\u22f5\u22f6\u22f7\u22f8\u22f9\u22fa\u22fb\u22fc\u22fd\u22fe\u22ff\u2308\u2309\u230a\u230b\u2320\u2321\u237c\u239b\u239c\u239d\u239e\u239f\u23a0\u23a1\u23a2\u23a3\u23a4\u23a5\u23a6\u23a7\u23a8\u23a9\u23aa\u23ab\u23ac\u23ad\u23ae\u23af\u23b0\u23b1\u23b2\u23b3\u25b7\u25c1\u25f8\u25f9\u25fa\u25fb\u25fc\u25fd\u25fe\u25ff\u266f\u27c0\u27c1\u27c2\u27c3\u27c4\u27d0\u27d1\u27d2\u27d3\u27d4\u27d5\u27d6\u27d7\u27d8\u27d9\u27da\u27db\u27dc\u27dd\u27de\u27df\u27e0\u27e1\u27e2\u27e3\u27e4\u27e5\u27f0\u27f1\u27f2\u27f3\u27f4\u27f5\u27f6\u27f7\u27f8\u27f9\u27fa\u27fb\u27fc\u27fd\u27fe\u27ff\u2900\u2901\u2902\u2903\u2904\u2905\u2906\u2907\u2908\u2909\u290a\u290b\u290c\u290d\u290e\u290f\u2910\u2911\u2912\u2913\u2914\u2915\u2916\u2917\u2918\u2919\u291a\u291b\u291c\u291d\u291e\u291f\u2920\u2921\u2922\u2923\u2924\u2925\u2926\u2927\u2928\u2929\u292a\u292b\u292c\u292d\u292e\u292f\u2930\u2931\u2932\u2933\u2934\u2935\u2936\u2937\u2938\u2939\u293a\u293b\u293c\u293d\u293e\u293f\u2940\u2941\u2942\u2943\u2944\u2945\u2946\u2947\u2948\u2949\u294a\u294b\u294c\u294d\u294e\u294f\u2950\u2951\u2952\u2953\u2954\u2955\u2956\u2957\u2958\u2959\u295a\u295b\u295c\u295d\u295e\u295f\u2960\u2961\u2962\u2963\u2964\u2965\u2966\u2967\u2968\u2969\u296a\u296b\u296c\u296d\u296e\u296f\u2970\u2971\u2972\u2973\u2974\u2975\u2976\u2977\u2978\u2979\u297a\u297b\u297c\u297d\u297e\u297f\u2980\u2981\u2982\u2999\u299a\u299b\u299c\u299d\u299e\u299f\u29a0\u29a1\u29a2\u29a3\u29a4\u29a5\u29a6\u29a7\u29a8\u29a9\u29aa\u29ab\u29ac\u29ad\u29ae\u29af\u29b0\u29b1\u29b2\u29b3\u29b4\u29b5\u29b6\u29b7\u29b8\u29b9\u29ba\u29bb\u29bc\u29bd\u29be\u29bf\u29c0\u29c1\u29c2\u29c3\u29c4\u29c5\u29c6\u29c7\u29c8\u29c9\u29ca\u29cb\u29cc\u29cd\u29ce\u29cf\u29d0\u29d1\u29d2\u29d3\u29d4\u29d5\u29d6\u29d7\u29dc\u29dd\u29de\u29df\u29e0\u29e1\u29e2\u29e3\u29e4\u29e5\u29e6\u29e7\u29e8\u29e9\u29ea\u29eb\u29ec\u29ed\u29ee\u29ef\u29f0\u29f1\u29f2\u29f3\u29f4\u29f5\u29f6\u29f7\u29f8\u29f9\u29fa\u29fb\u29fe\u29ff\u2a00\u2a01\u2a02\u2a03\u2a04\u2a05\u2a06\u2a07\u2a08\u2a09\u2a0a\u2a0b\u2a0c\u2a0d\u2a0e\u2a0f\u2a10\u2a11\u2a12\u2a13\u2a14\u2a15\u2a16\u2a17\u2a18\u2a19\u2a1a\u2a1b\u2a1c\u2a1d\u2a1e\u2a1f\u2a20\u2a21\u2a22\u2a23\u2a24\u2a25\u2a26\u2a27\u2a28\u2a29\u2a2a\u2a2b\u2a2c\u2a2d\u2a2e\u2a2f\u2a30\u2a31\u2a32\u2a33\u2a34\u2a35\u2a36\u2a37\u2a38\u2a39\u2a3a\u2a3b\u2a3c\u2a3d\u2a3e\u2a3f\u2a40\u2a41\u2a42\u2a43\u2a44\u2a45\u2a46\u2a47\u2a48\u2a49\u2a4a\u2a4b\u2a4c\u2a4d\u2a4e\u2a4f\u2a50\u2a51\u2a52\u2a53\u2a54\u2a55\u2a56\u2a57\u2a58\u2a59\u2a5a\u2a5b\u2a5c\u2a5d\u2a5e\u2a5f\u2a60\u2a61\u2a62\u2a63\u2a64\u2a65\u2a66\u2a67\u2a68\u2a69\u2a6a\u2a6b\u2a6c\u2a6d\u2a6e\u2a6f\u2a70\u2a71\u2a72\u2a73\u2a74\u2a75\u2a76\u2a77\u2a78\u2a79\u2a7a\u2a7b\u2a7c\u2a7d\u2a7e\u2a7f\u2a80\u2a81\u2a82\u2a83\u2a84\u2a85\u2a86\u2a87\u2a88\u2a89\u2a8a\u2a8b\u2a8c\u2a8d\u2a8e\u2a8f\u2a90\u2a91\u2a92\u2a93\u2a94\u2a95\u2a96\u2a97\u2a98\u2a99\u2a9a\u2a9b\u2a9c\u2a9d\u2a9e\u2a9f\u2aa0\u2aa1\u2aa2\u2aa3\u2aa4\u2aa5\u2aa6\u2aa7\u2aa8\u2aa9\u2aaa\u2aab\u2aac\u2aad\u2aae\u2aaf\u2ab0\u2ab1\u2ab2\u2ab3\u2ab4\u2ab5\u2ab6\u2ab7\u2ab8\u2ab9\u2aba\u2abb\u2abc\u2abd\u2abe\u2abf\u2ac0\u2ac1\u2ac2\u2ac3\u2ac4\u2ac5\u2ac6\u2ac7\u2ac8\u2ac9\u2aca\u2acb\u2acc\u2acd\u2ace\u2acf\u2ad0\u2ad1\u2ad2\u2ad3\u2ad4\u2ad5\u2ad6\u2ad7\u2ad8\u2ad9\u2ada\u2adb\u2adc\u2add\u2ade\u2adf\u2ae0\u2ae1\u2ae2\u2ae3\u2ae4\u2ae5\u2ae6\u2ae7\u2ae8\u2ae9\u2aea\u2aeb\u2aec\u2aed\u2aee\u2aef\u2af0\u2af1\u2af2\u2af3\u2af4\u2af5\u2af6\u2af7\u2af8\u2af9\u2afa\u2afb\u2afc\u2afd\u2afe\u2aff\ufb29\ufe62\ufe64\ufe65\ufe66\uff0b\uff1c\uff1d\uff1e\uff5c\uff5e\uffe2\uffe9\uffea\uffeb\uffec'
+
+So = 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+
+Zl = u'\u2028'
+
+Zp = u'\u2029'
+
+Zs = u' \xa0\u1680\u180e\u2000\u2001\u2002\u2003\u2004\u2005\u2006\u2007\u2008\u2009\u200a\u202f\u205f\u3000'
+
+cats = ['Cc', 'Cf', 'Cn', 'Co', 'Cs', 'Ll', 'Lm', 'Lo', 'Lt', 'Lu', 'Mc', 'Me', 'Mn', 'Nd', 'Nl', 'No', 'Pc', 'Pd', 'Pe', 'Pf', 'Pi', 'Po', 'Ps', 'Sc', 'Sk', 'Sm', 'So', 'Zl', 'Zp', 'Zs']
+
+def combine(*args):
+    return u''.join([globals()[cat] for cat in args])
+
+xid_start = u'\u0041-\u005A\u005F\u0061-\u007A\u00AA\u00B5\u00BA\u00C0-\u00D6\u00D8-\u00F6\u00F8-\u01BA\u01BB\u01BC-\u01BF\u01C0-\u01C3\u01C4-\u0241\u0250-\u02AF\u02B0-\u02C1\u02C6-\u02D1\u02E0-\u02E4\u02EE\u0386\u0388-\u038A\u038C\u038E-\u03A1\u03A3-\u03CE\u03D0-\u03F5\u03F7-\u0481\u048A-\u04CE\u04D0-\u04F9\u0500-\u050F\u0531-\u0556\u0559\u0561-\u0587\u05D0-\u05EA\u05F0-\u05F2\u0621-\u063A\u0640\u0641-\u064A\u066E-\u066F\u0671-\u06D3\u06D5\u06E5-\u06E6\u06EE-\u06EF\u06FA-\u06FC\u06FF\u0710\u0712-\u072F\u074D-\u076D\u0780-\u07A5\u07B1\u0904-\u0939\u093D\u0950\u0958-\u0961\u097D\u0985-\u098C\u098F-\u0990\u0993-\u09A8\u09AA-\u09B0\u09B2\u09B6-\u09B9\u09BD\u09CE\u09DC-\u09DD\u09DF-\u09E1\u09F0-\u09F1\u0A05-\u0A0A\u0A0F-\u0A10\u0A13-\u0A28\u0A2A-\u0A30\u0A32-\u0A33\u0A35-\u0A36\u0A38-\u0A39\u0A59-\u0A5C\u0A5E\u0A72-\u0A74\u0A85-\u0A8D\u0A8F-\u0A91\u0A93-\u0AA8\u0AAA-\u0AB0\u0AB2-\u0AB3\u0AB5-\u0AB9\u0ABD\u0AD0\u0AE0-\u0AE1\u0B05-\u0B0C\u0B0F-\u0B10\u0B13-\u0B28\u0B2A-\u0B30\u0B32-\u0B33\u0B35-\u0B39\u0B3D\u0B5C-\u0B5D\u0B5F-\u0B61\u0B71\u0B83\u0B85-\u0B8A\u0B8E-\u0B90\u0B92-\u0B95\u0B99-\u0B9A\u0B9C\u0B9E-\u0B9F\u0BA3-\u0BA4\u0BA8-\u0BAA\u0BAE-\u0BB9\u0C05-\u0C0C\u0C0E-\u0C10\u0C12-\u0C28\u0C2A-\u0C33\u0C35-\u0C39\u0C60-\u0C61\u0C85-\u0C8C\u0C8E-\u0C90\u0C92-\u0CA8\u0CAA-\u0CB3\u0CB5-\u0CB9\u0CBD\u0CDE\u0CE0-\u0CE1\u0D05-\u0D0C\u0D0E-\u0D10\u0D12-\u0D28\u0D2A-\u0D39\u0D60-\u0D61\u0D85-\u0D96\u0D9A-\u0DB1\u0DB3-\u0DBB\u0DBD\u0DC0-\u0DC6\u0E01-\u0E30\u0E32\u0E40-\u0E45\u0E46\u0E81-\u0E82\u0E84\u0E87-\u0E88\u0E8A\u0E8D\u0E94-\u0E97\u0E99-\u0E9F\u0EA1-\u0EA3\u0EA5\u0EA7\u0EAA-\u0EAB\u0EAD-\u0EB0\u0EB2\u0EBD\u0EC0-\u0EC4\u0EC6\u0EDC-\u0EDD\u0F00\u0F40-\u0F47\u0F49-\u0F6A\u0F88-\u0F8B\u1000-\u1021\u1023-\u1027\u1029-\u102A\u1050-\u1055\u10A0-\u10C5\u10D0-\u10FA\u10FC\u1100-\u1159\u115F-\u11A2\u11A8-\u11F9\u1200-\u1248\u124A-\u124D\u1250-\u1256\u1258\u125A-\u125D\u1260-\u1288\u128A-\u128D\u1290-\u12B0\u12B2-\u12B5\u12B8-\u12BE\u12C0\u12C2-\u12C5\u12C8-\u12D6\u12D8-\u1310\u1312-\u1315\u1318-\u135A\u1380-\u138F\u13A0-\u13F4\u1401-\u166C\u166F-\u1676\u1681-\u169A\u16A0-\u16EA\u16EE-\u16F0\u1700-\u170C\u170E-\u1711\u1720-\u1731\u1740-\u1751\u1760-\u176C\u176E-\u1770\u1780-\u17B3\u17D7\u17DC\u1820-\u1842\u1843\u1844-\u1877\u1880-\u18A8\u1900-\u191C\u1950-\u196D\u1970-\u1974\u1980-\u19A9\u19C1-\u19C7\u1A00-\u1A16\u1D00-\u1D2B\u1D2C-\u1D61\u1D62-\u1D77\u1D78\u1D79-\u1D9A\u1D9B-\u1DBF\u1E00-\u1E9B\u1EA0-\u1EF9\u1F00-\u1F15\u1F18-\u1F1D\u1F20-\u1F45\u1F48-\u1F4D\u1F50-\u1F57\u1F59\u1F5B\u1F5D\u1F5F-\u1F7D\u1F80-\u1FB4\u1FB6-\u1FBC\u1FBE\u1FC2-\u1FC4\u1FC6-\u1FCC\u1FD0-\u1FD3\u1FD6-\u1FDB\u1FE0-\u1FEC\u1FF2-\u1FF4\u1FF6-\u1FFC\u2071\u207F\u2090-\u2094\u2102\u2107\u210A-\u2113\u2115\u2118\u2119-\u211D\u2124\u2126\u2128\u212A-\u212D\u212E\u212F-\u2131\u2133-\u2134\u2135-\u2138\u2139\u213C-\u213F\u2145-\u2149\u2160-\u2183\u2C00-\u2C2E\u2C30-\u2C5E\u2C80-\u2CE4\u2D00-\u2D25\u2D30-\u2D65\u2D6F\u2D80-\u2D96\u2DA0-\u2DA6\u2DA8-\u2DAE\u2DB0-\u2DB6\u2DB8-\u2DBE\u2DC0-\u2DC6\u2DC8-\u2DCE\u2DD0-\u2DD6\u2DD8-\u2DDE\u3005\u3006\u3007\u3021-\u3029\u3031-\u3035\u3038-\u303A\u303B\u303C\u3041-\u3096\u309D-\u309E\u309F\u30A1-\u30FA\u30FC-\u30FE\u30FF\u3105-\u312C\u3131-\u318E\u31A0-\u31B7\u31F0-\u31FF\u3400-\u4DB5\u4E00-\u9FBB\uA000-\uA014\uA015\uA016-\uA48C\uA800-\uA801\uA803-\uA805\uA807-\uA80A\uA80C-\uA822\uAC00-\uD7A3\uF900-\uFA2D\uFA30-\uFA6A\uFA70-\uFAD9\uFB00-\uFB06\uFB13-\uFB17\uFB1D\uFB1F-\uFB28\uFB2A-\uFB36\uFB38-\uFB3C\uFB3E\uFB40-\uFB41\uFB43-\uFB44\uFB46-\uFBB1\uFBD3-\uFC5D\uFC64-\uFD3D\uFD50-\uFD8F\uFD92-\uFDC7\uFDF0-\uFDF9\uFE71\uFE73\uFE77\uFE79\uFE7B\uFE7D\uFE7F-\uFEFC\uFF21-\uFF3A\uFF41-\uFF5A\uFF66-\uFF6F\uFF70\uFF71-\uFF9D\uFFA0-\uFFBE\uFFC2-\uFFC7\uFFCA-\uFFCF\uFFD2-\uFFD7\uFFDA-\uFFDC'
+
+xid_continue = u'\u0030-\u0039\u0041-\u005A\u005F\u0061-\u007A\u00AA\u00B5\u00B7\u00BA\u00C0-\u00D6\u00D8-\u00F6\u00F8-\u01BA\u01BB\u01BC-\u01BF\u01C0-\u01C3\u01C4-\u0241\u0250-\u02AF\u02B0-\u02C1\u02C6-\u02D1\u02E0-\u02E4\u02EE\u0300-\u036F\u0386\u0388-\u038A\u038C\u038E-\u03A1\u03A3-\u03CE\u03D0-\u03F5\u03F7-\u0481\u0483-\u0486\u048A-\u04CE\u04D0-\u04F9\u0500-\u050F\u0531-\u0556\u0559\u0561-\u0587\u0591-\u05B9\u05BB-\u05BD\u05BF\u05C1-\u05C2\u05C4-\u05C5\u05C7\u05D0-\u05EA\u05F0-\u05F2\u0610-\u0615\u0621-\u063A\u0640\u0641-\u064A\u064B-\u065E\u0660-\u0669\u066E-\u066F\u0670\u0671-\u06D3\u06D5\u06D6-\u06DC\u06DF-\u06E4\u06E5-\u06E6\u06E7-\u06E8\u06EA-\u06ED\u06EE-\u06EF\u06F0-\u06F9\u06FA-\u06FC\u06FF\u0710\u0711\u0712-\u072F\u0730-\u074A\u074D-\u076D\u0780-\u07A5\u07A6-\u07B0\u07B1\u0901-\u0902\u0903\u0904-\u0939\u093C\u093D\u093E-\u0940\u0941-\u0948\u0949-\u094C\u094D\u0950\u0951-\u0954\u0958-\u0961\u0962-\u0963\u0966-\u096F\u097D\u0981\u0982-\u0983\u0985-\u098C\u098F-\u0990\u0993-\u09A8\u09AA-\u09B0\u09B2\u09B6-\u09B9\u09BC\u09BD\u09BE-\u09C0\u09C1-\u09C4\u09C7-\u09C8\u09CB-\u09CC\u09CD\u09CE\u09D7\u09DC-\u09DD\u09DF-\u09E1\u09E2-\u09E3\u09E6-\u09EF\u09F0-\u09F1\u0A01-\u0A02\u0A03\u0A05-\u0A0A\u0A0F-\u0A10\u0A13-\u0A28\u0A2A-\u0A30\u0A32-\u0A33\u0A35-\u0A36\u0A38-\u0A39\u0A3C\u0A3E-\u0A40\u0A41-\u0A42\u0A47-\u0A48\u0A4B-\u0A4D\u0A59-\u0A5C\u0A5E\u0A66-\u0A6F\u0A70-\u0A71\u0A72-\u0A74\u0A81-\u0A82\u0A83\u0A85-\u0A8D\u0A8F-\u0A91\u0A93-\u0AA8\u0AAA-\u0AB0\u0AB2-\u0AB3\u0AB5-\u0AB9\u0ABC\u0ABD\u0ABE-\u0AC0\u0AC1-\u0AC5\u0AC7-\u0AC8\u0AC9\u0ACB-\u0ACC\u0ACD\u0AD0\u0AE0-\u0AE1\u0AE2-\u0AE3\u0AE6-\u0AEF\u0B01\u0B02-\u0B03\u0B05-\u0B0C\u0B0F-\u0B10\u0B13-\u0B28\u0B2A-\u0B30\u0B32-\u0B33\u0B35-\u0B39\u0B3C\u0B3D\u0B3E\u0B3F\u0B40\u0B41-\u0B43\u0B47-\u0B48\u0B4B-\u0B4C\u0B4D\u0B56\u0B57\u0B5C-\u0B5D\u0B5F-\u0B61\u0B66-\u0B6F\u0B71\u0B82\u0B83\u0B85-\u0B8A\u0B8E-\u0B90\u0B92-\u0B95\u0B99-\u0B9A\u0B9C\u0B9E-\u0B9F\u0BA3-\u0BA4\u0BA8-\u0BAA\u0BAE-\u0BB9\u0BBE-\u0BBF\u0BC0\u0BC1-\u0BC2\u0BC6-\u0BC8\u0BCA-\u0BCC\u0BCD\u0BD7\u0BE6-\u0BEF\u0C01-\u0C03\u0C05-\u0C0C\u0C0E-\u0C10\u0C12-\u0C28\u0C2A-\u0C33\u0C35-\u0C39\u0C3E-\u0C40\u0C41-\u0C44\u0C46-\u0C48\u0C4A-\u0C4D\u0C55-\u0C56\u0C60-\u0C61\u0C66-\u0C6F\u0C82-\u0C83\u0C85-\u0C8C\u0C8E-\u0C90\u0C92-\u0CA8\u0CAA-\u0CB3\u0CB5-\u0CB9\u0CBC\u0CBD\u0CBE\u0CBF\u0CC0-\u0CC4\u0CC6\u0CC7-\u0CC8\u0CCA-\u0CCB\u0CCC-\u0CCD\u0CD5-\u0CD6\u0CDE\u0CE0-\u0CE1\u0CE6-\u0CEF\u0D02-\u0D03\u0D05-\u0D0C\u0D0E-\u0D10\u0D12-\u0D28\u0D2A-\u0D39\u0D3E-\u0D40\u0D41-\u0D43\u0D46-\u0D48\u0D4A-\u0D4C\u0D4D\u0D57\u0D60-\u0D61\u0D66-\u0D6F\u0D82-\u0D83\u0D85-\u0D96\u0D9A-\u0DB1\u0DB3-\u0DBB\u0DBD\u0DC0-\u0DC6\u0DCA\u0DCF-\u0DD1\u0DD2-\u0DD4\u0DD6\u0DD8-\u0DDF\u0DF2-\u0DF3\u0E01-\u0E30\u0E31\u0E32-\u0E33\u0E34-\u0E3A\u0E40-\u0E45\u0E46\u0E47-\u0E4E\u0E50-\u0E59\u0E81-\u0E82\u0E84\u0E87-\u0E88\u0E8A\u0E8D\u0E94-\u0E97\u0E99-\u0E9F\u0EA1-\u0EA3\u0EA5\u0EA7\u0EAA-\u0EAB\u0EAD-\u0EB0\u0EB1\u0EB2-\u0EB3\u0EB4-\u0EB9\u0EBB-\u0EBC\u0EBD\u0EC0-\u0EC4\u0EC6\u0EC8-\u0ECD\u0ED0-\u0ED9\u0EDC-\u0EDD\u0F00\u0F18-\u0F19\u0F20-\u0F29\u0F35\u0F37\u0F39\u0F3E-\u0F3F\u0F40-\u0F47\u0F49-\u0F6A\u0F71-\u0F7E\u0F7F\u0F80-\u0F84\u0F86-\u0F87\u0F88-\u0F8B\u0F90-\u0F97\u0F99-\u0FBC\u0FC6\u1000-\u1021\u1023-\u1027\u1029-\u102A\u102C\u102D-\u1030\u1031\u1032\u1036-\u1037\u1038\u1039\u1040-\u1049\u1050-\u1055\u1056-\u1057\u1058-\u1059\u10A0-\u10C5\u10D0-\u10FA\u10FC\u1100-\u1159\u115F-\u11A2\u11A8-\u11F9\u1200-\u1248\u124A-\u124D\u1250-\u1256\u1258\u125A-\u125D\u1260-\u1288\u128A-\u128D\u1290-\u12B0\u12B2-\u12B5\u12B8-\u12BE\u12C0\u12C2-\u12C5\u12C8-\u12D6\u12D8-\u1310\u1312-\u1315\u1318-\u135A\u135F\u1369-\u1371\u1380-\u138F\u13A0-\u13F4\u1401-\u166C\u166F-\u1676\u1681-\u169A\u16A0-\u16EA\u16EE-\u16F0\u1700-\u170C\u170E-\u1711\u1712-\u1714\u1720-\u1731\u1732-\u1734\u1740-\u1751\u1752-\u1753\u1760-\u176C\u176E-\u1770\u1772-\u1773\u1780-\u17B3\u17B6\u17B7-\u17BD\u17BE-\u17C5\u17C6\u17C7-\u17C8\u17C9-\u17D3\u17D7\u17DC\u17DD\u17E0-\u17E9\u180B-\u180D\u1810-\u1819\u1820-\u1842\u1843\u1844-\u1877\u1880-\u18A8\u18A9\u1900-\u191C\u1920-\u1922\u1923-\u1926\u1927-\u1928\u1929-\u192B\u1930-\u1931\u1932\u1933-\u1938\u1939-\u193B\u1946-\u194F\u1950-\u196D\u1970-\u1974\u1980-\u19A9\u19B0-\u19C0\u19C1-\u19C7\u19C8-\u19C9\u19D0-\u19D9\u1A00-\u1A16\u1A17-\u1A18\u1A19-\u1A1B\u1D00-\u1D2B\u1D2C-\u1D61\u1D62-\u1D77\u1D78\u1D79-\u1D9A\u1D9B-\u1DBF\u1DC0-\u1DC3\u1E00-\u1E9B\u1EA0-\u1EF9\u1F00-\u1F15\u1F18-\u1F1D\u1F20-\u1F45\u1F48-\u1F4D\u1F50-\u1F57\u1F59\u1F5B\u1F5D\u1F5F-\u1F7D\u1F80-\u1FB4\u1FB6-\u1FBC\u1FBE\u1FC2-\u1FC4\u1FC6-\u1FCC\u1FD0-\u1FD3\u1FD6-\u1FDB\u1FE0-\u1FEC\u1FF2-\u1FF4\u1FF6-\u1FFC\u203F-\u2040\u2054\u2071\u207F\u2090-\u2094\u20D0-\u20DC\u20E1\u20E5-\u20EB\u2102\u2107\u210A-\u2113\u2115\u2118\u2119-\u211D\u2124\u2126\u2128\u212A-\u212D\u212E\u212F-\u2131\u2133-\u2134\u2135-\u2138\u2139\u213C-\u213F\u2145-\u2149\u2160-\u2183\u2C00-\u2C2E\u2C30-\u2C5E\u2C80-\u2CE4\u2D00-\u2D25\u2D30-\u2D65\u2D6F\u2D80-\u2D96\u2DA0-\u2DA6\u2DA8-\u2DAE\u2DB0-\u2DB6\u2DB8-\u2DBE\u2DC0-\u2DC6\u2DC8-\u2DCE\u2DD0-\u2DD6\u2DD8-\u2DDE\u3005\u3006\u3007\u3021-\u3029\u302A-\u302F\u3031-\u3035\u3038-\u303A\u303B\u303C\u3041-\u3096\u3099-\u309A\u309D-\u309E\u309F\u30A1-\u30FA\u30FC-\u30FE\u30FF\u3105-\u312C\u3131-\u318E\u31A0-\u31B7\u31F0-\u31FF\u3400-\u4DB5\u4E00-\u9FBB\uA000-\uA014\uA015\uA016-\uA48C\uA800-\uA801\uA802\uA803-\uA805\uA806\uA807-\uA80A\uA80B\uA80C-\uA822\uA823-\uA824\uA825-\uA826\uA827\uAC00-\uD7A3\uF900-\uFA2D\uFA30-\uFA6A\uFA70-\uFAD9\uFB00-\uFB06\uFB13-\uFB17\uFB1D\uFB1E\uFB1F-\uFB28\uFB2A-\uFB36\uFB38-\uFB3C\uFB3E\uFB40-\uFB41\uFB43-\uFB44\uFB46-\uFBB1\uFBD3-\uFC5D\uFC64-\uFD3D\uFD50-\uFD8F\uFD92-\uFDC7\uFDF0-\uFDF9\uFE00-\uFE0F\uFE20-\uFE23\uFE33-\uFE34\uFE4D-\uFE4F\uFE71\uFE73\uFE77\uFE79\uFE7B\uFE7D\uFE7F-\uFEFC\uFF10-\uFF19\uFF21-\uFF3A\uFF3F\uFF41-\uFF5A\uFF66-\uFF6F\uFF70\uFF71-\uFF9D\uFF9E-\uFF9F\uFFA0-\uFFBE\uFFC2-\uFFC7\uFFCA-\uFFCF\uFFD2-\uFFD7\uFFDA-\uFFDC'
+
+def allexcept(*args):
+    newcats = cats[:]
+    for arg in args:
+        newcats.remove(arg)
+    return u''.join([globals()[cat] for cat in newcats])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import unicodedata
+
+    categories = {}
+
+    f = open(__file__.rstrip('co'))
+    try:
+        content = f.read()
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+    header = content[:content.find('Cc =')]
+    footer = content[content.find("def combine("):]
+
+    for code in range(65535):
+        c = unichr(code)
+        cat = unicodedata.category(c)
+        categories.setdefault(cat, []).append(c)
+
+    f = open(__file__, 'w')
+    f.write(header)
+
+    for cat in sorted(categories):
+        val = u''.join(categories[cat])
+        if cat == 'Cs':
+            # Jython can't handle isolated surrogates
+            f.write("""\
+try:
+    Cs = eval(r"%r")
+except UnicodeDecodeError:
+    Cs = '' # Jython can't handle isolated surrogates\n\n""" % val)
+        else:
+            f.write('%s = %r\n\n' % (cat, val))
+    f.write('cats = %r\n\n' % sorted(categories.keys()))
+
+    f.write(footer)
+    f.close()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/bccache.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/bccache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5bd314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/bccache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.bccache
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements the bytecode cache system Jinja is optionally
+    using.  This is useful if you have very complex template situations and
+    the compiliation of all those templates slow down your application too
+    much.
+
+    Situations where this is useful are often forking web applications that
+    are initialized on the first request.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+from os import path, listdir
+import os
+import sys
+import stat
+import errno
+import marshal
+import tempfile
+import fnmatch
+from hashlib import sha1
+from jinja2.utils import open_if_exists
+from jinja2._compat import BytesIO, pickle, PY2, text_type
+
+
+# marshal works better on 3.x, one hack less required
+if not PY2:
+    marshal_dump = marshal.dump
+    marshal_load = marshal.load
+else:
+
+    def marshal_dump(code, f):
+        if isinstance(f, file):
+            marshal.dump(code, f)
+        else:
+            f.write(marshal.dumps(code))
+
+    def marshal_load(f):
+        if isinstance(f, file):
+            return marshal.load(f)
+        return marshal.loads(f.read())
+
+
+bc_version = 2
+
+# magic version used to only change with new jinja versions.  With 2.6
+# we change this to also take Python version changes into account.  The
+# reason for this is that Python tends to segfault if fed earlier bytecode
+# versions because someone thought it would be a good idea to reuse opcodes
+# or make Python incompatible with earlier versions.
+bc_magic = 'j2'.encode('ascii') + \
+    pickle.dumps(bc_version, 2) + \
+    pickle.dumps((sys.version_info[0] << 24) | sys.version_info[1])
+
+
+class Bucket(object):
+    """Buckets are used to store the bytecode for one template.  It's created
+    and initialized by the bytecode cache and passed to the loading functions.
+
+    The buckets get an internal checksum from the cache assigned and use this
+    to automatically reject outdated cache material.  Individual bytecode
+    cache subclasses don't have to care about cache invalidation.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, environment, key, checksum):
+        self.environment = environment
+        self.key = key
+        self.checksum = checksum
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Resets the bucket (unloads the bytecode)."""
+        self.code = None
+
+    def load_bytecode(self, f):
+        """Loads bytecode from a file or file like object."""
+        # make sure the magic header is correct
+        magic = f.read(len(bc_magic))
+        if magic != bc_magic:
+            self.reset()
+            return
+        # the source code of the file changed, we need to reload
+        checksum = pickle.load(f)
+        if self.checksum != checksum:
+            self.reset()
+            return
+        # if marshal_load fails then we need to reload
+        try:
+            self.code = marshal_load(f)
+        except (EOFError, ValueError, TypeError):
+            self.reset()
+            return
+
+    def write_bytecode(self, f):
+        """Dump the bytecode into the file or file like object passed."""
+        if self.code is None:
+            raise TypeError('can\'t write empty bucket')
+        f.write(bc_magic)
+        pickle.dump(self.checksum, f, 2)
+        marshal_dump(self.code, f)
+
+    def bytecode_from_string(self, string):
+        """Load bytecode from a string."""
+        self.load_bytecode(BytesIO(string))
+
+    def bytecode_to_string(self):
+        """Return the bytecode as string."""
+        out = BytesIO()
+        self.write_bytecode(out)
+        return out.getvalue()
+
+
+class BytecodeCache(object):
+    """To implement your own bytecode cache you have to subclass this class
+    and override :meth:`load_bytecode` and :meth:`dump_bytecode`.  Both of
+    these methods are passed a :class:`~jinja2.bccache.Bucket`.
+
+    A very basic bytecode cache that saves the bytecode on the file system::
+
+        from os import path
+
+        class MyCache(BytecodeCache):
+
+            def __init__(self, directory):
+                self.directory = directory
+
+            def load_bytecode(self, bucket):
+                filename = path.join(self.directory, bucket.key)
+                if path.exists(filename):
+                    with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+                        bucket.load_bytecode(f)
+
+            def dump_bytecode(self, bucket):
+                filename = path.join(self.directory, bucket.key)
+                with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
+                    bucket.write_bytecode(f)
+
+    A more advanced version of a filesystem based bytecode cache is part of
+    Jinja2.
+    """
+
+    def load_bytecode(self, bucket):
+        """Subclasses have to override this method to load bytecode into a
+        bucket.  If they are not able to find code in the cache for the
+        bucket, it must not do anything.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def dump_bytecode(self, bucket):
+        """Subclasses have to override this method to write the bytecode
+        from a bucket back to the cache.  If it unable to do so it must not
+        fail silently but raise an exception.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clears the cache.  This method is not used by Jinja2 but should be
+        implemented to allow applications to clear the bytecode cache used
+        by a particular environment.
+        """
+
+    def get_cache_key(self, name, filename=None):
+        """Returns the unique hash key for this template name."""
+        hash = sha1(name.encode('utf-8'))
+        if filename is not None:
+            filename = '|' + filename
+            if isinstance(filename, text_type):
+                filename = filename.encode('utf-8')
+            hash.update(filename)
+        return hash.hexdigest()
+
+    def get_source_checksum(self, source):
+        """Returns a checksum for the source."""
+        return sha1(source.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+
+    def get_bucket(self, environment, name, filename, source):
+        """Return a cache bucket for the given template.  All arguments are
+        mandatory but filename may be `None`.
+        """
+        key = self.get_cache_key(name, filename)
+        checksum = self.get_source_checksum(source)
+        bucket = Bucket(environment, key, checksum)
+        self.load_bytecode(bucket)
+        return bucket
+
+    def set_bucket(self, bucket):
+        """Put the bucket into the cache."""
+        self.dump_bytecode(bucket)
+
+
+class FileSystemBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
+    """A bytecode cache that stores bytecode on the filesystem.  It accepts
+    two arguments: The directory where the cache items are stored and a
+    pattern string that is used to build the filename.
+
+    If no directory is specified a default cache directory is selected.  On
+    Windows the user's temp directory is used, on UNIX systems a directory
+    is created for the user in the system temp directory.
+
+    The pattern can be used to have multiple separate caches operate on the
+    same directory.  The default pattern is ``'__jinja2_%s.cache'``.  ``%s``
+    is replaced with the cache key.
+
+    >>> bcc = FileSystemBytecodeCache('/tmp/jinja_cache', '%s.cache')
+
+    This bytecode cache supports clearing of the cache using the clear method.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, directory=None, pattern='__jinja2_%s.cache'):
+        if directory is None:
+            directory = self._get_default_cache_dir()
+        self.directory = directory
+        self.pattern = pattern
+
+    def _get_default_cache_dir(self):
+        def _unsafe_dir():
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot determine safe temp directory.  You '
+                               'need to explicitly provide one.')
+
+        tmpdir = tempfile.gettempdir()
+
+        # On windows the temporary directory is used specific unless
+        # explicitly forced otherwise.  We can just use that.
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            return tmpdir
+        if not hasattr(os, 'getuid'):
+            _unsafe_dir()
+
+        dirname = '_jinja2-cache-%d' % os.getuid()
+        actual_dir = os.path.join(tmpdir, dirname)
+
+        try:
+            os.mkdir(actual_dir, stat.S_IRWXU)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+        try:
+            os.chmod(actual_dir, stat.S_IRWXU)
+            actual_dir_stat = os.lstat(actual_dir)
+            if actual_dir_stat.st_uid != os.getuid() \
+               or not stat.S_ISDIR(actual_dir_stat.st_mode) \
+               or stat.S_IMODE(actual_dir_stat.st_mode) != stat.S_IRWXU:
+                _unsafe_dir()
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+        actual_dir_stat = os.lstat(actual_dir)
+        if actual_dir_stat.st_uid != os.getuid() \
+           or not stat.S_ISDIR(actual_dir_stat.st_mode) \
+           or stat.S_IMODE(actual_dir_stat.st_mode) != stat.S_IRWXU:
+            _unsafe_dir()
+
+        return actual_dir
+
+    def _get_cache_filename(self, bucket):
+        return path.join(self.directory, self.pattern % bucket.key)
+
+    def load_bytecode(self, bucket):
+        f = open_if_exists(self._get_cache_filename(bucket), 'rb')
+        if f is not None:
+            try:
+                bucket.load_bytecode(f)
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+
+    def dump_bytecode(self, bucket):
+        f = open(self._get_cache_filename(bucket), 'wb')
+        try:
+            bucket.write_bytecode(f)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def clear(self):
+        # imported lazily here because google app-engine doesn't support
+        # write access on the file system and the function does not exist
+        # normally.
+        from os import remove
+        files = fnmatch.filter(listdir(self.directory), self.pattern % '*')
+        for filename in files:
+            try:
+                remove(path.join(self.directory, filename))
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+
+class MemcachedBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
+    """This class implements a bytecode cache that uses a memcache cache for
+    storing the information.  It does not enforce a specific memcache library
+    (tummy's memcache or cmemcache) but will accept any class that provides
+    the minimal interface required.
+
+    Libraries compatible with this class:
+
+    -   `werkzeug <http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/>`_.contrib.cache
+    -   `python-memcached <http://www.tummy.com/Community/software/python-memcached/>`_
+    -   `cmemcache <http://gijsbert.org/cmemcache/>`_
+
+    (Unfortunately the django cache interface is not compatible because it
+    does not support storing binary data, only unicode.  You can however pass
+    the underlying cache client to the bytecode cache which is available
+    as `django.core.cache.cache._client`.)
+
+    The minimal interface for the client passed to the constructor is this:
+
+    .. class:: MinimalClientInterface
+
+        .. method:: set(key, value[, timeout])
+
+            Stores the bytecode in the cache.  `value` is a string and
+            `timeout` the timeout of the key.  If timeout is not provided
+            a default timeout or no timeout should be assumed, if it's
+            provided it's an integer with the number of seconds the cache
+            item should exist.
+
+        .. method:: get(key)
+
+            Returns the value for the cache key.  If the item does not
+            exist in the cache the return value must be `None`.
+
+    The other arguments to the constructor are the prefix for all keys that
+    is added before the actual cache key and the timeout for the bytecode in
+    the cache system.  We recommend a high (or no) timeout.
+
+    This bytecode cache does not support clearing of used items in the cache.
+    The clear method is a no-operation function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+       Added support for ignoring memcache errors through the
+       `ignore_memcache_errors` parameter.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, client, prefix='jinja2/bytecode/', timeout=None,
+                 ignore_memcache_errors=True):
+        self.client = client
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.ignore_memcache_errors = ignore_memcache_errors
+
+    def load_bytecode(self, bucket):
+        try:
+            code = self.client.get(self.prefix + bucket.key)
+        except Exception:
+            if not self.ignore_memcache_errors:
+                raise
+            code = None
+        if code is not None:
+            bucket.bytecode_from_string(code)
+
+    def dump_bytecode(self, bucket):
+        args = (self.prefix + bucket.key, bucket.bytecode_to_string())
+        if self.timeout is not None:
+            args += (self.timeout,)
+        try:
+            self.client.set(*args)
+        except Exception:
+            if not self.ignore_memcache_errors:
+                raise
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/compiler.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fad007b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1686 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.compiler
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Compiles nodes into python code.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from itertools import chain
+from copy import deepcopy
+from keyword import iskeyword as is_python_keyword
+from jinja2 import nodes
+from jinja2.nodes import EvalContext
+from jinja2.visitor import NodeVisitor
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateAssertionError
+from jinja2.utils import Markup, concat, escape
+from jinja2._compat import range_type, text_type, string_types, \
+     iteritems, NativeStringIO, imap
+
+
+operators = {
+    'eq':       '==',
+    'ne':       '!=',
+    'gt':       '>',
+    'gteq':     '>=',
+    'lt':       '<',
+    'lteq':     '<=',
+    'in':       'in',
+    'notin':    'not in'
+}
+
+# what method to iterate over items do we want to use for dict iteration
+# in generated code?  on 2.x let's go with iteritems, on 3.x with items
+if hasattr(dict, 'iteritems'):
+    dict_item_iter = 'iteritems'
+else:
+    dict_item_iter = 'items'
+
+
+# does if 0: dummy(x) get us x into the scope?
+def unoptimize_before_dead_code():
+    x = 42
+    def f():
+        if 0: dummy(x)
+    return f
+
+# The getattr is necessary for pypy which does not set this attribute if
+# no closure is on the function
+unoptimize_before_dead_code = bool(
+    getattr(unoptimize_before_dead_code(), '__closure__', None))
+
+
+def generate(node, environment, name, filename, stream=None,
+             defer_init=False):
+    """Generate the python source for a node tree."""
+    if not isinstance(node, nodes.Template):
+        raise TypeError('Can\'t compile non template nodes')
+    generator = environment.code_generator_class(environment, name, filename,
+                                                 stream, defer_init)
+    generator.visit(node)
+    if stream is None:
+        return generator.stream.getvalue()
+
+
+def has_safe_repr(value):
+    """Does the node have a safe representation?"""
+    if value is None or value is NotImplemented or value is Ellipsis:
+        return True
+    if isinstance(value, (bool, int, float, complex, range_type,
+            Markup) + string_types):
+        return True
+    if isinstance(value, (tuple, list, set, frozenset)):
+        for item in value:
+            if not has_safe_repr(item):
+                return False
+        return True
+    elif isinstance(value, dict):
+        for key, value in iteritems(value):
+            if not has_safe_repr(key):
+                return False
+            if not has_safe_repr(value):
+                return False
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def find_undeclared(nodes, names):
+    """Check if the names passed are accessed undeclared.  The return value
+    is a set of all the undeclared names from the sequence of names found.
+    """
+    visitor = UndeclaredNameVisitor(names)
+    try:
+        for node in nodes:
+            visitor.visit(node)
+    except VisitorExit:
+        pass
+    return visitor.undeclared
+
+
+class Identifiers(object):
+    """Tracks the status of identifiers in frames."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # variables that are known to be declared (probably from outer
+        # frames or because they are special for the frame)
+        self.declared = set()
+
+        # undeclared variables from outer scopes
+        self.outer_undeclared = set()
+
+        # names that are accessed without being explicitly declared by
+        # this one or any of the outer scopes.  Names can appear both in
+        # declared and undeclared.
+        self.undeclared = set()
+
+        # names that are declared locally
+        self.declared_locally = set()
+
+        # names that are declared by parameters
+        self.declared_parameter = set()
+
+    def add_special(self, name):
+        """Register a special name like `loop`."""
+        self.undeclared.discard(name)
+        self.declared.add(name)
+
+    def is_declared(self, name):
+        """Check if a name is declared in this or an outer scope."""
+        if name in self.declared_locally or name in self.declared_parameter:
+            return True
+        return name in self.declared
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return deepcopy(self)
+
+
+class Frame(object):
+    """Holds compile time information for us."""
+
+    def __init__(self, eval_ctx, parent=None):
+        self.eval_ctx = eval_ctx
+        self.identifiers = Identifiers()
+
+        # a toplevel frame is the root + soft frames such as if conditions.
+        self.toplevel = False
+
+        # the root frame is basically just the outermost frame, so no if
+        # conditions.  This information is used to optimize inheritance
+        # situations.
+        self.rootlevel = False
+
+        # in some dynamic inheritance situations the compiler needs to add
+        # write tests around output statements.
+        self.require_output_check = parent and parent.require_output_check
+
+        # inside some tags we are using a buffer rather than yield statements.
+        # this for example affects {% filter %} or {% macro %}.  If a frame
+        # is buffered this variable points to the name of the list used as
+        # buffer.
+        self.buffer = None
+
+        # the name of the block we're in, otherwise None.
+        self.block = parent and parent.block or None
+
+        # a set of actually assigned names
+        self.assigned_names = set()
+
+        # the parent of this frame
+        self.parent = parent
+
+        if parent is not None:
+            self.identifiers.declared.update(
+                parent.identifiers.declared |
+                parent.identifiers.declared_parameter |
+                parent.assigned_names
+            )
+            self.identifiers.outer_undeclared.update(
+                parent.identifiers.undeclared -
+                self.identifiers.declared
+            )
+            self.buffer = parent.buffer
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Create a copy of the current one."""
+        rv = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        rv.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        rv.identifiers = object.__new__(self.identifiers.__class__)
+        rv.identifiers.__dict__.update(self.identifiers.__dict__)
+        return rv
+
+    def inspect(self, nodes):
+        """Walk the node and check for identifiers.  If the scope is hard (eg:
+        enforce on a python level) overrides from outer scopes are tracked
+        differently.
+        """
+        visitor = FrameIdentifierVisitor(self.identifiers)
+        for node in nodes:
+            visitor.visit(node)
+
+    def find_shadowed(self, extra=()):
+        """Find all the shadowed names.  extra is an iterable of variables
+        that may be defined with `add_special` which may occour scoped.
+        """
+        i = self.identifiers
+        return (i.declared | i.outer_undeclared) & \
+               (i.declared_locally | i.declared_parameter) | \
+               set(x for x in extra if i.is_declared(x))
+
+    def inner(self):
+        """Return an inner frame."""
+        return Frame(self.eval_ctx, self)
+
+    def soft(self):
+        """Return a soft frame.  A soft frame may not be modified as
+        standalone thing as it shares the resources with the frame it
+        was created of, but it's not a rootlevel frame any longer.
+        """
+        rv = self.copy()
+        rv.rootlevel = False
+        return rv
+
+    __copy__ = copy
+
+
+class VisitorExit(RuntimeError):
+    """Exception used by the `UndeclaredNameVisitor` to signal a stop."""
+
+
+class DependencyFinderVisitor(NodeVisitor):
+    """A visitor that collects filter and test calls."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.filters = set()
+        self.tests = set()
+
+    def visit_Filter(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        self.filters.add(node.name)
+
+    def visit_Test(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        self.tests.add(node.name)
+
+    def visit_Block(self, node):
+        """Stop visiting at blocks."""
+
+
+class UndeclaredNameVisitor(NodeVisitor):
+    """A visitor that checks if a name is accessed without being
+    declared.  This is different from the frame visitor as it will
+    not stop at closure frames.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, names):
+        self.names = set(names)
+        self.undeclared = set()
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node):
+        if node.ctx == 'load' and node.name in self.names:
+            self.undeclared.add(node.name)
+            if self.undeclared == self.names:
+                raise VisitorExit()
+        else:
+            self.names.discard(node.name)
+
+    def visit_Block(self, node):
+        """Stop visiting a blocks."""
+
+
+class FrameIdentifierVisitor(NodeVisitor):
+    """A visitor for `Frame.inspect`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, identifiers):
+        self.identifiers = identifiers
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node):
+        """All assignments to names go through this function."""
+        if node.ctx == 'store':
+            self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(node.name)
+        elif node.ctx == 'param':
+            self.identifiers.declared_parameter.add(node.name)
+        elif node.ctx == 'load' and not \
+             self.identifiers.is_declared(node.name):
+            self.identifiers.undeclared.add(node.name)
+
+    def visit_If(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.test)
+        real_identifiers = self.identifiers
+
+        old_names = real_identifiers.declared_locally | \
+                    real_identifiers.declared_parameter
+
+        def inner_visit(nodes):
+            if not nodes:
+                return set()
+            self.identifiers = real_identifiers.copy()
+            for subnode in nodes:
+                self.visit(subnode)
+            rv = self.identifiers.declared_locally - old_names
+            # we have to remember the undeclared variables of this branch
+            # because we will have to pull them.
+            real_identifiers.undeclared.update(self.identifiers.undeclared)
+            self.identifiers = real_identifiers
+            return rv
+
+        body = inner_visit(node.body)
+        else_ = inner_visit(node.else_ or ())
+
+        # the differences between the two branches are also pulled as
+        # undeclared variables
+        real_identifiers.undeclared.update(body.symmetric_difference(else_) -
+                                           real_identifiers.declared)
+
+        # remember those that are declared.
+        real_identifiers.declared_locally.update(body | else_)
+
+    def visit_Macro(self, node):
+        self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(node.name)
+
+    def visit_Import(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(node.target)
+
+    def visit_FromImport(self, node):
+        self.generic_visit(node)
+        for name in node.names:
+            if isinstance(name, tuple):
+                self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(name[1])
+            else:
+                self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(name)
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        """Visit assignments in the correct order."""
+        self.visit(node.node)
+        self.visit(node.target)
+
+    def visit_For(self, node):
+        """Visiting stops at for blocks.  However the block sequence
+        is visited as part of the outer scope.
+        """
+        self.visit(node.iter)
+
+    def visit_CallBlock(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.call)
+
+    def visit_FilterBlock(self, node):
+        self.visit(node.filter)
+
+    def visit_AssignBlock(self, node):
+        """Stop visiting at block assigns."""
+
+    def visit_Scope(self, node):
+        """Stop visiting at scopes."""
+
+    def visit_Block(self, node):
+        """Stop visiting at blocks."""
+
+
+class CompilerExit(Exception):
+    """Raised if the compiler encountered a situation where it just
+    doesn't make sense to further process the code.  Any block that
+    raises such an exception is not further processed.
+    """
+
+
+class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
+
+    def __init__(self, environment, name, filename, stream=None,
+                 defer_init=False):
+        if stream is None:
+            stream = NativeStringIO()
+        self.environment = environment
+        self.name = name
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.created_block_context = False
+        self.defer_init = defer_init
+
+        # aliases for imports
+        self.import_aliases = {}
+
+        # a registry for all blocks.  Because blocks are moved out
+        # into the global python scope they are registered here
+        self.blocks = {}
+
+        # the number of extends statements so far
+        self.extends_so_far = 0
+
+        # some templates have a rootlevel extends.  In this case we
+        # can safely assume that we're a child template and do some
+        # more optimizations.
+        self.has_known_extends = False
+
+        # the current line number
+        self.code_lineno = 1
+
+        # registry of all filters and tests (global, not block local)
+        self.tests = {}
+        self.filters = {}
+
+        # the debug information
+        self.debug_info = []
+        self._write_debug_info = None
+
+        # the number of new lines before the next write()
+        self._new_lines = 0
+
+        # the line number of the last written statement
+        self._last_line = 0
+
+        # true if nothing was written so far.
+        self._first_write = True
+
+        # used by the `temporary_identifier` method to get new
+        # unique, temporary identifier
+        self._last_identifier = 0
+
+        # the current indentation
+        self._indentation = 0
+
+    # -- Various compilation helpers
+
+    def fail(self, msg, lineno):
+        """Fail with a :exc:`TemplateAssertionError`."""
+        raise TemplateAssertionError(msg, lineno, self.name, self.filename)
+
+    def temporary_identifier(self):
+        """Get a new unique identifier."""
+        self._last_identifier += 1
+        return 't_%d' % self._last_identifier
+
+    def buffer(self, frame):
+        """Enable buffering for the frame from that point onwards."""
+        frame.buffer = self.temporary_identifier()
+        self.writeline('%s = []' % frame.buffer)
+
+    def return_buffer_contents(self, frame):
+        """Return the buffer contents of the frame."""
+        if frame.eval_ctx.volatile:
+            self.writeline('if context.eval_ctx.autoescape:')
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('return Markup(concat(%s))' % frame.buffer)
+            self.outdent()
+            self.writeline('else:')
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('return concat(%s)' % frame.buffer)
+            self.outdent()
+        elif frame.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            self.writeline('return Markup(concat(%s))' % frame.buffer)
+        else:
+            self.writeline('return concat(%s)' % frame.buffer)
+
+    def indent(self):
+        """Indent by one."""
+        self._indentation += 1
+
+    def outdent(self, step=1):
+        """Outdent by step."""
+        self._indentation -= step
+
+    def start_write(self, frame, node=None):
+        """Yield or write into the frame buffer."""
+        if frame.buffer is None:
+            self.writeline('yield ', node)
+        else:
+            self.writeline('%s.append(' % frame.buffer, node)
+
+    def end_write(self, frame):
+        """End the writing process started by `start_write`."""
+        if frame.buffer is not None:
+            self.write(')')
+
+    def simple_write(self, s, frame, node=None):
+        """Simple shortcut for start_write + write + end_write."""
+        self.start_write(frame, node)
+        self.write(s)
+        self.end_write(frame)
+
+    def blockvisit(self, nodes, frame):
+        """Visit a list of nodes as block in a frame.  If the current frame
+        is no buffer a dummy ``if 0: yield None`` is written automatically
+        unless the force_generator parameter is set to False.
+        """
+        if frame.buffer is None:
+            self.writeline('if 0: yield None')
+        else:
+            self.writeline('pass')
+        try:
+            for node in nodes:
+                self.visit(node, frame)
+        except CompilerExit:
+            pass
+
+    def write(self, x):
+        """Write a string into the output stream."""
+        if self._new_lines:
+            if not self._first_write:
+                self.stream.write('\n' * self._new_lines)
+                self.code_lineno += self._new_lines
+                if self._write_debug_info is not None:
+                    self.debug_info.append((self._write_debug_info,
+                                            self.code_lineno))
+                    self._write_debug_info = None
+            self._first_write = False
+            self.stream.write('    ' * self._indentation)
+            self._new_lines = 0
+        self.stream.write(x)
+
+    def writeline(self, x, node=None, extra=0):
+        """Combination of newline and write."""
+        self.newline(node, extra)
+        self.write(x)
+
+    def newline(self, node=None, extra=0):
+        """Add one or more newlines before the next write."""
+        self._new_lines = max(self._new_lines, 1 + extra)
+        if node is not None and node.lineno != self._last_line:
+            self._write_debug_info = node.lineno
+            self._last_line = node.lineno
+
+    def signature(self, node, frame, extra_kwargs=None):
+        """Writes a function call to the stream for the current node.
+        A leading comma is added automatically.  The extra keyword
+        arguments may not include python keywords otherwise a syntax
+        error could occour.  The extra keyword arguments should be given
+        as python dict.
+        """
+        # if any of the given keyword arguments is a python keyword
+        # we have to make sure that no invalid call is created.
+        kwarg_workaround = False
+        for kwarg in chain((x.key for x in node.kwargs), extra_kwargs or ()):
+            if is_python_keyword(kwarg):
+                kwarg_workaround = True
+                break
+
+        for arg in node.args:
+            self.write(', ')
+            self.visit(arg, frame)
+
+        if not kwarg_workaround:
+            for kwarg in node.kwargs:
+                self.write(', ')
+                self.visit(kwarg, frame)
+            if extra_kwargs is not None:
+                for key, value in iteritems(extra_kwargs):
+                    self.write(', %s=%s' % (key, value))
+        if node.dyn_args:
+            self.write(', *')
+            self.visit(node.dyn_args, frame)
+
+        if kwarg_workaround:
+            if node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
+                self.write(', **dict({')
+            else:
+                self.write(', **{')
+            for kwarg in node.kwargs:
+                self.write('%r: ' % kwarg.key)
+                self.visit(kwarg.value, frame)
+                self.write(', ')
+            if extra_kwargs is not None:
+                for key, value in iteritems(extra_kwargs):
+                    self.write('%r: %s, ' % (key, value))
+            if node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
+                self.write('}, **')
+                self.visit(node.dyn_kwargs, frame)
+                self.write(')')
+            else:
+                self.write('}')
+
+        elif node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
+            self.write(', **')
+            self.visit(node.dyn_kwargs, frame)
+
+    def pull_locals(self, frame):
+        """Pull all the references identifiers into the local scope."""
+        for name in frame.identifiers.undeclared:
+            self.writeline('l_%s = context.resolve(%r)' % (name, name))
+
+    def pull_dependencies(self, nodes):
+        """Pull all the dependencies."""
+        visitor = DependencyFinderVisitor()
+        for node in nodes:
+            visitor.visit(node)
+        for dependency in 'filters', 'tests':
+            mapping = getattr(self, dependency)
+            for name in getattr(visitor, dependency):
+                if name not in mapping:
+                    mapping[name] = self.temporary_identifier()
+                self.writeline('%s = environment.%s[%r]' %
+                               (mapping[name], dependency, name))
+
+    def unoptimize_scope(self, frame):
+        """Disable Python optimizations for the frame."""
+        # XXX: this is not that nice but it has no real overhead.  It
+        # mainly works because python finds the locals before dead code
+        # is removed.  If that breaks we have to add a dummy function
+        # that just accepts the arguments and does nothing.
+        if frame.identifiers.declared:
+            self.writeline('%sdummy(%s)' % (
+                unoptimize_before_dead_code and 'if 0: ' or '',
+                ', '.join('l_' + name for name in frame.identifiers.declared)
+            ))
+
+    def push_scope(self, frame, extra_vars=()):
+        """This function returns all the shadowed variables in a dict
+        in the form name: alias and will write the required assignments
+        into the current scope.  No indentation takes place.
+
+        This also predefines locally declared variables from the loop
+        body because under some circumstances it may be the case that
+
+        `extra_vars` is passed to `Frame.find_shadowed`.
+        """
+        aliases = {}
+        for name in frame.find_shadowed(extra_vars):
+            aliases[name] = ident = self.temporary_identifier()
+            self.writeline('%s = l_%s' % (ident, name))
+        to_declare = set()
+        for name in frame.identifiers.declared_locally:
+            if name not in aliases:
+                to_declare.add('l_' + name)
+        if to_declare:
+            self.writeline(' = '.join(to_declare) + ' = missing')
+        return aliases
+
+    def pop_scope(self, aliases, frame):
+        """Restore all aliases and delete unused variables."""
+        for name, alias in iteritems(aliases):
+            self.writeline('l_%s = %s' % (name, alias))
+        to_delete = set()
+        for name in frame.identifiers.declared_locally:
+            if name not in aliases:
+                to_delete.add('l_' + name)
+        if to_delete:
+            # we cannot use the del statement here because enclosed
+            # scopes can trigger a SyntaxError:
+            #   a = 42; b = lambda: a; del a
+            self.writeline(' = '.join(to_delete) + ' = missing')
+
+    def function_scoping(self, node, frame, children=None,
+                         find_special=True):
+        """In Jinja a few statements require the help of anonymous
+        functions.  Those are currently macros and call blocks and in
+        the future also recursive loops.  As there is currently
+        technical limitation that doesn't allow reading and writing a
+        variable in a scope where the initial value is coming from an
+        outer scope, this function tries to fall back with a common
+        error message.  Additionally the frame passed is modified so
+        that the argumetns are collected and callers are looked up.
+
+        This will return the modified frame.
+        """
+        # we have to iterate twice over it, make sure that works
+        if children is None:
+            children = node.iter_child_nodes()
+        children = list(children)
+        func_frame = frame.inner()
+        func_frame.inspect(children)
+
+        # variables that are undeclared (accessed before declaration) and
+        # declared locally *and* part of an outside scope raise a template
+        # assertion error. Reason: we can't generate reasonable code from
+        # it without aliasing all the variables.
+        # this could be fixed in Python 3 where we have the nonlocal
+        # keyword or if we switch to bytecode generation
+        overridden_closure_vars = (
+            func_frame.identifiers.undeclared &
+            func_frame.identifiers.declared &
+            (func_frame.identifiers.declared_locally |
+             func_frame.identifiers.declared_parameter)
+        )
+        if overridden_closure_vars:
+            self.fail('It\'s not possible to set and access variables '
+                      'derived from an outer scope! (affects: %s)' %
+                      ', '.join(sorted(overridden_closure_vars)), node.lineno)
+
+        # remove variables from a closure from the frame's undeclared
+        # identifiers.
+        func_frame.identifiers.undeclared -= (
+            func_frame.identifiers.undeclared &
+            func_frame.identifiers.declared
+        )
+
+        # no special variables for this scope, abort early
+        if not find_special:
+            return func_frame
+
+        func_frame.accesses_kwargs = False
+        func_frame.accesses_varargs = False
+        func_frame.accesses_caller = False
+        func_frame.arguments = args = ['l_' + x.name for x in node.args]
+
+        undeclared = find_undeclared(children, ('caller', 'kwargs', 'varargs'))
+
+        if 'caller' in undeclared:
+            func_frame.accesses_caller = True
+            func_frame.identifiers.add_special('caller')
+            args.append('l_caller')
+        if 'kwargs' in undeclared:
+            func_frame.accesses_kwargs = True
+            func_frame.identifiers.add_special('kwargs')
+            args.append('l_kwargs')
+        if 'varargs' in undeclared:
+            func_frame.accesses_varargs = True
+            func_frame.identifiers.add_special('varargs')
+            args.append('l_varargs')
+        return func_frame
+
+    def macro_body(self, node, frame, children=None):
+        """Dump the function def of a macro or call block."""
+        frame = self.function_scoping(node, frame, children)
+        # macros are delayed, they never require output checks
+        frame.require_output_check = False
+        args = frame.arguments
+        # XXX: this is an ugly fix for the loop nesting bug
+        # (tests.test_old_bugs.test_loop_call_bug).  This works around
+        # a identifier nesting problem we have in general.  It's just more
+        # likely to happen in loops which is why we work around it.  The
+        # real solution would be "nonlocal" all the identifiers that are
+        # leaking into a new python frame and might be used both unassigned
+        # and assigned.
+        if 'loop' in frame.identifiers.declared:
+            args = args + ['l_loop=l_loop']
+        self.writeline('def macro(%s):' % ', '.join(args), node)
+        self.indent()
+        self.buffer(frame)
+        self.pull_locals(frame)
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, frame)
+        self.return_buffer_contents(frame)
+        self.outdent()
+        return frame
+
+    def macro_def(self, node, frame):
+        """Dump the macro definition for the def created by macro_body."""
+        arg_tuple = ', '.join(repr(x.name) for x in node.args)
+        name = getattr(node, 'name', None)
+        if len(node.args) == 1:
+            arg_tuple += ','
+        self.write('Macro(environment, macro, %r, (%s), (' %
+                   (name, arg_tuple))
+        for arg in node.defaults:
+            self.visit(arg, frame)
+            self.write(', ')
+        self.write('), %r, %r, %r)' % (
+            bool(frame.accesses_kwargs),
+            bool(frame.accesses_varargs),
+            bool(frame.accesses_caller)
+        ))
+
+    def position(self, node):
+        """Return a human readable position for the node."""
+        rv = 'line %d' % node.lineno
+        if self.name is not None:
+            rv += ' in ' + repr(self.name)
+        return rv
+
+    # -- Statement Visitors
+
+    def visit_Template(self, node, frame=None):
+        assert frame is None, 'no root frame allowed'
+        eval_ctx = EvalContext(self.environment, self.name)
+
+        from jinja2.runtime import __all__ as exported
+        self.writeline('from __future__ import division')
+        self.writeline('from jinja2.runtime import ' + ', '.join(exported))
+        if not unoptimize_before_dead_code:
+            self.writeline('dummy = lambda *x: None')
+
+        # if we want a deferred initialization we cannot move the
+        # environment into a local name
+        envenv = not self.defer_init and ', environment=environment' or ''
+
+        # do we have an extends tag at all?  If not, we can save some
+        # overhead by just not processing any inheritance code.
+        have_extends = node.find(nodes.Extends) is not None
+
+        # find all blocks
+        for block in node.find_all(nodes.Block):
+            if block.name in self.blocks:
+                self.fail('block %r defined twice' % block.name, block.lineno)
+            self.blocks[block.name] = block
+
+        # find all imports and import them
+        for import_ in node.find_all(nodes.ImportedName):
+            if import_.importname not in self.import_aliases:
+                imp = import_.importname
+                self.import_aliases[imp] = alias = self.temporary_identifier()
+                if '.' in imp:
+                    module, obj = imp.rsplit('.', 1)
+                    self.writeline('from %s import %s as %s' %
+                                   (module, obj, alias))
+                else:
+                    self.writeline('import %s as %s' % (imp, alias))
+
+        # add the load name
+        self.writeline('name = %r' % self.name)
+
+        # generate the root render function.
+        self.writeline('def root(context%s):' % envenv, extra=1)
+
+        # process the root
+        frame = Frame(eval_ctx)
+        frame.inspect(node.body)
+        frame.toplevel = frame.rootlevel = True
+        frame.require_output_check = have_extends and not self.has_known_extends
+        self.indent()
+        if have_extends:
+            self.writeline('parent_template = None')
+        if 'self' in find_undeclared(node.body, ('self',)):
+            frame.identifiers.add_special('self')
+            self.writeline('l_self = TemplateReference(context)')
+        self.pull_locals(frame)
+        self.pull_dependencies(node.body)
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, frame)
+        self.outdent()
+
+        # make sure that the parent root is called.
+        if have_extends:
+            if not self.has_known_extends:
+                self.indent()
+                self.writeline('if parent_template is not None:')
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('for event in parent_template.'
+                           'root_render_func(context):')
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('yield event')
+            self.outdent(2 + (not self.has_known_extends))
+
+        # at this point we now have the blocks collected and can visit them too.
+        for name, block in iteritems(self.blocks):
+            block_frame = Frame(eval_ctx)
+            block_frame.inspect(block.body)
+            block_frame.block = name
+            self.writeline('def block_%s(context%s):' % (name, envenv),
+                           block, 1)
+            self.indent()
+            undeclared = find_undeclared(block.body, ('self', 'super'))
+            if 'self' in undeclared:
+                block_frame.identifiers.add_special('self')
+                self.writeline('l_self = TemplateReference(context)')
+            if 'super' in undeclared:
+                block_frame.identifiers.add_special('super')
+                self.writeline('l_super = context.super(%r, '
+                               'block_%s)' % (name, name))
+            self.pull_locals(block_frame)
+            self.pull_dependencies(block.body)
+            self.blockvisit(block.body, block_frame)
+            self.outdent()
+
+        self.writeline('blocks = {%s}' % ', '.join('%r: block_%s' % (x, x)
+                                                   for x in self.blocks),
+                       extra=1)
+
+        # add a function that returns the debug info
+        self.writeline('debug_info = %r' % '&'.join('%s=%s' % x for x
+                                                    in self.debug_info))
+
+    def visit_Block(self, node, frame):
+        """Call a block and register it for the template."""
+        level = 1
+        if frame.toplevel:
+            # if we know that we are a child template, there is no need to
+            # check if we are one
+            if self.has_known_extends:
+                return
+            if self.extends_so_far > 0:
+                self.writeline('if parent_template is None:')
+                self.indent()
+                level += 1
+        context = node.scoped and 'context.derived(locals())' or 'context'
+        self.writeline('for event in context.blocks[%r][0](%s):' % (
+                       node.name, context), node)
+        self.indent()
+        self.simple_write('event', frame)
+        self.outdent(level)
+
+    def visit_Extends(self, node, frame):
+        """Calls the extender."""
+        if not frame.toplevel:
+            self.fail('cannot use extend from a non top-level scope',
+                      node.lineno)
+
+        # if the number of extends statements in general is zero so
+        # far, we don't have to add a check if something extended
+        # the template before this one.
+        if self.extends_so_far > 0:
+
+            # if we have a known extends we just add a template runtime
+            # error into the generated code.  We could catch that at compile
+            # time too, but i welcome it not to confuse users by throwing the
+            # same error at different times just "because we can".
+            if not self.has_known_extends:
+                self.writeline('if parent_template is not None:')
+                self.indent()
+            self.writeline('raise TemplateRuntimeError(%r)' %
+                           'extended multiple times')
+
+            # if we have a known extends already we don't need that code here
+            # as we know that the template execution will end here.
+            if self.has_known_extends:
+                raise CompilerExit()
+            else:
+                self.outdent()
+
+        self.writeline('parent_template = environment.get_template(', node)
+        self.visit(node.template, frame)
+        self.write(', %r)' % self.name)
+        self.writeline('for name, parent_block in parent_template.'
+                       'blocks.%s():' % dict_item_iter)
+        self.indent()
+        self.writeline('context.blocks.setdefault(name, []).'
+                       'append(parent_block)')
+        self.outdent()
+
+        # if this extends statement was in the root level we can take
+        # advantage of that information and simplify the generated code
+        # in the top level from this point onwards
+        if frame.rootlevel:
+            self.has_known_extends = True
+
+        # and now we have one more
+        self.extends_so_far += 1
+
+    def visit_Include(self, node, frame):
+        """Handles includes."""
+        if node.with_context:
+            self.unoptimize_scope(frame)
+        if node.ignore_missing:
+            self.writeline('try:')
+            self.indent()
+
+        func_name = 'get_or_select_template'
+        if isinstance(node.template, nodes.Const):
+            if isinstance(node.template.value, string_types):
+                func_name = 'get_template'
+            elif isinstance(node.template.value, (tuple, list)):
+                func_name = 'select_template'
+        elif isinstance(node.template, (nodes.Tuple, nodes.List)):
+            func_name = 'select_template'
+
+        self.writeline('template = environment.%s(' % func_name, node)
+        self.visit(node.template, frame)
+        self.write(', %r)' % self.name)
+        if node.ignore_missing:
+            self.outdent()
+            self.writeline('except TemplateNotFound:')
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('pass')
+            self.outdent()
+            self.writeline('else:')
+            self.indent()
+
+        if node.with_context:
+            self.writeline('for event in template.root_render_func('
+                           'template.new_context(context.parent, True, '
+                           'locals())):')
+        else:
+            self.writeline('for event in template.module._body_stream:')
+
+        self.indent()
+        self.simple_write('event', frame)
+        self.outdent()
+
+        if node.ignore_missing:
+            self.outdent()
+
+    def visit_Import(self, node, frame):
+        """Visit regular imports."""
+        if node.with_context:
+            self.unoptimize_scope(frame)
+        self.writeline('l_%s = ' % node.target, node)
+        if frame.toplevel:
+            self.write('context.vars[%r] = ' % node.target)
+        self.write('environment.get_template(')
+        self.visit(node.template, frame)
+        self.write(', %r).' % self.name)
+        if node.with_context:
+            self.write('make_module(context.parent, True, locals())')
+        else:
+            self.write('module')
+        if frame.toplevel and not node.target.startswith('_'):
+            self.writeline('context.exported_vars.discard(%r)' % node.target)
+        frame.assigned_names.add(node.target)
+
+    def visit_FromImport(self, node, frame):
+        """Visit named imports."""
+        self.newline(node)
+        self.write('included_template = environment.get_template(')
+        self.visit(node.template, frame)
+        self.write(', %r).' % self.name)
+        if node.with_context:
+            self.write('make_module(context.parent, True)')
+        else:
+            self.write('module')
+
+        var_names = []
+        discarded_names = []
+        for name in node.names:
+            if isinstance(name, tuple):
+                name, alias = name
+            else:
+                alias = name
+            self.writeline('l_%s = getattr(included_template, '
+                           '%r, missing)' % (alias, name))
+            self.writeline('if l_%s is missing:' % alias)
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('l_%s = environment.undefined(%r %% '
+                           'included_template.__name__, '
+                           'name=%r)' %
+                           (alias, 'the template %%r (imported on %s) does '
+                           'not export the requested name %s' % (
+                                self.position(node),
+                                repr(name)
+                           ), name))
+            self.outdent()
+            if frame.toplevel:
+                var_names.append(alias)
+                if not alias.startswith('_'):
+                    discarded_names.append(alias)
+            frame.assigned_names.add(alias)
+
+        if var_names:
+            if len(var_names) == 1:
+                name = var_names[0]
+                self.writeline('context.vars[%r] = l_%s' % (name, name))
+            else:
+                self.writeline('context.vars.update({%s})' % ', '.join(
+                    '%r: l_%s' % (name, name) for name in var_names
+                ))
+        if discarded_names:
+            if len(discarded_names) == 1:
+                self.writeline('context.exported_vars.discard(%r)' %
+                               discarded_names[0])
+            else:
+                self.writeline('context.exported_vars.difference_'
+                               'update((%s))' % ', '.join(imap(repr, discarded_names)))
+
+    def visit_For(self, node, frame):
+        # when calculating the nodes for the inner frame we have to exclude
+        # the iterator contents from it
+        children = node.iter_child_nodes(exclude=('iter',))
+        if node.recursive:
+            loop_frame = self.function_scoping(node, frame, children,
+                                               find_special=False)
+        else:
+            loop_frame = frame.inner()
+            loop_frame.inspect(children)
+
+        # try to figure out if we have an extended loop.  An extended loop
+        # is necessary if the loop is in recursive mode if the special loop
+        # variable is accessed in the body.
+        extended_loop = node.recursive or 'loop' in \
+                        find_undeclared(node.iter_child_nodes(
+                            only=('body',)), ('loop',))
+
+        # if we don't have an recursive loop we have to find the shadowed
+        # variables at that point.  Because loops can be nested but the loop
+        # variable is a special one we have to enforce aliasing for it.
+        if not node.recursive:
+            aliases = self.push_scope(loop_frame, ('loop',))
+
+        # otherwise we set up a buffer and add a function def
+        else:
+            self.writeline('def loop(reciter, loop_render_func, depth=0):', node)
+            self.indent()
+            self.buffer(loop_frame)
+            aliases = {}
+
+        # make sure the loop variable is a special one and raise a template
+        # assertion error if a loop tries to write to loop
+        if extended_loop:
+            self.writeline('l_loop = missing')
+            loop_frame.identifiers.add_special('loop')
+        for name in node.find_all(nodes.Name):
+            if name.ctx == 'store' and name.name == 'loop':
+                self.fail('Can\'t assign to special loop variable '
+                          'in for-loop target', name.lineno)
+
+        self.pull_locals(loop_frame)
+        if node.else_:
+            iteration_indicator = self.temporary_identifier()
+            self.writeline('%s = 1' % iteration_indicator)
+
+        # Create a fake parent loop if the else or test section of a
+        # loop is accessing the special loop variable and no parent loop
+        # exists.
+        if 'loop' not in aliases and 'loop' in find_undeclared(
+           node.iter_child_nodes(only=('else_', 'test')), ('loop',)):
+            self.writeline("l_loop = environment.undefined(%r, name='loop')" %
+                ("'loop' is undefined. the filter section of a loop as well "
+                 "as the else block don't have access to the special 'loop'"
+                 " variable of the current loop.  Because there is no parent "
+                 "loop it's undefined.  Happened in loop on %s" %
+                 self.position(node)))
+
+        self.writeline('for ', node)
+        self.visit(node.target, loop_frame)
+        self.write(extended_loop and ', l_loop in LoopContext(' or ' in ')
+
+        # if we have an extened loop and a node test, we filter in the
+        # "outer frame".
+        if extended_loop and node.test is not None:
+            self.write('(')
+            self.visit(node.target, loop_frame)
+            self.write(' for ')
+            self.visit(node.target, loop_frame)
+            self.write(' in ')
+            if node.recursive:
+                self.write('reciter')
+            else:
+                self.visit(node.iter, loop_frame)
+            self.write(' if (')
+            test_frame = loop_frame.copy()
+            self.visit(node.test, test_frame)
+            self.write('))')
+
+        elif node.recursive:
+            self.write('reciter')
+        else:
+            self.visit(node.iter, loop_frame)
+
+        if node.recursive:
+            self.write(', loop_render_func, depth):')
+        else:
+            self.write(extended_loop and '):' or ':')
+
+        # tests in not extended loops become a continue
+        if not extended_loop and node.test is not None:
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('if not ')
+            self.visit(node.test, loop_frame)
+            self.write(':')
+            self.indent()
+            self.writeline('continue')
+            self.outdent(2)
+
+        self.indent()
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, loop_frame)
+        if node.else_:
+            self.writeline('%s = 0' % iteration_indicator)
+        self.outdent()
+
+        if node.else_:
+            self.writeline('if %s:' % iteration_indicator)
+            self.indent()
+            self.blockvisit(node.else_, loop_frame)
+            self.outdent()
+
+        # reset the aliases if there are any.
+        if not node.recursive:
+            self.pop_scope(aliases, loop_frame)
+
+        # if the node was recursive we have to return the buffer contents
+        # and start the iteration code
+        if node.recursive:
+            self.return_buffer_contents(loop_frame)
+            self.outdent()
+            self.start_write(frame, node)
+            self.write('loop(')
+            self.visit(node.iter, frame)
+            self.write(', loop)')
+            self.end_write(frame)
+
+    def visit_If(self, node, frame):
+        if_frame = frame.soft()
+        self.writeline('if ', node)
+        self.visit(node.test, if_frame)
+        self.write(':')
+        self.indent()
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, if_frame)
+        self.outdent()
+        if node.else_:
+            self.writeline('else:')
+            self.indent()
+            self.blockvisit(node.else_, if_frame)
+            self.outdent()
+
+    def visit_Macro(self, node, frame):
+        macro_frame = self.macro_body(node, frame)
+        self.newline()
+        if frame.toplevel:
+            if not node.name.startswith('_'):
+                self.write('context.exported_vars.add(%r)' % node.name)
+            self.writeline('context.vars[%r] = ' % node.name)
+        self.write('l_%s = ' % node.name)
+        self.macro_def(node, macro_frame)
+        frame.assigned_names.add(node.name)
+
+    def visit_CallBlock(self, node, frame):
+        children = node.iter_child_nodes(exclude=('call',))
+        call_frame = self.macro_body(node, frame, children)
+        self.writeline('caller = ')
+        self.macro_def(node, call_frame)
+        self.start_write(frame, node)
+        self.visit_Call(node.call, call_frame, forward_caller=True)
+        self.end_write(frame)
+
+    def visit_FilterBlock(self, node, frame):
+        filter_frame = frame.inner()
+        filter_frame.inspect(node.iter_child_nodes())
+        aliases = self.push_scope(filter_frame)
+        self.pull_locals(filter_frame)
+        self.buffer(filter_frame)
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, filter_frame)
+        self.start_write(frame, node)
+        self.visit_Filter(node.filter, filter_frame)
+        self.end_write(frame)
+        self.pop_scope(aliases, filter_frame)
+
+    def visit_ExprStmt(self, node, frame):
+        self.newline(node)
+        self.visit(node.node, frame)
+
+    def visit_Output(self, node, frame):
+        # if we have a known extends statement, we don't output anything
+        # if we are in a require_output_check section
+        if self.has_known_extends and frame.require_output_check:
+            return
+
+        allow_constant_finalize = True
+        if self.environment.finalize:
+            func = self.environment.finalize
+            if getattr(func, 'contextfunction', False) or \
+               getattr(func, 'evalcontextfunction', False):
+                allow_constant_finalize = False
+            elif getattr(func, 'environmentfunction', False):
+                finalize = lambda x: text_type(
+                    self.environment.finalize(self.environment, x))
+            else:
+                finalize = lambda x: text_type(self.environment.finalize(x))
+        else:
+            finalize = text_type
+
+        # if we are inside a frame that requires output checking, we do so
+        outdent_later = False
+        if frame.require_output_check:
+            self.writeline('if parent_template is None:')
+            self.indent()
+            outdent_later = True
+
+        # try to evaluate as many chunks as possible into a static
+        # string at compile time.
+        body = []
+        for child in node.nodes:
+            try:
+                if not allow_constant_finalize:
+                    raise nodes.Impossible()
+                const = child.as_const(frame.eval_ctx)
+            except nodes.Impossible:
+                body.append(child)
+                continue
+            # the frame can't be volatile here, becaus otherwise the
+            # as_const() function would raise an Impossible exception
+            # at that point.
+            try:
+                if frame.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+                    if hasattr(const, '__html__'):
+                        const = const.__html__()
+                    else:
+                        const = escape(const)
+                const = finalize(const)
+            except Exception:
+                # if something goes wrong here we evaluate the node
+                # at runtime for easier debugging
+                body.append(child)
+                continue
+            if body and isinstance(body[-1], list):
+                body[-1].append(const)
+            else:
+                body.append([const])
+
+        # if we have less than 3 nodes or a buffer we yield or extend/append
+        if len(body) < 3 or frame.buffer is not None:
+            if frame.buffer is not None:
+                # for one item we append, for more we extend
+                if len(body) == 1:
+                    self.writeline('%s.append(' % frame.buffer)
+                else:
+                    self.writeline('%s.extend((' % frame.buffer)
+                self.indent()
+            for item in body:
+                if isinstance(item, list):
+                    val = repr(concat(item))
+                    if frame.buffer is None:
+                        self.writeline('yield ' + val)
+                    else:
+                        self.writeline(val + ', ')
+                else:
+                    if frame.buffer is None:
+                        self.writeline('yield ', item)
+                    else:
+                        self.newline(item)
+                    close = 1
+                    if frame.eval_ctx.volatile:
+                        self.write('(context.eval_ctx.autoescape and'
+                                   ' escape or to_string)(')
+                    elif frame.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+                        self.write('escape(')
+                    else:
+                        self.write('to_string(')
+                    if self.environment.finalize is not None:
+                        self.write('environment.finalize(')
+                        if getattr(self.environment.finalize,
+                                   "contextfunction", False):
+                            self.write('context, ')
+                        close += 1
+                    self.visit(item, frame)
+                    self.write(')' * close)
+                    if frame.buffer is not None:
+                        self.write(', ')
+            if frame.buffer is not None:
+                # close the open parentheses
+                self.outdent()
+                self.writeline(len(body) == 1 and ')' or '))')
+
+        # otherwise we create a format string as this is faster in that case
+        else:
+            format = []
+            arguments = []
+            for item in body:
+                if isinstance(item, list):
+                    format.append(concat(item).replace('%', '%%'))
+                else:
+                    format.append('%s')
+                    arguments.append(item)
+            self.writeline('yield ')
+            self.write(repr(concat(format)) + ' % (')
+            self.indent()
+            for argument in arguments:
+                self.newline(argument)
+                close = 0
+                if frame.eval_ctx.volatile:
+                    self.write('(context.eval_ctx.autoescape and'
+                               ' escape or to_string)(')
+                    close += 1
+                elif frame.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+                    self.write('escape(')
+                    close += 1
+                if self.environment.finalize is not None:
+                    self.write('environment.finalize(')
+                    if getattr(self.environment.finalize,
+                               'contextfunction', False):
+                        self.write('context, ')
+                    elif getattr(self.environment.finalize,
+                               'evalcontextfunction', False):
+                        self.write('context.eval_ctx, ')
+                    elif getattr(self.environment.finalize,
+                               'environmentfunction', False):
+                        self.write('environment, ')
+                    close += 1
+                self.visit(argument, frame)
+                self.write(')' * close + ', ')
+            self.outdent()
+            self.writeline(')')
+
+        if outdent_later:
+            self.outdent()
+
+    def make_assignment_frame(self, frame):
+        # toplevel assignments however go into the local namespace and
+        # the current template's context.  We create a copy of the frame
+        # here and add a set so that the Name visitor can add the assigned
+        # names here.
+        if not frame.toplevel:
+            return frame
+        assignment_frame = frame.copy()
+        assignment_frame.toplevel_assignments = set()
+        return assignment_frame
+
+    def export_assigned_vars(self, frame, assignment_frame):
+        if not frame.toplevel:
+            return
+        public_names = [x for x in assignment_frame.toplevel_assignments
+                        if not x.startswith('_')]
+        if len(assignment_frame.toplevel_assignments) == 1:
+            name = next(iter(assignment_frame.toplevel_assignments))
+            self.writeline('context.vars[%r] = l_%s' % (name, name))
+        else:
+            self.writeline('context.vars.update({')
+            for idx, name in enumerate(assignment_frame.toplevel_assignments):
+                if idx:
+                    self.write(', ')
+                self.write('%r: l_%s' % (name, name))
+            self.write('})')
+        if public_names:
+            if len(public_names) == 1:
+                self.writeline('context.exported_vars.add(%r)' %
+                               public_names[0])
+            else:
+                self.writeline('context.exported_vars.update((%s))' %
+                               ', '.join(imap(repr, public_names)))
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node, frame):
+        self.newline(node)
+        assignment_frame = self.make_assignment_frame(frame)
+        self.visit(node.target, assignment_frame)
+        self.write(' = ')
+        self.visit(node.node, frame)
+        self.export_assigned_vars(frame, assignment_frame)
+
+    def visit_AssignBlock(self, node, frame):
+        block_frame = frame.inner()
+        block_frame.inspect(node.body)
+        aliases = self.push_scope(block_frame)
+        self.pull_locals(block_frame)
+        self.buffer(block_frame)
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, block_frame)
+        self.pop_scope(aliases, block_frame)
+
+        assignment_frame = self.make_assignment_frame(frame)
+        self.newline(node)
+        self.visit(node.target, assignment_frame)
+        self.write(' = concat(%s)' % block_frame.buffer)
+        self.export_assigned_vars(frame, assignment_frame)
+
+    # -- Expression Visitors
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node, frame):
+        if node.ctx == 'store' and frame.toplevel:
+            frame.toplevel_assignments.add(node.name)
+        self.write('l_' + node.name)
+        frame.assigned_names.add(node.name)
+
+    def visit_Const(self, node, frame):
+        val = node.value
+        if isinstance(val, float):
+            self.write(str(val))
+        else:
+            self.write(repr(val))
+
+    def visit_TemplateData(self, node, frame):
+        try:
+            self.write(repr(node.as_const(frame.eval_ctx)))
+        except nodes.Impossible:
+            self.write('(context.eval_ctx.autoescape and Markup or identity)(%r)'
+                       % node.data)
+
+    def visit_Tuple(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('(')
+        idx = -1
+        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
+            if idx:
+                self.write(', ')
+            self.visit(item, frame)
+        self.write(idx == 0 and ',)' or ')')
+
+    def visit_List(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('[')
+        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
+            if idx:
+                self.write(', ')
+            self.visit(item, frame)
+        self.write(']')
+
+    def visit_Dict(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('{')
+        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
+            if idx:
+                self.write(', ')
+            self.visit(item.key, frame)
+            self.write(': ')
+            self.visit(item.value, frame)
+        self.write('}')
+
+    def binop(operator, interceptable=True):
+        def visitor(self, node, frame):
+            if self.environment.sandboxed and \
+               operator in self.environment.intercepted_binops:
+                self.write('environment.call_binop(context, %r, ' % operator)
+                self.visit(node.left, frame)
+                self.write(', ')
+                self.visit(node.right, frame)
+            else:
+                self.write('(')
+                self.visit(node.left, frame)
+                self.write(' %s ' % operator)
+                self.visit(node.right, frame)
+            self.write(')')
+        return visitor
+
+    def uaop(operator, interceptable=True):
+        def visitor(self, node, frame):
+            if self.environment.sandboxed and \
+               operator in self.environment.intercepted_unops:
+                self.write('environment.call_unop(context, %r, ' % operator)
+                self.visit(node.node, frame)
+            else:
+                self.write('(' + operator)
+                self.visit(node.node, frame)
+            self.write(')')
+        return visitor
+
+    visit_Add = binop('+')
+    visit_Sub = binop('-')
+    visit_Mul = binop('*')
+    visit_Div = binop('/')
+    visit_FloorDiv = binop('//')
+    visit_Pow = binop('**')
+    visit_Mod = binop('%')
+    visit_And = binop('and', interceptable=False)
+    visit_Or = binop('or', interceptable=False)
+    visit_Pos = uaop('+')
+    visit_Neg = uaop('-')
+    visit_Not = uaop('not ', interceptable=False)
+    del binop, uaop
+
+    def visit_Concat(self, node, frame):
+        if frame.eval_ctx.volatile:
+            func_name = '(context.eval_ctx.volatile and' \
+                        ' markup_join or unicode_join)'
+        elif frame.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            func_name = 'markup_join'
+        else:
+            func_name = 'unicode_join'
+        self.write('%s((' % func_name)
+        for arg in node.nodes:
+            self.visit(arg, frame)
+            self.write(', ')
+        self.write('))')
+
+    def visit_Compare(self, node, frame):
+        self.visit(node.expr, frame)
+        for op in node.ops:
+            self.visit(op, frame)
+
+    def visit_Operand(self, node, frame):
+        self.write(' %s ' % operators[node.op])
+        self.visit(node.expr, frame)
+
+    def visit_Getattr(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('environment.getattr(')
+        self.visit(node.node, frame)
+        self.write(', %r)' % node.attr)
+
+    def visit_Getitem(self, node, frame):
+        # slices bypass the environment getitem method.
+        if isinstance(node.arg, nodes.Slice):
+            self.visit(node.node, frame)
+            self.write('[')
+            self.visit(node.arg, frame)
+            self.write(']')
+        else:
+            self.write('environment.getitem(')
+            self.visit(node.node, frame)
+            self.write(', ')
+            self.visit(node.arg, frame)
+            self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_Slice(self, node, frame):
+        if node.start is not None:
+            self.visit(node.start, frame)
+        self.write(':')
+        if node.stop is not None:
+            self.visit(node.stop, frame)
+        if node.step is not None:
+            self.write(':')
+            self.visit(node.step, frame)
+
+    def visit_Filter(self, node, frame):
+        self.write(self.filters[node.name] + '(')
+        func = self.environment.filters.get(node.name)
+        if func is None:
+            self.fail('no filter named %r' % node.name, node.lineno)
+        if getattr(func, 'contextfilter', False):
+            self.write('context, ')
+        elif getattr(func, 'evalcontextfilter', False):
+            self.write('context.eval_ctx, ')
+        elif getattr(func, 'environmentfilter', False):
+            self.write('environment, ')
+
+        # if the filter node is None we are inside a filter block
+        # and want to write to the current buffer
+        if node.node is not None:
+            self.visit(node.node, frame)
+        elif frame.eval_ctx.volatile:
+            self.write('(context.eval_ctx.autoescape and'
+                       ' Markup(concat(%s)) or concat(%s))' %
+                       (frame.buffer, frame.buffer))
+        elif frame.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            self.write('Markup(concat(%s))' % frame.buffer)
+        else:
+            self.write('concat(%s)' % frame.buffer)
+        self.signature(node, frame)
+        self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_Test(self, node, frame):
+        self.write(self.tests[node.name] + '(')
+        if node.name not in self.environment.tests:
+            self.fail('no test named %r' % node.name, node.lineno)
+        self.visit(node.node, frame)
+        self.signature(node, frame)
+        self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_CondExpr(self, node, frame):
+        def write_expr2():
+            if node.expr2 is not None:
+                return self.visit(node.expr2, frame)
+            self.write('environment.undefined(%r)' % ('the inline if-'
+                       'expression on %s evaluated to false and '
+                       'no else section was defined.' % self.position(node)))
+
+        self.write('(')
+        self.visit(node.expr1, frame)
+        self.write(' if ')
+        self.visit(node.test, frame)
+        self.write(' else ')
+        write_expr2()
+        self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_Call(self, node, frame, forward_caller=False):
+        if self.environment.sandboxed:
+            self.write('environment.call(context, ')
+        else:
+            self.write('context.call(')
+        self.visit(node.node, frame)
+        extra_kwargs = forward_caller and {'caller': 'caller'} or None
+        self.signature(node, frame, extra_kwargs)
+        self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_Keyword(self, node, frame):
+        self.write(node.key + '=')
+        self.visit(node.value, frame)
+
+    # -- Unused nodes for extensions
+
+    def visit_MarkSafe(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('Markup(')
+        self.visit(node.expr, frame)
+        self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_MarkSafeIfAutoescape(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('(context.eval_ctx.autoescape and Markup or identity)(')
+        self.visit(node.expr, frame)
+        self.write(')')
+
+    def visit_EnvironmentAttribute(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('environment.' + node.name)
+
+    def visit_ExtensionAttribute(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('environment.extensions[%r].%s' % (node.identifier, node.name))
+
+    def visit_ImportedName(self, node, frame):
+        self.write(self.import_aliases[node.importname])
+
+    def visit_InternalName(self, node, frame):
+        self.write(node.name)
+
+    def visit_ContextReference(self, node, frame):
+        self.write('context')
+
+    def visit_Continue(self, node, frame):
+        self.writeline('continue', node)
+
+    def visit_Break(self, node, frame):
+        self.writeline('break', node)
+
+    def visit_Scope(self, node, frame):
+        scope_frame = frame.inner()
+        scope_frame.inspect(node.iter_child_nodes())
+        aliases = self.push_scope(scope_frame)
+        self.pull_locals(scope_frame)
+        self.blockvisit(node.body, scope_frame)
+        self.pop_scope(aliases, scope_frame)
+
+    def visit_EvalContextModifier(self, node, frame):
+        for keyword in node.options:
+            self.writeline('context.eval_ctx.%s = ' % keyword.key)
+            self.visit(keyword.value, frame)
+            try:
+                val = keyword.value.as_const(frame.eval_ctx)
+            except nodes.Impossible:
+                frame.eval_ctx.volatile = True
+            else:
+                setattr(frame.eval_ctx, keyword.key, val)
+
+    def visit_ScopedEvalContextModifier(self, node, frame):
+        old_ctx_name = self.temporary_identifier()
+        safed_ctx = frame.eval_ctx.save()
+        self.writeline('%s = context.eval_ctx.save()' % old_ctx_name)
+        self.visit_EvalContextModifier(node, frame)
+        for child in node.body:
+            self.visit(child, frame)
+        frame.eval_ctx.revert(safed_ctx)
+        self.writeline('context.eval_ctx.revert(%s)' % old_ctx_name)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/constants.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cab203c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja.constants
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Various constants.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+
+#: list of lorem ipsum words used by the lipsum() helper function
+LOREM_IPSUM_WORDS = u'''\
+a ac accumsan ad adipiscing aenean aliquam aliquet amet ante aptent arcu at
+auctor augue bibendum blandit class commodo condimentum congue consectetuer
+consequat conubia convallis cras cubilia cum curabitur curae cursus dapibus
+diam dictum dictumst dignissim dis dolor donec dui duis egestas eget eleifend
+elementum elit enim erat eros est et etiam eu euismod facilisi facilisis fames
+faucibus felis fermentum feugiat fringilla fusce gravida habitant habitasse hac
+hendrerit hymenaeos iaculis id imperdiet in inceptos integer interdum ipsum
+justo lacinia lacus laoreet lectus leo libero ligula litora lobortis lorem
+luctus maecenas magna magnis malesuada massa mattis mauris metus mi molestie
+mollis montes morbi mus nam nascetur natoque nec neque netus nibh nisi nisl non
+nonummy nostra nulla nullam nunc odio orci ornare parturient pede pellentesque
+penatibus per pharetra phasellus placerat platea porta porttitor posuere
+potenti praesent pretium primis proin pulvinar purus quam quis quisque rhoncus
+ridiculus risus rutrum sagittis sapien scelerisque sed sem semper senectus sit
+sociis sociosqu sodales sollicitudin suscipit suspendisse taciti tellus tempor
+tempus tincidunt torquent tortor tristique turpis ullamcorper ultrices
+ultricies urna ut varius vehicula vel velit venenatis vestibulum vitae vivamus
+viverra volutpat vulputate'''
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/debug.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/debug.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3252748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/debug.py
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.debug
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the debug interface for Jinja.  This module does some pretty
+    ugly stuff with the Python traceback system in order to achieve tracebacks
+    with correct line numbers, locals and contents.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+import traceback
+from types import TracebackType, CodeType
+from jinja2.utils import missing, internal_code
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateSyntaxError
+from jinja2._compat import iteritems, reraise, PY2
+
+# on pypy we can take advantage of transparent proxies
+try:
+    from __pypy__ import tproxy
+except ImportError:
+    tproxy = None
+
+
+# how does the raise helper look like?
+try:
+    exec("raise TypeError, 'foo'")
+except SyntaxError:
+    raise_helper = 'raise __jinja_exception__[1]'
+except TypeError:
+    raise_helper = 'raise __jinja_exception__[0], __jinja_exception__[1]'
+
+
+class TracebackFrameProxy(object):
+    """Proxies a traceback frame."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tb):
+        self.tb = tb
+        self._tb_next = None
+
+    @property
+    def tb_next(self):
+        return self._tb_next
+
+    def set_next(self, next):
+        if tb_set_next is not None:
+            try:
+                tb_set_next(self.tb, next and next.tb or None)
+            except Exception:
+                # this function can fail due to all the hackery it does
+                # on various python implementations.  We just catch errors
+                # down and ignore them if necessary.
+                pass
+        self._tb_next = next
+
+    @property
+    def is_jinja_frame(self):
+        return '__jinja_template__' in self.tb.tb_frame.f_globals
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.tb, name)
+
+
+def make_frame_proxy(frame):
+    proxy = TracebackFrameProxy(frame)
+    if tproxy is None:
+        return proxy
+    def operation_handler(operation, *args, **kwargs):
+        if operation in ('__getattribute__', '__getattr__'):
+            return getattr(proxy, args[0])
+        elif operation == '__setattr__':
+            proxy.__setattr__(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return getattr(proxy, operation)(*args, **kwargs)
+    return tproxy(TracebackType, operation_handler)
+
+
+class ProcessedTraceback(object):
+    """Holds a Jinja preprocessed traceback for printing or reraising."""
+
+    def __init__(self, exc_type, exc_value, frames):
+        assert frames, 'no frames for this traceback?'
+        self.exc_type = exc_type
+        self.exc_value = exc_value
+        self.frames = frames
+
+        # newly concatenate the frames (which are proxies)
+        prev_tb = None
+        for tb in self.frames:
+            if prev_tb is not None:
+                prev_tb.set_next(tb)
+            prev_tb = tb
+        prev_tb.set_next(None)
+
+    def render_as_text(self, limit=None):
+        """Return a string with the traceback."""
+        lines = traceback.format_exception(self.exc_type, self.exc_value,
+                                           self.frames[0], limit=limit)
+        return ''.join(lines).rstrip()
+
+    def render_as_html(self, full=False):
+        """Return a unicode string with the traceback as rendered HTML."""
+        from jinja2.debugrenderer import render_traceback
+        return u'%s\n\n<!--\n%s\n-->' % (
+            render_traceback(self, full=full),
+            self.render_as_text().decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is_template_syntax_error(self):
+        """`True` if this is a template syntax error."""
+        return isinstance(self.exc_value, TemplateSyntaxError)
+
+    @property
+    def exc_info(self):
+        """Exception info tuple with a proxy around the frame objects."""
+        return self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.frames[0]
+
+    @property
+    def standard_exc_info(self):
+        """Standard python exc_info for re-raising"""
+        tb = self.frames[0]
+        # the frame will be an actual traceback (or transparent proxy) if
+        # we are on pypy or a python implementation with support for tproxy
+        if type(tb) is not TracebackType:
+            tb = tb.tb
+        return self.exc_type, self.exc_value, tb
+
+
+def make_traceback(exc_info, source_hint=None):
+    """Creates a processed traceback object from the exc_info."""
+    exc_type, exc_value, tb = exc_info
+    if isinstance(exc_value, TemplateSyntaxError):
+        exc_info = translate_syntax_error(exc_value, source_hint)
+        initial_skip = 0
+    else:
+        initial_skip = 1
+    return translate_exception(exc_info, initial_skip)
+
+
+def translate_syntax_error(error, source=None):
+    """Rewrites a syntax error to please traceback systems."""
+    error.source = source
+    error.translated = True
+    exc_info = (error.__class__, error, None)
+    filename = error.filename
+    if filename is None:
+        filename = '<unknown>'
+    return fake_exc_info(exc_info, filename, error.lineno)
+
+
+def translate_exception(exc_info, initial_skip=0):
+    """If passed an exc_info it will automatically rewrite the exceptions
+    all the way down to the correct line numbers and frames.
+    """
+    tb = exc_info[2]
+    frames = []
+
+    # skip some internal frames if wanted
+    for x in range(initial_skip):
+        if tb is not None:
+            tb = tb.tb_next
+    initial_tb = tb
+
+    while tb is not None:
+        # skip frames decorated with @internalcode.  These are internal
+        # calls we can't avoid and that are useless in template debugging
+        # output.
+        if tb.tb_frame.f_code in internal_code:
+            tb = tb.tb_next
+            continue
+
+        # save a reference to the next frame if we override the current
+        # one with a faked one.
+        next = tb.tb_next
+
+        # fake template exceptions
+        template = tb.tb_frame.f_globals.get('__jinja_template__')
+        if template is not None:
+            lineno = template.get_corresponding_lineno(tb.tb_lineno)
+            tb = fake_exc_info(exc_info[:2] + (tb,), template.filename,
+                               lineno)[2]
+
+        frames.append(make_frame_proxy(tb))
+        tb = next
+
+    # if we don't have any exceptions in the frames left, we have to
+    # reraise it unchanged.
+    # XXX: can we backup here?  when could this happen?
+    if not frames:
+        reraise(exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2])
+
+    return ProcessedTraceback(exc_info[0], exc_info[1], frames)
+
+
+def fake_exc_info(exc_info, filename, lineno):
+    """Helper for `translate_exception`."""
+    exc_type, exc_value, tb = exc_info
+
+    # figure the real context out
+    if tb is not None:
+        real_locals = tb.tb_frame.f_locals.copy()
+        ctx = real_locals.get('context')
+        if ctx:
+            locals = ctx.get_all()
+        else:
+            locals = {}
+        for name, value in iteritems(real_locals):
+            if name.startswith('l_') and value is not missing:
+                locals[name[2:]] = value
+
+        # if there is a local called __jinja_exception__, we get
+        # rid of it to not break the debug functionality.
+        locals.pop('__jinja_exception__', None)
+    else:
+        locals = {}
+
+    # assamble fake globals we need
+    globals = {
+        '__name__':             filename,
+        '__file__':             filename,
+        '__jinja_exception__':  exc_info[:2],
+
+        # we don't want to keep the reference to the template around
+        # to not cause circular dependencies, but we mark it as Jinja
+        # frame for the ProcessedTraceback
+        '__jinja_template__':   None
+    }
+
+    # and fake the exception
+    code = compile('\n' * (lineno - 1) + raise_helper, filename, 'exec')
+
+    # if it's possible, change the name of the code.  This won't work
+    # on some python environments such as google appengine
+    try:
+        if tb is None:
+            location = 'template'
+        else:
+            function = tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name
+            if function == 'root':
+                location = 'top-level template code'
+            elif function.startswith('block_'):
+                location = 'block "%s"' % function[6:]
+            else:
+                location = 'template'
+
+        if PY2:
+            code = CodeType(0, code.co_nlocals, code.co_stacksize,
+                            code.co_flags, code.co_code, code.co_consts,
+                            code.co_names, code.co_varnames, filename,
+                            location, code.co_firstlineno,
+                            code.co_lnotab, (), ())
+        else:
+            code = CodeType(0, code.co_kwonlyargcount,
+                            code.co_nlocals, code.co_stacksize,
+                            code.co_flags, code.co_code, code.co_consts,
+                            code.co_names, code.co_varnames, filename,
+                            location, code.co_firstlineno,
+                            code.co_lnotab, (), ())
+    except Exception as e:
+        pass
+
+    # execute the code and catch the new traceback
+    try:
+        exec(code, globals, locals)
+    except:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        new_tb = exc_info[2].tb_next
+
+    # return without this frame
+    return exc_info[:2] + (new_tb,)
+
+
+def _init_ugly_crap():
+    """This function implements a few ugly things so that we can patch the
+    traceback objects.  The function returned allows resetting `tb_next` on
+    any python traceback object.  Do not attempt to use this on non cpython
+    interpreters
+    """
+    import ctypes
+    from types import TracebackType
+
+    if PY2:
+        # figure out size of _Py_ssize_t for Python 2:
+        if hasattr(ctypes.pythonapi, 'Py_InitModule4_64'):
+            _Py_ssize_t = ctypes.c_int64
+        else:
+            _Py_ssize_t = ctypes.c_int
+    else:
+        # platform ssize_t on Python 3
+        _Py_ssize_t = ctypes.c_ssize_t
+
+    # regular python
+    class _PyObject(ctypes.Structure):
+        pass
+    _PyObject._fields_ = [
+        ('ob_refcnt', _Py_ssize_t),
+        ('ob_type', ctypes.POINTER(_PyObject))
+    ]
+
+    # python with trace
+    if hasattr(sys, 'getobjects'):
+        class _PyObject(ctypes.Structure):
+            pass
+        _PyObject._fields_ = [
+            ('_ob_next', ctypes.POINTER(_PyObject)),
+            ('_ob_prev', ctypes.POINTER(_PyObject)),
+            ('ob_refcnt', _Py_ssize_t),
+            ('ob_type', ctypes.POINTER(_PyObject))
+        ]
+
+    class _Traceback(_PyObject):
+        pass
+    _Traceback._fields_ = [
+        ('tb_next', ctypes.POINTER(_Traceback)),
+        ('tb_frame', ctypes.POINTER(_PyObject)),
+        ('tb_lasti', ctypes.c_int),
+        ('tb_lineno', ctypes.c_int)
+    ]
+
+    def tb_set_next(tb, next):
+        """Set the tb_next attribute of a traceback object."""
+        if not (isinstance(tb, TracebackType) and
+                (next is None or isinstance(next, TracebackType))):
+            raise TypeError('tb_set_next arguments must be traceback objects')
+        obj = _Traceback.from_address(id(tb))
+        if tb.tb_next is not None:
+            old = _Traceback.from_address(id(tb.tb_next))
+            old.ob_refcnt -= 1
+        if next is None:
+            obj.tb_next = ctypes.POINTER(_Traceback)()
+        else:
+            next = _Traceback.from_address(id(next))
+            next.ob_refcnt += 1
+            obj.tb_next = ctypes.pointer(next)
+
+    return tb_set_next
+
+
+# try to get a tb_set_next implementation if we don't have transparent
+# proxies.
+tb_set_next = None
+if tproxy is None:
+    try:
+        tb_set_next = _init_ugly_crap()
+    except:
+        pass
+    del _init_ugly_crap
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/defaults.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/defaults.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3717a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/defaults.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.defaults
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Jinja default filters and tags.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from jinja2._compat import range_type
+from jinja2.utils import generate_lorem_ipsum, Cycler, Joiner
+
+
+# defaults for the parser / lexer
+BLOCK_START_STRING = '{%'
+BLOCK_END_STRING = '%}'
+VARIABLE_START_STRING = '{{'
+VARIABLE_END_STRING = '}}'
+COMMENT_START_STRING = '{#'
+COMMENT_END_STRING = '#}'
+LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX = None
+LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX = None
+TRIM_BLOCKS = False
+LSTRIP_BLOCKS = False
+NEWLINE_SEQUENCE = '\n'
+KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE = False
+
+
+# default filters, tests and namespace
+from jinja2.filters import FILTERS as DEFAULT_FILTERS
+from jinja2.tests import TESTS as DEFAULT_TESTS
+DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = {
+    'range':        range_type,
+    'dict':         dict,
+    'lipsum':       generate_lorem_ipsum,
+    'cycler':       Cycler,
+    'joiner':       Joiner
+}
+
+
+# export all constants
+__all__ = tuple(x for x in locals().keys() if x.isupper())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b2572b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/environment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.environment
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Provides a class that holds runtime and parsing time options.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+from jinja2 import nodes
+from jinja2.defaults import BLOCK_START_STRING, \
+     BLOCK_END_STRING, VARIABLE_START_STRING, VARIABLE_END_STRING, \
+     COMMENT_START_STRING, COMMENT_END_STRING, LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX, \
+     LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX, TRIM_BLOCKS, NEWLINE_SEQUENCE, \
+     DEFAULT_FILTERS, DEFAULT_TESTS, DEFAULT_NAMESPACE, \
+     KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE, LSTRIP_BLOCKS
+from jinja2.lexer import get_lexer, TokenStream
+from jinja2.parser import Parser
+from jinja2.nodes import EvalContext
+from jinja2.optimizer import optimize
+from jinja2.compiler import generate, CodeGenerator
+from jinja2.runtime import Undefined, new_context, Context
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateSyntaxError, TemplateNotFound, \
+     TemplatesNotFound, TemplateRuntimeError
+from jinja2.utils import import_string, LRUCache, Markup, missing, \
+     concat, consume, internalcode
+from jinja2._compat import imap, ifilter, string_types, iteritems, \
+     text_type, reraise, implements_iterator, implements_to_string, \
+     get_next, encode_filename, PY2, PYPY
+from functools import reduce
+
+
+# for direct template usage we have up to ten living environments
+_spontaneous_environments = LRUCache(10)
+
+# the function to create jinja traceback objects.  This is dynamically
+# imported on the first exception in the exception handler.
+_make_traceback = None
+
+
+def get_spontaneous_environment(*args):
+    """Return a new spontaneous environment.  A spontaneous environment is an
+    unnamed and unaccessible (in theory) environment that is used for
+    templates generated from a string and not from the file system.
+    """
+    try:
+        env = _spontaneous_environments.get(args)
+    except TypeError:
+        return Environment(*args)
+    if env is not None:
+        return env
+    _spontaneous_environments[args] = env = Environment(*args)
+    env.shared = True
+    return env
+
+
+def create_cache(size):
+    """Return the cache class for the given size."""
+    if size == 0:
+        return None
+    if size < 0:
+        return {}
+    return LRUCache(size)
+
+
+def copy_cache(cache):
+    """Create an empty copy of the given cache."""
+    if cache is None:
+        return None
+    elif type(cache) is dict:
+        return {}
+    return LRUCache(cache.capacity)
+
+
+def load_extensions(environment, extensions):
+    """Load the extensions from the list and bind it to the environment.
+    Returns a dict of instantiated environments.
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for extension in extensions:
+        if isinstance(extension, string_types):
+            extension = import_string(extension)
+        result[extension.identifier] = extension(environment)
+    return result
+
+
+def _environment_sanity_check(environment):
+    """Perform a sanity check on the environment."""
+    assert issubclass(environment.undefined, Undefined), 'undefined must ' \
+        'be a subclass of undefined because filters depend on it.'
+    assert environment.block_start_string != \
+        environment.variable_start_string != \
+        environment.comment_start_string, 'block, variable and comment ' \
+        'start strings must be different'
+    assert environment.newline_sequence in ('\r', '\r\n', '\n'), \
+        'newline_sequence set to unknown line ending string.'
+    return environment
+
+
+class Environment(object):
+    r"""The core component of Jinja is the `Environment`.  It contains
+    important shared variables like configuration, filters, tests,
+    globals and others.  Instances of this class may be modified if
+    they are not shared and if no template was loaded so far.
+    Modifications on environments after the first template was loaded
+    will lead to surprising effects and undefined behavior.
+
+    Here are the possible initialization parameters:
+
+        `block_start_string`
+            The string marking the beginning of a block.  Defaults to ``'{%'``.
+
+        `block_end_string`
+            The string marking the end of a block.  Defaults to ``'%}'``.
+
+        `variable_start_string`
+            The string marking the beginning of a print statement.
+            Defaults to ``'{{'``.
+
+        `variable_end_string`
+            The string marking the end of a print statement.  Defaults to
+            ``'}}'``.
+
+        `comment_start_string`
+            The string marking the beginning of a comment.  Defaults to ``'{#'``.
+
+        `comment_end_string`
+            The string marking the end of a comment.  Defaults to ``'#}'``.
+
+        `line_statement_prefix`
+            If given and a string, this will be used as prefix for line based
+            statements.  See also :ref:`line-statements`.
+
+        `line_comment_prefix`
+            If given and a string, this will be used as prefix for line based
+            comments.  See also :ref:`line-statements`.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.2
+
+        `trim_blocks`
+            If this is set to ``True`` the first newline after a block is
+            removed (block, not variable tag!).  Defaults to `False`.
+
+        `lstrip_blocks`
+            If this is set to ``True`` leading spaces and tabs are stripped
+            from the start of a line to a block.  Defaults to `False`.
+
+        `newline_sequence`
+            The sequence that starts a newline.  Must be one of ``'\r'``,
+            ``'\n'`` or ``'\r\n'``.  The default is ``'\n'`` which is a
+            useful default for Linux and OS X systems as well as web
+            applications.
+
+        `keep_trailing_newline`
+            Preserve the trailing newline when rendering templates.
+            The default is ``False``, which causes a single newline,
+            if present, to be stripped from the end of the template.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.7
+
+        `extensions`
+            List of Jinja extensions to use.  This can either be import paths
+            as strings or extension classes.  For more information have a
+            look at :ref:`the extensions documentation <jinja-extensions>`.
+
+        `optimized`
+            should the optimizer be enabled?  Default is `True`.
+
+        `undefined`
+            :class:`Undefined` or a subclass of it that is used to represent
+            undefined values in the template.
+
+        `finalize`
+            A callable that can be used to process the result of a variable
+            expression before it is output.  For example one can convert
+            `None` implicitly into an empty string here.
+
+        `autoescape`
+            If set to true the XML/HTML autoescaping feature is enabled by
+            default.  For more details about autoescaping see
+            :class:`~jinja2.utils.Markup`.  As of Jinja 2.4 this can also
+            be a callable that is passed the template name and has to
+            return `True` or `False` depending on autoescape should be
+            enabled by default.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.4
+               `autoescape` can now be a function
+
+        `loader`
+            The template loader for this environment.
+
+        `cache_size`
+            The size of the cache.  Per default this is ``400`` which means
+            that if more than 400 templates are loaded the loader will clean
+            out the least recently used template.  If the cache size is set to
+            ``0`` templates are recompiled all the time, if the cache size is
+            ``-1`` the cache will not be cleaned.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.8
+               The cache size was increased to 400 from a low 50.
+
+        `auto_reload`
+            Some loaders load templates from locations where the template
+            sources may change (ie: file system or database).  If
+            `auto_reload` is set to `True` (default) every time a template is
+            requested the loader checks if the source changed and if yes, it
+            will reload the template.  For higher performance it's possible to
+            disable that.
+
+        `bytecode_cache`
+            If set to a bytecode cache object, this object will provide a
+            cache for the internal Jinja bytecode so that templates don't
+            have to be parsed if they were not changed.
+
+            See :ref:`bytecode-cache` for more information.
+    """
+
+    #: if this environment is sandboxed.  Modifying this variable won't make
+    #: the environment sandboxed though.  For a real sandboxed environment
+    #: have a look at jinja2.sandbox.  This flag alone controls the code
+    #: generation by the compiler.
+    sandboxed = False
+
+    #: True if the environment is just an overlay
+    overlayed = False
+
+    #: the environment this environment is linked to if it is an overlay
+    linked_to = None
+
+    #: shared environments have this set to `True`.  A shared environment
+    #: must not be modified
+    shared = False
+
+    #: these are currently EXPERIMENTAL undocumented features.
+    exception_handler = None
+    exception_formatter = None
+
+    #: the class that is used for code generation.  See
+    #: :class:`~jinja2.compiler.CodeGenerator` for more information.
+    code_generator_class = CodeGenerator
+
+    #: the context class thatis used for templates.  See
+    #: :class:`~jinja2.runtime.Context` for more information.
+    context_class = Context
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 block_start_string=BLOCK_START_STRING,
+                 block_end_string=BLOCK_END_STRING,
+                 variable_start_string=VARIABLE_START_STRING,
+                 variable_end_string=VARIABLE_END_STRING,
+                 comment_start_string=COMMENT_START_STRING,
+                 comment_end_string=COMMENT_END_STRING,
+                 line_statement_prefix=LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
+                 line_comment_prefix=LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
+                 trim_blocks=TRIM_BLOCKS,
+                 lstrip_blocks=LSTRIP_BLOCKS,
+                 newline_sequence=NEWLINE_SEQUENCE,
+                 keep_trailing_newline=KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE,
+                 extensions=(),
+                 optimized=True,
+                 undefined=Undefined,
+                 finalize=None,
+                 autoescape=False,
+                 loader=None,
+                 cache_size=400,
+                 auto_reload=True,
+                 bytecode_cache=None):
+        # !!Important notice!!
+        #   The constructor accepts quite a few arguments that should be
+        #   passed by keyword rather than position.  However it's important to
+        #   not change the order of arguments because it's used at least
+        #   internally in those cases:
+        #       -   spontaneous environments (i18n extension and Template)
+        #       -   unittests
+        #   If parameter changes are required only add parameters at the end
+        #   and don't change the arguments (or the defaults!) of the arguments
+        #   existing already.
+
+        # lexer / parser information
+        self.block_start_string = block_start_string
+        self.block_end_string = block_end_string
+        self.variable_start_string = variable_start_string
+        self.variable_end_string = variable_end_string
+        self.comment_start_string = comment_start_string
+        self.comment_end_string = comment_end_string
+        self.line_statement_prefix = line_statement_prefix
+        self.line_comment_prefix = line_comment_prefix
+        self.trim_blocks = trim_blocks
+        self.lstrip_blocks = lstrip_blocks
+        self.newline_sequence = newline_sequence
+        self.keep_trailing_newline = keep_trailing_newline
+
+        # runtime information
+        self.undefined = undefined
+        self.optimized = optimized
+        self.finalize = finalize
+        self.autoescape = autoescape
+
+        # defaults
+        self.filters = DEFAULT_FILTERS.copy()
+        self.tests = DEFAULT_TESTS.copy()
+        self.globals = DEFAULT_NAMESPACE.copy()
+
+        # set the loader provided
+        self.loader = loader
+        self.cache = create_cache(cache_size)
+        self.bytecode_cache = bytecode_cache
+        self.auto_reload = auto_reload
+
+        # load extensions
+        self.extensions = load_extensions(self, extensions)
+
+        _environment_sanity_check(self)
+
+    def add_extension(self, extension):
+        """Adds an extension after the environment was created.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.5
+        """
+        self.extensions.update(load_extensions(self, [extension]))
+
+    def extend(self, **attributes):
+        """Add the items to the instance of the environment if they do not exist
+        yet.  This is used by :ref:`extensions <writing-extensions>` to register
+        callbacks and configuration values without breaking inheritance.
+        """
+        for key, value in iteritems(attributes):
+            if not hasattr(self, key):
+                setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def overlay(self, block_start_string=missing, block_end_string=missing,
+                variable_start_string=missing, variable_end_string=missing,
+                comment_start_string=missing, comment_end_string=missing,
+                line_statement_prefix=missing, line_comment_prefix=missing,
+                trim_blocks=missing, lstrip_blocks=missing,
+                extensions=missing, optimized=missing,
+                undefined=missing, finalize=missing, autoescape=missing,
+                loader=missing, cache_size=missing, auto_reload=missing,
+                bytecode_cache=missing):
+        """Create a new overlay environment that shares all the data with the
+        current environment except for cache and the overridden attributes.
+        Extensions cannot be removed for an overlayed environment.  An overlayed
+        environment automatically gets all the extensions of the environment it
+        is linked to plus optional extra extensions.
+
+        Creating overlays should happen after the initial environment was set
+        up completely.  Not all attributes are truly linked, some are just
+        copied over so modifications on the original environment may not shine
+        through.
+        """
+        args = dict(locals())
+        del args['self'], args['cache_size'], args['extensions']
+
+        rv = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        rv.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        rv.overlayed = True
+        rv.linked_to = self
+
+        for key, value in iteritems(args):
+            if value is not missing:
+                setattr(rv, key, value)
+
+        if cache_size is not missing:
+            rv.cache = create_cache(cache_size)
+        else:
+            rv.cache = copy_cache(self.cache)
+
+        rv.extensions = {}
+        for key, value in iteritems(self.extensions):
+            rv.extensions[key] = value.bind(rv)
+        if extensions is not missing:
+            rv.extensions.update(load_extensions(rv, extensions))
+
+        return _environment_sanity_check(rv)
+
+    lexer = property(get_lexer, doc="The lexer for this environment.")
+
+    def iter_extensions(self):
+        """Iterates over the extensions by priority."""
+        return iter(sorted(self.extensions.values(),
+                           key=lambda x: x.priority))
+
+    def getitem(self, obj, argument):
+        """Get an item or attribute of an object but prefer the item."""
+        try:
+            return obj[argument]
+        except (TypeError, LookupError):
+            if isinstance(argument, string_types):
+                try:
+                    attr = str(argument)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        return getattr(obj, attr)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+            return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=argument)
+
+    def getattr(self, obj, attribute):
+        """Get an item or attribute of an object but prefer the attribute.
+        Unlike :meth:`getitem` the attribute *must* be a bytestring.
+        """
+        try:
+            return getattr(obj, attribute)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            return obj[attribute]
+        except (TypeError, LookupError, AttributeError):
+            return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=attribute)
+
+    def call_filter(self, name, value, args=None, kwargs=None,
+                    context=None, eval_ctx=None):
+        """Invokes a filter on a value the same way the compiler does it.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.7
+        """
+        func = self.filters.get(name)
+        if func is None:
+            raise TemplateRuntimeError('no filter named %r' % name)
+        args = [value] + list(args or ())
+        if getattr(func, 'contextfilter', False):
+            if context is None:
+                raise TemplateRuntimeError('Attempted to invoke context '
+                                           'filter without context')
+            args.insert(0, context)
+        elif getattr(func, 'evalcontextfilter', False):
+            if eval_ctx is None:
+                if context is not None:
+                    eval_ctx = context.eval_ctx
+                else:
+                    eval_ctx = EvalContext(self)
+            args.insert(0, eval_ctx)
+        elif getattr(func, 'environmentfilter', False):
+            args.insert(0, self)
+        return func(*args, **(kwargs or {}))
+
+    def call_test(self, name, value, args=None, kwargs=None):
+        """Invokes a test on a value the same way the compiler does it.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.7
+        """
+        func = self.tests.get(name)
+        if func is None:
+            raise TemplateRuntimeError('no test named %r' % name)
+        return func(value, *(args or ()), **(kwargs or {}))
+
+    @internalcode
+    def parse(self, source, name=None, filename=None):
+        """Parse the sourcecode and return the abstract syntax tree.  This
+        tree of nodes is used by the compiler to convert the template into
+        executable source- or bytecode.  This is useful for debugging or to
+        extract information from templates.
+
+        If you are :ref:`developing Jinja2 extensions <writing-extensions>`
+        this gives you a good overview of the node tree generated.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._parse(source, name, filename)
+        except TemplateSyntaxError:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        self.handle_exception(exc_info, source_hint=source)
+
+    def _parse(self, source, name, filename):
+        """Internal parsing function used by `parse` and `compile`."""
+        return Parser(self, source, name, encode_filename(filename)).parse()
+
+    def lex(self, source, name=None, filename=None):
+        """Lex the given sourcecode and return a generator that yields
+        tokens as tuples in the form ``(lineno, token_type, value)``.
+        This can be useful for :ref:`extension development <writing-extensions>`
+        and debugging templates.
+
+        This does not perform preprocessing.  If you want the preprocessing
+        of the extensions to be applied you have to filter source through
+        the :meth:`preprocess` method.
+        """
+        source = text_type(source)
+        try:
+            return self.lexer.tokeniter(source, name, filename)
+        except TemplateSyntaxError:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        self.handle_exception(exc_info, source_hint=source)
+
+    def preprocess(self, source, name=None, filename=None):
+        """Preprocesses the source with all extensions.  This is automatically
+        called for all parsing and compiling methods but *not* for :meth:`lex`
+        because there you usually only want the actual source tokenized.
+        """
+        return reduce(lambda s, e: e.preprocess(s, name, filename),
+                      self.iter_extensions(), text_type(source))
+
+    def _tokenize(self, source, name, filename=None, state=None):
+        """Called by the parser to do the preprocessing and filtering
+        for all the extensions.  Returns a :class:`~jinja2.lexer.TokenStream`.
+        """
+        source = self.preprocess(source, name, filename)
+        stream = self.lexer.tokenize(source, name, filename, state)
+        for ext in self.iter_extensions():
+            stream = ext.filter_stream(stream)
+            if not isinstance(stream, TokenStream):
+                stream = TokenStream(stream, name, filename)
+        return stream
+
+    def _generate(self, source, name, filename, defer_init=False):
+        """Internal hook that can be overridden to hook a different generate
+        method in.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.5
+        """
+        return generate(source, self, name, filename, defer_init=defer_init)
+
+    def _compile(self, source, filename):
+        """Internal hook that can be overridden to hook a different compile
+        method in.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.5
+        """
+        return compile(source, filename, 'exec')
+
+    @internalcode
+    def compile(self, source, name=None, filename=None, raw=False,
+                defer_init=False):
+        """Compile a node or template source code.  The `name` parameter is
+        the load name of the template after it was joined using
+        :meth:`join_path` if necessary, not the filename on the file system.
+        the `filename` parameter is the estimated filename of the template on
+        the file system.  If the template came from a database or memory this
+        can be omitted.
+
+        The return value of this method is a python code object.  If the `raw`
+        parameter is `True` the return value will be a string with python
+        code equivalent to the bytecode returned otherwise.  This method is
+        mainly used internally.
+
+        `defer_init` is use internally to aid the module code generator.  This
+        causes the generated code to be able to import without the global
+        environment variable to be set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.4
+           `defer_init` parameter added.
+        """
+        source_hint = None
+        try:
+            if isinstance(source, string_types):
+                source_hint = source
+                source = self._parse(source, name, filename)
+            if self.optimized:
+                source = optimize(source, self)
+            source = self._generate(source, name, filename,
+                                    defer_init=defer_init)
+            if raw:
+                return source
+            if filename is None:
+                filename = '<template>'
+            else:
+                filename = encode_filename(filename)
+            return self._compile(source, filename)
+        except TemplateSyntaxError:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        self.handle_exception(exc_info, source_hint=source_hint)
+
+    def compile_expression(self, source, undefined_to_none=True):
+        """A handy helper method that returns a callable that accepts keyword
+        arguments that appear as variables in the expression.  If called it
+        returns the result of the expression.
+
+        This is useful if applications want to use the same rules as Jinja
+        in template "configuration files" or similar situations.
+
+        Example usage:
+
+        >>> env = Environment()
+        >>> expr = env.compile_expression('foo == 42')
+        >>> expr(foo=23)
+        False
+        >>> expr(foo=42)
+        True
+
+        Per default the return value is converted to `None` if the
+        expression returns an undefined value.  This can be changed
+        by setting `undefined_to_none` to `False`.
+
+        >>> env.compile_expression('var')() is None
+        True
+        >>> env.compile_expression('var', undefined_to_none=False)()
+        Undefined
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.1
+        """
+        parser = Parser(self, source, state='variable')
+        exc_info = None
+        try:
+            expr = parser.parse_expression()
+            if not parser.stream.eos:
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError('chunk after expression',
+                                          parser.stream.current.lineno,
+                                          None, None)
+            expr.set_environment(self)
+        except TemplateSyntaxError:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        if exc_info is not None:
+            self.handle_exception(exc_info, source_hint=source)
+        body = [nodes.Assign(nodes.Name('result', 'store'), expr, lineno=1)]
+        template = self.from_string(nodes.Template(body, lineno=1))
+        return TemplateExpression(template, undefined_to_none)
+
+    def compile_templates(self, target, extensions=None, filter_func=None,
+                          zip='deflated', log_function=None,
+                          ignore_errors=True, py_compile=False):
+        """Finds all the templates the loader can find, compiles them
+        and stores them in `target`.  If `zip` is `None`, instead of in a
+        zipfile, the templates will be stored in a directory.
+        By default a deflate zip algorithm is used. To switch to
+        the stored algorithm, `zip` can be set to ``'stored'``.
+
+        `extensions` and `filter_func` are passed to :meth:`list_templates`.
+        Each template returned will be compiled to the target folder or
+        zipfile.
+
+        By default template compilation errors are ignored.  In case a
+        log function is provided, errors are logged.  If you want template
+        syntax errors to abort the compilation you can set `ignore_errors`
+        to `False` and you will get an exception on syntax errors.
+
+        If `py_compile` is set to `True` .pyc files will be written to the
+        target instead of standard .py files.  This flag does not do anything
+        on pypy and Python 3 where pyc files are not picked up by itself and
+        don't give much benefit.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.4
+        """
+        from jinja2.loaders import ModuleLoader
+
+        if log_function is None:
+            log_function = lambda x: None
+
+        if py_compile:
+            if not PY2 or PYPY:
+                from warnings import warn
+                warn(Warning('py_compile has no effect on pypy or Python 3'))
+                py_compile = False
+            else:
+                import imp
+                import marshal
+                py_header = imp.get_magic() + \
+                    u'\xff\xff\xff\xff'.encode('iso-8859-15')
+
+                # Python 3.3 added a source filesize to the header
+                if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+                    py_header += u'\x00\x00\x00\x00'.encode('iso-8859-15')
+
+        def write_file(filename, data, mode):
+            if zip:
+                info = ZipInfo(filename)
+                info.external_attr = 0o755 << 16
+                zip_file.writestr(info, data)
+            else:
+                f = open(os.path.join(target, filename), mode)
+                try:
+                    f.write(data)
+                finally:
+                    f.close()
+
+        if zip is not None:
+            from zipfile import ZipFile, ZipInfo, ZIP_DEFLATED, ZIP_STORED
+            zip_file = ZipFile(target, 'w', dict(deflated=ZIP_DEFLATED,
+                                                 stored=ZIP_STORED)[zip])
+            log_function('Compiling into Zip archive "%s"' % target)
+        else:
+            if not os.path.isdir(target):
+                os.makedirs(target)
+            log_function('Compiling into folder "%s"' % target)
+
+        try:
+            for name in self.list_templates(extensions, filter_func):
+                source, filename, _ = self.loader.get_source(self, name)
+                try:
+                    code = self.compile(source, name, filename, True, True)
+                except TemplateSyntaxError as e:
+                    if not ignore_errors:
+                        raise
+                    log_function('Could not compile "%s": %s' % (name, e))
+                    continue
+
+                filename = ModuleLoader.get_module_filename(name)
+
+                if py_compile:
+                    c = self._compile(code, encode_filename(filename))
+                    write_file(filename + 'c', py_header +
+                               marshal.dumps(c), 'wb')
+                    log_function('Byte-compiled "%s" as %s' %
+                                 (name, filename + 'c'))
+                else:
+                    write_file(filename, code, 'w')
+                    log_function('Compiled "%s" as %s' % (name, filename))
+        finally:
+            if zip:
+                zip_file.close()
+
+        log_function('Finished compiling templates')
+
+    def list_templates(self, extensions=None, filter_func=None):
+        """Returns a list of templates for this environment.  This requires
+        that the loader supports the loader's
+        :meth:`~BaseLoader.list_templates` method.
+
+        If there are other files in the template folder besides the
+        actual templates, the returned list can be filtered.  There are two
+        ways: either `extensions` is set to a list of file extensions for
+        templates, or a `filter_func` can be provided which is a callable that
+        is passed a template name and should return `True` if it should end up
+        in the result list.
+
+        If the loader does not support that, a :exc:`TypeError` is raised.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.4
+        """
+        x = self.loader.list_templates()
+        if extensions is not None:
+            if filter_func is not None:
+                raise TypeError('either extensions or filter_func '
+                                'can be passed, but not both')
+            filter_func = lambda x: '.' in x and \
+                                    x.rsplit('.', 1)[1] in extensions
+        if filter_func is not None:
+            x = list(ifilter(filter_func, x))
+        return x
+
+    def handle_exception(self, exc_info=None, rendered=False, source_hint=None):
+        """Exception handling helper.  This is used internally to either raise
+        rewritten exceptions or return a rendered traceback for the template.
+        """
+        global _make_traceback
+        if exc_info is None:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        # the debugging module is imported when it's used for the first time.
+        # we're doing a lot of stuff there and for applications that do not
+        # get any exceptions in template rendering there is no need to load
+        # all of that.
+        if _make_traceback is None:
+            from jinja2.debug import make_traceback as _make_traceback
+        traceback = _make_traceback(exc_info, source_hint)
+        if rendered and self.exception_formatter is not None:
+            return self.exception_formatter(traceback)
+        if self.exception_handler is not None:
+            self.exception_handler(traceback)
+        exc_type, exc_value, tb = traceback.standard_exc_info
+        reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
+
+    def join_path(self, template, parent):
+        """Join a template with the parent.  By default all the lookups are
+        relative to the loader root so this method returns the `template`
+        parameter unchanged, but if the paths should be relative to the
+        parent template, this function can be used to calculate the real
+        template name.
+
+        Subclasses may override this method and implement template path
+        joining here.
+        """
+        return template
+
+    @internalcode
+    def _load_template(self, name, globals):
+        if self.loader is None:
+            raise TypeError('no loader for this environment specified')
+        try:
+            # use abs path for cache key
+            cache_key = self.loader.get_source(self, name)[1]
+        except RuntimeError:
+            # if loader does not implement get_source()
+            cache_key = None
+        # if template is not file, use name for cache key
+        if cache_key is None:
+            cache_key = name
+        if self.cache is not None:
+            template = self.cache.get(cache_key)
+            if template is not None and (not self.auto_reload or
+                                         template.is_up_to_date):
+                return template
+        template = self.loader.load(self, name, globals)
+        if self.cache is not None:
+            self.cache[cache_key] = template
+        return template
+
+    @internalcode
+    def get_template(self, name, parent=None, globals=None):
+        """Load a template from the loader.  If a loader is configured this
+        method ask the loader for the template and returns a :class:`Template`.
+        If the `parent` parameter is not `None`, :meth:`join_path` is called
+        to get the real template name before loading.
+
+        The `globals` parameter can be used to provide template wide globals.
+        These variables are available in the context at render time.
+
+        If the template does not exist a :exc:`TemplateNotFound` exception is
+        raised.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.4
+           If `name` is a :class:`Template` object it is returned from the
+           function unchanged.
+        """
+        if isinstance(name, Template):
+            return name
+        if parent is not None:
+            name = self.join_path(name, parent)
+        return self._load_template(name, self.make_globals(globals))
+
+    @internalcode
+    def select_template(self, names, parent=None, globals=None):
+        """Works like :meth:`get_template` but tries a number of templates
+        before it fails.  If it cannot find any of the templates, it will
+        raise a :exc:`TemplatesNotFound` exception.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.3
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.4
+           If `names` contains a :class:`Template` object it is returned
+           from the function unchanged.
+        """
+        if not names:
+            raise TemplatesNotFound(message=u'Tried to select from an empty list '
+                                            u'of templates.')
+        globals = self.make_globals(globals)
+        for name in names:
+            if isinstance(name, Template):
+                return name
+            if parent is not None:
+                name = self.join_path(name, parent)
+            try:
+                return self._load_template(name, globals)
+            except TemplateNotFound:
+                pass
+        raise TemplatesNotFound(names)
+
+    @internalcode
+    def get_or_select_template(self, template_name_or_list,
+                               parent=None, globals=None):
+        """Does a typecheck and dispatches to :meth:`select_template`
+        if an iterable of template names is given, otherwise to
+        :meth:`get_template`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.3
+        """
+        if isinstance(template_name_or_list, string_types):
+            return self.get_template(template_name_or_list, parent, globals)
+        elif isinstance(template_name_or_list, Template):
+            return template_name_or_list
+        return self.select_template(template_name_or_list, parent, globals)
+
+    def from_string(self, source, globals=None, template_class=None):
+        """Load a template from a string.  This parses the source given and
+        returns a :class:`Template` object.
+        """
+        globals = self.make_globals(globals)
+        cls = template_class or self.template_class
+        return cls.from_code(self, self.compile(source), globals, None)
+
+    def make_globals(self, d):
+        """Return a dict for the globals."""
+        if not d:
+            return self.globals
+        return dict(self.globals, **d)
+
+
+class Template(object):
+    """The central template object.  This class represents a compiled template
+    and is used to evaluate it.
+
+    Normally the template object is generated from an :class:`Environment` but
+    it also has a constructor that makes it possible to create a template
+    instance directly using the constructor.  It takes the same arguments as
+    the environment constructor but it's not possible to specify a loader.
+
+    Every template object has a few methods and members that are guaranteed
+    to exist.  However it's important that a template object should be
+    considered immutable.  Modifications on the object are not supported.
+
+    Template objects created from the constructor rather than an environment
+    do have an `environment` attribute that points to a temporary environment
+    that is probably shared with other templates created with the constructor
+    and compatible settings.
+
+    >>> template = Template('Hello {{ name }}!')
+    >>> template.render(name='John Doe') == u'Hello John Doe!'
+    True
+    >>> stream = template.stream(name='John Doe')
+    >>> next(stream) == u'Hello John Doe!'
+    True
+    >>> next(stream)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    StopIteration
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, source,
+                block_start_string=BLOCK_START_STRING,
+                block_end_string=BLOCK_END_STRING,
+                variable_start_string=VARIABLE_START_STRING,
+                variable_end_string=VARIABLE_END_STRING,
+                comment_start_string=COMMENT_START_STRING,
+                comment_end_string=COMMENT_END_STRING,
+                line_statement_prefix=LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
+                line_comment_prefix=LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
+                trim_blocks=TRIM_BLOCKS,
+                lstrip_blocks=LSTRIP_BLOCKS,
+                newline_sequence=NEWLINE_SEQUENCE,
+                keep_trailing_newline=KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE,
+                extensions=(),
+                optimized=True,
+                undefined=Undefined,
+                finalize=None,
+                autoescape=False):
+        env = get_spontaneous_environment(
+            block_start_string, block_end_string, variable_start_string,
+            variable_end_string, comment_start_string, comment_end_string,
+            line_statement_prefix, line_comment_prefix, trim_blocks,
+            lstrip_blocks, newline_sequence, keep_trailing_newline,
+            frozenset(extensions), optimized, undefined, finalize, autoescape,
+            None, 0, False, None)
+        return env.from_string(source, template_class=cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_code(cls, environment, code, globals, uptodate=None):
+        """Creates a template object from compiled code and the globals.  This
+        is used by the loaders and environment to create a template object.
+        """
+        namespace = {
+            'environment':  environment,
+            '__file__':     code.co_filename
+        }
+        exec(code, namespace)
+        rv = cls._from_namespace(environment, namespace, globals)
+        rv._uptodate = uptodate
+        return rv
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_module_dict(cls, environment, module_dict, globals):
+        """Creates a template object from a module.  This is used by the
+        module loader to create a template object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.4
+        """
+        return cls._from_namespace(environment, module_dict, globals)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_namespace(cls, environment, namespace, globals):
+        t = object.__new__(cls)
+        t.environment = environment
+        t.globals = globals
+        t.name = namespace['name']
+        t.filename = namespace['__file__']
+        t.blocks = namespace['blocks']
+
+        # render function and module
+        t.root_render_func = namespace['root']
+        t._module = None
+
+        # debug and loader helpers
+        t._debug_info = namespace['debug_info']
+        t._uptodate = None
+
+        # store the reference
+        namespace['environment'] = environment
+        namespace['__jinja_template__'] = t
+
+        return t
+
+    def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """This method accepts the same arguments as the `dict` constructor:
+        A dict, a dict subclass or some keyword arguments.  If no arguments
+        are given the context will be empty.  These two calls do the same::
+
+            template.render(knights='that say nih')
+            template.render({'knights': 'that say nih'})
+
+        This will return the rendered template as unicode string.
+        """
+        vars = dict(*args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            return concat(self.root_render_func(self.new_context(vars)))
+        except Exception:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        return self.environment.handle_exception(exc_info, True)
+
+    def stream(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Works exactly like :meth:`generate` but returns a
+        :class:`TemplateStream`.
+        """
+        return TemplateStream(self.generate(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def generate(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """For very large templates it can be useful to not render the whole
+        template at once but evaluate each statement after another and yield
+        piece for piece.  This method basically does exactly that and returns
+        a generator that yields one item after another as unicode strings.
+
+        It accepts the same arguments as :meth:`render`.
+        """
+        vars = dict(*args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            for event in self.root_render_func(self.new_context(vars)):
+                yield event
+        except Exception:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        else:
+            return
+        yield self.environment.handle_exception(exc_info, True)
+
+    def new_context(self, vars=None, shared=False, locals=None):
+        """Create a new :class:`Context` for this template.  The vars
+        provided will be passed to the template.  Per default the globals
+        are added to the context.  If shared is set to `True` the data
+        is passed as it to the context without adding the globals.
+
+        `locals` can be a dict of local variables for internal usage.
+        """
+        return new_context(self.environment, self.name, self.blocks,
+                           vars, shared, self.globals, locals)
+
+    def make_module(self, vars=None, shared=False, locals=None):
+        """This method works like the :attr:`module` attribute when called
+        without arguments but it will evaluate the template on every call
+        rather than caching it.  It's also possible to provide
+        a dict which is then used as context.  The arguments are the same
+        as for the :meth:`new_context` method.
+        """
+        return TemplateModule(self, self.new_context(vars, shared, locals))
+
+    @property
+    def module(self):
+        """The template as module.  This is used for imports in the
+        template runtime but is also useful if one wants to access
+        exported template variables from the Python layer:
+
+        >>> t = Template('{% macro foo() %}42{% endmacro %}23')
+        >>> str(t.module)
+        '23'
+        >>> t.module.foo() == u'42'
+        True
+        """
+        if self._module is not None:
+            return self._module
+        self._module = rv = self.make_module()
+        return rv
+
+    def get_corresponding_lineno(self, lineno):
+        """Return the source line number of a line number in the
+        generated bytecode as they are not in sync.
+        """
+        for template_line, code_line in reversed(self.debug_info):
+            if code_line <= lineno:
+                return template_line
+        return 1
+
+    @property
+    def is_up_to_date(self):
+        """If this variable is `False` there is a newer version available."""
+        if self._uptodate is None:
+            return True
+        return self._uptodate()
+
+    @property
+    def debug_info(self):
+        """The debug info mapping."""
+        return [tuple(imap(int, x.split('='))) for x in
+                self._debug_info.split('&')]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.name is None:
+            name = 'memory:%x' % id(self)
+        else:
+            name = repr(self.name)
+        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, name)
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class TemplateModule(object):
+    """Represents an imported template.  All the exported names of the
+    template are available as attributes on this object.  Additionally
+    converting it into an unicode- or bytestrings renders the contents.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, template, context):
+        self._body_stream = list(template.root_render_func(context))
+        self.__dict__.update(context.get_exported())
+        self.__name__ = template.name
+
+    def __html__(self):
+        return Markup(concat(self._body_stream))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return concat(self._body_stream)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.__name__ is None:
+            name = 'memory:%x' % id(self)
+        else:
+            name = repr(self.__name__)
+        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, name)
+
+
+class TemplateExpression(object):
+    """The :meth:`jinja2.Environment.compile_expression` method returns an
+    instance of this object.  It encapsulates the expression-like access
+    to the template with an expression it wraps.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, template, undefined_to_none):
+        self._template = template
+        self._undefined_to_none = undefined_to_none
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        context = self._template.new_context(dict(*args, **kwargs))
+        consume(self._template.root_render_func(context))
+        rv = context.vars['result']
+        if self._undefined_to_none and isinstance(rv, Undefined):
+            rv = None
+        return rv
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class TemplateStream(object):
+    """A template stream works pretty much like an ordinary python generator
+    but it can buffer multiple items to reduce the number of total iterations.
+    Per default the output is unbuffered which means that for every unbuffered
+    instruction in the template one unicode string is yielded.
+
+    If buffering is enabled with a buffer size of 5, five items are combined
+    into a new unicode string.  This is mainly useful if you are streaming
+    big templates to a client via WSGI which flushes after each iteration.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, gen):
+        self._gen = gen
+        self.disable_buffering()
+
+    def dump(self, fp, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
+        """Dump the complete stream into a file or file-like object.
+        Per default unicode strings are written, if you want to encode
+        before writing specify an `encoding`.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            Template('Hello {{ name }}!').stream(name='foo').dump('hello.html')
+        """
+        close = False
+        if isinstance(fp, string_types):
+            if encoding is None:
+                encoding = 'utf-8'
+            fp = open(fp, 'wb')
+            close = True
+        try:
+            if encoding is not None:
+                iterable = (x.encode(encoding, errors) for x in self)
+            else:
+                iterable = self
+            if hasattr(fp, 'writelines'):
+                fp.writelines(iterable)
+            else:
+                for item in iterable:
+                    fp.write(item)
+        finally:
+            if close:
+                fp.close()
+
+    def disable_buffering(self):
+        """Disable the output buffering."""
+        self._next = get_next(self._gen)
+        self.buffered = False
+
+    def enable_buffering(self, size=5):
+        """Enable buffering.  Buffer `size` items before yielding them."""
+        if size <= 1:
+            raise ValueError('buffer size too small')
+
+        def generator(next):
+            buf = []
+            c_size = 0
+            push = buf.append
+
+            while 1:
+                try:
+                    while c_size < size:
+                        c = next()
+                        push(c)
+                        if c:
+                            c_size += 1
+                except StopIteration:
+                    if not c_size:
+                        return
+                yield concat(buf)
+                del buf[:]
+                c_size = 0
+
+        self.buffered = True
+        self._next = get_next(generator(get_next(self._gen)))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        return self._next()
+
+
+# hook in default template class.  if anyone reads this comment: ignore that
+# it's possible to use custom templates ;-)
+Environment.template_class = Template
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/exceptions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9df6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.exceptions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Jinja exceptions.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from jinja2._compat import imap, text_type, PY2, implements_to_string
+
+
+class TemplateError(Exception):
+    """Baseclass for all template errors."""
+
+    if PY2:
+        def __init__(self, message=None):
+            if message is not None:
+                message = text_type(message).encode('utf-8')
+            Exception.__init__(self, message)
+
+        @property
+        def message(self):
+            if self.args:
+                message = self.args[0]
+                if message is not None:
+                    return message.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+        def __unicode__(self):
+            return self.message or u''
+    else:
+        def __init__(self, message=None):
+            Exception.__init__(self, message)
+
+        @property
+        def message(self):
+            if self.args:
+                message = self.args[0]
+                if message is not None:
+                    return message
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class TemplateNotFound(IOError, LookupError, TemplateError):
+    """Raised if a template does not exist."""
+
+    # looks weird, but removes the warning descriptor that just
+    # bogusly warns us about message being deprecated
+    message = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name, message=None):
+        IOError.__init__(self)
+        if message is None:
+            message = name
+        self.message = message
+        self.name = name
+        self.templates = [name]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.message
+
+
+class TemplatesNotFound(TemplateNotFound):
+    """Like :class:`TemplateNotFound` but raised if multiple templates
+    are selected.  This is a subclass of :class:`TemplateNotFound`
+    exception, so just catching the base exception will catch both.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.2
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, names=(), message=None):
+        if message is None:
+            message = u'none of the templates given were found: ' + \
+                      u', '.join(imap(text_type, names))
+        TemplateNotFound.__init__(self, names and names[-1] or None, message)
+        self.templates = list(names)
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class TemplateSyntaxError(TemplateError):
+    """Raised to tell the user that there is a problem with the template."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, lineno, name=None, filename=None):
+        TemplateError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.name = name
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.source = None
+
+        # this is set to True if the debug.translate_syntax_error
+        # function translated the syntax error into a new traceback
+        self.translated = False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        # for translated errors we only return the message
+        if self.translated:
+            return self.message
+
+        # otherwise attach some stuff
+        location = 'line %d' % self.lineno
+        name = self.filename or self.name
+        if name:
+            location = 'File "%s", %s' % (name, location)
+        lines = [self.message, '  ' + location]
+
+        # if the source is set, add the line to the output
+        if self.source is not None:
+            try:
+                line = self.source.splitlines()[self.lineno - 1]
+            except IndexError:
+                line = None
+            if line:
+                lines.append('    ' + line.strip())
+
+        return u'\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+class TemplateAssertionError(TemplateSyntaxError):
+    """Like a template syntax error, but covers cases where something in the
+    template caused an error at compile time that wasn't necessarily caused
+    by a syntax error.  However it's a direct subclass of
+    :exc:`TemplateSyntaxError` and has the same attributes.
+    """
+
+
+class TemplateRuntimeError(TemplateError):
+    """A generic runtime error in the template engine.  Under some situations
+    Jinja may raise this exception.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedError(TemplateRuntimeError):
+    """Raised if a template tries to operate on :class:`Undefined`."""
+
+
+class SecurityError(TemplateRuntimeError):
+    """Raised if a template tries to do something insecure if the
+    sandbox is enabled.
+    """
+
+
+class FilterArgumentError(TemplateRuntimeError):
+    """This error is raised if a filter was called with inappropriate
+    arguments
+    """
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/ext.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..562ab50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.ext
+    ~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Jinja extensions allow to add custom tags similar to the way django custom
+    tags work.  By default two example extensions exist: an i18n and a cache
+    extension.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+from jinja2 import nodes
+from jinja2.defaults import BLOCK_START_STRING, \
+     BLOCK_END_STRING, VARIABLE_START_STRING, VARIABLE_END_STRING, \
+     COMMENT_START_STRING, COMMENT_END_STRING, LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX, \
+     LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX, TRIM_BLOCKS, NEWLINE_SEQUENCE, \
+     KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE, LSTRIP_BLOCKS
+from jinja2.environment import Environment
+from jinja2.runtime import concat
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateAssertionError, TemplateSyntaxError
+from jinja2.utils import contextfunction, import_string, Markup
+from jinja2._compat import with_metaclass, string_types, iteritems
+
+
+# the only real useful gettext functions for a Jinja template.  Note
+# that ugettext must be assigned to gettext as Jinja doesn't support
+# non unicode strings.
+GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS = ('_', 'gettext', 'ngettext')
+
+
+class ExtensionRegistry(type):
+    """Gives the extension an unique identifier."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, bases, d):
+        rv = type.__new__(cls, name, bases, d)
+        rv.identifier = rv.__module__ + '.' + rv.__name__
+        return rv
+
+
+class Extension(with_metaclass(ExtensionRegistry, object)):
+    """Extensions can be used to add extra functionality to the Jinja template
+    system at the parser level.  Custom extensions are bound to an environment
+    but may not store environment specific data on `self`.  The reason for
+    this is that an extension can be bound to another environment (for
+    overlays) by creating a copy and reassigning the `environment` attribute.
+
+    As extensions are created by the environment they cannot accept any
+    arguments for configuration.  One may want to work around that by using
+    a factory function, but that is not possible as extensions are identified
+    by their import name.  The correct way to configure the extension is
+    storing the configuration values on the environment.  Because this way the
+    environment ends up acting as central configuration storage the
+    attributes may clash which is why extensions have to ensure that the names
+    they choose for configuration are not too generic.  ``prefix`` for example
+    is a terrible name, ``fragment_cache_prefix`` on the other hand is a good
+    name as includes the name of the extension (fragment cache).
+    """
+
+    #: if this extension parses this is the list of tags it's listening to.
+    tags = set()
+
+    #: the priority of that extension.  This is especially useful for
+    #: extensions that preprocess values.  A lower value means higher
+    #: priority.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 2.4
+    priority = 100
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        self.environment = environment
+
+    def bind(self, environment):
+        """Create a copy of this extension bound to another environment."""
+        rv = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        rv.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        rv.environment = environment
+        return rv
+
+    def preprocess(self, source, name, filename=None):
+        """This method is called before the actual lexing and can be used to
+        preprocess the source.  The `filename` is optional.  The return value
+        must be the preprocessed source.
+        """
+        return source
+
+    def filter_stream(self, stream):
+        """It's passed a :class:`~jinja2.lexer.TokenStream` that can be used
+        to filter tokens returned.  This method has to return an iterable of
+        :class:`~jinja2.lexer.Token`\s, but it doesn't have to return a
+        :class:`~jinja2.lexer.TokenStream`.
+
+        In the `ext` folder of the Jinja2 source distribution there is a file
+        called `inlinegettext.py` which implements a filter that utilizes this
+        method.
+        """
+        return stream
+
+    def parse(self, parser):
+        """If any of the :attr:`tags` matched this method is called with the
+        parser as first argument.  The token the parser stream is pointing at
+        is the name token that matched.  This method has to return one or a
+        list of multiple nodes.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def attr(self, name, lineno=None):
+        """Return an attribute node for the current extension.  This is useful
+        to pass constants on extensions to generated template code.
+
+        ::
+
+            self.attr('_my_attribute', lineno=lineno)
+        """
+        return nodes.ExtensionAttribute(self.identifier, name, lineno=lineno)
+
+    def call_method(self, name, args=None, kwargs=None, dyn_args=None,
+                    dyn_kwargs=None, lineno=None):
+        """Call a method of the extension.  This is a shortcut for
+        :meth:`attr` + :class:`jinja2.nodes.Call`.
+        """
+        if args is None:
+            args = []
+        if kwargs is None:
+            kwargs = []
+        return nodes.Call(self.attr(name, lineno=lineno), args, kwargs,
+                          dyn_args, dyn_kwargs, lineno=lineno)
+
+
+@contextfunction
+def _gettext_alias(__context, *args, **kwargs):
+    return __context.call(__context.resolve('gettext'), *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _make_new_gettext(func):
+    @contextfunction
+    def gettext(__context, __string, **variables):
+        rv = __context.call(func, __string)
+        if __context.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            rv = Markup(rv)
+        return rv % variables
+    return gettext
+
+
+def _make_new_ngettext(func):
+    @contextfunction
+    def ngettext(__context, __singular, __plural, __num, **variables):
+        variables.setdefault('num', __num)
+        rv = __context.call(func, __singular, __plural, __num)
+        if __context.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            rv = Markup(rv)
+        return rv % variables
+    return ngettext
+
+
+class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
+    """This extension adds gettext support to Jinja2."""
+    tags = set(['trans'])
+
+    # TODO: the i18n extension is currently reevaluating values in a few
+    # situations.  Take this example:
+    #   {% trans count=something() %}{{ count }} foo{% pluralize
+    #     %}{{ count }} fooss{% endtrans %}
+    # something is called twice here.  One time for the gettext value and
+    # the other time for the n-parameter of the ngettext function.
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        Extension.__init__(self, environment)
+        environment.globals['_'] = _gettext_alias
+        environment.extend(
+            install_gettext_translations=self._install,
+            install_null_translations=self._install_null,
+            install_gettext_callables=self._install_callables,
+            uninstall_gettext_translations=self._uninstall,
+            extract_translations=self._extract,
+            newstyle_gettext=False
+        )
+
+    def _install(self, translations, newstyle=None):
+        gettext = getattr(translations, 'ugettext', None)
+        if gettext is None:
+            gettext = translations.gettext
+        ngettext = getattr(translations, 'ungettext', None)
+        if ngettext is None:
+            ngettext = translations.ngettext
+        self._install_callables(gettext, ngettext, newstyle)
+
+    def _install_null(self, newstyle=None):
+        self._install_callables(
+            lambda x: x,
+            lambda s, p, n: (n != 1 and (p,) or (s,))[0],
+            newstyle
+        )
+
+    def _install_callables(self, gettext, ngettext, newstyle=None):
+        if newstyle is not None:
+            self.environment.newstyle_gettext = newstyle
+        if self.environment.newstyle_gettext:
+            gettext = _make_new_gettext(gettext)
+            ngettext = _make_new_ngettext(ngettext)
+        self.environment.globals.update(
+            gettext=gettext,
+            ngettext=ngettext
+        )
+
+    def _uninstall(self, translations):
+        for key in 'gettext', 'ngettext':
+            self.environment.globals.pop(key, None)
+
+    def _extract(self, source, gettext_functions=GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS):
+        if isinstance(source, string_types):
+            source = self.environment.parse(source)
+        return extract_from_ast(source, gettext_functions)
+
+    def parse(self, parser):
+        """Parse a translatable tag."""
+        lineno = next(parser.stream).lineno
+        num_called_num = False
+
+        # find all the variables referenced.  Additionally a variable can be
+        # defined in the body of the trans block too, but this is checked at
+        # a later state.
+        plural_expr = None
+        plural_expr_assignment = None
+        variables = {}
+        while parser.stream.current.type != 'block_end':
+            if variables:
+                parser.stream.expect('comma')
+
+            # skip colon for python compatibility
+            if parser.stream.skip_if('colon'):
+                break
+
+            name = parser.stream.expect('name')
+            if name.value in variables:
+                parser.fail('translatable variable %r defined twice.' %
+                            name.value, name.lineno,
+                            exc=TemplateAssertionError)
+
+            # expressions
+            if parser.stream.current.type == 'assign':
+                next(parser.stream)
+                variables[name.value] = var = parser.parse_expression()
+            else:
+                variables[name.value] = var = nodes.Name(name.value, 'load')
+
+            if plural_expr is None:
+                if isinstance(var, nodes.Call):
+                    plural_expr = nodes.Name('_trans', 'load')
+                    variables[name.value] = plural_expr
+                    plural_expr_assignment = nodes.Assign(
+                        nodes.Name('_trans', 'store'), var)
+                else:
+                    plural_expr = var
+                num_called_num = name.value == 'num'
+
+        parser.stream.expect('block_end')
+
+        plural = plural_names = None
+        have_plural = False
+        referenced = set()
+
+        # now parse until endtrans or pluralize
+        singular_names, singular = self._parse_block(parser, True)
+        if singular_names:
+            referenced.update(singular_names)
+            if plural_expr is None:
+                plural_expr = nodes.Name(singular_names[0], 'load')
+                num_called_num = singular_names[0] == 'num'
+
+        # if we have a pluralize block, we parse that too
+        if parser.stream.current.test('name:pluralize'):
+            have_plural = True
+            next(parser.stream)
+            if parser.stream.current.type != 'block_end':
+                name = parser.stream.expect('name')
+                if name.value not in variables:
+                    parser.fail('unknown variable %r for pluralization' %
+                                name.value, name.lineno,
+                                exc=TemplateAssertionError)
+                plural_expr = variables[name.value]
+                num_called_num = name.value == 'num'
+            parser.stream.expect('block_end')
+            plural_names, plural = self._parse_block(parser, False)
+            next(parser.stream)
+            referenced.update(plural_names)
+        else:
+            next(parser.stream)
+
+        # register free names as simple name expressions
+        for var in referenced:
+            if var not in variables:
+                variables[var] = nodes.Name(var, 'load')
+
+        if not have_plural:
+            plural_expr = None
+        elif plural_expr is None:
+            parser.fail('pluralize without variables', lineno)
+
+        node = self._make_node(singular, plural, variables, plural_expr,
+                               bool(referenced),
+                               num_called_num and have_plural)
+        node.set_lineno(lineno)
+        if plural_expr_assignment is not None:
+            return [plural_expr_assignment, node]
+        else:
+            return node
+
+    def _parse_block(self, parser, allow_pluralize):
+        """Parse until the next block tag with a given name."""
+        referenced = []
+        buf = []
+        while 1:
+            if parser.stream.current.type == 'data':
+                buf.append(parser.stream.current.value.replace('%', '%%'))
+                next(parser.stream)
+            elif parser.stream.current.type == 'variable_begin':
+                next(parser.stream)
+                name = parser.stream.expect('name').value
+                referenced.append(name)
+                buf.append('%%(%s)s' % name)
+                parser.stream.expect('variable_end')
+            elif parser.stream.current.type == 'block_begin':
+                next(parser.stream)
+                if parser.stream.current.test('name:endtrans'):
+                    break
+                elif parser.stream.current.test('name:pluralize'):
+                    if allow_pluralize:
+                        break
+                    parser.fail('a translatable section can have only one '
+                                'pluralize section')
+                parser.fail('control structures in translatable sections are '
+                            'not allowed')
+            elif parser.stream.eos:
+                parser.fail('unclosed translation block')
+            else:
+                assert False, 'internal parser error'
+
+        return referenced, concat(buf)
+
+    def _make_node(self, singular, plural, variables, plural_expr,
+                   vars_referenced, num_called_num):
+        """Generates a useful node from the data provided."""
+        # no variables referenced?  no need to escape for old style
+        # gettext invocations only if there are vars.
+        if not vars_referenced and not self.environment.newstyle_gettext:
+            singular = singular.replace('%%', '%')
+            if plural:
+                plural = plural.replace('%%', '%')
+
+        # singular only:
+        if plural_expr is None:
+            gettext = nodes.Name('gettext', 'load')
+            node = nodes.Call(gettext, [nodes.Const(singular)],
+                              [], None, None)
+
+        # singular and plural
+        else:
+            ngettext = nodes.Name('ngettext', 'load')
+            node = nodes.Call(ngettext, [
+                nodes.Const(singular),
+                nodes.Const(plural),
+                plural_expr
+            ], [], None, None)
+
+        # in case newstyle gettext is used, the method is powerful
+        # enough to handle the variable expansion and autoescape
+        # handling itself
+        if self.environment.newstyle_gettext:
+            for key, value in iteritems(variables):
+                # the function adds that later anyways in case num was
+                # called num, so just skip it.
+                if num_called_num and key == 'num':
+                    continue
+                node.kwargs.append(nodes.Keyword(key, value))
+
+        # otherwise do that here
+        else:
+            # mark the return value as safe if we are in an
+            # environment with autoescaping turned on
+            node = nodes.MarkSafeIfAutoescape(node)
+            if variables:
+                node = nodes.Mod(node, nodes.Dict([
+                    nodes.Pair(nodes.Const(key), value)
+                    for key, value in variables.items()
+                ]))
+        return nodes.Output([node])
+
+
+class ExprStmtExtension(Extension):
+    """Adds a `do` tag to Jinja2 that works like the print statement just
+    that it doesn't print the return value.
+    """
+    tags = set(['do'])
+
+    def parse(self, parser):
+        node = nodes.ExprStmt(lineno=next(parser.stream).lineno)
+        node.node = parser.parse_tuple()
+        return node
+
+
+class LoopControlExtension(Extension):
+    """Adds break and continue to the template engine."""
+    tags = set(['break', 'continue'])
+
+    def parse(self, parser):
+        token = next(parser.stream)
+        if token.value == 'break':
+            return nodes.Break(lineno=token.lineno)
+        return nodes.Continue(lineno=token.lineno)
+
+
+class WithExtension(Extension):
+    """Adds support for a django-like with block."""
+    tags = set(['with'])
+
+    def parse(self, parser):
+        node = nodes.Scope(lineno=next(parser.stream).lineno)
+        assignments = []
+        while parser.stream.current.type != 'block_end':
+            lineno = parser.stream.current.lineno
+            if assignments:
+                parser.stream.expect('comma')
+            target = parser.parse_assign_target()
+            parser.stream.expect('assign')
+            expr = parser.parse_expression()
+            assignments.append(nodes.Assign(target, expr, lineno=lineno))
+        node.body = assignments + \
+            list(parser.parse_statements(('name:endwith',),
+                                         drop_needle=True))
+        return node
+
+
+class AutoEscapeExtension(Extension):
+    """Changes auto escape rules for a scope."""
+    tags = set(['autoescape'])
+
+    def parse(self, parser):
+        node = nodes.ScopedEvalContextModifier(lineno=next(parser.stream).lineno)
+        node.options = [
+            nodes.Keyword('autoescape', parser.parse_expression())
+        ]
+        node.body = parser.parse_statements(('name:endautoescape',),
+                                            drop_needle=True)
+        return nodes.Scope([node])
+
+
+def extract_from_ast(node, gettext_functions=GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS,
+                     babel_style=True):
+    """Extract localizable strings from the given template node.  Per
+    default this function returns matches in babel style that means non string
+    parameters as well as keyword arguments are returned as `None`.  This
+    allows Babel to figure out what you really meant if you are using
+    gettext functions that allow keyword arguments for placeholder expansion.
+    If you don't want that behavior set the `babel_style` parameter to `False`
+    which causes only strings to be returned and parameters are always stored
+    in tuples.  As a consequence invalid gettext calls (calls without a single
+    string parameter or string parameters after non-string parameters) are
+    skipped.
+
+    This example explains the behavior:
+
+    >>> from jinja2 import Environment
+    >>> env = Environment()
+    >>> node = env.parse('{{ (_("foo"), _(), ngettext("foo", "bar", 42)) }}')
+    >>> list(extract_from_ast(node))
+    [(1, '_', 'foo'), (1, '_', ()), (1, 'ngettext', ('foo', 'bar', None))]
+    >>> list(extract_from_ast(node, babel_style=False))
+    [(1, '_', ('foo',)), (1, 'ngettext', ('foo', 'bar'))]
+
+    For every string found this function yields a ``(lineno, function,
+    message)`` tuple, where:
+
+    * ``lineno`` is the number of the line on which the string was found,
+    * ``function`` is the name of the ``gettext`` function used (if the
+      string was extracted from embedded Python code), and
+    *  ``message`` is the string itself (a ``unicode`` object, or a tuple
+       of ``unicode`` objects for functions with multiple string arguments).
+
+    This extraction function operates on the AST and is because of that unable
+    to extract any comments.  For comment support you have to use the babel
+    extraction interface or extract comments yourself.
+    """
+    for node in node.find_all(nodes.Call):
+        if not isinstance(node.node, nodes.Name) or \
+           node.node.name not in gettext_functions:
+            continue
+
+        strings = []
+        for arg in node.args:
+            if isinstance(arg, nodes.Const) and \
+               isinstance(arg.value, string_types):
+                strings.append(arg.value)
+            else:
+                strings.append(None)
+
+        for arg in node.kwargs:
+            strings.append(None)
+        if node.dyn_args is not None:
+            strings.append(None)
+        if node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
+            strings.append(None)
+
+        if not babel_style:
+            strings = tuple(x for x in strings if x is not None)
+            if not strings:
+                continue
+        else:
+            if len(strings) == 1:
+                strings = strings[0]
+            else:
+                strings = tuple(strings)
+        yield node.lineno, node.node.name, strings
+
+
+class _CommentFinder(object):
+    """Helper class to find comments in a token stream.  Can only
+    find comments for gettext calls forwards.  Once the comment
+    from line 4 is found, a comment for line 1 will not return a
+    usable value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tokens, comment_tags):
+        self.tokens = tokens
+        self.comment_tags = comment_tags
+        self.offset = 0
+        self.last_lineno = 0
+
+    def find_backwards(self, offset):
+        try:
+            for _, token_type, token_value in \
+                    reversed(self.tokens[self.offset:offset]):
+                if token_type in ('comment', 'linecomment'):
+                    try:
+                        prefix, comment = token_value.split(None, 1)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        continue
+                    if prefix in self.comment_tags:
+                        return [comment.rstrip()]
+            return []
+        finally:
+            self.offset = offset
+
+    def find_comments(self, lineno):
+        if not self.comment_tags or self.last_lineno > lineno:
+            return []
+        for idx, (token_lineno, _, _) in enumerate(self.tokens[self.offset:]):
+            if token_lineno > lineno:
+                return self.find_backwards(self.offset + idx)
+        return self.find_backwards(len(self.tokens))
+
+
+def babel_extract(fileobj, keywords, comment_tags, options):
+    """Babel extraction method for Jinja templates.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.3
+       Basic support for translation comments was added.  If `comment_tags`
+       is now set to a list of keywords for extraction, the extractor will
+       try to find the best preceeding comment that begins with one of the
+       keywords.  For best results, make sure to not have more than one
+       gettext call in one line of code and the matching comment in the
+       same line or the line before.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.5.1
+       The `newstyle_gettext` flag can be set to `True` to enable newstyle
+       gettext calls.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.7
+       A `silent` option can now be provided.  If set to `False` template
+       syntax errors are propagated instead of being ignored.
+
+    :param fileobj: the file-like object the messages should be extracted from
+    :param keywords: a list of keywords (i.e. function names) that should be
+                     recognized as translation functions
+    :param comment_tags: a list of translator tags to search for and include
+                         in the results.
+    :param options: a dictionary of additional options (optional)
+    :return: an iterator over ``(lineno, funcname, message, comments)`` tuples.
+             (comments will be empty currently)
+    """
+    extensions = set()
+    for extension in options.get('extensions', '').split(','):
+        extension = extension.strip()
+        if not extension:
+            continue
+        extensions.add(import_string(extension))
+    if InternationalizationExtension not in extensions:
+        extensions.add(InternationalizationExtension)
+
+    def getbool(options, key, default=False):
+        return options.get(key, str(default)).lower() in \
+            ('1', 'on', 'yes', 'true')
+
+    silent = getbool(options, 'silent', True)
+    environment = Environment(
+        options.get('block_start_string', BLOCK_START_STRING),
+        options.get('block_end_string', BLOCK_END_STRING),
+        options.get('variable_start_string', VARIABLE_START_STRING),
+        options.get('variable_end_string', VARIABLE_END_STRING),
+        options.get('comment_start_string', COMMENT_START_STRING),
+        options.get('comment_end_string', COMMENT_END_STRING),
+        options.get('line_statement_prefix') or LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
+        options.get('line_comment_prefix') or LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
+        getbool(options, 'trim_blocks', TRIM_BLOCKS),
+        getbool(options, 'lstrip_blocks', LSTRIP_BLOCKS),
+        NEWLINE_SEQUENCE,
+        getbool(options, 'keep_trailing_newline', KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE),
+        frozenset(extensions),
+        cache_size=0,
+        auto_reload=False
+    )
+
+    if getbool(options, 'newstyle_gettext'):
+        environment.newstyle_gettext = True
+
+    source = fileobj.read().decode(options.get('encoding', 'utf-8'))
+    try:
+        node = environment.parse(source)
+        tokens = list(environment.lex(environment.preprocess(source)))
+    except TemplateSyntaxError as e:
+        if not silent:
+            raise
+        # skip templates with syntax errors
+        return
+
+    finder = _CommentFinder(tokens, comment_tags)
+    for lineno, func, message in extract_from_ast(node, keywords):
+        yield lineno, func, message, finder.find_comments(lineno)
+
+
+#: nicer import names
+i18n = InternationalizationExtension
+do = ExprStmtExtension
+loopcontrols = LoopControlExtension
+with_ = WithExtension
+autoescape = AutoEscapeExtension
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/filters.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/filters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5c7a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/filters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,996 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.filters
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Bundled jinja filters.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import math
+
+from random import choice
+from operator import itemgetter
+from itertools import groupby
+from jinja2.utils import Markup, escape, pformat, urlize, soft_unicode, \
+     unicode_urlencode
+from jinja2.runtime import Undefined
+from jinja2.exceptions import FilterArgumentError
+from jinja2._compat import imap, string_types, text_type, iteritems
+
+
+_word_re = re.compile(r'\w+(?u)')
+
+
+def contextfilter(f):
+    """Decorator for marking context dependent filters. The current
+    :class:`Context` will be passed as first argument.
+    """
+    f.contextfilter = True
+    return f
+
+
+def evalcontextfilter(f):
+    """Decorator for marking eval-context dependent filters.  An eval
+    context object is passed as first argument.  For more information
+    about the eval context, see :ref:`eval-context`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.4
+    """
+    f.evalcontextfilter = True
+    return f
+
+
+def environmentfilter(f):
+    """Decorator for marking evironment dependent filters.  The current
+    :class:`Environment` is passed to the filter as first argument.
+    """
+    f.environmentfilter = True
+    return f
+
+
+def make_attrgetter(environment, attribute):
+    """Returns a callable that looks up the given attribute from a
+    passed object with the rules of the environment.  Dots are allowed
+    to access attributes of attributes.  Integer parts in paths are
+    looked up as integers.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(attribute, string_types) \
+       or ('.' not in attribute and not attribute.isdigit()):
+        return lambda x: environment.getitem(x, attribute)
+    attribute = attribute.split('.')
+    def attrgetter(item):
+        for part in attribute:
+            if part.isdigit():
+                part = int(part)
+            item = environment.getitem(item, part)
+        return item
+    return attrgetter
+
+
+def do_forceescape(value):
+    """Enforce HTML escaping.  This will probably double escape variables."""
+    if hasattr(value, '__html__'):
+        value = value.__html__()
+    return escape(text_type(value))
+
+
+def do_urlencode(value):
+    """Escape strings for use in URLs (uses UTF-8 encoding).  It accepts both
+    dictionaries and regular strings as well as pairwise iterables.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+    """
+    itemiter = None
+    if isinstance(value, dict):
+        itemiter = iteritems(value)
+    elif not isinstance(value, string_types):
+        try:
+            itemiter = iter(value)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+    if itemiter is None:
+        return unicode_urlencode(value)
+    return u'&'.join(unicode_urlencode(k) + '=' +
+                     unicode_urlencode(v, for_qs=True)
+                     for k, v in itemiter)
+
+
+@evalcontextfilter
+def do_replace(eval_ctx, s, old, new, count=None):
+    """Return a copy of the value with all occurrences of a substring
+    replaced with a new one. The first argument is the substring
+    that should be replaced, the second is the replacement string.
+    If the optional third argument ``count`` is given, only the first
+    ``count`` occurrences are replaced:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ "Hello World"|replace("Hello", "Goodbye") }}
+            -> Goodbye World
+
+        {{ "aaaaargh"|replace("a", "d'oh, ", 2) }}
+            -> d'oh, d'oh, aaargh
+    """
+    if count is None:
+        count = -1
+    if not eval_ctx.autoescape:
+        return text_type(s).replace(text_type(old), text_type(new), count)
+    if hasattr(old, '__html__') or hasattr(new, '__html__') and \
+       not hasattr(s, '__html__'):
+        s = escape(s)
+    else:
+        s = soft_unicode(s)
+    return s.replace(soft_unicode(old), soft_unicode(new), count)
+
+
+def do_upper(s):
+    """Convert a value to uppercase."""
+    return soft_unicode(s).upper()
+
+
+def do_lower(s):
+    """Convert a value to lowercase."""
+    return soft_unicode(s).lower()
+
+
+@evalcontextfilter
+def do_xmlattr(_eval_ctx, d, autospace=True):
+    """Create an SGML/XML attribute string based on the items in a dict.
+    All values that are neither `none` nor `undefined` are automatically
+    escaped:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+        <ul{{ {'class': 'my_list', 'missing': none,
+                'id': 'list-%d'|format(variable)}|xmlattr }}>
+        ...
+        </ul>
+
+    Results in something like this:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html
+
+        <ul class="my_list" id="list-42">
+        ...
+        </ul>
+
+    As you can see it automatically prepends a space in front of the item
+    if the filter returned something unless the second parameter is false.
+    """
+    rv = u' '.join(
+        u'%s="%s"' % (escape(key), escape(value))
+        for key, value in iteritems(d)
+        if value is not None and not isinstance(value, Undefined)
+    )
+    if autospace and rv:
+        rv = u' ' + rv
+    if _eval_ctx.autoescape:
+        rv = Markup(rv)
+    return rv
+
+
+def do_capitalize(s):
+    """Capitalize a value. The first character will be uppercase, all others
+    lowercase.
+    """
+    return soft_unicode(s).capitalize()
+
+
+def do_title(s):
+    """Return a titlecased version of the value. I.e. words will start with
+    uppercase letters, all remaining characters are lowercase.
+    """
+    rv = []
+    for item in re.compile(r'([-\s]+)(?u)').split(soft_unicode(s)):
+        if not item:
+            continue
+        rv.append(item[0].upper() + item[1:].lower())
+    return ''.join(rv)
+
+
+def do_dictsort(value, case_sensitive=False, by='key'):
+    """Sort a dict and yield (key, value) pairs. Because python dicts are
+    unsorted you may want to use this function to order them by either
+    key or value:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {% for item in mydict|dictsort %}
+            sort the dict by key, case insensitive
+
+        {% for item in mydict|dictsort(true) %}
+            sort the dict by key, case sensitive
+
+        {% for item in mydict|dictsort(false, 'value') %}
+            sort the dict by value, case insensitive
+    """
+    if by == 'key':
+        pos = 0
+    elif by == 'value':
+        pos = 1
+    else:
+        raise FilterArgumentError('You can only sort by either '
+                                  '"key" or "value"')
+    def sort_func(item):
+        value = item[pos]
+        if isinstance(value, string_types) and not case_sensitive:
+            value = value.lower()
+        return value
+
+    return sorted(value.items(), key=sort_func)
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_sort(environment, value, reverse=False, case_sensitive=False,
+            attribute=None):
+    """Sort an iterable.  Per default it sorts ascending, if you pass it
+    true as first argument it will reverse the sorting.
+
+    If the iterable is made of strings the third parameter can be used to
+    control the case sensitiveness of the comparison which is disabled by
+    default.
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {% for item in iterable|sort %}
+            ...
+        {% endfor %}
+
+    It is also possible to sort by an attribute (for example to sort
+    by the date of an object) by specifying the `attribute` parameter:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {% for item in iterable|sort(attribute='date') %}
+            ...
+        {% endfor %}
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.6
+       The `attribute` parameter was added.
+    """
+    if not case_sensitive:
+        def sort_func(item):
+            if isinstance(item, string_types):
+                item = item.lower()
+            return item
+    else:
+        sort_func = None
+    if attribute is not None:
+        getter = make_attrgetter(environment, attribute)
+        def sort_func(item, processor=sort_func or (lambda x: x)):
+            return processor(getter(item))
+    return sorted(value, key=sort_func, reverse=reverse)
+
+
+def do_default(value, default_value=u'', boolean=False):
+    """If the value is undefined it will return the passed default value,
+    otherwise the value of the variable:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ my_variable|default('my_variable is not defined') }}
+
+    This will output the value of ``my_variable`` if the variable was
+    defined, otherwise ``'my_variable is not defined'``. If you want
+    to use default with variables that evaluate to false you have to
+    set the second parameter to `true`:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ ''|default('the string was empty', true) }}
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, Undefined) or (boolean and not value):
+        return default_value
+    return value
+
+
+@evalcontextfilter
+def do_join(eval_ctx, value, d=u'', attribute=None):
+    """Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
+    sequence. The separator between elements is an empty string per
+    default, you can define it with the optional parameter:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ [1, 2, 3]|join('|') }}
+            -> 1|2|3
+
+        {{ [1, 2, 3]|join }}
+            -> 123
+
+    It is also possible to join certain attributes of an object:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ users|join(', ', attribute='username') }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.6
+       The `attribute` parameter was added.
+    """
+    if attribute is not None:
+        value = imap(make_attrgetter(eval_ctx.environment, attribute), value)
+
+    # no automatic escaping?  joining is a lot eaiser then
+    if not eval_ctx.autoescape:
+        return text_type(d).join(imap(text_type, value))
+
+    # if the delimiter doesn't have an html representation we check
+    # if any of the items has.  If yes we do a coercion to Markup
+    if not hasattr(d, '__html__'):
+        value = list(value)
+        do_escape = False
+        for idx, item in enumerate(value):
+            if hasattr(item, '__html__'):
+                do_escape = True
+            else:
+                value[idx] = text_type(item)
+        if do_escape:
+            d = escape(d)
+        else:
+            d = text_type(d)
+        return d.join(value)
+
+    # no html involved, to normal joining
+    return soft_unicode(d).join(imap(soft_unicode, value))
+
+
+def do_center(value, width=80):
+    """Centers the value in a field of a given width."""
+    return text_type(value).center(width)
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_first(environment, seq):
+    """Return the first item of a sequence."""
+    try:
+        return next(iter(seq))
+    except StopIteration:
+        return environment.undefined('No first item, sequence was empty.')
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_last(environment, seq):
+    """Return the last item of a sequence."""
+    try:
+        return next(iter(reversed(seq)))
+    except StopIteration:
+        return environment.undefined('No last item, sequence was empty.')
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_random(environment, seq):
+    """Return a random item from the sequence."""
+    try:
+        return choice(seq)
+    except IndexError:
+        return environment.undefined('No random item, sequence was empty.')
+
+
+def do_filesizeformat(value, binary=False):
+    """Format the value like a 'human-readable' file size (i.e. 13 kB,
+    4.1 MB, 102 Bytes, etc).  Per default decimal prefixes are used (Mega,
+    Giga, etc.), if the second parameter is set to `True` the binary
+    prefixes are used (Mebi, Gibi).
+    """
+    bytes = float(value)
+    base = binary and 1024 or 1000
+    prefixes = [
+        (binary and 'KiB' or 'kB'),
+        (binary and 'MiB' or 'MB'),
+        (binary and 'GiB' or 'GB'),
+        (binary and 'TiB' or 'TB'),
+        (binary and 'PiB' or 'PB'),
+        (binary and 'EiB' or 'EB'),
+        (binary and 'ZiB' or 'ZB'),
+        (binary and 'YiB' or 'YB')
+    ]
+    if bytes == 1:
+        return '1 Byte'
+    elif bytes < base:
+        return '%d Bytes' % bytes
+    else:
+        for i, prefix in enumerate(prefixes):
+            unit = base ** (i + 2)
+            if bytes < unit:
+                return '%.1f %s' % ((base * bytes / unit), prefix)
+        return '%.1f %s' % ((base * bytes / unit), prefix)
+
+
+def do_pprint(value, verbose=False):
+    """Pretty print a variable. Useful for debugging.
+
+    With Jinja 1.2 onwards you can pass it a parameter.  If this parameter
+    is truthy the output will be more verbose (this requires `pretty`)
+    """
+    return pformat(value, verbose=verbose)
+
+
+@evalcontextfilter
+def do_urlize(eval_ctx, value, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False,
+              target=None):
+    """Converts URLs in plain text into clickable links.
+
+    If you pass the filter an additional integer it will shorten the urls
+    to that number. Also a third argument exists that makes the urls
+    "nofollow":
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ mytext|urlize(40, true) }}
+            links are shortened to 40 chars and defined with rel="nofollow"
+
+    If *target* is specified, the ``target`` attribute will be added to the
+    ``<a>`` tag:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+       {{ mytext|urlize(40, target='_blank') }}
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.8+
+       The *target* parameter was added.
+    """
+    rv = urlize(value, trim_url_limit, nofollow, target)
+    if eval_ctx.autoescape:
+        rv = Markup(rv)
+    return rv
+
+
+def do_indent(s, width=4, indentfirst=False):
+    """Return a copy of the passed string, each line indented by
+    4 spaces. The first line is not indented. If you want to
+    change the number of spaces or indent the first line too
+    you can pass additional parameters to the filter:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ mytext|indent(2, true) }}
+            indent by two spaces and indent the first line too.
+    """
+    indention = u' ' * width
+    rv = (u'\n' + indention).join(s.splitlines())
+    if indentfirst:
+        rv = indention + rv
+    return rv
+
+
+def do_truncate(s, length=255, killwords=False, end='...'):
+    """Return a truncated copy of the string. The length is specified
+    with the first parameter which defaults to ``255``. If the second
+    parameter is ``true`` the filter will cut the text at length. Otherwise
+    it will discard the last word. If the text was in fact
+    truncated it will append an ellipsis sign (``"..."``). If you want a
+    different ellipsis sign than ``"..."`` you can specify it using the
+    third parameter.
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ "foo bar baz"|truncate(9) }}
+            -> "foo ..."
+        {{ "foo bar baz"|truncate(9, True) }}
+            -> "foo ba..."
+
+    """
+    if len(s) <= length:
+        return s
+    elif killwords:
+        return s[:length - len(end)] + end
+
+    result = s[:length - len(end)].rsplit(' ', 1)[0]
+    if len(result) < length:
+        result += ' '
+    return result + end
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_wordwrap(environment, s, width=79, break_long_words=True,
+                wrapstring=None):
+    """
+    Return a copy of the string passed to the filter wrapped after
+    ``79`` characters.  You can override this default using the first
+    parameter.  If you set the second parameter to `false` Jinja will not
+    split words apart if they are longer than `width`. By default, the newlines
+    will be the default newlines for the environment, but this can be changed
+    using the wrapstring keyword argument.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+       Added support for the `wrapstring` parameter.
+    """
+    if not wrapstring:
+        wrapstring = environment.newline_sequence
+    import textwrap
+    return wrapstring.join(textwrap.wrap(s, width=width, expand_tabs=False,
+                                   replace_whitespace=False,
+                                   break_long_words=break_long_words))
+
+
+def do_wordcount(s):
+    """Count the words in that string."""
+    return len(_word_re.findall(s))
+
+
+def do_int(value, default=0, base=10):
+    """Convert the value into an integer. If the
+    conversion doesn't work it will return ``0``. You can
+    override this default using the first parameter. You
+    can also override the default base (10) in the second
+    parameter, which handles input with prefixes such as
+    0b, 0o and 0x for bases 2, 8 and 16 respectively.
+    """
+    try:
+        return int(value, base)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        # this quirk is necessary so that "42.23"|int gives 42.
+        try:
+            return int(float(value))
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return default
+
+
+def do_float(value, default=0.0):
+    """Convert the value into a floating point number. If the
+    conversion doesn't work it will return ``0.0``. You can
+    override this default using the first parameter.
+    """
+    try:
+        return float(value)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return default
+
+
+def do_format(value, *args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Apply python string formatting on an object:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ "%s - %s"|format("Hello?", "Foo!") }}
+            -> Hello? - Foo!
+    """
+    if args and kwargs:
+        raise FilterArgumentError('can\'t handle positional and keyword '
+                                  'arguments at the same time')
+    return soft_unicode(value) % (kwargs or args)
+
+
+def do_trim(value):
+    """Strip leading and trailing whitespace."""
+    return soft_unicode(value).strip()
+
+
+def do_striptags(value):
+    """Strip SGML/XML tags and replace adjacent whitespace by one space.
+    """
+    if hasattr(value, '__html__'):
+        value = value.__html__()
+    return Markup(text_type(value)).striptags()
+
+
+def do_slice(value, slices, fill_with=None):
+    """Slice an iterator and return a list of lists containing
+    those items. Useful if you want to create a div containing
+    three ul tags that represent columns:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+        <div class="columwrapper">
+          {%- for column in items|slice(3) %}
+            <ul class="column-{{ loop.index }}">
+            {%- for item in column %}
+              <li>{{ item }}</li>
+            {%- endfor %}
+            </ul>
+          {%- endfor %}
+        </div>
+
+    If you pass it a second argument it's used to fill missing
+    values on the last iteration.
+    """
+    seq = list(value)
+    length = len(seq)
+    items_per_slice = length // slices
+    slices_with_extra = length % slices
+    offset = 0
+    for slice_number in range(slices):
+        start = offset + slice_number * items_per_slice
+        if slice_number < slices_with_extra:
+            offset += 1
+        end = offset + (slice_number + 1) * items_per_slice
+        tmp = seq[start:end]
+        if fill_with is not None and slice_number >= slices_with_extra:
+            tmp.append(fill_with)
+        yield tmp
+
+
+def do_batch(value, linecount, fill_with=None):
+    """
+    A filter that batches items. It works pretty much like `slice`
+    just the other way round. It returns a list of lists with the
+    given number of items. If you provide a second parameter this
+    is used to fill up missing items. See this example:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+        <table>
+        {%- for row in items|batch(3, '&nbsp;') %}
+          <tr>
+          {%- for column in row %}
+            <td>{{ column }}</td>
+          {%- endfor %}
+          </tr>
+        {%- endfor %}
+        </table>
+    """
+    tmp = []
+    for item in value:
+        if len(tmp) == linecount:
+            yield tmp
+            tmp = []
+        tmp.append(item)
+    if tmp:
+        if fill_with is not None and len(tmp) < linecount:
+            tmp += [fill_with] * (linecount - len(tmp))
+        yield tmp
+
+
+def do_round(value, precision=0, method='common'):
+    """Round the number to a given precision. The first
+    parameter specifies the precision (default is ``0``), the
+    second the rounding method:
+
+    - ``'common'`` rounds either up or down
+    - ``'ceil'`` always rounds up
+    - ``'floor'`` always rounds down
+
+    If you don't specify a method ``'common'`` is used.
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ 42.55|round }}
+            -> 43.0
+        {{ 42.55|round(1, 'floor') }}
+            -> 42.5
+
+    Note that even if rounded to 0 precision, a float is returned.  If
+    you need a real integer, pipe it through `int`:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ 42.55|round|int }}
+            -> 43
+    """
+    if not method in ('common', 'ceil', 'floor'):
+        raise FilterArgumentError('method must be common, ceil or floor')
+    if method == 'common':
+        return round(value, precision)
+    func = getattr(math, method)
+    return func(value * (10 ** precision)) / (10 ** precision)
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_groupby(environment, value, attribute):
+    """Group a sequence of objects by a common attribute.
+
+    If you for example have a list of dicts or objects that represent persons
+    with `gender`, `first_name` and `last_name` attributes and you want to
+    group all users by genders you can do something like the following
+    snippet:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+        <ul>
+        {% for group in persons|groupby('gender') %}
+            <li>{{ group.grouper }}<ul>
+            {% for person in group.list %}
+                <li>{{ person.first_name }} {{ person.last_name }}</li>
+            {% endfor %}</ul></li>
+        {% endfor %}
+        </ul>
+
+    Additionally it's possible to use tuple unpacking for the grouper and
+    list:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html+jinja
+
+        <ul>
+        {% for grouper, list in persons|groupby('gender') %}
+            ...
+        {% endfor %}
+        </ul>
+
+    As you can see the item we're grouping by is stored in the `grouper`
+    attribute and the `list` contains all the objects that have this grouper
+    in common.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.6
+       It's now possible to use dotted notation to group by the child
+       attribute of another attribute.
+    """
+    expr = make_attrgetter(environment, attribute)
+    return sorted(map(_GroupTuple, groupby(sorted(value, key=expr), expr)))
+
+
+class _GroupTuple(tuple):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    grouper = property(itemgetter(0))
+    list = property(itemgetter(1))
+
+    def __new__(cls, xxx_todo_changeme):
+        (key, value) = xxx_todo_changeme
+        return tuple.__new__(cls, (key, list(value)))
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_sum(environment, iterable, attribute=None, start=0):
+    """Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers plus the value of parameter
+    'start' (which defaults to 0).  When the sequence is empty it returns
+    start.
+
+    It is also possible to sum up only certain attributes:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        Total: {{ items|sum(attribute='price') }}
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.6
+       The `attribute` parameter was added to allow suming up over
+       attributes.  Also the `start` parameter was moved on to the right.
+    """
+    if attribute is not None:
+        iterable = imap(make_attrgetter(environment, attribute), iterable)
+    return sum(iterable, start)
+
+
+def do_list(value):
+    """Convert the value into a list.  If it was a string the returned list
+    will be a list of characters.
+    """
+    return list(value)
+
+
+def do_mark_safe(value):
+    """Mark the value as safe which means that in an environment with automatic
+    escaping enabled this variable will not be escaped.
+    """
+    return Markup(value)
+
+
+def do_mark_unsafe(value):
+    """Mark a value as unsafe.  This is the reverse operation for :func:`safe`."""
+    return text_type(value)
+
+
+def do_reverse(value):
+    """Reverse the object or return an iterator that iterates over it the other
+    way round.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, string_types):
+        return value[::-1]
+    try:
+        return reversed(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        try:
+            rv = list(value)
+            rv.reverse()
+            return rv
+        except TypeError:
+            raise FilterArgumentError('argument must be iterable')
+
+
+@environmentfilter
+def do_attr(environment, obj, name):
+    """Get an attribute of an object.  ``foo|attr("bar")`` works like
+    ``foo.bar`` just that always an attribute is returned and items are not
+    looked up.
+
+    See :ref:`Notes on subscriptions <notes-on-subscriptions>` for more details.
+    """
+    try:
+        name = str(name)
+    except UnicodeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        try:
+            value = getattr(obj, name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if environment.sandboxed and not \
+               environment.is_safe_attribute(obj, name, value):
+                return environment.unsafe_undefined(obj, name)
+            return value
+    return environment.undefined(obj=obj, name=name)
+
+
+@contextfilter
+def do_map(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Applies a filter on a sequence of objects or looks up an attribute.
+    This is useful when dealing with lists of objects but you are really
+    only interested in a certain value of it.
+
+    The basic usage is mapping on an attribute.  Imagine you have a list
+    of users but you are only interested in a list of usernames:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        Users on this page: {{ users|map(attribute='username')|join(', ') }}
+
+    Alternatively you can let it invoke a filter by passing the name of the
+    filter and the arguments afterwards.  A good example would be applying a
+    text conversion filter on a sequence:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        Users on this page: {{ titles|map('lower')|join(', ') }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+    """
+    context = args[0]
+    seq = args[1]
+
+    if len(args) == 2 and 'attribute' in kwargs:
+        attribute = kwargs.pop('attribute')
+        if kwargs:
+            raise FilterArgumentError('Unexpected keyword argument %r' %
+                next(iter(kwargs)))
+        func = make_attrgetter(context.environment, attribute)
+    else:
+        try:
+            name = args[2]
+            args = args[3:]
+        except LookupError:
+            raise FilterArgumentError('map requires a filter argument')
+        func = lambda item: context.environment.call_filter(
+            name, item, args, kwargs, context=context)
+
+    if seq:
+        for item in seq:
+            yield func(item)
+
+
+@contextfilter
+def do_select(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Filters a sequence of objects by applying a test to the object and only
+    selecting the ones with the test succeeding.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ numbers|select("odd") }}
+        {{ numbers|select("odd") }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+    """
+    return _select_or_reject(args, kwargs, lambda x: x, False)
+
+
+@contextfilter
+def do_reject(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Filters a sequence of objects by applying a test to the object and
+    rejecting the ones with the test succeeding.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ numbers|reject("odd") }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+    """
+    return _select_or_reject(args, kwargs, lambda x: not x, False)
+
+
+@contextfilter
+def do_selectattr(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Filters a sequence of objects by applying a test to an attribute of an
+    object and only selecting the ones with the test succeeding.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ users|selectattr("is_active") }}
+        {{ users|selectattr("email", "none") }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+    """
+    return _select_or_reject(args, kwargs, lambda x: x, True)
+
+
+@contextfilter
+def do_rejectattr(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Filters a sequence of objects by applying a test to an attribute of an
+    object or the attribute and rejecting the ones with the test succeeding.
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ users|rejectattr("is_active") }}
+        {{ users|rejectattr("email", "none") }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.7
+    """
+    return _select_or_reject(args, kwargs, lambda x: not x, True)
+
+
+def _select_or_reject(args, kwargs, modfunc, lookup_attr):
+    context = args[0]
+    seq = args[1]
+    if lookup_attr:
+        try:
+            attr = args[2]
+        except LookupError:
+            raise FilterArgumentError('Missing parameter for attribute name')
+        transfunc = make_attrgetter(context.environment, attr)
+        off = 1
+    else:
+        off = 0
+        transfunc = lambda x: x
+
+    try:
+        name = args[2 + off]
+        args = args[3 + off:]
+        func = lambda item: context.environment.call_test(
+            name, item, args, kwargs)
+    except LookupError:
+        func = bool
+
+    if seq:
+        for item in seq:
+            if modfunc(func(transfunc(item))):
+                yield item
+
+
+FILTERS = {
+    'abs':                  abs,
+    'attr':                 do_attr,
+    'batch':                do_batch,
+    'capitalize':           do_capitalize,
+    'center':               do_center,
+    'count':                len,
+    'd':                    do_default,
+    'default':              do_default,
+    'dictsort':             do_dictsort,
+    'e':                    escape,
+    'escape':               escape,
+    'filesizeformat':       do_filesizeformat,
+    'first':                do_first,
+    'float':                do_float,
+    'forceescape':          do_forceescape,
+    'format':               do_format,
+    'groupby':              do_groupby,
+    'indent':               do_indent,
+    'int':                  do_int,
+    'join':                 do_join,
+    'last':                 do_last,
+    'length':               len,
+    'list':                 do_list,
+    'lower':                do_lower,
+    'map':                  do_map,
+    'pprint':               do_pprint,
+    'random':               do_random,
+    'reject':               do_reject,
+    'rejectattr':           do_rejectattr,
+    'replace':              do_replace,
+    'reverse':              do_reverse,
+    'round':                do_round,
+    'safe':                 do_mark_safe,
+    'select':               do_select,
+    'selectattr':           do_selectattr,
+    'slice':                do_slice,
+    'sort':                 do_sort,
+    'string':               soft_unicode,
+    'striptags':            do_striptags,
+    'sum':                  do_sum,
+    'title':                do_title,
+    'trim':                 do_trim,
+    'truncate':             do_truncate,
+    'upper':                do_upper,
+    'urlencode':            do_urlencode,
+    'urlize':               do_urlize,
+    'wordcount':            do_wordcount,
+    'wordwrap':             do_wordwrap,
+    'xmlattr':              do_xmlattr,
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/lexer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/lexer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8dac21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/lexer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.lexer
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements a Jinja / Python combination lexer. The
+    `Lexer` class provided by this module is used to do some preprocessing
+    for Jinja.
+
+    On the one hand it filters out invalid operators like the bitshift
+    operators we don't allow in templates. On the other hand it separates
+    template code and python code in expressions.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+
+from operator import itemgetter
+from collections import deque
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateSyntaxError
+from jinja2.utils import LRUCache
+from jinja2._compat import iteritems, implements_iterator, text_type, \
+     intern, PY2
+
+
+# cache for the lexers. Exists in order to be able to have multiple
+# environments with the same lexer
+_lexer_cache = LRUCache(50)
+
+# static regular expressions
+whitespace_re = re.compile(r'\s+', re.U)
+string_re = re.compile(r"('([^'\\]*(?:\\.[^'\\]*)*)'"
+                       r'|"([^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*)")', re.S)
+integer_re = re.compile(r'\d+')
+
+# we use the unicode identifier rule if this python version is able
+# to handle unicode identifiers, otherwise the standard ASCII one.
+try:
+    compile('föö', '<unknown>', 'eval')
+except SyntaxError:
+    name_re = re.compile(r'\b[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*\b')
+else:
+    from jinja2 import _stringdefs
+    name_re = re.compile(r'[%s][%s]*' % (_stringdefs.xid_start,
+                                         _stringdefs.xid_continue))
+
+float_re = re.compile(r'(?<!\.)\d+\.\d+')
+newline_re = re.compile(r'(\r\n|\r|\n)')
+
+# internal the tokens and keep references to them
+TOKEN_ADD = intern('add')
+TOKEN_ASSIGN = intern('assign')
+TOKEN_COLON = intern('colon')
+TOKEN_COMMA = intern('comma')
+TOKEN_DIV = intern('div')
+TOKEN_DOT = intern('dot')
+TOKEN_EQ = intern('eq')
+TOKEN_FLOORDIV = intern('floordiv')
+TOKEN_GT = intern('gt')
+TOKEN_GTEQ = intern('gteq')
+TOKEN_LBRACE = intern('lbrace')
+TOKEN_LBRACKET = intern('lbracket')
+TOKEN_LPAREN = intern('lparen')
+TOKEN_LT = intern('lt')
+TOKEN_LTEQ = intern('lteq')
+TOKEN_MOD = intern('mod')
+TOKEN_MUL = intern('mul')
+TOKEN_NE = intern('ne')
+TOKEN_PIPE = intern('pipe')
+TOKEN_POW = intern('pow')
+TOKEN_RBRACE = intern('rbrace')
+TOKEN_RBRACKET = intern('rbracket')
+TOKEN_RPAREN = intern('rparen')
+TOKEN_SEMICOLON = intern('semicolon')
+TOKEN_SUB = intern('sub')
+TOKEN_TILDE = intern('tilde')
+TOKEN_WHITESPACE = intern('whitespace')
+TOKEN_FLOAT = intern('float')
+TOKEN_INTEGER = intern('integer')
+TOKEN_NAME = intern('name')
+TOKEN_STRING = intern('string')
+TOKEN_OPERATOR = intern('operator')
+TOKEN_BLOCK_BEGIN = intern('block_begin')
+TOKEN_BLOCK_END = intern('block_end')
+TOKEN_VARIABLE_BEGIN = intern('variable_begin')
+TOKEN_VARIABLE_END = intern('variable_end')
+TOKEN_RAW_BEGIN = intern('raw_begin')
+TOKEN_RAW_END = intern('raw_end')
+TOKEN_COMMENT_BEGIN = intern('comment_begin')
+TOKEN_COMMENT_END = intern('comment_end')
+TOKEN_COMMENT = intern('comment')
+TOKEN_LINESTATEMENT_BEGIN = intern('linestatement_begin')
+TOKEN_LINESTATEMENT_END = intern('linestatement_end')
+TOKEN_LINECOMMENT_BEGIN = intern('linecomment_begin')
+TOKEN_LINECOMMENT_END = intern('linecomment_end')
+TOKEN_LINECOMMENT = intern('linecomment')
+TOKEN_DATA = intern('data')
+TOKEN_INITIAL = intern('initial')
+TOKEN_EOF = intern('eof')
+
+# bind operators to token types
+operators = {
+    '+':            TOKEN_ADD,
+    '-':            TOKEN_SUB,
+    '/':            TOKEN_DIV,
+    '//':           TOKEN_FLOORDIV,
+    '*':            TOKEN_MUL,
+    '%':            TOKEN_MOD,
+    '**':           TOKEN_POW,
+    '~':            TOKEN_TILDE,
+    '[':            TOKEN_LBRACKET,
+    ']':            TOKEN_RBRACKET,
+    '(':            TOKEN_LPAREN,
+    ')':            TOKEN_RPAREN,
+    '{':            TOKEN_LBRACE,
+    '}':            TOKEN_RBRACE,
+    '==':           TOKEN_EQ,
+    '!=':           TOKEN_NE,
+    '>':            TOKEN_GT,
+    '>=':           TOKEN_GTEQ,
+    '<':            TOKEN_LT,
+    '<=':           TOKEN_LTEQ,
+    '=':            TOKEN_ASSIGN,
+    '.':            TOKEN_DOT,
+    ':':            TOKEN_COLON,
+    '|':            TOKEN_PIPE,
+    ',':            TOKEN_COMMA,
+    ';':            TOKEN_SEMICOLON
+}
+
+reverse_operators = dict([(v, k) for k, v in iteritems(operators)])
+assert len(operators) == len(reverse_operators), 'operators dropped'
+operator_re = re.compile('(%s)' % '|'.join(re.escape(x) for x in
+                         sorted(operators, key=lambda x: -len(x))))
+
+ignored_tokens = frozenset([TOKEN_COMMENT_BEGIN, TOKEN_COMMENT,
+                            TOKEN_COMMENT_END, TOKEN_WHITESPACE,
+                            TOKEN_LINECOMMENT_BEGIN, TOKEN_LINECOMMENT_END,
+                            TOKEN_LINECOMMENT])
+ignore_if_empty = frozenset([TOKEN_WHITESPACE, TOKEN_DATA,
+                             TOKEN_COMMENT, TOKEN_LINECOMMENT])
+
+
+def _describe_token_type(token_type):
+    if token_type in reverse_operators:
+        return reverse_operators[token_type]
+    return {
+        TOKEN_COMMENT_BEGIN:        'begin of comment',
+        TOKEN_COMMENT_END:          'end of comment',
+        TOKEN_COMMENT:              'comment',
+        TOKEN_LINECOMMENT:          'comment',
+        TOKEN_BLOCK_BEGIN:          'begin of statement block',
+        TOKEN_BLOCK_END:            'end of statement block',
+        TOKEN_VARIABLE_BEGIN:       'begin of print statement',
+        TOKEN_VARIABLE_END:         'end of print statement',
+        TOKEN_LINESTATEMENT_BEGIN:  'begin of line statement',
+        TOKEN_LINESTATEMENT_END:    'end of line statement',
+        TOKEN_DATA:                 'template data / text',
+        TOKEN_EOF:                  'end of template'
+    }.get(token_type, token_type)
+
+
+def describe_token(token):
+    """Returns a description of the token."""
+    if token.type == 'name':
+        return token.value
+    return _describe_token_type(token.type)
+
+
+def describe_token_expr(expr):
+    """Like `describe_token` but for token expressions."""
+    if ':' in expr:
+        type, value = expr.split(':', 1)
+        if type == 'name':
+            return value
+    else:
+        type = expr
+    return _describe_token_type(type)
+
+
+def count_newlines(value):
+    """Count the number of newline characters in the string.  This is
+    useful for extensions that filter a stream.
+    """
+    return len(newline_re.findall(value))
+
+
+def compile_rules(environment):
+    """Compiles all the rules from the environment into a list of rules."""
+    e = re.escape
+    rules = [
+        (len(environment.comment_start_string), 'comment',
+         e(environment.comment_start_string)),
+        (len(environment.block_start_string), 'block',
+         e(environment.block_start_string)),
+        (len(environment.variable_start_string), 'variable',
+         e(environment.variable_start_string))
+    ]
+
+    if environment.line_statement_prefix is not None:
+        rules.append((len(environment.line_statement_prefix), 'linestatement',
+                      r'^[ \t\v]*' + e(environment.line_statement_prefix)))
+    if environment.line_comment_prefix is not None:
+        rules.append((len(environment.line_comment_prefix), 'linecomment',
+                      r'(?:^|(?<=\S))[^\S\r\n]*' +
+                      e(environment.line_comment_prefix)))
+
+    return [x[1:] for x in sorted(rules, reverse=True)]
+
+
+class Failure(object):
+    """Class that raises a `TemplateSyntaxError` if called.
+    Used by the `Lexer` to specify known errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, cls=TemplateSyntaxError):
+        self.message = message
+        self.error_class = cls
+
+    def __call__(self, lineno, filename):
+        raise self.error_class(self.message, lineno, filename)
+
+
+class Token(tuple):
+    """Token class."""
+    __slots__ = ()
+    lineno, type, value = (property(itemgetter(x)) for x in range(3))
+
+    def __new__(cls, lineno, type, value):
+        return tuple.__new__(cls, (lineno, intern(str(type)), value))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.type in reverse_operators:
+            return reverse_operators[self.type]
+        elif self.type == 'name':
+            return self.value
+        return self.type
+
+    def test(self, expr):
+        """Test a token against a token expression.  This can either be a
+        token type or ``'token_type:token_value'``.  This can only test
+        against string values and types.
+        """
+        # here we do a regular string equality check as test_any is usually
+        # passed an iterable of not interned strings.
+        if self.type == expr:
+            return True
+        elif ':' in expr:
+            return expr.split(':', 1) == [self.type, self.value]
+        return False
+
+    def test_any(self, *iterable):
+        """Test against multiple token expressions."""
+        for expr in iterable:
+            if self.test(expr):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Token(%r, %r, %r)' % (
+            self.lineno,
+            self.type,
+            self.value
+        )
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class TokenStreamIterator(object):
+    """The iterator for tokenstreams.  Iterate over the stream
+    until the eof token is reached.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self.stream = stream
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        token = self.stream.current
+        if token.type is TOKEN_EOF:
+            self.stream.close()
+            raise StopIteration()
+        next(self.stream)
+        return token
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class TokenStream(object):
+    """A token stream is an iterable that yields :class:`Token`\s.  The
+    parser however does not iterate over it but calls :meth:`next` to go
+    one token ahead.  The current active token is stored as :attr:`current`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, generator, name, filename):
+        self._iter = iter(generator)
+        self._pushed = deque()
+        self.name = name
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.closed = False
+        self.current = Token(1, TOKEN_INITIAL, '')
+        next(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return TokenStreamIterator(self)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self._pushed) or self.current.type is not TOKEN_EOF
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # py2
+
+    eos = property(lambda x: not x, doc="Are we at the end of the stream?")
+
+    def push(self, token):
+        """Push a token back to the stream."""
+        self._pushed.append(token)
+
+    def look(self):
+        """Look at the next token."""
+        old_token = next(self)
+        result = self.current
+        self.push(result)
+        self.current = old_token
+        return result
+
+    def skip(self, n=1):
+        """Got n tokens ahead."""
+        for x in range(n):
+            next(self)
+
+    def next_if(self, expr):
+        """Perform the token test and return the token if it matched.
+        Otherwise the return value is `None`.
+        """
+        if self.current.test(expr):
+            return next(self)
+
+    def skip_if(self, expr):
+        """Like :meth:`next_if` but only returns `True` or `False`."""
+        return self.next_if(expr) is not None
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        """Go one token ahead and return the old one"""
+        rv = self.current
+        if self._pushed:
+            self.current = self._pushed.popleft()
+        elif self.current.type is not TOKEN_EOF:
+            try:
+                self.current = next(self._iter)
+            except StopIteration:
+                self.close()
+        return rv
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the stream."""
+        self.current = Token(self.current.lineno, TOKEN_EOF, '')
+        self._iter = None
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def expect(self, expr):
+        """Expect a given token type and return it.  This accepts the same
+        argument as :meth:`jinja2.lexer.Token.test`.
+        """
+        if not self.current.test(expr):
+            expr = describe_token_expr(expr)
+            if self.current.type is TOKEN_EOF:
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError('unexpected end of template, '
+                                          'expected %r.' % expr,
+                                          self.current.lineno,
+                                          self.name, self.filename)
+            raise TemplateSyntaxError("expected token %r, got %r" %
+                                      (expr, describe_token(self.current)),
+                                      self.current.lineno,
+                                      self.name, self.filename)
+        try:
+            return self.current
+        finally:
+            next(self)
+
+
+def get_lexer(environment):
+    """Return a lexer which is probably cached."""
+    key = (environment.block_start_string,
+           environment.block_end_string,
+           environment.variable_start_string,
+           environment.variable_end_string,
+           environment.comment_start_string,
+           environment.comment_end_string,
+           environment.line_statement_prefix,
+           environment.line_comment_prefix,
+           environment.trim_blocks,
+           environment.lstrip_blocks,
+           environment.newline_sequence,
+           environment.keep_trailing_newline)
+    lexer = _lexer_cache.get(key)
+    if lexer is None:
+        lexer = Lexer(environment)
+        _lexer_cache[key] = lexer
+    return lexer
+
+
+class Lexer(object):
+    """Class that implements a lexer for a given environment. Automatically
+    created by the environment class, usually you don't have to do that.
+
+    Note that the lexer is not automatically bound to an environment.
+    Multiple environments can share the same lexer.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        # shortcuts
+        c = lambda x: re.compile(x, re.M | re.S)
+        e = re.escape
+
+        # lexing rules for tags
+        tag_rules = [
+            (whitespace_re, TOKEN_WHITESPACE, None),
+            (float_re, TOKEN_FLOAT, None),
+            (integer_re, TOKEN_INTEGER, None),
+            (name_re, TOKEN_NAME, None),
+            (string_re, TOKEN_STRING, None),
+            (operator_re, TOKEN_OPERATOR, None)
+        ]
+
+        # assemble the root lexing rule. because "|" is ungreedy
+        # we have to sort by length so that the lexer continues working
+        # as expected when we have parsing rules like <% for block and
+        # <%= for variables. (if someone wants asp like syntax)
+        # variables are just part of the rules if variable processing
+        # is required.
+        root_tag_rules = compile_rules(environment)
+
+        # block suffix if trimming is enabled
+        block_suffix_re = environment.trim_blocks and '\\n?' or ''
+
+        # strip leading spaces if lstrip_blocks is enabled
+        prefix_re = {}
+        if environment.lstrip_blocks:
+            # use '{%+' to manually disable lstrip_blocks behavior
+            no_lstrip_re = e('+')
+            # detect overlap between block and variable or comment strings
+            block_diff = c(r'^%s(.*)' % e(environment.block_start_string))
+            # make sure we don't mistake a block for a variable or a comment
+            m = block_diff.match(environment.comment_start_string)
+            no_lstrip_re += m and r'|%s' % e(m.group(1)) or ''
+            m = block_diff.match(environment.variable_start_string)
+            no_lstrip_re += m and r'|%s' % e(m.group(1)) or ''
+
+            # detect overlap between comment and variable strings
+            comment_diff = c(r'^%s(.*)' % e(environment.comment_start_string))
+            m = comment_diff.match(environment.variable_start_string)
+            no_variable_re = m and r'(?!%s)' % e(m.group(1)) or ''
+
+            lstrip_re = r'^[ \t]*'
+            block_prefix_re = r'%s%s(?!%s)|%s\+?' % (
+                    lstrip_re,
+                    e(environment.block_start_string),
+                    no_lstrip_re,
+                    e(environment.block_start_string),
+                    )
+            comment_prefix_re = r'%s%s%s|%s\+?' % (
+                    lstrip_re,
+                    e(environment.comment_start_string),
+                    no_variable_re,
+                    e(environment.comment_start_string),
+                    )
+            prefix_re['block'] = block_prefix_re
+            prefix_re['comment'] = comment_prefix_re
+        else:
+            block_prefix_re = '%s' % e(environment.block_start_string)
+
+        self.newline_sequence = environment.newline_sequence
+        self.keep_trailing_newline = environment.keep_trailing_newline
+
+        # global lexing rules
+        self.rules = {
+            'root': [
+                # directives
+                (c('(.*?)(?:%s)' % '|'.join(
+                    [r'(?P<raw_begin>(?:\s*%s\-|%s)\s*raw\s*(?:\-%s\s*|%s))' % (
+                        e(environment.block_start_string),
+                        block_prefix_re,
+                        e(environment.block_end_string),
+                        e(environment.block_end_string)
+                    )] + [
+                        r'(?P<%s_begin>\s*%s\-|%s)' % (n, r, prefix_re.get(n,r))
+                        for n, r in root_tag_rules
+                    ])), (TOKEN_DATA, '#bygroup'), '#bygroup'),
+                # data
+                (c('.+'), TOKEN_DATA, None)
+            ],
+            # comments
+            TOKEN_COMMENT_BEGIN: [
+                (c(r'(.*?)((?:\-%s\s*|%s)%s)' % (
+                    e(environment.comment_end_string),
+                    e(environment.comment_end_string),
+                    block_suffix_re
+                )), (TOKEN_COMMENT, TOKEN_COMMENT_END), '#pop'),
+                (c('(.)'), (Failure('Missing end of comment tag'),), None)
+            ],
+            # blocks
+            TOKEN_BLOCK_BEGIN: [
+                (c('(?:\-%s\s*|%s)%s' % (
+                    e(environment.block_end_string),
+                    e(environment.block_end_string),
+                    block_suffix_re
+                )), TOKEN_BLOCK_END, '#pop'),
+            ] + tag_rules,
+            # variables
+            TOKEN_VARIABLE_BEGIN: [
+                (c('\-%s\s*|%s' % (
+                    e(environment.variable_end_string),
+                    e(environment.variable_end_string)
+                )), TOKEN_VARIABLE_END, '#pop')
+            ] + tag_rules,
+            # raw block
+            TOKEN_RAW_BEGIN: [
+                (c('(.*?)((?:\s*%s\-|%s)\s*endraw\s*(?:\-%s\s*|%s%s))' % (
+                    e(environment.block_start_string),
+                    block_prefix_re,
+                    e(environment.block_end_string),
+                    e(environment.block_end_string),
+                    block_suffix_re
+                )), (TOKEN_DATA, TOKEN_RAW_END), '#pop'),
+                (c('(.)'), (Failure('Missing end of raw directive'),), None)
+            ],
+            # line statements
+            TOKEN_LINESTATEMENT_BEGIN: [
+                (c(r'\s*(\n|$)'), TOKEN_LINESTATEMENT_END, '#pop')
+            ] + tag_rules,
+            # line comments
+            TOKEN_LINECOMMENT_BEGIN: [
+                (c(r'(.*?)()(?=\n|$)'), (TOKEN_LINECOMMENT,
+                 TOKEN_LINECOMMENT_END), '#pop')
+            ]
+        }
+
+    def _normalize_newlines(self, value):
+        """Called for strings and template data to normalize it to unicode."""
+        return newline_re.sub(self.newline_sequence, value)
+
+    def tokenize(self, source, name=None, filename=None, state=None):
+        """Calls tokeniter + tokenize and wraps it in a token stream.
+        """
+        stream = self.tokeniter(source, name, filename, state)
+        return TokenStream(self.wrap(stream, name, filename), name, filename)
+
+    def wrap(self, stream, name=None, filename=None):
+        """This is called with the stream as returned by `tokenize` and wraps
+        every token in a :class:`Token` and converts the value.
+        """
+        for lineno, token, value in stream:
+            if token in ignored_tokens:
+                continue
+            elif token == 'linestatement_begin':
+                token = 'block_begin'
+            elif token == 'linestatement_end':
+                token = 'block_end'
+            # we are not interested in those tokens in the parser
+            elif token in ('raw_begin', 'raw_end'):
+                continue
+            elif token == 'data':
+                value = self._normalize_newlines(value)
+            elif token == 'keyword':
+                token = value
+            elif token == 'name':
+                value = str(value)
+            elif token == 'string':
+                # try to unescape string
+                try:
+                    value = self._normalize_newlines(value[1:-1]) \
+                        .encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace') \
+                        .decode('unicode-escape')
+                except Exception as e:
+                    msg = str(e).split(':')[-1].strip()
+                    raise TemplateSyntaxError(msg, lineno, name, filename)
+                # if we can express it as bytestring (ascii only)
+                # we do that for support of semi broken APIs
+                # as datetime.datetime.strftime.  On python 3 this
+                # call becomes a noop thanks to 2to3
+                if PY2:
+                    try:
+                        value = value.encode('ascii')
+                    except UnicodeError:
+                        pass
+            elif token == 'integer':
+                value = int(value)
+            elif token == 'float':
+                value = float(value)
+            elif token == 'operator':
+                token = operators[value]
+            yield Token(lineno, token, value)
+
+    def tokeniter(self, source, name, filename=None, state=None):
+        """This method tokenizes the text and returns the tokens in a
+        generator.  Use this method if you just want to tokenize a template.
+        """
+        source = text_type(source)
+        lines = source.splitlines()
+        if self.keep_trailing_newline and source:
+            for newline in ('\r\n', '\r', '\n'):
+                if source.endswith(newline):
+                    lines.append('')
+                    break
+        source = '\n'.join(lines)
+        pos = 0
+        lineno = 1
+        stack = ['root']
+        if state is not None and state != 'root':
+            assert state in ('variable', 'block'), 'invalid state'
+            stack.append(state + '_begin')
+        else:
+            state = 'root'
+        statetokens = self.rules[stack[-1]]
+        source_length = len(source)
+
+        balancing_stack = []
+
+        while 1:
+            # tokenizer loop
+            for regex, tokens, new_state in statetokens:
+                m = regex.match(source, pos)
+                # if no match we try again with the next rule
+                if m is None:
+                    continue
+
+                # we only match blocks and variables if braces / parentheses
+                # are balanced. continue parsing with the lower rule which
+                # is the operator rule. do this only if the end tags look
+                # like operators
+                if balancing_stack and \
+                   tokens in ('variable_end', 'block_end',
+                              'linestatement_end'):
+                    continue
+
+                # tuples support more options
+                if isinstance(tokens, tuple):
+                    for idx, token in enumerate(tokens):
+                        # failure group
+                        if token.__class__ is Failure:
+                            raise token(lineno, filename)
+                        # bygroup is a bit more complex, in that case we
+                        # yield for the current token the first named
+                        # group that matched
+                        elif token == '#bygroup':
+                            for key, value in iteritems(m.groupdict()):
+                                if value is not None:
+                                    yield lineno, key, value
+                                    lineno += value.count('\n')
+                                    break
+                            else:
+                                raise RuntimeError('%r wanted to resolve '
+                                                   'the token dynamically'
+                                                   ' but no group matched'
+                                                   % regex)
+                        # normal group
+                        else:
+                            data = m.group(idx + 1)
+                            if data or token not in ignore_if_empty:
+                                yield lineno, token, data
+                            lineno += data.count('\n')
+
+                # strings as token just are yielded as it.
+                else:
+                    data = m.group()
+                    # update brace/parentheses balance
+                    if tokens == 'operator':
+                        if data == '{':
+                            balancing_stack.append('}')
+                        elif data == '(':
+                            balancing_stack.append(')')
+                        elif data == '[':
+                            balancing_stack.append(']')
+                        elif data in ('}', ')', ']'):
+                            if not balancing_stack:
+                                raise TemplateSyntaxError('unexpected \'%s\'' %
+                                                          data, lineno, name,
+                                                          filename)
+                            expected_op = balancing_stack.pop()
+                            if expected_op != data:
+                                raise TemplateSyntaxError('unexpected \'%s\', '
+                                                          'expected \'%s\'' %
+                                                          (data, expected_op),
+                                                          lineno, name,
+                                                          filename)
+                    # yield items
+                    if data or tokens not in ignore_if_empty:
+                        yield lineno, tokens, data
+                    lineno += data.count('\n')
+
+                # fetch new position into new variable so that we can check
+                # if there is a internal parsing error which would result
+                # in an infinite loop
+                pos2 = m.end()
+
+                # handle state changes
+                if new_state is not None:
+                    # remove the uppermost state
+                    if new_state == '#pop':
+                        stack.pop()
+                    # resolve the new state by group checking
+                    elif new_state == '#bygroup':
+                        for key, value in iteritems(m.groupdict()):
+                            if value is not None:
+                                stack.append(key)
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            raise RuntimeError('%r wanted to resolve the '
+                                               'new state dynamically but'
+                                               ' no group matched' %
+                                               regex)
+                    # direct state name given
+                    else:
+                        stack.append(new_state)
+                    statetokens = self.rules[stack[-1]]
+                # we are still at the same position and no stack change.
+                # this means a loop without break condition, avoid that and
+                # raise error
+                elif pos2 == pos:
+                    raise RuntimeError('%r yielded empty string without '
+                                       'stack change' % regex)
+                # publish new function and start again
+                pos = pos2
+                break
+            # if loop terminated without break we haven't found a single match
+            # either we are at the end of the file or we have a problem
+            else:
+                # end of text
+                if pos >= source_length:
+                    return
+                # something went wrong
+                raise TemplateSyntaxError('unexpected char %r at %d' %
+                                          (source[pos], pos), lineno,
+                                          name, filename)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44aa392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/loaders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.loaders
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Jinja loader classes.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import weakref
+from types import ModuleType
+from os import path
+from hashlib import sha1
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateNotFound
+from jinja2.utils import open_if_exists, internalcode
+from jinja2._compat import string_types, iteritems
+
+
+def split_template_path(template):
+    """Split a path into segments and perform a sanity check.  If it detects
+    '..' in the path it will raise a `TemplateNotFound` error.
+    """
+    pieces = []
+    for piece in template.split('/'):
+        if path.sep in piece \
+           or (path.altsep and path.altsep in piece) or \
+           piece == path.pardir:
+            raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+        elif piece and piece != '.':
+            pieces.append(piece)
+    return pieces
+
+
+class BaseLoader(object):
+    """Baseclass for all loaders.  Subclass this and override `get_source` to
+    implement a custom loading mechanism.  The environment provides a
+    `get_template` method that calls the loader's `load` method to get the
+    :class:`Template` object.
+
+    A very basic example for a loader that looks up templates on the file
+    system could look like this::
+
+        from jinja2 import BaseLoader, TemplateNotFound
+        from os.path import join, exists, getmtime
+
+        class MyLoader(BaseLoader):
+
+            def __init__(self, path):
+                self.path = path
+
+            def get_source(self, environment, template):
+                path = join(self.path, template)
+                if not exists(path):
+                    raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+                mtime = getmtime(path)
+                with file(path) as f:
+                    source = f.read().decode('utf-8')
+                return source, path, lambda: mtime == getmtime(path)
+    """
+
+    #: if set to `False` it indicates that the loader cannot provide access
+    #: to the source of templates.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 2.4
+    has_source_access = True
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        """Get the template source, filename and reload helper for a template.
+        It's passed the environment and template name and has to return a
+        tuple in the form ``(source, filename, uptodate)`` or raise a
+        `TemplateNotFound` error if it can't locate the template.
+
+        The source part of the returned tuple must be the source of the
+        template as unicode string or a ASCII bytestring.  The filename should
+        be the name of the file on the filesystem if it was loaded from there,
+        otherwise `None`.  The filename is used by python for the tracebacks
+        if no loader extension is used.
+
+        The last item in the tuple is the `uptodate` function.  If auto
+        reloading is enabled it's always called to check if the template
+        changed.  No arguments are passed so the function must store the
+        old state somewhere (for example in a closure).  If it returns `False`
+        the template will be reloaded.
+        """
+        if not self.has_source_access:
+            raise RuntimeError('%s cannot provide access to the source' %
+                               self.__class__.__name__)
+        raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        """Iterates over all templates.  If the loader does not support that
+        it should raise a :exc:`TypeError` which is the default behavior.
+        """
+        raise TypeError('this loader cannot iterate over all templates')
+
+    @internalcode
+    def load(self, environment, name, globals=None):
+        """Loads a template.  This method looks up the template in the cache
+        or loads one by calling :meth:`get_source`.  Subclasses should not
+        override this method as loaders working on collections of other
+        loaders (such as :class:`PrefixLoader` or :class:`ChoiceLoader`)
+        will not call this method but `get_source` directly.
+        """
+        code = None
+        if globals is None:
+            globals = {}
+
+        # first we try to get the source for this template together
+        # with the filename and the uptodate function.
+        source, filename, uptodate = self.get_source(environment, name)
+
+        # try to load the code from the bytecode cache if there is a
+        # bytecode cache configured.
+        bcc = environment.bytecode_cache
+        if bcc is not None:
+            bucket = bcc.get_bucket(environment, name, filename, source)
+            code = bucket.code
+
+        # if we don't have code so far (not cached, no longer up to
+        # date) etc. we compile the template
+        if code is None:
+            code = environment.compile(source, name, filename)
+
+        # if the bytecode cache is available and the bucket doesn't
+        # have a code so far, we give the bucket the new code and put
+        # it back to the bytecode cache.
+        if bcc is not None and bucket.code is None:
+            bucket.code = code
+            bcc.set_bucket(bucket)
+
+        return environment.template_class.from_code(environment, code,
+                                                    globals, uptodate)
+
+
+class FileSystemLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Loads templates from the file system.  This loader can find templates
+    in folders on the file system and is the preferred way to load them.
+
+    The loader takes the path to the templates as string, or if multiple
+    locations are wanted a list of them which is then looked up in the
+    given order::
+
+    >>> loader = FileSystemLoader('/path/to/templates')
+    >>> loader = FileSystemLoader(['/path/to/templates', '/other/path'])
+
+    Per default the template encoding is ``'utf-8'`` which can be changed
+    by setting the `encoding` parameter to something else.
+
+    To follow symbolic links, set the *followlinks* parameter to ``True``::
+
+    >>> loader = FileSystemLoader('/path/to/templates', followlinks=True)
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.8+
+       The *followlinks* parameter was added.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, searchpath, encoding='utf-8', followlinks=False):
+        if isinstance(searchpath, string_types):
+            searchpath = [searchpath]
+        self.searchpath = list(searchpath)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.followlinks = followlinks
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        pieces = split_template_path(template)
+        for searchpath in self.searchpath:
+            filename = path.join(searchpath, *pieces)
+            f = open_if_exists(filename)
+            if f is None:
+                continue
+            try:
+                contents = f.read().decode(self.encoding)
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+
+            mtime = path.getmtime(filename)
+
+            def uptodate():
+                try:
+                    return path.getmtime(filename) == mtime
+                except OSError:
+                    return False
+            return contents, filename, uptodate
+        raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        found = set()
+        for searchpath in self.searchpath:
+            walk_dir = os.walk(searchpath, followlinks=self.followlinks)
+            for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in walk_dir:
+                for filename in filenames:
+                    template = os.path.join(dirpath, filename) \
+                        [len(searchpath):].strip(os.path.sep) \
+                                          .replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+                    if template[:2] == './':
+                        template = template[2:]
+                    if template not in found:
+                        found.add(template)
+        return sorted(found)
+
+
+class PackageLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Load templates from python eggs or packages.  It is constructed with
+    the name of the python package and the path to the templates in that
+    package::
+
+        loader = PackageLoader('mypackage', 'views')
+
+    If the package path is not given, ``'templates'`` is assumed.
+
+    Per default the template encoding is ``'utf-8'`` which can be changed
+    by setting the `encoding` parameter to something else.  Due to the nature
+    of eggs it's only possible to reload templates if the package was loaded
+    from the file system and not a zip file.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, package_name, package_path='templates',
+                 encoding='utf-8'):
+        from pkg_resources import DefaultProvider, ResourceManager, \
+                                  get_provider
+        provider = get_provider(package_name)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.manager = ResourceManager()
+        self.filesystem_bound = isinstance(provider, DefaultProvider)
+        self.provider = provider
+        self.package_path = package_path
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        pieces = split_template_path(template)
+        p = '/'.join((self.package_path,) + tuple(pieces))
+        if not self.provider.has_resource(p):
+            raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+        filename = uptodate = None
+        if self.filesystem_bound:
+            filename = self.provider.get_resource_filename(self.manager, p)
+            mtime = path.getmtime(filename)
+            def uptodate():
+                try:
+                    return path.getmtime(filename) == mtime
+                except OSError:
+                    return False
+
+        source = self.provider.get_resource_string(self.manager, p)
+        return source.decode(self.encoding), filename, uptodate
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        path = self.package_path
+        if path[:2] == './':
+            path = path[2:]
+        elif path == '.':
+            path = ''
+        offset = len(path)
+        results = []
+        def _walk(path):
+            for filename in self.provider.resource_listdir(path):
+                fullname = path + '/' + filename
+                if self.provider.resource_isdir(fullname):
+                    _walk(fullname)
+                else:
+                    results.append(fullname[offset:].lstrip('/'))
+        _walk(path)
+        results.sort()
+        return results
+
+
+class DictLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Loads a template from a python dict.  It's passed a dict of unicode
+    strings bound to template names.  This loader is useful for unittesting:
+
+    >>> loader = DictLoader({'index.html': 'source here'})
+
+    Because auto reloading is rarely useful this is disabled per default.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mapping):
+        self.mapping = mapping
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        if template in self.mapping:
+            source = self.mapping[template]
+            return source, None, lambda: source == self.mapping.get(template)
+        raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        return sorted(self.mapping)
+
+
+class FunctionLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """A loader that is passed a function which does the loading.  The
+    function receives the name of the template and has to return either
+    an unicode string with the template source, a tuple in the form ``(source,
+    filename, uptodatefunc)`` or `None` if the template does not exist.
+
+    >>> def load_template(name):
+    ...     if name == 'index.html':
+    ...         return '...'
+    ...
+    >>> loader = FunctionLoader(load_template)
+
+    The `uptodatefunc` is a function that is called if autoreload is enabled
+    and has to return `True` if the template is still up to date.  For more
+    details have a look at :meth:`BaseLoader.get_source` which has the same
+    return value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, load_func):
+        self.load_func = load_func
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        rv = self.load_func(template)
+        if rv is None:
+            raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+        elif isinstance(rv, string_types):
+            return rv, None, None
+        return rv
+
+
+class PrefixLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """A loader that is passed a dict of loaders where each loader is bound
+    to a prefix.  The prefix is delimited from the template by a slash per
+    default, which can be changed by setting the `delimiter` argument to
+    something else::
+
+        loader = PrefixLoader({
+            'app1':     PackageLoader('mypackage.app1'),
+            'app2':     PackageLoader('mypackage.app2')
+        })
+
+    By loading ``'app1/index.html'`` the file from the app1 package is loaded,
+    by loading ``'app2/index.html'`` the file from the second.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mapping, delimiter='/'):
+        self.mapping = mapping
+        self.delimiter = delimiter
+
+    def get_loader(self, template):
+        try:
+            prefix, name = template.split(self.delimiter, 1)
+            loader = self.mapping[prefix]
+        except (ValueError, KeyError):
+            raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+        return loader, name
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        loader, name = self.get_loader(template)
+        try:
+            return loader.get_source(environment, name)
+        except TemplateNotFound:
+            # re-raise the exception with the correct fileame here.
+            # (the one that includes the prefix)
+            raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+    @internalcode
+    def load(self, environment, name, globals=None):
+        loader, local_name = self.get_loader(name)
+        try:
+            return loader.load(environment, local_name, globals)
+        except TemplateNotFound:
+            # re-raise the exception with the correct fileame here.
+            # (the one that includes the prefix)
+            raise TemplateNotFound(name)
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        result = []
+        for prefix, loader in iteritems(self.mapping):
+            for template in loader.list_templates():
+                result.append(prefix + self.delimiter + template)
+        return result
+
+
+class ChoiceLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """This loader works like the `PrefixLoader` just that no prefix is
+    specified.  If a template could not be found by one loader the next one
+    is tried.
+
+    >>> loader = ChoiceLoader([
+    ...     FileSystemLoader('/path/to/user/templates'),
+    ...     FileSystemLoader('/path/to/system/templates')
+    ... ])
+
+    This is useful if you want to allow users to override builtin templates
+    from a different location.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, loaders):
+        self.loaders = loaders
+
+    def get_source(self, environment, template):
+        for loader in self.loaders:
+            try:
+                return loader.get_source(environment, template)
+            except TemplateNotFound:
+                pass
+        raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+
+    @internalcode
+    def load(self, environment, name, globals=None):
+        for loader in self.loaders:
+            try:
+                return loader.load(environment, name, globals)
+            except TemplateNotFound:
+                pass
+        raise TemplateNotFound(name)
+
+    def list_templates(self):
+        found = set()
+        for loader in self.loaders:
+            found.update(loader.list_templates())
+        return sorted(found)
+
+
+class _TemplateModule(ModuleType):
+    """Like a normal module but with support for weak references"""
+
+
+class ModuleLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """This loader loads templates from precompiled templates.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    >>> loader = ChoiceLoader([
+    ...     ModuleLoader('/path/to/compiled/templates'),
+    ...     FileSystemLoader('/path/to/templates')
+    ... ])
+
+    Templates can be precompiled with :meth:`Environment.compile_templates`.
+    """
+
+    has_source_access = False
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        package_name = '_jinja2_module_templates_%x' % id(self)
+
+        # create a fake module that looks for the templates in the
+        # path given.
+        mod = _TemplateModule(package_name)
+        if isinstance(path, string_types):
+            path = [path]
+        else:
+            path = list(path)
+        mod.__path__ = path
+
+        sys.modules[package_name] = weakref.proxy(mod,
+            lambda x: sys.modules.pop(package_name, None))
+
+        # the only strong reference, the sys.modules entry is weak
+        # so that the garbage collector can remove it once the
+        # loader that created it goes out of business.
+        self.module = mod
+        self.package_name = package_name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_template_key(name):
+        return 'tmpl_' + sha1(name.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_module_filename(name):
+        return ModuleLoader.get_template_key(name) + '.py'
+
+    @internalcode
+    def load(self, environment, name, globals=None):
+        key = self.get_template_key(name)
+        module = '%s.%s' % (self.package_name, key)
+        mod = getattr(self.module, module, None)
+        if mod is None:
+            try:
+                mod = __import__(module, None, None, ['root'])
+            except ImportError:
+                raise TemplateNotFound(name)
+
+            # remove the entry from sys.modules, we only want the attribute
+            # on the module object we have stored on the loader.
+            sys.modules.pop(module, None)
+
+        return environment.template_class.from_module_dict(
+            environment, mod.__dict__, globals)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/meta.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/meta.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dbab7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/meta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.meta
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements various functions that exposes information about
+    templates that might be interesting for various kinds of applications.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from jinja2 import nodes
+from jinja2.compiler import CodeGenerator
+from jinja2._compat import string_types
+
+
+class TrackingCodeGenerator(CodeGenerator):
+    """We abuse the code generator for introspection."""
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        CodeGenerator.__init__(self, environment, '<introspection>',
+                               '<introspection>')
+        self.undeclared_identifiers = set()
+
+    def write(self, x):
+        """Don't write."""
+
+    def pull_locals(self, frame):
+        """Remember all undeclared identifiers."""
+        self.undeclared_identifiers.update(frame.identifiers.undeclared)
+
+
+def find_undeclared_variables(ast):
+    """Returns a set of all variables in the AST that will be looked up from
+    the context at runtime.  Because at compile time it's not known which
+    variables will be used depending on the path the execution takes at
+    runtime, all variables are returned.
+
+    >>> from jinja2 import Environment, meta
+    >>> env = Environment()
+    >>> ast = env.parse('{% set foo = 42 %}{{ bar + foo }}')
+    >>> meta.find_undeclared_variables(ast) == set(['bar'])
+    True
+
+    .. admonition:: Implementation
+
+       Internally the code generator is used for finding undeclared variables.
+       This is good to know because the code generator might raise a
+       :exc:`TemplateAssertionError` during compilation and as a matter of
+       fact this function can currently raise that exception as well.
+    """
+    codegen = TrackingCodeGenerator(ast.environment)
+    codegen.visit(ast)
+    return codegen.undeclared_identifiers
+
+
+def find_referenced_templates(ast):
+    """Finds all the referenced templates from the AST.  This will return an
+    iterator over all the hardcoded template extensions, inclusions and
+    imports.  If dynamic inheritance or inclusion is used, `None` will be
+    yielded.
+
+    >>> from jinja2 import Environment, meta
+    >>> env = Environment()
+    >>> ast = env.parse('{% extends "layout.html" %}{% include helper %}')
+    >>> list(meta.find_referenced_templates(ast))
+    ['layout.html', None]
+
+    This function is useful for dependency tracking.  For example if you want
+    to rebuild parts of the website after a layout template has changed.
+    """
+    for node in ast.find_all((nodes.Extends, nodes.FromImport, nodes.Import,
+                              nodes.Include)):
+        if not isinstance(node.template, nodes.Const):
+            # a tuple with some non consts in there
+            if isinstance(node.template, (nodes.Tuple, nodes.List)):
+                for template_name in node.template.items:
+                    # something const, only yield the strings and ignore
+                    # non-string consts that really just make no sense
+                    if isinstance(template_name, nodes.Const):
+                        if isinstance(template_name.value, string_types):
+                            yield template_name.value
+                    # something dynamic in there
+                    else:
+                        yield None
+            # something dynamic we don't know about here
+            else:
+                yield None
+            continue
+        # constant is a basestring, direct template name
+        if isinstance(node.template.value, string_types):
+            yield node.template.value
+        # a tuple or list (latter *should* not happen) made of consts,
+        # yield the consts that are strings.  We could warn here for
+        # non string values
+        elif isinstance(node, nodes.Include) and \
+             isinstance(node.template.value, (tuple, list)):
+            for template_name in node.template.value:
+                if isinstance(template_name, string_types):
+                    yield template_name
+        # something else we don't care about, we could warn here
+        else:
+            yield None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/nodes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d32046c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,919 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.nodes
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements additional nodes derived from the ast base node.
+
+    It also provides some node tree helper functions like `in_lineno` and
+    `get_nodes` used by the parser and translator in order to normalize
+    python and jinja nodes.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import types
+import operator
+
+from collections import deque
+from jinja2.utils import Markup
+from jinja2._compat import izip, with_metaclass, text_type
+
+
+#: the types we support for context functions
+_context_function_types = (types.FunctionType, types.MethodType)
+
+
+_binop_to_func = {
+    '*':        operator.mul,
+    '/':        operator.truediv,
+    '//':       operator.floordiv,
+    '**':       operator.pow,
+    '%':        operator.mod,
+    '+':        operator.add,
+    '-':        operator.sub
+}
+
+_uaop_to_func = {
+    'not':      operator.not_,
+    '+':        operator.pos,
+    '-':        operator.neg
+}
+
+_cmpop_to_func = {
+    'eq':       operator.eq,
+    'ne':       operator.ne,
+    'gt':       operator.gt,
+    'gteq':     operator.ge,
+    'lt':       operator.lt,
+    'lteq':     operator.le,
+    'in':       lambda a, b: a in b,
+    'notin':    lambda a, b: a not in b
+}
+
+
+class Impossible(Exception):
+    """Raised if the node could not perform a requested action."""
+
+
+class NodeType(type):
+    """A metaclass for nodes that handles the field and attribute
+    inheritance.  fields and attributes from the parent class are
+    automatically forwarded to the child."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, bases, d):
+        for attr in 'fields', 'attributes':
+            storage = []
+            storage.extend(getattr(bases[0], attr, ()))
+            storage.extend(d.get(attr, ()))
+            assert len(bases) == 1, 'multiple inheritance not allowed'
+            assert len(storage) == len(set(storage)), 'layout conflict'
+            d[attr] = tuple(storage)
+        d.setdefault('abstract', False)
+        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, d)
+
+
+class EvalContext(object):
+    """Holds evaluation time information.  Custom attributes can be attached
+    to it in extensions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, environment, template_name=None):
+        self.environment = environment
+        if callable(environment.autoescape):
+            self.autoescape = environment.autoescape(template_name)
+        else:
+            self.autoescape = environment.autoescape
+        self.volatile = False
+
+    def save(self):
+        return self.__dict__.copy()
+
+    def revert(self, old):
+        self.__dict__.clear()
+        self.__dict__.update(old)
+
+
+def get_eval_context(node, ctx):
+    if ctx is None:
+        if node.environment is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('if no eval context is passed, the '
+                               'node must have an attached '
+                               'environment.')
+        return EvalContext(node.environment)
+    return ctx
+
+
+class Node(with_metaclass(NodeType, object)):
+    """Baseclass for all Jinja2 nodes.  There are a number of nodes available
+    of different types.  There are four major types:
+
+    -   :class:`Stmt`: statements
+    -   :class:`Expr`: expressions
+    -   :class:`Helper`: helper nodes
+    -   :class:`Template`: the outermost wrapper node
+
+    All nodes have fields and attributes.  Fields may be other nodes, lists,
+    or arbitrary values.  Fields are passed to the constructor as regular
+    positional arguments, attributes as keyword arguments.  Each node has
+    two attributes: `lineno` (the line number of the node) and `environment`.
+    The `environment` attribute is set at the end of the parsing process for
+    all nodes automatically.
+    """
+    fields = ()
+    attributes = ('lineno', 'environment')
+    abstract = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *fields, **attributes):
+        if self.abstract:
+            raise TypeError('abstract nodes are not instanciable')
+        if fields:
+            if len(fields) != len(self.fields):
+                if not self.fields:
+                    raise TypeError('%r takes 0 arguments' %
+                                    self.__class__.__name__)
+                raise TypeError('%r takes 0 or %d argument%s' % (
+                    self.__class__.__name__,
+                    len(self.fields),
+                    len(self.fields) != 1 and 's' or ''
+                ))
+            for name, arg in izip(self.fields, fields):
+                setattr(self, name, arg)
+        for attr in self.attributes:
+            setattr(self, attr, attributes.pop(attr, None))
+        if attributes:
+            raise TypeError('unknown attribute %r' %
+                            next(iter(attributes)))
+
+    def iter_fields(self, exclude=None, only=None):
+        """This method iterates over all fields that are defined and yields
+        ``(key, value)`` tuples.  Per default all fields are returned, but
+        it's possible to limit that to some fields by providing the `only`
+        parameter or to exclude some using the `exclude` parameter.  Both
+        should be sets or tuples of field names.
+        """
+        for name in self.fields:
+            if (exclude is only is None) or \
+               (exclude is not None and name not in exclude) or \
+               (only is not None and name in only):
+                try:
+                    yield name, getattr(self, name)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+
+    def iter_child_nodes(self, exclude=None, only=None):
+        """Iterates over all direct child nodes of the node.  This iterates
+        over all fields and yields the values of they are nodes.  If the value
+        of a field is a list all the nodes in that list are returned.
+        """
+        for field, item in self.iter_fields(exclude, only):
+            if isinstance(item, list):
+                for n in item:
+                    if isinstance(n, Node):
+                        yield n
+            elif isinstance(item, Node):
+                yield item
+
+    def find(self, node_type):
+        """Find the first node of a given type.  If no such node exists the
+        return value is `None`.
+        """
+        for result in self.find_all(node_type):
+            return result
+
+    def find_all(self, node_type):
+        """Find all the nodes of a given type.  If the type is a tuple,
+        the check is performed for any of the tuple items.
+        """
+        for child in self.iter_child_nodes():
+            if isinstance(child, node_type):
+                yield child
+            for result in child.find_all(node_type):
+                yield result
+
+    def set_ctx(self, ctx):
+        """Reset the context of a node and all child nodes.  Per default the
+        parser will all generate nodes that have a 'load' context as it's the
+        most common one.  This method is used in the parser to set assignment
+        targets and other nodes to a store context.
+        """
+        todo = deque([self])
+        while todo:
+            node = todo.popleft()
+            if 'ctx' in node.fields:
+                node.ctx = ctx
+            todo.extend(node.iter_child_nodes())
+        return self
+
+    def set_lineno(self, lineno, override=False):
+        """Set the line numbers of the node and children."""
+        todo = deque([self])
+        while todo:
+            node = todo.popleft()
+            if 'lineno' in node.attributes:
+                if node.lineno is None or override:
+                    node.lineno = lineno
+            todo.extend(node.iter_child_nodes())
+        return self
+
+    def set_environment(self, environment):
+        """Set the environment for all nodes."""
+        todo = deque([self])
+        while todo:
+            node = todo.popleft()
+            node.environment = environment
+            todo.extend(node.iter_child_nodes())
+        return self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other) and \
+               tuple(self.iter_fields()) == tuple(other.iter_fields())
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # Restore Python 2 hashing behavior on Python 3
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ', '.join('%s=%r' % (arg, getattr(self, arg, None)) for
+                      arg in self.fields)
+        )
+
+
+class Stmt(Node):
+    """Base node for all statements."""
+    abstract = True
+
+
+class Helper(Node):
+    """Nodes that exist in a specific context only."""
+    abstract = True
+
+
+class Template(Node):
+    """Node that represents a template.  This must be the outermost node that
+    is passed to the compiler.
+    """
+    fields = ('body',)
+
+
+class Output(Stmt):
+    """A node that holds multiple expressions which are then printed out.
+    This is used both for the `print` statement and the regular template data.
+    """
+    fields = ('nodes',)
+
+
+class Extends(Stmt):
+    """Represents an extends statement."""
+    fields = ('template',)
+
+
+class For(Stmt):
+    """The for loop.  `target` is the target for the iteration (usually a
+    :class:`Name` or :class:`Tuple`), `iter` the iterable.  `body` is a list
+    of nodes that are used as loop-body, and `else_` a list of nodes for the
+    `else` block.  If no else node exists it has to be an empty list.
+
+    For filtered nodes an expression can be stored as `test`, otherwise `None`.
+    """
+    fields = ('target', 'iter', 'body', 'else_', 'test', 'recursive')
+
+
+class If(Stmt):
+    """If `test` is true, `body` is rendered, else `else_`."""
+    fields = ('test', 'body', 'else_')
+
+
+class Macro(Stmt):
+    """A macro definition.  `name` is the name of the macro, `args` a list of
+    arguments and `defaults` a list of defaults if there are any.  `body` is
+    a list of nodes for the macro body.
+    """
+    fields = ('name', 'args', 'defaults', 'body')
+
+
+class CallBlock(Stmt):
+    """Like a macro without a name but a call instead.  `call` is called with
+    the unnamed macro as `caller` argument this node holds.
+    """
+    fields = ('call', 'args', 'defaults', 'body')
+
+
+class FilterBlock(Stmt):
+    """Node for filter sections."""
+    fields = ('body', 'filter')
+
+
+class Block(Stmt):
+    """A node that represents a block."""
+    fields = ('name', 'body', 'scoped')
+
+
+class Include(Stmt):
+    """A node that represents the include tag."""
+    fields = ('template', 'with_context', 'ignore_missing')
+
+
+class Import(Stmt):
+    """A node that represents the import tag."""
+    fields = ('template', 'target', 'with_context')
+
+
+class FromImport(Stmt):
+    """A node that represents the from import tag.  It's important to not
+    pass unsafe names to the name attribute.  The compiler translates the
+    attribute lookups directly into getattr calls and does *not* use the
+    subscript callback of the interface.  As exported variables may not
+    start with double underscores (which the parser asserts) this is not a
+    problem for regular Jinja code, but if this node is used in an extension
+    extra care must be taken.
+
+    The list of names may contain tuples if aliases are wanted.
+    """
+    fields = ('template', 'names', 'with_context')
+
+
+class ExprStmt(Stmt):
+    """A statement that evaluates an expression and discards the result."""
+    fields = ('node',)
+
+
+class Assign(Stmt):
+    """Assigns an expression to a target."""
+    fields = ('target', 'node')
+
+
+class AssignBlock(Stmt):
+    """Assigns a block to a target."""
+    fields = ('target', 'body')
+
+
+class Expr(Node):
+    """Baseclass for all expressions."""
+    abstract = True
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        """Return the value of the expression as constant or raise
+        :exc:`Impossible` if this was not possible.
+
+        An :class:`EvalContext` can be provided, if none is given
+        a default context is created which requires the nodes to have
+        an attached environment.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.4
+           the `eval_ctx` parameter was added.
+        """
+        raise Impossible()
+
+    def can_assign(self):
+        """Check if it's possible to assign something to this node."""
+        return False
+
+
+class BinExpr(Expr):
+    """Baseclass for all binary expressions."""
+    fields = ('left', 'right')
+    operator = None
+    abstract = True
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        # intercepted operators cannot be folded at compile time
+        if self.environment.sandboxed and \
+           self.operator in self.environment.intercepted_binops:
+            raise Impossible()
+        f = _binop_to_func[self.operator]
+        try:
+            return f(self.left.as_const(eval_ctx), self.right.as_const(eval_ctx))
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+
+class UnaryExpr(Expr):
+    """Baseclass for all unary expressions."""
+    fields = ('node',)
+    operator = None
+    abstract = True
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        # intercepted operators cannot be folded at compile time
+        if self.environment.sandboxed and \
+           self.operator in self.environment.intercepted_unops:
+            raise Impossible()
+        f = _uaop_to_func[self.operator]
+        try:
+            return f(self.node.as_const(eval_ctx))
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+
+class Name(Expr):
+    """Looks up a name or stores a value in a name.
+    The `ctx` of the node can be one of the following values:
+
+    -   `store`: store a value in the name
+    -   `load`: load that name
+    -   `param`: like `store` but if the name was defined as function parameter.
+    """
+    fields = ('name', 'ctx')
+
+    def can_assign(self):
+        return self.name not in ('true', 'false', 'none',
+                                 'True', 'False', 'None')
+
+
+class Literal(Expr):
+    """Baseclass for literals."""
+    abstract = True
+
+
+class Const(Literal):
+    """All constant values.  The parser will return this node for simple
+    constants such as ``42`` or ``"foo"`` but it can be used to store more
+    complex values such as lists too.  Only constants with a safe
+    representation (objects where ``eval(repr(x)) == x`` is true).
+    """
+    fields = ('value',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        return self.value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_untrusted(cls, value, lineno=None, environment=None):
+        """Return a const object if the value is representable as
+        constant value in the generated code, otherwise it will raise
+        an `Impossible` exception.
+        """
+        from .compiler import has_safe_repr
+        if not has_safe_repr(value):
+            raise Impossible()
+        return cls(value, lineno=lineno, environment=environment)
+
+
+class TemplateData(Literal):
+    """A constant template string."""
+    fields = ('data',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        if eval_ctx.volatile:
+            raise Impossible()
+        if eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            return Markup(self.data)
+        return self.data
+
+
+class Tuple(Literal):
+    """For loop unpacking and some other things like multiple arguments
+    for subscripts.  Like for :class:`Name` `ctx` specifies if the tuple
+    is used for loading the names or storing.
+    """
+    fields = ('items', 'ctx')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return tuple(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.items)
+
+    def can_assign(self):
+        for item in self.items:
+            if not item.can_assign():
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class List(Literal):
+    """Any list literal such as ``[1, 2, 3]``"""
+    fields = ('items',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return [x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.items]
+
+
+class Dict(Literal):
+    """Any dict literal such as ``{1: 2, 3: 4}``.  The items must be a list of
+    :class:`Pair` nodes.
+    """
+    fields = ('items',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return dict(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.items)
+
+
+class Pair(Helper):
+    """A key, value pair for dicts."""
+    fields = ('key', 'value')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return self.key.as_const(eval_ctx), self.value.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+
+class Keyword(Helper):
+    """A key, value pair for keyword arguments where key is a string."""
+    fields = ('key', 'value')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return self.key, self.value.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+
+class CondExpr(Expr):
+    """A conditional expression (inline if expression).  (``{{
+    foo if bar else baz }}``)
+    """
+    fields = ('test', 'expr1', 'expr2')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        if self.test.as_const(eval_ctx):
+            return self.expr1.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+        # if we evaluate to an undefined object, we better do that at runtime
+        if self.expr2 is None:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+        return self.expr2.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+
+class Filter(Expr):
+    """This node applies a filter on an expression.  `name` is the name of
+    the filter, the rest of the fields are the same as for :class:`Call`.
+
+    If the `node` of a filter is `None` the contents of the last buffer are
+    filtered.  Buffers are created by macros and filter blocks.
+    """
+    fields = ('node', 'name', 'args', 'kwargs', 'dyn_args', 'dyn_kwargs')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        if eval_ctx.volatile or self.node is None:
+            raise Impossible()
+        # we have to be careful here because we call filter_ below.
+        # if this variable would be called filter, 2to3 would wrap the
+        # call in a list beause it is assuming we are talking about the
+        # builtin filter function here which no longer returns a list in
+        # python 3.  because of that, do not rename filter_ to filter!
+        filter_ = self.environment.filters.get(self.name)
+        if filter_ is None or getattr(filter_, 'contextfilter', False):
+            raise Impossible()
+        obj = self.node.as_const(eval_ctx)
+        args = [x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.args]
+        if getattr(filter_, 'evalcontextfilter', False):
+            args.insert(0, eval_ctx)
+        elif getattr(filter_, 'environmentfilter', False):
+            args.insert(0, self.environment)
+        kwargs = dict(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.kwargs)
+        if self.dyn_args is not None:
+            try:
+                args.extend(self.dyn_args.as_const(eval_ctx))
+            except Exception:
+                raise Impossible()
+        if self.dyn_kwargs is not None:
+            try:
+                kwargs.update(self.dyn_kwargs.as_const(eval_ctx))
+            except Exception:
+                raise Impossible()
+        try:
+            return filter_(obj, *args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+
+class Test(Expr):
+    """Applies a test on an expression.  `name` is the name of the test, the
+    rest of the fields are the same as for :class:`Call`.
+    """
+    fields = ('node', 'name', 'args', 'kwargs', 'dyn_args', 'dyn_kwargs')
+
+
+class Call(Expr):
+    """Calls an expression.  `args` is a list of arguments, `kwargs` a list
+    of keyword arguments (list of :class:`Keyword` nodes), and `dyn_args`
+    and `dyn_kwargs` has to be either `None` or a node that is used as
+    node for dynamic positional (``*args``) or keyword (``**kwargs``)
+    arguments.
+    """
+    fields = ('node', 'args', 'kwargs', 'dyn_args', 'dyn_kwargs')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        if eval_ctx.volatile:
+            raise Impossible()
+        obj = self.node.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+        # don't evaluate context functions
+        args = [x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.args]
+        if isinstance(obj, _context_function_types):
+            if getattr(obj, 'contextfunction', False):
+                raise Impossible()
+            elif getattr(obj, 'evalcontextfunction', False):
+                args.insert(0, eval_ctx)
+            elif getattr(obj, 'environmentfunction', False):
+                args.insert(0, self.environment)
+
+        kwargs = dict(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.kwargs)
+        if self.dyn_args is not None:
+            try:
+                args.extend(self.dyn_args.as_const(eval_ctx))
+            except Exception:
+                raise Impossible()
+        if self.dyn_kwargs is not None:
+            try:
+                kwargs.update(self.dyn_kwargs.as_const(eval_ctx))
+            except Exception:
+                raise Impossible()
+        try:
+            return obj(*args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+
+class Getitem(Expr):
+    """Get an attribute or item from an expression and prefer the item."""
+    fields = ('node', 'arg', 'ctx')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        if self.ctx != 'load':
+            raise Impossible()
+        try:
+            return self.environment.getitem(self.node.as_const(eval_ctx),
+                                            self.arg.as_const(eval_ctx))
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+    def can_assign(self):
+        return False
+
+
+class Getattr(Expr):
+    """Get an attribute or item from an expression that is a ascii-only
+    bytestring and prefer the attribute.
+    """
+    fields = ('node', 'attr', 'ctx')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        if self.ctx != 'load':
+            raise Impossible()
+        try:
+            eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+            return self.environment.getattr(self.node.as_const(eval_ctx),
+                                            self.attr)
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+
+    def can_assign(self):
+        return False
+
+
+class Slice(Expr):
+    """Represents a slice object.  This must only be used as argument for
+    :class:`Subscript`.
+    """
+    fields = ('start', 'stop', 'step')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        def const(obj):
+            if obj is None:
+                return None
+            return obj.as_const(eval_ctx)
+        return slice(const(self.start), const(self.stop), const(self.step))
+
+
+class Concat(Expr):
+    """Concatenates the list of expressions provided after converting them to
+    unicode.
+    """
+    fields = ('nodes',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return ''.join(text_type(x.as_const(eval_ctx)) for x in self.nodes)
+
+
+class Compare(Expr):
+    """Compares an expression with some other expressions.  `ops` must be a
+    list of :class:`Operand`\s.
+    """
+    fields = ('expr', 'ops')
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        result = value = self.expr.as_const(eval_ctx)
+        try:
+            for op in self.ops:
+                new_value = op.expr.as_const(eval_ctx)
+                result = _cmpop_to_func[op.op](value, new_value)
+                value = new_value
+        except Exception:
+            raise Impossible()
+        return result
+
+
+class Operand(Helper):
+    """Holds an operator and an expression."""
+    fields = ('op', 'expr')
+
+if __debug__:
+    Operand.__doc__ += '\nThe following operators are available: ' + \
+        ', '.join(sorted('``%s``' % x for x in set(_binop_to_func) |
+                  set(_uaop_to_func) | set(_cmpop_to_func)))
+
+
+class Mul(BinExpr):
+    """Multiplies the left with the right node."""
+    operator = '*'
+
+
+class Div(BinExpr):
+    """Divides the left by the right node."""
+    operator = '/'
+
+
+class FloorDiv(BinExpr):
+    """Divides the left by the right node and truncates conver the
+    result into an integer by truncating.
+    """
+    operator = '//'
+
+
+class Add(BinExpr):
+    """Add the left to the right node."""
+    operator = '+'
+
+
+class Sub(BinExpr):
+    """Subtract the right from the left node."""
+    operator = '-'
+
+
+class Mod(BinExpr):
+    """Left modulo right."""
+    operator = '%'
+
+
+class Pow(BinExpr):
+    """Left to the power of right."""
+    operator = '**'
+
+
+class And(BinExpr):
+    """Short circuited AND."""
+    operator = 'and'
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return self.left.as_const(eval_ctx) and self.right.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+
+class Or(BinExpr):
+    """Short circuited OR."""
+    operator = 'or'
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return self.left.as_const(eval_ctx) or self.right.as_const(eval_ctx)
+
+
+class Not(UnaryExpr):
+    """Negate the expression."""
+    operator = 'not'
+
+
+class Neg(UnaryExpr):
+    """Make the expression negative."""
+    operator = '-'
+
+
+class Pos(UnaryExpr):
+    """Make the expression positive (noop for most expressions)"""
+    operator = '+'
+
+
+# Helpers for extensions
+
+
+class EnvironmentAttribute(Expr):
+    """Loads an attribute from the environment object.  This is useful for
+    extensions that want to call a callback stored on the environment.
+    """
+    fields = ('name',)
+
+
+class ExtensionAttribute(Expr):
+    """Returns the attribute of an extension bound to the environment.
+    The identifier is the identifier of the :class:`Extension`.
+
+    This node is usually constructed by calling the
+    :meth:`~jinja2.ext.Extension.attr` method on an extension.
+    """
+    fields = ('identifier', 'name')
+
+
+class ImportedName(Expr):
+    """If created with an import name the import name is returned on node
+    access.  For example ``ImportedName('cgi.escape')`` returns the `escape`
+    function from the cgi module on evaluation.  Imports are optimized by the
+    compiler so there is no need to assign them to local variables.
+    """
+    fields = ('importname',)
+
+
+class InternalName(Expr):
+    """An internal name in the compiler.  You cannot create these nodes
+    yourself but the parser provides a
+    :meth:`~jinja2.parser.Parser.free_identifier` method that creates
+    a new identifier for you.  This identifier is not available from the
+    template and is not threated specially by the compiler.
+    """
+    fields = ('name',)
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        raise TypeError('Can\'t create internal names.  Use the '
+                        '`free_identifier` method on a parser.')
+
+
+class MarkSafe(Expr):
+    """Mark the wrapped expression as safe (wrap it as `Markup`)."""
+    fields = ('expr',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        return Markup(self.expr.as_const(eval_ctx))
+
+
+class MarkSafeIfAutoescape(Expr):
+    """Mark the wrapped expression as safe (wrap it as `Markup`) but
+    only if autoescaping is active.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.5
+    """
+    fields = ('expr',)
+
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx=None):
+        eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
+        if eval_ctx.volatile:
+            raise Impossible()
+        expr = self.expr.as_const(eval_ctx)
+        if eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            return Markup(expr)
+        return expr
+
+
+class ContextReference(Expr):
+    """Returns the current template context.  It can be used like a
+    :class:`Name` node, with a ``'load'`` ctx and will return the
+    current :class:`~jinja2.runtime.Context` object.
+
+    Here an example that assigns the current template name to a
+    variable named `foo`::
+
+        Assign(Name('foo', ctx='store'),
+               Getattr(ContextReference(), 'name'))
+    """
+
+
+class Continue(Stmt):
+    """Continue a loop."""
+
+
+class Break(Stmt):
+    """Break a loop."""
+
+
+class Scope(Stmt):
+    """An artificial scope."""
+    fields = ('body',)
+
+
+class EvalContextModifier(Stmt):
+    """Modifies the eval context.  For each option that should be modified,
+    a :class:`Keyword` has to be added to the :attr:`options` list.
+
+    Example to change the `autoescape` setting::
+
+        EvalContextModifier(options=[Keyword('autoescape', Const(True))])
+    """
+    fields = ('options',)
+
+
+class ScopedEvalContextModifier(EvalContextModifier):
+    """Modifies the eval context and reverts it later.  Works exactly like
+    :class:`EvalContextModifier` but will only modify the
+    :class:`~jinja2.nodes.EvalContext` for nodes in the :attr:`body`.
+    """
+    fields = ('body',)
+
+
+# make sure nobody creates custom nodes
+def _failing_new(*args, **kwargs):
+    raise TypeError('can\'t create custom node types')
+NodeType.__new__ = staticmethod(_failing_new); del _failing_new
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/optimizer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/optimizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00eab11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/optimizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.optimizer
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    The jinja optimizer is currently trying to constant fold a few expressions
+    and modify the AST in place so that it should be easier to evaluate it.
+
+    Because the AST does not contain all the scoping information and the
+    compiler has to find that out, we cannot do all the optimizations we
+    want.  For example loop unrolling doesn't work because unrolled loops would
+    have a different scoping.
+
+    The solution would be a second syntax tree that has the scoping rules stored.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+from jinja2 import nodes
+from jinja2.visitor import NodeTransformer
+
+
+def optimize(node, environment):
+    """The context hint can be used to perform an static optimization
+    based on the context given."""
+    optimizer = Optimizer(environment)
+    return optimizer.visit(node)
+
+
+class Optimizer(NodeTransformer):
+
+    def __init__(self, environment):
+        self.environment = environment
+
+    def visit_If(self, node):
+        """Eliminate dead code."""
+        # do not optimize ifs that have a block inside so that it doesn't
+        # break super().
+        if node.find(nodes.Block) is not None:
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        try:
+            val = self.visit(node.test).as_const()
+        except nodes.Impossible:
+            return self.generic_visit(node)
+        if val:
+            body = node.body
+        else:
+            body = node.else_
+        result = []
+        for node in body:
+            result.extend(self.visit_list(node))
+        return result
+
+    def fold(self, node):
+        """Do constant folding."""
+        node = self.generic_visit(node)
+        try:
+            return nodes.Const.from_untrusted(node.as_const(),
+                                              lineno=node.lineno,
+                                              environment=self.environment)
+        except nodes.Impossible:
+            return node
+
+    visit_Add = visit_Sub = visit_Mul = visit_Div = visit_FloorDiv = \
+    visit_Pow = visit_Mod = visit_And = visit_Or = visit_Pos = visit_Neg = \
+    visit_Not = visit_Compare = visit_Getitem = visit_Getattr = visit_Call = \
+    visit_Filter = visit_Test = visit_CondExpr = fold
+    del fold
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/parser.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d24da18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.parser
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements the template parser.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from jinja2 import nodes
+from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateSyntaxError, TemplateAssertionError
+from jinja2.lexer import describe_token, describe_token_expr
+from jinja2._compat import imap
+
+
+_statement_keywords = frozenset(['for', 'if', 'block', 'extends', 'print',
+                                 'macro', 'include', 'from', 'import',
+                                 'set'])
+_compare_operators = frozenset(['eq', 'ne', 'lt', 'lteq', 'gt', 'gteq'])
+
+
+class Parser(object):
+    """This is the central parsing class Jinja2 uses.  It's passed to
+    extensions and can be used to parse expressions or statements.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, environment, source, name=None, filename=None,
+                 state=None):
+        self.environment = environment
+        self.stream = environment._tokenize(source, name, filename, state)
+        self.name = name
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.closed = False
+        self.extensions = {}
+        for extension in environment.iter_extensions():
+            for tag in extension.tags:
+                self.extensions[tag] = extension.parse
+        self._last_identifier = 0
+        self._tag_stack = []
+        self._end_token_stack = []
+
+    def fail(self, msg, lineno=None, exc=TemplateSyntaxError):
+        """Convenience method that raises `exc` with the message, passed
+        line number or last line number as well as the current name and
+        filename.
+        """
+        if lineno is None:
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        raise exc(msg, lineno, self.name, self.filename)
+
+    def _fail_ut_eof(self, name, end_token_stack, lineno):
+        expected = []
+        for exprs in end_token_stack:
+            expected.extend(imap(describe_token_expr, exprs))
+        if end_token_stack:
+            currently_looking = ' or '.join(
+                "'%s'" % describe_token_expr(expr)
+                for expr in end_token_stack[-1])
+        else:
+            currently_looking = None
+
+        if name is None:
+            message = ['Unexpected end of template.']
+        else:
+            message = ['Encountered unknown tag \'%s\'.' % name]
+
+        if currently_looking:
+            if name is not None and name in expected:
+                message.append('You probably made a nesting mistake. Jinja '
+                               'is expecting this tag, but currently looking '
+                               'for %s.' % currently_looking)
+            else:
+                message.append('Jinja was looking for the following tags: '
+                               '%s.' % currently_looking)
+
+        if self._tag_stack:
+            message.append('The innermost block that needs to be '
+                           'closed is \'%s\'.' % self._tag_stack[-1])
+
+        self.fail(' '.join(message), lineno)
+
+    def fail_unknown_tag(self, name, lineno=None):
+        """Called if the parser encounters an unknown tag.  Tries to fail
+        with a human readable error message that could help to identify
+        the problem.
+        """
+        return self._fail_ut_eof(name, self._end_token_stack, lineno)
+
+    def fail_eof(self, end_tokens=None, lineno=None):
+        """Like fail_unknown_tag but for end of template situations."""
+        stack = list(self._end_token_stack)
+        if end_tokens is not None:
+            stack.append(end_tokens)
+        return self._fail_ut_eof(None, stack, lineno)
+
+    def is_tuple_end(self, extra_end_rules=None):
+        """Are we at the end of a tuple?"""
+        if self.stream.current.type in ('variable_end', 'block_end', 'rparen'):
+            return True
+        elif extra_end_rules is not None:
+            return self.stream.current.test_any(extra_end_rules)
+        return False
+
+    def free_identifier(self, lineno=None):
+        """Return a new free identifier as :class:`~jinja2.nodes.InternalName`."""
+        self._last_identifier += 1
+        rv = object.__new__(nodes.InternalName)
+        nodes.Node.__init__(rv, 'fi%d' % self._last_identifier, lineno=lineno)
+        return rv
+
+    def parse_statement(self):
+        """Parse a single statement."""
+        token = self.stream.current
+        if token.type != 'name':
+            self.fail('tag name expected', token.lineno)
+        self._tag_stack.append(token.value)
+        pop_tag = True
+        try:
+            if token.value in _statement_keywords:
+                return getattr(self, 'parse_' + self.stream.current.value)()
+            if token.value == 'call':
+                return self.parse_call_block()
+            if token.value == 'filter':
+                return self.parse_filter_block()
+            ext = self.extensions.get(token.value)
+            if ext is not None:
+                return ext(self)
+
+            # did not work out, remove the token we pushed by accident
+            # from the stack so that the unknown tag fail function can
+            # produce a proper error message.
+            self._tag_stack.pop()
+            pop_tag = False
+            self.fail_unknown_tag(token.value, token.lineno)
+        finally:
+            if pop_tag:
+                self._tag_stack.pop()
+
+    def parse_statements(self, end_tokens, drop_needle=False):
+        """Parse multiple statements into a list until one of the end tokens
+        is reached.  This is used to parse the body of statements as it also
+        parses template data if appropriate.  The parser checks first if the
+        current token is a colon and skips it if there is one.  Then it checks
+        for the block end and parses until if one of the `end_tokens` is
+        reached.  Per default the active token in the stream at the end of
+        the call is the matched end token.  If this is not wanted `drop_needle`
+        can be set to `True` and the end token is removed.
+        """
+        # the first token may be a colon for python compatibility
+        self.stream.skip_if('colon')
+
+        # in the future it would be possible to add whole code sections
+        # by adding some sort of end of statement token and parsing those here.
+        self.stream.expect('block_end')
+        result = self.subparse(end_tokens)
+
+        # we reached the end of the template too early, the subparser
+        # does not check for this, so we do that now
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'eof':
+            self.fail_eof(end_tokens)
+
+        if drop_needle:
+            next(self.stream)
+        return result
+
+    def parse_set(self):
+        """Parse an assign statement."""
+        lineno = next(self.stream).lineno
+        target = self.parse_assign_target()
+        if self.stream.skip_if('assign'):
+            expr = self.parse_tuple()
+            return nodes.Assign(target, expr, lineno=lineno)
+        body = self.parse_statements(('name:endset',),
+                                     drop_needle=True)
+        return nodes.AssignBlock(target, body, lineno=lineno)
+
+    def parse_for(self):
+        """Parse a for loop."""
+        lineno = self.stream.expect('name:for').lineno
+        target = self.parse_assign_target(extra_end_rules=('name:in',))
+        self.stream.expect('name:in')
+        iter = self.parse_tuple(with_condexpr=False,
+                                extra_end_rules=('name:recursive',))
+        test = None
+        if self.stream.skip_if('name:if'):
+            test = self.parse_expression()
+        recursive = self.stream.skip_if('name:recursive')
+        body = self.parse_statements(('name:endfor', 'name:else'))
+        if next(self.stream).value == 'endfor':
+            else_ = []
+        else:
+            else_ = self.parse_statements(('name:endfor',), drop_needle=True)
+        return nodes.For(target, iter, body, else_, test,
+                         recursive, lineno=lineno)
+
+    def parse_if(self):
+        """Parse an if construct."""
+        node = result = nodes.If(lineno=self.stream.expect('name:if').lineno)
+        while 1:
+            node.test = self.parse_tuple(with_condexpr=False)
+            node.body = self.parse_statements(('name:elif', 'name:else',
+                                               'name:endif'))
+            token = next(self.stream)
+            if token.test('name:elif'):
+                new_node = nodes.If(lineno=self.stream.current.lineno)
+                node.else_ = [new_node]
+                node = new_node
+                continue
+            elif token.test('name:else'):
+                node.else_ = self.parse_statements(('name:endif',),
+                                                   drop_needle=True)
+            else:
+                node.else_ = []
+            break
+        return result
+
+    def parse_block(self):
+        node = nodes.Block(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.name = self.stream.expect('name').value
+        node.scoped = self.stream.skip_if('name:scoped')
+
+        # common problem people encounter when switching from django
+        # to jinja.  we do not support hyphens in block names, so let's
+        # raise a nicer error message in that case.
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'sub':
+            self.fail('Block names in Jinja have to be valid Python '
+                      'identifiers and may not contain hyphens, use an '
+                      'underscore instead.')
+
+        node.body = self.parse_statements(('name:endblock',), drop_needle=True)
+        self.stream.skip_if('name:' + node.name)
+        return node
+
+    def parse_extends(self):
+        node = nodes.Extends(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.template = self.parse_expression()
+        return node
+
+    def parse_import_context(self, node, default):
+        if self.stream.current.test_any('name:with', 'name:without') and \
+           self.stream.look().test('name:context'):
+            node.with_context = next(self.stream).value == 'with'
+            self.stream.skip()
+        else:
+            node.with_context = default
+        return node
+
+    def parse_include(self):
+        node = nodes.Include(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.template = self.parse_expression()
+        if self.stream.current.test('name:ignore') and \
+           self.stream.look().test('name:missing'):
+            node.ignore_missing = True
+            self.stream.skip(2)
+        else:
+            node.ignore_missing = False
+        return self.parse_import_context(node, True)
+
+    def parse_import(self):
+        node = nodes.Import(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.template = self.parse_expression()
+        self.stream.expect('name:as')
+        node.target = self.parse_assign_target(name_only=True).name
+        return self.parse_import_context(node, False)
+
+    def parse_from(self):
+        node = nodes.FromImport(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.template = self.parse_expression()
+        self.stream.expect('name:import')
+        node.names = []
+
+        def parse_context():
+            if self.stream.current.value in ('with', 'without') and \
+               self.stream.look().test('name:context'):
+                node.with_context = next(self.stream).value == 'with'
+                self.stream.skip()
+                return True
+            return False
+
+        while 1:
+            if node.names:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'name':
+                if parse_context():
+                    break
+                target = self.parse_assign_target(name_only=True)
+                if target.name.startswith('_'):
+                    self.fail('names starting with an underline can not '
+                              'be imported', target.lineno,
+                              exc=TemplateAssertionError)
+                if self.stream.skip_if('name:as'):
+                    alias = self.parse_assign_target(name_only=True)
+                    node.names.append((target.name, alias.name))
+                else:
+                    node.names.append(target.name)
+                if parse_context() or self.stream.current.type != 'comma':
+                    break
+            else:
+                break
+        if not hasattr(node, 'with_context'):
+            node.with_context = False
+            self.stream.skip_if('comma')
+        return node
+
+    def parse_signature(self, node):
+        node.args = args = []
+        node.defaults = defaults = []
+        self.stream.expect('lparen')
+        while self.stream.current.type != 'rparen':
+            if args:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+            arg = self.parse_assign_target(name_only=True)
+            arg.set_ctx('param')
+            if self.stream.skip_if('assign'):
+                defaults.append(self.parse_expression())
+            elif defaults:
+                self.fail('non-default argument follows default argument')
+            args.append(arg)
+        self.stream.expect('rparen')
+
+    def parse_call_block(self):
+        node = nodes.CallBlock(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'lparen':
+            self.parse_signature(node)
+        else:
+            node.args = []
+            node.defaults = []
+
+        node.call = self.parse_expression()
+        if not isinstance(node.call, nodes.Call):
+            self.fail('expected call', node.lineno)
+        node.body = self.parse_statements(('name:endcall',), drop_needle=True)
+        return node
+
+    def parse_filter_block(self):
+        node = nodes.FilterBlock(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.filter = self.parse_filter(None, start_inline=True)
+        node.body = self.parse_statements(('name:endfilter',),
+                                          drop_needle=True)
+        return node
+
+    def parse_macro(self):
+        node = nodes.Macro(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.name = self.parse_assign_target(name_only=True).name
+        self.parse_signature(node)
+        node.body = self.parse_statements(('name:endmacro',),
+                                          drop_needle=True)
+        return node
+
+    def parse_print(self):
+        node = nodes.Output(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
+        node.nodes = []
+        while self.stream.current.type != 'block_end':
+            if node.nodes:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+            node.nodes.append(self.parse_expression())
+        return node
+
+    def parse_assign_target(self, with_tuple=True, name_only=False,
+                            extra_end_rules=None):
+        """Parse an assignment target.  As Jinja2 allows assignments to
+        tuples, this function can parse all allowed assignment targets.  Per
+        default assignments to tuples are parsed, that can be disable however
+        by setting `with_tuple` to `False`.  If only assignments to names are
+        wanted `name_only` can be set to `True`.  The `extra_end_rules`
+        parameter is forwarded to the tuple parsing function.
+        """
+        if name_only:
+            token = self.stream.expect('name')
+            target = nodes.Name(token.value, 'store', lineno=token.lineno)
+        else:
+            if with_tuple:
+                target = self.parse_tuple(simplified=True,
+                                          extra_end_rules=extra_end_rules)
+            else:
+                target = self.parse_primary()
+            target.set_ctx('store')
+        if not target.can_assign():
+            self.fail('can\'t assign to %r' % target.__class__.
+                      __name__.lower(), target.lineno)
+        return target
+
+    def parse_expression(self, with_condexpr=True):
+        """Parse an expression.  Per default all expressions are parsed, if
+        the optional `with_condexpr` parameter is set to `False` conditional
+        expressions are not parsed.
+        """
+        if with_condexpr:
+            return self.parse_condexpr()
+        return self.parse_or()
+
+    def parse_condexpr(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        expr1 = self.parse_or()
+        while self.stream.skip_if('name:if'):
+            expr2 = self.parse_or()
+            if self.stream.skip_if('name:else'):
+                expr3 = self.parse_condexpr()
+            else:
+                expr3 = None
+            expr1 = nodes.CondExpr(expr2, expr1, expr3, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return expr1
+
+    def parse_or(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_and()
+        while self.stream.skip_if('name:or'):
+            right = self.parse_and()
+            left = nodes.Or(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_and(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_not()
+        while self.stream.skip_if('name:and'):
+            right = self.parse_not()
+            left = nodes.And(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_not(self):
+        if self.stream.current.test('name:not'):
+            lineno = next(self.stream).lineno
+            return nodes.Not(self.parse_not(), lineno=lineno)
+        return self.parse_compare()
+
+    def parse_compare(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        expr = self.parse_add()
+        ops = []
+        while 1:
+            token_type = self.stream.current.type
+            if token_type in _compare_operators:
+                next(self.stream)
+                ops.append(nodes.Operand(token_type, self.parse_add()))
+            elif self.stream.skip_if('name:in'):
+                ops.append(nodes.Operand('in', self.parse_add()))
+            elif (self.stream.current.test('name:not') and
+                  self.stream.look().test('name:in')):
+                self.stream.skip(2)
+                ops.append(nodes.Operand('notin', self.parse_add()))
+            else:
+                break
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        if not ops:
+            return expr
+        return nodes.Compare(expr, ops, lineno=lineno)
+
+    def parse_add(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_sub()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'add':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_sub()
+            left = nodes.Add(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_sub(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_concat()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'sub':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_concat()
+            left = nodes.Sub(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_concat(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        args = [self.parse_mul()]
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'tilde':
+            next(self.stream)
+            args.append(self.parse_mul())
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            return args[0]
+        return nodes.Concat(args, lineno=lineno)
+
+    def parse_mul(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_div()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'mul':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_div()
+            left = nodes.Mul(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_div(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_floordiv()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'div':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_floordiv()
+            left = nodes.Div(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_floordiv(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_mod()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'floordiv':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_mod()
+            left = nodes.FloorDiv(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_mod(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_pow()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'mod':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_pow()
+            left = nodes.Mod(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_pow(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        left = self.parse_unary()
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'pow':
+            next(self.stream)
+            right = self.parse_unary()
+            left = nodes.Pow(left, right, lineno=lineno)
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        return left
+
+    def parse_unary(self, with_filter=True):
+        token_type = self.stream.current.type
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        if token_type == 'sub':
+            next(self.stream)
+            node = nodes.Neg(self.parse_unary(False), lineno=lineno)
+        elif token_type == 'add':
+            next(self.stream)
+            node = nodes.Pos(self.parse_unary(False), lineno=lineno)
+        else:
+            node = self.parse_primary()
+        node = self.parse_postfix(node)
+        if with_filter:
+            node = self.parse_filter_expr(node)
+        return node
+
+    def parse_primary(self):
+        token = self.stream.current
+        if token.type == 'name':
+            if token.value in ('true', 'false', 'True', 'False'):
+                node = nodes.Const(token.value in ('true', 'True'),
+                                   lineno=token.lineno)
+            elif token.value in ('none', 'None'):
+                node = nodes.Const(None, lineno=token.lineno)
+            else:
+                node = nodes.Name(token.value, 'load', lineno=token.lineno)
+            next(self.stream)
+        elif token.type == 'string':
+            next(self.stream)
+            buf = [token.value]
+            lineno = token.lineno
+            while self.stream.current.type == 'string':
+                buf.append(self.stream.current.value)
+                next(self.stream)
+            node = nodes.Const(''.join(buf), lineno=lineno)
+        elif token.type in ('integer', 'float'):
+            next(self.stream)
+            node = nodes.Const(token.value, lineno=token.lineno)
+        elif token.type == 'lparen':
+            next(self.stream)
+            node = self.parse_tuple(explicit_parentheses=True)
+            self.stream.expect('rparen')
+        elif token.type == 'lbracket':
+            node = self.parse_list()
+        elif token.type == 'lbrace':
+            node = self.parse_dict()
+        else:
+            self.fail("unexpected '%s'" % describe_token(token), token.lineno)
+        return node
+
+    def parse_tuple(self, simplified=False, with_condexpr=True,
+                    extra_end_rules=None, explicit_parentheses=False):
+        """Works like `parse_expression` but if multiple expressions are
+        delimited by a comma a :class:`~jinja2.nodes.Tuple` node is created.
+        This method could also return a regular expression instead of a tuple
+        if no commas where found.
+
+        The default parsing mode is a full tuple.  If `simplified` is `True`
+        only names and literals are parsed.  The `no_condexpr` parameter is
+        forwarded to :meth:`parse_expression`.
+
+        Because tuples do not require delimiters and may end in a bogus comma
+        an extra hint is needed that marks the end of a tuple.  For example
+        for loops support tuples between `for` and `in`.  In that case the
+        `extra_end_rules` is set to ``['name:in']``.
+
+        `explicit_parentheses` is true if the parsing was triggered by an
+        expression in parentheses.  This is used to figure out if an empty
+        tuple is a valid expression or not.
+        """
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        if simplified:
+            parse = self.parse_primary
+        elif with_condexpr:
+            parse = self.parse_expression
+        else:
+            parse = lambda: self.parse_expression(with_condexpr=False)
+        args = []
+        is_tuple = False
+        while 1:
+            if args:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+            if self.is_tuple_end(extra_end_rules):
+                break
+            args.append(parse())
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'comma':
+                is_tuple = True
+            else:
+                break
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+
+        if not is_tuple:
+            if args:
+                return args[0]
+
+            # if we don't have explicit parentheses, an empty tuple is
+            # not a valid expression.  This would mean nothing (literally
+            # nothing) in the spot of an expression would be an empty
+            # tuple.
+            if not explicit_parentheses:
+                self.fail('Expected an expression, got \'%s\'' %
+                          describe_token(self.stream.current))
+
+        return nodes.Tuple(args, 'load', lineno=lineno)
+
+    def parse_list(self):
+        token = self.stream.expect('lbracket')
+        items = []
+        while self.stream.current.type != 'rbracket':
+            if items:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'rbracket':
+                break
+            items.append(self.parse_expression())
+        self.stream.expect('rbracket')
+        return nodes.List(items, lineno=token.lineno)
+
+    def parse_dict(self):
+        token = self.stream.expect('lbrace')
+        items = []
+        while self.stream.current.type != 'rbrace':
+            if items:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'rbrace':
+                break
+            key = self.parse_expression()
+            self.stream.expect('colon')
+            value = self.parse_expression()
+            items.append(nodes.Pair(key, value, lineno=key.lineno))
+        self.stream.expect('rbrace')
+        return nodes.Dict(items, lineno=token.lineno)
+
+    def parse_postfix(self, node):
+        while 1:
+            token_type = self.stream.current.type
+            if token_type == 'dot' or token_type == 'lbracket':
+                node = self.parse_subscript(node)
+            # calls are valid both after postfix expressions (getattr
+            # and getitem) as well as filters and tests
+            elif token_type == 'lparen':
+                node = self.parse_call(node)
+            else:
+                break
+        return node
+
+    def parse_filter_expr(self, node):
+        while 1:
+            token_type = self.stream.current.type
+            if token_type == 'pipe':
+                node = self.parse_filter(node)
+            elif token_type == 'name' and self.stream.current.value == 'is':
+                node = self.parse_test(node)
+            # calls are valid both after postfix expressions (getattr
+            # and getitem) as well as filters and tests
+            elif token_type == 'lparen':
+                node = self.parse_call(node)
+            else:
+                break
+        return node
+
+    def parse_subscript(self, node):
+        token = next(self.stream)
+        if token.type == 'dot':
+            attr_token = self.stream.current
+            next(self.stream)
+            if attr_token.type == 'name':
+                return nodes.Getattr(node, attr_token.value, 'load',
+                                     lineno=token.lineno)
+            elif attr_token.type != 'integer':
+                self.fail('expected name or number', attr_token.lineno)
+            arg = nodes.Const(attr_token.value, lineno=attr_token.lineno)
+            return nodes.Getitem(node, arg, 'load', lineno=token.lineno)
+        if token.type == 'lbracket':
+            args = []
+            while self.stream.current.type != 'rbracket':
+                if args:
+                    self.stream.expect('comma')
+                args.append(self.parse_subscribed())
+            self.stream.expect('rbracket')
+            if len(args) == 1:
+                arg = args[0]
+            else:
+                arg = nodes.Tuple(args, 'load', lineno=token.lineno)
+            return nodes.Getitem(node, arg, 'load', lineno=token.lineno)
+        self.fail('expected subscript expression', self.lineno)
+
+    def parse_subscribed(self):
+        lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'colon':
+            next(self.stream)
+            args = [None]
+        else:
+            node = self.parse_expression()
+            if self.stream.current.type != 'colon':
+                return node
+            next(self.stream)
+            args = [node]
+
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'colon':
+            args.append(None)
+        elif self.stream.current.type not in ('rbracket', 'comma'):
+            args.append(self.parse_expression())
+        else:
+            args.append(None)
+
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'colon':
+            next(self.stream)
+            if self.stream.current.type not in ('rbracket', 'comma'):
+                args.append(self.parse_expression())
+            else:
+                args.append(None)
+        else:
+            args.append(None)
+
+        return nodes.Slice(lineno=lineno, *args)
+
+    def parse_call(self, node):
+        token = self.stream.expect('lparen')
+        args = []
+        kwargs = []
+        dyn_args = dyn_kwargs = None
+        require_comma = False
+
+        def ensure(expr):
+            if not expr:
+                self.fail('invalid syntax for function call expression',
+                          token.lineno)
+
+        while self.stream.current.type != 'rparen':
+            if require_comma:
+                self.stream.expect('comma')
+                # support for trailing comma
+                if self.stream.current.type == 'rparen':
+                    break
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'mul':
+                ensure(dyn_args is None and dyn_kwargs is None)
+                next(self.stream)
+                dyn_args = self.parse_expression()
+            elif self.stream.current.type == 'pow':
+                ensure(dyn_kwargs is None)
+                next(self.stream)
+                dyn_kwargs = self.parse_expression()
+            else:
+                ensure(dyn_args is None and dyn_kwargs is None)
+                if self.stream.current.type == 'name' and \
+                   self.stream.look().type == 'assign':
+                    key = self.stream.current.value
+                    self.stream.skip(2)
+                    value = self.parse_expression()
+                    kwargs.append(nodes.Keyword(key, value,
+                                                lineno=value.lineno))
+                else:
+                    ensure(not kwargs)
+                    args.append(self.parse_expression())
+
+            require_comma = True
+        self.stream.expect('rparen')
+
+        if node is None:
+            return args, kwargs, dyn_args, dyn_kwargs
+        return nodes.Call(node, args, kwargs, dyn_args, dyn_kwargs,
+                          lineno=token.lineno)
+
+    def parse_filter(self, node, start_inline=False):
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'pipe' or start_inline:
+            if not start_inline:
+                next(self.stream)
+            token = self.stream.expect('name')
+            name = token.value
+            while self.stream.current.type == 'dot':
+                next(self.stream)
+                name += '.' + self.stream.expect('name').value
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'lparen':
+                args, kwargs, dyn_args, dyn_kwargs = self.parse_call(None)
+            else:
+                args = []
+                kwargs = []
+                dyn_args = dyn_kwargs = None
+            node = nodes.Filter(node, name, args, kwargs, dyn_args,
+                                dyn_kwargs, lineno=token.lineno)
+            start_inline = False
+        return node
+
+    def parse_test(self, node):
+        token = next(self.stream)
+        if self.stream.current.test('name:not'):
+            next(self.stream)
+            negated = True
+        else:
+            negated = False
+        name = self.stream.expect('name').value
+        while self.stream.current.type == 'dot':
+            next(self.stream)
+            name += '.' + self.stream.expect('name').value
+        dyn_args = dyn_kwargs = None
+        kwargs = []
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'lparen':
+            args, kwargs, dyn_args, dyn_kwargs = self.parse_call(None)
+        elif (self.stream.current.type in ('name', 'string', 'integer',
+                                           'float', 'lparen', 'lbracket',
+                                           'lbrace') and not
+              self.stream.current.test_any('name:else', 'name:or',
+                                           'name:and')):
+            if self.stream.current.test('name:is'):
+                self.fail('You cannot chain multiple tests with is')
+            args = [self.parse_expression()]
+        else:
+            args = []
+        node = nodes.Test(node, name, args, kwargs, dyn_args,
+                          dyn_kwargs, lineno=token.lineno)
+        if negated:
+            node = nodes.Not(node, lineno=token.lineno)
+        return node
+
+    def subparse(self, end_tokens=None):
+        body = []
+        data_buffer = []
+        add_data = data_buffer.append
+
+        if end_tokens is not None:
+            self._end_token_stack.append(end_tokens)
+
+        def flush_data():
+            if data_buffer:
+                lineno = data_buffer[0].lineno
+                body.append(nodes.Output(data_buffer[:], lineno=lineno))
+                del data_buffer[:]
+
+        try:
+            while self.stream:
+                token = self.stream.current
+                if token.type == 'data':
+                    if token.value:
+                        add_data(nodes.TemplateData(token.value,
+                                                    lineno=token.lineno))
+                    next(self.stream)
+                elif token.type == 'variable_begin':
+                    next(self.stream)
+                    add_data(self.parse_tuple(with_condexpr=True))
+                    self.stream.expect('variable_end')
+                elif token.type == 'block_begin':
+                    flush_data()
+                    next(self.stream)
+                    if end_tokens is not None and \
+                       self.stream.current.test_any(*end_tokens):
+                        return body
+                    rv = self.parse_statement()
+                    if isinstance(rv, list):
+                        body.extend(rv)
+                    else:
+                        body.append(rv)
+                    self.stream.expect('block_end')
+                else:
+                    raise AssertionError('internal parsing error')
+
+            flush_data()
+        finally:
+            if end_tokens is not None:
+                self._end_token_stack.pop()
+
+        return body
+
+    def parse(self):
+        """Parse the whole template into a `Template` node."""
+        result = nodes.Template(self.subparse(), lineno=1)
+        result.set_environment(self.environment)
+        return result
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..685a12d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/runtime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.runtime
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Runtime helpers.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+import sys
+
+from itertools import chain
+from jinja2.nodes import EvalContext, _context_function_types
+from jinja2.utils import Markup, soft_unicode, escape, missing, concat, \
+     internalcode, object_type_repr
+from jinja2.exceptions import UndefinedError, TemplateRuntimeError, \
+     TemplateNotFound
+from jinja2._compat import imap, text_type, iteritems, \
+     implements_iterator, implements_to_string, string_types, PY2
+
+
+# these variables are exported to the template runtime
+__all__ = ['LoopContext', 'TemplateReference', 'Macro', 'Markup',
+           'TemplateRuntimeError', 'missing', 'concat', 'escape',
+           'markup_join', 'unicode_join', 'to_string', 'identity',
+           'TemplateNotFound', 'make_logging_undefined']
+
+#: the name of the function that is used to convert something into
+#: a string.  We can just use the text type here.
+to_string = text_type
+
+#: the identity function.  Useful for certain things in the environment
+identity = lambda x: x
+
+_last_iteration = object()
+
+
+def markup_join(seq):
+    """Concatenation that escapes if necessary and converts to unicode."""
+    buf = []
+    iterator = imap(soft_unicode, seq)
+    for arg in iterator:
+        buf.append(arg)
+        if hasattr(arg, '__html__'):
+            return Markup(u'').join(chain(buf, iterator))
+    return concat(buf)
+
+
+def unicode_join(seq):
+    """Simple args to unicode conversion and concatenation."""
+    return concat(imap(text_type, seq))
+
+
+def new_context(environment, template_name, blocks, vars=None,
+                shared=None, globals=None, locals=None):
+    """Internal helper to for context creation."""
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    if shared:
+        parent = vars
+    else:
+        parent = dict(globals or (), **vars)
+    if locals:
+        # if the parent is shared a copy should be created because
+        # we don't want to modify the dict passed
+        if shared:
+            parent = dict(parent)
+        for key, value in iteritems(locals):
+            if key[:2] == 'l_' and value is not missing:
+                parent[key[2:]] = value
+    return environment.context_class(environment, parent, template_name,
+                                     blocks)
+
+
+class TemplateReference(object):
+    """The `self` in templates."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self.__context = context
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        blocks = self.__context.blocks[name]
+        return BlockReference(name, self.__context, blocks, 0)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.__context.name
+        )
+
+
+class Context(object):
+    """The template context holds the variables of a template.  It stores the
+    values passed to the template and also the names the template exports.
+    Creating instances is neither supported nor useful as it's created
+    automatically at various stages of the template evaluation and should not
+    be created by hand.
+
+    The context is immutable.  Modifications on :attr:`parent` **must not**
+    happen and modifications on :attr:`vars` are allowed from generated
+    template code only.  Template filters and global functions marked as
+    :func:`contextfunction`\s get the active context passed as first argument
+    and are allowed to access the context read-only.
+
+    The template context supports read only dict operations (`get`,
+    `keys`, `values`, `items`, `iterkeys`, `itervalues`, `iteritems`,
+    `__getitem__`, `__contains__`).  Additionally there is a :meth:`resolve`
+    method that doesn't fail with a `KeyError` but returns an
+    :class:`Undefined` object for missing variables.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('parent', 'vars', 'environment', 'eval_ctx', 'exported_vars',
+                 'name', 'blocks', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, environment, parent, name, blocks):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.vars = {}
+        self.environment = environment
+        self.eval_ctx = EvalContext(self.environment, name)
+        self.exported_vars = set()
+        self.name = name
+
+        # create the initial mapping of blocks.  Whenever template inheritance
+        # takes place the runtime will update this mapping with the new blocks
+        # from the template.
+        self.blocks = dict((k, [v]) for k, v in iteritems(blocks))
+
+    def super(self, name, current):
+        """Render a parent block."""
+        try:
+            blocks = self.blocks[name]
+            index = blocks.index(current) + 1
+            blocks[index]
+        except LookupError:
+            return self.environment.undefined('there is no parent block '
+                                              'called %r.' % name,
+                                              name='super')
+        return BlockReference(name, self, blocks, index)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Returns an item from the template context, if it doesn't exist
+        `default` is returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def resolve(self, key):
+        """Looks up a variable like `__getitem__` or `get` but returns an
+        :class:`Undefined` object with the name of the name looked up.
+        """
+        if key in self.vars:
+            return self.vars[key]
+        if key in self.parent:
+            return self.parent[key]
+        return self.environment.undefined(name=key)
+
+    def get_exported(self):
+        """Get a new dict with the exported variables."""
+        return dict((k, self.vars[k]) for k in self.exported_vars)
+
+    def get_all(self):
+        """Return a copy of the complete context as dict including the
+        exported variables.
+        """
+        return dict(self.parent, **self.vars)
+
+    @internalcode
+    def call(__self, __obj, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Call the callable with the arguments and keyword arguments
+        provided but inject the active context or environment as first
+        argument if the callable is a :func:`contextfunction` or
+        :func:`environmentfunction`.
+        """
+        if __debug__:
+            __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa
+
+        # Allow callable classes to take a context
+        fn = __obj.__call__
+        for fn_type in ('contextfunction',
+                        'evalcontextfunction',
+                        'environmentfunction'):
+            if hasattr(fn, fn_type):
+                __obj = fn
+                break
+
+        if isinstance(__obj, _context_function_types):
+            if getattr(__obj, 'contextfunction', 0):
+                args = (__self,) + args
+            elif getattr(__obj, 'evalcontextfunction', 0):
+                args = (__self.eval_ctx,) + args
+            elif getattr(__obj, 'environmentfunction', 0):
+                args = (__self.environment,) + args
+        try:
+            return __obj(*args, **kwargs)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return __self.environment.undefined('value was undefined because '
+                                                'a callable raised a '
+                                                'StopIteration exception')
+
+    def derived(self, locals=None):
+        """Internal helper function to create a derived context."""
+        context = new_context(self.environment, self.name, {},
+                              self.parent, True, None, locals)
+        context.vars.update(self.vars)
+        context.eval_ctx = self.eval_ctx
+        context.blocks.update((k, list(v)) for k, v in iteritems(self.blocks))
+        return context
+
+    def _all(meth):
+        proxy = lambda self: getattr(self.get_all(), meth)()
+        proxy.__doc__ = getattr(dict, meth).__doc__
+        proxy.__name__ = meth
+        return proxy
+
+    keys = _all('keys')
+    values = _all('values')
+    items = _all('items')
+
+    # not available on python 3
+    if PY2:
+        iterkeys = _all('iterkeys')
+        itervalues = _all('itervalues')
+        iteritems = _all('iteritems')
+    del _all
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return name in self.vars or name in self.parent
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Lookup a variable or raise `KeyError` if the variable is
+        undefined.
+        """
+        item = self.resolve(key)
+        if isinstance(item, Undefined):
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return item
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s of %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            repr(self.get_all()),
+            self.name
+        )
+
+
+# register the context as mapping if possible
+try:
+    from collections import Mapping
+    Mapping.register(Context)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class BlockReference(object):
+    """One block on a template reference."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, context, stack, depth):
+        self.name = name
+        self._context = context
+        self._stack = stack
+        self._depth = depth
+
+    @property
+    def super(self):
+        """Super the block."""
+        if self._depth + 1 >= len(self._stack):
+            return self._context.environment. \
+                undefined('there is no parent block called %r.' %
+                          self.name, name='super')
+        return BlockReference(self.name, self._context, self._stack,
+                              self._depth + 1)
+
+    @internalcode
+    def __call__(self):
+        rv = concat(self._stack[self._depth](self._context))
+        if self._context.eval_ctx.autoescape:
+            rv = Markup(rv)
+        return rv
+
+
+class LoopContext(object):
+    """A loop context for dynamic iteration."""
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable, recurse=None, depth0=0):
+        self._iterator = iter(iterable)
+        self._recurse = recurse
+        self._after = self._safe_next()
+        self.index0 = -1
+        self.depth0 = depth0
+
+        # try to get the length of the iterable early.  This must be done
+        # here because there are some broken iterators around where there
+        # __len__ is the number of iterations left (i'm looking at your
+        # listreverseiterator!).
+        try:
+            self._length = len(iterable)
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            self._length = None
+
+    def cycle(self, *args):
+        """Cycles among the arguments with the current loop index."""
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError('no items for cycling given')
+        return args[self.index0 % len(args)]
+
+    first = property(lambda x: x.index0 == 0)
+    last = property(lambda x: x._after is _last_iteration)
+    index = property(lambda x: x.index0 + 1)
+    revindex = property(lambda x: x.length - x.index0)
+    revindex0 = property(lambda x: x.length - x.index)
+    depth = property(lambda x: x.depth0 + 1)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.length
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return LoopContextIterator(self)
+
+    def _safe_next(self):
+        try:
+            return next(self._iterator)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return _last_iteration
+
+    @internalcode
+    def loop(self, iterable):
+        if self._recurse is None:
+            raise TypeError('Tried to call non recursive loop.  Maybe you '
+                            "forgot the 'recursive' modifier.")
+        return self._recurse(iterable, self._recurse, self.depth0 + 1)
+
+    # a nifty trick to enhance the error message if someone tried to call
+    # the the loop without or with too many arguments.
+    __call__ = loop
+    del loop
+
+    @property
+    def length(self):
+        if self._length is None:
+            # if was not possible to get the length of the iterator when
+            # the loop context was created (ie: iterating over a generator)
+            # we have to convert the iterable into a sequence and use the
+            # length of that + the number of iterations so far.
+            iterable = tuple(self._iterator)
+            self._iterator = iter(iterable)
+            iterations_done = self.index0 + 2
+            self._length = len(iterable) + iterations_done
+        return self._length
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r/%r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.index,
+            self.length
+        )
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class LoopContextIterator(object):
+    """The iterator for a loop context."""
+    __slots__ = ('context',)
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self.context = context
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        ctx = self.context
+        ctx.index0 += 1
+        if ctx._after is _last_iteration:
+            raise StopIteration()
+        next_elem = ctx._after
+        ctx._after = ctx._safe_next()
+        return next_elem, ctx
+
+
+class Macro(object):
+    """Wraps a macro function."""
+
+    def __init__(self, environment, func, name, arguments, defaults,
+                 catch_kwargs, catch_varargs, caller):
+        self._environment = environment
+        self._func = func
+        self._argument_count = len(arguments)
+        self.name = name
+        self.arguments = arguments
+        self.defaults = defaults
+        self.catch_kwargs = catch_kwargs
+        self.catch_varargs = catch_varargs
+        self.caller = caller
+
+    @internalcode
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # try to consume the positional arguments
+        arguments = list(args[:self._argument_count])
+        off = len(arguments)
+
+        # if the number of arguments consumed is not the number of
+        # arguments expected we start filling in keyword arguments
+        # and defaults.
+        if off != self._argument_count:
+            for idx, name in enumerate(self.arguments[len(arguments):]):
+                try:
+                    value = kwargs.pop(name)
+                except KeyError:
+                    try:
+                        value = self.defaults[idx - self._argument_count + off]
+                    except IndexError:
+                        value = self._environment.undefined(
+                            'parameter %r was not provided' % name, name=name)
+                arguments.append(value)
+
+        # it's important that the order of these arguments does not change
+        # if not also changed in the compiler's `function_scoping` method.
+        # the order is caller, keyword arguments, positional arguments!
+        if self.caller:
+            caller = kwargs.pop('caller', None)
+            if caller is None:
+                caller = self._environment.undefined('No caller defined',
+                                                     name='caller')
+            arguments.append(caller)
+        if self.catch_kwargs:
+            arguments.append(kwargs)
+        elif kwargs:
+            raise TypeError('macro %r takes no keyword argument %r' %
+                            (self.name, next(iter(kwargs))))
+        if self.catch_varargs:
+            arguments.append(args[self._argument_count:])
+        elif len(args) > self._argument_count:
+            raise TypeError('macro %r takes not more than %d argument(s)' %
+                            (self.name, len(self.arguments)))
+        return self._func(*arguments)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.name is None and 'anonymous' or repr(self.name)
+        )
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class Undefined(object):
+    """The default undefined type.  This undefined type can be printed and
+    iterated over, but every other access will raise an :exc:`jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError`:
+
+    >>> foo = Undefined(name='foo')
+    >>> str(foo)
+    ''
+    >>> not foo
+    True
+    >>> foo + 42
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'foo' is undefined
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('_undefined_hint', '_undefined_obj', '_undefined_name',
+                 '_undefined_exception')
+
+    def __init__(self, hint=None, obj=missing, name=None, exc=UndefinedError):
+        self._undefined_hint = hint
+        self._undefined_obj = obj
+        self._undefined_name = name
+        self._undefined_exception = exc
+
+    @internalcode
+    def _fail_with_undefined_error(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Regular callback function for undefined objects that raises an
+        `jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError` on call.
+        """
+        if self._undefined_hint is None:
+            if self._undefined_obj is missing:
+                hint = '%r is undefined' % self._undefined_name
+            elif not isinstance(self._undefined_name, string_types):
+                hint = '%s has no element %r' % (
+                    object_type_repr(self._undefined_obj),
+                    self._undefined_name
+                )
+            else:
+                hint = '%r has no attribute %r' % (
+                    object_type_repr(self._undefined_obj),
+                    self._undefined_name
+                )
+        else:
+            hint = self._undefined_hint
+        raise self._undefined_exception(hint)
+
+    @internalcode
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name[:2] == '__':
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        return self._fail_with_undefined_error()
+
+    __add__ = __radd__ = __mul__ = __rmul__ = __div__ = __rdiv__ = \
+        __truediv__ = __rtruediv__ = __floordiv__ = __rfloordiv__ = \
+        __mod__ = __rmod__ = __pos__ = __neg__ = __call__ = \
+        __getitem__ = __lt__ = __le__ = __gt__ = __ge__ = __int__ = \
+        __float__ = __complex__ = __pow__ = __rpow__ = \
+        _fail_with_undefined_error
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return type(self) is type(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(type(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return u''
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return 0
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if 0:
+            yield None
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return False
+    __bool__ = __nonzero__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Undefined'
+
+
+def make_logging_undefined(logger=None, base=None):
+    """Given a logger object this returns a new undefined class that will
+    log certain failures.  It will log iterations and printing.  If no
+    logger is given a default logger is created.
+
+    Example::
+
+        logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        LoggingUndefined = make_logging_undefined(
+            logger=logger,
+            base=Undefined
+        )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.8
+
+    :param logger: the logger to use.  If not provided, a default logger
+                   is created.
+    :param base: the base class to add logging functionality to.  This
+                 defaults to :class:`Undefined`.
+    """
+    if logger is None:
+        import logging
+        logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr))
+    if base is None:
+        base = Undefined
+
+    def _log_message(undef):
+        if undef._undefined_hint is None:
+            if undef._undefined_obj is missing:
+                hint = '%s is undefined' % undef._undefined_name
+            elif not isinstance(undef._undefined_name, string_types):
+                hint = '%s has no element %s' % (
+                    object_type_repr(undef._undefined_obj),
+                    undef._undefined_name)
+            else:
+                hint = '%s has no attribute %s' % (
+                    object_type_repr(undef._undefined_obj),
+                    undef._undefined_name)
+        else:
+            hint = undef._undefined_hint
+        logger.warning('Template variable warning: %s', hint)
+
+    class LoggingUndefined(base):
+
+        def _fail_with_undefined_error(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                return base._fail_with_undefined_error(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            except self._undefined_exception as e:
+                logger.error('Template variable error: %s', str(e))
+                raise e
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            rv = base.__str__(self)
+            _log_message(self)
+            return rv
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            rv = base.__iter__(self)
+            _log_message(self)
+            return rv
+
+        if PY2:
+            def __nonzero__(self):
+                rv = base.__nonzero__(self)
+                _log_message(self)
+                return rv
+
+            def __unicode__(self):
+                rv = base.__unicode__(self)
+                _log_message(self)
+                return rv
+        else:
+            def __bool__(self):
+                rv = base.__bool__(self)
+                _log_message(self)
+                return rv
+
+    return LoggingUndefined
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class DebugUndefined(Undefined):
+    """An undefined that returns the debug info when printed.
+
+    >>> foo = DebugUndefined(name='foo')
+    >>> str(foo)
+    '{{ foo }}'
+    >>> not foo
+    True
+    >>> foo + 42
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'foo' is undefined
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self._undefined_hint is None:
+            if self._undefined_obj is missing:
+                return u'{{ %s }}' % self._undefined_name
+            return '{{ no such element: %s[%r] }}' % (
+                object_type_repr(self._undefined_obj),
+                self._undefined_name
+            )
+        return u'{{ undefined value printed: %s }}' % self._undefined_hint
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class StrictUndefined(Undefined):
+    """An undefined that barks on print and iteration as well as boolean
+    tests and all kinds of comparisons.  In other words: you can do nothing
+    with it except checking if it's defined using the `defined` test.
+
+    >>> foo = StrictUndefined(name='foo')
+    >>> str(foo)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'foo' is undefined
+    >>> not foo
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'foo' is undefined
+    >>> foo + 42
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'foo' is undefined
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __iter__ = __str__ = __len__ = __nonzero__ = __eq__ = \
+        __ne__ = __bool__ = __hash__ = \
+        Undefined._fail_with_undefined_error
+
+
+# remove remaining slots attributes, after the metaclass did the magic they
+# are unneeded and irritating as they contain wrong data for the subclasses.
+del Undefined.__slots__, DebugUndefined.__slots__, StrictUndefined.__slots__
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/sandbox.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/sandbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e40ab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/sandbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.sandbox
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Adds a sandbox layer to Jinja as it was the default behavior in the old
+    Jinja 1 releases.  This sandbox is slightly different from Jinja 1 as the
+    default behavior is easier to use.
+
+    The behavior can be changed by subclassing the environment.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+import types
+import operator
+from jinja2.environment import Environment
+from jinja2.exceptions import SecurityError
+from jinja2._compat import string_types, PY2
+
+
+#: maximum number of items a range may produce
+MAX_RANGE = 100000
+
+#: attributes of function objects that are considered unsafe.
+if PY2:
+    UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES = set(['func_closure', 'func_code', 'func_dict',
+                                      'func_defaults', 'func_globals'])
+else:
+    # On versions > python 2 the special attributes on functions are gone,
+    # but they remain on methods and generators for whatever reason.
+    UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES = set()
+
+
+#: unsafe method attributes.  function attributes are unsafe for methods too
+UNSAFE_METHOD_ATTRIBUTES = set(['im_class', 'im_func', 'im_self'])
+
+#: unsafe generator attirbutes.
+UNSAFE_GENERATOR_ATTRIBUTES = set(['gi_frame', 'gi_code'])
+
+import warnings
+
+# make sure we don't warn in python 2.6 about stuff we don't care about
+warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', 'the sets module', DeprecationWarning,
+                        module='jinja2.sandbox')
+
+from collections import deque
+
+_mutable_set_types = (set,)
+_mutable_mapping_types = (dict,)
+_mutable_sequence_types = (list,)
+
+
+# on python 2.x we can register the user collection types
+try:
+    from UserDict import UserDict, DictMixin
+    from UserList import UserList
+    _mutable_mapping_types += (UserDict, DictMixin)
+    _mutable_set_types += (UserList,)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+# if sets is still available, register the mutable set from there as well
+try:
+    from sets import Set
+    _mutable_set_types += (Set,)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+#: register Python 2.6 abstract base classes
+try:
+    from collections import MutableSet, MutableMapping, MutableSequence
+    _mutable_set_types += (MutableSet,)
+    _mutable_mapping_types += (MutableMapping,)
+    _mutable_sequence_types += (MutableSequence,)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+_mutable_spec = (
+    (_mutable_set_types, frozenset([
+        'add', 'clear', 'difference_update', 'discard', 'pop', 'remove',
+        'symmetric_difference_update', 'update'
+    ])),
+    (_mutable_mapping_types, frozenset([
+        'clear', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update'
+    ])),
+    (_mutable_sequence_types, frozenset([
+        'append', 'reverse', 'insert', 'sort', 'extend', 'remove'
+    ])),
+    (deque, frozenset([
+        'append', 'appendleft', 'clear', 'extend', 'extendleft', 'pop',
+        'popleft', 'remove', 'rotate'
+    ]))
+)
+
+
+def safe_range(*args):
+    """A range that can't generate ranges with a length of more than
+    MAX_RANGE items.
+    """
+    rng = range(*args)
+    if len(rng) > MAX_RANGE:
+        raise OverflowError('range too big, maximum size for range is %d' %
+                            MAX_RANGE)
+    return rng
+
+
+def unsafe(f):
+    """Marks a function or method as unsafe.
+
+    ::
+
+        @unsafe
+        def delete(self):
+            pass
+    """
+    f.unsafe_callable = True
+    return f
+
+
+def is_internal_attribute(obj, attr):
+    """Test if the attribute given is an internal python attribute.  For
+    example this function returns `True` for the `func_code` attribute of
+    python objects.  This is useful if the environment method
+    :meth:`~SandboxedEnvironment.is_safe_attribute` is overridden.
+
+    >>> from jinja2.sandbox import is_internal_attribute
+    >>> is_internal_attribute(str, "mro")
+    True
+    >>> is_internal_attribute(str, "upper")
+    False
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
+        if attr in UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES:
+            return True
+    elif isinstance(obj, types.MethodType):
+        if attr in UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES or \
+           attr in UNSAFE_METHOD_ATTRIBUTES:
+            return True
+    elif isinstance(obj, type):
+        if attr == 'mro':
+            return True
+    elif isinstance(obj, (types.CodeType, types.TracebackType, types.FrameType)):
+        return True
+    elif isinstance(obj, types.GeneratorType):
+        if attr in UNSAFE_GENERATOR_ATTRIBUTES:
+            return True
+    return attr.startswith('__')
+
+
+def modifies_known_mutable(obj, attr):
+    """This function checks if an attribute on a builtin mutable object
+    (list, dict, set or deque) would modify it if called.  It also supports
+    the "user"-versions of the objects (`sets.Set`, `UserDict.*` etc.) and
+    with Python 2.6 onwards the abstract base classes `MutableSet`,
+    `MutableMapping`, and `MutableSequence`.
+
+    >>> modifies_known_mutable({}, "clear")
+    True
+    >>> modifies_known_mutable({}, "keys")
+    False
+    >>> modifies_known_mutable([], "append")
+    True
+    >>> modifies_known_mutable([], "index")
+    False
+
+    If called with an unsupported object (such as unicode) `False` is
+    returned.
+
+    >>> modifies_known_mutable("foo", "upper")
+    False
+    """
+    for typespec, unsafe in _mutable_spec:
+        if isinstance(obj, typespec):
+            return attr in unsafe
+    return False
+
+
+class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
+    """The sandboxed environment.  It works like the regular environment but
+    tells the compiler to generate sandboxed code.  Additionally subclasses of
+    this environment may override the methods that tell the runtime what
+    attributes or functions are safe to access.
+
+    If the template tries to access insecure code a :exc:`SecurityError` is
+    raised.  However also other exceptions may occour during the rendering so
+    the caller has to ensure that all exceptions are catched.
+    """
+    sandboxed = True
+
+    #: default callback table for the binary operators.  A copy of this is
+    #: available on each instance of a sandboxed environment as
+    #: :attr:`binop_table`
+    default_binop_table = {
+        '+':        operator.add,
+        '-':        operator.sub,
+        '*':        operator.mul,
+        '/':        operator.truediv,
+        '//':       operator.floordiv,
+        '**':       operator.pow,
+        '%':        operator.mod
+    }
+
+    #: default callback table for the unary operators.  A copy of this is
+    #: available on each instance of a sandboxed environment as
+    #: :attr:`unop_table`
+    default_unop_table = {
+        '+':        operator.pos,
+        '-':        operator.neg
+    }
+
+    #: a set of binary operators that should be intercepted.  Each operator
+    #: that is added to this set (empty by default) is delegated to the
+    #: :meth:`call_binop` method that will perform the operator.  The default
+    #: operator callback is specified by :attr:`binop_table`.
+    #:
+    #: The following binary operators are interceptable:
+    #: ``//``, ``%``, ``+``, ``*``, ``-``, ``/``, and ``**``
+    #:
+    #: The default operation form the operator table corresponds to the
+    #: builtin function.  Intercepted calls are always slower than the native
+    #: operator call, so make sure only to intercept the ones you are
+    #: interested in.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 2.6
+    intercepted_binops = frozenset()
+
+    #: a set of unary operators that should be intercepted.  Each operator
+    #: that is added to this set (empty by default) is delegated to the
+    #: :meth:`call_unop` method that will perform the operator.  The default
+    #: operator callback is specified by :attr:`unop_table`.
+    #:
+    #: The following unary operators are interceptable: ``+``, ``-``
+    #:
+    #: The default operation form the operator table corresponds to the
+    #: builtin function.  Intercepted calls are always slower than the native
+    #: operator call, so make sure only to intercept the ones you are
+    #: interested in.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 2.6
+    intercepted_unops = frozenset()
+
+    def intercept_unop(self, operator):
+        """Called during template compilation with the name of a unary
+        operator to check if it should be intercepted at runtime.  If this
+        method returns `True`, :meth:`call_unop` is excuted for this unary
+        operator.  The default implementation of :meth:`call_unop` will use
+        the :attr:`unop_table` dictionary to perform the operator with the
+        same logic as the builtin one.
+
+        The following unary operators are interceptable: ``+`` and ``-``
+
+        Intercepted calls are always slower than the native operator call,
+        so make sure only to intercept the ones you are interested in.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        Environment.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.globals['range'] = safe_range
+        self.binop_table = self.default_binop_table.copy()
+        self.unop_table = self.default_unop_table.copy()
+
+    def is_safe_attribute(self, obj, attr, value):
+        """The sandboxed environment will call this method to check if the
+        attribute of an object is safe to access.  Per default all attributes
+        starting with an underscore are considered private as well as the
+        special attributes of internal python objects as returned by the
+        :func:`is_internal_attribute` function.
+        """
+        return not (attr.startswith('_') or is_internal_attribute(obj, attr))
+
+    def is_safe_callable(self, obj):
+        """Check if an object is safely callable.  Per default a function is
+        considered safe unless the `unsafe_callable` attribute exists and is
+        True.  Override this method to alter the behavior, but this won't
+        affect the `unsafe` decorator from this module.
+        """
+        return not (getattr(obj, 'unsafe_callable', False) or
+                    getattr(obj, 'alters_data', False))
+
+    def call_binop(self, context, operator, left, right):
+        """For intercepted binary operator calls (:meth:`intercepted_binops`)
+        this function is executed instead of the builtin operator.  This can
+        be used to fine tune the behavior of certain operators.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6
+        """
+        return self.binop_table[operator](left, right)
+
+    def call_unop(self, context, operator, arg):
+        """For intercepted unary operator calls (:meth:`intercepted_unops`)
+        this function is executed instead of the builtin operator.  This can
+        be used to fine tune the behavior of certain operators.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.6
+        """
+        return self.unop_table[operator](arg)
+
+    def getitem(self, obj, argument):
+        """Subscribe an object from sandboxed code."""
+        try:
+            return obj[argument]
+        except (TypeError, LookupError):
+            if isinstance(argument, string_types):
+                try:
+                    attr = str(argument)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        value = getattr(obj, attr)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        if self.is_safe_attribute(obj, argument, value):
+                            return value
+                        return self.unsafe_undefined(obj, argument)
+        return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=argument)
+
+    def getattr(self, obj, attribute):
+        """Subscribe an object from sandboxed code and prefer the
+        attribute.  The attribute passed *must* be a bytestring.
+        """
+        try:
+            value = getattr(obj, attribute)
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                return obj[attribute]
+            except (TypeError, LookupError):
+                pass
+        else:
+            if self.is_safe_attribute(obj, attribute, value):
+                return value
+            return self.unsafe_undefined(obj, attribute)
+        return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=attribute)
+
+    def unsafe_undefined(self, obj, attribute):
+        """Return an undefined object for unsafe attributes."""
+        return self.undefined('access to attribute %r of %r '
+                              'object is unsafe.' % (
+            attribute,
+            obj.__class__.__name__
+        ), name=attribute, obj=obj, exc=SecurityError)
+
+    def call(__self, __context, __obj, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Call an object from sandboxed code."""
+        # the double prefixes are to avoid double keyword argument
+        # errors when proxying the call.
+        if not __self.is_safe_callable(__obj):
+            raise SecurityError('%r is not safely callable' % (__obj,))
+        return __context.call(__obj, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment(SandboxedEnvironment):
+    """Works exactly like the regular `SandboxedEnvironment` but does not
+    permit modifications on the builtin mutable objects `list`, `set`, and
+    `dict` by using the :func:`modifies_known_mutable` function.
+    """
+
+    def is_safe_attribute(self, obj, attr, value):
+        if not SandboxedEnvironment.is_safe_attribute(self, obj, attr, value):
+            return False
+        return not modifies_known_mutable(obj, attr)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/tests.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb32349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.tests
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Jinja test functions. Used with the "is" operator.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+from collections import Mapping
+from jinja2.runtime import Undefined
+from jinja2._compat import text_type, string_types, integer_types
+import decimal
+
+number_re = re.compile(r'^-?\d+(\.\d+)?$')
+regex_type = type(number_re)
+
+
+test_callable = callable
+
+
+def test_odd(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is odd."""
+    return value % 2 == 1
+
+
+def test_even(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is even."""
+    return value % 2 == 0
+
+
+def test_divisibleby(value, num):
+    """Check if a variable is divisible by a number."""
+    return value % num == 0
+
+
+def test_defined(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is defined:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {% if variable is defined %}
+            value of variable: {{ variable }}
+        {% else %}
+            variable is not defined
+        {% endif %}
+
+    See the :func:`default` filter for a simple way to set undefined
+    variables.
+    """
+    return not isinstance(value, Undefined)
+
+
+def test_undefined(value):
+    """Like :func:`defined` but the other way round."""
+    return isinstance(value, Undefined)
+
+
+def test_none(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is none."""
+    return value is None
+
+
+def test_lower(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is lowercased."""
+    return text_type(value).islower()
+
+
+def test_upper(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is uppercased."""
+    return text_type(value).isupper()
+
+
+def test_string(value):
+    """Return true if the object is a string."""
+    return isinstance(value, string_types)
+
+
+def test_mapping(value):
+    """Return true if the object is a mapping (dict etc.).
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.6
+    """
+    return isinstance(value, Mapping)
+
+
+def test_number(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is a number."""
+    return isinstance(value, integer_types + (float, complex, decimal.Decimal))
+
+
+def test_sequence(value):
+    """Return true if the variable is a sequence. Sequences are variables
+    that are iterable.
+    """
+    try:
+        len(value)
+        value.__getitem__
+    except:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def test_equalto(value, other):
+    """Check if an object has the same value as another object:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {% if foo.expression is equalto 42 %}
+            the foo attribute evaluates to the constant 42
+        {% endif %}
+
+    This appears to be a useless test as it does exactly the same as the
+    ``==`` operator, but it can be useful when used together with the
+    `selectattr` function:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {{ users|selectattr("email", "equalto", "foo@bar.invalid") }}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.8
+    """
+    return value == other
+
+
+def test_sameas(value, other):
+    """Check if an object points to the same memory address than another
+    object:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: jinja
+
+        {% if foo.attribute is sameas false %}
+            the foo attribute really is the `False` singleton
+        {% endif %}
+    """
+    return value is other
+
+
+def test_iterable(value):
+    """Check if it's possible to iterate over an object."""
+    try:
+        iter(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def test_escaped(value):
+    """Check if the value is escaped."""
+    return hasattr(value, '__html__')
+
+
+TESTS = {
+    'odd':              test_odd,
+    'even':             test_even,
+    'divisibleby':      test_divisibleby,
+    'defined':          test_defined,
+    'undefined':        test_undefined,
+    'none':             test_none,
+    'lower':            test_lower,
+    'upper':            test_upper,
+    'string':           test_string,
+    'mapping':          test_mapping,
+    'number':           test_number,
+    'sequence':         test_sequence,
+    'iterable':         test_iterable,
+    'callable':         test_callable,
+    'sameas':           test_sameas,
+    'equalto':          test_equalto,
+    'escaped':          test_escaped
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdd4cd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.utils
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Utility functions.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import errno
+from collections import deque
+from threading import Lock
+from jinja2._compat import text_type, string_types, implements_iterator, \
+     url_quote
+
+
+_word_split_re = re.compile(r'(\s+)')
+_punctuation_re = re.compile(
+    '^(?P<lead>(?:%s)*)(?P<middle>.*?)(?P<trail>(?:%s)*)$' % (
+        '|'.join(map(re.escape, ('(', '<', '&lt;'))),
+        '|'.join(map(re.escape, ('.', ',', ')', '>', '\n', '&gt;')))
+    )
+)
+_simple_email_re = re.compile(r'^\S+@[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$')
+_striptags_re = re.compile(r'(<!--.*?-->|<[^>]*>)')
+_entity_re = re.compile(r'&([^;]+);')
+_letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+_digits = '0123456789'
+
+# special singleton representing missing values for the runtime
+missing = type('MissingType', (), {'__repr__': lambda x: 'missing'})()
+
+# internal code
+internal_code = set()
+
+concat = u''.join
+
+
+def contextfunction(f):
+    """This decorator can be used to mark a function or method context callable.
+    A context callable is passed the active :class:`Context` as first argument when
+    called from the template.  This is useful if a function wants to get access
+    to the context or functions provided on the context object.  For example
+    a function that returns a sorted list of template variables the current
+    template exports could look like this::
+
+        @contextfunction
+        def get_exported_names(context):
+            return sorted(context.exported_vars)
+    """
+    f.contextfunction = True
+    return f
+
+
+def evalcontextfunction(f):
+    """This decorator can be used to mark a function or method as an eval
+    context callable.  This is similar to the :func:`contextfunction`
+    but instead of passing the context, an evaluation context object is
+    passed.  For more information about the eval context, see
+    :ref:`eval-context`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.4
+    """
+    f.evalcontextfunction = True
+    return f
+
+
+def environmentfunction(f):
+    """This decorator can be used to mark a function or method as environment
+    callable.  This decorator works exactly like the :func:`contextfunction`
+    decorator just that the first argument is the active :class:`Environment`
+    and not context.
+    """
+    f.environmentfunction = True
+    return f
+
+
+def internalcode(f):
+    """Marks the function as internally used"""
+    internal_code.add(f.__code__)
+    return f
+
+
+def is_undefined(obj):
+    """Check if the object passed is undefined.  This does nothing more than
+    performing an instance check against :class:`Undefined` but looks nicer.
+    This can be used for custom filters or tests that want to react to
+    undefined variables.  For example a custom default filter can look like
+    this::
+
+        def default(var, default=''):
+            if is_undefined(var):
+                return default
+            return var
+    """
+    from jinja2.runtime import Undefined
+    return isinstance(obj, Undefined)
+
+
+def consume(iterable):
+    """Consumes an iterable without doing anything with it."""
+    for event in iterable:
+        pass
+
+
+def clear_caches():
+    """Jinja2 keeps internal caches for environments and lexers.  These are
+    used so that Jinja2 doesn't have to recreate environments and lexers all
+    the time.  Normally you don't have to care about that but if you are
+    messuring memory consumption you may want to clean the caches.
+    """
+    from jinja2.environment import _spontaneous_environments
+    from jinja2.lexer import _lexer_cache
+    _spontaneous_environments.clear()
+    _lexer_cache.clear()
+
+
+def import_string(import_name, silent=False):
+    """Imports an object based on a string.  This is useful if you want to
+    use import paths as endpoints or something similar.  An import path can
+    be specified either in dotted notation (``xml.sax.saxutils.escape``)
+    or with a colon as object delimiter (``xml.sax.saxutils:escape``).
+
+    If the `silent` is True the return value will be `None` if the import
+    fails.
+
+    :return: imported object
+    """
+    try:
+        if ':' in import_name:
+            module, obj = import_name.split(':', 1)
+        elif '.' in import_name:
+            items = import_name.split('.')
+            module = '.'.join(items[:-1])
+            obj = items[-1]
+        else:
+            return __import__(import_name)
+        return getattr(__import__(module, None, None, [obj]), obj)
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        if not silent:
+            raise
+
+
+def open_if_exists(filename, mode='rb'):
+    """Returns a file descriptor for the filename if that file exists,
+    otherwise `None`.
+    """
+    try:
+        return open(filename, mode)
+    except IOError as e:
+        if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.EISDIR, errno.EINVAL):
+            raise
+
+
+def object_type_repr(obj):
+    """Returns the name of the object's type.  For some recognized
+    singletons the name of the object is returned instead. (For
+    example for `None` and `Ellipsis`).
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return 'None'
+    elif obj is Ellipsis:
+        return 'Ellipsis'
+    # __builtin__ in 2.x, builtins in 3.x
+    if obj.__class__.__module__ in ('__builtin__', 'builtins'):
+        name = obj.__class__.__name__
+    else:
+        name = obj.__class__.__module__ + '.' + obj.__class__.__name__
+    return '%s object' % name
+
+
+def pformat(obj, verbose=False):
+    """Prettyprint an object.  Either use the `pretty` library or the
+    builtin `pprint`.
+    """
+    try:
+        from pretty import pretty
+        return pretty(obj, verbose=verbose)
+    except ImportError:
+        from pprint import pformat
+        return pformat(obj)
+
+
+def urlize(text, trim_url_limit=None, nofollow=False, target=None):
+    """Converts any URLs in text into clickable links. Works on http://,
+    https:// and www. links. Links can have trailing punctuation (periods,
+    commas, close-parens) and leading punctuation (opening parens) and
+    it'll still do the right thing.
+
+    If trim_url_limit is not None, the URLs in link text will be limited
+    to trim_url_limit characters.
+
+    If nofollow is True, the URLs in link text will get a rel="nofollow"
+    attribute.
+
+    If target is not None, a target attribute will be added to the link.
+    """
+    trim_url = lambda x, limit=trim_url_limit: limit is not None \
+                         and (x[:limit] + (len(x) >=limit and '...'
+                         or '')) or x
+    words = _word_split_re.split(text_type(escape(text)))
+    nofollow_attr = nofollow and ' rel="nofollow"' or ''
+    if target is not None and isinstance(target, string_types):
+        target_attr = ' target="%s"' % target
+    else:
+        target_attr = ''
+    for i, word in enumerate(words):
+        match = _punctuation_re.match(word)
+        if match:
+            lead, middle, trail = match.groups()
+            if middle.startswith('www.') or (
+                '@' not in middle and
+                not middle.startswith('http://') and
+                not middle.startswith('https://') and
+                len(middle) > 0 and
+                middle[0] in _letters + _digits and (
+                    middle.endswith('.org') or
+                    middle.endswith('.net') or
+                    middle.endswith('.com')
+                )):
+                middle = '<a href="http://%s"%s%s>%s</a>' % (middle,
+                    nofollow_attr, target_attr, trim_url(middle))
+            if middle.startswith('http://') or \
+               middle.startswith('https://'):
+                middle = '<a href="%s"%s%s>%s</a>' % (middle,
+                    nofollow_attr, target_attr, trim_url(middle))
+            if '@' in middle and not middle.startswith('www.') and \
+               not ':' in middle and _simple_email_re.match(middle):
+                middle = '<a href="mailto:%s">%s</a>' % (middle, middle)
+            if lead + middle + trail != word:
+                words[i] = lead + middle + trail
+    return u''.join(words)
+
+
+def generate_lorem_ipsum(n=5, html=True, min=20, max=100):
+    """Generate some lorem ipsum for the template."""
+    from jinja2.constants import LOREM_IPSUM_WORDS
+    from random import choice, randrange
+    words = LOREM_IPSUM_WORDS.split()
+    result = []
+
+    for _ in range(n):
+        next_capitalized = True
+        last_comma = last_fullstop = 0
+        word = None
+        last = None
+        p = []
+
+        # each paragraph contains out of 20 to 100 words.
+        for idx, _ in enumerate(range(randrange(min, max))):
+            while True:
+                word = choice(words)
+                if word != last:
+                    last = word
+                    break
+            if next_capitalized:
+                word = word.capitalize()
+                next_capitalized = False
+            # add commas
+            if idx - randrange(3, 8) > last_comma:
+                last_comma = idx
+                last_fullstop += 2
+                word += ','
+            # add end of sentences
+            if idx - randrange(10, 20) > last_fullstop:
+                last_comma = last_fullstop = idx
+                word += '.'
+                next_capitalized = True
+            p.append(word)
+
+        # ensure that the paragraph ends with a dot.
+        p = u' '.join(p)
+        if p.endswith(','):
+            p = p[:-1] + '.'
+        elif not p.endswith('.'):
+            p += '.'
+        result.append(p)
+
+    if not html:
+        return u'\n\n'.join(result)
+    return Markup(u'\n'.join(u'<p>%s</p>' % escape(x) for x in result))
+
+
+def unicode_urlencode(obj, charset='utf-8', for_qs=False):
+    """URL escapes a single bytestring or unicode string with the
+    given charset if applicable to URL safe quoting under all rules
+    that need to be considered under all supported Python versions.
+
+    If non strings are provided they are converted to their unicode
+    representation first.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(obj, string_types):
+        obj = text_type(obj)
+    if isinstance(obj, text_type):
+        obj = obj.encode(charset)
+    safe = for_qs and b'' or b'/'
+    rv = text_type(url_quote(obj, safe))
+    if for_qs:
+        rv = rv.replace('%20', '+')
+    return rv
+
+
+class LRUCache(object):
+    """A simple LRU Cache implementation."""
+
+    # this is fast for small capacities (something below 1000) but doesn't
+    # scale.  But as long as it's only used as storage for templates this
+    # won't do any harm.
+
+    def __init__(self, capacity):
+        self.capacity = capacity
+        self._mapping = {}
+        self._queue = deque()
+        self._postinit()
+
+    def _postinit(self):
+        # alias all queue methods for faster lookup
+        self._popleft = self._queue.popleft
+        self._pop = self._queue.pop
+        self._remove = self._queue.remove
+        self._wlock = Lock()
+        self._append = self._queue.append
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            'capacity':     self.capacity,
+            '_mapping':     self._mapping,
+            '_queue':       self._queue
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, d):
+        self.__dict__.update(d)
+        self._postinit()
+
+    def __getnewargs__(self):
+        return (self.capacity,)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow copy of the instance."""
+        rv = self.__class__(self.capacity)
+        rv._mapping.update(self._mapping)
+        rv._queue = deque(self._queue)
+        return rv
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Return an item from the cache dict or `default`"""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        """Set `default` if the key is not in the cache otherwise
+        leave unchanged. Return the value of this key.
+        """
+        self._wlock.acquire()
+        try:
+            try:
+                return self[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                self[key] = default
+                return default
+        finally:
+            self._wlock.release()
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear the cache."""
+        self._wlock.acquire()
+        try:
+            self._mapping.clear()
+            self._queue.clear()
+        finally:
+            self._wlock.release()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        """Check if a key exists in this cache."""
+        return key in self._mapping
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return the current size of the cache."""
+        return len(self._mapping)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self._mapping
+        )
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Get an item from the cache. Moves the item up so that it has the
+        highest priority then.
+
+        Raise a `KeyError` if it does not exist.
+        """
+        self._wlock.acquire()
+        try:
+            rv = self._mapping[key]
+            if self._queue[-1] != key:
+                try:
+                    self._remove(key)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # if something removed the key from the container
+                    # when we read, ignore the ValueError that we would
+                    # get otherwise.
+                    pass
+                self._append(key)
+            return rv
+        finally:
+            self._wlock.release()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Sets the value for an item. Moves the item up so that it
+        has the highest priority then.
+        """
+        self._wlock.acquire()
+        try:
+            if key in self._mapping:
+                self._remove(key)
+            elif len(self._mapping) == self.capacity:
+                del self._mapping[self._popleft()]
+            self._append(key)
+            self._mapping[key] = value
+        finally:
+            self._wlock.release()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """Remove an item from the cache dict.
+        Raise a `KeyError` if it does not exist.
+        """
+        self._wlock.acquire()
+        try:
+            del self._mapping[key]
+            try:
+                self._remove(key)
+            except ValueError:
+                # __getitem__ is not locked, it might happen
+                pass
+        finally:
+            self._wlock.release()
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Return a list of items."""
+        result = [(key, self._mapping[key]) for key in list(self._queue)]
+        result.reverse()
+        return result
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all items."""
+        return iter(self.items())
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Return a list of all values."""
+        return [x[1] for x in self.items()]
+
+    def itervalue(self):
+        """Iterate over all values."""
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return a list of all keys ordered by most recent usage."""
+        return list(self)
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Iterate over all keys in the cache dict, ordered by
+        the most recent usage.
+        """
+        return reversed(tuple(self._queue))
+
+    __iter__ = iterkeys
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        """Iterate over the values in the cache dict, oldest items
+        coming first.
+        """
+        return iter(tuple(self._queue))
+
+    __copy__ = copy
+
+
+# register the LRU cache as mutable mapping if possible
+try:
+    from collections import MutableMapping
+    MutableMapping.register(LRUCache)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class Cycler(object):
+    """A cycle helper for templates."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *items):
+        if not items:
+            raise RuntimeError('at least one item has to be provided')
+        self.items = items
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Resets the cycle."""
+        self.pos = 0
+
+    @property
+    def current(self):
+        """Returns the current item."""
+        return self.items[self.pos]
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        """Goes one item ahead and returns it."""
+        rv = self.current
+        self.pos = (self.pos + 1) % len(self.items)
+        return rv
+
+
+class Joiner(object):
+    """A joining helper for templates."""
+
+    def __init__(self, sep=u', '):
+        self.sep = sep
+        self.used = False
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        if not self.used:
+            self.used = True
+            return u''
+        return self.sep
+
+
+# Imported here because that's where it was in the past
+from markupsafe import Markup, escape, soft_unicode
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/visitor.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/visitor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..413e7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/jinja2/visitor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    jinja2.visitor
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements a visitor for the nodes.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by the Jinja Team.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+from jinja2.nodes import Node
+
+
+class NodeVisitor(object):
+    """Walks the abstract syntax tree and call visitor functions for every
+    node found.  The visitor functions may return values which will be
+    forwarded by the `visit` method.
+
+    Per default the visitor functions for the nodes are ``'visit_'`` +
+    class name of the node.  So a `TryFinally` node visit function would
+    be `visit_TryFinally`.  This behavior can be changed by overriding
+    the `get_visitor` function.  If no visitor function exists for a node
+    (return value `None`) the `generic_visit` visitor is used instead.
+    """
+
+    def get_visitor(self, node):
+        """Return the visitor function for this node or `None` if no visitor
+        exists for this node.  In that case the generic visit function is
+        used instead.
+        """
+        method = 'visit_' + node.__class__.__name__
+        return getattr(self, method, None)
+
+    def visit(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Visit a node."""
+        f = self.get_visitor(node)
+        if f is not None:
+            return f(node, *args, **kwargs)
+        return self.generic_visit(node, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Called if no explicit visitor function exists for a node."""
+        for node in node.iter_child_nodes():
+            self.visit(node, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor):
+    """Walks the abstract syntax tree and allows modifications of nodes.
+
+    The `NodeTransformer` will walk the AST and use the return value of the
+    visitor functions to replace or remove the old node.  If the return
+    value of the visitor function is `None` the node will be removed
+    from the previous location otherwise it's replaced with the return
+    value.  The return value may be the original node in which case no
+    replacement takes place.
+    """
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+        for field, old_value in node.iter_fields():
+            if isinstance(old_value, list):
+                new_values = []
+                for value in old_value:
+                    if isinstance(value, Node):
+                        value = self.visit(value, *args, **kwargs)
+                        if value is None:
+                            continue
+                        elif not isinstance(value, Node):
+                            new_values.extend(value)
+                            continue
+                    new_values.append(value)
+                old_value[:] = new_values
+            elif isinstance(old_value, Node):
+                new_node = self.visit(old_value, *args, **kwargs)
+                if new_node is None:
+                    delattr(node, field)
+                else:
+                    setattr(node, field, new_node)
+        return node
+
+    def visit_list(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+        """As transformers may return lists in some places this method
+        can be used to enforce a list as return value.
+        """
+        rv = self.visit(node, *args, **kwargs)
+        if not isinstance(rv, list):
+            rv = [rv]
+        return rv
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2755401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    markupsafe
+    ~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Implements a Markup string.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import string
+from collections import Mapping
+from markupsafe._compat import text_type, string_types, int_types, \
+     unichr, iteritems, PY2
+
+
+__all__ = ['Markup', 'soft_unicode', 'escape', 'escape_silent']
+
+
+_striptags_re = re.compile(r'(<!--.*?-->|<[^>]*>)')
+_entity_re = re.compile(r'&([^;]+);')
+
+
+class Markup(text_type):
+    r"""Marks a string as being safe for inclusion in HTML/XML output without
+    needing to be escaped.  This implements the `__html__` interface a couple
+    of frameworks and web applications use.  :class:`Markup` is a direct
+    subclass of `unicode` and provides all the methods of `unicode` just that
+    it escapes arguments passed and always returns `Markup`.
+
+    The `escape` function returns markup objects so that double escaping can't
+    happen.
+
+    The constructor of the :class:`Markup` class can be used for three
+    different things:  When passed an unicode object it's assumed to be safe,
+    when passed an object with an HTML representation (has an `__html__`
+    method) that representation is used, otherwise the object passed is
+    converted into a unicode string and then assumed to be safe:
+
+    >>> Markup("Hello <em>World</em>!")
+    Markup(u'Hello <em>World</em>!')
+    >>> class Foo(object):
+    ...  def __html__(self):
+    ...   return '<a href="#">foo</a>'
+    ...
+    >>> Markup(Foo())
+    Markup(u'<a href="#">foo</a>')
+
+    If you want object passed being always treated as unsafe you can use the
+    :meth:`escape` classmethod to create a :class:`Markup` object:
+
+    >>> Markup.escape("Hello <em>World</em>!")
+    Markup(u'Hello &lt;em&gt;World&lt;/em&gt;!')
+
+    Operations on a markup string are markup aware which means that all
+    arguments are passed through the :func:`escape` function:
+
+    >>> em = Markup("<em>%s</em>")
+    >>> em % "foo & bar"
+    Markup(u'<em>foo &amp; bar</em>')
+    >>> strong = Markup("<strong>%(text)s</strong>")
+    >>> strong % {'text': '<blink>hacker here</blink>'}
+    Markup(u'<strong>&lt;blink&gt;hacker here&lt;/blink&gt;</strong>')
+    >>> Markup("<em>Hello</em> ") + "<foo>"
+    Markup(u'<em>Hello</em> &lt;foo&gt;')
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, base=u'', encoding=None, errors='strict'):
+        if hasattr(base, '__html__'):
+            base = base.__html__()
+        if encoding is None:
+            return text_type.__new__(cls, base)
+        return text_type.__new__(cls, base, encoding, errors)
+
+    def __html__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types) or hasattr(other, '__html__'):
+            return self.__class__(super(Markup, self).__add__(self.escape(other)))
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        if hasattr(other, '__html__') or isinstance(other, string_types):
+            return self.escape(other).__add__(self)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __mul__(self, num):
+        if isinstance(num, int_types):
+            return self.__class__(text_type.__mul__(self, num))
+        return NotImplemented
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __mod__(self, arg):
+        if isinstance(arg, tuple):
+            arg = tuple(_MarkupEscapeHelper(x, self.escape) for x in arg)
+        else:
+            arg = _MarkupEscapeHelper(arg, self.escape)
+        return self.__class__(text_type.__mod__(self, arg))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            text_type.__repr__(self)
+        )
+
+    def join(self, seq):
+        return self.__class__(text_type.join(self, map(self.escape, seq)))
+    join.__doc__ = text_type.join.__doc__
+
+    def split(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return list(map(self.__class__, text_type.split(self, *args, **kwargs)))
+    split.__doc__ = text_type.split.__doc__
+
+    def rsplit(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return list(map(self.__class__, text_type.rsplit(self, *args, **kwargs)))
+    rsplit.__doc__ = text_type.rsplit.__doc__
+
+    def splitlines(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return list(map(self.__class__, text_type.splitlines(
+            self, *args, **kwargs)))
+    splitlines.__doc__ = text_type.splitlines.__doc__
+
+    def unescape(self):
+        r"""Unescape markup again into an text_type string.  This also resolves
+        known HTML4 and XHTML entities:
+
+        >>> Markup("Main &raquo; <em>About</em>").unescape()
+        u'Main \xbb <em>About</em>'
+        """
+        from markupsafe._constants import HTML_ENTITIES
+        def handle_match(m):
+            name = m.group(1)
+            if name in HTML_ENTITIES:
+                return unichr(HTML_ENTITIES[name])
+            try:
+                if name[:2] in ('#x', '#X'):
+                    return unichr(int(name[2:], 16))
+                elif name.startswith('#'):
+                    return unichr(int(name[1:]))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            return u''
+        return _entity_re.sub(handle_match, text_type(self))
+
+    def striptags(self):
+        r"""Unescape markup into an text_type string and strip all tags.  This
+        also resolves known HTML4 and XHTML entities.  Whitespace is
+        normalized to one:
+
+        >>> Markup("Main &raquo;  <em>About</em>").striptags()
+        u'Main \xbb About'
+        """
+        stripped = u' '.join(_striptags_re.sub('', self).split())
+        return Markup(stripped).unescape()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def escape(cls, s):
+        """Escape the string.  Works like :func:`escape` with the difference
+        that for subclasses of :class:`Markup` this function would return the
+        correct subclass.
+        """
+        rv = escape(s)
+        if rv.__class__ is not cls:
+            return cls(rv)
+        return rv
+
+    def make_simple_escaping_wrapper(name):
+        orig = getattr(text_type, name)
+        def func(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            args = _escape_argspec(list(args), enumerate(args), self.escape)
+            _escape_argspec(kwargs, iteritems(kwargs), self.escape)
+            return self.__class__(orig(self, *args, **kwargs))
+        func.__name__ = orig.__name__
+        func.__doc__ = orig.__doc__
+        return func
+
+    for method in '__getitem__', 'capitalize', \
+                  'title', 'lower', 'upper', 'replace', 'ljust', \
+                  'rjust', 'lstrip', 'rstrip', 'center', 'strip', \
+                  'translate', 'expandtabs', 'swapcase', 'zfill':
+        locals()[method] = make_simple_escaping_wrapper(method)
+
+    # new in python 2.5
+    if hasattr(text_type, 'partition'):
+        def partition(self, sep):
+            return tuple(map(self.__class__,
+                             text_type.partition(self, self.escape(sep))))
+        def rpartition(self, sep):
+            return tuple(map(self.__class__,
+                             text_type.rpartition(self, self.escape(sep))))
+
+    # new in python 2.6
+    if hasattr(text_type, 'format'):
+        def format(*args, **kwargs):
+            self, args = args[0], args[1:]
+            formatter = EscapeFormatter(self.escape)
+            kwargs = _MagicFormatMapping(args, kwargs)
+            return self.__class__(formatter.vformat(self, args, kwargs))
+
+        def __html_format__(self, format_spec):
+            if format_spec:
+                raise ValueError('Unsupported format specification '
+                                 'for Markup.')
+            return self
+
+    # not in python 3
+    if hasattr(text_type, '__getslice__'):
+        __getslice__ = make_simple_escaping_wrapper('__getslice__')
+
+    del method, make_simple_escaping_wrapper
+
+
+class _MagicFormatMapping(Mapping):
+    """This class implements a dummy wrapper to fix a bug in the Python
+    standard library for string formatting.
+
+    See http://bugs.python.org/issue13598 for information about why
+    this is necessary.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, args, kwargs):
+        self._args = args
+        self._kwargs = kwargs
+        self._last_index = 0
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key == '':
+            idx = self._last_index
+            self._last_index += 1
+            try:
+                return self._args[idx]
+            except LookupError:
+                pass
+            key = str(idx)
+        return self._kwargs[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._kwargs)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._kwargs)
+
+
+if hasattr(text_type, 'format'):
+    class EscapeFormatter(string.Formatter):
+
+        def __init__(self, escape):
+            self.escape = escape
+
+        def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
+            if hasattr(value, '__html_format__'):
+                rv = value.__html_format__(format_spec)
+            elif hasattr(value, '__html__'):
+                if format_spec:
+                    raise ValueError('No format specification allowed '
+                                     'when formatting an object with '
+                                     'its __html__ method.')
+                rv = value.__html__()
+            else:
+                rv = string.Formatter.format_field(self, value, format_spec)
+            return text_type(self.escape(rv))
+
+
+def _escape_argspec(obj, iterable, escape):
+    """Helper for various string-wrapped functions."""
+    for key, value in iterable:
+        if hasattr(value, '__html__') or isinstance(value, string_types):
+            obj[key] = escape(value)
+    return obj
+
+
+class _MarkupEscapeHelper(object):
+    """Helper for Markup.__mod__"""
+
+    def __init__(self, obj, escape):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.escape = escape
+
+    __getitem__ = lambda s, x: _MarkupEscapeHelper(s.obj[x], s.escape)
+    __unicode__ = __str__ = lambda s: text_type(s.escape(s.obj))
+    __repr__ = lambda s: str(s.escape(repr(s.obj)))
+    __int__ = lambda s: int(s.obj)
+    __float__ = lambda s: float(s.obj)
+
+
+# we have to import it down here as the speedups and native
+# modules imports the markup type which is define above.
+try:
+    from markupsafe._speedups import escape, escape_silent, soft_unicode
+except ImportError:
+    from markupsafe._native import escape, escape_silent, soft_unicode
+
+if not PY2:
+    soft_str = soft_unicode
+    __all__.append('soft_str')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62e5632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    markupsafe._compat
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Compatibility module for different Python versions.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2013 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+
+if not PY2:
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = (str,)
+    unichr = chr
+    int_types = (int,)
+    iteritems = lambda x: iter(x.items())
+else:
+    text_type = unicode
+    string_types = (str, unicode)
+    unichr = unichr
+    int_types = (int, long)
+    iteritems = lambda x: x.iteritems()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_constants.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..919bf03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    markupsafe._constants
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Highlevel implementation of the Markup string.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+
+HTML_ENTITIES = {
+    'AElig': 198,
+    'Aacute': 193,
+    'Acirc': 194,
+    'Agrave': 192,
+    'Alpha': 913,
+    'Aring': 197,
+    'Atilde': 195,
+    'Auml': 196,
+    'Beta': 914,
+    'Ccedil': 199,
+    'Chi': 935,
+    'Dagger': 8225,
+    'Delta': 916,
+    'ETH': 208,
+    'Eacute': 201,
+    'Ecirc': 202,
+    'Egrave': 200,
+    'Epsilon': 917,
+    'Eta': 919,
+    'Euml': 203,
+    'Gamma': 915,
+    'Iacute': 205,
+    'Icirc': 206,
+    'Igrave': 204,
+    'Iota': 921,
+    'Iuml': 207,
+    'Kappa': 922,
+    'Lambda': 923,
+    'Mu': 924,
+    'Ntilde': 209,
+    'Nu': 925,
+    'OElig': 338,
+    'Oacute': 211,
+    'Ocirc': 212,
+    'Ograve': 210,
+    'Omega': 937,
+    'Omicron': 927,
+    'Oslash': 216,
+    'Otilde': 213,
+    'Ouml': 214,
+    'Phi': 934,
+    'Pi': 928,
+    'Prime': 8243,
+    'Psi': 936,
+    'Rho': 929,
+    'Scaron': 352,
+    'Sigma': 931,
+    'THORN': 222,
+    'Tau': 932,
+    'Theta': 920,
+    'Uacute': 218,
+    'Ucirc': 219,
+    'Ugrave': 217,
+    'Upsilon': 933,
+    'Uuml': 220,
+    'Xi': 926,
+    'Yacute': 221,
+    'Yuml': 376,
+    'Zeta': 918,
+    'aacute': 225,
+    'acirc': 226,
+    'acute': 180,
+    'aelig': 230,
+    'agrave': 224,
+    'alefsym': 8501,
+    'alpha': 945,
+    'amp': 38,
+    'and': 8743,
+    'ang': 8736,
+    'apos': 39,
+    'aring': 229,
+    'asymp': 8776,
+    'atilde': 227,
+    'auml': 228,
+    'bdquo': 8222,
+    'beta': 946,
+    'brvbar': 166,
+    'bull': 8226,
+    'cap': 8745,
+    'ccedil': 231,
+    'cedil': 184,
+    'cent': 162,
+    'chi': 967,
+    'circ': 710,
+    'clubs': 9827,
+    'cong': 8773,
+    'copy': 169,
+    'crarr': 8629,
+    'cup': 8746,
+    'curren': 164,
+    'dArr': 8659,
+    'dagger': 8224,
+    'darr': 8595,
+    'deg': 176,
+    'delta': 948,
+    'diams': 9830,
+    'divide': 247,
+    'eacute': 233,
+    'ecirc': 234,
+    'egrave': 232,
+    'empty': 8709,
+    'emsp': 8195,
+    'ensp': 8194,
+    'epsilon': 949,
+    'equiv': 8801,
+    'eta': 951,
+    'eth': 240,
+    'euml': 235,
+    'euro': 8364,
+    'exist': 8707,
+    'fnof': 402,
+    'forall': 8704,
+    'frac12': 189,
+    'frac14': 188,
+    'frac34': 190,
+    'frasl': 8260,
+    'gamma': 947,
+    'ge': 8805,
+    'gt': 62,
+    'hArr': 8660,
+    'harr': 8596,
+    'hearts': 9829,
+    'hellip': 8230,
+    'iacute': 237,
+    'icirc': 238,
+    'iexcl': 161,
+    'igrave': 236,
+    'image': 8465,
+    'infin': 8734,
+    'int': 8747,
+    'iota': 953,
+    'iquest': 191,
+    'isin': 8712,
+    'iuml': 239,
+    'kappa': 954,
+    'lArr': 8656,
+    'lambda': 955,
+    'lang': 9001,
+    'laquo': 171,
+    'larr': 8592,
+    'lceil': 8968,
+    'ldquo': 8220,
+    'le': 8804,
+    'lfloor': 8970,
+    'lowast': 8727,
+    'loz': 9674,
+    'lrm': 8206,
+    'lsaquo': 8249,
+    'lsquo': 8216,
+    'lt': 60,
+    'macr': 175,
+    'mdash': 8212,
+    'micro': 181,
+    'middot': 183,
+    'minus': 8722,
+    'mu': 956,
+    'nabla': 8711,
+    'nbsp': 160,
+    'ndash': 8211,
+    'ne': 8800,
+    'ni': 8715,
+    'not': 172,
+    'notin': 8713,
+    'nsub': 8836,
+    'ntilde': 241,
+    'nu': 957,
+    'oacute': 243,
+    'ocirc': 244,
+    'oelig': 339,
+    'ograve': 242,
+    'oline': 8254,
+    'omega': 969,
+    'omicron': 959,
+    'oplus': 8853,
+    'or': 8744,
+    'ordf': 170,
+    'ordm': 186,
+    'oslash': 248,
+    'otilde': 245,
+    'otimes': 8855,
+    'ouml': 246,
+    'para': 182,
+    'part': 8706,
+    'permil': 8240,
+    'perp': 8869,
+    'phi': 966,
+    'pi': 960,
+    'piv': 982,
+    'plusmn': 177,
+    'pound': 163,
+    'prime': 8242,
+    'prod': 8719,
+    'prop': 8733,
+    'psi': 968,
+    'quot': 34,
+    'rArr': 8658,
+    'radic': 8730,
+    'rang': 9002,
+    'raquo': 187,
+    'rarr': 8594,
+    'rceil': 8969,
+    'rdquo': 8221,
+    'real': 8476,
+    'reg': 174,
+    'rfloor': 8971,
+    'rho': 961,
+    'rlm': 8207,
+    'rsaquo': 8250,
+    'rsquo': 8217,
+    'sbquo': 8218,
+    'scaron': 353,
+    'sdot': 8901,
+    'sect': 167,
+    'shy': 173,
+    'sigma': 963,
+    'sigmaf': 962,
+    'sim': 8764,
+    'spades': 9824,
+    'sub': 8834,
+    'sube': 8838,
+    'sum': 8721,
+    'sup': 8835,
+    'sup1': 185,
+    'sup2': 178,
+    'sup3': 179,
+    'supe': 8839,
+    'szlig': 223,
+    'tau': 964,
+    'there4': 8756,
+    'theta': 952,
+    'thetasym': 977,
+    'thinsp': 8201,
+    'thorn': 254,
+    'tilde': 732,
+    'times': 215,
+    'trade': 8482,
+    'uArr': 8657,
+    'uacute': 250,
+    'uarr': 8593,
+    'ucirc': 251,
+    'ugrave': 249,
+    'uml': 168,
+    'upsih': 978,
+    'upsilon': 965,
+    'uuml': 252,
+    'weierp': 8472,
+    'xi': 958,
+    'yacute': 253,
+    'yen': 165,
+    'yuml': 255,
+    'zeta': 950,
+    'zwj': 8205,
+    'zwnj': 8204
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_native.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_native.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e83f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_native.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    markupsafe._native
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Native Python implementation the C module is not compiled.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2010 by Armin Ronacher.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from markupsafe import Markup
+from markupsafe._compat import text_type
+
+
+def escape(s):
+    """Convert the characters &, <, >, ' and " in string s to HTML-safe
+    sequences.  Use this if you need to display text that might contain
+    such characters in HTML.  Marks return value as markup string.
+    """
+    if hasattr(s, '__html__'):
+        return s.__html__()
+    return Markup(text_type(s)
+        .replace('&', '&amp;')
+        .replace('>', '&gt;')
+        .replace('<', '&lt;')
+        .replace("'", '&#39;')
+        .replace('"', '&#34;')
+    )
+
+
+def escape_silent(s):
+    """Like :func:`escape` but converts `None` into an empty
+    markup string.
+    """
+    if s is None:
+        return Markup()
+    return escape(s)
+
+
+def soft_unicode(s):
+    """Make a string unicode if it isn't already.  That way a markup
+    string is not converted back to unicode.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(s, text_type):
+        s = text_type(s)
+    return s
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_speedups.c b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_speedups.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f349feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_speedups.c
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+/**
+ * markupsafe._speedups
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This module implements functions for automatic escaping in C for better
+ * performance.
+ *
+ * :copyright: (c) 2010 by Armin Ronacher.
+ * :license: BSD.
+ */
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#define ESCAPED_CHARS_TABLE_SIZE 63
+#define UNICHR(x) (PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE((PyUnicodeObject*)PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(x, strlen(x), NULL)));
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000 && !defined(PY_SSIZE_T_MIN)
+typedef int Py_ssize_t;
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_MAX INT_MAX
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_MIN INT_MIN
+#endif
+
+
+static PyObject* markup;
+static Py_ssize_t escaped_chars_delta_len[ESCAPED_CHARS_TABLE_SIZE];
+static Py_UNICODE *escaped_chars_repl[ESCAPED_CHARS_TABLE_SIZE];
+
+static int
+init_constants(void)
+{
+	PyObject *module;
+	/* happing of characters to replace */
+	escaped_chars_repl['"'] = UNICHR("&#34;");
+	escaped_chars_repl['\''] = UNICHR("&#39;");
+	escaped_chars_repl['&'] = UNICHR("&amp;");
+	escaped_chars_repl['<'] = UNICHR("&lt;");
+	escaped_chars_repl['>'] = UNICHR("&gt;");
+
+	/* lengths of those characters when replaced - 1 */
+	memset(escaped_chars_delta_len, 0, sizeof (escaped_chars_delta_len));
+	escaped_chars_delta_len['"'] = escaped_chars_delta_len['\''] = \
+		escaped_chars_delta_len['&'] = 4;
+	escaped_chars_delta_len['<'] = escaped_chars_delta_len['>'] = 3;
+	
+	/* import markup type so that we can mark the return value */
+	module = PyImport_ImportModule("markupsafe");
+	if (!module)
+		return 0;
+	markup = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, "Markup");
+	Py_DECREF(module);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+escape_unicode(PyUnicodeObject *in)
+{
+	PyUnicodeObject *out;
+	Py_UNICODE *inp = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(in);
+	const Py_UNICODE *inp_end = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(in) + PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(in);
+	Py_UNICODE *next_escp;
+	Py_UNICODE *outp;
+	Py_ssize_t delta=0, erepl=0, delta_len=0;
+
+	/* First we need to figure out how long the escaped string will be */
+	while (*(inp) || inp < inp_end) {
+		if (*inp < ESCAPED_CHARS_TABLE_SIZE) {
+			delta += escaped_chars_delta_len[*inp];
+			erepl += !!escaped_chars_delta_len[*inp];
+		}
+		++inp;
+	}
+
+	/* Do we need to escape anything at all? */
+	if (!erepl) {
+		Py_INCREF(in);
+		return (PyObject*)in;
+	}
+
+	out = (PyUnicodeObject*)PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(in) + delta);
+	if (!out)
+		return NULL;
+
+	outp = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(out);
+	inp = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(in);
+	while (erepl-- > 0) {
+		/* look for the next substitution */
+		next_escp = inp;
+		while (next_escp < inp_end) {
+			if (*next_escp < ESCAPED_CHARS_TABLE_SIZE &&
+			    (delta_len = escaped_chars_delta_len[*next_escp])) {
+				++delta_len;
+				break;
+			}
+			++next_escp;
+		}
+		
+		if (next_escp > inp) {
+			/* copy unescaped chars between inp and next_escp */
+			Py_UNICODE_COPY(outp, inp, next_escp-inp);
+			outp += next_escp - inp;
+		}
+
+		/* escape 'next_escp' */
+		Py_UNICODE_COPY(outp, escaped_chars_repl[*next_escp], delta_len);
+		outp += delta_len;
+
+		inp = next_escp + 1;
+	}
+	if (inp < inp_end)
+		Py_UNICODE_COPY(outp, inp, PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(in) - (inp - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(in)));
+
+	return (PyObject*)out;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+escape(PyObject *self, PyObject *text)
+{
+	PyObject *s = NULL, *rv = NULL, *html;
+
+	/* we don't have to escape integers, bools or floats */
+	if (PyLong_CheckExact(text) ||
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+	    PyInt_CheckExact(text) ||
+#endif
+	    PyFloat_CheckExact(text) || PyBool_Check(text) ||
+	    text == Py_None)
+		return PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(markup, text, NULL);
+
+	/* if the object has an __html__ method that performs the escaping */
+	html = PyObject_GetAttrString(text, "__html__");
+	if (html) {
+		rv = PyObject_CallObject(html, NULL);
+		Py_DECREF(html);
+		return rv;
+	}
+
+	/* otherwise make the object unicode if it isn't, then escape */
+	PyErr_Clear();
+	if (!PyUnicode_Check(text)) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+		PyObject *unicode = PyObject_Unicode(text);
+#else
+		PyObject *unicode = PyObject_Str(text);
+#endif
+		if (!unicode)
+			return NULL;
+		s = escape_unicode((PyUnicodeObject*)unicode);
+		Py_DECREF(unicode);
+	}
+	else
+		s = escape_unicode((PyUnicodeObject*)text);
+
+	/* convert the unicode string into a markup object. */
+	rv = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(markup, (PyObject*)s, NULL);
+	Py_DECREF(s);
+	return rv;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+escape_silent(PyObject *self, PyObject *text)
+{
+	if (text != Py_None)
+		return escape(self, text);
+	return PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(markup, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+soft_unicode(PyObject *self, PyObject *s)
+{
+	if (!PyUnicode_Check(s))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+		return PyObject_Unicode(s);
+#else
+		return PyObject_Str(s);
+#endif
+	Py_INCREF(s);
+	return s;
+}
+
+
+static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {
+	{"escape", (PyCFunction)escape, METH_O,
+	 "escape(s) -> markup\n\n"
+	 "Convert the characters &, <, >, ', and \" in string s to HTML-safe\n"
+	 "sequences.  Use this if you need to display text that might contain\n"
+	 "such characters in HTML.  Marks return value as markup string."},
+	{"escape_silent", (PyCFunction)escape_silent, METH_O,
+	 "escape_silent(s) -> markup\n\n"
+	 "Like escape but converts None to an empty string."},
+	{"soft_unicode", (PyCFunction)soft_unicode, METH_O,
+	 "soft_unicode(object) -> string\n\n"
+         "Make a string unicode if it isn't already.  That way a markup\n"
+         "string is not converted back to unicode."},
+	{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}		/* Sentinel */
+};
+
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+
+#ifndef PyMODINIT_FUNC	/* declarations for DLL import/export */
+#define PyMODINIT_FUNC void
+#endif
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+init_speedups(void)
+{
+	if (!init_constants())
+		return;
+
+	Py_InitModule3("markupsafe._speedups", module_methods, "");
+}
+
+#else /* Python 3.x module initialization */
+
+static struct PyModuleDef module_definition = {
+        PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+	"markupsafe._speedups",
+	NULL,
+	-1,
+	module_methods,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	NULL,
+	NULL
+};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__speedups(void)
+{
+	if (!init_constants())
+		return NULL;
+
+	return PyModule_Create(&module_definition);
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_speedups.cpython-35m-darwin.so b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/_speedups.cpython-35m-darwin.so
new file mode 100755
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/tests.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6369936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/markupsafe/tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import gc
+import sys
+import unittest
+from markupsafe import Markup, escape, escape_silent
+from markupsafe._compat import text_type
+
+
+class MarkupTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_adding(self):
+        # adding two strings should escape the unsafe one
+        unsafe = '<script type="application/x-some-script">alert("foo");</script>'
+        safe = Markup('<em>username</em>')
+        assert unsafe + safe == text_type(escape(unsafe)) + text_type(safe)
+
+    def test_string_interpolation(self):
+        # string interpolations are safe to use too
+        assert Markup('<em>%s</em>') % '<bad user>' == \
+               '<em>&lt;bad user&gt;</em>'
+        assert Markup('<em>%(username)s</em>') % {
+            'username': '<bad user>'
+        } == '<em>&lt;bad user&gt;</em>'
+
+        assert Markup('%i') % 3.14 == '3'
+        assert Markup('%.2f') % 3.14 == '3.14'
+
+    def test_type_behavior(self):
+        # an escaped object is markup too
+        assert type(Markup('foo') + 'bar') is Markup
+
+        # and it implements __html__ by returning itself
+        x = Markup("foo")
+        assert x.__html__() is x
+
+    def test_html_interop(self):
+        # it also knows how to treat __html__ objects
+        class Foo(object):
+            def __html__(self):
+                return '<em>awesome</em>'
+            def __unicode__(self):
+                return 'awesome'
+            __str__ = __unicode__
+        assert Markup(Foo()) == '<em>awesome</em>'
+        assert Markup('<strong>%s</strong>') % Foo() == \
+            '<strong><em>awesome</em></strong>'
+
+    def test_tuple_interpol(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('<em>%s:%s</em>') % (
+            '<foo>',
+            '<bar>',
+        ), Markup(u'<em>&lt;foo&gt;:&lt;bar&gt;</em>'))
+
+    def test_dict_interpol(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('<em>%(foo)s</em>') % {
+            'foo': '<foo>',
+        }, Markup(u'<em>&lt;foo&gt;</em>'))
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('<em>%(foo)s:%(bar)s</em>') % {
+            'foo': '<foo>',
+            'bar': '<bar>',
+        }, Markup(u'<em>&lt;foo&gt;:&lt;bar&gt;</em>'))
+
+    def test_escaping(self):
+        # escaping and unescaping
+        assert escape('"<>&\'') == '&#34;&lt;&gt;&amp;&#39;'
+        assert Markup("<em>Foo &amp; Bar</em>").striptags() == "Foo & Bar"
+        assert Markup("&lt;test&gt;").unescape() == "<test>"
+
+    def test_formatting(self):
+        for actual, expected in (
+            (Markup('%i') % 3.14, '3'),
+            (Markup('%.2f') % 3.14159, '3.14'),
+            (Markup('%s %s %s') % ('<', 123, '>'), '&lt; 123 &gt;'),
+            (Markup('<em>{awesome}</em>').format(awesome='<awesome>'),
+             '<em>&lt;awesome&gt;</em>'),
+            (Markup('{0[1][bar]}').format([0, {'bar': '<bar/>'}]),
+             '&lt;bar/&gt;'),
+            (Markup('{0[1][bar]}').format([0, {'bar': Markup('<bar/>')}]),
+             '<bar/>')):
+            assert actual == expected, "%r should be %r!" % (actual, expected)
+
+    # This is new in 2.7
+    if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
+        def test_formatting_empty(self):
+            formatted = Markup('{}').format(0)
+            assert formatted == Markup('0')
+
+    def test_custom_formatting(self):
+        class HasHTMLOnly(object):
+            def __html__(self):
+                return Markup('<foo>')
+
+        class HasHTMLAndFormat(object):
+            def __html__(self):
+                return Markup('<foo>')
+            def __html_format__(self, spec):
+                return Markup('<FORMAT>')
+
+        assert Markup('{0}').format(HasHTMLOnly()) == Markup('<foo>')
+        assert Markup('{0}').format(HasHTMLAndFormat()) == Markup('<FORMAT>')
+
+    def test_complex_custom_formatting(self):
+        class User(object):
+            def __init__(self, id, username):
+                self.id = id
+                self.username = username
+            def __html_format__(self, format_spec):
+                if format_spec == 'link':
+                    return Markup('<a href="/user/{0}">{1}</a>').format(
+                        self.id,
+                        self.__html__(),
+                    )
+                elif format_spec:
+                    raise ValueError('Invalid format spec')
+                return self.__html__()
+            def __html__(self):
+                return Markup('<span class=user>{0}</span>').format(self.username)
+
+        user = User(1, 'foo')
+        assert Markup('<p>User: {0:link}').format(user) == \
+            Markup('<p>User: <a href="/user/1"><span class=user>foo</span></a>')
+
+    def test_all_set(self):
+        import markupsafe as markup
+        for item in markup.__all__:
+            getattr(markup, item)
+
+    def test_escape_silent(self):
+        assert escape_silent(None) == Markup()
+        assert escape(None) == Markup(None)
+        assert escape_silent('<foo>') == Markup(u'&lt;foo&gt;')
+
+    def test_splitting(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('a b').split(), [
+            Markup('a'),
+            Markup('b')
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('a b').rsplit(), [
+            Markup('a'),
+            Markup('b')
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('a\nb').splitlines(), [
+            Markup('a'),
+            Markup('b')
+        ])
+
+    def test_mul(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Markup('a') * 3, Markup('aaa'))
+
+
+class MarkupLeakTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_markup_leaks(self):
+        counts = set()
+        for count in range(20):
+            for item in range(1000):
+                escape("foo")
+                escape("<foo>")
+                escape(u"foo")
+                escape(u"<foo>")
+            counts.add(len(gc.get_objects()))
+        assert len(counts) == 1, 'ouch, c extension seems to leak objects'
+
+
+def suite():
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
+    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(MarkupTestCase))
+
+    # this test only tests the c extension
+    if not hasattr(escape, 'func_code'):
+        suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(MarkupLeakTestCase))
+
+    return suite
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main(defaultTest='suite')
+
+# vim:sts=4:sw=4:et:
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c149b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+pip
+===
+
+The `PyPA recommended
+<https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`_
+tool for installing Python packages.
+
+* `Installation <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing.html>`_
+* `Documentation <https://pip.pypa.io/>`_
+* `Changelog <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news.html>`_
+* `Github Page <https://github.com/pypa/pip>`_
+* `Issue Tracking <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues>`_
+* `User mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_
+* `Dev mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/pypa-dev>`_
+* User IRC: #pypa on Freenode.
+* Dev IRC: #pypa-dev on Freenode.
+
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pip.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/pypa/pip/develop.svg
+   :target: http://travis-ci.org/pypa/pip
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the pip project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a49cee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: pip
+Version: 8.0.2
+Summary: The PyPA recommended tool for installing Python packages.
+Home-page: https://pip.pypa.io/
+Author: The pip developers
+Author-email: python-virtualenv@groups.google.com
+License: MIT
+Keywords: easy_install distutils setuptools egg virtualenv
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Provides-Extra: testing
+Requires-Dist: mock; extra == 'testing'
+Requires-Dist: pytest; extra == 'testing'
+Requires-Dist: scripttest (>=1.3); extra == 'testing'
+Requires-Dist: virtualenv (>=1.10); extra == 'testing'
+
+pip
+===
+
+The `PyPA recommended
+<https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`_
+tool for installing Python packages.
+
+* `Installation <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing.html>`_
+* `Documentation <https://pip.pypa.io/>`_
+* `Changelog <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news.html>`_
+* `Github Page <https://github.com/pypa/pip>`_
+* `Issue Tracking <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues>`_
+* `User mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_
+* `Dev mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/pypa-dev>`_
+* User IRC: #pypa on Freenode.
+* Dev IRC: #pypa-dev on Freenode.
+
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pip.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/pypa/pip/develop.svg
+   :target: http://travis-ci.org/pypa/pip
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the pip project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..531d4da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
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+pip/_vendor/__pycache__/ipaddress.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/__pycache__/status_codes.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__pycache__/lxmletree.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__pycache__/dom.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/colorama/__pycache__/ansi.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/__pycache__/structures.cpython-35.pyc,,
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c02a8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[console_scripts]
+pip = pip:main
+pip3 = pip:main
+pip3.5 = pip:main
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79e7d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "The PyPA recommended tool for installing Python packages.", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "https://pip.pypa.io/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "python-virtualenv@groups.google.com", "name": "The pip developers", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"pip": "pip:main", "pip3": "pip:main", "pip3.5": "pip:main"}}, "python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"pip": "pip:main", "pip3": "pip:main", "pip3.5": "pip:main"}}}, "keywords": ["easy_install", "distutils", "setuptools", "egg", "virtualenv"], "license": "MIT", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "pip", "extras": ["testing"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["mock", "pytest", "scripttest (>=1.3)", "virtualenv (>=1.10)"], "extra": "testing"}], "version": "8.0.2", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["mock", "pytest", "scripttest (>=1.3)", "virtualenv (>=1.10)"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0603ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import optparse
+import warnings
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError, CommandError, PipError
+from pip.utils import get_installed_distributions, get_prog
+from pip.utils import deprecation, dist_is_editable
+from pip.vcs import git, mercurial, subversion, bazaar  # noqa
+from pip.baseparser import ConfigOptionParser, UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter
+from pip.commands import get_summaries, get_similar_commands
+from pip.commands import commands_dict
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+)
+
+
+# assignment for flake8 to be happy
+
+# This fixes a peculiarity when importing via __import__ - as we are
+# initialising the pip module, "from pip import cmdoptions" is recursive
+# and appears not to work properly in that situation.
+import pip.cmdoptions
+cmdoptions = pip.cmdoptions
+
+# The version as used in the setup.py and the docs conf.py
+__version__ = "8.0.2"
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Hide the InsecureRequestWArning from urllib3
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+
+def autocomplete():
+    """Command and option completion for the main option parser (and options)
+    and its subcommands (and options).
+
+    Enable by sourcing one of the completion shell scripts (bash or zsh).
+    """
+    # Don't complete if user hasn't sourced bash_completion file.
+    if 'PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE' not in os.environ:
+        return
+    cwords = os.environ['COMP_WORDS'].split()[1:]
+    cword = int(os.environ['COMP_CWORD'])
+    try:
+        current = cwords[cword - 1]
+    except IndexError:
+        current = ''
+
+    subcommands = [cmd for cmd, summary in get_summaries()]
+    options = []
+    # subcommand
+    try:
+        subcommand_name = [w for w in cwords if w in subcommands][0]
+    except IndexError:
+        subcommand_name = None
+
+    parser = create_main_parser()
+    # subcommand options
+    if subcommand_name:
+        # special case: 'help' subcommand has no options
+        if subcommand_name == 'help':
+            sys.exit(1)
+        # special case: list locally installed dists for uninstall command
+        if subcommand_name == 'uninstall' and not current.startswith('-'):
+            installed = []
+            lc = current.lower()
+            for dist in get_installed_distributions(local_only=True):
+                if dist.key.startswith(lc) and dist.key not in cwords[1:]:
+                    installed.append(dist.key)
+            # if there are no dists installed, fall back to option completion
+            if installed:
+                for dist in installed:
+                    print(dist)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        subcommand = commands_dict[subcommand_name]()
+        options += [(opt.get_opt_string(), opt.nargs)
+                    for opt in subcommand.parser.option_list_all
+                    if opt.help != optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP]
+
+        # filter out previously specified options from available options
+        prev_opts = [x.split('=')[0] for x in cwords[1:cword - 1]]
+        options = [(x, v) for (x, v) in options if x not in prev_opts]
+        # filter options by current input
+        options = [(k, v) for k, v in options if k.startswith(current)]
+        for option in options:
+            opt_label = option[0]
+            # append '=' to options which require args
+            if option[1]:
+                opt_label += '='
+            print(opt_label)
+    else:
+        # show main parser options only when necessary
+        if current.startswith('-') or current.startswith('--'):
+            opts = [i.option_list for i in parser.option_groups]
+            opts.append(parser.option_list)
+            opts = (o for it in opts for o in it)
+
+            subcommands += [i.get_opt_string() for i in opts
+                            if i.help != optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP]
+
+        print(' '.join([x for x in subcommands if x.startswith(current)]))
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def create_main_parser():
+    parser_kw = {
+        'usage': '\n%prog <command> [options]',
+        'add_help_option': False,
+        'formatter': UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(),
+        'name': 'global',
+        'prog': get_prog(),
+    }
+
+    parser = ConfigOptionParser(**parser_kw)
+    parser.disable_interspersed_args()
+
+    pip_pkg_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+    parser.version = 'pip %s from %s (python %s)' % (
+        __version__, pip_pkg_dir, sys.version[:3])
+
+    # add the general options
+    gen_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(cmdoptions.general_group, parser)
+    parser.add_option_group(gen_opts)
+
+    parser.main = True  # so the help formatter knows
+
+    # create command listing for description
+    command_summaries = get_summaries()
+    description = [''] + ['%-27s %s' % (i, j) for i, j in command_summaries]
+    parser.description = '\n'.join(description)
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def parseopts(args):
+    parser = create_main_parser()
+
+    # Note: parser calls disable_interspersed_args(), so the result of this
+    # call is to split the initial args into the general options before the
+    # subcommand and everything else.
+    # For example:
+    #  args: ['--timeout=5', 'install', '--user', 'INITools']
+    #  general_options: ['--timeout==5']
+    #  args_else: ['install', '--user', 'INITools']
+    general_options, args_else = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    # --version
+    if general_options.version:
+        sys.stdout.write(parser.version)
+        sys.stdout.write(os.linesep)
+        sys.exit()
+
+    # pip || pip help -> print_help()
+    if not args_else or (args_else[0] == 'help' and len(args_else) == 1):
+        parser.print_help()
+        sys.exit()
+
+    # the subcommand name
+    cmd_name = args_else[0]
+
+    if cmd_name not in commands_dict:
+        guess = get_similar_commands(cmd_name)
+
+        msg = ['unknown command "%s"' % cmd_name]
+        if guess:
+            msg.append('maybe you meant "%s"' % guess)
+
+        raise CommandError(' - '.join(msg))
+
+    # all the args without the subcommand
+    cmd_args = args[:]
+    cmd_args.remove(cmd_name)
+
+    return cmd_name, cmd_args
+
+
+def check_isolated(args):
+    isolated = False
+
+    if "--isolated" in args:
+        isolated = True
+
+    return isolated
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    if args is None:
+        args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    # Enable our Deprecation Warnings
+    for deprecation_warning in deprecation.DEPRECATIONS:
+        warnings.simplefilter("default", deprecation_warning)
+
+    # Configure our deprecation warnings to be sent through loggers
+    deprecation.install_warning_logger()
+
+    autocomplete()
+
+    try:
+        cmd_name, cmd_args = parseopts(args)
+    except PipError as exc:
+        sys.stderr.write("ERROR: %s" % exc)
+        sys.stderr.write(os.linesep)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    command = commands_dict[cmd_name](isolated=check_isolated(cmd_args))
+    return command.main(cmd_args)
+
+
+# ###########################################################
+# # Writing freeze files
+
+class FrozenRequirement(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, req, editable, comments=()):
+        self.name = name
+        self.req = req
+        self.editable = editable
+        self.comments = comments
+
+    _rev_re = re.compile(r'-r(\d+)$')
+    _date_re = re.compile(r'-(20\d\d\d\d\d\d)$')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dist(cls, dist, dependency_links):
+        location = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(dist.location))
+        comments = []
+        from pip.vcs import vcs, get_src_requirement
+        if dist_is_editable(dist) and vcs.get_backend_name(location):
+            editable = True
+            try:
+                req = get_src_requirement(dist, location)
+            except InstallationError as exc:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Error when trying to get requirement for VCS system %s, "
+                    "falling back to uneditable format", exc
+                )
+                req = None
+            if req is None:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Could not determine repository location of %s', location
+                )
+                comments.append(
+                    '## !! Could not determine repository location'
+                )
+                req = dist.as_requirement()
+                editable = False
+        else:
+            editable = False
+            req = dist.as_requirement()
+            specs = req.specs
+            assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] in ["==", "==="], \
+                'Expected 1 spec with == or ===; specs = %r; dist = %r' % \
+                (specs, dist)
+            version = specs[0][1]
+            ver_match = cls._rev_re.search(version)
+            date_match = cls._date_re.search(version)
+            if ver_match or date_match:
+                svn_backend = vcs.get_backend('svn')
+                if svn_backend:
+                    svn_location = svn_backend().get_location(
+                        dist,
+                        dependency_links,
+                    )
+                if not svn_location:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Warning: cannot find svn location for %s', req)
+                    comments.append(
+                        '## FIXME: could not find svn URL in dependency_links '
+                        'for this package:'
+                    )
+                else:
+                    comments.append(
+                        '# Installing as editable to satisfy requirement %s:' %
+                        req
+                    )
+                    if ver_match:
+                        rev = ver_match.group(1)
+                    else:
+                        rev = '{%s}' % date_match.group(1)
+                    editable = True
+                    req = '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (
+                        svn_location,
+                        rev,
+                        cls.egg_name(dist)
+                    )
+        return cls(dist.project_name, req, editable, comments)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def egg_name(dist):
+        name = dist.egg_name()
+        match = re.search(r'-py\d\.\d$', name)
+        if match:
+            name = name[:match.start()]
+        return name
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        req = self.req
+        if self.editable:
+            req = '-e %s' % req
+        return '\n'.join(list(self.comments) + [str(req)]) + '\n'
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5556539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+# If we are running from a wheel, add the wheel to sys.path
+# This allows the usage python pip-*.whl/pip install pip-*.whl
+if __package__ == '':
+    # __file__ is pip-*.whl/pip/__main__.py
+    # first dirname call strips of '/__main__.py', second strips off '/pip'
+    # Resulting path is the name of the wheel itself
+    # Add that to sys.path so we can import pip
+    path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    sys.path.insert(0, path)
+
+import pip  # noqa
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pip.main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b09a7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""
+pip._vendor is for vendoring dependencies of pip to prevent needing pip to
+depend on something external.
+
+Files inside of pip._vendor should be considered immutable and should only be
+updated to versions from upstream.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import glob
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Downstream redistributors which have debundled our dependencies should also
+# patch this value to be true. This will trigger the additional patching
+# to cause things like "six" to be available as pip.
+DEBUNDLED = False
+
+# By default, look in this directory for a bunch of .whl files which we will
+# add to the beginning of sys.path before attempting to import anything. This
+# is done to support downstream re-distributors like Debian and Fedora who
+# wish to create their own Wheels for our dependencies to aid in debundling.
+WHEEL_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+# Define a small helper function to alias our vendored modules to the real ones
+# if the vendored ones do not exist. This idea of this was taken from
+# https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2567.
+def vendored(modulename):
+    vendored_name = "{0}.{1}".format(__name__, modulename)
+
+    try:
+        __import__(vendored_name, globals(), locals(), level=0)
+    except ImportError:
+        __import__(modulename, globals(), locals(), level=0)
+        sys.modules[vendored_name] = sys.modules[modulename]
+        base, head = vendored_name.rsplit(".", 1)
+        setattr(sys.modules[base], head, sys.modules[modulename])
+
+
+# If we're operating in a debundled setup, then we want to go ahead and trigger
+# the aliasing of our vendored libraries as well as looking for wheels to add
+# to our sys.path. This will cause all of this code to be a no-op typically
+# however downstream redistributors can enable it in a consistent way across
+# all platforms.
+if DEBUNDLED:
+    # Actually look inside of WHEEL_DIR to find .whl files and add them to the
+    # front of our sys.path.
+    sys.path[:] = glob.glob(os.path.join(WHEEL_DIR, "*.whl")) + sys.path
+
+    # Actually alias all of our vendored dependencies.
+    vendored("cachecontrol")
+    vendored("colorama")
+    vendored("distlib")
+    vendored("html5lib")
+    vendored("lockfile")
+    vendored("six")
+    vendored("six.moves")
+    vendored("six.moves.urllib")
+    vendored("packaging")
+    vendored("packaging.version")
+    vendored("packaging.specifiers")
+    vendored("pkg_resources")
+    vendored("progress")
+    vendored("retrying")
+    vendored("requests")
+    vendored("requests.packages")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3._collections")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.connection")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib")
+    try:
+        vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.ntlmpool")
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    try:
+        vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl")
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.fields")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.filepost")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.six")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname."
+             "_implementation")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.request")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.response")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.connection")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.request")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.response")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.retry")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.ssl_")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.timeout")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.url")
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..197781a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+try:
+    import ast
+    from pip._vendor._markerlib.markers import default_environment, compile, interpret
+except ImportError:
+    if 'ast' in globals():
+        raise
+    def default_environment():
+        return {}
+    def compile(marker):
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            # 'empty markers are True' heuristic won't install extra deps.
+            return not marker.strip()
+        marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+        return marker_fn
+    def interpret(marker, environment=None, override=None):
+        return compile(marker)()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa83706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Interpret PEP 345 environment markers.
+
+EXPR [in|==|!=|not in] EXPR [or|and] ...
+
+where EXPR belongs to any of those:
+
+    python_version = '%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+    python_full_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+    os.name = os.name
+    sys.platform = sys.platform
+    platform.version = platform.version()
+    platform.machine = platform.machine()
+    platform.python_implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+    a free string, like '2.6', or 'win32'
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['default_environment', 'compile', 'interpret']
+
+import ast
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+import weakref
+
+_builtin_compile = compile
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError:
+    if os.name == "java":
+        # Jython 2.5 has ast module, but not platform.python_implementation() function.
+        def python_implementation():
+            return "Jython"
+    else:
+        raise
+
+
+# restricted set of variables
+_VARS = {'sys.platform': sys.platform,
+         'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2],
+         # FIXME parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other
+         # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version
+         'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0],
+         'os.name': os.name,
+         'platform.version': platform.version(),
+         'platform.machine': platform.machine(),
+         'platform.python_implementation': python_implementation(),
+         'extra': None # wheel extension
+        }
+
+for var in list(_VARS.keys()):
+    if '.' in var:
+        _VARS[var.replace('.', '_')] = _VARS[var]
+
+def default_environment():
+    """Return copy of default PEP 385 globals dictionary."""
+    return dict(_VARS)
+
+class ASTWhitelist(ast.NodeTransformer):
+    def __init__(self, statement):
+        self.statement = statement # for error messages
+
+    ALLOWED = (ast.Compare, ast.BoolOp, ast.Attribute, ast.Name, ast.Load, ast.Str)
+    # Bool operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.And, ast.Or)
+    # Comparison operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.Eq, ast.Gt, ast.GtE, ast.In, ast.Is, ast.IsNot, ast.Lt, ast.LtE, ast.NotEq, ast.NotIn)
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        """Ensure statement only contains allowed nodes."""
+        if not isinstance(node, self.ALLOWED):
+            raise SyntaxError('Not allowed in environment markers.\n%s\n%s' %
+                               (self.statement,
+                               (' ' * node.col_offset) + '^'))
+        return ast.NodeTransformer.visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        """Flatten one level of attribute access."""
+        new_node = ast.Name("%s.%s" % (node.value.id, node.attr), node.ctx)
+        return ast.copy_location(new_node, node)
+
+def parse_marker(marker):
+    tree = ast.parse(marker, mode='eval')
+    new_tree = ASTWhitelist(marker).generic_visit(tree)
+    return new_tree
+
+def compile_marker(parsed_marker):
+    return _builtin_compile(parsed_marker, '<environment marker>', 'eval',
+                   dont_inherit=True)
+
+_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+def compile(marker):
+    """Return compiled marker as a function accepting an environment dict."""
+    try:
+        return _cache[marker]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    if not marker.strip():
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """"""
+            return True
+    else:
+        compiled_marker = compile_marker(parse_marker(marker))
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """override updates environment"""
+            if override is None:
+                override = {}
+            if environment is None:
+                environment = default_environment()
+            environment.update(override)
+            return eval(compiled_marker, environment)
+    marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+    _cache[marker] = marker_fn
+    return _cache[marker]
+
+def interpret(marker, environment=None):
+    return compile(marker)(environment)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..724e220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""CacheControl import Interface.
+
+Make it easy to import from cachecontrol without long namespaces.
+"""
+__author__ = 'Eric Larson'
+__email__ = 'eric@ionrock.org'
+__version__ = '0.11.6'
+
+from .wrapper import CacheControl
+from .adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from .controller import CacheController
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afdcc88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import logging
+
+from pip._vendor import requests
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import DictCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import logger
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+
+def setup_logging():
+    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+def get_session():
+    adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+        DictCache(),
+        cache_etags=True,
+        serializer=None,
+        heuristic=None,
+    )
+    sess = requests.Session()
+    sess.mount('http://', adapter)
+    sess.mount('https://', adapter)
+
+    sess.cache_controller = adapter.controller
+    return sess
+
+
+def get_args():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('url', help='The URL to try and cache')
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    args = get_args()
+    sess = get_session()
+
+    # Make a request to get a response
+    resp = sess.get(args.url)
+
+    # Turn on logging
+    setup_logging()
+
+    # try setting the cache
+    sess.cache_controller.cache_response(resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+    # Now try to get it
+    if sess.cache_controller.cached_request(resp.request):
+        print('Cached!')
+    else:
+        print('Not cached :(')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74589e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import functools
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .controller import CacheController
+from .cache import DictCache
+from .filewrapper import CallbackFileWrapper
+
+
+class CacheControlAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    invalidating_methods = set(['PUT', 'DELETE'])
+
+    def __init__(self, cache=None,
+                 cache_etags=True,
+                 controller_class=None,
+                 serializer=None,
+                 heuristic=None,
+                 *args, **kw):
+        super(CacheControlAdapter, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cache = cache or DictCache()
+        self.heuristic = heuristic
+
+        controller_factory = controller_class or CacheController
+        self.controller = controller_factory(
+            self.cache,
+            cache_etags=cache_etags,
+            serializer=serializer,
+        )
+
+    def send(self, request, **kw):
+        """
+        Send a request. Use the request information to see if it
+        exists in the cache and cache the response if we need to and can.
+        """
+        if request.method == 'GET':
+            cached_response = self.controller.cached_request(request)
+            if cached_response:
+                return self.build_response(request, cached_response,
+                                           from_cache=True)
+
+            # check for etags and add headers if appropriate
+            request.headers.update(
+                self.controller.conditional_headers(request)
+            )
+
+        resp = super(CacheControlAdapter, self).send(request, **kw)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def build_response(self, request, response, from_cache=False):
+        """
+        Build a response by making a request or using the cache.
+
+        This will end up calling send and returning a potentially
+        cached response
+        """
+        if not from_cache and request.method == 'GET':
+
+            # apply any expiration heuristics
+            if response.status == 304:
+                # We must have sent an ETag request. This could mean
+                # that we've been expired already or that we simply
+                # have an etag. In either case, we want to try and
+                # update the cache if that is the case.
+                cached_response = self.controller.update_cached_response(
+                    request, response
+                )
+
+                if cached_response is not response:
+                    from_cache = True
+
+                # We are done with the server response, read a
+                # possible response body (compliant servers will
+                # not return one, but we cannot be 100% sure) and
+                # release the connection back to the pool.
+                response.read(decode_content=False)
+                response.release_conn()
+
+                response = cached_response
+
+            # We always cache the 301 responses
+            elif response.status == 301:
+                self.controller.cache_response(request, response)
+            else:
+                # Check for any heuristics that might update headers
+                # before trying to cache.
+                if self.heuristic:
+                    response = self.heuristic.apply(response)
+
+                # Wrap the response file with a wrapper that will cache the
+                #   response when the stream has been consumed.
+                response._fp = CallbackFileWrapper(
+                    response._fp,
+                    functools.partial(
+                        self.controller.cache_response,
+                        request,
+                        response,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        resp = super(CacheControlAdapter, self).build_response(
+            request, response
+        )
+
+        # See if we should invalidate the cache.
+        if request.method in self.invalidating_methods and resp.ok:
+            cache_url = self.controller.cache_url(request.url)
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # Give the request a from_cache attr to let people use it
+        resp.from_cache = from_cache
+
+        return resp
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.cache.close()
+        super(CacheControlAdapter, self).close()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7389a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""
+The cache object API for implementing caches. The default is a thread
+safe in-memory dictionary.
+"""
+from threading import Lock
+
+
+class BaseCache(object):
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        raise NotImplemented()
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        raise NotImplemented()
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        raise NotImplemented()
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class DictCache(BaseCache):
+
+    def __init__(self, init_dict=None):
+        self.lock = Lock()
+        self.data = init_dict or {}
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        return self.data.get(key, None)
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        with self.lock:
+            self.data.update({key: value})
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        with self.lock:
+            if key in self.data:
+                self.data.pop(key)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e66a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+try:
+    from .file_cache import FileCache
+except ImportError:
+    notice = dedent('''
+    NOTE: In order to use the FileCache you must have
+    lockfile installed. You can install it via pip:
+      pip install lockfile
+    ''')
+    print(notice)
+
+
+try:
+    import redis
+    from .redis_cache import RedisCache
+except ImportError:
+    pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b77728f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import hashlib
+import os
+
+from pip._vendor.lockfile import LockFile
+from pip._vendor.lockfile.mkdirlockfile import MkdirLockFile
+
+from ..cache import BaseCache
+from ..controller import CacheController
+
+
+def _secure_open_write(filename, fmode):
+    # We only want to write to this file, so open it in write only mode
+    flags = os.O_WRONLY
+
+    # os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL will fail if the file already exists, so we only
+    #  will open *new* files.
+    # We specify this because we want to ensure that the mode we pass is the
+    # mode of the file.
+    flags |= os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL
+
+    # Do not follow symlinks to prevent someone from making a symlink that
+    # we follow and insecurely open a cache file.
+    if hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW"):
+        flags |= os.O_NOFOLLOW
+
+    # On Windows we'll mark this file as binary
+    if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"):
+        flags |= os.O_BINARY
+
+    # Before we open our file, we want to delete any existing file that is
+    # there
+    try:
+        os.remove(filename)
+    except (IOError, OSError):
+        # The file must not exist already, so we can just skip ahead to opening
+        pass
+
+    # Open our file, the use of os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL will ensure that if a
+    # race condition happens between the os.remove and this line, that an
+    # error will be raised. Because we utilize a lockfile this should only
+    # happen if someone is attempting to attack us.
+    fd = os.open(filename, flags, fmode)
+    try:
+        return os.fdopen(fd, "wb")
+    except:
+        # An error occurred wrapping our FD in a file object
+        os.close(fd)
+        raise
+
+
+class FileCache(BaseCache):
+    def __init__(self, directory, forever=False, filemode=0o0600,
+                 dirmode=0o0700, use_dir_lock=None, lock_class=None):
+
+        if use_dir_lock is not None and lock_class is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot use use_dir_lock and lock_class together")
+
+        if use_dir_lock:
+            lock_class = MkdirLockFile
+
+        if lock_class is None:
+            lock_class = LockFile
+
+        self.directory = directory
+        self.forever = forever
+        self.filemode = filemode
+        self.dirmode = dirmode
+        self.lock_class = lock_class
+
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def encode(x):
+        return hashlib.sha224(x.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    def _fn(self, name):
+        # NOTE: This method should not change as some may depend on it.
+        #       See: https://github.com/ionrock/cachecontrol/issues/63
+        hashed = self.encode(name)
+        parts = list(hashed[:5]) + [hashed]
+        return os.path.join(self.directory, *parts)
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        name = self._fn(key)
+        if not os.path.exists(name):
+            return None
+
+        with open(name, 'rb') as fh:
+            return fh.read()
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        name = self._fn(key)
+
+        # Make sure the directory exists
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(name), self.dirmode)
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            pass
+
+        with self.lock_class(name) as lock:
+            # Write our actual file
+            with _secure_open_write(lock.path, self.filemode) as fh:
+                fh.write(value)
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        name = self._fn(key)
+        if not self.forever:
+            os.remove(name)
+
+
+def url_to_file_path(url, filecache):
+    """Return the file cache path based on the URL.
+
+    This does not ensure the file exists!
+    """
+    key = CacheController.cache_url(url)
+    return filecache._fn(key)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f5d55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from __future__ import division
+
+from datetime import datetime
+
+
+def total_seconds(td):
+    """Python 2.6 compatability"""
+    if hasattr(td, 'total_seconds'):
+        return td.total_seconds()
+
+    ms = td.microseconds
+    secs = (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600)
+    return (ms + secs * 10**6) / 10**6
+
+
+class RedisCache(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, conn):
+        self.conn = conn
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        return self.conn.get(key)
+
+    def set(self, key, value, expires=None):
+        if not expires:
+            self.conn.set(key, value)
+        else:
+            expires = expires - datetime.now()
+            self.conn.setex(key, total_seconds(expires), value)
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        self.conn.delete(key)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Helper for clearing all the keys in a database. Use with
+        caution!"""
+        for key in self.conn.keys():
+            self.conn.delete(key)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.conn.disconnect()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..018e6ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import urljoin
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import urljoin
+
+
+try:
+    import cPickle as pickle
+except ImportError:
+    import pickle
+
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.util import is_fp_closed
+
+# Replicate some six behaviour
+try:
+    text_type = (unicode,)
+except NameError:
+    text_type = (str,)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e591f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+"""
+The httplib2 algorithms ported for use with requests.
+"""
+import logging
+import re
+import calendar
+import time
+from email.utils import parsedate_tz
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .cache import DictCache
+from .serialize import Serializer
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+URI = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
+
+
+def parse_uri(uri):
+    """Parses a URI using the regex given in Appendix B of RFC 3986.
+
+        (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
+    """
+    groups = URI.match(uri).groups()
+    return (groups[1], groups[3], groups[4], groups[6], groups[8])
+
+
+class CacheController(object):
+    """An interface to see if request should cached or not.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, cache=None, cache_etags=True, serializer=None):
+        self.cache = cache or DictCache()
+        self.cache_etags = cache_etags
+        self.serializer = serializer or Serializer()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _urlnorm(cls, uri):
+        """Normalize the URL to create a safe key for the cache"""
+        (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
+        if not scheme or not authority:
+            raise Exception("Only absolute URIs are allowed. uri = %s" % uri)
+
+        scheme = scheme.lower()
+        authority = authority.lower()
+
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        # Could do syntax based normalization of the URI before
+        # computing the digest. See Section 6.2.2 of Std 66.
+        request_uri = query and "?".join([path, query]) or path
+        defrag_uri = scheme + "://" + authority + request_uri
+
+        return defrag_uri
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cache_url(cls, uri):
+        return cls._urlnorm(uri)
+
+    def parse_cache_control(self, headers):
+        """
+        Parse the cache control headers returning a dictionary with values
+        for the different directives.
+        """
+        retval = {}
+
+        cc_header = 'cache-control'
+        if 'Cache-Control' in headers:
+            cc_header = 'Cache-Control'
+
+        if cc_header in headers:
+            parts = headers[cc_header].split(',')
+            parts_with_args = [
+                tuple([x.strip().lower() for x in part.split("=", 1)])
+                for part in parts if -1 != part.find("=")
+            ]
+            parts_wo_args = [
+                (name.strip().lower(), 1)
+                for name in parts if -1 == name.find("=")
+            ]
+            retval = dict(parts_with_args + parts_wo_args)
+        return retval
+
+    def cached_request(self, request):
+        """
+        Return a cached response if it exists in the cache, otherwise
+        return False.
+        """
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        logger.debug('Looking up "%s" in the cache', cache_url)
+        cc = self.parse_cache_control(request.headers)
+
+        # Bail out if the request insists on fresh data
+        if 'no-cache' in cc:
+            logger.debug('Request header has "no-cache", cache bypassed')
+            return False
+
+        if 'max-age' in cc and cc['max-age'] == 0:
+            logger.debug('Request header has "max_age" as 0, cache bypassed')
+            return False
+
+        # Request allows serving from the cache, let's see if we find something
+        cache_data = self.cache.get(cache_url)
+        if cache_data is None:
+            logger.debug('No cache entry available')
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether it can be deserialized
+        resp = self.serializer.loads(request, cache_data)
+        if not resp:
+            logger.warning('Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored')
+            return False
+
+        # If we have a cached 301, return it immediately. We don't
+        # need to test our response for other headers b/c it is
+        # intrinsically "cacheable" as it is Permanent.
+        # See:
+        #   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.2
+        #
+        # Client can try to refresh the value by repeating the request
+        # with cache busting headers as usual (ie no-cache).
+        if resp.status == 301:
+            msg = ('Returning cached "301 Moved Permanently" response '
+                   '(ignoring date and etag information)')
+            logger.debug(msg)
+            return resp
+
+        headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(resp.headers)
+        if not headers or 'date' not in headers:
+            if 'etag' not in headers:
+                # Without date or etag, the cached response can never be used
+                # and should be deleted.
+                logger.debug('Purging cached response: no date or etag')
+                self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+            logger.debug('Ignoring cached response: no date')
+            return False
+
+        now = time.time()
+        date = calendar.timegm(
+            parsedate_tz(headers['date'])
+        )
+        current_age = max(0, now - date)
+        logger.debug('Current age based on date: %i', current_age)
+
+        # TODO: There is an assumption that the result will be a
+        #       urllib3 response object. This may not be best since we
+        #       could probably avoid instantiating or constructing the
+        #       response until we know we need it.
+        resp_cc = self.parse_cache_control(headers)
+
+        # determine freshness
+        freshness_lifetime = 0
+
+        # Check the max-age pragma in the cache control header
+        if 'max-age' in resp_cc and resp_cc['max-age'].isdigit():
+            freshness_lifetime = int(resp_cc['max-age'])
+            logger.debug('Freshness lifetime from max-age: %i',
+                         freshness_lifetime)
+
+        # If there isn't a max-age, check for an expires header
+        elif 'expires' in headers:
+            expires = parsedate_tz(headers['expires'])
+            if expires is not None:
+                expire_time = calendar.timegm(expires) - date
+                freshness_lifetime = max(0, expire_time)
+                logger.debug("Freshness lifetime from expires: %i",
+                             freshness_lifetime)
+
+        # Determine if we are setting freshness limit in the
+        # request. Note, this overrides what was in the response.
+        if 'max-age' in cc:
+            try:
+                freshness_lifetime = int(cc['max-age'])
+                logger.debug('Freshness lifetime from request max-age: %i',
+                             freshness_lifetime)
+            except ValueError:
+                freshness_lifetime = 0
+
+        if 'min-fresh' in cc:
+            try:
+                min_fresh = int(cc['min-fresh'])
+            except ValueError:
+                min_fresh = 0
+            # adjust our current age by our min fresh
+            current_age += min_fresh
+            logger.debug('Adjusted current age from min-fresh: %i',
+                         current_age)
+
+        # Return entry if it is fresh enough
+        if freshness_lifetime > current_age:
+            logger.debug('The response is "fresh", returning cached response')
+            logger.debug('%i > %i', freshness_lifetime, current_age)
+            return resp
+
+        # we're not fresh. If we don't have an Etag, clear it out
+        if 'etag' not in headers:
+            logger.debug(
+                'The cached response is "stale" with no etag, purging'
+            )
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # return the original handler
+        return False
+
+    def conditional_headers(self, request):
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        resp = self.serializer.loads(request, self.cache.get(cache_url))
+        new_headers = {}
+
+        if resp:
+            headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(resp.headers)
+
+            if 'etag' in headers:
+                new_headers['If-None-Match'] = headers['ETag']
+
+            if 'last-modified' in headers:
+                new_headers['If-Modified-Since'] = headers['Last-Modified']
+
+        return new_headers
+
+    def cache_response(self, request, response, body=None):
+        """
+        Algorithm for caching requests.
+
+        This assumes a requests Response object.
+        """
+        # From httplib2: Don't cache 206's since we aren't going to
+        #                handle byte range requests
+        cacheable_status_codes = [200, 203, 300, 301]
+        if response.status not in cacheable_status_codes:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Status code %s not in %s',
+                response.status,
+                cacheable_status_codes
+            )
+            return
+
+        response_headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(response.headers)
+
+        # If we've been given a body, our response has a Content-Length, that
+        # Content-Length is valid then we can check to see if the body we've
+        # been given matches the expected size, and if it doesn't we'll just
+        # skip trying to cache it.
+        if (body is not None and
+                "content-length" in response_headers and
+                response_headers["content-length"].isdigit() and
+                int(response_headers["content-length"]) != len(body)):
+            return
+
+        cc_req = self.parse_cache_control(request.headers)
+        cc = self.parse_cache_control(response_headers)
+
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        logger.debug('Updating cache with response from "%s"', cache_url)
+
+        # Delete it from the cache if we happen to have it stored there
+        no_store = False
+        if cc.get('no-store'):
+            no_store = True
+            logger.debug('Response header has "no-store"')
+        if cc_req.get('no-store'):
+            no_store = True
+            logger.debug('Request header has "no-store"')
+        if no_store and self.cache.get(cache_url):
+            logger.debug('Purging existing cache entry to honor "no-store"')
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # If we've been given an etag, then keep the response
+        if self.cache_etags and 'etag' in response_headers:
+            logger.debug('Caching due to etag')
+            self.cache.set(
+                cache_url,
+                self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body=body),
+            )
+
+        # Add to the cache any 301s. We do this before looking that
+        # the Date headers.
+        elif response.status == 301:
+            logger.debug('Caching permanant redirect')
+            self.cache.set(
+                cache_url,
+                self.serializer.dumps(request, response)
+            )
+
+        # Add to the cache if the response headers demand it. If there
+        # is no date header then we can't do anything about expiring
+        # the cache.
+        elif 'date' in response_headers:
+            # cache when there is a max-age > 0
+            if cc and cc.get('max-age'):
+                if int(cc['max-age']) > 0:
+                    logger.debug('Caching b/c date exists and max-age > 0')
+                    self.cache.set(
+                        cache_url,
+                        self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body=body),
+                    )
+
+            # If the request can expire, it means we should cache it
+            # in the meantime.
+            elif 'expires' in response_headers:
+                if response_headers['expires']:
+                    logger.debug('Caching b/c of expires header')
+                    self.cache.set(
+                        cache_url,
+                        self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body=body),
+                    )
+
+    def update_cached_response(self, request, response):
+        """On a 304 we will get a new set of headers that we want to
+        update our cached value with, assuming we have one.
+
+        This should only ever be called when we've sent an ETag and
+        gotten a 304 as the response.
+        """
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+
+        cached_response = self.serializer.loads(
+            request,
+            self.cache.get(cache_url)
+        )
+
+        if not cached_response:
+            # we didn't have a cached response
+            return response
+
+        # Lets update our headers with the headers from the new request:
+        # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p4-conditional-26#section-4.1
+        #
+        # The server isn't supposed to send headers that would make
+        # the cached body invalid. But... just in case, we'll be sure
+        # to strip out ones we know that might be problmatic due to
+        # typical assumptions.
+        excluded_headers = [
+            "content-length",
+        ]
+
+        cached_response.headers.update(
+            dict((k, v) for k, v in response.headers.items()
+                 if k.lower() not in excluded_headers)
+        )
+
+        # we want a 200 b/c we have content via the cache
+        cached_response.status = 200
+
+        # update our cache
+        self.cache.set(
+            cache_url,
+            self.serializer.dumps(request, cached_response),
+        )
+
+        return cached_response
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b91bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from io import BytesIO
+
+
+class CallbackFileWrapper(object):
+    """
+    Small wrapper around a fp object which will tee everything read into a
+    buffer, and when that file is closed it will execute a callback with the
+    contents of that buffer.
+
+    All attributes are proxied to the underlying file object.
+
+    This class uses members with a double underscore (__) leading prefix so as
+    not to accidentally shadow an attribute.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fp, callback):
+        self.__buf = BytesIO()
+        self.__fp = fp
+        self.__callback = callback
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        # The vaguaries of garbage collection means that self.__fp is
+        # not always set.  By using __getattribute__ and the private
+        # name[0] allows looking up the attribute value and raising an
+        # AttributeError when it doesn't exist. This stop thigns from
+        # infinitely recursing calls to getattr in the case where
+        # self.__fp hasn't been set.
+        #
+        # [0] https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers
+        fp = self.__getattribute__('_CallbackFileWrapper__fp')
+        return getattr(fp, name)
+
+    def __is_fp_closed(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__fp.fp is None
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return self.__fp.closed
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        # We just don't cache it then.
+        # TODO: Add some logging here...
+        return False
+
+    def read(self, amt=None):
+        data = self.__fp.read(amt)
+        self.__buf.write(data)
+
+        if self.__is_fp_closed():
+            if self.__callback:
+                self.__callback(self.__buf.getvalue())
+
+            # We assign this to None here, because otherwise we can get into
+            # really tricky problems where the CPython interpreter dead locks
+            # because the callback is holding a reference to something which
+            # has a __del__ method. Setting this to None breaks the cycle
+            # and allows the garbage collector to do it's thing normally.
+            self.__callback = None
+
+        return data
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94715a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import calendar
+import time
+
+from email.utils import formatdate, parsedate, parsedate_tz
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+TIME_FMT = "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+
+
+def expire_after(delta, date=None):
+    date = date or datetime.now()
+    return date + delta
+
+
+def datetime_to_header(dt):
+    return formatdate(calendar.timegm(dt.timetuple()))
+
+
+class BaseHeuristic(object):
+
+    def warning(self, response):
+        """
+        Return a valid 1xx warning header value describing the cache
+        adjustments.
+
+        The response is provided too allow warnings like 113
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.5.4 where we need
+        to explicitly say response is over 24 hours old.
+        """
+        return '110 - "Response is Stale"'
+
+    def update_headers(self, response):
+        """Update the response headers with any new headers.
+
+        NOTE: This SHOULD always include some Warning header to
+              signify that the response was cached by the client, not
+              by way of the provided headers.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def apply(self, response):
+        updated_headers = self.update_headers(response)
+
+        if updated_headers:
+            response.headers.update(updated_headers)
+            warning_header_value = self.warning(response)
+            if warning_header_value is not None:
+                response.headers.update({'Warning': warning_header_value})
+
+        return response
+
+
+class OneDayCache(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    Cache the response by providing an expires 1 day in the
+    future.
+    """
+    def update_headers(self, response):
+        headers = {}
+
+        if 'expires' not in response.headers:
+            date = parsedate(response.headers['date'])
+            expires = expire_after(timedelta(days=1),
+                                   date=datetime(*date[:6]))
+            headers['expires'] = datetime_to_header(expires)
+            headers['cache-control'] = 'public'
+        return headers
+
+
+class ExpiresAfter(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    Cache **all** requests for a defined time period.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        self.delta = timedelta(**kw)
+
+    def update_headers(self, response):
+        expires = expire_after(self.delta)
+        return {
+            'expires': datetime_to_header(expires),
+            'cache-control': 'public',
+        }
+
+    def warning(self, response):
+        tmpl = '110 - Automatically cached for %s. Response might be stale'
+        return tmpl % self.delta
+
+
+class LastModified(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    If there is no Expires header already, fall back on Last-Modified
+    using the heuristic from
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-4.2.2
+    to calculate a reasonable value.
+
+    Firefox also does something like this per
+    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching_FAQ
+    http://lxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-release/source/netwerk/protocol/http/nsHttpResponseHead.cpp#397
+    Unlike mozilla we limit this to 24-hr.
+    """
+    cacheable_by_default_statuses = set([
+        200, 203, 204, 206, 300, 301, 404, 405, 410, 414, 501
+    ])
+
+    def update_headers(self, resp):
+        headers = resp.headers
+
+        if 'expires' in headers:
+            return {}
+
+        if 'cache-control' in headers and headers['cache-control'] != 'public':
+            return {}
+
+        if resp.status not in self.cacheable_by_default_statuses:
+            return {}
+
+        if 'date' not in headers or 'last-modified' not in headers:
+            return {}
+
+        date = calendar.timegm(parsedate_tz(headers['date']))
+        last_modified = parsedate(headers['last-modified'])
+        if date is None or last_modified is None:
+            return {}
+
+        now = time.time()
+        current_age = max(0, now - date)
+        delta = date - calendar.timegm(last_modified)
+        freshness_lifetime = max(0, min(delta / 10, 24 * 3600))
+        if freshness_lifetime <= current_age:
+            return {}
+
+        expires = date + freshness_lifetime
+        return {'expires': time.strftime(TIME_FMT, time.gmtime(expires))}
+
+    def warning(self, resp):
+        return None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffbfbf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import base64
+import io
+import json
+import zlib
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .compat import HTTPResponse, pickle, text_type
+
+
+def _b64_encode_bytes(b):
+    return base64.b64encode(b).decode("ascii")
+
+
+def _b64_encode_str(s):
+    return _b64_encode_bytes(s.encode("utf8"))
+
+
+def _b64_encode(s):
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return _b64_encode_str(s)
+    return _b64_encode_bytes(s)
+
+
+def _b64_decode_bytes(b):
+    return base64.b64decode(b.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+def _b64_decode_str(s):
+    return _b64_decode_bytes(s).decode("utf8")
+
+
+class Serializer(object):
+
+    def dumps(self, request, response, body=None):
+        response_headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(response.headers)
+
+        if body is None:
+            body = response.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            # NOTE: 99% sure this is dead code. I'm only leaving it
+            #       here b/c I don't have a test yet to prove
+            #       it. Basically, before using
+            #       `cachecontrol.filewrapper.CallbackFileWrapper`,
+            #       this made an effort to reset the file handle. The
+            #       `CallbackFileWrapper` short circuits this code by
+            #       setting the body as the content is consumed, the
+            #       result being a `body` argument is *always* passed
+            #       into cache_response, and in turn,
+            #       `Serializer.dump`.
+            response._fp = io.BytesIO(body)
+
+        data = {
+            "response": {
+                "body": _b64_encode_bytes(body),
+                "headers": dict(
+                    (_b64_encode(k), _b64_encode(v))
+                    for k, v in response.headers.items()
+                ),
+                "status": response.status,
+                "version": response.version,
+                "reason": _b64_encode_str(response.reason),
+                "strict": response.strict,
+                "decode_content": response.decode_content,
+            },
+        }
+
+        # Construct our vary headers
+        data["vary"] = {}
+        if "vary" in response_headers:
+            varied_headers = response_headers['vary'].split(',')
+            for header in varied_headers:
+                header = header.strip()
+                data["vary"][header] = request.headers.get(header, None)
+
+        # Encode our Vary headers to ensure they can be serialized as JSON
+        data["vary"] = dict(
+            (_b64_encode(k), _b64_encode(v) if v is not None else v)
+            for k, v in data["vary"].items()
+        )
+
+        return b",".join([
+            b"cc=2",
+            zlib.compress(
+                json.dumps(
+                    data, separators=(",", ":"), sort_keys=True,
+                ).encode("utf8"),
+            ),
+        ])
+
+    def loads(self, request, data):
+        # Short circuit if we've been given an empty set of data
+        if not data:
+            return
+
+        # Determine what version of the serializer the data was serialized
+        # with
+        try:
+            ver, data = data.split(b",", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            ver = b"cc=0"
+
+        # Make sure that our "ver" is actually a version and isn't a false
+        # positive from a , being in the data stream.
+        if ver[:3] != b"cc=":
+            data = ver + data
+            ver = b"cc=0"
+
+        # Get the version number out of the cc=N
+        ver = ver.split(b"=", 1)[-1].decode("ascii")
+
+        # Dispatch to the actual load method for the given version
+        try:
+            return getattr(self, "_loads_v{0}".format(ver))(request, data)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a version we don't have a loads function for, so we'll
+            # just treat it as a miss and return None
+            return
+
+    def prepare_response(self, request, cached):
+        """Verify our vary headers match and construct a real urllib3
+        HTTPResponse object.
+        """
+        # Special case the '*' Vary value as it means we cannot actually
+        # determine if the cached response is suitable for this request.
+        if "*" in cached.get("vary", {}):
+            return
+
+        # Ensure that the Vary headers for the cached response match our
+        # request
+        for header, value in cached.get("vary", {}).items():
+            if request.headers.get(header, None) != value:
+                return
+
+        body_raw = cached["response"].pop("body")
+
+        try:
+            body = io.BytesIO(body_raw)
+        except TypeError:
+            # This can happen if cachecontrol serialized to v1 format (pickle)
+            # using Python 2. A Python 2 str(byte string) will be unpickled as
+            # a Python 3 str (unicode string), which will cause the above to
+            # fail with:
+            #
+            #     TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
+            body = io.BytesIO(body_raw.encode('utf8'))
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            body=body,
+            preload_content=False,
+            **cached["response"]
+        )
+
+    def _loads_v0(self, request, data):
+        # The original legacy cache data. This doesn't contain enough
+        # information to construct everything we need, so we'll treat this as
+        # a miss.
+        return
+
+    def _loads_v1(self, request, data):
+        try:
+            cached = pickle.loads(data)
+        except ValueError:
+            return
+
+        return self.prepare_response(request, cached)
+
+    def _loads_v2(self, request, data):
+        try:
+            cached = json.loads(zlib.decompress(data).decode("utf8"))
+        except ValueError:
+            return
+
+        # We need to decode the items that we've base64 encoded
+        cached["response"]["body"] = _b64_decode_bytes(
+            cached["response"]["body"]
+        )
+        cached["response"]["headers"] = dict(
+            (_b64_decode_str(k), _b64_decode_str(v))
+            for k, v in cached["response"]["headers"].items()
+        )
+        cached["response"]["reason"] = _b64_decode_str(
+            cached["response"]["reason"],
+        )
+        cached["vary"] = dict(
+            (_b64_decode_str(k), _b64_decode_str(v) if v is not None else v)
+            for k, v in cached["vary"].items()
+        )
+
+        return self.prepare_response(request, cached)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea421aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from .adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from .cache import DictCache
+
+
+def CacheControl(sess,
+                 cache=None,
+                 cache_etags=True,
+                 serializer=None,
+                 heuristic=None):
+
+    cache = cache or DictCache()
+    adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+        cache,
+        cache_etags=cache_etags,
+        serializer=serializer,
+        heuristic=heuristic,
+    )
+    sess.mount('http://', adapter)
+    sess.mount('https://', adapter)
+
+    return sess
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fc3f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from .initialise import init, deinit, reinit, colorama_text
+from .ansi import Fore, Back, Style, Cursor
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+__version__ = '0.3.6'
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7877658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+'''
+This module generates ANSI character codes to printing colors to terminals.
+See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+'''
+
+CSI = '\033['
+OSC = '\033]'
+BEL = '\007'
+
+
+def code_to_chars(code):
+    return CSI + str(code) + 'm'
+
+def set_title(title):
+    return OSC + '2;' + title + BEL
+
+def clear_screen(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'J'
+
+def clear_line(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'K'
+
+
+class AnsiCodes(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        # the subclasses declare class attributes which are numbers.
+        # Upon instantiation we define instance attributes, which are the same
+        # as the class attributes but wrapped with the ANSI escape sequence
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if not name.startswith('_'):
+                value = getattr(self, name)
+                setattr(self, name, code_to_chars(value))
+
+
+class AnsiCursor(object):
+    def UP(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'A'
+    def DOWN(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'B'
+    def FORWARD(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'C'
+    def BACK(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'D'
+    def POS(self, x=1, y=1):
+        return CSI + str(y) + ';' + str(x) + 'H'
+
+
+class AnsiFore(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 30
+    RED             = 31
+    GREEN           = 32
+    YELLOW          = 33
+    BLUE            = 34
+    MAGENTA         = 35
+    CYAN            = 36
+    WHITE           = 37
+    RESET           = 39
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 90
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 91
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 92
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 93
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 94
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 95
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 96
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 97
+
+
+class AnsiBack(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 40
+    RED             = 41
+    GREEN           = 42
+    YELLOW          = 43
+    BLUE            = 44
+    MAGENTA         = 45
+    CYAN            = 46
+    WHITE           = 47
+    RESET           = 49
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 100
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 101
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 102
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 103
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 104
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 105
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 106
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 107
+
+
+class AnsiStyle(AnsiCodes):
+    BRIGHT    = 1
+    DIM       = 2
+    NORMAL    = 22
+    RESET_ALL = 0
+
+Fore   = AnsiFore()
+Back   = AnsiBack()
+Style  = AnsiStyle()
+Cursor = AnsiCursor()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a750d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import re
+import sys
+import os
+
+from .ansi import AnsiFore, AnsiBack, AnsiStyle, Style
+from .winterm import WinTerm, WinColor, WinStyle
+from .win32 import windll, winapi_test
+
+
+winterm = None
+if windll is not None:
+    winterm = WinTerm()
+
+
+def is_a_tty(stream):
+    return hasattr(stream, 'isatty') and stream.isatty()
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(object):
+    '''
+    Wraps a stream (such as stdout), acting as a transparent proxy for all
+    attribute access apart from method 'write()', which is delegated to our
+    Converter instance.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, converter):
+        # double-underscore everything to prevent clashes with names of
+        # attributes on the wrapped stream object.
+        self.__wrapped = wrapped
+        self.__convertor = converter
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__wrapped, name)
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        self.__convertor.write(text)
+
+
+class AnsiToWin32(object):
+    '''
+    Implements a 'write()' method which, on Windows, will strip ANSI character
+    sequences from the text, and if outputting to a tty, will convert them into
+    win32 function calls.
+    '''
+    ANSI_CSI_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\[((?:\d|;)*)([a-zA-Z])\002?')     # Control Sequence Introducer
+    ANSI_OSC_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\]((?:.|;)*?)(\x07)\002?')         # Operating System Command
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False):
+        # The wrapped stream (normally sys.stdout or sys.stderr)
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+        # should we reset colors to defaults after every .write()
+        self.autoreset = autoreset
+
+        # create the proxy wrapping our output stream
+        self.stream = StreamWrapper(wrapped, self)
+
+        on_windows = os.name == 'nt'
+        # We test if the WinAPI works, because even if we are on Windows
+        # we may be using a terminal that doesn't support the WinAPI
+        # (e.g. Cygwin Terminal). In this case it's up to the terminal
+        # to support the ANSI codes.
+        conversion_supported = on_windows and winapi_test()
+
+        # should we strip ANSI sequences from our output?
+        if strip is None:
+            strip = conversion_supported or (not wrapped.closed and not is_a_tty(wrapped))
+        self.strip = strip
+
+        # should we should convert ANSI sequences into win32 calls?
+        if convert is None:
+            convert = conversion_supported and not wrapped.closed and is_a_tty(wrapped)
+        self.convert = convert
+
+        # dict of ansi codes to win32 functions and parameters
+        self.win32_calls = self.get_win32_calls()
+
+        # are we wrapping stderr?
+        self.on_stderr = self.wrapped is sys.stderr
+
+    def should_wrap(self):
+        '''
+        True if this class is actually needed. If false, then the output
+        stream will not be affected, nor will win32 calls be issued, so
+        wrapping stdout is not actually required. This will generally be
+        False on non-Windows platforms, unless optional functionality like
+        autoreset has been requested using kwargs to init()
+        '''
+        return self.convert or self.strip or self.autoreset
+
+    def get_win32_calls(self):
+        if self.convert and winterm:
+            return {
+                AnsiStyle.RESET_ALL: (winterm.reset_all, ),
+                AnsiStyle.BRIGHT: (winterm.style, WinStyle.BRIGHT),
+                AnsiStyle.DIM: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiStyle.NORMAL: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiFore.BLACK: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiFore.RED: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiFore.GREEN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiFore.YELLOW: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiFore.BLUE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiFore.MAGENTA: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiFore.CYAN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiFore.WHITE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiFore.RESET: (winterm.fore, ),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY, True),
+                AnsiBack.BLACK: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiBack.RED: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiBack.GREEN: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiBack.YELLOW: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiBack.BLUE: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiBack.MAGENTA: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiBack.CYAN: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiBack.WHITE: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiBack.RESET: (winterm.back, ),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY, True),
+            }
+        return dict()
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        if self.strip or self.convert:
+            self.write_and_convert(text)
+        else:
+            self.wrapped.write(text)
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+        if self.autoreset:
+            self.reset_all()
+
+
+    def reset_all(self):
+        if self.convert:
+            self.call_win32('m', (0,))
+        elif not self.strip and not self.wrapped.closed:
+            self.wrapped.write(Style.RESET_ALL)
+
+
+    def write_and_convert(self, text):
+        '''
+        Write the given text to our wrapped stream, stripping any ANSI
+        sequences from the text, and optionally converting them into win32
+        calls.
+        '''
+        cursor = 0
+        text = self.convert_osc(text)
+        for match in self.ANSI_CSI_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, start)
+            self.convert_ansi(*match.groups())
+            cursor = end
+        self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, len(text))
+
+
+    def write_plain_text(self, text, start, end):
+        if start < end:
+            self.wrapped.write(text[start:end])
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+
+
+    def convert_ansi(self, paramstring, command):
+        if self.convert:
+            params = self.extract_params(command, paramstring)
+            self.call_win32(command, params)
+
+
+    def extract_params(self, command, paramstring):
+        if command in 'Hf':
+            params = tuple(int(p) if len(p) != 0 else 1 for p in paramstring.split(';'))
+            while len(params) < 2:
+                # defaults:
+                params = params + (1,)
+        else:
+            params = tuple(int(p) for p in paramstring.split(';') if len(p) != 0)
+            if len(params) == 0:
+                # defaults:
+                if command in 'JKm':
+                    params = (0,)
+                elif command in 'ABCD':
+                    params = (1,)
+
+        return params
+
+
+    def call_win32(self, command, params):
+        if command == 'm':
+            for param in params:
+                if param in self.win32_calls:
+                    func_args = self.win32_calls[param]
+                    func = func_args[0]
+                    args = func_args[1:]
+                    kwargs = dict(on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+                    func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elif command in 'J':
+            winterm.erase_screen(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'K':
+            winterm.erase_line(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'Hf':     # cursor position - absolute
+            winterm.set_cursor_position(params, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'ABCD':   # cursor position - relative
+            n = params[0]
+            # A - up, B - down, C - forward, D - back
+            x, y = {'A': (0, -n), 'B': (0, n), 'C': (n, 0), 'D': (-n, 0)}[command]
+            winterm.cursor_adjust(x, y, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+
+
+    def convert_osc(self, text):
+        for match in self.ANSI_OSC_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            text = text[:start] + text[end:]
+            paramstring, command = match.groups()
+            if command in '\x07':       # \x07 = BEL
+                params = paramstring.split(";")
+                # 0 - change title and icon (we will only change title)
+                # 1 - change icon (we don't support this)
+                # 2 - change title
+                if params[0] in '02':
+                    winterm.set_title(params[1])
+        return text
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bce9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import atexit
+import contextlib
+import sys
+
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+
+orig_stdout = None
+orig_stderr = None
+
+wrapped_stdout = None
+wrapped_stderr = None
+
+atexit_done = False
+
+
+def reset_all():
+    AnsiToWin32(orig_stdout).reset_all()
+
+
+def init(autoreset=False, convert=None, strip=None, wrap=True):
+
+    if not wrap and any([autoreset, convert, strip]):
+        raise ValueError('wrap=False conflicts with any other arg=True')
+
+    global wrapped_stdout, wrapped_stderr
+    global orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+
+    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+    orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+    if sys.stdout is None:
+        wrapped_stdout = None
+    else:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stdout, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+    if sys.stderr is None:
+        wrapped_stderr = None
+    else:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stderr, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+
+    global atexit_done
+    if not atexit_done:
+        atexit.register(reset_all)
+        atexit_done = True
+
+
+def deinit():
+    if orig_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+    if orig_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def colorama_text(*args, **kwargs):
+    init(*args, **kwargs)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        deinit()
+
+
+def reinit():
+    if wrapped_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout
+    if wrapped_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr
+
+
+def wrap_stream(stream, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap):
+    if wrap:
+        wrapper = AnsiToWin32(stream,
+            convert=convert, strip=strip, autoreset=autoreset)
+        if wrapper.should_wrap():
+            stream = wrapper.stream
+    return stream
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d1d2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+
+# from winbase.h
+STDOUT = -11
+STDERR = -12
+
+try:
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import LibraryLoader
+    windll = LibraryLoader(ctypes.WinDLL)
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+    windll = None
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute = lambda *_: None
+    winapi_test = lambda *_: None
+else:
+    from ctypes import byref, Structure, c_char, POINTER
+
+    COORD = wintypes._COORD
+
+    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
+        """struct in wincon.h."""
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("dwSize", COORD),
+            ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
+            ("wAttributes", wintypes.WORD),
+            ("srWindow", wintypes.SMALL_RECT),
+            ("dwMaximumWindowSize", COORD),
+        ]
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)' % (
+                self.dwSize.Y, self.dwSize.X
+                , self.dwCursorPosition.Y, self.dwCursorPosition.X
+                , self.wAttributes
+                , self.srWindow.Top, self.srWindow.Left, self.srWindow.Bottom, self.srWindow.Right
+                , self.dwMaximumWindowSize.Y, self.dwMaximumWindowSize.X
+            )
+
+    _GetStdHandle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+    _GetStdHandle.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+    ]
+    _GetStdHandle.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO),
+    ]
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTextAttribute
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorPosition
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        COORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputCharacterA
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        c_char,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTitleW = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleA
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.LPCSTR
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    handles = {
+        STDOUT: _GetStdHandle(STDOUT),
+        STDERR: _GetStdHandle(STDERR),
+    }
+
+    def winapi_test():
+        handle = handles[STDOUT]
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return bool(success)
+
+    def GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(stream_id=STDOUT):
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return csbi
+
+    def SetConsoleTextAttribute(stream_id, attrs):
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        return _SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def SetConsoleCursorPosition(stream_id, position, adjust=True):
+        position = COORD(*position)
+        # If the position is out of range, do nothing.
+        if position.Y <= 0 or position.X <= 0:
+            return
+        # Adjust for Windows' SetConsoleCursorPosition:
+        #    1. being 0-based, while ANSI is 1-based.
+        #    2. expecting (x,y), while ANSI uses (y,x).
+        adjusted_position = COORD(position.Y - 1, position.X - 1)
+        if adjust:
+            # Adjust for viewport's scroll position
+            sr = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(STDOUT).srWindow
+            adjusted_position.Y += sr.Top
+            adjusted_position.X += sr.Left
+        # Resume normal processing
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        return _SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position)
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputCharacter(stream_id, char, length, start):
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        char = c_char(char.encode())
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        success = _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA(
+            handle, char, length, start, byref(num_written))
+        return num_written.value
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputAttribute(stream_id, attr, length, start):
+        ''' FillConsoleOutputAttribute( hConsole, csbi.wAttributes, dwConSize, coordScreen, &cCharsWritten )'''
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        attribute = wintypes.WORD(attr)
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        return _FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            handle, attribute, length, start, byref(num_written))
+
+    def SetConsoleTitle(title):
+        return _SetConsoleTitleW(title)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60309d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from . import win32
+
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinColor(object):
+    BLACK   = 0
+    BLUE    = 1
+    GREEN   = 2
+    CYAN    = 3
+    RED     = 4
+    MAGENTA = 5
+    YELLOW  = 6
+    GREY    = 7
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinStyle(object):
+    NORMAL              = 0x00 # dim text, dim background
+    BRIGHT              = 0x08 # bright text, dim background
+    BRIGHT_BACKGROUND   = 0x80 # dim text, bright background
+
+class WinTerm(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._default = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(win32.STDOUT).wAttributes
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self._default_fore = self._fore
+        self._default_back = self._back
+        self._default_style = self._style
+        # In order to emulate LIGHT_EX in windows, we borrow the BRIGHT style.
+        # So that LIGHT_EX colors and BRIGHT style do not clobber each other,
+        # we track them separately, since LIGHT_EX is overwritten by Fore/Back
+        # and BRIGHT is overwritten by Style codes.
+        self._light = 0
+
+    def get_attrs(self):
+        return self._fore + self._back * 16 + (self._style | self._light)
+
+    def set_attrs(self, value):
+        self._fore = value & 7
+        self._back = (value >> 4) & 7
+        self._style = value & (WinStyle.BRIGHT | WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND)
+
+    def reset_all(self, on_stderr=None):
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self.set_console(attrs=self._default)
+
+    def fore(self, fore=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if fore is None:
+            fore = self._default_fore
+        self._fore = fore
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def back(self, back=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if back is None:
+            back = self._default_back
+        self._back = back
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT_BACKGROUND Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def style(self, style=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self._default_style
+        self._style = style
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def set_console(self, attrs=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if attrs is None:
+            attrs = self.get_attrs()
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def get_position(self, handle):
+        position = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle).dwCursorPosition
+        # Because Windows coordinates are 0-based,
+        # and win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition expects 1-based.
+        position.X += 1
+        position.Y += 1
+        return position
+
+    def set_cursor_position(self, position=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if position is None:
+            # I'm not currently tracking the position, so there is no default.
+            # position = self.get_position()
+            return
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, position)
+
+    def cursor_adjust(self, x, y, on_stderr=False):
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        position = self.get_position(handle)
+        adjusted_position = (position.Y + y, position.X + x)
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position, adjust=False)
+
+    def erase_screen(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the screen.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the screen.
+        # 2 should clear the entire screen, and move cursor to (1,1)
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        # get the number of character cells in the current buffer
+        cells_in_screen = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y
+        # get number of character cells before current cursor position
+        cells_before_cursor = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y + csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen - cells_before_cursor
+        if mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_before_cursor
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        if mode == 2:
+            # put the cursor where needed
+            win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, (1, 1))
+
+    def erase_line(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the line.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
+        # 2 should clear the entire line.
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X - csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        if mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+
+    def set_title(self, title):
+        win32.SetConsoleTitle(title)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20a4e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import logging
+
+__version__ = '0.2.1'
+
+class DistlibException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+try:
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def handle(self, record): pass
+        def emit(self, record): pass
+        def createLock(self): self.lock = None
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger.addHandler(NullHandler())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7dbf4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+"""Modules copied from Python 3 standard libraries, for internal use only.
+
+Individual classes and functions are found in d2._backport.misc.  Intended
+usage is to always import things missing from 3.1 from that module: the
+built-in/stdlib objects will be used if found.
+"""
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfb318d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Backports for individual classes and functions."""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ['cache_from_source', 'callable', 'fsencode']
+
+
+try:
+    from imp import cache_from_source
+except ImportError:
+    def cache_from_source(py_file, debug=__debug__):
+        ext = debug and 'c' or 'o'
+        return py_file + ext
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    from collections import Callable
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, Callable)
+
+
+try:
+    fsencode = os.fsencode
+except AttributeError:
+    def fsencode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, str):
+            return filename.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e2e234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Utility functions for copying and archiving files and directory trees.
+
+XXX The functions here don't copy the resource fork or other metadata on Mac.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import stat
+from os.path import abspath
+import fnmatch
+import collections
+import errno
+from . import tarfile
+
+try:
+    import bz2
+    _BZ2_SUPPORTED = True
+except ImportError:
+    _BZ2_SUPPORTED = False
+
+try:
+    from pwd import getpwnam
+except ImportError:
+    getpwnam = None
+
+try:
+    from grp import getgrnam
+except ImportError:
+    getgrnam = None
+
+__all__ = ["copyfileobj", "copyfile", "copymode", "copystat", "copy", "copy2",
+           "copytree", "move", "rmtree", "Error", "SpecialFileError",
+           "ExecError", "make_archive", "get_archive_formats",
+           "register_archive_format", "unregister_archive_format",
+           "get_unpack_formats", "register_unpack_format",
+           "unregister_unpack_format", "unpack_archive", "ignore_patterns"]
+
+class Error(EnvironmentError):
+    pass
+
+class SpecialFileError(EnvironmentError):
+    """Raised when trying to do a kind of operation (e.g. copying) which is
+    not supported on a special file (e.g. a named pipe)"""
+
+class ExecError(EnvironmentError):
+    """Raised when a command could not be executed"""
+
+class ReadError(EnvironmentError):
+    """Raised when an archive cannot be read"""
+
+class RegistryError(Exception):
+    """Raised when a registery operation with the archiving
+    and unpacking registeries fails"""
+
+
+try:
+    WindowsError
+except NameError:
+    WindowsError = None
+
+def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
+    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
+    while 1:
+        buf = fsrc.read(length)
+        if not buf:
+            break
+        fdst.write(buf)
+
+def _samefile(src, dst):
+    # Macintosh, Unix.
+    if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
+        try:
+            return os.path.samefile(src, dst)
+        except OSError:
+            return False
+
+    # All other platforms: check for same pathname.
+    return (os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(src)) ==
+            os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(dst)))
+
+def copyfile(src, dst):
+    """Copy data from src to dst"""
+    if _samefile(src, dst):
+        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))
+
+    for fn in [src, dst]:
+        try:
+            st = os.stat(fn)
+        except OSError:
+            # File most likely does not exist
+            pass
+        else:
+            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
+            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
+                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)
+
+    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
+        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
+            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
+
+def copymode(src, dst):
+    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
+    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+        st = os.stat(src)
+        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
+        os.chmod(dst, mode)
+
+def copystat(src, dst):
+    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
+    st = os.stat(src)
+    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
+    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
+        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
+    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+        os.chmod(dst, mode)
+    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
+        try:
+            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
+        except OSError as why:
+            if (not hasattr(errno, 'EOPNOTSUPP') or
+                why.errno != errno.EOPNOTSUPP):
+                raise
+
+def copy(src, dst):
+    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
+
+    The destination may be a directory.
+
+    """
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+    copyfile(src, dst)
+    copymode(src, dst)
+
+def copy2(src, dst):
+    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
+
+    The destination may be a directory.
+
+    """
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+    copyfile(src, dst)
+    copystat(src, dst)
+
+def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
+    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
+
+    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
+    that are used to exclude files"""
+    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
+        ignored_names = []
+        for pattern in patterns:
+            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
+        return set(ignored_names)
+    return _ignore_patterns
+
+def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
+             ignore_dangling_symlinks=False):
+    """Recursively copy a directory tree.
+
+    The destination directory must not already exist.
+    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
+
+    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
+    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
+    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
+    links are copied. If the file pointed by the symlink doesn't
+    exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in
+    an Error exception at the end of the copy process.
+
+    You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you
+    want to silence this exception. Notice that this has no effect on
+    platforms that don't support os.symlink.
+
+    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
+    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
+    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
+    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
+
+        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
+
+    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
+    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
+    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
+    not be copied.
+
+    The optional copy_function argument is a callable that will be used
+    to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the
+    destination path as arguments. By default, copy2() is used, but any
+    function that supports the same signature (like copy()) can be used.
+
+    """
+    names = os.listdir(src)
+    if ignore is not None:
+        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
+    else:
+        ignored_names = set()
+
+    os.makedirs(dst)
+    errors = []
+    for name in names:
+        if name in ignored_names:
+            continue
+        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
+        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
+        try:
+            if os.path.islink(srcname):
+                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
+                if symlinks:
+                    os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
+                else:
+                    # ignore dangling symlink if the flag is on
+                    if not os.path.exists(linkto) and ignore_dangling_symlinks:
+                        continue
+                    # otherwise let the copy occurs. copy2 will raise an error
+                    copy_function(srcname, dstname)
+            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
+                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore, copy_function)
+            else:
+                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
+                copy_function(srcname, dstname)
+        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
+        # continue with other files
+        except Error as err:
+            errors.extend(err.args[0])
+        except EnvironmentError as why:
+            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
+    try:
+        copystat(src, dst)
+    except OSError as why:
+        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
+            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
+            pass
+        else:
+            errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
+    if errors:
+        raise Error(errors)
+
+def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
+    """Recursively delete a directory tree.
+
+    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
+    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
+    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
+    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
+    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
+    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
+
+    """
+    if ignore_errors:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            pass
+    elif onerror is None:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            raise
+    try:
+        if os.path.islink(path):
+            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
+            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
+    except OSError:
+        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
+        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns
+        return
+    names = []
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    for name in names:
+        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
+        try:
+            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
+        except os.error:
+            mode = 0
+        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
+        else:
+            try:
+                os.remove(fullname)
+            except os.error:
+                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+
+
+def _basename(path):
+    # A basename() variant which first strips the trailing slash, if present.
+    # Thus we always get the last component of the path, even for directories.
+    return os.path.basename(path.rstrip(os.path.sep))
+
+def move(src, dst):
+    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
+    similar to the Unix "mv" command.
+
+    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
+    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
+    exist.
+
+    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
+    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
+
+    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
+    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
+    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
+    the issues this implementation glosses over.
+
+    """
+    real_dst = dst
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        if _samefile(src, dst):
+            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
+            # perform the rename anyway.
+            os.rename(src, dst)
+            return
+
+        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
+        if os.path.exists(real_dst):
+            raise Error("Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst)
+    try:
+        os.rename(src, real_dst)
+    except OSError:
+        if os.path.isdir(src):
+            if _destinsrc(src, dst):
+                raise Error("Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst))
+            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
+            rmtree(src)
+        else:
+            copy2(src, real_dst)
+            os.unlink(src)
+
+def _destinsrc(src, dst):
+    src = abspath(src)
+    dst = abspath(dst)
+    if not src.endswith(os.path.sep):
+        src += os.path.sep
+    if not dst.endswith(os.path.sep):
+        dst += os.path.sep
+    return dst.startswith(src)
+
+def _get_gid(name):
+    """Returns a gid, given a group name."""
+    if getgrnam is None or name is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = getgrnam(name)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = None
+    if result is not None:
+        return result[2]
+    return None
+
+def _get_uid(name):
+    """Returns an uid, given a user name."""
+    if getpwnam is None or name is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = getpwnam(name)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = None
+    if result is not None:
+        return result[2]
+    return None
+
+def _make_tarball(base_name, base_dir, compress="gzip", verbose=0, dry_run=0,
+                  owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
+    """Create a (possibly compressed) tar file from all the files under
+    'base_dir'.
+
+    'compress' must be "gzip" (the default), "bzip2", or None.
+
+    'owner' and 'group' can be used to define an owner and a group for the
+    archive that is being built. If not provided, the current owner and group
+    will be used.
+
+    The output tar file will be named 'base_name' +  ".tar", possibly plus
+    the appropriate compression extension (".gz", or ".bz2").
+
+    Returns the output filename.
+    """
+    tar_compression = {'gzip': 'gz', None: ''}
+    compress_ext = {'gzip': '.gz'}
+
+    if _BZ2_SUPPORTED:
+        tar_compression['bzip2'] = 'bz2'
+        compress_ext['bzip2'] = '.bz2'
+
+    # flags for compression program, each element of list will be an argument
+    if compress is not None and compress not in compress_ext:
+        raise ValueError("bad value for 'compress', or compression format not "
+                         "supported : {0}".format(compress))
+
+    archive_name = base_name + '.tar' + compress_ext.get(compress, '')
+    archive_dir = os.path.dirname(archive_name)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(archive_dir):
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.info("creating %s", archive_dir)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.makedirs(archive_dir)
+
+    # creating the tarball
+    if logger is not None:
+        logger.info('Creating tar archive')
+
+    uid = _get_uid(owner)
+    gid = _get_gid(group)
+
+    def _set_uid_gid(tarinfo):
+        if gid is not None:
+            tarinfo.gid = gid
+            tarinfo.gname = group
+        if uid is not None:
+            tarinfo.uid = uid
+            tarinfo.uname = owner
+        return tarinfo
+
+    if not dry_run:
+        tar = tarfile.open(archive_name, 'w|%s' % tar_compression[compress])
+        try:
+            tar.add(base_dir, filter=_set_uid_gid)
+        finally:
+            tar.close()
+
+    return archive_name
+
+def _call_external_zip(base_dir, zip_filename, verbose=False, dry_run=False):
+    # XXX see if we want to keep an external call here
+    if verbose:
+        zipoptions = "-r"
+    else:
+        zipoptions = "-rq"
+    from distutils.errors import DistutilsExecError
+    from distutils.spawn import spawn
+    try:
+        spawn(["zip", zipoptions, zip_filename, base_dir], dry_run=dry_run)
+    except DistutilsExecError:
+        # XXX really should distinguish between "couldn't find
+        # external 'zip' command" and "zip failed".
+        raise ExecError("unable to create zip file '%s': "
+            "could neither import the 'zipfile' module nor "
+            "find a standalone zip utility") % zip_filename
+
+def _make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, logger=None):
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.
+
+    The output zip file will be named 'base_name' + ".zip".  Uses either the
+    "zipfile" Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility
+    (if installed and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is
+    available, raises ExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip
+    file.
+    """
+    zip_filename = base_name + ".zip"
+    archive_dir = os.path.dirname(base_name)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(archive_dir):
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.info("creating %s", archive_dir)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.makedirs(archive_dir)
+
+    # If zipfile module is not available, try spawning an external 'zip'
+    # command.
+    try:
+        import zipfile
+    except ImportError:
+        zipfile = None
+
+    if zipfile is None:
+        _call_external_zip(base_dir, zip_filename, verbose, dry_run)
+    else:
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it",
+                        zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+        if not dry_run:
+            zip = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, "w",
+                                  compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+
+            for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
+                for name in filenames:
+                    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
+                    if os.path.isfile(path):
+                        zip.write(path, path)
+                        if logger is not None:
+                            logger.info("adding '%s'", path)
+            zip.close()
+
+    return zip_filename
+
+_ARCHIVE_FORMATS = {
+    'gztar': (_make_tarball, [('compress', 'gzip')], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
+    'bztar': (_make_tarball, [('compress', 'bzip2')], "bzip2'ed tar-file"),
+    'tar':   (_make_tarball, [('compress', None)], "uncompressed tar file"),
+    'zip':   (_make_zipfile, [], "ZIP file"),
+    }
+
+if _BZ2_SUPPORTED:
+    _ARCHIVE_FORMATS['bztar'] = (_make_tarball, [('compress', 'bzip2')],
+                                "bzip2'ed tar-file")
+
+def get_archive_formats():
+    """Returns a list of supported formats for archiving and unarchiving.
+
+    Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description)
+    """
+    formats = [(name, registry[2]) for name, registry in
+               _ARCHIVE_FORMATS.items()]
+    formats.sort()
+    return formats
+
+def register_archive_format(name, function, extra_args=None, description=''):
+    """Registers an archive format.
+
+    name is the name of the format. function is the callable that will be
+    used to create archives. If provided, extra_args is a sequence of
+    (name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
+    description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
+    by the get_archive_formats() function.
+    """
+    if extra_args is None:
+        extra_args = []
+    if not isinstance(function, collections.Callable):
+        raise TypeError('The %s object is not callable' % function)
+    if not isinstance(extra_args, (tuple, list)):
+        raise TypeError('extra_args needs to be a sequence')
+    for element in extra_args:
+        if not isinstance(element, (tuple, list)) or len(element) !=2:
+            raise TypeError('extra_args elements are : (arg_name, value)')
+
+    _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[name] = (function, extra_args, description)
+
+def unregister_archive_format(name):
+    del _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[name]
+
+def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
+                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
+    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
+
+    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
+    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
+    or "gztar".
+
+    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
+    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
+    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
+    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
+    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
+    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.
+
+    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
+    uses the current owner and group.
+    """
+    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
+    if root_dir is not None:
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
+        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.chdir(root_dir)
+
+    if base_dir is None:
+        base_dir = os.curdir
+
+    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
+
+    try:
+        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError("unknown archive format '%s'" % format)
+
+    func = format_info[0]
+    for arg, val in format_info[1]:
+        kwargs[arg] = val
+
+    if format != 'zip':
+        kwargs['owner'] = owner
+        kwargs['group'] = group
+
+    try:
+        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
+    finally:
+        if root_dir is not None:
+            if logger is not None:
+                logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
+            os.chdir(save_cwd)
+
+    return filename
+
+
+def get_unpack_formats():
+    """Returns a list of supported formats for unpacking.
+
+    Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
+    (name, extensions, description)
+    """
+    formats = [(name, info[0], info[3]) for name, info in
+               _UNPACK_FORMATS.items()]
+    formats.sort()
+    return formats
+
+def _check_unpack_options(extensions, function, extra_args):
+    """Checks what gets registered as an unpacker."""
+    # first make sure no other unpacker is registered for this extension
+    existing_extensions = {}
+    for name, info in _UNPACK_FORMATS.items():
+        for ext in info[0]:
+            existing_extensions[ext] = name
+
+    for extension in extensions:
+        if extension in existing_extensions:
+            msg = '%s is already registered for "%s"'
+            raise RegistryError(msg % (extension,
+                                       existing_extensions[extension]))
+
+    if not isinstance(function, collections.Callable):
+        raise TypeError('The registered function must be a callable')
+
+
+def register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function, extra_args=None,
+                           description=''):
+    """Registers an unpack format.
+
+    `name` is the name of the format. `extensions` is a list of extensions
+    corresponding to the format.
+
+    `function` is the callable that will be
+    used to unpack archives. The callable will receive archives to unpack.
+    If it's unable to handle an archive, it needs to raise a ReadError
+    exception.
+
+    If provided, `extra_args` is a sequence of
+    (name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
+    description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
+    by the get_unpack_formats() function.
+    """
+    if extra_args is None:
+        extra_args = []
+    _check_unpack_options(extensions, function, extra_args)
+    _UNPACK_FORMATS[name] = extensions, function, extra_args, description
+
+def unregister_unpack_format(name):
+    """Removes the pack format from the registery."""
+    del _UNPACK_FORMATS[name]
+
+def _ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+def _unpack_zipfile(filename, extract_dir):
+    """Unpack zip `filename` to `extract_dir`
+    """
+    try:
+        import zipfile
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ReadError('zlib not supported, cannot unpack this archive.')
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(filename):
+        raise ReadError("%s is not a zip file" % filename)
+
+    zip = zipfile.ZipFile(filename)
+    try:
+        for info in zip.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if name.startswith('/') or '..' in name:
+                continue
+
+            target = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+            if not target:
+                continue
+
+            _ensure_directory(target)
+            if not name.endswith('/'):
+                # file
+                data = zip.read(info.filename)
+                f = open(target, 'wb')
+                try:
+                    f.write(data)
+                finally:
+                    f.close()
+                    del data
+    finally:
+        zip.close()
+
+def _unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir):
+    """Unpack tar/tar.gz/tar.bz2 `filename` to `extract_dir`
+    """
+    try:
+        tarobj = tarfile.open(filename)
+    except tarfile.TarError:
+        raise ReadError(
+            "%s is not a compressed or uncompressed tar file" % filename)
+    try:
+        tarobj.extractall(extract_dir)
+    finally:
+        tarobj.close()
+
+_UNPACK_FORMATS = {
+    'gztar': (['.tar.gz', '.tgz'], _unpack_tarfile, [], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
+    'tar':   (['.tar'], _unpack_tarfile, [], "uncompressed tar file"),
+    'zip':   (['.zip'], _unpack_zipfile, [], "ZIP file")
+    }
+
+if _BZ2_SUPPORTED:
+    _UNPACK_FORMATS['bztar'] = (['.bz2'], _unpack_tarfile, [],
+                                "bzip2'ed tar-file")
+
+def _find_unpack_format(filename):
+    for name, info in _UNPACK_FORMATS.items():
+        for extension in info[0]:
+            if filename.endswith(extension):
+                return name
+    return None
+
+def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
+    """Unpack an archive.
+
+    `filename` is the name of the archive.
+
+    `extract_dir` is the name of the target directory, where the archive
+    is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.
+
+    `format` is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", or "gztar". Or any
+    other registered format. If not provided, unpack_archive will use the
+    filename extension and see if an unpacker was registered for that
+    extension.
+
+    In case none is found, a ValueError is raised.
+    """
+    if extract_dir is None:
+        extract_dir = os.getcwd()
+
+    if format is not None:
+        try:
+            format_info = _UNPACK_FORMATS[format]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown unpack format '{0}'".format(format))
+
+        func = format_info[1]
+        func(filename, extract_dir, **dict(format_info[2]))
+    else:
+        # we need to look at the registered unpackers supported extensions
+        format = _find_unpack_format(filename)
+        if format is None:
+            raise ReadError("Unknown archive format '{0}'".format(filename))
+
+        func = _UNPACK_FORMATS[format][1]
+        kwargs = dict(_UNPACK_FORMATS[format][2])
+        func(filename, extract_dir, **kwargs)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1746bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+[posix_prefix]
+# Configuration directories.  Some of these come straight out of the
+# configure script.  They are for implementing the other variables, not to
+# be used directly in [resource_locations].
+confdir = /etc
+datadir = /usr/share
+libdir = /usr/lib
+statedir = /var
+# User resource directory
+local = ~/.local/{distribution.name}
+
+stdlib = {base}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+platstdlib = {platbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+purelib = {base}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+platlib = {platbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+include = {base}/include/python{py_version_short}{abiflags}
+platinclude = {platbase}/include/python{py_version_short}{abiflags}
+data = {base}
+
+[posix_home]
+stdlib = {base}/lib/python
+platstdlib = {base}/lib/python
+purelib = {base}/lib/python
+platlib = {base}/lib/python
+include = {base}/include/python
+platinclude = {base}/include/python
+scripts = {base}/bin
+data = {base}
+
+[nt]
+stdlib = {base}/Lib
+platstdlib = {base}/Lib
+purelib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+platlib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+include = {base}/Include
+platinclude = {base}/Include
+scripts = {base}/Scripts
+data = {base}
+
+[os2]
+stdlib = {base}/Lib
+platstdlib = {base}/Lib
+purelib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+platlib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+include = {base}/Include
+platinclude = {base}/Include
+scripts = {base}/Scripts
+data = {base}
+
+[os2_home]
+stdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+platstdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+purelib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/include/python{py_version_short}
+scripts = {userbase}/bin
+data = {userbase}
+
+[nt_user]
+stdlib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}
+platstdlib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}
+purelib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}/Include
+scripts = {userbase}/Scripts
+data = {userbase}
+
+[posix_user]
+stdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+platstdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+purelib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/include/python{py_version_short}
+scripts = {userbase}/bin
+data = {userbase}
+
+[osx_framework_user]
+stdlib = {userbase}/lib/python
+platstdlib = {userbase}/lib/python
+purelib = {userbase}/lib/python/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/lib/python/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/include
+scripts = {userbase}/bin
+data = {userbase}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d31326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Access to Python's configuration information."""
+
+import codecs
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from os.path import pardir, realpath
+try:
+    import configparser
+except ImportError:
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'get_config_h_filename',
+    'get_config_var',
+    'get_config_vars',
+    'get_makefile_filename',
+    'get_path',
+    'get_path_names',
+    'get_paths',
+    'get_platform',
+    'get_python_version',
+    'get_scheme_names',
+    'parse_config_h',
+]
+
+
+def _safe_realpath(path):
+    try:
+        return realpath(path)
+    except OSError:
+        return path
+
+
+if sys.executable:
+    _PROJECT_BASE = os.path.dirname(_safe_realpath(sys.executable))
+else:
+    # sys.executable can be empty if argv[0] has been changed and Python is
+    # unable to retrieve the real program name
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.getcwd())
+
+if os.name == "nt" and "pcbuild" in _PROJECT_BASE[-8:].lower():
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, pardir))
+# PC/VS7.1
+if os.name == "nt" and "\\pc\\v" in _PROJECT_BASE[-10:].lower():
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, pardir, pardir))
+# PC/AMD64
+if os.name == "nt" and "\\pcbuild\\amd64" in _PROJECT_BASE[-14:].lower():
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, pardir, pardir))
+
+
+def is_python_build():
+    for fn in ("Setup.dist", "Setup.local"):
+        if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, "Modules", fn)):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+_PYTHON_BUILD = is_python_build()
+
+_cfg_read = False
+
+def _ensure_cfg_read():
+    global _cfg_read
+    if not _cfg_read:
+        from ..resources import finder
+        backport_package = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+        _finder = finder(backport_package)
+        _cfgfile = _finder.find('sysconfig.cfg')
+        assert _cfgfile, 'sysconfig.cfg exists'
+        with _cfgfile.as_stream() as s:
+            _SCHEMES.readfp(s)
+        if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+            for scheme in ('posix_prefix', 'posix_home'):
+                _SCHEMES.set(scheme, 'include', '{srcdir}/Include')
+                _SCHEMES.set(scheme, 'platinclude', '{projectbase}/.')
+
+        _cfg_read = True
+
+
+_SCHEMES = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+_VAR_REPL = re.compile(r'\{([^{]*?)\}')
+
+def _expand_globals(config):
+    _ensure_cfg_read()
+    if config.has_section('globals'):
+        globals = config.items('globals')
+    else:
+        globals = tuple()
+
+    sections = config.sections()
+    for section in sections:
+        if section == 'globals':
+            continue
+        for option, value in globals:
+            if config.has_option(section, option):
+                continue
+            config.set(section, option, value)
+    config.remove_section('globals')
+
+    # now expanding local variables defined in the cfg file
+    #
+    for section in config.sections():
+        variables = dict(config.items(section))
+
+        def _replacer(matchobj):
+            name = matchobj.group(1)
+            if name in variables:
+                return variables[name]
+            return matchobj.group(0)
+
+        for option, value in config.items(section):
+            config.set(section, option, _VAR_REPL.sub(_replacer, value))
+
+#_expand_globals(_SCHEMES)
+
+ # FIXME don't rely on sys.version here, its format is an implementation detail
+ # of CPython, use sys.version_info or sys.hexversion
+_PY_VERSION = sys.version.split()[0]
+_PY_VERSION_SHORT = sys.version[:3]
+_PY_VERSION_SHORT_NO_DOT = _PY_VERSION[0] + _PY_VERSION[2]
+_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.prefix)
+_EXEC_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.exec_prefix)
+_CONFIG_VARS = None
+_USER_BASE = None
+
+
+def _subst_vars(path, local_vars):
+    """In the string `path`, replace tokens like {some.thing} with the
+    corresponding value from the map `local_vars`.
+
+    If there is no corresponding value, leave the token unchanged.
+    """
+    def _replacer(matchobj):
+        name = matchobj.group(1)
+        if name in local_vars:
+            return local_vars[name]
+        elif name in os.environ:
+            return os.environ[name]
+        return matchobj.group(0)
+    return _VAR_REPL.sub(_replacer, path)
+
+
+def _extend_dict(target_dict, other_dict):
+    target_keys = target_dict.keys()
+    for key, value in other_dict.items():
+        if key in target_keys:
+            continue
+        target_dict[key] = value
+
+
+def _expand_vars(scheme, vars):
+    res = {}
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    _extend_dict(vars, get_config_vars())
+
+    for key, value in _SCHEMES.items(scheme):
+        if os.name in ('posix', 'nt'):
+            value = os.path.expanduser(value)
+        res[key] = os.path.normpath(_subst_vars(value, vars))
+    return res
+
+
+def format_value(value, vars):
+    def _replacer(matchobj):
+        name = matchobj.group(1)
+        if name in vars:
+            return vars[name]
+        return matchobj.group(0)
+    return _VAR_REPL.sub(_replacer, value)
+
+
+def _get_default_scheme():
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        # the default scheme for posix is posix_prefix
+        return 'posix_prefix'
+    return os.name
+
+
+def _getuserbase():
+    env_base = os.environ.get("PYTHONUSERBASE", None)
+
+    def joinuser(*args):
+        return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
+
+    # what about 'os2emx', 'riscos' ?
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        base = os.environ.get("APPDATA") or "~"
+        if env_base:
+            return env_base
+        else:
+            return joinuser(base, "Python")
+
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        framework = get_config_var("PYTHONFRAMEWORK")
+        if framework:
+            if env_base:
+                return env_base
+            else:
+                return joinuser("~", "Library", framework, "%d.%d" %
+                                sys.version_info[:2])
+
+    if env_base:
+        return env_base
+    else:
+        return joinuser("~", ".local")
+
+
+def _parse_makefile(filename, vars=None):
+    """Parse a Makefile-style file.
+
+    A dictionary containing name/value pairs is returned.  If an
+    optional dictionary is passed in as the second argument, it is
+    used instead of a new dictionary.
+    """
+    # Regexes needed for parsing Makefile (and similar syntaxes,
+    # like old-style Setup files).
+    _variable_rx = re.compile("([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*=\s*(.*)")
+    _findvar1_rx = re.compile(r"\$\(([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\)")
+    _findvar2_rx = re.compile(r"\${([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)}")
+
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    done = {}
+    notdone = {}
+
+    with codecs.open(filename, encoding='utf-8', errors="surrogateescape") as f:
+        lines = f.readlines()
+
+    for line in lines:
+        if line.startswith('#') or line.strip() == '':
+            continue
+        m = _variable_rx.match(line)
+        if m:
+            n, v = m.group(1, 2)
+            v = v.strip()
+            # `$$' is a literal `$' in make
+            tmpv = v.replace('$$', '')
+
+            if "$" in tmpv:
+                notdone[n] = v
+            else:
+                try:
+                    v = int(v)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # insert literal `$'
+                    done[n] = v.replace('$$', '$')
+                else:
+                    done[n] = v
+
+    # do variable interpolation here
+    variables = list(notdone.keys())
+
+    # Variables with a 'PY_' prefix in the makefile. These need to
+    # be made available without that prefix through sysconfig.
+    # Special care is needed to ensure that variable expansion works, even
+    # if the expansion uses the name without a prefix.
+    renamed_variables = ('CFLAGS', 'LDFLAGS', 'CPPFLAGS')
+
+    while len(variables) > 0:
+        for name in tuple(variables):
+            value = notdone[name]
+            m = _findvar1_rx.search(value) or _findvar2_rx.search(value)
+            if m is not None:
+                n = m.group(1)
+                found = True
+                if n in done:
+                    item = str(done[n])
+                elif n in notdone:
+                    # get it on a subsequent round
+                    found = False
+                elif n in os.environ:
+                    # do it like make: fall back to environment
+                    item = os.environ[n]
+
+                elif n in renamed_variables:
+                    if (name.startswith('PY_') and
+                        name[3:] in renamed_variables):
+                        item = ""
+
+                    elif 'PY_' + n in notdone:
+                        found = False
+
+                    else:
+                        item = str(done['PY_' + n])
+
+                else:
+                    done[n] = item = ""
+
+                if found:
+                    after = value[m.end():]
+                    value = value[:m.start()] + item + after
+                    if "$" in after:
+                        notdone[name] = value
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            value = int(value)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            done[name] = value.strip()
+                        else:
+                            done[name] = value
+                        variables.remove(name)
+
+                        if (name.startswith('PY_') and
+                            name[3:] in renamed_variables):
+
+                            name = name[3:]
+                            if name not in done:
+                                done[name] = value
+
+            else:
+                # bogus variable reference (e.g. "prefix=$/opt/python");
+                # just drop it since we can't deal
+                done[name] = value
+                variables.remove(name)
+
+    # strip spurious spaces
+    for k, v in done.items():
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            done[k] = v.strip()
+
+    # save the results in the global dictionary
+    vars.update(done)
+    return vars
+
+
+def get_makefile_filename():
+    """Return the path of the Makefile."""
+    if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+        return os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, "Makefile")
+    if hasattr(sys, 'abiflags'):
+        config_dir_name = 'config-%s%s' % (_PY_VERSION_SHORT, sys.abiflags)
+    else:
+        config_dir_name = 'config'
+    return os.path.join(get_path('stdlib'), config_dir_name, 'Makefile')
+
+
+def _init_posix(vars):
+    """Initialize the module as appropriate for POSIX systems."""
+    # load the installed Makefile:
+    makefile = get_makefile_filename()
+    try:
+        _parse_makefile(makefile, vars)
+    except IOError as e:
+        msg = "invalid Python installation: unable to open %s" % makefile
+        if hasattr(e, "strerror"):
+            msg = msg + " (%s)" % e.strerror
+        raise IOError(msg)
+    # load the installed pyconfig.h:
+    config_h = get_config_h_filename()
+    try:
+        with open(config_h) as f:
+            parse_config_h(f, vars)
+    except IOError as e:
+        msg = "invalid Python installation: unable to open %s" % config_h
+        if hasattr(e, "strerror"):
+            msg = msg + " (%s)" % e.strerror
+        raise IOError(msg)
+    # On AIX, there are wrong paths to the linker scripts in the Makefile
+    # -- these paths are relative to the Python source, but when installed
+    # the scripts are in another directory.
+    if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+        vars['LDSHARED'] = vars['BLDSHARED']
+
+
+def _init_non_posix(vars):
+    """Initialize the module as appropriate for NT"""
+    # set basic install directories
+    vars['LIBDEST'] = get_path('stdlib')
+    vars['BINLIBDEST'] = get_path('platstdlib')
+    vars['INCLUDEPY'] = get_path('include')
+    vars['SO'] = '.pyd'
+    vars['EXE'] = '.exe'
+    vars['VERSION'] = _PY_VERSION_SHORT_NO_DOT
+    vars['BINDIR'] = os.path.dirname(_safe_realpath(sys.executable))
+
+#
+# public APIs
+#
+
+
+def parse_config_h(fp, vars=None):
+    """Parse a config.h-style file.
+
+    A dictionary containing name/value pairs is returned.  If an
+    optional dictionary is passed in as the second argument, it is
+    used instead of a new dictionary.
+    """
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    define_rx = re.compile("#define ([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+) (.*)\n")
+    undef_rx = re.compile("/[*] #undef ([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+) [*]/\n")
+
+    while True:
+        line = fp.readline()
+        if not line:
+            break
+        m = define_rx.match(line)
+        if m:
+            n, v = m.group(1, 2)
+            try:
+                v = int(v)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            vars[n] = v
+        else:
+            m = undef_rx.match(line)
+            if m:
+                vars[m.group(1)] = 0
+    return vars
+
+
+def get_config_h_filename():
+    """Return the path of pyconfig.h."""
+    if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            inc_dir = os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, "PC")
+        else:
+            inc_dir = _PROJECT_BASE
+    else:
+        inc_dir = get_path('platinclude')
+    return os.path.join(inc_dir, 'pyconfig.h')
+
+
+def get_scheme_names():
+    """Return a tuple containing the schemes names."""
+    return tuple(sorted(_SCHEMES.sections()))
+
+
+def get_path_names():
+    """Return a tuple containing the paths names."""
+    # xxx see if we want a static list
+    return _SCHEMES.options('posix_prefix')
+
+
+def get_paths(scheme=_get_default_scheme(), vars=None, expand=True):
+    """Return a mapping containing an install scheme.
+
+    ``scheme`` is the install scheme name. If not provided, it will
+    return the default scheme for the current platform.
+    """
+    _ensure_cfg_read()
+    if expand:
+        return _expand_vars(scheme, vars)
+    else:
+        return dict(_SCHEMES.items(scheme))
+
+
+def get_path(name, scheme=_get_default_scheme(), vars=None, expand=True):
+    """Return a path corresponding to the scheme.
+
+    ``scheme`` is the install scheme name.
+    """
+    return get_paths(scheme, vars, expand)[name]
+
+
+def get_config_vars(*args):
+    """With no arguments, return a dictionary of all configuration
+    variables relevant for the current platform.
+
+    On Unix, this means every variable defined in Python's installed Makefile;
+    On Windows and Mac OS it's a much smaller set.
+
+    With arguments, return a list of values that result from looking up
+    each argument in the configuration variable dictionary.
+    """
+    global _CONFIG_VARS
+    if _CONFIG_VARS is None:
+        _CONFIG_VARS = {}
+        # Normalized versions of prefix and exec_prefix are handy to have;
+        # in fact, these are the standard versions used most places in the
+        # distutils2 module.
+        _CONFIG_VARS['prefix'] = _PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['exec_prefix'] = _EXEC_PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['py_version'] = _PY_VERSION
+        _CONFIG_VARS['py_version_short'] = _PY_VERSION_SHORT
+        _CONFIG_VARS['py_version_nodot'] = _PY_VERSION[0] + _PY_VERSION[2]
+        _CONFIG_VARS['base'] = _PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['platbase'] = _EXEC_PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['projectbase'] = _PROJECT_BASE
+        try:
+            _CONFIG_VARS['abiflags'] = sys.abiflags
+        except AttributeError:
+            # sys.abiflags may not be defined on all platforms.
+            _CONFIG_VARS['abiflags'] = ''
+
+        if os.name in ('nt', 'os2'):
+            _init_non_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            _init_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)
+        # Setting 'userbase' is done below the call to the
+        # init function to enable using 'get_config_var' in
+        # the init-function.
+        if sys.version >= '2.6':
+            _CONFIG_VARS['userbase'] = _getuserbase()
+
+        if 'srcdir' not in _CONFIG_VARS:
+            _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'] = _PROJECT_BASE
+        else:
+            _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'] = _safe_realpath(_CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'])
+
+        # Convert srcdir into an absolute path if it appears necessary.
+        # Normally it is relative to the build directory.  However, during
+        # testing, for example, we might be running a non-installed python
+        # from a different directory.
+        if _PYTHON_BUILD and os.name == "posix":
+            base = _PROJECT_BASE
+            try:
+                cwd = os.getcwd()
+            except OSError:
+                cwd = None
+            if (not os.path.isabs(_CONFIG_VARS['srcdir']) and
+                base != cwd):
+                # srcdir is relative and we are not in the same directory
+                # as the executable. Assume executable is in the build
+                # directory and make srcdir absolute.
+                srcdir = os.path.join(base, _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'])
+                _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'] = os.path.normpath(srcdir)
+
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            kernel_version = os.uname()[2]  # Kernel version (8.4.3)
+            major_version = int(kernel_version.split('.')[0])
+
+            if major_version < 8:
+                # On Mac OS X before 10.4, check if -arch and -isysroot
+                # are in CFLAGS or LDFLAGS and remove them if they are.
+                # This is needed when building extensions on a 10.3 system
+                # using a universal build of python.
+                for key in ('LDFLAGS', 'BASECFLAGS',
+                        # a number of derived variables. These need to be
+                        # patched up as well.
+                        'CFLAGS', 'PY_CFLAGS', 'BLDSHARED'):
+                    flags = _CONFIG_VARS[key]
+                    flags = re.sub('-arch\s+\w+\s', ' ', flags)
+                    flags = re.sub('-isysroot [^ \t]*', ' ', flags)
+                    _CONFIG_VARS[key] = flags
+            else:
+                # Allow the user to override the architecture flags using
+                # an environment variable.
+                # NOTE: This name was introduced by Apple in OSX 10.5 and
+                # is used by several scripting languages distributed with
+                # that OS release.
+                if 'ARCHFLAGS' in os.environ:
+                    arch = os.environ['ARCHFLAGS']
+                    for key in ('LDFLAGS', 'BASECFLAGS',
+                        # a number of derived variables. These need to be
+                        # patched up as well.
+                        'CFLAGS', 'PY_CFLAGS', 'BLDSHARED'):
+
+                        flags = _CONFIG_VARS[key]
+                        flags = re.sub('-arch\s+\w+\s', ' ', flags)
+                        flags = flags + ' ' + arch
+                        _CONFIG_VARS[key] = flags
+
+                # If we're on OSX 10.5 or later and the user tries to
+                # compiles an extension using an SDK that is not present
+                # on the current machine it is better to not use an SDK
+                # than to fail.
+                #
+                # The major usecase for this is users using a Python.org
+                # binary installer  on OSX 10.6: that installer uses
+                # the 10.4u SDK, but that SDK is not installed by default
+                # when you install Xcode.
+                #
+                CFLAGS = _CONFIG_VARS.get('CFLAGS', '')
+                m = re.search('-isysroot\s+(\S+)', CFLAGS)
+                if m is not None:
+                    sdk = m.group(1)
+                    if not os.path.exists(sdk):
+                        for key in ('LDFLAGS', 'BASECFLAGS',
+                             # a number of derived variables. These need to be
+                             # patched up as well.
+                            'CFLAGS', 'PY_CFLAGS', 'BLDSHARED'):
+
+                            flags = _CONFIG_VARS[key]
+                            flags = re.sub('-isysroot\s+\S+(\s|$)', ' ', flags)
+                            _CONFIG_VARS[key] = flags
+
+    if args:
+        vals = []
+        for name in args:
+            vals.append(_CONFIG_VARS.get(name))
+        return vals
+    else:
+        return _CONFIG_VARS
+
+
+def get_config_var(name):
+    """Return the value of a single variable using the dictionary returned by
+    'get_config_vars()'.
+
+    Equivalent to get_config_vars().get(name)
+    """
+    return get_config_vars().get(name)
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """Return a string that identifies the current platform.
+
+    This is used mainly to distinguish platform-specific build directories and
+    platform-specific built distributions.  Typically includes the OS name
+    and version and the architecture (as supplied by 'os.uname()'),
+    although the exact information included depends on the OS; eg. for IRIX
+    the architecture isn't particularly important (IRIX only runs on SGI
+    hardware), but for Linux the kernel version isn't particularly
+    important.
+
+    Examples of returned values:
+       linux-i586
+       linux-alpha (?)
+       solaris-2.6-sun4u
+       irix-5.3
+       irix64-6.2
+
+    Windows will return one of:
+       win-amd64 (64bit Windows on AMD64 (aka x86_64, Intel64, EM64T, etc)
+       win-ia64 (64bit Windows on Itanium)
+       win32 (all others - specifically, sys.platform is returned)
+
+    For other non-POSIX platforms, currently just returns 'sys.platform'.
+    """
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        # sniff sys.version for architecture.
+        prefix = " bit ("
+        i = sys.version.find(prefix)
+        if i == -1:
+            return sys.platform
+        j = sys.version.find(")", i)
+        look = sys.version[i+len(prefix):j].lower()
+        if look == 'amd64':
+            return 'win-amd64'
+        if look == 'itanium':
+            return 'win-ia64'
+        return sys.platform
+
+    if os.name != "posix" or not hasattr(os, 'uname'):
+        # XXX what about the architecture? NT is Intel or Alpha,
+        # Mac OS is M68k or PPC, etc.
+        return sys.platform
+
+    # Try to distinguish various flavours of Unix
+    osname, host, release, version, machine = os.uname()
+
+    # Convert the OS name to lowercase, remove '/' characters
+    # (to accommodate BSD/OS), and translate spaces (for "Power Macintosh")
+    osname = osname.lower().replace('/', '')
+    machine = machine.replace(' ', '_')
+    machine = machine.replace('/', '-')
+
+    if osname[:5] == "linux":
+        # At least on Linux/Intel, 'machine' is the processor --
+        # i386, etc.
+        # XXX what about Alpha, SPARC, etc?
+        return  "%s-%s" % (osname, machine)
+    elif osname[:5] == "sunos":
+        if release[0] >= "5":           # SunOS 5 == Solaris 2
+            osname = "solaris"
+            release = "%d.%s" % (int(release[0]) - 3, release[2:])
+        # fall through to standard osname-release-machine representation
+    elif osname[:4] == "irix":              # could be "irix64"!
+        return "%s-%s" % (osname, release)
+    elif osname[:3] == "aix":
+        return "%s-%s.%s" % (osname, version, release)
+    elif osname[:6] == "cygwin":
+        osname = "cygwin"
+        rel_re = re.compile(r'[\d.]+')
+        m = rel_re.match(release)
+        if m:
+            release = m.group()
+    elif osname[:6] == "darwin":
+        #
+        # For our purposes, we'll assume that the system version from
+        # distutils' perspective is what MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET is set
+        # to. This makes the compatibility story a bit more sane because the
+        # machine is going to compile and link as if it were
+        # MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET.
+        cfgvars = get_config_vars()
+        macver = cfgvars.get('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET')
+
+        if True:
+            # Always calculate the release of the running machine,
+            # needed to determine if we can build fat binaries or not.
+
+            macrelease = macver
+            # Get the system version. Reading this plist is a documented
+            # way to get the system version (see the documentation for
+            # the Gestalt Manager)
+            try:
+                f = open('/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist')
+            except IOError:
+                # We're on a plain darwin box, fall back to the default
+                # behaviour.
+                pass
+            else:
+                try:
+                    m = re.search(r'<key>ProductUserVisibleVersion</key>\s*'
+                                  r'<string>(.*?)</string>', f.read())
+                finally:
+                    f.close()
+                if m is not None:
+                    macrelease = '.'.join(m.group(1).split('.')[:2])
+                # else: fall back to the default behaviour
+
+        if not macver:
+            macver = macrelease
+
+        if macver:
+            release = macver
+            osname = "macosx"
+
+            if ((macrelease + '.') >= '10.4.' and
+                '-arch' in get_config_vars().get('CFLAGS', '').strip()):
+                # The universal build will build fat binaries, but not on
+                # systems before 10.4
+                #
+                # Try to detect 4-way universal builds, those have machine-type
+                # 'universal' instead of 'fat'.
+
+                machine = 'fat'
+                cflags = get_config_vars().get('CFLAGS')
+
+                archs = re.findall('-arch\s+(\S+)', cflags)
+                archs = tuple(sorted(set(archs)))
+
+                if len(archs) == 1:
+                    machine = archs[0]
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                    machine = 'fat'
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'intel'
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'fat3'
+                elif archs == ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'fat64'
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'ppc', 'ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'universal'
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                       "Don't know machine value for archs=%r" % (archs,))
+
+            elif machine == 'i386':
+                # On OSX the machine type returned by uname is always the
+                # 32-bit variant, even if the executable architecture is
+                # the 64-bit variant
+                if sys.maxsize >= 2**32:
+                    machine = 'x86_64'
+
+            elif machine in ('PowerPC', 'Power_Macintosh'):
+                # Pick a sane name for the PPC architecture.
+                # See 'i386' case
+                if sys.maxsize >= 2**32:
+                    machine = 'ppc64'
+                else:
+                    machine = 'ppc'
+
+    return "%s-%s-%s" % (osname, release, machine)
+
+
+def get_python_version():
+    return _PY_VERSION_SHORT
+
+
+def _print_dict(title, data):
+    for index, (key, value) in enumerate(sorted(data.items())):
+        if index == 0:
+            print('%s: ' % (title))
+        print('\t%s = "%s"' % (key, value))
+
+
+def _main():
+    """Display all information sysconfig detains."""
+    print('Platform: "%s"' % get_platform())
+    print('Python version: "%s"' % get_python_version())
+    print('Current installation scheme: "%s"' % _get_default_scheme())
+    print()
+    _print_dict('Paths', get_paths())
+    print()
+    _print_dict('Variables', get_config_vars())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0580fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2607 @@
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+# tarfile.py
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright (C) 2002 Lars Gustaebel <lars@gustaebel.de>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Permission  is  hereby granted,  free  of charge,  to  any person
+# obtaining a  copy of  this software  and associated documentation
+# files  (the  "Software"),  to   deal  in  the  Software   without
+# restriction,  including  without limitation  the  rights to  use,
+# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies  of  the  Software,  and to  permit  persons  to  whom the
+# Software  is  furnished  to  do  so,  subject  to  the  following
+# conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright  notice and this  permission notice shall  be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS  IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY  KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED TO  THE WARRANTIES
+# OF  MERCHANTABILITY,  FITNESS   FOR  A  PARTICULAR   PURPOSE  AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN  NO  EVENT SHALL  THE  AUTHORS  OR COPYRIGHT
+# HOLDERS  BE LIABLE  FOR ANY  CLAIM, DAMAGES  OR OTHER  LIABILITY,
+# WHETHER  IN AN  ACTION OF  CONTRACT, TORT  OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING
+# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+"""Read from and write to tar format archives.
+"""
+
+__version__ = "$Revision$"
+
+version     = "0.9.0"
+__author__  = "Lars Gust\u00e4bel (lars@gustaebel.de)"
+__date__    = "$Date: 2011-02-25 17:42:01 +0200 (Fri, 25 Feb 2011) $"
+__cvsid__   = "$Id: tarfile.py 88586 2011-02-25 15:42:01Z marc-andre.lemburg $"
+__credits__ = "Gustavo Niemeyer, Niels Gust\u00e4bel, Richard Townsend."
+
+#---------
+# Imports
+#---------
+import sys
+import os
+import stat
+import errno
+import time
+import struct
+import copy
+import re
+
+try:
+    import grp, pwd
+except ImportError:
+    grp = pwd = None
+
+# os.symlink on Windows prior to 6.0 raises NotImplementedError
+symlink_exception = (AttributeError, NotImplementedError)
+try:
+    # WindowsError (1314) will be raised if the caller does not hold the
+    # SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege
+    symlink_exception += (WindowsError,)
+except NameError:
+    pass
+
+# from tarfile import *
+__all__ = ["TarFile", "TarInfo", "is_tarfile", "TarError"]
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+else:
+    import builtins
+
+_open = builtins.open   # Since 'open' is TarFile.open
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# tar constants
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+NUL = b"\0"                     # the null character
+BLOCKSIZE = 512                 # length of processing blocks
+RECORDSIZE = BLOCKSIZE * 20     # length of records
+GNU_MAGIC = b"ustar  \0"        # magic gnu tar string
+POSIX_MAGIC = b"ustar\x0000"    # magic posix tar string
+
+LENGTH_NAME = 100               # maximum length of a filename
+LENGTH_LINK = 100               # maximum length of a linkname
+LENGTH_PREFIX = 155             # maximum length of the prefix field
+
+REGTYPE = b"0"                  # regular file
+AREGTYPE = b"\0"                # regular file
+LNKTYPE = b"1"                  # link (inside tarfile)
+SYMTYPE = b"2"                  # symbolic link
+CHRTYPE = b"3"                  # character special device
+BLKTYPE = b"4"                  # block special device
+DIRTYPE = b"5"                  # directory
+FIFOTYPE = b"6"                 # fifo special device
+CONTTYPE = b"7"                 # contiguous file
+
+GNUTYPE_LONGNAME = b"L"         # GNU tar longname
+GNUTYPE_LONGLINK = b"K"         # GNU tar longlink
+GNUTYPE_SPARSE = b"S"           # GNU tar sparse file
+
+XHDTYPE = b"x"                  # POSIX.1-2001 extended header
+XGLTYPE = b"g"                  # POSIX.1-2001 global header
+SOLARIS_XHDTYPE = b"X"          # Solaris extended header
+
+USTAR_FORMAT = 0                # POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format
+GNU_FORMAT = 1                  # GNU tar format
+PAX_FORMAT = 2                  # POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format
+DEFAULT_FORMAT = GNU_FORMAT
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# tarfile constants
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# File types that tarfile supports:
+SUPPORTED_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE,
+                   SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE,
+                   CONTTYPE, CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE,
+                   GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK,
+                   GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# File types that will be treated as a regular file.
+REGULAR_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE,
+                 CONTTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# File types that are part of the GNU tar format.
+GNU_TYPES = (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK,
+             GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# Fields from a pax header that override a TarInfo attribute.
+PAX_FIELDS = ("path", "linkpath", "size", "mtime",
+              "uid", "gid", "uname", "gname")
+
+# Fields from a pax header that are affected by hdrcharset.
+PAX_NAME_FIELDS = set(("path", "linkpath", "uname", "gname"))
+
+# Fields in a pax header that are numbers, all other fields
+# are treated as strings.
+PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS = {
+    "atime": float,
+    "ctime": float,
+    "mtime": float,
+    "uid": int,
+    "gid": int,
+    "size": int
+}
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# Bits used in the mode field, values in octal.
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+S_IFLNK = 0o120000        # symbolic link
+S_IFREG = 0o100000        # regular file
+S_IFBLK = 0o060000        # block device
+S_IFDIR = 0o040000        # directory
+S_IFCHR = 0o020000        # character device
+S_IFIFO = 0o010000        # fifo
+
+TSUID   = 0o4000          # set UID on execution
+TSGID   = 0o2000          # set GID on execution
+TSVTX   = 0o1000          # reserved
+
+TUREAD  = 0o400           # read by owner
+TUWRITE = 0o200           # write by owner
+TUEXEC  = 0o100           # execute/search by owner
+TGREAD  = 0o040           # read by group
+TGWRITE = 0o020           # write by group
+TGEXEC  = 0o010           # execute/search by group
+TOREAD  = 0o004           # read by other
+TOWRITE = 0o002           # write by other
+TOEXEC  = 0o001           # execute/search by other
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# initialization
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    ENCODING = "utf-8"
+else:
+    ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# Some useful functions
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+
+def stn(s, length, encoding, errors):
+    """Convert a string to a null-terminated bytes object.
+    """
+    s = s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s[:length] + (length - len(s)) * NUL
+
+def nts(s, encoding, errors):
+    """Convert a null-terminated bytes object to a string.
+    """
+    p = s.find(b"\0")
+    if p != -1:
+        s = s[:p]
+    return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+
+def nti(s):
+    """Convert a number field to a python number.
+    """
+    # There are two possible encodings for a number field, see
+    # itn() below.
+    if s[0] != chr(0o200):
+        try:
+            n = int(nts(s, "ascii", "strict") or "0", 8)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise InvalidHeaderError("invalid header")
+    else:
+        n = 0
+        for i in range(len(s) - 1):
+            n <<= 8
+            n += ord(s[i + 1])
+    return n
+
+def itn(n, digits=8, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT):
+    """Convert a python number to a number field.
+    """
+    # POSIX 1003.1-1988 requires numbers to be encoded as a string of
+    # octal digits followed by a null-byte, this allows values up to
+    # (8**(digits-1))-1. GNU tar allows storing numbers greater than
+    # that if necessary. A leading 0o200 byte indicates this particular
+    # encoding, the following digits-1 bytes are a big-endian
+    # representation. This allows values up to (256**(digits-1))-1.
+    if 0 <= n < 8 ** (digits - 1):
+        s = ("%0*o" % (digits - 1, n)).encode("ascii") + NUL
+    else:
+        if format != GNU_FORMAT or n >= 256 ** (digits - 1):
+            raise ValueError("overflow in number field")
+
+        if n < 0:
+            # XXX We mimic GNU tar's behaviour with negative numbers,
+            # this could raise OverflowError.
+            n = struct.unpack("L", struct.pack("l", n))[0]
+
+        s = bytearray()
+        for i in range(digits - 1):
+            s.insert(0, n & 0o377)
+            n >>= 8
+        s.insert(0, 0o200)
+    return s
+
+def calc_chksums(buf):
+    """Calculate the checksum for a member's header by summing up all
+       characters except for the chksum field which is treated as if
+       it was filled with spaces. According to the GNU tar sources,
+       some tars (Sun and NeXT) calculate chksum with signed char,
+       which will be different if there are chars in the buffer with
+       the high bit set. So we calculate two checksums, unsigned and
+       signed.
+    """
+    unsigned_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack("148B", buf[:148]) + struct.unpack("356B", buf[156:512]))
+    signed_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack("148b", buf[:148]) + struct.unpack("356b", buf[156:512]))
+    return unsigned_chksum, signed_chksum
+
+def copyfileobj(src, dst, length=None):
+    """Copy length bytes from fileobj src to fileobj dst.
+       If length is None, copy the entire content.
+    """
+    if length == 0:
+        return
+    if length is None:
+        while True:
+            buf = src.read(16*1024)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            dst.write(buf)
+        return
+
+    BUFSIZE = 16 * 1024
+    blocks, remainder = divmod(length, BUFSIZE)
+    for b in range(blocks):
+        buf = src.read(BUFSIZE)
+        if len(buf) < BUFSIZE:
+            raise IOError("end of file reached")
+        dst.write(buf)
+
+    if remainder != 0:
+        buf = src.read(remainder)
+        if len(buf) < remainder:
+            raise IOError("end of file reached")
+        dst.write(buf)
+    return
+
+filemode_table = (
+    ((S_IFLNK,      "l"),
+     (S_IFREG,      "-"),
+     (S_IFBLK,      "b"),
+     (S_IFDIR,      "d"),
+     (S_IFCHR,      "c"),
+     (S_IFIFO,      "p")),
+
+    ((TUREAD,       "r"),),
+    ((TUWRITE,      "w"),),
+    ((TUEXEC|TSUID, "s"),
+     (TSUID,        "S"),
+     (TUEXEC,       "x")),
+
+    ((TGREAD,       "r"),),
+    ((TGWRITE,      "w"),),
+    ((TGEXEC|TSGID, "s"),
+     (TSGID,        "S"),
+     (TGEXEC,       "x")),
+
+    ((TOREAD,       "r"),),
+    ((TOWRITE,      "w"),),
+    ((TOEXEC|TSVTX, "t"),
+     (TSVTX,        "T"),
+     (TOEXEC,       "x"))
+)
+
+def filemode(mode):
+    """Convert a file's mode to a string of the form
+       -rwxrwxrwx.
+       Used by TarFile.list()
+    """
+    perm = []
+    for table in filemode_table:
+        for bit, char in table:
+            if mode & bit == bit:
+                perm.append(char)
+                break
+        else:
+            perm.append("-")
+    return "".join(perm)
+
+class TarError(Exception):
+    """Base exception."""
+    pass
+class ExtractError(TarError):
+    """General exception for extract errors."""
+    pass
+class ReadError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unreadble tar archives."""
+    pass
+class CompressionError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unavailable compression methods."""
+    pass
+class StreamError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unsupported operations on stream-like TarFiles."""
+    pass
+class HeaderError(TarError):
+    """Base exception for header errors."""
+    pass
+class EmptyHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for empty headers."""
+    pass
+class TruncatedHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for truncated headers."""
+    pass
+class EOFHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for end of file headers."""
+    pass
+class InvalidHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for invalid headers."""
+    pass
+class SubsequentHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for missing and invalid extended headers."""
+    pass
+
+#---------------------------
+# internal stream interface
+#---------------------------
+class _LowLevelFile(object):
+    """Low-level file object. Supports reading and writing.
+       It is used instead of a regular file object for streaming
+       access.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode):
+        mode = {
+            "r": os.O_RDONLY,
+            "w": os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC,
+        }[mode]
+        if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"):
+            mode |= os.O_BINARY
+        self.fd = os.open(name, mode, 0o666)
+
+    def close(self):
+        os.close(self.fd)
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        return os.read(self.fd, size)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        os.write(self.fd, s)
+
+class _Stream(object):
+    """Class that serves as an adapter between TarFile and
+       a stream-like object.  The stream-like object only
+       needs to have a read() or write() method and is accessed
+       blockwise.  Use of gzip or bzip2 compression is possible.
+       A stream-like object could be for example: sys.stdin,
+       sys.stdout, a socket, a tape device etc.
+
+       _Stream is intended to be used only internally.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize):
+        """Construct a _Stream object.
+        """
+        self._extfileobj = True
+        if fileobj is None:
+            fileobj = _LowLevelFile(name, mode)
+            self._extfileobj = False
+
+        if comptype == '*':
+            # Enable transparent compression detection for the
+            # stream interface
+            fileobj = _StreamProxy(fileobj)
+            comptype = fileobj.getcomptype()
+
+        self.name     = name or ""
+        self.mode     = mode
+        self.comptype = comptype
+        self.fileobj  = fileobj
+        self.bufsize  = bufsize
+        self.buf      = b""
+        self.pos      = 0
+        self.closed   = False
+
+        try:
+            if comptype == "gz":
+                try:
+                    import zlib
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("zlib module is not available")
+                self.zlib = zlib
+                self.crc = zlib.crc32(b"")
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self._init_read_gz()
+                else:
+                    self._init_write_gz()
+
+            if comptype == "bz2":
+                try:
+                    import bz2
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self.dbuf = b""
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
+                else:
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Compressor()
+        except:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+            raise
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "closed") and not self.closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def _init_write_gz(self):
+        """Initialize for writing with gzip compression.
+        """
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.compressobj(9, self.zlib.DEFLATED,
+                                            -self.zlib.MAX_WBITS,
+                                            self.zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
+                                            0)
+        timestamp = struct.pack("<L", int(time.time()))
+        self.__write(b"\037\213\010\010" + timestamp + b"\002\377")
+        if self.name.endswith(".gz"):
+            self.name = self.name[:-3]
+        # RFC1952 says we must use ISO-8859-1 for the FNAME field.
+        self.__write(self.name.encode("iso-8859-1", "replace") + NUL)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """Write string s to the stream.
+        """
+        if self.comptype == "gz":
+            self.crc = self.zlib.crc32(s, self.crc)
+        self.pos += len(s)
+        if self.comptype != "tar":
+            s = self.cmp.compress(s)
+        self.__write(s)
+
+    def __write(self, s):
+        """Write string s to the stream if a whole new block
+           is ready to be written.
+        """
+        self.buf += s
+        while len(self.buf) > self.bufsize:
+            self.fileobj.write(self.buf[:self.bufsize])
+            self.buf = self.buf[self.bufsize:]
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the _Stream object. No operation should be
+           done on it afterwards.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+
+        if self.mode == "w" and self.comptype != "tar":
+            self.buf += self.cmp.flush()
+
+        if self.mode == "w" and self.buf:
+            self.fileobj.write(self.buf)
+            self.buf = b""
+            if self.comptype == "gz":
+                # The native zlib crc is an unsigned 32-bit integer, but
+                # the Python wrapper implicitly casts that to a signed C
+                # long.  So, on a 32-bit box self.crc may "look negative",
+                # while the same crc on a 64-bit box may "look positive".
+                # To avoid irksome warnings from the `struct` module, force
+                # it to look positive on all boxes.
+                self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.crc & 0xffffffff))
+                self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.pos & 0xffffFFFF))
+
+        if not self._extfileobj:
+            self.fileobj.close()
+
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def _init_read_gz(self):
+        """Initialize for reading a gzip compressed fileobj.
+        """
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.decompressobj(-self.zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        self.dbuf = b""
+
+        # taken from gzip.GzipFile with some alterations
+        if self.__read(2) != b"\037\213":
+            raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
+        if self.__read(1) != b"\010":
+            raise CompressionError("unsupported compression method")
+
+        flag = ord(self.__read(1))
+        self.__read(6)
+
+        if flag & 4:
+            xlen = ord(self.__read(1)) + 256 * ord(self.__read(1))
+            self.read(xlen)
+        if flag & 8:
+            while True:
+                s = self.__read(1)
+                if not s or s == NUL:
+                    break
+        if flag & 16:
+            while True:
+                s = self.__read(1)
+                if not s or s == NUL:
+                    break
+        if flag & 2:
+            self.__read(2)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the stream's file pointer position.
+        """
+        return self.pos
+
+    def seek(self, pos=0):
+        """Set the stream's file pointer to pos. Negative seeking
+           is forbidden.
+        """
+        if pos - self.pos >= 0:
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(pos - self.pos, self.bufsize)
+            for i in range(blocks):
+                self.read(self.bufsize)
+            self.read(remainder)
+        else:
+            raise StreamError("seeking backwards is not allowed")
+        return self.pos
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Return the next size number of bytes from the stream.
+           If size is not defined, return all bytes of the stream
+           up to EOF.
+        """
+        if size is None:
+            t = []
+            while True:
+                buf = self._read(self.bufsize)
+                if not buf:
+                    break
+                t.append(buf)
+            buf = "".join(t)
+        else:
+            buf = self._read(size)
+        self.pos += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def _read(self, size):
+        """Return size bytes from the stream.
+        """
+        if self.comptype == "tar":
+            return self.__read(size)
+
+        c = len(self.dbuf)
+        while c < size:
+            buf = self.__read(self.bufsize)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            try:
+                buf = self.cmp.decompress(buf)
+            except IOError:
+                raise ReadError("invalid compressed data")
+            self.dbuf += buf
+            c += len(buf)
+        buf = self.dbuf[:size]
+        self.dbuf = self.dbuf[size:]
+        return buf
+
+    def __read(self, size):
+        """Return size bytes from stream. If internal buffer is empty,
+           read another block from the stream.
+        """
+        c = len(self.buf)
+        while c < size:
+            buf = self.fileobj.read(self.bufsize)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            self.buf += buf
+            c += len(buf)
+        buf = self.buf[:size]
+        self.buf = self.buf[size:]
+        return buf
+# class _Stream
+
+class _StreamProxy(object):
+    """Small proxy class that enables transparent compression
+       detection for the Stream interface (mode 'r|*').
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.buf = self.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        self.read = self.fileobj.read
+        return self.buf
+
+    def getcomptype(self):
+        if self.buf.startswith(b"\037\213\010"):
+            return "gz"
+        if self.buf.startswith(b"BZh91"):
+            return "bz2"
+        return "tar"
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.fileobj.close()
+# class StreamProxy
+
+class _BZ2Proxy(object):
+    """Small proxy class that enables external file object
+       support for "r:bz2" and "w:bz2" modes. This is actually
+       a workaround for a limitation in bz2 module's BZ2File
+       class which (unlike gzip.GzipFile) has no support for
+       a file object argument.
+    """
+
+    blocksize = 16 * 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, mode):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.name = getattr(self.fileobj, "name", None)
+        self.init()
+
+    def init(self):
+        import bz2
+        self.pos = 0
+        if self.mode == "r":
+            self.bz2obj = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
+            self.fileobj.seek(0)
+            self.buf = b""
+        else:
+            self.bz2obj = bz2.BZ2Compressor()
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        x = len(self.buf)
+        while x < size:
+            raw = self.fileobj.read(self.blocksize)
+            if not raw:
+                break
+            data = self.bz2obj.decompress(raw)
+            self.buf += data
+            x += len(data)
+
+        buf = self.buf[:size]
+        self.buf = self.buf[size:]
+        self.pos += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def seek(self, pos):
+        if pos < self.pos:
+            self.init()
+        self.read(pos - self.pos)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self.pos
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.pos += len(data)
+        raw = self.bz2obj.compress(data)
+        self.fileobj.write(raw)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.mode == "w":
+            raw = self.bz2obj.flush()
+            self.fileobj.write(raw)
+# class _BZ2Proxy
+
+#------------------------
+# Extraction file object
+#------------------------
+class _FileInFile(object):
+    """A thin wrapper around an existing file object that
+       provides a part of its data as an individual file
+       object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, blockinfo=None):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.size = size
+        self.position = 0
+
+        if blockinfo is None:
+            blockinfo = [(0, size)]
+
+        # Construct a map with data and zero blocks.
+        self.map_index = 0
+        self.map = []
+        lastpos = 0
+        realpos = self.offset
+        for offset, size in blockinfo:
+            if offset > lastpos:
+                self.map.append((False, lastpos, offset, None))
+            self.map.append((True, offset, offset + size, realpos))
+            realpos += size
+            lastpos = offset + size
+        if lastpos < self.size:
+            self.map.append((False, lastpos, self.size, None))
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        if not hasattr(self.fileobj, "seekable"):
+            # XXX gzip.GzipFile and bz2.BZ2File
+            return True
+        return self.fileobj.seekable()
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the current file position.
+        """
+        return self.position
+
+    def seek(self, position):
+        """Seek to a position in the file.
+        """
+        self.position = position
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read data from the file.
+        """
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.size - self.position
+        else:
+            size = min(size, self.size - self.position)
+
+        buf = b""
+        while size > 0:
+            while True:
+                data, start, stop, offset = self.map[self.map_index]
+                if start <= self.position < stop:
+                    break
+                else:
+                    self.map_index += 1
+                    if self.map_index == len(self.map):
+                        self.map_index = 0
+            length = min(size, stop - self.position)
+            if data:
+                self.fileobj.seek(offset + (self.position - start))
+                buf += self.fileobj.read(length)
+            else:
+                buf += NUL * length
+            size -= length
+            self.position += length
+        return buf
+#class _FileInFile
+
+
+class ExFileObject(object):
+    """File-like object for reading an archive member.
+       Is returned by TarFile.extractfile().
+    """
+    blocksize = 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo):
+        self.fileobj = _FileInFile(tarfile.fileobj,
+                                   tarinfo.offset_data,
+                                   tarinfo.size,
+                                   tarinfo.sparse)
+        self.name = tarinfo.name
+        self.mode = "r"
+        self.closed = False
+        self.size = tarinfo.size
+
+        self.position = 0
+        self.buffer = b""
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return self.fileobj.seekable()
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read at most size bytes from the file. If size is not
+           present or None, read all data until EOF is reached.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        buf = b""
+        if self.buffer:
+            if size is None:
+                buf = self.buffer
+                self.buffer = b""
+            else:
+                buf = self.buffer[:size]
+                self.buffer = self.buffer[size:]
+
+        if size is None:
+            buf += self.fileobj.read()
+        else:
+            buf += self.fileobj.read(size - len(buf))
+
+        self.position += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    # XXX TextIOWrapper uses the read1() method.
+    read1 = read
+
+    def readline(self, size=-1):
+        """Read one entire line from the file. If size is present
+           and non-negative, return a string with at most that
+           size, which may be an incomplete line.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        pos = self.buffer.find(b"\n") + 1
+        if pos == 0:
+            # no newline found.
+            while True:
+                buf = self.fileobj.read(self.blocksize)
+                self.buffer += buf
+                if not buf or b"\n" in buf:
+                    pos = self.buffer.find(b"\n") + 1
+                    if pos == 0:
+                        # no newline found.
+                        pos = len(self.buffer)
+                    break
+
+        if size != -1:
+            pos = min(size, pos)
+
+        buf = self.buffer[:pos]
+        self.buffer = self.buffer[pos:]
+        self.position += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def readlines(self):
+        """Return a list with all remaining lines.
+        """
+        result = []
+        while True:
+            line = self.readline()
+            if not line: break
+            result.append(line)
+        return result
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the current file position.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        return self.position
+
+    def seek(self, pos, whence=os.SEEK_SET):
+        """Seek to a position in the file.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
+            self.position = min(max(pos, 0), self.size)
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_CUR:
+            if pos < 0:
+                self.position = max(self.position + pos, 0)
+            else:
+                self.position = min(self.position + pos, self.size)
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
+            self.position = max(min(self.size + pos, self.size), 0)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid argument")
+
+        self.buffer = b""
+        self.fileobj.seek(self.position)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the file object.
+        """
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Get an iterator over the file's lines.
+        """
+        while True:
+            line = self.readline()
+            if not line:
+                break
+            yield line
+#class ExFileObject
+
+#------------------
+# Exported Classes
+#------------------
+class TarInfo(object):
+    """Informational class which holds the details about an
+       archive member given by a tar header block.
+       TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile.getmember(),
+       TarFile.getmembers() and TarFile.gettarinfo() and are
+       usually created internally.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("name", "mode", "uid", "gid", "size", "mtime",
+                 "chksum", "type", "linkname", "uname", "gname",
+                 "devmajor", "devminor",
+                 "offset", "offset_data", "pax_headers", "sparse",
+                 "tarfile", "_sparse_structs", "_link_target")
+
+    def __init__(self, name=""):
+        """Construct a TarInfo object. name is the optional name
+           of the member.
+        """
+        self.name = name        # member name
+        self.mode = 0o644       # file permissions
+        self.uid = 0            # user id
+        self.gid = 0            # group id
+        self.size = 0           # file size
+        self.mtime = 0          # modification time
+        self.chksum = 0         # header checksum
+        self.type = REGTYPE     # member type
+        self.linkname = ""      # link name
+        self.uname = ""         # user name
+        self.gname = ""         # group name
+        self.devmajor = 0       # device major number
+        self.devminor = 0       # device minor number
+
+        self.offset = 0         # the tar header starts here
+        self.offset_data = 0    # the file's data starts here
+
+        self.sparse = None      # sparse member information
+        self.pax_headers = {}   # pax header information
+
+    # In pax headers the "name" and "linkname" field are called
+    # "path" and "linkpath".
+    def _getpath(self):
+        return self.name
+    def _setpath(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+    path = property(_getpath, _setpath)
+
+    def _getlinkpath(self):
+        return self.linkname
+    def _setlinkpath(self, linkname):
+        self.linkname = linkname
+    linkpath = property(_getlinkpath, _setlinkpath)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__,self.name,id(self))
+
+    def get_info(self):
+        """Return the TarInfo's attributes as a dictionary.
+        """
+        info = {
+            "name":     self.name,
+            "mode":     self.mode & 0o7777,
+            "uid":      self.uid,
+            "gid":      self.gid,
+            "size":     self.size,
+            "mtime":    self.mtime,
+            "chksum":   self.chksum,
+            "type":     self.type,
+            "linkname": self.linkname,
+            "uname":    self.uname,
+            "gname":    self.gname,
+            "devmajor": self.devmajor,
+            "devminor": self.devminor
+        }
+
+        if info["type"] == DIRTYPE and not info["name"].endswith("/"):
+            info["name"] += "/"
+
+        return info
+
+    def tobuf(self, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors="surrogateescape"):
+        """Return a tar header as a string of 512 byte blocks.
+        """
+        info = self.get_info()
+
+        if format == USTAR_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_ustar_header(info, encoding, errors)
+        elif format == GNU_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_gnu_header(info, encoding, errors)
+        elif format == PAX_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_pax_header(info, encoding)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("invalid format")
+
+    def create_ustar_header(self, info, encoding, errors):
+        """Return the object as a ustar header block.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+
+        if len(info["linkname"]) > LENGTH_LINK:
+            raise ValueError("linkname is too long")
+
+        if len(info["name"]) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            info["prefix"], info["name"] = self._posix_split_name(info["name"])
+
+        return self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors)
+
+    def create_gnu_header(self, info, encoding, errors):
+        """Return the object as a GNU header block sequence.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC
+
+        buf = b""
+        if len(info["linkname"]) > LENGTH_LINK:
+            buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["linkname"], GNUTYPE_LONGLINK, encoding, errors)
+
+        if len(info["name"]) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["name"], GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, encoding, errors)
+
+        return buf + self._create_header(info, GNU_FORMAT, encoding, errors)
+
+    def create_pax_header(self, info, encoding):
+        """Return the object as a ustar header block. If it cannot be
+           represented this way, prepend a pax extended header sequence
+           with supplement information.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+        pax_headers = self.pax_headers.copy()
+
+        # Test string fields for values that exceed the field length or cannot
+        # be represented in ASCII encoding.
+        for name, hname, length in (
+                ("name", "path", LENGTH_NAME), ("linkname", "linkpath", LENGTH_LINK),
+                ("uname", "uname", 32), ("gname", "gname", 32)):
+
+            if hname in pax_headers:
+                # The pax header has priority.
+                continue
+
+            # Try to encode the string as ASCII.
+            try:
+                info[name].encode("ascii", "strict")
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                pax_headers[hname] = info[name]
+                continue
+
+            if len(info[name]) > length:
+                pax_headers[hname] = info[name]
+
+        # Test number fields for values that exceed the field limit or values
+        # that like to be stored as float.
+        for name, digits in (("uid", 8), ("gid", 8), ("size", 12), ("mtime", 12)):
+            if name in pax_headers:
+                # The pax header has priority. Avoid overflow.
+                info[name] = 0
+                continue
+
+            val = info[name]
+            if not 0 <= val < 8 ** (digits - 1) or isinstance(val, float):
+                pax_headers[name] = str(val)
+                info[name] = 0
+
+        # Create a pax extended header if necessary.
+        if pax_headers:
+            buf = self._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XHDTYPE, encoding)
+        else:
+            buf = b""
+
+        return buf + self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_pax_global_header(cls, pax_headers):
+        """Return the object as a pax global header block sequence.
+        """
+        return cls._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XGLTYPE, "utf8")
+
+    def _posix_split_name(self, name):
+        """Split a name longer than 100 chars into a prefix
+           and a name part.
+        """
+        prefix = name[:LENGTH_PREFIX + 1]
+        while prefix and prefix[-1] != "/":
+            prefix = prefix[:-1]
+
+        name = name[len(prefix):]
+        prefix = prefix[:-1]
+
+        if not prefix or len(name) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            raise ValueError("name is too long")
+        return prefix, name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_header(info, format, encoding, errors):
+        """Return a header block. info is a dictionary with file
+           information, format must be one of the *_FORMAT constants.
+        """
+        parts = [
+            stn(info.get("name", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
+            itn(info.get("mode", 0) & 0o7777, 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("uid", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("gid", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("size", 0), 12, format),
+            itn(info.get("mtime", 0), 12, format),
+            b"        ", # checksum field
+            info.get("type", REGTYPE),
+            stn(info.get("linkname", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
+            info.get("magic", POSIX_MAGIC),
+            stn(info.get("uname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
+            stn(info.get("gname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
+            itn(info.get("devmajor", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("devminor", 0), 8, format),
+            stn(info.get("prefix", ""), 155, encoding, errors)
+        ]
+
+        buf = struct.pack("%ds" % BLOCKSIZE, b"".join(parts))
+        chksum = calc_chksums(buf[-BLOCKSIZE:])[0]
+        buf = buf[:-364] + ("%06o\0" % chksum).encode("ascii") + buf[-357:]
+        return buf
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_payload(payload):
+        """Return the string payload filled with zero bytes
+           up to the next 512 byte border.
+        """
+        blocks, remainder = divmod(len(payload), BLOCKSIZE)
+        if remainder > 0:
+            payload += (BLOCKSIZE - remainder) * NUL
+        return payload
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_gnu_long_header(cls, name, type, encoding, errors):
+        """Return a GNUTYPE_LONGNAME or GNUTYPE_LONGLINK sequence
+           for name.
+        """
+        name = name.encode(encoding, errors) + NUL
+
+        info = {}
+        info["name"] = "././@LongLink"
+        info["type"] = type
+        info["size"] = len(name)
+        info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC
+
+        # create extended header + name blocks.
+        return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors) + \
+                cls._create_payload(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_pax_generic_header(cls, pax_headers, type, encoding):
+        """Return a POSIX.1-2008 extended or global header sequence
+           that contains a list of keyword, value pairs. The values
+           must be strings.
+        """
+        # Check if one of the fields contains surrogate characters and thereby
+        # forces hdrcharset=BINARY, see _proc_pax() for more information.
+        binary = False
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            try:
+                value.encode("utf8", "strict")
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                binary = True
+                break
+
+        records = b""
+        if binary:
+            # Put the hdrcharset field at the beginning of the header.
+            records += b"21 hdrcharset=BINARY\n"
+
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            keyword = keyword.encode("utf8")
+            if binary:
+                # Try to restore the original byte representation of `value'.
+                # Needless to say, that the encoding must match the string.
+                value = value.encode(encoding, "surrogateescape")
+            else:
+                value = value.encode("utf8")
+
+            l = len(keyword) + len(value) + 3   # ' ' + '=' + '\n'
+            n = p = 0
+            while True:
+                n = l + len(str(p))
+                if n == p:
+                    break
+                p = n
+            records += bytes(str(p), "ascii") + b" " + keyword + b"=" + value + b"\n"
+
+        # We use a hardcoded "././@PaxHeader" name like star does
+        # instead of the one that POSIX recommends.
+        info = {}
+        info["name"] = "././@PaxHeader"
+        info["type"] = type
+        info["size"] = len(records)
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+
+        # Create pax header + record blocks.
+        return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace") + \
+                cls._create_payload(records)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombuf(cls, buf, encoding, errors):
+        """Construct a TarInfo object from a 512 byte bytes object.
+        """
+        if len(buf) == 0:
+            raise EmptyHeaderError("empty header")
+        if len(buf) != BLOCKSIZE:
+            raise TruncatedHeaderError("truncated header")
+        if buf.count(NUL) == BLOCKSIZE:
+            raise EOFHeaderError("end of file header")
+
+        chksum = nti(buf[148:156])
+        if chksum not in calc_chksums(buf):
+            raise InvalidHeaderError("bad checksum")
+
+        obj = cls()
+        obj.name = nts(buf[0:100], encoding, errors)
+        obj.mode = nti(buf[100:108])
+        obj.uid = nti(buf[108:116])
+        obj.gid = nti(buf[116:124])
+        obj.size = nti(buf[124:136])
+        obj.mtime = nti(buf[136:148])
+        obj.chksum = chksum
+        obj.type = buf[156:157]
+        obj.linkname = nts(buf[157:257], encoding, errors)
+        obj.uname = nts(buf[265:297], encoding, errors)
+        obj.gname = nts(buf[297:329], encoding, errors)
+        obj.devmajor = nti(buf[329:337])
+        obj.devminor = nti(buf[337:345])
+        prefix = nts(buf[345:500], encoding, errors)
+
+        # Old V7 tar format represents a directory as a regular
+        # file with a trailing slash.
+        if obj.type == AREGTYPE and obj.name.endswith("/"):
+            obj.type = DIRTYPE
+
+        # The old GNU sparse format occupies some of the unused
+        # space in the buffer for up to 4 sparse structures.
+        # Save the them for later processing in _proc_sparse().
+        if obj.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE:
+            pos = 386
+            structs = []
+            for i in range(4):
+                try:
+                    offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12])
+                    numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24])
+                except ValueError:
+                    break
+                structs.append((offset, numbytes))
+                pos += 24
+            isextended = bool(buf[482])
+            origsize = nti(buf[483:495])
+            obj._sparse_structs = (structs, isextended, origsize)
+
+        # Remove redundant slashes from directories.
+        if obj.isdir():
+            obj.name = obj.name.rstrip("/")
+
+        # Reconstruct a ustar longname.
+        if prefix and obj.type not in GNU_TYPES:
+            obj.name = prefix + "/" + obj.name
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromtarfile(cls, tarfile):
+        """Return the next TarInfo object from TarFile object
+           tarfile.
+        """
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+        obj = cls.frombuf(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+        obj.offset = tarfile.fileobj.tell() - BLOCKSIZE
+        return obj._proc_member(tarfile)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # The following are methods that are called depending on the type of a
+    # member. The entry point is _proc_member() which can be overridden in a
+    # subclass to add custom _proc_*() methods. A _proc_*() method MUST
+    # implement the following
+    # operations:
+    # 1. Set self.offset_data to the position where the data blocks begin,
+    #    if there is data that follows.
+    # 2. Set tarfile.offset to the position where the next member's header will
+    #    begin.
+    # 3. Return self or another valid TarInfo object.
+    def _proc_member(self, tarfile):
+        """Choose the right processing method depending on
+           the type and call it.
+        """
+        if self.type in (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK):
+            return self._proc_gnulong(tarfile)
+        elif self.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE:
+            return self._proc_sparse(tarfile)
+        elif self.type in (XHDTYPE, XGLTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE):
+            return self._proc_pax(tarfile)
+        else:
+            return self._proc_builtin(tarfile)
+
+    def _proc_builtin(self, tarfile):
+        """Process a builtin type or an unknown type which
+           will be treated as a regular file.
+        """
+        self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        offset = self.offset_data
+        if self.isreg() or self.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            # Skip the following data blocks.
+            offset += self._block(self.size)
+        tarfile.offset = offset
+
+        # Patch the TarInfo object with saved global
+        # header information.
+        self._apply_pax_info(tarfile.pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+
+        return self
+
+    def _proc_gnulong(self, tarfile):
+        """Process the blocks that hold a GNU longname
+           or longlink member.
+        """
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size))
+
+        # Fetch the next header and process it.
+        try:
+            next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile)
+        except HeaderError:
+            raise SubsequentHeaderError("missing or bad subsequent header")
+
+        # Patch the TarInfo object from the next header with
+        # the longname information.
+        next.offset = self.offset
+        if self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGNAME:
+            next.name = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+        elif self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGLINK:
+            next.linkname = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+
+        return next
+
+    def _proc_sparse(self, tarfile):
+        """Process a GNU sparse header plus extra headers.
+        """
+        # We already collected some sparse structures in frombuf().
+        structs, isextended, origsize = self._sparse_structs
+        del self._sparse_structs
+
+        # Collect sparse structures from extended header blocks.
+        while isextended:
+            buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+            pos = 0
+            for i in range(21):
+                try:
+                    offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12])
+                    numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24])
+                except ValueError:
+                    break
+                if offset and numbytes:
+                    structs.append((offset, numbytes))
+                pos += 24
+            isextended = bool(buf[504])
+        self.sparse = structs
+
+        self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        tarfile.offset = self.offset_data + self._block(self.size)
+        self.size = origsize
+        return self
+
+    def _proc_pax(self, tarfile):
+        """Process an extended or global header as described in
+           POSIX.1-2008.
+        """
+        # Read the header information.
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size))
+
+        # A pax header stores supplemental information for either
+        # the following file (extended) or all following files
+        # (global).
+        if self.type == XGLTYPE:
+            pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers
+        else:
+            pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers.copy()
+
+        # Check if the pax header contains a hdrcharset field. This tells us
+        # the encoding of the path, linkpath, uname and gname fields. Normally,
+        # these fields are UTF-8 encoded but since POSIX.1-2008 tar
+        # implementations are allowed to store them as raw binary strings if
+        # the translation to UTF-8 fails.
+        match = re.search(br"\d+ hdrcharset=([^\n]+)\n", buf)
+        if match is not None:
+            pax_headers["hdrcharset"] = match.group(1).decode("utf8")
+
+        # For the time being, we don't care about anything other than "BINARY".
+        # The only other value that is currently allowed by the standard is
+        # "ISO-IR 10646 2000 UTF-8" in other words UTF-8.
+        hdrcharset = pax_headers.get("hdrcharset")
+        if hdrcharset == "BINARY":
+            encoding = tarfile.encoding
+        else:
+            encoding = "utf8"
+
+        # Parse pax header information. A record looks like that:
+        # "%d %s=%s\n" % (length, keyword, value). length is the size
+        # of the complete record including the length field itself and
+        # the newline. keyword and value are both UTF-8 encoded strings.
+        regex = re.compile(br"(\d+) ([^=]+)=")
+        pos = 0
+        while True:
+            match = regex.match(buf, pos)
+            if not match:
+                break
+
+            length, keyword = match.groups()
+            length = int(length)
+            value = buf[match.end(2) + 1:match.start(1) + length - 1]
+
+            # Normally, we could just use "utf8" as the encoding and "strict"
+            # as the error handler, but we better not take the risk. For
+            # example, GNU tar <= 1.23 is known to store filenames it cannot
+            # translate to UTF-8 as raw strings (unfortunately without a
+            # hdrcharset=BINARY header).
+            # We first try the strict standard encoding, and if that fails we
+            # fall back on the user's encoding and error handler.
+            keyword = self._decode_pax_field(keyword, "utf8", "utf8",
+                    tarfile.errors)
+            if keyword in PAX_NAME_FIELDS:
+                value = self._decode_pax_field(value, encoding, tarfile.encoding,
+                        tarfile.errors)
+            else:
+                value = self._decode_pax_field(value, "utf8", "utf8",
+                        tarfile.errors)
+
+            pax_headers[keyword] = value
+            pos += length
+
+        # Fetch the next header.
+        try:
+            next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile)
+        except HeaderError:
+            raise SubsequentHeaderError("missing or bad subsequent header")
+
+        # Process GNU sparse information.
+        if "GNU.sparse.map" in pax_headers:
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 0.1.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_01(next, pax_headers)
+
+        elif "GNU.sparse.size" in pax_headers:
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 0.0.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_00(next, pax_headers, buf)
+
+        elif pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.major") == "1" and pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.minor") == "0":
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 1.0.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_10(next, pax_headers, tarfile)
+
+        if self.type in (XHDTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE):
+            # Patch the TarInfo object with the extended header info.
+            next._apply_pax_info(pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+            next.offset = self.offset
+
+            if "size" in pax_headers:
+                # If the extended header replaces the size field,
+                # we need to recalculate the offset where the next
+                # header starts.
+                offset = next.offset_data
+                if next.isreg() or next.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+                    offset += next._block(next.size)
+                tarfile.offset = offset
+
+        return next
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_00(self, next, pax_headers, buf):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.0.
+        """
+        offsets = []
+        for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.offset=(\d+)\n", buf):
+            offsets.append(int(match.group(1)))
+        numbytes = []
+        for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.numbytes=(\d+)\n", buf):
+            numbytes.append(int(match.group(1)))
+        next.sparse = list(zip(offsets, numbytes))
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_01(self, next, pax_headers):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.1.
+        """
+        sparse = [int(x) for x in pax_headers["GNU.sparse.map"].split(",")]
+        next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2]))
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_10(self, next, pax_headers, tarfile):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 1.0.
+        """
+        fields = None
+        sparse = []
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+        fields, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1)
+        fields = int(fields)
+        while len(sparse) < fields * 2:
+            if b"\n" not in buf:
+                buf += tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+            number, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1)
+            sparse.append(int(number))
+        next.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2]))
+
+    def _apply_pax_info(self, pax_headers, encoding, errors):
+        """Replace fields with supplemental information from a previous
+           pax extended or global header.
+        """
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            if keyword == "GNU.sparse.name":
+                setattr(self, "path", value)
+            elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.size":
+                setattr(self, "size", int(value))
+            elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.realsize":
+                setattr(self, "size", int(value))
+            elif keyword in PAX_FIELDS:
+                if keyword in PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS:
+                    try:
+                        value = PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS[keyword](value)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        value = 0
+                if keyword == "path":
+                    value = value.rstrip("/")
+                setattr(self, keyword, value)
+
+        self.pax_headers = pax_headers.copy()
+
+    def _decode_pax_field(self, value, encoding, fallback_encoding, fallback_errors):
+        """Decode a single field from a pax record.
+        """
+        try:
+            return value.decode(encoding, "strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return value.decode(fallback_encoding, fallback_errors)
+
+    def _block(self, count):
+        """Round up a byte count by BLOCKSIZE and return it,
+           e.g. _block(834) => 1024.
+        """
+        blocks, remainder = divmod(count, BLOCKSIZE)
+        if remainder:
+            blocks += 1
+        return blocks * BLOCKSIZE
+
+    def isreg(self):
+        return self.type in REGULAR_TYPES
+    def isfile(self):
+        return self.isreg()
+    def isdir(self):
+        return self.type == DIRTYPE
+    def issym(self):
+        return self.type == SYMTYPE
+    def islnk(self):
+        return self.type == LNKTYPE
+    def ischr(self):
+        return self.type == CHRTYPE
+    def isblk(self):
+        return self.type == BLKTYPE
+    def isfifo(self):
+        return self.type == FIFOTYPE
+    def issparse(self):
+        return self.sparse is not None
+    def isdev(self):
+        return self.type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, FIFOTYPE)
+# class TarInfo
+
+class TarFile(object):
+    """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
+    """
+
+    debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)
+
+    dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the
+                                # tar file, else the link.
+
+    ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
+                                # continues processing.
+
+    errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
+                                # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
+                                # are passed to the caller as exceptions.
+
+    format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.
+
+    encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.
+
+    errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.
+
+    tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.
+
+    fileobject = ExFileObject   # The default ExFileObject class to use.
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
+            tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
+            errors="surrogateescape", pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
+        """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
+           read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
+           file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
+           defaults to 'r'.
+           If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
+           can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
+           `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "raw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
+        self.mode = mode
+        self._mode = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}[mode]
+
+        if not fileobj:
+            if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
+                # Create nonexistent files in append mode.
+                self.mode = "w"
+                self._mode = "wb"
+            fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
+            self._extfileobj = False
+        else:
+            if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
+                name = fileobj.name
+            if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
+                self._mode = fileobj.mode
+            self._extfileobj = True
+        self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+
+        # Init attributes.
+        if format is not None:
+            self.format = format
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        if dereference is not None:
+            self.dereference = dereference
+        if ignore_zeros is not None:
+            self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
+        if encoding is not None:
+            self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+
+        if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
+            self.pax_headers = pax_headers
+        else:
+            self.pax_headers = {}
+
+        if debug is not None:
+            self.debug = debug
+        if errorlevel is not None:
+            self.errorlevel = errorlevel
+
+        # Init datastructures.
+        self.closed = False
+        self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects
+        self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read
+        self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
+                                # current position in the archive file
+        self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of
+                                # archive members already added
+
+        try:
+            if self.mode == "r":
+                self.firstmember = None
+                self.firstmember = self.next()
+
+            if self.mode == "a":
+                # Move to the end of the archive,
+                # before the first empty block.
+                while True:
+                    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+                    try:
+                        tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
+                        self.members.append(tarinfo)
+                    except EOFHeaderError:
+                        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+                        break
+                    except HeaderError as e:
+                        raise ReadError(str(e))
+
+            if self.mode in "aw":
+                self._loaded = True
+
+                if self.pax_headers:
+                    buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
+                    self.fileobj.write(buf)
+                    self.offset += len(buf)
+        except:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+            raise
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
+    # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
+    # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
+    # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
+    # from OPEN_METH.
+    #
+    # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
+    # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
+    # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
+        """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
+           an appropriate TarFile class.
+
+           mode:
+           'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
+           'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
+           'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
+           'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
+           'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
+           'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
+           'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
+           'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
+
+           'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
+           'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
+           'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
+           'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
+           'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
+        """
+
+        if not name and not fileobj:
+            raise ValueError("nothing to open")
+
+        if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
+            # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
+            for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
+                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
+                if fileobj is not None:
+                    saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
+                try:
+                    return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
+                except (ReadError, CompressionError) as e:
+                    if fileobj is not None:
+                        fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
+                    continue
+            raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")
+
+        elif ":" in mode:
+            filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
+            filemode = filemode or "r"
+            comptype = comptype or "tar"
+
+            # Select the *open() function according to
+            # given compression.
+            if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
+                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
+            else:
+                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
+            return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+        elif "|" in mode:
+            filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
+            filemode = filemode or "r"
+            comptype = comptype or "tar"
+
+            if filemode not in "rw":
+                raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
+
+            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
+            try:
+                t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
+            except:
+                stream.close()
+                raise
+            t._extfileobj = False
+            return t
+
+        elif mode in "aw":
+            return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+        raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
+        """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "raw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
+        return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
+        """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "rw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
+
+        try:
+            import gzip
+            gzip.GzipFile
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")
+
+        extfileobj = fileobj is not None
+        try:
+            fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode + "b", compresslevel, fileobj)
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except IOError:
+            if not extfileobj and fileobj is not None:
+                fileobj.close()
+            if fileobj is None:
+                raise
+            raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
+        except:
+            if not extfileobj and fileobj is not None:
+                fileobj.close()
+            raise
+        t._extfileobj = extfileobj
+        return t
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
+        """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "rw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")
+
+        try:
+            import bz2
+        except ImportError:
+            raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")
+
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
+        else:
+            fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)
+
+        try:
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except (IOError, EOFError):
+            fileobj.close()
+            raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
+        t._extfileobj = False
+        return t
+
+    # All *open() methods are registered here.
+    OPEN_METH = {
+        "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar
+        "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar
+        "bz2": "bz2open"    # bzip2 compressed tar
+    }
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # The public methods which TarFile provides:
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
+           appended to the archive.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+
+        if self.mode in "aw":
+            self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
+            self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
+            # fill up the end with zero-blocks
+            # (like option -b20 for tar does)
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
+            if remainder > 0:
+                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))
+
+        if not self._extfileobj:
+            self.fileobj.close()
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def getmember(self, name):
+        """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
+           found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
+           than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
+           most up-to-date version.
+        """
+        tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def getmembers(self):
+        """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
+           list has the same order as the members in the archive.
+        """
+        self._check()
+        if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of
+            self._load()        # all members, we first have to
+                                # scan the whole archive.
+        return self.members
+
+    def getnames(self):
+        """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
+           the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
+        """
+        return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]
+
+    def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
+        """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
+           object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
+           modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
+           addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
+           file in the archive.
+        """
+        self._check("aw")
+
+        # When fileobj is given, replace name by
+        # fileobj's real name.
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            name = fileobj.name
+
+        # Building the name of the member in the archive.
+        # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
+        # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
+        if arcname is None:
+            arcname = name
+        drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
+        arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
+        arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")
+
+        # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
+        # information specific for the file.
+        tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
+        tarinfo.tarfile = self
+
+        # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
+        # and if symlinks shall be resolved.
+        if fileobj is None:
+            if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
+                statres = os.lstat(name)
+            else:
+                statres = os.stat(name)
+        else:
+            statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
+        linkname = ""
+
+        stmd = statres.st_mode
+        if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
+            inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
+            if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
+                    inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
+                # Is it a hardlink to an already
+                # archived file?
+                type = LNKTYPE
+                linkname = self.inodes[inode]
+            else:
+                # The inode is added only if its valid.
+                # For win32 it is always 0.
+                type = REGTYPE
+                if inode[0]:
+                    self.inodes[inode] = arcname
+        elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
+            type = DIRTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
+            type = FIFOTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
+            type = SYMTYPE
+            linkname = os.readlink(name)
+        elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
+            type = CHRTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
+            type = BLKTYPE
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        # Fill the TarInfo object with all
+        # information we can get.
+        tarinfo.name = arcname
+        tarinfo.mode = stmd
+        tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
+        tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
+        if type == REGTYPE:
+            tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
+        else:
+            tarinfo.size = 0
+        tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
+        tarinfo.type = type
+        tarinfo.linkname = linkname
+        if pwd:
+            try:
+                tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        if grp:
+            try:
+                tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+        if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
+            if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
+                tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
+                tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def list(self, verbose=True):
+        """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
+           the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
+           output is produced.
+        """
+        self._check()
+
+        for tarinfo in self:
+            if verbose:
+                print(filemode(tarinfo.mode), end=' ')
+                print("%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
+                                 tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid), end=' ')
+                if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
+                    print("%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
+                                    % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)), end=' ')
+                else:
+                    print("%10d" % tarinfo.size, end=' ')
+                print("%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
+                      % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6], end=' ')
+
+            print(tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""), end=' ')
+
+            if verbose:
+                if tarinfo.issym():
+                    print("->", tarinfo.linkname, end=' ')
+                if tarinfo.islnk():
+                    print("link to", tarinfo.linkname, end=' ')
+            print()
+
+    def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
+        """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
+           (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
+           specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
+           Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
+           setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
+           return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
+           that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
+           TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
+           excluded from the archive.
+        """
+        self._check("aw")
+
+        if arcname is None:
+            arcname = name
+
+        # Exclude pathnames.
+        if exclude is not None:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
+                    DeprecationWarning, 2)
+            if exclude(name):
+                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
+                return
+
+        # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
+        if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
+            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
+            return
+
+        self._dbg(1, name)
+
+        # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
+        tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)
+
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
+            return
+
+        # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
+        if filter is not None:
+            tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
+                return
+
+        # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            f = bltn_open(name, "rb")
+            self.addfile(tarinfo, f)
+            f.close()
+
+        elif tarinfo.isdir():
+            self.addfile(tarinfo)
+            if recursive:
+                for f in os.listdir(name):
+                    self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
+                            recursive, exclude, filter=filter)
+
+        else:
+            self.addfile(tarinfo)
+
+    def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
+        """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
+           given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
+           You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
+           On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
+           'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
+        """
+        self._check("aw")
+
+        tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+
+        buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
+        self.fileobj.write(buf)
+        self.offset += len(buf)
+
+        # If there's data to follow, append it.
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
+            if remainder > 0:
+                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
+                blocks += 1
+            self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE
+
+        self.members.append(tarinfo)
+
+    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
+        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
+           directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
+           directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
+           to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
+           list returned by getmembers().
+        """
+        directories = []
+
+        if members is None:
+            members = self
+
+        for tarinfo in members:
+            if tarinfo.isdir():
+                # Extract directories with a safe mode.
+                directories.append(tarinfo)
+                tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+                tarinfo.mode = 0o700
+            # Do not set_attrs directories, as we will do that further down
+            self.extract(tarinfo, path, set_attrs=not tarinfo.isdir())
+
+        # Reverse sort directories.
+        directories.sort(key=lambda a: a.name)
+        directories.reverse()
+
+        # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
+        for tarinfo in directories:
+            dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
+            try:
+                self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
+                self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
+                self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            except ExtractError as e:
+                if self.errorlevel > 1:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+    def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True):
+        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
+           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
+           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
+           specify a different directory using `path'. File attributes (owner,
+           mtime, mode) are set unless `set_attrs' is False.
+        """
+        self._check("r")
+
+        if isinstance(member, str):
+            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
+        else:
+            tarinfo = member
+
+        # Prepare the link target for makelink().
+        if tarinfo.islnk():
+            tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)
+
+        try:
+            self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name),
+                                 set_attrs=set_attrs)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            if self.errorlevel > 0:
+                raise
+            else:
+                if e.filename is None:
+                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
+                else:
+                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
+        except ExtractError as e:
+            if self.errorlevel > 1:
+                raise
+            else:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+    def extractfile(self, member):
+        """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
+           a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
+           file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
+           object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
+           the above, None is returned.
+           The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
+           methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
+        """
+        self._check("r")
+
+        if isinstance(member, str):
+            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
+        else:
+            tarinfo = member
+
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
+
+        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
+            # regular file.
+            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
+
+        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
+                # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
+                # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
+                # stream of tar blocks.
+                raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
+            else:
+                # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
+                return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
+        else:
+            # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
+            # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath, set_attrs=True):
+        """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
+           file called targetpath.
+        """
+        # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
+        # and build the destination pathname, replacing
+        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
+        targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
+        targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)
+
+        # Create all upper directories.
+        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
+        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
+            # Create directories that are not part of the archive with
+            # default permissions.
+            os.makedirs(upperdirs)
+
+        if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)
+
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.isdir():
+            self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.isfifo():
+            self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
+            self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        else:
+            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+
+        if set_attrs:
+            self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
+            if not tarinfo.issym():
+                self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
+                self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Below are the different file methods. They are called via
+    # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
+    # subclass to implement other functionality.
+
+    def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a directory called targetpath.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
+            # later in _extract_member().
+            os.mkdir(targetpath, 0o700)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+    def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a file called targetpath.
+        """
+        source = self.fileobj
+        source.seek(tarinfo.offset_data)
+        target = bltn_open(targetpath, "wb")
+        if tarinfo.sparse is not None:
+            for offset, size in tarinfo.sparse:
+                target.seek(offset)
+                copyfileobj(source, target, size)
+        else:
+            copyfileobj(source, target, tarinfo.size)
+        target.seek(tarinfo.size)
+        target.truncate()
+        target.close()
+
+    def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
+           at targetpath.
+        """
+        self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
+                     "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)
+
+    def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a fifo called targetpath.
+        """
+        if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
+            os.mkfifo(targetpath)
+        else:
+            raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")
+
+    def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a character or block device called targetpath.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
+            raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")
+
+        mode = tarinfo.mode
+        if tarinfo.isblk():
+            mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
+        else:
+            mode |= stat.S_IFCHR
+
+        os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
+                 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))
+
+    def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
+          (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
+          instead of a link.
+        """
+        try:
+            # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
+            if tarinfo.issym():
+                os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
+            else:
+                # See extract().
+                if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
+                    os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
+                else:
+                    self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo),
+                                         targetpath)
+        except symlink_exception:
+            if tarinfo.issym():
+                linkpath = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name),
+                                        tarinfo.linkname)
+            else:
+                linkpath = tarinfo.linkname
+        else:
+            try:
+                self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo),
+                                     targetpath)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")
+
+    def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
+            # We have to be root to do so.
+            try:
+                g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
+            except KeyError:
+                g = tarinfo.gid
+            try:
+                u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
+            except KeyError:
+                u = tarinfo.uid
+            try:
+                if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
+                    os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
+                else:
+                    if sys.platform != "os2emx":
+                        os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
+            except EnvironmentError as e:
+                raise ExtractError("could not change owner")
+
+    def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+            try:
+                os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
+            except EnvironmentError as e:
+                raise ExtractError("could not change mode")
+
+    def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
+            return
+        try:
+            os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    def next(self):
+        """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
+           TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
+           available.
+        """
+        self._check("ra")
+        if self.firstmember is not None:
+            m = self.firstmember
+            self.firstmember = None
+            return m
+
+        # Read the next block.
+        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+        tarinfo = None
+        while True:
+            try:
+                tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
+            except EOFHeaderError as e:
+                if self.ignore_zeros:
+                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
+                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
+                    continue
+            except InvalidHeaderError as e:
+                if self.ignore_zeros:
+                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
+                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
+                    continue
+                elif self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError(str(e))
+            except EmptyHeaderError:
+                if self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError("empty file")
+            except TruncatedHeaderError as e:
+                if self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError(str(e))
+            except SubsequentHeaderError as e:
+                raise ReadError(str(e))
+            break
+
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self.members.append(tarinfo)
+        else:
+            self._loaded = True
+
+        return tarinfo
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Little helper methods:
+
+    def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
+        """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
+           If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
+        """
+        # Ensure that all members have been loaded.
+        members = self.getmembers()
+
+        # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]
+
+        if normalize:
+            name = os.path.normpath(name)
+
+        for member in reversed(members):
+            if normalize:
+                member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
+            else:
+                member_name = member.name
+
+            if name == member_name:
+                return member
+
+    def _load(self):
+        """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
+           members.
+        """
+        while True:
+            tarinfo = self.next()
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                break
+        self._loaded = True
+
+    def _check(self, mode=None):
+        """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
+           corresponds to TarFile's mode.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
+        if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
+            raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)
+
+    def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
+        """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
+           archive.
+        """
+        if tarinfo.issym():
+            # Always search the entire archive.
+            linkname = os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name) + "/" + tarinfo.linkname
+            limit = None
+        else:
+            # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
+            # just a reference to an already archived file.
+            linkname = tarinfo.linkname
+            limit = tarinfo
+
+        member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
+        if member is None:
+            raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
+        return member
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Provide an iterator object.
+        """
+        if self._loaded:
+            return iter(self.members)
+        else:
+            return TarIter(self)
+
+    def _dbg(self, level, msg):
+        """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
+        """
+        if level <= self.debug:
+            print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._check()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
+            # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+# class TarFile
+
+class TarIter(object):
+    """Iterator Class.
+
+       for tarinfo in TarFile(...):
+           suite...
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tarfile):
+        """Construct a TarIter object.
+        """
+        self.tarfile = tarfile
+        self.index = 0
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Return iterator object.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        """Return the next item using TarFile's next() method.
+           When all members have been read, set TarFile as _loaded.
+        """
+        # Fix for SF #1100429: Under rare circumstances it can
+        # happen that getmembers() is called during iteration,
+        # which will cause TarIter to stop prematurely.
+        if not self.tarfile._loaded:
+            tarinfo = self.tarfile.next()
+            if not tarinfo:
+                self.tarfile._loaded = True
+                raise StopIteration
+        else:
+            try:
+                tarinfo = self.tarfile.members[self.index]
+            except IndexError:
+                raise StopIteration
+        self.index += 1
+        return tarinfo
+
+    next = __next__ # for Python 2.x
+
+#--------------------
+# exported functions
+#--------------------
+def is_tarfile(name):
+    """Return True if name points to a tar archive that we
+       are able to handle, else return False.
+    """
+    try:
+        t = open(name)
+        t.close()
+        return True
+    except TarError:
+        return False
+
+bltn_open = open
+open = TarFile.open
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ed8643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1102 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:  # pragma: no cover
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    string_types = basestring,
+    text_type = unicode
+    from types import FileType as file_type
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+    from ._backport import shutil
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlunsplit
+    from urllib import (urlretrieve, quote as _quote, unquote, url2pathname,
+                        pathname2url, ContentTooShortError, splittype)
+
+    def quote(s):
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            s = s.encode('utf-8')
+        return _quote(s)
+
+    import urllib2
+    from urllib2 import (Request, urlopen, URLError, HTTPError,
+                         HTTPBasicAuthHandler, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                         HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler,
+                         build_opener)
+    import httplib
+    import xmlrpclib
+    import Queue as queue
+    from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
+    import htmlentitydefs
+    raw_input = raw_input
+    from itertools import ifilter as filter
+    from itertools import ifilterfalse as filterfalse
+
+    _userprog = None
+    def splituser(host):
+        """splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'."""
+        global _userprog
+        if _userprog is None:
+            import re
+            _userprog = re.compile('^(.*)@(.*)$')
+
+        match = _userprog.match(host)
+        if match: return match.group(1, 2)
+        return None, host
+
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from io import StringIO
+    string_types = str,
+    text_type = str
+    from io import TextIOWrapper as file_type
+    import builtins
+    import configparser
+    import shutil
+    from urllib.parse import (urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, splituser, quote,
+                              unquote, urlsplit, urlunsplit, splittype)
+    from urllib.request import (urlopen, urlretrieve, Request, url2pathname,
+                                pathname2url,
+                                HTTPBasicAuthHandler, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                                HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler,
+                                build_opener)
+    from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError, ContentTooShortError
+    import http.client as httplib
+    import urllib.request as urllib2
+    import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
+    import queue
+    from html.parser import HTMLParser
+    import html.entities as htmlentitydefs
+    raw_input = input
+    from itertools import filterfalse
+    filter = filter
+
+try:
+    from ssl import match_hostname, CertificateError
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    class CertificateError(ValueError):
+        pass
+
+
+    def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+        """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+        """
+        pats = []
+        if not dn:
+            return False
+
+        parts = dn.split('.')
+        leftmost, remainder = parts[0], parts[1:]
+
+        wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+        if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survery of established
+            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+            # reasonable choice.
+            raise CertificateError(
+                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+        # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+        if not wildcards:
+            return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+        # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+        if leftmost == '*':
+            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+            # fragment.
+            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+            # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+            # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+            # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+            # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+        # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+        for frag in remainder:
+            pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+        pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+    def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+        """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+        SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+        rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+        CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+        returns nothing.
+        """
+        if not cert:
+            raise ValueError("empty or no certificate, match_hostname needs a "
+                             "SSL socket or SSL context with either "
+                             "CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED")
+        dnsnames = []
+        san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+        for key, value in san:
+            if key == 'DNS':
+                if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                    return
+                dnsnames.append(value)
+        if not dnsnames:
+            # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+            # in subjectAltName
+            for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+                for key, value in sub:
+                    # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                    # must be used.
+                    if key == 'commonName':
+                        if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                            return
+                        dnsnames.append(value)
+        if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match either of %s"
+                % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+        elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match %r"
+                % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+        else:
+            raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+                "subjectAltName fields were found")
+
+
+try:
+    from types import SimpleNamespace as Container
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    class Container(object):
+        """
+        A generic container for when multiple values need to be returned
+        """
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+
+
+try:
+    from shutil import which
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Implementation from Python 3.3
+    def which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None):
+        """Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
+        conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
+        file.
+
+        `mode` defaults to os.F_OK | os.X_OK. `path` defaults to the result
+        of os.environ.get("PATH"), or can be overridden with a custom search
+        path.
+
+        """
+        # Check that a given file can be accessed with the correct mode.
+        # Additionally check that `file` is not a directory, as on Windows
+        # directories pass the os.access check.
+        def _access_check(fn, mode):
+            return (os.path.exists(fn) and os.access(fn, mode)
+                    and not os.path.isdir(fn))
+
+        # If we're given a path with a directory part, look it up directly rather
+        # than referring to PATH directories. This includes checking relative to the
+        # current directory, e.g. ./script
+        if os.path.dirname(cmd):
+            if _access_check(cmd, mode):
+                return cmd
+            return None
+
+        if path is None:
+            path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath)
+        if not path:
+            return None
+        path = path.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            # The current directory takes precedence on Windows.
+            if not os.curdir in path:
+                path.insert(0, os.curdir)
+
+            # PATHEXT is necessary to check on Windows.
+            pathext = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            # See if the given file matches any of the expected path extensions.
+            # This will allow us to short circuit when given "python.exe".
+            # If it does match, only test that one, otherwise we have to try
+            # others.
+            if any(cmd.lower().endswith(ext.lower()) for ext in pathext):
+                files = [cmd]
+            else:
+                files = [cmd + ext for ext in pathext]
+        else:
+            # On other platforms you don't have things like PATHEXT to tell you
+            # what file suffixes are executable, so just pass on cmd as-is.
+            files = [cmd]
+
+        seen = set()
+        for dir in path:
+            normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
+            if not normdir in seen:
+                seen.add(normdir)
+                for thefile in files:
+                    name = os.path.join(dir, thefile)
+                    if _access_check(name, mode):
+                        return name
+        return None
+
+
+# ZipFile is a context manager in 2.7, but not in 2.6
+
+from zipfile import ZipFile as BaseZipFile
+
+if hasattr(BaseZipFile, '__enter__'):  # pragma: no cover
+    ZipFile = BaseZipFile
+else:
+    from zipfile import ZipExtFile as BaseZipExtFile
+
+    class ZipExtFile(BaseZipExtFile):
+        def __init__(self, base):
+            self.__dict__.update(base.__dict__)
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            self.close()
+            # return None, so if an exception occurred, it will propagate
+
+    class ZipFile(BaseZipFile):
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            self.close()
+            # return None, so if an exception occurred, it will propagate
+
+        def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            base = BaseZipFile.open(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            return ZipExtFile(base)
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    def python_implementation():
+        """Return a string identifying the Python implementation."""
+        if 'PyPy' in sys.version:
+            return 'PyPy'
+        if os.name == 'java':
+            return 'Jython'
+        if sys.version.startswith('IronPython'):
+            return 'IronPython'
+        return 'CPython'
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    from ._backport import sysconfig
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:   # pragma: no cover
+    from collections import Callable
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, Callable)
+
+
+try:
+    fsencode = os.fsencode
+    fsdecode = os.fsdecode
+except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
+    _fsencoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if _fsencoding == 'mbcs':
+        _fserrors = 'strict'
+    else:
+        _fserrors = 'surrogateescape'
+
+    def fsencode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, text_type):
+            return filename.encode(_fsencoding, _fserrors)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
+
+    def fsdecode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, text_type):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename.decode(_fsencoding, _fserrors)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
+
+try:
+    from tokenize import detect_encoding
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    from codecs import BOM_UTF8, lookup
+    import re
+
+    cookie_re = re.compile("coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)")
+
+    def _get_normal_name(orig_enc):
+        """Imitates get_normal_name in tokenizer.c."""
+        # Only care about the first 12 characters.
+        enc = orig_enc[:12].lower().replace("_", "-")
+        if enc == "utf-8" or enc.startswith("utf-8-"):
+            return "utf-8"
+        if enc in ("latin-1", "iso-8859-1", "iso-latin-1") or \
+           enc.startswith(("latin-1-", "iso-8859-1-", "iso-latin-1-")):
+            return "iso-8859-1"
+        return orig_enc
+
+    def detect_encoding(readline):
+        """
+        The detect_encoding() function is used to detect the encoding that should
+        be used to decode a Python source file.  It requires one argment, readline,
+        in the same way as the tokenize() generator.
+
+        It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used
+        (as a string) and a list of any lines (left as bytes) it has read in.
+
+        It detects the encoding from the presence of a utf-8 bom or an encoding
+        cookie as specified in pep-0263.  If both a bom and a cookie are present,
+        but disagree, a SyntaxError will be raised.  If the encoding cookie is an
+        invalid charset, raise a SyntaxError.  Note that if a utf-8 bom is found,
+        'utf-8-sig' is returned.
+
+        If no encoding is specified, then the default of 'utf-8' will be returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            filename = readline.__self__.name
+        except AttributeError:
+            filename = None
+        bom_found = False
+        encoding = None
+        default = 'utf-8'
+        def read_or_stop():
+            try:
+                return readline()
+            except StopIteration:
+                return b''
+
+        def find_cookie(line):
+            try:
+                # Decode as UTF-8. Either the line is an encoding declaration,
+                # in which case it should be pure ASCII, or it must be UTF-8
+                # per default encoding.
+                line_string = line.decode('utf-8')
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                msg = "invalid or missing encoding declaration"
+                if filename is not None:
+                    msg = '{} for {!r}'.format(msg, filename)
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+            matches = cookie_re.findall(line_string)
+            if not matches:
+                return None
+            encoding = _get_normal_name(matches[0])
+            try:
+                codec = lookup(encoding)
+            except LookupError:
+                # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                if filename is None:
+                    msg = "unknown encoding: " + encoding
+                else:
+                    msg = "unknown encoding for {!r}: {}".format(filename,
+                            encoding)
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+            if bom_found:
+                if codec.name != 'utf-8':
+                    # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                    if filename is None:
+                        msg = 'encoding problem: utf-8'
+                    else:
+                        msg = 'encoding problem for {!r}: utf-8'.format(filename)
+                    raise SyntaxError(msg)
+                encoding += '-sig'
+            return encoding
+
+        first = read_or_stop()
+        if first.startswith(BOM_UTF8):
+            bom_found = True
+            first = first[3:]
+            default = 'utf-8-sig'
+        if not first:
+            return default, []
+
+        encoding = find_cookie(first)
+        if encoding:
+            return encoding, [first]
+
+        second = read_or_stop()
+        if not second:
+            return default, [first]
+
+        encoding = find_cookie(second)
+        if encoding:
+            return encoding, [first, second]
+
+        return default, [first, second]
+
+# For converting & <-> &amp; etc.
+try:
+    from html import escape
+except ImportError:
+    from cgi import escape
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 4):
+    unescape = HTMLParser().unescape
+else:
+    from html import unescape
+
+try:
+    from collections import ChainMap
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    from collections import MutableMapping
+
+    try:
+        from reprlib import recursive_repr as _recursive_repr
+    except ImportError:
+        def _recursive_repr(fillvalue='...'):
+            '''
+            Decorator to make a repr function return fillvalue for a recursive
+            call
+            '''
+
+            def decorating_function(user_function):
+                repr_running = set()
+
+                def wrapper(self):
+                    key = id(self), get_ident()
+                    if key in repr_running:
+                        return fillvalue
+                    repr_running.add(key)
+                    try:
+                        result = user_function(self)
+                    finally:
+                        repr_running.discard(key)
+                    return result
+
+                # Can't use functools.wraps() here because of bootstrap issues
+                wrapper.__module__ = getattr(user_function, '__module__')
+                wrapper.__doc__ = getattr(user_function, '__doc__')
+                wrapper.__name__ = getattr(user_function, '__name__')
+                wrapper.__annotations__ = getattr(user_function, '__annotations__', {})
+                return wrapper
+
+            return decorating_function
+
+    class ChainMap(MutableMapping):
+        ''' A ChainMap groups multiple dicts (or other mappings) together
+        to create a single, updateable view.
+
+        The underlying mappings are stored in a list.  That list is public and can
+        accessed or updated using the *maps* attribute.  There is no other state.
+
+        Lookups search the underlying mappings successively until a key is found.
+        In contrast, writes, updates, and deletions only operate on the first
+        mapping.
+
+        '''
+
+        def __init__(self, *maps):
+            '''Initialize a ChainMap by setting *maps* to the given mappings.
+            If no mappings are provided, a single empty dictionary is used.
+
+            '''
+            self.maps = list(maps) or [{}]          # always at least one map
+
+        def __missing__(self, key):
+            raise KeyError(key)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            for mapping in self.maps:
+                try:
+                    return mapping[key]             # can't use 'key in mapping' with defaultdict
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+            return self.__missing__(key)            # support subclasses that define __missing__
+
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            return self[key] if key in self else default
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(set().union(*self.maps))     # reuses stored hash values if possible
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return iter(set().union(*self.maps))
+
+        def __contains__(self, key):
+            return any(key in m for m in self.maps)
+
+        def __bool__(self):
+            return any(self.maps)
+
+        @_recursive_repr()
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return '{0.__class__.__name__}({1})'.format(
+                self, ', '.join(map(repr, self.maps)))
+
+        @classmethod
+        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, *args):
+            'Create a ChainMap with a single dict created from the iterable.'
+            return cls(dict.fromkeys(iterable, *args))
+
+        def copy(self):
+            'New ChainMap or subclass with a new copy of maps[0] and refs to maps[1:]'
+            return self.__class__(self.maps[0].copy(), *self.maps[1:])
+
+        __copy__ = copy
+
+        def new_child(self):                        # like Django's Context.push()
+            'New ChainMap with a new dict followed by all previous maps.'
+            return self.__class__({}, *self.maps)
+
+        @property
+        def parents(self):                          # like Django's Context.pop()
+            'New ChainMap from maps[1:].'
+            return self.__class__(*self.maps[1:])
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            self.maps[0][key] = value
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            try:
+                del self.maps[0][key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
+
+        def popitem(self):
+            'Remove and return an item pair from maps[0]. Raise KeyError is maps[0] is empty.'
+            try:
+                return self.maps[0].popitem()
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('No keys found in the first mapping.')
+
+        def pop(self, key, *args):
+            'Remove *key* from maps[0] and return its value. Raise KeyError if *key* not in maps[0].'
+            try:
+                return self.maps[0].pop(key, *args)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
+
+        def clear(self):
+            'Clear maps[0], leaving maps[1:] intact.'
+            self.maps[0].clear()
+
+try:
+    from imp import cache_from_source
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    def cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None):
+        assert path.endswith('.py')
+        if debug_override is None:
+            debug_override = __debug__
+        if debug_override:
+            suffix = 'c'
+        else:
+            suffix = 'o'
+        return path + suffix
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+## {{{ http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/ (r9)
+# Backport of OrderedDict() class that runs on Python 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and pypy.
+# Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
+    try:
+        from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+    except ImportError:
+        from dummy_thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+
+    try:
+        from _abcoll import KeysView, ValuesView, ItemsView
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+    class OrderedDict(dict):
+        'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+        # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
+        # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
+        # The remaining methods are order-aware.
+        # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as for regular dictionaries.
+
+        # The internal self.__map dictionary maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.
+        # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.
+        # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
+        # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+            regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
+            because their insertion order is arbitrary.
+
+            '''
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
+            try:
+                self.__root
+            except AttributeError:
+                self.__root = root = []                     # sentinel node
+                root[:] = [root, root, None]
+                self.__map = {}
+            self.__update(*args, **kwds)
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
+            'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+            # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
+            # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
+            if key not in self:
+                root = self.__root
+                last = root[0]
+                last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]
+            dict_setitem(self, key, value)
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
+            'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+            # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
+            # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
+            dict_delitem(self, key)
+            link_prev, link_next, key = self.__map.pop(key)
+            link_prev[1] = link_next
+            link_next[0] = link_prev
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+            root = self.__root
+            curr = root[1]
+            while curr is not root:
+                yield curr[2]
+                curr = curr[1]
+
+        def __reversed__(self):
+            'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+            root = self.__root
+            curr = root[0]
+            while curr is not root:
+                yield curr[2]
+                curr = curr[0]
+
+        def clear(self):
+            'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+            try:
+                for node in self.__map.itervalues():
+                    del node[:]
+                root = self.__root
+                root[:] = [root, root, None]
+                self.__map.clear()
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            dict.clear(self)
+
+        def popitem(self, last=True):
+            '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+            Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
+
+            '''
+            if not self:
+                raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+            root = self.__root
+            if last:
+                link = root[0]
+                link_prev = link[0]
+                link_prev[1] = root
+                root[0] = link_prev
+            else:
+                link = root[1]
+                link_next = link[1]
+                root[1] = link_next
+                link_next[0] = root
+            key = link[2]
+            del self.__map[key]
+            value = dict.pop(self, key)
+            return key, value
+
+        # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
+
+        def keys(self):
+            'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+            return list(self)
+
+        def values(self):
+            'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+            return [self[key] for key in self]
+
+        def items(self):
+            'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+            return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+            return iter(self)
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+            for k in self:
+                yield self[k]
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+            for k in self:
+                yield (k, self[k])
+
+        def update(*args, **kwds):
+            '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+
+            If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
+            If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
+            Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
+            In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
+
+            '''
+            if len(args) > 2:
+                raise TypeError('update() takes at most 2 positional '
+                                'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args),))
+            elif not args:
+                raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+            self = args[0]
+            # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
+            other = ()
+            if len(args) == 2:
+                other = args[1]
+            if isinstance(other, dict):
+                for key in other:
+                    self[key] = other[key]
+            elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+                for key in other.keys():
+                    self[key] = other[key]
+            else:
+                for key, value in other:
+                    self[key] = value
+            for key, value in kwds.items():
+                self[key] = value
+
+        __update = update  # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__
+
+        __marker = object()
+
+        def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+            '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+            If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+
+            '''
+            if key in self:
+                result = self[key]
+                del self[key]
+                return result
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise KeyError(key)
+            return default
+
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+            if key in self:
+                return self[key]
+            self[key] = default
+            return default
+
+        def __repr__(self, _repr_running=None):
+            'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+            if not _repr_running: _repr_running = {}
+            call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
+            if call_key in _repr_running:
+                return '...'
+            _repr_running[call_key] = 1
+            try:
+                if not self:
+                    return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+                return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+            finally:
+                del _repr_running[call_key]
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            'Return state information for pickling'
+            items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
+            inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
+            for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
+                inst_dict.pop(k, None)
+            if inst_dict:
+                return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
+            return self.__class__, (items,)
+
+        def copy(self):
+            'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+            return self.__class__(self)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
+            '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+            and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
+
+            '''
+            d = cls()
+            for key in iterable:
+                d[key] = value
+            return d
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+            while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
+
+            '''
+            if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
+                return len(self)==len(other) and self.items() == other.items()
+            return dict.__eq__(self, other)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return not self == other
+
+        # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
+
+        def viewkeys(self):
+            "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
+            return KeysView(self)
+
+        def viewvalues(self):
+            "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"
+            return ValuesView(self)
+
+        def viewitems(self):
+            "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"
+            return ItemsView(self)
+
+try:
+    from logging.config import BaseConfigurator, valid_ident
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    IDENTIFIER = re.compile('^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$', re.I)
+
+
+    def valid_ident(s):
+        m = IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+        if not m:
+            raise ValueError('Not a valid Python identifier: %r' % s)
+        return True
+
+
+    # The ConvertingXXX classes are wrappers around standard Python containers,
+    # and they serve to convert any suitable values in the container. The
+    # conversion converts base dicts, lists and tuples to their wrapped
+    # equivalents, whereas strings which match a conversion format are converted
+    # appropriately.
+    #
+    # Each wrapper should have a configurator attribute holding the actual
+    # configurator to use for conversion.
+
+    class ConvertingDict(dict):
+        """A converting dictionary wrapper."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            #If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            value = dict.get(self, key, default)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            #If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    class ConvertingList(list):
+        """A converting list wrapper."""
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = list.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            #If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+        def pop(self, idx=-1):
+            value = list.pop(self, idx)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            if value is not result:
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+            return result
+
+    class ConvertingTuple(tuple):
+        """A converting tuple wrapper."""
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = tuple.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            if value is not result:
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+    class BaseConfigurator(object):
+        """
+        The configurator base class which defines some useful defaults.
+        """
+
+        CONVERT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^(?P<prefix>[a-z]+)://(?P<suffix>.*)$')
+
+        WORD_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\s*(\w+)\s*')
+        DOT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\.\s*(\w+)\s*')
+        INDEX_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\[\s*(\w+)\s*\]\s*')
+        DIGIT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\d+$')
+
+        value_converters = {
+            'ext' : 'ext_convert',
+            'cfg' : 'cfg_convert',
+        }
+
+        # We might want to use a different one, e.g. importlib
+        importer = staticmethod(__import__)
+
+        def __init__(self, config):
+            self.config = ConvertingDict(config)
+            self.config.configurator = self
+
+        def resolve(self, s):
+            """
+            Resolve strings to objects using standard import and attribute
+            syntax.
+            """
+            name = s.split('.')
+            used = name.pop(0)
+            try:
+                found = self.importer(used)
+                for frag in name:
+                    used += '.' + frag
+                    try:
+                        found = getattr(found, frag)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        self.importer(used)
+                        found = getattr(found, frag)
+                return found
+            except ImportError:
+                e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+                v = ValueError('Cannot resolve %r: %s' % (s, e))
+                v.__cause__, v.__traceback__ = e, tb
+                raise v
+
+        def ext_convert(self, value):
+            """Default converter for the ext:// protocol."""
+            return self.resolve(value)
+
+        def cfg_convert(self, value):
+            """Default converter for the cfg:// protocol."""
+            rest = value
+            m = self.WORD_PATTERN.match(rest)
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError("Unable to convert %r" % value)
+            else:
+                rest = rest[m.end():]
+                d = self.config[m.groups()[0]]
+                #print d, rest
+                while rest:
+                    m = self.DOT_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                    if m:
+                        d = d[m.groups()[0]]
+                    else:
+                        m = self.INDEX_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                        if m:
+                            idx = m.groups()[0]
+                            if not self.DIGIT_PATTERN.match(idx):
+                                d = d[idx]
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    n = int(idx) # try as number first (most likely)
+                                    d = d[n]
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    d = d[idx]
+                    if m:
+                        rest = rest[m.end():]
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to convert '
+                                         '%r at %r' % (value, rest))
+            #rest should be empty
+            return d
+
+        def convert(self, value):
+            """
+            Convert values to an appropriate type. dicts, lists and tuples are
+            replaced by their converting alternatives. Strings are checked to
+            see if they have a conversion format and are converted if they do.
+            """
+            if not isinstance(value, ConvertingDict) and isinstance(value, dict):
+                value = ConvertingDict(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingList) and isinstance(value, list):
+                value = ConvertingList(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and\
+                     isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = ConvertingTuple(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+                m = self.CONVERT_PATTERN.match(value)
+                if m:
+                    d = m.groupdict()
+                    prefix = d['prefix']
+                    converter = self.value_converters.get(prefix, None)
+                    if converter:
+                        suffix = d['suffix']
+                        converter = getattr(self, converter)
+                        value = converter(suffix)
+            return value
+
+        def configure_custom(self, config):
+            """Configure an object with a user-supplied factory."""
+            c = config.pop('()')
+            if not callable(c):
+                c = self.resolve(c)
+            props = config.pop('.', None)
+            # Check for valid identifiers
+            kwargs = dict([(k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k)])
+            result = c(**kwargs)
+            if props:
+                for name, value in props.items():
+                    setattr(result, name, value)
+            return result
+
+        def as_tuple(self, value):
+            """Utility function which converts lists to tuples."""
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                value = tuple(value)
+            return value
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29c62fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1305 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""PEP 376 implementation."""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import sys
+import zipimport
+
+from . import DistlibException, resources
+from .compat import StringIO
+from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
+from .metadata import Metadata, METADATA_FILENAME
+from .util import (parse_requirement, cached_property, parse_name_and_version,
+                   read_exports, write_exports, CSVReader, CSVWriter)
+
+
+__all__ = ['Distribution', 'BaseInstalledDistribution',
+           'InstalledDistribution', 'EggInfoDistribution',
+           'DistributionPath']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+EXPORTS_FILENAME = 'pydist-exports.json'
+COMMANDS_FILENAME = 'pydist-commands.json'
+
+DIST_FILES = ('INSTALLER', METADATA_FILENAME, 'RECORD', 'REQUESTED',
+              'RESOURCES', EXPORTS_FILENAME, 'SHARED')
+
+DISTINFO_EXT = '.dist-info'
+
+
+class _Cache(object):
+    """
+    A simple cache mapping names and .dist-info paths to distributions
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance. There is normally one for each DistributionPath.
+        """
+        self.name = {}
+        self.path = {}
+        self.generated = False
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache, setting it to its initial state.
+        """
+        self.name.clear()
+        self.path.clear()
+        self.generated = False
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """
+        Add a distribution to the cache.
+        :param dist: The distribution to add.
+        """
+        if dist.path not in self.path:
+            self.path[dist.path] = dist
+            self.name.setdefault(dist.key, []).append(dist)
+
+
+class DistributionPath(object):
+    """
+    Represents a set of distributions installed on a path (typically sys.path).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, path=None, include_egg=False):
+        """
+        Create an instance from a path, optionally including legacy (distutils/
+        setuptools/distribute) distributions.
+        :param path: The path to use, as a list of directories. If not specified,
+                     sys.path is used.
+        :param include_egg: If True, this instance will look for and return legacy
+                            distributions as well as those based on PEP 376.
+        """
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.path = path
+        self._include_dist = True
+        self._include_egg = include_egg
+
+        self._cache = _Cache()
+        self._cache_egg = _Cache()
+        self._cache_enabled = True
+        self._scheme = get_scheme('default')
+
+    def _get_cache_enabled(self):
+        return self._cache_enabled
+
+    def _set_cache_enabled(self, value):
+        self._cache_enabled = value
+
+    cache_enabled = property(_get_cache_enabled, _set_cache_enabled)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        """
+        Clears the internal cache.
+        """
+        self._cache.clear()
+        self._cache_egg.clear()
+
+
+    def _yield_distributions(self):
+        """
+        Yield .dist-info and/or .egg(-info) distributions.
+        """
+        # We need to check if we've seen some resources already, because on
+        # some Linux systems (e.g. some Debian/Ubuntu variants) there are
+        # symlinks which alias other files in the environment.
+        seen = set()
+        for path in self.path:
+            finder = resources.finder_for_path(path)
+            if finder is None:
+                continue
+            r = finder.find('')
+            if not r or not r.is_container:
+                continue
+            rset = sorted(r.resources)
+            for entry in rset:
+                r = finder.find(entry)
+                if not r or r.path in seen:
+                    continue
+                if self._include_dist and entry.endswith(DISTINFO_EXT):
+                    metadata_path = posixpath.join(entry, METADATA_FILENAME)
+                    pydist = finder.find(metadata_path)
+                    if not pydist:
+                        continue
+
+                    metadata = Metadata(fileobj=pydist.as_stream(),
+                                        scheme='legacy')
+                    logger.debug('Found %s', r.path)
+                    seen.add(r.path)
+                    yield new_dist_class(r.path, metadata=metadata,
+                                         env=self)
+                elif self._include_egg and entry.endswith(('.egg-info',
+                                                          '.egg')):
+                    logger.debug('Found %s', r.path)
+                    seen.add(r.path)
+                    yield old_dist_class(r.path, self)
+
+    def _generate_cache(self):
+        """
+        Scan the path for distributions and populate the cache with
+        those that are found.
+        """
+        gen_dist = not self._cache.generated
+        gen_egg = self._include_egg and not self._cache_egg.generated
+        if gen_dist or gen_egg:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                if isinstance(dist, InstalledDistribution):
+                    self._cache.add(dist)
+                else:
+                    self._cache_egg.add(dist)
+
+            if gen_dist:
+                self._cache.generated = True
+            if gen_egg:
+                self._cache_egg.generated = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def distinfo_dirname(cls, name, version):
+        """
+        The *name* and *version* parameters are converted into their
+        filename-escaped form, i.e. any ``'-'`` characters are replaced
+        with ``'_'`` other than the one in ``'dist-info'`` and the one
+        separating the name from the version number.
+
+        :parameter name: is converted to a standard distribution name by replacing
+                         any runs of non- alphanumeric characters with a single
+                         ``'-'``.
+        :type name: string
+        :parameter version: is converted to a standard version string. Spaces
+                            become dots, and all other non-alphanumeric characters
+                            (except dots) become dashes, with runs of multiple
+                            dashes condensed to a single dash.
+        :type version: string
+        :returns: directory name
+        :rtype: string"""
+        name = name.replace('-', '_')
+        return '-'.join([name, version]) + DISTINFO_EXT
+
+    def get_distributions(self):
+        """
+        Provides an iterator that looks for distributions and returns
+        :class:`InstalledDistribution` or
+        :class:`EggInfoDistribution` instances for each one of them.
+
+        :rtype: iterator of :class:`InstalledDistribution` and
+                :class:`EggInfoDistribution` instances
+        """
+        if not self._cache_enabled:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                yield dist
+        else:
+            self._generate_cache()
+
+            for dist in self._cache.path.values():
+                yield dist
+
+            if self._include_egg:
+                for dist in self._cache_egg.path.values():
+                    yield dist
+
+    def get_distribution(self, name):
+        """
+        Looks for a named distribution on the path.
+
+        This function only returns the first result found, as no more than one
+        value is expected. If nothing is found, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`InstalledDistribution`, :class:`EggInfoDistribution`
+                or ``None``
+        """
+        result = None
+        name = name.lower()
+        if not self._cache_enabled:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                if dist.key == name:
+                    result = dist
+                    break
+        else:
+            self._generate_cache()
+
+            if name in self._cache.name:
+                result = self._cache.name[name][0]
+            elif self._include_egg and name in self._cache_egg.name:
+                result = self._cache_egg.name[name][0]
+        return result
+
+    def provides_distribution(self, name, version=None):
+        """
+        Iterates over all distributions to find which distributions provide *name*.
+        If a *version* is provided, it will be used to filter the results.
+
+        This function only returns the first result found, since no more than
+        one values are expected. If the directory is not found, returns ``None``.
+
+        :parameter version: a version specifier that indicates the version
+                            required, conforming to the format in ``PEP-345``
+
+        :type name: string
+        :type version: string
+        """
+        matcher = None
+        if not version is None:
+            try:
+                matcher = self._scheme.matcher('%s (%s)' % (name, version))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistlibException('invalid name or version: %r, %r' %
+                                      (name, version))
+
+        for dist in self.get_distributions():
+            provided = dist.provides
+
+            for p in provided:
+                p_name, p_ver = parse_name_and_version(p)
+                if matcher is None:
+                    if p_name == name:
+                        yield dist
+                        break
+                else:
+                    if p_name == name and matcher.match(p_ver):
+                        yield dist
+                        break
+
+    def get_file_path(self, name, relative_path):
+        """
+        Return the path to a resource file.
+        """
+        dist = self.get_distribution(name)
+        if dist is None:
+            raise LookupError('no distribution named %r found' % name)
+        return dist.get_resource_path(relative_path)
+
+    def get_exported_entries(self, category, name=None):
+        """
+        Return all of the exported entries in a particular category.
+
+        :param category: The category to search for entries.
+        :param name: If specified, only entries with that name are returned.
+        """
+        for dist in self.get_distributions():
+            r = dist.exports
+            if category in r:
+                d = r[category]
+                if name is not None:
+                    if name in d:
+                        yield d[name]
+                else:
+                    for v in d.values():
+                        yield v
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """
+    A base class for distributions, whether installed or from indexes.
+    Either way, it must have some metadata, so that's all that's needed
+    for construction.
+    """
+
+    build_time_dependency = False
+    """
+    Set to True if it's known to be only a build-time dependency (i.e.
+    not needed after installation).
+    """
+
+    requested = False
+    """A boolean that indicates whether the ``REQUESTED`` metadata file is
+    present (in other words, whether the package was installed by user
+    request or it was installed as a dependency)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param metadata: The instance of :class:`Metadata` describing this
+        distribution.
+        """
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.name = metadata.name
+        self.key = self.name.lower()    # for case-insensitive comparisons
+        self.version = metadata.version
+        self.locator = None
+        self.digest = None
+        self.extras = None      # additional features requested
+        self.context = None     # environment marker overrides
+        self.download_urls = set()
+        self.digests = {}
+
+    @property
+    def source_url(self):
+        """
+        The source archive download URL for this distribution.
+        """
+        return self.metadata.source_url
+
+    download_url = source_url   # Backward compatibility
+
+    @property
+    def name_and_version(self):
+        """
+        A utility property which displays the name and version in parentheses.
+        """
+        return '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    @property
+    def provides(self):
+        """
+        A set of distribution names and versions provided by this distribution.
+        :return: A set of "name (version)" strings.
+        """
+        plist = self.metadata.provides
+        s = '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+        if s not in plist:
+            plist.append(s)
+        return plist
+
+    def _get_requirements(self, req_attr):
+        md = self.metadata
+        logger.debug('Getting requirements from metadata %r', md.todict())
+        reqts = getattr(md, req_attr)
+        return set(md.get_requirements(reqts, extras=self.extras,
+                                       env=self.context))
+
+    @property
+    def run_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('run_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def meta_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('meta_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def build_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('build_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def test_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('test_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def dev_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('dev_requires')
+
+    def matches_requirement(self, req):
+        """
+        Say if this instance matches (fulfills) a requirement.
+        :param req: The requirement to match.
+        :rtype req: str
+        :return: True if it matches, else False.
+        """
+        # Requirement may contain extras - parse to lose those
+        # from what's passed to the matcher
+        r = parse_requirement(req)
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.metadata.scheme)
+        try:
+            matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+            logger.warning('could not read version %r - using name only',
+                           req)
+            name = req.split()[0]
+            matcher = scheme.matcher(name)
+
+        name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+
+        result = False
+        for p in self.provides:
+            p_name, p_ver = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            if p_name != name:
+                continue
+            try:
+                result = matcher.match(p_ver)
+                break
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return a textual representation of this instance,
+        """
+        if self.source_url:
+            suffix = ' [%s]' % self.source_url
+        else:
+            suffix = ''
+        return '<Distribution %s (%s)%s>' % (self.name, self.version, suffix)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        See if this distribution is the same as another.
+        :param other: The distribution to compare with. To be equal to one
+                      another. distributions must have the same type, name,
+                      version and source_url.
+        :return: True if it is the same, else False.
+        """
+        if type(other) is not type(self):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            result = (self.name == other.name and
+                      self.version == other.version and
+                      self.source_url == other.source_url)
+        return result
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Compute hash in a way which matches the equality test.
+        """
+        return hash(self.name) + hash(self.version) + hash(self.source_url)
+
+
+class BaseInstalledDistribution(Distribution):
+    """
+    This is the base class for installed distributions (whether PEP 376 or
+    legacy).
+    """
+
+    hasher = None
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata, path, env=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param metadata: An instance of :class:`Metadata` which describes the
+                         distribution. This will normally have been initialised
+                         from a metadata file in the ``path``.
+        :param path:     The path of the ``.dist-info`` or ``.egg-info``
+                         directory for the distribution.
+        :param env:      This is normally the :class:`DistributionPath`
+                         instance where this distribution was found.
+        """
+        super(BaseInstalledDistribution, self).__init__(metadata)
+        self.path = path
+        self.dist_path = env
+
+    def get_hash(self, data, hasher=None):
+        """
+        Get the hash of some data, using a particular hash algorithm, if
+        specified.
+
+        :param data: The data to be hashed.
+        :type data: bytes
+        :param hasher: The name of a hash implementation, supported by hashlib,
+                       or ``None``. Examples of valid values are ``'sha1'``,
+                       ``'sha224'``, ``'sha384'``, '``sha256'``, ``'md5'`` and
+                       ``'sha512'``. If no hasher is specified, the ``hasher``
+                       attribute of the :class:`InstalledDistribution` instance
+                       is used. If the hasher is determined to be ``None``, MD5
+                       is used as the hashing algorithm.
+        :returns: The hash of the data. If a hasher was explicitly specified,
+                  the returned hash will be prefixed with the specified hasher
+                  followed by '='.
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        if hasher is None:
+            hasher = self.hasher
+        if hasher is None:
+            hasher = hashlib.md5
+            prefix = ''
+        else:
+            hasher = getattr(hashlib, hasher)
+            prefix = '%s=' % self.hasher
+        digest = hasher(data).digest()
+        digest = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')
+        return '%s%s' % (prefix, digest)
+
+
+class InstalledDistribution(BaseInstalledDistribution):
+    """
+    Created with the *path* of the ``.dist-info`` directory provided to the
+    constructor. It reads the metadata contained in ``pydist.json`` when it is
+    instantiated., or uses a passed in Metadata instance (useful for when
+    dry-run mode is being used).
+    """
+
+    hasher = 'sha256'
+
+    def __init__(self, path, metadata=None, env=None):
+        self.finder = finder = resources.finder_for_path(path)
+        if finder is None:
+            import pdb; pdb.set_trace ()
+        if env and env._cache_enabled and path in env._cache.path:
+            metadata = env._cache.path[path].metadata
+        elif metadata is None:
+            r = finder.find(METADATA_FILENAME)
+            # Temporary - for legacy support
+            if r is None:
+                r = finder.find('METADATA')
+            if r is None:
+                raise ValueError('no %s found in %s' % (METADATA_FILENAME,
+                                                        path))
+            with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+                metadata = Metadata(fileobj=stream, scheme='legacy')
+
+        super(InstalledDistribution, self).__init__(metadata, path, env)
+
+        if env and env._cache_enabled:
+            env._cache.add(self)
+
+        try:
+            r = finder.find('REQUESTED')
+        except AttributeError:
+            import pdb; pdb.set_trace ()
+        self.requested = r is not None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<InstalledDistribution %r %s at %r>' % (
+            self.name, self.version, self.path)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    def _get_records(self):
+        """
+        Get the list of installed files for the distribution
+        :return: A list of tuples of path, hash and size. Note that hash and
+                 size might be ``None`` for some entries. The path is exactly
+                 as stored in the file (which is as in PEP 376).
+        """
+        results = []
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource('RECORD')
+        with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+            with CSVReader(stream=stream) as record_reader:
+                # Base location is parent dir of .dist-info dir
+                #base_location = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+                #base_location = os.path.abspath(base_location)
+                for row in record_reader:
+                    missing = [None for i in range(len(row), 3)]
+                    path, checksum, size = row + missing
+                    #if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                    #    path = path.replace('/', os.sep)
+                    #    path = os.path.join(base_location, path)
+                    results.append((path, checksum, size))
+        return results
+
+    @cached_property
+    def exports(self):
+        """
+        Return the information exported by this distribution.
+        :return: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to a dict
+                 of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the individual
+                 export entries, and keyed by name.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        if r:
+            result = self.read_exports()
+        return result
+
+    def read_exports(self):
+        """
+        Read exports data from a file in .ini format.
+
+        :return: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to a list
+                 of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the individual
+                 export entries.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        if r:
+            with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+                result = read_exports(stream)
+        return result
+
+    def write_exports(self, exports):
+        """
+        Write a dictionary of exports to a file in .ini format.
+        :param exports: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to
+                        a list of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the
+                        individual export entries.
+        """
+        rf = self.get_distinfo_file(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        with open(rf, 'w') as f:
+            write_exports(exports, f)
+
+    def get_resource_path(self, relative_path):
+        """
+        NOTE: This API may change in the future.
+
+        Return the absolute path to a resource file with the given relative
+        path.
+
+        :param relative_path: The path, relative to .dist-info, of the resource
+                              of interest.
+        :return: The absolute path where the resource is to be found.
+        """
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource('RESOURCES')
+        with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+            with CSVReader(stream=stream) as resources_reader:
+                for relative, destination in resources_reader:
+                    if relative == relative_path:
+                        return destination
+        raise KeyError('no resource file with relative path %r '
+                       'is installed' % relative_path)
+
+    def list_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``RECORD`` entries and returns a tuple
+        ``(path, hash, size)`` for each line.
+
+        :returns: iterator of (path, hash, size)
+        """
+        for result in self._get_records():
+            yield result
+
+    def write_installed_files(self, paths, prefix, dry_run=False):
+        """
+        Writes the ``RECORD`` file, using the ``paths`` iterable passed in. Any
+        existing ``RECORD`` file is silently overwritten.
+
+        prefix is used to determine when to write absolute paths.
+        """
+        prefix = os.path.join(prefix, '')
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        base_under_prefix = base.startswith(prefix)
+        base = os.path.join(base, '')
+        record_path = self.get_distinfo_file('RECORD')
+        logger.info('creating %s', record_path)
+        if dry_run:
+            return None
+        with CSVWriter(record_path) as writer:
+            for path in paths:
+                if os.path.isdir(path) or path.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    # do not put size and hash, as in PEP-376
+                    hash_value = size = ''
+                else:
+                    size = '%d' % os.path.getsize(path)
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
+                        hash_value = self.get_hash(fp.read())
+                if path.startswith(base) or (base_under_prefix and
+                                             path.startswith(prefix)):
+                    path = os.path.relpath(path, base)
+                writer.writerow((path, hash_value, size))
+
+            # add the RECORD file itself
+            if record_path.startswith(base):
+                record_path = os.path.relpath(record_path, base)
+            writer.writerow((record_path, '', ''))
+        return record_path
+
+    def check_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Checks that the hashes and sizes of the files in ``RECORD`` are
+        matched by the files themselves. Returns a (possibly empty) list of
+        mismatches. Each entry in the mismatch list will be a tuple consisting
+        of the path, 'exists', 'size' or 'hash' according to what didn't match
+        (existence is checked first, then size, then hash), the expected
+        value and the actual value.
+        """
+        mismatches = []
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        record_path = self.get_distinfo_file('RECORD')
+        for path, hash_value, size in self.list_installed_files():
+            if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                path = os.path.join(base, path)
+            if path == record_path:
+                continue
+            if not os.path.exists(path):
+                mismatches.append((path, 'exists', True, False))
+            elif os.path.isfile(path):
+                actual_size = str(os.path.getsize(path))
+                if size and actual_size != size:
+                    mismatches.append((path, 'size', size, actual_size))
+                elif hash_value:
+                    if '=' in hash_value:
+                        hasher = hash_value.split('=', 1)[0]
+                    else:
+                        hasher = None
+
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                        actual_hash = self.get_hash(f.read(), hasher)
+                        if actual_hash != hash_value:
+                            mismatches.append((path, 'hash', hash_value, actual_hash))
+        return mismatches
+
+    @cached_property
+    def shared_locations(self):
+        """
+        A dictionary of shared locations whose keys are in the set 'prefix',
+        'purelib', 'platlib', 'scripts', 'headers', 'data' and 'namespace'.
+        The corresponding value is the absolute path of that category for
+        this distribution, and takes into account any paths selected by the
+        user at installation time (e.g. via command-line arguments). In the
+        case of the 'namespace' key, this would be a list of absolute paths
+        for the roots of namespace packages in this distribution.
+
+        The first time this property is accessed, the relevant information is
+        read from the SHARED file in the .dist-info directory.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        shared_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'SHARED')
+        if os.path.isfile(shared_path):
+            with codecs.open(shared_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                lines = f.read().splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                key, value = line.split('=', 1)
+                if key == 'namespace':
+                    result.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+                else:
+                    result[key] = value
+        return result
+
+    def write_shared_locations(self, paths, dry_run=False):
+        """
+        Write shared location information to the SHARED file in .dist-info.
+        :param paths: A dictionary as described in the documentation for
+        :meth:`shared_locations`.
+        :param dry_run: If True, the action is logged but no file is actually
+                        written.
+        :return: The path of the file written to.
+        """
+        shared_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'SHARED')
+        logger.info('creating %s', shared_path)
+        if dry_run:
+            return None
+        lines = []
+        for key in ('prefix', 'lib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data'):
+            path = paths[key]
+            if os.path.isdir(paths[key]):
+                lines.append('%s=%s' % (key,  path))
+        for ns in paths.get('namespace', ()):
+            lines.append('namespace=%s' % ns)
+
+        with codecs.open(shared_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(lines))
+        return shared_path
+
+    def get_distinfo_resource(self, path):
+        if path not in DIST_FILES:
+            raise DistlibException('invalid path for a dist-info file: '
+                                   '%r at %r' % (path, self.path))
+        finder = resources.finder_for_path(self.path)
+        if finder is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to get a finder for %s' % self.path)
+        return finder.find(path)
+
+    def get_distinfo_file(self, path):
+        """
+        Returns a path located under the ``.dist-info`` directory. Returns a
+        string representing the path.
+
+        :parameter path: a ``'/'``-separated path relative to the
+                         ``.dist-info`` directory or an absolute path;
+                         If *path* is an absolute path and doesn't start
+                         with the ``.dist-info`` directory path,
+                         a :class:`DistlibException` is raised
+        :type path: str
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        # Check if it is an absolute path  # XXX use relpath, add tests
+        if path.find(os.sep) >= 0:
+            # it's an absolute path?
+            distinfo_dirname, path = path.split(os.sep)[-2:]
+            if distinfo_dirname != self.path.split(os.sep)[-1]:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    'dist-info file %r does not belong to the %r %s '
+                    'distribution' % (path, self.name, self.version))
+
+        # The file must be relative
+        if path not in DIST_FILES:
+            raise DistlibException('invalid path for a dist-info file: '
+                                   '%r at %r' % (path, self.path))
+
+        return os.path.join(self.path, path)
+
+    def list_distinfo_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``RECORD`` entries and returns paths for each line if
+        the path is pointing to a file located in the ``.dist-info`` directory
+        or one of its subdirectories.
+
+        :returns: iterator of paths
+        """
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        for path, checksum, size in self._get_records():
+            # XXX add separator or use real relpath algo
+            if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                path = os.path.join(base, path)
+            if path.startswith(self.path):
+                yield path
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, InstalledDistribution) and
+                self.path == other.path)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(BaseInstalledDistribution):
+    """Created with the *path* of the ``.egg-info`` directory or file provided
+    to the constructor. It reads the metadata contained in the file itself, or
+    if the given path happens to be a directory, the metadata is read from the
+    file ``PKG-INFO`` under that directory."""
+
+    requested = True    # as we have no way of knowing, assume it was
+    shared_locations = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, path, env=None):
+        def set_name_and_version(s, n, v):
+            s.name = n
+            s.key = n.lower()   # for case-insensitive comparisons
+            s.version = v
+
+        self.path = path
+        self.dist_path = env
+        if env and env._cache_enabled and path in env._cache_egg.path:
+            metadata = env._cache_egg.path[path].metadata
+            set_name_and_version(self, metadata.name, metadata.version)
+        else:
+            metadata = self._get_metadata(path)
+
+            # Need to be set before caching
+            set_name_and_version(self, metadata.name, metadata.version)
+
+            if env and env._cache_enabled:
+                env._cache_egg.add(self)
+        super(EggInfoDistribution, self).__init__(metadata, path, env)
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, path):
+        requires = None
+
+        def parse_requires_data(data):
+            """Create a list of dependencies from a requires.txt file.
+
+            *data*: the contents of a setuptools-produced requires.txt file.
+            """
+            reqs = []
+            lines = data.splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if line.startswith('['):
+                    logger.warning('Unexpected line: quitting requirement scan: %r',
+                                   line)
+                    break
+                r = parse_requirement(line)
+                if not r:
+                    logger.warning('Not recognised as a requirement: %r', line)
+                    continue
+                if r.extras:
+                    logger.warning('extra requirements in requires.txt are '
+                                   'not supported')
+                if not r.constraints:
+                    reqs.append(r.name)
+                else:
+                    cons = ', '.join('%s%s' % c for c in r.constraints)
+                    reqs.append('%s (%s)' % (r.name, cons))
+            return reqs
+
+        def parse_requires_path(req_path):
+            """Create a list of dependencies from a requires.txt file.
+
+            *req_path*: the path to a setuptools-produced requires.txt file.
+            """
+
+            reqs = []
+            try:
+                with codecs.open(req_path, 'r', 'utf-8') as fp:
+                    reqs = parse_requires_data(fp.read())
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+            return reqs
+
+        if path.endswith('.egg'):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                meta_path = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO', 'PKG-INFO')
+                metadata = Metadata(path=meta_path, scheme='legacy')
+                req_path = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO', 'requires.txt')
+                requires = parse_requires_path(req_path)
+            else:
+                # FIXME handle the case where zipfile is not available
+                zipf = zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+                fileobj = StringIO(
+                    zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO').decode('utf8'))
+                metadata = Metadata(fileobj=fileobj, scheme='legacy')
+                try:
+                    data = zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/requires.txt')
+                    requires = parse_requires_data(data.decode('utf-8'))
+                except IOError:
+                    requires = None
+        elif path.endswith('.egg-info'):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                req_path = os.path.join(path, 'requires.txt')
+                requires = parse_requires_path(req_path)
+                path = os.path.join(path, 'PKG-INFO')
+            metadata = Metadata(path=path, scheme='legacy')
+        else:
+            raise DistlibException('path must end with .egg-info or .egg, '
+                                   'got %r' % path)
+
+        if requires:
+            metadata.add_requirements(requires)
+        return metadata
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<EggInfoDistribution %r %s at %r>' % (
+            self.name, self.version, self.path)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    def check_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Checks that the hashes and sizes of the files in ``RECORD`` are
+        matched by the files themselves. Returns a (possibly empty) list of
+        mismatches. Each entry in the mismatch list will be a tuple consisting
+        of the path, 'exists', 'size' or 'hash' according to what didn't match
+        (existence is checked first, then size, then hash), the expected
+        value and the actual value.
+        """
+        mismatches = []
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            for path, _, _ in self.list_installed_files():
+                if path == record_path:
+                    continue
+                if not os.path.exists(path):
+                    mismatches.append((path, 'exists', True, False))
+        return mismatches
+
+    def list_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``installed-files.txt`` entries and returns a tuple
+        ``(path, hash, size)`` for each line.
+
+        :returns: a list of (path, hash, size)
+        """
+
+        def _md5(path):
+            f = open(path, 'rb')
+            try:
+                content = f.read()
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+            return hashlib.md5(content).hexdigest()
+
+        def _size(path):
+            return os.stat(path).st_size
+
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        result = []
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            with codecs.open(record_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.strip()
+                    p = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.path, line))
+                    # "./" is present as a marker between installed files
+                    # and installation metadata files
+                    if not os.path.exists(p):
+                        logger.warning('Non-existent file: %s', p)
+                        if p.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                            continue
+                        #otherwise fall through and fail
+                    if not os.path.isdir(p):
+                        result.append((p, _md5(p), _size(p)))
+            result.append((record_path, None, None))
+        return result
+
+    def list_distinfo_files(self, absolute=False):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``installed-files.txt`` entries and returns paths for
+        each line if the path is pointing to a file located in the
+        ``.egg-info`` directory or one of its subdirectories.
+
+        :parameter absolute: If *absolute* is ``True``, each returned path is
+                          transformed into a local absolute path. Otherwise the
+                          raw value from ``installed-files.txt`` is returned.
+        :type absolute: boolean
+        :returns: iterator of paths
+        """
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        skip = True
+        with codecs.open(record_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if line == './':
+                    skip = False
+                    continue
+                if not skip:
+                    p = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.path, line))
+                    if p.startswith(self.path):
+                        if absolute:
+                            yield p
+                        else:
+                            yield line
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, EggInfoDistribution) and
+                self.path == other.path)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+new_dist_class = InstalledDistribution
+old_dist_class = EggInfoDistribution
+
+
+class DependencyGraph(object):
+    """
+    Represents a dependency graph between distributions.
+
+    The dependency relationships are stored in an ``adjacency_list`` that maps
+    distributions to a list of ``(other, label)`` tuples where  ``other``
+    is a distribution and the edge is labeled with ``label`` (i.e. the version
+    specifier, if such was provided). Also, for more efficient traversal, for
+    every distribution ``x``, a list of predecessors is kept in
+    ``reverse_list[x]``. An edge from distribution ``a`` to
+    distribution ``b`` means that ``a`` depends on ``b``. If any missing
+    dependencies are found, they are stored in ``missing``, which is a
+    dictionary that maps distributions to a list of requirements that were not
+    provided by any other distributions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.adjacency_list = {}
+        self.reverse_list = {}
+        self.missing = {}
+
+    def add_distribution(self, distribution):
+        """Add the *distribution* to the graph.
+
+        :type distribution: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution`
+                            or :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        """
+        self.adjacency_list[distribution] = []
+        self.reverse_list[distribution] = []
+        #self.missing[distribution] = []
+
+    def add_edge(self, x, y, label=None):
+        """Add an edge from distribution *x* to distribution *y* with the given
+        *label*.
+
+        :type x: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` or
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type y: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` or
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type label: ``str`` or ``None``
+        """
+        self.adjacency_list[x].append((y, label))
+        # multiple edges are allowed, so be careful
+        if x not in self.reverse_list[y]:
+            self.reverse_list[y].append(x)
+
+    def add_missing(self, distribution, requirement):
+        """
+        Add a missing *requirement* for the given *distribution*.
+
+        :type distribution: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution`
+                            or :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type requirement: ``str``
+        """
+        logger.debug('%s missing %r', distribution, requirement)
+        self.missing.setdefault(distribution, []).append(requirement)
+
+    def _repr_dist(self, dist):
+        return '%s %s' % (dist.name, dist.version)
+
+    def repr_node(self, dist, level=1):
+        """Prints only a subgraph"""
+        output = [self._repr_dist(dist)]
+        for other, label in self.adjacency_list[dist]:
+            dist = self._repr_dist(other)
+            if label is not None:
+                dist = '%s [%s]' % (dist, label)
+            output.append('    ' * level + str(dist))
+            suboutput = self.repr_node(other, level + 1)
+            subs = suboutput.split('\n')
+            output.extend(subs[1:])
+        return '\n'.join(output)
+
+    def to_dot(self, f, skip_disconnected=True):
+        """Writes a DOT output for the graph to the provided file *f*.
+
+        If *skip_disconnected* is set to ``True``, then all distributions
+        that are not dependent on any other distribution are skipped.
+
+        :type f: has to support ``file``-like operations
+        :type skip_disconnected: ``bool``
+        """
+        disconnected = []
+
+        f.write("digraph dependencies {\n")
+        for dist, adjs in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            if len(adjs) == 0 and not skip_disconnected:
+                disconnected.append(dist)
+            for other, label in adjs:
+                if not label is None:
+                    f.write('"%s" -> "%s" [label="%s"]\n' %
+                            (dist.name, other.name, label))
+                else:
+                    f.write('"%s" -> "%s"\n' % (dist.name, other.name))
+        if not skip_disconnected and len(disconnected) > 0:
+            f.write('subgraph disconnected {\n')
+            f.write('label = "Disconnected"\n')
+            f.write('bgcolor = red\n')
+
+            for dist in disconnected:
+                f.write('"%s"' % dist.name)
+                f.write('\n')
+            f.write('}\n')
+        f.write('}\n')
+
+    def topological_sort(self):
+        """
+        Perform a topological sort of the graph.
+        :return: A tuple, the first element of which is a topologically sorted
+                 list of distributions, and the second element of which is a
+                 list of distributions that cannot be sorted because they have
+                 circular dependencies and so form a cycle.
+        """
+        result = []
+        # Make a shallow copy of the adjacency list
+        alist = {}
+        for k, v in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            alist[k] = v[:]
+        while True:
+            # See what we can remove in this run
+            to_remove = []
+            for k, v in list(alist.items())[:]:
+                if not v:
+                    to_remove.append(k)
+                    del alist[k]
+            if not to_remove:
+                # What's left in alist (if anything) is a cycle.
+                break
+            # Remove from the adjacency list of others
+            for k, v in alist.items():
+                alist[k] = [(d, r) for d, r in v if d not in to_remove]
+            logger.debug('Moving to result: %s',
+                         ['%s (%s)' % (d.name, d.version) for d in to_remove])
+            result.extend(to_remove)
+        return result, list(alist.keys())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Representation of the graph"""
+        output = []
+        for dist, adjs in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            output.append(self.repr_node(dist))
+        return '\n'.join(output)
+
+
+def make_graph(dists, scheme='default'):
+    """Makes a dependency graph from the given distributions.
+
+    :parameter dists: a list of distributions
+    :type dists: list of :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` and
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution` instances
+    :rtype: a :class:`DependencyGraph` instance
+    """
+    scheme = get_scheme(scheme)
+    graph = DependencyGraph()
+    provided = {}  # maps names to lists of (version, dist) tuples
+
+    # first, build the graph and find out what's provided
+    for dist in dists:
+        graph.add_distribution(dist)
+
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            provided.setdefault(name, []).append((version, dist))
+
+    # now make the edges
+    for dist in dists:
+        requires = (dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires |
+                    dist.build_requires | dist.dev_requires)
+        for req in requires:
+            try:
+                matcher = scheme.matcher(req)
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+                logger.warning('could not read version %r - using name only',
+                               req)
+                name = req.split()[0]
+                matcher = scheme.matcher(name)
+
+            name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+
+            matched = False
+            if name in provided:
+                for version, provider in provided[name]:
+                    try:
+                        match = matcher.match(version)
+                    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                        match = False
+
+                    if match:
+                        graph.add_edge(dist, provider, req)
+                        matched = True
+                        break
+            if not matched:
+                graph.add_missing(dist, req)
+    return graph
+
+
+def get_dependent_dists(dists, dist):
+    """Recursively generate a list of distributions from *dists* that are
+    dependent on *dist*.
+
+    :param dists: a list of distributions
+    :param dist: a distribution, member of *dists* for which we are interested
+    """
+    if dist not in dists:
+        raise DistlibException('given distribution %r is not a member '
+                               'of the list' % dist.name)
+    graph = make_graph(dists)
+
+    dep = [dist]  # dependent distributions
+    todo = graph.reverse_list[dist]  # list of nodes we should inspect
+
+    while todo:
+        d = todo.pop()
+        dep.append(d)
+        for succ in graph.reverse_list[d]:
+            if succ not in dep:
+                todo.append(succ)
+
+    dep.pop(0)  # remove dist from dep, was there to prevent infinite loops
+    return dep
+
+
+def get_required_dists(dists, dist):
+    """Recursively generate a list of distributions from *dists* that are
+    required by *dist*.
+
+    :param dists: a list of distributions
+    :param dist: a distribution, member of *dists* for which we are interested
+    """
+    if dist not in dists:
+        raise DistlibException('given distribution %r is not a member '
+                               'of the list' % dist.name)
+    graph = make_graph(dists)
+
+    req = []  # required distributions
+    todo = graph.adjacency_list[dist]  # list of nodes we should inspect
+
+    while todo:
+        d = todo.pop()[0]
+        req.append(d)
+        for pred in graph.adjacency_list[d]:
+            if pred not in req:
+                todo.append(pred)
+
+    return req
+
+
+def make_dist(name, version, **kwargs):
+    """
+    A convenience method for making a dist given just a name and version.
+    """
+    summary = kwargs.pop('summary', 'Placeholder for summary')
+    md = Metadata(**kwargs)
+    md.name = name
+    md.version = version
+    md.summary = summary or 'Plaeholder for summary'
+    return Distribution(md)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73037c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+try:
+    from threading import Thread
+except ImportError:
+    from dummy_threading import Thread
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (HTTPBasicAuthHandler, Request, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                     urlparse, build_opener, string_types)
+from .util import cached_property, zip_dir, ServerProxy
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+DEFAULT_INDEX = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi'
+DEFAULT_REALM = 'pypi'
+
+class PackageIndex(object):
+    """
+    This class represents a package index compatible with PyPI, the Python
+    Package Index.
+    """
+
+    boundary = b'----------ThIs_Is_tHe_distlib_index_bouNdaRY_$'
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param url: The URL of the index. If not specified, the URL for PyPI is
+                    used.
+        """
+        self.url = url or DEFAULT_INDEX
+        self.read_configuration()
+        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(self.url)
+        if params or query or frag or scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
+            raise DistlibException('invalid repository: %s' % self.url)
+        self.password_handler = None
+        self.ssl_verifier = None
+        self.gpg = None
+        self.gpg_home = None
+        self.rpc_proxy = None
+        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as sink:
+            for s in ('gpg2', 'gpg'):
+                try:
+                    rc = subprocess.check_call([s, '--version'], stdout=sink,
+                                               stderr=sink)
+                    if rc == 0:
+                        self.gpg = s
+                        break
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+
+    def _get_pypirc_command(self):
+        """
+        Get the distutils command for interacting with PyPI configurations.
+        :return: the command.
+        """
+        from distutils.core import Distribution
+        from distutils.config import PyPIRCCommand
+        d = Distribution()
+        return PyPIRCCommand(d)
+
+    def read_configuration(self):
+        """
+        Read the PyPI access configuration as supported by distutils, getting
+        PyPI to do the acutal work. This populates ``username``, ``password``,
+        ``realm`` and ``url`` attributes from the configuration.
+        """
+        # get distutils to do the work
+        c = self._get_pypirc_command()
+        c.repository = self.url
+        cfg = c._read_pypirc()
+        self.username = cfg.get('username')
+        self.password = cfg.get('password')
+        self.realm = cfg.get('realm', 'pypi')
+        self.url = cfg.get('repository', self.url)
+
+    def save_configuration(self):
+        """
+        Save the PyPI access configuration. You must have set ``username`` and
+        ``password`` attributes before calling this method.
+
+        Again, distutils is used to do the actual work.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        # get distutils to do the work
+        c = self._get_pypirc_command()
+        c._store_pypirc(self.username, self.password)
+
+    def check_credentials(self):
+        """
+        Check that ``username`` and ``password`` have been set, and raise an
+        exception if not.
+        """
+        if self.username is None or self.password is None:
+            raise DistlibException('username and password must be set')
+        pm = HTTPPasswordMgr()
+        _, netloc, _, _, _, _ = urlparse(self.url)
+        pm.add_password(self.realm, netloc, self.username, self.password)
+        self.password_handler = HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pm)
+
+    def register(self, metadata):
+        """
+        Register a distribution on PyPI, using the provided metadata.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the distribution to be
+                         registered.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        metadata.validate()
+        d = metadata.todict()
+        d[':action'] = 'verify'
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), [])
+        response = self.send_request(request)
+        d[':action'] = 'submit'
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), [])
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def _reader(self, name, stream, outbuf):
+        """
+        Thread runner for reading lines of from a subprocess into a buffer.
+
+        :param name: The logical name of the stream (used for logging only).
+        :param stream: The stream to read from. This will typically a pipe
+                       connected to the output stream of a subprocess.
+        :param outbuf: The list to append the read lines to.
+        """
+        while True:
+            s = stream.readline()
+            if not s:
+                break
+            s = s.decode('utf-8').rstrip()
+            outbuf.append(s)
+            logger.debug('%s: %s' % (name, s))
+        stream.close()
+
+    def get_sign_command(self, filename, signer, sign_password,
+                         keystore=None):
+        """
+        Return a suitable command for signing a file.
+
+        :param filename: The pathname to the file to be signed.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The signing command as a list suitable to be
+                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
+        """
+        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
+        if keystore is None:
+            keystore = self.gpg_home
+        if keystore:
+            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
+        if sign_password is not None:
+            cmd.extend(['--batch', '--passphrase-fd', '0'])
+        td = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        sf = os.path.join(td, os.path.basename(filename) + '.asc')
+        cmd.extend(['--detach-sign', '--armor', '--local-user',
+                    signer, '--output', sf, filename])
+        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
+        return cmd, sf
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, input_data=None):
+        """
+        Run a command in a child process , passing it any input data specified.
+
+        :param cmd: The command to run.
+        :param input_data: If specified, this must be a byte string containing
+                           data to be sent to the child process.
+        :return: A tuple consisting of the subprocess' exit code, a list of
+                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stdout``, and a list of
+                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stderr``.
+        """
+        kwargs = {
+            'stdout': subprocess.PIPE,
+            'stderr': subprocess.PIPE,
+        }
+        if input_data is not None:
+            kwargs['stdin'] = subprocess.PIPE
+        stdout = []
+        stderr = []
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, **kwargs)
+        # We don't use communicate() here because we may need to
+        # get clever with interacting with the command
+        t1 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stdout', p.stdout, stdout))
+        t1.start()
+        t2 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stderr', p.stderr, stderr))
+        t2.start()
+        if input_data is not None:
+            p.stdin.write(input_data)
+            p.stdin.close()
+
+        p.wait()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+        return p.returncode, stdout, stderr
+
+    def sign_file(self, filename, signer, sign_password, keystore=None):
+        """
+        Sign a file.
+
+        :param filename: The pathname to the file to be signed.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in signing. If not specified, the instance's
+                         ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The absolute pathname of the file where the signature is
+                 stored.
+        """
+        cmd, sig_file = self.get_sign_command(filename, signer, sign_password,
+                                              keystore)
+        rc, stdout, stderr = self.run_command(cmd,
+                                              sign_password.encode('utf-8'))
+        if rc != 0:
+            raise DistlibException('sign command failed with error '
+                                   'code %s' % rc)
+        return sig_file
+
+    def upload_file(self, metadata, filename, signer=None, sign_password=None,
+                    filetype='sdist', pyversion='source', keystore=None):
+        """
+        Upload a release file to the index.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the file to be uploaded.
+        :param filename: The pathname of the file to be uploaded.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param filetype: The type of the file being uploaded. This is the
+                        distutils command which produced that file, e.g.
+                        ``sdist`` or ``bdist_wheel``.
+        :param pyversion: The version of Python which the release relates
+                          to. For code compatible with any Python, this would
+                          be ``source``, otherwise it would be e.g. ``3.2``.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in signing. If not specified, the instance's
+                         ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            raise DistlibException('not found: %s' % filename)
+        metadata.validate()
+        d = metadata.todict()
+        sig_file = None
+        if signer:
+            if not self.gpg:
+                logger.warning('no signing program available - not signed')
+            else:
+                sig_file = self.sign_file(filename, signer, sign_password,
+                                          keystore)
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            file_data = f.read()
+        md5_digest = hashlib.md5(file_data).hexdigest()
+        sha256_digest = hashlib.sha256(file_data).hexdigest()
+        d.update({
+            ':action': 'file_upload',
+            'protcol_version': '1',
+            'filetype': filetype,
+            'pyversion': pyversion,
+            'md5_digest': md5_digest,
+            'sha256_digest': sha256_digest,
+        })
+        files = [('content', os.path.basename(filename), file_data)]
+        if sig_file:
+            with open(sig_file, 'rb') as f:
+                sig_data = f.read()
+            files.append(('gpg_signature', os.path.basename(sig_file),
+                         sig_data))
+            shutil.rmtree(os.path.dirname(sig_file))
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), files)
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def upload_documentation(self, metadata, doc_dir):
+        """
+        Upload documentation to the index.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the documentation to be
+                         uploaded.
+        :param doc_dir: The pathname of the directory which contains the
+                        documentation. This should be the directory that
+                        contains the ``index.html`` for the documentation.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        if not os.path.isdir(doc_dir):
+            raise DistlibException('not a directory: %r' % doc_dir)
+        fn = os.path.join(doc_dir, 'index.html')
+        if not os.path.exists(fn):
+            raise DistlibException('not found: %r' % fn)
+        metadata.validate()
+        name, version = metadata.name, metadata.version
+        zip_data = zip_dir(doc_dir).getvalue()
+        fields = [(':action', 'doc_upload'),
+                  ('name', name), ('version', version)]
+        files = [('content', name, zip_data)]
+        request = self.encode_request(fields, files)
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def get_verify_command(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
+                           keystore=None):
+        """
+        Return a suitable command for verifying a file.
+
+        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                                   signature.
+        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                              signed data.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The verifying command as a list suitable to be
+                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
+        """
+        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
+        if keystore is None:
+            keystore = self.gpg_home
+        if keystore:
+            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
+        cmd.extend(['--verify', signature_filename, data_filename])
+        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
+        return cmd
+
+    def verify_signature(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
+                         keystore=None):
+        """
+        Verify a signature for a file.
+
+        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                                   signature.
+        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                              signed data.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: True if the signature was verified, else False.
+        """
+        if not self.gpg:
+            raise DistlibException('verification unavailable because gpg '
+                                   'unavailable')
+        cmd = self.get_verify_command(signature_filename, data_filename,
+                                      keystore)
+        rc, stdout, stderr = self.run_command(cmd)
+        if rc not in (0, 1):
+            raise DistlibException('verify command failed with error '
+                             'code %s' % rc)
+        return rc == 0
+
+    def download_file(self, url, destfile, digest=None, reporthook=None):
+        """
+        This is a convenience method for downloading a file from an URL.
+        Normally, this will be a file from the index, though currently
+        no check is made for this (i.e. a file can be downloaded from
+        anywhere).
+
+        The method is just like the :func:`urlretrieve` function in the
+        standard library, except that it allows digest computation to be
+        done during download and checking that the downloaded data
+        matched any expected value.
+
+        :param url: The URL of the file to be downloaded (assumed to be
+                    available via an HTTP GET request).
+        :param destfile: The pathname where the downloaded file is to be
+                         saved.
+        :param digest: If specified, this must be a (hasher, value)
+                       tuple, where hasher is the algorithm used (e.g.
+                       ``'md5'``) and ``value`` is the expected value.
+        :param reporthook: The same as for :func:`urlretrieve` in the
+                           standard library.
+        """
+        if digest is None:
+            digester = None
+            logger.debug('No digest specified')
+        else:
+            if isinstance(digest, (list, tuple)):
+                hasher, digest = digest
+            else:
+                hasher = 'md5'
+            digester = getattr(hashlib, hasher)()
+            logger.debug('Digest specified: %s' % digest)
+        # The following code is equivalent to urlretrieve.
+        # We need to do it this way so that we can compute the
+        # digest of the file as we go.
+        with open(destfile, 'wb') as dfp:
+            # addinfourl is not a context manager on 2.x
+            # so we have to use try/finally
+            sfp = self.send_request(Request(url))
+            try:
+                headers = sfp.info()
+                blocksize = 8192
+                size = -1
+                read = 0
+                blocknum = 0
+                if "content-length" in headers:
+                    size = int(headers["Content-Length"])
+                if reporthook:
+                    reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, size)
+                while True:
+                    block = sfp.read(blocksize)
+                    if not block:
+                        break
+                    read += len(block)
+                    dfp.write(block)
+                    if digester:
+                        digester.update(block)
+                    blocknum += 1
+                    if reporthook:
+                        reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, size)
+            finally:
+                sfp.close()
+
+        # check that we got the whole file, if we can
+        if size >= 0 and read < size:
+            raise DistlibException(
+                'retrieval incomplete: got only %d out of %d bytes'
+                % (read, size))
+        # if we have a digest, it must match.
+        if digester:
+            actual = digester.hexdigest()
+            if digest != actual:
+                raise DistlibException('%s digest mismatch for %s: expected '
+                                       '%s, got %s' % (hasher, destfile,
+                                                       digest, actual))
+            logger.debug('Digest verified: %s', digest)
+
+    def send_request(self, req):
+        """
+        Send a standard library :class:`Request` to PyPI and return its
+        response.
+
+        :param req: The request to send.
+        :return: The HTTP response from PyPI (a standard library HTTPResponse).
+        """
+        handlers = []
+        if self.password_handler:
+            handlers.append(self.password_handler)
+        if self.ssl_verifier:
+            handlers.append(self.ssl_verifier)
+        opener = build_opener(*handlers)
+        return opener.open(req)
+
+    def encode_request(self, fields, files):
+        """
+        Encode fields and files for posting to an HTTP server.
+
+        :param fields: The fields to send as a list of (fieldname, value)
+                       tuples.
+        :param files: The files to send as a list of (fieldname, filename,
+                      file_bytes) tuple.
+        """
+        # Adapted from packaging, which in turn was adapted from
+        # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306
+
+        parts = []
+        boundary = self.boundary
+        for k, values in fields:
+            if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+                values = [values]
+
+            for v in values:
+                parts.extend((
+                    b'--' + boundary,
+                    ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' %
+                     k).encode('utf-8'),
+                    b'',
+                    v.encode('utf-8')))
+        for key, filename, value in files:
+            parts.extend((
+                b'--' + boundary,
+                ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' %
+                 (key, filename)).encode('utf-8'),
+                b'',
+                value))
+
+        parts.extend((b'--' + boundary + b'--', b''))
+
+        body = b'\r\n'.join(parts)
+        ct = b'multipart/form-data; boundary=' + boundary
+        headers = {
+            'Content-type': ct,
+            'Content-length': str(len(body))
+        }
+        return Request(self.url, body, headers)
+
+    def search(self, terms, operator=None):
+        if isinstance(terms, string_types):
+            terms = {'name': terms}
+        if self.rpc_proxy is None:
+            self.rpc_proxy = ServerProxy(self.url, timeout=3.0)
+        return self.rpc_proxy.search(terms, operator or 'and')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef584d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1264 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+
+import gzip
+from io import BytesIO
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+import zlib
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (urljoin, urlparse, urlunparse, url2pathname, pathname2url,
+                     queue, quote, unescape, string_types, build_opener,
+                     HTTPRedirectHandler as BaseRedirectHandler,
+                     Request, HTTPError, URLError)
+from .database import Distribution, DistributionPath, make_dist
+from .metadata import Metadata
+from .util import (cached_property, parse_credentials, ensure_slash,
+                   split_filename, get_project_data, parse_requirement,
+                   parse_name_and_version, ServerProxy)
+from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
+from .wheel import Wheel, is_compatible
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+HASHER_HASH = re.compile('^(\w+)=([a-f0-9]+)')
+CHARSET = re.compile(r';\s*charset\s*=\s*(.*)\s*$', re.I)
+HTML_CONTENT_TYPE = re.compile('text/html|application/x(ht)?ml')
+DEFAULT_INDEX = 'http://python.org/pypi'
+
+def get_all_distribution_names(url=None):
+    """
+    Return all distribution names known by an index.
+    :param url: The URL of the index.
+    :return: A list of all known distribution names.
+    """
+    if url is None:
+        url = DEFAULT_INDEX
+    client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
+    return client.list_packages()
+
+class RedirectHandler(BaseRedirectHandler):
+    """
+    A class to work around a bug in some Python 3.2.x releases.
+    """
+    # There's a bug in the base version for some 3.2.x
+    # (e.g. 3.2.2 on Ubuntu Oneiric). If a Location header
+    # returns e.g. /abc, it bails because it says the scheme ''
+    # is bogus, when actually it should use the request's
+    # URL for the scheme. See Python issue #13696.
+    def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers
+        # (so probably same goes for URI).  Use first header.
+        newurl = None
+        for key in ('location', 'uri'):
+            if key in headers:
+                newurl = headers[key]
+                break
+        if newurl is None:
+            return
+        urlparts = urlparse(newurl)
+        if urlparts.scheme == '':
+            newurl = urljoin(req.get_full_url(), newurl)
+            if hasattr(headers, 'replace_header'):
+                headers.replace_header(key, newurl)
+            else:
+                headers[key] = newurl
+        return BaseRedirectHandler.http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg,
+                                                  headers)
+
+    http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302
+
+class Locator(object):
+    """
+    A base class for locators - things that locate distributions.
+    """
+    source_extensions = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip', '.tgz', '.tbz')
+    binary_extensions = ('.egg', '.exe', '.whl')
+    excluded_extensions = ('.pdf',)
+
+    # A list of tags indicating which wheels you want to match. The default
+    # value of None matches against the tags compatible with the running
+    # Python. If you want to match other values, set wheel_tags on a locator
+    # instance to a list of tuples (pyver, abi, arch) which you want to match.
+    wheel_tags = None
+
+    downloadable_extensions = source_extensions + ('.whl',)
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme='default'):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param scheme: Because locators look for most recent versions, they
+                       need to know the version scheme to use. This specifies
+                       the current PEP-recommended scheme - use ``'legacy'``
+                       if you need to support existing distributions on PyPI.
+        """
+        self._cache = {}
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        # Because of bugs in some of the handlers on some of the platforms,
+        # we use our own opener rather than just using urlopen.
+        self.opener = build_opener(RedirectHandler())
+        # If get_project() is called from locate(), the matcher instance
+        # is set from the requirement passed to locate(). See issue #18 for
+        # why this can be useful to know.
+        self.matcher = None
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        self._cache.clear()
+
+    def _get_scheme(self):
+        return self._scheme
+
+    def _set_scheme(self, value):
+        self._scheme = value
+
+    scheme = property(_get_scheme, _set_scheme)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        """
+        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
+        instances.
+
+        This should be implemented in subclasses.
+
+        If called from a locate() request, self.matcher will be set to a
+        matcher for the requirement to satisfy, otherwise it will be None.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')
+
+    def get_project(self, name):
+        """
+        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
+        instances.
+
+        This calls _get_project to do all the work, and just implements a caching layer on top.
+        """
+        if self._cache is None:
+            result = self._get_project(name)
+        elif name in self._cache:
+            result = self._cache[name]
+        else:
+            result = self._get_project(name)
+            self._cache[name] = result
+        return result
+
+    def score_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Give an url a score which can be used to choose preferred URLs
+        for a given project release.
+        """
+        t = urlparse(url)
+        basename = posixpath.basename(t.path)
+        compatible = True
+        is_wheel = basename.endswith('.whl')
+        if is_wheel:
+            compatible = is_compatible(Wheel(basename), self.wheel_tags)
+        return (t.scheme != 'https', 'pypi.python.org' in t.netloc,
+                is_wheel, compatible, basename)
+
+    def prefer_url(self, url1, url2):
+        """
+        Choose one of two URLs where both are candidates for distribution
+        archives for the same version of a distribution (for example,
+        .tar.gz vs. zip).
+
+        The current implementation favours https:// URLs over http://, archives
+        from PyPI over those from other locations, wheel compatibility (if a
+        wheel) and then the archive name.
+        """
+        result = url2
+        if url1:
+            s1 = self.score_url(url1)
+            s2 = self.score_url(url2)
+            if s1 > s2:
+                result = url1
+            if result != url2:
+                logger.debug('Not replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
+            else:
+                logger.debug('Replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
+        return result
+
+    def split_filename(self, filename, project_name):
+        """
+        Attempt to split a filename in project name, version and Python version.
+        """
+        return split_filename(filename, project_name)
+
+    def convert_url_to_download_info(self, url, project_name):
+        """
+        See if a URL is a candidate for a download URL for a project (the URL
+        has typically been scraped from an HTML page).
+
+        If it is, a dictionary is returned with keys "name", "version",
+        "filename" and "url"; otherwise, None is returned.
+        """
+        def same_project(name1, name2):
+            name1, name2 = name1.lower(), name2.lower()
+            if name1 == name2:
+                result = True
+            else:
+                # distribute replaces '-' by '_' in project names, so it
+                # can tell where the version starts in a filename.
+                result = name1.replace('_', '-') == name2.replace('_', '-')
+            return result
+
+        result = None
+        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+        if frag.lower().startswith('egg='):
+            logger.debug('%s: version hint in fragment: %r',
+                         project_name, frag)
+        m = HASHER_HASH.match(frag)
+        if m:
+            algo, digest = m.groups()
+        else:
+            algo, digest = None, None
+        origpath = path
+        if path and path[-1] == '/':
+            path = path[:-1]
+        if path.endswith('.whl'):
+            try:
+                wheel = Wheel(path)
+                if is_compatible(wheel, self.wheel_tags):
+                    if project_name is None:
+                        include = True
+                    else:
+                        include = same_project(wheel.name, project_name)
+                    if include:
+                        result = {
+                            'name': wheel.name,
+                            'version': wheel.version,
+                            'filename': wheel.filename,
+                            'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
+                                               params, query, '')),
+                            'python-version': ', '.join(
+                                ['.'.join(list(v[2:])) for v in wheel.pyver]),
+                        }
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning('invalid path for wheel: %s', path)
+        elif path.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions):
+            path = filename = posixpath.basename(path)
+            for ext in self.downloadable_extensions:
+                if path.endswith(ext):
+                    path = path[:-len(ext)]
+                    t = self.split_filename(path, project_name)
+                    if not t:
+                        logger.debug('No match for project/version: %s', path)
+                    else:
+                        name, version, pyver = t
+                        if not project_name or same_project(project_name, name):
+                            result = {
+                                'name': name,
+                                'version': version,
+                                'filename': filename,
+                                'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
+                                                   params, query, '')),
+                                #'packagetype': 'sdist',
+                            }
+                            if pyver:
+                                result['python-version'] = pyver
+                    break
+        if result and algo:
+            result['%s_digest' % algo] = digest
+        return result
+
+    def _get_digest(self, info):
+        """
+        Get a digest from a dictionary by looking at keys of the form
+        'algo_digest'.
+
+        Returns a 2-tuple (algo, digest) if found, else None. Currently
+        looks only for SHA256, then MD5.
+        """
+        result = None
+        for algo in ('sha256', 'md5'):
+            key = '%s_digest' % algo
+            if key in info:
+                result = (algo, info[key])
+                break
+        return result
+
+    def _update_version_data(self, result, info):
+        """
+        Update a result dictionary (the final result from _get_project) with a
+        dictionary for a specific version, which typically holds information
+        gleaned from a filename or URL for an archive for the distribution.
+        """
+        name = info.pop('name')
+        version = info.pop('version')
+        if version in result:
+            dist = result[version]
+            md = dist.metadata
+        else:
+            dist = make_dist(name, version, scheme=self.scheme)
+            md = dist.metadata
+        dist.digest = digest = self._get_digest(info)
+        url = info['url']
+        result['digests'][url] = digest
+        if md.source_url != info['url']:
+            md.source_url = self.prefer_url(md.source_url, url)
+            result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
+        dist.locator = self
+        result[version] = dist
+
+    def locate(self, requirement, prereleases=False):
+        """
+        Find the most recent distribution which matches the given
+        requirement.
+
+        :param requirement: A requirement of the form 'foo (1.0)' or perhaps
+                            'foo (>= 1.0, < 2.0, != 1.3)'
+        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions
+                            to be located. Otherwise, pre-release versions
+                            are not returned.
+        :return: A :class:`Distribution` instance, or ``None`` if no such
+                 distribution could be located.
+        """
+        result = None
+        r = parse_requirement(requirement)
+        if r is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Not a valid requirement: %r' % requirement)
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+        self.matcher = matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
+        logger.debug('matcher: %s (%s)', matcher, type(matcher).__name__)
+        versions = self.get_project(r.name)
+        if len(versions) > 2:   # urls and digests keys are present
+            # sometimes, versions are invalid
+            slist = []
+            vcls = matcher.version_class
+            for k in versions:
+                if k in ('urls', 'digests'):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    if not matcher.match(k):
+                        logger.debug('%s did not match %r', matcher, k)
+                    else:
+                        if prereleases or not vcls(k).is_prerelease:
+                            slist.append(k)
+                        else:
+                            logger.debug('skipping pre-release '
+                                         'version %s of %s', k, matcher.name)
+                except Exception:
+                    logger.warning('error matching %s with %r', matcher, k)
+                    pass # slist.append(k)
+            if len(slist) > 1:
+                slist = sorted(slist, key=scheme.key)
+            if slist:
+                logger.debug('sorted list: %s', slist)
+                version = slist[-1]
+                result = versions[version]
+        if result:
+            if r.extras:
+                result.extras = r.extras
+            result.download_urls = versions.get('urls', {}).get(version, set())
+            d = {}
+            sd = versions.get('digests', {})
+            for url in result.download_urls:
+                if url in sd:
+                    d[url] = sd[url]
+            result.digests = d
+        self.matcher = None
+        return result
+
+
+class PyPIRPCLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses XML-RPC to locate distributions. It therefore
+    cannot be used with simple mirrors (that only mirror file content).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param url: The URL to use for XML-RPC.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor.
+        """
+        super(PyPIRPCLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = url
+        self.client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        return set(self.client.list_packages())
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        versions = self.client.package_releases(name, True)
+        for v in versions:
+            urls = self.client.release_urls(name, v)
+            data = self.client.release_data(name, v)
+            metadata = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+            metadata.name = data['name']
+            metadata.version = data['version']
+            metadata.license = data.get('license')
+            metadata.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
+            metadata.summary = data.get('summary')
+            dist = Distribution(metadata)
+            if urls:
+                info = urls[0]
+                metadata.source_url = info['url']
+                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
+                dist.locator = self
+                result[v] = dist
+                for info in urls:
+                    url = info['url']
+                    digest = self._get_digest(info)
+                    result['urls'].setdefault(v, set()).add(url)
+                    result['digests'][url] = digest
+        return result
+
+class PyPIJSONLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses PyPI's JSON interface. It's very limited in functionality
+    and probably not worth using.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
+        super(PyPIJSONLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/json' % quote(name))
+        try:
+            resp = self.opener.open(url)
+            data = resp.read().decode() # for now
+            d = json.loads(data)
+            md = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+            data = d['info']
+            md.name = data['name']
+            md.version = data['version']
+            md.license = data.get('license')
+            md.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
+            md.summary = data.get('summary')
+            dist = Distribution(md)
+            dist.locator = self
+            urls = d['urls']
+            result[md.version] = dist
+            for info in d['urls']:
+                url = info['url']
+                dist.download_urls.add(url)
+                dist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
+                result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
+                result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+            # Now get other releases
+            for version, infos in d['releases'].items():
+                if version == md.version:
+                    continue    # already done
+                omd = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+                omd.name = md.name
+                omd.version = version
+                odist = Distribution(omd)
+                odist.locator = self
+                result[version] = odist
+                for info in infos:
+                    url = info['url']
+                    odist.download_urls.add(url)
+                    odist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
+                    result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
+                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+#            for info in urls:
+#                md.source_url = info['url']
+#                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
+#                dist.locator = self
+#                for info in urls:
+#                    url = info['url']
+#                    result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
+#                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.exception('JSON fetch failed: %s', e)
+        return result
+
+
+class Page(object):
+    """
+    This class represents a scraped HTML page.
+    """
+    # The following slightly hairy-looking regex just looks for the contents of
+    # an anchor link, which has an attribute "href" either immediately preceded
+    # or immediately followed by a "rel" attribute. The attribute values can be
+    # declared with double quotes, single quotes or no quotes - which leads to
+    # the length of the expression.
+    _href = re.compile("""
+(rel\s*=\s*(?:"(?P<rel1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel2>[^']*)'|(?P<rel3>[^>\s\n]*))\s+)?
+href\s*=\s*(?:"(?P<url1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<url2>[^']*)'|(?P<url3>[^>\s\n]*))
+(\s+rel\s*=\s*(?:"(?P<rel4>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel5>[^']*)'|(?P<rel6>[^>\s\n]*)))?
+""", re.I | re.S | re.X)
+    _base = re.compile(r"""<base\s+href\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)""", re.I | re.S)
+
+    def __init__(self, data, url):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance with the Unicode page contents and the URL they
+        came from.
+        """
+        self.data = data
+        self.base_url = self.url = url
+        m = self._base.search(self.data)
+        if m:
+            self.base_url = m.group(1)
+
+    _clean_re = re.compile(r'[^a-z0-9$&+,/:;=?@.#%_\\|-]', re.I)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def links(self):
+        """
+        Return the URLs of all the links on a page together with information
+        about their "rel" attribute, for determining which ones to treat as
+        downloads and which ones to queue for further scraping.
+        """
+        def clean(url):
+            "Tidy up an URL."
+            scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+            return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, quote(path),
+                               params, query, frag))
+
+        result = set()
+        for match in self._href.finditer(self.data):
+            d = match.groupdict('')
+            rel = (d['rel1'] or d['rel2'] or d['rel3'] or
+                   d['rel4'] or d['rel5'] or d['rel6'])
+            url = d['url1'] or d['url2'] or d['url3']
+            url = urljoin(self.base_url, url)
+            url = unescape(url)
+            url = self._clean_re.sub(lambda m: '%%%2x' % ord(m.group(0)), url)
+            result.add((url, rel))
+        # We sort the result, hoping to bring the most recent versions
+        # to the front
+        result = sorted(result, key=lambda t: t[0], reverse=True)
+        return result
+
+
+class SimpleScrapingLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    A locator which scrapes HTML pages to locate downloads for a distribution.
+    This runs multiple threads to do the I/O; performance is at least as good
+    as pip's PackageFinder, which works in an analogous fashion.
+    """
+
+    # These are used to deal with various Content-Encoding schemes.
+    decoders = {
+        'deflate': zlib.decompress,
+        'gzip': lambda b: gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=BytesIO(d)).read(),
+        'none': lambda b: b,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, url, timeout=None, num_workers=10, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param url: The root URL to use for scraping.
+        :param timeout: The timeout, in seconds, to be applied to requests.
+                        This defaults to ``None`` (no timeout specified).
+        :param num_workers: The number of worker threads you want to do I/O,
+                            This defaults to 10.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass.
+        """
+        super(SimpleScrapingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self._page_cache = {}
+        self._seen = set()
+        self._to_fetch = queue.Queue()
+        self._bad_hosts = set()
+        self.skip_externals = False
+        self.num_workers = num_workers
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+        # See issue #45: we need to be resilient when the locator is used
+        # in a thread, e.g. with concurrent.futures. We can't use self._lock
+        # as it is for coordinating our internal threads - the ones created
+        # in _prepare_threads.
+        self._gplock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def _prepare_threads(self):
+        """
+        Threads are created only when get_project is called, and terminate
+        before it returns. They are there primarily to parallelise I/O (i.e.
+        fetching web pages).
+        """
+        self._threads = []
+        for i in range(self.num_workers):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=self._fetch)
+            t.setDaemon(True)
+            t.start()
+            self._threads.append(t)
+
+    def _wait_threads(self):
+        """
+        Tell all the threads to terminate (by sending a sentinel value) and
+        wait for them to do so.
+        """
+        # Note that you need two loops, since you can't say which
+        # thread will get each sentinel
+        for t in self._threads:
+            self._to_fetch.put(None)    # sentinel
+        for t in self._threads:
+            t.join()
+        self._threads = []
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        with self._gplock:
+            self.result = result
+            self.project_name = name
+            url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/' % quote(name))
+            self._seen.clear()
+            self._page_cache.clear()
+            self._prepare_threads()
+            try:
+                logger.debug('Queueing %s', url)
+                self._to_fetch.put(url)
+                self._to_fetch.join()
+            finally:
+                self._wait_threads()
+            del self.result
+        return result
+
+    platform_dependent = re.compile(r'\b(linux-(i\d86|x86_64|arm\w+)|'
+                                    r'win(32|-amd64)|macosx-?\d+)\b', re.I)
+
+    def _is_platform_dependent(self, url):
+        """
+        Does an URL refer to a platform-specific download?
+        """
+        return self.platform_dependent.search(url)
+
+    def _process_download(self, url):
+        """
+        See if an URL is a suitable download for a project.
+
+        If it is, register information in the result dictionary (for
+        _get_project) about the specific version it's for.
+
+        Note that the return value isn't actually used other than as a boolean
+        value.
+        """
+        if self._is_platform_dependent(url):
+            info = None
+        else:
+            info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, self.project_name)
+        logger.debug('process_download: %s -> %s', url, info)
+        if info:
+            with self._lock:    # needed because self.result is shared
+                self._update_version_data(self.result, info)
+        return info
+
+    def _should_queue(self, link, referrer, rel):
+        """
+        Determine whether a link URL from a referring page and with a
+        particular "rel" attribute should be queued for scraping.
+        """
+        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(link)
+        if path.endswith(self.source_extensions + self.binary_extensions +
+                         self.excluded_extensions):
+            result = False
+        elif self.skip_externals and not link.startswith(self.base_url):
+            result = False
+        elif not referrer.startswith(self.base_url):
+            result = False
+        elif rel not in ('homepage', 'download'):
+            result = False
+        elif scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
+            result = False
+        elif self._is_platform_dependent(link):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
+            if host.lower() == 'localhost':
+                result = False
+            else:
+                result = True
+        logger.debug('should_queue: %s (%s) from %s -> %s', link, rel,
+                     referrer, result)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetch(self):
+        """
+        Get a URL to fetch from the work queue, get the HTML page, examine its
+        links for download candidates and candidates for further scraping.
+
+        This is a handy method to run in a thread.
+        """
+        while True:
+            url = self._to_fetch.get()
+            try:
+                if url:
+                    page = self.get_page(url)
+                    if page is None:    # e.g. after an error
+                        continue
+                    for link, rel in page.links:
+                        if link not in self._seen:
+                            self._seen.add(link)
+                            if (not self._process_download(link) and
+                                self._should_queue(link, url, rel)):
+                                logger.debug('Queueing %s from %s', link, url)
+                                self._to_fetch.put(link)
+            finally:
+                # always do this, to avoid hangs :-)
+                self._to_fetch.task_done()
+            if not url:
+                #logger.debug('Sentinel seen, quitting.')
+                break
+
+    def get_page(self, url):
+        """
+        Get the HTML for an URL, possibly from an in-memory cache.
+
+        XXX TODO Note: this cache is never actually cleared. It's assumed that
+        the data won't get stale over the lifetime of a locator instance (not
+        necessarily true for the default_locator).
+        """
+        # http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall#package-index-api
+        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
+        if scheme == 'file' and os.path.isdir(url2pathname(path)):
+            url = urljoin(ensure_slash(url), 'index.html')
+
+        if url in self._page_cache:
+            result = self._page_cache[url]
+            logger.debug('Returning %s from cache: %s', url, result)
+        else:
+            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
+            result = None
+            if host in self._bad_hosts:
+                logger.debug('Skipping %s due to bad host %s', url, host)
+            else:
+                req = Request(url, headers={'Accept-encoding': 'identity'})
+                try:
+                    logger.debug('Fetching %s', url)
+                    resp = self.opener.open(req, timeout=self.timeout)
+                    logger.debug('Fetched %s', url)
+                    headers = resp.info()
+                    content_type = headers.get('Content-Type', '')
+                    if HTML_CONTENT_TYPE.match(content_type):
+                        final_url = resp.geturl()
+                        data = resp.read()
+                        encoding = headers.get('Content-Encoding')
+                        if encoding:
+                            decoder = self.decoders[encoding]   # fail if not found
+                            data = decoder(data)
+                        encoding = 'utf-8'
+                        m = CHARSET.search(content_type)
+                        if m:
+                            encoding = m.group(1)
+                        try:
+                            data = data.decode(encoding)
+                        except UnicodeError:
+                            data = data.decode('latin-1')    # fallback
+                        result = Page(data, final_url)
+                        self._page_cache[final_url] = result
+                except HTTPError as e:
+                    if e.code != 404:
+                        logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                except URLError as e:
+                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                    with self._lock:
+                        self._bad_hosts.add(host)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                finally:
+                    self._page_cache[url] = result   # even if None (failure)
+        return result
+
+    _distname_re = re.compile('<a href=[^>]*>([^<]+)<')
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        page = self.get_page(self.base_url)
+        if not page:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to get %s' % self.base_url)
+        for match in self._distname_re.finditer(page.data):
+            result.add(match.group(1))
+        return result
+
+class DirectoryLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This class locates distributions in a directory tree.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param path: The root of the directory tree to search.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
+                       except for:
+                       * recursive - if True (the default), subdirectories are
+                         recursed into. If False, only the top-level directory
+                         is searched,
+        """
+        self.recursive = kwargs.pop('recursive', True)
+        super(DirectoryLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):
+            raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' % path)
+        self.base_dir = path
+
+    def should_include(self, filename, parent):
+        """
+        Should a filename be considered as a candidate for a distribution
+        archive? As well as the filename, the directory which contains it
+        is provided, though not used by the current implementation.
+        """
+        return filename.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
+            for fn in files:
+                if self.should_include(fn, root):
+                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
+                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
+                                      '', '', ''))
+                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, name)
+                    if info:
+                        self._update_version_data(result, info)
+            if not self.recursive:
+                break
+        return result
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
+            for fn in files:
+                if self.should_include(fn, root):
+                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
+                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
+                                      '', '', ''))
+                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, None)
+                    if info:
+                        result.add(info['name'])
+            if not self.recursive:
+                break
+        return result
+
+class JSONLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses special extended metadata (not available on PyPI) and is
+    the basis of performant dependency resolution in distlib. Other locators
+    require archive downloads before dependencies can be determined! As you
+    might imagine, that can be slow.
+    """
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        data = get_project_data(name)
+        if data:
+            for info in data.get('files', []):
+                if info['ptype'] != 'sdist' or info['pyversion'] != 'source':
+                    continue
+                # We don't store summary in project metadata as it makes
+                # the data bigger for no benefit during dependency
+                # resolution
+                dist = make_dist(data['name'], info['version'],
+                                 summary=data.get('summary',
+                                                  'Placeholder for summary'),
+                                 scheme=self.scheme)
+                md = dist.metadata
+                md.source_url = info['url']
+                # TODO SHA256 digest
+                if 'digest' in info and info['digest']:
+                    dist.digest = ('md5', info['digest'])
+                md.dependencies = info.get('requirements', {})
+                dist.exports = info.get('exports', {})
+                result[dist.version] = dist
+                result['urls'].setdefault(dist.version, set()).add(info['url'])
+        return result
+
+class DistPathLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator finds installed distributions in a path. It can be useful for
+    adding to an :class:`AggregatingLocator`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, distpath, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param distpath: A :class:`DistributionPath` instance to search.
+        """
+        super(DistPathLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        assert isinstance(distpath, DistributionPath)
+        self.distpath = distpath
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        dist = self.distpath.get_distribution(name)
+        if dist is None:
+            result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        else:
+            result = {
+                dist.version: dist,
+                'urls': {dist.version: set([dist.source_url])},
+                'digests': {dist.version: set([None])}
+            }
+        return result
+
+
+class AggregatingLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This class allows you to chain and/or merge a list of locators.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *locators, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param locators: The list of locators to search.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
+                       except for:
+                       * merge - if False (the default), the first successful
+                         search from any of the locators is returned. If True,
+                         the results from all locators are merged (this can be
+                         slow).
+        """
+        self.merge = kwargs.pop('merge', False)
+        self.locators = locators
+        super(AggregatingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        super(AggregatingLocator, self).clear_cache()
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            locator.clear_cache()
+
+    def _set_scheme(self, value):
+        self._scheme = value
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            locator.scheme = value
+
+    scheme = property(Locator.scheme.fget, _set_scheme)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {}
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            d = locator.get_project(name)
+            if d:
+                if self.merge:
+                    files = result.get('urls', {})
+                    digests = result.get('digests', {})
+                    # next line could overwrite result['urls'], result['digests']
+                    result.update(d)
+                    df = result.get('urls')
+                    if files and df:
+                        for k, v in files.items():
+                            if k in df:
+                                df[k] |= v
+                            else:
+                                df[k] = v
+                    dd = result.get('digests')
+                    if digests and dd:
+                        dd.update(digests)
+                else:
+                    # See issue #18. If any dists are found and we're looking
+                    # for specific constraints, we only return something if
+                    # a match is found. For example, if a DirectoryLocator
+                    # returns just foo (1.0) while we're looking for
+                    # foo (>= 2.0), we'll pretend there was nothing there so
+                    # that subsequent locators can be queried. Otherwise we
+                    # would just return foo (1.0) which would then lead to a
+                    # failure to find foo (>= 2.0), because other locators
+                    # weren't searched. Note that this only matters when
+                    # merge=False.
+                    if self.matcher is None:
+                        found = True
+                    else:
+                        found = False
+                        for k in d:
+                            if self.matcher.match(k):
+                                found = True
+                                break
+                    if found:
+                        result = d
+                        break
+        return result
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            try:
+                result |= locator.get_distribution_names()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+
+# We use a legacy scheme simply because most of the dists on PyPI use legacy
+# versions which don't conform to PEP 426 / PEP 440.
+default_locator = AggregatingLocator(
+                    JSONLocator(),
+                    SimpleScrapingLocator('https://pypi.python.org/simple/',
+                                          timeout=3.0),
+                    scheme='legacy')
+
+locate = default_locator.locate
+
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[\w-]+)\s*'
+                             r'\(\s*(==\s*)?(?P<ver>[^)]+)\)$')
+
+class DependencyFinder(object):
+    """
+    Locate dependencies for distributions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, locator=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance, using the specified locator
+        to locate distributions.
+        """
+        self.locator = locator or default_locator
+        self.scheme = get_scheme(self.locator.scheme)
+
+    def add_distribution(self, dist):
+        """
+        Add a distribution to the finder. This will update internal information
+        about who provides what.
+        :param dist: The distribution to add.
+        """
+        logger.debug('adding distribution %s', dist)
+        name = dist.key
+        self.dists_by_name[name] = dist
+        self.dists[(name, dist.version)] = dist
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            self.provided.setdefault(name, set()).add((version, dist))
+
+    def remove_distribution(self, dist):
+        """
+        Remove a distribution from the finder. This will update internal
+        information about who provides what.
+        :param dist: The distribution to remove.
+        """
+        logger.debug('removing distribution %s', dist)
+        name = dist.key
+        del self.dists_by_name[name]
+        del self.dists[(name, dist.version)]
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Remove from provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            s = self.provided[name]
+            s.remove((version, dist))
+            if not s:
+                del self.provided[name]
+
+    def get_matcher(self, reqt):
+        """
+        Get a version matcher for a requirement.
+        :param reqt: The requirement
+        :type reqt: str
+        :return: A version matcher (an instance of
+                 :class:`distlib.version.Matcher`).
+        """
+        try:
+            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(reqt)
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+            name = reqt.split()[0]
+            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(name)
+        return matcher
+
+    def find_providers(self, reqt):
+        """
+        Find the distributions which can fulfill a requirement.
+
+        :param reqt: The requirement.
+         :type reqt: str
+        :return: A set of distribution which can fulfill the requirement.
+        """
+        matcher = self.get_matcher(reqt)
+        name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+        result = set()
+        provided = self.provided
+        if name in provided:
+            for version, provider in provided[name]:
+                try:
+                    match = matcher.match(version)
+                except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                    match = False
+
+                if match:
+                    result.add(provider)
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def try_to_replace(self, provider, other, problems):
+        """
+        Attempt to replace one provider with another. This is typically used
+        when resolving dependencies from multiple sources, e.g. A requires
+        (B >= 1.0) while C requires (B >= 1.1).
+
+        For successful replacement, ``provider`` must meet all the requirements
+        which ``other`` fulfills.
+
+        :param provider: The provider we are trying to replace with.
+        :param other: The provider we're trying to replace.
+        :param problems: If False is returned, this will contain what
+                         problems prevented replacement. This is currently
+                         a tuple of the literal string 'cantreplace',
+                         ``provider``, ``other``  and the set of requirements
+                         that ``provider`` couldn't fulfill.
+        :return: True if we can replace ``other`` with ``provider``, else
+                 False.
+        """
+        rlist = self.reqts[other]
+        unmatched = set()
+        for s in rlist:
+            matcher = self.get_matcher(s)
+            if not matcher.match(provider.version):
+                unmatched.add(s)
+        if unmatched:
+            # can't replace other with provider
+            problems.add(('cantreplace', provider, other,
+                          frozenset(unmatched)))
+            result = False
+        else:
+            # can replace other with provider
+            self.remove_distribution(other)
+            del self.reqts[other]
+            for s in rlist:
+                self.reqts.setdefault(provider, set()).add(s)
+            self.add_distribution(provider)
+            result = True
+        return result
+
+    def find(self, requirement, meta_extras=None, prereleases=False):
+        """
+        Find a distribution and all distributions it depends on.
+
+        :param requirement: The requirement specifying the distribution to
+                            find, or a Distribution instance.
+        :param meta_extras: A list of meta extras such as :test:, :build: and
+                            so on.
+        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions to be
+                            returned - otherwise, don't return prereleases
+                            unless they're all that's available.
+
+        Return a set of :class:`Distribution` instances and a set of
+        problems.
+
+        The distributions returned should be such that they have the
+        :attr:`required` attribute set to ``True`` if they were
+        from the ``requirement`` passed to ``find()``, and they have the
+        :attr:`build_time_dependency` attribute set to ``True`` unless they
+        are post-installation dependencies of the ``requirement``.
+
+        The problems should be a tuple consisting of the string
+        ``'unsatisfied'`` and the requirement which couldn't be satisfied
+        by any distribution known to the locator.
+        """
+
+        self.provided = {}
+        self.dists = {}
+        self.dists_by_name = {}
+        self.reqts = {}
+
+        meta_extras = set(meta_extras or [])
+        if ':*:' in meta_extras:
+            meta_extras.remove(':*:')
+            # :meta: and :run: are implicitly included
+            meta_extras |= set([':test:', ':build:', ':dev:'])
+
+        if isinstance(requirement, Distribution):
+            dist = odist = requirement
+            logger.debug('passed %s as requirement', odist)
+        else:
+            dist = odist = self.locator.locate(requirement,
+                                               prereleases=prereleases)
+            if dist is None:
+                raise DistlibException('Unable to locate %r' % requirement)
+            logger.debug('located %s', odist)
+        dist.requested = True
+        problems = set()
+        todo = set([dist])
+        install_dists = set([odist])
+        while todo:
+            dist = todo.pop()
+            name = dist.key     # case-insensitive
+            if name not in self.dists_by_name:
+                self.add_distribution(dist)
+            else:
+                #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+                other = self.dists_by_name[name]
+                if other != dist:
+                    self.try_to_replace(dist, other, problems)
+
+            ireqts = dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires
+            sreqts = dist.build_requires
+            ereqts = set()
+            if dist in install_dists:
+                for key in ('test', 'build', 'dev'):
+                    e = ':%s:' % key
+                    if e in meta_extras:
+                        ereqts |= getattr(dist, '%s_requires' % key)
+            all_reqts = ireqts | sreqts | ereqts
+            for r in all_reqts:
+                providers = self.find_providers(r)
+                if not providers:
+                    logger.debug('No providers found for %r', r)
+                    provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=prereleases)
+                    # If no provider is found and we didn't consider
+                    # prereleases, consider them now.
+                    if provider is None and not prereleases:
+                        provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=True)
+                    if provider is None:
+                        logger.debug('Cannot satisfy %r', r)
+                        problems.add(('unsatisfied', r))
+                    else:
+                        n, v = provider.key, provider.version
+                        if (n, v) not in self.dists:
+                            todo.add(provider)
+                        providers.add(provider)
+                        if r in ireqts and dist in install_dists:
+                            install_dists.add(provider)
+                            logger.debug('Adding %s to install_dists',
+                                         provider.name_and_version)
+                for p in providers:
+                    name = p.key
+                    if name not in self.dists_by_name:
+                        self.reqts.setdefault(p, set()).add(r)
+                    else:
+                        other = self.dists_by_name[name]
+                        if other != p:
+                            # see if other can be replaced by p
+                            self.try_to_replace(p, other, problems)
+
+        dists = set(self.dists.values())
+        for dist in dists:
+            dist.build_time_dependency = dist not in install_dists
+            if dist.build_time_dependency:
+                logger.debug('%s is a build-time dependency only.',
+                             dist.name_and_version)
+        logger.debug('find done for %s', odist)
+        return dists, problems
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21cff45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Class representing the list of files in a distribution.
+
+Equivalent to distutils.filelist, but fixes some problems.
+"""
+import fnmatch
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import fsdecode
+from .util import convert_path
+
+
+__all__ = ['Manifest']
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# a \ followed by some spaces + EOL
+_COLLAPSE_PATTERN = re.compile('\\\w*\n', re.M)
+_COMMENTED_LINE = re.compile('#.*?(?=\n)|\n(?=$)', re.M | re.S)
+
+
+class Manifest(object):
+    """A list of files built by on exploring the filesystem and filtered by
+    applying various patterns to what we find there.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param base: The base directory to explore under.
+        """
+        self.base = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(base or os.getcwd()))
+        self.prefix = self.base + os.sep
+        self.allfiles = None
+        self.files = set()
+
+    #
+    # Public API
+    #
+
+    def findall(self):
+        """Find all files under the base and set ``allfiles`` to the absolute
+        pathnames of files found.
+        """
+        from stat import S_ISREG, S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK
+
+        self.allfiles = allfiles = []
+        root = self.base
+        stack = [root]
+        pop = stack.pop
+        push = stack.append
+
+        while stack:
+            root = pop()
+            names = os.listdir(root)
+
+            for name in names:
+                fullname = os.path.join(root, name)
+
+                # Avoid excess stat calls -- just one will do, thank you!
+                stat = os.stat(fullname)
+                mode = stat.st_mode
+                if S_ISREG(mode):
+                    allfiles.append(fsdecode(fullname))
+                elif S_ISDIR(mode) and not S_ISLNK(mode):
+                    push(fullname)
+
+    def add(self, item):
+        """
+        Add a file to the manifest.
+
+        :param item: The pathname to add. This can be relative to the base.
+        """
+        if not item.startswith(self.prefix):
+            item = os.path.join(self.base, item)
+        self.files.add(os.path.normpath(item))
+
+    def add_many(self, items):
+        """
+        Add a list of files to the manifest.
+
+        :param items: The pathnames to add. These can be relative to the base.
+        """
+        for item in items:
+            self.add(item)
+
+    def sorted(self, wantdirs=False):
+        """
+        Return sorted files in directory order
+        """
+
+        def add_dir(dirs, d):
+            dirs.add(d)
+            logger.debug('add_dir added %s', d)
+            if d != self.base:
+                parent, _ = os.path.split(d)
+                assert parent not in ('', '/')
+                add_dir(dirs, parent)
+
+        result = set(self.files)    # make a copy!
+        if wantdirs:
+            dirs = set()
+            for f in result:
+                add_dir(dirs, os.path.dirname(f))
+            result |= dirs
+        return [os.path.join(*path_tuple) for path_tuple in
+                sorted(os.path.split(path) for path in result)]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all collected files."""
+        self.files = set()
+        self.allfiles = []
+
+    def process_directive(self, directive):
+        """
+        Process a directive which either adds some files from ``allfiles`` to
+        ``files``, or removes some files from ``files``.
+
+        :param directive: The directive to process. This should be in a format
+                     compatible with distutils ``MANIFEST.in`` files:
+
+                     http://docs.python.org/distutils/sourcedist.html#commands
+        """
+        # Parse the line: split it up, make sure the right number of words
+        # is there, and return the relevant words.  'action' is always
+        # defined: it's the first word of the line.  Which of the other
+        # three are defined depends on the action; it'll be either
+        # patterns, (dir and patterns), or (dirpattern).
+        action, patterns, thedir, dirpattern = self._parse_directive(directive)
+
+        # OK, now we know that the action is valid and we have the
+        # right number of words on the line for that action -- so we
+        # can proceed with minimal error-checking.
+        if action == 'include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, anchor=True):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                found = self._exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=True)
+                #if not found:
+                #    logger.warning('no previously-included files '
+                #                   'found matching %r', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'global-include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, anchor=False):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r '
+                                   'anywhere in distribution', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'global-exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                found = self._exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=False)
+                #if not found:
+                #    logger.warning('no previously-included files '
+                #                   'matching %r found anywhere in '
+                #                   'distribution', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, prefix=thedir):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r '
+                                   'under directory %r', pattern, thedir)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                found = self._exclude_pattern(pattern, prefix=thedir)
+                #if not found:
+                #    logger.warning('no previously-included files '
+                #                   'matching %r found under directory %r',
+                #                   pattern, thedir)
+
+        elif action == 'graft':
+            if not self._include_pattern(None, prefix=dirpattern):
+                logger.warning('no directories found matching %r',
+                               dirpattern)
+
+        elif action == 'prune':
+            if not self._exclude_pattern(None, prefix=dirpattern):
+                logger.warning('no previously-included directories found '
+                               'matching %r', dirpattern)
+        else:   # pragma: no cover
+            # This should never happen, as it should be caught in
+            # _parse_template_line
+            raise DistlibException(
+                'invalid action %r' % action)
+
+    #
+    # Private API
+    #
+
+    def _parse_directive(self, directive):
+        """
+        Validate a directive.
+        :param directive: The directive to validate.
+        :return: A tuple of action, patterns, thedir, dir_patterns
+        """
+        words = directive.split()
+        if len(words) == 1 and words[0] not in ('include', 'exclude',
+                                                'global-include',
+                                                'global-exclude',
+                                                'recursive-include',
+                                                'recursive-exclude',
+                                                'graft', 'prune'):
+            # no action given, let's use the default 'include'
+            words.insert(0, 'include')
+
+        action = words[0]
+        patterns = thedir = dir_pattern = None
+
+        if action in ('include', 'exclude',
+                      'global-include', 'global-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 2:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects <pattern1> <pattern2> ...' % action)
+
+            patterns = [convert_path(word) for word in words[1:]]
+
+        elif action in ('recursive-include', 'recursive-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 3:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects <dir> <pattern1> <pattern2> ...' % action)
+
+            thedir = convert_path(words[1])
+            patterns = [convert_path(word) for word in words[2:]]
+
+        elif action in ('graft', 'prune'):
+            if len(words) != 2:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects a single <dir_pattern>' % action)
+
+            dir_pattern = convert_path(words[1])
+
+        else:
+            raise DistlibException('unknown action %r' % action)
+
+        return action, patterns, thedir, dir_pattern
+
+    def _include_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                         is_regex=False):
+        """Select strings (presumably filenames) from 'self.files' that
+        match 'pattern', a Unix-style wildcard (glob) pattern.
+
+        Patterns are not quite the same as implemented by the 'fnmatch'
+        module: '*' and '?'  match non-special characters, where "special"
+        is platform-dependent: slash on Unix; colon, slash, and backslash on
+        DOS/Windows; and colon on Mac OS.
+
+        If 'anchor' is true (the default), then the pattern match is more
+        stringent: "*.py" will match "foo.py" but not "foo/bar.py".  If
+        'anchor' is false, both of these will match.
+
+        If 'prefix' is supplied, then only filenames starting with 'prefix'
+        (itself a pattern) and ending with 'pattern', with anything in between
+        them, will match.  'anchor' is ignored in this case.
+
+        If 'is_regex' is true, 'anchor' and 'prefix' are ignored, and
+        'pattern' is assumed to be either a string containing a regex or a
+        regex object -- no translation is done, the regex is just compiled
+        and used as-is.
+
+        Selected strings will be added to self.files.
+
+        Return True if files are found.
+        """
+        # XXX docstring lying about what the special chars are?
+        found = False
+        pattern_re = self._translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+
+        # delayed loading of allfiles list
+        if self.allfiles is None:
+            self.findall()
+
+        for name in self.allfiles:
+            if pattern_re.search(name):
+                self.files.add(name)
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def _exclude_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                         is_regex=False):
+        """Remove strings (presumably filenames) from 'files' that match
+        'pattern'.
+
+        Other parameters are the same as for 'include_pattern()', above.
+        The list 'self.files' is modified in place. Return True if files are
+        found.
+
+        This API is public to allow e.g. exclusion of SCM subdirs, e.g. when
+        packaging source distributions
+        """
+        found = False
+        pattern_re = self._translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+        for f in list(self.files):
+            if pattern_re.search(f):
+                self.files.remove(f)
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def _translate_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                           is_regex=False):
+        """Translate a shell-like wildcard pattern to a compiled regular
+        expression.
+
+        Return the compiled regex.  If 'is_regex' true,
+        then 'pattern' is directly compiled to a regex (if it's a string)
+        or just returned as-is (assumes it's a regex object).
+        """
+        if is_regex:
+            if isinstance(pattern, str):
+                return re.compile(pattern)
+            else:
+                return pattern
+
+        if pattern:
+            pattern_re = self._glob_to_re(pattern)
+        else:
+            pattern_re = ''
+
+        base = re.escape(os.path.join(self.base, ''))
+        if prefix is not None:
+            # ditch end of pattern character
+            empty_pattern = self._glob_to_re('')
+            prefix_re = self._glob_to_re(prefix)[:-len(empty_pattern)]
+            sep = os.sep
+            if os.sep == '\\':
+                sep = r'\\'
+            pattern_re = '^' + base + sep.join((prefix_re,
+                                                '.*' + pattern_re))
+        else:                               # no prefix -- respect anchor flag
+            if anchor:
+                pattern_re = '^' + base + pattern_re
+
+        return re.compile(pattern_re)
+
+    def _glob_to_re(self, pattern):
+        """Translate a shell-like glob pattern to a regular expression.
+
+        Return a string containing the regex.  Differs from
+        'fnmatch.translate()' in that '*' does not match "special characters"
+        (which are platform-specific).
+        """
+        pattern_re = fnmatch.translate(pattern)
+
+        # '?' and '*' in the glob pattern become '.' and '.*' in the RE, which
+        # IMHO is wrong -- '?' and '*' aren't supposed to match slash in Unix,
+        # and by extension they shouldn't match such "special characters" under
+        # any OS.  So change all non-escaped dots in the RE to match any
+        # character except the special characters (currently: just os.sep).
+        sep = os.sep
+        if os.sep == '\\':
+            # we're using a regex to manipulate a regex, so we need
+            # to escape the backslash twice
+            sep = r'\\\\'
+        escaped = r'\1[^%s]' % sep
+        pattern_re = re.sub(r'((?<!\\)(\\\\)*)\.', escaped, pattern_re)
+        return pattern_re
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afb19c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Parser for the environment markers micro-language defined in PEP 345."""
+
+import ast
+import os
+import sys
+import platform
+
+from .compat import python_implementation, string_types
+from .util import in_venv
+
+__all__ = ['interpret']
+
+
+class Evaluator(object):
+    """
+    A limited evaluator for Python expressions.
+    """
+
+    operators = {
+        'eq': lambda x, y: x == y,
+        'gt': lambda x, y: x > y,
+        'gte': lambda x, y: x >= y,
+        'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+        'lt': lambda x, y: x < y,
+        'lte': lambda x, y: x <= y,
+        'not': lambda x: not x,
+        'noteq': lambda x, y: x != y,
+        'notin': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+    }
+
+    allowed_values = {
+        'sys_platform': sys.platform,
+        'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2],
+        # parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other
+        # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version
+        'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0],
+        'os_name': os.name,
+        'platform_in_venv': str(in_venv()),
+        'platform_release': platform.release(),
+        'platform_version': platform.version(),
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine(),
+        'platform_python_implementation': python_implementation(),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, context=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param context: If specified, names are looked up in this mapping.
+        """
+        self.context = context or {}
+        self.source = None
+
+    def get_fragment(self, offset):
+        """
+        Get the part of the source which is causing a problem.
+        """
+        fragment_len = 10
+        s = '%r' % (self.source[offset:offset + fragment_len])
+        if offset + fragment_len < len(self.source):
+            s += '...'
+        return s
+
+    def get_handler(self, node_type):
+        """
+        Get a handler for the specified AST node type.
+        """
+        return getattr(self, 'do_%s' % node_type, None)
+
+    def evaluate(self, node, filename=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate a source string or node, using ``filename`` when
+        displaying errors.
+        """
+        if isinstance(node, string_types):
+            self.source = node
+            kwargs = {'mode': 'eval'}
+            if filename:
+                kwargs['filename'] = filename
+            try:
+                node = ast.parse(node, **kwargs)
+            except SyntaxError as e:
+                s = self.get_fragment(e.offset)
+                raise SyntaxError('syntax error %s' % s)
+        node_type = node.__class__.__name__.lower()
+        handler = self.get_handler(node_type)
+        if handler is None:
+            if self.source is None:
+                s = '(source not available)'
+            else:
+                s = self.get_fragment(node.col_offset)
+            raise SyntaxError("don't know how to evaluate %r %s" % (
+                node_type, s))
+        return handler(node)
+
+    def get_attr_key(self, node):
+        assert isinstance(node, ast.Attribute), 'attribute node expected'
+        return '%s.%s' % (node.value.id, node.attr)
+
+    def do_attribute(self, node):
+        if not isinstance(node.value, ast.Name):
+            valid = False
+        else:
+            key = self.get_attr_key(node)
+            valid = key in self.context or key in self.allowed_values
+        if not valid:
+            raise SyntaxError('invalid expression: %s' % key)
+        if key in self.context:
+            result = self.context[key]
+        else:
+            result = self.allowed_values[key]
+        return result
+
+    def do_boolop(self, node):
+        result = self.evaluate(node.values[0])
+        is_or = node.op.__class__ is ast.Or
+        is_and = node.op.__class__ is ast.And
+        assert is_or or is_and
+        if (is_and and result) or (is_or and not result):
+            for n in node.values[1:]:
+                result = self.evaluate(n)
+                if (is_or and result) or (is_and and not result):
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def do_compare(self, node):
+        def sanity_check(lhsnode, rhsnode):
+            valid = True
+            if isinstance(lhsnode, ast.Str) and isinstance(rhsnode, ast.Str):
+                valid = False
+            #elif (isinstance(lhsnode, ast.Attribute)
+            #      and isinstance(rhsnode, ast.Attribute)):
+            #    klhs = self.get_attr_key(lhsnode)
+            #    krhs = self.get_attr_key(rhsnode)
+            #    valid = klhs != krhs
+            if not valid:
+                s = self.get_fragment(node.col_offset)
+                raise SyntaxError('Invalid comparison: %s' % s)
+
+        lhsnode = node.left
+        lhs = self.evaluate(lhsnode)
+        result = True
+        for op, rhsnode in zip(node.ops, node.comparators):
+            sanity_check(lhsnode, rhsnode)
+            op = op.__class__.__name__.lower()
+            if op not in self.operators:
+                raise SyntaxError('unsupported operation: %r' % op)
+            rhs = self.evaluate(rhsnode)
+            result = self.operators[op](lhs, rhs)
+            if not result:
+                break
+            lhs = rhs
+            lhsnode = rhsnode
+        return result
+
+    def do_expression(self, node):
+        return self.evaluate(node.body)
+
+    def do_name(self, node):
+        valid = False
+        if node.id in self.context:
+            valid = True
+            result = self.context[node.id]
+        elif node.id in self.allowed_values:
+            valid = True
+            result = self.allowed_values[node.id]
+        if not valid:
+            raise SyntaxError('invalid expression: %s' % node.id)
+        return result
+
+    def do_str(self, node):
+        return node.s
+
+
+def interpret(marker, execution_context=None):
+    """
+    Interpret a marker and return a result depending on environment.
+
+    :param marker: The marker to interpret.
+    :type marker: str
+    :param execution_context: The context used for name lookup.
+    :type execution_context: mapping
+    """
+    return Evaluator(execution_context).evaluate(marker.strip())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55bd75f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1058 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Implementation of the Metadata for Python packages PEPs.
+
+Supports all metadata formats (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 2.0 experimental).
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+from email import message_from_file
+import json
+import logging
+import re
+
+
+from . import DistlibException, __version__
+from .compat import StringIO, string_types, text_type
+from .markers import interpret
+from .util import extract_by_key, get_extras
+from .version import get_scheme, PEP440_VERSION_RE
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class MetadataMissingError(DistlibException):
+    """A required metadata is missing"""
+
+
+class MetadataConflictError(DistlibException):
+    """Attempt to read or write metadata fields that are conflictual."""
+
+
+class MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError(DistlibException):
+    """Unknown metadata version number."""
+
+
+class MetadataInvalidError(DistlibException):
+    """A metadata value is invalid"""
+
+# public API of this module
+__all__ = ['Metadata', 'PKG_INFO_ENCODING', 'PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION']
+
+# Encoding used for the PKG-INFO files
+PKG_INFO_ENCODING = 'utf-8'
+
+# preferred version. Hopefully will be changed
+# to 1.2 once PEP 345 is supported everywhere
+PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION = '1.1'
+
+_LINE_PREFIX = re.compile('\n       \|')
+_241_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'License')
+
+_314_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'License', 'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes',
+               'Provides', 'Requires')
+
+_314_MARKERS = ('Obsoletes', 'Provides', 'Requires', 'Classifier',
+                'Download-URL')
+
+_345_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License',
+               'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Project-URL', 'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist',
+               'Requires-Python', 'Requires-External')
+
+_345_MARKERS = ('Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Python',
+                'Obsoletes-Dist', 'Requires-External', 'Maintainer',
+                'Maintainer-email', 'Project-URL')
+
+_426_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License',
+               'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Project-URL', 'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist',
+               'Requires-Python', 'Requires-External', 'Private-Version',
+               'Obsoleted-By', 'Setup-Requires-Dist', 'Extension',
+               'Provides-Extra')
+
+_426_MARKERS = ('Private-Version', 'Provides-Extra', 'Obsoleted-By',
+                'Setup-Requires-Dist', 'Extension')
+
+_ALL_FIELDS = set()
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_241_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_314_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_345_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_426_FIELDS)
+
+EXTRA_RE = re.compile(r'''extra\s*==\s*("([^"]+)"|'([^']+)')''')
+
+
+def _version2fieldlist(version):
+    if version == '1.0':
+        return _241_FIELDS
+    elif version == '1.1':
+        return _314_FIELDS
+    elif version == '1.2':
+        return _345_FIELDS
+    elif version == '2.0':
+        return _426_FIELDS
+    raise MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError(version)
+
+
+def _best_version(fields):
+    """Detect the best version depending on the fields used."""
+    def _has_marker(keys, markers):
+        for marker in markers:
+            if marker in keys:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    keys = []
+    for key, value in fields.items():
+        if value in ([], 'UNKNOWN', None):
+            continue
+        keys.append(key)
+
+    possible_versions = ['1.0', '1.1', '1.2', '2.0']
+
+    # first let's try to see if a field is not part of one of the version
+    for key in keys:
+        if key not in _241_FIELDS and '1.0' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.0')
+        if key not in _314_FIELDS and '1.1' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.1')
+        if key not in _345_FIELDS and '1.2' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.2')
+        if key not in _426_FIELDS and '2.0' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('2.0')
+
+    # possible_version contains qualified versions
+    if len(possible_versions) == 1:
+        return possible_versions[0]   # found !
+    elif len(possible_versions) == 0:
+        raise MetadataConflictError('Unknown metadata set')
+
+    # let's see if one unique marker is found
+    is_1_1 = '1.1' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _314_MARKERS)
+    is_1_2 = '1.2' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _345_MARKERS)
+    is_2_0 = '2.0' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _426_MARKERS)
+    if int(is_1_1) + int(is_1_2) + int(is_2_0) > 1:
+        raise MetadataConflictError('You used incompatible 1.1/1.2/2.0 fields')
+
+    # we have the choice, 1.0, or 1.2, or 2.0
+    #   - 1.0 has a broken Summary field but works with all tools
+    #   - 1.1 is to avoid
+    #   - 1.2 fixes Summary but has little adoption
+    #   - 2.0 adds more features and is very new
+    if not is_1_1 and not is_1_2 and not is_2_0:
+        # we couldn't find any specific marker
+        if PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION in possible_versions:
+            return PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION
+    if is_1_1:
+        return '1.1'
+    if is_1_2:
+        return '1.2'
+
+    return '2.0'
+
+_ATTR2FIELD = {
+    'metadata_version': 'Metadata-Version',
+    'name': 'Name',
+    'version': 'Version',
+    'platform': 'Platform',
+    'supported_platform': 'Supported-Platform',
+    'summary': 'Summary',
+    'description': 'Description',
+    'keywords': 'Keywords',
+    'home_page': 'Home-page',
+    'author': 'Author',
+    'author_email': 'Author-email',
+    'maintainer': 'Maintainer',
+    'maintainer_email': 'Maintainer-email',
+    'license': 'License',
+    'classifier': 'Classifier',
+    'download_url': 'Download-URL',
+    'obsoletes_dist': 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+    'provides_dist': 'Provides-Dist',
+    'requires_dist': 'Requires-Dist',
+    'setup_requires_dist': 'Setup-Requires-Dist',
+    'requires_python': 'Requires-Python',
+    'requires_external': 'Requires-External',
+    'requires': 'Requires',
+    'provides': 'Provides',
+    'obsoletes': 'Obsoletes',
+    'project_url': 'Project-URL',
+    'private_version': 'Private-Version',
+    'obsoleted_by': 'Obsoleted-By',
+    'extension': 'Extension',
+    'provides_extra': 'Provides-Extra',
+}
+
+_PREDICATE_FIELDS = ('Requires-Dist', 'Obsoletes-Dist', 'Provides-Dist')
+_VERSIONS_FIELDS = ('Requires-Python',)
+_VERSION_FIELDS = ('Version',)
+_LISTFIELDS = ('Platform', 'Classifier', 'Obsoletes',
+               'Requires', 'Provides', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-External',
+               'Project-URL', 'Supported-Platform', 'Setup-Requires-Dist',
+               'Provides-Extra', 'Extension')
+_LISTTUPLEFIELDS = ('Project-URL',)
+
+_ELEMENTSFIELD = ('Keywords',)
+
+_UNICODEFIELDS = ('Author', 'Maintainer', 'Summary', 'Description')
+
+_MISSING = object()
+
+_FILESAFE = re.compile('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+')
+
+
+def _get_name_and_version(name, version, for_filename=False):
+    """Return the distribution name with version.
+
+    If for_filename is true, return a filename-escaped form."""
+    if for_filename:
+        # For both name and version any runs of non-alphanumeric or '.'
+        # characters are replaced with a single '-'.  Additionally any
+        # spaces in the version string become '.'
+        name = _FILESAFE.sub('-', name)
+        version = _FILESAFE.sub('-', version.replace(' ', '.'))
+    return '%s-%s' % (name, version)
+
+
+class LegacyMetadata(object):
+    """The legacy metadata of a release.
+
+    Supports versions 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 (auto-detected). You can
+    instantiate the class with one of these arguments (or none):
+    - *path*, the path to a metadata file
+    - *fileobj* give a file-like object with metadata as content
+    - *mapping* is a dict-like object
+    - *scheme* is a version scheme name
+    """
+    # TODO document the mapping API and UNKNOWN default key
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None, mapping=None,
+                 scheme='default'):
+        if [path, fileobj, mapping].count(None) < 2:
+            raise TypeError('path, fileobj and mapping are exclusive')
+        self._fields = {}
+        self.requires_files = []
+        self._dependencies = None
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        if path is not None:
+            self.read(path)
+        elif fileobj is not None:
+            self.read_file(fileobj)
+        elif mapping is not None:
+            self.update(mapping)
+            self.set_metadata_version()
+
+    def set_metadata_version(self):
+        self._fields['Metadata-Version'] = _best_version(self._fields)
+
+    def _write_field(self, fileobj, name, value):
+        fileobj.write('%s: %s\n' % (name, value))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.get(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        return self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        field_name = self._convert_name(name)
+        try:
+            del self._fields[field_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return (name in self._fields or
+                self._convert_name(name) in self._fields)
+
+    def _convert_name(self, name):
+        if name in _ALL_FIELDS:
+            return name
+        name = name.replace('-', '_').lower()
+        return _ATTR2FIELD.get(name, name)
+
+    def _default_value(self, name):
+        if name in _LISTFIELDS or name in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+            return []
+        return 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def _remove_line_prefix(self, value):
+        return _LINE_PREFIX.sub('\n', value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name in _ATTR2FIELD:
+            return self[name]
+        raise AttributeError(name)
+
+    #
+    # Public API
+    #
+
+#    dependencies = property(_get_dependencies, _set_dependencies)
+
+    def get_fullname(self, filesafe=False):
+        """Return the distribution name with version.
+
+        If filesafe is true, return a filename-escaped form."""
+        return _get_name_and_version(self['Name'], self['Version'], filesafe)
+
+    def is_field(self, name):
+        """return True if name is a valid metadata key"""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        return name in _ALL_FIELDS
+
+    def is_multi_field(self, name):
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        return name in _LISTFIELDS
+
+    def read(self, filepath):
+        """Read the metadata values from a file path."""
+        fp = codecs.open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            self.read_file(fp)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def read_file(self, fileob):
+        """Read the metadata values from a file object."""
+        msg = message_from_file(fileob)
+        self._fields['Metadata-Version'] = msg['metadata-version']
+
+        # When reading, get all the fields we can
+        for field in _ALL_FIELDS:
+            if field not in msg:
+                continue
+            if field in _LISTFIELDS:
+                # we can have multiple lines
+                values = msg.get_all(field)
+                if field in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS and values is not None:
+                    values = [tuple(value.split(',')) for value in values]
+                self.set(field, values)
+            else:
+                # single line
+                value = msg[field]
+                if value is not None and value != 'UNKNOWN':
+                    self.set(field, value)
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+    def write(self, filepath, skip_unknown=False):
+        """Write the metadata fields to filepath."""
+        fp = codecs.open(filepath, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            self.write_file(fp, skip_unknown)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def write_file(self, fileobject, skip_unknown=False):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO format data to a file object."""
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        for field in _version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version']):
+            values = self.get(field)
+            if skip_unknown and values in ('UNKNOWN', [], ['UNKNOWN']):
+                continue
+            if field in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+                self._write_field(fileobject, field, ','.join(values))
+                continue
+            if field not in _LISTFIELDS:
+                if field == 'Description':
+                    values = values.replace('\n', '\n       |')
+                values = [values]
+
+            if field in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS:
+                values = [','.join(value) for value in values]
+
+            for value in values:
+                self._write_field(fileobject, field, value)
+
+    def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
+        """Set metadata values from the given iterable `other` and kwargs.
+
+        Behavior is like `dict.update`: If `other` has a ``keys`` method,
+        they are looped over and ``self[key]`` is assigned ``other[key]``.
+        Else, ``other`` is an iterable of ``(key, value)`` iterables.
+
+        Keys that don't match a metadata field or that have an empty value are
+        dropped.
+        """
+        def _set(key, value):
+            if key in _ATTR2FIELD and value:
+                self.set(self._convert_name(key), value)
+
+        if not other:
+            # other is None or empty container
+            pass
+        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            for k in other.keys():
+                _set(k, other[k])
+        else:
+            for k, v in other:
+                _set(k, v)
+
+        if kwargs:
+            for k, v in kwargs.items():
+                _set(k, v)
+
+    def set(self, name, value):
+        """Control then set a metadata field."""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+
+        if ((name in _ELEMENTSFIELD or name == 'Platform') and
+            not isinstance(value, (list, tuple))):
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                value = [v.strip() for v in value.split(',')]
+            else:
+                value = []
+        elif (name in _LISTFIELDS and
+              not isinstance(value, (list, tuple))):
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                value = [value]
+            else:
+                value = []
+
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.WARNING):
+            project_name = self['Name']
+
+            scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+            if name in _PREDICATE_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                for v in value:
+                    # check that the values are valid
+                    if not scheme.is_valid_matcher(v.split(';')[0]):
+                        logger.warning(
+                            '%r: %r is not valid (field %r)',
+                            project_name, v, name)
+            # FIXME this rejects UNKNOWN, is that right?
+            elif name in _VERSIONS_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_constraint_list(value):
+                    logger.warning('%r: %r is not a valid version (field %r)',
+                                   project_name, value, name)
+            elif name in _VERSION_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_version(value):
+                    logger.warning('%r: %r is not a valid version (field %r)',
+                                   project_name, value, name)
+
+        if name in _UNICODEFIELDS:
+            if name == 'Description':
+                value = self._remove_line_prefix(value)
+
+        self._fields[name] = value
+
+    def get(self, name, default=_MISSING):
+        """Get a metadata field."""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        if name not in self._fields:
+            if default is _MISSING:
+                default = self._default_value(name)
+            return default
+        if name in _UNICODEFIELDS:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            return value
+        elif name in _LISTFIELDS:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            if value is None:
+                return []
+            res = []
+            for val in value:
+                if name not in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS:
+                    res.append(val)
+                else:
+                    # That's for Project-URL
+                    res.append((val[0], val[1]))
+            return res
+
+        elif name in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                return value.split(',')
+        return self._fields[name]
+
+    def check(self, strict=False):
+        """Check if the metadata is compliant. If strict is True then raise if
+        no Name or Version are provided"""
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        # XXX should check the versions (if the file was loaded)
+        missing, warnings = [], []
+
+        for attr in ('Name', 'Version'):  # required by PEP 345
+            if attr not in self:
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        if strict and missing != []:
+            msg = 'missing required metadata: %s' % ', '.join(missing)
+            raise MetadataMissingError(msg)
+
+        for attr in ('Home-page', 'Author'):
+            if attr not in self:
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        # checking metadata 1.2 (XXX needs to check 1.1, 1.0)
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] != '1.2':
+            return missing, warnings
+
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+
+        def are_valid_constraints(value):
+            for v in value:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_matcher(v.split(';')[0]):
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        for fields, controller in ((_PREDICATE_FIELDS, are_valid_constraints),
+                                   (_VERSIONS_FIELDS,
+                                    scheme.is_valid_constraint_list),
+                                   (_VERSION_FIELDS,
+                                    scheme.is_valid_version)):
+            for field in fields:
+                value = self.get(field, None)
+                if value is not None and not controller(value):
+                    warnings.append('Wrong value for %r: %s' % (field, value))
+
+        return missing, warnings
+
+    def todict(self, skip_missing=False):
+        """Return fields as a dict.
+
+        Field names will be converted to use the underscore-lowercase style
+        instead of hyphen-mixed case (i.e. home_page instead of Home-page).
+        """
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        mapping_1_0 = (
+            ('metadata_version', 'Metadata-Version'),
+            ('name', 'Name'),
+            ('version', 'Version'),
+            ('summary', 'Summary'),
+            ('home_page', 'Home-page'),
+            ('author', 'Author'),
+            ('author_email', 'Author-email'),
+            ('license', 'License'),
+            ('description', 'Description'),
+            ('keywords', 'Keywords'),
+            ('platform', 'Platform'),
+            ('classifier', 'Classifier'),
+            ('download_url', 'Download-URL'),
+        )
+
+        data = {}
+        for key, field_name in mapping_1_0:
+            if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                data[key] = self[field_name]
+
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.2':
+            mapping_1_2 = (
+                ('requires_dist', 'Requires-Dist'),
+                ('requires_python', 'Requires-Python'),
+                ('requires_external', 'Requires-External'),
+                ('provides_dist', 'Provides-Dist'),
+                ('obsoletes_dist', 'Obsoletes-Dist'),
+                ('project_url', 'Project-URL'),
+                ('maintainer', 'Maintainer'),
+                ('maintainer_email', 'Maintainer-email'),
+            )
+            for key, field_name in mapping_1_2:
+                if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                    if key != 'project_url':
+                        data[key] = self[field_name]
+                    else:
+                        data[key] = [','.join(u) for u in self[field_name]]
+
+        elif self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.1':
+            mapping_1_1 = (
+                ('provides', 'Provides'),
+                ('requires', 'Requires'),
+                ('obsoletes', 'Obsoletes'),
+            )
+            for key, field_name in mapping_1_1:
+                if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                    data[key] = self[field_name]
+
+        return data
+
+    def add_requirements(self, requirements):
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.1':
+            # we can't have 1.1 metadata *and* Setuptools requires
+            for field in ('Obsoletes', 'Requires', 'Provides'):
+                if field in self:
+                    del self[field]
+        self['Requires-Dist'] += requirements
+
+    # Mapping API
+    # TODO could add iter* variants
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(_version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version']))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for key in self.keys():
+            yield key
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [self[key] for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def items(self):
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name,
+                               self.version)
+
+
+METADATA_FILENAME = 'pydist.json'
+
+
+class Metadata(object):
+    """
+    The metadata of a release. This implementation uses 2.0 (JSON)
+    metadata where possible. If not possible, it wraps a LegacyMetadata
+    instance which handles the key-value metadata format.
+    """
+
+    METADATA_VERSION_MATCHER = re.compile('^\d+(\.\d+)*$')
+
+    NAME_MATCHER = re.compile('^[0-9A-Z]([0-9A-Z_.-]*[0-9A-Z])?$', re.I)
+
+    VERSION_MATCHER = PEP440_VERSION_RE
+
+    SUMMARY_MATCHER = re.compile('.{1,2047}')
+
+    METADATA_VERSION = '2.0'
+
+    GENERATOR = 'distlib (%s)' % __version__
+
+    MANDATORY_KEYS = {
+        'name': (),
+        'version': (),
+        'summary': ('legacy',),
+    }
+
+    INDEX_KEYS = ('name version license summary description author '
+                  'author_email keywords platform home_page classifiers '
+                  'download_url')
+
+    DEPENDENCY_KEYS = ('extras run_requires test_requires build_requires '
+                       'dev_requires provides meta_requires obsoleted_by '
+                       'supports_environments')
+
+    SYNTAX_VALIDATORS = {
+        'metadata_version': (METADATA_VERSION_MATCHER, ()),
+        'name': (NAME_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'version': (VERSION_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'summary': (SUMMARY_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+    }
+
+    __slots__ = ('_legacy', '_data', 'scheme')
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None, mapping=None,
+                 scheme='default'):
+        if [path, fileobj, mapping].count(None) < 2:
+            raise TypeError('path, fileobj and mapping are exclusive')
+        self._legacy = None
+        self._data = None
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        if mapping is not None:
+            try:
+                self._validate_mapping(mapping, scheme)
+                self._data = mapping
+            except MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError:
+                self._legacy = LegacyMetadata(mapping=mapping, scheme=scheme)
+                self.validate()
+        else:
+            data = None
+            if path:
+                with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                    data = f.read()
+            elif fileobj:
+                data = fileobj.read()
+            if data is None:
+                # Initialised with no args - to be added
+                self._data = {
+                    'metadata_version': self.METADATA_VERSION,
+                    'generator': self.GENERATOR,
+                }
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(data, text_type):
+                    data = data.decode('utf-8')
+                try:
+                    self._data = json.loads(data)
+                    self._validate_mapping(self._data, scheme)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # Note: MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError does not
+                    # inherit from ValueError (it's a DistlibException,
+                    # which should not inherit from ValueError).
+                    # The ValueError comes from the json.load - if that
+                    # succeeds and we get a validation error, we want
+                    # that to propagate
+                    self._legacy = LegacyMetadata(fileobj=StringIO(data),
+                                                  scheme=scheme)
+                    self.validate()
+
+    common_keys = set(('name', 'version', 'license', 'keywords', 'summary'))
+
+    none_list = (None, list)
+    none_dict = (None, dict)
+
+    mapped_keys = {
+        'run_requires': ('Requires-Dist', list),
+        'build_requires': ('Setup-Requires-Dist', list),
+        'dev_requires': none_list,
+        'test_requires': none_list,
+        'meta_requires': none_list,
+        'extras': ('Provides-Extra', list),
+        'modules': none_list,
+        'namespaces': none_list,
+        'exports': none_dict,
+        'commands': none_dict,
+        'classifiers': ('Classifier', list),
+        'source_url': ('Download-URL', None),
+        'metadata_version': ('Metadata-Version', None),
+    }
+
+    del none_list, none_dict
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        common = object.__getattribute__(self, 'common_keys')
+        mapped = object.__getattribute__(self, 'mapped_keys')
+        if key in mapped:
+            lk, maker = mapped[key]
+            if self._legacy:
+                if lk is None:
+                    result = None if maker is None else maker()
+                else:
+                    result = self._legacy.get(lk)
+            else:
+                value = None if maker is None else maker()
+                if key not in ('commands', 'exports', 'modules', 'namespaces',
+                               'classifiers'):
+                    result = self._data.get(key, value)
+                else:
+                    # special cases for PEP 459
+                    sentinel = object()
+                    result = sentinel
+                    d = self._data.get('extensions')
+                    if d:
+                        if key == 'commands':
+                            result = d.get('python.commands', value)
+                        elif key == 'classifiers':
+                            d = d.get('python.details')
+                            if d:
+                                result = d.get(key, value)
+                        else:
+                            d = d.get('python.exports')
+                            if d:
+                                result = d.get(key, value)
+                    if result is sentinel:
+                        result = value
+        elif key not in common:
+            result = object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+        elif self._legacy:
+            result = self._legacy.get(key)
+        else:
+            result = self._data.get(key)
+        return result
+
+    def _validate_value(self, key, value, scheme=None):
+        if key in self.SYNTAX_VALIDATORS:
+            pattern, exclusions = self.SYNTAX_VALIDATORS[key]
+            if (scheme or self.scheme) not in exclusions:
+                m = pattern.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise MetadataInvalidError('%r is an invalid value for '
+                                               'the %r property' % (value,
+                                                                    key))
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        self._validate_value(key, value)
+        common = object.__getattribute__(self, 'common_keys')
+        mapped = object.__getattribute__(self, 'mapped_keys')
+        if key in mapped:
+            lk, _ = mapped[key]
+            if self._legacy:
+                if lk is None:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+                self._legacy[lk] = value
+            elif key not in ('commands', 'exports', 'modules', 'namespaces',
+                             'classifiers'):
+                self._data[key] = value
+            else:
+                # special cases for PEP 459
+                d = self._data.setdefault('extensions', {})
+                if key == 'commands':
+                    d['python.commands'] = value
+                elif key == 'classifiers':
+                    d = d.setdefault('python.details', {})
+                    d[key] = value
+                else:
+                    d = d.setdefault('python.exports', {})
+                    d[key] = value
+        elif key not in common:
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+        else:
+            if key == 'keywords':
+                if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                    value = value.strip()
+                    if value:
+                        value = value.split()
+                    else:
+                        value = []
+            if self._legacy:
+                self._legacy[key] = value
+            else:
+                self._data[key] = value
+
+    @property
+    def name_and_version(self):
+        return _get_name_and_version(self.name, self.version, True)
+
+    @property
+    def provides(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            result = self._legacy['Provides-Dist']
+        else:
+            result = self._data.setdefault('provides', [])
+        s = '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+        if s not in result:
+            result.append(s)
+        return result
+
+    @provides.setter
+    def provides(self, value):
+        if self._legacy:
+            self._legacy['Provides-Dist'] = value
+        else:
+            self._data['provides'] = value
+
+    def get_requirements(self, reqts, extras=None, env=None):
+        """
+        Base method to get dependencies, given a set of extras
+        to satisfy and an optional environment context.
+        :param reqts: A list of sometimes-wanted dependencies,
+                      perhaps dependent on extras and environment.
+        :param extras: A list of optional components being requested.
+        :param env: An optional environment for marker evaluation.
+        """
+        if self._legacy:
+            result = reqts
+        else:
+            result = []
+            extras = get_extras(extras or [], self.extras)
+            for d in reqts:
+                if 'extra' not in d and 'environment' not in d:
+                    # unconditional
+                    include = True
+                else:
+                    if 'extra' not in d:
+                        # Not extra-dependent - only environment-dependent
+                        include = True
+                    else:
+                        include = d.get('extra') in extras
+                    if include:
+                        # Not excluded because of extras, check environment
+                        marker = d.get('environment')
+                        if marker:
+                            include = interpret(marker, env)
+                if include:
+                    result.extend(d['requires'])
+            for key in ('build', 'dev', 'test'):
+                e = ':%s:' % key
+                if e in extras:
+                    extras.remove(e)
+                    # A recursive call, but it should terminate since 'test'
+                    # has been removed from the extras
+                    reqts = self._data.get('%s_requires' % key, [])
+                    result.extend(self.get_requirements(reqts, extras=extras,
+                                                        env=env))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def dictionary(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            return self._from_legacy()
+        return self._data
+
+    @property
+    def dependencies(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        else:
+            return extract_by_key(self._data, self.DEPENDENCY_KEYS)
+
+    @dependencies.setter
+    def dependencies(self, value):
+        if self._legacy:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        else:
+            self._data.update(value)
+
+    def _validate_mapping(self, mapping, scheme):
+        if mapping.get('metadata_version') != self.METADATA_VERSION:
+            raise MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError()
+        missing = []
+        for key, exclusions in self.MANDATORY_KEYS.items():
+            if key not in mapping:
+                if scheme not in exclusions:
+                    missing.append(key)
+        if missing:
+            msg = 'Missing metadata items: %s' % ', '.join(missing)
+            raise MetadataMissingError(msg)
+        for k, v in mapping.items():
+            self._validate_value(k, v, scheme)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            missing, warnings = self._legacy.check(True)
+            if missing or warnings:
+                logger.warning('Metadata: missing: %s, warnings: %s',
+                               missing, warnings)
+        else:
+            self._validate_mapping(self._data, self.scheme)
+
+    def todict(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            return self._legacy.todict(True)
+        else:
+            result = extract_by_key(self._data, self.INDEX_KEYS)
+            return result
+
+    def _from_legacy(self):
+        assert self._legacy and not self._data
+        result = {
+            'metadata_version': self.METADATA_VERSION,
+            'generator': self.GENERATOR,
+        }
+        lmd = self._legacy.todict(True)     # skip missing ones
+        for k in ('name', 'version', 'license', 'summary', 'description',
+                  'classifier'):
+            if k in lmd:
+                if k == 'classifier':
+                    nk = 'classifiers'
+                else:
+                    nk = k
+                result[nk] = lmd[k]
+        kw = lmd.get('Keywords', [])
+        if kw == ['']:
+            kw = []
+        result['keywords'] = kw
+        keys = (('requires_dist', 'run_requires'),
+                ('setup_requires_dist', 'build_requires'))
+        for ok, nk in keys:
+            if ok in lmd and lmd[ok]:
+                result[nk] = [{'requires': lmd[ok]}]
+        result['provides'] = self.provides
+        author = {}
+        maintainer = {}
+        return result
+
+    LEGACY_MAPPING = {
+        'name': 'Name',
+        'version': 'Version',
+        'license': 'License',
+        'summary': 'Summary',
+        'description': 'Description',
+        'classifiers': 'Classifier',
+    }
+
+    def _to_legacy(self):
+        def process_entries(entries):
+            reqts = set()
+            for e in entries:
+                extra = e.get('extra')
+                env = e.get('environment')
+                rlist = e['requires']
+                for r in rlist:
+                    if not env and not extra:
+                        reqts.add(r)
+                    else:
+                        marker = ''
+                        if extra:
+                            marker = 'extra == "%s"' % extra
+                        if env:
+                            if marker:
+                                marker = '(%s) and %s' % (env, marker)
+                            else:
+                                marker = env
+                        reqts.add(';'.join((r, marker)))
+            return reqts
+
+        assert self._data and not self._legacy
+        result = LegacyMetadata()
+        nmd = self._data
+        for nk, ok in self.LEGACY_MAPPING.items():
+            if nk in nmd:
+                result[ok] = nmd[nk]
+        r1 = process_entries(self.run_requires + self.meta_requires)
+        r2 = process_entries(self.build_requires + self.dev_requires)
+        if self.extras:
+            result['Provides-Extra'] = sorted(self.extras)
+        result['Requires-Dist'] = sorted(r1)
+        result['Setup-Requires-Dist'] = sorted(r2)
+        # TODO: other fields such as contacts
+        return result
+
+    def write(self, path=None, fileobj=None, legacy=False, skip_unknown=True):
+        if [path, fileobj].count(None) != 1:
+            raise ValueError('Exactly one of path and fileobj is needed')
+        self.validate()
+        if legacy:
+            if self._legacy:
+                legacy_md = self._legacy
+            else:
+                legacy_md = self._to_legacy()
+            if path:
+                legacy_md.write(path, skip_unknown=skip_unknown)
+            else:
+                legacy_md.write_file(fileobj, skip_unknown=skip_unknown)
+        else:
+            if self._legacy:
+                d = self._from_legacy()
+            else:
+                d = self._data
+            if fileobj:
+                json.dump(d, fileobj, ensure_ascii=True, indent=2,
+                          sort_keys=True)
+            else:
+                with codecs.open(path, 'w', 'utf-8') as f:
+                    json.dump(d, f, ensure_ascii=True, indent=2,
+                              sort_keys=True)
+
+    def add_requirements(self, requirements):
+        if self._legacy:
+            self._legacy.add_requirements(requirements)
+        else:
+            run_requires = self._data.setdefault('run_requires', [])
+            always = None
+            for entry in run_requires:
+                if 'environment' not in entry and 'extra' not in entry:
+                    always = entry
+                    break
+            if always is None:
+                always = { 'requires': requirements }
+                run_requires.insert(0, always)
+            else:
+                rset = set(always['requires']) | set(requirements)
+                always['requires'] = sorted(rset)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self.name or '(no name)'
+        version = self.version or 'no version'
+        return '<%s %s %s (%s)>' % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                                    self.metadata_version, name, version)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8e2f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import bisect
+import io
+import logging
+import os
+import pkgutil
+import shutil
+import sys
+import types
+import zipimport
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .util import cached_property, get_cache_base, path_to_cache_dir, Cache
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+cache = None    # created when needed
+
+
+class ResourceCache(Cache):
+    def __init__(self, base=None):
+        if base is None:
+            # Use native string to avoid issues on 2.x: see Python #20140.
+            base = os.path.join(get_cache_base(), str('resource-cache'))
+        super(ResourceCache, self).__init__(base)
+
+    def is_stale(self, resource, path):
+        """
+        Is the cache stale for the given resource?
+
+        :param resource: The :class:`Resource` being cached.
+        :param path: The path of the resource in the cache.
+        :return: True if the cache is stale.
+        """
+        # Cache invalidation is a hard problem :-)
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, resource):
+        """
+        Get a resource into the cache,
+
+        :param resource: A :class:`Resource` instance.
+        :return: The pathname of the resource in the cache.
+        """
+        prefix, path = resource.finder.get_cache_info(resource)
+        if prefix is None:
+            result = path
+        else:
+            result = os.path.join(self.base, self.prefix_to_dir(prefix), path)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(result)
+            if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+                os.makedirs(dirname)
+            if not os.path.exists(result):
+                stale = True
+            else:
+                stale = self.is_stale(resource, path)
+            if stale:
+                # write the bytes of the resource to the cache location
+                with open(result, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(resource.bytes)
+        return result
+
+
+class ResourceBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, finder, name):
+        self.finder = finder
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class Resource(ResourceBase):
+    """
+    A class representing an in-package resource, such as a data file. This is
+    not normally instantiated by user code, but rather by a
+    :class:`ResourceFinder` which manages the resource.
+    """
+    is_container = False        # Backwards compatibility
+
+    def as_stream(self):
+        """
+        Get the resource as a stream.
+
+        This is not a property to make it obvious that it returns a new stream
+        each time.
+        """
+        return self.finder.get_stream(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_path(self):
+        global cache
+        if cache is None:
+            cache = ResourceCache()
+        return cache.get(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def bytes(self):
+        return self.finder.get_bytes(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def size(self):
+        return self.finder.get_size(self)
+
+
+class ResourceContainer(ResourceBase):
+    is_container = True     # Backwards compatibility
+
+    @cached_property
+    def resources(self):
+        return self.finder.get_resources(self)
+
+
+class ResourceFinder(object):
+    """
+    Resource finder for file system resources.
+    """
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        skipped_extensions = ('.pyc', '.pyo', '.class')
+    else:
+        skipped_extensions = ('.pyc', '.pyo')
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.module = module
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.base = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def _adjust_path(self, path):
+        return os.path.realpath(path)
+
+    def _make_path(self, resource_name):
+        # Issue #50: need to preserve type of path on Python 2.x
+        # like os.path._get_sep
+        if isinstance(resource_name, bytes):    # should only happen on 2.x
+            sep = b'/'
+        else:
+            sep = '/'
+        parts = resource_name.split(sep)
+        parts.insert(0, self.base)
+        result = os.path.join(*parts)
+        return self._adjust_path(result)
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, resource):
+        return None, resource.path
+
+    def find(self, resource_name):
+        path = self._make_path(resource_name)
+        if not self._find(path):
+            result = None
+        else:
+            if self._is_directory(path):
+                result = ResourceContainer(self, resource_name)
+            else:
+                result = Resource(self, resource_name)
+            result.path = path
+        return result
+
+    def get_stream(self, resource):
+        return open(resource.path, 'rb')
+
+    def get_bytes(self, resource):
+        with open(resource.path, 'rb') as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def get_size(self, resource):
+        return os.path.getsize(resource.path)
+
+    def get_resources(self, resource):
+        def allowed(f):
+            return (f != '__pycache__' and not
+                    f.endswith(self.skipped_extensions))
+        return set([f for f in os.listdir(resource.path) if allowed(f)])
+
+    def is_container(self, resource):
+        return self._is_directory(resource.path)
+
+    _is_directory = staticmethod(os.path.isdir)
+
+    def iterator(self, resource_name):
+        resource = self.find(resource_name)
+        if resource is not None:
+            todo = [resource]
+            while todo:
+                resource = todo.pop(0)
+                yield resource
+                if resource.is_container:
+                    rname = resource.name
+                    for name in resource.resources:
+                        if not rname:
+                            new_name = name
+                        else:
+                            new_name = '/'.join([rname, name])
+                        child = self.find(new_name)
+                        if child.is_container:
+                            todo.append(child)
+                        else:
+                            yield child
+
+
+class ZipResourceFinder(ResourceFinder):
+    """
+    Resource finder for resources in .zip files.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        super(ZipResourceFinder, self).__init__(module)
+        archive = self.loader.archive
+        self.prefix_len = 1 + len(archive)
+        # PyPy doesn't have a _files attr on zipimporter, and you can't set one
+        if hasattr(self.loader, '_files'):
+            self._files = self.loader._files
+        else:
+            self._files = zipimport._zip_directory_cache[archive]
+        self.index = sorted(self._files)
+
+    def _adjust_path(self, path):
+        return path
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        path = path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path in self._files:
+            result = True
+        else:
+            if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+                path = path + os.sep
+            i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+            try:
+                result = self.index[i].startswith(path)
+            except IndexError:
+                result = False
+        if not result:
+            logger.debug('_find failed: %r %r', path, self.loader.prefix)
+        else:
+            logger.debug('_find worked: %r %r', path, self.loader.prefix)
+        return result
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, resource):
+        prefix = self.loader.archive
+        path = resource.path[1 + len(prefix):]
+        return prefix, path
+
+    def get_bytes(self, resource):
+        return self.loader.get_data(resource.path)
+
+    def get_stream(self, resource):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_bytes(resource))
+
+    def get_size(self, resource):
+        path = resource.path[self.prefix_len:]
+        return self._files[path][3]
+
+    def get_resources(self, resource):
+        path = resource.path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+            path += os.sep
+        plen = len(path)
+        result = set()
+        i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+        while i < len(self.index):
+            if not self.index[i].startswith(path):
+                break
+            s = self.index[i][plen:]
+            result.add(s.split(os.sep, 1)[0])   # only immediate children
+            i += 1
+        return result
+
+    def _is_directory(self, path):
+        path = path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+            path += os.sep
+        i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+        try:
+            result = self.index[i].startswith(path)
+        except IndexError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+_finder_registry = {
+    type(None): ResourceFinder,
+    zipimport.zipimporter: ZipResourceFinder
+}
+
+try:
+    import _frozen_importlib
+    _finder_registry[_frozen_importlib.SourceFileLoader] = ResourceFinder
+    _finder_registry[_frozen_importlib.FileFinder] = ResourceFinder
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    pass
+
+
+def register_finder(loader, finder_maker):
+    _finder_registry[type(loader)] = finder_maker
+
+_finder_cache = {}
+
+
+def finder(package):
+    """
+    Return a resource finder for a package.
+    :param package: The name of the package.
+    :return: A :class:`ResourceFinder` instance for the package.
+    """
+    if package in _finder_cache:
+        result = _finder_cache[package]
+    else:
+        if package not in sys.modules:
+            __import__(package)
+        module = sys.modules[package]
+        path = getattr(module, '__path__', None)
+        if path is None:
+            raise DistlibException('You cannot get a finder for a module, '
+                                   'only for a package')
+        loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        finder_maker = _finder_registry.get(type(loader))
+        if finder_maker is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to locate finder for %r' % package)
+        result = finder_maker(module)
+        _finder_cache[package] = result
+    return result
+
+
+_dummy_module = types.ModuleType(str('__dummy__'))
+
+
+def finder_for_path(path):
+    """
+    Return a resource finder for a path, which should represent a container.
+
+    :param path: The path.
+    :return: A :class:`ResourceFinder` instance for the path.
+    """
+    result = None
+    # calls any path hooks, gets importer into cache
+    pkgutil.get_importer(path)
+    loader = sys.path_importer_cache.get(path)
+    finder = _finder_registry.get(type(loader))
+    if finder:
+        module = _dummy_module
+        module.__file__ = os.path.join(path, '')
+        module.__loader__ = loader
+        result = finder(module)
+    return result
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aa6eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from io import BytesIO
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+
+from .compat import sysconfig, detect_encoding, ZipFile
+from .resources import finder
+from .util import (FileOperator, get_export_entry, convert_path,
+                   get_executable, in_venv)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_DEFAULT_MANIFEST = '''
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
+<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0">
+ <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
+ processorArchitecture="X86"
+ name="%s"
+ type="win32"/>
+
+ <!-- Identify the application security requirements. -->
+ <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">
+ <security>
+ <requestedPrivileges>
+ <requestedExecutionLevel level="asInvoker" uiAccess="false"/>
+ </requestedPrivileges>
+ </security>
+ </trustInfo>
+</assembly>'''.strip()
+
+# check if Python is called on the first line with this expression
+FIRST_LINE_RE = re.compile(b'^#!.*pythonw?[0-9.]*([ \t].*)?$')
+SCRIPT_TEMPLATE = '''# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys, re
+
+    def _resolve(module, func):
+        __import__(module)
+        mod = sys.modules[module]
+        parts = func.split('.')
+        result = getattr(mod, parts.pop(0))
+        for p in parts:
+            result = getattr(result, p)
+        return result
+
+    try:
+        sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+
+        func = _resolve('%(module)s', '%(func)s')
+        rc = func() # None interpreted as 0
+    except Exception as e:  # only supporting Python >= 2.6
+        sys.stderr.write('%%s\\n' %% e)
+        rc = 1
+    sys.exit(rc)
+'''
+
+
+class ScriptMaker(object):
+    """
+    A class to copy or create scripts from source scripts or callable
+    specifications.
+    """
+    script_template = SCRIPT_TEMPLATE
+
+    executable = None  # for shebangs
+
+    def __init__(self, source_dir, target_dir, add_launchers=True,
+                 dry_run=False, fileop=None):
+        self.source_dir = source_dir
+        self.target_dir = target_dir
+        self.add_launchers = add_launchers
+        self.force = False
+        self.clobber = False
+        # It only makes sense to set mode bits on POSIX.
+        self.set_mode = (os.name == 'posix') or (os.name == 'java' and
+                                                 os._name == 'posix')
+        self.variants = set(('', 'X.Y'))
+        self._fileop = fileop or FileOperator(dry_run)
+
+    def _get_alternate_executable(self, executable, options):
+        if options.get('gui', False) and os.name == 'nt':
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(executable)
+            fn = fn.replace('python', 'pythonw')
+            executable = os.path.join(dn, fn)
+        return executable
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+        def _is_shell(self, executable):
+            """
+            Determine if the specified executable is a script
+            (contains a #! line)
+            """
+            try:
+                with open(executable) as fp:
+                    return fp.read(2) == '#!'
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                logger.warning('Failed to open %s', executable)
+                return False
+
+        def _fix_jython_executable(self, executable):
+            if self._is_shell(executable):
+                # Workaround for Jython is not needed on Linux systems.
+                import java
+
+                if java.lang.System.getProperty('os.name') == 'Linux':
+                    return executable
+            elif executable.lower().endswith('jython.exe'):
+                # Use wrapper exe for Jython on Windows
+                return executable
+            return '/usr/bin/env %s' % executable
+
+    def _get_shebang(self, encoding, post_interp=b'', options=None):
+        enquote = True
+        if self.executable:
+            executable = self.executable
+            enquote = False     # assume this will be taken care of
+        elif not sysconfig.is_python_build():
+            executable = get_executable()
+        elif in_venv():
+            executable = os.path.join(sysconfig.get_path('scripts'),
+                            'python%s' % sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE'))
+        else:
+            executable = os.path.join(
+                sysconfig.get_config_var('BINDIR'),
+               'python%s%s' % (sysconfig.get_config_var('VERSION'),
+                               sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE')))
+        if options:
+            executable = self._get_alternate_executable(executable, options)
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+            executable = self._fix_jython_executable(executable)
+        # Normalise case for Windows
+        executable = os.path.normcase(executable)
+        # If the user didn't specify an executable, it may be necessary to
+        # cater for executable paths with spaces (not uncommon on Windows)
+        if enquote and ' ' in executable:
+            executable = '"%s"' % executable
+        # Issue #51: don't use fsencode, since we later try to
+        # check that the shebang is decodable using utf-8.
+        executable = executable.encode('utf-8')
+        # in case of IronPython, play safe and enable frames support
+        if (sys.platform == 'cli' and '-X:Frames' not in post_interp
+            and '-X:FullFrames' not in post_interp):
+            post_interp += b' -X:Frames'
+        shebang = b'#!' + executable + post_interp + b'\n'
+        # Python parser starts to read a script using UTF-8 until
+        # it gets a #coding:xxx cookie. The shebang has to be the
+        # first line of a file, the #coding:xxx cookie cannot be
+        # written before. So the shebang has to be decodable from
+        # UTF-8.
+        try:
+            shebang.decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'The shebang (%r) is not decodable from utf-8' % shebang)
+        # If the script is encoded to a custom encoding (use a
+        # #coding:xxx cookie), the shebang has to be decodable from
+        # the script encoding too.
+        if encoding != 'utf-8':
+            try:
+                shebang.decode(encoding)
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'The shebang (%r) is not decodable '
+                    'from the script encoding (%r)' % (shebang, encoding))
+        return shebang
+
+    def _get_script_text(self, entry):
+        return self.script_template % dict(module=entry.prefix,
+                                           func=entry.suffix)
+
+    manifest = _DEFAULT_MANIFEST
+
+    def get_manifest(self, exename):
+        base = os.path.basename(exename)
+        return self.manifest % base
+
+    def _write_script(self, names, shebang, script_bytes, filenames, ext):
+        use_launcher = self.add_launchers and os.name == 'nt'
+        linesep = os.linesep.encode('utf-8')
+        if not use_launcher:
+            script_bytes = shebang + linesep + script_bytes
+        else:
+            if ext == 'py':
+                launcher = self._get_launcher('t')
+            else:
+                launcher = self._get_launcher('w')
+            stream = BytesIO()
+            with ZipFile(stream, 'w') as zf:
+                zf.writestr('__main__.py', script_bytes)
+            zip_data = stream.getvalue()
+            script_bytes = launcher + shebang + linesep + zip_data
+        for name in names:
+            outname = os.path.join(self.target_dir, name)
+            if use_launcher:
+                n, e = os.path.splitext(outname)
+                if e.startswith('.py'):
+                    outname = n
+                outname = '%s.exe' % outname
+                try:
+                    self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                except Exception:
+                    # Failed writing an executable - it might be in use.
+                    logger.warning('Failed to write executable - trying to '
+                                   'use .deleteme logic')
+                    dfname = '%s.deleteme' % outname
+                    if os.path.exists(dfname):
+                        os.remove(dfname)       # Not allowed to fail here
+                    os.rename(outname, dfname)  # nor here
+                    self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                    logger.debug('Able to replace executable using '
+                                 '.deleteme logic')
+                    try:
+                        os.remove(dfname)
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass    # still in use - ignore error
+            else:
+                if os.name == 'nt' and not outname.endswith('.' + ext):
+                    outname = '%s.%s' % (outname, ext)
+                if os.path.exists(outname) and not self.clobber:
+                    logger.warning('Skipping existing file %s', outname)
+                    continue
+                self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                if self.set_mode:
+                    self._fileop.set_executable_mode([outname])
+            filenames.append(outname)
+
+    def _make_script(self, entry, filenames, options=None):
+        post_interp = b''
+        if options:
+            args = options.get('interpreter_args', [])
+            if args:
+                args = ' %s' % ' '.join(args)
+                post_interp = args.encode('utf-8')
+        shebang = self._get_shebang('utf-8', post_interp, options=options)
+        script = self._get_script_text(entry).encode('utf-8')
+        name = entry.name
+        scriptnames = set()
+        if '' in self.variants:
+            scriptnames.add(name)
+        if 'X' in self.variants:
+            scriptnames.add('%s%s' % (name, sys.version[0]))
+        if 'X.Y' in self.variants:
+            scriptnames.add('%s-%s' % (name, sys.version[:3]))
+        if options and options.get('gui', False):
+            ext = 'pyw'
+        else:
+            ext = 'py'
+        self._write_script(scriptnames, shebang, script, filenames, ext)
+
+    def _copy_script(self, script, filenames):
+        adjust = False
+        script = os.path.join(self.source_dir, convert_path(script))
+        outname = os.path.join(self.target_dir, os.path.basename(script))
+        if not self.force and not self._fileop.newer(script, outname):
+            logger.debug('not copying %s (up-to-date)', script)
+            return
+
+        # Always open the file, but ignore failures in dry-run mode --
+        # that way, we'll get accurate feedback if we can read the
+        # script.
+        try:
+            f = open(script, 'rb')
+        except IOError:
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                raise
+            f = None
+        else:
+            encoding, lines = detect_encoding(f.readline)
+            f.seek(0)
+            first_line = f.readline()
+            if not first_line:
+                logger.warning('%s: %s is an empty file (skipping)',
+                               self.get_command_name(),  script)
+                return
+
+            match = FIRST_LINE_RE.match(first_line.replace(b'\r\n', b'\n'))
+            if match:
+                adjust = True
+                post_interp = match.group(1) or b''
+
+        if not adjust:
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+            self._fileop.copy_file(script, outname)
+            if self.set_mode:
+                self._fileop.set_executable_mode([outname])
+            filenames.append(outname)
+        else:
+            logger.info('copying and adjusting %s -> %s', script,
+                        self.target_dir)
+            if not self._fileop.dry_run:
+                shebang = self._get_shebang(encoding, post_interp)
+                if b'pythonw' in first_line:
+                    ext = 'pyw'
+                else:
+                    ext = 'py'
+                n = os.path.basename(outname)
+                self._write_script([n], shebang, f.read(), filenames, ext)
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+
+    @property
+    def dry_run(self):
+        return self._fileop.dry_run
+
+    @dry_run.setter
+    def dry_run(self, value):
+        self._fileop.dry_run = value
+
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        # Executable launcher support.
+        # Launchers are from https://bitbucket.org/vinay.sajip/simple_launcher/
+
+        def _get_launcher(self, kind):
+            if struct.calcsize('P') == 8:   # 64-bit
+                bits = '64'
+            else:
+                bits = '32'
+            name = '%s%s.exe' % (kind, bits)
+            # Issue 31: don't hardcode an absolute package name, but
+            # determine it relative to the current package
+            distlib_package = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+            result = finder(distlib_package).find(name).bytes
+            return result
+
+    # Public API follows
+
+    def make(self, specification, options=None):
+        """
+        Make a script.
+
+        :param specification: The specification, which is either a valid export
+                              entry specification (to make a script from a
+                              callable) or a filename (to make a script by
+                              copying from a source location).
+        :param options: A dictionary of options controlling script generation.
+        :return: A list of all absolute pathnames written to.
+        """
+        filenames = []
+        entry = get_export_entry(specification)
+        if entry is None:
+            self._copy_script(specification, filenames)
+        else:
+            self._make_script(entry, filenames, options=options)
+        return filenames
+
+    def make_multiple(self, specifications, options=None):
+        """
+        Take a list of specifications and make scripts from them,
+        :param specifications: A list of specifications.
+        :return: A list of all absolute pathnames written to,
+        """
+        filenames = []
+        for specification in specifications:
+            filenames.extend(self.make(specification, options))
+        return filenames
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7555c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import codecs
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+import csv
+from glob import iglob as std_iglob
+import io
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import py_compile
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import ssl
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+import time
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (string_types, text_type, shutil, raw_input, StringIO,
+                     cache_from_source, urlopen, httplib, xmlrpclib, splittype,
+                     HTTPHandler, HTTPSHandler as BaseHTTPSHandler,
+                     BaseConfigurator, valid_ident, Container, configparser,
+                     URLError, match_hostname, CertificateError, ZipFile)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+#
+# Requirement parsing code for name + optional constraints + optional extras
+#
+# e.g. 'foo >= 1.2, < 2.0 [bar, baz]'
+#
+# The regex can seem a bit hairy, so we build it up out of smaller pieces
+# which are manageable.
+#
+
+COMMA = r'\s*,\s*'
+COMMA_RE = re.compile(COMMA)
+
+IDENT = r'(\w|[.-])+'
+EXTRA_IDENT = r'(\*|:(\*|\w+):|' + IDENT + ')'
+VERSPEC = IDENT + r'\*?'
+
+RELOP = '([<>=!~]=)|[<>]'
+
+#
+# The first relop is optional - if absent, will be taken as '~='
+#
+BARE_CONSTRAINTS = ('(' + RELOP + r')?\s*(' + VERSPEC + ')(' + COMMA + '(' +
+                    RELOP + r')\s*(' + VERSPEC + '))*')
+
+DIRECT_REF = '(from\s+(?P<diref>.*))'
+
+#
+# Either the bare constraints or the bare constraints in parentheses
+#
+CONSTRAINTS = (r'\(\s*(?P<c1>' + BARE_CONSTRAINTS + '|' + DIRECT_REF +
+               r')\s*\)|(?P<c2>' + BARE_CONSTRAINTS + '\s*)')
+
+EXTRA_LIST = EXTRA_IDENT + '(' + COMMA + EXTRA_IDENT + ')*'
+EXTRAS = r'\[\s*(?P<ex>' + EXTRA_LIST + r')?\s*\]'
+REQUIREMENT = ('(?P<dn>'  + IDENT + r')\s*(' + EXTRAS + r'\s*)?(\s*' +
+               CONSTRAINTS + ')?$')
+REQUIREMENT_RE = re.compile(REQUIREMENT)
+
+#
+# Used to scan through the constraints
+#
+RELOP_IDENT = '(?P<op>' + RELOP + r')\s*(?P<vn>' + VERSPEC + ')'
+RELOP_IDENT_RE = re.compile(RELOP_IDENT)
+
+def parse_requirement(s):
+
+    def get_constraint(m):
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        return d['op'], d['vn']
+
+    result = None
+    m = REQUIREMENT_RE.match(s)
+    if m:
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        name = d['dn']
+        cons = d['c1'] or d['c2']
+        if not d['diref']:
+            url = None
+        else:
+            # direct reference
+            cons = None
+            url = d['diref'].strip()
+        if not cons:
+            cons = None
+            constr = ''
+            rs = d['dn']
+        else:
+            if cons[0] not in '<>!=':
+                cons = '~=' + cons
+            iterator = RELOP_IDENT_RE.finditer(cons)
+            cons = [get_constraint(m) for m in iterator]
+            rs = '%s (%s)' % (name, ', '.join(['%s %s' % con for con in cons]))
+        if not d['ex']:
+            extras = None
+        else:
+            extras = COMMA_RE.split(d['ex'])
+        result = Container(name=name, constraints=cons, extras=extras,
+                           requirement=rs, source=s, url=url)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_resources_dests(resources_root, rules):
+    """Find destinations for resources files"""
+
+    def get_rel_path(base, path):
+        # normalizes and returns a lstripped-/-separated path
+        base = base.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        path = path.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        assert path.startswith(base)
+        return path[len(base):].lstrip('/')
+
+
+    destinations = {}
+    for base, suffix, dest in rules:
+        prefix = os.path.join(resources_root, base)
+        for abs_base in iglob(prefix):
+            abs_glob = os.path.join(abs_base, suffix)
+            for abs_path in iglob(abs_glob):
+                resource_file = get_rel_path(resources_root, abs_path)
+                if dest is None:  # remove the entry if it was here
+                    destinations.pop(resource_file, None)
+                else:
+                    rel_path = get_rel_path(abs_base, abs_path)
+                    rel_dest = dest.replace(os.path.sep, '/').rstrip('/')
+                    destinations[resource_file] = rel_dest + '/' + rel_path
+    return destinations
+
+
+def in_venv():
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        # virtualenv venvs
+        result = True
+    else:
+        # PEP 405 venvs
+        result = sys.prefix != getattr(sys, 'base_prefix', sys.prefix)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_executable():
+# The __PYVENV_LAUNCHER__ dance is apparently no longer needed, as
+# changes to the stub launcher mean that sys.executable always points
+# to the stub on OS X
+#    if sys.platform == 'darwin' and ('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__'
+#                                     in os.environ):
+#        result =  os.environ['__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__']
+#    else:
+#        result = sys.executable
+#    return result
+    return os.path.normcase(sys.executable)
+
+
+def proceed(prompt, allowed_chars, error_prompt=None, default=None):
+    p = prompt
+    while True:
+        s = raw_input(p)
+        p = prompt
+        if not s and default:
+            s = default
+        if s:
+            c = s[0].lower()
+            if c in allowed_chars:
+                break
+            if error_prompt:
+                p = '%c: %s\n%s' % (c, error_prompt, prompt)
+    return c
+
+
+def extract_by_key(d, keys):
+    if isinstance(keys, string_types):
+        keys = keys.split()
+    result = {}
+    for key in keys:
+        if key in d:
+            result[key] = d[key]
+    return result
+
+def read_exports(stream):
+    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+        # needs to be a text stream
+        stream = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stream)
+    # Try to load as JSON, falling back on legacy format
+    data = stream.read()
+    stream = StringIO(data)
+    try:
+        data = json.load(stream)
+        result = data['extensions']['python.exports']['exports']
+        for group, entries in result.items():
+            for k, v in entries.items():
+                s = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                entry = get_export_entry(s)
+                assert entry is not None
+                entries[k] = entry
+        return result
+    except Exception:
+        stream.seek(0, 0)
+    cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    if hasattr(cp, 'read_file'):
+        cp.read_file(stream)
+    else:
+        cp.readfp(stream)
+    result = {}
+    for key in cp.sections():
+        result[key] = entries = {}
+        for name, value in cp.items(key):
+            s = '%s = %s' % (name, value)
+            entry = get_export_entry(s)
+            assert entry is not None
+            #entry.dist = self
+            entries[name] = entry
+    return result
+
+
+def write_exports(exports, stream):
+    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+        # needs to be a text stream
+        stream = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(stream)
+    cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    for k, v in exports.items():
+        # TODO check k, v for valid values
+        cp.add_section(k)
+        for entry in v.values():
+            if entry.suffix is None:
+                s = entry.prefix
+            else:
+                s = '%s:%s' % (entry.prefix, entry.suffix)
+            if entry.flags:
+                s = '%s [%s]' % (s, ', '.join(entry.flags))
+            cp.set(k, entry.name, s)
+    cp.write(stream)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def tempdir():
+    td = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        yield td
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(td)
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def chdir(d):
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(d)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def socket_timeout(seconds=15):
+    cto = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+    try:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(seconds)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(cto)
+
+
+class cached_property(object):
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+        #for attr in ('__name__', '__module__', '__doc__'):
+        #    setattr(self, attr, getattr(func, attr, None))
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        value = self.func(obj)
+        object.__setattr__(obj, self.func.__name__, value)
+        #obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = value = self.func(obj)
+        return value
+
+def convert_path(pathname):
+    """Return 'pathname' as a name that will work on the native filesystem.
+
+    The path is split on '/' and put back together again using the current
+    directory separator.  Needed because filenames in the setup script are
+    always supplied in Unix style, and have to be converted to the local
+    convention before we can actually use them in the filesystem.  Raises
+    ValueError on non-Unix-ish systems if 'pathname' either starts or
+    ends with a slash.
+    """
+    if os.sep == '/':
+        return pathname
+    if not pathname:
+        return pathname
+    if pathname[0] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot be absolute" % pathname)
+    if pathname[-1] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot end with '/'" % pathname)
+
+    paths = pathname.split('/')
+    while os.curdir in paths:
+        paths.remove(os.curdir)
+    if not paths:
+        return os.curdir
+    return os.path.join(*paths)
+
+
+class FileOperator(object):
+    def __init__(self, dry_run=False):
+        self.dry_run = dry_run
+        self.ensured = set()
+        self._init_record()
+
+    def _init_record(self):
+        self.record = False
+        self.files_written = set()
+        self.dirs_created = set()
+
+    def record_as_written(self, path):
+        if self.record:
+            self.files_written.add(path)
+
+    def newer(self, source, target):
+        """Tell if the target is newer than the source.
+
+        Returns true if 'source' exists and is more recently modified than
+        'target', or if 'source' exists and 'target' doesn't.
+
+        Returns false if both exist and 'target' is the same age or younger
+        than 'source'. Raise PackagingFileError if 'source' does not exist.
+
+        Note that this test is not very accurate: files created in the same
+        second will have the same "age".
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(source):
+            raise DistlibException("file '%r' does not exist" %
+                                   os.path.abspath(source))
+        if not os.path.exists(target):
+            return True
+
+        return os.stat(source).st_mtime > os.stat(target).st_mtime
+
+    def copy_file(self, infile, outfile, check=True):
+        """Copy a file respecting dry-run and force flags.
+        """
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(outfile))
+        logger.info('Copying %s to %s', infile, outfile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            msg = None
+            if check:
+                if os.path.islink(outfile):
+                    msg = '%s is a symlink' % outfile
+                elif os.path.exists(outfile) and not os.path.isfile(outfile):
+                    msg = '%s is a non-regular file' % outfile
+            if msg:
+                raise ValueError(msg + ' which would be overwritten')
+            shutil.copyfile(infile, outfile)
+        self.record_as_written(outfile)
+
+    def copy_stream(self, instream, outfile, encoding=None):
+        assert not os.path.isdir(outfile)
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(outfile))
+        logger.info('Copying stream %s to %s', instream, outfile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if encoding is None:
+                outstream = open(outfile, 'wb')
+            else:
+                outstream = codecs.open(outfile, 'w', encoding=encoding)
+            try:
+                shutil.copyfileobj(instream, outstream)
+            finally:
+                outstream.close()
+        self.record_as_written(outfile)
+
+    def write_binary_file(self, path, data):
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data)
+        self.record_as_written(path)
+
+    def write_text_file(self, path, data, encoding):
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data.encode(encoding))
+        self.record_as_written(path)
+
+    def set_mode(self, bits, mask, files):
+        if os.name == 'posix' or (os.name == 'java' and os._name == 'posix'):
+            # Set the executable bits (owner, group, and world) on
+            # all the files specified.
+            for f in files:
+                if self.dry_run:
+                    logger.info("changing mode of %s", f)
+                else:
+                    mode = (os.stat(f).st_mode | bits) & mask
+                    logger.info("changing mode of %s to %o", f, mode)
+                    os.chmod(f, mode)
+
+    set_executable_mode = lambda s, f: s.set_mode(0o555, 0o7777, f)
+
+    def ensure_dir(self, path):
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if path not in self.ensured and not os.path.exists(path):
+            self.ensured.add(path)
+            d, f = os.path.split(path)
+            self.ensure_dir(d)
+            logger.info('Creating %s' % path)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.mkdir(path)
+            if self.record:
+                self.dirs_created.add(path)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, path, optimize=False, force=False, prefix=None):
+        dpath = cache_from_source(path, not optimize)
+        logger.info('Byte-compiling %s to %s', path, dpath)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if force or self.newer(path, dpath):
+                if not prefix:
+                    diagpath = None
+                else:
+                    assert path.startswith(prefix)
+                    diagpath = path[len(prefix):]
+            py_compile.compile(path, dpath, diagpath, True)     # raise error
+        self.record_as_written(dpath)
+        return dpath
+
+    def ensure_removed(self, path):
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path):
+                logger.debug('Removing directory tree at %s', path)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    shutil.rmtree(path)
+                if self.record:
+                    if path in self.dirs_created:
+                        self.dirs_created.remove(path)
+            else:
+                if os.path.islink(path):
+                    s = 'link'
+                else:
+                    s = 'file'
+                logger.debug('Removing %s %s', s, path)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.remove(path)
+                if self.record:
+                    if path in self.files_written:
+                        self.files_written.remove(path)
+
+    def is_writable(self, path):
+        result = False
+        while not result:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                result = os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+                break
+            parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+            if parent == path:
+                break
+            path = parent
+        return result
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """
+        Commit recorded changes, turn off recording, return
+        changes.
+        """
+        assert self.record
+        result = self.files_written, self.dirs_created
+        self._init_record()
+        return result
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in list(self.files_written):
+                if os.path.exists(f):
+                    os.remove(f)
+            # dirs should all be empty now, except perhaps for
+            # __pycache__ subdirs
+            # reverse so that subdirs appear before their parents
+            dirs = sorted(self.dirs_created, reverse=True)
+            for d in dirs:
+                flist = os.listdir(d)
+                if flist:
+                    assert flist == ['__pycache__']
+                    sd = os.path.join(d, flist[0])
+                    os.rmdir(sd)
+                os.rmdir(d)     # should fail if non-empty
+        self._init_record()
+
+def resolve(module_name, dotted_path):
+    if module_name in sys.modules:
+        mod = sys.modules[module_name]
+    else:
+        mod = __import__(module_name)
+    if dotted_path is None:
+        result = mod
+    else:
+        parts = dotted_path.split('.')
+        result = getattr(mod, parts.pop(0))
+        for p in parts:
+            result = getattr(result, p)
+    return result
+
+
+class ExportEntry(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, prefix, suffix, flags):
+        self.name = name
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.suffix = suffix
+        self.flags = flags
+
+    @cached_property
+    def value(self):
+        return resolve(self.prefix, self.suffix)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<ExportEntry %s = %s:%s %s>' % (self.name, self.prefix,
+                                                self.suffix, self.flags)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, ExportEntry):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            result = (self.name == other.name and
+                      self.prefix == other.prefix and
+                      self.suffix == other.suffix and
+                      self.flags == other.flags)
+        return result
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+ENTRY_RE = re.compile(r'''(?P<name>(\w|[-.])+)
+                      \s*=\s*(?P<callable>(\w+)([:\.]\w+)*)
+                      \s*(\[\s*(?P<flags>\w+(=\w+)?(,\s*\w+(=\w+)?)*)\s*\])?
+                      ''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def get_export_entry(specification):
+    m = ENTRY_RE.search(specification)
+    if not m:
+        result = None
+        if '[' in specification or ']' in specification:
+            raise DistlibException('Invalid specification '
+                                   '%r' % specification)
+    else:
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        name = d['name']
+        path = d['callable']
+        colons = path.count(':')
+        if colons == 0:
+            prefix, suffix = path, None
+        else:
+            if colons != 1:
+                raise DistlibException('Invalid specification '
+                                       '%r' % specification)
+            prefix, suffix = path.split(':')
+        flags = d['flags']
+        if flags is None:
+            if '[' in specification or ']' in specification:
+                raise DistlibException('Invalid specification '
+                                       '%r' % specification)
+            flags = []
+        else:
+            flags = [f.strip() for f in flags.split(',')]
+        result = ExportEntry(name, prefix, suffix, flags)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_cache_base(suffix=None):
+    """
+    Return the default base location for distlib caches. If the directory does
+    not exist, it is created. Use the suffix provided for the base directory,
+    and default to '.distlib' if it isn't provided.
+
+    On Windows, if LOCALAPPDATA is defined in the environment, then it is
+    assumed to be a directory, and will be the parent directory of the result.
+    On POSIX, and on Windows if LOCALAPPDATA is not defined, the user's home
+    directory - using os.expanduser('~') - will be the parent directory of
+    the result.
+
+    The result is just the directory '.distlib' in the parent directory as
+    determined above, or with the name specified with ``suffix``.
+    """
+    if suffix is None:
+        suffix = '.distlib'
+    if os.name == 'nt' and 'LOCALAPPDATA' in os.environ:
+        result = os.path.expandvars('$localappdata')
+    else:
+        # Assume posix, or old Windows
+        result = os.path.expanduser('~')
+    # we use 'isdir' instead of 'exists', because we want to
+    # fail if there's a file with that name
+    if os.path.isdir(result):
+        usable = os.access(result, os.W_OK)
+        if not usable:
+            logger.warning('Directory exists but is not writable: %s', result)
+    else:
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(result)
+            usable = True
+        except OSError:
+            logger.warning('Unable to create %s', result, exc_info=True)
+            usable = False
+    if not usable:
+        result = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        logger.warning('Default location unusable, using %s', result)
+    return os.path.join(result, suffix)
+
+
+def path_to_cache_dir(path):
+    """
+    Convert an absolute path to a directory name for use in a cache.
+
+    The algorithm used is:
+
+    #. On Windows, any ``':'`` in the drive is replaced with ``'---'``.
+    #. Any occurrence of ``os.sep`` is replaced with ``'--'``.
+    #. ``'.cache'`` is appended.
+    """
+    d, p = os.path.splitdrive(os.path.abspath(path))
+    if d:
+        d = d.replace(':', '---')
+    p = p.replace(os.sep, '--')
+    return d + p + '.cache'
+
+
+def ensure_slash(s):
+    if not s.endswith('/'):
+        return s + '/'
+    return s
+
+
+def parse_credentials(netloc):
+    username = password = None
+    if '@' in netloc:
+        prefix, netloc = netloc.split('@', 1)
+        if ':' not in prefix:
+            username = prefix
+        else:
+            username, password = prefix.split(':', 1)
+    return username, password, netloc
+
+
+def get_process_umask():
+    result = os.umask(0o22)
+    os.umask(result)
+    return result
+
+def is_string_sequence(seq):
+    result = True
+    i = None
+    for i, s in enumerate(seq):
+        if not isinstance(s, string_types):
+            result = False
+            break
+    assert i is not None
+    return result
+
+PROJECT_NAME_AND_VERSION = re.compile('([a-z0-9_]+([.-][a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)*)-'
+                                      '([a-z0-9_.+-]+)', re.I)
+PYTHON_VERSION = re.compile(r'-py(\d\.?\d?)')
+
+
+def split_filename(filename, project_name=None):
+    """
+    Extract name, version, python version from a filename (no extension)
+
+    Return name, version, pyver or None
+    """
+    result = None
+    pyver = None
+    m = PYTHON_VERSION.search(filename)
+    if m:
+        pyver = m.group(1)
+        filename = filename[:m.start()]
+    if project_name and len(filename) > len(project_name) + 1:
+        m = re.match(re.escape(project_name) + r'\b', filename)
+        if m:
+            n = m.end()
+            result = filename[:n], filename[n + 1:], pyver
+    if result is None:
+        m = PROJECT_NAME_AND_VERSION.match(filename)
+        if m:
+            result = m.group(1), m.group(3), pyver
+    return result
+
+# Allow spaces in name because of legacy dists like "Twisted Core"
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[\w .-]+)\s*'
+                             r'\(\s*(?P<ver>[^\s)]+)\)$')
+
+def parse_name_and_version(p):
+    """
+    A utility method used to get name and version from a string.
+
+    From e.g. a Provides-Dist value.
+
+    :param p: A value in a form 'foo (1.0)'
+    :return: The name and version as a tuple.
+    """
+    m = NAME_VERSION_RE.match(p)
+    if not m:
+        raise DistlibException('Ill-formed name/version string: \'%s\'' % p)
+    d = m.groupdict()
+    return d['name'].strip().lower(), d['ver']
+
+def get_extras(requested, available):
+    result = set()
+    requested = set(requested or [])
+    available = set(available or [])
+    if '*' in requested:
+        requested.remove('*')
+        result |= available
+    for r in requested:
+        if r == '-':
+            result.add(r)
+        elif r.startswith('-'):
+            unwanted = r[1:]
+            if unwanted not in available:
+                logger.warning('undeclared extra: %s' % unwanted)
+            if unwanted in result:
+                result.remove(unwanted)
+        else:
+            if r not in available:
+                logger.warning('undeclared extra: %s' % r)
+            result.add(r)
+    return result
+#
+# Extended metadata functionality
+#
+
+def _get_external_data(url):
+    result = {}
+    try:
+        # urlopen might fail if it runs into redirections,
+        # because of Python issue #13696. Fixed in locators
+        # using a custom redirect handler.
+        resp = urlopen(url)
+        headers = resp.info()
+        if headers.get('Content-Type') != 'application/json':
+            logger.debug('Unexpected response for JSON request')
+        else:
+            reader = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(resp)
+            #data = reader.read().decode('utf-8')
+            #result = json.loads(data)
+            result = json.load(reader)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.exception('Failed to get external data for %s: %s', url, e)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_project_data(name):
+    url = ('https://www.red-dove.com/pypi/projects/'
+           '%s/%s/project.json' % (name[0].upper(), name))
+    result = _get_external_data(url)
+    return result
+
+def get_package_data(name, version):
+    url = ('https://www.red-dove.com/pypi/projects/'
+           '%s/%s/package-%s.json' % (name[0].upper(), name, version))
+    return _get_external_data(url)
+
+
+class Cache(object):
+    """
+    A class implementing a cache for resources that need to live in the file system
+    e.g. shared libraries. This class was moved from resources to here because it
+    could be used by other modules, e.g. the wheel module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param base: The base directory where the cache should be located.
+        """
+        # we use 'isdir' instead of 'exists', because we want to
+        # fail if there's a file with that name
+        if not os.path.isdir(base):
+            os.makedirs(base)
+        if (os.stat(base).st_mode & 0o77) != 0:
+            logger.warning('Directory \'%s\' is not private', base)
+        self.base = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(base))
+
+    def prefix_to_dir(self, prefix):
+        """
+        Converts a resource prefix to a directory name in the cache.
+        """
+        return path_to_cache_dir(prefix)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache.
+        """
+        not_removed = []
+        for fn in os.listdir(self.base):
+            fn = os.path.join(self.base, fn)
+            try:
+                if os.path.islink(fn) or os.path.isfile(fn):
+                    os.remove(fn)
+                elif os.path.isdir(fn):
+                    shutil.rmtree(fn)
+            except Exception:
+                not_removed.append(fn)
+        return not_removed
+
+
+class EventMixin(object):
+    """
+    A very simple publish/subscribe system.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._subscribers = {}
+
+    def add(self, event, subscriber, append=True):
+        """
+        Add a subscriber for an event.
+
+        :param event: The name of an event.
+        :param subscriber: The subscriber to be added (and called when the
+                           event is published).
+        :param append: Whether to append or prepend the subscriber to an
+                       existing subscriber list for the event.
+        """
+        subs = self._subscribers
+        if event not in subs:
+            subs[event] = deque([subscriber])
+        else:
+            sq = subs[event]
+            if append:
+                sq.append(subscriber)
+            else:
+                sq.appendleft(subscriber)
+
+    def remove(self, event, subscriber):
+        """
+        Remove a subscriber for an event.
+
+        :param event: The name of an event.
+        :param subscriber: The subscriber to be removed.
+        """
+        subs = self._subscribers
+        if event not in subs:
+            raise ValueError('No subscribers: %r' % event)
+        subs[event].remove(subscriber)
+
+    def get_subscribers(self, event):
+        """
+        Return an iterator for the subscribers for an event.
+        :param event: The event to return subscribers for.
+        """
+        return iter(self._subscribers.get(event, ()))
+
+    def publish(self, event, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Publish a event and return a list of values returned by its
+        subscribers.
+
+        :param event: The event to publish.
+        :param args: The positional arguments to pass to the event's
+                     subscribers.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the event's
+                       subscribers.
+        """
+        result = []
+        for subscriber in self.get_subscribers(event):
+            try:
+                value = subscriber(event, *args, **kwargs)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception('Exception during event publication')
+                value = None
+            result.append(value)
+        logger.debug('publish %s: args = %s, kwargs = %s, result = %s',
+                     event, args, kwargs, result)
+        return result
+
+#
+# Simple sequencing
+#
+class Sequencer(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._preds = {}
+        self._succs = {}
+        self._nodes = set()     # nodes with no preds/succs
+
+    def add_node(self, node):
+        self._nodes.add(node)
+
+    def remove_node(self, node, edges=False):
+        if node in self._nodes:
+            self._nodes.remove(node)
+        if edges:
+            for p in set(self._preds.get(node, ())):
+                self.remove(p, node)
+            for s in set(self._succs.get(node, ())):
+                self.remove(node, s)
+            # Remove empties
+            for k, v in list(self._preds.items()):
+                if not v:
+                    del self._preds[k]
+            for k, v in list(self._succs.items()):
+                if not v:
+                    del self._succs[k]
+
+    def add(self, pred, succ):
+        assert pred != succ
+        self._preds.setdefault(succ, set()).add(pred)
+        self._succs.setdefault(pred, set()).add(succ)
+
+    def remove(self, pred, succ):
+        assert pred != succ
+        try:
+            preds = self._preds[succ]
+            succs = self._succs[pred]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError('%r not a successor of anything' % succ)
+        try:
+            preds.remove(pred)
+            succs.remove(succ)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError('%r not a successor of %r' % (succ, pred))
+
+    def is_step(self, step):
+        return (step in self._preds or step in self._succs or
+                step in self._nodes)
+
+    def get_steps(self, final):
+        if not self.is_step(final):
+            raise ValueError('Unknown: %r' % final)
+        result = []
+        todo = []
+        seen = set()
+        todo.append(final)
+        while todo:
+            step = todo.pop(0)
+            if step in seen:
+                # if a step was already seen,
+                # move it to the end (so it will appear earlier
+                # when reversed on return) ... but not for the
+                # final step, as that would be confusing for
+                # users
+                if step != final:
+                    result.remove(step)
+                    result.append(step)
+            else:
+                seen.add(step)
+                result.append(step)
+                preds = self._preds.get(step, ())
+                todo.extend(preds)
+        return reversed(result)
+
+    @property
+    def strong_connections(self):
+        #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s_strongly_connected_components_algorithm
+        index_counter = [0]
+        stack = []
+        lowlinks = {}
+        index = {}
+        result = []
+
+        graph = self._succs
+
+        def strongconnect(node):
+            # set the depth index for this node to the smallest unused index
+            index[node] = index_counter[0]
+            lowlinks[node] = index_counter[0]
+            index_counter[0] += 1
+            stack.append(node)
+
+            # Consider successors
+            try:
+                successors = graph[node]
+            except Exception:
+                successors = []
+            for successor in successors:
+                if successor not in lowlinks:
+                    # Successor has not yet been visited
+                    strongconnect(successor)
+                    lowlinks[node] = min(lowlinks[node],lowlinks[successor])
+                elif successor in stack:
+                    # the successor is in the stack and hence in the current
+                    # strongly connected component (SCC)
+                    lowlinks[node] = min(lowlinks[node],index[successor])
+
+            # If `node` is a root node, pop the stack and generate an SCC
+            if lowlinks[node] == index[node]:
+                connected_component = []
+
+                while True:
+                    successor = stack.pop()
+                    connected_component.append(successor)
+                    if successor == node: break
+                component = tuple(connected_component)
+                # storing the result
+                result.append(component)
+
+        for node in graph:
+            if node not in lowlinks:
+                strongconnect(node)
+
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def dot(self):
+        result = ['digraph G {']
+        for succ in self._preds:
+            preds = self._preds[succ]
+            for pred in preds:
+                result.append('  %s -> %s;' % (pred, succ))
+        for node in self._nodes:
+            result.append('  %s;' % node)
+        result.append('}')
+        return '\n'.join(result)
+
+#
+# Unarchiving functionality for zip, tar, tgz, tbz, whl
+#
+
+ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip',
+                      '.tgz', '.tbz', '.whl')
+
+def unarchive(archive_filename, dest_dir, format=None, check=True):
+
+    def check_path(path):
+        if not isinstance(path, text_type):
+            path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        p = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest_dir, path))
+        if not p.startswith(dest_dir) or p[plen] != os.sep:
+            raise ValueError('path outside destination: %r' % p)
+
+    dest_dir = os.path.abspath(dest_dir)
+    plen = len(dest_dir)
+    archive = None
+    if format is None:
+        if archive_filename.endswith(('.zip', '.whl')):
+            format = 'zip'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith(('.tar.gz', '.tgz')):
+            format = 'tgz'
+            mode = 'r:gz'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith(('.tar.bz2', '.tbz')):
+            format = 'tbz'
+            mode = 'r:bz2'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith('.tar'):
+            format = 'tar'
+            mode = 'r'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Unknown format for %r' % archive_filename)
+    try:
+        if format == 'zip':
+            archive = ZipFile(archive_filename, 'r')
+            if check:
+                names = archive.namelist()
+                for name in names:
+                    check_path(name)
+        else:
+            archive = tarfile.open(archive_filename, mode)
+            if check:
+                names = archive.getnames()
+                for name in names:
+                    check_path(name)
+        if format != 'zip' and sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            # See Python issue 17153. If the dest path contains Unicode,
+            # tarfile extraction fails on Python 2.x if a member path name
+            # contains non-ASCII characters - it leads to an implicit
+            # bytes -> unicode conversion using ASCII to decode.
+            for tarinfo in archive.getmembers():
+                if not isinstance(tarinfo.name, text_type):
+                    tarinfo.name = tarinfo.name.decode('utf-8')
+        archive.extractall(dest_dir)
+
+    finally:
+        if archive:
+            archive.close()
+
+
+def zip_dir(directory):
+    """zip a directory tree into a BytesIO object"""
+    result = io.BytesIO()
+    dlen = len(directory)
+    with ZipFile(result, "w") as zf:
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory):
+            for name in files:
+                full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                rel = root[dlen:]
+                dest = os.path.join(rel, name)
+                zf.write(full, dest)
+    return result
+
+#
+# Simple progress bar
+#
+
+UNITS = ('', 'K', 'M', 'G','T','P')
+
+
+class Progress(object):
+    unknown = 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def __init__(self, minval=0, maxval=100):
+        assert maxval is None or maxval >= minval
+        self.min = self.cur = minval
+        self.max = maxval
+        self.started = None
+        self.elapsed = 0
+        self.done = False
+
+    def update(self, curval):
+        assert self.min <= curval
+        assert self.max is None or curval <= self.max
+        self.cur = curval
+        now = time.time()
+        if self.started is None:
+            self.started = now
+        else:
+            self.elapsed = now - self.started
+
+    def increment(self, incr):
+        assert incr >= 0
+        self.update(self.cur + incr)
+
+    def start(self):
+        self.update(self.min)
+        return self
+
+    def stop(self):
+        if self.max is not None:
+            self.update(self.max)
+        self.done = True
+
+    @property
+    def maximum(self):
+        return self.unknown if self.max is None else self.max
+
+    @property
+    def percentage(self):
+        if self.done:
+            result = '100 %'
+        elif self.max is None:
+            result = ' ?? %'
+        else:
+            v = 100.0 * (self.cur - self.min) / (self.max - self.min)
+            result = '%3d %%' % v
+        return result
+
+    def format_duration(self, duration):
+        if (duration <= 0) and self.max is None or self.cur == self.min:
+            result = '??:??:??'
+        #elif duration < 1:
+        #    result = '--:--:--'
+        else:
+            result = time.strftime('%H:%M:%S', time.gmtime(duration))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def ETA(self):
+        if self.done:
+            prefix = 'Done'
+            t = self.elapsed
+            #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        else:
+            prefix = 'ETA '
+            if self.max is None:
+                t = -1
+            elif self.elapsed == 0 or (self.cur == self.min):
+                t = 0
+            else:
+                #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+                t = float(self.max - self.min)
+                t /= self.cur - self.min
+                t = (t - 1) * self.elapsed
+        return '%s: %s' % (prefix, self.format_duration(t))
+
+    @property
+    def speed(self):
+        if self.elapsed == 0:
+            result = 0.0
+        else:
+            result = (self.cur - self.min) / self.elapsed
+        for unit in UNITS:
+            if result < 1000:
+                break
+            result /= 1000.0
+        return '%d %sB/s' % (result, unit)
+
+#
+# Glob functionality
+#
+
+RICH_GLOB = re.compile(r'\{([^}]*)\}')
+_CHECK_RECURSIVE_GLOB = re.compile(r'[^/\\,{]\*\*|\*\*[^/\\,}]')
+_CHECK_MISMATCH_SET = re.compile(r'^[^{]*\}|\{[^}]*$')
+
+
+def iglob(path_glob):
+    """Extended globbing function that supports ** and {opt1,opt2,opt3}."""
+    if _CHECK_RECURSIVE_GLOB.search(path_glob):
+        msg = """invalid glob %r: recursive glob "**" must be used alone"""
+        raise ValueError(msg % path_glob)
+    if _CHECK_MISMATCH_SET.search(path_glob):
+        msg = """invalid glob %r: mismatching set marker '{' or '}'"""
+        raise ValueError(msg % path_glob)
+    return _iglob(path_glob)
+
+
+def _iglob(path_glob):
+    rich_path_glob = RICH_GLOB.split(path_glob, 1)
+    if len(rich_path_glob) > 1:
+        assert len(rich_path_glob) == 3, rich_path_glob
+        prefix, set, suffix = rich_path_glob
+        for item in set.split(','):
+            for path in _iglob(''.join((prefix, item, suffix))):
+                yield path
+    else:
+        if '**' not in path_glob:
+            for item in std_iglob(path_glob):
+                yield item
+        else:
+            prefix, radical = path_glob.split('**', 1)
+            if prefix == '':
+                prefix = '.'
+            if radical == '':
+                radical = '*'
+            else:
+                # we support both
+                radical = radical.lstrip('/')
+                radical = radical.lstrip('\\')
+            for path, dir, files in os.walk(prefix):
+                path = os.path.normpath(path)
+                for fn in _iglob(os.path.join(path, radical)):
+                    yield fn
+
+
+
+#
+# HTTPSConnection which verifies certificates/matches domains
+#
+
+class HTTPSConnection(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
+    ca_certs = None # set this to the path to the certs file (.pem)
+    check_domain = True # only used if ca_certs is not None
+
+    # noinspection PyPropertyAccess
+    def connect(self):
+        sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), self.timeout)
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', False):
+            self.sock = sock
+            self._tunnel()
+
+        if not hasattr(ssl, 'SSLContext'):
+            # For 2.x
+            if self.ca_certs:
+                cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+            else:
+                cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+                                        cert_reqs=cert_reqs,
+                                        ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23,
+                                        ca_certs=self.ca_certs)
+        else:
+            context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+            context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
+            if self.cert_file:
+                context.load_cert_chain(self.cert_file, self.key_file)
+            kwargs = {}
+            if self.ca_certs:
+                context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+                context.load_verify_locations(cafile=self.ca_certs)
+                if getattr(ssl, 'HAS_SNI', False):
+                    kwargs['server_hostname'] = self.host
+            self.sock = context.wrap_socket(sock, **kwargs)
+        if self.ca_certs and self.check_domain:
+            try:
+                match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), self.host)
+                logger.debug('Host verified: %s', self.host)
+            except CertificateError:
+                self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+                self.sock.close()
+                raise
+
+class HTTPSHandler(BaseHTTPSHandler):
+    def __init__(self, ca_certs, check_domain=True):
+        BaseHTTPSHandler.__init__(self)
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.check_domain = check_domain
+
+    def _conn_maker(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        This is called to create a connection instance. Normally you'd
+        pass a connection class to do_open, but it doesn't actually check for
+        a class, and just expects a callable. As long as we behave just as a
+        constructor would have, we should be OK. If it ever changes so that
+        we *must* pass a class, we'll create an UnsafeHTTPSConnection class
+        which just sets check_domain to False in the class definition, and
+        choose which one to pass to do_open.
+        """
+        result = HTTPSConnection(*args, **kwargs)
+        if self.ca_certs:
+            result.ca_certs = self.ca_certs
+            result.check_domain = self.check_domain
+        return result
+
+    def https_open(self, req):
+        try:
+            return self.do_open(self._conn_maker, req)
+        except URLError as e:
+            if 'certificate verify failed' in str(e.reason):
+                raise CertificateError('Unable to verify server certificate '
+                                       'for %s' % req.host)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+#
+# To prevent against mixing HTTP traffic with HTTPS (examples: A Man-In-The-
+# Middle proxy using HTTP listens on port 443, or an index mistakenly serves
+# HTML containing a http://xyz link when it should be https://xyz),
+# you can use the following handler class, which does not allow HTTP traffic.
+#
+# It works by inheriting from HTTPHandler - so build_opener won't add a
+# handler for HTTP itself.
+#
+class HTTPSOnlyHandler(HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler):
+    def http_open(self, req):
+        raise URLError('Unexpected HTTP request on what should be a secure '
+                       'connection: %s' % req)
+
+#
+# XML-RPC with timeouts
+#
+
+_ver_info = sys.version_info[:2]
+
+if _ver_info == (2, 6):
+    class HTTP(httplib.HTTP):
+        def __init__(self, host='', port=None, **kwargs):
+            if port == 0:   # 0 means use port 0, not the default port
+                port = None
+            self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, **kwargs))
+
+
+    class HTTPS(httplib.HTTPS):
+        def __init__(self, host='', port=None, **kwargs):
+            if port == 0:   # 0 means use port 0, not the default port
+                port = None
+            self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, **kwargs))
+
+
+class Transport(xmlrpclib.Transport):
+    def __init__(self, timeout, use_datetime=0):
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        xmlrpclib.Transport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+
+    def make_connection(self, host):
+        h, eh, x509 = self.get_host_info(host)
+        if _ver_info == (2, 6):
+            result = HTTP(h, timeout=self.timeout)
+        else:
+            if not self._connection or host != self._connection[0]:
+                self._extra_headers = eh
+                self._connection = host, httplib.HTTPConnection(h)
+            result = self._connection[1]
+        return result
+
+class SafeTransport(xmlrpclib.SafeTransport):
+    def __init__(self, timeout, use_datetime=0):
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        xmlrpclib.SafeTransport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+
+    def make_connection(self, host):
+        h, eh, kwargs = self.get_host_info(host)
+        if not kwargs:
+            kwargs = {}
+        kwargs['timeout'] = self.timeout
+        if _ver_info == (2, 6):
+            result = HTTPS(host, None, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            if not self._connection or host != self._connection[0]:
+                self._extra_headers = eh
+                self._connection = host, httplib.HTTPSConnection(h, None,
+                                                                 **kwargs)
+            result = self._connection[1]
+        return result
+
+
+class ServerProxy(xmlrpclib.ServerProxy):
+    def __init__(self, uri, **kwargs):
+        self.timeout = timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', None)
+        # The above classes only come into play if a timeout
+        # is specified
+        if timeout is not None:
+            scheme, _ = splittype(uri)
+            use_datetime = kwargs.get('use_datetime', 0)
+            if scheme == 'https':
+                tcls = SafeTransport
+            else:
+                tcls = Transport
+            kwargs['transport'] = t = tcls(timeout, use_datetime=use_datetime)
+            self.transport = t
+        xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.__init__(self, uri, **kwargs)
+
+#
+# CSV functionality. This is provided because on 2.x, the csv module can't
+# handle Unicode. However, we need to deal with Unicode in e.g. RECORD files.
+#
+
+def _csv_open(fn, mode, **kwargs):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        mode += 'b'
+    else:
+        kwargs['newline'] = ''
+    return open(fn, mode, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CSVBase(object):
+    defaults = {
+        'delimiter': str(','),      # The strs are used because we need native
+        'quotechar': str('"'),      # str in the csv API (2.x won't take
+        'lineterminator': str('\n') # Unicode)
+    }
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        self.stream.close()
+
+
+class CSVReader(CSVBase):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        if 'stream' in kwargs:
+            stream = kwargs['stream']
+            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+                # needs to be a text stream
+                stream = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stream)
+            self.stream = stream
+        else:
+            self.stream = _csv_open(kwargs['path'], 'r')
+        self.reader = csv.reader(self.stream, **self.defaults)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def next(self):
+        result = next(self.reader)
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            for i, item in enumerate(result):
+                if not isinstance(item, text_type):
+                    result[i] = item.decode('utf-8')
+        return result
+
+    __next__ = next
+
+class CSVWriter(CSVBase):
+    def __init__(self, fn, **kwargs):
+        self.stream = _csv_open(fn, 'w')
+        self.writer = csv.writer(self.stream, **self.defaults)
+
+    def writerow(self, row):
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            r = []
+            for item in row:
+                if isinstance(item, text_type):
+                    item = item.encode('utf-8')
+                r.append(item)
+            row = r
+        self.writer.writerow(row)
+
+#
+#   Configurator functionality
+#
+
+class Configurator(BaseConfigurator):
+
+    value_converters = dict(BaseConfigurator.value_converters)
+    value_converters['inc'] = 'inc_convert'
+
+    def __init__(self, config, base=None):
+        super(Configurator, self).__init__(config)
+        self.base = base or os.getcwd()
+
+    def configure_custom(self, config):
+        def convert(o):
+            if isinstance(o, (list, tuple)):
+                result = type(o)([convert(i) for i in o])
+            elif isinstance(o, dict):
+                if '()' in o:
+                    result = self.configure_custom(o)
+                else:
+                    result = {}
+                    for k in o:
+                        result[k] = convert(o[k])
+            else:
+                result = self.convert(o)
+            return result
+
+        c = config.pop('()')
+        if not callable(c):
+            c = self.resolve(c)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
+        # Check for valid identifiers
+        args = config.pop('[]', ())
+        if args:
+            args = tuple([convert(o) for o in args])
+        items = [(k, convert(config[k])) for k in config if valid_ident(k)]
+        kwargs = dict(items)
+        result = c(*args, **kwargs)
+        if props:
+            for n, v in props.items():
+                setattr(result, n, convert(v))
+        return result
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        result = self.config[key]
+        if isinstance(result, dict) and '()' in result:
+            self.config[key] = result = self.configure_custom(result)
+        return result
+
+    def inc_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the inc:// protocol."""
+        if not os.path.isabs(value):
+            value = os.path.join(self.base, value)
+        with codecs.open(value, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            result = json.load(f)
+        return result
+
+#
+# Mixin for running subprocesses and capturing their output
+#
+
+class SubprocessMixin(object):
+    def __init__(self, verbose=False, progress=None):
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.progress = progress
+
+    def reader(self, stream, context):
+        """
+        Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress
+        callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
+        """
+        progress = self.progress
+        verbose = self.verbose
+        while True:
+            s = stream.readline()
+            if not s:
+                break
+            if progress is not None:
+                progress(s, context)
+            else:
+                if not verbose:
+                    sys.stderr.write('.')
+                else:
+                    sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8'))
+                sys.stderr.flush()
+        stream.close()
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, **kwargs):
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, **kwargs)
+        t1 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
+        t1.start()
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
+        t2.start()
+        p.wait()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+        if self.progress is not None:
+            self.progress('done.', 'main')
+        elif self.verbose:
+            sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
+        return p
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9c438a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,742 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Implementation of a flexible versioning scheme providing support for PEP-386,
+distribute-compatible and semantic versioning.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import re
+
+from .compat import string_types
+
+__all__ = ['NormalizedVersion', 'NormalizedMatcher',
+           'LegacyVersion', 'LegacyMatcher',
+           'SemanticVersion', 'SemanticMatcher',
+           'UnsupportedVersionError', 'get_scheme']
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UnsupportedVersionError(ValueError):
+    """This is an unsupported version."""
+    pass
+
+
+class Version(object):
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        self._string = s = s.strip()
+        self._parts = parts = self.parse(s)
+        assert isinstance(parts, tuple)
+        assert len(parts) > 0
+
+    def parse(self, s):
+        raise NotImplementedError('please implement in a subclass')
+
+    def _check_compatible(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other):
+            raise TypeError('cannot compare %r and %r' % (self, other))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self._parts == other._parts
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self._parts < other._parts
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return not (self.__lt__(other) or self.__eq__(other))
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.__lt__(other) or self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.__gt__(other) or self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s('%s')" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._string)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._string
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in subclasses.')
+
+
+class Matcher(object):
+    version_class = None
+
+    dist_re = re.compile(r"^(\w[\s\w'.-]*)(\((.*)\))?")
+    comp_re = re.compile(r'^(<=|>=|<|>|!=|={2,3}|~=)?\s*([^\s,]+)$')
+    num_re = re.compile(r'^\d+(\.\d+)*$')
+
+    # value is either a callable or the name of a method
+    _operators = {
+        '<': lambda v, c, p: v < c,
+        '>': lambda v, c, p: v > c,
+        '<=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v < c,
+        '>=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v > c,
+        '==': lambda v, c, p: v == c,
+        '===': lambda v, c, p: v == c,
+        # by default, compatible => >=.
+        '~=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v > c,
+        '!=': lambda v, c, p: v != c,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        if self.version_class is None:
+            raise ValueError('Please specify a version class')
+        self._string = s = s.strip()
+        m = self.dist_re.match(s)
+        if not m:
+            raise ValueError('Not valid: %r' % s)
+        groups = m.groups('')
+        self.name = groups[0].strip()
+        self.key = self.name.lower()    # for case-insensitive comparisons
+        clist = []
+        if groups[2]:
+            constraints = [c.strip() for c in groups[2].split(',')]
+            for c in constraints:
+                m = self.comp_re.match(c)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError('Invalid %r in %r' % (c, s))
+                groups = m.groups()
+                op = groups[0] or '~='
+                s = groups[1]
+                if s.endswith('.*'):
+                    if op not in ('==', '!='):
+                        raise ValueError('\'.*\' not allowed for '
+                                         '%r constraints' % op)
+                    # Could be a partial version (e.g. for '2.*') which
+                    # won't parse as a version, so keep it as a string
+                    vn, prefix = s[:-2], True
+                    if not self.num_re.match(vn):
+                        # Just to check that vn is a valid version
+                        self.version_class(vn)
+                else:
+                    # Should parse as a version, so we can create an
+                    # instance for the comparison
+                    vn, prefix = self.version_class(s), False
+                clist.append((op, vn, prefix))
+        self._parts = tuple(clist)
+
+    def match(self, version):
+        """
+        Check if the provided version matches the constraints.
+
+        :param version: The version to match against this instance.
+        :type version: Strring or :class:`Version` instance.
+        """
+        if isinstance(version, string_types):
+            version = self.version_class(version)
+        for operator, constraint, prefix in self._parts:
+            f = self._operators.get(operator)
+            if isinstance(f, string_types):
+                f = getattr(self, f)
+            if not f:
+                msg = ('%r not implemented '
+                       'for %s' % (operator, self.__class__.__name__))
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            if not f(version, constraint, prefix):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def exact_version(self):
+        result = None
+        if len(self._parts) == 1 and self._parts[0][0] in ('==', '==='):
+            result = self._parts[0][1]
+        return result
+
+    def _check_compatible(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other) or self.name != other.name:
+            raise TypeError('cannot compare %s and %s' % (self, other))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self.key == other.key and self._parts == other._parts
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.key) + hash(self._parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._string)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._string
+
+
+PEP440_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'^v?(\d+!)?(\d+(\.\d+)*)((a|b|c|rc)(\d+))?'
+                               r'(\.(post)(\d+))?(\.(dev)(\d+))?'
+                               r'(\+([a-zA-Z\d]+(\.[a-zA-Z\d]+)?))?$')
+
+
+def _pep_440_key(s):
+    s = s.strip()
+    m = PEP440_VERSION_RE.match(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise UnsupportedVersionError('Not a valid version: %s' % s)
+    groups = m.groups()
+    nums = tuple(int(v) for v in groups[1].split('.'))
+    while len(nums) > 1 and nums[-1] == 0:
+        nums = nums[:-1]
+
+    if not groups[0]:
+        epoch = 0
+    else:
+        epoch = int(groups[0])
+    pre = groups[4:6]
+    post = groups[7:9]
+    dev = groups[10:12]
+    local = groups[13]
+    if pre == (None, None):
+        pre = ()
+    else:
+        pre = pre[0], int(pre[1])
+    if post == (None, None):
+        post = ()
+    else:
+        post = post[0], int(post[1])
+    if dev == (None, None):
+        dev = ()
+    else:
+        dev = dev[0], int(dev[1])
+    if local is None:
+        local = ()
+    else:
+        parts = []
+        for part in local.split('.'):
+            # to ensure that numeric compares as > lexicographic, avoid
+            # comparing them directly, but encode a tuple which ensures
+            # correct sorting
+            if part.isdigit():
+                part = (1, int(part))
+            else:
+                part = (0, part)
+            parts.append(part)
+        local = tuple(parts)
+    if not pre:
+        # either before pre-release, or final release and after
+        if not post and dev:
+            # before pre-release
+            pre = ('a', -1)     # to sort before a0
+        else:
+            pre = ('z',)        # to sort after all pre-releases
+    # now look at the state of post and dev.
+    if not post:
+        post = ('_',)   # sort before 'a'
+    if not dev:
+        dev = ('final',)
+
+    #print('%s -> %s' % (s, m.groups()))
+    return epoch, nums, pre, post, dev, local
+
+
+_normalized_key = _pep_440_key
+
+
+class NormalizedVersion(Version):
+    """A rational version.
+
+    Good:
+        1.2         # equivalent to "1.2.0"
+        1.2.0
+        1.2a1
+        1.2.3a2
+        1.2.3b1
+        1.2.3c1
+        1.2.3.4
+        TODO: fill this out
+
+    Bad:
+        1           # mininum two numbers
+        1.2a        # release level must have a release serial
+        1.2.3b
+    """
+    def parse(self, s):
+        result = _normalized_key(s)
+        # _normalized_key loses trailing zeroes in the release
+        # clause, since that's needed to ensure that X.Y == X.Y.0 == X.Y.0.0
+        # However, PEP 440 prefix matching needs it: for example,
+        # (~= 1.4.5.0) matches differently to (~= 1.4.5.0.0).
+        m = PEP440_VERSION_RE.match(s)      # must succeed
+        groups = m.groups()
+        self._release_clause = tuple(int(v) for v in groups[1].split('.'))
+        return result
+
+    PREREL_TAGS = set(['a', 'b', 'c', 'rc', 'dev'])
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return any(t[0] in self.PREREL_TAGS for t in self._parts if t)
+
+
+def _match_prefix(x, y):
+    x = str(x)
+    y = str(y)
+    if x == y:
+        return True
+    if not x.startswith(y):
+        return False
+    n = len(y)
+    return x[n] == '.'
+
+
+class NormalizedMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = NormalizedVersion
+
+    # value is either a callable or the name of a method
+    _operators = {
+        '~=': '_match_compatible',
+        '<': '_match_lt',
+        '>': '_match_gt',
+        '<=': '_match_le',
+        '>=': '_match_ge',
+        '==': '_match_eq',
+        '===': '_match_arbitrary',
+        '!=': '_match_ne',
+    }
+
+    def _adjust_local(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        if prefix:
+            strip_local = '+' not in constraint and version._parts[-1]
+        else:
+            # both constraint and version are
+            # NormalizedVersion instances.
+            # If constraint does not have a local component,
+            # ensure the version doesn't, either.
+            strip_local = not constraint._parts[-1] and version._parts[-1]
+        if strip_local:
+            s = version._string.split('+', 1)[0]
+            version = self.version_class(s)
+        return version, constraint
+
+    def _match_lt(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version >= constraint:
+            return False
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return not _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+    def _match_gt(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version <= constraint:
+            return False
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return not _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+    def _match_le(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        return version <= constraint
+
+    def _match_ge(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        return version >= constraint
+
+    def _match_eq(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if not prefix:
+            result = (version == constraint)
+        else:
+            result = _match_prefix(version, constraint)
+        return result
+
+    def _match_arbitrary(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        return str(version) == str(constraint)
+
+    def _match_ne(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if not prefix:
+            result = (version != constraint)
+        else:
+            result = not _match_prefix(version, constraint)
+        return result
+
+    def _match_compatible(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version == constraint:
+            return True
+        if version < constraint:
+            return False
+#        if not prefix:
+#            return True
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        if len(release_clause) > 1:
+            release_clause = release_clause[:-1]
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+_REPLACEMENTS = (
+    (re.compile('[.+-]$'), ''),                     # remove trailing puncts
+    (re.compile(r'^[.](\d)'), r'0.\1'),             # .N -> 0.N at start
+    (re.compile('^[.-]'), ''),                      # remove leading puncts
+    (re.compile(r'^\((.*)\)$'), r'\1'),             # remove parentheses
+    (re.compile(r'^v(ersion)?\s*(\d+)'), r'\2'),    # remove leading v(ersion)
+    (re.compile(r'^r(ev)?\s*(\d+)'), r'\2'),        # remove leading v(ersion)
+    (re.compile('[.]{2,}'), '.'),                   # multiple runs of '.'
+    (re.compile(r'\b(alfa|apha)\b'), 'alpha'),      # misspelt alpha
+    (re.compile(r'\b(pre-alpha|prealpha)\b'),
+                'pre.alpha'),                       # standardise
+    (re.compile(r'\(beta\)$'), 'beta'),             # remove parentheses
+)
+
+_SUFFIX_REPLACEMENTS = (
+    (re.compile('^[:~._+-]+'), ''),                   # remove leading puncts
+    (re.compile('[,*")([\]]'), ''),                   # remove unwanted chars
+    (re.compile('[~:+_ -]'), '.'),                    # replace illegal chars
+    (re.compile('[.]{2,}'), '.'),                   # multiple runs of '.'
+    (re.compile(r'\.$'), ''),                       # trailing '.'
+)
+
+_NUMERIC_PREFIX = re.compile(r'(\d+(\.\d+)*)')
+
+
+def _suggest_semantic_version(s):
+    """
+    Try to suggest a semantic form for a version for which
+    _suggest_normalized_version couldn't come up with anything.
+    """
+    result = s.strip().lower()
+    for pat, repl in _REPLACEMENTS:
+        result = pat.sub(repl, result)
+    if not result:
+        result = '0.0.0'
+
+    # Now look for numeric prefix, and separate it out from
+    # the rest.
+    #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+    m = _NUMERIC_PREFIX.match(result)
+    if not m:
+        prefix = '0.0.0'
+        suffix = result
+    else:
+        prefix = m.groups()[0].split('.')
+        prefix = [int(i) for i in prefix]
+        while len(prefix) < 3:
+            prefix.append(0)
+        if len(prefix) == 3:
+            suffix = result[m.end():]
+        else:
+            suffix = '.'.join([str(i) for i in prefix[3:]]) + result[m.end():]
+            prefix = prefix[:3]
+        prefix = '.'.join([str(i) for i in prefix])
+        suffix = suffix.strip()
+    if suffix:
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        # massage the suffix.
+        for pat, repl in _SUFFIX_REPLACEMENTS:
+            suffix = pat.sub(repl, suffix)
+
+    if not suffix:
+        result = prefix
+    else:
+        sep = '-' if 'dev' in suffix else '+'
+        result = prefix + sep + suffix
+    if not is_semver(result):
+        result = None
+    return result
+
+
+def _suggest_normalized_version(s):
+    """Suggest a normalized version close to the given version string.
+
+    If you have a version string that isn't rational (i.e. NormalizedVersion
+    doesn't like it) then you might be able to get an equivalent (or close)
+    rational version from this function.
+
+    This does a number of simple normalizations to the given string, based
+    on observation of versions currently in use on PyPI. Given a dump of
+    those version during PyCon 2009, 4287 of them:
+    - 2312 (53.93%) match NormalizedVersion without change
+      with the automatic suggestion
+    - 3474 (81.04%) match when using this suggestion method
+
+    @param s {str} An irrational version string.
+    @returns A rational version string, or None, if couldn't determine one.
+    """
+    try:
+        _normalized_key(s)
+        return s   # already rational
+    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+        pass
+
+    rs = s.lower()
+
+    # part of this could use maketrans
+    for orig, repl in (('-alpha', 'a'), ('-beta', 'b'), ('alpha', 'a'),
+                       ('beta', 'b'), ('rc', 'c'), ('-final', ''),
+                       ('-pre', 'c'),
+                       ('-release', ''), ('.release', ''), ('-stable', ''),
+                       ('+', '.'), ('_', '.'), (' ', ''), ('.final', ''),
+                       ('final', '')):
+        rs = rs.replace(orig, repl)
+
+    # if something ends with dev or pre, we add a 0
+    rs = re.sub(r"pre$", r"pre0", rs)
+    rs = re.sub(r"dev$", r"dev0", rs)
+
+    # if we have something like "b-2" or "a.2" at the end of the
+    # version, that is pobably beta, alpha, etc
+    # let's remove the dash or dot
+    rs = re.sub(r"([abc]|rc)[\-\.](\d+)$", r"\1\2", rs)
+
+    # 1.0-dev-r371 -> 1.0.dev371
+    # 0.1-dev-r79 -> 0.1.dev79
+    rs = re.sub(r"[\-\.](dev)[\-\.]?r?(\d+)$", r".\1\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean: 2.0.a.3, 2.0.b1, 0.9.0~c1
+    rs = re.sub(r"[.~]?([abc])\.?", r"\1", rs)
+
+    # Clean: v0.3, v1.0
+    if rs.startswith('v'):
+        rs = rs[1:]
+
+    # Clean leading '0's on numbers.
+    #TODO: unintended side-effect on, e.g., "2003.05.09"
+    # PyPI stats: 77 (~2%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\b0+(\d+)(?!\d)", r"\1", rs)
+
+    # Clean a/b/c with no version. E.g. "1.0a" -> "1.0a0". Setuptools infers
+    # zero.
+    # PyPI stats: 245 (7.56%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"(\d+[abc])$", r"\g<1>0", rs)
+
+    # the 'dev-rNNN' tag is a dev tag
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(dev-r|dev\.r)\.?(\d+)$", r".dev\2", rs)
+
+    # clean the - when used as a pre delimiter
+    rs = re.sub(r"-(a|b|c)(\d+)$", r"\1\2", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "dev" or "devel" can be changed into ".dev0"
+    rs = re.sub(r"[\.\-](dev|devel)$", r".dev0", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "dev" can be changed into ".dev0"
+    rs = re.sub(r"(?![\.\-])dev$", r".dev0", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "final" or "stable" can be removed
+    rs = re.sub(r"(final|stable)$", "", rs)
+
+    # The 'r' and the '-' tags are post release tags
+    #   0.4a1.r10       ->  0.4a1.post10
+    #   0.9.33-17222    ->  0.9.33.post17222
+    #   0.9.33-r17222   ->  0.9.33.post17222
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(r|-|-r)\.?(\d+)$", r".post\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean 'r' instead of 'dev' usage:
+    #   0.9.33+r17222   ->  0.9.33.dev17222
+    #   1.0dev123       ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   1.0.git123      ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   1.0.bzr123      ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   0.1a0dev.123    ->  0.1a0.dev123
+    # PyPI stats:  ~150 (~4%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(dev|git|bzr)\.?(\d+)$", r".dev\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean '.pre' (normalized from '-pre' above) instead of 'c' usage:
+    #   0.2.pre1        ->  0.2c1
+    #   0.2-c1         ->  0.2c1
+    #   1.0preview123   ->  1.0c123
+    # PyPI stats: ~21 (0.62%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(pre|preview|-c)(\d+)$", r"c\g<2>", rs)
+
+    # Tcl/Tk uses "px" for their post release markers
+    rs = re.sub(r"p(\d+)$", r".post\1", rs)
+
+    try:
+        _normalized_key(rs)
+    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+        rs = None
+    return rs
+
+#
+#   Legacy version processing (distribute-compatible)
+#
+
+_VERSION_PART = re.compile(r'([a-z]+|\d+|[\.-])', re.I)
+_VERSION_REPLACE = {
+    'pre': 'c',
+    'preview': 'c',
+    '-': 'final-',
+    'rc': 'c',
+    'dev': '@',
+    '': None,
+    '.': None,
+}
+
+
+def _legacy_key(s):
+    def get_parts(s):
+        result = []
+        for p in _VERSION_PART.split(s.lower()):
+            p = _VERSION_REPLACE.get(p, p)
+            if p:
+                if '0' <= p[:1] <= '9':
+                    p = p.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    p = '*' + p
+                result.append(p)
+        result.append('*final')
+        return result
+
+    result = []
+    for p in get_parts(s):
+        if p.startswith('*'):
+            if p < '*final':
+                while result and result[-1] == '*final-':
+                    result.pop()
+            while result and result[-1] == '00000000':
+                result.pop()
+        result.append(p)
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(Version):
+    def parse(self, s):
+        return _legacy_key(s)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        result = False
+        for x in self._parts:
+            if (isinstance(x, string_types) and x.startswith('*') and
+                x < '*final'):
+                result = True
+                break
+        return result
+
+
+class LegacyMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = LegacyVersion
+
+    _operators = dict(Matcher._operators)
+    _operators['~='] = '_match_compatible'
+
+    numeric_re = re.compile('^(\d+(\.\d+)*)')
+
+    def _match_compatible(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        if version < constraint:
+            return False
+        m = self.numeric_re.match(str(constraint))
+        if not m:
+            logger.warning('Cannot compute compatible match for version %s '
+                           ' and constraint %s', version, constraint)
+            return True
+        s = m.groups()[0]
+        if '.' in s:
+            s = s.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+        return _match_prefix(version, s)
+
+#
+#   Semantic versioning
+#
+
+_SEMVER_RE = re.compile(r'^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)'
+                        r'(-[a-z0-9]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*)?'
+                        r'(\+[a-z0-9]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*)?$', re.I)
+
+
+def is_semver(s):
+    return _SEMVER_RE.match(s)
+
+
+def _semantic_key(s):
+    def make_tuple(s, absent):
+        if s is None:
+            result = (absent,)
+        else:
+            parts = s[1:].split('.')
+            # We can't compare ints and strings on Python 3, so fudge it
+            # by zero-filling numeric values so simulate a numeric comparison
+            result = tuple([p.zfill(8) if p.isdigit() else p for p in parts])
+        return result
+
+    m = is_semver(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise UnsupportedVersionError(s)
+    groups = m.groups()
+    major, minor, patch = [int(i) for i in groups[:3]]
+    # choose the '|' and '*' so that versions sort correctly
+    pre, build = make_tuple(groups[3], '|'), make_tuple(groups[5], '*')
+    return (major, minor, patch), pre, build
+
+
+class SemanticVersion(Version):
+    def parse(self, s):
+        return _semantic_key(s)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return self._parts[1][0] != '|'
+
+
+class SemanticMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = SemanticVersion
+
+
+class VersionScheme(object):
+    def __init__(self, key, matcher, suggester=None):
+        self.key = key
+        self.matcher = matcher
+        self.suggester = suggester
+
+    def is_valid_version(self, s):
+        try:
+            self.matcher.version_class(s)
+            result = True
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+    def is_valid_matcher(self, s):
+        try:
+            self.matcher(s)
+            result = True
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+    def is_valid_constraint_list(self, s):
+        """
+        Used for processing some metadata fields
+        """
+        return self.is_valid_matcher('dummy_name (%s)' % s)
+
+    def suggest(self, s):
+        if self.suggester is None:
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = self.suggester(s)
+        return result
+
+_SCHEMES = {
+    'normalized': VersionScheme(_normalized_key, NormalizedMatcher,
+                                _suggest_normalized_version),
+    'legacy': VersionScheme(_legacy_key, LegacyMatcher, lambda self, s: s),
+    'semantic': VersionScheme(_semantic_key, SemanticMatcher,
+                              _suggest_semantic_version),
+}
+
+_SCHEMES['default'] = _SCHEMES['normalized']
+
+
+def get_scheme(name):
+    if name not in _SCHEMES:
+        raise ValueError('unknown scheme name: %r' % name)
+    return _SCHEMES[name]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a537681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,976 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import datetime
+import distutils.util
+from email import message_from_file
+import hashlib
+import imp
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+
+from . import __version__, DistlibException
+from .compat import sysconfig, ZipFile, fsdecode, text_type, filter
+from .database import InstalledDistribution
+from .metadata import Metadata, METADATA_FILENAME
+from .util import (FileOperator, convert_path, CSVReader, CSVWriter, Cache,
+                   cached_property, get_cache_base, read_exports, tempdir)
+from .version import NormalizedVersion, UnsupportedVersionError
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+cache = None    # created when needed
+
+if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'pp'
+elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'jy'
+elif sys.platform == 'cli':
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'ip'
+else:
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'cp'
+
+VER_SUFFIX = sysconfig.get_config_var('py_version_nodot')
+if not VER_SUFFIX:   # pragma: no cover
+    VER_SUFFIX = '%s%s' % sys.version_info[:2]
+PYVER = 'py' + VER_SUFFIX
+IMPVER = IMP_PREFIX + VER_SUFFIX
+
+ARCH = distutils.util.get_platform().replace('-', '_').replace('.', '_')
+
+ABI = sysconfig.get_config_var('SOABI')
+if ABI and ABI.startswith('cpython-'):
+    ABI = ABI.replace('cpython-', 'cp')
+else:
+    def _derive_abi():
+        parts = ['cp', VER_SUFFIX]
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_DEBUG'):
+            parts.append('d')
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('WITH_PYMALLOC'):
+            parts.append('m')
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_UNICODE_SIZE') == 4:
+            parts.append('u')
+        return ''.join(parts)
+    ABI = _derive_abi()
+    del _derive_abi
+
+FILENAME_RE = re.compile(r'''
+(?P<nm>[^-]+)
+-(?P<vn>\d+[^-]*)
+(-(?P<bn>\d+[^-]*))?
+-(?P<py>\w+\d+(\.\w+\d+)*)
+-(?P<bi>\w+)
+-(?P<ar>\w+(\.\w+)*)
+\.whl$
+''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'''
+(?P<nm>[^-]+)
+-(?P<vn>\d+[^-]*)
+(-(?P<bn>\d+[^-]*))?$
+''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+SHEBANG_RE = re.compile(br'\s*#![^\r\n]*')
+SHEBANG_DETAIL_RE = re.compile(br'^(\s*#!("[^"]+"|\S+))\s+(.*)$')
+SHEBANG_PYTHON = b'#!python'
+SHEBANG_PYTHONW = b'#!pythonw'
+
+if os.sep == '/':
+    to_posix = lambda o: o
+else:
+    to_posix = lambda o: o.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+
+class Mounter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.impure_wheels = {}
+        self.libs = {}
+
+    def add(self, pathname, extensions):
+        self.impure_wheels[pathname] = extensions
+        self.libs.update(extensions)
+
+    def remove(self, pathname):
+        extensions = self.impure_wheels.pop(pathname)
+        for k, v in extensions:
+            if k in self.libs:
+                del self.libs[k]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.libs:
+            result = self
+        else:
+            result = None
+        return result
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        if fullname in sys.modules:
+            result = sys.modules[fullname]
+        else:
+            if fullname not in self.libs:
+                raise ImportError('unable to find extension for %s' % fullname)
+            result = imp.load_dynamic(fullname, self.libs[fullname])
+            result.__loader__ = self
+            parts = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
+            if len(parts) > 1:
+                result.__package__ = parts[0]
+        return result
+
+_hook = Mounter()
+
+
+class Wheel(object):
+    """
+    Class to build and install from Wheel files (PEP 427).
+    """
+
+    wheel_version = (1, 1)
+    hash_kind = 'sha256'
+
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, sign=False, verify=False):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance using a (valid) filename.
+        """
+        self.sign = sign
+        self.should_verify = verify
+        self.buildver = ''
+        self.pyver = [PYVER]
+        self.abi = ['none']
+        self.arch = ['any']
+        self.dirname = os.getcwd()
+        if filename is None:
+            self.name = 'dummy'
+            self.version = '0.1'
+            self._filename = self.filename
+        else:
+            m = NAME_VERSION_RE.match(filename)
+            if m:
+                info = m.groupdict('')
+                self.name = info['nm']
+                # Reinstate the local version separator
+                self.version = info['vn'].replace('_', '-')
+                self.buildver = info['bn']
+                self._filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                dirname, filename = os.path.split(filename)
+                m = FILENAME_RE.match(filename)
+                if not m:
+                    raise DistlibException('Invalid name or '
+                                           'filename: %r' % filename)
+                if dirname:
+                    self.dirname = os.path.abspath(dirname)
+                self._filename = filename
+                info = m.groupdict('')
+                self.name = info['nm']
+                self.version = info['vn']
+                self.buildver = info['bn']
+                self.pyver = info['py'].split('.')
+                self.abi = info['bi'].split('.')
+                self.arch = info['ar'].split('.')
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        """
+        Build and return a filename from the various components.
+        """
+        if self.buildver:
+            buildver = '-' + self.buildver
+        else:
+            buildver = ''
+        pyver = '.'.join(self.pyver)
+        abi = '.'.join(self.abi)
+        arch = '.'.join(self.arch)
+        # replace - with _ as a local version separator
+        version = self.version.replace('-', '_')
+        return '%s-%s%s-%s-%s-%s.whl' % (self.name, version, buildver,
+                                         pyver, abi, arch)
+
+    @property
+    def exists(self):
+        path = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        return os.path.isfile(path)
+
+    @property
+    def tags(self):
+        for pyver in self.pyver:
+            for abi in self.abi:
+                for arch in self.arch:
+                    yield pyver, abi, arch
+
+    @cached_property
+    def metadata(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            wheel_metadata = self.get_wheel_metadata(zf)
+            wv = wheel_metadata['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            if file_version < (1, 1):
+                fn = 'METADATA'
+            else:
+                fn = METADATA_FILENAME
+            try:
+                metadata_filename = posixpath.join(info_dir, fn)
+                with zf.open(metadata_filename) as bf:
+                    wf = wrapper(bf)
+                    result = Metadata(fileobj=wf)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid wheel, because %s is '
+                                 'missing' % fn)
+        return result
+
+    def get_wheel_metadata(self, zf):
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        metadata_filename = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        with zf.open(metadata_filename) as bf:
+            wf = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(bf)
+            message = message_from_file(wf)
+        return dict(message)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def info(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            result = self.get_wheel_metadata(zf)
+        return result
+
+    def process_shebang(self, data):
+        m = SHEBANG_RE.match(data)
+        if m:
+            end = m.end()
+            shebang, data_after_shebang = data[:end], data[end:]
+            # Preserve any arguments after the interpreter
+            if b'pythonw' in shebang.lower():
+                shebang_python = SHEBANG_PYTHONW
+            else:
+                shebang_python = SHEBANG_PYTHON
+            m = SHEBANG_DETAIL_RE.match(shebang)
+            if m:
+                args = b' ' + m.groups()[-1]
+            else:
+                args = b''
+            shebang = shebang_python + args
+            data = shebang + data_after_shebang
+        else:
+            cr = data.find(b'\r')
+            lf = data.find(b'\n')
+            if cr < 0 or cr > lf:
+                term = b'\n'
+            else:
+                if data[cr:cr + 2] == b'\r\n':
+                    term = b'\r\n'
+                else:
+                    term = b'\r'
+            data = SHEBANG_PYTHON + term + data
+        return data
+
+    def get_hash(self, data, hash_kind=None):
+        if hash_kind is None:
+            hash_kind = self.hash_kind
+        try:
+            hasher = getattr(hashlib, hash_kind)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistlibException('Unsupported hash algorithm: %r' % hash_kind)
+        result = hasher(data).digest()
+        result = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(result).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')
+        return hash_kind, result
+
+    def write_record(self, records, record_path, base):
+        with CSVWriter(record_path) as writer:
+            for row in records:
+                writer.writerow(row)
+            p = to_posix(os.path.relpath(record_path, base))
+            writer.writerow((p, '', ''))
+
+    def write_records(self, info, libdir, archive_paths):
+        records = []
+        distinfo, info_dir = info
+        hasher = getattr(hashlib, self.hash_kind)
+        for ap, p in archive_paths:
+            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                data = f.read()
+            digest = '%s=%s' % self.get_hash(data)
+            size = os.path.getsize(p)
+            records.append((ap, digest, size))
+
+        p = os.path.join(distinfo, 'RECORD')
+        self.write_record(records, p, libdir)
+        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, 'RECORD'))
+        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+    def build_zip(self, pathname, archive_paths):
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
+            for ap, p in archive_paths:
+                logger.debug('Wrote %s to %s in wheel', p, ap)
+                zf.write(p, ap)
+
+    def build(self, paths, tags=None, wheel_version=None):
+        """
+        Build a wheel from files in specified paths, and use any specified tags
+        when determining the name of the wheel.
+        """
+        if tags is None:
+            tags = {}
+
+        libkey = list(filter(lambda o: o in paths, ('purelib', 'platlib')))[0]
+        if libkey == 'platlib':
+            is_pure = 'false'
+            default_pyver = [IMPVER]
+            default_abi = [ABI]
+            default_arch = [ARCH]
+        else:
+            is_pure = 'true'
+            default_pyver = [PYVER]
+            default_abi = ['none']
+            default_arch = ['any']
+
+        self.pyver = tags.get('pyver', default_pyver)
+        self.abi = tags.get('abi', default_abi)
+        self.arch = tags.get('arch', default_arch)
+
+        libdir = paths[libkey]
+
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        archive_paths = []
+
+        # First, stuff which is not in site-packages
+        for key in ('data', 'headers', 'scripts'):
+            if key not in paths:
+                continue
+            path = paths[key]
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                    for fn in files:
+                        p = fsdecode(os.path.join(root, fn))
+                        rp = os.path.relpath(p, path)
+                        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(data_dir, key, rp))
+                        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+                        if key == 'scripts' and not p.endswith('.exe'):
+                            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                                data = f.read()
+                            data = self.process_shebang(data)
+                            with open(p, 'wb') as f:
+                                f.write(data)
+
+        # Now, stuff which is in site-packages, other than the
+        # distinfo stuff.
+        path = libdir
+        distinfo = None
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+            if root == path:
+                # At the top level only, save distinfo for later
+                # and skip it for now
+                for i, dn in enumerate(dirs):
+                    dn = fsdecode(dn)
+                    if dn.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                        distinfo = os.path.join(root, dn)
+                        del dirs[i]
+                        break
+                assert distinfo, '.dist-info directory expected, not found'
+
+            for fn in files:
+                # comment out next suite to leave .pyc files in
+                if fsdecode(fn).endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    continue
+                p = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                rp = to_posix(os.path.relpath(p, path))
+                archive_paths.append((rp, p))
+
+        # Now distinfo. Assumed to be flat, i.e. os.listdir is enough.
+        files = os.listdir(distinfo)
+        for fn in files:
+            if fn not in ('RECORD', 'INSTALLER', 'SHARED', 'WHEEL'):
+                p = fsdecode(os.path.join(distinfo, fn))
+                ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, fn))
+                archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+        wheel_metadata = [
+            'Wheel-Version: %d.%d' % (wheel_version or self.wheel_version),
+            'Generator: distlib %s' % __version__,
+            'Root-Is-Purelib: %s' % is_pure,
+        ]
+        for pyver, abi, arch in self.tags:
+            wheel_metadata.append('Tag: %s-%s-%s' % (pyver, abi, arch))
+        p = os.path.join(distinfo, 'WHEEL')
+        with open(p, 'w') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(wheel_metadata))
+        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL'))
+        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+        # Now, at last, RECORD.
+        # Paths in here are archive paths - nothing else makes sense.
+        self.write_records((distinfo, info_dir), libdir, archive_paths)
+        # Now, ready to build the zip file
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        self.build_zip(pathname, archive_paths)
+        return pathname
+
+    def install(self, paths, maker, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Install a wheel to the specified paths. If kwarg ``warner`` is
+        specified, it should be a callable, which will be called with two
+        tuples indicating the wheel version of this software and the wheel
+        version in the file, if there is a discrepancy in the versions.
+        This can be used to issue any warnings to raise any exceptions.
+        If kwarg ``lib_only`` is True, only the purelib/platlib files are
+        installed, and the headers, scripts, data and dist-info metadata are
+        not written.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`InstalledDistribution` instance unless
+        ``options.lib_only`` is True, in which case the return value is ``None``.
+        """
+
+        dry_run = maker.dry_run
+        warner = kwargs.get('warner')
+        lib_only = kwargs.get('lib_only', False)
+
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, METADATA_FILENAME)
+        wheel_metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            with zf.open(wheel_metadata_name) as bwf:
+                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                message = message_from_file(wf)
+            wv = message['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            if (file_version != self.wheel_version) and warner:
+                warner(self.wheel_version, file_version)
+
+            if message['Root-Is-Purelib'] == 'true':
+                libdir = paths['purelib']
+            else:
+                libdir = paths['platlib']
+
+            records = {}
+            with zf.open(record_name) as bf:
+                with CSVReader(stream=bf) as reader:
+                    for row in reader:
+                        p = row[0]
+                        records[p] = row
+
+            data_pfx = posixpath.join(data_dir, '')
+            info_pfx = posixpath.join(info_dir, '')
+            script_pfx = posixpath.join(data_dir, 'scripts', '')
+
+            # make a new instance rather than a copy of maker's,
+            # as we mutate it
+            fileop = FileOperator(dry_run=dry_run)
+            fileop.record = True    # so we can rollback if needed
+
+            bc = not sys.dont_write_bytecode    # Double negatives. Lovely!
+
+            outfiles = []   # for RECORD writing
+
+            # for script copying/shebang processing
+            workdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            # set target dir later
+            # we default add_launchers to False, as the
+            # Python Launcher should be used instead
+            maker.source_dir = workdir
+            maker.target_dir = None
+            try:
+                for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                    arcname = zinfo.filename
+                    if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                        u_arcname = arcname
+                    else:
+                        u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                    # The signature file won't be in RECORD,
+                    # and we  don't currently don't do anything with it
+                    if u_arcname.endswith('/RECORD.jws'):
+                        continue
+                    row = records[u_arcname]
+                    if row[2] and str(zinfo.file_size) != row[2]:
+                        raise DistlibException('size mismatch for '
+                                               '%s' % u_arcname)
+                    if row[1]:
+                        kind, value = row[1].split('=', 1)
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            data = bf.read()
+                        _, digest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                        if digest != value:
+                            raise DistlibException('digest mismatch for '
+                                                   '%s' % arcname)
+
+                    if lib_only and u_arcname.startswith((info_pfx, data_pfx)):
+                        logger.debug('lib_only: skipping %s', u_arcname)
+                        continue
+                    is_script = (u_arcname.startswith(script_pfx)
+                                 and not u_arcname.endswith('.exe'))
+
+                    if u_arcname.startswith(data_pfx):
+                        _, where, rp = u_arcname.split('/', 2)
+                        outfile = os.path.join(paths[where], convert_path(rp))
+                    else:
+                        # meant for site-packages.
+                        if u_arcname in (wheel_metadata_name, record_name):
+                            continue
+                        outfile = os.path.join(libdir, convert_path(u_arcname))
+                    if not is_script:
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            fileop.copy_stream(bf, outfile)
+                        outfiles.append(outfile)
+                        # Double check the digest of the written file
+                        if not dry_run and row[1]:
+                            with open(outfile, 'rb') as bf:
+                                data = bf.read()
+                                _, newdigest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                                if newdigest != digest:
+                                    raise DistlibException('digest mismatch '
+                                                           'on write for '
+                                                           '%s' % outfile)
+                        if bc and outfile.endswith('.py'):
+                            try:
+                                pyc = fileop.byte_compile(outfile)
+                                outfiles.append(pyc)
+                            except Exception:
+                                # Don't give up if byte-compilation fails,
+                                # but log it and perhaps warn the user
+                                logger.warning('Byte-compilation failed',
+                                               exc_info=True)
+                    else:
+                        fn = os.path.basename(convert_path(arcname))
+                        workname = os.path.join(workdir, fn)
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            fileop.copy_stream(bf, workname)
+
+                        dn, fn = os.path.split(outfile)
+                        maker.target_dir = dn
+                        filenames = maker.make(fn)
+                        fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+                        outfiles.extend(filenames)
+
+                if lib_only:
+                    logger.debug('lib_only: returning None')
+                    dist = None
+                else:
+                    # Generate scripts
+
+                    # Try to get pydist.json so we can see if there are
+                    # any commands to generate. If this fails (e.g. because
+                    # of a legacy wheel), log a warning but don't give up.
+                    commands = None
+                    file_version = self.info['Wheel-Version']
+                    if file_version == '1.0':
+                        # Use legacy info
+                        ep = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'entry_points.txt')
+                        try:
+                            with zf.open(ep) as bwf:
+                                epdata = read_exports(bwf)
+                            commands = {}
+                            for key in ('console', 'gui'):
+                                k = '%s_scripts' % key
+                                if k in epdata:
+                                    commands['wrap_%s' % key] = d = {}
+                                    for v in epdata[k].values():
+                                        s = '%s:%s' % (v.prefix, v.suffix)
+                                        if v.flags:
+                                            s += ' %s' % v.flags
+                                        d[v.name] = s
+                        except Exception:
+                            logger.warning('Unable to read legacy script '
+                                           'metadata, so cannot generate '
+                                           'scripts')
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            with zf.open(metadata_name) as bwf:
+                                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                                commands = json.load(wf).get('extensions')
+                                if commands:
+                                    commands = commands.get('python.commands')
+                        except Exception:
+                            logger.warning('Unable to read JSON metadata, so '
+                                           'cannot generate scripts')
+                    if commands:
+                        console_scripts = commands.get('wrap_console', {})
+                        gui_scripts = commands.get('wrap_gui', {})
+                        if console_scripts or gui_scripts:
+                            script_dir = paths.get('scripts', '')
+                            if not os.path.isdir(script_dir):
+                                raise ValueError('Valid script path not '
+                                                 'specified')
+                            maker.target_dir = script_dir
+                            for k, v in console_scripts.items():
+                                script = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                                filenames = maker.make(script)
+                                fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+
+                            if gui_scripts:
+                                options = {'gui': True }
+                                for k, v in gui_scripts.items():
+                                    script = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                                    filenames = maker.make(script, options)
+                                    fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+
+                    p = os.path.join(libdir, info_dir)
+                    dist = InstalledDistribution(p)
+
+                    # Write SHARED
+                    paths = dict(paths)     # don't change passed in dict
+                    del paths['purelib']
+                    del paths['platlib']
+                    paths['lib'] = libdir
+                    p = dist.write_shared_locations(paths, dry_run)
+                    if p:
+                        outfiles.append(p)
+
+                    # Write RECORD
+                    dist.write_installed_files(outfiles, paths['prefix'],
+                                               dry_run)
+                return dist
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.exception('installation failed.')
+                fileop.rollback()
+                raise
+            finally:
+                shutil.rmtree(workdir)
+
+    def _get_dylib_cache(self):
+        global cache
+        if cache is None:
+            # Use native string to avoid issues on 2.x: see Python #20140.
+            base = os.path.join(get_cache_base(), str('dylib-cache'),
+                                sys.version[:3])
+            cache = Cache(base)
+        return cache
+
+    def _get_extensions(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        arcname = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'EXTENSIONS')
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+        result = []
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            try:
+                with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                    wf = wrapper(bf)
+                    extensions = json.load(wf)
+                    cache = self._get_dylib_cache()
+                    prefix = cache.prefix_to_dir(pathname)
+                    cache_base = os.path.join(cache.base, prefix)
+                    if not os.path.isdir(cache_base):
+                        os.makedirs(cache_base)
+                    for name, relpath in extensions.items():
+                        dest = os.path.join(cache_base, convert_path(relpath))
+                        if not os.path.exists(dest):
+                            extract = True
+                        else:
+                            file_time = os.stat(dest).st_mtime
+                            file_time = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(file_time)
+                            info = zf.getinfo(relpath)
+                            wheel_time = datetime.datetime(*info.date_time)
+                            extract = wheel_time > file_time
+                        if extract:
+                            zf.extract(relpath, cache_base)
+                        result.append((name, dest))
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def is_compatible(self):
+        """
+        Determine if a wheel is compatible with the running system.
+        """
+        return is_compatible(self)
+
+    def is_mountable(self):
+        """
+        Determine if a wheel is asserted as mountable by its metadata.
+        """
+        return True # for now - metadata details TBD
+
+    def mount(self, append=False):
+        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename))
+        if not self.is_compatible():
+            msg = 'Wheel %s not compatible with this Python.' % pathname
+            raise DistlibException(msg)
+        if not self.is_mountable():
+            msg = 'Wheel %s is marked as not mountable.' % pathname
+            raise DistlibException(msg)
+        if pathname in sys.path:
+            logger.debug('%s already in path', pathname)
+        else:
+            if append:
+                sys.path.append(pathname)
+            else:
+                sys.path.insert(0, pathname)
+            extensions = self._get_extensions()
+            if extensions:
+                if _hook not in sys.meta_path:
+                    sys.meta_path.append(_hook)
+                _hook.add(pathname, extensions)
+
+    def unmount(self):
+        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename))
+        if pathname not in sys.path:
+            logger.debug('%s not in path', pathname)
+        else:
+            sys.path.remove(pathname)
+            if pathname in _hook.impure_wheels:
+                _hook.remove(pathname)
+            if not _hook.impure_wheels:
+                if _hook in sys.meta_path:
+                    sys.meta_path.remove(_hook)
+
+    def verify(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, METADATA_FILENAME)
+        wheel_metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            with zf.open(wheel_metadata_name) as bwf:
+                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                message = message_from_file(wf)
+            wv = message['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            # TODO version verification
+
+            records = {}
+            with zf.open(record_name) as bf:
+                with CSVReader(stream=bf) as reader:
+                    for row in reader:
+                        p = row[0]
+                        records[p] = row
+
+            for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                arcname = zinfo.filename
+                if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                    u_arcname = arcname
+                else:
+                    u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                if '..' in u_arcname:
+                    raise DistlibException('invalid entry in '
+                                           'wheel: %r' % u_arcname)
+
+                # The signature file won't be in RECORD,
+                # and we  don't currently don't do anything with it
+                if u_arcname.endswith('/RECORD.jws'):
+                    continue
+                row = records[u_arcname]
+                if row[2] and str(zinfo.file_size) != row[2]:
+                    raise DistlibException('size mismatch for '
+                                           '%s' % u_arcname)
+                if row[1]:
+                    kind, value = row[1].split('=', 1)
+                    with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                        data = bf.read()
+                    _, digest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                    if digest != value:
+                        raise DistlibException('digest mismatch for '
+                                               '%s' % arcname)
+
+    def update(self, modifier, dest_dir=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Update the contents of a wheel in a generic way. The modifier should
+        be a callable which expects a dictionary argument: its keys are
+        archive-entry paths, and its values are absolute filesystem paths
+        where the contents the corresponding archive entries can be found. The
+        modifier is free to change the contents of the files pointed to, add
+        new entries and remove entries, before returning. This method will
+        extract the entire contents of the wheel to a temporary location, call
+        the modifier, and then use the passed (and possibly updated)
+        dictionary to write a new wheel. If ``dest_dir`` is specified, the new
+        wheel is written there -- otherwise, the original wheel is overwritten.
+
+        The modifier should return True if it updated the wheel, else False.
+        This method returns the same value the modifier returns.
+        """
+
+        def get_version(path_map, info_dir):
+            version = path = None
+            key = '%s/%s' % (info_dir, METADATA_FILENAME)
+            if key not in path_map:
+                key = '%s/PKG-INFO' % info_dir
+            if key in path_map:
+                path = path_map[key]
+                version = Metadata(path=path).version
+            return version, path
+
+        def update_version(version, path):
+            updated = None
+            try:
+                v = NormalizedVersion(version)
+                i = version.find('-')
+                if i < 0:
+                    updated = '%s+1' % version
+                else:
+                    parts = [int(s) for s in version[i + 1:].split('.')]
+                    parts[-1] += 1
+                    updated = '%s+%s' % (version[:i],
+                                         '.'.join(str(i) for i in parts))
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                logger.debug('Cannot update non-compliant (PEP-440) '
+                             'version %r', version)
+            if updated:
+                md = Metadata(path=path)
+                md.version = updated
+                legacy = not path.endswith(METADATA_FILENAME)
+                md.write(path=path, legacy=legacy)
+                logger.debug('Version updated from %r to %r', version,
+                             updated)
+
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+        with tempdir() as workdir:
+            with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+                path_map = {}
+                for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                    arcname = zinfo.filename
+                    if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                        u_arcname = arcname
+                    else:
+                        u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                    if u_arcname == record_name:
+                        continue
+                    if '..' in u_arcname:
+                        raise DistlibException('invalid entry in '
+                                               'wheel: %r' % u_arcname)
+                    zf.extract(zinfo, workdir)
+                    path = os.path.join(workdir, convert_path(u_arcname))
+                    path_map[u_arcname] = path
+
+            # Remember the version.
+            original_version, _ = get_version(path_map, info_dir)
+            # Files extracted. Call the modifier.
+            modified = modifier(path_map, **kwargs)
+            if modified:
+                # Something changed - need to build a new wheel.
+                current_version, path = get_version(path_map, info_dir)
+                if current_version and (current_version == original_version):
+                    # Add or update local version to signify changes.
+                    update_version(current_version, path)
+                # Decide where the new wheel goes.
+                if dest_dir is None:
+                    fd, newpath = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.whl',
+                                                   prefix='wheel-update-',
+                                                   dir=workdir)
+                    os.close(fd)
+                else:
+                    if not os.path.isdir(dest_dir):
+                        raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' % dest_dir)
+                    newpath = os.path.join(dest_dir, self.filename)
+                archive_paths = list(path_map.items())
+                distinfo = os.path.join(workdir, info_dir)
+                info = distinfo, info_dir
+                self.write_records(info, workdir, archive_paths)
+                self.build_zip(newpath, archive_paths)
+                if dest_dir is None:
+                    shutil.copyfile(newpath, pathname)
+        return modified
+
+def compatible_tags():
+    """
+    Return (pyver, abi, arch) tuples compatible with this Python.
+    """
+    versions = [VER_SUFFIX]
+    major = VER_SUFFIX[0]
+    for minor in range(sys.version_info[1] - 1, - 1, -1):
+        versions.append(''.join([major, str(minor)]))
+
+    abis = []
+    for suffix, _, _ in imp.get_suffixes():
+        if suffix.startswith('.abi'):
+            abis.append(suffix.split('.', 2)[1])
+    abis.sort()
+    if ABI != 'none':
+        abis.insert(0, ABI)
+    abis.append('none')
+    result = []
+
+    arches = [ARCH]
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        m = re.match('(\w+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(\w+)$', ARCH)
+        if m:
+            name, major, minor, arch = m.groups()
+            minor = int(minor)
+            matches = [arch]
+            if arch in ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                matches.append('fat')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('fat3')
+            if arch in ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('fat64')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('intel')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'x86_64', 'intel', 'ppc', 'ppc64'):
+                matches.append('universal')
+            while minor >= 0:
+                for match in matches:
+                    s = '%s_%s_%s_%s' % (name, major, minor, match)
+                    if s != ARCH:   # already there
+                        arches.append(s)
+                minor -= 1
+
+    # Most specific - our Python version, ABI and arch
+    for abi in abis:
+        for arch in arches:
+            result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi, arch))
+
+    # where no ABI / arch dependency, but IMP_PREFIX dependency
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, version)), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, version[0])), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    # no IMP_PREFIX, ABI or arch dependency
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        result.append((''.join(('py', version)), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            result.append((''.join(('py', version[0])), 'none', 'any'))
+    return set(result)
+
+
+COMPATIBLE_TAGS = compatible_tags()
+
+del compatible_tags
+
+
+def is_compatible(wheel, tags=None):
+    if not isinstance(wheel, Wheel):
+        wheel = Wheel(wheel)    # assume it's a filename
+    result = False
+    if tags is None:
+        tags = COMPATIBLE_TAGS
+    for ver, abi, arch in tags:
+        if ver in wheel.pyver and abi in wheel.abi and arch in wheel.arch:
+            result = True
+            break
+    return result
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9484fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""
+HTML parsing library based on the WHATWG "HTML5"
+specification. The parser is designed to be compatible with existing
+HTML found in the wild and implements well-defined error recovery that
+is largely compatible with modern desktop web browsers.
+
+Example usage:
+
+import html5lib
+f = open("my_document.html")
+tree = html5lib.parse(f)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from .html5parser import HTMLParser, parse, parseFragment
+from .treebuilders import getTreeBuilder
+from .treewalkers import getTreeWalker
+from .serializer import serialize
+
+__all__ = ["HTMLParser", "parse", "parseFragment", "getTreeBuilder",
+           "getTreeWalker", "serialize"]
+
+# this has to be at the top level, see how setup.py parses this
+__version__ = "1.0b8"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d938e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3102 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import string
+
+EOF = None
+
+E = {
+    "null-character":
+        "Null character in input stream, replaced with U+FFFD.",
+    "invalid-codepoint":
+        "Invalid codepoint in stream.",
+    "incorrectly-placed-solidus":
+        "Solidus (/) incorrectly placed in tag.",
+    "incorrect-cr-newline-entity":
+        "Incorrect CR newline entity, replaced with LF.",
+    "illegal-windows-1252-entity":
+        "Entity used with illegal number (windows-1252 reference).",
+    "cant-convert-numeric-entity":
+        "Numeric entity couldn't be converted to character "
+        "(codepoint U+%(charAsInt)08x).",
+    "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity":
+        "Numeric entity represents an illegal codepoint: "
+        "U+%(charAsInt)08x.",
+    "numeric-entity-without-semicolon":
+        "Numeric entity didn't end with ';'.",
+    "expected-numeric-entity-but-got-eof":
+        "Numeric entity expected. Got end of file instead.",
+    "expected-numeric-entity":
+        "Numeric entity expected but none found.",
+    "named-entity-without-semicolon":
+        "Named entity didn't end with ';'.",
+    "expected-named-entity":
+        "Named entity expected. Got none.",
+    "attributes-in-end-tag":
+        "End tag contains unexpected attributes.",
+    'self-closing-flag-on-end-tag':
+        "End tag contains unexpected self-closing flag.",
+    "expected-tag-name-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Expected tag name. Got '>' instead.",
+    "expected-tag-name-but-got-question-mark":
+        "Expected tag name. Got '?' instead. (HTML doesn't "
+        "support processing instructions.)",
+    "expected-tag-name":
+        "Expected tag name. Got something else instead",
+    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Expected closing tag. Got '>' instead. Ignoring '</>'.",
+    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-eof":
+        "Expected closing tag. Unexpected end of file.",
+    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-char":
+        "Expected closing tag. Unexpected character '%(data)s' found.",
+    "eof-in-tag-name":
+        "Unexpected end of file in the tag name.",
+    "expected-attribute-name-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected attribute name instead.",
+    "eof-in-attribute-name":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute name.",
+    "invalid-character-in-attribute-name":
+        "Invalid character in attribute name",
+    "duplicate-attribute":
+        "Dropped duplicate attribute on tag.",
+    "expected-end-of-tag-name-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected = or end of tag.",
+    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected attribute value.",
+    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Expected attribute value. Got '>' instead.",
+    'equals-in-unquoted-attribute-value':
+        "Unexpected = in unquoted attribute",
+    'unexpected-character-in-unquoted-attribute-value':
+        "Unexpected character in unquoted attribute",
+    "invalid-character-after-attribute-name":
+        "Unexpected character after attribute name.",
+    "unexpected-character-after-attribute-value":
+        "Unexpected character after attribute value.",
+    "eof-in-attribute-value-double-quote":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute value (\").",
+    "eof-in-attribute-value-single-quote":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute value (').",
+    "eof-in-attribute-value-no-quotes":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute value.",
+    "unexpected-EOF-after-solidus-in-tag":
+        "Unexpected end of file in tag. Expected >",
+    "unexpected-character-after-solidus-in-tag":
+        "Unexpected character after / in tag. Expected >",
+    "expected-dashes-or-doctype":
+        "Expected '--' or 'DOCTYPE'. Not found.",
+    "unexpected-bang-after-double-dash-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected ! after -- in comment",
+    "unexpected-space-after-double-dash-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected space after -- in comment",
+    "incorrect-comment":
+        "Incorrect comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment-end-dash":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment (-)",
+    "unexpected-dash-after-double-dash-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected '-' after '--' found in comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment-double-dash":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment (--).",
+    "eof-in-comment-end-space-state":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment-end-bang-state":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment.",
+    "unexpected-char-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected character in comment found.",
+    "need-space-after-doctype":
+        "No space after literal string 'DOCTYPE'.",
+    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Unexpected > character. Expected DOCTYPE name.",
+    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected DOCTYPE name.",
+    "eof-in-doctype-name":
+        "Unexpected end of file in DOCTYPE name.",
+    "eof-in-doctype":
+        "Unexpected end of file in DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-space-or-right-bracket-in-doctype":
+        "Expected space or '>'. Got '%(data)s'",
+    "unexpected-end-of-doctype":
+        "Unexpected end of DOCTYPE.",
+    "unexpected-char-in-doctype":
+        "Unexpected character in DOCTYPE.",
+    "eof-in-innerhtml":
+        "XXX innerHTML EOF",
+    "unexpected-doctype":
+        "Unexpected DOCTYPE. Ignored.",
+    "non-html-root":
+        "html needs to be the first start tag.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected End of file. Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "unknown-doctype":
+        "Erroneous DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-chars":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters. Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-start-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s). Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s). Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "end-tag-after-implied-root":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) after the (implied) root element.",
+    "expected-named-closing-tag-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected end tag (%(name)s).",
+    "two-heads-are-not-better-than-one":
+        "Unexpected start tag head in existing head. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s). Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-out-of-my-head":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s) that can be in head. Moved.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s).",
+    "missing-end-tag":
+        "Missing end tag (%(name)s).",
+    "missing-end-tags":
+        "Missing end tags (%(name)s).",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(startName)s) "
+        "implies end tag (%(endName)s).",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-treated-as":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(originalName)s). Treated as %(newName)s.",
+    "deprecated-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag %(name)s. Don't use it!",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-ignored":
+        "Unexpected start tag %(name)s. Ignored.",
+    "expected-one-end-tag-but-got-another":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(gotName)s). "
+        "Missing end tag (%(expectedName)s).",
+    "end-tag-too-early":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) seen too early. Expected other end tag.",
+    "end-tag-too-early-named":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(gotName)s). Expected end tag (%(expectedName)s).",
+    "end-tag-too-early-ignored":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) seen too early. Ignored.",
+    "adoption-agency-1.1":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 1, "
+        "paragraph 1 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "adoption-agency-1.2":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 1, "
+        "paragraph 2 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "adoption-agency-1.3":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 1, "
+        "paragraph 3 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "adoption-agency-4.4":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 4, "
+        "paragraph 4 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-treated-as":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(originalName)s). Treated as %(newName)s.",
+    "no-end-tag":
+        "This element (%(name)s) has no end tag.",
+    "unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table":
+        "Unexpected implied end tag (%(name)s) in the table phase.",
+    "unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table-body":
+        "Unexpected implied end tag (%(name)s) in the table body phase.",
+    "unexpected-char-implies-table-voodoo":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters in "
+        "table context caused voodoo mode.",
+    "unexpected-hidden-input-in-table":
+        "Unexpected input with type hidden in table context.",
+    "unexpected-form-in-table":
+        "Unexpected form in table context.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-implies-table-voodoo":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s) in "
+        "table context caused voodoo mode.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-implies-table-voodoo":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in "
+        "table context caused voodoo mode.",
+    "unexpected-cell-in-table-body":
+        "Unexpected table cell start tag (%(name)s) "
+        "in the table body phase.",
+    "unexpected-cell-end-tag":
+        "Got table cell end tag (%(name)s) "
+        "while required end tags are missing.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-table-body":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in the table body phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table-row":
+        "Unexpected implied end tag (%(name)s) in the table row phase.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-table-row":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in the table row phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-select-in-select":
+        "Unexpected select start tag in the select phase "
+        "treated as select end tag.",
+    "unexpected-input-in-select":
+        "Unexpected input start tag in the select phase.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-in-select":
+        "Unexpected start tag token (%(name)s in the select phase. "
+        "Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-select":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in the select phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-table-element-start-tag-in-select-in-table":
+        "Unexpected table element start tag (%(name)s) in the select in table phase.",
+    "unexpected-table-element-end-tag-in-select-in-table":
+        "Unexpected table element end tag (%(name)s) in the select in table phase.",
+    "unexpected-char-after-body":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters in the after body phase.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-after-body":
+        "Unexpected start tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after body phase.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-after-body":
+        "Unexpected end tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after body phase.",
+    "unexpected-char-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected characters in the frameset phase. Characters ignored.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected start tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-frameset-in-frameset-innerhtml":
+        "Unexpected end tag token (frameset) "
+        "in the frameset phase (innerHTML).",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected end tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-char-after-frameset":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters in the "
+        "after frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-after-frameset":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-after-frameset":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-after-body-innerhtml":
+        "Unexpected end tag after body(innerHtml)",
+    "expected-eof-but-got-char":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters. Expected end of file.",
+    "expected-eof-but-got-start-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s)"
+        ". Expected end of file.",
+    "expected-eof-but-got-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s)"
+        ". Expected end of file.",
+    "eof-in-table":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected table content.",
+    "eof-in-select":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected select content.",
+    "eof-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected frameset content.",
+    "eof-in-script-in-script":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected script content.",
+    "eof-in-foreign-lands":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected foreign content",
+    "non-void-element-with-trailing-solidus":
+        "Trailing solidus not allowed on element %(name)s",
+    "unexpected-html-element-in-foreign-content":
+        "Element %(name)s not allowed in a non-html context",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-before-html":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) before html.",
+    "XXX-undefined-error":
+        "Undefined error (this sucks and should be fixed)",
+}
+
+namespaces = {
+    "html": "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml",
+    "mathml": "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",
+    "svg": "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",
+    "xlink": "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink",
+    "xml": "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace",
+    "xmlns": "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/"
+}
+
+scopingElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["html"], "applet"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "caption"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "html"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "marquee"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "object"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "table"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "td"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "th"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mi"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mo"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mn"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "ms"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mtext"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "annotation-xml"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "foreignObject"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "desc"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "title"),
+])
+
+formattingElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["html"], "a"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "b"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "big"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "code"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "em"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "font"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "i"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "nobr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "s"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "small"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "strike"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "strong"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tt"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "u")
+])
+
+specialElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["html"], "address"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "applet"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "area"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "article"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "aside"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "base"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "basefont"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "bgsound"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "blockquote"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "body"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "br"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "button"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "caption"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "center"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "col"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "colgroup"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "command"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dd"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "details"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dir"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "div"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dl"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dt"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "embed"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "fieldset"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "figure"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "footer"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "form"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "frame"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "frameset"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h1"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h2"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h3"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h4"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h5"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h6"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "head"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "header"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "hr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "html"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "iframe"),
+    # Note that image is commented out in the spec as "this isn't an
+    # element that can end up on the stack, so it doesn't matter,"
+    (namespaces["html"], "image"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "img"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "input"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "isindex"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "li"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "link"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "listing"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "marquee"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "menu"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "meta"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "nav"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "noembed"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "noframes"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "noscript"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "object"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "ol"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "p"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "param"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "plaintext"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "pre"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "script"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "section"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "select"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "style"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "table"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tbody"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "td"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "textarea"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tfoot"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "th"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "thead"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "title"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "ul"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "wbr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "xmp"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "foreignObject")
+])
+
+htmlIntegrationPointElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "annotaion-xml"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "foreignObject"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "desc"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "title")
+])
+
+mathmlTextIntegrationPointElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mi"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mo"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mn"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "ms"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mtext")
+])
+
+adjustForeignAttributes = {
+    "xlink:actuate": ("xlink", "actuate", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:arcrole": ("xlink", "arcrole", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:href": ("xlink", "href", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:role": ("xlink", "role", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:show": ("xlink", "show", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:title": ("xlink", "title", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:type": ("xlink", "type", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xml:base": ("xml", "base", namespaces["xml"]),
+    "xml:lang": ("xml", "lang", namespaces["xml"]),
+    "xml:space": ("xml", "space", namespaces["xml"]),
+    "xmlns": (None, "xmlns", namespaces["xmlns"]),
+    "xmlns:xlink": ("xmlns", "xlink", namespaces["xmlns"])
+}
+
+unadjustForeignAttributes = dict([((ns, local), qname) for qname, (prefix, local, ns) in
+                                  adjustForeignAttributes.items()])
+
+spaceCharacters = frozenset([
+    "\t",
+    "\n",
+    "\u000C",
+    " ",
+    "\r"
+])
+
+tableInsertModeElements = frozenset([
+    "table",
+    "tbody",
+    "tfoot",
+    "thead",
+    "tr"
+])
+
+asciiLowercase = frozenset(string.ascii_lowercase)
+asciiUppercase = frozenset(string.ascii_uppercase)
+asciiLetters = frozenset(string.ascii_letters)
+digits = frozenset(string.digits)
+hexDigits = frozenset(string.hexdigits)
+
+asciiUpper2Lower = dict([(ord(c), ord(c.lower()))
+                         for c in string.ascii_uppercase])
+
+# Heading elements need to be ordered
+headingElements = (
+    "h1",
+    "h2",
+    "h3",
+    "h4",
+    "h5",
+    "h6"
+)
+
+voidElements = frozenset([
+    "base",
+    "command",
+    "event-source",
+    "link",
+    "meta",
+    "hr",
+    "br",
+    "img",
+    "embed",
+    "param",
+    "area",
+    "col",
+    "input",
+    "source",
+    "track"
+])
+
+cdataElements = frozenset(['title', 'textarea'])
+
+rcdataElements = frozenset([
+    'style',
+    'script',
+    'xmp',
+    'iframe',
+    'noembed',
+    'noframes',
+    'noscript'
+])
+
+booleanAttributes = {
+    "": frozenset(["irrelevant"]),
+    "style": frozenset(["scoped"]),
+    "img": frozenset(["ismap"]),
+    "audio": frozenset(["autoplay", "controls"]),
+    "video": frozenset(["autoplay", "controls"]),
+    "script": frozenset(["defer", "async"]),
+    "details": frozenset(["open"]),
+    "datagrid": frozenset(["multiple", "disabled"]),
+    "command": frozenset(["hidden", "disabled", "checked", "default"]),
+    "hr": frozenset(["noshade"]),
+    "menu": frozenset(["autosubmit"]),
+    "fieldset": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly"]),
+    "option": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly", "selected"]),
+    "optgroup": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly"]),
+    "button": frozenset(["disabled", "autofocus"]),
+    "input": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly", "required", "autofocus", "checked", "ismap"]),
+    "select": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly", "autofocus", "multiple"]),
+    "output": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly"]),
+}
+
+# entitiesWindows1252 has to be _ordered_ and needs to have an index. It
+# therefore can't be a frozenset.
+entitiesWindows1252 = (
+    8364,   # 0x80  0x20AC  EURO SIGN
+    65533,  # 0x81          UNDEFINED
+    8218,   # 0x82  0x201A  SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
+    402,    # 0x83  0x0192  LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK
+    8222,   # 0x84  0x201E  DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
+    8230,   # 0x85  0x2026  HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
+    8224,   # 0x86  0x2020  DAGGER
+    8225,   # 0x87  0x2021  DOUBLE DAGGER
+    710,    # 0x88  0x02C6  MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
+    8240,   # 0x89  0x2030  PER MILLE SIGN
+    352,    # 0x8A  0x0160  LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
+    8249,   # 0x8B  0x2039  SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    338,    # 0x8C  0x0152  LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE
+    65533,  # 0x8D          UNDEFINED
+    381,    # 0x8E  0x017D  LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON
+    65533,  # 0x8F          UNDEFINED
+    65533,  # 0x90          UNDEFINED
+    8216,   # 0x91  0x2018  LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8217,   # 0x92  0x2019  RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8220,   # 0x93  0x201C  LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8221,   # 0x94  0x201D  RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8226,   # 0x95  0x2022  BULLET
+    8211,   # 0x96  0x2013  EN DASH
+    8212,   # 0x97  0x2014  EM DASH
+    732,    # 0x98  0x02DC  SMALL TILDE
+    8482,   # 0x99  0x2122  TRADE MARK SIGN
+    353,    # 0x9A  0x0161  LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
+    8250,   # 0x9B  0x203A  SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    339,    # 0x9C  0x0153  LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
+    65533,  # 0x9D          UNDEFINED
+    382,    # 0x9E  0x017E  LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON
+    376     # 0x9F  0x0178  LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
+)
+
+xmlEntities = frozenset(['lt;', 'gt;', 'amp;', 'apos;', 'quot;'])
+
+entities = {
+    "AElig": "\xc6",
+    "AElig;": "\xc6",
+    "AMP": "&",
+    "AMP;": "&",
+    "Aacute": "\xc1",
+    "Aacute;": "\xc1",
+    "Abreve;": "\u0102",
+    "Acirc": "\xc2",
+    "Acirc;": "\xc2",
+    "Acy;": "\u0410",
+    "Afr;": "\U0001d504",
+    "Agrave": "\xc0",
+    "Agrave;": "\xc0",
+    "Alpha;": "\u0391",
+    "Amacr;": "\u0100",
+    "And;": "\u2a53",
+    "Aogon;": "\u0104",
+    "Aopf;": "\U0001d538",
+    "ApplyFunction;": "\u2061",
+    "Aring": "\xc5",
+    "Aring;": "\xc5",
+    "Ascr;": "\U0001d49c",
+    "Assign;": "\u2254",
+    "Atilde": "\xc3",
+    "Atilde;": "\xc3",
+    "Auml": "\xc4",
+    "Auml;": "\xc4",
+    "Backslash;": "\u2216",
+    "Barv;": "\u2ae7",
+    "Barwed;": "\u2306",
+    "Bcy;": "\u0411",
+    "Because;": "\u2235",
+    "Bernoullis;": "\u212c",
+    "Beta;": "\u0392",
+    "Bfr;": "\U0001d505",
+    "Bopf;": "\U0001d539",
+    "Breve;": "\u02d8",
+    "Bscr;": "\u212c",
+    "Bumpeq;": "\u224e",
+    "CHcy;": "\u0427",
+    "COPY": "\xa9",
+    "COPY;": "\xa9",
+    "Cacute;": "\u0106",
+    "Cap;": "\u22d2",
+    "CapitalDifferentialD;": "\u2145",
+    "Cayleys;": "\u212d",
+    "Ccaron;": "\u010c",
+    "Ccedil": "\xc7",
+    "Ccedil;": "\xc7",
+    "Ccirc;": "\u0108",
+    "Cconint;": "\u2230",
+    "Cdot;": "\u010a",
+    "Cedilla;": "\xb8",
+    "CenterDot;": "\xb7",
+    "Cfr;": "\u212d",
+    "Chi;": "\u03a7",
+    "CircleDot;": "\u2299",
+    "CircleMinus;": "\u2296",
+    "CirclePlus;": "\u2295",
+    "CircleTimes;": "\u2297",
+    "ClockwiseContourIntegral;": "\u2232",
+    "CloseCurlyDoubleQuote;": "\u201d",
+    "CloseCurlyQuote;": "\u2019",
+    "Colon;": "\u2237",
+    "Colone;": "\u2a74",
+    "Congruent;": "\u2261",
+    "Conint;": "\u222f",
+    "ContourIntegral;": "\u222e",
+    "Copf;": "\u2102",
+    "Coproduct;": "\u2210",
+    "CounterClockwiseContourIntegral;": "\u2233",
+    "Cross;": "\u2a2f",
+    "Cscr;": "\U0001d49e",
+    "Cup;": "\u22d3",
+    "CupCap;": "\u224d",
+    "DD;": "\u2145",
+    "DDotrahd;": "\u2911",
+    "DJcy;": "\u0402",
+    "DScy;": "\u0405",
+    "DZcy;": "\u040f",
+    "Dagger;": "\u2021",
+    "Darr;": "\u21a1",
+    "Dashv;": "\u2ae4",
+    "Dcaron;": "\u010e",
+    "Dcy;": "\u0414",
+    "Del;": "\u2207",
+    "Delta;": "\u0394",
+    "Dfr;": "\U0001d507",
+    "DiacriticalAcute;": "\xb4",
+    "DiacriticalDot;": "\u02d9",
+    "DiacriticalDoubleAcute;": "\u02dd",
+    "DiacriticalGrave;": "`",
+    "DiacriticalTilde;": "\u02dc",
+    "Diamond;": "\u22c4",
+    "DifferentialD;": "\u2146",
+    "Dopf;": "\U0001d53b",
+    "Dot;": "\xa8",
+    "DotDot;": "\u20dc",
+    "DotEqual;": "\u2250",
+    "DoubleContourIntegral;": "\u222f",
+    "DoubleDot;": "\xa8",
+    "DoubleDownArrow;": "\u21d3",
+    "DoubleLeftArrow;": "\u21d0",
+    "DoubleLeftRightArrow;": "\u21d4",
+    "DoubleLeftTee;": "\u2ae4",
+    "DoubleLongLeftArrow;": "\u27f8",
+    "DoubleLongLeftRightArrow;": "\u27fa",
+    "DoubleLongRightArrow;": "\u27f9",
+    "DoubleRightArrow;": "\u21d2",
+    "DoubleRightTee;": "\u22a8",
+    "DoubleUpArrow;": "\u21d1",
+    "DoubleUpDownArrow;": "\u21d5",
+    "DoubleVerticalBar;": "\u2225",
+    "DownArrow;": "\u2193",
+    "DownArrowBar;": "\u2913",
+    "DownArrowUpArrow;": "\u21f5",
+    "DownBreve;": "\u0311",
+    "DownLeftRightVector;": "\u2950",
+    "DownLeftTeeVector;": "\u295e",
+    "DownLeftVector;": "\u21bd",
+    "DownLeftVectorBar;": "\u2956",
+    "DownRightTeeVector;": "\u295f",
+    "DownRightVector;": "\u21c1",
+    "DownRightVectorBar;": "\u2957",
+    "DownTee;": "\u22a4",
+    "DownTeeArrow;": "\u21a7",
+    "Downarrow;": "\u21d3",
+    "Dscr;": "\U0001d49f",
+    "Dstrok;": "\u0110",
+    "ENG;": "\u014a",
+    "ETH": "\xd0",
+    "ETH;": "\xd0",
+    "Eacute": "\xc9",
+    "Eacute;": "\xc9",
+    "Ecaron;": "\u011a",
+    "Ecirc": "\xca",
+    "Ecirc;": "\xca",
+    "Ecy;": "\u042d",
+    "Edot;": "\u0116",
+    "Efr;": "\U0001d508",
+    "Egrave": "\xc8",
+    "Egrave;": "\xc8",
+    "Element;": "\u2208",
+    "Emacr;": "\u0112",
+    "EmptySmallSquare;": "\u25fb",
+    "EmptyVerySmallSquare;": "\u25ab",
+    "Eogon;": "\u0118",
+    "Eopf;": "\U0001d53c",
+    "Epsilon;": "\u0395",
+    "Equal;": "\u2a75",
+    "EqualTilde;": "\u2242",
+    "Equilibrium;": "\u21cc",
+    "Escr;": "\u2130",
+    "Esim;": "\u2a73",
+    "Eta;": "\u0397",
+    "Euml": "\xcb",
+    "Euml;": "\xcb",
+    "Exists;": "\u2203",
+    "ExponentialE;": "\u2147",
+    "Fcy;": "\u0424",
+    "Ffr;": "\U0001d509",
+    "FilledSmallSquare;": "\u25fc",
+    "FilledVerySmallSquare;": "\u25aa",
+    "Fopf;": "\U0001d53d",
+    "ForAll;": "\u2200",
+    "Fouriertrf;": "\u2131",
+    "Fscr;": "\u2131",
+    "GJcy;": "\u0403",
+    "GT": ">",
+    "GT;": ">",
+    "Gamma;": "\u0393",
+    "Gammad;": "\u03dc",
+    "Gbreve;": "\u011e",
+    "Gcedil;": "\u0122",
+    "Gcirc;": "\u011c",
+    "Gcy;": "\u0413",
+    "Gdot;": "\u0120",
+    "Gfr;": "\U0001d50a",
+    "Gg;": "\u22d9",
+    "Gopf;": "\U0001d53e",
+    "GreaterEqual;": "\u2265",
+    "GreaterEqualLess;": "\u22db",
+    "GreaterFullEqual;": "\u2267",
+    "GreaterGreater;": "\u2aa2",
+    "GreaterLess;": "\u2277",
+    "GreaterSlantEqual;": "\u2a7e",
+    "GreaterTilde;": "\u2273",
+    "Gscr;": "\U0001d4a2",
+    "Gt;": "\u226b",
+    "HARDcy;": "\u042a",
+    "Hacek;": "\u02c7",
+    "Hat;": "^",
+    "Hcirc;": "\u0124",
+    "Hfr;": "\u210c",
+    "HilbertSpace;": "\u210b",
+    "Hopf;": "\u210d",
+    "HorizontalLine;": "\u2500",
+    "Hscr;": "\u210b",
+    "Hstrok;": "\u0126",
+    "HumpDownHump;": "\u224e",
+    "HumpEqual;": "\u224f",
+    "IEcy;": "\u0415",
+    "IJlig;": "\u0132",
+    "IOcy;": "\u0401",
+    "Iacute": "\xcd",
+    "Iacute;": "\xcd",
+    "Icirc": "\xce",
+    "Icirc;": "\xce",
+    "Icy;": "\u0418",
+    "Idot;": "\u0130",
+    "Ifr;": "\u2111",
+    "Igrave": "\xcc",
+    "Igrave;": "\xcc",
+    "Im;": "\u2111",
+    "Imacr;": "\u012a",
+    "ImaginaryI;": "\u2148",
+    "Implies;": "\u21d2",
+    "Int;": "\u222c",
+    "Integral;": "\u222b",
+    "Intersection;": "\u22c2",
+    "InvisibleComma;": "\u2063",
+    "InvisibleTimes;": "\u2062",
+    "Iogon;": "\u012e",
+    "Iopf;": "\U0001d540",
+    "Iota;": "\u0399",
+    "Iscr;": "\u2110",
+    "Itilde;": "\u0128",
+    "Iukcy;": "\u0406",
+    "Iuml": "\xcf",
+    "Iuml;": "\xcf",
+    "Jcirc;": "\u0134",
+    "Jcy;": "\u0419",
+    "Jfr;": "\U0001d50d",
+    "Jopf;": "\U0001d541",
+    "Jscr;": "\U0001d4a5",
+    "Jsercy;": "\u0408",
+    "Jukcy;": "\u0404",
+    "KHcy;": "\u0425",
+    "KJcy;": "\u040c",
+    "Kappa;": "\u039a",
+    "Kcedil;": "\u0136",
+    "Kcy;": "\u041a",
+    "Kfr;": "\U0001d50e",
+    "Kopf;": "\U0001d542",
+    "Kscr;": "\U0001d4a6",
+    "LJcy;": "\u0409",
+    "LT": "<",
+    "LT;": "<",
+    "Lacute;": "\u0139",
+    "Lambda;": "\u039b",
+    "Lang;": "\u27ea",
+    "Laplacetrf;": "\u2112",
+    "Larr;": "\u219e",
+    "Lcaron;": "\u013d",
+    "Lcedil;": "\u013b",
+    "Lcy;": "\u041b",
+    "LeftAngleBracket;": "\u27e8",
+    "LeftArrow;": "\u2190",
+    "LeftArrowBar;": "\u21e4",
+    "LeftArrowRightArrow;": "\u21c6",
+    "LeftCeiling;": "\u2308",
+    "LeftDoubleBracket;": "\u27e6",
+    "LeftDownTeeVector;": "\u2961",
+    "LeftDownVector;": "\u21c3",
+    "LeftDownVectorBar;": "\u2959",
+    "LeftFloor;": "\u230a",
+    "LeftRightArrow;": "\u2194",
+    "LeftRightVector;": "\u294e",
+    "LeftTee;": "\u22a3",
+    "LeftTeeArrow;": "\u21a4",
+    "LeftTeeVector;": "\u295a",
+    "LeftTriangle;": "\u22b2",
+    "LeftTriangleBar;": "\u29cf",
+    "LeftTriangleEqual;": "\u22b4",
+    "LeftUpDownVector;": "\u2951",
+    "LeftUpTeeVector;": "\u2960",
+    "LeftUpVector;": "\u21bf",
+    "LeftUpVectorBar;": "\u2958",
+    "LeftVector;": "\u21bc",
+    "LeftVectorBar;": "\u2952",
+    "Leftarrow;": "\u21d0",
+    "Leftrightarrow;": "\u21d4",
+    "LessEqualGreater;": "\u22da",
+    "LessFullEqual;": "\u2266",
+    "LessGreater;": "\u2276",
+    "LessLess;": "\u2aa1",
+    "LessSlantEqual;": "\u2a7d",
+    "LessTilde;": "\u2272",
+    "Lfr;": "\U0001d50f",
+    "Ll;": "\u22d8",
+    "Lleftarrow;": "\u21da",
+    "Lmidot;": "\u013f",
+    "LongLeftArrow;": "\u27f5",
+    "LongLeftRightArrow;": "\u27f7",
+    "LongRightArrow;": "\u27f6",
+    "Longleftarrow;": "\u27f8",
+    "Longleftrightarrow;": "\u27fa",
+    "Longrightarrow;": "\u27f9",
+    "Lopf;": "\U0001d543",
+    "LowerLeftArrow;": "\u2199",
+    "LowerRightArrow;": "\u2198",
+    "Lscr;": "\u2112",
+    "Lsh;": "\u21b0",
+    "Lstrok;": "\u0141",
+    "Lt;": "\u226a",
+    "Map;": "\u2905",
+    "Mcy;": "\u041c",
+    "MediumSpace;": "\u205f",
+    "Mellintrf;": "\u2133",
+    "Mfr;": "\U0001d510",
+    "MinusPlus;": "\u2213",
+    "Mopf;": "\U0001d544",
+    "Mscr;": "\u2133",
+    "Mu;": "\u039c",
+    "NJcy;": "\u040a",
+    "Nacute;": "\u0143",
+    "Ncaron;": "\u0147",
+    "Ncedil;": "\u0145",
+    "Ncy;": "\u041d",
+    "NegativeMediumSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NegativeThickSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NegativeThinSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NegativeVeryThinSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NestedGreaterGreater;": "\u226b",
+    "NestedLessLess;": "\u226a",
+    "NewLine;": "\n",
+    "Nfr;": "\U0001d511",
+    "NoBreak;": "\u2060",
+    "NonBreakingSpace;": "\xa0",
+    "Nopf;": "\u2115",
+    "Not;": "\u2aec",
+    "NotCongruent;": "\u2262",
+    "NotCupCap;": "\u226d",
+    "NotDoubleVerticalBar;": "\u2226",
+    "NotElement;": "\u2209",
+    "NotEqual;": "\u2260",
+    "NotEqualTilde;": "\u2242\u0338",
+    "NotExists;": "\u2204",
+    "NotGreater;": "\u226f",
+    "NotGreaterEqual;": "\u2271",
+    "NotGreaterFullEqual;": "\u2267\u0338",
+    "NotGreaterGreater;": "\u226b\u0338",
+    "NotGreaterLess;": "\u2279",
+    "NotGreaterSlantEqual;": "\u2a7e\u0338",
+    "NotGreaterTilde;": "\u2275",
+    "NotHumpDownHump;": "\u224e\u0338",
+    "NotHumpEqual;": "\u224f\u0338",
+    "NotLeftTriangle;": "\u22ea",
+    "NotLeftTriangleBar;": "\u29cf\u0338",
+    "NotLeftTriangleEqual;": "\u22ec",
+    "NotLess;": "\u226e",
+    "NotLessEqual;": "\u2270",
+    "NotLessGreater;": "\u2278",
+    "NotLessLess;": "\u226a\u0338",
+    "NotLessSlantEqual;": "\u2a7d\u0338",
+    "NotLessTilde;": "\u2274",
+    "NotNestedGreaterGreater;": "\u2aa2\u0338",
+    "NotNestedLessLess;": "\u2aa1\u0338",
+    "NotPrecedes;": "\u2280",
+    "NotPrecedesEqual;": "\u2aaf\u0338",
+    "NotPrecedesSlantEqual;": "\u22e0",
+    "NotReverseElement;": "\u220c",
+    "NotRightTriangle;": "\u22eb",
+    "NotRightTriangleBar;": "\u29d0\u0338",
+    "NotRightTriangleEqual;": "\u22ed",
+    "NotSquareSubset;": "\u228f\u0338",
+    "NotSquareSubsetEqual;": "\u22e2",
+    "NotSquareSuperset;": "\u2290\u0338",
+    "NotSquareSupersetEqual;": "\u22e3",
+    "NotSubset;": "\u2282\u20d2",
+    "NotSubsetEqual;": "\u2288",
+    "NotSucceeds;": "\u2281",
+    "NotSucceedsEqual;": "\u2ab0\u0338",
+    "NotSucceedsSlantEqual;": "\u22e1",
+    "NotSucceedsTilde;": "\u227f\u0338",
+    "NotSuperset;": "\u2283\u20d2",
+    "NotSupersetEqual;": "\u2289",
+    "NotTilde;": "\u2241",
+    "NotTildeEqual;": "\u2244",
+    "NotTildeFullEqual;": "\u2247",
+    "NotTildeTilde;": "\u2249",
+    "NotVerticalBar;": "\u2224",
+    "Nscr;": "\U0001d4a9",
+    "Ntilde": "\xd1",
+    "Ntilde;": "\xd1",
+    "Nu;": "\u039d",
+    "OElig;": "\u0152",
+    "Oacute": "\xd3",
+    "Oacute;": "\xd3",
+    "Ocirc": "\xd4",
+    "Ocirc;": "\xd4",
+    "Ocy;": "\u041e",
+    "Odblac;": "\u0150",
+    "Ofr;": "\U0001d512",
+    "Ograve": "\xd2",
+    "Ograve;": "\xd2",
+    "Omacr;": "\u014c",
+    "Omega;": "\u03a9",
+    "Omicron;": "\u039f",
+    "Oopf;": "\U0001d546",
+    "OpenCurlyDoubleQuote;": "\u201c",
+    "OpenCurlyQuote;": "\u2018",
+    "Or;": "\u2a54",
+    "Oscr;": "\U0001d4aa",
+    "Oslash": "\xd8",
+    "Oslash;": "\xd8",
+    "Otilde": "\xd5",
+    "Otilde;": "\xd5",
+    "Otimes;": "\u2a37",
+    "Ouml": "\xd6",
+    "Ouml;": "\xd6",
+    "OverBar;": "\u203e",
+    "OverBrace;": "\u23de",
+    "OverBracket;": "\u23b4",
+    "OverParenthesis;": "\u23dc",
+    "PartialD;": "\u2202",
+    "Pcy;": "\u041f",
+    "Pfr;": "\U0001d513",
+    "Phi;": "\u03a6",
+    "Pi;": "\u03a0",
+    "PlusMinus;": "\xb1",
+    "Poincareplane;": "\u210c",
+    "Popf;": "\u2119",
+    "Pr;": "\u2abb",
+    "Precedes;": "\u227a",
+    "PrecedesEqual;": "\u2aaf",
+    "PrecedesSlantEqual;": "\u227c",
+    "PrecedesTilde;": "\u227e",
+    "Prime;": "\u2033",
+    "Product;": "\u220f",
+    "Proportion;": "\u2237",
+    "Proportional;": "\u221d",
+    "Pscr;": "\U0001d4ab",
+    "Psi;": "\u03a8",
+    "QUOT": "\"",
+    "QUOT;": "\"",
+    "Qfr;": "\U0001d514",
+    "Qopf;": "\u211a",
+    "Qscr;": "\U0001d4ac",
+    "RBarr;": "\u2910",
+    "REG": "\xae",
+    "REG;": "\xae",
+    "Racute;": "\u0154",
+    "Rang;": "\u27eb",
+    "Rarr;": "\u21a0",
+    "Rarrtl;": "\u2916",
+    "Rcaron;": "\u0158",
+    "Rcedil;": "\u0156",
+    "Rcy;": "\u0420",
+    "Re;": "\u211c",
+    "ReverseElement;": "\u220b",
+    "ReverseEquilibrium;": "\u21cb",
+    "ReverseUpEquilibrium;": "\u296f",
+    "Rfr;": "\u211c",
+    "Rho;": "\u03a1",
+    "RightAngleBracket;": "\u27e9",
+    "RightArrow;": "\u2192",
+    "RightArrowBar;": "\u21e5",
+    "RightArrowLeftArrow;": "\u21c4",
+    "RightCeiling;": "\u2309",
+    "RightDoubleBracket;": "\u27e7",
+    "RightDownTeeVector;": "\u295d",
+    "RightDownVector;": "\u21c2",
+    "RightDownVectorBar;": "\u2955",
+    "RightFloor;": "\u230b",
+    "RightTee;": "\u22a2",
+    "RightTeeArrow;": "\u21a6",
+    "RightTeeVector;": "\u295b",
+    "RightTriangle;": "\u22b3",
+    "RightTriangleBar;": "\u29d0",
+    "RightTriangleEqual;": "\u22b5",
+    "RightUpDownVector;": "\u294f",
+    "RightUpTeeVector;": "\u295c",
+    "RightUpVector;": "\u21be",
+    "RightUpVectorBar;": "\u2954",
+    "RightVector;": "\u21c0",
+    "RightVectorBar;": "\u2953",
+    "Rightarrow;": "\u21d2",
+    "Ropf;": "\u211d",
+    "RoundImplies;": "\u2970",
+    "Rrightarrow;": "\u21db",
+    "Rscr;": "\u211b",
+    "Rsh;": "\u21b1",
+    "RuleDelayed;": "\u29f4",
+    "SHCHcy;": "\u0429",
+    "SHcy;": "\u0428",
+    "SOFTcy;": "\u042c",
+    "Sacute;": "\u015a",
+    "Sc;": "\u2abc",
+    "Scaron;": "\u0160",
+    "Scedil;": "\u015e",
+    "Scirc;": "\u015c",
+    "Scy;": "\u0421",
+    "Sfr;": "\U0001d516",
+    "ShortDownArrow;": "\u2193",
+    "ShortLeftArrow;": "\u2190",
+    "ShortRightArrow;": "\u2192",
+    "ShortUpArrow;": "\u2191",
+    "Sigma;": "\u03a3",
+    "SmallCircle;": "\u2218",
+    "Sopf;": "\U0001d54a",
+    "Sqrt;": "\u221a",
+    "Square;": "\u25a1",
+    "SquareIntersection;": "\u2293",
+    "SquareSubset;": "\u228f",
+    "SquareSubsetEqual;": "\u2291",
+    "SquareSuperset;": "\u2290",
+    "SquareSupersetEqual;": "\u2292",
+    "SquareUnion;": "\u2294",
+    "Sscr;": "\U0001d4ae",
+    "Star;": "\u22c6",
+    "Sub;": "\u22d0",
+    "Subset;": "\u22d0",
+    "SubsetEqual;": "\u2286",
+    "Succeeds;": "\u227b",
+    "SucceedsEqual;": "\u2ab0",
+    "SucceedsSlantEqual;": "\u227d",
+    "SucceedsTilde;": "\u227f",
+    "SuchThat;": "\u220b",
+    "Sum;": "\u2211",
+    "Sup;": "\u22d1",
+    "Superset;": "\u2283",
+    "SupersetEqual;": "\u2287",
+    "Supset;": "\u22d1",
+    "THORN": "\xde",
+    "THORN;": "\xde",
+    "TRADE;": "\u2122",
+    "TSHcy;": "\u040b",
+    "TScy;": "\u0426",
+    "Tab;": "\t",
+    "Tau;": "\u03a4",
+    "Tcaron;": "\u0164",
+    "Tcedil;": "\u0162",
+    "Tcy;": "\u0422",
+    "Tfr;": "\U0001d517",
+    "Therefore;": "\u2234",
+    "Theta;": "\u0398",
+    "ThickSpace;": "\u205f\u200a",
+    "ThinSpace;": "\u2009",
+    "Tilde;": "\u223c",
+    "TildeEqual;": "\u2243",
+    "TildeFullEqual;": "\u2245",
+    "TildeTilde;": "\u2248",
+    "Topf;": "\U0001d54b",
+    "TripleDot;": "\u20db",
+    "Tscr;": "\U0001d4af",
+    "Tstrok;": "\u0166",
+    "Uacute": "\xda",
+    "Uacute;": "\xda",
+    "Uarr;": "\u219f",
+    "Uarrocir;": "\u2949",
+    "Ubrcy;": "\u040e",
+    "Ubreve;": "\u016c",
+    "Ucirc": "\xdb",
+    "Ucirc;": "\xdb",
+    "Ucy;": "\u0423",
+    "Udblac;": "\u0170",
+    "Ufr;": "\U0001d518",
+    "Ugrave": "\xd9",
+    "Ugrave;": "\xd9",
+    "Umacr;": "\u016a",
+    "UnderBar;": "_",
+    "UnderBrace;": "\u23df",
+    "UnderBracket;": "\u23b5",
+    "UnderParenthesis;": "\u23dd",
+    "Union;": "\u22c3",
+    "UnionPlus;": "\u228e",
+    "Uogon;": "\u0172",
+    "Uopf;": "\U0001d54c",
+    "UpArrow;": "\u2191",
+    "UpArrowBar;": "\u2912",
+    "UpArrowDownArrow;": "\u21c5",
+    "UpDownArrow;": "\u2195",
+    "UpEquilibrium;": "\u296e",
+    "UpTee;": "\u22a5",
+    "UpTeeArrow;": "\u21a5",
+    "Uparrow;": "\u21d1",
+    "Updownarrow;": "\u21d5",
+    "UpperLeftArrow;": "\u2196",
+    "UpperRightArrow;": "\u2197",
+    "Upsi;": "\u03d2",
+    "Upsilon;": "\u03a5",
+    "Uring;": "\u016e",
+    "Uscr;": "\U0001d4b0",
+    "Utilde;": "\u0168",
+    "Uuml": "\xdc",
+    "Uuml;": "\xdc",
+    "VDash;": "\u22ab",
+    "Vbar;": "\u2aeb",
+    "Vcy;": "\u0412",
+    "Vdash;": "\u22a9",
+    "Vdashl;": "\u2ae6",
+    "Vee;": "\u22c1",
+    "Verbar;": "\u2016",
+    "Vert;": "\u2016",
+    "VerticalBar;": "\u2223",
+    "VerticalLine;": "|",
+    "VerticalSeparator;": "\u2758",
+    "VerticalTilde;": "\u2240",
+    "VeryThinSpace;": "\u200a",
+    "Vfr;": "\U0001d519",
+    "Vopf;": "\U0001d54d",
+    "Vscr;": "\U0001d4b1",
+    "Vvdash;": "\u22aa",
+    "Wcirc;": "\u0174",
+    "Wedge;": "\u22c0",
+    "Wfr;": "\U0001d51a",
+    "Wopf;": "\U0001d54e",
+    "Wscr;": "\U0001d4b2",
+    "Xfr;": "\U0001d51b",
+    "Xi;": "\u039e",
+    "Xopf;": "\U0001d54f",
+    "Xscr;": "\U0001d4b3",
+    "YAcy;": "\u042f",
+    "YIcy;": "\u0407",
+    "YUcy;": "\u042e",
+    "Yacute": "\xdd",
+    "Yacute;": "\xdd",
+    "Ycirc;": "\u0176",
+    "Ycy;": "\u042b",
+    "Yfr;": "\U0001d51c",
+    "Yopf;": "\U0001d550",
+    "Yscr;": "\U0001d4b4",
+    "Yuml;": "\u0178",
+    "ZHcy;": "\u0416",
+    "Zacute;": "\u0179",
+    "Zcaron;": "\u017d",
+    "Zcy;": "\u0417",
+    "Zdot;": "\u017b",
+    "ZeroWidthSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "Zeta;": "\u0396",
+    "Zfr;": "\u2128",
+    "Zopf;": "\u2124",
+    "Zscr;": "\U0001d4b5",
+    "aacute": "\xe1",
+    "aacute;": "\xe1",
+    "abreve;": "\u0103",
+    "ac;": "\u223e",
+    "acE;": "\u223e\u0333",
+    "acd;": "\u223f",
+    "acirc": "\xe2",
+    "acirc;": "\xe2",
+    "acute": "\xb4",
+    "acute;": "\xb4",
+    "acy;": "\u0430",
+    "aelig": "\xe6",
+    "aelig;": "\xe6",
+    "af;": "\u2061",
+    "afr;": "\U0001d51e",
+    "agrave": "\xe0",
+    "agrave;": "\xe0",
+    "alefsym;": "\u2135",
+    "aleph;": "\u2135",
+    "alpha;": "\u03b1",
+    "amacr;": "\u0101",
+    "amalg;": "\u2a3f",
+    "amp": "&",
+    "amp;": "&",
+    "and;": "\u2227",
+    "andand;": "\u2a55",
+    "andd;": "\u2a5c",
+    "andslope;": "\u2a58",
+    "andv;": "\u2a5a",
+    "ang;": "\u2220",
+    "ange;": "\u29a4",
+    "angle;": "\u2220",
+    "angmsd;": "\u2221",
+    "angmsdaa;": "\u29a8",
+    "angmsdab;": "\u29a9",
+    "angmsdac;": "\u29aa",
+    "angmsdad;": "\u29ab",
+    "angmsdae;": "\u29ac",
+    "angmsdaf;": "\u29ad",
+    "angmsdag;": "\u29ae",
+    "angmsdah;": "\u29af",
+    "angrt;": "\u221f",
+    "angrtvb;": "\u22be",
+    "angrtvbd;": "\u299d",
+    "angsph;": "\u2222",
+    "angst;": "\xc5",
+    "angzarr;": "\u237c",
+    "aogon;": "\u0105",
+    "aopf;": "\U0001d552",
+    "ap;": "\u2248",
+    "apE;": "\u2a70",
+    "apacir;": "\u2a6f",
+    "ape;": "\u224a",
+    "apid;": "\u224b",
+    "apos;": "'",
+    "approx;": "\u2248",
+    "approxeq;": "\u224a",
+    "aring": "\xe5",
+    "aring;": "\xe5",
+    "ascr;": "\U0001d4b6",
+    "ast;": "*",
+    "asymp;": "\u2248",
+    "asympeq;": "\u224d",
+    "atilde": "\xe3",
+    "atilde;": "\xe3",
+    "auml": "\xe4",
+    "auml;": "\xe4",
+    "awconint;": "\u2233",
+    "awint;": "\u2a11",
+    "bNot;": "\u2aed",
+    "backcong;": "\u224c",
+    "backepsilon;": "\u03f6",
+    "backprime;": "\u2035",
+    "backsim;": "\u223d",
+    "backsimeq;": "\u22cd",
+    "barvee;": "\u22bd",
+    "barwed;": "\u2305",
+    "barwedge;": "\u2305",
+    "bbrk;": "\u23b5",
+    "bbrktbrk;": "\u23b6",
+    "bcong;": "\u224c",
+    "bcy;": "\u0431",
+    "bdquo;": "\u201e",
+    "becaus;": "\u2235",
+    "because;": "\u2235",
+    "bemptyv;": "\u29b0",
+    "bepsi;": "\u03f6",
+    "bernou;": "\u212c",
+    "beta;": "\u03b2",
+    "beth;": "\u2136",
+    "between;": "\u226c",
+    "bfr;": "\U0001d51f",
+    "bigcap;": "\u22c2",
+    "bigcirc;": "\u25ef",
+    "bigcup;": "\u22c3",
+    "bigodot;": "\u2a00",
+    "bigoplus;": "\u2a01",
+    "bigotimes;": "\u2a02",
+    "bigsqcup;": "\u2a06",
+    "bigstar;": "\u2605",
+    "bigtriangledown;": "\u25bd",
+    "bigtriangleup;": "\u25b3",
+    "biguplus;": "\u2a04",
+    "bigvee;": "\u22c1",
+    "bigwedge;": "\u22c0",
+    "bkarow;": "\u290d",
+    "blacklozenge;": "\u29eb",
+    "blacksquare;": "\u25aa",
+    "blacktriangle;": "\u25b4",
+    "blacktriangledown;": "\u25be",
+    "blacktriangleleft;": "\u25c2",
+    "blacktriangleright;": "\u25b8",
+    "blank;": "\u2423",
+    "blk12;": "\u2592",
+    "blk14;": "\u2591",
+    "blk34;": "\u2593",
+    "block;": "\u2588",
+    "bne;": "=\u20e5",
+    "bnequiv;": "\u2261\u20e5",
+    "bnot;": "\u2310",
+    "bopf;": "\U0001d553",
+    "bot;": "\u22a5",
+    "bottom;": "\u22a5",
+    "bowtie;": "\u22c8",
+    "boxDL;": "\u2557",
+    "boxDR;": "\u2554",
+    "boxDl;": "\u2556",
+    "boxDr;": "\u2553",
+    "boxH;": "\u2550",
+    "boxHD;": "\u2566",
+    "boxHU;": "\u2569",
+    "boxHd;": "\u2564",
+    "boxHu;": "\u2567",
+    "boxUL;": "\u255d",
+    "boxUR;": "\u255a",
+    "boxUl;": "\u255c",
+    "boxUr;": "\u2559",
+    "boxV;": "\u2551",
+    "boxVH;": "\u256c",
+    "boxVL;": "\u2563",
+    "boxVR;": "\u2560",
+    "boxVh;": "\u256b",
+    "boxVl;": "\u2562",
+    "boxVr;": "\u255f",
+    "boxbox;": "\u29c9",
+    "boxdL;": "\u2555",
+    "boxdR;": "\u2552",
+    "boxdl;": "\u2510",
+    "boxdr;": "\u250c",
+    "boxh;": "\u2500",
+    "boxhD;": "\u2565",
+    "boxhU;": "\u2568",
+    "boxhd;": "\u252c",
+    "boxhu;": "\u2534",
+    "boxminus;": "\u229f",
+    "boxplus;": "\u229e",
+    "boxtimes;": "\u22a0",
+    "boxuL;": "\u255b",
+    "boxuR;": "\u2558",
+    "boxul;": "\u2518",
+    "boxur;": "\u2514",
+    "boxv;": "\u2502",
+    "boxvH;": "\u256a",
+    "boxvL;": "\u2561",
+    "boxvR;": "\u255e",
+    "boxvh;": "\u253c",
+    "boxvl;": "\u2524",
+    "boxvr;": "\u251c",
+    "bprime;": "\u2035",
+    "breve;": "\u02d8",
+    "brvbar": "\xa6",
+    "brvbar;": "\xa6",
+    "bscr;": "\U0001d4b7",
+    "bsemi;": "\u204f",
+    "bsim;": "\u223d",
+    "bsime;": "\u22cd",
+    "bsol;": "\\",
+    "bsolb;": "\u29c5",
+    "bsolhsub;": "\u27c8",
+    "bull;": "\u2022",
+    "bullet;": "\u2022",
+    "bump;": "\u224e",
+    "bumpE;": "\u2aae",
+    "bumpe;": "\u224f",
+    "bumpeq;": "\u224f",
+    "cacute;": "\u0107",
+    "cap;": "\u2229",
+    "capand;": "\u2a44",
+    "capbrcup;": "\u2a49",
+    "capcap;": "\u2a4b",
+    "capcup;": "\u2a47",
+    "capdot;": "\u2a40",
+    "caps;": "\u2229\ufe00",
+    "caret;": "\u2041",
+    "caron;": "\u02c7",
+    "ccaps;": "\u2a4d",
+    "ccaron;": "\u010d",
+    "ccedil": "\xe7",
+    "ccedil;": "\xe7",
+    "ccirc;": "\u0109",
+    "ccups;": "\u2a4c",
+    "ccupssm;": "\u2a50",
+    "cdot;": "\u010b",
+    "cedil": "\xb8",
+    "cedil;": "\xb8",
+    "cemptyv;": "\u29b2",
+    "cent": "\xa2",
+    "cent;": "\xa2",
+    "centerdot;": "\xb7",
+    "cfr;": "\U0001d520",
+    "chcy;": "\u0447",
+    "check;": "\u2713",
+    "checkmark;": "\u2713",
+    "chi;": "\u03c7",
+    "cir;": "\u25cb",
+    "cirE;": "\u29c3",
+    "circ;": "\u02c6",
+    "circeq;": "\u2257",
+    "circlearrowleft;": "\u21ba",
+    "circlearrowright;": "\u21bb",
+    "circledR;": "\xae",
+    "circledS;": "\u24c8",
+    "circledast;": "\u229b",
+    "circledcirc;": "\u229a",
+    "circleddash;": "\u229d",
+    "cire;": "\u2257",
+    "cirfnint;": "\u2a10",
+    "cirmid;": "\u2aef",
+    "cirscir;": "\u29c2",
+    "clubs;": "\u2663",
+    "clubsuit;": "\u2663",
+    "colon;": ":",
+    "colone;": "\u2254",
+    "coloneq;": "\u2254",
+    "comma;": ",",
+    "commat;": "@",
+    "comp;": "\u2201",
+    "compfn;": "\u2218",
+    "complement;": "\u2201",
+    "complexes;": "\u2102",
+    "cong;": "\u2245",
+    "congdot;": "\u2a6d",
+    "conint;": "\u222e",
+    "copf;": "\U0001d554",
+    "coprod;": "\u2210",
+    "copy": "\xa9",
+    "copy;": "\xa9",
+    "copysr;": "\u2117",
+    "crarr;": "\u21b5",
+    "cross;": "\u2717",
+    "cscr;": "\U0001d4b8",
+    "csub;": "\u2acf",
+    "csube;": "\u2ad1",
+    "csup;": "\u2ad0",
+    "csupe;": "\u2ad2",
+    "ctdot;": "\u22ef",
+    "cudarrl;": "\u2938",
+    "cudarrr;": "\u2935",
+    "cuepr;": "\u22de",
+    "cuesc;": "\u22df",
+    "cularr;": "\u21b6",
+    "cularrp;": "\u293d",
+    "cup;": "\u222a",
+    "cupbrcap;": "\u2a48",
+    "cupcap;": "\u2a46",
+    "cupcup;": "\u2a4a",
+    "cupdot;": "\u228d",
+    "cupor;": "\u2a45",
+    "cups;": "\u222a\ufe00",
+    "curarr;": "\u21b7",
+    "curarrm;": "\u293c",
+    "curlyeqprec;": "\u22de",
+    "curlyeqsucc;": "\u22df",
+    "curlyvee;": "\u22ce",
+    "curlywedge;": "\u22cf",
+    "curren": "\xa4",
+    "curren;": "\xa4",
+    "curvearrowleft;": "\u21b6",
+    "curvearrowright;": "\u21b7",
+    "cuvee;": "\u22ce",
+    "cuwed;": "\u22cf",
+    "cwconint;": "\u2232",
+    "cwint;": "\u2231",
+    "cylcty;": "\u232d",
+    "dArr;": "\u21d3",
+    "dHar;": "\u2965",
+    "dagger;": "\u2020",
+    "daleth;": "\u2138",
+    "darr;": "\u2193",
+    "dash;": "\u2010",
+    "dashv;": "\u22a3",
+    "dbkarow;": "\u290f",
+    "dblac;": "\u02dd",
+    "dcaron;": "\u010f",
+    "dcy;": "\u0434",
+    "dd;": "\u2146",
+    "ddagger;": "\u2021",
+    "ddarr;": "\u21ca",
+    "ddotseq;": "\u2a77",
+    "deg": "\xb0",
+    "deg;": "\xb0",
+    "delta;": "\u03b4",
+    "demptyv;": "\u29b1",
+    "dfisht;": "\u297f",
+    "dfr;": "\U0001d521",
+    "dharl;": "\u21c3",
+    "dharr;": "\u21c2",
+    "diam;": "\u22c4",
+    "diamond;": "\u22c4",
+    "diamondsuit;": "\u2666",
+    "diams;": "\u2666",
+    "die;": "\xa8",
+    "digamma;": "\u03dd",
+    "disin;": "\u22f2",
+    "div;": "\xf7",
+    "divide": "\xf7",
+    "divide;": "\xf7",
+    "divideontimes;": "\u22c7",
+    "divonx;": "\u22c7",
+    "djcy;": "\u0452",
+    "dlcorn;": "\u231e",
+    "dlcrop;": "\u230d",
+    "dollar;": "$",
+    "dopf;": "\U0001d555",
+    "dot;": "\u02d9",
+    "doteq;": "\u2250",
+    "doteqdot;": "\u2251",
+    "dotminus;": "\u2238",
+    "dotplus;": "\u2214",
+    "dotsquare;": "\u22a1",
+    "doublebarwedge;": "\u2306",
+    "downarrow;": "\u2193",
+    "downdownarrows;": "\u21ca",
+    "downharpoonleft;": "\u21c3",
+    "downharpoonright;": "\u21c2",
+    "drbkarow;": "\u2910",
+    "drcorn;": "\u231f",
+    "drcrop;": "\u230c",
+    "dscr;": "\U0001d4b9",
+    "dscy;": "\u0455",
+    "dsol;": "\u29f6",
+    "dstrok;": "\u0111",
+    "dtdot;": "\u22f1",
+    "dtri;": "\u25bf",
+    "dtrif;": "\u25be",
+    "duarr;": "\u21f5",
+    "duhar;": "\u296f",
+    "dwangle;": "\u29a6",
+    "dzcy;": "\u045f",
+    "dzigrarr;": "\u27ff",
+    "eDDot;": "\u2a77",
+    "eDot;": "\u2251",
+    "eacute": "\xe9",
+    "eacute;": "\xe9",
+    "easter;": "\u2a6e",
+    "ecaron;": "\u011b",
+    "ecir;": "\u2256",
+    "ecirc": "\xea",
+    "ecirc;": "\xea",
+    "ecolon;": "\u2255",
+    "ecy;": "\u044d",
+    "edot;": "\u0117",
+    "ee;": "\u2147",
+    "efDot;": "\u2252",
+    "efr;": "\U0001d522",
+    "eg;": "\u2a9a",
+    "egrave": "\xe8",
+    "egrave;": "\xe8",
+    "egs;": "\u2a96",
+    "egsdot;": "\u2a98",
+    "el;": "\u2a99",
+    "elinters;": "\u23e7",
+    "ell;": "\u2113",
+    "els;": "\u2a95",
+    "elsdot;": "\u2a97",
+    "emacr;": "\u0113",
+    "empty;": "\u2205",
+    "emptyset;": "\u2205",
+    "emptyv;": "\u2205",
+    "emsp13;": "\u2004",
+    "emsp14;": "\u2005",
+    "emsp;": "\u2003",
+    "eng;": "\u014b",
+    "ensp;": "\u2002",
+    "eogon;": "\u0119",
+    "eopf;": "\U0001d556",
+    "epar;": "\u22d5",
+    "eparsl;": "\u29e3",
+    "eplus;": "\u2a71",
+    "epsi;": "\u03b5",
+    "epsilon;": "\u03b5",
+    "epsiv;": "\u03f5",
+    "eqcirc;": "\u2256",
+    "eqcolon;": "\u2255",
+    "eqsim;": "\u2242",
+    "eqslantgtr;": "\u2a96",
+    "eqslantless;": "\u2a95",
+    "equals;": "=",
+    "equest;": "\u225f",
+    "equiv;": "\u2261",
+    "equivDD;": "\u2a78",
+    "eqvparsl;": "\u29e5",
+    "erDot;": "\u2253",
+    "erarr;": "\u2971",
+    "escr;": "\u212f",
+    "esdot;": "\u2250",
+    "esim;": "\u2242",
+    "eta;": "\u03b7",
+    "eth": "\xf0",
+    "eth;": "\xf0",
+    "euml": "\xeb",
+    "euml;": "\xeb",
+    "euro;": "\u20ac",
+    "excl;": "!",
+    "exist;": "\u2203",
+    "expectation;": "\u2130",
+    "exponentiale;": "\u2147",
+    "fallingdotseq;": "\u2252",
+    "fcy;": "\u0444",
+    "female;": "\u2640",
+    "ffilig;": "\ufb03",
+    "fflig;": "\ufb00",
+    "ffllig;": "\ufb04",
+    "ffr;": "\U0001d523",
+    "filig;": "\ufb01",
+    "fjlig;": "fj",
+    "flat;": "\u266d",
+    "fllig;": "\ufb02",
+    "fltns;": "\u25b1",
+    "fnof;": "\u0192",
+    "fopf;": "\U0001d557",
+    "forall;": "\u2200",
+    "fork;": "\u22d4",
+    "forkv;": "\u2ad9",
+    "fpartint;": "\u2a0d",
+    "frac12": "\xbd",
+    "frac12;": "\xbd",
+    "frac13;": "\u2153",
+    "frac14": "\xbc",
+    "frac14;": "\xbc",
+    "frac15;": "\u2155",
+    "frac16;": "\u2159",
+    "frac18;": "\u215b",
+    "frac23;": "\u2154",
+    "frac25;": "\u2156",
+    "frac34": "\xbe",
+    "frac34;": "\xbe",
+    "frac35;": "\u2157",
+    "frac38;": "\u215c",
+    "frac45;": "\u2158",
+    "frac56;": "\u215a",
+    "frac58;": "\u215d",
+    "frac78;": "\u215e",
+    "frasl;": "\u2044",
+    "frown;": "\u2322",
+    "fscr;": "\U0001d4bb",
+    "gE;": "\u2267",
+    "gEl;": "\u2a8c",
+    "gacute;": "\u01f5",
+    "gamma;": "\u03b3",
+    "gammad;": "\u03dd",
+    "gap;": "\u2a86",
+    "gbreve;": "\u011f",
+    "gcirc;": "\u011d",
+    "gcy;": "\u0433",
+    "gdot;": "\u0121",
+    "ge;": "\u2265",
+    "gel;": "\u22db",
+    "geq;": "\u2265",
+    "geqq;": "\u2267",
+    "geqslant;": "\u2a7e",
+    "ges;": "\u2a7e",
+    "gescc;": "\u2aa9",
+    "gesdot;": "\u2a80",
+    "gesdoto;": "\u2a82",
+    "gesdotol;": "\u2a84",
+    "gesl;": "\u22db\ufe00",
+    "gesles;": "\u2a94",
+    "gfr;": "\U0001d524",
+    "gg;": "\u226b",
+    "ggg;": "\u22d9",
+    "gimel;": "\u2137",
+    "gjcy;": "\u0453",
+    "gl;": "\u2277",
+    "glE;": "\u2a92",
+    "gla;": "\u2aa5",
+    "glj;": "\u2aa4",
+    "gnE;": "\u2269",
+    "gnap;": "\u2a8a",
+    "gnapprox;": "\u2a8a",
+    "gne;": "\u2a88",
+    "gneq;": "\u2a88",
+    "gneqq;": "\u2269",
+    "gnsim;": "\u22e7",
+    "gopf;": "\U0001d558",
+    "grave;": "`",
+    "gscr;": "\u210a",
+    "gsim;": "\u2273",
+    "gsime;": "\u2a8e",
+    "gsiml;": "\u2a90",
+    "gt": ">",
+    "gt;": ">",
+    "gtcc;": "\u2aa7",
+    "gtcir;": "\u2a7a",
+    "gtdot;": "\u22d7",
+    "gtlPar;": "\u2995",
+    "gtquest;": "\u2a7c",
+    "gtrapprox;": "\u2a86",
+    "gtrarr;": "\u2978",
+    "gtrdot;": "\u22d7",
+    "gtreqless;": "\u22db",
+    "gtreqqless;": "\u2a8c",
+    "gtrless;": "\u2277",
+    "gtrsim;": "\u2273",
+    "gvertneqq;": "\u2269\ufe00",
+    "gvnE;": "\u2269\ufe00",
+    "hArr;": "\u21d4",
+    "hairsp;": "\u200a",
+    "half;": "\xbd",
+    "hamilt;": "\u210b",
+    "hardcy;": "\u044a",
+    "harr;": "\u2194",
+    "harrcir;": "\u2948",
+    "harrw;": "\u21ad",
+    "hbar;": "\u210f",
+    "hcirc;": "\u0125",
+    "hearts;": "\u2665",
+    "heartsuit;": "\u2665",
+    "hellip;": "\u2026",
+    "hercon;": "\u22b9",
+    "hfr;": "\U0001d525",
+    "hksearow;": "\u2925",
+    "hkswarow;": "\u2926",
+    "hoarr;": "\u21ff",
+    "homtht;": "\u223b",
+    "hookleftarrow;": "\u21a9",
+    "hookrightarrow;": "\u21aa",
+    "hopf;": "\U0001d559",
+    "horbar;": "\u2015",
+    "hscr;": "\U0001d4bd",
+    "hslash;": "\u210f",
+    "hstrok;": "\u0127",
+    "hybull;": "\u2043",
+    "hyphen;": "\u2010",
+    "iacute": "\xed",
+    "iacute;": "\xed",
+    "ic;": "\u2063",
+    "icirc": "\xee",
+    "icirc;": "\xee",
+    "icy;": "\u0438",
+    "iecy;": "\u0435",
+    "iexcl": "\xa1",
+    "iexcl;": "\xa1",
+    "iff;": "\u21d4",
+    "ifr;": "\U0001d526",
+    "igrave": "\xec",
+    "igrave;": "\xec",
+    "ii;": "\u2148",
+    "iiiint;": "\u2a0c",
+    "iiint;": "\u222d",
+    "iinfin;": "\u29dc",
+    "iiota;": "\u2129",
+    "ijlig;": "\u0133",
+    "imacr;": "\u012b",
+    "image;": "\u2111",
+    "imagline;": "\u2110",
+    "imagpart;": "\u2111",
+    "imath;": "\u0131",
+    "imof;": "\u22b7",
+    "imped;": "\u01b5",
+    "in;": "\u2208",
+    "incare;": "\u2105",
+    "infin;": "\u221e",
+    "infintie;": "\u29dd",
+    "inodot;": "\u0131",
+    "int;": "\u222b",
+    "intcal;": "\u22ba",
+    "integers;": "\u2124",
+    "intercal;": "\u22ba",
+    "intlarhk;": "\u2a17",
+    "intprod;": "\u2a3c",
+    "iocy;": "\u0451",
+    "iogon;": "\u012f",
+    "iopf;": "\U0001d55a",
+    "iota;": "\u03b9",
+    "iprod;": "\u2a3c",
+    "iquest": "\xbf",
+    "iquest;": "\xbf",
+    "iscr;": "\U0001d4be",
+    "isin;": "\u2208",
+    "isinE;": "\u22f9",
+    "isindot;": "\u22f5",
+    "isins;": "\u22f4",
+    "isinsv;": "\u22f3",
+    "isinv;": "\u2208",
+    "it;": "\u2062",
+    "itilde;": "\u0129",
+    "iukcy;": "\u0456",
+    "iuml": "\xef",
+    "iuml;": "\xef",
+    "jcirc;": "\u0135",
+    "jcy;": "\u0439",
+    "jfr;": "\U0001d527",
+    "jmath;": "\u0237",
+    "jopf;": "\U0001d55b",
+    "jscr;": "\U0001d4bf",
+    "jsercy;": "\u0458",
+    "jukcy;": "\u0454",
+    "kappa;": "\u03ba",
+    "kappav;": "\u03f0",
+    "kcedil;": "\u0137",
+    "kcy;": "\u043a",
+    "kfr;": "\U0001d528",
+    "kgreen;": "\u0138",
+    "khcy;": "\u0445",
+    "kjcy;": "\u045c",
+    "kopf;": "\U0001d55c",
+    "kscr;": "\U0001d4c0",
+    "lAarr;": "\u21da",
+    "lArr;": "\u21d0",
+    "lAtail;": "\u291b",
+    "lBarr;": "\u290e",
+    "lE;": "\u2266",
+    "lEg;": "\u2a8b",
+    "lHar;": "\u2962",
+    "lacute;": "\u013a",
+    "laemptyv;": "\u29b4",
+    "lagran;": "\u2112",
+    "lambda;": "\u03bb",
+    "lang;": "\u27e8",
+    "langd;": "\u2991",
+    "langle;": "\u27e8",
+    "lap;": "\u2a85",
+    "laquo": "\xab",
+    "laquo;": "\xab",
+    "larr;": "\u2190",
+    "larrb;": "\u21e4",
+    "larrbfs;": "\u291f",
+    "larrfs;": "\u291d",
+    "larrhk;": "\u21a9",
+    "larrlp;": "\u21ab",
+    "larrpl;": "\u2939",
+    "larrsim;": "\u2973",
+    "larrtl;": "\u21a2",
+    "lat;": "\u2aab",
+    "latail;": "\u2919",
+    "late;": "\u2aad",
+    "lates;": "\u2aad\ufe00",
+    "lbarr;": "\u290c",
+    "lbbrk;": "\u2772",
+    "lbrace;": "{",
+    "lbrack;": "[",
+    "lbrke;": "\u298b",
+    "lbrksld;": "\u298f",
+    "lbrkslu;": "\u298d",
+    "lcaron;": "\u013e",
+    "lcedil;": "\u013c",
+    "lceil;": "\u2308",
+    "lcub;": "{",
+    "lcy;": "\u043b",
+    "ldca;": "\u2936",
+    "ldquo;": "\u201c",
+    "ldquor;": "\u201e",
+    "ldrdhar;": "\u2967",
+    "ldrushar;": "\u294b",
+    "ldsh;": "\u21b2",
+    "le;": "\u2264",
+    "leftarrow;": "\u2190",
+    "leftarrowtail;": "\u21a2",
+    "leftharpoondown;": "\u21bd",
+    "leftharpoonup;": "\u21bc",
+    "leftleftarrows;": "\u21c7",
+    "leftrightarrow;": "\u2194",
+    "leftrightarrows;": "\u21c6",
+    "leftrightharpoons;": "\u21cb",
+    "leftrightsquigarrow;": "\u21ad",
+    "leftthreetimes;": "\u22cb",
+    "leg;": "\u22da",
+    "leq;": "\u2264",
+    "leqq;": "\u2266",
+    "leqslant;": "\u2a7d",
+    "les;": "\u2a7d",
+    "lescc;": "\u2aa8",
+    "lesdot;": "\u2a7f",
+    "lesdoto;": "\u2a81",
+    "lesdotor;": "\u2a83",
+    "lesg;": "\u22da\ufe00",
+    "lesges;": "\u2a93",
+    "lessapprox;": "\u2a85",
+    "lessdot;": "\u22d6",
+    "lesseqgtr;": "\u22da",
+    "lesseqqgtr;": "\u2a8b",
+    "lessgtr;": "\u2276",
+    "lesssim;": "\u2272",
+    "lfisht;": "\u297c",
+    "lfloor;": "\u230a",
+    "lfr;": "\U0001d529",
+    "lg;": "\u2276",
+    "lgE;": "\u2a91",
+    "lhard;": "\u21bd",
+    "lharu;": "\u21bc",
+    "lharul;": "\u296a",
+    "lhblk;": "\u2584",
+    "ljcy;": "\u0459",
+    "ll;": "\u226a",
+    "llarr;": "\u21c7",
+    "llcorner;": "\u231e",
+    "llhard;": "\u296b",
+    "lltri;": "\u25fa",
+    "lmidot;": "\u0140",
+    "lmoust;": "\u23b0",
+    "lmoustache;": "\u23b0",
+    "lnE;": "\u2268",
+    "lnap;": "\u2a89",
+    "lnapprox;": "\u2a89",
+    "lne;": "\u2a87",
+    "lneq;": "\u2a87",
+    "lneqq;": "\u2268",
+    "lnsim;": "\u22e6",
+    "loang;": "\u27ec",
+    "loarr;": "\u21fd",
+    "lobrk;": "\u27e6",
+    "longleftarrow;": "\u27f5",
+    "longleftrightarrow;": "\u27f7",
+    "longmapsto;": "\u27fc",
+    "longrightarrow;": "\u27f6",
+    "looparrowleft;": "\u21ab",
+    "looparrowright;": "\u21ac",
+    "lopar;": "\u2985",
+    "lopf;": "\U0001d55d",
+    "loplus;": "\u2a2d",
+    "lotimes;": "\u2a34",
+    "lowast;": "\u2217",
+    "lowbar;": "_",
+    "loz;": "\u25ca",
+    "lozenge;": "\u25ca",
+    "lozf;": "\u29eb",
+    "lpar;": "(",
+    "lparlt;": "\u2993",
+    "lrarr;": "\u21c6",
+    "lrcorner;": "\u231f",
+    "lrhar;": "\u21cb",
+    "lrhard;": "\u296d",
+    "lrm;": "\u200e",
+    "lrtri;": "\u22bf",
+    "lsaquo;": "\u2039",
+    "lscr;": "\U0001d4c1",
+    "lsh;": "\u21b0",
+    "lsim;": "\u2272",
+    "lsime;": "\u2a8d",
+    "lsimg;": "\u2a8f",
+    "lsqb;": "[",
+    "lsquo;": "\u2018",
+    "lsquor;": "\u201a",
+    "lstrok;": "\u0142",
+    "lt": "<",
+    "lt;": "<",
+    "ltcc;": "\u2aa6",
+    "ltcir;": "\u2a79",
+    "ltdot;": "\u22d6",
+    "lthree;": "\u22cb",
+    "ltimes;": "\u22c9",
+    "ltlarr;": "\u2976",
+    "ltquest;": "\u2a7b",
+    "ltrPar;": "\u2996",
+    "ltri;": "\u25c3",
+    "ltrie;": "\u22b4",
+    "ltrif;": "\u25c2",
+    "lurdshar;": "\u294a",
+    "luruhar;": "\u2966",
+    "lvertneqq;": "\u2268\ufe00",
+    "lvnE;": "\u2268\ufe00",
+    "mDDot;": "\u223a",
+    "macr": "\xaf",
+    "macr;": "\xaf",
+    "male;": "\u2642",
+    "malt;": "\u2720",
+    "maltese;": "\u2720",
+    "map;": "\u21a6",
+    "mapsto;": "\u21a6",
+    "mapstodown;": "\u21a7",
+    "mapstoleft;": "\u21a4",
+    "mapstoup;": "\u21a5",
+    "marker;": "\u25ae",
+    "mcomma;": "\u2a29",
+    "mcy;": "\u043c",
+    "mdash;": "\u2014",
+    "measuredangle;": "\u2221",
+    "mfr;": "\U0001d52a",
+    "mho;": "\u2127",
+    "micro": "\xb5",
+    "micro;": "\xb5",
+    "mid;": "\u2223",
+    "midast;": "*",
+    "midcir;": "\u2af0",
+    "middot": "\xb7",
+    "middot;": "\xb7",
+    "minus;": "\u2212",
+    "minusb;": "\u229f",
+    "minusd;": "\u2238",
+    "minusdu;": "\u2a2a",
+    "mlcp;": "\u2adb",
+    "mldr;": "\u2026",
+    "mnplus;": "\u2213",
+    "models;": "\u22a7",
+    "mopf;": "\U0001d55e",
+    "mp;": "\u2213",
+    "mscr;": "\U0001d4c2",
+    "mstpos;": "\u223e",
+    "mu;": "\u03bc",
+    "multimap;": "\u22b8",
+    "mumap;": "\u22b8",
+    "nGg;": "\u22d9\u0338",
+    "nGt;": "\u226b\u20d2",
+    "nGtv;": "\u226b\u0338",
+    "nLeftarrow;": "\u21cd",
+    "nLeftrightarrow;": "\u21ce",
+    "nLl;": "\u22d8\u0338",
+    "nLt;": "\u226a\u20d2",
+    "nLtv;": "\u226a\u0338",
+    "nRightarrow;": "\u21cf",
+    "nVDash;": "\u22af",
+    "nVdash;": "\u22ae",
+    "nabla;": "\u2207",
+    "nacute;": "\u0144",
+    "nang;": "\u2220\u20d2",
+    "nap;": "\u2249",
+    "napE;": "\u2a70\u0338",
+    "napid;": "\u224b\u0338",
+    "napos;": "\u0149",
+    "napprox;": "\u2249",
+    "natur;": "\u266e",
+    "natural;": "\u266e",
+    "naturals;": "\u2115",
+    "nbsp": "\xa0",
+    "nbsp;": "\xa0",
+    "nbump;": "\u224e\u0338",
+    "nbumpe;": "\u224f\u0338",
+    "ncap;": "\u2a43",
+    "ncaron;": "\u0148",
+    "ncedil;": "\u0146",
+    "ncong;": "\u2247",
+    "ncongdot;": "\u2a6d\u0338",
+    "ncup;": "\u2a42",
+    "ncy;": "\u043d",
+    "ndash;": "\u2013",
+    "ne;": "\u2260",
+    "neArr;": "\u21d7",
+    "nearhk;": "\u2924",
+    "nearr;": "\u2197",
+    "nearrow;": "\u2197",
+    "nedot;": "\u2250\u0338",
+    "nequiv;": "\u2262",
+    "nesear;": "\u2928",
+    "nesim;": "\u2242\u0338",
+    "nexist;": "\u2204",
+    "nexists;": "\u2204",
+    "nfr;": "\U0001d52b",
+    "ngE;": "\u2267\u0338",
+    "nge;": "\u2271",
+    "ngeq;": "\u2271",
+    "ngeqq;": "\u2267\u0338",
+    "ngeqslant;": "\u2a7e\u0338",
+    "nges;": "\u2a7e\u0338",
+    "ngsim;": "\u2275",
+    "ngt;": "\u226f",
+    "ngtr;": "\u226f",
+    "nhArr;": "\u21ce",
+    "nharr;": "\u21ae",
+    "nhpar;": "\u2af2",
+    "ni;": "\u220b",
+    "nis;": "\u22fc",
+    "nisd;": "\u22fa",
+    "niv;": "\u220b",
+    "njcy;": "\u045a",
+    "nlArr;": "\u21cd",
+    "nlE;": "\u2266\u0338",
+    "nlarr;": "\u219a",
+    "nldr;": "\u2025",
+    "nle;": "\u2270",
+    "nleftarrow;": "\u219a",
+    "nleftrightarrow;": "\u21ae",
+    "nleq;": "\u2270",
+    "nleqq;": "\u2266\u0338",
+    "nleqslant;": "\u2a7d\u0338",
+    "nles;": "\u2a7d\u0338",
+    "nless;": "\u226e",
+    "nlsim;": "\u2274",
+    "nlt;": "\u226e",
+    "nltri;": "\u22ea",
+    "nltrie;": "\u22ec",
+    "nmid;": "\u2224",
+    "nopf;": "\U0001d55f",
+    "not": "\xac",
+    "not;": "\xac",
+    "notin;": "\u2209",
+    "notinE;": "\u22f9\u0338",
+    "notindot;": "\u22f5\u0338",
+    "notinva;": "\u2209",
+    "notinvb;": "\u22f7",
+    "notinvc;": "\u22f6",
+    "notni;": "\u220c",
+    "notniva;": "\u220c",
+    "notnivb;": "\u22fe",
+    "notnivc;": "\u22fd",
+    "npar;": "\u2226",
+    "nparallel;": "\u2226",
+    "nparsl;": "\u2afd\u20e5",
+    "npart;": "\u2202\u0338",
+    "npolint;": "\u2a14",
+    "npr;": "\u2280",
+    "nprcue;": "\u22e0",
+    "npre;": "\u2aaf\u0338",
+    "nprec;": "\u2280",
+    "npreceq;": "\u2aaf\u0338",
+    "nrArr;": "\u21cf",
+    "nrarr;": "\u219b",
+    "nrarrc;": "\u2933\u0338",
+    "nrarrw;": "\u219d\u0338",
+    "nrightarrow;": "\u219b",
+    "nrtri;": "\u22eb",
+    "nrtrie;": "\u22ed",
+    "nsc;": "\u2281",
+    "nsccue;": "\u22e1",
+    "nsce;": "\u2ab0\u0338",
+    "nscr;": "\U0001d4c3",
+    "nshortmid;": "\u2224",
+    "nshortparallel;": "\u2226",
+    "nsim;": "\u2241",
+    "nsime;": "\u2244",
+    "nsimeq;": "\u2244",
+    "nsmid;": "\u2224",
+    "nspar;": "\u2226",
+    "nsqsube;": "\u22e2",
+    "nsqsupe;": "\u22e3",
+    "nsub;": "\u2284",
+    "nsubE;": "\u2ac5\u0338",
+    "nsube;": "\u2288",
+    "nsubset;": "\u2282\u20d2",
+    "nsubseteq;": "\u2288",
+    "nsubseteqq;": "\u2ac5\u0338",
+    "nsucc;": "\u2281",
+    "nsucceq;": "\u2ab0\u0338",
+    "nsup;": "\u2285",
+    "nsupE;": "\u2ac6\u0338",
+    "nsupe;": "\u2289",
+    "nsupset;": "\u2283\u20d2",
+    "nsupseteq;": "\u2289",
+    "nsupseteqq;": "\u2ac6\u0338",
+    "ntgl;": "\u2279",
+    "ntilde": "\xf1",
+    "ntilde;": "\xf1",
+    "ntlg;": "\u2278",
+    "ntriangleleft;": "\u22ea",
+    "ntrianglelefteq;": "\u22ec",
+    "ntriangleright;": "\u22eb",
+    "ntrianglerighteq;": "\u22ed",
+    "nu;": "\u03bd",
+    "num;": "#",
+    "numero;": "\u2116",
+    "numsp;": "\u2007",
+    "nvDash;": "\u22ad",
+    "nvHarr;": "\u2904",
+    "nvap;": "\u224d\u20d2",
+    "nvdash;": "\u22ac",
+    "nvge;": "\u2265\u20d2",
+    "nvgt;": ">\u20d2",
+    "nvinfin;": "\u29de",
+    "nvlArr;": "\u2902",
+    "nvle;": "\u2264\u20d2",
+    "nvlt;": "<\u20d2",
+    "nvltrie;": "\u22b4\u20d2",
+    "nvrArr;": "\u2903",
+    "nvrtrie;": "\u22b5\u20d2",
+    "nvsim;": "\u223c\u20d2",
+    "nwArr;": "\u21d6",
+    "nwarhk;": "\u2923",
+    "nwarr;": "\u2196",
+    "nwarrow;": "\u2196",
+    "nwnear;": "\u2927",
+    "oS;": "\u24c8",
+    "oacute": "\xf3",
+    "oacute;": "\xf3",
+    "oast;": "\u229b",
+    "ocir;": "\u229a",
+    "ocirc": "\xf4",
+    "ocirc;": "\xf4",
+    "ocy;": "\u043e",
+    "odash;": "\u229d",
+    "odblac;": "\u0151",
+    "odiv;": "\u2a38",
+    "odot;": "\u2299",
+    "odsold;": "\u29bc",
+    "oelig;": "\u0153",
+    "ofcir;": "\u29bf",
+    "ofr;": "\U0001d52c",
+    "ogon;": "\u02db",
+    "ograve": "\xf2",
+    "ograve;": "\xf2",
+    "ogt;": "\u29c1",
+    "ohbar;": "\u29b5",
+    "ohm;": "\u03a9",
+    "oint;": "\u222e",
+    "olarr;": "\u21ba",
+    "olcir;": "\u29be",
+    "olcross;": "\u29bb",
+    "oline;": "\u203e",
+    "olt;": "\u29c0",
+    "omacr;": "\u014d",
+    "omega;": "\u03c9",
+    "omicron;": "\u03bf",
+    "omid;": "\u29b6",
+    "ominus;": "\u2296",
+    "oopf;": "\U0001d560",
+    "opar;": "\u29b7",
+    "operp;": "\u29b9",
+    "oplus;": "\u2295",
+    "or;": "\u2228",
+    "orarr;": "\u21bb",
+    "ord;": "\u2a5d",
+    "order;": "\u2134",
+    "orderof;": "\u2134",
+    "ordf": "\xaa",
+    "ordf;": "\xaa",
+    "ordm": "\xba",
+    "ordm;": "\xba",
+    "origof;": "\u22b6",
+    "oror;": "\u2a56",
+    "orslope;": "\u2a57",
+    "orv;": "\u2a5b",
+    "oscr;": "\u2134",
+    "oslash": "\xf8",
+    "oslash;": "\xf8",
+    "osol;": "\u2298",
+    "otilde": "\xf5",
+    "otilde;": "\xf5",
+    "otimes;": "\u2297",
+    "otimesas;": "\u2a36",
+    "ouml": "\xf6",
+    "ouml;": "\xf6",
+    "ovbar;": "\u233d",
+    "par;": "\u2225",
+    "para": "\xb6",
+    "para;": "\xb6",
+    "parallel;": "\u2225",
+    "parsim;": "\u2af3",
+    "parsl;": "\u2afd",
+    "part;": "\u2202",
+    "pcy;": "\u043f",
+    "percnt;": "%",
+    "period;": ".",
+    "permil;": "\u2030",
+    "perp;": "\u22a5",
+    "pertenk;": "\u2031",
+    "pfr;": "\U0001d52d",
+    "phi;": "\u03c6",
+    "phiv;": "\u03d5",
+    "phmmat;": "\u2133",
+    "phone;": "\u260e",
+    "pi;": "\u03c0",
+    "pitchfork;": "\u22d4",
+    "piv;": "\u03d6",
+    "planck;": "\u210f",
+    "planckh;": "\u210e",
+    "plankv;": "\u210f",
+    "plus;": "+",
+    "plusacir;": "\u2a23",
+    "plusb;": "\u229e",
+    "pluscir;": "\u2a22",
+    "plusdo;": "\u2214",
+    "plusdu;": "\u2a25",
+    "pluse;": "\u2a72",
+    "plusmn": "\xb1",
+    "plusmn;": "\xb1",
+    "plussim;": "\u2a26",
+    "plustwo;": "\u2a27",
+    "pm;": "\xb1",
+    "pointint;": "\u2a15",
+    "popf;": "\U0001d561",
+    "pound": "\xa3",
+    "pound;": "\xa3",
+    "pr;": "\u227a",
+    "prE;": "\u2ab3",
+    "prap;": "\u2ab7",
+    "prcue;": "\u227c",
+    "pre;": "\u2aaf",
+    "prec;": "\u227a",
+    "precapprox;": "\u2ab7",
+    "preccurlyeq;": "\u227c",
+    "preceq;": "\u2aaf",
+    "precnapprox;": "\u2ab9",
+    "precneqq;": "\u2ab5",
+    "precnsim;": "\u22e8",
+    "precsim;": "\u227e",
+    "prime;": "\u2032",
+    "primes;": "\u2119",
+    "prnE;": "\u2ab5",
+    "prnap;": "\u2ab9",
+    "prnsim;": "\u22e8",
+    "prod;": "\u220f",
+    "profalar;": "\u232e",
+    "profline;": "\u2312",
+    "profsurf;": "\u2313",
+    "prop;": "\u221d",
+    "propto;": "\u221d",
+    "prsim;": "\u227e",
+    "prurel;": "\u22b0",
+    "pscr;": "\U0001d4c5",
+    "psi;": "\u03c8",
+    "puncsp;": "\u2008",
+    "qfr;": "\U0001d52e",
+    "qint;": "\u2a0c",
+    "qopf;": "\U0001d562",
+    "qprime;": "\u2057",
+    "qscr;": "\U0001d4c6",
+    "quaternions;": "\u210d",
+    "quatint;": "\u2a16",
+    "quest;": "?",
+    "questeq;": "\u225f",
+    "quot": "\"",
+    "quot;": "\"",
+    "rAarr;": "\u21db",
+    "rArr;": "\u21d2",
+    "rAtail;": "\u291c",
+    "rBarr;": "\u290f",
+    "rHar;": "\u2964",
+    "race;": "\u223d\u0331",
+    "racute;": "\u0155",
+    "radic;": "\u221a",
+    "raemptyv;": "\u29b3",
+    "rang;": "\u27e9",
+    "rangd;": "\u2992",
+    "range;": "\u29a5",
+    "rangle;": "\u27e9",
+    "raquo": "\xbb",
+    "raquo;": "\xbb",
+    "rarr;": "\u2192",
+    "rarrap;": "\u2975",
+    "rarrb;": "\u21e5",
+    "rarrbfs;": "\u2920",
+    "rarrc;": "\u2933",
+    "rarrfs;": "\u291e",
+    "rarrhk;": "\u21aa",
+    "rarrlp;": "\u21ac",
+    "rarrpl;": "\u2945",
+    "rarrsim;": "\u2974",
+    "rarrtl;": "\u21a3",
+    "rarrw;": "\u219d",
+    "ratail;": "\u291a",
+    "ratio;": "\u2236",
+    "rationals;": "\u211a",
+    "rbarr;": "\u290d",
+    "rbbrk;": "\u2773",
+    "rbrace;": "}",
+    "rbrack;": "]",
+    "rbrke;": "\u298c",
+    "rbrksld;": "\u298e",
+    "rbrkslu;": "\u2990",
+    "rcaron;": "\u0159",
+    "rcedil;": "\u0157",
+    "rceil;": "\u2309",
+    "rcub;": "}",
+    "rcy;": "\u0440",
+    "rdca;": "\u2937",
+    "rdldhar;": "\u2969",
+    "rdquo;": "\u201d",
+    "rdquor;": "\u201d",
+    "rdsh;": "\u21b3",
+    "real;": "\u211c",
+    "realine;": "\u211b",
+    "realpart;": "\u211c",
+    "reals;": "\u211d",
+    "rect;": "\u25ad",
+    "reg": "\xae",
+    "reg;": "\xae",
+    "rfisht;": "\u297d",
+    "rfloor;": "\u230b",
+    "rfr;": "\U0001d52f",
+    "rhard;": "\u21c1",
+    "rharu;": "\u21c0",
+    "rharul;": "\u296c",
+    "rho;": "\u03c1",
+    "rhov;": "\u03f1",
+    "rightarrow;": "\u2192",
+    "rightarrowtail;": "\u21a3",
+    "rightharpoondown;": "\u21c1",
+    "rightharpoonup;": "\u21c0",
+    "rightleftarrows;": "\u21c4",
+    "rightleftharpoons;": "\u21cc",
+    "rightrightarrows;": "\u21c9",
+    "rightsquigarrow;": "\u219d",
+    "rightthreetimes;": "\u22cc",
+    "ring;": "\u02da",
+    "risingdotseq;": "\u2253",
+    "rlarr;": "\u21c4",
+    "rlhar;": "\u21cc",
+    "rlm;": "\u200f",
+    "rmoust;": "\u23b1",
+    "rmoustache;": "\u23b1",
+    "rnmid;": "\u2aee",
+    "roang;": "\u27ed",
+    "roarr;": "\u21fe",
+    "robrk;": "\u27e7",
+    "ropar;": "\u2986",
+    "ropf;": "\U0001d563",
+    "roplus;": "\u2a2e",
+    "rotimes;": "\u2a35",
+    "rpar;": ")",
+    "rpargt;": "\u2994",
+    "rppolint;": "\u2a12",
+    "rrarr;": "\u21c9",
+    "rsaquo;": "\u203a",
+    "rscr;": "\U0001d4c7",
+    "rsh;": "\u21b1",
+    "rsqb;": "]",
+    "rsquo;": "\u2019",
+    "rsquor;": "\u2019",
+    "rthree;": "\u22cc",
+    "rtimes;": "\u22ca",
+    "rtri;": "\u25b9",
+    "rtrie;": "\u22b5",
+    "rtrif;": "\u25b8",
+    "rtriltri;": "\u29ce",
+    "ruluhar;": "\u2968",
+    "rx;": "\u211e",
+    "sacute;": "\u015b",
+    "sbquo;": "\u201a",
+    "sc;": "\u227b",
+    "scE;": "\u2ab4",
+    "scap;": "\u2ab8",
+    "scaron;": "\u0161",
+    "sccue;": "\u227d",
+    "sce;": "\u2ab0",
+    "scedil;": "\u015f",
+    "scirc;": "\u015d",
+    "scnE;": "\u2ab6",
+    "scnap;": "\u2aba",
+    "scnsim;": "\u22e9",
+    "scpolint;": "\u2a13",
+    "scsim;": "\u227f",
+    "scy;": "\u0441",
+    "sdot;": "\u22c5",
+    "sdotb;": "\u22a1",
+    "sdote;": "\u2a66",
+    "seArr;": "\u21d8",
+    "searhk;": "\u2925",
+    "searr;": "\u2198",
+    "searrow;": "\u2198",
+    "sect": "\xa7",
+    "sect;": "\xa7",
+    "semi;": ";",
+    "seswar;": "\u2929",
+    "setminus;": "\u2216",
+    "setmn;": "\u2216",
+    "sext;": "\u2736",
+    "sfr;": "\U0001d530",
+    "sfrown;": "\u2322",
+    "sharp;": "\u266f",
+    "shchcy;": "\u0449",
+    "shcy;": "\u0448",
+    "shortmid;": "\u2223",
+    "shortparallel;": "\u2225",
+    "shy": "\xad",
+    "shy;": "\xad",
+    "sigma;": "\u03c3",
+    "sigmaf;": "\u03c2",
+    "sigmav;": "\u03c2",
+    "sim;": "\u223c",
+    "simdot;": "\u2a6a",
+    "sime;": "\u2243",
+    "simeq;": "\u2243",
+    "simg;": "\u2a9e",
+    "simgE;": "\u2aa0",
+    "siml;": "\u2a9d",
+    "simlE;": "\u2a9f",
+    "simne;": "\u2246",
+    "simplus;": "\u2a24",
+    "simrarr;": "\u2972",
+    "slarr;": "\u2190",
+    "smallsetminus;": "\u2216",
+    "smashp;": "\u2a33",
+    "smeparsl;": "\u29e4",
+    "smid;": "\u2223",
+    "smile;": "\u2323",
+    "smt;": "\u2aaa",
+    "smte;": "\u2aac",
+    "smtes;": "\u2aac\ufe00",
+    "softcy;": "\u044c",
+    "sol;": "/",
+    "solb;": "\u29c4",
+    "solbar;": "\u233f",
+    "sopf;": "\U0001d564",
+    "spades;": "\u2660",
+    "spadesuit;": "\u2660",
+    "spar;": "\u2225",
+    "sqcap;": "\u2293",
+    "sqcaps;": "\u2293\ufe00",
+    "sqcup;": "\u2294",
+    "sqcups;": "\u2294\ufe00",
+    "sqsub;": "\u228f",
+    "sqsube;": "\u2291",
+    "sqsubset;": "\u228f",
+    "sqsubseteq;": "\u2291",
+    "sqsup;": "\u2290",
+    "sqsupe;": "\u2292",
+    "sqsupset;": "\u2290",
+    "sqsupseteq;": "\u2292",
+    "squ;": "\u25a1",
+    "square;": "\u25a1",
+    "squarf;": "\u25aa",
+    "squf;": "\u25aa",
+    "srarr;": "\u2192",
+    "sscr;": "\U0001d4c8",
+    "ssetmn;": "\u2216",
+    "ssmile;": "\u2323",
+    "sstarf;": "\u22c6",
+    "star;": "\u2606",
+    "starf;": "\u2605",
+    "straightepsilon;": "\u03f5",
+    "straightphi;": "\u03d5",
+    "strns;": "\xaf",
+    "sub;": "\u2282",
+    "subE;": "\u2ac5",
+    "subdot;": "\u2abd",
+    "sube;": "\u2286",
+    "subedot;": "\u2ac3",
+    "submult;": "\u2ac1",
+    "subnE;": "\u2acb",
+    "subne;": "\u228a",
+    "subplus;": "\u2abf",
+    "subrarr;": "\u2979",
+    "subset;": "\u2282",
+    "subseteq;": "\u2286",
+    "subseteqq;": "\u2ac5",
+    "subsetneq;": "\u228a",
+    "subsetneqq;": "\u2acb",
+    "subsim;": "\u2ac7",
+    "subsub;": "\u2ad5",
+    "subsup;": "\u2ad3",
+    "succ;": "\u227b",
+    "succapprox;": "\u2ab8",
+    "succcurlyeq;": "\u227d",
+    "succeq;": "\u2ab0",
+    "succnapprox;": "\u2aba",
+    "succneqq;": "\u2ab6",
+    "succnsim;": "\u22e9",
+    "succsim;": "\u227f",
+    "sum;": "\u2211",
+    "sung;": "\u266a",
+    "sup1": "\xb9",
+    "sup1;": "\xb9",
+    "sup2": "\xb2",
+    "sup2;": "\xb2",
+    "sup3": "\xb3",
+    "sup3;": "\xb3",
+    "sup;": "\u2283",
+    "supE;": "\u2ac6",
+    "supdot;": "\u2abe",
+    "supdsub;": "\u2ad8",
+    "supe;": "\u2287",
+    "supedot;": "\u2ac4",
+    "suphsol;": "\u27c9",
+    "suphsub;": "\u2ad7",
+    "suplarr;": "\u297b",
+    "supmult;": "\u2ac2",
+    "supnE;": "\u2acc",
+    "supne;": "\u228b",
+    "supplus;": "\u2ac0",
+    "supset;": "\u2283",
+    "supseteq;": "\u2287",
+    "supseteqq;": "\u2ac6",
+    "supsetneq;": "\u228b",
+    "supsetneqq;": "\u2acc",
+    "supsim;": "\u2ac8",
+    "supsub;": "\u2ad4",
+    "supsup;": "\u2ad6",
+    "swArr;": "\u21d9",
+    "swarhk;": "\u2926",
+    "swarr;": "\u2199",
+    "swarrow;": "\u2199",
+    "swnwar;": "\u292a",
+    "szlig": "\xdf",
+    "szlig;": "\xdf",
+    "target;": "\u2316",
+    "tau;": "\u03c4",
+    "tbrk;": "\u23b4",
+    "tcaron;": "\u0165",
+    "tcedil;": "\u0163",
+    "tcy;": "\u0442",
+    "tdot;": "\u20db",
+    "telrec;": "\u2315",
+    "tfr;": "\U0001d531",
+    "there4;": "\u2234",
+    "therefore;": "\u2234",
+    "theta;": "\u03b8",
+    "thetasym;": "\u03d1",
+    "thetav;": "\u03d1",
+    "thickapprox;": "\u2248",
+    "thicksim;": "\u223c",
+    "thinsp;": "\u2009",
+    "thkap;": "\u2248",
+    "thksim;": "\u223c",
+    "thorn": "\xfe",
+    "thorn;": "\xfe",
+    "tilde;": "\u02dc",
+    "times": "\xd7",
+    "times;": "\xd7",
+    "timesb;": "\u22a0",
+    "timesbar;": "\u2a31",
+    "timesd;": "\u2a30",
+    "tint;": "\u222d",
+    "toea;": "\u2928",
+    "top;": "\u22a4",
+    "topbot;": "\u2336",
+    "topcir;": "\u2af1",
+    "topf;": "\U0001d565",
+    "topfork;": "\u2ada",
+    "tosa;": "\u2929",
+    "tprime;": "\u2034",
+    "trade;": "\u2122",
+    "triangle;": "\u25b5",
+    "triangledown;": "\u25bf",
+    "triangleleft;": "\u25c3",
+    "trianglelefteq;": "\u22b4",
+    "triangleq;": "\u225c",
+    "triangleright;": "\u25b9",
+    "trianglerighteq;": "\u22b5",
+    "tridot;": "\u25ec",
+    "trie;": "\u225c",
+    "triminus;": "\u2a3a",
+    "triplus;": "\u2a39",
+    "trisb;": "\u29cd",
+    "tritime;": "\u2a3b",
+    "trpezium;": "\u23e2",
+    "tscr;": "\U0001d4c9",
+    "tscy;": "\u0446",
+    "tshcy;": "\u045b",
+    "tstrok;": "\u0167",
+    "twixt;": "\u226c",
+    "twoheadleftarrow;": "\u219e",
+    "twoheadrightarrow;": "\u21a0",
+    "uArr;": "\u21d1",
+    "uHar;": "\u2963",
+    "uacute": "\xfa",
+    "uacute;": "\xfa",
+    "uarr;": "\u2191",
+    "ubrcy;": "\u045e",
+    "ubreve;": "\u016d",
+    "ucirc": "\xfb",
+    "ucirc;": "\xfb",
+    "ucy;": "\u0443",
+    "udarr;": "\u21c5",
+    "udblac;": "\u0171",
+    "udhar;": "\u296e",
+    "ufisht;": "\u297e",
+    "ufr;": "\U0001d532",
+    "ugrave": "\xf9",
+    "ugrave;": "\xf9",
+    "uharl;": "\u21bf",
+    "uharr;": "\u21be",
+    "uhblk;": "\u2580",
+    "ulcorn;": "\u231c",
+    "ulcorner;": "\u231c",
+    "ulcrop;": "\u230f",
+    "ultri;": "\u25f8",
+    "umacr;": "\u016b",
+    "uml": "\xa8",
+    "uml;": "\xa8",
+    "uogon;": "\u0173",
+    "uopf;": "\U0001d566",
+    "uparrow;": "\u2191",
+    "updownarrow;": "\u2195",
+    "upharpoonleft;": "\u21bf",
+    "upharpoonright;": "\u21be",
+    "uplus;": "\u228e",
+    "upsi;": "\u03c5",
+    "upsih;": "\u03d2",
+    "upsilon;": "\u03c5",
+    "upuparrows;": "\u21c8",
+    "urcorn;": "\u231d",
+    "urcorner;": "\u231d",
+    "urcrop;": "\u230e",
+    "uring;": "\u016f",
+    "urtri;": "\u25f9",
+    "uscr;": "\U0001d4ca",
+    "utdot;": "\u22f0",
+    "utilde;": "\u0169",
+    "utri;": "\u25b5",
+    "utrif;": "\u25b4",
+    "uuarr;": "\u21c8",
+    "uuml": "\xfc",
+    "uuml;": "\xfc",
+    "uwangle;": "\u29a7",
+    "vArr;": "\u21d5",
+    "vBar;": "\u2ae8",
+    "vBarv;": "\u2ae9",
+    "vDash;": "\u22a8",
+    "vangrt;": "\u299c",
+    "varepsilon;": "\u03f5",
+    "varkappa;": "\u03f0",
+    "varnothing;": "\u2205",
+    "varphi;": "\u03d5",
+    "varpi;": "\u03d6",
+    "varpropto;": "\u221d",
+    "varr;": "\u2195",
+    "varrho;": "\u03f1",
+    "varsigma;": "\u03c2",
+    "varsubsetneq;": "\u228a\ufe00",
+    "varsubsetneqq;": "\u2acb\ufe00",
+    "varsupsetneq;": "\u228b\ufe00",
+    "varsupsetneqq;": "\u2acc\ufe00",
+    "vartheta;": "\u03d1",
+    "vartriangleleft;": "\u22b2",
+    "vartriangleright;": "\u22b3",
+    "vcy;": "\u0432",
+    "vdash;": "\u22a2",
+    "vee;": "\u2228",
+    "veebar;": "\u22bb",
+    "veeeq;": "\u225a",
+    "vellip;": "\u22ee",
+    "verbar;": "|",
+    "vert;": "|",
+    "vfr;": "\U0001d533",
+    "vltri;": "\u22b2",
+    "vnsub;": "\u2282\u20d2",
+    "vnsup;": "\u2283\u20d2",
+    "vopf;": "\U0001d567",
+    "vprop;": "\u221d",
+    "vrtri;": "\u22b3",
+    "vscr;": "\U0001d4cb",
+    "vsubnE;": "\u2acb\ufe00",
+    "vsubne;": "\u228a\ufe00",
+    "vsupnE;": "\u2acc\ufe00",
+    "vsupne;": "\u228b\ufe00",
+    "vzigzag;": "\u299a",
+    "wcirc;": "\u0175",
+    "wedbar;": "\u2a5f",
+    "wedge;": "\u2227",
+    "wedgeq;": "\u2259",
+    "weierp;": "\u2118",
+    "wfr;": "\U0001d534",
+    "wopf;": "\U0001d568",
+    "wp;": "\u2118",
+    "wr;": "\u2240",
+    "wreath;": "\u2240",
+    "wscr;": "\U0001d4cc",
+    "xcap;": "\u22c2",
+    "xcirc;": "\u25ef",
+    "xcup;": "\u22c3",
+    "xdtri;": "\u25bd",
+    "xfr;": "\U0001d535",
+    "xhArr;": "\u27fa",
+    "xharr;": "\u27f7",
+    "xi;": "\u03be",
+    "xlArr;": "\u27f8",
+    "xlarr;": "\u27f5",
+    "xmap;": "\u27fc",
+    "xnis;": "\u22fb",
+    "xodot;": "\u2a00",
+    "xopf;": "\U0001d569",
+    "xoplus;": "\u2a01",
+    "xotime;": "\u2a02",
+    "xrArr;": "\u27f9",
+    "xrarr;": "\u27f6",
+    "xscr;": "\U0001d4cd",
+    "xsqcup;": "\u2a06",
+    "xuplus;": "\u2a04",
+    "xutri;": "\u25b3",
+    "xvee;": "\u22c1",
+    "xwedge;": "\u22c0",
+    "yacute": "\xfd",
+    "yacute;": "\xfd",
+    "yacy;": "\u044f",
+    "ycirc;": "\u0177",
+    "ycy;": "\u044b",
+    "yen": "\xa5",
+    "yen;": "\xa5",
+    "yfr;": "\U0001d536",
+    "yicy;": "\u0457",
+    "yopf;": "\U0001d56a",
+    "yscr;": "\U0001d4ce",
+    "yucy;": "\u044e",
+    "yuml": "\xff",
+    "yuml;": "\xff",
+    "zacute;": "\u017a",
+    "zcaron;": "\u017e",
+    "zcy;": "\u0437",
+    "zdot;": "\u017c",
+    "zeetrf;": "\u2128",
+    "zeta;": "\u03b6",
+    "zfr;": "\U0001d537",
+    "zhcy;": "\u0436",
+    "zigrarr;": "\u21dd",
+    "zopf;": "\U0001d56b",
+    "zscr;": "\U0001d4cf",
+    "zwj;": "\u200d",
+    "zwnj;": "\u200c",
+}
+
+replacementCharacters = {
+    0x0: "\uFFFD",
+    0x0d: "\u000D",
+    0x80: "\u20AC",
+    0x81: "\u0081",
+    0x81: "\u0081",
+    0x82: "\u201A",
+    0x83: "\u0192",
+    0x84: "\u201E",
+    0x85: "\u2026",
+    0x86: "\u2020",
+    0x87: "\u2021",
+    0x88: "\u02C6",
+    0x89: "\u2030",
+    0x8A: "\u0160",
+    0x8B: "\u2039",
+    0x8C: "\u0152",
+    0x8D: "\u008D",
+    0x8E: "\u017D",
+    0x8F: "\u008F",
+    0x90: "\u0090",
+    0x91: "\u2018",
+    0x92: "\u2019",
+    0x93: "\u201C",
+    0x94: "\u201D",
+    0x95: "\u2022",
+    0x96: "\u2013",
+    0x97: "\u2014",
+    0x98: "\u02DC",
+    0x99: "\u2122",
+    0x9A: "\u0161",
+    0x9B: "\u203A",
+    0x9C: "\u0153",
+    0x9D: "\u009D",
+    0x9E: "\u017E",
+    0x9F: "\u0178",
+}
+
+encodings = {
+    '437': 'cp437',
+    '850': 'cp850',
+    '852': 'cp852',
+    '855': 'cp855',
+    '857': 'cp857',
+    '860': 'cp860',
+    '861': 'cp861',
+    '862': 'cp862',
+    '863': 'cp863',
+    '865': 'cp865',
+    '866': 'cp866',
+    '869': 'cp869',
+    'ansix341968': 'ascii',
+    'ansix341986': 'ascii',
+    'arabic': 'iso8859-6',
+    'ascii': 'ascii',
+    'asmo708': 'iso8859-6',
+    'big5': 'big5',
+    'big5hkscs': 'big5hkscs',
+    'chinese': 'gbk',
+    'cp037': 'cp037',
+    'cp1026': 'cp1026',
+    'cp154': 'ptcp154',
+    'cp367': 'ascii',
+    'cp424': 'cp424',
+    'cp437': 'cp437',
+    'cp500': 'cp500',
+    'cp775': 'cp775',
+    'cp819': 'windows-1252',
+    'cp850': 'cp850',
+    'cp852': 'cp852',
+    'cp855': 'cp855',
+    'cp857': 'cp857',
+    'cp860': 'cp860',
+    'cp861': 'cp861',
+    'cp862': 'cp862',
+    'cp863': 'cp863',
+    'cp864': 'cp864',
+    'cp865': 'cp865',
+    'cp866': 'cp866',
+    'cp869': 'cp869',
+    'cp936': 'gbk',
+    'cpgr': 'cp869',
+    'cpis': 'cp861',
+    'csascii': 'ascii',
+    'csbig5': 'big5',
+    'cseuckr': 'cp949',
+    'cseucpkdfmtjapanese': 'euc_jp',
+    'csgb2312': 'gbk',
+    'cshproman8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'csibm037': 'cp037',
+    'csibm1026': 'cp1026',
+    'csibm424': 'cp424',
+    'csibm500': 'cp500',
+    'csibm855': 'cp855',
+    'csibm857': 'cp857',
+    'csibm860': 'cp860',
+    'csibm861': 'cp861',
+    'csibm863': 'cp863',
+    'csibm864': 'cp864',
+    'csibm865': 'cp865',
+    'csibm866': 'cp866',
+    'csibm869': 'cp869',
+    'csiso2022jp': 'iso2022_jp',
+    'csiso2022jp2': 'iso2022_jp_2',
+    'csiso2022kr': 'iso2022_kr',
+    'csiso58gb231280': 'gbk',
+    'csisolatin1': 'windows-1252',
+    'csisolatin2': 'iso8859-2',
+    'csisolatin3': 'iso8859-3',
+    'csisolatin4': 'iso8859-4',
+    'csisolatin5': 'windows-1254',
+    'csisolatin6': 'iso8859-10',
+    'csisolatinarabic': 'iso8859-6',
+    'csisolatincyrillic': 'iso8859-5',
+    'csisolatingreek': 'iso8859-7',
+    'csisolatinhebrew': 'iso8859-8',
+    'cskoi8r': 'koi8-r',
+    'csksc56011987': 'cp949',
+    'cspc775baltic': 'cp775',
+    'cspc850multilingual': 'cp850',
+    'cspc862latinhebrew': 'cp862',
+    'cspc8codepage437': 'cp437',
+    'cspcp852': 'cp852',
+    'csptcp154': 'ptcp154',
+    'csshiftjis': 'shift_jis',
+    'csunicode11utf7': 'utf-7',
+    'cyrillic': 'iso8859-5',
+    'cyrillicasian': 'ptcp154',
+    'ebcdiccpbe': 'cp500',
+    'ebcdiccpca': 'cp037',
+    'ebcdiccpch': 'cp500',
+    'ebcdiccphe': 'cp424',
+    'ebcdiccpnl': 'cp037',
+    'ebcdiccpus': 'cp037',
+    'ebcdiccpwt': 'cp037',
+    'ecma114': 'iso8859-6',
+    'ecma118': 'iso8859-7',
+    'elot928': 'iso8859-7',
+    'eucjp': 'euc_jp',
+    'euckr': 'cp949',
+    'extendedunixcodepackedformatforjapanese': 'euc_jp',
+    'gb18030': 'gb18030',
+    'gb2312': 'gbk',
+    'gb231280': 'gbk',
+    'gbk': 'gbk',
+    'greek': 'iso8859-7',
+    'greek8': 'iso8859-7',
+    'hebrew': 'iso8859-8',
+    'hproman8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'hzgb2312': 'hz',
+    'ibm037': 'cp037',
+    'ibm1026': 'cp1026',
+    'ibm367': 'ascii',
+    'ibm424': 'cp424',
+    'ibm437': 'cp437',
+    'ibm500': 'cp500',
+    'ibm775': 'cp775',
+    'ibm819': 'windows-1252',
+    'ibm850': 'cp850',
+    'ibm852': 'cp852',
+    'ibm855': 'cp855',
+    'ibm857': 'cp857',
+    'ibm860': 'cp860',
+    'ibm861': 'cp861',
+    'ibm862': 'cp862',
+    'ibm863': 'cp863',
+    'ibm864': 'cp864',
+    'ibm865': 'cp865',
+    'ibm866': 'cp866',
+    'ibm869': 'cp869',
+    'iso2022jp': 'iso2022_jp',
+    'iso2022jp2': 'iso2022_jp_2',
+    'iso2022kr': 'iso2022_kr',
+    'iso646irv1991': 'ascii',
+    'iso646us': 'ascii',
+    'iso88591': 'windows-1252',
+    'iso885910': 'iso8859-10',
+    'iso8859101992': 'iso8859-10',
+    'iso885911987': 'windows-1252',
+    'iso885913': 'iso8859-13',
+    'iso885914': 'iso8859-14',
+    'iso8859141998': 'iso8859-14',
+    'iso885915': 'iso8859-15',
+    'iso885916': 'iso8859-16',
+    'iso8859162001': 'iso8859-16',
+    'iso88592': 'iso8859-2',
+    'iso885921987': 'iso8859-2',
+    'iso88593': 'iso8859-3',
+    'iso885931988': 'iso8859-3',
+    'iso88594': 'iso8859-4',
+    'iso885941988': 'iso8859-4',
+    'iso88595': 'iso8859-5',
+    'iso885951988': 'iso8859-5',
+    'iso88596': 'iso8859-6',
+    'iso885961987': 'iso8859-6',
+    'iso88597': 'iso8859-7',
+    'iso885971987': 'iso8859-7',
+    'iso88598': 'iso8859-8',
+    'iso885981988': 'iso8859-8',
+    'iso88599': 'windows-1254',
+    'iso885991989': 'windows-1254',
+    'isoceltic': 'iso8859-14',
+    'isoir100': 'windows-1252',
+    'isoir101': 'iso8859-2',
+    'isoir109': 'iso8859-3',
+    'isoir110': 'iso8859-4',
+    'isoir126': 'iso8859-7',
+    'isoir127': 'iso8859-6',
+    'isoir138': 'iso8859-8',
+    'isoir144': 'iso8859-5',
+    'isoir148': 'windows-1254',
+    'isoir149': 'cp949',
+    'isoir157': 'iso8859-10',
+    'isoir199': 'iso8859-14',
+    'isoir226': 'iso8859-16',
+    'isoir58': 'gbk',
+    'isoir6': 'ascii',
+    'koi8r': 'koi8-r',
+    'koi8u': 'koi8-u',
+    'korean': 'cp949',
+    'ksc5601': 'cp949',
+    'ksc56011987': 'cp949',
+    'ksc56011989': 'cp949',
+    'l1': 'windows-1252',
+    'l10': 'iso8859-16',
+    'l2': 'iso8859-2',
+    'l3': 'iso8859-3',
+    'l4': 'iso8859-4',
+    'l5': 'windows-1254',
+    'l6': 'iso8859-10',
+    'l8': 'iso8859-14',
+    'latin1': 'windows-1252',
+    'latin10': 'iso8859-16',
+    'latin2': 'iso8859-2',
+    'latin3': 'iso8859-3',
+    'latin4': 'iso8859-4',
+    'latin5': 'windows-1254',
+    'latin6': 'iso8859-10',
+    'latin8': 'iso8859-14',
+    'latin9': 'iso8859-15',
+    'ms936': 'gbk',
+    'mskanji': 'shift_jis',
+    'pt154': 'ptcp154',
+    'ptcp154': 'ptcp154',
+    'r8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'roman8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'shiftjis': 'shift_jis',
+    'tis620': 'cp874',
+    'unicode11utf7': 'utf-7',
+    'us': 'ascii',
+    'usascii': 'ascii',
+    'utf16': 'utf-16',
+    'utf16be': 'utf-16-be',
+    'utf16le': 'utf-16-le',
+    'utf8': 'utf-8',
+    'windows1250': 'cp1250',
+    'windows1251': 'cp1251',
+    'windows1252': 'cp1252',
+    'windows1253': 'cp1253',
+    'windows1254': 'cp1254',
+    'windows1255': 'cp1255',
+    'windows1256': 'cp1256',
+    'windows1257': 'cp1257',
+    'windows1258': 'cp1258',
+    'windows936': 'gbk',
+    'x-x-big5': 'big5'}
+
+tokenTypes = {
+    "Doctype": 0,
+    "Characters": 1,
+    "SpaceCharacters": 2,
+    "StartTag": 3,
+    "EndTag": 4,
+    "EmptyTag": 5,
+    "Comment": 6,
+    "ParseError": 7
+}
+
+tagTokenTypes = frozenset([tokenTypes["StartTag"], tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                           tokenTypes["EmptyTag"]])
+
+
+prefixes = dict([(v, k) for k, v in namespaces.items()])
+prefixes["http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"] = "math"
+
+
+class DataLossWarning(UserWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class ReparseException(Exception):
+    pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7dbaed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+
+class Filter(object):
+    def __init__(self, source):
+        self.source = source
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.source)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.source, name)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/alphabeticalattributes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/alphabeticalattributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fed6996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/alphabeticalattributes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    from ordereddict import OrderedDict
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            if token["type"] in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                attrs = OrderedDict()
+                for name, value in sorted(token["data"].items(),
+                                          key=lambda x: x[0]):
+                    attrs[name] = value
+                token["data"] = attrs
+            yield token
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca33b70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def __init__(self, source, encoding):
+        _base.Filter.__init__(self, source)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        state = "pre_head"
+        meta_found = (self.encoding is None)
+        pending = []
+
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                if token["name"].lower() == "head":
+                    state = "in_head"
+
+            elif type == "EmptyTag":
+                if token["name"].lower() == "meta":
+                    # replace charset with actual encoding
+                    has_http_equiv_content_type = False
+                    for (namespace, name), value in token["data"].items():
+                        if namespace is not None:
+                            continue
+                        elif name.lower() == 'charset':
+                            token["data"][(namespace, name)] = self.encoding
+                            meta_found = True
+                            break
+                        elif name == 'http-equiv' and value.lower() == 'content-type':
+                            has_http_equiv_content_type = True
+                    else:
+                        if has_http_equiv_content_type and (None, "content") in token["data"]:
+                            token["data"][(None, "content")] = 'text/html; charset=%s' % self.encoding
+                            meta_found = True
+
+                elif token["name"].lower() == "head" and not meta_found:
+                    # insert meta into empty head
+                    yield {"type": "StartTag", "name": "head",
+                           "data": token["data"]}
+                    yield {"type": "EmptyTag", "name": "meta",
+                           "data": {(None, "charset"): self.encoding}}
+                    yield {"type": "EndTag", "name": "head"}
+                    meta_found = True
+                    continue
+
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                if token["name"].lower() == "head" and pending:
+                    # insert meta into head (if necessary) and flush pending queue
+                    yield pending.pop(0)
+                    if not meta_found:
+                        yield {"type": "EmptyTag", "name": "meta",
+                               "data": {(None, "charset"): self.encoding}}
+                    while pending:
+                        yield pending.pop(0)
+                    meta_found = True
+                    state = "post_head"
+
+            if state == "in_head":
+                pending.append(token)
+            else:
+                yield token
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8884696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+from ..constants import cdataElements, rcdataElements, voidElements
+
+from ..constants import spaceCharacters
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+
+class LintError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        open_elements = []
+        contentModelFlag = "PCDATA"
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                name = token["name"]
+                if contentModelFlag != "PCDATA":
+                    raise LintError("StartTag not in PCDATA content model flag: %(tag)s" % {"tag": name})
+                if not isinstance(name, str):
+                    raise LintError("Tag name is not a string: %(tag)r" % {"tag": name})
+                if not name:
+                    raise LintError("Empty tag name")
+                if type == "StartTag" and name in voidElements:
+                    raise LintError("Void element reported as StartTag token: %(tag)s" % {"tag": name})
+                elif type == "EmptyTag" and name not in voidElements:
+                    raise LintError("Non-void element reported as EmptyTag token: %(tag)s" % {"tag": token["name"]})
+                if type == "StartTag":
+                    open_elements.append(name)
+                for name, value in token["data"]:
+                    if not isinstance(name, str):
+                        raise LintError("Attribute name is not a string: %(name)r" % {"name": name})
+                    if not name:
+                        raise LintError("Empty attribute name")
+                    if not isinstance(value, str):
+                        raise LintError("Attribute value is not a string: %(value)r" % {"value": value})
+                if name in cdataElements:
+                    contentModelFlag = "CDATA"
+                elif name in rcdataElements:
+                    contentModelFlag = "RCDATA"
+                elif name == "plaintext":
+                    contentModelFlag = "PLAINTEXT"
+
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                name = token["name"]
+                if not isinstance(name, str):
+                    raise LintError("Tag name is not a string: %(tag)r" % {"tag": name})
+                if not name:
+                    raise LintError("Empty tag name")
+                if name in voidElements:
+                    raise LintError("Void element reported as EndTag token: %(tag)s" % {"tag": name})
+                start_name = open_elements.pop()
+                if start_name != name:
+                    raise LintError("EndTag (%(end)s) does not match StartTag (%(start)s)" % {"end": name, "start": start_name})
+                contentModelFlag = "PCDATA"
+
+            elif type == "Comment":
+                if contentModelFlag != "PCDATA":
+                    raise LintError("Comment not in PCDATA content model flag")
+
+            elif type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                data = token["data"]
+                if not isinstance(data, str):
+                    raise LintError("Attribute name is not a string: %(name)r" % {"name": data})
+                if not data:
+                    raise LintError("%(type)s token with empty data" % {"type": type})
+                if type == "SpaceCharacters":
+                    data = data.strip(spaceCharacters)
+                    if data:
+                        raise LintError("Non-space character(s) found in SpaceCharacters token: %(token)r" % {"token": data})
+
+            elif type == "Doctype":
+                name = token["name"]
+                if contentModelFlag != "PCDATA":
+                    raise LintError("Doctype not in PCDATA content model flag: %(name)s" % {"name": name})
+                if not isinstance(name, str):
+                    raise LintError("Tag name is not a string: %(tag)r" % {"tag": name})
+                # XXX: what to do with token["data"] ?
+
+            elif type in ("ParseError", "SerializeError"):
+                pass
+
+            else:
+                raise LintError("Unknown token type: %(type)s" % {"type": type})
+
+            yield token
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fefe0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def slider(self):
+        previous1 = previous2 = None
+        for token in self.source:
+            if previous1 is not None:
+                yield previous2, previous1, token
+            previous2 = previous1
+            previous1 = token
+        yield previous2, previous1, None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for previous, token, next in self.slider():
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                if (token["data"] or
+                        not self.is_optional_start(token["name"], previous, next)):
+                    yield token
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                if not self.is_optional_end(token["name"], next):
+                    yield token
+            else:
+                yield token
+
+    def is_optional_start(self, tagname, previous, next):
+        type = next and next["type"] or None
+        if tagname in 'html':
+            # An html element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the html element is not a space character or a comment.
+            return type not in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters")
+        elif tagname == 'head':
+            # A head element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the head element is an element.
+            # XXX: we also omit the start tag if the head element is empty
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                return True
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                return next["name"] == "head"
+        elif tagname == 'body':
+            # A body element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the body element is not a space character or a comment,
+            # except if the first thing inside the body element is a script
+            # or style element and the node immediately preceding the body
+            # element is a head element whose end tag has been omitted.
+            if type in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                return False
+            elif type == "StartTag":
+                # XXX: we do not look at the preceding event, so we never omit
+                # the body element's start tag if it's followed by a script or
+                # a style element.
+                return next["name"] not in ('script', 'style')
+            else:
+                return True
+        elif tagname == 'colgroup':
+            # A colgroup element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the colgroup element is a col element, and if the element
+            # is not immediately preceeded by another colgroup element whose
+            # end tag has been omitted.
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                # XXX: we do not look at the preceding event, so instead we never
+                # omit the colgroup element's end tag when it is immediately
+                # followed by another colgroup element. See is_optional_end.
+                return next["name"] == "col"
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif tagname == 'tbody':
+            # A tbody element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the tbody element is a tr element, and if the element is
+            # not immediately preceeded by a tbody, thead, or tfoot element
+            # whose end tag has been omitted.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                # omit the thead and tfoot elements' end tag when they are
+                # immediately followed by a tbody element. See is_optional_end.
+                if previous and previous['type'] == 'EndTag' and \
+                        previous['name'] in ('tbody', 'thead', 'tfoot'):
+                    return False
+                return next["name"] == 'tr'
+            else:
+                return False
+        return False
+
+    def is_optional_end(self, tagname, next):
+        type = next and next["type"] or None
+        if tagname in ('html', 'head', 'body'):
+            # An html element's end tag may be omitted if the html element
+            # is not immediately followed by a space character or a comment.
+            return type not in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters")
+        elif tagname in ('li', 'optgroup', 'tr'):
+            # A li element's end tag may be omitted if the li element is
+            # immediately followed by another li element or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            # An optgroup element's end tag may be omitted if the optgroup
+            # element is immediately followed by another optgroup element,
+            # or if there is no more content in the parent element.
+            # A tr element's end tag may be omitted if the tr element is
+            # immediately followed by another tr element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] == tagname
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname in ('dt', 'dd'):
+            # A dt element's end tag may be omitted if the dt element is
+            # immediately followed by another dt element or a dd element.
+            # A dd element's end tag may be omitted if the dd element is
+            # immediately followed by another dd element or a dt element,
+            # or if there is no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('dt', 'dd')
+            elif tagname == 'dd':
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif tagname == 'p':
+            # A p element's end tag may be omitted if the p element is
+            # immediately followed by an address, article, aside,
+            # blockquote, datagrid, dialog, dir, div, dl, fieldset,
+            # footer, form, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, header, hr, menu,
+            # nav, ol, p, pre, section, table, or ul, element, or if
+            # there is no more content in the parent element.
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                return next["name"] in ('address', 'article', 'aside',
+                                        'blockquote', 'datagrid', 'dialog',
+                                        'dir', 'div', 'dl', 'fieldset', 'footer',
+                                        'form', 'h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6',
+                                        'header', 'hr', 'menu', 'nav', 'ol',
+                                        'p', 'pre', 'section', 'table', 'ul')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname == 'option':
+            # An option element's end tag may be omitted if the option
+            # element is immediately followed by another option element,
+            # or if it is immediately followed by an <code>optgroup</code>
+            # element, or if there is no more content in the parent
+            # element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('option', 'optgroup')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname in ('rt', 'rp'):
+            # An rt element's end tag may be omitted if the rt element is
+            # immediately followed by an rt or rp element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            # An rp element's end tag may be omitted if the rp element is
+            # immediately followed by an rt or rp element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('rt', 'rp')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname == 'colgroup':
+            # A colgroup element's end tag may be omitted if the colgroup
+            # element is not immediately followed by a space character or
+            # a comment.
+            if type in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                return False
+            elif type == "StartTag":
+                # XXX: we also look for an immediately following colgroup
+                # element. See is_optional_start.
+                return next["name"] != 'colgroup'
+            else:
+                return True
+        elif tagname in ('thead', 'tbody'):
+            # A thead element's end tag may be omitted if the thead element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody or tfoot element.
+            # A tbody element's end tag may be omitted if the tbody element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody or tfoot element, or if
+            # there is no more content in the parent element.
+            # A tfoot element's end tag may be omitted if the tfoot element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody element, or if there is no
+            # more content in the parent element.
+            # XXX: we never omit the end tag when the following element is
+            # a tbody. See is_optional_start.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ['tbody', 'tfoot']
+            elif tagname == 'tbody':
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif tagname == 'tfoot':
+            # A tfoot element's end tag may be omitted if the tfoot element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody element, or if there is no
+            # more content in the parent element.
+            # XXX: we never omit the end tag when the following element is
+            # a tbody. See is_optional_start.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] == 'tbody'
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname in ('td', 'th'):
+            # A td element's end tag may be omitted if the td element is
+            # immediately followed by a td or th element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            # A th element's end tag may be omitted if the th element is
+            # immediately followed by a td or th element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('td', 'th')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        return False
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b206b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+from ..sanitizer import HTMLSanitizerMixin
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter, HTMLSanitizerMixin):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            token = self.sanitize_token(token)
+            if token:
+                yield token
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfc60ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+
+from . import _base
+from ..constants import rcdataElements, spaceCharacters
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+SPACES_REGEX = re.compile("[%s]+" % spaceCharacters)
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+
+    spacePreserveElements = frozenset(["pre", "textarea"] + list(rcdataElements))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        preserve = 0
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "StartTag" \
+                    and (preserve or token["name"] in self.spacePreserveElements):
+                preserve += 1
+
+            elif type == "EndTag" and preserve:
+                preserve -= 1
+
+            elif not preserve and type == "SpaceCharacters" and token["data"]:
+                # Test on token["data"] above to not introduce spaces where there were not
+                token["data"] = " "
+
+            elif not preserve and type == "Characters":
+                token["data"] = collapse_spaces(token["data"])
+
+            yield token
+
+
+def collapse_spaces(text):
+    return SPACES_REGEX.sub(' ', text)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40f3d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2724 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import with_metaclass
+
+import types
+
+from . import inputstream
+from . import tokenizer
+
+from . import treebuilders
+from .treebuilders._base import Marker
+
+from . import utils
+from . import constants
+from .constants import spaceCharacters, asciiUpper2Lower
+from .constants import specialElements
+from .constants import headingElements
+from .constants import cdataElements, rcdataElements
+from .constants import tokenTypes, ReparseException, namespaces
+from .constants import htmlIntegrationPointElements, mathmlTextIntegrationPointElements
+from .constants import adjustForeignAttributes as adjustForeignAttributesMap
+from .constants import E
+
+
+def parse(doc, treebuilder="etree", encoding=None,
+          namespaceHTMLElements=True):
+    """Parse a string or file-like object into a tree"""
+    tb = treebuilders.getTreeBuilder(treebuilder)
+    p = HTMLParser(tb, namespaceHTMLElements=namespaceHTMLElements)
+    return p.parse(doc, encoding=encoding)
+
+
+def parseFragment(doc, container="div", treebuilder="etree", encoding=None,
+                  namespaceHTMLElements=True):
+    tb = treebuilders.getTreeBuilder(treebuilder)
+    p = HTMLParser(tb, namespaceHTMLElements=namespaceHTMLElements)
+    return p.parseFragment(doc, container=container, encoding=encoding)
+
+
+def method_decorator_metaclass(function):
+    class Decorated(type):
+        def __new__(meta, classname, bases, classDict):
+            for attributeName, attribute in classDict.items():
+                if isinstance(attribute, types.FunctionType):
+                    attribute = function(attribute)
+
+                classDict[attributeName] = attribute
+            return type.__new__(meta, classname, bases, classDict)
+    return Decorated
+
+
+class HTMLParser(object):
+    """HTML parser. Generates a tree structure from a stream of (possibly
+        malformed) HTML"""
+
+    def __init__(self, tree=None, tokenizer=tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer,
+                 strict=False, namespaceHTMLElements=True, debug=False):
+        """
+        strict - raise an exception when a parse error is encountered
+
+        tree - a treebuilder class controlling the type of tree that will be
+        returned. Built in treebuilders can be accessed through
+        html5lib.treebuilders.getTreeBuilder(treeType)
+
+        tokenizer - a class that provides a stream of tokens to the treebuilder.
+        This may be replaced for e.g. a sanitizer which converts some tags to
+        text
+        """
+
+        # Raise an exception on the first error encountered
+        self.strict = strict
+
+        if tree is None:
+            tree = treebuilders.getTreeBuilder("etree")
+        self.tree = tree(namespaceHTMLElements)
+        self.tokenizer_class = tokenizer
+        self.errors = []
+
+        self.phases = dict([(name, cls(self, self.tree)) for name, cls in
+                            getPhases(debug).items()])
+
+    def _parse(self, stream, innerHTML=False, container="div",
+               encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True, **kwargs):
+
+        self.innerHTMLMode = innerHTML
+        self.container = container
+        self.tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(stream, encoding=encoding,
+                                              parseMeta=parseMeta,
+                                              useChardet=useChardet,
+                                              parser=self, **kwargs)
+        self.reset()
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                self.mainLoop()
+                break
+            except ReparseException:
+                self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.tree.reset()
+        self.firstStartTag = False
+        self.errors = []
+        self.log = []  # only used with debug mode
+        # "quirks" / "limited quirks" / "no quirks"
+        self.compatMode = "no quirks"
+
+        if self.innerHTMLMode:
+            self.innerHTML = self.container.lower()
+
+            if self.innerHTML in cdataElements:
+                self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rcdataState
+            elif self.innerHTML in rcdataElements:
+                self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rawtextState
+            elif self.innerHTML == 'plaintext':
+                self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.plaintextState
+            else:
+                # state already is data state
+                # self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.dataState
+                pass
+            self.phase = self.phases["beforeHtml"]
+            self.phase.insertHtmlElement()
+            self.resetInsertionMode()
+        else:
+            self.innerHTML = False
+            self.phase = self.phases["initial"]
+
+        self.lastPhase = None
+
+        self.beforeRCDataPhase = None
+
+        self.framesetOK = True
+
+    @property
+    def documentEncoding(self):
+        """The name of the character encoding
+        that was used to decode the input stream,
+        or :obj:`None` if that is not determined yet.
+
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, 'tokenizer'):
+            return None
+        return self.tokenizer.stream.charEncoding[0]
+
+    def isHTMLIntegrationPoint(self, element):
+        if (element.name == "annotation-xml" and
+                element.namespace == namespaces["mathml"]):
+            return ("encoding" in element.attributes and
+                    element.attributes["encoding"].translate(
+                        asciiUpper2Lower) in
+                    ("text/html", "application/xhtml+xml"))
+        else:
+            return (element.namespace, element.name) in htmlIntegrationPointElements
+
+    def isMathMLTextIntegrationPoint(self, element):
+        return (element.namespace, element.name) in mathmlTextIntegrationPointElements
+
+    def mainLoop(self):
+        CharactersToken = tokenTypes["Characters"]
+        SpaceCharactersToken = tokenTypes["SpaceCharacters"]
+        StartTagToken = tokenTypes["StartTag"]
+        EndTagToken = tokenTypes["EndTag"]
+        CommentToken = tokenTypes["Comment"]
+        DoctypeToken = tokenTypes["Doctype"]
+        ParseErrorToken = tokenTypes["ParseError"]
+
+        for token in self.normalizedTokens():
+            new_token = token
+            while new_token is not None:
+                currentNode = self.tree.openElements[-1] if self.tree.openElements else None
+                currentNodeNamespace = currentNode.namespace if currentNode else None
+                currentNodeName = currentNode.name if currentNode else None
+
+                type = new_token["type"]
+
+                if type == ParseErrorToken:
+                    self.parseError(new_token["data"], new_token.get("datavars", {}))
+                    new_token = None
+                else:
+                    if (len(self.tree.openElements) == 0 or
+                        currentNodeNamespace == self.tree.defaultNamespace or
+                        (self.isMathMLTextIntegrationPoint(currentNode) and
+                         ((type == StartTagToken and
+                           token["name"] not in frozenset(["mglyph", "malignmark"])) or
+                          type in (CharactersToken, SpaceCharactersToken))) or
+                        (currentNodeNamespace == namespaces["mathml"] and
+                         currentNodeName == "annotation-xml" and
+                         token["name"] == "svg") or
+                        (self.isHTMLIntegrationPoint(currentNode) and
+                         type in (StartTagToken, CharactersToken, SpaceCharactersToken))):
+                        phase = self.phase
+                    else:
+                        phase = self.phases["inForeignContent"]
+
+                    if type == CharactersToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processCharacters(new_token)
+                    elif type == SpaceCharactersToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processSpaceCharacters(new_token)
+                    elif type == StartTagToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processStartTag(new_token)
+                    elif type == EndTagToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processEndTag(new_token)
+                    elif type == CommentToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processComment(new_token)
+                    elif type == DoctypeToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processDoctype(new_token)
+
+            if (type == StartTagToken and token["selfClosing"]
+                    and not token["selfClosingAcknowledged"]):
+                self.parseError("non-void-element-with-trailing-solidus",
+                                {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        # When the loop finishes it's EOF
+        reprocess = True
+        phases = []
+        while reprocess:
+            phases.append(self.phase)
+            reprocess = self.phase.processEOF()
+            if reprocess:
+                assert self.phase not in phases
+
+    def normalizedTokens(self):
+        for token in self.tokenizer:
+            yield self.normalizeToken(token)
+
+    def parse(self, stream, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True):
+        """Parse a HTML document into a well-formed tree
+
+        stream - a filelike object or string containing the HTML to be parsed
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+        """
+        self._parse(stream, innerHTML=False, encoding=encoding,
+                    parseMeta=parseMeta, useChardet=useChardet)
+        return self.tree.getDocument()
+
+    def parseFragment(self, stream, container="div", encoding=None,
+                      parseMeta=False, useChardet=True):
+        """Parse a HTML fragment into a well-formed tree fragment
+
+        container - name of the element we're setting the innerHTML property
+        if set to None, default to 'div'
+
+        stream - a filelike object or string containing the HTML to be parsed
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+        """
+        self._parse(stream, True, container=container, encoding=encoding)
+        return self.tree.getFragment()
+
+    def parseError(self, errorcode="XXX-undefined-error", datavars={}):
+        # XXX The idea is to make errorcode mandatory.
+        self.errors.append((self.tokenizer.stream.position(), errorcode, datavars))
+        if self.strict:
+            raise ParseError(E[errorcode] % datavars)
+
+    def normalizeToken(self, token):
+        """ HTML5 specific normalizations to the token stream """
+
+        if token["type"] == tokenTypes["StartTag"]:
+            token["data"] = dict(token["data"][::-1])
+
+        return token
+
+    def adjustMathMLAttributes(self, token):
+        replacements = {"definitionurl": "definitionURL"}
+        for k, v in replacements.items():
+            if k in token["data"]:
+                token["data"][v] = token["data"][k]
+                del token["data"][k]
+
+    def adjustSVGAttributes(self, token):
+        replacements = {
+            "attributename": "attributeName",
+            "attributetype": "attributeType",
+            "basefrequency": "baseFrequency",
+            "baseprofile": "baseProfile",
+            "calcmode": "calcMode",
+            "clippathunits": "clipPathUnits",
+            "contentscripttype": "contentScriptType",
+            "contentstyletype": "contentStyleType",
+            "diffuseconstant": "diffuseConstant",
+            "edgemode": "edgeMode",
+            "externalresourcesrequired": "externalResourcesRequired",
+            "filterres": "filterRes",
+            "filterunits": "filterUnits",
+            "glyphref": "glyphRef",
+            "gradienttransform": "gradientTransform",
+            "gradientunits": "gradientUnits",
+            "kernelmatrix": "kernelMatrix",
+            "kernelunitlength": "kernelUnitLength",
+            "keypoints": "keyPoints",
+            "keysplines": "keySplines",
+            "keytimes": "keyTimes",
+            "lengthadjust": "lengthAdjust",
+            "limitingconeangle": "limitingConeAngle",
+            "markerheight": "markerHeight",
+            "markerunits": "markerUnits",
+            "markerwidth": "markerWidth",
+            "maskcontentunits": "maskContentUnits",
+            "maskunits": "maskUnits",
+            "numoctaves": "numOctaves",
+            "pathlength": "pathLength",
+            "patterncontentunits": "patternContentUnits",
+            "patterntransform": "patternTransform",
+            "patternunits": "patternUnits",
+            "pointsatx": "pointsAtX",
+            "pointsaty": "pointsAtY",
+            "pointsatz": "pointsAtZ",
+            "preservealpha": "preserveAlpha",
+            "preserveaspectratio": "preserveAspectRatio",
+            "primitiveunits": "primitiveUnits",
+            "refx": "refX",
+            "refy": "refY",
+            "repeatcount": "repeatCount",
+            "repeatdur": "repeatDur",
+            "requiredextensions": "requiredExtensions",
+            "requiredfeatures": "requiredFeatures",
+            "specularconstant": "specularConstant",
+            "specularexponent": "specularExponent",
+            "spreadmethod": "spreadMethod",
+            "startoffset": "startOffset",
+            "stddeviation": "stdDeviation",
+            "stitchtiles": "stitchTiles",
+            "surfacescale": "surfaceScale",
+            "systemlanguage": "systemLanguage",
+            "tablevalues": "tableValues",
+            "targetx": "targetX",
+            "targety": "targetY",
+            "textlength": "textLength",
+            "viewbox": "viewBox",
+            "viewtarget": "viewTarget",
+            "xchannelselector": "xChannelSelector",
+            "ychannelselector": "yChannelSelector",
+            "zoomandpan": "zoomAndPan"
+        }
+        for originalName in list(token["data"].keys()):
+            if originalName in replacements:
+                svgName = replacements[originalName]
+                token["data"][svgName] = token["data"][originalName]
+                del token["data"][originalName]
+
+    def adjustForeignAttributes(self, token):
+        replacements = adjustForeignAttributesMap
+
+        for originalName in token["data"].keys():
+            if originalName in replacements:
+                foreignName = replacements[originalName]
+                token["data"][foreignName] = token["data"][originalName]
+                del token["data"][originalName]
+
+    def reparseTokenNormal(self, token):
+        self.parser.phase()
+
+    def resetInsertionMode(self):
+        # The name of this method is mostly historical. (It's also used in the
+        # specification.)
+        last = False
+        newModes = {
+            "select": "inSelect",
+            "td": "inCell",
+            "th": "inCell",
+            "tr": "inRow",
+            "tbody": "inTableBody",
+            "thead": "inTableBody",
+            "tfoot": "inTableBody",
+            "caption": "inCaption",
+            "colgroup": "inColumnGroup",
+            "table": "inTable",
+            "head": "inBody",
+            "body": "inBody",
+            "frameset": "inFrameset",
+            "html": "beforeHead"
+        }
+        for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+            nodeName = node.name
+            new_phase = None
+            if node == self.tree.openElements[0]:
+                assert self.innerHTML
+                last = True
+                nodeName = self.innerHTML
+            # Check for conditions that should only happen in the innerHTML
+            # case
+            if nodeName in ("select", "colgroup", "head", "html"):
+                assert self.innerHTML
+
+            if not last and node.namespace != self.tree.defaultNamespace:
+                continue
+
+            if nodeName in newModes:
+                new_phase = self.phases[newModes[nodeName]]
+                break
+            elif last:
+                new_phase = self.phases["inBody"]
+                break
+
+        self.phase = new_phase
+
+    def parseRCDataRawtext(self, token, contentType):
+        """Generic RCDATA/RAWTEXT Parsing algorithm
+        contentType - RCDATA or RAWTEXT
+        """
+        assert contentType in ("RAWTEXT", "RCDATA")
+
+        self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        if contentType == "RAWTEXT":
+            self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rawtextState
+        else:
+            self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rcdataState
+
+        self.originalPhase = self.phase
+
+        self.phase = self.phases["text"]
+
+
+def getPhases(debug):
+    def log(function):
+        """Logger that records which phase processes each token"""
+        type_names = dict((value, key) for key, value in
+                          constants.tokenTypes.items())
+
+        def wrapped(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            if function.__name__.startswith("process") and len(args) > 0:
+                token = args[0]
+                try:
+                    info = {"type": type_names[token['type']]}
+                except:
+                    raise
+                if token['type'] in constants.tagTokenTypes:
+                    info["name"] = token['name']
+
+                self.parser.log.append((self.parser.tokenizer.state.__name__,
+                                        self.parser.phase.__class__.__name__,
+                                        self.__class__.__name__,
+                                        function.__name__,
+                                        info))
+                return function(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                return function(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        return wrapped
+
+    def getMetaclass(use_metaclass, metaclass_func):
+        if use_metaclass:
+            return method_decorator_metaclass(metaclass_func)
+        else:
+            return type
+
+    class Phase(with_metaclass(getMetaclass(debug, log))):
+        """Base class for helper object that implements each phase of processing
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            self.parser = parser
+            self.tree = tree
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            # For most phases the following is correct. Where it's not it will be
+            # overridden.
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.openElements[-1])
+
+        def processDoctype(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-doctype")
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            return self.startTagHandler[token["name"]](token)
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            if not self.parser.firstStartTag and token["name"] == "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("non-html-root")
+            # XXX Need a check here to see if the first start tag token emitted is
+            # this token... If it's not, invoke self.parser.parseError().
+            for attr, value in token["data"].items():
+                if attr not in self.tree.openElements[0].attributes:
+                    self.tree.openElements[0].attributes[attr] = value
+            self.parser.firstStartTag = False
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            return self.endTagHandler[token["name"]](token)
+
+    class InitialPhase(Phase):
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processDoctype(self, token):
+            name = token["name"]
+            publicId = token["publicId"]
+            systemId = token["systemId"]
+            correct = token["correct"]
+
+            if (name != "html" or publicId is not None or
+                    systemId is not None and systemId != "about:legacy-compat"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unknown-doctype")
+
+            if publicId is None:
+                publicId = ""
+
+            self.tree.insertDoctype(token)
+
+            if publicId != "":
+                publicId = publicId.translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+
+            if (not correct or token["name"] != "html"
+                or publicId.startswith(
+                    ("+//silmaril//dtd html pro v0r11 19970101//",
+                     "-//advasoft ltd//dtd html 3.0 aswedit + extensions//",
+                     "-//as//dtd html 3.0 aswedit + extensions//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 strict level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 strict level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 strict//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.1e//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3.0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3.2 final//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3.2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 3//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 3//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html//",
+                     "-//metrius//dtd metrius presentational//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 2.0 html strict//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 2.0 html//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 2.0 tables//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 3.0 html strict//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 3.0 html//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 3.0 tables//",
+                     "-//netscape comm. corp.//dtd html//",
+                     "-//netscape comm. corp.//dtd strict html//",
+                     "-//o'reilly and associates//dtd html 2.0//",
+                     "-//o'reilly and associates//dtd html extended 1.0//",
+                     "-//o'reilly and associates//dtd html extended relaxed 1.0//",
+                     "-//softquad software//dtd hotmetal pro 6.0::19990601::extensions to html 4.0//",
+                     "-//softquad//dtd hotmetal pro 4.0::19971010::extensions to html 4.0//",
+                     "-//spyglass//dtd html 2.0 extended//",
+                     "-//sq//dtd html 2.0 hotmetal + extensions//",
+                     "-//sun microsystems corp.//dtd hotjava html//",
+                     "-//sun microsystems corp.//dtd hotjava strict html//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3 1995-03-24//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2 draft//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2 final//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2s draft//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 frameset//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html experimental 19960712//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html experimental 970421//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd w3 html//",
+                     "-//w3o//dtd w3 html 3.0//",
+                     "-//webtechs//dtd mozilla html 2.0//",
+                     "-//webtechs//dtd mozilla html//"))
+                or publicId in
+                    ("-//w3o//dtd w3 html strict 3.0//en//",
+                     "-/w3c/dtd html 4.0 transitional/en",
+                     "html")
+                or publicId.startswith(
+                    ("-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 frameset//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//")) and
+                    systemId is None
+                    or systemId and systemId.lower() == "http://www.ibm.com/data/dtd/v11/ibmxhtml1-transitional.dtd"):
+                self.parser.compatMode = "quirks"
+            elif (publicId.startswith(
+                    ("-//w3c//dtd xhtml 1.0 frameset//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd xhtml 1.0 transitional//"))
+                  or publicId.startswith(
+                      ("-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 frameset//",
+                       "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//")) and
+                  systemId is not None):
+                self.parser.compatMode = "limited quirks"
+
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["beforeHtml"]
+
+        def anythingElse(self):
+            self.parser.compatMode = "quirks"
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["beforeHtml"]
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-chars")
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-start-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-end-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-eof")
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return True
+
+    class BeforeHtmlPhase(Phase):
+        # helper methods
+        def insertHtmlElement(self):
+            self.tree.insertRoot(impliedTagToken("html", "StartTag"))
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["beforeHead"]
+
+        # other
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.insertHtmlElement()
+            return True
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            pass
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.insertHtmlElement()
+            return token
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            if token["name"] == "html":
+                self.parser.firstStartTag = True
+            self.insertHtmlElement()
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            if token["name"] not in ("head", "body", "html", "br"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-before-html",
+                                       {"name": token["name"]})
+            else:
+                self.insertHtmlElement()
+                return token
+
+    class BeforeHeadPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("head", self.startTagHead)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("head", "body", "html", "br"), self.endTagImplyHead)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return True
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            pass
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagHead(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.headPointer = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inHead"]
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def endTagImplyHead(self, token):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("end-tag-after-implied-root",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class InHeadPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("title", self.startTagTitle),
+                (("noscript", "noframes", "style"), self.startTagNoScriptNoFramesStyle),
+                ("script", self.startTagScript),
+                (("base", "basefont", "bgsound", "command", "link"),
+                 self.startTagBaseLinkCommand),
+                ("meta", self.startTagMeta),
+                ("head", self.startTagHead)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self. endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("head", self.endTagHead),
+                (("br", "html", "body"), self.endTagHtmlBodyBr)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # the real thing
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagHead(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("two-heads-are-not-better-than-one")
+
+        def startTagBaseLinkCommand(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagMeta(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+            attributes = token["data"]
+            if self.parser.tokenizer.stream.charEncoding[1] == "tentative":
+                if "charset" in attributes:
+                    self.parser.tokenizer.stream.changeEncoding(attributes["charset"])
+                elif ("content" in attributes and
+                      "http-equiv" in attributes and
+                      attributes["http-equiv"].lower() == "content-type"):
+                    # Encoding it as UTF-8 here is a hack, as really we should pass
+                    # the abstract Unicode string, and just use the
+                    # ContentAttrParser on that, but using UTF-8 allows all chars
+                    # to be encoded and as a ASCII-superset works.
+                    data = inputstream.EncodingBytes(attributes["content"].encode("utf-8"))
+                    parser = inputstream.ContentAttrParser(data)
+                    codec = parser.parse()
+                    self.parser.tokenizer.stream.changeEncoding(codec)
+
+        def startTagTitle(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RCDATA")
+
+        def startTagNoScriptNoFramesStyle(self, token):
+            # Need to decide whether to implement the scripting-disabled case
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RAWTEXT")
+
+        def startTagScript(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.tokenizer.state = self.parser.tokenizer.scriptDataState
+            self.parser.originalPhase = self.parser.phase
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["text"]
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagHead(self, token):
+            node = self.parser.tree.openElements.pop()
+            assert node.name == "head", "Expected head got %s" % node.name
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterHead"]
+
+        def endTagHtmlBodyBr(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def anythingElse(self):
+            self.endTagHead(impliedTagToken("head"))
+
+    # XXX If we implement a parser for which scripting is disabled we need to
+    # implement this phase.
+    #
+    # class InHeadNoScriptPhase(Phase):
+    class AfterHeadPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("body", self.startTagBody),
+                ("frameset", self.startTagFrameset),
+                (("base", "basefont", "bgsound", "link", "meta", "noframes", "script",
+                  "style", "title"),
+                 self.startTagFromHead),
+                ("head", self.startTagHead)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([(("body", "html", "br"),
+                                                          self.endTagHtmlBodyBr)])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagBody(self, token):
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+
+        def startTagFrameset(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inFrameset"]
+
+        def startTagFromHead(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-out-of-my-head",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.tree.openElements.append(self.tree.headPointer)
+            self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+            for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+                if node.name == "head":
+                    self.tree.openElements.remove(node)
+                    break
+
+        def startTagHead(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagHtmlBodyBr(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def anythingElse(self):
+            self.tree.insertElement(impliedTagToken("body", "StartTag"))
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            self.parser.framesetOK = True
+
+    class InBodyPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#parsing-main-inbody
+        # the really-really-really-very crazy mode
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            # Keep a ref to this for special handling of whitespace in <pre>
+            self.processSpaceCharactersNonPre = self.processSpaceCharacters
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("base", "basefont", "bgsound", "command", "link", "meta",
+                  "script", "style", "title"),
+                 self.startTagProcessInHead),
+                ("body", self.startTagBody),
+                ("frameset", self.startTagFrameset),
+                (("address", "article", "aside", "blockquote", "center", "details",
+                  "details", "dir", "div", "dl", "fieldset", "figcaption", "figure",
+                  "footer", "header", "hgroup", "main", "menu", "nav", "ol", "p",
+                  "section", "summary", "ul"),
+                 self.startTagCloseP),
+                (headingElements, self.startTagHeading),
+                (("pre", "listing"), self.startTagPreListing),
+                ("form", self.startTagForm),
+                (("li", "dd", "dt"), self.startTagListItem),
+                ("plaintext", self.startTagPlaintext),
+                ("a", self.startTagA),
+                (("b", "big", "code", "em", "font", "i", "s", "small", "strike",
+                  "strong", "tt", "u"), self.startTagFormatting),
+                ("nobr", self.startTagNobr),
+                ("button", self.startTagButton),
+                (("applet", "marquee", "object"), self.startTagAppletMarqueeObject),
+                ("xmp", self.startTagXmp),
+                ("table", self.startTagTable),
+                (("area", "br", "embed", "img", "keygen", "wbr"),
+                 self.startTagVoidFormatting),
+                (("param", "source", "track"), self.startTagParamSource),
+                ("input", self.startTagInput),
+                ("hr", self.startTagHr),
+                ("image", self.startTagImage),
+                ("isindex", self.startTagIsIndex),
+                ("textarea", self.startTagTextarea),
+                ("iframe", self.startTagIFrame),
+                (("noembed", "noframes", "noscript"), self.startTagRawtext),
+                ("select", self.startTagSelect),
+                (("rp", "rt"), self.startTagRpRt),
+                (("option", "optgroup"), self.startTagOpt),
+                (("math"), self.startTagMath),
+                (("svg"), self.startTagSvg),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "frame", "head",
+                  "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th", "thead",
+                  "tr"), self.startTagMisplaced)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("body", self.endTagBody),
+                ("html", self.endTagHtml),
+                (("address", "article", "aside", "blockquote", "button", "center",
+                  "details", "dialog", "dir", "div", "dl", "fieldset", "figcaption", "figure",
+                  "footer", "header", "hgroup", "listing", "main", "menu", "nav", "ol", "pre",
+                  "section", "summary", "ul"), self.endTagBlock),
+                ("form", self.endTagForm),
+                ("p", self.endTagP),
+                (("dd", "dt", "li"), self.endTagListItem),
+                (headingElements, self.endTagHeading),
+                (("a", "b", "big", "code", "em", "font", "i", "nobr", "s", "small",
+                  "strike", "strong", "tt", "u"), self.endTagFormatting),
+                (("applet", "marquee", "object"), self.endTagAppletMarqueeObject),
+                ("br", self.endTagBr),
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def isMatchingFormattingElement(self, node1, node2):
+            if node1.name != node2.name or node1.namespace != node2.namespace:
+                return False
+            elif len(node1.attributes) != len(node2.attributes):
+                return False
+            else:
+                attributes1 = sorted(node1.attributes.items())
+                attributes2 = sorted(node2.attributes.items())
+                for attr1, attr2 in zip(attributes1, attributes2):
+                    if attr1 != attr2:
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        # helper
+        def addFormattingElement(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            element = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+
+            matchingElements = []
+            for node in self.tree.activeFormattingElements[::-1]:
+                if node is Marker:
+                    break
+                elif self.isMatchingFormattingElement(node, element):
+                    matchingElements.append(node)
+
+            assert len(matchingElements) <= 3
+            if len(matchingElements) == 3:
+                self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(matchingElements[-1])
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(element)
+
+        # the real deal
+        def processEOF(self):
+            allowed_elements = frozenset(("dd", "dt", "li", "p", "tbody", "td",
+                                          "tfoot", "th", "thead", "tr", "body",
+                                          "html"))
+            for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+                if node.name not in allowed_elements:
+                    self.parser.parseError("expected-closing-tag-but-got-eof")
+                    break
+            # Stop parsing
+
+        def processSpaceCharactersDropNewline(self, token):
+            # Sometimes (start of <pre>, <listing>, and <textarea> blocks) we
+            # want to drop leading newlines
+            data = token["data"]
+            self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersNonPre
+            if (data.startswith("\n") and
+                self.tree.openElements[-1].name in ("pre", "listing", "textarea")
+                    and not self.tree.openElements[-1].hasContent()):
+                data = data[1:]
+            if data:
+                self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.tree.insertText(data)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                # The tokenizer should always emit null on its own
+                return
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+            # This must be bad for performance
+            if (self.parser.framesetOK and
+                any([char not in spaceCharacters
+                     for char in token["data"]])):
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def startTagProcessInHead(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagBody(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": "body"})
+            if (len(self.tree.openElements) == 1
+                    or self.tree.openElements[1].name != "body"):
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+            else:
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+                for attr, value in token["data"].items():
+                    if attr not in self.tree.openElements[1].attributes:
+                        self.tree.openElements[1].attributes[attr] = value
+
+        def startTagFrameset(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": "frameset"})
+            if (len(self.tree.openElements) == 1 or self.tree.openElements[1].name != "body"):
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+            elif not self.parser.framesetOK:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if self.tree.openElements[1].parent:
+                    self.tree.openElements[1].parent.removeChild(self.tree.openElements[1])
+                while self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inFrameset"]
+
+        def startTagCloseP(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagPreListing(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersDropNewline
+
+        def startTagForm(self, token):
+            if self.tree.formPointer:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": "form"})
+            else:
+                if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                    self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.tree.formPointer = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+
+        def startTagListItem(self, token):
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+            stopNamesMap = {"li": ["li"],
+                            "dt": ["dt", "dd"],
+                            "dd": ["dt", "dd"]}
+            stopNames = stopNamesMap[token["name"]]
+            for node in reversed(self.tree.openElements):
+                if node.name in stopNames:
+                    self.parser.phase.processEndTag(
+                        impliedTagToken(node.name, "EndTag"))
+                    break
+                if (node.nameTuple in specialElements and
+                        node.name not in ("address", "div", "p")):
+                    break
+
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.parser.phase.processEndTag(
+                    impliedTagToken("p", "EndTag"))
+
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagPlaintext(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.tokenizer.state = self.parser.tokenizer.plaintextState
+
+        def startTagHeading(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name in headingElements:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagA(self, token):
+            afeAElement = self.tree.elementInActiveFormattingElements("a")
+            if afeAElement:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                       {"startName": "a", "endName": "a"})
+                self.endTagFormatting(impliedTagToken("a"))
+                if afeAElement in self.tree.openElements:
+                    self.tree.openElements.remove(afeAElement)
+                if afeAElement in self.tree.activeFormattingElements:
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(afeAElement)
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.addFormattingElement(token)
+
+        def startTagFormatting(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.addFormattingElement(token)
+
+        def startTagNobr(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("nobr"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                       {"startName": "nobr", "endName": "nobr"})
+                self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("nobr"))
+                # XXX Need tests that trigger the following
+                self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.addFormattingElement(token)
+
+        def startTagButton(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("button"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                       {"startName": "button", "endName": "button"})
+                self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("button"))
+                return token
+            else:
+                self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagAppletMarqueeObject(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(Marker)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagXmp(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RAWTEXT")
+
+        def startTagTable(self, token):
+            if self.parser.compatMode != "quirks":
+                if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                    self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+
+        def startTagVoidFormatting(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagInput(self, token):
+            framesetOK = self.parser.framesetOK
+            self.startTagVoidFormatting(token)
+            if ("type" in token["data"] and
+                    token["data"]["type"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower) == "hidden"):
+                # input type=hidden doesn't change framesetOK
+                self.parser.framesetOK = framesetOK
+
+        def startTagParamSource(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagHr(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagImage(self, token):
+            # No really...
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-treated-as",
+                                   {"originalName": "image", "newName": "img"})
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("img", "StartTag",
+                                                 attributes=token["data"],
+                                                 selfClosing=token["selfClosing"]))
+
+        def startTagIsIndex(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("deprecated-tag", {"name": "isindex"})
+            if self.tree.formPointer:
+                return
+            form_attrs = {}
+            if "action" in token["data"]:
+                form_attrs["action"] = token["data"]["action"]
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("form", "StartTag",
+                                                 attributes=form_attrs))
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("hr", "StartTag"))
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("label", "StartTag"))
+            # XXX Localization ...
+            if "prompt" in token["data"]:
+                prompt = token["data"]["prompt"]
+            else:
+                prompt = "This is a searchable index. Enter search keywords: "
+            self.processCharacters(
+                {"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": prompt})
+            attributes = token["data"].copy()
+            if "action" in attributes:
+                del attributes["action"]
+            if "prompt" in attributes:
+                del attributes["prompt"]
+            attributes["name"] = "isindex"
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("input", "StartTag",
+                                                 attributes=attributes,
+                                                 selfClosing=token["selfClosing"]))
+            self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("label"))
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("hr", "StartTag"))
+            self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("form"))
+
+        def startTagTextarea(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.tokenizer.state = self.parser.tokenizer.rcdataState
+            self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersDropNewline
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagIFrame(self, token):
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.startTagRawtext(token)
+
+        def startTagRawtext(self, token):
+            """iframe, noembed noframes, noscript(if scripting enabled)"""
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RAWTEXT")
+
+        def startTagOpt(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("option"))
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagSelect(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            if self.parser.phase in (self.parser.phases["inTable"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inCaption"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inColumnGroup"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inTableBody"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inRow"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inCell"]):
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inSelectInTable"]
+            else:
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inSelect"]
+
+        def startTagRpRt(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("ruby"):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "ruby":
+                    self.parser.parseError()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagMath(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.adjustMathMLAttributes(token)
+            self.parser.adjustForeignAttributes(token)
+            token["namespace"] = namespaces["mathml"]
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            # Need to get the parse error right for the case where the token
+            # has a namespace not equal to the xmlns attribute
+            if token["selfClosing"]:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagSvg(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.adjustSVGAttributes(token)
+            self.parser.adjustForeignAttributes(token)
+            token["namespace"] = namespaces["svg"]
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            # Need to get the parse error right for the case where the token
+            # has a namespace not equal to the xmlns attribute
+            if token["selfClosing"]:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagMisplaced(self, token):
+            """ Elements that should be children of other elements that have a
+            different insertion mode; here they are ignored
+            "caption", "col", "colgroup", "frame", "frameset", "head",
+            "option", "optgroup", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th", "thead",
+            "tr", "noscript"
+            """
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-ignored", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def endTagP(self, token):
+            if not self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.startTagCloseP(impliedTagToken("p", "StartTag"))
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": "p"})
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p", "EndTag"))
+            else:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags("p")
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "p":
+                    self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": "p"})
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != "p":
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagBody(self, token):
+            if not self.tree.elementInScope("body"):
+                self.parser.parseError()
+                return
+            elif self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "body":
+                for node in self.tree.openElements[2:]:
+                    if node.name not in frozenset(("dd", "dt", "li", "optgroup",
+                                                   "option", "p", "rp", "rt",
+                                                   "tbody", "td", "tfoot",
+                                                   "th", "thead", "tr", "body",
+                                                   "html")):
+                        # Not sure this is the correct name for the parse error
+                        self.parser.parseError(
+                            "expected-one-end-tag-but-got-another",
+                            {"expectedName": "body", "gotName": node.name})
+                        break
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterBody"]
+
+        def endTagHtml(self, token):
+            # We repeat the test for the body end tag token being ignored here
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("body"):
+                self.endTagBody(impliedTagToken("body"))
+                return token
+
+        def endTagBlock(self, token):
+            # Put us back in the right whitespace handling mode
+            if token["name"] == "pre":
+                self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersNonPre
+            inScope = self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"])
+            if inScope:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early", {"name": token["name"]})
+            if inScope:
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != token["name"]:
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagForm(self, token):
+            node = self.tree.formPointer
+            self.tree.formPointer = None
+            if node is None or not self.tree.elementInScope(node):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag",
+                                       {"name": "form"})
+            else:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1] != node:
+                    self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early-ignored",
+                                           {"name": "form"})
+                self.tree.openElements.remove(node)
+
+        def endTagListItem(self, token):
+            if token["name"] == "li":
+                variant = "list"
+            else:
+                variant = None
+            if not self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant=variant):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+            else:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags(exclude=token["name"])
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                    self.parser.parseError(
+                        "end-tag-too-early",
+                        {"name": token["name"]})
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != token["name"]:
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagHeading(self, token):
+            for item in headingElements:
+                if self.tree.elementInScope(item):
+                    self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                    break
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+            for item in headingElements:
+                if self.tree.elementInScope(item):
+                    item = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    while item.name not in headingElements:
+                        item = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    break
+
+        def endTagFormatting(self, token):
+            """The much-feared adoption agency algorithm"""
+            # http://svn.whatwg.org/webapps/complete.html#adoptionAgency revision 7867
+            # XXX Better parseError messages appreciated.
+
+            # Step 1
+            outerLoopCounter = 0
+
+            # Step 2
+            while outerLoopCounter < 8:
+
+                # Step 3
+                outerLoopCounter += 1
+
+                # Step 4:
+
+                # Let the formatting element be the last element in
+                # the list of active formatting elements that:
+                # - is between the end of the list and the last scope
+                # marker in the list, if any, or the start of the list
+                # otherwise, and
+                # - has the same tag name as the token.
+                formattingElement = self.tree.elementInActiveFormattingElements(
+                    token["name"])
+                if (not formattingElement or
+                    (formattingElement in self.tree.openElements and
+                     not self.tree.elementInScope(formattingElement.name))):
+                    # If there is no such node, then abort these steps
+                    # and instead act as described in the "any other
+                    # end tag" entry below.
+                    self.endTagOther(token)
+                    return
+
+                # Otherwise, if there is such a node, but that node is
+                # not in the stack of open elements, then this is a
+                # parse error; remove the element from the list, and
+                # abort these steps.
+                elif formattingElement not in self.tree.openElements:
+                    self.parser.parseError("adoption-agency-1.2", {"name": token["name"]})
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(formattingElement)
+                    return
+
+                # Otherwise, if there is such a node, and that node is
+                # also in the stack of open elements, but the element
+                # is not in scope, then this is a parse error; ignore
+                # the token, and abort these steps.
+                elif not self.tree.elementInScope(formattingElement.name):
+                    self.parser.parseError("adoption-agency-4.4", {"name": token["name"]})
+                    return
+
+                # Otherwise, there is a formatting element and that
+                # element is in the stack and is in scope. If the
+                # element is not the current node, this is a parse
+                # error. In any case, proceed with the algorithm as
+                # written in the following steps.
+                else:
+                    if formattingElement != self.tree.openElements[-1]:
+                        self.parser.parseError("adoption-agency-1.3", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+                # Step 5:
+
+                # Let the furthest block be the topmost node in the
+                # stack of open elements that is lower in the stack
+                # than the formatting element, and is an element in
+                # the special category. There might not be one.
+                afeIndex = self.tree.openElements.index(formattingElement)
+                furthestBlock = None
+                for element in self.tree.openElements[afeIndex:]:
+                    if element.nameTuple in specialElements:
+                        furthestBlock = element
+                        break
+
+                # Step 6:
+
+                # If there is no furthest block, then the UA must
+                # first pop all the nodes from the bottom of the stack
+                # of open elements, from the current node up to and
+                # including the formatting element, then remove the
+                # formatting element from the list of active
+                # formatting elements, and finally abort these steps.
+                if furthestBlock is None:
+                    element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    while element != formattingElement:
+                        element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(element)
+                    return
+
+                # Step 7
+                commonAncestor = self.tree.openElements[afeIndex - 1]
+
+                # Step 8:
+                # The bookmark is supposed to help us identify where to reinsert
+                # nodes in step 15. We have to ensure that we reinsert nodes after
+                # the node before the active formatting element. Note the bookmark
+                # can move in step 9.7
+                bookmark = self.tree.activeFormattingElements.index(formattingElement)
+
+                # Step 9
+                lastNode = node = furthestBlock
+                innerLoopCounter = 0
+
+                index = self.tree.openElements.index(node)
+                while innerLoopCounter < 3:
+                    innerLoopCounter += 1
+                    # Node is element before node in open elements
+                    index -= 1
+                    node = self.tree.openElements[index]
+                    if node not in self.tree.activeFormattingElements:
+                        self.tree.openElements.remove(node)
+                        continue
+                    # Step 9.6
+                    if node == formattingElement:
+                        break
+                    # Step 9.7
+                    if lastNode == furthestBlock:
+                        bookmark = self.tree.activeFormattingElements.index(node) + 1
+                    # Step 9.8
+                    clone = node.cloneNode()
+                    # Replace node with clone
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements[
+                        self.tree.activeFormattingElements.index(node)] = clone
+                    self.tree.openElements[
+                        self.tree.openElements.index(node)] = clone
+                    node = clone
+                    # Step 9.9
+                    # Remove lastNode from its parents, if any
+                    if lastNode.parent:
+                        lastNode.parent.removeChild(lastNode)
+                    node.appendChild(lastNode)
+                    # Step 9.10
+                    lastNode = node
+
+                # Step 10
+                # Foster parent lastNode if commonAncestor is a
+                # table, tbody, tfoot, thead, or tr we need to foster
+                # parent the lastNode
+                if lastNode.parent:
+                    lastNode.parent.removeChild(lastNode)
+
+                if commonAncestor.name in frozenset(("table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr")):
+                    parent, insertBefore = self.tree.getTableMisnestedNodePosition()
+                    parent.insertBefore(lastNode, insertBefore)
+                else:
+                    commonAncestor.appendChild(lastNode)
+
+                # Step 11
+                clone = formattingElement.cloneNode()
+
+                # Step 12
+                furthestBlock.reparentChildren(clone)
+
+                # Step 13
+                furthestBlock.appendChild(clone)
+
+                # Step 14
+                self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(formattingElement)
+                self.tree.activeFormattingElements.insert(bookmark, clone)
+
+                # Step 15
+                self.tree.openElements.remove(formattingElement)
+                self.tree.openElements.insert(
+                    self.tree.openElements.index(furthestBlock) + 1, clone)
+
+        def endTagAppletMarqueeObject(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"]):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"]):
+                element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while element.name != token["name"]:
+                    element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.clearActiveFormattingElements()
+
+        def endTagBr(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-treated-as",
+                                   {"originalName": "br", "newName": "br element"})
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(impliedTagToken("br", "StartTag"))
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+                if node.name == token["name"]:
+                    self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags(exclude=token["name"])
+                    if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                        self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+                    while self.tree.openElements.pop() != node:
+                        pass
+                    break
+                else:
+                    if node.nameTuple in specialElements:
+                        self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+                        break
+
+    class TextPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("script", self.endTagScript)])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-named-closing-tag-but-got-eof",
+                                   {"name": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.originalPhase
+            return True
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            assert False, "Tried to process start tag %s in RCDATA/RAWTEXT mode" % token['name']
+
+        def endTagScript(self, token):
+            node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            assert node.name == "script"
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.originalPhase
+            # The rest of this method is all stuff that only happens if
+            # document.write works
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.originalPhase
+
+    class InTablePhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-table
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("caption", self.startTagCaption),
+                ("colgroup", self.startTagColgroup),
+                ("col", self.startTagCol),
+                (("tbody", "tfoot", "thead"), self.startTagRowGroup),
+                (("td", "th", "tr"), self.startTagImplyTbody),
+                ("table", self.startTagTable),
+                (("style", "script"), self.startTagStyleScript),
+                ("input", self.startTagInput),
+                ("form", self.startTagForm)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html", "tbody", "td",
+                  "tfoot", "th", "thead", "tr"), self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper methods
+        def clearStackToTableContext(self):
+            # "clear the stack back to a table context"
+            while self.tree.openElements[-1].name not in ("table", "html"):
+                # self.parser.parseError("unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table",
+                #  {"name":  self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            # When the current node is <html> it's an innerHTML case
+
+        # processing methods
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("eof-in-table")
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+            # Stop parsing
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            originalPhase = self.parser.phase
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableText"]
+            self.parser.phase.originalPhase = originalPhase
+            self.parser.phase.processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            originalPhase = self.parser.phase
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableText"]
+            self.parser.phase.originalPhase = originalPhase
+            self.parser.phase.processCharacters(token)
+
+        def insertText(self, token):
+            # If we get here there must be at least one non-whitespace character
+            # Do the table magic!
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = True
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processCharacters(token)
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = False
+
+        def startTagCaption(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableContext()
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(Marker)
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inCaption"]
+
+        def startTagColgroup(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inColumnGroup"]
+
+        def startTagCol(self, token):
+            self.startTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagRowGroup(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableBody"]
+
+        def startTagImplyTbody(self, token):
+            self.startTagRowGroup(impliedTagToken("tbody", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                   {"startName": "table", "endName": "table"})
+            self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("table"))
+            if not self.parser.innerHTML:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagStyleScript(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagInput(self, token):
+            if ("type" in token["data"] and
+                    token["data"]["type"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower) == "hidden"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-hidden-input-in-table")
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                # XXX associate with form
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            else:
+                self.startTagOther(token)
+
+        def startTagForm(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-form-in-table")
+            if self.tree.formPointer is None:
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.tree.formPointer = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-table-voodoo", {"name": token["name"]})
+            # Do the table magic!
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = True
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = False
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("table", variant="table"):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "table":
+                    self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early-named",
+                                           {"gotName": "table",
+                                            "expectedName": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                while self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "table":
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.resetInsertionMode()
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-implies-table-voodoo", {"name": token["name"]})
+            # Do the table magic!
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = True
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEndTag(token)
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = False
+
+    class InTableTextPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.originalPhase = None
+            self.characterTokens = []
+
+        def flushCharacters(self):
+            data = "".join([item["data"] for item in self.characterTokens])
+            if any([item not in spaceCharacters for item in data]):
+                token = {"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data}
+                self.parser.phases["inTable"].insertText(token)
+            elif data:
+                self.tree.insertText(data)
+            self.characterTokens = []
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return token
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                return
+            self.characterTokens.append(token)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            # pretty sure we should never reach here
+            self.characterTokens.append(token)
+    #        assert False
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return token
+
+    class InCaptionPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-caption
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th",
+                  "thead", "tr"), self.startTagTableElement)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("caption", self.endTagCaption),
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("body", "col", "colgroup", "html", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th",
+                  "thead", "tr"), self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def ignoreEndTagCaption(self):
+            return not self.tree.elementInScope("caption", variant="table")
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEOF()
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTableElement(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError()
+            # XXX Have to duplicate logic here to find out if the tag is ignored
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagCaption()
+            self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("caption"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagCaption(self, token):
+            if not self.ignoreEndTagCaption():
+                # AT this code is quite similar to endTagTable in "InTable"
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "caption":
+                    self.parser.parseError("expected-one-end-tag-but-got-another",
+                                           {"gotName": "caption",
+                                            "expectedName": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                while self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "caption":
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.clearActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError()
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagCaption()
+            self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("caption"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InColumnGroupPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-column
+
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("col", self.startTagCol)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("colgroup", self.endTagColgroup),
+                ("col", self.endTagCol)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def ignoreEndTagColgroup(self):
+            return self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html"
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html":
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                return
+            else:
+                ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+                self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+                if not ignoreEndTag:
+                    return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+            self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagCol(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+            self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def endTagColgroup(self, token):
+            if self.ignoreEndTagColgroup():
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+            else:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+
+        def endTagCol(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("no-end-tag", {"name": "col"})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+            self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+    class InTableBodyPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-table0
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("tr", self.startTagTr),
+                (("td", "th"), self.startTagTableCell),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead"),
+                 self.startTagTableOther)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("tbody", "tfoot", "thead"), self.endTagTableRowGroup),
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html", "td", "th",
+                  "tr"), self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper methods
+        def clearStackToTableBodyContext(self):
+            while self.tree.openElements[-1].name not in ("tbody", "tfoot",
+                                                          "thead", "html"):
+                # self.parser.parseError("unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table",
+                #  {"name": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html":
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        # the rest
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEOF()
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTr(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inRow"]
+
+        def startTagTableCell(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-cell-in-table-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.startTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagTableOther(self, token):
+            # XXX AT Any ideas on how to share this with endTagTable?
+            if (self.tree.elementInScope("tbody", variant="table") or
+                self.tree.elementInScope("thead", variant="table") or
+                    self.tree.elementInScope("tfoot", variant="table")):
+                self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+                self.endTagTableRowGroup(
+                    impliedTagToken(self.tree.openElements[-1].name))
+                return token
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTableRowGroup(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-table-body",
+                                       {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            if (self.tree.elementInScope("tbody", variant="table") or
+                self.tree.elementInScope("thead", variant="table") or
+                    self.tree.elementInScope("tfoot", variant="table")):
+                self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+                self.endTagTableRowGroup(
+                    impliedTagToken(self.tree.openElements[-1].name))
+                return token
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-table-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InRowPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-row
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("td", "th"), self.startTagTableCell),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead",
+                  "tr"), self.startTagTableOther)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("tr", self.endTagTr),
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("tbody", "tfoot", "thead"), self.endTagTableRowGroup),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html", "td", "th"),
+                 self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper methods (XXX unify this with other table helper methods)
+        def clearStackToTableRowContext(self):
+            while self.tree.openElements[-1].name not in ("tr", "html"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table-row",
+                                       {"name": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def ignoreEndTagTr(self):
+            return not self.tree.elementInScope("tr", variant="table")
+
+        # the rest
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEOF()
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTableCell(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableRowContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inCell"]
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(Marker)
+
+        def startTagTableOther(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagTr()
+            self.endTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr"))
+            # XXX how are we sure it's always ignored in the innerHTML case?
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTr(self, token):
+            if not self.ignoreEndTagTr():
+                self.clearStackToTableRowContext()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableBody"]
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagTr()
+            self.endTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr"))
+            # Reprocess the current tag if the tr end tag was not ignored
+            # XXX how are we sure it's always ignored in the innerHTML case?
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def endTagTableRowGroup(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.endTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr"))
+                return token
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-table-row",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InCellPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-cell
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th",
+                  "thead", "tr"), self.startTagTableOther)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("td", "th"), self.endTagTableCell),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html"), self.endTagIgnore),
+                (("table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr"), self.endTagImply)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper
+        def closeCell(self):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("td", variant="table"):
+                self.endTagTableCell(impliedTagToken("td"))
+            elif self.tree.elementInScope("th", variant="table"):
+                self.endTagTableCell(impliedTagToken("th"))
+
+        # the rest
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEOF()
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTableOther(self, token):
+            if (self.tree.elementInScope("td", variant="table") or
+                    self.tree.elementInScope("th", variant="table")):
+                self.closeCell()
+                return token
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTableCell(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags(token["name"])
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                    self.parser.parseError("unexpected-cell-end-tag",
+                                           {"name": token["name"]})
+                    while True:
+                        node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                        if node.name == token["name"]:
+                            break
+                else:
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.clearActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inRow"]
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagImply(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.closeCell()
+                return token
+            else:
+                # sometimes innerHTML case
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InSelectPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("option", self.startTagOption),
+                ("optgroup", self.startTagOptgroup),
+                ("select", self.startTagSelect),
+                (("input", "keygen", "textarea"), self.startTagInput),
+                ("script", self.startTagScript)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("option", self.endTagOption),
+                ("optgroup", self.endTagOptgroup),
+                ("select", self.endTagSelect)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-select
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("eof-in-select")
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                return
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def startTagOption(self, token):
+            # We need to imply </option> if <option> is the current node.
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagOptgroup(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "optgroup":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagSelect(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-select-in-select")
+            self.endTagSelect(impliedTagToken("select"))
+
+        def startTagInput(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-input-in-select")
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("select", variant="select"):
+                self.endTagSelect(impliedTagToken("select"))
+                return token
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        def startTagScript(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-in-select",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOption(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-select",
+                                       {"name": "option"})
+
+        def endTagOptgroup(self, token):
+            # </optgroup> implicitly closes <option>
+            if (self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option" and
+                    self.tree.openElements[-2].name == "optgroup"):
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            # It also closes </optgroup>
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "optgroup":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            # But nothing else
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-select",
+                                       {"name": "optgroup"})
+
+        def endTagSelect(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("select", variant="select"):
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != "select":
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.resetInsertionMode()
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-select",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class InSelectInTablePhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("caption", "table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr", "td", "th"),
+                 self.startTagTable)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("caption", "table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr", "td", "th"),
+                 self.endTagTable)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processEOF()
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-table-element-start-tag-in-select-in-table", {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.endTagOther(impliedTagToken("select"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-table-element-end-tag-in-select-in-table", {"name": token["name"]})
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.endTagOther(impliedTagToken("select"))
+                return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InForeignContentPhase(Phase):
+        breakoutElements = frozenset(["b", "big", "blockquote", "body", "br",
+                                      "center", "code", "dd", "div", "dl", "dt",
+                                      "em", "embed", "h1", "h2", "h3",
+                                      "h4", "h5", "h6", "head", "hr", "i", "img",
+                                      "li", "listing", "menu", "meta", "nobr",
+                                      "ol", "p", "pre", "ruby", "s", "small",
+                                      "span", "strong", "strike", "sub", "sup",
+                                      "table", "tt", "u", "ul", "var"])
+
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+        def adjustSVGTagNames(self, token):
+            replacements = {"altglyph": "altGlyph",
+                            "altglyphdef": "altGlyphDef",
+                            "altglyphitem": "altGlyphItem",
+                            "animatecolor": "animateColor",
+                            "animatemotion": "animateMotion",
+                            "animatetransform": "animateTransform",
+                            "clippath": "clipPath",
+                            "feblend": "feBlend",
+                            "fecolormatrix": "feColorMatrix",
+                            "fecomponenttransfer": "feComponentTransfer",
+                            "fecomposite": "feComposite",
+                            "feconvolvematrix": "feConvolveMatrix",
+                            "fediffuselighting": "feDiffuseLighting",
+                            "fedisplacementmap": "feDisplacementMap",
+                            "fedistantlight": "feDistantLight",
+                            "feflood": "feFlood",
+                            "fefunca": "feFuncA",
+                            "fefuncb": "feFuncB",
+                            "fefuncg": "feFuncG",
+                            "fefuncr": "feFuncR",
+                            "fegaussianblur": "feGaussianBlur",
+                            "feimage": "feImage",
+                            "femerge": "feMerge",
+                            "femergenode": "feMergeNode",
+                            "femorphology": "feMorphology",
+                            "feoffset": "feOffset",
+                            "fepointlight": "fePointLight",
+                            "fespecularlighting": "feSpecularLighting",
+                            "fespotlight": "feSpotLight",
+                            "fetile": "feTile",
+                            "feturbulence": "feTurbulence",
+                            "foreignobject": "foreignObject",
+                            "glyphref": "glyphRef",
+                            "lineargradient": "linearGradient",
+                            "radialgradient": "radialGradient",
+                            "textpath": "textPath"}
+
+            if token["name"] in replacements:
+                token["name"] = replacements[token["name"]]
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                token["data"] = "\uFFFD"
+            elif (self.parser.framesetOK and
+                  any(char not in spaceCharacters for char in token["data"])):
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            Phase.processCharacters(self, token)
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            currentNode = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+            if (token["name"] in self.breakoutElements or
+                (token["name"] == "font" and
+                 set(token["data"].keys()) & set(["color", "face", "size"]))):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-html-element-in-foreign-content",
+                                       {"name": token["name"]})
+                while (self.tree.openElements[-1].namespace !=
+                       self.tree.defaultNamespace and
+                       not self.parser.isHTMLIntegrationPoint(self.tree.openElements[-1]) and
+                       not self.parser.isMathMLTextIntegrationPoint(self.tree.openElements[-1])):
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                return token
+
+            else:
+                if currentNode.namespace == namespaces["mathml"]:
+                    self.parser.adjustMathMLAttributes(token)
+                elif currentNode.namespace == namespaces["svg"]:
+                    self.adjustSVGTagNames(token)
+                    self.parser.adjustSVGAttributes(token)
+                self.parser.adjustForeignAttributes(token)
+                token["namespace"] = currentNode.namespace
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                if token["selfClosing"]:
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            nodeIndex = len(self.tree.openElements) - 1
+            node = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+            if node.name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+            while True:
+                if node.name.translate(asciiUpper2Lower) == token["name"]:
+                    # XXX this isn't in the spec but it seems necessary
+                    if self.parser.phase == self.parser.phases["inTableText"]:
+                        self.parser.phase.flushCharacters()
+                        self.parser.phase = self.parser.phase.originalPhase
+                    while self.tree.openElements.pop() != node:
+                        assert self.tree.openElements
+                    new_token = None
+                    break
+                nodeIndex -= 1
+
+                node = self.tree.openElements[nodeIndex]
+                if node.namespace != self.tree.defaultNamespace:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    new_token = self.parser.phase.processEndTag(token)
+                    break
+            return new_token
+
+    class AfterBodyPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([("html", self.endTagHtml)])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            # Stop parsing
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            # This is needed because data is to be appended to the <html> element
+            # here and not to whatever is currently open.
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.openElements[0])
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-char-after-body")
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-after-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def endTagHtml(self, name):
+            if self.parser.innerHTML:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-after-body-innerhtml")
+            else:
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterAfterBody"]
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-after-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+    class InFramesetPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-frameset
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("frameset", self.startTagFrameset),
+                ("frame", self.startTagFrame),
+                ("noframes", self.startTagNoframes)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("frameset", self.endTagFrameset)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("eof-in-frameset")
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-char-in-frameset")
+
+        def startTagFrameset(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagFrame(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def startTagNoframes(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-in-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagFrameset(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html":
+                # innerHTML case
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-frameset-in-frameset-innerhtml")
+            else:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            if (not self.parser.innerHTML and
+                    self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "frameset"):
+                # If we're not in innerHTML mode and the the current node is not a
+                # "frameset" element (anymore) then switch.
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterFrameset"]
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class AfterFramesetPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#after3
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("noframes", self.startTagNoframes)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.endTagHtml)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            # Stop parsing
+            pass
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-char-after-frameset")
+
+        def startTagNoframes(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-after-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagHtml(self, token):
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterAfterFrameset"]
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-after-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class AfterAfterBodyPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-char")
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-start-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-end-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+    class AfterAfterFramesetPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("noframes", self.startTagNoFrames)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-char")
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagNoFrames(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-start-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-end-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    return {
+        "initial": InitialPhase,
+        "beforeHtml": BeforeHtmlPhase,
+        "beforeHead": BeforeHeadPhase,
+        "inHead": InHeadPhase,
+        # XXX "inHeadNoscript": InHeadNoScriptPhase,
+        "afterHead": AfterHeadPhase,
+        "inBody": InBodyPhase,
+        "text": TextPhase,
+        "inTable": InTablePhase,
+        "inTableText": InTableTextPhase,
+        "inCaption": InCaptionPhase,
+        "inColumnGroup": InColumnGroupPhase,
+        "inTableBody": InTableBodyPhase,
+        "inRow": InRowPhase,
+        "inCell": InCellPhase,
+        "inSelect": InSelectPhase,
+        "inSelectInTable": InSelectInTablePhase,
+        "inForeignContent": InForeignContentPhase,
+        "afterBody": AfterBodyPhase,
+        "inFrameset": InFramesetPhase,
+        "afterFrameset": AfterFramesetPhase,
+        "afterAfterBody": AfterAfterBodyPhase,
+        "afterAfterFrameset": AfterAfterFramesetPhase,
+        # XXX after after frameset
+    }
+
+
+def impliedTagToken(name, type="EndTag", attributes=None,
+                    selfClosing=False):
+    if attributes is None:
+        attributes = {}
+    return {"type": tokenTypes[type], "name": name, "data": attributes,
+            "selfClosing": selfClosing}
+
+
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    """Error in parsed document"""
+    pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fc7930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+import warnings
+
+from .constants import DataLossWarning
+
+baseChar = """
+[#x0041-#x005A] | [#x0061-#x007A] | [#x00C0-#x00D6] | [#x00D8-#x00F6] |
+[#x00F8-#x00FF] | [#x0100-#x0131] | [#x0134-#x013E] | [#x0141-#x0148] |
+[#x014A-#x017E] | [#x0180-#x01C3] | [#x01CD-#x01F0] | [#x01F4-#x01F5] |
+[#x01FA-#x0217] | [#x0250-#x02A8] | [#x02BB-#x02C1] | #x0386 |
+[#x0388-#x038A] | #x038C | [#x038E-#x03A1] | [#x03A3-#x03CE] |
+[#x03D0-#x03D6] | #x03DA | #x03DC | #x03DE | #x03E0 | [#x03E2-#x03F3] |
+[#x0401-#x040C] | [#x040E-#x044F] | [#x0451-#x045C] | [#x045E-#x0481] |
+[#x0490-#x04C4] | [#x04C7-#x04C8] | [#x04CB-#x04CC] | [#x04D0-#x04EB] |
+[#x04EE-#x04F5] | [#x04F8-#x04F9] | [#x0531-#x0556] | #x0559 |
+[#x0561-#x0586] | [#x05D0-#x05EA] | [#x05F0-#x05F2] | [#x0621-#x063A] |
+[#x0641-#x064A] | [#x0671-#x06B7] | [#x06BA-#x06BE] | [#x06C0-#x06CE] |
+[#x06D0-#x06D3] | #x06D5 | [#x06E5-#x06E6] | [#x0905-#x0939] | #x093D |
+[#x0958-#x0961] | [#x0985-#x098C] | [#x098F-#x0990] | [#x0993-#x09A8] |
+[#x09AA-#x09B0] | #x09B2 | [#x09B6-#x09B9] | [#x09DC-#x09DD] |
+[#x09DF-#x09E1] | [#x09F0-#x09F1] | [#x0A05-#x0A0A] | [#x0A0F-#x0A10] |
+[#x0A13-#x0A28] | [#x0A2A-#x0A30] | [#x0A32-#x0A33] | [#x0A35-#x0A36] |
+[#x0A38-#x0A39] | [#x0A59-#x0A5C] | #x0A5E | [#x0A72-#x0A74] |
+[#x0A85-#x0A8B] | #x0A8D | [#x0A8F-#x0A91] | [#x0A93-#x0AA8] |
+[#x0AAA-#x0AB0] | [#x0AB2-#x0AB3] | [#x0AB5-#x0AB9] | #x0ABD | #x0AE0 |
+[#x0B05-#x0B0C] | [#x0B0F-#x0B10] | [#x0B13-#x0B28] | [#x0B2A-#x0B30] |
+[#x0B32-#x0B33] | [#x0B36-#x0B39] | #x0B3D | [#x0B5C-#x0B5D] |
+[#x0B5F-#x0B61] | [#x0B85-#x0B8A] | [#x0B8E-#x0B90] | [#x0B92-#x0B95] |
+[#x0B99-#x0B9A] | #x0B9C | [#x0B9E-#x0B9F] | [#x0BA3-#x0BA4] |
+[#x0BA8-#x0BAA] | [#x0BAE-#x0BB5] | [#x0BB7-#x0BB9] | [#x0C05-#x0C0C] |
+[#x0C0E-#x0C10] | [#x0C12-#x0C28] | [#x0C2A-#x0C33] | [#x0C35-#x0C39] |
+[#x0C60-#x0C61] | [#x0C85-#x0C8C] | [#x0C8E-#x0C90] | [#x0C92-#x0CA8] |
+[#x0CAA-#x0CB3] | [#x0CB5-#x0CB9] | #x0CDE | [#x0CE0-#x0CE1] |
+[#x0D05-#x0D0C] | [#x0D0E-#x0D10] | [#x0D12-#x0D28] | [#x0D2A-#x0D39] |
+[#x0D60-#x0D61] | [#x0E01-#x0E2E] | #x0E30 | [#x0E32-#x0E33] |
+[#x0E40-#x0E45] | [#x0E81-#x0E82] | #x0E84 | [#x0E87-#x0E88] | #x0E8A |
+#x0E8D | [#x0E94-#x0E97] | [#x0E99-#x0E9F] | [#x0EA1-#x0EA3] | #x0EA5 |
+#x0EA7 | [#x0EAA-#x0EAB] | [#x0EAD-#x0EAE] | #x0EB0 | [#x0EB2-#x0EB3] |
+#x0EBD | [#x0EC0-#x0EC4] | [#x0F40-#x0F47] | [#x0F49-#x0F69] |
+[#x10A0-#x10C5] | [#x10D0-#x10F6] | #x1100 | [#x1102-#x1103] |
+[#x1105-#x1107] | #x1109 | [#x110B-#x110C] | [#x110E-#x1112] | #x113C |
+#x113E | #x1140 | #x114C | #x114E | #x1150 | [#x1154-#x1155] | #x1159 |
+[#x115F-#x1161] | #x1163 | #x1165 | #x1167 | #x1169 | [#x116D-#x116E] |
+[#x1172-#x1173] | #x1175 | #x119E | #x11A8 | #x11AB | [#x11AE-#x11AF] |
+[#x11B7-#x11B8] | #x11BA | [#x11BC-#x11C2] | #x11EB | #x11F0 | #x11F9 |
+[#x1E00-#x1E9B] | [#x1EA0-#x1EF9] | [#x1F00-#x1F15] | [#x1F18-#x1F1D] |
+[#x1F20-#x1F45] | [#x1F48-#x1F4D] | [#x1F50-#x1F57] | #x1F59 | #x1F5B |
+#x1F5D | [#x1F5F-#x1F7D] | [#x1F80-#x1FB4] | [#x1FB6-#x1FBC] | #x1FBE |
+[#x1FC2-#x1FC4] | [#x1FC6-#x1FCC] | [#x1FD0-#x1FD3] | [#x1FD6-#x1FDB] |
+[#x1FE0-#x1FEC] | [#x1FF2-#x1FF4] | [#x1FF6-#x1FFC] | #x2126 |
+[#x212A-#x212B] | #x212E | [#x2180-#x2182] | [#x3041-#x3094] |
+[#x30A1-#x30FA] | [#x3105-#x312C] | [#xAC00-#xD7A3]"""
+
+ideographic = """[#x4E00-#x9FA5] | #x3007 | [#x3021-#x3029]"""
+
+combiningCharacter = """
+[#x0300-#x0345] | [#x0360-#x0361] | [#x0483-#x0486] | [#x0591-#x05A1] |
+[#x05A3-#x05B9] | [#x05BB-#x05BD] | #x05BF | [#x05C1-#x05C2] | #x05C4 |
+[#x064B-#x0652] | #x0670 | [#x06D6-#x06DC] | [#x06DD-#x06DF] |
+[#x06E0-#x06E4] | [#x06E7-#x06E8] | [#x06EA-#x06ED] | [#x0901-#x0903] |
+#x093C | [#x093E-#x094C] | #x094D | [#x0951-#x0954] | [#x0962-#x0963] |
+[#x0981-#x0983] | #x09BC | #x09BE | #x09BF | [#x09C0-#x09C4] |
+[#x09C7-#x09C8] | [#x09CB-#x09CD] | #x09D7 | [#x09E2-#x09E3] | #x0A02 |
+#x0A3C | #x0A3E | #x0A3F | [#x0A40-#x0A42] | [#x0A47-#x0A48] |
+[#x0A4B-#x0A4D] | [#x0A70-#x0A71] | [#x0A81-#x0A83] | #x0ABC |
+[#x0ABE-#x0AC5] | [#x0AC7-#x0AC9] | [#x0ACB-#x0ACD] | [#x0B01-#x0B03] |
+#x0B3C | [#x0B3E-#x0B43] | [#x0B47-#x0B48] | [#x0B4B-#x0B4D] |
+[#x0B56-#x0B57] | [#x0B82-#x0B83] | [#x0BBE-#x0BC2] | [#x0BC6-#x0BC8] |
+[#x0BCA-#x0BCD] | #x0BD7 | [#x0C01-#x0C03] | [#x0C3E-#x0C44] |
+[#x0C46-#x0C48] | [#x0C4A-#x0C4D] | [#x0C55-#x0C56] | [#x0C82-#x0C83] |
+[#x0CBE-#x0CC4] | [#x0CC6-#x0CC8] | [#x0CCA-#x0CCD] | [#x0CD5-#x0CD6] |
+[#x0D02-#x0D03] | [#x0D3E-#x0D43] | [#x0D46-#x0D48] | [#x0D4A-#x0D4D] |
+#x0D57 | #x0E31 | [#x0E34-#x0E3A] | [#x0E47-#x0E4E] | #x0EB1 |
+[#x0EB4-#x0EB9] | [#x0EBB-#x0EBC] | [#x0EC8-#x0ECD] | [#x0F18-#x0F19] |
+#x0F35 | #x0F37 | #x0F39 | #x0F3E | #x0F3F | [#x0F71-#x0F84] |
+[#x0F86-#x0F8B] | [#x0F90-#x0F95] | #x0F97 | [#x0F99-#x0FAD] |
+[#x0FB1-#x0FB7] | #x0FB9 | [#x20D0-#x20DC] | #x20E1 | [#x302A-#x302F] |
+#x3099 | #x309A"""
+
+digit = """
+[#x0030-#x0039] | [#x0660-#x0669] | [#x06F0-#x06F9] | [#x0966-#x096F] |
+[#x09E6-#x09EF] | [#x0A66-#x0A6F] | [#x0AE6-#x0AEF] | [#x0B66-#x0B6F] |
+[#x0BE7-#x0BEF] | [#x0C66-#x0C6F] | [#x0CE6-#x0CEF] | [#x0D66-#x0D6F] |
+[#x0E50-#x0E59] | [#x0ED0-#x0ED9] | [#x0F20-#x0F29]"""
+
+extender = """
+#x00B7 | #x02D0 | #x02D1 | #x0387 | #x0640 | #x0E46 | #x0EC6 | #x3005 |
+#[#x3031-#x3035] | [#x309D-#x309E] | [#x30FC-#x30FE]"""
+
+letter = " | ".join([baseChar, ideographic])
+
+# Without the
+name = " | ".join([letter, digit, ".", "-", "_", combiningCharacter,
+                   extender])
+nameFirst = " | ".join([letter, "_"])
+
+reChar = re.compile(r"#x([\d|A-F]{4,4})")
+reCharRange = re.compile(r"\[#x([\d|A-F]{4,4})-#x([\d|A-F]{4,4})\]")
+
+
+def charStringToList(chars):
+    charRanges = [item.strip() for item in chars.split(" | ")]
+    rv = []
+    for item in charRanges:
+        foundMatch = False
+        for regexp in (reChar, reCharRange):
+            match = regexp.match(item)
+            if match is not None:
+                rv.append([hexToInt(item) for item in match.groups()])
+                if len(rv[-1]) == 1:
+                    rv[-1] = rv[-1] * 2
+                foundMatch = True
+                break
+        if not foundMatch:
+            assert len(item) == 1
+
+            rv.append([ord(item)] * 2)
+    rv = normaliseCharList(rv)
+    return rv
+
+
+def normaliseCharList(charList):
+    charList = sorted(charList)
+    for item in charList:
+        assert item[1] >= item[0]
+    rv = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(charList):
+        j = 1
+        rv.append(charList[i])
+        while i + j < len(charList) and charList[i + j][0] <= rv[-1][1] + 1:
+            rv[-1][1] = charList[i + j][1]
+            j += 1
+        i += j
+    return rv
+
+# We don't really support characters above the BMP :(
+max_unicode = int("FFFF", 16)
+
+
+def missingRanges(charList):
+    rv = []
+    if charList[0] != 0:
+        rv.append([0, charList[0][0] - 1])
+    for i, item in enumerate(charList[:-1]):
+        rv.append([item[1] + 1, charList[i + 1][0] - 1])
+    if charList[-1][1] != max_unicode:
+        rv.append([charList[-1][1] + 1, max_unicode])
+    return rv
+
+
+def listToRegexpStr(charList):
+    rv = []
+    for item in charList:
+        if item[0] == item[1]:
+            rv.append(escapeRegexp(chr(item[0])))
+        else:
+            rv.append(escapeRegexp(chr(item[0])) + "-" +
+                      escapeRegexp(chr(item[1])))
+    return "[%s]" % "".join(rv)
+
+
+def hexToInt(hex_str):
+    return int(hex_str, 16)
+
+
+def escapeRegexp(string):
+    specialCharacters = (".", "^", "$", "*", "+", "?", "{", "}",
+                         "[", "]", "|", "(", ")", "-")
+    for char in specialCharacters:
+        string = string.replace(char, "\\" + char)
+
+    return string
+
+# output from the above
+nonXmlNameBMPRegexp = re.compile('[\x00-,/:-@\\[-\\^`\\{-\xb6\xb8-\xbf\xd7\xf7\u0132-\u0133\u013f-\u0140\u0149\u017f\u01c4-\u01cc\u01f1-\u01f3\u01f6-\u01f9\u0218-\u024f\u02a9-\u02ba\u02c2-\u02cf\u02d2-\u02ff\u0346-\u035f\u0362-\u0385\u038b\u038d\u03a2\u03cf\u03d7-\u03d9\u03db\u03dd\u03df\u03e1\u03f4-\u0400\u040d\u0450\u045d\u0482\u0487-\u048f\u04c5-\u04c6\u04c9-\u04ca\u04cd-\u04cf\u04ec-\u04ed\u04f6-\u04f7\u04fa-\u0530\u0557-\u0558\u055a-\u0560\u0587-\u0590\u05a2\u05ba\u05be\u05c0\u05c3\u05c5-\u05cf\u05eb-\u05ef\u05f3-\u0620\u063b-\u063f\u0653-\u065f\u066a-\u066f\u06b8-\u06b9\u06bf\u06cf\u06d4\u06e9\u06ee-\u06ef\u06fa-\u0900\u0904\u093a-\u093b\u094e-\u0950\u0955-\u0957\u0964-\u0965\u0970-\u0980\u0984\u098d-\u098e\u0991-\u0992\u09a9\u09b1\u09b3-\u09b5\u09ba-\u09bb\u09bd\u09c5-\u09c6\u09c9-\u09ca\u09ce-\u09d6\u09d8-\u09db\u09de\u09e4-\u09e5\u09f2-\u0a01\u0a03-\u0a04\u0a0b-\u0a0e\u0a11-\u0a12\u0a29\u0a31\u0a34\u0a37\u0a3a-\u0a3b\u0a3d\u0a43-\u0a46\u0a49-\u0a4a\u0a4e-\u0a58\u0a5d\u0a5f-\u0a65\u0a75-\u0a80\u0a84\u0a8c\u0a8e\u0a92\u0aa9\u0ab1\u0ab4\u0aba-\u0abb\u0ac6\u0aca\u0ace-\u0adf\u0ae1-\u0ae5\u0af0-\u0b00\u0b04\u0b0d-\u0b0e\u0b11-\u0b12\u0b29\u0b31\u0b34-\u0b35\u0b3a-\u0b3b\u0b44-\u0b46\u0b49-\u0b4a\u0b4e-\u0b55\u0b58-\u0b5b\u0b5e\u0b62-\u0b65\u0b70-\u0b81\u0b84\u0b8b-\u0b8d\u0b91\u0b96-\u0b98\u0b9b\u0b9d\u0ba0-\u0ba2\u0ba5-\u0ba7\u0bab-\u0bad\u0bb6\u0bba-\u0bbd\u0bc3-\u0bc5\u0bc9\u0bce-\u0bd6\u0bd8-\u0be6\u0bf0-\u0c00\u0c04\u0c0d\u0c11\u0c29\u0c34\u0c3a-\u0c3d\u0c45\u0c49\u0c4e-\u0c54\u0c57-\u0c5f\u0c62-\u0c65\u0c70-\u0c81\u0c84\u0c8d\u0c91\u0ca9\u0cb4\u0cba-\u0cbd\u0cc5\u0cc9\u0cce-\u0cd4\u0cd7-\u0cdd\u0cdf\u0ce2-\u0ce5\u0cf0-\u0d01\u0d04\u0d0d\u0d11\u0d29\u0d3a-\u0d3d\u0d44-\u0d45\u0d49\u0d4e-\u0d56\u0d58-\u0d5f\u0d62-\u0d65\u0d70-\u0e00\u0e2f\u0e3b-\u0e3f\u0e4f\u0e5a-\u0e80\u0e83\u0e85-\u0e86\u0e89\u0e8b-\u0e8c\u0e8e-\u0e93\u0e98\u0ea0\u0ea4\u0ea6\u0ea8-\u0ea9\u0eac\u0eaf\u0eba\u0ebe-\u0ebf\u0ec5\u0ec7\u0ece-\u0ecf\u0eda-\u0f17\u0f1a-\u0f1f\u0f2a-\u0f34\u0f36\u0f38\u0f3a-\u0f3d\u0f48\u0f6a-\u0f70\u0f85\u0f8c-\u0f8f\u0f96\u0f98\u0fae-\u0fb0\u0fb8\u0fba-\u109f\u10c6-\u10cf\u10f7-\u10ff\u1101\u1104\u1108\u110a\u110d\u1113-\u113b\u113d\u113f\u1141-\u114b\u114d\u114f\u1151-\u1153\u1156-\u1158\u115a-\u115e\u1162\u1164\u1166\u1168\u116a-\u116c\u116f-\u1171\u1174\u1176-\u119d\u119f-\u11a7\u11a9-\u11aa\u11ac-\u11ad\u11b0-\u11b6\u11b9\u11bb\u11c3-\u11ea\u11ec-\u11ef\u11f1-\u11f8\u11fa-\u1dff\u1e9c-\u1e9f\u1efa-\u1eff\u1f16-\u1f17\u1f1e-\u1f1f\u1f46-\u1f47\u1f4e-\u1f4f\u1f58\u1f5a\u1f5c\u1f5e\u1f7e-\u1f7f\u1fb5\u1fbd\u1fbf-\u1fc1\u1fc5\u1fcd-\u1fcf\u1fd4-\u1fd5\u1fdc-\u1fdf\u1fed-\u1ff1\u1ff5\u1ffd-\u20cf\u20dd-\u20e0\u20e2-\u2125\u2127-\u2129\u212c-\u212d\u212f-\u217f\u2183-\u3004\u3006\u3008-\u3020\u3030\u3036-\u3040\u3095-\u3098\u309b-\u309c\u309f-\u30a0\u30fb\u30ff-\u3104\u312d-\u4dff\u9fa6-\uabff\ud7a4-\uffff]')
+
+nonXmlNameFirstBMPRegexp = re.compile('[\x00-@\\[-\\^`\\{-\xbf\xd7\xf7\u0132-\u0133\u013f-\u0140\u0149\u017f\u01c4-\u01cc\u01f1-\u01f3\u01f6-\u01f9\u0218-\u024f\u02a9-\u02ba\u02c2-\u0385\u0387\u038b\u038d\u03a2\u03cf\u03d7-\u03d9\u03db\u03dd\u03df\u03e1\u03f4-\u0400\u040d\u0450\u045d\u0482-\u048f\u04c5-\u04c6\u04c9-\u04ca\u04cd-\u04cf\u04ec-\u04ed\u04f6-\u04f7\u04fa-\u0530\u0557-\u0558\u055a-\u0560\u0587-\u05cf\u05eb-\u05ef\u05f3-\u0620\u063b-\u0640\u064b-\u0670\u06b8-\u06b9\u06bf\u06cf\u06d4\u06d6-\u06e4\u06e7-\u0904\u093a-\u093c\u093e-\u0957\u0962-\u0984\u098d-\u098e\u0991-\u0992\u09a9\u09b1\u09b3-\u09b5\u09ba-\u09db\u09de\u09e2-\u09ef\u09f2-\u0a04\u0a0b-\u0a0e\u0a11-\u0a12\u0a29\u0a31\u0a34\u0a37\u0a3a-\u0a58\u0a5d\u0a5f-\u0a71\u0a75-\u0a84\u0a8c\u0a8e\u0a92\u0aa9\u0ab1\u0ab4\u0aba-\u0abc\u0abe-\u0adf\u0ae1-\u0b04\u0b0d-\u0b0e\u0b11-\u0b12\u0b29\u0b31\u0b34-\u0b35\u0b3a-\u0b3c\u0b3e-\u0b5b\u0b5e\u0b62-\u0b84\u0b8b-\u0b8d\u0b91\u0b96-\u0b98\u0b9b\u0b9d\u0ba0-\u0ba2\u0ba5-\u0ba7\u0bab-\u0bad\u0bb6\u0bba-\u0c04\u0c0d\u0c11\u0c29\u0c34\u0c3a-\u0c5f\u0c62-\u0c84\u0c8d\u0c91\u0ca9\u0cb4\u0cba-\u0cdd\u0cdf\u0ce2-\u0d04\u0d0d\u0d11\u0d29\u0d3a-\u0d5f\u0d62-\u0e00\u0e2f\u0e31\u0e34-\u0e3f\u0e46-\u0e80\u0e83\u0e85-\u0e86\u0e89\u0e8b-\u0e8c\u0e8e-\u0e93\u0e98\u0ea0\u0ea4\u0ea6\u0ea8-\u0ea9\u0eac\u0eaf\u0eb1\u0eb4-\u0ebc\u0ebe-\u0ebf\u0ec5-\u0f3f\u0f48\u0f6a-\u109f\u10c6-\u10cf\u10f7-\u10ff\u1101\u1104\u1108\u110a\u110d\u1113-\u113b\u113d\u113f\u1141-\u114b\u114d\u114f\u1151-\u1153\u1156-\u1158\u115a-\u115e\u1162\u1164\u1166\u1168\u116a-\u116c\u116f-\u1171\u1174\u1176-\u119d\u119f-\u11a7\u11a9-\u11aa\u11ac-\u11ad\u11b0-\u11b6\u11b9\u11bb\u11c3-\u11ea\u11ec-\u11ef\u11f1-\u11f8\u11fa-\u1dff\u1e9c-\u1e9f\u1efa-\u1eff\u1f16-\u1f17\u1f1e-\u1f1f\u1f46-\u1f47\u1f4e-\u1f4f\u1f58\u1f5a\u1f5c\u1f5e\u1f7e-\u1f7f\u1fb5\u1fbd\u1fbf-\u1fc1\u1fc5\u1fcd-\u1fcf\u1fd4-\u1fd5\u1fdc-\u1fdf\u1fed-\u1ff1\u1ff5\u1ffd-\u2125\u2127-\u2129\u212c-\u212d\u212f-\u217f\u2183-\u3006\u3008-\u3020\u302a-\u3040\u3095-\u30a0\u30fb-\u3104\u312d-\u4dff\u9fa6-\uabff\ud7a4-\uffff]')
+
+# Simpler things
+nonPubidCharRegexp = re.compile("[^\x20\x0D\x0Aa-zA-Z0-9\-\'()+,./:=?;!*#@$_%]")
+
+
+class InfosetFilter(object):
+    replacementRegexp = re.compile(r"U[\dA-F]{5,5}")
+
+    def __init__(self, replaceChars=None,
+                 dropXmlnsLocalName=False,
+                 dropXmlnsAttrNs=False,
+                 preventDoubleDashComments=False,
+                 preventDashAtCommentEnd=False,
+                 replaceFormFeedCharacters=True,
+                 preventSingleQuotePubid=False):
+
+        self.dropXmlnsLocalName = dropXmlnsLocalName
+        self.dropXmlnsAttrNs = dropXmlnsAttrNs
+
+        self.preventDoubleDashComments = preventDoubleDashComments
+        self.preventDashAtCommentEnd = preventDashAtCommentEnd
+
+        self.replaceFormFeedCharacters = replaceFormFeedCharacters
+
+        self.preventSingleQuotePubid = preventSingleQuotePubid
+
+        self.replaceCache = {}
+
+    def coerceAttribute(self, name, namespace=None):
+        if self.dropXmlnsLocalName and name.startswith("xmlns:"):
+            warnings.warn("Attributes cannot begin with xmlns", DataLossWarning)
+            return None
+        elif (self.dropXmlnsAttrNs and
+              namespace == "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/"):
+            warnings.warn("Attributes cannot be in the xml namespace", DataLossWarning)
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.toXmlName(name)
+
+    def coerceElement(self, name, namespace=None):
+        return self.toXmlName(name)
+
+    def coerceComment(self, data):
+        if self.preventDoubleDashComments:
+            while "--" in data:
+                warnings.warn("Comments cannot contain adjacent dashes", DataLossWarning)
+                data = data.replace("--", "- -")
+        return data
+
+    def coerceCharacters(self, data):
+        if self.replaceFormFeedCharacters:
+            for i in range(data.count("\x0C")):
+                warnings.warn("Text cannot contain U+000C", DataLossWarning)
+            data = data.replace("\x0C", " ")
+        # Other non-xml characters
+        return data
+
+    def coercePubid(self, data):
+        dataOutput = data
+        for char in nonPubidCharRegexp.findall(data):
+            warnings.warn("Coercing non-XML pubid", DataLossWarning)
+            replacement = self.getReplacementCharacter(char)
+            dataOutput = dataOutput.replace(char, replacement)
+        if self.preventSingleQuotePubid and dataOutput.find("'") >= 0:
+            warnings.warn("Pubid cannot contain single quote", DataLossWarning)
+            dataOutput = dataOutput.replace("'", self.getReplacementCharacter("'"))
+        return dataOutput
+
+    def toXmlName(self, name):
+        nameFirst = name[0]
+        nameRest = name[1:]
+        m = nonXmlNameFirstBMPRegexp.match(nameFirst)
+        if m:
+            warnings.warn("Coercing non-XML name", DataLossWarning)
+            nameFirstOutput = self.getReplacementCharacter(nameFirst)
+        else:
+            nameFirstOutput = nameFirst
+
+        nameRestOutput = nameRest
+        replaceChars = set(nonXmlNameBMPRegexp.findall(nameRest))
+        for char in replaceChars:
+            warnings.warn("Coercing non-XML name", DataLossWarning)
+            replacement = self.getReplacementCharacter(char)
+            nameRestOutput = nameRestOutput.replace(char, replacement)
+        return nameFirstOutput + nameRestOutput
+
+    def getReplacementCharacter(self, char):
+        if char in self.replaceCache:
+            replacement = self.replaceCache[char]
+        else:
+            replacement = self.escapeChar(char)
+        return replacement
+
+    def fromXmlName(self, name):
+        for item in set(self.replacementRegexp.findall(name)):
+            name = name.replace(item, self.unescapeChar(item))
+        return name
+
+    def escapeChar(self, char):
+        replacement = "U%05X" % ord(char)
+        self.replaceCache[char] = replacement
+        return replacement
+
+    def unescapeChar(self, charcode):
+        return chr(int(charcode[1:], 16))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac0c5e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import http_client
+
+import codecs
+import re
+
+from .constants import EOF, spaceCharacters, asciiLetters, asciiUppercase
+from .constants import encodings, ReparseException
+from . import utils
+
+from io import StringIO
+
+try:
+    from io import BytesIO
+except ImportError:
+    BytesIO = StringIO
+
+try:
+    from io import BufferedIOBase
+except ImportError:
+    class BufferedIOBase(object):
+        pass
+
+# Non-unicode versions of constants for use in the pre-parser
+spaceCharactersBytes = frozenset([item.encode("ascii") for item in spaceCharacters])
+asciiLettersBytes = frozenset([item.encode("ascii") for item in asciiLetters])
+asciiUppercaseBytes = frozenset([item.encode("ascii") for item in asciiUppercase])
+spacesAngleBrackets = spaceCharactersBytes | frozenset([b">", b"<"])
+
+
+invalid_unicode_no_surrogate = "[\u0001-\u0008\u000B\u000E-\u001F\u007F-\u009F\uFDD0-\uFDEF\uFFFE\uFFFF\U0001FFFE\U0001FFFF\U0002FFFE\U0002FFFF\U0003FFFE\U0003FFFF\U0004FFFE\U0004FFFF\U0005FFFE\U0005FFFF\U0006FFFE\U0006FFFF\U0007FFFE\U0007FFFF\U0008FFFE\U0008FFFF\U0009FFFE\U0009FFFF\U000AFFFE\U000AFFFF\U000BFFFE\U000BFFFF\U000CFFFE\U000CFFFF\U000DFFFE\U000DFFFF\U000EFFFE\U000EFFFF\U000FFFFE\U000FFFFF\U0010FFFE\U0010FFFF]"
+
+if utils.supports_lone_surrogates:
+    # Use one extra step of indirection and create surrogates with
+    # unichr. Not using this indirection would introduce an illegal
+    # unicode literal on platforms not supporting such lone
+    # surrogates.
+    invalid_unicode_re = re.compile(invalid_unicode_no_surrogate +
+                                    eval('"\\uD800-\\uDFFF"'))
+else:
+    invalid_unicode_re = re.compile(invalid_unicode_no_surrogate)
+
+non_bmp_invalid_codepoints = set([0x1FFFE, 0x1FFFF, 0x2FFFE, 0x2FFFF, 0x3FFFE,
+                                  0x3FFFF, 0x4FFFE, 0x4FFFF, 0x5FFFE, 0x5FFFF,
+                                  0x6FFFE, 0x6FFFF, 0x7FFFE, 0x7FFFF, 0x8FFFE,
+                                  0x8FFFF, 0x9FFFE, 0x9FFFF, 0xAFFFE, 0xAFFFF,
+                                  0xBFFFE, 0xBFFFF, 0xCFFFE, 0xCFFFF, 0xDFFFE,
+                                  0xDFFFF, 0xEFFFE, 0xEFFFF, 0xFFFFE, 0xFFFFF,
+                                  0x10FFFE, 0x10FFFF])
+
+ascii_punctuation_re = re.compile("[\u0009-\u000D\u0020-\u002F\u003A-\u0040\u005B-\u0060\u007B-\u007E]")
+
+# Cache for charsUntil()
+charsUntilRegEx = {}
+
+
+class BufferedStream(object):
+    """Buffering for streams that do not have buffering of their own
+
+    The buffer is implemented as a list of chunks on the assumption that
+    joining many strings will be slow since it is O(n**2)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.buffer = []
+        self.position = [-1, 0]  # chunk number, offset
+
+    def tell(self):
+        pos = 0
+        for chunk in self.buffer[:self.position[0]]:
+            pos += len(chunk)
+        pos += self.position[1]
+        return pos
+
+    def seek(self, pos):
+        assert pos <= self._bufferedBytes()
+        offset = pos
+        i = 0
+        while len(self.buffer[i]) < offset:
+            offset -= len(self.buffer[i])
+            i += 1
+        self.position = [i, offset]
+
+    def read(self, bytes):
+        if not self.buffer:
+            return self._readStream(bytes)
+        elif (self.position[0] == len(self.buffer) and
+              self.position[1] == len(self.buffer[-1])):
+            return self._readStream(bytes)
+        else:
+            return self._readFromBuffer(bytes)
+
+    def _bufferedBytes(self):
+        return sum([len(item) for item in self.buffer])
+
+    def _readStream(self, bytes):
+        data = self.stream.read(bytes)
+        self.buffer.append(data)
+        self.position[0] += 1
+        self.position[1] = len(data)
+        return data
+
+    def _readFromBuffer(self, bytes):
+        remainingBytes = bytes
+        rv = []
+        bufferIndex = self.position[0]
+        bufferOffset = self.position[1]
+        while bufferIndex < len(self.buffer) and remainingBytes != 0:
+            assert remainingBytes > 0
+            bufferedData = self.buffer[bufferIndex]
+
+            if remainingBytes <= len(bufferedData) - bufferOffset:
+                bytesToRead = remainingBytes
+                self.position = [bufferIndex, bufferOffset + bytesToRead]
+            else:
+                bytesToRead = len(bufferedData) - bufferOffset
+                self.position = [bufferIndex, len(bufferedData)]
+                bufferIndex += 1
+            rv.append(bufferedData[bufferOffset:bufferOffset + bytesToRead])
+            remainingBytes -= bytesToRead
+
+            bufferOffset = 0
+
+        if remainingBytes:
+            rv.append(self._readStream(remainingBytes))
+
+        return b"".join(rv)
+
+
+def HTMLInputStream(source, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, chardet=True):
+    if isinstance(source, http_client.HTTPResponse):
+        # Work around Python bug #20007: read(0) closes the connection.
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue20007
+        isUnicode = False
+    elif hasattr(source, "read"):
+        isUnicode = isinstance(source.read(0), text_type)
+    else:
+        isUnicode = isinstance(source, text_type)
+
+    if isUnicode:
+        if encoding is not None:
+            raise TypeError("Cannot explicitly set an encoding with a unicode string")
+
+        return HTMLUnicodeInputStream(source)
+    else:
+        return HTMLBinaryInputStream(source, encoding, parseMeta, chardet)
+
+
+class HTMLUnicodeInputStream(object):
+    """Provides a unicode stream of characters to the HTMLTokenizer.
+
+    This class takes care of character encoding and removing or replacing
+    incorrect byte-sequences and also provides column and line tracking.
+
+    """
+
+    _defaultChunkSize = 10240
+
+    def __init__(self, source):
+        """Initialises the HTMLInputStream.
+
+        HTMLInputStream(source, [encoding]) -> Normalized stream from source
+        for use by html5lib.
+
+        source can be either a file-object, local filename or a string.
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+
+        parseMeta - Look for a <meta> element containing encoding information
+
+        """
+
+        if not utils.supports_lone_surrogates:
+            # Such platforms will have already checked for such
+            # surrogate errors, so no need to do this checking.
+            self.reportCharacterErrors = None
+            self.replaceCharactersRegexp = None
+        elif len("\U0010FFFF") == 1:
+            self.reportCharacterErrors = self.characterErrorsUCS4
+            self.replaceCharactersRegexp = re.compile(eval('"[\\uD800-\\uDFFF]"'))
+        else:
+            self.reportCharacterErrors = self.characterErrorsUCS2
+            self.replaceCharactersRegexp = re.compile(
+                eval('"([\\uD800-\\uDBFF](?![\\uDC00-\\uDFFF])|(?<![\\uD800-\\uDBFF])[\\uDC00-\\uDFFF])"'))
+
+        # List of where new lines occur
+        self.newLines = [0]
+
+        self.charEncoding = ("utf-8", "certain")
+        self.dataStream = self.openStream(source)
+
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.chunk = ""
+        self.chunkSize = 0
+        self.chunkOffset = 0
+        self.errors = []
+
+        # number of (complete) lines in previous chunks
+        self.prevNumLines = 0
+        # number of columns in the last line of the previous chunk
+        self.prevNumCols = 0
+
+        # Deal with CR LF and surrogates split over chunk boundaries
+        self._bufferedCharacter = None
+
+    def openStream(self, source):
+        """Produces a file object from source.
+
+        source can be either a file object, local filename or a string.
+
+        """
+        # Already a file object
+        if hasattr(source, 'read'):
+            stream = source
+        else:
+            stream = StringIO(source)
+
+        return stream
+
+    def _position(self, offset):
+        chunk = self.chunk
+        nLines = chunk.count('\n', 0, offset)
+        positionLine = self.prevNumLines + nLines
+        lastLinePos = chunk.rfind('\n', 0, offset)
+        if lastLinePos == -1:
+            positionColumn = self.prevNumCols + offset
+        else:
+            positionColumn = offset - (lastLinePos + 1)
+        return (positionLine, positionColumn)
+
+    def position(self):
+        """Returns (line, col) of the current position in the stream."""
+        line, col = self._position(self.chunkOffset)
+        return (line + 1, col)
+
+    def char(self):
+        """ Read one character from the stream or queue if available. Return
+            EOF when EOF is reached.
+        """
+        # Read a new chunk from the input stream if necessary
+        if self.chunkOffset >= self.chunkSize:
+            if not self.readChunk():
+                return EOF
+
+        chunkOffset = self.chunkOffset
+        char = self.chunk[chunkOffset]
+        self.chunkOffset = chunkOffset + 1
+
+        return char
+
+    def readChunk(self, chunkSize=None):
+        if chunkSize is None:
+            chunkSize = self._defaultChunkSize
+
+        self.prevNumLines, self.prevNumCols = self._position(self.chunkSize)
+
+        self.chunk = ""
+        self.chunkSize = 0
+        self.chunkOffset = 0
+
+        data = self.dataStream.read(chunkSize)
+
+        # Deal with CR LF and surrogates broken across chunks
+        if self._bufferedCharacter:
+            data = self._bufferedCharacter + data
+            self._bufferedCharacter = None
+        elif not data:
+            # We have no more data, bye-bye stream
+            return False
+
+        if len(data) > 1:
+            lastv = ord(data[-1])
+            if lastv == 0x0D or 0xD800 <= lastv <= 0xDBFF:
+                self._bufferedCharacter = data[-1]
+                data = data[:-1]
+
+        if self.reportCharacterErrors:
+            self.reportCharacterErrors(data)
+
+            # Replace invalid characters
+            # Note U+0000 is dealt with in the tokenizer
+            data = self.replaceCharactersRegexp.sub("\ufffd", data)
+
+        data = data.replace("\r\n", "\n")
+        data = data.replace("\r", "\n")
+
+        self.chunk = data
+        self.chunkSize = len(data)
+
+        return True
+
+    def characterErrorsUCS4(self, data):
+        for i in range(len(invalid_unicode_re.findall(data))):
+            self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+
+    def characterErrorsUCS2(self, data):
+        # Someone picked the wrong compile option
+        # You lose
+        skip = False
+        for match in invalid_unicode_re.finditer(data):
+            if skip:
+                continue
+            codepoint = ord(match.group())
+            pos = match.start()
+            # Pretty sure there should be endianness issues here
+            if utils.isSurrogatePair(data[pos:pos + 2]):
+                # We have a surrogate pair!
+                char_val = utils.surrogatePairToCodepoint(data[pos:pos + 2])
+                if char_val in non_bmp_invalid_codepoints:
+                    self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+                skip = True
+            elif (codepoint >= 0xD800 and codepoint <= 0xDFFF and
+                  pos == len(data) - 1):
+                self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+            else:
+                skip = False
+                self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+
+    def charsUntil(self, characters, opposite=False):
+        """ Returns a string of characters from the stream up to but not
+        including any character in 'characters' or EOF. 'characters' must be
+        a container that supports the 'in' method and iteration over its
+        characters.
+        """
+
+        # Use a cache of regexps to find the required characters
+        try:
+            chars = charsUntilRegEx[(characters, opposite)]
+        except KeyError:
+            if __debug__:
+                for c in characters:
+                    assert(ord(c) < 128)
+            regex = "".join(["\\x%02x" % ord(c) for c in characters])
+            if not opposite:
+                regex = "^%s" % regex
+            chars = charsUntilRegEx[(characters, opposite)] = re.compile("[%s]+" % regex)
+
+        rv = []
+
+        while True:
+            # Find the longest matching prefix
+            m = chars.match(self.chunk, self.chunkOffset)
+            if m is None:
+                # If nothing matched, and it wasn't because we ran out of chunk,
+                # then stop
+                if self.chunkOffset != self.chunkSize:
+                    break
+            else:
+                end = m.end()
+                # If not the whole chunk matched, return everything
+                # up to the part that didn't match
+                if end != self.chunkSize:
+                    rv.append(self.chunk[self.chunkOffset:end])
+                    self.chunkOffset = end
+                    break
+            # If the whole remainder of the chunk matched,
+            # use it all and read the next chunk
+            rv.append(self.chunk[self.chunkOffset:])
+            if not self.readChunk():
+                # Reached EOF
+                break
+
+        r = "".join(rv)
+        return r
+
+    def unget(self, char):
+        # Only one character is allowed to be ungotten at once - it must
+        # be consumed again before any further call to unget
+        if char is not None:
+            if self.chunkOffset == 0:
+                # unget is called quite rarely, so it's a good idea to do
+                # more work here if it saves a bit of work in the frequently
+                # called char and charsUntil.
+                # So, just prepend the ungotten character onto the current
+                # chunk:
+                self.chunk = char + self.chunk
+                self.chunkSize += 1
+            else:
+                self.chunkOffset -= 1
+                assert self.chunk[self.chunkOffset] == char
+
+
+class HTMLBinaryInputStream(HTMLUnicodeInputStream):
+    """Provides a unicode stream of characters to the HTMLTokenizer.
+
+    This class takes care of character encoding and removing or replacing
+    incorrect byte-sequences and also provides column and line tracking.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, source, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, chardet=True):
+        """Initialises the HTMLInputStream.
+
+        HTMLInputStream(source, [encoding]) -> Normalized stream from source
+        for use by html5lib.
+
+        source can be either a file-object, local filename or a string.
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+
+        parseMeta - Look for a <meta> element containing encoding information
+
+        """
+        # Raw Stream - for unicode objects this will encode to utf-8 and set
+        #              self.charEncoding as appropriate
+        self.rawStream = self.openStream(source)
+
+        HTMLUnicodeInputStream.__init__(self, self.rawStream)
+
+        self.charEncoding = (codecName(encoding), "certain")
+
+        # Encoding Information
+        # Number of bytes to use when looking for a meta element with
+        # encoding information
+        self.numBytesMeta = 512
+        # Number of bytes to use when using detecting encoding using chardet
+        self.numBytesChardet = 100
+        # Encoding to use if no other information can be found
+        self.defaultEncoding = "windows-1252"
+
+        # Detect encoding iff no explicit "transport level" encoding is supplied
+        if (self.charEncoding[0] is None):
+            self.charEncoding = self.detectEncoding(parseMeta, chardet)
+
+        # Call superclass
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.dataStream = codecs.getreader(self.charEncoding[0])(self.rawStream,
+                                                                 'replace')
+        HTMLUnicodeInputStream.reset(self)
+
+    def openStream(self, source):
+        """Produces a file object from source.
+
+        source can be either a file object, local filename or a string.
+
+        """
+        # Already a file object
+        if hasattr(source, 'read'):
+            stream = source
+        else:
+            stream = BytesIO(source)
+
+        try:
+            stream.seek(stream.tell())
+        except:
+            stream = BufferedStream(stream)
+
+        return stream
+
+    def detectEncoding(self, parseMeta=True, chardet=True):
+        # First look for a BOM
+        # This will also read past the BOM if present
+        encoding = self.detectBOM()
+        confidence = "certain"
+        # If there is no BOM need to look for meta elements with encoding
+        # information
+        if encoding is None and parseMeta:
+            encoding = self.detectEncodingMeta()
+            confidence = "tentative"
+        # Guess with chardet, if avaliable
+        if encoding is None and chardet:
+            confidence = "tentative"
+            try:
+                try:
+                    from charade.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+                except ImportError:
+                    from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+                buffers = []
+                detector = UniversalDetector()
+                while not detector.done:
+                    buffer = self.rawStream.read(self.numBytesChardet)
+                    assert isinstance(buffer, bytes)
+                    if not buffer:
+                        break
+                    buffers.append(buffer)
+                    detector.feed(buffer)
+                detector.close()
+                encoding = detector.result['encoding']
+                self.rawStream.seek(0)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        # If all else fails use the default encoding
+        if encoding is None:
+            confidence = "tentative"
+            encoding = self.defaultEncoding
+
+        # Substitute for equivalent encodings:
+        encodingSub = {"iso-8859-1": "windows-1252"}
+
+        if encoding.lower() in encodingSub:
+            encoding = encodingSub[encoding.lower()]
+
+        return encoding, confidence
+
+    def changeEncoding(self, newEncoding):
+        assert self.charEncoding[1] != "certain"
+        newEncoding = codecName(newEncoding)
+        if newEncoding in ("utf-16", "utf-16-be", "utf-16-le"):
+            newEncoding = "utf-8"
+        if newEncoding is None:
+            return
+        elif newEncoding == self.charEncoding[0]:
+            self.charEncoding = (self.charEncoding[0], "certain")
+        else:
+            self.rawStream.seek(0)
+            self.reset()
+            self.charEncoding = (newEncoding, "certain")
+            raise ReparseException("Encoding changed from %s to %s" % (self.charEncoding[0], newEncoding))
+
+    def detectBOM(self):
+        """Attempts to detect at BOM at the start of the stream. If
+        an encoding can be determined from the BOM return the name of the
+        encoding otherwise return None"""
+        bomDict = {
+            codecs.BOM_UTF8: 'utf-8',
+            codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE: 'utf-16-le', codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE: 'utf-16-be',
+            codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE: 'utf-32-le', codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE: 'utf-32-be'
+        }
+
+        # Go to beginning of file and read in 4 bytes
+        string = self.rawStream.read(4)
+        assert isinstance(string, bytes)
+
+        # Try detecting the BOM using bytes from the string
+        encoding = bomDict.get(string[:3])         # UTF-8
+        seek = 3
+        if not encoding:
+            # Need to detect UTF-32 before UTF-16
+            encoding = bomDict.get(string)         # UTF-32
+            seek = 4
+            if not encoding:
+                encoding = bomDict.get(string[:2])  # UTF-16
+                seek = 2
+
+        # Set the read position past the BOM if one was found, otherwise
+        # set it to the start of the stream
+        self.rawStream.seek(encoding and seek or 0)
+
+        return encoding
+
+    def detectEncodingMeta(self):
+        """Report the encoding declared by the meta element
+        """
+        buffer = self.rawStream.read(self.numBytesMeta)
+        assert isinstance(buffer, bytes)
+        parser = EncodingParser(buffer)
+        self.rawStream.seek(0)
+        encoding = parser.getEncoding()
+
+        if encoding in ("utf-16", "utf-16-be", "utf-16-le"):
+            encoding = "utf-8"
+
+        return encoding
+
+
+class EncodingBytes(bytes):
+    """String-like object with an associated position and various extra methods
+    If the position is ever greater than the string length then an exception is
+    raised"""
+    def __new__(self, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, bytes)
+        return bytes.__new__(self, value.lower())
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self._position = -1
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        p = self._position = self._position + 1
+        if p >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        elif p < 0:
+            raise TypeError
+        return self[p:p + 1]
+
+    def next(self):
+        # Py2 compat
+        return self.__next__()
+
+    def previous(self):
+        p = self._position
+        if p >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        elif p < 0:
+            raise TypeError
+        self._position = p = p - 1
+        return self[p:p + 1]
+
+    def setPosition(self, position):
+        if self._position >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        self._position = position
+
+    def getPosition(self):
+        if self._position >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        if self._position >= 0:
+            return self._position
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    position = property(getPosition, setPosition)
+
+    def getCurrentByte(self):
+        return self[self.position:self.position + 1]
+
+    currentByte = property(getCurrentByte)
+
+    def skip(self, chars=spaceCharactersBytes):
+        """Skip past a list of characters"""
+        p = self.position               # use property for the error-checking
+        while p < len(self):
+            c = self[p:p + 1]
+            if c not in chars:
+                self._position = p
+                return c
+            p += 1
+        self._position = p
+        return None
+
+    def skipUntil(self, chars):
+        p = self.position
+        while p < len(self):
+            c = self[p:p + 1]
+            if c in chars:
+                self._position = p
+                return c
+            p += 1
+        self._position = p
+        return None
+
+    def matchBytes(self, bytes):
+        """Look for a sequence of bytes at the start of a string. If the bytes
+        are found return True and advance the position to the byte after the
+        match. Otherwise return False and leave the position alone"""
+        p = self.position
+        data = self[p:p + len(bytes)]
+        rv = data.startswith(bytes)
+        if rv:
+            self.position += len(bytes)
+        return rv
+
+    def jumpTo(self, bytes):
+        """Look for the next sequence of bytes matching a given sequence. If
+        a match is found advance the position to the last byte of the match"""
+        newPosition = self[self.position:].find(bytes)
+        if newPosition > -1:
+            # XXX: This is ugly, but I can't see a nicer way to fix this.
+            if self._position == -1:
+                self._position = 0
+            self._position += (newPosition + len(bytes) - 1)
+            return True
+        else:
+            raise StopIteration
+
+
+class EncodingParser(object):
+    """Mini parser for detecting character encoding from meta elements"""
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        """string - the data to work on for encoding detection"""
+        self.data = EncodingBytes(data)
+        self.encoding = None
+
+    def getEncoding(self):
+        methodDispatch = (
+            (b"<!--", self.handleComment),
+            (b"<meta", self.handleMeta),
+            (b"</", self.handlePossibleEndTag),
+            (b"<!", self.handleOther),
+            (b"<?", self.handleOther),
+            (b"<", self.handlePossibleStartTag))
+        for byte in self.data:
+            keepParsing = True
+            for key, method in methodDispatch:
+                if self.data.matchBytes(key):
+                    try:
+                        keepParsing = method()
+                        break
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        keepParsing = False
+                        break
+            if not keepParsing:
+                break
+
+        return self.encoding
+
+    def handleComment(self):
+        """Skip over comments"""
+        return self.data.jumpTo(b"-->")
+
+    def handleMeta(self):
+        if self.data.currentByte not in spaceCharactersBytes:
+            # if we have <meta not followed by a space so just keep going
+            return True
+        # We have a valid meta element we want to search for attributes
+        hasPragma = False
+        pendingEncoding = None
+        while True:
+            # Try to find the next attribute after the current position
+            attr = self.getAttribute()
+            if attr is None:
+                return True
+            else:
+                if attr[0] == b"http-equiv":
+                    hasPragma = attr[1] == b"content-type"
+                    if hasPragma and pendingEncoding is not None:
+                        self.encoding = pendingEncoding
+                        return False
+                elif attr[0] == b"charset":
+                    tentativeEncoding = attr[1]
+                    codec = codecName(tentativeEncoding)
+                    if codec is not None:
+                        self.encoding = codec
+                        return False
+                elif attr[0] == b"content":
+                    contentParser = ContentAttrParser(EncodingBytes(attr[1]))
+                    tentativeEncoding = contentParser.parse()
+                    if tentativeEncoding is not None:
+                        codec = codecName(tentativeEncoding)
+                        if codec is not None:
+                            if hasPragma:
+                                self.encoding = codec
+                                return False
+                            else:
+                                pendingEncoding = codec
+
+    def handlePossibleStartTag(self):
+        return self.handlePossibleTag(False)
+
+    def handlePossibleEndTag(self):
+        next(self.data)
+        return self.handlePossibleTag(True)
+
+    def handlePossibleTag(self, endTag):
+        data = self.data
+        if data.currentByte not in asciiLettersBytes:
+            # If the next byte is not an ascii letter either ignore this
+            # fragment (possible start tag case) or treat it according to
+            # handleOther
+            if endTag:
+                data.previous()
+                self.handleOther()
+            return True
+
+        c = data.skipUntil(spacesAngleBrackets)
+        if c == b"<":
+            # return to the first step in the overall "two step" algorithm
+            # reprocessing the < byte
+            data.previous()
+        else:
+            # Read all attributes
+            attr = self.getAttribute()
+            while attr is not None:
+                attr = self.getAttribute()
+        return True
+
+    def handleOther(self):
+        return self.data.jumpTo(b">")
+
+    def getAttribute(self):
+        """Return a name,value pair for the next attribute in the stream,
+        if one is found, or None"""
+        data = self.data
+        # Step 1 (skip chars)
+        c = data.skip(spaceCharactersBytes | frozenset([b"/"]))
+        assert c is None or len(c) == 1
+        # Step 2
+        if c in (b">", None):
+            return None
+        # Step 3
+        attrName = []
+        attrValue = []
+        # Step 4 attribute name
+        while True:
+            if c == b"=" and attrName:
+                break
+            elif c in spaceCharactersBytes:
+                # Step 6!
+                c = data.skip()
+                break
+            elif c in (b"/", b">"):
+                return b"".join(attrName), b""
+            elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+                attrName.append(c.lower())
+            elif c is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                attrName.append(c)
+            # Step 5
+            c = next(data)
+        # Step 7
+        if c != b"=":
+            data.previous()
+            return b"".join(attrName), b""
+        # Step 8
+        next(data)
+        # Step 9
+        c = data.skip()
+        # Step 10
+        if c in (b"'", b'"'):
+            # 10.1
+            quoteChar = c
+            while True:
+                # 10.2
+                c = next(data)
+                # 10.3
+                if c == quoteChar:
+                    next(data)
+                    return b"".join(attrName), b"".join(attrValue)
+                # 10.4
+                elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+                    attrValue.append(c.lower())
+                # 10.5
+                else:
+                    attrValue.append(c)
+        elif c == b">":
+            return b"".join(attrName), b""
+        elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+            attrValue.append(c.lower())
+        elif c is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            attrValue.append(c)
+        # Step 11
+        while True:
+            c = next(data)
+            if c in spacesAngleBrackets:
+                return b"".join(attrName), b"".join(attrValue)
+            elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+                attrValue.append(c.lower())
+            elif c is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                attrValue.append(c)
+
+
+class ContentAttrParser(object):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        assert isinstance(data, bytes)
+        self.data = data
+
+    def parse(self):
+        try:
+            # Check if the attr name is charset
+            # otherwise return
+            self.data.jumpTo(b"charset")
+            self.data.position += 1
+            self.data.skip()
+            if not self.data.currentByte == b"=":
+                # If there is no = sign keep looking for attrs
+                return None
+            self.data.position += 1
+            self.data.skip()
+            # Look for an encoding between matching quote marks
+            if self.data.currentByte in (b'"', b"'"):
+                quoteMark = self.data.currentByte
+                self.data.position += 1
+                oldPosition = self.data.position
+                if self.data.jumpTo(quoteMark):
+                    return self.data[oldPosition:self.data.position]
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                # Unquoted value
+                oldPosition = self.data.position
+                try:
+                    self.data.skipUntil(spaceCharactersBytes)
+                    return self.data[oldPosition:self.data.position]
+                except StopIteration:
+                    # Return the whole remaining value
+                    return self.data[oldPosition:]
+        except StopIteration:
+            return None
+
+
+def codecName(encoding):
+    """Return the python codec name corresponding to an encoding or None if the
+    string doesn't correspond to a valid encoding."""
+    if isinstance(encoding, bytes):
+        try:
+            encoding = encoding.decode("ascii")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return None
+    if encoding:
+        canonicalName = ascii_punctuation_re.sub("", encoding).lower()
+        return encodings.get(canonicalName, None)
+    else:
+        return None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b714e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+from xml.sax.saxutils import escape, unescape
+from six.moves import urllib_parse as urlparse
+
+from .tokenizer import HTMLTokenizer
+from .constants import tokenTypes
+
+
+content_type_rgx = re.compile(r'''
+                               ^
+                               # Match a content type <application>/<type>
+                               (?P<content_type>[-a-zA-Z0-9.]+/[-a-zA-Z0-9.]+)
+                               # Match any character set and encoding
+                               (?:(?:;charset=(?:[-a-zA-Z0-9]+)(?:;(?:base64))?)
+                                 |(?:;(?:base64))?(?:;charset=(?:[-a-zA-Z0-9]+))?)
+                               # Assume the rest is data
+                               ,.*
+                               $
+                               ''',
+                              re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+class HTMLSanitizerMixin(object):
+    """ sanitization of XHTML+MathML+SVG and of inline style attributes."""
+
+    acceptable_elements = ['a', 'abbr', 'acronym', 'address', 'area',
+                           'article', 'aside', 'audio', 'b', 'big', 'blockquote', 'br', 'button',
+                           'canvas', 'caption', 'center', 'cite', 'code', 'col', 'colgroup',
+                           'command', 'datagrid', 'datalist', 'dd', 'del', 'details', 'dfn',
+                           'dialog', 'dir', 'div', 'dl', 'dt', 'em', 'event-source', 'fieldset',
+                           'figcaption', 'figure', 'footer', 'font', 'form', 'header', 'h1',
+                           'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6', 'hr', 'i', 'img', 'input', 'ins',
+                           'keygen', 'kbd', 'label', 'legend', 'li', 'm', 'map', 'menu', 'meter',
+                           'multicol', 'nav', 'nextid', 'ol', 'output', 'optgroup', 'option',
+                           'p', 'pre', 'progress', 'q', 's', 'samp', 'section', 'select',
+                           'small', 'sound', 'source', 'spacer', 'span', 'strike', 'strong',
+                           'sub', 'sup', 'table', 'tbody', 'td', 'textarea', 'time', 'tfoot',
+                           'th', 'thead', 'tr', 'tt', 'u', 'ul', 'var', 'video']
+
+    mathml_elements = ['maction', 'math', 'merror', 'mfrac', 'mi',
+                       'mmultiscripts', 'mn', 'mo', 'mover', 'mpadded', 'mphantom',
+                       'mprescripts', 'mroot', 'mrow', 'mspace', 'msqrt', 'mstyle', 'msub',
+                       'msubsup', 'msup', 'mtable', 'mtd', 'mtext', 'mtr', 'munder',
+                       'munderover', 'none']
+
+    svg_elements = ['a', 'animate', 'animateColor', 'animateMotion',
+                    'animateTransform', 'clipPath', 'circle', 'defs', 'desc', 'ellipse',
+                    'font-face', 'font-face-name', 'font-face-src', 'g', 'glyph', 'hkern',
+                    'linearGradient', 'line', 'marker', 'metadata', 'missing-glyph',
+                    'mpath', 'path', 'polygon', 'polyline', 'radialGradient', 'rect',
+                    'set', 'stop', 'svg', 'switch', 'text', 'title', 'tspan', 'use']
+
+    acceptable_attributes = ['abbr', 'accept', 'accept-charset', 'accesskey',
+                             'action', 'align', 'alt', 'autocomplete', 'autofocus', 'axis',
+                             'background', 'balance', 'bgcolor', 'bgproperties', 'border',
+                             'bordercolor', 'bordercolordark', 'bordercolorlight', 'bottompadding',
+                             'cellpadding', 'cellspacing', 'ch', 'challenge', 'char', 'charoff',
+                             'choff', 'charset', 'checked', 'cite', 'class', 'clear', 'color',
+                             'cols', 'colspan', 'compact', 'contenteditable', 'controls', 'coords',
+                             'data', 'datafld', 'datapagesize', 'datasrc', 'datetime', 'default',
+                             'delay', 'dir', 'disabled', 'draggable', 'dynsrc', 'enctype', 'end',
+                             'face', 'for', 'form', 'frame', 'galleryimg', 'gutter', 'headers',
+                             'height', 'hidefocus', 'hidden', 'high', 'href', 'hreflang', 'hspace',
+                             'icon', 'id', 'inputmode', 'ismap', 'keytype', 'label', 'leftspacing',
+                             'lang', 'list', 'longdesc', 'loop', 'loopcount', 'loopend',
+                             'loopstart', 'low', 'lowsrc', 'max', 'maxlength', 'media', 'method',
+                             'min', 'multiple', 'name', 'nohref', 'noshade', 'nowrap', 'open',
+                             'optimum', 'pattern', 'ping', 'point-size', 'poster', 'pqg', 'preload',
+                             'prompt', 'radiogroup', 'readonly', 'rel', 'repeat-max', 'repeat-min',
+                             'replace', 'required', 'rev', 'rightspacing', 'rows', 'rowspan',
+                             'rules', 'scope', 'selected', 'shape', 'size', 'span', 'src', 'start',
+                             'step', 'style', 'summary', 'suppress', 'tabindex', 'target',
+                             'template', 'title', 'toppadding', 'type', 'unselectable', 'usemap',
+                             'urn', 'valign', 'value', 'variable', 'volume', 'vspace', 'vrml',
+                             'width', 'wrap', 'xml:lang']
+
+    mathml_attributes = ['actiontype', 'align', 'columnalign', 'columnalign',
+                         'columnalign', 'columnlines', 'columnspacing', 'columnspan', 'depth',
+                         'display', 'displaystyle', 'equalcolumns', 'equalrows', 'fence',
+                         'fontstyle', 'fontweight', 'frame', 'height', 'linethickness', 'lspace',
+                         'mathbackground', 'mathcolor', 'mathvariant', 'mathvariant', 'maxsize',
+                         'minsize', 'other', 'rowalign', 'rowalign', 'rowalign', 'rowlines',
+                         'rowspacing', 'rowspan', 'rspace', 'scriptlevel', 'selection',
+                         'separator', 'stretchy', 'width', 'width', 'xlink:href', 'xlink:show',
+                         'xlink:type', 'xmlns', 'xmlns:xlink']
+
+    svg_attributes = ['accent-height', 'accumulate', 'additive', 'alphabetic',
+                      'arabic-form', 'ascent', 'attributeName', 'attributeType',
+                      'baseProfile', 'bbox', 'begin', 'by', 'calcMode', 'cap-height',
+                      'class', 'clip-path', 'color', 'color-rendering', 'content', 'cx',
+                      'cy', 'd', 'dx', 'dy', 'descent', 'display', 'dur', 'end', 'fill',
+                      'fill-opacity', 'fill-rule', 'font-family', 'font-size',
+                      'font-stretch', 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight', 'from',
+                      'fx', 'fy', 'g1', 'g2', 'glyph-name', 'gradientUnits', 'hanging',
+                      'height', 'horiz-adv-x', 'horiz-origin-x', 'id', 'ideographic', 'k',
+                      'keyPoints', 'keySplines', 'keyTimes', 'lang', 'marker-end',
+                      'marker-mid', 'marker-start', 'markerHeight', 'markerUnits',
+                      'markerWidth', 'mathematical', 'max', 'min', 'name', 'offset',
+                      'opacity', 'orient', 'origin', 'overline-position',
+                      'overline-thickness', 'panose-1', 'path', 'pathLength', 'points',
+                      'preserveAspectRatio', 'r', 'refX', 'refY', 'repeatCount',
+                      'repeatDur', 'requiredExtensions', 'requiredFeatures', 'restart',
+                      'rotate', 'rx', 'ry', 'slope', 'stemh', 'stemv', 'stop-color',
+                      'stop-opacity', 'strikethrough-position', 'strikethrough-thickness',
+                      'stroke', 'stroke-dasharray', 'stroke-dashoffset', 'stroke-linecap',
+                      'stroke-linejoin', 'stroke-miterlimit', 'stroke-opacity',
+                      'stroke-width', 'systemLanguage', 'target', 'text-anchor', 'to',
+                      'transform', 'type', 'u1', 'u2', 'underline-position',
+                      'underline-thickness', 'unicode', 'unicode-range', 'units-per-em',
+                      'values', 'version', 'viewBox', 'visibility', 'width', 'widths', 'x',
+                      'x-height', 'x1', 'x2', 'xlink:actuate', 'xlink:arcrole',
+                      'xlink:href', 'xlink:role', 'xlink:show', 'xlink:title', 'xlink:type',
+                      'xml:base', 'xml:lang', 'xml:space', 'xmlns', 'xmlns:xlink', 'y',
+                      'y1', 'y2', 'zoomAndPan']
+
+    attr_val_is_uri = ['href', 'src', 'cite', 'action', 'longdesc', 'poster', 'background', 'datasrc',
+                       'dynsrc', 'lowsrc', 'ping', 'poster', 'xlink:href', 'xml:base']
+
+    svg_attr_val_allows_ref = ['clip-path', 'color-profile', 'cursor', 'fill',
+                               'filter', 'marker', 'marker-start', 'marker-mid', 'marker-end',
+                               'mask', 'stroke']
+
+    svg_allow_local_href = ['altGlyph', 'animate', 'animateColor',
+                            'animateMotion', 'animateTransform', 'cursor', 'feImage', 'filter',
+                            'linearGradient', 'pattern', 'radialGradient', 'textpath', 'tref',
+                            'set', 'use']
+
+    acceptable_css_properties = ['azimuth', 'background-color',
+                                 'border-bottom-color', 'border-collapse', 'border-color',
+                                 'border-left-color', 'border-right-color', 'border-top-color', 'clear',
+                                 'color', 'cursor', 'direction', 'display', 'elevation', 'float', 'font',
+                                 'font-family', 'font-size', 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight',
+                                 'height', 'letter-spacing', 'line-height', 'overflow', 'pause',
+                                 'pause-after', 'pause-before', 'pitch', 'pitch-range', 'richness',
+                                 'speak', 'speak-header', 'speak-numeral', 'speak-punctuation',
+                                 'speech-rate', 'stress', 'text-align', 'text-decoration', 'text-indent',
+                                 'unicode-bidi', 'vertical-align', 'voice-family', 'volume',
+                                 'white-space', 'width']
+
+    acceptable_css_keywords = ['auto', 'aqua', 'black', 'block', 'blue',
+                               'bold', 'both', 'bottom', 'brown', 'center', 'collapse', 'dashed',
+                               'dotted', 'fuchsia', 'gray', 'green', '!important', 'italic', 'left',
+                               'lime', 'maroon', 'medium', 'none', 'navy', 'normal', 'nowrap', 'olive',
+                               'pointer', 'purple', 'red', 'right', 'solid', 'silver', 'teal', 'top',
+                               'transparent', 'underline', 'white', 'yellow']
+
+    acceptable_svg_properties = ['fill', 'fill-opacity', 'fill-rule',
+                                 'stroke', 'stroke-width', 'stroke-linecap', 'stroke-linejoin',
+                                 'stroke-opacity']
+
+    acceptable_protocols = ['ed2k', 'ftp', 'http', 'https', 'irc',
+                            'mailto', 'news', 'gopher', 'nntp', 'telnet', 'webcal',
+                            'xmpp', 'callto', 'feed', 'urn', 'aim', 'rsync', 'tag',
+                            'ssh', 'sftp', 'rtsp', 'afs', 'data']
+
+    acceptable_content_types = ['image/png', 'image/jpeg', 'image/gif', 'image/webp', 'image/bmp', 'text/plain']
+
+    # subclasses may define their own versions of these constants
+    allowed_elements = acceptable_elements + mathml_elements + svg_elements
+    allowed_attributes = acceptable_attributes + mathml_attributes + svg_attributes
+    allowed_css_properties = acceptable_css_properties
+    allowed_css_keywords = acceptable_css_keywords
+    allowed_svg_properties = acceptable_svg_properties
+    allowed_protocols = acceptable_protocols
+    allowed_content_types = acceptable_content_types
+
+    # Sanitize the +html+, escaping all elements not in ALLOWED_ELEMENTS, and
+    # stripping out all # attributes not in ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES. Style
+    # attributes are parsed, and a restricted set, # specified by
+    # ALLOWED_CSS_PROPERTIES and ALLOWED_CSS_KEYWORDS, are allowed through.
+    # attributes in ATTR_VAL_IS_URI are scanned, and only URI schemes specified
+    # in ALLOWED_PROTOCOLS are allowed.
+    #
+    #   sanitize_html('<script> do_nasty_stuff() </script>')
+    #    => &lt;script> do_nasty_stuff() &lt;/script>
+    #   sanitize_html('<a href="javascript: sucker();">Click here for $100</a>')
+    #    => <a>Click here for $100</a>
+    def sanitize_token(self, token):
+
+        # accommodate filters which use token_type differently
+        token_type = token["type"]
+        if token_type in list(tokenTypes.keys()):
+            token_type = tokenTypes[token_type]
+
+        if token_type in (tokenTypes["StartTag"], tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                          tokenTypes["EmptyTag"]):
+            if token["name"] in self.allowed_elements:
+                return self.allowed_token(token, token_type)
+            else:
+                return self.disallowed_token(token, token_type)
+        elif token_type == tokenTypes["Comment"]:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return token
+
+    def allowed_token(self, token, token_type):
+        if "data" in token:
+            attrs = dict([(name, val) for name, val in
+                          token["data"][::-1]
+                          if name in self.allowed_attributes])
+            for attr in self.attr_val_is_uri:
+                if attr not in attrs:
+                    continue
+                val_unescaped = re.sub("[`\000-\040\177-\240\s]+", '',
+                                       unescape(attrs[attr])).lower()
+                # remove replacement characters from unescaped characters
+                val_unescaped = val_unescaped.replace("\ufffd", "")
+                try:
+                    uri = urlparse.urlparse(val_unescaped)
+                except ValueError:
+                    uri = None
+                    del attrs[attr]
+                if uri and uri.scheme:
+                    if uri.scheme not in self.allowed_protocols:
+                        del attrs[attr]
+                    if uri.scheme == 'data':
+                        m = content_type_rgx.match(uri.path)
+                        if not m:
+                            del attrs[attr]
+                        elif m.group('content_type') not in self.allowed_content_types:
+                            del attrs[attr]
+
+            for attr in self.svg_attr_val_allows_ref:
+                if attr in attrs:
+                    attrs[attr] = re.sub(r'url\s*\(\s*[^#\s][^)]+?\)',
+                                         ' ',
+                                         unescape(attrs[attr]))
+            if (token["name"] in self.svg_allow_local_href and
+                'xlink:href' in attrs and re.search('^\s*[^#\s].*',
+                                                    attrs['xlink:href'])):
+                del attrs['xlink:href']
+            if 'style' in attrs:
+                attrs['style'] = self.sanitize_css(attrs['style'])
+            token["data"] = [[name, val] for name, val in list(attrs.items())]
+        return token
+
+    def disallowed_token(self, token, token_type):
+        if token_type == tokenTypes["EndTag"]:
+            token["data"] = "</%s>" % token["name"]
+        elif token["data"]:
+            attrs = ''.join([' %s="%s"' % (k, escape(v)) for k, v in token["data"]])
+            token["data"] = "<%s%s>" % (token["name"], attrs)
+        else:
+            token["data"] = "<%s>" % token["name"]
+        if token.get("selfClosing"):
+            token["data"] = token["data"][:-1] + "/>"
+
+        if token["type"] in list(tokenTypes.keys()):
+            token["type"] = "Characters"
+        else:
+            token["type"] = tokenTypes["Characters"]
+
+        del token["name"]
+        return token
+
+    def sanitize_css(self, style):
+        # disallow urls
+        style = re.compile('url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*').sub(' ', style)
+
+        # gauntlet
+        if not re.match("""^([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|'[\s\w]+'|"[\s\w]+"|\([\d,\s]+\))*$""", style):
+            return ''
+        if not re.match("^\s*([-\w]+\s*:[^:;]*(;\s*|$))*$", style):
+            return ''
+
+        clean = []
+        for prop, value in re.findall("([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)", style):
+            if not value:
+                continue
+            if prop.lower() in self.allowed_css_properties:
+                clean.append(prop + ': ' + value + ';')
+            elif prop.split('-')[0].lower() in ['background', 'border', 'margin',
+                                                'padding']:
+                for keyword in value.split():
+                    if keyword not in self.acceptable_css_keywords and \
+                            not re.match("^(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)$", keyword):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    clean.append(prop + ': ' + value + ';')
+            elif prop.lower() in self.allowed_svg_properties:
+                clean.append(prop + ': ' + value + ';')
+
+        return ' '.join(clean)
+
+
+class HTMLSanitizer(HTMLTokenizer, HTMLSanitizerMixin):
+    def __init__(self, stream, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True,
+                 lowercaseElementName=False, lowercaseAttrName=False, parser=None):
+        # Change case matching defaults as we only output lowercase html anyway
+        # This solution doesn't seem ideal...
+        HTMLTokenizer.__init__(self, stream, encoding, parseMeta, useChardet,
+                               lowercaseElementName, lowercaseAttrName, parser=parser)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for token in HTMLTokenizer.__iter__(self):
+            token = self.sanitize_token(token)
+            if token:
+                yield token
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8380839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from .. import treewalkers
+
+from .htmlserializer import HTMLSerializer
+
+
+def serialize(input, tree="etree", format="html", encoding=None,
+              **serializer_opts):
+    # XXX: Should we cache this?
+    walker = treewalkers.getTreeWalker(tree)
+    if format == "html":
+        s = HTMLSerializer(**serializer_opts)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("type must be html")
+    return s.render(walker(input), encoding)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01d9c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+try:
+    from functools import reduce
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from ..constants import voidElements, booleanAttributes, spaceCharacters
+from ..constants import rcdataElements, entities, xmlEntities
+from .. import utils
+from xml.sax.saxutils import escape
+
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+try:
+    from codecs import register_error, xmlcharrefreplace_errors
+except ImportError:
+    unicode_encode_errors = "strict"
+else:
+    unicode_encode_errors = "htmlentityreplace"
+
+    encode_entity_map = {}
+    is_ucs4 = len("\U0010FFFF") == 1
+    for k, v in list(entities.items()):
+        # skip multi-character entities
+        if ((is_ucs4 and len(v) > 1) or
+                (not is_ucs4 and len(v) > 2)):
+            continue
+        if v != "&":
+            if len(v) == 2:
+                v = utils.surrogatePairToCodepoint(v)
+            else:
+                v = ord(v)
+            if v not in encode_entity_map or k.islower():
+                # prefer &lt; over &LT; and similarly for &amp;, &gt;, etc.
+                encode_entity_map[v] = k
+
+    def htmlentityreplace_errors(exc):
+        if isinstance(exc, (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeTranslateError)):
+            res = []
+            codepoints = []
+            skip = False
+            for i, c in enumerate(exc.object[exc.start:exc.end]):
+                if skip:
+                    skip = False
+                    continue
+                index = i + exc.start
+                if utils.isSurrogatePair(exc.object[index:min([exc.end, index + 2])]):
+                    codepoint = utils.surrogatePairToCodepoint(exc.object[index:index + 2])
+                    skip = True
+                else:
+                    codepoint = ord(c)
+                codepoints.append(codepoint)
+            for cp in codepoints:
+                e = encode_entity_map.get(cp)
+                if e:
+                    res.append("&")
+                    res.append(e)
+                    if not e.endswith(";"):
+                        res.append(";")
+                else:
+                    res.append("&#x%s;" % (hex(cp)[2:]))
+            return ("".join(res), exc.end)
+        else:
+            return xmlcharrefreplace_errors(exc)
+
+    register_error(unicode_encode_errors, htmlentityreplace_errors)
+
+    del register_error
+
+
+class HTMLSerializer(object):
+
+    # attribute quoting options
+    quote_attr_values = False
+    quote_char = '"'
+    use_best_quote_char = True
+
+    # tag syntax options
+    omit_optional_tags = True
+    minimize_boolean_attributes = True
+    use_trailing_solidus = False
+    space_before_trailing_solidus = True
+
+    # escaping options
+    escape_lt_in_attrs = False
+    escape_rcdata = False
+    resolve_entities = True
+
+    # miscellaneous options
+    alphabetical_attributes = False
+    inject_meta_charset = True
+    strip_whitespace = False
+    sanitize = False
+
+    options = ("quote_attr_values", "quote_char", "use_best_quote_char",
+               "omit_optional_tags", "minimize_boolean_attributes",
+               "use_trailing_solidus", "space_before_trailing_solidus",
+               "escape_lt_in_attrs", "escape_rcdata", "resolve_entities",
+               "alphabetical_attributes", "inject_meta_charset",
+               "strip_whitespace", "sanitize")
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize HTMLSerializer.
+
+        Keyword options (default given first unless specified) include:
+
+        inject_meta_charset=True|False
+          Whether it insert a meta element to define the character set of the
+          document.
+        quote_attr_values=True|False
+          Whether to quote attribute values that don't require quoting
+          per HTML5 parsing rules.
+        quote_char=u'"'|u"'"
+          Use given quote character for attribute quoting. Default is to
+          use double quote unless attribute value contains a double quote,
+          in which case single quotes are used instead.
+        escape_lt_in_attrs=False|True
+          Whether to escape < in attribute values.
+        escape_rcdata=False|True
+          Whether to escape characters that need to be escaped within normal
+          elements within rcdata elements such as style.
+        resolve_entities=True|False
+          Whether to resolve named character entities that appear in the
+          source tree. The XML predefined entities &lt; &gt; &amp; &quot; &apos;
+          are unaffected by this setting.
+        strip_whitespace=False|True
+          Whether to remove semantically meaningless whitespace. (This
+          compresses all whitespace to a single space except within pre.)
+        minimize_boolean_attributes=True|False
+          Shortens boolean attributes to give just the attribute value,
+          for example <input disabled="disabled"> becomes <input disabled>.
+        use_trailing_solidus=False|True
+          Includes a close-tag slash at the end of the start tag of void
+          elements (empty elements whose end tag is forbidden). E.g. <hr/>.
+        space_before_trailing_solidus=True|False
+          Places a space immediately before the closing slash in a tag
+          using a trailing solidus. E.g. <hr />. Requires use_trailing_solidus.
+        sanitize=False|True
+          Strip all unsafe or unknown constructs from output.
+          See `html5lib user documentation`_
+        omit_optional_tags=True|False
+          Omit start/end tags that are optional.
+        alphabetical_attributes=False|True
+          Reorder attributes to be in alphabetical order.
+
+        .. _html5lib user documentation: http://code.google.com/p/html5lib/wiki/UserDocumentation
+        """
+        if 'quote_char' in kwargs:
+            self.use_best_quote_char = False
+        for attr in self.options:
+            setattr(self, attr, kwargs.get(attr, getattr(self, attr)))
+        self.errors = []
+        self.strict = False
+
+    def encode(self, string):
+        assert(isinstance(string, text_type))
+        if self.encoding:
+            return string.encode(self.encoding, unicode_encode_errors)
+        else:
+            return string
+
+    def encodeStrict(self, string):
+        assert(isinstance(string, text_type))
+        if self.encoding:
+            return string.encode(self.encoding, "strict")
+        else:
+            return string
+
+    def serialize(self, treewalker, encoding=None):
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        in_cdata = False
+        self.errors = []
+
+        if encoding and self.inject_meta_charset:
+            from ..filters.inject_meta_charset import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker, encoding)
+        # WhitespaceFilter should be used before OptionalTagFilter
+        # for maximum efficiently of this latter filter
+        if self.strip_whitespace:
+            from ..filters.whitespace import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+        if self.sanitize:
+            from ..filters.sanitizer import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+        if self.omit_optional_tags:
+            from ..filters.optionaltags import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+        # Alphabetical attributes must be last, as other filters
+        # could add attributes and alter the order
+        if self.alphabetical_attributes:
+            from ..filters.alphabeticalattributes import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+
+        for token in treewalker:
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "Doctype":
+                doctype = "<!DOCTYPE %s" % token["name"]
+
+                if token["publicId"]:
+                    doctype += ' PUBLIC "%s"' % token["publicId"]
+                elif token["systemId"]:
+                    doctype += " SYSTEM"
+                if token["systemId"]:
+                    if token["systemId"].find('"') >= 0:
+                        if token["systemId"].find("'") >= 0:
+                            self.serializeError("System identifer contains both single and double quote characters")
+                        quote_char = "'"
+                    else:
+                        quote_char = '"'
+                    doctype += " %s%s%s" % (quote_char, token["systemId"], quote_char)
+
+                doctype += ">"
+                yield self.encodeStrict(doctype)
+
+            elif type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                if type == "SpaceCharacters" or in_cdata:
+                    if in_cdata and token["data"].find("</") >= 0:
+                        self.serializeError("Unexpected </ in CDATA")
+                    yield self.encode(token["data"])
+                else:
+                    yield self.encode(escape(token["data"]))
+
+            elif type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                name = token["name"]
+                yield self.encodeStrict("<%s" % name)
+                if name in rcdataElements and not self.escape_rcdata:
+                    in_cdata = True
+                elif in_cdata:
+                    self.serializeError("Unexpected child element of a CDATA element")
+                for (attr_namespace, attr_name), attr_value in token["data"].items():
+                    # TODO: Add namespace support here
+                    k = attr_name
+                    v = attr_value
+                    yield self.encodeStrict(' ')
+
+                    yield self.encodeStrict(k)
+                    if not self.minimize_boolean_attributes or \
+                        (k not in booleanAttributes.get(name, tuple())
+                         and k not in booleanAttributes.get("", tuple())):
+                        yield self.encodeStrict("=")
+                        if self.quote_attr_values or not v:
+                            quote_attr = True
+                        else:
+                            quote_attr = reduce(lambda x, y: x or (y in v),
+                                                spaceCharacters + ">\"'=", False)
+                        v = v.replace("&", "&amp;")
+                        if self.escape_lt_in_attrs:
+                            v = v.replace("<", "&lt;")
+                        if quote_attr:
+                            quote_char = self.quote_char
+                            if self.use_best_quote_char:
+                                if "'" in v and '"' not in v:
+                                    quote_char = '"'
+                                elif '"' in v and "'" not in v:
+                                    quote_char = "'"
+                            if quote_char == "'":
+                                v = v.replace("'", "&#39;")
+                            else:
+                                v = v.replace('"', "&quot;")
+                            yield self.encodeStrict(quote_char)
+                            yield self.encode(v)
+                            yield self.encodeStrict(quote_char)
+                        else:
+                            yield self.encode(v)
+                if name in voidElements and self.use_trailing_solidus:
+                    if self.space_before_trailing_solidus:
+                        yield self.encodeStrict(" /")
+                    else:
+                        yield self.encodeStrict("/")
+                yield self.encode(">")
+
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                name = token["name"]
+                if name in rcdataElements:
+                    in_cdata = False
+                elif in_cdata:
+                    self.serializeError("Unexpected child element of a CDATA element")
+                yield self.encodeStrict("</%s>" % name)
+
+            elif type == "Comment":
+                data = token["data"]
+                if data.find("--") >= 0:
+                    self.serializeError("Comment contains --")
+                yield self.encodeStrict("<!--%s-->" % token["data"])
+
+            elif type == "Entity":
+                name = token["name"]
+                key = name + ";"
+                if key not in entities:
+                    self.serializeError("Entity %s not recognized" % name)
+                if self.resolve_entities and key not in xmlEntities:
+                    data = entities[key]
+                else:
+                    data = "&%s;" % name
+                yield self.encodeStrict(data)
+
+            else:
+                self.serializeError(token["data"])
+
+    def render(self, treewalker, encoding=None):
+        if encoding:
+            return b"".join(list(self.serialize(treewalker, encoding)))
+        else:
+            return "".join(list(self.serialize(treewalker)))
+
+    def serializeError(self, data="XXX ERROR MESSAGE NEEDED"):
+        # XXX The idea is to make data mandatory.
+        self.errors.append(data)
+        if self.strict:
+            raise SerializeError
+
+
+def SerializeError(Exception):
+    """Error in serialized tree"""
+    pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7977457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1731 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+try:
+    chr = unichr # flake8: noqa
+except NameError:
+    pass
+
+from collections import deque
+
+from .constants import spaceCharacters
+from .constants import entities
+from .constants import asciiLetters, asciiUpper2Lower
+from .constants import digits, hexDigits, EOF
+from .constants import tokenTypes, tagTokenTypes
+from .constants import replacementCharacters
+
+from .inputstream import HTMLInputStream
+
+from .trie import Trie
+
+entitiesTrie = Trie(entities)
+
+
+class HTMLTokenizer(object):
+    """ This class takes care of tokenizing HTML.
+
+    * self.currentToken
+      Holds the token that is currently being processed.
+
+    * self.state
+      Holds a reference to the method to be invoked... XXX
+
+    * self.stream
+      Points to HTMLInputStream object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True,
+                 lowercaseElementName=True, lowercaseAttrName=True, parser=None):
+
+        self.stream = HTMLInputStream(stream, encoding, parseMeta, useChardet)
+        self.parser = parser
+
+        # Perform case conversions?
+        self.lowercaseElementName = lowercaseElementName
+        self.lowercaseAttrName = lowercaseAttrName
+
+        # Setup the initial tokenizer state
+        self.escapeFlag = False
+        self.lastFourChars = []
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        self.escape = False
+
+        # The current token being created
+        self.currentToken = None
+        super(HTMLTokenizer, self).__init__()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """ This is where the magic happens.
+
+        We do our usually processing through the states and when we have a token
+        to return we yield the token which pauses processing until the next token
+        is requested.
+        """
+        self.tokenQueue = deque([])
+        # Start processing. When EOF is reached self.state will return False
+        # instead of True and the loop will terminate.
+        while self.state():
+            while self.stream.errors:
+                yield {"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data": self.stream.errors.pop(0)}
+            while self.tokenQueue:
+                yield self.tokenQueue.popleft()
+
+    def consumeNumberEntity(self, isHex):
+        """This function returns either U+FFFD or the character based on the
+        decimal or hexadecimal representation. It also discards ";" if present.
+        If not present self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"]}) is invoked.
+        """
+
+        allowed = digits
+        radix = 10
+        if isHex:
+            allowed = hexDigits
+            radix = 16
+
+        charStack = []
+
+        # Consume all the characters that are in range while making sure we
+        # don't hit an EOF.
+        c = self.stream.char()
+        while c in allowed and c is not EOF:
+            charStack.append(c)
+            c = self.stream.char()
+
+        # Convert the set of characters consumed to an int.
+        charAsInt = int("".join(charStack), radix)
+
+        # Certain characters get replaced with others
+        if charAsInt in replacementCharacters:
+            char = replacementCharacters[charAsInt]
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity",
+                                    "datavars": {"charAsInt": charAsInt}})
+        elif ((0xD800 <= charAsInt <= 0xDFFF) or
+              (charAsInt > 0x10FFFF)):
+            char = "\uFFFD"
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity",
+                                    "datavars": {"charAsInt": charAsInt}})
+        else:
+            # Should speed up this check somehow (e.g. move the set to a constant)
+            if ((0x0001 <= charAsInt <= 0x0008) or
+                (0x000E <= charAsInt <= 0x001F) or
+                (0x007F <= charAsInt <= 0x009F) or
+                (0xFDD0 <= charAsInt <= 0xFDEF) or
+                charAsInt in frozenset([0x000B, 0xFFFE, 0xFFFF, 0x1FFFE,
+                                        0x1FFFF, 0x2FFFE, 0x2FFFF, 0x3FFFE,
+                                        0x3FFFF, 0x4FFFE, 0x4FFFF, 0x5FFFE,
+                                        0x5FFFF, 0x6FFFE, 0x6FFFF, 0x7FFFE,
+                                        0x7FFFF, 0x8FFFE, 0x8FFFF, 0x9FFFE,
+                                        0x9FFFF, 0xAFFFE, 0xAFFFF, 0xBFFFE,
+                                        0xBFFFF, 0xCFFFE, 0xCFFFF, 0xDFFFE,
+                                        0xDFFFF, 0xEFFFE, 0xEFFFF, 0xFFFFE,
+                                        0xFFFFF, 0x10FFFE, 0x10FFFF])):
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                        "data":
+                                        "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity",
+                                        "datavars": {"charAsInt": charAsInt}})
+            try:
+                # Try/except needed as UCS-2 Python builds' unichar only works
+                # within the BMP.
+                char = chr(charAsInt)
+            except ValueError:
+                v = charAsInt - 0x10000
+                char = chr(0xD800 | (v >> 10)) + chr(0xDC00 | (v & 0x3FF))
+
+        # Discard the ; if present. Otherwise, put it back on the queue and
+        # invoke parseError on parser.
+        if c != ";":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "numeric-entity-without-semicolon"})
+            self.stream.unget(c)
+
+        return char
+
+    def consumeEntity(self, allowedChar=None, fromAttribute=False):
+        # Initialise to the default output for when no entity is matched
+        output = "&"
+
+        charStack = [self.stream.char()]
+        if (charStack[0] in spaceCharacters or charStack[0] in (EOF, "<", "&")
+                or (allowedChar is not None and allowedChar == charStack[0])):
+            self.stream.unget(charStack[0])
+
+        elif charStack[0] == "#":
+            # Read the next character to see if it's hex or decimal
+            hex = False
+            charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+            if charStack[-1] in ("x", "X"):
+                hex = True
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+
+            # charStack[-1] should be the first digit
+            if (hex and charStack[-1] in hexDigits) \
+                    or (not hex and charStack[-1] in digits):
+                # At least one digit found, so consume the whole number
+                self.stream.unget(charStack[-1])
+                output = self.consumeNumberEntity(hex)
+            else:
+                # No digits found
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                        "data": "expected-numeric-entity"})
+                self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                output = "&" + "".join(charStack)
+
+        else:
+            # At this point in the process might have named entity. Entities
+            # are stored in the global variable "entities".
+            #
+            # Consume characters and compare to these to a substring of the
+            # entity names in the list until the substring no longer matches.
+            while (charStack[-1] is not EOF):
+                if not entitiesTrie.has_keys_with_prefix("".join(charStack)):
+                    break
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+
+            # At this point we have a string that starts with some characters
+            # that may match an entity
+            # Try to find the longest entity the string will match to take care
+            # of &noti for instance.
+            try:
+                entityName = entitiesTrie.longest_prefix("".join(charStack[:-1]))
+                entityLength = len(entityName)
+            except KeyError:
+                entityName = None
+
+            if entityName is not None:
+                if entityName[-1] != ";":
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                            "named-entity-without-semicolon"})
+                if (entityName[-1] != ";" and fromAttribute and
+                    (charStack[entityLength] in asciiLetters or
+                     charStack[entityLength] in digits or
+                     charStack[entityLength] == "=")):
+                    self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                    output = "&" + "".join(charStack)
+                else:
+                    output = entities[entityName]
+                    self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                    output += "".join(charStack[entityLength:])
+            else:
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                        "expected-named-entity"})
+                self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                output = "&" + "".join(charStack)
+
+        if fromAttribute:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += output
+        else:
+            if output in spaceCharacters:
+                tokenType = "SpaceCharacters"
+            else:
+                tokenType = "Characters"
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes[tokenType], "data": output})
+
+    def processEntityInAttribute(self, allowedChar):
+        """This method replaces the need for "entityInAttributeValueState".
+        """
+        self.consumeEntity(allowedChar=allowedChar, fromAttribute=True)
+
+    def emitCurrentToken(self):
+        """This method is a generic handler for emitting the tags. It also sets
+        the state to "data" because that's what's needed after a token has been
+        emitted.
+        """
+        token = self.currentToken
+        # Add token to the queue to be yielded
+        if (token["type"] in tagTokenTypes):
+            if self.lowercaseElementName:
+                token["name"] = token["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            if token["type"] == tokenTypes["EndTag"]:
+                if token["data"]:
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                            "data": "attributes-in-end-tag"})
+                if token["selfClosing"]:
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                            "data": "self-closing-flag-on-end-tag"})
+        self.tokenQueue.append(token)
+        self.state = self.dataState
+
+    # Below are the various tokenizer states worked out.
+    def dataState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "&":
+            self.state = self.entityDataState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.tagOpenState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\u0000"})
+        elif data is EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        elif data in spaceCharacters:
+            # Directly after emitting a token you switch back to the "data
+            # state". At that point spaceCharacters are important so they are
+            # emitted separately.
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["SpaceCharacters"], "data":
+                                    data + self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)})
+            # No need to update lastFourChars here, since the first space will
+            # have already been appended to lastFourChars and will have broken
+            # any <!-- or --> sequences
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("&", "<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def entityDataState(self):
+        self.consumeEntity()
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "&":
+            self.state = self.characterReferenceInRcdata
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.rcdataLessThanSignState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data in spaceCharacters:
+            # Directly after emitting a token you switch back to the "data
+            # state". At that point spaceCharacters are important so they are
+            # emitted separately.
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["SpaceCharacters"], "data":
+                                    data + self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)})
+            # No need to update lastFourChars here, since the first space will
+            # have already been appended to lastFourChars and will have broken
+            # any <!-- or --> sequences
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("&", "<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def characterReferenceInRcdata(self):
+        self.consumeEntity()
+        self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "<":
+            self.state = self.rawtextLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def plaintextState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + self.stream.charsUntil("\u0000")})
+        return True
+
+    def tagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "!":
+            self.state = self.markupDeclarationOpenState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.closeTagOpenState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["StartTag"],
+                                 "name": data, "data": [],
+                                 "selfClosing": False,
+                                 "selfClosingAcknowledged": False}
+            self.state = self.tagNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            # XXX In theory it could be something besides a tag name. But
+            # do we really care?
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-tag-name-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<>"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "?":
+            # XXX In theory it could be something besides a tag name. But
+            # do we really care?
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-tag-name-but-got-question-mark"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.bogusCommentState
+        else:
+            # XXX
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-tag-name"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
+
+    def closeTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"], "name": data,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.tagNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-eof"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            # XXX data can be _'_...
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-char",
+                                    "datavars": {"data": data}})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.bogusCommentState
+        return True
+
+    def tagNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-tag-name"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["name"] += "\uFFFD"
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["name"] += data
+            # (Don't use charsUntil here, because tag names are
+            # very short and it's faster to not do anything fancy)
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.rcdataEndTagOpenState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+            self.state = self.rcdataEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.rawtextEndTagOpenState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rawtextState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+            self.state = self.rawtextEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rawtextState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rawtextState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEndTagOpenState
+        elif data == "!":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<!"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapeStartState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapeStartState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapeStartDashState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapeStartDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedDashDashState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("<", "-", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedDashDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedDashDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": ">"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedEndTagOpenState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<" + data})
+            self.temporaryBuffer = data
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapeStartState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer = data
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapeStartState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in (spaceCharacters | frozenset(("/", ">"))):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            if self.temporaryBuffer.lower() == "script":
+                self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+            else:
+                self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-script-in-script"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-script-in-script"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": ">"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-script-in-script"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "/"})
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapeEndState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapeEndState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in (spaceCharacters | frozenset(("/", ">"))):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            if self.temporaryBuffer.lower() == "script":
+                self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+            else:
+                self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeAttributeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data in ("'", '"', "=", "<"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "invalid-character-in-attribute-name"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append(["\uFFFD", ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-attribute-name-but-got-eof"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def attributeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        leavingThisState = True
+        emitToken = False
+        if data == "=":
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeValueState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += data +\
+                self.stream.charsUntil(asciiLetters, True)
+            leavingThisState = False
+        elif data == ">":
+            # XXX If we emit here the attributes are converted to a dict
+            # without being checked and when the code below runs we error
+            # because data is a dict not a list
+            emitToken = True
+        elif data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.afterAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += "\uFFFD"
+            leavingThisState = False
+        elif data in ("'", '"', "<"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data":
+                                    "invalid-character-in-attribute-name"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += data
+            leavingThisState = False
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "eof-in-attribute-name"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += data
+            leavingThisState = False
+
+        if leavingThisState:
+            # Attributes are not dropped at this stage. That happens when the
+            # start tag token is emitted so values can still be safely appended
+            # to attributes, but we do want to report the parse error in time.
+            if self.lowercaseAttrName:
+                self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] = (
+                    self.currentToken["data"][-1][0].translate(asciiUpper2Lower))
+            for name, value in self.currentToken["data"][:-1]:
+                if self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] == name:
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                            "duplicate-attribute"})
+                    break
+            # XXX Fix for above XXX
+            if emitToken:
+                self.emitCurrentToken()
+        return True
+
+    def afterAttributeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)
+        elif data == "=":
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeValueState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append(["\uFFFD", ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data in ("'", '"', "<"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "invalid-character-after-attribute-name"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-end-of-tag-but-got-eof"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeAttributeValueState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)
+        elif data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.attributeValueDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.state = self.attributeValueSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+        elif data in ("=", "<", "`"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "equals-in-unquoted-attribute-value"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-eof"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+        return True
+
+    def attributeValueDoubleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.afterAttributeValueState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.processEntityInAttribute('"')
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-attribute-value-double-quote"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data +\
+                self.stream.charsUntil(("\"", "&", "\u0000"))
+        return True
+
+    def attributeValueSingleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "'":
+            self.state = self.afterAttributeValueState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.processEntityInAttribute("'")
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-attribute-value-single-quote"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data +\
+                self.stream.charsUntil(("'", "&", "\u0000"))
+        return True
+
+    def attributeValueUnQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.processEntityInAttribute(">")
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data in ('"', "'", "=", "<", "`"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-character-in-unquoted-attribute-value"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-attribute-value-no-quotes"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data + self.stream.charsUntil(
+                frozenset(("&", ">", '"', "'", "=", "<", "`", "\u0000")) | spaceCharacters)
+        return True
+
+    def afterAttributeValueState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-EOF-after-attribute-value"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-character-after-attribute-value"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def selfClosingStartTagState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.currentToken["selfClosing"] = True
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data":
+                                    "unexpected-EOF-after-solidus-in-tag"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-character-after-solidus-in-tag"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def bogusCommentState(self):
+        # Make a new comment token and give it as value all the characters
+        # until the first > or EOF (charsUntil checks for EOF automatically)
+        # and emit it.
+        data = self.stream.charsUntil(">")
+        data = data.replace("\u0000", "\uFFFD")
+        self.tokenQueue.append(
+            {"type": tokenTypes["Comment"], "data": data})
+
+        # Eat the character directly after the bogus comment which is either a
+        # ">" or an EOF.
+        self.stream.char()
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
+
+    def markupDeclarationOpenState(self):
+        charStack = [self.stream.char()]
+        if charStack[-1] == "-":
+            charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+            if charStack[-1] == "-":
+                self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["Comment"], "data": ""}
+                self.state = self.commentStartState
+                return True
+        elif charStack[-1] in ('d', 'D'):
+            matched = True
+            for expected in (('o', 'O'), ('c', 'C'), ('t', 'T'),
+                             ('y', 'Y'), ('p', 'P'), ('e', 'E')):
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+                if charStack[-1] not in expected:
+                    matched = False
+                    break
+            if matched:
+                self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["Doctype"],
+                                     "name": "",
+                                     "publicId": None, "systemId": None,
+                                     "correct": True}
+                self.state = self.doctypeState
+                return True
+        elif (charStack[-1] == "[" and
+              self.parser is not None and
+              self.parser.tree.openElements and
+              self.parser.tree.openElements[-1].namespace != self.parser.tree.defaultNamespace):
+            matched = True
+            for expected in ["C", "D", "A", "T", "A", "["]:
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+                if charStack[-1] != expected:
+                    matched = False
+                    break
+            if matched:
+                self.state = self.cdataSectionState
+                return True
+
+        self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                "expected-dashes-or-doctype"})
+
+        while charStack:
+            self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+        self.state = self.bogusCommentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentStartState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentStartDashState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "incorrect-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentStartDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentEndState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "incorrect-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentEndDashState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "eof-in-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += data + \
+                self.stream.charsUntil(("-", "\u0000"))
+        return True
+
+    def commentEndDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentEndState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment-end-dash"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentEndState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        elif data == "!":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-bang-after-double-dash-in-comment"})
+            self.state = self.commentEndBangState
+        elif data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-dash-after-double-dash-in-comment"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += data
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment-double-dash"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            # XXX
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-comment"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentEndBangState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "-":
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--!"
+            self.state = self.commentEndDashState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--!\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment-end-bang-state"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--!" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-eof"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "need-space-after-doctype"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeDoctypeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["name"] = "\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.doctypeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-eof"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["name"] = data
+            self.state = self.doctypeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.currentToken["name"] = self.currentToken["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.currentToken["name"] = self.currentToken["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["name"] += "\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.doctypeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype-name"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.currentToken["name"] = self.currentToken["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["name"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            if data in ("p", "P"):
+                matched = True
+                for expected in (("u", "U"), ("b", "B"), ("l", "L"),
+                                 ("i", "I"), ("c", "C")):
+                    data = self.stream.char()
+                    if data not in expected:
+                        matched = False
+                        break
+                if matched:
+                    self.state = self.afterDoctypePublicKeywordState
+                    return True
+            elif data in ("s", "S"):
+                matched = True
+                for expected in (("y", "Y"), ("s", "S"), ("t", "T"),
+                                 ("e", "E"), ("m", "M")):
+                    data = self.stream.char()
+                    if data not in expected:
+                        matched = False
+                        break
+                if matched:
+                    self.state = self.afterDoctypeSystemKeywordState
+                    return True
+
+            # All the characters read before the current 'data' will be
+            # [a-zA-Z], so they're garbage in the bogus doctype and can be
+            # discarded; only the latest character might be '>' or EOF
+            # and needs to be ungetted
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-space-or-right-bracket-in-doctype", "datavars":
+                                    {"data": data}})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypePublicKeywordState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data in ("'", '"'):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == "\"":
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypePublicIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypePublicIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypePublicIdentifierDoubleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def doctypePublicIdentifierSingleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "'":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypePublicIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.betweenDoctypePublicAndSystemIdentifiersState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == '"':
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def betweenDoctypePublicAndSystemIdentifiersState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == '"':
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypeSystemKeywordState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data in ("'", '"'):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == "\"":
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "'":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypeSystemIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def bogusDoctypeState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            # XXX EMIT
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            pass
+        return True
+
+    def cdataSectionState(self):
+        data = []
+        while True:
+            data.append(self.stream.charsUntil("]"))
+            data.append(self.stream.charsUntil(">"))
+            char = self.stream.char()
+            if char == EOF:
+                break
+            else:
+                assert char == ">"
+                if data[-1][-2:] == "]]":
+                    data[-1] = data[-1][:-2]
+                    break
+                else:
+                    data.append(char)
+
+        data = "".join(data)
+        # Deal with null here rather than in the parser
+        nullCount = data.count("\u0000")
+        if nullCount > 0:
+            for i in range(nullCount):
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                        "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            data = data.replace("\u0000", "\uFFFD")
+        if data:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": data})
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad47df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from xml.sax.xmlreader import AttributesNSImpl
+
+from ..constants import adjustForeignAttributes, unadjustForeignAttributes
+
+prefix_mapping = {}
+for prefix, localName, namespace in adjustForeignAttributes.values():
+    if prefix is not None:
+        prefix_mapping[prefix] = namespace
+
+
+def to_sax(walker, handler):
+    """Call SAX-like content handler based on treewalker walker"""
+    handler.startDocument()
+    for prefix, namespace in prefix_mapping.items():
+        handler.startPrefixMapping(prefix, namespace)
+
+    for token in walker:
+        type = token["type"]
+        if type == "Doctype":
+            continue
+        elif type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+            attrs = AttributesNSImpl(token["data"],
+                                     unadjustForeignAttributes)
+            handler.startElementNS((token["namespace"], token["name"]),
+                                   token["name"],
+                                   attrs)
+            if type == "EmptyTag":
+                handler.endElementNS((token["namespace"], token["name"]),
+                                     token["name"])
+        elif type == "EndTag":
+            handler.endElementNS((token["namespace"], token["name"]),
+                                 token["name"])
+        elif type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+            handler.characters(token["data"])
+        elif type == "Comment":
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert False, "Unknown token type"
+
+    for prefix, namespace in prefix_mapping.items():
+        handler.endPrefixMapping(prefix)
+    handler.endDocument()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a6b2a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+"""A collection of modules for building different kinds of tree from
+HTML documents.
+
+To create a treebuilder for a new type of tree, you need to do
+implement several things:
+
+1) A set of classes for various types of elements: Document, Doctype,
+Comment, Element. These must implement the interface of
+_base.treebuilders.Node (although comment nodes have a different
+signature for their constructor, see treebuilders.etree.Comment)
+Textual content may also be implemented as another node type, or not, as
+your tree implementation requires.
+
+2) A treebuilder object (called TreeBuilder by convention) that
+inherits from treebuilders._base.TreeBuilder. This has 4 required attributes:
+documentClass - the class to use for the bottommost node of a document
+elementClass - the class to use for HTML Elements
+commentClass - the class to use for comments
+doctypeClass - the class to use for doctypes
+It also has one required method:
+getDocument - Returns the root node of the complete document tree
+
+3) If you wish to run the unit tests, you must also create a
+testSerializer method on your treebuilder which accepts a node and
+returns a string containing Node and its children serialized according
+to the format used in the unittests
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from ..utils import default_etree
+
+treeBuilderCache = {}
+
+
+def getTreeBuilder(treeType, implementation=None, **kwargs):
+    """Get a TreeBuilder class for various types of tree with built-in support
+
+    treeType - the name of the tree type required (case-insensitive). Supported
+               values are:
+
+               "dom" - A generic builder for DOM implementations, defaulting to
+                       a xml.dom.minidom based implementation.
+               "etree" - A generic builder for tree implementations exposing an
+                         ElementTree-like interface, defaulting to
+                         xml.etree.cElementTree if available and
+                         xml.etree.ElementTree if not.
+               "lxml" - A etree-based builder for lxml.etree, handling
+                        limitations of lxml's implementation.
+
+    implementation - (Currently applies to the "etree" and "dom" tree types). A
+                      module implementing the tree type e.g.
+                      xml.etree.ElementTree or xml.etree.cElementTree."""
+
+    treeType = treeType.lower()
+    if treeType not in treeBuilderCache:
+        if treeType == "dom":
+            from . import dom
+            # Come up with a sane default (pref. from the stdlib)
+            if implementation is None:
+                from xml.dom import minidom
+                implementation = minidom
+            # NEVER cache here, caching is done in the dom submodule
+            return dom.getDomModule(implementation, **kwargs).TreeBuilder
+        elif treeType == "lxml":
+            from . import etree_lxml
+            treeBuilderCache[treeType] = etree_lxml.TreeBuilder
+        elif treeType == "etree":
+            from . import etree
+            if implementation is None:
+                implementation = default_etree
+            # NEVER cache here, caching is done in the etree submodule
+            return etree.getETreeModule(implementation, **kwargs).TreeBuilder
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("""Unrecognised treebuilder "%s" """ % treeType)
+    return treeBuilderCache.get(treeType)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..970c9ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from ..constants import scopingElements, tableInsertModeElements, namespaces
+
+# The scope markers are inserted when entering object elements,
+# marquees, table cells, and table captions, and are used to prevent formatting
+# from "leaking" into tables, object elements, and marquees.
+Marker = None
+
+listElementsMap = {
+    None: (frozenset(scopingElements), False),
+    "button": (frozenset(scopingElements | set([(namespaces["html"], "button")])), False),
+    "list": (frozenset(scopingElements | set([(namespaces["html"], "ol"),
+                                              (namespaces["html"], "ul")])), False),
+    "table": (frozenset([(namespaces["html"], "html"),
+                         (namespaces["html"], "table")]), False),
+    "select": (frozenset([(namespaces["html"], "optgroup"),
+                          (namespaces["html"], "option")]), True)
+}
+
+
+class Node(object):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        """Node representing an item in the tree.
+        name - The tag name associated with the node
+        parent - The parent of the current node (or None for the document node)
+        value - The value of the current node (applies to text nodes and
+        comments
+        attributes - a dict holding name, value pairs for attributes of the node
+        childNodes - a list of child nodes of the current node. This must
+        include all elements but not necessarily other node types
+        _flags - A list of miscellaneous flags that can be set on the node
+        """
+        self.name = name
+        self.parent = None
+        self.value = None
+        self.attributes = {}
+        self.childNodes = []
+        self._flags = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        attributesStr = " ".join(["%s=\"%s\"" % (name, value)
+                                  for name, value in
+                                  self.attributes.items()])
+        if attributesStr:
+            return "<%s %s>" % (self.name, attributesStr)
+        else:
+            return "<%s>" % (self.name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s>" % (self.name)
+
+    def appendChild(self, node):
+        """Insert node as a child of the current node
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+        """Insert data as text in the current node, positioned before the
+        start of node insertBefore or to the end of the node's text.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def insertBefore(self, node, refNode):
+        """Insert node as a child of the current node, before refNode in the
+        list of child nodes. Raises ValueError if refNode is not a child of
+        the current node"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def removeChild(self, node):
+        """Remove node from the children of the current node
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def reparentChildren(self, newParent):
+        """Move all the children of the current node to newParent.
+        This is needed so that trees that don't store text as nodes move the
+        text in the correct way
+        """
+        # XXX - should this method be made more general?
+        for child in self.childNodes:
+            newParent.appendChild(child)
+        self.childNodes = []
+
+    def cloneNode(self):
+        """Return a shallow copy of the current node i.e. a node with the same
+        name and attributes but with no parent or child nodes
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def hasContent(self):
+        """Return true if the node has children or text, false otherwise
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class ActiveFormattingElements(list):
+    def append(self, node):
+        equalCount = 0
+        if node != Marker:
+            for element in self[::-1]:
+                if element == Marker:
+                    break
+                if self.nodesEqual(element, node):
+                    equalCount += 1
+                if equalCount == 3:
+                    self.remove(element)
+                    break
+        list.append(self, node)
+
+    def nodesEqual(self, node1, node2):
+        if not node1.nameTuple == node2.nameTuple:
+            return False
+
+        if not node1.attributes == node2.attributes:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+class TreeBuilder(object):
+    """Base treebuilder implementation
+    documentClass - the class to use for the bottommost node of a document
+    elementClass - the class to use for HTML Elements
+    commentClass - the class to use for comments
+    doctypeClass - the class to use for doctypes
+    """
+
+    # Document class
+    documentClass = None
+
+    # The class to use for creating a node
+    elementClass = None
+
+    # The class to use for creating comments
+    commentClass = None
+
+    # The class to use for creating doctypes
+    doctypeClass = None
+
+    # Fragment class
+    fragmentClass = None
+
+    def __init__(self, namespaceHTMLElements):
+        if namespaceHTMLElements:
+            self.defaultNamespace = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+        else:
+            self.defaultNamespace = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.openElements = []
+        self.activeFormattingElements = ActiveFormattingElements()
+
+        # XXX - rename these to headElement, formElement
+        self.headPointer = None
+        self.formPointer = None
+
+        self.insertFromTable = False
+
+        self.document = self.documentClass()
+
+    def elementInScope(self, target, variant=None):
+
+        # If we pass a node in we match that. if we pass a string
+        # match any node with that name
+        exactNode = hasattr(target, "nameTuple")
+
+        listElements, invert = listElementsMap[variant]
+
+        for node in reversed(self.openElements):
+            if (node.name == target and not exactNode or
+                    node == target and exactNode):
+                return True
+            elif (invert ^ (node.nameTuple in listElements)):
+                return False
+
+        assert False  # We should never reach this point
+
+    def reconstructActiveFormattingElements(self):
+        # Within this algorithm the order of steps described in the
+        # specification is not quite the same as the order of steps in the
+        # code. It should still do the same though.
+
+        # Step 1: stop the algorithm when there's nothing to do.
+        if not self.activeFormattingElements:
+            return
+
+        # Step 2 and step 3: we start with the last element. So i is -1.
+        i = len(self.activeFormattingElements) - 1
+        entry = self.activeFormattingElements[i]
+        if entry == Marker or entry in self.openElements:
+            return
+
+        # Step 6
+        while entry != Marker and entry not in self.openElements:
+            if i == 0:
+                # This will be reset to 0 below
+                i = -1
+                break
+            i -= 1
+            # Step 5: let entry be one earlier in the list.
+            entry = self.activeFormattingElements[i]
+
+        while True:
+            # Step 7
+            i += 1
+
+            # Step 8
+            entry = self.activeFormattingElements[i]
+            clone = entry.cloneNode()  # Mainly to get a new copy of the attributes
+
+            # Step 9
+            element = self.insertElement({"type": "StartTag",
+                                          "name": clone.name,
+                                          "namespace": clone.namespace,
+                                          "data": clone.attributes})
+
+            # Step 10
+            self.activeFormattingElements[i] = element
+
+            # Step 11
+            if element == self.activeFormattingElements[-1]:
+                break
+
+    def clearActiveFormattingElements(self):
+        entry = self.activeFormattingElements.pop()
+        while self.activeFormattingElements and entry != Marker:
+            entry = self.activeFormattingElements.pop()
+
+    def elementInActiveFormattingElements(self, name):
+        """Check if an element exists between the end of the active
+        formatting elements and the last marker. If it does, return it, else
+        return false"""
+
+        for item in self.activeFormattingElements[::-1]:
+            # Check for Marker first because if it's a Marker it doesn't have a
+            # name attribute.
+            if item == Marker:
+                break
+            elif item.name == name:
+                return item
+        return False
+
+    def insertRoot(self, token):
+        element = self.createElement(token)
+        self.openElements.append(element)
+        self.document.appendChild(element)
+
+    def insertDoctype(self, token):
+        name = token["name"]
+        publicId = token["publicId"]
+        systemId = token["systemId"]
+
+        doctype = self.doctypeClass(name, publicId, systemId)
+        self.document.appendChild(doctype)
+
+    def insertComment(self, token, parent=None):
+        if parent is None:
+            parent = self.openElements[-1]
+        parent.appendChild(self.commentClass(token["data"]))
+
+    def createElement(self, token):
+        """Create an element but don't insert it anywhere"""
+        name = token["name"]
+        namespace = token.get("namespace", self.defaultNamespace)
+        element = self.elementClass(name, namespace)
+        element.attributes = token["data"]
+        return element
+
+    def _getInsertFromTable(self):
+        return self._insertFromTable
+
+    def _setInsertFromTable(self, value):
+        """Switch the function used to insert an element from the
+        normal one to the misnested table one and back again"""
+        self._insertFromTable = value
+        if value:
+            self.insertElement = self.insertElementTable
+        else:
+            self.insertElement = self.insertElementNormal
+
+    insertFromTable = property(_getInsertFromTable, _setInsertFromTable)
+
+    def insertElementNormal(self, token):
+        name = token["name"]
+        assert isinstance(name, text_type), "Element %s not unicode" % name
+        namespace = token.get("namespace", self.defaultNamespace)
+        element = self.elementClass(name, namespace)
+        element.attributes = token["data"]
+        self.openElements[-1].appendChild(element)
+        self.openElements.append(element)
+        return element
+
+    def insertElementTable(self, token):
+        """Create an element and insert it into the tree"""
+        element = self.createElement(token)
+        if self.openElements[-1].name not in tableInsertModeElements:
+            return self.insertElementNormal(token)
+        else:
+            # We should be in the InTable mode. This means we want to do
+            # special magic element rearranging
+            parent, insertBefore = self.getTableMisnestedNodePosition()
+            if insertBefore is None:
+                parent.appendChild(element)
+            else:
+                parent.insertBefore(element, insertBefore)
+            self.openElements.append(element)
+        return element
+
+    def insertText(self, data, parent=None):
+        """Insert text data."""
+        if parent is None:
+            parent = self.openElements[-1]
+
+        if (not self.insertFromTable or (self.insertFromTable and
+                                         self.openElements[-1].name
+                                         not in tableInsertModeElements)):
+            parent.insertText(data)
+        else:
+            # We should be in the InTable mode. This means we want to do
+            # special magic element rearranging
+            parent, insertBefore = self.getTableMisnestedNodePosition()
+            parent.insertText(data, insertBefore)
+
+    def getTableMisnestedNodePosition(self):
+        """Get the foster parent element, and sibling to insert before
+        (or None) when inserting a misnested table node"""
+        # The foster parent element is the one which comes before the most
+        # recently opened table element
+        # XXX - this is really inelegant
+        lastTable = None
+        fosterParent = None
+        insertBefore = None
+        for elm in self.openElements[::-1]:
+            if elm.name == "table":
+                lastTable = elm
+                break
+        if lastTable:
+            # XXX - we should really check that this parent is actually a
+            # node here
+            if lastTable.parent:
+                fosterParent = lastTable.parent
+                insertBefore = lastTable
+            else:
+                fosterParent = self.openElements[
+                    self.openElements.index(lastTable) - 1]
+        else:
+            fosterParent = self.openElements[0]
+        return fosterParent, insertBefore
+
+    def generateImpliedEndTags(self, exclude=None):
+        name = self.openElements[-1].name
+        # XXX td, th and tr are not actually needed
+        if (name in frozenset(("dd", "dt", "li", "option", "optgroup", "p", "rp", "rt"))
+                and name != exclude):
+            self.openElements.pop()
+            # XXX This is not entirely what the specification says. We should
+            # investigate it more closely.
+            self.generateImpliedEndTags(exclude)
+
+    def getDocument(self):
+        "Return the final tree"
+        return self.document
+
+    def getFragment(self):
+        "Return the final fragment"
+        # assert self.innerHTML
+        fragment = self.fragmentClass()
+        self.openElements[0].reparentChildren(fragment)
+        return fragment
+
+    def testSerializer(self, node):
+        """Serialize the subtree of node in the format required by unit tests
+        node - the node from which to start serializing"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..234233b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+
+from xml.dom import minidom, Node
+import weakref
+
+from . import _base
+from .. import constants
+from ..constants import namespaces
+from ..utils import moduleFactoryFactory
+
+
+def getDomBuilder(DomImplementation):
+    Dom = DomImplementation
+
+    class AttrList(object):
+        def __init__(self, element):
+            self.element = element
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return list(self.element.attributes.items()).__iter__()
+
+        def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+            self.element.setAttribute(name, value)
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(list(self.element.attributes.items()))
+
+        def items(self):
+            return [(item[0], item[1]) for item in
+                    list(self.element.attributes.items())]
+
+        def keys(self):
+            return list(self.element.attributes.keys())
+
+        def __getitem__(self, name):
+            return self.element.getAttribute(name)
+
+        def __contains__(self, name):
+            if isinstance(name, tuple):
+                raise NotImplementedError
+            else:
+                return self.element.hasAttribute(name)
+
+    class NodeBuilder(_base.Node):
+        def __init__(self, element):
+            _base.Node.__init__(self, element.nodeName)
+            self.element = element
+
+        namespace = property(lambda self: hasattr(self.element, "namespaceURI")
+                             and self.element.namespaceURI or None)
+
+        def appendChild(self, node):
+            node.parent = self
+            self.element.appendChild(node.element)
+
+        def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+            text = self.element.ownerDocument.createTextNode(data)
+            if insertBefore:
+                self.element.insertBefore(text, insertBefore.element)
+            else:
+                self.element.appendChild(text)
+
+        def insertBefore(self, node, refNode):
+            self.element.insertBefore(node.element, refNode.element)
+            node.parent = self
+
+        def removeChild(self, node):
+            if node.element.parentNode == self.element:
+                self.element.removeChild(node.element)
+            node.parent = None
+
+        def reparentChildren(self, newParent):
+            while self.element.hasChildNodes():
+                child = self.element.firstChild
+                self.element.removeChild(child)
+                newParent.element.appendChild(child)
+            self.childNodes = []
+
+        def getAttributes(self):
+            return AttrList(self.element)
+
+        def setAttributes(self, attributes):
+            if attributes:
+                for name, value in list(attributes.items()):
+                    if isinstance(name, tuple):
+                        if name[0] is not None:
+                            qualifiedName = (name[0] + ":" + name[1])
+                        else:
+                            qualifiedName = name[1]
+                        self.element.setAttributeNS(name[2], qualifiedName,
+                                                    value)
+                    else:
+                        self.element.setAttribute(
+                            name, value)
+        attributes = property(getAttributes, setAttributes)
+
+        def cloneNode(self):
+            return NodeBuilder(self.element.cloneNode(False))
+
+        def hasContent(self):
+            return self.element.hasChildNodes()
+
+        def getNameTuple(self):
+            if self.namespace is None:
+                return namespaces["html"], self.name
+            else:
+                return self.namespace, self.name
+
+        nameTuple = property(getNameTuple)
+
+    class TreeBuilder(_base.TreeBuilder):
+        def documentClass(self):
+            self.dom = Dom.getDOMImplementation().createDocument(None, None, None)
+            return weakref.proxy(self)
+
+        def insertDoctype(self, token):
+            name = token["name"]
+            publicId = token["publicId"]
+            systemId = token["systemId"]
+
+            domimpl = Dom.getDOMImplementation()
+            doctype = domimpl.createDocumentType(name, publicId, systemId)
+            self.document.appendChild(NodeBuilder(doctype))
+            if Dom == minidom:
+                doctype.ownerDocument = self.dom
+
+        def elementClass(self, name, namespace=None):
+            if namespace is None and self.defaultNamespace is None:
+                node = self.dom.createElement(name)
+            else:
+                node = self.dom.createElementNS(namespace, name)
+
+            return NodeBuilder(node)
+
+        def commentClass(self, data):
+            return NodeBuilder(self.dom.createComment(data))
+
+        def fragmentClass(self):
+            return NodeBuilder(self.dom.createDocumentFragment())
+
+        def appendChild(self, node):
+            self.dom.appendChild(node.element)
+
+        def testSerializer(self, element):
+            return testSerializer(element)
+
+        def getDocument(self):
+            return self.dom
+
+        def getFragment(self):
+            return _base.TreeBuilder.getFragment(self).element
+
+        def insertText(self, data, parent=None):
+            data = data
+            if parent != self:
+                _base.TreeBuilder.insertText(self, data, parent)
+            else:
+                # HACK: allow text nodes as children of the document node
+                if hasattr(self.dom, '_child_node_types'):
+                    if Node.TEXT_NODE not in self.dom._child_node_types:
+                        self.dom._child_node_types = list(self.dom._child_node_types)
+                        self.dom._child_node_types.append(Node.TEXT_NODE)
+                self.dom.appendChild(self.dom.createTextNode(data))
+
+        implementation = DomImplementation
+        name = None
+
+    def testSerializer(element):
+        element.normalize()
+        rv = []
+
+        def serializeElement(element, indent=0):
+            if element.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+                if element.name:
+                    if element.publicId or element.systemId:
+                        publicId = element.publicId or ""
+                        systemId = element.systemId or ""
+                        rv.append("""|%s<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" %
+                                  (' ' * indent, element.name, publicId, systemId))
+                    else:
+                        rv.append("|%s<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (' ' * indent, element.name))
+                else:
+                    rv.append("|%s<!DOCTYPE >" % (' ' * indent,))
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE:
+                rv.append("#document")
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE:
+                rv.append("#document-fragment")
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.COMMENT_NODE:
+                rv.append("|%s<!-- %s -->" % (' ' * indent, element.nodeValue))
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.TEXT_NODE:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * indent, element.nodeValue))
+            else:
+                if (hasattr(element, "namespaceURI") and
+                        element.namespaceURI is not None):
+                    name = "%s %s" % (constants.prefixes[element.namespaceURI],
+                                      element.nodeName)
+                else:
+                    name = element.nodeName
+                rv.append("|%s<%s>" % (' ' * indent, name))
+                if element.hasAttributes():
+                    attributes = []
+                    for i in range(len(element.attributes)):
+                        attr = element.attributes.item(i)
+                        name = attr.nodeName
+                        value = attr.value
+                        ns = attr.namespaceURI
+                        if ns:
+                            name = "%s %s" % (constants.prefixes[ns], attr.localName)
+                        else:
+                            name = attr.nodeName
+                        attributes.append((name, value))
+
+                    for name, value in sorted(attributes):
+                        rv.append('|%s%s="%s"' % (' ' * (indent + 2), name, value))
+            indent += 2
+            for child in element.childNodes:
+                serializeElement(child, indent)
+        serializeElement(element, 0)
+
+        return "\n".join(rv)
+
+    return locals()
+
+
+# The actual means to get a module!
+getDomModule = moduleFactoryFactory(getDomBuilder)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48fead7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+import re
+
+from . import _base
+from .. import ihatexml
+from .. import constants
+from ..constants import namespaces
+from ..utils import moduleFactoryFactory
+
+tag_regexp = re.compile("{([^}]*)}(.*)")
+
+
+def getETreeBuilder(ElementTreeImplementation, fullTree=False):
+    ElementTree = ElementTreeImplementation
+    ElementTreeCommentType = ElementTree.Comment("asd").tag
+
+    class Element(_base.Node):
+        def __init__(self, name, namespace=None):
+            self._name = name
+            self._namespace = namespace
+            self._element = ElementTree.Element(self._getETreeTag(name,
+                                                                  namespace))
+            if namespace is None:
+                self.nameTuple = namespaces["html"], self._name
+            else:
+                self.nameTuple = self._namespace, self._name
+            self.parent = None
+            self._childNodes = []
+            self._flags = []
+
+        def _getETreeTag(self, name, namespace):
+            if namespace is None:
+                etree_tag = name
+            else:
+                etree_tag = "{%s}%s" % (namespace, name)
+            return etree_tag
+
+        def _setName(self, name):
+            self._name = name
+            self._element.tag = self._getETreeTag(self._name, self._namespace)
+
+        def _getName(self):
+            return self._name
+
+        name = property(_getName, _setName)
+
+        def _setNamespace(self, namespace):
+            self._namespace = namespace
+            self._element.tag = self._getETreeTag(self._name, self._namespace)
+
+        def _getNamespace(self):
+            return self._namespace
+
+        namespace = property(_getNamespace, _setNamespace)
+
+        def _getAttributes(self):
+            return self._element.attrib
+
+        def _setAttributes(self, attributes):
+            # Delete existing attributes first
+            # XXX - there may be a better way to do this...
+            for key in list(self._element.attrib.keys()):
+                del self._element.attrib[key]
+            for key, value in attributes.items():
+                if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                    name = "{%s}%s" % (key[2], key[1])
+                else:
+                    name = key
+                self._element.set(name, value)
+
+        attributes = property(_getAttributes, _setAttributes)
+
+        def _getChildNodes(self):
+            return self._childNodes
+
+        def _setChildNodes(self, value):
+            del self._element[:]
+            self._childNodes = []
+            for element in value:
+                self.insertChild(element)
+
+        childNodes = property(_getChildNodes, _setChildNodes)
+
+        def hasContent(self):
+            """Return true if the node has children or text"""
+            return bool(self._element.text or len(self._element))
+
+        def appendChild(self, node):
+            self._childNodes.append(node)
+            self._element.append(node._element)
+            node.parent = self
+
+        def insertBefore(self, node, refNode):
+            index = list(self._element).index(refNode._element)
+            self._element.insert(index, node._element)
+            node.parent = self
+
+        def removeChild(self, node):
+            self._element.remove(node._element)
+            node.parent = None
+
+        def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+            if not(len(self._element)):
+                if not self._element.text:
+                    self._element.text = ""
+                self._element.text += data
+            elif insertBefore is None:
+                # Insert the text as the tail of the last child element
+                if not self._element[-1].tail:
+                    self._element[-1].tail = ""
+                self._element[-1].tail += data
+            else:
+                # Insert the text before the specified node
+                children = list(self._element)
+                index = children.index(insertBefore._element)
+                if index > 0:
+                    if not self._element[index - 1].tail:
+                        self._element[index - 1].tail = ""
+                    self._element[index - 1].tail += data
+                else:
+                    if not self._element.text:
+                        self._element.text = ""
+                    self._element.text += data
+
+        def cloneNode(self):
+            element = type(self)(self.name, self.namespace)
+            for name, value in self.attributes.items():
+                element.attributes[name] = value
+            return element
+
+        def reparentChildren(self, newParent):
+            if newParent.childNodes:
+                newParent.childNodes[-1]._element.tail += self._element.text
+            else:
+                if not newParent._element.text:
+                    newParent._element.text = ""
+                if self._element.text is not None:
+                    newParent._element.text += self._element.text
+            self._element.text = ""
+            _base.Node.reparentChildren(self, newParent)
+
+    class Comment(Element):
+        def __init__(self, data):
+            # Use the superclass constructor to set all properties on the
+            # wrapper element
+            self._element = ElementTree.Comment(data)
+            self.parent = None
+            self._childNodes = []
+            self._flags = []
+
+        def _getData(self):
+            return self._element.text
+
+        def _setData(self, value):
+            self._element.text = value
+
+        data = property(_getData, _setData)
+
+    class DocumentType(Element):
+        def __init__(self, name, publicId, systemId):
+            Element.__init__(self, "<!DOCTYPE>")
+            self._element.text = name
+            self.publicId = publicId
+            self.systemId = systemId
+
+        def _getPublicId(self):
+            return self._element.get("publicId", "")
+
+        def _setPublicId(self, value):
+            if value is not None:
+                self._element.set("publicId", value)
+
+        publicId = property(_getPublicId, _setPublicId)
+
+        def _getSystemId(self):
+            return self._element.get("systemId", "")
+
+        def _setSystemId(self, value):
+            if value is not None:
+                self._element.set("systemId", value)
+
+        systemId = property(_getSystemId, _setSystemId)
+
+    class Document(Element):
+        def __init__(self):
+            Element.__init__(self, "DOCUMENT_ROOT")
+
+    class DocumentFragment(Element):
+        def __init__(self):
+            Element.__init__(self, "DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT")
+
+    def testSerializer(element):
+        rv = []
+
+        def serializeElement(element, indent=0):
+            if not(hasattr(element, "tag")):
+                element = element.getroot()
+            if element.tag == "<!DOCTYPE>":
+                if element.get("publicId") or element.get("systemId"):
+                    publicId = element.get("publicId") or ""
+                    systemId = element.get("systemId") or ""
+                    rv.append("""<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" %
+                              (element.text, publicId, systemId))
+                else:
+                    rv.append("<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (element.text,))
+            elif element.tag == "DOCUMENT_ROOT":
+                rv.append("#document")
+                if element.text is not None:
+                    rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent + 2), element.text))
+                if element.tail is not None:
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have tail")
+                if hasattr(element, "attrib") and len(element.attrib):
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have attributes")
+            elif element.tag == ElementTreeCommentType:
+                rv.append("|%s<!-- %s -->" % (' ' * indent, element.text))
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(element.tag, text_type), \
+                    "Expected unicode, got %s, %s" % (type(element.tag), element.tag)
+                nsmatch = tag_regexp.match(element.tag)
+
+                if nsmatch is None:
+                    name = element.tag
+                else:
+                    ns, name = nsmatch.groups()
+                    prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                    name = "%s %s" % (prefix, name)
+                rv.append("|%s<%s>" % (' ' * indent, name))
+
+                if hasattr(element, "attrib"):
+                    attributes = []
+                    for name, value in element.attrib.items():
+                        nsmatch = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                        if nsmatch is not None:
+                            ns, name = nsmatch.groups()
+                            prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                            attr_string = "%s %s" % (prefix, name)
+                        else:
+                            attr_string = name
+                        attributes.append((attr_string, value))
+
+                    for name, value in sorted(attributes):
+                        rv.append('|%s%s="%s"' % (' ' * (indent + 2), name, value))
+                if element.text:
+                    rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent + 2), element.text))
+            indent += 2
+            for child in element:
+                serializeElement(child, indent)
+            if element.tail:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent - 2), element.tail))
+        serializeElement(element, 0)
+
+        return "\n".join(rv)
+
+    def tostring(element):
+        """Serialize an element and its child nodes to a string"""
+        rv = []
+        filter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+
+        def serializeElement(element):
+            if isinstance(element, ElementTree.ElementTree):
+                element = element.getroot()
+
+            if element.tag == "<!DOCTYPE>":
+                if element.get("publicId") or element.get("systemId"):
+                    publicId = element.get("publicId") or ""
+                    systemId = element.get("systemId") or ""
+                    rv.append("""<!DOCTYPE %s PUBLIC "%s" "%s">""" %
+                              (element.text, publicId, systemId))
+                else:
+                    rv.append("<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (element.text,))
+            elif element.tag == "DOCUMENT_ROOT":
+                if element.text is not None:
+                    rv.append(element.text)
+                if element.tail is not None:
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have tail")
+                if hasattr(element, "attrib") and len(element.attrib):
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have attributes")
+
+                for child in element:
+                    serializeElement(child)
+
+            elif element.tag == ElementTreeCommentType:
+                rv.append("<!--%s-->" % (element.text,))
+            else:
+                # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+                if not element.attrib:
+                    rv.append("<%s>" % (filter.fromXmlName(element.tag),))
+                else:
+                    attr = " ".join(["%s=\"%s\"" % (
+                        filter.fromXmlName(name), value)
+                        for name, value in element.attrib.items()])
+                    rv.append("<%s %s>" % (element.tag, attr))
+                if element.text:
+                    rv.append(element.text)
+
+                for child in element:
+                    serializeElement(child)
+
+                rv.append("</%s>" % (element.tag,))
+
+            if element.tail:
+                rv.append(element.tail)
+
+        serializeElement(element)
+
+        return "".join(rv)
+
+    class TreeBuilder(_base.TreeBuilder):
+        documentClass = Document
+        doctypeClass = DocumentType
+        elementClass = Element
+        commentClass = Comment
+        fragmentClass = DocumentFragment
+        implementation = ElementTreeImplementation
+
+        def testSerializer(self, element):
+            return testSerializer(element)
+
+        def getDocument(self):
+            if fullTree:
+                return self.document._element
+            else:
+                if self.defaultNamespace is not None:
+                    return self.document._element.find(
+                        "{%s}html" % self.defaultNamespace)
+                else:
+                    return self.document._element.find("html")
+
+        def getFragment(self):
+            return _base.TreeBuilder.getFragment(self)._element
+
+    return locals()
+
+
+getETreeModule = moduleFactoryFactory(getETreeBuilder)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35d08ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+"""Module for supporting the lxml.etree library. The idea here is to use as much
+of the native library as possible, without using fragile hacks like custom element
+names that break between releases. The downside of this is that we cannot represent
+all possible trees; specifically the following are known to cause problems:
+
+Text or comments as siblings of the root element
+Docypes with no name
+
+When any of these things occur, we emit a DataLossWarning
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import warnings
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import _base
+from ..constants import DataLossWarning
+from .. import constants
+from . import etree as etree_builders
+from .. import ihatexml
+
+import lxml.etree as etree
+
+
+fullTree = True
+tag_regexp = re.compile("{([^}]*)}(.*)")
+
+comment_type = etree.Comment("asd").tag
+
+
+class DocumentType(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, publicId, systemId):
+        self.name = name
+        self.publicId = publicId
+        self.systemId = systemId
+
+
+class Document(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._elementTree = None
+        self._childNodes = []
+
+    def appendChild(self, element):
+        self._elementTree.getroot().addnext(element._element)
+
+    def _getChildNodes(self):
+        return self._childNodes
+
+    childNodes = property(_getChildNodes)
+
+
+def testSerializer(element):
+    rv = []
+    finalText = None
+    infosetFilter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+
+    def serializeElement(element, indent=0):
+        if not hasattr(element, "tag"):
+            if hasattr(element, "getroot"):
+                # Full tree case
+                rv.append("#document")
+                if element.docinfo.internalDTD:
+                    if not (element.docinfo.public_id or
+                            element.docinfo.system_url):
+                        dtd_str = "<!DOCTYPE %s>" % element.docinfo.root_name
+                    else:
+                        dtd_str = """<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" % (
+                            element.docinfo.root_name,
+                            element.docinfo.public_id,
+                            element.docinfo.system_url)
+                    rv.append("|%s%s" % (' ' * (indent + 2), dtd_str))
+                next_element = element.getroot()
+                while next_element.getprevious() is not None:
+                    next_element = next_element.getprevious()
+                while next_element is not None:
+                    serializeElement(next_element, indent + 2)
+                    next_element = next_element.getnext()
+            elif isinstance(element, str) or isinstance(element, bytes):
+                # Text in a fragment
+                assert isinstance(element, str) or sys.version_info.major == 2
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * indent, element))
+            else:
+                # Fragment case
+                rv.append("#document-fragment")
+                for next_element in element:
+                    serializeElement(next_element, indent + 2)
+        elif element.tag == comment_type:
+            rv.append("|%s<!-- %s -->" % (' ' * indent, element.text))
+            if hasattr(element, "tail") and element.tail:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * indent, element.tail))
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(element, etree._Element)
+            nsmatch = etree_builders.tag_regexp.match(element.tag)
+            if nsmatch is not None:
+                ns = nsmatch.group(1)
+                tag = nsmatch.group(2)
+                prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                rv.append("|%s<%s %s>" % (' ' * indent, prefix,
+                                          infosetFilter.fromXmlName(tag)))
+            else:
+                rv.append("|%s<%s>" % (' ' * indent,
+                                       infosetFilter.fromXmlName(element.tag)))
+
+            if hasattr(element, "attrib"):
+                attributes = []
+                for name, value in element.attrib.items():
+                    nsmatch = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                    if nsmatch is not None:
+                        ns, name = nsmatch.groups()
+                        name = infosetFilter.fromXmlName(name)
+                        prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                        attr_string = "%s %s" % (prefix, name)
+                    else:
+                        attr_string = infosetFilter.fromXmlName(name)
+                    attributes.append((attr_string, value))
+
+                for name, value in sorted(attributes):
+                    rv.append('|%s%s="%s"' % (' ' * (indent + 2), name, value))
+
+            if element.text:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent + 2), element.text))
+            indent += 2
+            for child in element:
+                serializeElement(child, indent)
+            if hasattr(element, "tail") and element.tail:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent - 2), element.tail))
+    serializeElement(element, 0)
+
+    if finalText is not None:
+        rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * 2, finalText))
+
+    return "\n".join(rv)
+
+
+def tostring(element):
+    """Serialize an element and its child nodes to a string"""
+    rv = []
+    finalText = None
+
+    def serializeElement(element):
+        if not hasattr(element, "tag"):
+            if element.docinfo.internalDTD:
+                if element.docinfo.doctype:
+                    dtd_str = element.docinfo.doctype
+                else:
+                    dtd_str = "<!DOCTYPE %s>" % element.docinfo.root_name
+                rv.append(dtd_str)
+            serializeElement(element.getroot())
+
+        elif element.tag == comment_type:
+            rv.append("<!--%s-->" % (element.text,))
+
+        else:
+            # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+            if not element.attrib:
+                rv.append("<%s>" % (element.tag,))
+            else:
+                attr = " ".join(["%s=\"%s\"" % (name, value)
+                                 for name, value in element.attrib.items()])
+                rv.append("<%s %s>" % (element.tag, attr))
+            if element.text:
+                rv.append(element.text)
+
+            for child in element:
+                serializeElement(child)
+
+            rv.append("</%s>" % (element.tag,))
+
+        if hasattr(element, "tail") and element.tail:
+            rv.append(element.tail)
+
+    serializeElement(element)
+
+    if finalText is not None:
+        rv.append("%s\"" % (' ' * 2, finalText))
+
+    return "".join(rv)
+
+
+class TreeBuilder(_base.TreeBuilder):
+    documentClass = Document
+    doctypeClass = DocumentType
+    elementClass = None
+    commentClass = None
+    fragmentClass = Document
+    implementation = etree
+
+    def __init__(self, namespaceHTMLElements, fullTree=False):
+        builder = etree_builders.getETreeModule(etree, fullTree=fullTree)
+        infosetFilter = self.infosetFilter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+        self.namespaceHTMLElements = namespaceHTMLElements
+
+        class Attributes(dict):
+            def __init__(self, element, value={}):
+                self._element = element
+                dict.__init__(self, value)
+                for key, value in self.items():
+                    if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                        name = "{%s}%s" % (key[2], infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key[1]))
+                    else:
+                        name = infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key)
+                    self._element._element.attrib[name] = value
+
+            def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+                dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+                if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                    name = "{%s}%s" % (key[2], infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key[1]))
+                else:
+                    name = infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key)
+                self._element._element.attrib[name] = value
+
+        class Element(builder.Element):
+            def __init__(self, name, namespace):
+                name = infosetFilter.coerceElement(name)
+                builder.Element.__init__(self, name, namespace=namespace)
+                self._attributes = Attributes(self)
+
+            def _setName(self, name):
+                self._name = infosetFilter.coerceElement(name)
+                self._element.tag = self._getETreeTag(
+                    self._name, self._namespace)
+
+            def _getName(self):
+                return infosetFilter.fromXmlName(self._name)
+
+            name = property(_getName, _setName)
+
+            def _getAttributes(self):
+                return self._attributes
+
+            def _setAttributes(self, attributes):
+                self._attributes = Attributes(self, attributes)
+
+            attributes = property(_getAttributes, _setAttributes)
+
+            def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+                data = infosetFilter.coerceCharacters(data)
+                builder.Element.insertText(self, data, insertBefore)
+
+            def appendChild(self, child):
+                builder.Element.appendChild(self, child)
+
+        class Comment(builder.Comment):
+            def __init__(self, data):
+                data = infosetFilter.coerceComment(data)
+                builder.Comment.__init__(self, data)
+
+            def _setData(self, data):
+                data = infosetFilter.coerceComment(data)
+                self._element.text = data
+
+            def _getData(self):
+                return self._element.text
+
+            data = property(_getData, _setData)
+
+        self.elementClass = Element
+        self.commentClass = builder.Comment
+        # self.fragmentClass = builder.DocumentFragment
+        _base.TreeBuilder.__init__(self, namespaceHTMLElements)
+
+    def reset(self):
+        _base.TreeBuilder.reset(self)
+        self.insertComment = self.insertCommentInitial
+        self.initial_comments = []
+        self.doctype = None
+
+    def testSerializer(self, element):
+        return testSerializer(element)
+
+    def getDocument(self):
+        if fullTree:
+            return self.document._elementTree
+        else:
+            return self.document._elementTree.getroot()
+
+    def getFragment(self):
+        fragment = []
+        element = self.openElements[0]._element
+        if element.text:
+            fragment.append(element.text)
+        fragment.extend(list(element))
+        if element.tail:
+            fragment.append(element.tail)
+        return fragment
+
+    def insertDoctype(self, token):
+        name = token["name"]
+        publicId = token["publicId"]
+        systemId = token["systemId"]
+
+        if not name:
+            warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent empty doctype", DataLossWarning)
+            self.doctype = None
+        else:
+            coercedName = self.infosetFilter.coerceElement(name)
+            if coercedName != name:
+                warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent non-xml doctype", DataLossWarning)
+
+            doctype = self.doctypeClass(coercedName, publicId, systemId)
+            self.doctype = doctype
+
+    def insertCommentInitial(self, data, parent=None):
+        self.initial_comments.append(data)
+
+    def insertCommentMain(self, data, parent=None):
+        if (parent == self.document and
+                self.document._elementTree.getroot()[-1].tag == comment_type):
+                warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent adjacent comments beyond the root elements", DataLossWarning)
+        super(TreeBuilder, self).insertComment(data, parent)
+
+    def insertRoot(self, token):
+        """Create the document root"""
+        # Because of the way libxml2 works, it doesn't seem to be possible to
+        # alter information like the doctype after the tree has been parsed.
+        # Therefore we need to use the built-in parser to create our iniial
+        # tree, after which we can add elements like normal
+        docStr = ""
+        if self.doctype:
+            assert self.doctype.name
+            docStr += "<!DOCTYPE %s" % self.doctype.name
+            if (self.doctype.publicId is not None or
+                    self.doctype.systemId is not None):
+                docStr += (' PUBLIC "%s" ' %
+                           (self.infosetFilter.coercePubid(self.doctype.publicId or "")))
+                if self.doctype.systemId:
+                    sysid = self.doctype.systemId
+                    if sysid.find("'") >= 0 and sysid.find('"') >= 0:
+                        warnings.warn("DOCTYPE system cannot contain single and double quotes", DataLossWarning)
+                        sysid = sysid.replace("'", 'U00027')
+                    if sysid.find("'") >= 0:
+                        docStr += '"%s"' % sysid
+                    else:
+                        docStr += "'%s'" % sysid
+                else:
+                    docStr += "''"
+            docStr += ">"
+            if self.doctype.name != token["name"]:
+                warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent doctype with a different name to the root element", DataLossWarning)
+        docStr += "<THIS_SHOULD_NEVER_APPEAR_PUBLICLY/>"
+        root = etree.fromstring(docStr)
+
+        # Append the initial comments:
+        for comment_token in self.initial_comments:
+            root.addprevious(etree.Comment(comment_token["data"]))
+
+        # Create the root document and add the ElementTree to it
+        self.document = self.documentClass()
+        self.document._elementTree = root.getroottree()
+
+        # Give the root element the right name
+        name = token["name"]
+        namespace = token.get("namespace", self.defaultNamespace)
+        if namespace is None:
+            etree_tag = name
+        else:
+            etree_tag = "{%s}%s" % (namespace, name)
+        root.tag = etree_tag
+
+        # Add the root element to the internal child/open data structures
+        root_element = self.elementClass(name, namespace)
+        root_element._element = root
+        self.document._childNodes.append(root_element)
+        self.openElements.append(root_element)
+
+        # Reset to the default insert comment function
+        self.insertComment = self.insertCommentMain
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20b91b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+"""A collection of modules for iterating through different kinds of
+tree, generating tokens identical to those produced by the tokenizer
+module.
+
+To create a tree walker for a new type of tree, you need to do
+implement a tree walker object (called TreeWalker by convention) that
+implements a 'serialize' method taking a tree as sole argument and
+returning an iterator generating tokens.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+__all__ = ["getTreeWalker", "pprint", "dom", "etree", "genshistream", "lxmletree",
+           "pulldom"]
+
+import sys
+
+from .. import constants
+from ..utils import default_etree
+
+treeWalkerCache = {}
+
+
+def getTreeWalker(treeType, implementation=None, **kwargs):
+    """Get a TreeWalker class for various types of tree with built-in support
+
+    treeType - the name of the tree type required (case-insensitive). Supported
+               values are:
+
+                "dom" - The xml.dom.minidom DOM implementation
+                "pulldom" - The xml.dom.pulldom event stream
+                "etree" - A generic walker for tree implementations exposing an
+                          elementtree-like interface (known to work with
+                          ElementTree, cElementTree and lxml.etree).
+                "lxml" - Optimized walker for lxml.etree
+                "genshi" - a Genshi stream
+
+    implementation - (Currently applies to the "etree" tree type only). A module
+                      implementing the tree type e.g. xml.etree.ElementTree or
+                      cElementTree."""
+
+    treeType = treeType.lower()
+    if treeType not in treeWalkerCache:
+        if treeType in ("dom", "pulldom"):
+            name = "%s.%s" % (__name__, treeType)
+            __import__(name)
+            mod = sys.modules[name]
+            treeWalkerCache[treeType] = mod.TreeWalker
+        elif treeType == "genshi":
+            from . import genshistream
+            treeWalkerCache[treeType] = genshistream.TreeWalker
+        elif treeType == "lxml":
+            from . import lxmletree
+            treeWalkerCache[treeType] = lxmletree.TreeWalker
+        elif treeType == "etree":
+            from . import etree
+            if implementation is None:
+                implementation = default_etree
+            # XXX: NEVER cache here, caching is done in the etree submodule
+            return etree.getETreeModule(implementation, **kwargs).TreeWalker
+    return treeWalkerCache.get(treeType)
+
+
+def concatenateCharacterTokens(tokens):
+    pendingCharacters = []
+    for token in tokens:
+        type = token["type"]
+        if type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+            pendingCharacters.append(token["data"])
+        else:
+            if pendingCharacters:
+                yield {"type": "Characters", "data": "".join(pendingCharacters)}
+                pendingCharacters = []
+            yield token
+    if pendingCharacters:
+        yield {"type": "Characters", "data": "".join(pendingCharacters)}
+
+
+def pprint(walker):
+    """Pretty printer for tree walkers"""
+    output = []
+    indent = 0
+    for token in concatenateCharacterTokens(walker):
+        type = token["type"]
+        if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+            # tag name
+            if token["namespace"] and token["namespace"] != constants.namespaces["html"]:
+                if token["namespace"] in constants.prefixes:
+                    ns = constants.prefixes[token["namespace"]]
+                else:
+                    ns = token["namespace"]
+                name = "%s %s" % (ns, token["name"])
+            else:
+                name = token["name"]
+            output.append("%s<%s>" % (" " * indent, name))
+            indent += 2
+            # attributes (sorted for consistent ordering)
+            attrs = token["data"]
+            for (namespace, localname), value in sorted(attrs.items()):
+                if namespace:
+                    if namespace in constants.prefixes:
+                        ns = constants.prefixes[namespace]
+                    else:
+                        ns = namespace
+                    name = "%s %s" % (ns, localname)
+                else:
+                    name = localname
+                output.append("%s%s=\"%s\"" % (" " * indent, name, value))
+            # self-closing
+            if type == "EmptyTag":
+                indent -= 2
+
+        elif type == "EndTag":
+            indent -= 2
+
+        elif type == "Comment":
+            output.append("%s<!-- %s -->" % (" " * indent, token["data"]))
+
+        elif type == "Doctype":
+            if token["name"]:
+                if token["publicId"]:
+                    output.append("""%s<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" %
+                                  (" " * indent,
+                                   token["name"],
+                                   token["publicId"],
+                                   token["systemId"] if token["systemId"] else ""))
+                elif token["systemId"]:
+                    output.append("""%s<!DOCTYPE %s "" "%s">""" %
+                                  (" " * indent,
+                                   token["name"],
+                                   token["systemId"]))
+                else:
+                    output.append("%s<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (" " * indent,
+                                                       token["name"]))
+            else:
+                output.append("%s<!DOCTYPE >" % (" " * indent,))
+
+        elif type == "Characters":
+            output.append("%s\"%s\"" % (" " * indent, token["data"]))
+
+        elif type == "SpaceCharacters":
+            assert False, "concatenateCharacterTokens should have got rid of all Space tokens"
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown token type, %s" % type)
+
+    return "\n".join(output)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42a59a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type, string_types
+
+__all__ = ["DOCUMENT", "DOCTYPE", "TEXT", "ELEMENT", "COMMENT", "ENTITY", "UNKNOWN",
+           "TreeWalker", "NonRecursiveTreeWalker"]
+
+from xml.dom import Node
+
+DOCUMENT = Node.DOCUMENT_NODE
+DOCTYPE = Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE
+TEXT = Node.TEXT_NODE
+ELEMENT = Node.ELEMENT_NODE
+COMMENT = Node.COMMENT_NODE
+ENTITY = Node.ENTITY_NODE
+UNKNOWN = "<#UNKNOWN#>"
+
+from ..constants import voidElements, spaceCharacters
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+
+def to_text(s, blank_if_none=True):
+    """Wrapper around six.text_type to convert None to empty string"""
+    if s is None:
+        if blank_if_none:
+            return ""
+        else:
+            return None
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        return text_type(s)
+
+
+def is_text_or_none(string):
+    """Wrapper around isinstance(string_types) or is None"""
+    return string is None or isinstance(string, string_types)
+
+
+class TreeWalker(object):
+    def __init__(self, tree):
+        self.tree = tree
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        return {"type": "SerializeError", "data": msg}
+
+    def emptyTag(self, namespace, name, attrs, hasChildren=False):
+        assert namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types), type(namespace)
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(name)
+        assert all((namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types)) and
+                   isinstance(name, string_types) and
+                   isinstance(value, string_types)
+                   for (namespace, name), value in attrs.items())
+
+        yield {"type": "EmptyTag", "name": to_text(name, False),
+               "namespace": to_text(namespace),
+               "data": attrs}
+        if hasChildren:
+            yield self.error("Void element has children")
+
+    def startTag(self, namespace, name, attrs):
+        assert namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types), type(namespace)
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(name)
+        assert all((namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types)) and
+                   isinstance(name, string_types) and
+                   isinstance(value, string_types)
+                   for (namespace, name), value in attrs.items())
+
+        return {"type": "StartTag",
+                "name": text_type(name),
+                "namespace": to_text(namespace),
+                "data": dict(((to_text(namespace, False), to_text(name)),
+                              to_text(value, False))
+                             for (namespace, name), value in attrs.items())}
+
+    def endTag(self, namespace, name):
+        assert namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types), type(namespace)
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(namespace)
+
+        return {"type": "EndTag",
+                "name": to_text(name, False),
+                "namespace": to_text(namespace),
+                "data": {}}
+
+    def text(self, data):
+        assert isinstance(data, string_types), type(data)
+
+        data = to_text(data)
+        middle = data.lstrip(spaceCharacters)
+        left = data[:len(data) - len(middle)]
+        if left:
+            yield {"type": "SpaceCharacters", "data": left}
+        data = middle
+        middle = data.rstrip(spaceCharacters)
+        right = data[len(middle):]
+        if middle:
+            yield {"type": "Characters", "data": middle}
+        if right:
+            yield {"type": "SpaceCharacters", "data": right}
+
+    def comment(self, data):
+        assert isinstance(data, string_types), type(data)
+
+        return {"type": "Comment", "data": text_type(data)}
+
+    def doctype(self, name, publicId=None, systemId=None, correct=True):
+        assert is_text_or_none(name), type(name)
+        assert is_text_or_none(publicId), type(publicId)
+        assert is_text_or_none(systemId), type(systemId)
+
+        return {"type": "Doctype",
+                "name": to_text(name),
+                "publicId": to_text(publicId),
+                "systemId": to_text(systemId),
+                "correct": to_text(correct)}
+
+    def entity(self, name):
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(name)
+
+        return {"type": "Entity", "name": text_type(name)}
+
+    def unknown(self, nodeType):
+        return self.error("Unknown node type: " + nodeType)
+
+
+class NonRecursiveTreeWalker(TreeWalker):
+    def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def getFirstChild(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def getNextSibling(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def getParentNode(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        currentNode = self.tree
+        while currentNode is not None:
+            details = self.getNodeDetails(currentNode)
+            type, details = details[0], details[1:]
+            hasChildren = False
+
+            if type == DOCTYPE:
+                yield self.doctype(*details)
+
+            elif type == TEXT:
+                for token in self.text(*details):
+                    yield token
+
+            elif type == ELEMENT:
+                namespace, name, attributes, hasChildren = details
+                if name in voidElements:
+                    for token in self.emptyTag(namespace, name, attributes,
+                                               hasChildren):
+                        yield token
+                    hasChildren = False
+                else:
+                    yield self.startTag(namespace, name, attributes)
+
+            elif type == COMMENT:
+                yield self.comment(details[0])
+
+            elif type == ENTITY:
+                yield self.entity(details[0])
+
+            elif type == DOCUMENT:
+                hasChildren = True
+
+            else:
+                yield self.unknown(details[0])
+
+            if hasChildren:
+                firstChild = self.getFirstChild(currentNode)
+            else:
+                firstChild = None
+
+            if firstChild is not None:
+                currentNode = firstChild
+            else:
+                while currentNode is not None:
+                    details = self.getNodeDetails(currentNode)
+                    type, details = details[0], details[1:]
+                    if type == ELEMENT:
+                        namespace, name, attributes, hasChildren = details
+                        if name not in voidElements:
+                            yield self.endTag(namespace, name)
+                    if self.tree is currentNode:
+                        currentNode = None
+                        break
+                    nextSibling = self.getNextSibling(currentNode)
+                    if nextSibling is not None:
+                        currentNode = nextSibling
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        currentNode = self.getParentNode(currentNode)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac4dcf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from xml.dom import Node
+
+from . import _base
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker):
+    def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+        if node.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+            return _base.DOCTYPE, node.name, node.publicId, node.systemId
+
+        elif node.nodeType in (Node.TEXT_NODE, Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE):
+            return _base.TEXT, node.nodeValue
+
+        elif node.nodeType == Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
+            attrs = {}
+            for attr in list(node.attributes.keys()):
+                attr = node.getAttributeNode(attr)
+                if attr.namespaceURI:
+                    attrs[(attr.namespaceURI, attr.localName)] = attr.value
+                else:
+                    attrs[(None, attr.name)] = attr.value
+            return (_base.ELEMENT, node.namespaceURI, node.nodeName,
+                    attrs, node.hasChildNodes())
+
+        elif node.nodeType == Node.COMMENT_NODE:
+            return _base.COMMENT, node.nodeValue
+
+        elif node.nodeType in (Node.DOCUMENT_NODE, Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE):
+            return (_base.DOCUMENT,)
+
+        else:
+            return _base.UNKNOWN, node.nodeType
+
+    def getFirstChild(self, node):
+        return node.firstChild
+
+    def getNextSibling(self, node):
+        return node.nextSibling
+
+    def getParentNode(self, node):
+        return node.parentNode
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7163425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from ordereddict import OrderedDict
+    except ImportError:
+        OrderedDict = dict
+
+import re
+
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from . import _base
+from ..utils import moduleFactoryFactory
+
+tag_regexp = re.compile("{([^}]*)}(.*)")
+
+
+def getETreeBuilder(ElementTreeImplementation):
+    ElementTree = ElementTreeImplementation
+    ElementTreeCommentType = ElementTree.Comment("asd").tag
+
+    class TreeWalker(_base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker):
+        """Given the particular ElementTree representation, this implementation,
+        to avoid using recursion, returns "nodes" as tuples with the following
+        content:
+
+        1. The current element
+
+        2. The index of the element relative to its parent
+
+        3. A stack of ancestor elements
+
+        4. A flag "text", "tail" or None to indicate if the current node is a
+           text node; either the text or tail of the current element (1)
+        """
+        def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):  # It might be the root Element
+                elt, key, parents, flag = node
+                if flag in ("text", "tail"):
+                    return _base.TEXT, getattr(elt, flag)
+                else:
+                    node = elt
+
+            if not(hasattr(node, "tag")):
+                node = node.getroot()
+
+            if node.tag in ("DOCUMENT_ROOT", "DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT"):
+                return (_base.DOCUMENT,)
+
+            elif node.tag == "<!DOCTYPE>":
+                return (_base.DOCTYPE, node.text,
+                        node.get("publicId"), node.get("systemId"))
+
+            elif node.tag == ElementTreeCommentType:
+                return _base.COMMENT, node.text
+
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(node.tag, string_types), type(node.tag)
+                # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+                match = tag_regexp.match(node.tag)
+                if match:
+                    namespace, tag = match.groups()
+                else:
+                    namespace = None
+                    tag = node.tag
+                attrs = OrderedDict()
+                for name, value in list(node.attrib.items()):
+                    match = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                    if match:
+                        attrs[(match.group(1), match.group(2))] = value
+                    else:
+                        attrs[(None, name)] = value
+                return (_base.ELEMENT, namespace, tag,
+                        attrs, len(node) or node.text)
+
+        def getFirstChild(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):
+                element, key, parents, flag = node
+            else:
+                element, key, parents, flag = node, None, [], None
+
+            if flag in ("text", "tail"):
+                return None
+            else:
+                if element.text:
+                    return element, key, parents, "text"
+                elif len(element):
+                    parents.append(element)
+                    return element[0], 0, parents, None
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+        def getNextSibling(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):
+                element, key, parents, flag = node
+            else:
+                return None
+
+            if flag == "text":
+                if len(element):
+                    parents.append(element)
+                    return element[0], 0, parents, None
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                if element.tail and flag != "tail":
+                    return element, key, parents, "tail"
+                elif key < len(parents[-1]) - 1:
+                    return parents[-1][key + 1], key + 1, parents, None
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+        def getParentNode(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):
+                element, key, parents, flag = node
+            else:
+                return None
+
+            if flag == "text":
+                if not parents:
+                    return element
+                else:
+                    return element, key, parents, None
+            else:
+                parent = parents.pop()
+                if not parents:
+                    return parent
+                else:
+                    return parent, list(parents[-1]).index(parent), parents, None
+
+    return locals()
+
+getETreeModule = moduleFactoryFactory(getETreeBuilder)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f559c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from genshi.core import QName
+from genshi.core import START, END, XML_NAMESPACE, DOCTYPE, TEXT
+from genshi.core import START_NS, END_NS, START_CDATA, END_CDATA, PI, COMMENT
+
+from . import _base
+
+from ..constants import voidElements, namespaces
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.TreeWalker):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Buffer the events so we can pass in the following one
+        previous = None
+        for event in self.tree:
+            if previous is not None:
+                for token in self.tokens(previous, event):
+                    yield token
+            previous = event
+
+        # Don't forget the final event!
+        if previous is not None:
+            for token in self.tokens(previous, None):
+                yield token
+
+    def tokens(self, event, next):
+        kind, data, pos = event
+        if kind == START:
+            tag, attribs = data
+            name = tag.localname
+            namespace = tag.namespace
+            converted_attribs = {}
+            for k, v in attribs:
+                if isinstance(k, QName):
+                    converted_attribs[(k.namespace, k.localname)] = v
+                else:
+                    converted_attribs[(None, k)] = v
+
+            if namespace == namespaces["html"] and name in voidElements:
+                for token in self.emptyTag(namespace, name, converted_attribs,
+                                           not next or next[0] != END
+                                           or next[1] != tag):
+                    yield token
+            else:
+                yield self.startTag(namespace, name, converted_attribs)
+
+        elif kind == END:
+            name = data.localname
+            namespace = data.namespace
+            if name not in voidElements:
+                yield self.endTag(namespace, name)
+
+        elif kind == COMMENT:
+            yield self.comment(data)
+
+        elif kind == TEXT:
+            for token in self.text(data):
+                yield token
+
+        elif kind == DOCTYPE:
+            yield self.doctype(*data)
+
+        elif kind in (XML_NAMESPACE, DOCTYPE, START_NS, END_NS,
+                      START_CDATA, END_CDATA, PI):
+            pass
+
+        else:
+            yield self.unknown(kind)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a485486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from lxml import etree
+from ..treebuilders.etree import tag_regexp
+
+from . import _base
+
+from .. import ihatexml
+
+
+def ensure_str(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return None
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        return s.decode("utf-8", "strict")
+
+
+class Root(object):
+    def __init__(self, et):
+        self.elementtree = et
+        self.children = []
+        if et.docinfo.internalDTD:
+            self.children.append(Doctype(self,
+                                         ensure_str(et.docinfo.root_name),
+                                         ensure_str(et.docinfo.public_id),
+                                         ensure_str(et.docinfo.system_url)))
+        root = et.getroot()
+        node = root
+
+        while node.getprevious() is not None:
+            node = node.getprevious()
+        while node is not None:
+            self.children.append(node)
+            node = node.getnext()
+
+        self.text = None
+        self.tail = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.children[key]
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        return None
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return 1
+
+
+class Doctype(object):
+    def __init__(self, root_node, name, public_id, system_id):
+        self.root_node = root_node
+        self.name = name
+        self.public_id = public_id
+        self.system_id = system_id
+
+        self.text = None
+        self.tail = None
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        return self.root_node.children[1]
+
+
+class FragmentRoot(Root):
+    def __init__(self, children):
+        self.children = [FragmentWrapper(self, child) for child in children]
+        self.text = self.tail = None
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        return None
+
+
+class FragmentWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, fragment_root, obj):
+        self.root_node = fragment_root
+        self.obj = obj
+        if hasattr(self.obj, 'text'):
+            self.text = ensure_str(self.obj.text)
+        else:
+            self.text = None
+        if hasattr(self.obj, 'tail'):
+            self.tail = ensure_str(self.obj.tail)
+        else:
+            self.tail = None
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.obj, name)
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        siblings = self.root_node.children
+        idx = siblings.index(self)
+        if idx < len(siblings) - 1:
+            return siblings[idx + 1]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.obj[key]
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.obj)
+
+    def getparent(self):
+        return None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.obj)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return str(self.obj)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.obj)
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker):
+    def __init__(self, tree):
+        if hasattr(tree, "getroot"):
+            tree = Root(tree)
+        elif isinstance(tree, list):
+            tree = FragmentRoot(tree)
+        _base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker.__init__(self, tree)
+        self.filter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+
+    def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, tuple):  # Text node
+            node, key = node
+            assert key in ("text", "tail"), "Text nodes are text or tail, found %s" % key
+            return _base.TEXT, ensure_str(getattr(node, key))
+
+        elif isinstance(node, Root):
+            return (_base.DOCUMENT,)
+
+        elif isinstance(node, Doctype):
+            return _base.DOCTYPE, node.name, node.public_id, node.system_id
+
+        elif isinstance(node, FragmentWrapper) and not hasattr(node, "tag"):
+            return _base.TEXT, node.obj
+
+        elif node.tag == etree.Comment:
+            return _base.COMMENT, ensure_str(node.text)
+
+        elif node.tag == etree.Entity:
+            return _base.ENTITY, ensure_str(node.text)[1:-1]  # strip &;
+
+        else:
+            # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+            match = tag_regexp.match(ensure_str(node.tag))
+            if match:
+                namespace, tag = match.groups()
+            else:
+                namespace = None
+                tag = ensure_str(node.tag)
+            attrs = {}
+            for name, value in list(node.attrib.items()):
+                name = ensure_str(name)
+                value = ensure_str(value)
+                match = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                if match:
+                    attrs[(match.group(1), match.group(2))] = value
+                else:
+                    attrs[(None, name)] = value
+            return (_base.ELEMENT, namespace, self.filter.fromXmlName(tag),
+                    attrs, len(node) > 0 or node.text)
+
+    def getFirstChild(self, node):
+        assert not isinstance(node, tuple), "Text nodes have no children"
+
+        assert len(node) or node.text, "Node has no children"
+        if node.text:
+            return (node, "text")
+        else:
+            return node[0]
+
+    def getNextSibling(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, tuple):  # Text node
+            node, key = node
+            assert key in ("text", "tail"), "Text nodes are text or tail, found %s" % key
+            if key == "text":
+                # XXX: we cannot use a "bool(node) and node[0] or None" construct here
+                # because node[0] might evaluate to False if it has no child element
+                if len(node):
+                    return node[0]
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:  # tail
+                return node.getnext()
+
+        return (node, "tail") if node.tail else node.getnext()
+
+    def getParentNode(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, tuple):  # Text node
+            node, key = node
+            assert key in ("text", "tail"), "Text nodes are text or tail, found %s" % key
+            if key == "text":
+                return node
+            # else: fallback to "normal" processing
+
+        return node.getparent()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b0f515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from xml.dom.pulldom import START_ELEMENT, END_ELEMENT, \
+    COMMENT, IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE, CHARACTERS
+
+from . import _base
+
+from ..constants import voidElements
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.TreeWalker):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        ignore_until = None
+        previous = None
+        for event in self.tree:
+            if previous is not None and \
+                    (ignore_until is None or previous[1] is ignore_until):
+                if previous[1] is ignore_until:
+                    ignore_until = None
+                for token in self.tokens(previous, event):
+                    yield token
+                    if token["type"] == "EmptyTag":
+                        ignore_until = previous[1]
+            previous = event
+        if ignore_until is None or previous[1] is ignore_until:
+            for token in self.tokens(previous, None):
+                yield token
+        elif ignore_until is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Illformed DOM event stream: void element without END_ELEMENT")
+
+    def tokens(self, event, next):
+        type, node = event
+        if type == START_ELEMENT:
+            name = node.nodeName
+            namespace = node.namespaceURI
+            attrs = {}
+            for attr in list(node.attributes.keys()):
+                attr = node.getAttributeNode(attr)
+                attrs[(attr.namespaceURI, attr.localName)] = attr.value
+            if name in voidElements:
+                for token in self.emptyTag(namespace,
+                                           name,
+                                           attrs,
+                                           not next or next[1] is not node):
+                    yield token
+            else:
+                yield self.startTag(namespace, name, attrs)
+
+        elif type == END_ELEMENT:
+            name = node.nodeName
+            namespace = node.namespaceURI
+            if name not in voidElements:
+                yield self.endTag(namespace, name)
+
+        elif type == COMMENT:
+            yield self.comment(node.nodeValue)
+
+        elif type in (IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE, CHARACTERS):
+            for token in self.text(node.nodeValue):
+                yield token
+
+        else:
+            yield self.unknown(type)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8cca8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from .py import Trie as PyTrie
+
+Trie = PyTrie
+
+try:
+    from .datrie import Trie as DATrie
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    Trie = DATrie
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..724486b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from collections import Mapping
+
+
+class Trie(Mapping):
+    """Abstract base class for tries"""
+
+    def keys(self, prefix=None):
+        keys = super().keys()
+
+        if prefix is None:
+            return set(keys)
+
+        # Python 2.6: no set comprehensions
+        return set([x for x in keys if x.startswith(prefix)])
+
+    def has_keys_with_prefix(self, prefix):
+        for key in self.keys():
+            if key.startswith(prefix):
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def longest_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if prefix in self:
+            return prefix
+
+        for i in range(1, len(prefix) + 1):
+            if prefix[:-i] in self:
+                return prefix[:-i]
+
+        raise KeyError(prefix)
+
+    def longest_prefix_item(self, prefix):
+        lprefix = self.longest_prefix(prefix)
+        return (lprefix, self[lprefix])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2e5f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from datrie import Trie as DATrie
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from ._base import Trie as ABCTrie
+
+
+class Trie(ABCTrie):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        chars = set()
+        for key in data.keys():
+            if not isinstance(key, text_type):
+                raise TypeError("All keys must be strings")
+            for char in key:
+                chars.add(char)
+
+        self._data = DATrie("".join(chars))
+        for key, value in data.items():
+            self._data[key] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def keys(self, prefix=None):
+        return self._data.keys(prefix)
+
+    def has_keys_with_prefix(self, prefix):
+        return self._data.has_keys_with_prefix(prefix)
+
+    def longest_prefix(self, prefix):
+        return self._data.longest_prefix(prefix)
+
+    def longest_prefix_item(self, prefix):
+        return self._data.longest_prefix_item(prefix)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c178b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from bisect import bisect_left
+
+from ._base import Trie as ABCTrie
+
+
+class Trie(ABCTrie):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        if not all(isinstance(x, text_type) for x in data.keys()):
+            raise TypeError("All keys must be strings")
+
+        self._data = data
+        self._keys = sorted(data.keys())
+        self._cachestr = ""
+        self._cachepoints = (0, len(data))
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def keys(self, prefix=None):
+        if prefix is None or prefix == "" or not self._keys:
+            return set(self._keys)
+
+        if prefix.startswith(self._cachestr):
+            lo, hi = self._cachepoints
+            start = i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix, lo, hi)
+        else:
+            start = i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix)
+
+        keys = set()
+        if start == len(self._keys):
+            return keys
+
+        while self._keys[i].startswith(prefix):
+            keys.add(self._keys[i])
+            i += 1
+
+        self._cachestr = prefix
+        self._cachepoints = (start, i)
+
+        return keys
+
+    def has_keys_with_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if prefix in self._data:
+            return True
+
+        if prefix.startswith(self._cachestr):
+            lo, hi = self._cachepoints
+            i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix, lo, hi)
+        else:
+            i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix)
+
+        if i == len(self._keys):
+            return False
+
+        return self._keys[i].startswith(prefix)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85f1459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+try:
+    import xml.etree.cElementTree as default_etree
+except ImportError:
+    import xml.etree.ElementTree as default_etree
+
+
+__all__ = ["default_etree", "MethodDispatcher", "isSurrogatePair",
+           "surrogatePairToCodepoint", "moduleFactoryFactory",
+           "supports_lone_surrogates"]
+
+
+# Platforms not supporting lone surrogates (\uD800-\uDFFF) should be
+# caught by the below test. In general this would be any platform
+# using UTF-16 as its encoding of unicode strings, such as
+# Jython. This is because UTF-16 itself is based on the use of such
+# surrogates, and there is no mechanism to further escape such
+# escapes.
+try:
+    _x = eval('"\\uD800"')
+    if not isinstance(_x, text_type):
+        # We need this with u"" because of http://bugs.jython.org/issue2039
+        _x = eval('u"\\uD800"')
+        assert isinstance(_x, text_type)
+except:
+    supports_lone_surrogates = False
+else:
+    supports_lone_surrogates = True
+
+
+class MethodDispatcher(dict):
+    """Dict with 2 special properties:
+
+    On initiation, keys that are lists, sets or tuples are converted to
+    multiple keys so accessing any one of the items in the original
+    list-like object returns the matching value
+
+    md = MethodDispatcher({("foo", "bar"):"baz"})
+    md["foo"] == "baz"
+
+    A default value which can be set through the default attribute.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, items=()):
+        # Using _dictEntries instead of directly assigning to self is about
+        # twice as fast. Please do careful performance testing before changing
+        # anything here.
+        _dictEntries = []
+        for name, value in items:
+            if type(name) in (list, tuple, frozenset, set):
+                for item in name:
+                    _dictEntries.append((item, value))
+            else:
+                _dictEntries.append((name, value))
+        dict.__init__(self, _dictEntries)
+        self.default = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return dict.get(self, key, self.default)
+
+
+# Some utility functions to dal with weirdness around UCS2 vs UCS4
+# python builds
+
+def isSurrogatePair(data):
+    return (len(data) == 2 and
+            ord(data[0]) >= 0xD800 and ord(data[0]) <= 0xDBFF and
+            ord(data[1]) >= 0xDC00 and ord(data[1]) <= 0xDFFF)
+
+
+def surrogatePairToCodepoint(data):
+    char_val = (0x10000 + (ord(data[0]) - 0xD800) * 0x400 +
+                (ord(data[1]) - 0xDC00))
+    return char_val
+
+# Module Factory Factory (no, this isn't Java, I know)
+# Here to stop this being duplicated all over the place.
+
+
+def moduleFactoryFactory(factory):
+    moduleCache = {}
+
+    def moduleFactory(baseModule, *args, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(ModuleType.__name__, type("")):
+            name = "_%s_factory" % baseModule.__name__
+        else:
+            name = b"_%s_factory" % baseModule.__name__
+
+        if name in moduleCache:
+            return moduleCache[name]
+        else:
+            mod = ModuleType(name)
+            objs = factory(baseModule, *args, **kwargs)
+            mod.__dict__.update(objs)
+            moduleCache[name] = mod
+            return mod
+
+    return moduleFactory
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7657fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2417 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
+#  Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""A fast, lightweight IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library in Python.
+
+This library is used to create/poke/manipulate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
+and networks.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+
+import itertools
+import struct
+
+__version__ = '1.0.16'
+
+# Compatibility functions
+_compat_int_types = (int,)
+try:
+    _compat_int_types = (int, long)
+except NameError:
+    pass
+try:
+    _compat_str = unicode
+except NameError:
+    _compat_str = str
+    assert bytes != str
+if b'\0'[0] == 0:  # Python 3 semantics
+    def _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(byt):
+        return byt
+else:
+    def _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(byt):
+        return [struct.unpack(b'!B', b)[0] for b in byt]
+try:
+    _compat_int_from_byte_vals = int.from_bytes
+except AttributeError:
+    def _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bytvals, endianess):
+        assert endianess == 'big'
+        res = 0
+        for bv in bytvals:
+            assert isinstance(bv, _compat_int_types)
+            res = (res << 8) + bv
+        return res
+
+
+def _compat_to_bytes(intval, length, endianess):
+    assert isinstance(intval, _compat_int_types)
+    assert endianess == 'big'
+    if length == 4:
+        if intval < 0 or intval >= 2 ** 32:
+            raise struct.error("integer out of range for 'I' format code")
+        return struct.pack(b'!I', intval)
+    elif length == 16:
+        if intval < 0 or intval >= 2 ** 128:
+            raise struct.error("integer out of range for 'QQ' format code")
+        return struct.pack(b'!QQ', intval >> 64, intval & 0xffffffffffffffff)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+if hasattr(int, 'bit_length'):
+    # Not int.bit_length , since that won't work in 2.7 where long exists
+    def _compat_bit_length(i):
+        return i.bit_length()
+else:
+    def _compat_bit_length(i):
+        for res in itertools.count():
+            if i >> res == 0:
+                return res
+
+
+def _compat_range(start, end, step=1):
+    assert step > 0
+    i = start
+    while i < end:
+        yield i
+        i += step
+
+
+class _TotalOrderingMixin(object):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # Helper that derives the other comparison operations from
+    # __lt__ and __eq__
+    # We avoid functools.total_ordering because it doesn't handle
+    # NotImplemented correctly yet (http://bugs.python.org/issue10042)
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        equal = self.__eq__(other)
+        if equal is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not equal
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        less = self.__lt__(other)
+        if less is NotImplemented or not less:
+            return self.__eq__(other)
+        return less
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        less = self.__lt__(other)
+        if less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        equal = self.__eq__(other)
+        if equal is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not (less or equal)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        less = self.__lt__(other)
+        if less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not less
+
+
+IPV4LENGTH = 32
+IPV6LENGTH = 128
+
+
+class AddressValueError(ValueError):
+    """A Value Error related to the address."""
+
+
+class NetmaskValueError(ValueError):
+    """A Value Error related to the netmask."""
+
+
+def ip_address(address):
+    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
+
+    Args:
+        address: A string or integer, the IP address.  Either IPv4 or
+          IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
+          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        An IPv4Address or IPv6Address object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the *address* passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
+          address
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return IPv4Address(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Address(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    if isinstance(address, bytes):
+        raise AddressValueError(
+            '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. '
+            'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of'
+            ' a unicode object?' % address)
+
+    raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address' %
+                     address)
+
+
+def ip_network(address, strict=True):
+    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
+
+    Args:
+        address: A string or integer, the IP network.  Either IPv4 or
+          IPv6 networks may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
+          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the string passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
+          address. Or if the network has host bits set.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return IPv4Network(address, strict)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Network(address, strict)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    if isinstance(address, bytes):
+        raise AddressValueError(
+            '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 network. '
+            'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of'
+            ' a unicode object?' % address)
+
+    raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 network' %
+                     address)
+
+
+def ip_interface(address):
+    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
+
+    Args:
+        address: A string or integer, the IP address.  Either IPv4 or
+          IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
+          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        An IPv4Interface or IPv6Interface object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the string passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
+          address.
+
+    Notes:
+        The IPv?Interface classes describe an Address on a particular
+        Network, so they're basically a combination of both the Address
+        and Network classes.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return IPv4Interface(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Interface(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 interface' %
+                     address)
+
+
+def v4_int_to_packed(address):
+    """Represent an address as 4 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    Args:
+        address: An integer representation of an IPv4 IP address.
+
+    Returns:
+        The integer address packed as 4 bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the integer is negative or too large to be an
+          IPv4 IP address.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return _compat_to_bytes(address, 4, 'big')
+    except (struct.error, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError("Address negative or too large for IPv4")
+
+
+def v6_int_to_packed(address):
+    """Represent an address as 16 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    Args:
+        address: An integer representation of an IPv6 IP address.
+
+    Returns:
+        The integer address packed as 16 bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return _compat_to_bytes(address, 16, 'big')
+    except (struct.error, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError("Address negative or too large for IPv6")
+
+
+def _split_optional_netmask(address):
+    """Helper to split the netmask and raise AddressValueError if needed"""
+    addr = _compat_str(address).split('/')
+    if len(addr) > 2:
+        raise AddressValueError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % address)
+    return addr
+
+
+def _find_address_range(addresses):
+    """Find a sequence of sorted deduplicated IPv#Address.
+
+    Args:
+        addresses: a list of IPv#Address objects.
+
+    Yields:
+        A tuple containing the first and last IP addresses in the sequence.
+
+    """
+    it = iter(addresses)
+    first = last = next(it)
+    for ip in it:
+        if ip._ip != last._ip + 1:
+            yield first, last
+            first = ip
+        last = ip
+    yield first, last
+
+
+def _count_righthand_zero_bits(number, bits):
+    """Count the number of zero bits on the right hand side.
+
+    Args:
+        number: an integer.
+        bits: maximum number of bits to count.
+
+    Returns:
+        The number of zero bits on the right hand side of the number.
+
+    """
+    if number == 0:
+        return bits
+    return min(bits, _compat_bit_length(~number & (number - 1)))
+
+
+def summarize_address_range(first, last):
+    """Summarize a network range given the first and last IP addresses.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> list(summarize_address_range(IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'),
+        ...                              IPv4Address('192.0.2.130')))
+        ...                                #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+        [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'),
+         IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]
+
+    Args:
+        first: the first IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range.
+        last: the last IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterator of the summarized IPv(4|6) network objects.
+
+    Raise:
+        TypeError:
+            If the first and last objects are not IP addresses.
+            If the first and last objects are not the same version.
+        ValueError:
+            If the last object is not greater than the first.
+            If the version of the first address is not 4 or 6.
+
+    """
+    if (not (isinstance(first, _BaseAddress) and
+             isinstance(last, _BaseAddress))):
+        raise TypeError('first and last must be IP addresses, not networks')
+    if first.version != last.version:
+        raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                        first, last))
+    if first > last:
+        raise ValueError('last IP address must be greater than first')
+
+    if first.version == 4:
+        ip = IPv4Network
+    elif first.version == 6:
+        ip = IPv6Network
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('unknown IP version')
+
+    ip_bits = first._max_prefixlen
+    first_int = first._ip
+    last_int = last._ip
+    while first_int <= last_int:
+        nbits = min(_count_righthand_zero_bits(first_int, ip_bits),
+                    _compat_bit_length(last_int - first_int + 1) - 1)
+        net = ip((first_int, ip_bits - nbits))
+        yield net
+        first_int += 1 << nbits
+        if first_int - 1 == ip._ALL_ONES:
+            break
+
+
+def _collapse_addresses_internal(addresses):
+    """Loops through the addresses, collapsing concurrent netblocks.
+
+    Example:
+
+        ip1 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26')
+        ip2 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26')
+        ip3 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26')
+        ip4 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')
+
+        _collapse_addresses_internal([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4]) ->
+          [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
+
+        This shouldn't be called directly; it is called via
+          collapse_addresses([]).
+
+    Args:
+        addresses: A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's depending on what we were
+        passed.
+
+    """
+    # First merge
+    to_merge = list(addresses)
+    subnets = {}
+    while to_merge:
+        net = to_merge.pop()
+        supernet = net.supernet()
+        existing = subnets.get(supernet)
+        if existing is None:
+            subnets[supernet] = net
+        elif existing != net:
+            # Merge consecutive subnets
+            del subnets[supernet]
+            to_merge.append(supernet)
+    # Then iterate over resulting networks, skipping subsumed subnets
+    last = None
+    for net in sorted(subnets.values()):
+        if last is not None:
+            # Since they are sorted,
+            # last.network_address <= net.network_address is a given.
+            if last.broadcast_address >= net.broadcast_address:
+                continue
+        yield net
+        last = net
+
+
+def collapse_addresses(addresses):
+    """Collapse a list of IP objects.
+
+    Example:
+        collapse_addresses([IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'),
+                            IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]) ->
+                           [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
+
+    Args:
+        addresses: An iterator of IPv4Network or IPv6Network objects.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterator of the collapsed IPv(4|6)Network objects.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If passed a list of mixed version objects.
+
+    """
+    addrs = []
+    ips = []
+    nets = []
+
+    # split IP addresses and networks
+    for ip in addresses:
+        if isinstance(ip, _BaseAddress):
+            if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version:
+                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                                ip, ips[-1]))
+            ips.append(ip)
+        elif ip._prefixlen == ip._max_prefixlen:
+            if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version:
+                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                                ip, ips[-1]))
+            try:
+                ips.append(ip.ip)
+            except AttributeError:
+                ips.append(ip.network_address)
+        else:
+            if nets and nets[-1]._version != ip._version:
+                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                                ip, nets[-1]))
+            nets.append(ip)
+
+    # sort and dedup
+    ips = sorted(set(ips))
+
+    # find consecutive address ranges in the sorted sequence and summarize them
+    if ips:
+        for first, last in _find_address_range(ips):
+            addrs.extend(summarize_address_range(first, last))
+
+    return _collapse_addresses_internal(addrs + nets)
+
+
+def get_mixed_type_key(obj):
+    """Return a key suitable for sorting between networks and addresses.
+
+    Address and Network objects are not sortable by default; they're
+    fundamentally different so the expression
+
+        IPv4Address('192.0.2.0') <= IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
+
+    doesn't make any sense.  There are some times however, where you may wish
+    to have ipaddress sort these for you anyway. If you need to do this, you
+    can use this function as the key= argument to sorted().
+
+    Args:
+      obj: either a Network or Address object.
+    Returns:
+      appropriate key.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, _BaseNetwork):
+        return obj._get_networks_key()
+    elif isinstance(obj, _BaseAddress):
+        return obj._get_address_key()
+    return NotImplemented
+
+
+class _IPAddressBase(_TotalOrderingMixin):
+
+    """The mother class."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def exploded(self):
+        """Return the longhand version of the IP address as a string."""
+        return self._explode_shorthand_ip_string()
+
+    @property
+    def compressed(self):
+        """Return the shorthand version of the IP address as a string."""
+        return _compat_str(self)
+
+    @property
+    def reverse_pointer(self):
+        """The name of the reverse DNS pointer for the IP address, e.g.:
+            >>> ipaddress.ip_address("127.0.0.1").reverse_pointer
+            '1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'
+            >>> ipaddress.ip_address("2001:db8::1").reverse_pointer
+            '1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa'
+
+        """
+        return self._reverse_pointer()
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        msg = '%200s has no version specified' % (type(self),)
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _check_int_address(self, address):
+        if address < 0:
+            msg = "%d (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv%d address"
+            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._version))
+        if address > self._ALL_ONES:
+            msg = "%d (>= 2**%d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address"
+            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._max_prefixlen,
+                                           self._version))
+
+    def _check_packed_address(self, address, expected_len):
+        address_len = len(address)
+        if address_len != expected_len:
+            msg = (
+                '%r (len %d != %d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address. '
+                'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of'
+                ' a unicode object?'
+            )
+            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, address_len,
+                                           expected_len, self._version))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ip_int_from_prefix(cls, prefixlen):
+        """Turn the prefix length into a bitwise netmask
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen: An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer.
+
+        """
+        return cls._ALL_ONES ^ (cls._ALL_ONES >> prefixlen)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _prefix_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int):
+        """Return prefix length from the bitwise netmask.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_int: An integer, the netmask in expanded bitwise format
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input intermingles zeroes & ones
+        """
+        trailing_zeroes = _count_righthand_zero_bits(ip_int,
+                                                     cls._max_prefixlen)
+        prefixlen = cls._max_prefixlen - trailing_zeroes
+        leading_ones = ip_int >> trailing_zeroes
+        all_ones = (1 << prefixlen) - 1
+        if leading_ones != all_ones:
+            byteslen = cls._max_prefixlen // 8
+            details = _compat_to_bytes(ip_int, byteslen, 'big')
+            msg = 'Netmask pattern %r mixes zeroes & ones'
+            raise ValueError(msg % details)
+        return prefixlen
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _report_invalid_netmask(cls, netmask_str):
+        msg = '%r is not a valid netmask' % netmask_str
+        raise NetmaskValueError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _prefix_from_prefix_string(cls, prefixlen_str):
+        """Return prefix length from a numeric string
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen_str: The string to be converted
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Raises:
+            NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask
+        """
+        # int allows a leading +/- as well as surrounding whitespace,
+        # so we ensure that isn't the case
+        if not _BaseV4._DECIMAL_DIGITS.issuperset(prefixlen_str):
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
+        try:
+            prefixlen = int(prefixlen_str)
+        except ValueError:
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
+        if not (0 <= prefixlen <= cls._max_prefixlen):
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
+        return prefixlen
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _prefix_from_ip_string(cls, ip_str):
+        """Turn a netmask/hostmask string into a prefix length
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: The netmask/hostmask to be converted
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Raises:
+            NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask/hostmask
+        """
+        # Parse the netmask/hostmask like an IP address.
+        try:
+            ip_int = cls._ip_int_from_string(ip_str)
+        except AddressValueError:
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str)
+
+        # Try matching a netmask (this would be /1*0*/ as a bitwise regexp).
+        # Note that the two ambiguous cases (all-ones and all-zeroes) are
+        # treated as netmasks.
+        try:
+            return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        # Invert the bits, and try matching a /0+1+/ hostmask instead.
+        ip_int ^= cls._ALL_ONES
+        try:
+            return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int)
+        except ValueError:
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (_compat_str(self),)
+
+
+class _BaseAddress(_IPAddressBase):
+
+    """A generic IP object.
+
+    This IP class contains the version independent methods which are
+    used by single IP addresses.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return self._ip
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return (self._ip == other._ip and
+                    self._version == other._version)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _IPAddressBase):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseAddress):
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % (
+                self, other))
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same version' % (
+                self, other))
+        if self._ip != other._ip:
+            return self._ip < other._ip
+        return False
+
+    # Shorthand for Integer addition and subtraction. This is not
+    # meant to ever support addition/subtraction of addresses.
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _compat_int_types):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(int(self) + other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _compat_int_types):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(int(self) - other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, _compat_str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return _compat_str(self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(hex(int(self._ip)))
+
+    def _get_address_key(self):
+        return (self._version, self)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self._ip,)
+
+
+class _BaseNetwork(_IPAddressBase):
+
+    """A generic IP network object.
+
+    This IP class contains the version independent methods which are
+    used by networks.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        self._cache = {}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, _compat_str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self.network_address, self.prefixlen)
+
+    def hosts(self):
+        """Generate Iterator over usable hosts in a network.
+
+        This is like __iter__ except it doesn't return the network
+        or broadcast addresses.
+
+        """
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        for x in _compat_range(network + 1, broadcast):
+            yield self._address_class(x)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        for x in _compat_range(network, broadcast + 1):
+            yield self._address_class(x)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, n):
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        if n >= 0:
+            if network + n > broadcast:
+                raise IndexError
+            return self._address_class(network + n)
+        else:
+            n += 1
+            if broadcast + n < network:
+                raise IndexError
+            return self._address_class(broadcast + n)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _IPAddressBase):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % (
+                            self, other))
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same version' % (
+                            self, other))
+        if self.network_address != other.network_address:
+            return self.network_address < other.network_address
+        if self.netmask != other.netmask:
+            return self.netmask < other.netmask
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return (self._version == other._version and
+                    self.network_address == other.network_address and
+                    int(self.netmask) == int(other.netmask))
+        except AttributeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(int(self.network_address) ^ int(self.netmask))
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            return False
+        # dealing with another network.
+        if isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
+            return False
+        # dealing with another address
+        else:
+            # address
+            return (int(self.network_address) <= int(other._ip) <=
+                    int(self.broadcast_address))
+
+    def overlaps(self, other):
+        """Tell if self is partly contained in other."""
+        return self.network_address in other or (
+            self.broadcast_address in other or (
+                other.network_address in self or (
+                    other.broadcast_address in self)))
+
+    @property
+    def broadcast_address(self):
+        x = self._cache.get('broadcast_address')
+        if x is None:
+            x = self._address_class(int(self.network_address) |
+                                    int(self.hostmask))
+            self._cache['broadcast_address'] = x
+        return x
+
+    @property
+    def hostmask(self):
+        x = self._cache.get('hostmask')
+        if x is None:
+            x = self._address_class(int(self.netmask) ^ self._ALL_ONES)
+            self._cache['hostmask'] = x
+        return x
+
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self.network_address, self._prefixlen)
+
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self.network_address, self.netmask)
+
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self.network_address, self.hostmask)
+
+    @property
+    def num_addresses(self):
+        """Number of hosts in the current subnet."""
+        return int(self.broadcast_address) - int(self.network_address) + 1
+
+    @property
+    def _address_class(self):
+        # Returning bare address objects (rather than interfaces) allows for
+        # more consistent behaviour across the network address, broadcast
+        # address and individual host addresses.
+        msg = '%200s has no associated address class' % (type(self),)
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def prefixlen(self):
+        return self._prefixlen
+
+    def address_exclude(self, other):
+        """Remove an address from a larger block.
+
+        For example:
+
+            addr1 = ip_network('192.0.2.0/28')
+            addr2 = ip_network('192.0.2.1/32')
+            addr1.address_exclude(addr2) =
+                [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/32'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.2/31'),
+                IPv4Network('192.0.2.4/30'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.8/29')]
+
+        or IPv6:
+
+            addr1 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/32')
+            addr2 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/128')
+            addr1.address_exclude(addr2) =
+                [ip_network('2001:db8::1/128'),
+                ip_network('2001:db8::2/127'),
+                ip_network('2001:db8::4/126'),
+                ip_network('2001:db8::8/125'),
+                ...
+                ip_network('2001:db8:8000::/33')]
+
+        Args:
+            other: An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object of the same type.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator of the IPv(4|6)Network objects which is self
+            minus other.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If self and other are of differing address
+              versions, or if other is not a network object.
+            ValueError: If other is not completely contained by self.
+
+        """
+        if not self._version == other._version:
+            raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                            self, other))
+
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
+            raise TypeError("%s is not a network object" % other)
+
+        if not other.subnet_of(self):
+            raise ValueError('%s not contained in %s' % (other, self))
+        if other == self:
+            return
+
+        # Make sure we're comparing the network of other.
+        other = other.__class__('%s/%s' % (other.network_address,
+                                           other.prefixlen))
+
+        s1, s2 = self.subnets()
+        while s1 != other and s2 != other:
+            if other.subnet_of(s1):
+                yield s2
+                s1, s2 = s1.subnets()
+            elif other.subnet_of(s2):
+                yield s1
+                s1, s2 = s2.subnets()
+            else:
+                # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere.
+                raise AssertionError('Error performing exclusion: '
+                                     's1: %s s2: %s other: %s' %
+                                     (s1, s2, other))
+        if s1 == other:
+            yield s2
+        elif s2 == other:
+            yield s1
+        else:
+            # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere.
+            raise AssertionError('Error performing exclusion: '
+                                 's1: %s s2: %s other: %s' %
+                                 (s1, s2, other))
+
+    def compare_networks(self, other):
+        """Compare two IP objects.
+
+        This is only concerned about the comparison of the integer
+        representation of the network addresses.  This means that the
+        host bits aren't considered at all in this method.  If you want
+        to compare host bits, you can easily enough do a
+        'HostA._ip < HostB._ip'
+
+        Args:
+            other: An IP object.
+
+        Returns:
+            If the IP versions of self and other are the same, returns:
+
+            -1 if self < other:
+              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25') < IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')
+              IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') <
+                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124')
+            0 if self == other
+              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24') == IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
+              IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') ==
+                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124')
+            1 if self > other
+              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25') > IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25')
+                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124') >
+                      IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124')
+
+          Raises:
+              TypeError if the IP versions are different.
+
+        """
+        # does this need to raise a ValueError?
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % (
+                            self, other))
+        # self._version == other._version below here:
+        if self.network_address < other.network_address:
+            return -1
+        if self.network_address > other.network_address:
+            return 1
+        # self.network_address == other.network_address below here:
+        if self.netmask < other.netmask:
+            return -1
+        if self.netmask > other.netmask:
+            return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def _get_networks_key(self):
+        """Network-only key function.
+
+        Returns an object that identifies this address' network and
+        netmask. This function is a suitable "key" argument for sorted()
+        and list.sort().
+
+        """
+        return (self._version, self.network_address, self.netmask)
+
+    def subnets(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None):
+        """The subnets which join to make the current subnet.
+
+        In the case that self contains only one IP
+        (self._prefixlen == 32 for IPv4 or self._prefixlen == 128
+        for IPv6), yield an iterator with just ourself.
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length
+              should be increased by. This should not be set if
+              new_prefix is also set.
+            new_prefix: The desired new prefix length. This must be a
+              larger number (smaller prefix) than the existing prefix.
+              This should not be set if prefixlen_diff is also set.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator of IPv(4|6) objects.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: The prefixlen_diff is too small or too large.
+                OR
+            prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix
+              is a smaller number than the current prefix (smaller
+              number means a larger network)
+
+        """
+        if self._prefixlen == self._max_prefixlen:
+            yield self
+            return
+
+        if new_prefix is not None:
+            if new_prefix < self._prefixlen:
+                raise ValueError('new prefix must be longer')
+            if prefixlen_diff != 1:
+                raise ValueError('cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix')
+            prefixlen_diff = new_prefix - self._prefixlen
+
+        if prefixlen_diff < 0:
+            raise ValueError('prefix length diff must be > 0')
+        new_prefixlen = self._prefixlen + prefixlen_diff
+
+        if new_prefixlen > self._max_prefixlen:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'prefix length diff %d is invalid for netblock %s' % (
+                    new_prefixlen, self))
+
+        start = int(self.network_address)
+        end = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        step = (int(self.hostmask) + 1) >> prefixlen_diff
+        for new_addr in _compat_range(start, end, step):
+            current = self.__class__((new_addr, new_prefixlen))
+            yield current
+
+    def supernet(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None):
+        """The supernet containing the current network.
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length of
+              the network should be decreased by.  For example, given a
+              /24 network and a prefixlen_diff of 3, a supernet with a
+              /21 netmask is returned.
+
+        Returns:
+            An IPv4 network object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff < 0. I.e., you have
+              a negative prefix length.
+                OR
+            If prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix is a
+              larger number than the current prefix (larger number means a
+              smaller network)
+
+        """
+        if self._prefixlen == 0:
+            return self
+
+        if new_prefix is not None:
+            if new_prefix > self._prefixlen:
+                raise ValueError('new prefix must be shorter')
+            if prefixlen_diff != 1:
+                raise ValueError('cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix')
+            prefixlen_diff = self._prefixlen - new_prefix
+
+        new_prefixlen = self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff
+        if new_prefixlen < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'current prefixlen is %d, cannot have a prefixlen_diff of %d' %
+                (self.prefixlen, prefixlen_diff))
+        return self.__class__((
+            int(self.network_address) & (int(self.netmask) << prefixlen_diff),
+            new_prefixlen
+        ))
+
+    @property
+    def is_multicast(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address.
+            See RFC 2373 2.7 for details.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_multicast and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_multicast)
+
+    def subnet_of(self, other):
+        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            return False
+        # dealing with another network.
+        if (hasattr(other, 'network_address') and
+                hasattr(other, 'broadcast_address')):
+            return (other.network_address <= self.network_address and
+                    other.broadcast_address >= self.broadcast_address)
+        # dealing with another address
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Unable to test subnet containment with element '
+                            'of type %s' % type(other))
+
+    def supernet_of(self, other):
+        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            return False
+        # dealing with another network.
+        if (hasattr(other, 'network_address') and
+                hasattr(other, 'broadcast_address')):
+            return (other.network_address >= self.network_address and
+                    other.broadcast_address <= self.broadcast_address)
+        # dealing with another address
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Unable to test subnet containment with element '
+                            'of type %s' % type(other))
+
+    @property
+    def is_reserved(self):
+        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is within one of the
+            reserved IPv6 Network ranges.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_reserved and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_reserved)
+
+    @property
+    def is_link_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_link_local and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_link_local)
+
+    @property
+    def is_private(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_private and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_private)
+
+    @property
+    def is_global(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return not self.is_private
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        """Test if the address is unspecified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.2.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_unspecified and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_unspecified)
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.3.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_loopback and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_loopback)
+
+
+class _BaseV4(object):
+
+    """Base IPv4 object.
+
+    The following methods are used by IPv4 objects in both single IP
+    addresses and networks.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _version = 4
+    # Equivalent to 255.255.255.255 or 32 bits of 1's.
+    _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV4LENGTH) - 1
+    _DECIMAL_DIGITS = frozenset('0123456789')
+
+    # the valid octets for host and netmasks. only useful for IPv4.
+    _valid_mask_octets = frozenset([255, 254, 252, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128, 0])
+
+    _max_prefixlen = IPV4LENGTH
+    # There are only a handful of valid v4 netmasks, so we cache them all
+    # when constructed (see _make_netmask()).
+    _netmask_cache = {}
+
+    def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
+        return _compat_str(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _make_netmask(cls, arg):
+        """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument.
+
+        Argument can be:
+        - an integer (the prefix length)
+        - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24")
+        - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "255.255.255.0")
+        """
+        if arg not in cls._netmask_cache:
+            if isinstance(arg, _compat_int_types):
+                prefixlen = arg
+            else:
+                try:
+                    # Check for a netmask in prefix length form
+                    prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg)
+                except NetmaskValueError:
+                    # Check for a netmask or hostmask in dotted-quad form.
+                    # This may raise NetmaskValueError.
+                    prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_ip_string(arg)
+            netmask = IPv4Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen))
+            cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen
+        return cls._netmask_cache[arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str):
+        """Turn the given IP string into an integer for comparison.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the IP ip_str.
+
+        Returns:
+            The IP ip_str as an integer.
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv4 Address.
+
+        """
+        if not ip_str:
+            raise AddressValueError('Address cannot be empty')
+
+        octets = ip_str.split('.')
+        if len(octets) != 4:
+            raise AddressValueError("Expected 4 octets in %r" % ip_str)
+
+        try:
+            return _compat_int_from_byte_vals(
+                map(cls._parse_octet, octets), 'big')
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_octet(cls, octet_str):
+        """Convert a decimal octet into an integer.
+
+        Args:
+            octet_str: A string, the number to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            The octet as an integer.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the octet isn't strictly a decimal from [0..255].
+
+        """
+        if not octet_str:
+            raise ValueError("Empty octet not permitted")
+        # Whitelist the characters, since int() allows a lot of bizarre stuff.
+        if not cls._DECIMAL_DIGITS.issuperset(octet_str):
+            msg = "Only decimal digits permitted in %r"
+            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
+        # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error
+        # is likely to be more informative for the user
+        if len(octet_str) > 3:
+            msg = "At most 3 characters permitted in %r"
+            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
+        # Convert to integer (we know digits are legal)
+        octet_int = int(octet_str, 10)
+        # Any octets that look like they *might* be written in octal,
+        # and which don't look exactly the same in both octal and
+        # decimal are rejected as ambiguous
+        if octet_int > 7 and octet_str[0] == '0':
+            msg = "Ambiguous (octal/decimal) value in %r not permitted"
+            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
+        if octet_int > 255:
+            raise ValueError("Octet %d (> 255) not permitted" % octet_int)
+        return octet_int
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int):
+        """Turns a 32-bit integer into dotted decimal notation.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_int: An integer, the IP address.
+
+        Returns:
+            The IP address as a string in dotted decimal notation.
+
+        """
+        return '.'.join(_compat_str(struct.unpack(b'!B', b)[0]
+                                    if isinstance(b, bytes)
+                                    else b)
+                        for b in _compat_to_bytes(ip_int, 4, 'big'))
+
+    def _is_hostmask(self, ip_str):
+        """Test if the IP string is a hostmask (rather than a netmask).
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the potential hostmask.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the IP string is a hostmask.
+
+        """
+        bits = ip_str.split('.')
+        try:
+            parts = [x for x in map(int, bits) if x in self._valid_mask_octets]
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+        if len(parts) != len(bits):
+            return False
+        if parts[0] < parts[-1]:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _reverse_pointer(self):
+        """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv4 address.
+
+        This implements the method described in RFC1035 3.5.
+
+        """
+        reverse_octets = _compat_str(self).split('.')[::-1]
+        return '.'.join(reverse_octets) + '.in-addr.arpa'
+
+    @property
+    def max_prefixlen(self):
+        return self._max_prefixlen
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+
+class IPv4Address(_BaseV4, _BaseAddress):
+
+    """Represent and manipulate single IPv4 Addresses."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('_ip', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+
+        """
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IP
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv4Address('192.0.2.1') == IPv4Address(3221225985).
+              or, more generally
+              IPv4Address(int(IPv4Address('192.0.2.1'))) ==
+                IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address.
+
+        """
+        # Efficient constructor from integer.
+        if isinstance(address, _compat_int_types):
+            self._check_int_address(address)
+            self._ip = address
+            return
+
+        # Constructing from a packed address
+        if isinstance(address, bytes):
+            self._check_packed_address(address, 4)
+            bvs = _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(address)
+            self._ip = _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bvs, 'big')
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP string.
+        addr_str = _compat_str(address)
+        if '/' in addr_str:
+            raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %r" % address)
+        self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str)
+
+    @property
+    def packed(self):
+        """The binary representation of this address."""
+        return v4_int_to_packed(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def is_reserved(self):
+        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
+
+         Returns:
+             A boolean, True if the address is within the
+             reserved IPv4 Network range.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._reserved_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_private(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks)
+
+    @property
+    def is_multicast(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is multicast.
+            See RFC 3171 for details.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._multicast_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        """Test if the address is unspecified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
+            RFC 5735 3.
+
+        """
+        return self == self._constants._unspecified_address
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback per RFC 3330.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._loopback_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_link_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is link-local per RFC 3927.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._linklocal_network
+
+
+class IPv4Interface(IPv4Address):
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)):
+            IPv4Address.__init__(self, address)
+            self.network = IPv4Network(self._ip)
+            self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            IPv4Address.__init__(self, address[0])
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                self._prefixlen = int(address[1])
+            else:
+                self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+
+            self.network = IPv4Network(address, strict=False)
+            self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+            self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+            return
+
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+        IPv4Address.__init__(self, addr[0])
+
+        self.network = IPv4Network(address, strict=False)
+        self._prefixlen = self.network._prefixlen
+
+        self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+        self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.network.prefixlen)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        address_equal = IPv4Address.__eq__(self, other)
+        if not address_equal or address_equal is NotImplemented:
+            return address_equal
+        try:
+            return self.network == other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # An interface with an associated network is NOT the
+            # same as an unassociated address. That's why the hash
+            # takes the extra info into account.
+            return False
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        address_less = IPv4Address.__lt__(self, other)
+        if address_less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        try:
+            return self.network < other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # We *do* allow addresses and interfaces to be sorted. The
+            # unassociated address is considered less than all interfaces.
+            return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self._ip ^ self._prefixlen ^ int(self.network.network_address)
+
+    __reduce__ = _IPAddressBase.__reduce__
+
+    @property
+    def ip(self):
+        return IPv4Address(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self._prefixlen)
+
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.netmask)
+
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.hostmask)
+
+
+class IPv4Network(_BaseV4, _BaseNetwork):
+
+    """This class represents and manipulates 32-bit IPv4 network + addresses..
+
+    Attributes: [examples for IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/27')]
+        .network_address: IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
+        .hostmask: IPv4Address('0.0.0.31')
+        .broadcast_address: IPv4Address('192.0.2.32')
+        .netmask: IPv4Address('255.255.255.224')
+        .prefixlen: 27
+
+    """
+    # Class to use when creating address objects
+    _address_class = IPv4Address
+
+    def __init__(self, address, strict=True):
+
+        """Instantiate a new IPv4 network object.
+
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IP [& network].
+              '192.0.2.0/24'
+              '192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0'
+              '192.0.0.2/0.0.0.255'
+              are all functionally the same in IPv4. Similarly,
+              '192.0.2.1'
+              '192.0.2.1/255.255.255.255'
+              '192.0.2.1/32'
+              are also functionally equivalent. That is to say, failing to
+              provide a subnetmask will create an object with a mask of /32.
+
+              If the mask (portion after the / in the argument) is given in
+              dotted quad form, it is treated as a netmask if it starts with a
+              non-zero field (e.g. /255.0.0.0 == /8) and as a hostmask if it
+              starts with a zero field (e.g. 0.255.255.255 == /8), with the
+              single exception of an all-zero mask which is treated as a
+              netmask == /0. If no mask is given, a default of /32 is used.
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv4Network('192.0.2.1') == IPv4Network(3221225985)
+              or, more generally
+              IPv4Interface(int(IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1'))) ==
+                IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1')
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address.
+            NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for
+              an IPv4 address.
+            ValueError: If strict is True and a network address is not
+              supplied.
+
+        """
+        _BaseNetwork.__init__(self, address)
+
+        # Constructing from a packed address or integer
+        if isinstance(address, (_compat_int_types, bytes)):
+            self.network_address = IPv4Address(address)
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(
+                self._max_prefixlen)
+            # fixme: address/network test here.
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                arg = address[1]
+            else:
+                # We weren't given an address[1]
+                arg = self._max_prefixlen
+            self.network_address = IPv4Address(address[0])
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+            packed = int(self.network_address)
+            if packed & int(self.netmask) != packed:
+                if strict:
+                    raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+                else:
+                    self.network_address = IPv4Address(packed &
+                                                       int(self.netmask))
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string.
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+        self.network_address = IPv4Address(self._ip_int_from_string(addr[0]))
+
+        if len(addr) == 2:
+            arg = addr[1]
+        else:
+            arg = self._max_prefixlen
+        self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+
+        if strict:
+            if (IPv4Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) !=
+                    self.network_address):
+                raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+        self.network_address = IPv4Address(int(self.network_address) &
+                                           int(self.netmask))
+
+        if self._prefixlen == (self._max_prefixlen - 1):
+            self.hosts = self.__iter__
+
+    @property
+    def is_global(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return (not (self.network_address in IPv4Network('100.64.0.0/10') and
+                self.broadcast_address in IPv4Network('100.64.0.0/10')) and
+                not self.is_private)
+
+
+class _IPv4Constants(object):
+
+    _linklocal_network = IPv4Network('169.254.0.0/16')
+
+    _loopback_network = IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8')
+
+    _multicast_network = IPv4Network('224.0.0.0/4')
+
+    _private_networks = [
+        IPv4Network('0.0.0.0/8'),
+        IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/8'),
+        IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8'),
+        IPv4Network('169.254.0.0/16'),
+        IPv4Network('172.16.0.0/12'),
+        IPv4Network('192.0.0.0/29'),
+        IPv4Network('192.0.0.170/31'),
+        IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24'),
+        IPv4Network('192.168.0.0/16'),
+        IPv4Network('198.18.0.0/15'),
+        IPv4Network('198.51.100.0/24'),
+        IPv4Network('203.0.113.0/24'),
+        IPv4Network('240.0.0.0/4'),
+        IPv4Network('255.255.255.255/32'),
+    ]
+
+    _reserved_network = IPv4Network('240.0.0.0/4')
+
+    _unspecified_address = IPv4Address('0.0.0.0')
+
+
+IPv4Address._constants = _IPv4Constants
+
+
+class _BaseV6(object):
+
+    """Base IPv6 object.
+
+    The following methods are used by IPv6 objects in both single IP
+    addresses and networks.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _version = 6
+    _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV6LENGTH) - 1
+    _HEXTET_COUNT = 8
+    _HEX_DIGITS = frozenset('0123456789ABCDEFabcdef')
+    _max_prefixlen = IPV6LENGTH
+
+    # There are only a bunch of valid v6 netmasks, so we cache them all
+    # when constructed (see _make_netmask()).
+    _netmask_cache = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _make_netmask(cls, arg):
+        """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument.
+
+        Argument can be:
+        - an integer (the prefix length)
+        - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24")
+        - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "255.255.255.0")
+        """
+        if arg not in cls._netmask_cache:
+            if isinstance(arg, _compat_int_types):
+                prefixlen = arg
+            else:
+                prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg)
+            netmask = IPv6Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen))
+            cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen
+        return cls._netmask_cache[arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str):
+        """Turn an IPv6 ip_str into an integer.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 ip_str.
+
+        Returns:
+            An int, the IPv6 address
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv6 Address.
+
+        """
+        if not ip_str:
+            raise AddressValueError('Address cannot be empty')
+
+        parts = ip_str.split(':')
+
+        # An IPv6 address needs at least 2 colons (3 parts).
+        _min_parts = 3
+        if len(parts) < _min_parts:
+            msg = "At least %d parts expected in %r" % (_min_parts, ip_str)
+            raise AddressValueError(msg)
+
+        # If the address has an IPv4-style suffix, convert it to hexadecimal.
+        if '.' in parts[-1]:
+            try:
+                ipv4_int = IPv4Address(parts.pop())._ip
+            except AddressValueError as exc:
+                raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str))
+            parts.append('%x' % ((ipv4_int >> 16) & 0xFFFF))
+            parts.append('%x' % (ipv4_int & 0xFFFF))
+
+        # An IPv6 address can't have more than 8 colons (9 parts).
+        # The extra colon comes from using the "::" notation for a single
+        # leading or trailing zero part.
+        _max_parts = cls._HEXTET_COUNT + 1
+        if len(parts) > _max_parts:
+            msg = "At most %d colons permitted in %r" % (
+                _max_parts - 1, ip_str)
+            raise AddressValueError(msg)
+
+        # Disregarding the endpoints, find '::' with nothing in between.
+        # This indicates that a run of zeroes has been skipped.
+        skip_index = None
+        for i in _compat_range(1, len(parts) - 1):
+            if not parts[i]:
+                if skip_index is not None:
+                    # Can't have more than one '::'
+                    msg = "At most one '::' permitted in %r" % ip_str
+                    raise AddressValueError(msg)
+                skip_index = i
+
+        # parts_hi is the number of parts to copy from above/before the '::'
+        # parts_lo is the number of parts to copy from below/after the '::'
+        if skip_index is not None:
+            # If we found a '::', then check if it also covers the endpoints.
+            parts_hi = skip_index
+            parts_lo = len(parts) - skip_index - 1
+            if not parts[0]:
+                parts_hi -= 1
+                if parts_hi:
+                    msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                    raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # ^: requires ^::
+            if not parts[-1]:
+                parts_lo -= 1
+                if parts_lo:
+                    msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                    raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # :$ requires ::$
+            parts_skipped = cls._HEXTET_COUNT - (parts_hi + parts_lo)
+            if parts_skipped < 1:
+                msg = "Expected at most %d other parts with '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT - 1, ip_str))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, allocate the entire address to parts_hi.  The
+            # endpoints could still be empty, but _parse_hextet() will check
+            # for that.
+            if len(parts) != cls._HEXTET_COUNT:
+                msg = "Exactly %d parts expected without '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT, ip_str))
+            if not parts[0]:
+                msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # ^: requires ^::
+            if not parts[-1]:
+                msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # :$ requires ::$
+            parts_hi = len(parts)
+            parts_lo = 0
+            parts_skipped = 0
+
+        try:
+            # Now, parse the hextets into a 128-bit integer.
+            ip_int = 0
+            for i in range(parts_hi):
+                ip_int <<= 16
+                ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i])
+            ip_int <<= 16 * parts_skipped
+            for i in range(-parts_lo, 0):
+                ip_int <<= 16
+                ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i])
+            return ip_int
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_hextet(cls, hextet_str):
+        """Convert an IPv6 hextet string into an integer.
+
+        Args:
+            hextet_str: A string, the number to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            The hextet as an integer.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the input isn't strictly a hex number from
+              [0..FFFF].
+
+        """
+        # Whitelist the characters, since int() allows a lot of bizarre stuff.
+        if not cls._HEX_DIGITS.issuperset(hextet_str):
+            raise ValueError("Only hex digits permitted in %r" % hextet_str)
+        # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error
+        # is likely to be more informative for the user
+        if len(hextet_str) > 4:
+            msg = "At most 4 characters permitted in %r"
+            raise ValueError(msg % hextet_str)
+        # Length check means we can skip checking the integer value
+        return int(hextet_str, 16)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _compress_hextets(cls, hextets):
+        """Compresses a list of hextets.
+
+        Compresses a list of strings, replacing the longest continuous
+        sequence of "0" in the list with "" and adding empty strings at
+        the beginning or at the end of the string such that subsequently
+        calling ":".join(hextets) will produce the compressed version of
+        the IPv6 address.
+
+        Args:
+            hextets: A list of strings, the hextets to compress.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+
+        """
+        best_doublecolon_start = -1
+        best_doublecolon_len = 0
+        doublecolon_start = -1
+        doublecolon_len = 0
+        for index, hextet in enumerate(hextets):
+            if hextet == '0':
+                doublecolon_len += 1
+                if doublecolon_start == -1:
+                    # Start of a sequence of zeros.
+                    doublecolon_start = index
+                if doublecolon_len > best_doublecolon_len:
+                    # This is the longest sequence of zeros so far.
+                    best_doublecolon_len = doublecolon_len
+                    best_doublecolon_start = doublecolon_start
+            else:
+                doublecolon_len = 0
+                doublecolon_start = -1
+
+        if best_doublecolon_len > 1:
+            best_doublecolon_end = (best_doublecolon_start +
+                                    best_doublecolon_len)
+            # For zeros at the end of the address.
+            if best_doublecolon_end == len(hextets):
+                hextets += ['']
+            hextets[best_doublecolon_start:best_doublecolon_end] = ['']
+            # For zeros at the beginning of the address.
+            if best_doublecolon_start == 0:
+                hextets = [''] + hextets
+
+        return hextets
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int=None):
+        """Turns a 128-bit integer into hexadecimal notation.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_int: An integer, the IP address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string, the hexadecimal representation of the address.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: The address is bigger than 128 bits of all ones.
+
+        """
+        if ip_int is None:
+            ip_int = int(cls._ip)
+
+        if ip_int > cls._ALL_ONES:
+            raise ValueError('IPv6 address is too large')
+
+        hex_str = '%032x' % ip_int
+        hextets = ['%x' % int(hex_str[x:x + 4], 16) for x in range(0, 32, 4)]
+
+        hextets = cls._compress_hextets(hextets)
+        return ':'.join(hextets)
+
+    def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
+        """Expand a shortened IPv6 address.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string, the expanded IPv6 address.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(self, IPv6Network):
+            ip_str = _compat_str(self.network_address)
+        elif isinstance(self, IPv6Interface):
+            ip_str = _compat_str(self.ip)
+        else:
+            ip_str = _compat_str(self)
+
+        ip_int = self._ip_int_from_string(ip_str)
+        hex_str = '%032x' % ip_int
+        parts = [hex_str[x:x + 4] for x in range(0, 32, 4)]
+        if isinstance(self, (_BaseNetwork, IPv6Interface)):
+            return '%s/%d' % (':'.join(parts), self._prefixlen)
+        return ':'.join(parts)
+
+    def _reverse_pointer(self):
+        """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv6 address.
+
+        This implements the method described in RFC3596 2.5.
+
+        """
+        reverse_chars = self.exploded[::-1].replace(':', '')
+        return '.'.join(reverse_chars) + '.ip6.arpa'
+
+    @property
+    def max_prefixlen(self):
+        return self._max_prefixlen
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+
+class IPv6Address(_BaseV6, _BaseAddress):
+
+    """Represent and manipulate single IPv6 Addresses."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('_ip', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        """Instantiate a new IPv6 address object.
+
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IP
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv6Address('2001:db8::') ==
+                IPv6Address(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
+              or, more generally
+              IPv6Address(int(IPv6Address('2001:db8::'))) ==
+                IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address.
+
+        """
+        # Efficient constructor from integer.
+        if isinstance(address, _compat_int_types):
+            self._check_int_address(address)
+            self._ip = address
+            return
+
+        # Constructing from a packed address
+        if isinstance(address, bytes):
+            self._check_packed_address(address, 16)
+            bvs = _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(address)
+            self._ip = _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bvs, 'big')
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP string.
+        addr_str = _compat_str(address)
+        if '/' in addr_str:
+            raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %r" % address)
+        self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str)
+
+    @property
+    def packed(self):
+        """The binary representation of this address."""
+        return v6_int_to_packed(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def is_multicast(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address.
+            See RFC 2373 2.7 for details.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._multicast_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_reserved(self):
+        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is within one of the
+            reserved IPv6 Network ranges.
+
+        """
+        return any(self in x for x in self._constants._reserved_networks)
+
+    @property
+    def is_link_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._linklocal_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_site_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for site-local.
+
+        Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879.
+        Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local
+        addresses as defined by RFC 4193.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._sitelocal_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_private(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
+            iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks)
+
+    @property
+    def is_global(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, true if the address is not reserved per
+            iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return not self.is_private
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        """Test if the address is unspecified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.2.
+
+        """
+        return self._ip == 0
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.3.
+
+        """
+        return self._ip == 1
+
+    @property
+    def ipv4_mapped(self):
+        """Return the IPv4 mapped address.
+
+        Returns:
+            If the IPv6 address is a v4 mapped address, return the
+            IPv4 mapped address. Return None otherwise.
+
+        """
+        if (self._ip >> 32) != 0xFFFF:
+            return None
+        return IPv4Address(self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+    @property
+    def teredo(self):
+        """Tuple of embedded teredo IPs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of the (server, client) IPs or None if the address
+            doesn't appear to be a teredo address (doesn't start with
+            2001::/32)
+
+        """
+        if (self._ip >> 96) != 0x20010000:
+            return None
+        return (IPv4Address((self._ip >> 64) & 0xFFFFFFFF),
+                IPv4Address(~self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF))
+
+    @property
+    def sixtofour(self):
+        """Return the IPv4 6to4 embedded address.
+
+        Returns:
+            The IPv4 6to4-embedded address if present or None if the
+            address doesn't appear to contain a 6to4 embedded address.
+
+        """
+        if (self._ip >> 112) != 0x2002:
+            return None
+        return IPv4Address((self._ip >> 80) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+
+class IPv6Interface(IPv6Address):
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)):
+            IPv6Address.__init__(self, address)
+            self.network = IPv6Network(self._ip)
+            self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+            return
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            IPv6Address.__init__(self, address[0])
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                self._prefixlen = int(address[1])
+            else:
+                self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+            self.network = IPv6Network(address, strict=False)
+            self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+            self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+            return
+
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+        IPv6Address.__init__(self, addr[0])
+        self.network = IPv6Network(address, strict=False)
+        self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+        self._prefixlen = self.network._prefixlen
+        self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.network.prefixlen)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        address_equal = IPv6Address.__eq__(self, other)
+        if not address_equal or address_equal is NotImplemented:
+            return address_equal
+        try:
+            return self.network == other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # An interface with an associated network is NOT the
+            # same as an unassociated address. That's why the hash
+            # takes the extra info into account.
+            return False
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        address_less = IPv6Address.__lt__(self, other)
+        if address_less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        try:
+            return self.network < other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # We *do* allow addresses and interfaces to be sorted. The
+            # unassociated address is considered less than all interfaces.
+            return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self._ip ^ self._prefixlen ^ int(self.network.network_address)
+
+    __reduce__ = _IPAddressBase.__reduce__
+
+    @property
+    def ip(self):
+        return IPv6Address(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self._prefixlen)
+
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.netmask)
+
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.hostmask)
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        return self._ip == 0 and self.network.is_unspecified
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        return self._ip == 1 and self.network.is_loopback
+
+
+class IPv6Network(_BaseV6, _BaseNetwork):
+
+    """This class represents and manipulates 128-bit IPv6 networks.
+
+    Attributes: [examples for IPv6('2001:db8::1000/124')]
+        .network_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
+        .hostmask: IPv6Address('::f')
+        .broadcast_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::100f')
+        .netmask: IPv6Address('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0')
+        .prefixlen: 124
+
+    """
+
+    # Class to use when creating address objects
+    _address_class = IPv6Address
+
+    def __init__(self, address, strict=True):
+        """Instantiate a new IPv6 Network object.
+
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IPv6 network or the
+              IP and prefix/netmask.
+              '2001:db8::/128'
+              '2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/128'
+              '2001:db8::'
+              are all functionally the same in IPv6.  That is to say,
+              failing to provide a subnetmask will create an object with
+              a mask of /128.
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv6Network('2001:db8::') ==
+                IPv6Network(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
+              or, more generally
+              IPv6Network(int(IPv6Network('2001:db8::'))) ==
+                IPv6Network('2001:db8::')
+
+            strict: A boolean. If true, ensure that we have been passed
+              A true network address, eg, 2001:db8::1000/124 and not an
+              IP address on a network, eg, 2001:db8::1/124.
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address.
+            NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for
+              an IPv6 address.
+            ValueError: If strict was True and a network address was not
+              supplied.
+
+        """
+        _BaseNetwork.__init__(self, address)
+
+        # Efficient constructor from integer or packed address
+        if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)):
+            self.network_address = IPv6Address(address)
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(
+                self._max_prefixlen)
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                arg = address[1]
+            else:
+                arg = self._max_prefixlen
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+            self.network_address = IPv6Address(address[0])
+            packed = int(self.network_address)
+            if packed & int(self.netmask) != packed:
+                if strict:
+                    raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+                else:
+                    self.network_address = IPv6Address(packed &
+                                                       int(self.netmask))
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string.
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+
+        self.network_address = IPv6Address(self._ip_int_from_string(addr[0]))
+
+        if len(addr) == 2:
+            arg = addr[1]
+        else:
+            arg = self._max_prefixlen
+        self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+
+        if strict:
+            if (IPv6Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) !=
+                    self.network_address):
+                raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+        self.network_address = IPv6Address(int(self.network_address) &
+                                           int(self.netmask))
+
+        if self._prefixlen == (self._max_prefixlen - 1):
+            self.hosts = self.__iter__
+
+    def hosts(self):
+        """Generate Iterator over usable hosts in a network.
+
+          This is like __iter__ except it doesn't return the
+          Subnet-Router anycast address.
+
+        """
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        for x in _compat_range(network + 1, broadcast + 1):
+            yield self._address_class(x)
+
+    @property
+    def is_site_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for site-local.
+
+        Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879.
+        Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local
+        addresses as defined by RFC 4193.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_site_local and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_site_local)
+
+
+class _IPv6Constants(object):
+
+    _linklocal_network = IPv6Network('fe80::/10')
+
+    _multicast_network = IPv6Network('ff00::/8')
+
+    _private_networks = [
+        IPv6Network('::1/128'),
+        IPv6Network('::/128'),
+        IPv6Network('::ffff:0:0/96'),
+        IPv6Network('100::/64'),
+        IPv6Network('2001::/23'),
+        IPv6Network('2001:2::/48'),
+        IPv6Network('2001:db8::/32'),
+        IPv6Network('2001:10::/28'),
+        IPv6Network('fc00::/7'),
+        IPv6Network('fe80::/10'),
+    ]
+
+    _reserved_networks = [
+        IPv6Network('::/8'), IPv6Network('100::/8'),
+        IPv6Network('200::/7'), IPv6Network('400::/6'),
+        IPv6Network('800::/5'), IPv6Network('1000::/4'),
+        IPv6Network('4000::/3'), IPv6Network('6000::/3'),
+        IPv6Network('8000::/3'), IPv6Network('A000::/3'),
+        IPv6Network('C000::/3'), IPv6Network('E000::/4'),
+        IPv6Network('F000::/5'), IPv6Network('F800::/6'),
+        IPv6Network('FE00::/9'),
+    ]
+
+    _sitelocal_network = IPv6Network('fec0::/10')
+
+
+IPv6Address._constants = _IPv6Constants
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6f44a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+lockfile.py - Platform-independent advisory file locks.
+
+Requires Python 2.5 unless you apply 2.4.diff
+Locking is done on a per-thread basis instead of a per-process basis.
+
+Usage:
+
+>>> lock = LockFile('somefile')
+>>> try:
+...     lock.acquire()
+... except AlreadyLocked:
+...     print 'somefile', 'is locked already.'
+... except LockFailed:
+...     print 'somefile', 'can\\'t be locked.'
+... else:
+...     print 'got lock'
+got lock
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+True
+>>> lock.release()
+
+>>> lock = LockFile('somefile')
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+False
+>>> with lock:
+...    print lock.is_locked()
+True
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+False
+
+>>> lock = LockFile('somefile')
+>>> # It is okay to lock twice from the same thread...
+>>> with lock:
+...     lock.acquire()
+...
+>>> # Though no counter is kept, so you can't unlock multiple times...
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+False
+
+Exceptions:
+
+    Error - base class for other exceptions
+        LockError - base class for all locking exceptions
+            AlreadyLocked - Another thread or process already holds the lock
+            LockFailed - Lock failed for some other reason
+        UnlockError - base class for all unlocking exceptions
+            AlreadyUnlocked - File was not locked.
+            NotMyLock - File was locked but not by the current thread/process
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import os
+import socket
+import threading
+import warnings
+
+# Work with PEP8 and non-PEP8 versions of threading module.
+if not hasattr(threading, "current_thread"):
+    threading.current_thread = threading.currentThread
+if not hasattr(threading.Thread, "get_name"):
+    threading.Thread.get_name = threading.Thread.getName
+
+__all__ = ['Error', 'LockError', 'LockTimeout', 'AlreadyLocked',
+           'LockFailed', 'UnlockError', 'NotLocked', 'NotMyLock',
+           'LinkFileLock', 'MkdirFileLock', 'SQLiteFileLock',
+           'LockBase', 'locked']
+
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """
+    Base class for other exceptions.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise Error
+    ... except Exception:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class LockError(Error):
+    """
+    Base class for error arising from attempts to acquire the lock.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise LockError
+    ... except Error:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class LockTimeout(LockError):
+    """Raised when lock creation fails within a user-defined period of time.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise LockTimeout
+    ... except LockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class AlreadyLocked(LockError):
+    """Some other thread/process is locking the file.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise AlreadyLocked
+    ... except LockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class LockFailed(LockError):
+    """Lock file creation failed for some other reason.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise LockFailed
+    ... except LockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class UnlockError(Error):
+    """
+    Base class for errors arising from attempts to release the lock.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise UnlockError
+    ... except Error:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class NotLocked(UnlockError):
+    """Raised when an attempt is made to unlock an unlocked file.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise NotLocked
+    ... except UnlockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class NotMyLock(UnlockError):
+    """Raised when an attempt is made to unlock a file someone else locked.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise NotMyLock
+    ... except UnlockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class _SharedBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        """
+        Acquire the lock.
+
+        * If timeout is omitted (or None), wait forever trying to lock the
+          file.
+
+        * If timeout > 0, try to acquire the lock for that many seconds.  If
+          the lock period expires and the file is still locked, raise
+          LockTimeout.
+
+        * If timeout <= 0, raise AlreadyLocked immediately if the file is
+          already locked.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def release(self):
+        """
+        Release the lock.
+
+        If the file is not locked, raise NotLocked.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """
+        Context manager support.
+        """
+        self.acquire()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_exc):
+        """
+        Context manager support.
+        """
+        self.release()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s: %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.path)
+
+
+class LockBase(_SharedBase):
+    """Base class for platform-specific lock classes."""
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        """
+        >>> lock = LockBase('somefile')
+        >>> lock = LockBase('somefile', threaded=False)
+        """
+        super(LockBase, self).__init__(path)
+        self.lock_file = os.path.abspath(path) + ".lock"
+        self.hostname = socket.gethostname()
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+        if threaded:
+            t = threading.current_thread()
+            # Thread objects in Python 2.4 and earlier do not have ident
+            # attrs.  Worm around that.
+            ident = getattr(t, "ident", hash(t))
+            self.tname = "-%x" % (ident & 0xffffffff)
+        else:
+            self.tname = ""
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(self.lock_file)
+
+        # unique name is mostly about the current process, but must
+        # also contain the path -- otherwise, two adjacent locked
+        # files conflict (one file gets locked, creating lock-file and
+        # unique file, the other one gets locked, creating lock-file
+        # and overwriting the already existing lock-file, then one
+        # gets unlocked, deleting both lock-file and unique file,
+        # finally the last lock errors out upon releasing.
+        self.unique_name = os.path.join(dirname,
+                                        "%s%s.%s%s" % (self.hostname,
+                                                       self.tname,
+                                                       self.pid,
+                                                       hash(self.path)))
+        self.timeout = timeout
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        """
+        Tell whether or not the file is locked.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        """
+        Return True if this object is locking the file.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        """
+        Remove a lock.  Useful if a locking thread failed to unlock.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s: %r -- %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.unique_name,
+                                   self.path)
+
+
+def _fl_helper(cls, mod, *args, **kwds):
+    warnings.warn("Import from %s module instead of lockfile package" % mod,
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # This is a bit funky, but it's only for awhile.  The way the unit tests
+    # are constructed this function winds up as an unbound method, so it
+    # actually takes three args, not two.  We want to toss out self.
+    if not isinstance(args[0], str):
+        # We are testing, avoid the first arg
+        args = args[1:]
+    if len(args) == 1 and not kwds:
+        kwds["threaded"] = True
+    return cls(*args, **kwds)
+
+
+def LinkFileLock(*args, **kwds):
+    """Factory function provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    Do not use in new code.  Instead, import LinkLockFile from the
+    lockfile.linklockfile module.
+    """
+    from . import linklockfile
+    return _fl_helper(linklockfile.LinkLockFile, "lockfile.linklockfile",
+                      *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def MkdirFileLock(*args, **kwds):
+    """Factory function provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    Do not use in new code.  Instead, import MkdirLockFile from the
+    lockfile.mkdirlockfile module.
+    """
+    from . import mkdirlockfile
+    return _fl_helper(mkdirlockfile.MkdirLockFile, "lockfile.mkdirlockfile",
+                      *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def SQLiteFileLock(*args, **kwds):
+    """Factory function provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    Do not use in new code.  Instead, import SQLiteLockFile from the
+    lockfile.mkdirlockfile module.
+    """
+    from . import sqlitelockfile
+    return _fl_helper(sqlitelockfile.SQLiteLockFile, "lockfile.sqlitelockfile",
+                      *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def locked(path, timeout=None):
+    """Decorator which enables locks for decorated function.
+
+    Arguments:
+     - path: path for lockfile.
+     - timeout (optional): Timeout for acquiring lock.
+
+     Usage:
+         @locked('/var/run/myname', timeout=0)
+         def myname(...):
+             ...
+    """
+    def decor(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            lock = FileLock(path, timeout=timeout)
+            lock.acquire()
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                lock.release()
+        return wrapper
+    return decor
+
+
+if hasattr(os, "link"):
+    from . import linklockfile as _llf
+    LockFile = _llf.LinkLockFile
+else:
+    from . import mkdirlockfile as _mlf
+    LockFile = _mlf.MkdirLockFile
+
+FileLock = LockFile
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ca9be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import time
+import os
+
+from . import (LockBase, LockFailed, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout,
+               AlreadyLocked)
+
+
+class LinkLockFile(LockBase):
+    """Lock access to a file using atomic property of link(2).
+
+    >>> lock = LinkLockFile('somefile')
+    >>> lock = LinkLockFile('somefile', threaded=False)
+    """
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        try:
+            open(self.unique_name, "wb").close()
+        except IOError:
+            raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.unique_name)
+
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        while True:
+            # Try and create a hard link to it.
+            try:
+                os.link(self.unique_name, self.lock_file)
+            except OSError:
+                # Link creation failed.  Maybe we've double-locked?
+                nlinks = os.stat(self.unique_name).st_nlink
+                if nlinks == 2:
+                    # The original link plus the one I created == 2.  We're
+                    # good to go.
+                    return
+                else:
+                    # Otherwise the lock creation failed.
+                    if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                        os.unlink(self.unique_name)
+                        if timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(timeout is not None and timeout / 10 or 0.1)
+            else:
+                # Link creation succeeded.  We're good to go.
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        elif not os.path.exists(self.unique_name):
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        os.unlink(self.unique_name)
+        os.unlink(self.lock_file)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        return os.path.exists(self.lock_file)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        return (self.is_locked() and
+                os.path.exists(self.unique_name) and
+                os.stat(self.unique_name).st_nlink == 2)
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.lock_file):
+            os.unlink(self.lock_file)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05a8c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+
+import time
+import os
+import sys
+import errno
+
+from . import (LockBase, LockFailed, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout,
+               AlreadyLocked)
+
+
+class MkdirLockFile(LockBase):
+    """Lock file by creating a directory."""
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        """
+        >>> lock = MkdirLockFile('somefile')
+        >>> lock = MkdirLockFile('somefile', threaded=False)
+        """
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, threaded, timeout)
+        # Lock file itself is a directory.  Place the unique file name into
+        # it.
+        self.unique_name = os.path.join(self.lock_file,
+                                        "%s.%s%s" % (self.hostname,
+                                                     self.tname,
+                                                     self.pid))
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        if timeout is None:
+            wait = 0.1
+        else:
+            wait = max(0, timeout / 10)
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(self.lock_file)
+            except OSError:
+                err = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                if err.errno == errno.EEXIST:
+                    # Already locked.
+                    if os.path.exists(self.unique_name):
+                        # Already locked by me.
+                        return
+                    if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                        if timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            # Someone else has the lock.
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(wait)
+                else:
+                    # Couldn't create the lock for some other reason
+                    raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.lock_file)
+            else:
+                open(self.unique_name, "wb").close()
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        elif not os.path.exists(self.unique_name):
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        os.unlink(self.unique_name)
+        os.rmdir(self.lock_file)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        return os.path.exists(self.lock_file)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        return (self.is_locked() and
+                os.path.exists(self.unique_name))
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.lock_file):
+            for name in os.listdir(self.lock_file):
+                os.unlink(os.path.join(self.lock_file, name))
+            os.rmdir(self.lock_file)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..069e85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# pidlockfile.py
+#
+# Copyright © 2008–2009 Ben Finney <ben+python@benfinney.id.au>
+#
+# This is free software: you may copy, modify, and/or distribute this work
+# under the terms of the Python Software Foundation License, version 2 or
+# later as published by the Python Software Foundation.
+# No warranty expressed or implied. See the file LICENSE.PSF-2 for details.
+
+""" Lockfile behaviour implemented via Unix PID files.
+    """
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import os
+import time
+
+from . import (LockBase, AlreadyLocked, LockFailed, NotLocked, NotMyLock,
+               LockTimeout)
+
+
+class PIDLockFile(LockBase):
+    """ Lockfile implemented as a Unix PID file.
+
+    The lock file is a normal file named by the attribute `path`.
+    A lock's PID file contains a single line of text, containing
+    the process ID (PID) of the process that acquired the lock.
+
+    >>> lock = PIDLockFile('somefile')
+    >>> lock = PIDLockFile('somefile')
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=False, timeout=None):
+        # pid lockfiles don't support threaded operation, so always force
+        # False as the threaded arg.
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, False, timeout)
+        self.unique_name = self.path
+
+    def read_pid(self):
+        """ Get the PID from the lock file.
+            """
+        return read_pid_from_pidfile(self.path)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        """ Test if the lock is currently held.
+
+            The lock is held if the PID file for this lock exists.
+
+            """
+        return os.path.exists(self.path)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        """ Test if the lock is held by the current process.
+
+        Returns ``True`` if the current process ID matches the
+        number stored in the PID file.
+        """
+        return self.is_locked() and os.getpid() == self.read_pid()
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        """ Acquire the lock.
+
+        Creates the PID file for this lock, or raises an error if
+        the lock could not be acquired.
+        """
+
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                write_pid_to_pidfile(self.path)
+            except OSError as exc:
+                if exc.errno == errno.EEXIST:
+                    # The lock creation failed.  Maybe sleep a bit.
+                    if time.time() > end_time:
+                        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(timeout is not None and timeout / 10 or 0.1)
+                else:
+                    raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.path)
+            else:
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        """ Release the lock.
+
+            Removes the PID file to release the lock, or raises an
+            error if the current process does not hold the lock.
+
+            """
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        if not self.i_am_locking():
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        remove_existing_pidfile(self.path)
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        """ Break an existing lock.
+
+            Removes the PID file if it already exists, otherwise does
+            nothing.
+
+            """
+        remove_existing_pidfile(self.path)
+
+
+def read_pid_from_pidfile(pidfile_path):
+    """ Read the PID recorded in the named PID file.
+
+        Read and return the numeric PID recorded as text in the named
+        PID file. If the PID file cannot be read, or if the content is
+        not a valid PID, return ``None``.
+
+        """
+    pid = None
+    try:
+        pidfile = open(pidfile_path, 'r')
+    except IOError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        # According to the FHS 2.3 section on PID files in /var/run:
+        #
+        #   The file must consist of the process identifier in
+        #   ASCII-encoded decimal, followed by a newline character.
+        #
+        #   Programs that read PID files should be somewhat flexible
+        #   in what they accept; i.e., they should ignore extra
+        #   whitespace, leading zeroes, absence of the trailing
+        #   newline, or additional lines in the PID file.
+
+        line = pidfile.readline().strip()
+        try:
+            pid = int(line)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        pidfile.close()
+
+    return pid
+
+
+def write_pid_to_pidfile(pidfile_path):
+    """ Write the PID in the named PID file.
+
+        Get the numeric process ID (“PID”) of the current process
+        and write it to the named file as a line of text.
+
+        """
+    open_flags = (os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY)
+    open_mode = 0o644
+    pidfile_fd = os.open(pidfile_path, open_flags, open_mode)
+    pidfile = os.fdopen(pidfile_fd, 'w')
+
+    # According to the FHS 2.3 section on PID files in /var/run:
+    #
+    #   The file must consist of the process identifier in
+    #   ASCII-encoded decimal, followed by a newline character. For
+    #   example, if crond was process number 25, /var/run/crond.pid
+    #   would contain three characters: two, five, and newline.
+
+    pid = os.getpid()
+    pidfile.write("%s\n" % pid)
+    pidfile.close()
+
+
+def remove_existing_pidfile(pidfile_path):
+    """ Remove the named PID file if it exists.
+
+        Removing a PID file that doesn't already exist puts us in the
+        desired state, so we ignore the condition if the file does not
+        exist.
+
+        """
+    try:
+        os.remove(pidfile_path)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        if exc.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f997e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+
+import time
+import os
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str
+
+from . import LockBase, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout, AlreadyLocked
+
+
+class SQLiteLockFile(LockBase):
+    "Demonstrate SQL-based locking."
+
+    testdb = None
+
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        """
+        >>> lock = SQLiteLockFile('somefile')
+        >>> lock = SQLiteLockFile('somefile', threaded=False)
+        """
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, threaded, timeout)
+        self.lock_file = unicode(self.lock_file)
+        self.unique_name = unicode(self.unique_name)
+
+        if SQLiteLockFile.testdb is None:
+            import tempfile
+            _fd, testdb = tempfile.mkstemp()
+            os.close(_fd)
+            os.unlink(testdb)
+            del _fd, tempfile
+            SQLiteLockFile.testdb = testdb
+
+        import sqlite3
+        self.connection = sqlite3.connect(SQLiteLockFile.testdb)
+
+        c = self.connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            c.execute("create table locks"
+                      "("
+                      "   lock_file varchar(32),"
+                      "   unique_name varchar(32)"
+                      ")")
+        except sqlite3.OperationalError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.connection.commit()
+            import atexit
+            atexit.register(os.unlink, SQLiteLockFile.testdb)
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        if timeout is None:
+            wait = 0.1
+        elif timeout <= 0:
+            wait = 0
+        else:
+            wait = timeout / 10
+
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+
+        while True:
+            if not self.is_locked():
+                # Not locked.  Try to lock it.
+                cursor.execute("insert into locks"
+                               "  (lock_file, unique_name)"
+                               "  values"
+                               "  (?, ?)",
+                               (self.lock_file, self.unique_name))
+                self.connection.commit()
+
+                # Check to see if we are the only lock holder.
+                cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                               "  where unique_name = ?",
+                               (self.unique_name,))
+                rows = cursor.fetchall()
+                if len(rows) > 1:
+                    # Nope.  Someone else got there.  Remove our lock.
+                    cursor.execute("delete from locks"
+                                   "  where unique_name = ?",
+                                   (self.unique_name,))
+                    self.connection.commit()
+                else:
+                    # Yup.  We're done, so go home.
+                    return
+            else:
+                # Check to see if we are the only lock holder.
+                cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                               "  where unique_name = ?",
+                               (self.unique_name,))
+                rows = cursor.fetchall()
+                if len(rows) == 1:
+                    # We're the locker, so go home.
+                    return
+
+            # Maybe we should wait a bit longer.
+            if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                if timeout > 0:
+                    # No more waiting.
+                    raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                      " lock for %s" %
+                                      self.path)
+                else:
+                    # Someone else has the lock and we are impatient..
+                    raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" % self.path)
+
+            # Well, okay.  We'll give it a bit longer.
+            time.sleep(wait)
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        if not self.i_am_locking():
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me (by %s)" %
+                            (self.unique_name, self._who_is_locking()))
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("delete from locks"
+                       "  where unique_name = ?",
+                       (self.unique_name,))
+        self.connection.commit()
+
+    def _who_is_locking(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("select unique_name from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file,))
+        return cursor.fetchone()[0]
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file,))
+        rows = cursor.fetchall()
+        return not not rows
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?"
+                       "    and unique_name = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file, self.unique_name))
+        return not not cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("delete from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file,))
+        self.connection.commit()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23b41f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import time
+
+from . import (LockBase, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout,
+               AlreadyLocked)
+
+
+class SymlinkLockFile(LockBase):
+    """Lock access to a file using symlink(2)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        # super(SymlinkLockFile).__init(...)
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, threaded, timeout)
+        # split it back!
+        self.unique_name = os.path.split(self.unique_name)[1]
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        # Hopefully unnecessary for symlink.
+        # try:
+        #     open(self.unique_name, "wb").close()
+        # except IOError:
+        #     raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.unique_name)
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        while True:
+            # Try and create a symbolic link to it.
+            try:
+                os.symlink(self.unique_name, self.lock_file)
+            except OSError:
+                # Link creation failed.  Maybe we've double-locked?
+                if self.i_am_locking():
+                    # Linked to out unique name. Proceed.
+                    return
+                else:
+                    # Otherwise the lock creation failed.
+                    if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                        if timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(timeout / 10 if timeout is not None else 0.1)
+            else:
+                # Link creation succeeded.  We're good to go.
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        elif not self.i_am_locking():
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        os.unlink(self.lock_file)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        return os.path.islink(self.lock_file)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        return (os.path.islink(self.lock_file)
+                and os.readlink(self.lock_file) == self.unique_name)
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        if os.path.islink(self.lock_file):  # exists && link
+            os.unlink(self.lock_file)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5e8408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "16.0"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft and individual contributors"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "BSD or Apache License, Version 2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014-2016 %s" % __author__
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ee6220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+from .__about__ import (
+    __author__, __copyright__, __email__, __license__, __summary__, __title__,
+    __uri__, __version__
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..210bb80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import sys
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """
+    Create a base class with a metaclass.
+    """
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccc2786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+
+class Infinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+Infinity = Infinity()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return Infinity
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinity()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dec8a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import operator
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import (
+    ParseException, ParseResults, stringStart, stringEnd,
+)
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import ZeroOrMore, Group, Forward, QuotedString
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import Literal as L  # noqa
+
+from ._compat import string_types
+from .specifiers import Specifier, InvalidSpecifier
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidMarker", "UndefinedComparison", "UndefinedEnvironmentName",
+    "Marker", "default_environment",
+]
+
+
+class InvalidMarker(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid marker was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedComparison(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid operation was attempted on a value that doesn't support it.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedEnvironmentName(ValueError):
+    """
+    A name was attempted to be used that does not exist inside of the
+    environment.
+    """
+
+
+class Node(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<{0}({1!r})>".format(self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+
+
+class Variable(Node):
+    pass
+
+
+class Value(Node):
+    pass
+
+
+VARIABLE = (
+    L("implementation_version") |
+    L("platform_python_implementation") |
+    L("implementation_name") |
+    L("python_full_version") |
+    L("platform_release") |
+    L("platform_version") |
+    L("platform_machine") |
+    L("platform_system") |
+    L("python_version") |
+    L("sys_platform") |
+    L("os_name") |
+    L("extra")
+)
+VARIABLE.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Variable(t[0]))
+
+VERSION_CMP = (
+    L("===") |
+    L("==") |
+    L(">=") |
+    L("<=") |
+    L("!=") |
+    L("~=") |
+    L(">") |
+    L("<")
+)
+
+MARKER_OP = VERSION_CMP | L("not in") | L("in")
+
+MARKER_VALUE = QuotedString("'") | QuotedString('"')
+MARKER_VALUE.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Value(t[0]))
+
+BOOLOP = L("and") | L("or")
+
+MARKER_VAR = VARIABLE | MARKER_VALUE
+
+MARKER_ITEM = Group(MARKER_VAR + MARKER_OP + MARKER_VAR)
+MARKER_ITEM.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: tuple(t[0]))
+
+LPAREN = L("(").suppress()
+RPAREN = L(")").suppress()
+
+MARKER_EXPR = Forward()
+MARKER_ATOM = MARKER_ITEM | Group(LPAREN + MARKER_EXPR + RPAREN)
+MARKER_EXPR << MARKER_ATOM + ZeroOrMore(BOOLOP + MARKER_EXPR)
+
+MARKER = stringStart + MARKER_EXPR + stringEnd
+
+
+def _coerce_parse_result(results):
+    if isinstance(results, ParseResults):
+        return [_coerce_parse_result(i) for i in results]
+    else:
+        return results
+
+
+def _format_marker(marker, first=True):
+    assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, string_types))
+
+    # Sometimes we have a structure like [[...]] which is a single item list
+    # where the single item is itself it's own list. In that case we want skip
+    # the rest of this function so that we don't get extraneous () on the
+    # outside.
+    if (isinstance(marker, list) and len(marker) == 1 and
+            isinstance(marker[0], (list, tuple))):
+        return _format_marker(marker[0])
+
+    if isinstance(marker, list):
+        inner = (_format_marker(m, first=False) for m in marker)
+        if first:
+            return " ".join(inner)
+        else:
+            return "(" + " ".join(inner) + ")"
+    elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+        return '{0} {1} "{2}"'.format(*marker)
+    else:
+        return marker
+
+
+_operators = {
+    "in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs in rhs,
+    "not in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs not in rhs,
+    "<": operator.lt,
+    "<=": operator.le,
+    "==": operator.eq,
+    "!=": operator.ne,
+    ">=": operator.ge,
+    ">": operator.gt,
+}
+
+
+def _eval_op(lhs, op, rhs):
+    try:
+        spec = Specifier("".join([op, rhs]))
+    except InvalidSpecifier:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return spec.contains(lhs)
+
+    oper = _operators.get(op)
+    if oper is None:
+        raise UndefinedComparison(
+            "Undefined {0!r} on {1!r} and {2!r}.".format(op, lhs, rhs)
+        )
+
+    return oper(lhs, rhs)
+
+
+_undefined = object()
+
+
+def _get_env(environment, name):
+    value = environment.get(name, _undefined)
+
+    if value is _undefined:
+        raise UndefinedEnvironmentName(
+            "{0!r} does not exist in evaluation environment.".format(name)
+        )
+
+    return value
+
+
+def _evaluate_markers(markers, environment):
+    groups = [[]]
+
+    for marker in markers:
+        assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, string_types))
+
+        if isinstance(marker, list):
+            groups[-1].append(_evaluate_markers(marker, environment))
+        elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+            lhs, op, rhs = marker
+
+            if isinstance(lhs, Variable):
+                lhs_value = _get_env(environment, lhs.value)
+                rhs_value = rhs.value
+            else:
+                lhs_value = lhs.value
+                rhs_value = _get_env(environment, rhs.value)
+
+            groups[-1].append(_eval_op(lhs_value, op, rhs_value))
+        else:
+            assert marker in ["and", "or"]
+            if marker == "or":
+                groups.append([])
+
+    return any(all(item) for item in groups)
+
+
+def format_full_version(info):
+    version = '{0.major}.{0.minor}.{0.micro}'.format(info)
+    kind = info.releaselevel
+    if kind != 'final':
+        version += kind[0] + str(info.serial)
+    return version
+
+
+def default_environment():
+    if hasattr(sys, 'implementation'):
+        iver = format_full_version(sys.implementation.version)
+        implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    else:
+        iver = '0'
+        implementation_name = ''
+
+    return {
+        "implementation_name": implementation_name,
+        "implementation_version": iver,
+        "os_name": os.name,
+        "platform_machine": platform.machine(),
+        "platform_release": platform.release(),
+        "platform_system": platform.system(),
+        "platform_version": platform.version(),
+        "python_full_version": platform.python_version(),
+        "platform_python_implementation": platform.python_implementation(),
+        "python_version": platform.python_version()[:3],
+        "sys_platform": sys.platform,
+    }
+
+
+class Marker(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, marker):
+        try:
+            self._markers = _coerce_parse_result(MARKER.parseString(marker))
+        except ParseException as e:
+            err_str = "Invalid marker: {0!r}, parse error at {1!r}".format(
+                marker, marker[e.loc:e.loc + 8])
+            raise InvalidMarker(err_str)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return _format_marker(self._markers)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Marker({0!r})>".format(str(self))
+
+    def evaluate(self, environment=None):
+        """Evaluate a marker.
+
+        Return the boolean from evaluating the given marker against the
+        environment. environment is an optional argument to override all or
+        part of the determined environment.
+
+        The environment is determined from the current Python process.
+        """
+        current_environment = default_environment()
+        if environment is not None:
+            current_environment.update(environment)
+
+        return _evaluate_markers(self._markers, current_environment)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e37e098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import abc
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._compat import string_types, with_metaclass
+from .version import Version, LegacyVersion, parse
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid specifier was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(with_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta, object)):
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are not equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def prereleases(self):
+        """
+        Returns whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        """
+        Sets whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class _IndividualSpecifier(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    _operators = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, spec="", prereleases=None):
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier("Invalid specifier: '{0}'".format(spec))
+
+        self._spec = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<{0}({1!r}{2})>".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            str(self),
+            pre,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "{0}{1}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec == other._spec
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec != other._spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op):
+        return getattr(self, "_compare_{0}".format(self._operators[op]))
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            version = parse(version)
+        return version
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self):
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        return self._prereleases
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version or LegacyVersion, this allows us to have
+        # a shortcut for ``"2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        item = self._coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        return self._get_operator(self.operator)(item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = self._coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later incase nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if (parsed_version.is_prerelease and not
+                        (prereleases or self.prereleases)):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the begining.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+class LegacySpecifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(==|!=|<=|>=|<|>))
+        \s*
+        (?P<version>
+            [^\s]* # We just match everything, except for whitespace since this
+                   # is a "legacy" specifier and the version string can be just
+                   # about anything.
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+    }
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, LegacyVersion):
+            version = LegacyVersion(str(version))
+        return version
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective == self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective != self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective < self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective > self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+
+def _require_version_compare(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapped(self, prospective, spec):
+        if not isinstance(prospective, Version):
+            return False
+        return fn(self, prospective, spec)
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class Specifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s]*    # We just match everything, except for whitespace
+                          # since we are only testing for strict identity.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a dev or local version
+                # together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                    |
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore post and dev releases and we want to treat the pre-release as
+        # it's own separate segment.
+        prefix = ".".join(
+            list(
+                itertools.takewhile(
+                    lambda x: (not x.startswith("post") and not
+                               x.startswith("dev")),
+                    _version_split(spec),
+                )
+            )[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return (self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) and
+                self._get_operator("==")(prospective, prefix))
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # In the case of prefix matching we want to ignore local segment.
+            prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+            # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit
+            # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            spec = _version_split(spec[:-2])  # Remove the trailing .*
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there
+            # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release
+            # segment.
+            prospective = _version_split(str(prospective))
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            prospective = prospective[:len(spec)]
+
+            # Pad out our two sides with zeros so that they both equal the same
+            # length.
+            spec, prospective = _pad_version(spec, prospective)
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+        return prospective == spec
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is techincally greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective, spec):
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if parse(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version):
+    result = []
+    for item in version.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _pad_version(left, right):
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split[0]):])
+    right_split.append(right[len(right_split[0]):])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])),
+    )
+    right_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])),
+    )
+
+    return (
+        list(itertools.chain(*left_split)),
+        list(itertools.chain(*right_split)),
+    )
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    def __init__(self, specifiers="", prereleases=None):
+        # Split on , to break each indidivual specifier into it's own item, and
+        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+        specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+        # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a
+        # Specifier and falling back to a LegacySpecifier.
+        parsed = set()
+        for specifier in specifiers:
+            try:
+                parsed.add(Specifier(specifier))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                parsed.add(LegacySpecifier(specifier))
+
+        # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later.
+        self._specs = frozenset(parsed)
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<SpecifierSet({0!r}{1})>".format(str(self), pre)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs != other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version or LegacyVersion instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            item = parse(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(
+            s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases)
+            for s in self._specs
+        )
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iterable
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases, and which will filter out LegacyVersion in general.
+        else:
+            filtered = []
+            found_prereleases = []
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                # Ensure that we some kind of Version class for this item.
+                if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+                    parsed_version = parse(item)
+                else:
+                    parsed_version = item
+
+                # Filter out any item which is parsed as a LegacyVersion
+                if isinstance(parsed_version, LegacyVersion):
+                    continue
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return found_prereleases
+
+            return filtered
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83b5ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._structures import Infinity
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "parse", "Version", "LegacyVersion", "InvalidVersion", "VERSION_PATTERN"
+]
+
+
+_Version = collections.namedtuple(
+    "_Version",
+    ["epoch", "release", "dev", "pre", "post", "local"],
+)
+
+
+def parse(version):
+    """
+    Parse the given version string and return either a :class:`Version` object
+    or a :class:`LegacyVersion` object depending on if the given version is
+    a valid PEP 440 version or a legacy version.
+    """
+    try:
+        return Version(version)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        return LegacyVersion(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid version was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o)
+
+    def _compare(self, other, method):
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._key, other._key)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(_BaseVersion):
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self._version = str(version)
+        self._key = _legacy_cmpkey(self._version)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<LegacyVersion({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return False
+
+
+_legacy_version_component_re = re.compile(
+    r"(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)", re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+_legacy_version_replacement_map = {
+    "pre": "c", "preview": "c", "-": "final-", "rc": "c", "dev": "@",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_version_parts(s):
+    for part in _legacy_version_component_re.split(s):
+        part = _legacy_version_replacement_map.get(part, part)
+
+        if not part or part == ".":
+            continue
+
+        if part[:1] in "0123456789":
+            # pad for numeric comparison
+            yield part.zfill(8)
+        else:
+            yield "*" + part
+
+    # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+    yield "*final"
+
+
+def _legacy_cmpkey(version):
+    # We hardcode an epoch of -1 here. A PEP 440 version can only have a epoch
+    # greater than or equal to 0. This will effectively put the LegacyVersion,
+    # which uses the defacto standard originally implemented by setuptools,
+    # as before all PEP 440 versions.
+    epoch = -1
+
+    # This scheme is taken from pkg_resources.parse_version setuptools prior to
+    # it's adoption of the packaging library.
+    parts = []
+    for part in _parse_version_parts(version.lower()):
+        if part.startswith("*"):
+            # remove "-" before a prerelease tag
+            if part < "*final":
+                while parts and parts[-1] == "*final-":
+                    parts.pop()
+
+            # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+            while parts and parts[-1] == "00000000":
+                parts.pop()
+
+        parts.append(part)
+    parts = tuple(parts)
+
+    return epoch, parts
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion("Invalid version: '{0}'".format(version))
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("pre_l"),
+                match.group("pre_n"),
+            ),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"),
+                match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2"),
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("dev_l"),
+                match.group("dev_n"),
+            ),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Version({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self._version.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self._version.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self._version.post is not None:
+            parts.append(".post{0}".format(self._version.post[1]))
+
+        # Development release
+        if self._version.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(".dev{0}".format(self._version.dev[1]))
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self._version.local is not None:
+            parts.append(
+                "+{0}".format(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local))
+            )
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        version_string = str(self)
+        if "+" in version_string:
+            return version_string.split("+", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.dev or self._version.pre)
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.post)
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(letter, number):
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+
+_local_version_seperators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local):
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_seperators.split(local)
+        )
+
+
+def _cmpkey(epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local):
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(
+            itertools.dropwhile(
+                lambda x: x == 0,
+                reversed(release),
+            )
+        ))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        pre = -Infinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        pre = Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        post = -Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        dev = Infinity
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        local = -Infinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (-Infinity, i)
+            for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e62da92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3159 @@
+"""
+Package resource API
+--------------------
+
+A resource is a logical file contained within a package, or a logical
+subdirectory thereof.  The package resource API expects resource names
+to have their path parts separated with ``/``, *not* whatever the local
+path separator is.  Do not use os.path operations to manipulate resource
+names being passed into the API.
+
+The package resource API is designed to work with normal filesystem packages,
+.egg files, and unpacked .egg files.  It can also work in a limited way with
+.zip files and with custom PEP 302 loaders that support the ``get_data()``
+method.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import os
+import io
+import time
+import re
+import types
+import zipfile
+import zipimport
+import warnings
+import stat
+import functools
+import pkgutil
+import token
+import symbol
+import operator
+import platform
+import collections
+import plistlib
+import email.parser
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+from pkgutil import get_importer
+
+try:
+    import _imp
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.2 compatibility
+    import imp as _imp
+
+from pip._vendor import six
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import urllib, map
+
+# capture these to bypass sandboxing
+from os import utime
+try:
+    from os import mkdir, rename, unlink
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = True
+except ImportError:
+    # no write support, probably under GAE
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = False
+
+from os import open as os_open
+from os.path import isdir, split
+
+# Avoid try/except due to potential problems with delayed import mechanisms.
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) and sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
+    import importlib.machinery as importlib_machinery
+else:
+    importlib_machinery = None
+
+try:
+    import parser
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from pip._vendor import packaging
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.version')
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers')
+
+
+filter = six.moves.filter
+map = six.moves.map
+
+if (3, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+    msg = (
+        "Support for Python 3.0-3.2 has been dropped. Future versions "
+        "will fail here."
+    )
+    warnings.warn(msg)
+
+# declare some globals that will be defined later to
+# satisfy the linters.
+require = None
+working_set = None
+
+
+class PEP440Warning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """
+    Used when there is an issue with a version or specifier not complying with
+    PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _SetuptoolsVersionMixin(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__hash__()
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) < other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__lt__(other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) <= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__le__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) == other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) >= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ge__(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) > other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__gt__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) != other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ne__(other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return tuple(self)[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)', re.VERBOSE)
+        replace = {
+            'pre': 'c',
+            'preview': 'c',
+            '-': 'final-',
+            'rc': 'c',
+            'dev': '@',
+        }.get
+
+        def _parse_version_parts(s):
+            for part in component_re.split(s):
+                part = replace(part, part)
+                if not part or part == '.':
+                    continue
+                if part[:1] in '0123456789':
+                    # pad for numeric comparison
+                    yield part.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    yield '*'+part
+
+            # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+            yield '*final'
+
+        def old_parse_version(s):
+            parts = []
+            for part in _parse_version_parts(s.lower()):
+                if part.startswith('*'):
+                    # remove '-' before a prerelease tag
+                    if part < '*final':
+                        while parts and parts[-1] == '*final-':
+                            parts.pop()
+                    # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+                    while parts and parts[-1] == '00000000':
+                        parts.pop()
+                parts.append(part)
+            return tuple(parts)
+
+        # Warn for use of this function
+        warnings.warn(
+            "You have iterated over the result of "
+            "pkg_resources.parse_version. This is a legacy behavior which is "
+            "inconsistent with the new version class introduced in setuptools "
+            "8.0. In most cases, conversion to a tuple is unnecessary. For "
+            "comparison of versions, sort the Version instances directly. If "
+            "you have another use case requiring the tuple, please file a "
+            "bug with the setuptools project describing that need.",
+            RuntimeWarning,
+            stacklevel=1,
+        )
+
+        for part in old_parse_version(str(self)):
+            yield part
+
+
+class SetuptoolsVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, packaging.version.Version):
+    pass
+
+
+class SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin,
+                              packaging.version.LegacyVersion):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_version(v):
+    try:
+        return SetuptoolsVersion(v)
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        return SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(v)
+
+
+_state_vars = {}
+
+def _declare_state(vartype, **kw):
+    globals().update(kw)
+    _state_vars.update(dict.fromkeys(kw, vartype))
+
+def __getstate__():
+    state = {}
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in _state_vars.items():
+        state[k] = g['_sget_'+v](g[k])
+    return state
+
+def __setstate__(state):
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in state.items():
+        g['_sset_'+_state_vars[k]](k, g[k], v)
+    return state
+
+def _sget_dict(val):
+    return val.copy()
+
+def _sset_dict(key, ob, state):
+    ob.clear()
+    ob.update(state)
+
+def _sget_object(val):
+    return val.__getstate__()
+
+def _sset_object(key, ob, state):
+    ob.__setstate__(state)
+
+_sget_none = _sset_none = lambda *args: None
+
+
+def get_supported_platform():
+    """Return this platform's maximum compatible version.
+
+    distutils.util.get_platform() normally reports the minimum version
+    of Mac OS X that would be required to *use* extensions produced by
+    distutils.  But what we want when checking compatibility is to know the
+    version of Mac OS X that we are *running*.  To allow usage of packages that
+    explicitly require a newer version of Mac OS X, we must also know the
+    current version of the OS.
+
+    If this condition occurs for any other platform with a version in its
+    platform strings, this function should be extended accordingly.
+    """
+    plat = get_build_platform()
+    m = macosVersionString.match(plat)
+    if m is not None and sys.platform == "darwin":
+        try:
+            plat = 'macosx-%s-%s' % ('.'.join(_macosx_vers()[:2]), m.group(3))
+        except ValueError:
+            # not Mac OS X
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Basic resource access and distribution/entry point discovery
+    'require', 'run_script', 'get_provider',  'get_distribution',
+    'load_entry_point', 'get_entry_map', 'get_entry_info',
+    'iter_entry_points',
+    'resource_string', 'resource_stream', 'resource_filename',
+    'resource_listdir', 'resource_exists', 'resource_isdir',
+
+    # Environmental control
+    'declare_namespace', 'working_set', 'add_activation_listener',
+    'find_distributions', 'set_extraction_path', 'cleanup_resources',
+    'get_default_cache',
+
+    # Primary implementation classes
+    'Environment', 'WorkingSet', 'ResourceManager',
+    'Distribution', 'Requirement', 'EntryPoint',
+
+    # Exceptions
+    'ResolutionError', 'VersionConflict', 'DistributionNotFound',
+    'UnknownExtra', 'ExtractionError',
+
+    # Warnings
+    'PEP440Warning',
+
+    # Parsing functions and string utilities
+    'parse_requirements', 'parse_version', 'safe_name', 'safe_version',
+    'get_platform', 'compatible_platforms', 'yield_lines', 'split_sections',
+    'safe_extra', 'to_filename', 'invalid_marker', 'evaluate_marker',
+
+    # filesystem utilities
+    'ensure_directory', 'normalize_path',
+
+    # Distribution "precedence" constants
+    'EGG_DIST', 'BINARY_DIST', 'SOURCE_DIST', 'CHECKOUT_DIST', 'DEVELOP_DIST',
+
+    # "Provider" interfaces, implementations, and registration/lookup APIs
+    'IMetadataProvider', 'IResourceProvider', 'FileMetadata',
+    'PathMetadata', 'EggMetadata', 'EmptyProvider', 'empty_provider',
+    'NullProvider', 'EggProvider', 'DefaultProvider', 'ZipProvider',
+    'register_finder', 'register_namespace_handler', 'register_loader_type',
+    'fixup_namespace_packages', 'get_importer',
+
+    # Deprecated/backward compatibility only
+    'run_main', 'AvailableDistributions',
+]
+
+class ResolutionError(Exception):
+    """Abstract base for dependency resolution errors"""
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__class__.__name__+repr(self.args)
+
+
+class VersionConflict(ResolutionError):
+    """
+    An already-installed version conflicts with the requested version.
+
+    Should be initialized with the installed Distribution and the requested
+    Requirement.
+    """
+
+    _template = "{self.dist} is installed but {self.req} is required"
+
+    @property
+    def dist(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def with_context(self, required_by):
+        """
+        If required_by is non-empty, return a version of self that is a
+        ContextualVersionConflict.
+        """
+        if not required_by:
+            return self
+        args = self.args + (required_by,)
+        return ContextualVersionConflict(*args)
+
+
+class ContextualVersionConflict(VersionConflict):
+    """
+    A VersionConflict that accepts a third parameter, the set of the
+    requirements that required the installed Distribution.
+    """
+
+    _template = VersionConflict._template + ' by {self.required_by}'
+
+    @property
+    def required_by(self):
+        return self.args[2]
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(ResolutionError):
+    """A requested distribution was not found"""
+
+    _template = ("The '{self.req}' distribution was not found "
+                 "and is required by {self.requirers_str}")
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers_str(self):
+        if not self.requirers:
+            return 'the application'
+        return ', '.join(self.requirers)
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.report()
+
+
+class UnknownExtra(ResolutionError):
+    """Distribution doesn't have an "extra feature" of the given name"""
+_provider_factories = {}
+
+PY_MAJOR = sys.version[:3]
+EGG_DIST = 3
+BINARY_DIST = 2
+SOURCE_DIST = 1
+CHECKOUT_DIST = 0
+DEVELOP_DIST = -1
+
+def register_loader_type(loader_type, provider_factory):
+    """Register `provider_factory` to make providers for `loader_type`
+
+    `loader_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 ``module.__loader__``,
+    and `provider_factory` is a function that, passed a *module* object,
+    returns an ``IResourceProvider`` for that module.
+    """
+    _provider_factories[loader_type] = provider_factory
+
+def get_provider(moduleOrReq):
+    """Return an IResourceProvider for the named module or requirement"""
+    if isinstance(moduleOrReq, Requirement):
+        return working_set.find(moduleOrReq) or require(str(moduleOrReq))[0]
+    try:
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    except KeyError:
+        __import__(moduleOrReq)
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+    return _find_adapter(_provider_factories, loader)(module)
+
+def _macosx_vers(_cache=[]):
+    if not _cache:
+        version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+        # fallback for MacPorts
+        if version == '':
+            plist = '/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist'
+            if os.path.exists(plist):
+                if hasattr(plistlib, 'readPlist'):
+                    plist_content = plistlib.readPlist(plist)
+                    if 'ProductVersion' in plist_content:
+                        version = plist_content['ProductVersion']
+
+        _cache.append(version.split('.'))
+    return _cache[0]
+
+def _macosx_arch(machine):
+    return {'PowerPC': 'ppc', 'Power_Macintosh': 'ppc'}.get(machine, machine)
+
+def get_build_platform():
+    """Return this platform's string for platform-specific distributions
+
+    XXX Currently this is the same as ``distutils.util.get_platform()``, but it
+    needs some hacks for Linux and Mac OS X.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+        from sysconfig import get_platform
+    except ImportError:
+        from distutils.util import get_platform
+
+    plat = get_platform()
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and not plat.startswith('macosx-'):
+        try:
+            version = _macosx_vers()
+            machine = os.uname()[4].replace(" ", "_")
+            return "macosx-%d.%d-%s" % (int(version[0]), int(version[1]),
+                _macosx_arch(machine))
+        except ValueError:
+            # if someone is running a non-Mac darwin system, this will fall
+            # through to the default implementation
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+macosVersionString = re.compile(r"macosx-(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+darwinVersionString = re.compile(r"darwin-(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+# XXX backward compat
+get_platform = get_build_platform
+
+
+def compatible_platforms(provided, required):
+    """Can code for the `provided` platform run on the `required` platform?
+
+    Returns true if either platform is ``None``, or the platforms are equal.
+
+    XXX Needs compatibility checks for Linux and other unixy OSes.
+    """
+    if provided is None or required is None or provided==required:
+        # easy case
+        return True
+
+    # Mac OS X special cases
+    reqMac = macosVersionString.match(required)
+    if reqMac:
+        provMac = macosVersionString.match(provided)
+
+        # is this a Mac package?
+        if not provMac:
+            # this is backwards compatibility for packages built before
+            # setuptools 0.6. All packages built after this point will
+            # use the new macosx designation.
+            provDarwin = darwinVersionString.match(provided)
+            if provDarwin:
+                dversion = int(provDarwin.group(1))
+                macosversion = "%s.%s" % (reqMac.group(1), reqMac.group(2))
+                if dversion == 7 and macosversion >= "10.3" or \
+                        dversion == 8 and macosversion >= "10.4":
+                    return True
+            # egg isn't macosx or legacy darwin
+            return False
+
+        # are they the same major version and machine type?
+        if provMac.group(1) != reqMac.group(1) or \
+                provMac.group(3) != reqMac.group(3):
+            return False
+
+        # is the required OS major update >= the provided one?
+        if int(provMac.group(2)) > int(reqMac.group(2)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    # XXX Linux and other platforms' special cases should go here
+    return False
+
+
+def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
+    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
+    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+    name = ns['__name__']
+    ns.clear()
+    ns['__name__'] = name
+    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+# backward compatibility
+run_main = run_script
+
+def get_distribution(dist):
+    """Return a current distribution object for a Requirement or string"""
+    if isinstance(dist, six.string_types):
+        dist = Requirement.parse(dist)
+    if isinstance(dist, Requirement):
+        dist = get_provider(dist)
+    if not isinstance(dist, Distribution):
+        raise TypeError("Expected string, Requirement, or Distribution", dist)
+    return dist
+
+def load_entry_point(dist, group, name):
+    """Return `name` entry point of `group` for `dist` or raise ImportError"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
+
+def get_entry_map(dist, group=None):
+    """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_map(group)
+
+def get_entry_info(dist, group, name):
+    """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_info(group, name)
+
+
+class IMetadataProvider:
+
+    def has_metadata(name):
+        """Does the package's distribution contain the named metadata?"""
+
+    def get_metadata(name):
+        """The named metadata resource as a string"""
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(name):
+        """Yield named metadata resource as list of non-blank non-comment lines
+
+       Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line, and lines
+       with ``#`` as the first non-blank character are omitted."""
+
+    def metadata_isdir(name):
+        """Is the named metadata a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def metadata_listdir(name):
+        """List of metadata names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+    def run_script(script_name, namespace):
+        """Execute the named script in the supplied namespace dictionary"""
+
+
+class IResourceProvider(IMetadataProvider):
+    """An object that provides access to package resources"""
+
+    def get_resource_filename(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_stream(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_string(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a string containing the contents of `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def has_resource(resource_name):
+        """Does the package contain the named resource?"""
+
+    def resource_isdir(resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def resource_listdir(resource_name):
+        """List of resource names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+
+class WorkingSet(object):
+    """A collection of active distributions on sys.path (or a similar list)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, entries=None):
+        """Create working set from list of path entries (default=sys.path)"""
+        self.entries = []
+        self.entry_keys = {}
+        self.by_key = {}
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+        if entries is None:
+            entries = sys.path
+
+        for entry in entries:
+            self.add_entry(entry)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_master(cls):
+        """
+        Prepare the master working set.
+        """
+        ws = cls()
+        try:
+            from __main__ import __requires__
+        except ImportError:
+            # The main program does not list any requirements
+            return ws
+
+        # ensure the requirements are met
+        try:
+            ws.require(__requires__)
+        except VersionConflict:
+            return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__)
+
+        return ws
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_from_requirements(cls, req_spec):
+        """
+        Build a working set from a requirement spec. Rewrites sys.path.
+        """
+        # try it without defaults already on sys.path
+        # by starting with an empty path
+        ws = cls([])
+        reqs = parse_requirements(req_spec)
+        dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment())
+        for dist in dists:
+            ws.add(dist)
+
+        # add any missing entries from sys.path
+        for entry in sys.path:
+            if entry not in ws.entries:
+                ws.add_entry(entry)
+
+        # then copy back to sys.path
+        sys.path[:] = ws.entries
+        return ws
+
+    def add_entry(self, entry):
+        """Add a path item to ``.entries``, finding any distributions on it
+
+        ``find_distributions(entry, True)`` is used to find distributions
+        corresponding to the path entry, and they are added.  `entry` is
+        always appended to ``.entries``, even if it is already present.
+        (This is because ``sys.path`` can contain the same value more than
+        once, and the ``.entries`` of the ``sys.path`` WorkingSet should always
+        equal ``sys.path``.)
+        """
+        self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, [])
+        self.entries.append(entry)
+        for dist in find_distributions(entry, True):
+            self.add(dist, entry, False)
+
+    def __contains__(self, dist):
+        """True if `dist` is the active distribution for its project"""
+        return self.by_key.get(dist.key) == dist
+
+    def find(self, req):
+        """Find a distribution matching requirement `req`
+
+        If there is an active distribution for the requested project, this
+        returns it as long as it meets the version requirement specified by
+        `req`.  But, if there is an active distribution for the project and it
+        does *not* meet the `req` requirement, ``VersionConflict`` is raised.
+        If there is no active distribution for the requested project, ``None``
+        is returned.
+        """
+        dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+        if dist is not None and dist not in req:
+            # XXX add more info
+            raise VersionConflict(dist, req)
+        return dist
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self, group, name=None):
+        """Yield entry point objects from `group` matching `name`
+
+        If `name` is None, yields all entry points in `group` from all
+        distributions in the working set, otherwise only ones matching
+        both `group` and `name` are yielded (in distribution order).
+        """
+        for dist in self:
+            entries = dist.get_entry_map(group)
+            if name is None:
+                for ep in entries.values():
+                    yield ep
+            elif name in entries:
+                yield entries[name]
+
+    def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
+        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
+        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+        name = ns['__name__']
+        ns.clear()
+        ns['__name__'] = name
+        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield distributions for non-duplicate projects in the working set
+
+        The yield order is the order in which the items' path entries were
+        added to the working set.
+        """
+        seen = {}
+        for item in self.entries:
+            if item not in self.entry_keys:
+                # workaround a cache issue
+                continue
+
+            for key in self.entry_keys[item]:
+                if key not in seen:
+                    seen[key]=1
+                    yield self.by_key[key]
+
+    def add(self, dist, entry=None, insert=True, replace=False):
+        """Add `dist` to working set, associated with `entry`
+
+        If `entry` is unspecified, it defaults to the ``.location`` of `dist`.
+        On exit from this routine, `entry` is added to the end of the working
+        set's ``.entries`` (if it wasn't already present).
+
+        `dist` is only added to the working set if it's for a project that
+        doesn't already have a distribution in the set, unless `replace=True`.
+        If it's added, any callbacks registered with the ``subscribe()`` method
+        will be called.
+        """
+        if insert:
+            dist.insert_on(self.entries, entry, replace=replace)
+
+        if entry is None:
+            entry = dist.location
+        keys = self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry,[])
+        keys2 = self.entry_keys.setdefault(dist.location,[])
+        if not replace and dist.key in self.by_key:
+            # ignore hidden distros
+            return
+
+        self.by_key[dist.key] = dist
+        if dist.key not in keys:
+            keys.append(dist.key)
+        if dist.key not in keys2:
+            keys2.append(dist.key)
+        self._added_new(dist)
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, env=None, installer=None,
+            replace_conflicting=False):
+        """List all distributions needed to (recursively) meet `requirements`
+
+        `requirements` must be a sequence of ``Requirement`` objects.  `env`,
+        if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` instance.  If
+        not supplied, it defaults to all distributions available within any
+        entry or distribution in the working set.  `installer`, if supplied,
+        will be invoked with each requirement that cannot be met by an
+        already-installed distribution; it should return a ``Distribution`` or
+        ``None``.
+
+        Unless `replace_conflicting=True`, raises a VersionConflict exception if
+        any requirements are found on the path that have the correct name but
+        the wrong version.  Otherwise, if an `installer` is supplied it will be
+        invoked to obtain the correct version of the requirement and activate
+        it.
+        """
+
+        # set up the stack
+        requirements = list(requirements)[::-1]
+        # set of processed requirements
+        processed = {}
+        # key -> dist
+        best = {}
+        to_activate = []
+
+        # Mapping of requirement to set of distributions that required it;
+        # useful for reporting info about conflicts.
+        required_by = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        while requirements:
+            # process dependencies breadth-first
+            req = requirements.pop(0)
+            if req in processed:
+                # Ignore cyclic or redundant dependencies
+                continue
+            dist = best.get(req.key)
+            if dist is None:
+                # Find the best distribution and add it to the map
+                dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+                if dist is None or (dist not in req and replace_conflicting):
+                    ws = self
+                    if env is None:
+                        if dist is None:
+                            env = Environment(self.entries)
+                        else:
+                            # Use an empty environment and workingset to avoid
+                            # any further conflicts with the conflicting
+                            # distribution
+                            env = Environment([])
+                            ws = WorkingSet([])
+                    dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)
+                    if dist is None:
+                        requirers = required_by.get(req, None)
+                        raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers)
+                to_activate.append(dist)
+            if dist not in req:
+                # Oops, the "best" so far conflicts with a dependency
+                dependent_req = required_by[req]
+                raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req)
+
+            # push the new requirements onto the stack
+            new_requirements = dist.requires(req.extras)[::-1]
+            requirements.extend(new_requirements)
+
+            # Register the new requirements needed by req
+            for new_requirement in new_requirements:
+                required_by[new_requirement].add(req.project_name)
+
+            processed[req] = True
+
+        # return list of distros to activate
+        return to_activate
+
+    def find_plugins(self, plugin_env, full_env=None, installer=None,
+            fallback=True):
+        """Find all activatable distributions in `plugin_env`
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            distributions, errors = working_set.find_plugins(
+                Environment(plugin_dirlist)
+            )
+            # add plugins+libs to sys.path
+            map(working_set.add, distributions)
+            # display errors
+            print('Could not load', errors)
+
+        The `plugin_env` should be an ``Environment`` instance that contains
+        only distributions that are in the project's "plugin directory" or
+        directories. The `full_env`, if supplied, should be an ``Environment``
+        contains all currently-available distributions.  If `full_env` is not
+        supplied, one is created automatically from the ``WorkingSet`` this
+        method is called on, which will typically mean that every directory on
+        ``sys.path`` will be scanned for distributions.
+
+        `installer` is a standard installer callback as used by the
+        ``resolve()`` method. The `fallback` flag indicates whether we should
+        attempt to resolve older versions of a plugin if the newest version
+        cannot be resolved.
+
+        This method returns a 2-tuple: (`distributions`, `error_info`), where
+        `distributions` is a list of the distributions found in `plugin_env`
+        that were loadable, along with any other distributions that are needed
+        to resolve their dependencies.  `error_info` is a dictionary mapping
+        unloadable plugin distributions to an exception instance describing the
+        error that occurred. Usually this will be a ``DistributionNotFound`` or
+        ``VersionConflict`` instance.
+        """
+
+        plugin_projects = list(plugin_env)
+        # scan project names in alphabetic order
+        plugin_projects.sort()
+
+        error_info = {}
+        distributions = {}
+
+        if full_env is None:
+            env = Environment(self.entries)
+            env += plugin_env
+        else:
+            env = full_env + plugin_env
+
+        shadow_set = self.__class__([])
+        # put all our entries in shadow_set
+        list(map(shadow_set.add, self))
+
+        for project_name in plugin_projects:
+
+            for dist in plugin_env[project_name]:
+
+                req = [dist.as_requirement()]
+
+                try:
+                    resolvees = shadow_set.resolve(req, env, installer)
+
+                except ResolutionError as v:
+                    # save error info
+                    error_info[dist] = v
+                    if fallback:
+                        # try the next older version of project
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # give up on this project, keep going
+                        break
+
+                else:
+                    list(map(shadow_set.add, resolvees))
+                    distributions.update(dict.fromkeys(resolvees))
+
+                    # success, no need to try any more versions of this project
+                    break
+
+        distributions = list(distributions)
+        distributions.sort()
+
+        return distributions, error_info
+
+    def require(self, *requirements):
+        """Ensure that distributions matching `requirements` are activated
+
+        `requirements` must be a string or a (possibly-nested) sequence
+        thereof, specifying the distributions and versions required.  The
+        return value is a sequence of the distributions that needed to be
+        activated to fulfill the requirements; all relevant distributions are
+        included, even if they were already activated in this working set.
+        """
+        needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements))
+
+        for dist in needed:
+            self.add(dist)
+
+        return needed
+
+    def subscribe(self, callback):
+        """Invoke `callback` for all distributions (including existing ones)"""
+        if callback in self.callbacks:
+            return
+        self.callbacks.append(callback)
+        for dist in self:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def _added_new(self, dist):
+        for callback in self.callbacks:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (
+            self.entries[:], self.entry_keys.copy(), self.by_key.copy(),
+            self.callbacks[:]
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, e_k_b_c):
+        entries, keys, by_key, callbacks = e_k_b_c
+        self.entries = entries[:]
+        self.entry_keys = keys.copy()
+        self.by_key = by_key.copy()
+        self.callbacks = callbacks[:]
+
+
+class Environment(object):
+    """Searchable snapshot of distributions on a search path"""
+
+    def __init__(self, search_path=None, platform=get_supported_platform(),
+            python=PY_MAJOR):
+        """Snapshot distributions available on a search path
+
+        Any distributions found on `search_path` are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.
+
+        `platform` is an optional string specifying the name of the platform
+        that platform-specific distributions must be compatible with.  If
+        unspecified, it defaults to the current platform.  `python` is an
+        optional string naming the desired version of Python (e.g. ``'3.3'``);
+        it defaults to the current version.
+
+        You may explicitly set `platform` (and/or `python`) to ``None`` if you
+        wish to map *all* distributions, not just those compatible with the
+        running platform or Python version.
+        """
+        self._distmap = {}
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.python = python
+        self.scan(search_path)
+
+    def can_add(self, dist):
+        """Is distribution `dist` acceptable for this environment?
+
+        The distribution must match the platform and python version
+        requirements specified when this environment was created, or False
+        is returned.
+        """
+        return (self.python is None or dist.py_version is None
+            or dist.py_version==self.python) \
+            and compatible_platforms(dist.platform, self.platform)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the environment"""
+        self._distmap[dist.key].remove(dist)
+
+    def scan(self, search_path=None):
+        """Scan `search_path` for distributions usable in this environment
+
+        Any distributions found are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.  Only distributions conforming to
+        the platform/python version defined at initialization are added.
+        """
+        if search_path is None:
+            search_path = sys.path
+
+        for item in search_path:
+            for dist in find_distributions(item):
+                self.add(dist)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, project_name):
+        """Return a newest-to-oldest list of distributions for `project_name`
+
+        Uses case-insensitive `project_name` comparison, assuming all the
+        project's distributions use their project's name converted to all
+        lowercase as their key.
+
+        """
+        distribution_key = project_name.lower()
+        return self._distmap.get(distribution_key, [])
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` if we ``can_add()`` it and it has not already been added
+        """
+        if self.can_add(dist) and dist.has_version():
+            dists = self._distmap.setdefault(dist.key, [])
+            if dist not in dists:
+                dists.append(dist)
+                dists.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('hashcmp'), reverse=True)
+
+    def best_match(self, req, working_set, installer=None):
+        """Find distribution best matching `req` and usable on `working_set`
+
+        This calls the ``find(req)`` method of the `working_set` to see if a
+        suitable distribution is already active.  (This may raise
+        ``VersionConflict`` if an unsuitable version of the project is already
+        active in the specified `working_set`.)  If a suitable distribution
+        isn't active, this method returns the newest distribution in the
+        environment that meets the ``Requirement`` in `req`.  If no suitable
+        distribution is found, and `installer` is supplied, then the result of
+        calling the environment's ``obtain(req, installer)`` method will be
+        returned.
+        """
+        dist = working_set.find(req)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist
+        for dist in self[req.key]:
+            if dist in req:
+                return dist
+        # try to download/install
+        return self.obtain(req, installer)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        """Obtain a distribution matching `requirement` (e.g. via download)
+
+        Obtain a distro that matches requirement (e.g. via download).  In the
+        base ``Environment`` class, this routine just returns
+        ``installer(requirement)``, unless `installer` is None, in which case
+        None is returned instead.  This method is a hook that allows subclasses
+        to attempt other ways of obtaining a distribution before falling back
+        to the `installer` argument."""
+        if installer is not None:
+            return installer(requirement)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield the unique project names of the available distributions"""
+        for key in self._distmap.keys():
+            if self[key]:
+                yield key
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        """In-place addition of a distribution or environment"""
+        if isinstance(other, Distribution):
+            self.add(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, Environment):
+            for project in other:
+                for dist in other[project]:
+                    self.add(dist)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't add %r to environment" % (other,))
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Add an environment or distribution to an environment"""
+        new = self.__class__([], platform=None, python=None)
+        for env in self, other:
+            new += env
+        return new
+
+
+# XXX backward compatibility
+AvailableDistributions = Environment
+
+
+class ExtractionError(RuntimeError):
+    """An error occurred extracting a resource
+
+    The following attributes are available from instances of this exception:
+
+    manager
+        The resource manager that raised this exception
+
+    cache_path
+        The base directory for resource extraction
+
+    original_error
+        The exception instance that caused extraction to fail
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceManager:
+    """Manage resource extraction and packages"""
+    extraction_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cached_files = {}
+
+    def resource_exists(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Does the named resource exist?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).has_resource(resource_name)
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource an existing directory?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_isdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_filename(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_filename(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_stream(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_stream(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_string(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return specified resource as a string"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_string(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """List the contents of the named resource directory"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_listdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def extraction_error(self):
+        """Give an error message for problems extracting file(s)"""
+
+        old_exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        cache_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+
+        err = ExtractionError("""Can't extract file(s) to egg cache
+
+The following error occurred while trying to extract file(s) to the Python egg
+cache:
+
+  %s
+
+The Python egg cache directory is currently set to:
+
+  %s
+
+Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  You can
+change the cache directory by setting the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment
+variable to point to an accessible directory.
+""" % (old_exc, cache_path)
+        )
+        err.manager = self
+        err.cache_path = cache_path
+        err.original_error = old_exc
+        raise err
+
+    def get_cache_path(self, archive_name, names=()):
+        """Return absolute location in cache for `archive_name` and `names`
+
+        The parent directory of the resulting path will be created if it does
+        not already exist.  `archive_name` should be the base filename of the
+        enclosing egg (which may not be the name of the enclosing zipfile!),
+        including its ".egg" extension.  `names`, if provided, should be a
+        sequence of path name parts "under" the egg's extraction location.
+
+        This method should only be called by resource providers that need to
+        obtain an extraction location, and only for names they intend to
+        extract, as it tracks the generated names for possible cleanup later.
+        """
+        extract_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+        target_path = os.path.join(extract_path, archive_name+'-tmp', *names)
+        try:
+            _bypass_ensure_directory(target_path)
+        except:
+            self.extraction_error()
+
+        self._warn_unsafe_extraction_path(extract_path)
+
+        self.cached_files[target_path] = 1
+        return target_path
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _warn_unsafe_extraction_path(path):
+        """
+        If the default extraction path is overridden and set to an insecure
+        location, such as /tmp, it opens up an opportunity for an attacker to
+        replace an extracted file with an unauthorized payload. Warn the user
+        if a known insecure location is used.
+
+        See Distribute #375 for more details.
+        """
+        if os.name == 'nt' and not path.startswith(os.environ['windir']):
+            # On Windows, permissions are generally restrictive by default
+            #  and temp directories are not writable by other users, so
+            #  bypass the warning.
+            return
+        mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+        if mode & stat.S_IWOTH or mode & stat.S_IWGRP:
+            msg = ("%s is writable by group/others and vulnerable to attack "
+                "when "
+                "used with get_resource_filename. Consider a more secure "
+                "location (set with .set_extraction_path or the "
+                "PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment variable)." % path)
+            warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
+
+    def postprocess(self, tempname, filename):
+        """Perform any platform-specific postprocessing of `tempname`
+
+        This is where Mac header rewrites should be done; other platforms don't
+        have anything special they should do.
+
+        Resource providers should call this method ONLY after successfully
+        extracting a compressed resource.  They must NOT call it on resources
+        that are already in the filesystem.
+
+        `tempname` is the current (temporary) name of the file, and `filename`
+        is the name it will be renamed to by the caller after this routine
+        returns.
+        """
+
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            # Make the resource executable
+            mode = ((os.stat(tempname).st_mode) | 0o555) & 0o7777
+            os.chmod(tempname, mode)
+
+    def set_extraction_path(self, path):
+        """Set the base path where resources will be extracted to, if needed.
+
+        If you do not call this routine before any extractions take place, the
+        path defaults to the return value of ``get_default_cache()``.  (Which
+        is based on the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, with various
+        platform-specific fallbacks.  See that routine's documentation for more
+        details.)
+
+        Resources are extracted to subdirectories of this path based upon
+        information given by the ``IResourceProvider``.  You may set this to a
+        temporary directory, but then you must call ``cleanup_resources()`` to
+        delete the extracted files when done.  There is no guarantee that
+        ``cleanup_resources()`` will be able to remove all extracted files.
+
+        (Note: you may not change the extraction path for a given resource
+        manager once resources have been extracted, unless you first call
+        ``cleanup_resources()``.)
+        """
+        if self.cached_files:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't change extraction path, files already extracted"
+            )
+
+        self.extraction_path = path
+
+    def cleanup_resources(self, force=False):
+        """
+        Delete all extracted resource files and directories, returning a list
+        of the file and directory names that could not be successfully removed.
+        This function does not have any concurrency protection, so it should
+        generally only be called when the extraction path is a temporary
+        directory exclusive to a single process.  This method is not
+        automatically called; you must call it explicitly or register it as an
+        ``atexit`` function if you wish to ensure cleanup of a temporary
+        directory used for extractions.
+        """
+        # XXX
+
+def get_default_cache():
+    """Determine the default cache location
+
+    This returns the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, if set.
+    Otherwise, on Windows, it returns a "Python-Eggs" subdirectory of the
+    "Application Data" directory.  On all other systems, it's "~/.python-eggs".
+    """
+    try:
+        return os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE']
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+
+    if os.name!='nt':
+        return os.path.expanduser('~/.python-eggs')
+
+    # XXX this may be locale-specific!
+    app_data = 'Application Data'
+    app_homes = [
+        # best option, should be locale-safe
+        (('APPDATA',), None),
+        (('USERPROFILE',), app_data),
+        (('HOMEDRIVE','HOMEPATH'), app_data),
+        (('HOMEPATH',), app_data),
+        (('HOME',), None),
+        # 95/98/ME
+        (('WINDIR',), app_data),
+    ]
+
+    for keys, subdir in app_homes:
+        dirname = ''
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in os.environ:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, os.environ[key])
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            if subdir:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, subdir)
+            return os.path.join(dirname, 'Python-Eggs')
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Please set the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE enviroment variable"
+        )
+
+def safe_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name)
+
+
+def safe_version(version):
+    """
+    Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string
+    """
+    try:
+        # normalize the version
+        return str(packaging.version.Version(version))
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        version = version.replace(' ','.')
+        return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version)
+
+
+def safe_extra(extra):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_',
+    and the result is always lowercased.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '_', extra).lower()
+
+
+def to_filename(name):
+    """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form
+
+    Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'.
+    """
+    return name.replace('-','_')
+
+
+class MarkerEvaluation(object):
+    values = {
+        'os_name': lambda: os.name,
+        'sys_platform': lambda: sys.platform,
+        'python_full_version': platform.python_version,
+        'python_version': lambda: platform.python_version()[:3],
+        'platform_version': platform.version,
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine,
+        'platform_python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+        'python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_invalid_marker(cls, text):
+        """
+        Validate text as a PEP 426 environment marker; return an exception
+        if invalid or False otherwise.
+        """
+        try:
+            cls.evaluate_marker(text)
+        except SyntaxError as e:
+            return cls.normalize_exception(e)
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_exception(exc):
+        """
+        Given a SyntaxError from a marker evaluation, normalize the error
+        message:
+         - Remove indications of filename and line number.
+         - Replace platform-specific error messages with standard error
+           messages.
+        """
+        subs = {
+            'unexpected EOF while parsing': 'invalid syntax',
+            'parenthesis is never closed': 'invalid syntax',
+        }
+        exc.filename = None
+        exc.lineno = None
+        exc.msg = subs.get(exc.msg, exc.msg)
+        return exc
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.and_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.or_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def atom(cls, nodelist):
+        t = nodelist[1][0]
+        if t == token.LPAR:
+            if nodelist[2][0] == token.RPAR:
+                raise SyntaxError("Empty parentheses")
+            return cls.interpret(nodelist[2])
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def comparison(cls, nodelist):
+        if len(nodelist) > 4:
+            msg = "Chained comparison not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        comp = nodelist[2][1]
+        cop = comp[1]
+        if comp[0] == token.NAME:
+            if len(nodelist[2]) == 3:
+                if cop == 'not':
+                    cop = 'not in'
+                else:
+                    cop = 'is not'
+        try:
+            cop = cls.get_op(cop)
+        except KeyError:
+            msg = repr(cop) + " operator not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        return cop(cls.evaluate(nodelist[1]), cls.evaluate(nodelist[3]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_op(cls, op):
+        ops = {
+            symbol.test: cls.test,
+            symbol.and_test: cls.and_test,
+            symbol.atom: cls.atom,
+            symbol.comparison: cls.comparison,
+            'not in': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+            'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+            '==': operator.eq,
+            '!=': operator.ne,
+            '<':  operator.lt,
+            '>':  operator.gt,
+            '<=': operator.le,
+            '>=': operator.ge,
+        }
+        if hasattr(symbol, 'or_test'):
+            ops[symbol.or_test] = cls.test
+        return ops[op]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate_marker(cls, text, extra=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker on CPython 2.4+.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+
+        This implementation uses the 'parser' module, which is not implemented
+        on
+        Jython and has been superseded by the 'ast' module in Python 2.6 and
+        later.
+        """
+        return cls.interpret(parser.expr(text).totuple(1)[1])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _translate_metadata2(env):
+        """
+        Markerlib implements Metadata 1.2 (PEP 345) environment markers.
+        Translate the variables to Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426).
+        """
+        return dict(
+            (key.replace('.', '_'), value)
+            for key, value in env.items()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _markerlib_evaluate(cls, text):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker using markerlib.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+        """
+        from pip._vendor import _markerlib
+
+        env = cls._translate_metadata2(_markerlib.default_environment())
+        try:
+            result = _markerlib.interpret(text, env)
+        except NameError as e:
+            raise SyntaxError(e.args[0])
+        return result
+
+    if 'parser' not in globals():
+        # Fall back to less-complete _markerlib implementation if 'parser' module
+        # is not available.
+        evaluate_marker = _markerlib_evaluate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def interpret(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        try:
+            op = cls.get_op(nodelist[0])
+        except KeyError:
+            raise SyntaxError("Comparison or logical expression expected")
+        return op(nodelist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        kind = nodelist[0]
+        name = nodelist[1]
+        if kind==token.NAME:
+            try:
+                op = cls.values[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise SyntaxError("Unknown name %r" % name)
+            return op()
+        if kind==token.STRING:
+            s = nodelist[1]
+            if not cls._safe_string(s):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    "Only plain strings allowed in environment markers")
+            return s[1:-1]
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _safe_string(cand):
+        return (
+            cand[:1] in "'\"" and
+            not cand.startswith('"""') and
+            not cand.startswith("'''") and
+            '\\' not in cand
+        )
+
+invalid_marker = MarkerEvaluation.is_invalid_marker
+evaluate_marker = MarkerEvaluation.evaluate_marker
+
+class NullProvider:
+    """Try to implement resources and metadata for arbitrary PEP 302 loaders"""
+
+    egg_name = None
+    egg_info = None
+    loader = None
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.module_path = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_resource_string(manager, resource_name))
+
+    def get_resource_string(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._get(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_resource(self, resource_name):
+        return self._has(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._has(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    if sys.version_info <= (3,):
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+    else:
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)).decode("utf-8")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._isdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_isdir(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._isdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._listdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_listdir(self, name):
+        if self.egg_info:
+            return self._listdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+        return []
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name, namespace):
+        script = 'scripts/'+script_name
+        if not self.has_metadata(script):
+            raise ResolutionError("No script named %r" % script_name)
+        script_text = self.get_metadata(script).replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        script_text = script_text.replace('\r', '\n')
+        script_filename = self._fn(self.egg_info, script)
+        namespace['__file__'] = script_filename
+        if os.path.exists(script_filename):
+            source = open(script_filename).read()
+            code = compile(source, script_filename, 'exec')
+            exec(code, namespace, namespace)
+        else:
+            from linecache import cache
+            cache[script_filename] = (
+                len(script_text), 0, script_text.split('\n'), script_filename
+            )
+            script_code = compile(script_text, script_filename,'exec')
+            exec(script_code, namespace, namespace)
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _fn(self, base, resource_name):
+        if resource_name:
+            return os.path.join(base, *resource_name.split('/'))
+        return base
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_data'):
+            return self.loader.get_data(path)
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for loaders without 'get_data()'"
+        )
+
+register_loader_type(object, NullProvider)
+
+
+class EggProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider based on a virtual filesystem"""
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        NullProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+    def _setup_prefix(self):
+        # we assume here that our metadata may be nested inside a "basket"
+        # of multiple eggs; that's why we use module_path instead of .archive
+        path = self.module_path
+        old = None
+        while path!=old:
+            if _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+                self.egg_name = os.path.basename(path)
+                self.egg_info = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO')
+                self.egg_root = path
+                break
+            old = path
+            path, base = os.path.split(path)
+
+class DefaultProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Provides access to package resources in the filesystem"""
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        return os.path.isdir(path)
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        return os.listdir(path)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return open(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name), 'rb')
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+register_loader_type(type(None), DefaultProvider)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_loader_type(importlib_machinery.SourceFileLoader, DefaultProvider)
+
+
+class EmptyProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider that returns nothing for all requests"""
+
+    _isdir = _has = lambda self, path: False
+    _get = lambda self, path: ''
+    _listdir = lambda self, path: []
+    module_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+empty_provider = EmptyProvider()
+
+
+class ZipManifests(dict):
+    """
+    zip manifest builder
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path):
+        """
+        Build a dictionary similar to the zipimport directory
+        caches, except instead of tuples, store ZipInfo objects.
+
+        Use a platform-specific path separator (os.sep) for the path keys
+        for compatibility with pypy on Windows.
+        """
+        with ContextualZipFile(path) as zfile:
+            items = (
+                (
+                    name.replace('/', os.sep),
+                    zfile.getinfo(name),
+                )
+                for name in zfile.namelist()
+            )
+            return dict(items)
+
+    load = build
+
+
+class MemoizedZipManifests(ZipManifests):
+    """
+    Memoized zipfile manifests.
+    """
+    manifest_mod = collections.namedtuple('manifest_mod', 'manifest mtime')
+
+    def load(self, path):
+        """
+        Load a manifest at path or return a suitable manifest already loaded.
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(path)
+        mtime = os.stat(path).st_mtime
+
+        if path not in self or self[path].mtime != mtime:
+            manifest = self.build(path)
+            self[path] = self.manifest_mod(manifest, mtime)
+
+        return self[path].manifest
+
+
+class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """
+    Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a ZipFile or ContextualZipFile as appropriate
+        """
+        if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__'):
+            return zipfile.ZipFile(*args, **kwargs)
+        return super(ContextualZipFile, cls).__new__(cls)
+
+
+class ZipProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Resource support for zips and eggs"""
+
+    eagers = None
+    _zip_manifests = MemoizedZipManifests()
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        EggProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self.zip_pre = self.loader.archive+os.sep
+
+    def _zipinfo_name(self, fspath):
+        # Convert a virtual filename (full path to file) into a zipfile subpath
+        # usable with the zipimport directory cache for our target archive
+        if fspath.startswith(self.zip_pre):
+            return fspath[len(self.zip_pre):]
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.zip_pre)
+        )
+
+    def _parts(self, zip_path):
+        # Convert a zipfile subpath into an egg-relative path part list.
+        # pseudo-fs path
+        fspath = self.zip_pre+zip_path
+        if fspath.startswith(self.egg_root+os.sep):
+            return fspath[len(self.egg_root)+1:].split(os.sep)
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.egg_root)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def zipinfo(self):
+        return self._zip_manifests.load(self.loader.archive)
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        if not self.egg_name:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "resource_filename() only supported for .egg, not .zip"
+            )
+        # no need to lock for extraction, since we use temp names
+        zip_path = self._resource_to_zip(resource_name)
+        eagers = self._get_eager_resources()
+        if '/'.join(self._parts(zip_path)) in eagers:
+            for name in eagers:
+                self._extract_resource(manager, self._eager_to_zip(name))
+        return self._extract_resource(manager, zip_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_date_and_size(zip_stat):
+        size = zip_stat.file_size
+        # ymdhms+wday, yday, dst
+        date_time = zip_stat.date_time + (0, 0, -1)
+        # 1980 offset already done
+        timestamp = time.mktime(date_time)
+        return timestamp, size
+
+    def _extract_resource(self, manager, zip_path):
+
+        if zip_path in self._index():
+            for name in self._index()[zip_path]:
+                last = self._extract_resource(
+                    manager, os.path.join(zip_path, name)
+                )
+            # return the extracted directory name
+            return os.path.dirname(last)
+
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+
+        if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+            raise IOError('"os.rename" and "os.unlink" are not supported '
+                          'on this platform')
+        try:
+
+            real_path = manager.get_cache_path(
+                self.egg_name, self._parts(zip_path)
+            )
+
+            if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                return real_path
+
+            outf, tmpnam = _mkstemp(".$extract", dir=os.path.dirname(real_path))
+            os.write(outf, self.loader.get_data(zip_path))
+            os.close(outf)
+            utime(tmpnam, (timestamp, timestamp))
+            manager.postprocess(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            try:
+                rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            except os.error:
+                if os.path.isfile(real_path):
+                    if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                        # the file became current since it was checked above,
+                        #  so proceed.
+                        return real_path
+                    # Windows, del old file and retry
+                    elif os.name=='nt':
+                        unlink(real_path)
+                        rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+                        return real_path
+                raise
+
+        except os.error:
+            # report a user-friendly error
+            manager.extraction_error()
+
+        return real_path
+
+    def _is_current(self, file_path, zip_path):
+        """
+        Return True if the file_path is current for this zip_path
+        """
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
+            return False
+        stat = os.stat(file_path)
+        if stat.st_size!=size or stat.st_mtime!=timestamp:
+            return False
+        # check that the contents match
+        zip_contents = self.loader.get_data(zip_path)
+        with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
+            file_contents = f.read()
+        return zip_contents == file_contents
+
+    def _get_eager_resources(self):
+        if self.eagers is None:
+            eagers = []
+            for name in ('native_libs.txt', 'eager_resources.txt'):
+                if self.has_metadata(name):
+                    eagers.extend(self.get_metadata_lines(name))
+            self.eagers = eagers
+        return self.eagers
+
+    def _index(self):
+        try:
+            return self._dirindex
+        except AttributeError:
+            ind = {}
+            for path in self.zipinfo:
+                parts = path.split(os.sep)
+                while parts:
+                    parent = os.sep.join(parts[:-1])
+                    if parent in ind:
+                        ind[parent].append(parts[-1])
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        ind[parent] = [parts.pop()]
+            self._dirindex = ind
+            return ind
+
+    def _has(self, fspath):
+        zip_path = self._zipinfo_name(fspath)
+        return zip_path in self.zipinfo or zip_path in self._index()
+
+    def _isdir(self, fspath):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(fspath) in self._index()
+
+    def _listdir(self, fspath):
+        return list(self._index().get(self._zipinfo_name(fspath), ()))
+
+    def _eager_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.egg_root, resource_name))
+
+    def _resource_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+register_loader_type(zipimport.zipimporter, ZipProvider)
+
+
+class FileMetadata(EmptyProvider):
+    """Metadata handler for standalone PKG-INFO files
+
+    Usage::
+
+        metadata = FileMetadata("/path/to/PKG-INFO")
+
+    This provider rejects all data and metadata requests except for PKG-INFO,
+    which is treated as existing, and will be the contents of the file at
+    the provided location.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return name=='PKG-INFO' and os.path.isfile(self.path)
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name):
+        if name=='PKG-INFO':
+            with io.open(self.path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                metadata = f.read()
+            return metadata
+        raise KeyError("No metadata except PKG-INFO is available")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+
+class PathMetadata(DefaultProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for egg directories
+
+    Usage::
+
+        # Development eggs:
+
+        egg_info = "/path/to/PackageName.egg-info"
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        dist = Distribution(basedir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata)
+
+        # Unpacked egg directories:
+
+        egg_path = "/path/to/PackageName-ver-pyver-etc.egg"
+        metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,'EGG-INFO'))
+        dist = Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, egg_info):
+        self.module_path = path
+        self.egg_info = egg_info
+
+
+class EggMetadata(ZipProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for .egg files"""
+
+    def __init__(self, importer):
+        """Create a metadata provider from a zipimporter"""
+
+        self.zip_pre = importer.archive+os.sep
+        self.loader = importer
+        if importer.prefix:
+            self.module_path = os.path.join(importer.archive, importer.prefix)
+        else:
+            self.module_path = importer.archive
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+_declare_state('dict', _distribution_finders = {})
+
+def register_finder(importer_type, distribution_finder):
+    """Register `distribution_finder` to find distributions in sys.path items
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `distribution_finder` is a callable that, passed a path
+    item and the importer instance, yields ``Distribution`` instances found on
+    that path item.  See ``pkg_resources.find_on_path`` for an example."""
+    _distribution_finders[importer_type] = distribution_finder
+
+
+def find_distributions(path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible via `path_item`"""
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    finder = _find_adapter(_distribution_finders, importer)
+    return finder(importer, path_item, only)
+
+def find_eggs_in_zip(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """
+    Find eggs in zip files; possibly multiple nested eggs.
+    """
+    if importer.archive.endswith('.whl'):
+        # wheels are not supported with this finder
+        # they don't have PKG-INFO metadata, and won't ever contain eggs
+        return
+    metadata = EggMetadata(importer)
+    if metadata.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+        yield Distribution.from_filename(path_item, metadata=metadata)
+    if only:
+        # don't yield nested distros
+        return
+    for subitem in metadata.resource_listdir('/'):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(subitem):
+            subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem)
+            for dist in find_eggs_in_zip(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath), subpath):
+                yield dist
+
+register_finder(zipimport.zipimporter, find_eggs_in_zip)
+
+def find_nothing(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    return ()
+register_finder(object, find_nothing)
+
+def find_on_path(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible on a sys.path directory"""
+    path_item = _normalize_cached(path_item)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(path_item) and os.access(path_item, os.R_OK):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(path_item):
+            yield Distribution.from_filename(
+                path_item, metadata=PathMetadata(
+                    path_item, os.path.join(path_item,'EGG-INFO')
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # scan for .egg and .egg-info in directory
+            for entry in os.listdir(path_item):
+                lower = entry.lower()
+                if lower.endswith('.egg-info') or lower.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                    fullpath = os.path.join(path_item, entry)
+                    if os.path.isdir(fullpath):
+                        # egg-info directory, allow getting metadata
+                        metadata = PathMetadata(path_item, fullpath)
+                    else:
+                        metadata = FileMetadata(fullpath)
+                    yield Distribution.from_location(
+                        path_item, entry, metadata, precedence=DEVELOP_DIST
+                    )
+                elif not only and _is_unpacked_egg(entry):
+                    dists = find_distributions(os.path.join(path_item, entry))
+                    for dist in dists:
+                        yield dist
+                elif not only and lower.endswith('.egg-link'):
+                    with open(os.path.join(path_item, entry)) as entry_file:
+                        entry_lines = entry_file.readlines()
+                    for line in entry_lines:
+                        if not line.strip():
+                            continue
+                        path = os.path.join(path_item, line.rstrip())
+                        dists = find_distributions(path)
+                        for item in dists:
+                            yield item
+                        break
+register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_finder(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, find_on_path)
+
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_handlers={})
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_packages={})
+
+
+def register_namespace_handler(importer_type, namespace_handler):
+    """Register `namespace_handler` to declare namespace packages
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `namespace_handler` is a callable like this::
+
+        def namespace_handler(importer, path_entry, moduleName, module):
+            # return a path_entry to use for child packages
+
+    Namespace handlers are only called if the importer object has already
+    agreed that it can handle the relevant path item, and they should only
+    return a subpath if the module __path__ does not already contain an
+    equivalent subpath.  For an example namespace handler, see
+    ``pkg_resources.file_ns_handler``.
+    """
+    _namespace_handlers[importer_type] = namespace_handler
+
+def _handle_ns(packageName, path_item):
+    """Ensure that named package includes a subpath of path_item (if needed)"""
+
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    if importer is None:
+        return None
+    loader = importer.find_module(packageName)
+    if loader is None:
+        return None
+    module = sys.modules.get(packageName)
+    if module is None:
+        module = sys.modules[packageName] = types.ModuleType(packageName)
+        module.__path__ = []
+        _set_parent_ns(packageName)
+    elif not hasattr(module,'__path__'):
+        raise TypeError("Not a package:", packageName)
+    handler = _find_adapter(_namespace_handlers, importer)
+    subpath = handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module)
+    if subpath is not None:
+        path = module.__path__
+        path.append(subpath)
+        loader.load_module(packageName)
+
+        # Rebuild mod.__path__ ensuring that all entries are ordered
+        # corresponding to their sys.path order
+        sys_path= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in sys.path]
+        def sort_key(p):
+            parts = p.split(os.sep)
+            parts = parts[:-(packageName.count('.') + 1)]
+            return sys_path.index(_normalize_cached(os.sep.join(parts)))
+
+        path.sort(key=sort_key)
+        module.__path__[:] = [_normalize_cached(p) for p in path]
+    return subpath
+
+def declare_namespace(packageName):
+    """Declare that package 'packageName' is a namespace package"""
+
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        if packageName in _namespace_packages:
+            return
+
+        path, parent = sys.path, None
+        if '.' in packageName:
+            parent = '.'.join(packageName.split('.')[:-1])
+            declare_namespace(parent)
+            if parent not in _namespace_packages:
+                __import__(parent)
+            try:
+                path = sys.modules[parent].__path__
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError("Not a package:", parent)
+
+        # Track what packages are namespaces, so when new path items are added,
+        # they can be updated
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(parent,[]).append(packageName)
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(packageName,[])
+
+        for path_item in path:
+            # Ensure all the parent's path items are reflected in the child,
+            # if they apply
+            _handle_ns(packageName, path_item)
+
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def fixup_namespace_packages(path_item, parent=None):
+    """Ensure that previously-declared namespace packages include path_item"""
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        for package in _namespace_packages.get(parent,()):
+            subpath = _handle_ns(package, path_item)
+            if subpath:
+                fixup_namespace_packages(subpath, package)
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def file_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    """Compute an ns-package subpath for a filesystem or zipfile importer"""
+
+    subpath = os.path.join(path_item, packageName.split('.')[-1])
+    normalized = _normalize_cached(subpath)
+    for item in module.__path__:
+        if _normalize_cached(item)==normalized:
+            break
+    else:
+        # Only return the path if it's not already there
+        return subpath
+
+register_namespace_handler(pkgutil.ImpImporter, file_ns_handler)
+register_namespace_handler(zipimport.zipimporter, file_ns_handler)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_namespace_handler(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, file_ns_handler)
+
+
+def null_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    return None
+
+register_namespace_handler(object, null_ns_handler)
+
+
+def normalize_path(filename):
+    """Normalize a file/dir name for comparison purposes"""
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(filename))
+
+def _normalize_cached(filename, _cache={}):
+    try:
+        return _cache[filename]
+    except KeyError:
+        _cache[filename] = result = normalize_path(filename)
+        return result
+
+def _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+    """
+    Determine if given path appears to be an unpacked egg.
+    """
+    return (
+        path.lower().endswith('.egg')
+    )
+
+def _set_parent_ns(packageName):
+    parts = packageName.split('.')
+    name = parts.pop()
+    if parts:
+        parent = '.'.join(parts)
+        setattr(sys.modules[parent], name, sys.modules[packageName])
+
+
+def yield_lines(strs):
+    """Yield non-empty/non-comment lines of a string or sequence"""
+    if isinstance(strs, six.string_types):
+        for s in strs.splitlines():
+            s = s.strip()
+            # skip blank lines/comments
+            if s and not s.startswith('#'):
+                yield s
+    else:
+        for ss in strs:
+            for s in yield_lines(ss):
+                yield s
+
+# whitespace and comment
+LINE_END = re.compile(r"\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# line continuation
+CONTINUE = re.compile(r"\s*\\\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# Distribution or extra
+DISTRO = re.compile(r"\s*((\w|[-.])+)").match
+# ver. info
+VERSION = re.compile(r"\s*(<=?|>=?|===?|!=|~=)\s*((\w|[-.*_!+])+)").match
+# comma between items
+COMMA = re.compile(r"\s*,").match
+OBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\[").match
+CBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\]").match
+MODULE = re.compile(r"\w+(\.\w+)*$").match
+EGG_NAME = re.compile(
+    r"""
+    (?P<name>[^-]+) (
+        -(?P<ver>[^-]+) (
+            -py(?P<pyver>[^-]+) (
+                -(?P<plat>.+)
+            )?
+        )?
+    )?
+    """,
+    re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+).match
+
+
+class EntryPoint(object):
+    """Object representing an advertised importable object"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, module_name, attrs=(), extras=(), dist=None):
+        if not MODULE(module_name):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid module name", module_name)
+        self.name = name
+        self.module_name = module_name
+        self.attrs = tuple(attrs)
+        self.extras = Requirement.parse(("x[%s]" % ','.join(extras))).extras
+        self.dist = dist
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = "%s = %s" % (self.name, self.module_name)
+        if self.attrs:
+            s += ':' + '.'.join(self.attrs)
+        if self.extras:
+            s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(self.extras)
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "EntryPoint.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    def load(self, require=True, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Require packages for this EntryPoint, then resolve it.
+        """
+        if not require or args or kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Parameters to load are deprecated.  Call .resolve and "
+                ".require separately.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        if require:
+            self.require(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.resolve()
+
+    def resolve(self):
+        """
+        Resolve the entry point from its module and attrs.
+        """
+        module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
+        try:
+            return functools.reduce(getattr, self.attrs, module)
+        except AttributeError as exc:
+            raise ImportError(str(exc))
+
+    def require(self, env=None, installer=None):
+        if self.extras and not self.dist:
+            raise UnknownExtra("Can't require() without a distribution", self)
+        reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras)
+        items = working_set.resolve(reqs, env, installer)
+        list(map(working_set.add, items))
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'\s*'
+        r'(?P<name>.+?)\s*'
+        r'=\s*'
+        r'(?P<module>[\w.]+)\s*'
+        r'(:\s*(?P<attr>[\w.]+))?\s*'
+        r'(?P<extras>\[.*\])?\s*$'
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, src, dist=None):
+        """Parse a single entry point from string `src`
+
+        Entry point syntax follows the form::
+
+            name = some.module:some.attr [extra1, extra2]
+
+        The entry name and module name are required, but the ``:attrs`` and
+        ``[extras]`` parts are optional
+        """
+        m = cls.pattern.match(src)
+        if not m:
+            msg = "EntryPoint must be in 'name=module:attrs [extras]' format"
+            raise ValueError(msg, src)
+        res = m.groupdict()
+        extras = cls._parse_extras(res['extras'])
+        attrs = res['attr'].split('.') if res['attr'] else ()
+        return cls(res['name'], res['module'], attrs, extras, dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_extras(cls, extras_spec):
+        if not extras_spec:
+            return ()
+        req = Requirement.parse('x' + extras_spec)
+        if req.specs:
+            raise ValueError()
+        return req.extras
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_group(cls, group, lines, dist=None):
+        """Parse an entry point group"""
+        if not MODULE(group):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid group name", group)
+        this = {}
+        for line in yield_lines(lines):
+            ep = cls.parse(line, dist)
+            if ep.name in this:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate entry point", group, ep.name)
+            this[ep.name]=ep
+        return this
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_map(cls, data, dist=None):
+        """Parse a map of entry point groups"""
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            data = data.items()
+        else:
+            data = split_sections(data)
+        maps = {}
+        for group, lines in data:
+            if group is None:
+                if not lines:
+                    continue
+                raise ValueError("Entry points must be listed in groups")
+            group = group.strip()
+            if group in maps:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate group name", group)
+            maps[group] = cls.parse_group(group, lines, dist)
+        return maps
+
+
+def _remove_md5_fragment(location):
+    if not location:
+        return ''
+    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(location)
+    if parsed[-1].startswith('md5='):
+        return urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed[:-1] + ('',))
+    return location
+
+
+def _version_from_file(lines):
+    """
+    Given an iterable of lines from a Metadata file, return
+    the value of the Version field, if present, or None otherwise.
+    """
+    is_version_line = lambda line: line.lower().startswith('version:')
+    version_lines = filter(is_version_line, lines)
+    line = next(iter(version_lines), '')
+    _, _, value = line.partition(':')
+    return safe_version(value.strip()) or None
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'PKG-INFO'
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None, metadata=None, project_name=None,
+            version=None, py_version=PY_MAJOR, platform=None,
+            precedence=EGG_DIST):
+        self.project_name = safe_name(project_name or 'Unknown')
+        if version is not None:
+            self._version = safe_version(version)
+        self.py_version = py_version
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.location = location
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self._provider = metadata or empty_provider
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_location(cls, location, basename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        project_name, version, py_version, platform = [None]*4
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)
+        if ext.lower() in _distributionImpl:
+            cls = _distributionImpl[ext.lower()]
+
+            match = EGG_NAME(basename)
+            if match:
+                project_name, version, py_version, platform = match.group(
+                    'name', 'ver', 'pyver', 'plat'
+                )
+        return cls(
+            location, metadata, project_name=project_name, version=version,
+            py_version=py_version, platform=platform, **kw
+        )._reload_version()
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def hashcmp(self):
+        return (
+            self.parsed_version,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.key,
+            _remove_md5_fragment(self.location),
+            self.py_version or '',
+            self.platform or '',
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.hashcmp)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp < other.hashcmp
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp <= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp > other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp >= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            # It's not a Distribution, so they are not equal
+            return False
+        return self.hashcmp == other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # These properties have to be lazy so that we don't have to load any
+    # metadata until/unless it's actually needed.  (i.e., some distributions
+    # may not know their name or version without loading PKG-INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        try:
+            return self._key
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._key = key = self.project_name.lower()
+            return key
+
+    @property
+    def parsed_version(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_parsed_version"):
+            self._parsed_version = parse_version(self.version)
+
+        return self._parsed_version
+
+    def _warn_legacy_version(self):
+        LV = packaging.version.LegacyVersion
+        is_legacy = isinstance(self._parsed_version, LV)
+        if not is_legacy:
+            return
+
+        # While an empty version is technically a legacy version and
+        # is not a valid PEP 440 version, it's also unlikely to
+        # actually come from someone and instead it is more likely that
+        # it comes from setuptools attempting to parse a filename and
+        # including it in the list. So for that we'll gate this warning
+        # on if the version is anything at all or not.
+        if not self.version:
+            return
+
+        tmpl = textwrap.dedent("""
+            '{project_name} ({version})' is being parsed as a legacy,
+            non PEP 440,
+            version. You may find odd behavior and sort order.
+            In particular it will be sorted as less than 0.0. It
+            is recommended to migrate to PEP 440 compatible
+            versions.
+            """).strip().replace('\n', ' ')
+
+        warnings.warn(tmpl.format(**vars(self)), PEP440Warning)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        try:
+            return self._version
+        except AttributeError:
+            version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+            if version is None:
+                tmpl = "Missing 'Version:' header and/or %s file"
+                raise ValueError(tmpl % self.PKG_INFO, self)
+            return version
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+            for name in 'requires.txt', 'depends.txt':
+                for extra, reqs in split_sections(self._get_metadata(name)):
+                    if extra:
+                        if ':' in extra:
+                            extra, marker = extra.split(':', 1)
+                            if invalid_marker(marker):
+                                # XXX warn
+                                reqs=[]
+                            elif not evaluate_marker(marker):
+                                reqs=[]
+                        extra = safe_extra(extra) or None
+                    dm.setdefault(extra,[]).extend(parse_requirements(reqs))
+            return dm
+
+    def requires(self, extras=()):
+        """List of Requirements needed for this distro if `extras` are used"""
+        dm = self._dep_map
+        deps = []
+        deps.extend(dm.get(None, ()))
+        for ext in extras:
+            try:
+                deps.extend(dm[safe_extra(ext)])
+            except KeyError:
+                raise UnknownExtra(
+                    "%s has no such extra feature %r" % (self, ext)
+                )
+        return deps
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, name):
+        if self.has_metadata(name):
+            for line in self.get_metadata_lines(name):
+                yield line
+
+    def activate(self, path=None):
+        """Ensure distribution is importable on `path` (default=sys.path)"""
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.insert_on(path, replace=True)
+        if path is sys.path:
+            fixup_namespace_packages(self.location)
+            for pkg in self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                if pkg in sys.modules:
+                    declare_namespace(pkg)
+
+    def egg_name(self):
+        """Return what this distribution's standard .egg filename should be"""
+        filename = "%s-%s-py%s" % (
+            to_filename(self.project_name), to_filename(self.version),
+            self.py_version or PY_MAJOR
+        )
+
+        if self.platform:
+            filename += '-' + self.platform
+        return filename
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.location:
+            return "%s (%s)" % (self, self.location)
+        else:
+            return str(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            version = getattr(self, 'version', None)
+        except ValueError:
+            version = None
+        version = version or "[unknown version]"
+        return "%s %s" % (self.project_name, version)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Delegate all unrecognized public attributes to .metadata provider"""
+        if attr.startswith('_'):
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+        return getattr(self._provider, attr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_filename(cls, filename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        return cls.from_location(
+            _normalize_cached(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        """Return a ``Requirement`` that matches this distribution exactly"""
+        if isinstance(self.parsed_version, packaging.version.Version):
+            spec = "%s==%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+        else:
+            spec = "%s===%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+
+    def load_entry_point(self, group, name):
+        """Return the `name` entry point of `group` or raise ImportError"""
+        ep = self.get_entry_info(group, name)
+        if ep is None:
+            raise ImportError("Entry point %r not found" % ((group, name),))
+        return ep.load()
+
+    def get_entry_map(self, group=None):
+        """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+        try:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map = EntryPoint.parse_map(
+                self._get_metadata('entry_points.txt'), self
+            )
+        if group is not None:
+            return ep_map.get(group,{})
+        return ep_map
+
+    def get_entry_info(self, group, name):
+        """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+        return self.get_entry_map(group).get(name)
+
+    def insert_on(self, path, loc=None, replace=False):
+        """Insert self.location in path before its nearest parent directory"""
+
+        loc = loc or self.location
+        if not loc:
+            return
+
+        nloc = _normalize_cached(loc)
+        bdir = os.path.dirname(nloc)
+        npath= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in path]
+
+        for p, item in enumerate(npath):
+            if item == nloc:
+                break
+            elif item == bdir and self.precedence == EGG_DIST:
+                # if it's an .egg, give it precedence over its directory
+                if path is sys.path:
+                    self.check_version_conflict()
+                path.insert(p, loc)
+                npath.insert(p, nloc)
+                break
+        else:
+            if path is sys.path:
+                self.check_version_conflict()
+            if replace:
+                path.insert(0, loc)
+            else:
+                path.append(loc)
+            return
+
+        # p is the spot where we found or inserted loc; now remove duplicates
+        while True:
+            try:
+                np = npath.index(nloc, p+1)
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+            else:
+                del npath[np], path[np]
+                # ha!
+                p = np
+
+        return
+
+    def check_version_conflict(self):
+        if self.key == 'setuptools':
+            # ignore the inevitable setuptools self-conflicts  :(
+            return
+
+        nsp = dict.fromkeys(self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'))
+        loc = normalize_path(self.location)
+        for modname in self._get_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+            if (modname not in sys.modules or modname in nsp
+                    or modname in _namespace_packages):
+                continue
+            if modname in ('pkg_resources', 'setuptools', 'site'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(sys.modules[modname], '__file__', None)
+            if fn and (normalize_path(fn).startswith(loc) or
+                       fn.startswith(self.location)):
+                continue
+            issue_warning(
+                "Module %s was already imported from %s, but %s is being added"
+                " to sys.path" % (modname, fn, self.location),
+            )
+
+    def has_version(self):
+        try:
+            self.version
+        except ValueError:
+            issue_warning("Unbuilt egg for " + repr(self))
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def clone(self,**kw):
+        """Copy this distribution, substituting in any changed keyword args"""
+        names = 'project_name version py_version platform location precedence'
+        for attr in names.split():
+            kw.setdefault(attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+        kw.setdefault('metadata', self._provider)
+        return self.__class__(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def extras(self):
+        return [dep for dep in self._dep_map if dep]
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        """
+        Packages installed by distutils (e.g. numpy or scipy),
+        which uses an old safe_version, and so
+        their version numbers can get mangled when
+        converted to filenames (e.g., 1.11.0.dev0+2329eae to
+        1.11.0.dev0_2329eae). These distributions will not be
+        parsed properly
+        downstream by Distribution and safe_version, so
+        take an extra step and try to get the version number from
+        the metadata file itself instead of the filename.
+        """
+        md_version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+        if md_version:
+            self._version = md_version
+        return self
+
+
+class DistInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata, .dist-info style"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'METADATA'
+    EQEQ = re.compile(r"([\(,])\s*(\d.*?)\s*([,\)])")
+
+    @property
+    def _parsed_pkg_info(self):
+        """Parse and cache metadata"""
+        try:
+            return self._pkg_info
+        except AttributeError:
+            metadata = self.get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO)
+            self._pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(metadata)
+            return self._pkg_info
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__dep_map = self._compute_dependencies()
+            return self.__dep_map
+
+    def _preparse_requirement(self, requires_dist):
+        """Convert 'Foobar (1); baz' to ('Foobar ==1', 'baz')
+        Split environment marker, add == prefix to version specifiers as
+        necessary, and remove parenthesis.
+        """
+        parts = requires_dist.split(';', 1) + ['']
+        distvers = parts[0].strip()
+        mark = parts[1].strip()
+        distvers = re.sub(self.EQEQ, r"\1==\2\3", distvers)
+        distvers = distvers.replace('(', '').replace(')', '')
+        return (distvers, mark)
+
+    def _compute_dependencies(self):
+        """Recompute this distribution's dependencies."""
+        from pip._vendor._markerlib import compile as compile_marker
+        dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+
+        reqs = []
+        # Including any condition expressions
+        for req in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []:
+            distvers, mark = self._preparse_requirement(req)
+            parsed = next(parse_requirements(distvers))
+            parsed.marker_fn = compile_marker(mark)
+            reqs.append(parsed)
+
+        def reqs_for_extra(extra):
+            for req in reqs:
+                if req.marker_fn(override={'extra':extra}):
+                    yield req
+
+        common = frozenset(reqs_for_extra(None))
+        dm[None].extend(common)
+
+        for extra in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Provides-Extra') or []:
+            extra = safe_extra(extra.strip())
+            dm[extra] = list(frozenset(reqs_for_extra(extra)) - common)
+
+        return dm
+
+
+_distributionImpl = {
+    '.egg': Distribution,
+    '.egg-info': EggInfoDistribution,
+    '.dist-info': DistInfoDistribution,
+    }
+
+
+def issue_warning(*args,**kw):
+    level = 1
+    g = globals()
+    try:
+        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
+        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
+        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
+            level += 1
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw)
+
+
+class RequirementParseError(ValueError):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ' '.join(self.args)
+
+
+def parse_requirements(strs):
+    """Yield ``Requirement`` objects for each specification in `strs`
+
+    `strs` must be a string, or a (possibly-nested) iterable thereof.
+    """
+    # create a steppable iterator, so we can handle \-continuations
+    lines = iter(yield_lines(strs))
+
+    def scan_list(ITEM, TERMINATOR, line, p, groups, item_name):
+
+        items = []
+
+        while not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+            if CONTINUE(line, p):
+                try:
+                    line = next(lines)
+                    p = 0
+                except StopIteration:
+                    msg = "\\ must not appear on the last nonblank line"
+                    raise RequirementParseError(msg)
+
+            match = ITEM(line, p)
+            if not match:
+                msg = "Expected " + item_name + " in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+            items.append(match.group(*groups))
+            p = match.end()
+
+            match = COMMA(line, p)
+            if match:
+                # skip the comma
+                p = match.end()
+            elif not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+                msg = "Expected ',' or end-of-list in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+        match = TERMINATOR(line, p)
+        # skip the terminator, if any
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+        return line, p, items
+
+    for line in lines:
+        match = DISTRO(line)
+        if not match:
+            raise RequirementParseError("Missing distribution spec", line)
+        project_name = match.group(1)
+        p = match.end()
+        extras = []
+
+        match = OBRACKET(line, p)
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+            line, p, extras = scan_list(
+                DISTRO, CBRACKET, line, p, (1,), "'extra' name"
+            )
+
+        line, p, specs = scan_list(VERSION, LINE_END, line, p, (1, 2),
+            "version spec")
+        specs = [(op, val) for op, val in specs]
+        yield Requirement(project_name, specs, extras)
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    def __init__(self, project_name, specs, extras):
+        """DO NOT CALL THIS UNDOCUMENTED METHOD; use Requirement.parse()!"""
+        self.unsafe_name, project_name = project_name, safe_name(project_name)
+        self.project_name, self.key = project_name, project_name.lower()
+        self.specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            ",".join(["".join([x, y]) for x, y in specs])
+        )
+        self.specs = specs
+        self.extras = tuple(map(safe_extra, extras))
+        self.hashCmp = (
+            self.key,
+            self.specifier,
+            frozenset(self.extras),
+        )
+        self.__hash = hash(self.hashCmp)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        extras = ','.join(self.extras)
+        if extras:
+            extras = '[%s]' % extras
+        return '%s%s%s' % (self.project_name, extras, self.specifier)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, Requirement) and
+            self.hashCmp == other.hashCmp
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, Distribution):
+            if item.key != self.key:
+                return False
+
+            item = item.version
+
+        # Allow prereleases always in order to match the previous behavior of
+        # this method. In the future this should be smarter and follow PEP 440
+        # more accurately.
+        return self.specifier.contains(item, prereleases=True)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self.__hash
+
+    def __repr__(self): return "Requirement.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse(s):
+        req, = parse_requirements(s)
+        return req
+
+
+def _get_mro(cls):
+    """Get an mro for a type or classic class"""
+    if not isinstance(cls, type):
+        class cls(cls, object): pass
+        return cls.__mro__[1:]
+    return cls.__mro__
+
+def _find_adapter(registry, ob):
+    """Return an adapter factory for `ob` from `registry`"""
+    for t in _get_mro(getattr(ob, '__class__', type(ob))):
+        if t in registry:
+            return registry[t]
+
+
+def ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+
+def _bypass_ensure_directory(path):
+    """Sandbox-bypassing version of ensure_directory()"""
+    if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+        raise IOError('"os.mkdir" not supported on this platform.')
+    dirname, filename = split(path)
+    if dirname and filename and not isdir(dirname):
+        _bypass_ensure_directory(dirname)
+        mkdir(dirname, 0o755)
+
+
+def split_sections(s):
+    """Split a string or iterable thereof into (section, content) pairs
+
+    Each ``section`` is a stripped version of the section header ("[section]")
+    and each ``content`` is a list of stripped lines excluding blank lines and
+    comment-only lines.  If there are any such lines before the first section
+    header, they're returned in a first ``section`` of ``None``.
+    """
+    section = None
+    content = []
+    for line in yield_lines(s):
+        if line.startswith("["):
+            if line.endswith("]"):
+                if section or content:
+                    yield section, content
+                section = line[1:-1].strip()
+                content = []
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid section heading", line)
+        else:
+            content.append(line)
+
+    # wrap up last segment
+    yield section, content
+
+def _mkstemp(*args,**kw):
+    old_open = os.open
+    try:
+        # temporarily bypass sandboxing
+        os.open = os_open
+        return tempfile.mkstemp(*args,**kw)
+    finally:
+        # and then put it back
+        os.open = old_open
+
+
+# Silence the PEP440Warning by default, so that end users don't get hit by it
+# randomly just because they use pkg_resources. We want to append the rule
+# because we want earlier uses of filterwarnings to take precedence over this
+# one.
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=PEP440Warning, append=True)
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 1.3
+def _call_aside(f, *args, **kwargs):
+    f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return f
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize(g=globals()):
+    "Set up global resource manager (deliberately not state-saved)"
+    manager = ResourceManager()
+    g['_manager'] = manager
+    for name in dir(manager):
+        if not name.startswith('_'):
+            g[name] = getattr(manager, name)
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize_master_working_set():
+    """
+    Prepare the master working set and make the ``require()``
+    API available.
+
+    This function has explicit effects on the global state
+    of pkg_resources. It is intended to be invoked once at
+    the initialization of this module.
+
+    Invocation by other packages is unsupported and done
+    at their own risk.
+    """
+    working_set = WorkingSet._build_master()
+    _declare_state('object', working_set=working_set)
+
+    require = working_set.require
+    iter_entry_points = working_set.iter_entry_points
+    add_activation_listener = working_set.subscribe
+    run_script = working_set.run_script
+    # backward compatibility
+    run_main = run_script
+    # Activate all distributions already on sys.path, and ensure that
+    # all distributions added to the working set in the future (e.g. by
+    # calling ``require()``) will get activated as well.
+    add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+    working_set.entries=[]
+    # match order
+    list(map(working_set.add_entry, sys.path))
+    globals().update(locals())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5107bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+from collections import deque
+from datetime import timedelta
+from math import ceil
+from sys import stderr
+from time import time
+
+
+__version__ = '1.2'
+
+
+class Infinite(object):
+    file = stderr
+    sma_window = 10
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.index = 0
+        self.start_ts = time()
+        self._ts = self.start_ts
+        self._dt = deque(maxlen=self.sma_window)
+        for key, val in kwargs.items():
+            setattr(self, key, val)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith('_'):
+            return None
+        return getattr(self, key, None)
+
+    @property
+    def avg(self):
+        return sum(self._dt) / len(self._dt) if self._dt else 0
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self):
+        return int(time() - self.start_ts)
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed_td(self):
+        return timedelta(seconds=self.elapsed)
+
+    def update(self):
+        pass
+
+    def start(self):
+        pass
+
+    def finish(self):
+        pass
+
+    def next(self, n=1):
+        if n > 0:
+            now = time()
+            dt = (now - self._ts) / n
+            self._dt.append(dt)
+            self._ts = now
+
+        self.index = self.index + n
+        self.update()
+
+    def iter(self, it):
+        for x in it:
+            yield x
+            self.next()
+        self.finish()
+
+
+class Progress(Infinite):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Progress, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.max = kwargs.get('max', 100)
+
+    @property
+    def eta(self):
+        return int(ceil(self.avg * self.remaining))
+
+    @property
+    def eta_td(self):
+        return timedelta(seconds=self.eta)
+
+    @property
+    def percent(self):
+        return self.progress * 100
+
+    @property
+    def progress(self):
+        return min(1, self.index / self.max)
+
+    @property
+    def remaining(self):
+        return max(self.max - self.index, 0)
+
+    def start(self):
+        self.update()
+
+    def goto(self, index):
+        incr = index - self.index
+        self.next(incr)
+
+    def iter(self, it):
+        try:
+            self.max = len(it)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        for x in it:
+            yield x
+            self.next()
+        self.finish()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ce1461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from . import Progress
+from .helpers import WritelnMixin
+
+
+class Bar(WritelnMixin, Progress):
+    width = 32
+    message = ''
+    suffix = '%(index)d/%(max)d'
+    bar_prefix = ' |'
+    bar_suffix = '| '
+    empty_fill = ' '
+    fill = '#'
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        filled_length = int(self.width * self.progress)
+        empty_length = self.width - filled_length
+
+        message = self.message % self
+        bar = self.fill * filled_length
+        empty = self.empty_fill * empty_length
+        suffix = self.suffix % self
+        line = ''.join([message, self.bar_prefix, bar, empty, self.bar_suffix,
+                        suffix])
+        self.writeln(line)
+
+
+class ChargingBar(Bar):
+    suffix = '%(percent)d%%'
+    bar_prefix = ' '
+    bar_suffix = ' '
+    empty_fill = u'∙'
+    fill = u'█'
+
+
+class FillingSquaresBar(ChargingBar):
+    empty_fill = u'▢'
+    fill = u'▣'
+
+
+class FillingCirclesBar(ChargingBar):
+    empty_fill = u'◯'
+    fill = u'◉'
+
+
+class IncrementalBar(Bar):
+    phases = (u' ', u'▏', u'▎', u'▍', u'▌', u'▋', u'▊', u'▉', u'█')
+
+    def update(self):
+        nphases = len(self.phases)
+        expanded_length = int(nphases * self.width * self.progress)
+        filled_length = int(self.width * self.progress)
+        empty_length = self.width - filled_length
+        phase = expanded_length - (filled_length * nphases)
+
+        message = self.message % self
+        bar = self.phases[-1] * filled_length
+        current = self.phases[phase] if phase > 0 else ''
+        empty = self.empty_fill * max(0, empty_length - len(current))
+        suffix = self.suffix % self
+        line = ''.join([message, self.bar_prefix, bar, current, empty,
+                        self.bar_suffix, suffix])
+        self.writeln(line)
+
+
+class ShadyBar(IncrementalBar):
+    phases = (u' ', u'░', u'▒', u'▓', u'█')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caaddc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from . import Infinite, Progress
+from .helpers import WriteMixin
+
+
+class Counter(WriteMixin, Infinite):
+    message = ''
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.write(str(self.index))
+
+
+class Countdown(WriteMixin, Progress):
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.write(str(self.remaining))
+
+
+class Stack(WriteMixin, Progress):
+    phases = (u' ', u'▁', u'▂', u'▃', u'▄', u'▅', u'▆', u'▇', u'█')
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        nphases = len(self.phases)
+        i = min(nphases - 1, int(self.progress * nphases))
+        self.write(self.phases[i])
+
+
+class Pie(Stack):
+    phases = (u'○', u'◔', u'◑', u'◕', u'●')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ed90b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+
+HIDE_CURSOR = '\x1b[?25l'
+SHOW_CURSOR = '\x1b[?25h'
+
+
+class WriteMixin(object):
+    hide_cursor = False
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None, **kwargs):
+        super(WriteMixin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._width = 0
+        if message:
+            self.message = message
+
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            if self.hide_cursor:
+                print(HIDE_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+            print(self.message, end='', file=self.file)
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            b = '\b' * self._width
+            c = s.ljust(self._width)
+            print(b + c, end='', file=self.file)
+            self._width = max(self._width, len(s))
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def finish(self):
+        if self.file.isatty() and self.hide_cursor:
+            print(SHOW_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+
+
+class WritelnMixin(object):
+    hide_cursor = False
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None, **kwargs):
+        super(WritelnMixin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if message:
+            self.message = message
+
+        if self.file.isatty() and self.hide_cursor:
+            print(HIDE_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+
+    def clearln(self):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            print('\r\x1b[K', end='', file=self.file)
+
+    def writeln(self, line):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            self.clearln()
+            print(line, end='', file=self.file)
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def finish(self):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            print(file=self.file)
+            if self.hide_cursor:
+                print(SHOW_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+
+
+from signal import signal, SIGINT
+from sys import exit
+
+
+class SigIntMixin(object):
+    """Registers a signal handler that calls finish on SIGINT"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(SigIntMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        signal(SIGINT, self._sigint_handler)
+
+    def _sigint_handler(self, signum, frame):
+        self.finish()
+        exit(0)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..969bfbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from . import Infinite
+from .helpers import WriteMixin
+
+
+class Spinner(WriteMixin, Infinite):
+    message = ''
+    phases = ('-', '\\', '|', '/')
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        i = self.index % len(self.phases)
+        self.write(self.phases[i])
+
+
+class PieSpinner(Spinner):
+    phases = [u'◷', u'◶', u'◵', u'◴']
+
+
+class MoonSpinner(Spinner):
+    phases = [u'◑', u'◒', u'◐', u'◓']
+
+
+class LineSpinner(Spinner):
+    phases = [u'⎺', u'⎻', u'⎼', u'⎽', u'⎼', u'⎻']
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed96aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3801 @@
+# module pyparsing.py
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2003-2015  Paul T. McGuire
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+# CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+# TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+# SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+__doc__ = \
+"""
+pyparsing module - Classes and methods to define and execute parsing grammars
+
+The pyparsing module is an alternative approach to creating and executing simple grammars,
+vs. the traditional lex/yacc approach, or the use of regular expressions.  With pyparsing, you
+don't need to learn a new syntax for defining grammars or matching expressions - the parsing module
+provides a library of classes that you use to construct the grammar directly in Python.
+
+Here is a program to parse "Hello, World!" (or any greeting of the form C{"<salutation>, <addressee>!"})::
+
+    from pyparsing import Word, alphas
+
+    # define grammar of a greeting
+    greet = Word( alphas ) + "," + Word( alphas ) + "!"
+
+    hello = "Hello, World!"
+    print (hello, "->", greet.parseString( hello ))
+
+The program outputs the following::
+
+    Hello, World! -> ['Hello', ',', 'World', '!']
+
+The Python representation of the grammar is quite readable, owing to the self-explanatory
+class names, and the use of '+', '|' and '^' operators.
+
+The parsed results returned from C{parseString()} can be accessed as a nested list, a dictionary, or an
+object with named attributes.
+
+The pyparsing module handles some of the problems that are typically vexing when writing text parsers:
+ - extra or missing whitespace (the above program will also handle "Hello,World!", "Hello  ,  World  !", etc.)
+ - quoted strings
+ - embedded comments
+"""
+
+__version__ = "2.0.7"
+__versionTime__ = "17 Dec 2015 04:11"
+__author__ = "Paul McGuire <ptmcg@users.sourceforge.net>"
+
+import string
+from weakref import ref as wkref
+import copy
+import sys
+import warnings
+import re
+import sre_constants
+import collections
+import pprint
+import functools
+import itertools
+
+#~ sys.stderr.write( "testing pyparsing module, version %s, %s\n" % (__version__,__versionTime__ ) )
+
+__all__ = [
+'And', 'CaselessKeyword', 'CaselessLiteral', 'CharsNotIn', 'Combine', 'Dict', 'Each', 'Empty',
+'FollowedBy', 'Forward', 'GoToColumn', 'Group', 'Keyword', 'LineEnd', 'LineStart', 'Literal',
+'MatchFirst', 'NoMatch', 'NotAny', 'OneOrMore', 'OnlyOnce', 'Optional', 'Or',
+'ParseBaseException', 'ParseElementEnhance', 'ParseException', 'ParseExpression', 'ParseFatalException',
+'ParseResults', 'ParseSyntaxException', 'ParserElement', 'QuotedString', 'RecursiveGrammarException',
+'Regex', 'SkipTo', 'StringEnd', 'StringStart', 'Suppress', 'Token', 'TokenConverter', 'Upcase',
+'White', 'Word', 'WordEnd', 'WordStart', 'ZeroOrMore',
+'alphanums', 'alphas', 'alphas8bit', 'anyCloseTag', 'anyOpenTag', 'cStyleComment', 'col',
+'commaSeparatedList', 'commonHTMLEntity', 'countedArray', 'cppStyleComment', 'dblQuotedString',
+'dblSlashComment', 'delimitedList', 'dictOf', 'downcaseTokens', 'empty', 'hexnums',
+'htmlComment', 'javaStyleComment', 'keepOriginalText', 'line', 'lineEnd', 'lineStart', 'lineno',
+'makeHTMLTags', 'makeXMLTags', 'matchOnlyAtCol', 'matchPreviousExpr', 'matchPreviousLiteral',
+'nestedExpr', 'nullDebugAction', 'nums', 'oneOf', 'opAssoc', 'operatorPrecedence', 'printables',
+'punc8bit', 'pythonStyleComment', 'quotedString', 'removeQuotes', 'replaceHTMLEntity', 
+'replaceWith', 'restOfLine', 'sglQuotedString', 'srange', 'stringEnd',
+'stringStart', 'traceParseAction', 'unicodeString', 'upcaseTokens', 'withAttribute',
+'indentedBlock', 'originalTextFor', 'ungroup', 'infixNotation','locatedExpr', 'withClass',
+]
+
+PY_3 = sys.version.startswith('3')
+if PY_3:
+    _MAX_INT = sys.maxsize
+    basestring = str
+    unichr = chr
+    _ustr = str
+
+    # build list of single arg builtins, that can be used as parse actions
+    singleArgBuiltins = [sum, len, sorted, reversed, list, tuple, set, any, all, min, max]
+
+else:
+    _MAX_INT = sys.maxint
+    range = xrange
+
+    def _ustr(obj):
+        """Drop-in replacement for str(obj) that tries to be Unicode friendly. It first tries
+           str(obj). If that fails with a UnicodeEncodeError, then it tries unicode(obj). It
+           then < returns the unicode object | encodes it with the default encoding | ... >.
+        """
+        if isinstance(obj,unicode):
+            return obj
+
+        try:
+            # If this works, then _ustr(obj) has the same behaviour as str(obj), so
+            # it won't break any existing code.
+            return str(obj)
+
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            # Else encode it
+            ret = unicode(obj).encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(), 'xmlcharrefreplace')
+            xmlcharref = Regex('&#\d+;')
+            xmlcharref.setParseAction(lambda t: '\\u' + hex(int(t[0][2:-1]))[2:])
+            return xmlcharref.transformString(ret)
+
+    # build list of single arg builtins, tolerant of Python version, that can be used as parse actions
+    singleArgBuiltins = []
+    import __builtin__
+    for fname in "sum len sorted reversed list tuple set any all min max".split():
+        try:
+            singleArgBuiltins.append(getattr(__builtin__,fname))
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+            
+_generatorType = type((y for y in range(1)))
+ 
+def _xml_escape(data):
+    """Escape &, <, >, ", ', etc. in a string of data."""
+
+    # ampersand must be replaced first
+    from_symbols = '&><"\''
+    to_symbols = ('&'+s+';' for s in "amp gt lt quot apos".split())
+    for from_,to_ in zip(from_symbols, to_symbols):
+        data = data.replace(from_, to_)
+    return data
+
+class _Constants(object):
+    pass
+
+alphas = string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase
+nums       = "0123456789"
+hexnums    = nums + "ABCDEFabcdef"
+alphanums  = alphas + nums
+_bslash    = chr(92)
+printables = "".join(c for c in string.printable if c not in string.whitespace)
+
+class ParseBaseException(Exception):
+    """base exception class for all parsing runtime exceptions"""
+    # Performance tuning: we construct a *lot* of these, so keep this
+    # constructor as small and fast as possible
+    def __init__( self, pstr, loc=0, msg=None, elem=None ):
+        self.loc = loc
+        if msg is None:
+            self.msg = pstr
+            self.pstr = ""
+        else:
+            self.msg = msg
+            self.pstr = pstr
+        self.parserElement = elem
+
+    def __getattr__( self, aname ):
+        """supported attributes by name are:
+            - lineno - returns the line number of the exception text
+            - col - returns the column number of the exception text
+            - line - returns the line containing the exception text
+        """
+        if( aname == "lineno" ):
+            return lineno( self.loc, self.pstr )
+        elif( aname in ("col", "column") ):
+            return col( self.loc, self.pstr )
+        elif( aname == "line" ):
+            return line( self.loc, self.pstr )
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(aname)
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return "%s (at char %d), (line:%d, col:%d)" % \
+                ( self.msg, self.loc, self.lineno, self.column )
+    def __repr__( self ):
+        return _ustr(self)
+    def markInputline( self, markerString = ">!<" ):
+        """Extracts the exception line from the input string, and marks
+           the location of the exception with a special symbol.
+        """
+        line_str = self.line
+        line_column = self.column - 1
+        if markerString:
+            line_str = "".join((line_str[:line_column],
+                                markerString, line_str[line_column:]))
+        return line_str.strip()
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return "lineno col line".split() + dir(type(self))
+
+class ParseException(ParseBaseException):
+    """exception thrown when parse expressions don't match class;
+       supported attributes by name are:
+        - lineno - returns the line number of the exception text
+        - col - returns the column number of the exception text
+        - line - returns the line containing the exception text
+    """
+    pass
+
+class ParseFatalException(ParseBaseException):
+    """user-throwable exception thrown when inconsistent parse content
+       is found; stops all parsing immediately"""
+    pass
+
+class ParseSyntaxException(ParseFatalException):
+    """just like C{L{ParseFatalException}}, but thrown internally when an
+       C{L{ErrorStop<And._ErrorStop>}} ('-' operator) indicates that parsing is to stop immediately because
+       an unbacktrackable syntax error has been found"""
+    def __init__(self, pe):
+        super(ParseSyntaxException, self).__init__(
+                                    pe.pstr, pe.loc, pe.msg, pe.parserElement)
+
+#~ class ReparseException(ParseBaseException):
+    #~ """Experimental class - parse actions can raise this exception to cause
+       #~ pyparsing to reparse the input string:
+        #~ - with a modified input string, and/or
+        #~ - with a modified start location
+       #~ Set the values of the ReparseException in the constructor, and raise the
+       #~ exception in a parse action to cause pyparsing to use the new string/location.
+       #~ Setting the values as None causes no change to be made.
+       #~ """
+    #~ def __init_( self, newstring, restartLoc ):
+        #~ self.newParseText = newstring
+        #~ self.reparseLoc = restartLoc
+
+class RecursiveGrammarException(Exception):
+    """exception thrown by C{validate()} if the grammar could be improperly recursive"""
+    def __init__( self, parseElementList ):
+        self.parseElementTrace = parseElementList
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return "RecursiveGrammarException: %s" % self.parseElementTrace
+
+class _ParseResultsWithOffset(object):
+    def __init__(self,p1,p2):
+        self.tup = (p1,p2)
+    def __getitem__(self,i):
+        return self.tup[i]
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.tup)
+    def setOffset(self,i):
+        self.tup = (self.tup[0],i)
+
+class ParseResults(object):
+    """Structured parse results, to provide multiple means of access to the parsed data:
+       - as a list (C{len(results)})
+       - by list index (C{results[0], results[1]}, etc.)
+       - by attribute (C{results.<resultsName>})
+       """
+    def __new__(cls, toklist, name=None, asList=True, modal=True ):
+        if isinstance(toklist, cls):
+            return toklist
+        retobj = object.__new__(cls)
+        retobj.__doinit = True
+        return retobj
+
+    # Performance tuning: we construct a *lot* of these, so keep this
+    # constructor as small and fast as possible
+    def __init__( self, toklist, name=None, asList=True, modal=True, isinstance=isinstance ):
+        if self.__doinit:
+            self.__doinit = False
+            self.__name = None
+            self.__parent = None
+            self.__accumNames = {}
+            if isinstance(toklist, list):
+                self.__toklist = toklist[:]
+            elif isinstance(toklist, _generatorType):
+                self.__toklist = list(toklist)
+            else:
+                self.__toklist = [toklist]
+            self.__tokdict = dict()
+
+        if name is not None and name:
+            if not modal:
+                self.__accumNames[name] = 0
+            if isinstance(name,int):
+                name = _ustr(name) # will always return a str, but use _ustr for consistency
+            self.__name = name
+            if not (isinstance(toklist, (type(None), basestring, list)) and toklist in (None,'',[])):
+                if isinstance(toklist,basestring):
+                    toklist = [ toklist ]
+                if asList:
+                    if isinstance(toklist,ParseResults):
+                        self[name] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(toklist.copy(),0)
+                    else:
+                        self[name] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(ParseResults(toklist[0]),0)
+                    self[name].__name = name
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        self[name] = toklist[0]
+                    except (KeyError,TypeError,IndexError):
+                        self[name] = toklist
+
+    def __getitem__( self, i ):
+        if isinstance( i, (int,slice) ):
+            return self.__toklist[i]
+        else:
+            if i not in self.__accumNames:
+                return self.__tokdict[i][-1][0]
+            else:
+                return ParseResults([ v[0] for v in self.__tokdict[i] ])
+
+    def __setitem__( self, k, v, isinstance=isinstance ):
+        if isinstance(v,_ParseResultsWithOffset):
+            self.__tokdict[k] = self.__tokdict.get(k,list()) + [v]
+            sub = v[0]
+        elif isinstance(k,int):
+            self.__toklist[k] = v
+            sub = v
+        else:
+            self.__tokdict[k] = self.__tokdict.get(k,list()) + [_ParseResultsWithOffset(v,0)]
+            sub = v
+        if isinstance(sub,ParseResults):
+            sub.__parent = wkref(self)
+
+    def __delitem__( self, i ):
+        if isinstance(i,(int,slice)):
+            mylen = len( self.__toklist )
+            del self.__toklist[i]
+
+            # convert int to slice
+            if isinstance(i, int):
+                if i < 0:
+                    i += mylen
+                i = slice(i, i+1)
+            # get removed indices
+            removed = list(range(*i.indices(mylen)))
+            removed.reverse()
+            # fixup indices in token dictionary
+            #~ for name in self.__tokdict:
+                #~ occurrences = self.__tokdict[name]
+                #~ for j in removed:
+                    #~ for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                        #~ occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position - (position > j))
+            for name,occurrences in self.__tokdict.items():
+                for j in removed:
+                    for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                        occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position - (position > j))
+        else:
+            del self.__tokdict[i]
+
+    def __contains__( self, k ):
+        return k in self.__tokdict
+
+    def __len__( self ): return len( self.__toklist )
+    def __bool__(self): return len( self.__toklist ) > 0
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+    def __iter__( self ): return iter( self.__toklist )
+    def __reversed__( self ): return iter( self.__toklist[::-1] )
+    def iterkeys( self ):
+        """Returns all named result keys."""
+        if hasattr(self.__tokdict, "iterkeys"):
+            return self.__tokdict.iterkeys()
+        else:
+            return iter(self.__tokdict)
+
+    def itervalues( self ):
+        """Returns all named result values."""
+        return (self[k] for k in self.iterkeys())
+            
+    def iteritems( self ):
+        return ((k, self[k]) for k in self.iterkeys())
+
+    if PY_3:
+        keys = iterkeys
+        values = itervalues
+        items = iteritems
+    else:
+        def keys( self ):
+            """Returns all named result keys."""
+            return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+        def values( self ):
+            """Returns all named result values."""
+            return list(self.itervalues())
+                
+        def items( self ):
+            """Returns all named result keys and values as a list of tuples."""
+            return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def haskeys( self ):
+        """Since keys() returns an iterator, this method is helpful in bypassing
+           code that looks for the existence of any defined results names."""
+        return bool(self.__tokdict)
+        
+    def pop( self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Removes and returns item at specified index (default=last).
+           Supports both list and dict semantics for pop(). If passed no
+           argument or an integer argument, it will use list semantics
+           and pop tokens from the list of parsed tokens. If passed a 
+           non-integer argument (most likely a string), it will use dict
+           semantics and pop the corresponding value from any defined 
+           results names. A second default return value argument is 
+           supported, just as in dict.pop()."""
+        if not args:
+            args = [-1]
+        for k,v in kwargs.items():
+            if k == 'default':
+                args = (args[0], v)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("pop() got an unexpected keyword argument '%s'" % k)
+        if (isinstance(args[0], int) or 
+                        len(args) == 1 or 
+                        args[0] in self):
+            index = args[0]
+            ret = self[index]
+            del self[index]
+            return ret
+        else:
+            defaultvalue = args[1]
+            return defaultvalue
+
+    def get(self, key, defaultValue=None):
+        """Returns named result matching the given key, or if there is no
+           such name, then returns the given C{defaultValue} or C{None} if no
+           C{defaultValue} is specified."""
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return defaultValue
+
+    def insert( self, index, insStr ):
+        """Inserts new element at location index in the list of parsed tokens."""
+        self.__toklist.insert(index, insStr)
+        # fixup indices in token dictionary
+        #~ for name in self.__tokdict:
+            #~ occurrences = self.__tokdict[name]
+            #~ for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                #~ occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position + (position > index))
+        for name,occurrences in self.__tokdict.items():
+            for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position + (position > index))
+
+    def append( self, item ):
+        """Add single element to end of ParseResults list of elements."""
+        self.__toklist.append(item)
+
+    def extend( self, itemseq ):
+        """Add sequence of elements to end of ParseResults list of elements."""
+        if isinstance(itemseq, ParseResults):
+            self += itemseq
+        else:
+            self.__toklist.extend(itemseq)
+
+    def clear( self ):
+        """Clear all elements and results names."""
+        del self.__toklist[:]
+        self.__tokdict.clear()
+
+    def __getattr__( self, name ):
+        try:
+            return self[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            return ""
+            
+        if name in self.__tokdict:
+            if name not in self.__accumNames:
+                return self.__tokdict[name][-1][0]
+            else:
+                return ParseResults([ v[0] for v in self.__tokdict[name] ])
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def __add__( self, other ):
+        ret = self.copy()
+        ret += other
+        return ret
+
+    def __iadd__( self, other ):
+        if other.__tokdict:
+            offset = len(self.__toklist)
+            addoffset = lambda a: offset if a<0 else a+offset
+            otheritems = other.__tokdict.items()
+            otherdictitems = [(k, _ParseResultsWithOffset(v[0],addoffset(v[1])) )
+                                for (k,vlist) in otheritems for v in vlist]
+            for k,v in otherdictitems:
+                self[k] = v
+                if isinstance(v[0],ParseResults):
+                    v[0].__parent = wkref(self)
+            
+        self.__toklist += other.__toklist
+        self.__accumNames.update( other.__accumNames )
+        return self
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other,int) and other == 0:
+            return self.copy()
+        
+    def __repr__( self ):
+        return "(%s, %s)" % ( repr( self.__toklist ), repr( self.__tokdict ) )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return '[' + ', '.join(_ustr(i) if isinstance(i, ParseResults) else repr(i) for i in self.__toklist) + ']'
+
+    def _asStringList( self, sep='' ):
+        out = []
+        for item in self.__toklist:
+            if out and sep:
+                out.append(sep)
+            if isinstance( item, ParseResults ):
+                out += item._asStringList()
+            else:
+                out.append( _ustr(item) )
+        return out
+
+    def asList( self ):
+        """Returns the parse results as a nested list of matching tokens, all converted to strings."""
+        return [res.asList() if isinstance(res,ParseResults) else res for res in self.__toklist]
+
+    def asDict( self ):
+        """Returns the named parse results as dictionary."""
+        if PY_3:
+            return dict( self.items() )
+        else:
+            return dict( self.iteritems() )
+
+    def copy( self ):
+        """Returns a new copy of a C{ParseResults} object."""
+        ret = ParseResults( self.__toklist )
+        ret.__tokdict = self.__tokdict.copy()
+        ret.__parent = self.__parent
+        ret.__accumNames.update( self.__accumNames )
+        ret.__name = self.__name
+        return ret
+
+    def asXML( self, doctag=None, namedItemsOnly=False, indent="", formatted=True ):
+        """Returns the parse results as XML. Tags are created for tokens and lists that have defined results names."""
+        nl = "\n"
+        out = []
+        namedItems = dict((v[1],k) for (k,vlist) in self.__tokdict.items()
+                                                            for v in vlist)
+        nextLevelIndent = indent + "  "
+
+        # collapse out indents if formatting is not desired
+        if not formatted:
+            indent = ""
+            nextLevelIndent = ""
+            nl = ""
+
+        selfTag = None
+        if doctag is not None:
+            selfTag = doctag
+        else:
+            if self.__name:
+                selfTag = self.__name
+
+        if not selfTag:
+            if namedItemsOnly:
+                return ""
+            else:
+                selfTag = "ITEM"
+
+        out += [ nl, indent, "<", selfTag, ">" ]
+
+        for i,res in enumerate(self.__toklist):
+            if isinstance(res,ParseResults):
+                if i in namedItems:
+                    out += [ res.asXML(namedItems[i],
+                                        namedItemsOnly and doctag is None,
+                                        nextLevelIndent,
+                                        formatted)]
+                else:
+                    out += [ res.asXML(None,
+                                        namedItemsOnly and doctag is None,
+                                        nextLevelIndent,
+                                        formatted)]
+            else:
+                # individual token, see if there is a name for it
+                resTag = None
+                if i in namedItems:
+                    resTag = namedItems[i]
+                if not resTag:
+                    if namedItemsOnly:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        resTag = "ITEM"
+                xmlBodyText = _xml_escape(_ustr(res))
+                out += [ nl, nextLevelIndent, "<", resTag, ">",
+                                                xmlBodyText,
+                                                "</", resTag, ">" ]
+
+        out += [ nl, indent, "</", selfTag, ">" ]
+        return "".join(out)
+
+    def __lookup(self,sub):
+        for k,vlist in self.__tokdict.items():
+            for v,loc in vlist:
+                if sub is v:
+                    return k
+        return None
+
+    def getName(self):
+        """Returns the results name for this token expression."""
+        if self.__name:
+            return self.__name
+        elif self.__parent:
+            par = self.__parent()
+            if par:
+                return par.__lookup(self)
+            else:
+                return None
+        elif (len(self) == 1 and
+               len(self.__tokdict) == 1 and
+               self.__tokdict.values()[0][0][1] in (0,-1)):
+            return self.__tokdict.keys()[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def dump(self,indent='',depth=0):
+        """Diagnostic method for listing out the contents of a C{ParseResults}.
+           Accepts an optional C{indent} argument so that this string can be embedded
+           in a nested display of other data."""
+        out = []
+        NL = '\n'
+        out.append( indent+_ustr(self.asList()) )
+        if self.haskeys():
+            items = sorted(self.items())
+            for k,v in items:
+                if out:
+                    out.append(NL)
+                out.append( "%s%s- %s: " % (indent,('  '*depth), k) )
+                if isinstance(v,ParseResults):
+                    if v:
+                        out.append( v.dump(indent,depth+1) )
+                    else:
+                        out.append(_ustr(v))
+                else:
+                    out.append(_ustr(v))
+        elif any(isinstance(vv,ParseResults) for vv in self):
+            v = self
+            for i,vv in enumerate(v):
+                if isinstance(vv,ParseResults):
+                    out.append("\n%s%s[%d]:\n%s%s%s" % (indent,('  '*(depth)),i,indent,('  '*(depth+1)),vv.dump(indent,depth+1) ))
+                else:
+                    out.append("\n%s%s[%d]:\n%s%s%s" % (indent,('  '*(depth)),i,indent,('  '*(depth+1)),_ustr(vv)))
+            
+        return "".join(out)
+
+    def pprint(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Pretty-printer for parsed results as a list, using the C{pprint} module.
+           Accepts additional positional or keyword args as defined for the 
+           C{pprint.pprint} method. (U{http://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html#pprint.pprint})"""
+        pprint.pprint(self.asList(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+    # add support for pickle protocol
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return ( self.__toklist,
+                 ( self.__tokdict.copy(),
+                   self.__parent is not None and self.__parent() or None,
+                   self.__accumNames,
+                   self.__name ) )
+
+    def __setstate__(self,state):
+        self.__toklist = state[0]
+        (self.__tokdict,
+         par,
+         inAccumNames,
+         self.__name) = state[1]
+        self.__accumNames = {}
+        self.__accumNames.update(inAccumNames)
+        if par is not None:
+            self.__parent = wkref(par)
+        else:
+            self.__parent = None
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return (dir(type(self)) + list(self.keys()))
+
+collections.MutableMapping.register(ParseResults)
+
+def col (loc,strg):
+    """Returns current column within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+   The first column is number 1.
+
+   Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+   before starting the parsing process.  See L{I{ParserElement.parseString}<ParserElement.parseString>} for more information
+   on parsing strings containing C{<TAB>}s, and suggested methods to maintain a
+   consistent view of the parsed string, the parse location, and line and column
+   positions within the parsed string.
+   """
+    s = strg
+    return 1 if loc<len(s) and s[loc] == '\n' else loc - s.rfind("\n", 0, loc)
+
+def lineno(loc,strg):
+    """Returns current line number within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+   The first line is number 1.
+
+   Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+   before starting the parsing process.  See L{I{ParserElement.parseString}<ParserElement.parseString>} for more information
+   on parsing strings containing C{<TAB>}s, and suggested methods to maintain a
+   consistent view of the parsed string, the parse location, and line and column
+   positions within the parsed string.
+   """
+    return strg.count("\n",0,loc) + 1
+
+def line( loc, strg ):
+    """Returns the line of text containing loc within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+       """
+    lastCR = strg.rfind("\n", 0, loc)
+    nextCR = strg.find("\n", loc)
+    if nextCR >= 0:
+        return strg[lastCR+1:nextCR]
+    else:
+        return strg[lastCR+1:]
+
+def _defaultStartDebugAction( instring, loc, expr ):
+    print (("Match " + _ustr(expr) + " at loc " + _ustr(loc) + "(%d,%d)" % ( lineno(loc,instring), col(loc,instring) )))
+
+def _defaultSuccessDebugAction( instring, startloc, endloc, expr, toks ):
+    print ("Matched " + _ustr(expr) + " -> " + str(toks.asList()))
+
+def _defaultExceptionDebugAction( instring, loc, expr, exc ):
+    print ("Exception raised:" + _ustr(exc))
+
+def nullDebugAction(*args):
+    """'Do-nothing' debug action, to suppress debugging output during parsing."""
+    pass
+
+# Only works on Python 3.x - nonlocal is toxic to Python 2 installs
+#~ 'decorator to trim function calls to match the arity of the target'
+#~ def _trim_arity(func, maxargs=3):
+    #~ if func in singleArgBuiltins:
+        #~ return lambda s,l,t: func(t)
+    #~ limit = 0
+    #~ foundArity = False
+    #~ def wrapper(*args):
+        #~ nonlocal limit,foundArity
+        #~ while 1:
+            #~ try:
+                #~ ret = func(*args[limit:])
+                #~ foundArity = True
+                #~ return ret
+            #~ except TypeError:
+                #~ if limit == maxargs or foundArity:
+                    #~ raise
+                #~ limit += 1
+                #~ continue
+    #~ return wrapper
+
+# this version is Python 2.x-3.x cross-compatible
+'decorator to trim function calls to match the arity of the target'
+def _trim_arity(func, maxargs=2):
+    if func in singleArgBuiltins:
+        return lambda s,l,t: func(t)
+    limit = [0]
+    foundArity = [False]
+    def wrapper(*args):
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                ret = func(*args[limit[0]:])
+                foundArity[0] = True
+                return ret
+            except TypeError:
+                if limit[0] <= maxargs and not foundArity[0]:
+                    limit[0] += 1
+                    continue
+                raise
+    return wrapper
+ 
+class ParserElement(object):
+    """Abstract base level parser element class."""
+    DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS = " \n\t\r"
+    verbose_stacktrace = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def setDefaultWhitespaceChars( chars ):
+        """Overrides the default whitespace chars
+        """
+        ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS = chars
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def inlineLiteralsUsing(cls):
+        """
+        Set class to be used for inclusion of string literals into a parser.
+        """
+        ParserElement.literalStringClass = cls
+
+    def __init__( self, savelist=False ):
+        self.parseAction = list()
+        self.failAction = None
+        #~ self.name = "<unknown>"  # don't define self.name, let subclasses try/except upcall
+        self.strRepr = None
+        self.resultsName = None
+        self.saveAsList = savelist
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.whiteChars = ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+        self.copyDefaultWhiteChars = True
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False # used when checking for left-recursion
+        self.keepTabs = False
+        self.ignoreExprs = list()
+        self.debug = False
+        self.streamlined = False
+        self.mayIndexError = True # used to optimize exception handling for subclasses that don't advance parse index
+        self.errmsg = ""
+        self.modalResults = True # used to mark results names as modal (report only last) or cumulative (list all)
+        self.debugActions = ( None, None, None ) #custom debug actions
+        self.re = None
+        self.callPreparse = True # used to avoid redundant calls to preParse
+        self.callDuringTry = False
+
+    def copy( self ):
+        """Make a copy of this C{ParserElement}.  Useful for defining different parse actions
+           for the same parsing pattern, using copies of the original parse element."""
+        cpy = copy.copy( self )
+        cpy.parseAction = self.parseAction[:]
+        cpy.ignoreExprs = self.ignoreExprs[:]
+        if self.copyDefaultWhiteChars:
+            cpy.whiteChars = ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+        return cpy
+
+    def setName( self, name ):
+        """Define name for this expression, for use in debugging."""
+        self.name = name
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        if hasattr(self,"exception"):
+            self.exception.msg = self.errmsg
+        return self
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        """Define name for referencing matching tokens as a nested attribute
+           of the returned parse results.
+           NOTE: this returns a *copy* of the original C{ParserElement} object;
+           this is so that the client can define a basic element, such as an
+           integer, and reference it in multiple places with different names.
+           
+           You can also set results names using the abbreviated syntax,
+           C{expr("name")} in place of C{expr.setResultsName("name")} - 
+           see L{I{__call__}<__call__>}.
+        """
+        newself = self.copy()
+        if name.endswith("*"):
+            name = name[:-1]
+            listAllMatches=True
+        newself.resultsName = name
+        newself.modalResults = not listAllMatches
+        return newself
+
+    def setBreak(self,breakFlag = True):
+        """Method to invoke the Python pdb debugger when this element is
+           about to be parsed. Set C{breakFlag} to True to enable, False to
+           disable.
+        """
+        if breakFlag:
+            _parseMethod = self._parse
+            def breaker(instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True):
+                import pdb
+                pdb.set_trace()
+                return _parseMethod( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse )
+            breaker._originalParseMethod = _parseMethod
+            self._parse = breaker
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self._parse,"_originalParseMethod"):
+                self._parse = self._parse._originalParseMethod
+        return self
+
+    def setParseAction( self, *fns, **kwargs ):
+        """Define action to perform when successfully matching parse element definition.
+           Parse action fn is a callable method with 0-3 arguments, called as C{fn(s,loc,toks)},
+           C{fn(loc,toks)}, C{fn(toks)}, or just C{fn()}, where:
+            - s   = the original string being parsed (see note below)
+            - loc = the location of the matching substring
+            - toks = a list of the matched tokens, packaged as a C{L{ParseResults}} object
+           If the functions in fns modify the tokens, they can return them as the return
+           value from fn, and the modified list of tokens will replace the original.
+           Otherwise, fn does not need to return any value.
+
+           Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+           before starting the parsing process.  See L{I{parseString}<parseString>} for more information
+           on parsing strings containing C{<TAB>}s, and suggested methods to maintain a
+           consistent view of the parsed string, the parse location, and line and column
+           positions within the parsed string.
+           """
+        self.parseAction = list(map(_trim_arity, list(fns)))
+        self.callDuringTry = kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        return self
+
+    def addParseAction( self, *fns, **kwargs ):
+        """Add parse action to expression's list of parse actions. See L{I{setParseAction}<setParseAction>}."""
+        self.parseAction += list(map(_trim_arity, list(fns)))
+        self.callDuringTry = self.callDuringTry or kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        return self
+
+    def addCondition(self, *fns, **kwargs):
+        """Add a boolean predicate function to expression's list of parse actions. See 
+        L{I{setParseAction}<setParseAction>}. Optional keyword argument C{message} can
+        be used to define a custom message to be used in the raised exception."""
+        msg = kwargs.get("message") or "failed user-defined condition"
+        for fn in fns:
+            def pa(s,l,t):
+                if not bool(_trim_arity(fn)(s,l,t)):
+                    raise ParseException(s,l,msg)
+                return t
+            self.parseAction.append(pa)
+        self.callDuringTry = self.callDuringTry or kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        return self
+
+    def setFailAction( self, fn ):
+        """Define action to perform if parsing fails at this expression.
+           Fail acton fn is a callable function that takes the arguments
+           C{fn(s,loc,expr,err)} where:
+            - s = string being parsed
+            - loc = location where expression match was attempted and failed
+            - expr = the parse expression that failed
+            - err = the exception thrown
+           The function returns no value.  It may throw C{L{ParseFatalException}}
+           if it is desired to stop parsing immediately."""
+        self.failAction = fn
+        return self
+
+    def _skipIgnorables( self, instring, loc ):
+        exprsFound = True
+        while exprsFound:
+            exprsFound = False
+            for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+                try:
+                    while 1:
+                        loc,dummy = e._parse( instring, loc )
+                        exprsFound = True
+                except ParseException:
+                    pass
+        return loc
+
+    def preParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        if self.ignoreExprs:
+            loc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+
+        if self.skipWhitespace:
+            wt = self.whiteChars
+            instrlen = len(instring)
+            while loc < instrlen and instring[loc] in wt:
+                loc += 1
+
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        return loc, []
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return tokenlist
+
+    #~ @profile
+    def _parseNoCache( self, instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True ):
+        debugging = ( self.debug ) #and doActions )
+
+        if debugging or self.failAction:
+            #~ print ("Match",self,"at loc",loc,"(%d,%d)" % ( lineno(loc,instring), col(loc,instring) ))
+            if (self.debugActions[0] ):
+                self.debugActions[0]( instring, loc, self )
+            if callPreParse and self.callPreparse:
+                preloc = self.preParse( instring, loc )
+            else:
+                preloc = loc
+            tokensStart = preloc
+            try:
+                try:
+                    loc,tokens = self.parseImpl( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseException( instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self )
+            except ParseBaseException as err:
+                #~ print ("Exception raised:", err)
+                if self.debugActions[2]:
+                    self.debugActions[2]( instring, tokensStart, self, err )
+                if self.failAction:
+                    self.failAction( instring, tokensStart, self, err )
+                raise
+        else:
+            if callPreParse and self.callPreparse:
+                preloc = self.preParse( instring, loc )
+            else:
+                preloc = loc
+            tokensStart = preloc
+            if self.mayIndexError or loc >= len(instring):
+                try:
+                    loc,tokens = self.parseImpl( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseException( instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self )
+            else:
+                loc,tokens = self.parseImpl( instring, preloc, doActions )
+
+        tokens = self.postParse( instring, loc, tokens )
+
+        retTokens = ParseResults( tokens, self.resultsName, asList=self.saveAsList, modal=self.modalResults )
+        if self.parseAction and (doActions or self.callDuringTry):
+            if debugging:
+                try:
+                    for fn in self.parseAction:
+                        tokens = fn( instring, tokensStart, retTokens )
+                        if tokens is not None:
+                            retTokens = ParseResults( tokens,
+                                                      self.resultsName,
+                                                      asList=self.saveAsList and isinstance(tokens,(ParseResults,list)),
+                                                      modal=self.modalResults )
+                except ParseBaseException as err:
+                    #~ print "Exception raised in user parse action:", err
+                    if (self.debugActions[2] ):
+                        self.debugActions[2]( instring, tokensStart, self, err )
+                    raise
+            else:
+                for fn in self.parseAction:
+                    tokens = fn( instring, tokensStart, retTokens )
+                    if tokens is not None:
+                        retTokens = ParseResults( tokens,
+                                                  self.resultsName,
+                                                  asList=self.saveAsList and isinstance(tokens,(ParseResults,list)),
+                                                  modal=self.modalResults )
+
+        if debugging:
+            #~ print ("Matched",self,"->",retTokens.asList())
+            if (self.debugActions[1] ):
+                self.debugActions[1]( instring, tokensStart, loc, self, retTokens )
+
+        return loc, retTokens
+
+    def tryParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        try:
+            return self._parse( instring, loc, doActions=False )[0]
+        except ParseFatalException:
+            raise ParseException( instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+    # this method gets repeatedly called during backtracking with the same arguments -
+    # we can cache these arguments and save ourselves the trouble of re-parsing the contained expression
+    def _parseCache( self, instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True ):
+        lookup = (self,instring,loc,callPreParse,doActions)
+        if lookup in ParserElement._exprArgCache:
+            value = ParserElement._exprArgCache[ lookup ]
+            if isinstance(value, Exception):
+                raise value
+            return (value[0],value[1].copy())
+        else:
+            try:
+                value = self._parseNoCache( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse )
+                ParserElement._exprArgCache[ lookup ] = (value[0],value[1].copy())
+                return value
+            except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                pe.__traceback__ = None
+                ParserElement._exprArgCache[ lookup ] = pe
+                raise
+
+    _parse = _parseNoCache
+
+    # argument cache for optimizing repeated calls when backtracking through recursive expressions
+    _exprArgCache = {}
+    @staticmethod
+    def resetCache():
+        ParserElement._exprArgCache.clear()
+
+    _packratEnabled = False
+    @staticmethod
+    def enablePackrat():
+        """Enables "packrat" parsing, which adds memoizing to the parsing logic.
+           Repeated parse attempts at the same string location (which happens
+           often in many complex grammars) can immediately return a cached value,
+           instead of re-executing parsing/validating code.  Memoizing is done of
+           both valid results and parsing exceptions.
+
+           This speedup may break existing programs that use parse actions that
+           have side-effects.  For this reason, packrat parsing is disabled when
+           you first import pyparsing.  To activate the packrat feature, your
+           program must call the class method C{ParserElement.enablePackrat()}.  If
+           your program uses C{psyco} to "compile as you go", you must call
+           C{enablePackrat} before calling C{psyco.full()}.  If you do not do this,
+           Python will crash.  For best results, call C{enablePackrat()} immediately
+           after importing pyparsing.
+        """
+        if not ParserElement._packratEnabled:
+            ParserElement._packratEnabled = True
+            ParserElement._parse = ParserElement._parseCache
+
+    def parseString( self, instring, parseAll=False ):
+        """Execute the parse expression with the given string.
+           This is the main interface to the client code, once the complete
+           expression has been built.
+
+           If you want the grammar to require that the entire input string be
+           successfully parsed, then set C{parseAll} to True (equivalent to ending
+           the grammar with C{L{StringEnd()}}).
+
+           Note: C{parseString} implicitly calls C{expandtabs()} on the input string,
+           in order to report proper column numbers in parse actions.
+           If the input string contains tabs and
+           the grammar uses parse actions that use the C{loc} argument to index into the
+           string being parsed, you can ensure you have a consistent view of the input
+           string by:
+            - calling C{parseWithTabs} on your grammar before calling C{parseString}
+              (see L{I{parseWithTabs}<parseWithTabs>})
+            - define your parse action using the full C{(s,loc,toks)} signature, and
+              reference the input string using the parse action's C{s} argument
+            - explictly expand the tabs in your input string before calling
+              C{parseString}
+        """
+        ParserElement.resetCache()
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamline()
+            #~ self.saveAsList = True
+        for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+            e.streamline()
+        if not self.keepTabs:
+            instring = instring.expandtabs()
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self._parse( instring, 0 )
+            if parseAll:
+                loc = self.preParse( instring, loc )
+                se = Empty() + StringEnd()
+                se._parse( instring, loc )
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+        else:
+            return tokens
+
+    def scanString( self, instring, maxMatches=_MAX_INT, overlap=False ):
+        """Scan the input string for expression matches.  Each match will return the
+           matching tokens, start location, and end location.  May be called with optional
+           C{maxMatches} argument, to clip scanning after 'n' matches are found.  If
+           C{overlap} is specified, then overlapping matches will be reported.
+
+           Note that the start and end locations are reported relative to the string
+           being parsed.  See L{I{parseString}<parseString>} for more information on parsing
+           strings with embedded tabs."""
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamline()
+        for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+            e.streamline()
+
+        if not self.keepTabs:
+            instring = _ustr(instring).expandtabs()
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        loc = 0
+        preparseFn = self.preParse
+        parseFn = self._parse
+        ParserElement.resetCache()
+        matches = 0
+        try:
+            while loc <= instrlen and matches < maxMatches:
+                try:
+                    preloc = preparseFn( instring, loc )
+                    nextLoc,tokens = parseFn( instring, preloc, callPreParse=False )
+                except ParseException:
+                    loc = preloc+1
+                else:
+                    if nextLoc > loc:
+                        matches += 1
+                        yield tokens, preloc, nextLoc
+                        if overlap:
+                            nextloc = preparseFn( instring, loc )
+                            if nextloc > loc:
+                                loc = nextLoc
+                            else:
+                                loc += 1
+                        else:
+                            loc = nextLoc
+                    else:
+                        loc = preloc+1
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def transformString( self, instring ):
+        """Extension to C{L{scanString}}, to modify matching text with modified tokens that may
+           be returned from a parse action.  To use C{transformString}, define a grammar and
+           attach a parse action to it that modifies the returned token list.
+           Invoking C{transformString()} on a target string will then scan for matches,
+           and replace the matched text patterns according to the logic in the parse
+           action.  C{transformString()} returns the resulting transformed string."""
+        out = []
+        lastE = 0
+        # force preservation of <TAB>s, to minimize unwanted transformation of string, and to
+        # keep string locs straight between transformString and scanString
+        self.keepTabs = True
+        try:
+            for t,s,e in self.scanString( instring ):
+                out.append( instring[lastE:s] )
+                if t:
+                    if isinstance(t,ParseResults):
+                        out += t.asList()
+                    elif isinstance(t,list):
+                        out += t
+                    else:
+                        out.append(t)
+                lastE = e
+            out.append(instring[lastE:])
+            out = [o for o in out if o]
+            return "".join(map(_ustr,_flatten(out)))
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def searchString( self, instring, maxMatches=_MAX_INT ):
+        """Another extension to C{L{scanString}}, simplifying the access to the tokens found
+           to match the given parse expression.  May be called with optional
+           C{maxMatches} argument, to clip searching after 'n' matches are found.
+        """
+        try:
+            return ParseResults([ t for t,s,e in self.scanString( instring, maxMatches ) ])
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def __add__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of + operator - returns C{L{And}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return And( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of + operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other + self
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        """Implementation of - operator, returns C{L{And}} with error stop"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return And( [ self, And._ErrorStop(), other ] )
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of - operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other - self
+
+    def __mul__(self,other):
+        """Implementation of * operator, allows use of C{expr * 3} in place of
+           C{expr + expr + expr}.  Expressions may also me multiplied by a 2-integer
+           tuple, similar to C{{min,max}} multipliers in regular expressions.  Tuples
+           may also include C{None} as in:
+            - C{expr*(n,None)} or C{expr*(n,)} is equivalent
+              to C{expr*n + L{ZeroOrMore}(expr)}
+              (read as "at least n instances of C{expr}")
+            - C{expr*(None,n)} is equivalent to C{expr*(0,n)}
+              (read as "0 to n instances of C{expr}")
+            - C{expr*(None,None)} is equivalent to C{L{ZeroOrMore}(expr)}
+            - C{expr*(1,None)} is equivalent to C{L{OneOrMore}(expr)}
+
+           Note that C{expr*(None,n)} does not raise an exception if
+           more than n exprs exist in the input stream; that is,
+           C{expr*(None,n)} does not enforce a maximum number of expr
+           occurrences.  If this behavior is desired, then write
+           C{expr*(None,n) + ~expr}
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(other,int):
+            minElements, optElements = other,0
+        elif isinstance(other,tuple):
+            other = (other + (None, None))[:2]
+            if other[0] is None:
+                other = (0, other[1])
+            if isinstance(other[0],int) and other[1] is None:
+                if other[0] == 0:
+                    return ZeroOrMore(self)
+                if other[0] == 1:
+                    return OneOrMore(self)
+                else:
+                    return self*other[0] + ZeroOrMore(self)
+            elif isinstance(other[0],int) and isinstance(other[1],int):
+                minElements, optElements = other
+                optElements -= minElements
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot multiply 'ParserElement' and ('%s','%s') objects", type(other[0]),type(other[1]))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("cannot multiply 'ParserElement' and '%s' objects", type(other))
+
+        if minElements < 0:
+            raise ValueError("cannot multiply ParserElement by negative value")
+        if optElements < 0:
+            raise ValueError("second tuple value must be greater or equal to first tuple value")
+        if minElements == optElements == 0:
+            raise ValueError("cannot multiply ParserElement by 0 or (0,0)")
+
+        if (optElements):
+            def makeOptionalList(n):
+                if n>1:
+                    return Optional(self + makeOptionalList(n-1))
+                else:
+                    return Optional(self)
+            if minElements:
+                if minElements == 1:
+                    ret = self + makeOptionalList(optElements)
+                else:
+                    ret = And([self]*minElements) + makeOptionalList(optElements)
+            else:
+                ret = makeOptionalList(optElements)
+        else:
+            if minElements == 1:
+                ret = self
+            else:
+                ret = And([self]*minElements)
+        return ret
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__mul__(other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of | operator - returns C{L{MatchFirst}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return MatchFirst( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __ror__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of | operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other | self
+
+    def __xor__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of ^ operator - returns C{L{Or}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return Or( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __rxor__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of ^ operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other ^ self
+
+    def __and__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of & operator - returns C{L{Each}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return Each( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __rand__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of & operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other & self
+
+    def __invert__( self ):
+        """Implementation of ~ operator - returns C{L{NotAny}}"""
+        return NotAny( self )
+
+    def __call__(self, name=None):
+        """Shortcut for C{L{setResultsName}}, with C{listAllMatches=default}::
+             userdata = Word(alphas).setResultsName("name") + Word(nums+"-").setResultsName("socsecno")
+           could be written as::
+             userdata = Word(alphas)("name") + Word(nums+"-")("socsecno")
+             
+           If C{name} is given with a trailing C{'*'} character, then C{listAllMatches} will be
+           passed as C{True}.
+           
+           If C{name} is omitted, same as calling C{L{copy}}.
+           """
+        if name is not None:
+            return self.setResultsName(name)
+        else:
+            return self.copy()
+
+    def suppress( self ):
+        """Suppresses the output of this C{ParserElement}; useful to keep punctuation from
+           cluttering up returned output.
+        """
+        return Suppress( self )
+
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        """Disables the skipping of whitespace before matching the characters in the
+           C{ParserElement}'s defined pattern.  This is normally only used internally by
+           the pyparsing module, but may be needed in some whitespace-sensitive grammars.
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        return self
+
+    def setWhitespaceChars( self, chars ):
+        """Overrides the default whitespace chars
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.whiteChars = chars
+        self.copyDefaultWhiteChars = False
+        return self
+
+    def parseWithTabs( self ):
+        """Overrides default behavior to expand C{<TAB>}s to spaces before parsing the input string.
+           Must be called before C{parseString} when the input grammar contains elements that
+           match C{<TAB>} characters."""
+        self.keepTabs = True
+        return self
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        """Define expression to be ignored (e.g., comments) while doing pattern
+           matching; may be called repeatedly, to define multiple comment or other
+           ignorable patterns.
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, basestring):
+            other = Suppress(other)
+
+        if isinstance( other, Suppress ):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                self.ignoreExprs.append(other)
+        else:
+            self.ignoreExprs.append( Suppress( other.copy() ) )
+        return self
+
+    def setDebugActions( self, startAction, successAction, exceptionAction ):
+        """Enable display of debugging messages while doing pattern matching."""
+        self.debugActions = (startAction or _defaultStartDebugAction,
+                             successAction or _defaultSuccessDebugAction,
+                             exceptionAction or _defaultExceptionDebugAction)
+        self.debug = True
+        return self
+
+    def setDebug( self, flag=True ):
+        """Enable display of debugging messages while doing pattern matching.
+           Set C{flag} to True to enable, False to disable."""
+        if flag:
+            self.setDebugActions( _defaultStartDebugAction, _defaultSuccessDebugAction, _defaultExceptionDebugAction )
+        else:
+            self.debug = False
+        return self
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return self.name
+
+    def __repr__( self ):
+        return _ustr(self)
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        self.streamlined = True
+        self.strRepr = None
+        return self
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        pass
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        """Check defined expressions for valid structure, check for infinite recursive definitions."""
+        self.checkRecursion( [] )
+
+    def parseFile( self, file_or_filename, parseAll=False ):
+        """Execute the parse expression on the given file or filename.
+           If a filename is specified (instead of a file object),
+           the entire file is opened, read, and closed before parsing.
+        """
+        try:
+            file_contents = file_or_filename.read()
+        except AttributeError:
+            f = open(file_or_filename, "r")
+            file_contents = f.read()
+            f.close()
+        try:
+            return self.parseString(file_contents, parseAll)
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def __eq__(self,other):
+        if isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return self is other or self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+        elif isinstance(other, basestring):
+            try:
+                self.parseString(_ustr(other), parseAll=True)
+                return True
+            except ParseBaseException:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return super(ParserElement,self)==other
+
+    def __ne__(self,other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(id(self))
+
+    def __req__(self,other):
+        return self == other
+
+    def __rne__(self,other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def runTests(self, tests, parseAll=False):
+        """Execute the parse expression on a series of test strings, showing each
+           test, the parsed results or where the parse failed. Quick and easy way to
+           run a parse expression against a list of sample strings.
+           
+           Parameters:
+            - tests - a list of separate test strings, or a multiline string of test strings
+            - parseAll - (default=False) - flag to pass to C{L{parseString}} when running tests           
+        """
+        if isinstance(tests, basestring):
+            tests = map(str.strip, tests.splitlines())
+        for t in tests:
+            out = [t]
+            try:
+                out.append(self.parseString(t, parseAll=parseAll).dump())
+            except ParseException as pe:
+                if '\n' in t:
+                    out.append(line(pe.loc, t))
+                    out.append(' '*(col(pe.loc,t)-1) + '^')
+                else:
+                    out.append(' '*pe.loc + '^')
+                out.append(str(pe))
+            out.append('')
+            print('\n'.join(out))
+
+        
+class Token(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract C{ParserElement} subclass, for defining atomic matching patterns."""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(Token,self).__init__( savelist=False )
+
+
+class Empty(Token):
+    """An empty token, will always match."""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(Empty,self).__init__()
+        self.name = "Empty"
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+
+class NoMatch(Token):
+    """A token that will never match."""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(NoMatch,self).__init__()
+        self.name = "NoMatch"
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.errmsg = "Unmatchable token"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class Literal(Token):
+    """Token to exactly match a specified string."""
+    def __init__( self, matchString ):
+        super(Literal,self).__init__()
+        self.match = matchString
+        self.matchLen = len(matchString)
+        try:
+            self.firstMatchChar = matchString[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            warnings.warn("null string passed to Literal; use Empty() instead",
+                            SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            self.__class__ = Empty
+        self.name = '"%s"' % _ustr(self.match)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    # Performance tuning: this routine gets called a *lot*
+    # if this is a single character match string  and the first character matches,
+    # short-circuit as quickly as possible, and avoid calling startswith
+    #~ @profile
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if (instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar and
+            (self.matchLen==1 or instring.startswith(self.match,loc)) ):
+            return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+_L = Literal
+ParserElement.literalStringClass = Literal
+
+class Keyword(Token):
+    """Token to exactly match a specified string as a keyword, that is, it must be
+       immediately followed by a non-keyword character.  Compare with C{L{Literal}}::
+         Literal("if") will match the leading C{'if'} in C{'ifAndOnlyIf'}.
+         Keyword("if") will not; it will only match the leading C{'if'} in C{'if x=1'}, or C{'if(y==2)'}
+       Accepts two optional constructor arguments in addition to the keyword string:
+       C{identChars} is a string of characters that would be valid identifier characters,
+       defaulting to all alphanumerics + "_" and "$"; C{caseless} allows case-insensitive
+       matching, default is C{False}.
+    """
+    DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = alphanums+"_$"
+
+    def __init__( self, matchString, identChars=DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS, caseless=False ):
+        super(Keyword,self).__init__()
+        self.match = matchString
+        self.matchLen = len(matchString)
+        try:
+            self.firstMatchChar = matchString[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            warnings.warn("null string passed to Keyword; use Empty() instead",
+                            SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        self.name = '"%s"' % self.match
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.caseless = caseless
+        if caseless:
+            self.caselessmatch = matchString.upper()
+            identChars = identChars.upper()
+        self.identChars = set(identChars)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.caseless:
+            if ( (instring[ loc:loc+self.matchLen ].upper() == self.caselessmatch) and
+                 (loc >= len(instring)-self.matchLen or instring[loc+self.matchLen].upper() not in self.identChars) and
+                 (loc == 0 or instring[loc-1].upper() not in self.identChars) ):
+                return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        else:
+            if (instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar and
+                (self.matchLen==1 or instring.startswith(self.match,loc)) and
+                (loc >= len(instring)-self.matchLen or instring[loc+self.matchLen] not in self.identChars) and
+                (loc == 0 or instring[loc-1] not in self.identChars) ):
+                return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        c = super(Keyword,self).copy()
+        c.identChars = Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS
+        return c
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def setDefaultKeywordChars( chars ):
+        """Overrides the default Keyword chars
+        """
+        Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = chars
+
+class CaselessLiteral(Literal):
+    """Token to match a specified string, ignoring case of letters.
+       Note: the matched results will always be in the case of the given
+       match string, NOT the case of the input text.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, matchString ):
+        super(CaselessLiteral,self).__init__( matchString.upper() )
+        # Preserve the defining literal.
+        self.returnString = matchString
+        self.name = "'%s'" % self.returnString
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if instring[ loc:loc+self.matchLen ].upper() == self.match:
+            return loc+self.matchLen, self.returnString
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class CaselessKeyword(Keyword):
+    def __init__( self, matchString, identChars=Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS ):
+        super(CaselessKeyword,self).__init__( matchString, identChars, caseless=True )
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if ( (instring[ loc:loc+self.matchLen ].upper() == self.caselessmatch) and
+             (loc >= len(instring)-self.matchLen or instring[loc+self.matchLen].upper() not in self.identChars) ):
+            return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class Word(Token):
+    """Token for matching words composed of allowed character sets.
+       Defined with string containing all allowed initial characters,
+       an optional string containing allowed body characters (if omitted,
+       defaults to the initial character set), and an optional minimum,
+       maximum, and/or exact length.  The default value for C{min} is 1 (a
+       minimum value < 1 is not valid); the default values for C{max} and C{exact}
+       are 0, meaning no maximum or exact length restriction. An optional
+       C{exclude} parameter can list characters that might be found in 
+       the input C{bodyChars} string; useful to define a word of all printables
+       except for one or two characters, for instance.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, initChars, bodyChars=None, min=1, max=0, exact=0, asKeyword=False, excludeChars=None ):
+        super(Word,self).__init__()
+        if excludeChars:
+            initChars = ''.join(c for c in initChars if c not in excludeChars)
+            if bodyChars:
+                bodyChars = ''.join(c for c in bodyChars if c not in excludeChars)
+        self.initCharsOrig = initChars
+        self.initChars = set(initChars)
+        if bodyChars :
+            self.bodyCharsOrig = bodyChars
+            self.bodyChars = set(bodyChars)
+        else:
+            self.bodyCharsOrig = initChars
+            self.bodyChars = set(initChars)
+
+        self.maxSpecified = max > 0
+
+        if min < 1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot specify a minimum length < 1; use Optional(Word()) if zero-length word is permitted")
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.asKeyword = asKeyword
+
+        if ' ' not in self.initCharsOrig+self.bodyCharsOrig and (min==1 and max==0 and exact==0):
+            if self.bodyCharsOrig == self.initCharsOrig:
+                self.reString = "[%s]+" % _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.initCharsOrig)
+            elif len(self.initCharsOrig) == 1:
+                self.reString = "%s[%s]*" % \
+                                      (re.escape(self.initCharsOrig),
+                                      _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.bodyCharsOrig),)
+            else:
+                self.reString = "[%s][%s]*" % \
+                                      (_escapeRegexRangeChars(self.initCharsOrig),
+                                      _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.bodyCharsOrig),)
+            if self.asKeyword:
+                self.reString = r"\b"+self.reString+r"\b"
+            try:
+                self.re = re.compile( self.reString )
+            except:
+                self.re = None
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.re:
+            result = self.re.match(instring,loc)
+            if not result:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+            loc = result.end()
+            return loc, result.group()
+
+        if not(instring[ loc ] in self.initChars):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        bodychars = self.bodyChars
+        maxloc = start + self.maxLen
+        maxloc = min( maxloc, instrlen )
+        while loc < maxloc and instring[loc] in bodychars:
+            loc += 1
+
+        throwException = False
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            throwException = True
+        if self.maxSpecified and loc < instrlen and instring[loc] in bodychars:
+            throwException = True
+        if self.asKeyword:
+            if (start>0 and instring[start-1] in bodychars) or (loc<instrlen and instring[loc] in bodychars):
+                throwException = True
+
+        if throwException:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(Word,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+
+            def charsAsStr(s):
+                if len(s)>4:
+                    return s[:4]+"..."
+                else:
+                    return s
+
+            if ( self.initCharsOrig != self.bodyCharsOrig ):
+                self.strRepr = "W:(%s,%s)" % ( charsAsStr(self.initCharsOrig), charsAsStr(self.bodyCharsOrig) )
+            else:
+                self.strRepr = "W:(%s)" % charsAsStr(self.initCharsOrig)
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class Regex(Token):
+    """Token for matching strings that match a given regular expression.
+       Defined with string specifying the regular expression in a form recognized by the inbuilt Python re module.
+    """
+    compiledREtype = type(re.compile("[A-Z]"))
+    def __init__( self, pattern, flags=0):
+        """The parameters C{pattern} and C{flags} are passed to the C{re.compile()} function as-is. See the Python C{re} module for an explanation of the acceptable patterns and flags."""
+        super(Regex,self).__init__()
+
+        if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
+            if len(pattern) == 0:
+                warnings.warn("null string passed to Regex; use Empty() instead",
+                        SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+            self.pattern = pattern
+            self.flags = flags
+
+            try:
+                self.re = re.compile(self.pattern, self.flags)
+                self.reString = self.pattern
+            except sre_constants.error:
+                warnings.warn("invalid pattern (%s) passed to Regex" % pattern,
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                raise
+
+        elif isinstance(pattern, Regex.compiledREtype):
+            self.re = pattern
+            self.pattern = \
+            self.reString = str(pattern)
+            self.flags = flags
+            
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Regex may only be constructed with a string or a compiled RE object")
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        result = self.re.match(instring,loc)
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        d = result.groupdict()
+        ret = ParseResults(result.group())
+        if d:
+            for k in d:
+                ret[k] = d[k]
+        return loc,ret
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(Regex,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "Re:(%s)" % repr(self.pattern)
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class QuotedString(Token):
+    """Token for matching strings that are delimited by quoting characters.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, quoteChar, escChar=None, escQuote=None, multiline=False, unquoteResults=True, endQuoteChar=None):
+        """
+           Defined with the following parameters:
+            - quoteChar - string of one or more characters defining the quote delimiting string
+            - escChar - character to escape quotes, typically backslash (default=None)
+            - escQuote - special quote sequence to escape an embedded quote string (such as SQL's "" to escape an embedded ") (default=None)
+            - multiline - boolean indicating whether quotes can span multiple lines (default=C{False})
+            - unquoteResults - boolean indicating whether the matched text should be unquoted (default=C{True})
+            - endQuoteChar - string of one or more characters defining the end of the quote delimited string (default=C{None} => same as quoteChar)
+        """
+        super(QuotedString,self).__init__()
+
+        # remove white space from quote chars - wont work anyway
+        quoteChar = quoteChar.strip()
+        if len(quoteChar) == 0:
+            warnings.warn("quoteChar cannot be the empty string",SyntaxWarning,stacklevel=2)
+            raise SyntaxError()
+
+        if endQuoteChar is None:
+            endQuoteChar = quoteChar
+        else:
+            endQuoteChar = endQuoteChar.strip()
+            if len(endQuoteChar) == 0:
+                warnings.warn("endQuoteChar cannot be the empty string",SyntaxWarning,stacklevel=2)
+                raise SyntaxError()
+
+        self.quoteChar = quoteChar
+        self.quoteCharLen = len(quoteChar)
+        self.firstQuoteChar = quoteChar[0]
+        self.endQuoteChar = endQuoteChar
+        self.endQuoteCharLen = len(endQuoteChar)
+        self.escChar = escChar
+        self.escQuote = escQuote
+        self.unquoteResults = unquoteResults
+
+        if multiline:
+            self.flags = re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+            self.pattern = r'%s(?:[^%s%s]' % \
+                ( re.escape(self.quoteChar),
+                  _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.endQuoteChar[0]),
+                  (escChar is not None and _escapeRegexRangeChars(escChar) or '') )
+        else:
+            self.flags = 0
+            self.pattern = r'%s(?:[^%s\n\r%s]' % \
+                ( re.escape(self.quoteChar),
+                  _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.endQuoteChar[0]),
+                  (escChar is not None and _escapeRegexRangeChars(escChar) or '') )
+        if len(self.endQuoteChar) > 1:
+            self.pattern += (
+                '|(?:' + ')|(?:'.join("%s[^%s]" % (re.escape(self.endQuoteChar[:i]),
+                                               _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.endQuoteChar[i]))
+                                    for i in range(len(self.endQuoteChar)-1,0,-1)) + ')'
+                )
+        if escQuote:
+            self.pattern += (r'|(?:%s)' % re.escape(escQuote))
+        if escChar:
+            self.pattern += (r'|(?:%s.)' % re.escape(escChar))
+            self.escCharReplacePattern = re.escape(self.escChar)+"(.)"
+        self.pattern += (r')*%s' % re.escape(self.endQuoteChar))
+
+        try:
+            self.re = re.compile(self.pattern, self.flags)
+            self.reString = self.pattern
+        except sre_constants.error:
+            warnings.warn("invalid pattern (%s) passed to Regex" % self.pattern,
+                SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            raise
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        result = instring[loc] == self.firstQuoteChar and self.re.match(instring,loc) or None
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        ret = result.group()
+
+        if self.unquoteResults:
+
+            # strip off quotes
+            ret = ret[self.quoteCharLen:-self.endQuoteCharLen]
+
+            if isinstance(ret,basestring):
+                # replace escaped characters
+                if self.escChar:
+                    ret = re.sub(self.escCharReplacePattern,"\g<1>",ret)
+
+                # replace escaped quotes
+                if self.escQuote:
+                    ret = ret.replace(self.escQuote, self.endQuoteChar)
+
+        return loc, ret
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(QuotedString,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "quoted string, starting with %s ending with %s" % (self.quoteChar, self.endQuoteChar)
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class CharsNotIn(Token):
+    """Token for matching words composed of characters *not* in a given set.
+       Defined with string containing all disallowed characters, and an optional
+       minimum, maximum, and/or exact length.  The default value for C{min} is 1 (a
+       minimum value < 1 is not valid); the default values for C{max} and C{exact}
+       are 0, meaning no maximum or exact length restriction.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, notChars, min=1, max=0, exact=0 ):
+        super(CharsNotIn,self).__init__()
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.notChars = notChars
+
+        if min < 1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot specify a minimum length < 1; use Optional(CharsNotIn()) if zero-length char group is permitted")
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = ( self.minLen == 0 )
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if instring[loc] in self.notChars:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        notchars = self.notChars
+        maxlen = min( start+self.maxLen, len(instring) )
+        while loc < maxlen and \
+              (instring[loc] not in notchars):
+            loc += 1
+
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(CharsNotIn, self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            if len(self.notChars) > 4:
+                self.strRepr = "!W:(%s...)" % self.notChars[:4]
+            else:
+                self.strRepr = "!W:(%s)" % self.notChars
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+class White(Token):
+    """Special matching class for matching whitespace.  Normally, whitespace is ignored
+       by pyparsing grammars.  This class is included when some whitespace structures
+       are significant.  Define with a string containing the whitespace characters to be
+       matched; default is C{" \\t\\r\\n"}.  Also takes optional C{min}, C{max}, and C{exact} arguments,
+       as defined for the C{L{Word}} class."""
+    whiteStrs = {
+        " " : "<SPC>",
+        "\t": "<TAB>",
+        "\n": "<LF>",
+        "\r": "<CR>",
+        "\f": "<FF>",
+        }
+    def __init__(self, ws=" \t\r\n", min=1, max=0, exact=0):
+        super(White,self).__init__()
+        self.matchWhite = ws
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( "".join(c for c in self.whiteChars if c not in self.matchWhite) )
+        #~ self.leaveWhitespace()
+        self.name = ("".join(White.whiteStrs[c] for c in self.matchWhite))
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if not(instring[ loc ] in self.matchWhite):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        maxloc = start + self.maxLen
+        maxloc = min( maxloc, len(instring) )
+        while loc < maxloc and instring[loc] in self.matchWhite:
+            loc += 1
+
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+
+class _PositionToken(Token):
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(_PositionToken,self).__init__()
+        self.name=self.__class__.__name__
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+class GoToColumn(_PositionToken):
+    """Token to advance to a specific column of input text; useful for tabular report scraping."""
+    def __init__( self, colno ):
+        super(GoToColumn,self).__init__()
+        self.col = colno
+
+    def preParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        if col(loc,instring) != self.col:
+            instrlen = len(instring)
+            if self.ignoreExprs:
+                loc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+            while loc < instrlen and instring[loc].isspace() and col( loc, instring ) != self.col :
+                loc += 1
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        thiscol = col( loc, instring )
+        if thiscol > self.col:
+            raise ParseException( instring, loc, "Text not in expected column", self )
+        newloc = loc + self.col - thiscol
+        ret = instring[ loc: newloc ]
+        return newloc, ret
+
+class LineStart(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the beginning of a line within the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(LineStart,self).__init__()
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS.replace("\n","") )
+        self.errmsg = "Expected start of line"
+
+    def preParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        preloc = super(LineStart,self).preParse(instring,loc)
+        if instring[preloc] == "\n":
+            loc += 1
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if not( loc==0 or
+            (loc == self.preParse( instring, 0 )) or
+            (instring[loc-1] == "\n") ): #col(loc, instring) != 1:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+class LineEnd(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the end of a line within the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(LineEnd,self).__init__()
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS.replace("\n","") )
+        self.errmsg = "Expected end of line"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc<len(instring):
+            if instring[loc] == "\n":
+                return loc+1, "\n"
+            else:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        elif loc == len(instring):
+            return loc+1, []
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class StringStart(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the beginning of the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(StringStart,self).__init__()
+        self.errmsg = "Expected start of text"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc != 0:
+            # see if entire string up to here is just whitespace and ignoreables
+            if loc != self.preParse( instring, 0 ):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+class StringEnd(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the end of the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(StringEnd,self).__init__()
+        self.errmsg = "Expected end of text"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc < len(instring):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        elif loc == len(instring):
+            return loc+1, []
+        elif loc > len(instring):
+            return loc, []
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class WordStart(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if the current position is at the beginning of a Word, and
+       is not preceded by any character in a given set of C{wordChars}
+       (default=C{printables}). To emulate the C{\b} behavior of regular expressions,
+       use C{WordStart(alphanums)}. C{WordStart} will also match at the beginning of
+       the string being parsed, or at the beginning of a line.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, wordChars = printables):
+        super(WordStart,self).__init__()
+        self.wordChars = set(wordChars)
+        self.errmsg = "Not at the start of a word"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc != 0:
+            if (instring[loc-1] in self.wordChars or
+                instring[loc] not in self.wordChars):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+class WordEnd(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if the current position is at the end of a Word, and
+       is not followed by any character in a given set of C{wordChars}
+       (default=C{printables}). To emulate the C{\b} behavior of regular expressions,
+       use C{WordEnd(alphanums)}. C{WordEnd} will also match at the end of
+       the string being parsed, or at the end of a line.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, wordChars = printables):
+        super(WordEnd,self).__init__()
+        self.wordChars = set(wordChars)
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.errmsg = "Not at the end of a word"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        if instrlen>0 and loc<instrlen:
+            if (instring[loc] in self.wordChars or
+                instring[loc-1] not in self.wordChars):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class ParseExpression(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract subclass of ParserElement, for combining and post-processing parsed tokens."""
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = False ):
+        super(ParseExpression,self).__init__(savelist)
+        if isinstance( exprs, _generatorType ):
+            exprs = list(exprs)
+
+        if isinstance( exprs, basestring ):
+            self.exprs = [ Literal( exprs ) ]
+        elif isinstance( exprs, collections.Sequence ):
+            # if sequence of strings provided, wrap with Literal
+            if all(isinstance(expr, basestring) for expr in exprs):
+                exprs = map(Literal, exprs)
+            self.exprs = list(exprs)
+        else:
+            try:
+                self.exprs = list( exprs )
+            except TypeError:
+                self.exprs = [ exprs ]
+        self.callPreparse = False
+
+    def __getitem__( self, i ):
+        return self.exprs[i]
+
+    def append( self, other ):
+        self.exprs.append( other )
+        self.strRepr = None
+        return self
+
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        """Extends C{leaveWhitespace} defined in base class, and also invokes C{leaveWhitespace} on
+           all contained expressions."""
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.exprs = [ e.copy() for e in self.exprs ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.leaveWhitespace()
+        return self
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, Suppress ):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                super( ParseExpression, self).ignore( other )
+                for e in self.exprs:
+                    e.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        else:
+            super( ParseExpression, self).ignore( other )
+            for e in self.exprs:
+                e.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        return self
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(ParseExpression,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "%s:(%s)" % ( self.__class__.__name__, _ustr(self.exprs) )
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        super(ParseExpression,self).streamline()
+
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.streamline()
+
+        # collapse nested And's of the form And( And( And( a,b), c), d) to And( a,b,c,d )
+        # but only if there are no parse actions or resultsNames on the nested And's
+        # (likewise for Or's and MatchFirst's)
+        if ( len(self.exprs) == 2 ):
+            other = self.exprs[0]
+            if ( isinstance( other, self.__class__ ) and
+                  not(other.parseAction) and
+                  other.resultsName is None and
+                  not other.debug ):
+                self.exprs = other.exprs[:] + [ self.exprs[1] ]
+                self.strRepr = None
+                self.mayReturnEmpty |= other.mayReturnEmpty
+                self.mayIndexError  |= other.mayIndexError
+
+            other = self.exprs[-1]
+            if ( isinstance( other, self.__class__ ) and
+                  not(other.parseAction) and
+                  other.resultsName is None and
+                  not other.debug ):
+                self.exprs = self.exprs[:-1] + other.exprs[:]
+                self.strRepr = None
+                self.mayReturnEmpty |= other.mayReturnEmpty
+                self.mayIndexError  |= other.mayIndexError
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + _ustr(self)
+        
+        return self
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        ret = super(ParseExpression,self).setResultsName(name,listAllMatches)
+        return ret
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        tmp = validateTrace[:]+[self]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.validate(tmp)
+        self.checkRecursion( [] )
+        
+    def copy(self):
+        ret = super(ParseExpression,self).copy()
+        ret.exprs = [e.copy() for e in self.exprs]
+        return ret
+
+class And(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires all given C{ParseExpression}s to be found in the given order.
+       Expressions may be separated by whitespace.
+       May be constructed using the C{'+'} operator.
+    """
+
+    class _ErrorStop(Empty):
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            super(And._ErrorStop,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+            self.name = '-'
+            self.leaveWhitespace()
+
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = True ):
+        super(And,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( self.exprs[0].whiteChars )
+        self.skipWhitespace = self.exprs[0].skipWhitespace
+        self.callPreparse = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        # pass False as last arg to _parse for first element, since we already
+        # pre-parsed the string as part of our And pre-parsing
+        loc, resultlist = self.exprs[0]._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        errorStop = False
+        for e in self.exprs[1:]:
+            if isinstance(e, And._ErrorStop):
+                errorStop = True
+                continue
+            if errorStop:
+                try:
+                    loc, exprtokens = e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+                except ParseSyntaxException:
+                    raise
+                except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                    pe.__traceback__ = None
+                    raise ParseSyntaxException(pe)
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseSyntaxException( ParseException(instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self) )
+            else:
+                loc, exprtokens = e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+            if exprtokens or exprtokens.haskeys():
+                resultlist += exprtokens
+        return loc, resultlist
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = Literal( other )
+        return self.append( other ) #And( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+            if not e.mayReturnEmpty:
+                break
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class Or(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires that at least one C{ParseExpression} is found.
+       If two expressions match, the expression that matches the longest string will be used.
+       May be constructed using the C{'^'} operator.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = False ):
+        super(Or,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        maxExcLoc = -1
+        maxException = None
+        matches = []
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            try:
+                loc2 = e.tryParse( instring, loc )
+            except ParseException as err:
+                err.__traceback__ = None
+                if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = err
+                    maxExcLoc = err.loc
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(instring) > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = ParseException(instring,len(instring),e.errmsg,self)
+                    maxExcLoc = len(instring)
+            else:
+                # save match among all matches, to retry longest to shortest
+                matches.append((loc2, e))
+
+        if matches:
+            matches.sort(key=lambda x: -x[0])
+            for _,e in matches:
+                try:
+                    return e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+                except ParseException as err:
+                    err.__traceback__ = None
+                    if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                        maxException = err
+                        maxExcLoc = err.loc
+
+        if maxException is not None:
+            maxException.msg = self.errmsg
+            raise maxException
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, "no defined alternatives to match", self)
+
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        return self.append( other ) #Or( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " ^ ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+
+class MatchFirst(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires that at least one C{ParseExpression} is found.
+       If two expressions match, the first one listed is the one that will match.
+       May be constructed using the C{'|'} operator.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = False ):
+        super(MatchFirst,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        maxExcLoc = -1
+        maxException = None
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            try:
+                ret = e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+                return ret
+            except ParseException as err:
+                if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = err
+                    maxExcLoc = err.loc
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(instring) > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = ParseException(instring,len(instring),e.errmsg,self)
+                    maxExcLoc = len(instring)
+
+        # only got here if no expression matched, raise exception for match that made it the furthest
+        else:
+            if maxException is not None:
+                maxException.msg = self.errmsg
+                raise maxException
+            else:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, "no defined alternatives to match", self)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        return self.append( other ) #MatchFirst( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " | ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+
+class Each(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires all given C{ParseExpression}s to be found, but in any order.
+       Expressions may be separated by whitespace.
+       May be constructed using the C{'&'} operator.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = True ):
+        super(Each,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.initExprGroups = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.initExprGroups:
+            self.opt1map = dict((id(e.expr),e) for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,Optional))
+            opt1 = [ e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,Optional) ]
+            opt2 = [ e for e in self.exprs if e.mayReturnEmpty and not isinstance(e,Optional)]
+            self.optionals = opt1 + opt2
+            self.multioptionals = [ e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,ZeroOrMore) ]
+            self.multirequired = [ e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,OneOrMore) ]
+            self.required = [ e for e in self.exprs if not isinstance(e,(Optional,ZeroOrMore,OneOrMore)) ]
+            self.required += self.multirequired
+            self.initExprGroups = False
+        tmpLoc = loc
+        tmpReqd = self.required[:]
+        tmpOpt  = self.optionals[:]
+        matchOrder = []
+
+        keepMatching = True
+        while keepMatching:
+            tmpExprs = tmpReqd + tmpOpt + self.multioptionals + self.multirequired
+            failed = []
+            for e in tmpExprs:
+                try:
+                    tmpLoc = e.tryParse( instring, tmpLoc )
+                except ParseException:
+                    failed.append(e)
+                else:
+                    matchOrder.append(self.opt1map.get(id(e),e))
+                    if e in tmpReqd:
+                        tmpReqd.remove(e)
+                    elif e in tmpOpt:
+                        tmpOpt.remove(e)
+            if len(failed) == len(tmpExprs):
+                keepMatching = False
+
+        if tmpReqd:
+            missing = ", ".join(_ustr(e) for e in tmpReqd)
+            raise ParseException(instring,loc,"Missing one or more required elements (%s)" % missing )
+
+        # add any unmatched Optionals, in case they have default values defined
+        matchOrder += [e for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,Optional) and e.expr in tmpOpt]
+
+        resultlist = []
+        for e in matchOrder:
+            loc,results = e._parse(instring,loc,doActions)
+            resultlist.append(results)
+
+        finalResults = ParseResults([])
+        for r in resultlist:
+            dups = {}
+            for k in r.keys():
+                if k in finalResults:
+                    tmp = ParseResults(finalResults[k])
+                    tmp += ParseResults(r[k])
+                    dups[k] = tmp
+            finalResults += ParseResults(r)
+            for k,v in dups.items():
+                finalResults[k] = v
+        return loc, finalResults
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " & ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+
+class ParseElementEnhance(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract subclass of C{ParserElement}, for combining and post-processing parsed tokens."""
+    def __init__( self, expr, savelist=False ):
+        super(ParseElementEnhance,self).__init__(savelist)
+        if isinstance( expr, basestring ):
+            expr = Literal(expr)
+        self.expr = expr
+        self.strRepr = None
+        if expr is not None:
+            self.mayIndexError = expr.mayIndexError
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = expr.mayReturnEmpty
+            self.setWhitespaceChars( expr.whiteChars )
+            self.skipWhitespace = expr.skipWhitespace
+            self.saveAsList = expr.saveAsList
+            self.callPreparse = expr.callPreparse
+            self.ignoreExprs.extend(expr.ignoreExprs)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            return self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        else:
+            raise ParseException("",loc,self.errmsg,self)
+
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.expr = self.expr.copy()
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.leaveWhitespace()
+        return self
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, Suppress ):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                super( ParseElementEnhance, self).ignore( other )
+                if self.expr is not None:
+                    self.expr.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        else:
+            super( ParseElementEnhance, self).ignore( other )
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        return self
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        super(ParseElementEnhance,self).streamline()
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.streamline()
+        return self
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        if self in parseElementList:
+            raise RecursiveGrammarException( parseElementList+[self] )
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        tmp = validateTrace[:]+[self]
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.validate(tmp)
+        self.checkRecursion( [] )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(ParseElementEnhance,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None and self.expr is not None:
+            self.strRepr = "%s:(%s)" % ( self.__class__.__name__, _ustr(self.expr) )
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class FollowedBy(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Lookahead matching of the given parse expression.  C{FollowedBy}
+    does *not* advance the parsing position within the input string, it only
+    verifies that the specified parse expression matches at the current
+    position.  C{FollowedBy} always returns a null token list."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(FollowedBy,self).__init__(expr)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        self.expr.tryParse( instring, loc )
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class NotAny(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Lookahead to disallow matching with the given parse expression.  C{NotAny}
+    does *not* advance the parsing position within the input string, it only
+    verifies that the specified parse expression does *not* match at the current
+    position.  Also, C{NotAny} does *not* skip over leading whitespace. C{NotAny}
+    always returns a null token list.  May be constructed using the '~' operator."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(NotAny,self).__init__(expr)
+        #~ self.leaveWhitespace()
+        self.skipWhitespace = False  # do NOT use self.leaveWhitespace(), don't want to propagate to exprs
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.errmsg = "Found unwanted token, "+_ustr(self.expr)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        try:
+            self.expr.tryParse( instring, loc )
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "~{" + _ustr(self.expr) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class ZeroOrMore(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Optional repetition of zero or more of the given expression."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(ZeroOrMore,self).__init__(expr)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        tokens = []
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+            hasIgnoreExprs = ( len(self.ignoreExprs) > 0 )
+            while 1:
+                if hasIgnoreExprs:
+                    preloc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+                else:
+                    preloc = loc
+                loc, tmptokens = self.expr._parse( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                if tmptokens or tmptokens.haskeys():
+                    tokens += tmptokens
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            pass
+
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "[" + _ustr(self.expr) + "]..."
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        ret = super(ZeroOrMore,self).setResultsName(name,listAllMatches)
+        ret.saveAsList = True
+        return ret
+
+
+class OneOrMore(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Repetition of one or more of the given expression."""
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        # must be at least one
+        loc, tokens = self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        try:
+            hasIgnoreExprs = ( len(self.ignoreExprs) > 0 )
+            while 1:
+                if hasIgnoreExprs:
+                    preloc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+                else:
+                    preloc = loc
+                loc, tmptokens = self.expr._parse( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                if tmptokens or tmptokens.haskeys():
+                    tokens += tmptokens
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            pass
+
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + _ustr(self.expr) + "}..."
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        ret = super(OneOrMore,self).setResultsName(name,listAllMatches)
+        ret.saveAsList = True
+        return ret
+
+class _NullToken(object):
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return False
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ""
+
+_optionalNotMatched = _NullToken()
+class Optional(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Optional matching of the given expression.
+       A default return string can also be specified, if the optional expression
+       is not found.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, expr, default=_optionalNotMatched ):
+        super(Optional,self).__init__( expr, savelist=False )
+        self.defaultValue = default
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            if self.defaultValue is not _optionalNotMatched:
+                if self.expr.resultsName:
+                    tokens = ParseResults([ self.defaultValue ])
+                    tokens[self.expr.resultsName] = self.defaultValue
+                else:
+                    tokens = [ self.defaultValue ]
+            else:
+                tokens = []
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "[" + _ustr(self.expr) + "]"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class SkipTo(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Token for skipping over all undefined text until the matched expression is found.
+       If C{include} is set to true, the matched expression is also parsed (the skipped text
+       and matched expression are returned as a 2-element list).  The C{ignore}
+       argument is used to define grammars (typically quoted strings and comments) that
+       might contain false matches.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, other, include=False, ignore=None, failOn=None ):
+        super( SkipTo, self ).__init__( other )
+        self.ignoreExpr = ignore
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.includeMatch = include
+        self.asList = False
+        if failOn is not None and isinstance(failOn, basestring):
+            self.failOn = Literal(failOn)
+        else:
+            self.failOn = failOn
+        self.errmsg = "No match found for "+_ustr(self.expr)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        startLoc = loc
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        expr = self.expr
+        failParse = False
+        while loc <= instrlen:
+            try:
+                if self.failOn:
+                    try:
+                        self.failOn.tryParse(instring, loc)
+                    except ParseBaseException:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        failParse = True
+                        raise ParseException(instring, loc, "Found expression " + str(self.failOn))
+                    failParse = False
+                if self.ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    while 1:
+                        try:
+                            loc = self.ignoreExpr.tryParse(instring,loc)
+                            # print("found ignoreExpr, advance to", loc)
+                        except ParseBaseException:
+                            break
+                expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions=False, callPreParse=False )
+                skipText = instring[startLoc:loc]
+                if self.includeMatch:
+                    loc,mat = expr._parse(instring,loc,doActions,callPreParse=False)
+                    if mat:
+                        skipRes = ParseResults( skipText )
+                        skipRes += mat
+                        return loc, [ skipRes ]
+                    else:
+                        return loc, [ skipText ]
+                else:
+                    return loc, [ skipText ]
+            except (ParseException,IndexError):
+                if failParse:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    loc += 1
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class Forward(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Forward declaration of an expression to be defined later -
+       used for recursive grammars, such as algebraic infix notation.
+       When the expression is known, it is assigned to the C{Forward} variable using the '<<' operator.
+
+       Note: take care when assigning to C{Forward} not to overlook precedence of operators.
+       Specifically, '|' has a lower precedence than '<<', so that::
+          fwdExpr << a | b | c
+       will actually be evaluated as::
+          (fwdExpr << a) | b | c
+       thereby leaving b and c out as parseable alternatives.  It is recommended that you
+       explicitly group the values inserted into the C{Forward}::
+          fwdExpr << (a | b | c)
+       Converting to use the '<<=' operator instead will avoid this problem.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, other=None ):
+        super(Forward,self).__init__( other, savelist=False )
+
+    def __lshift__( self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass(other)
+        self.expr = other
+        self.strRepr = None
+        self.mayIndexError = self.expr.mayIndexError
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = self.expr.mayReturnEmpty
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( self.expr.whiteChars )
+        self.skipWhitespace = self.expr.skipWhitespace
+        self.saveAsList = self.expr.saveAsList
+        self.ignoreExprs.extend(self.expr.ignoreExprs)
+        return self
+        
+    def __ilshift__(self, other):
+        return self << other
+    
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        return self
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamlined = True
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.streamline()
+        return self
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        if self not in validateTrace:
+            tmp = validateTrace[:]+[self]
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.validate(tmp)
+        self.checkRecursion([])
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+        return self.__class__.__name__ + ": ..."
+
+        # stubbed out for now - creates awful memory and perf issues
+        self._revertClass = self.__class__
+        self.__class__ = _ForwardNoRecurse
+        try:
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                retString = _ustr(self.expr)
+            else:
+                retString = "None"
+        finally:
+            self.__class__ = self._revertClass
+        return self.__class__.__name__ + ": " + retString
+
+    def copy(self):
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            return super(Forward,self).copy()
+        else:
+            ret = Forward()
+            ret <<= self
+            return ret
+
+class _ForwardNoRecurse(Forward):
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return "..."
+
+class TokenConverter(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Abstract subclass of C{ParseExpression}, for converting parsed results."""
+    def __init__( self, expr, savelist=False ):
+        super(TokenConverter,self).__init__( expr )#, savelist )
+        self.saveAsList = False
+
+class Upcase(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to upper case all matching tokens."""
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        super(Upcase,self).__init__(*args)
+        warnings.warn("Upcase class is deprecated, use upcaseTokens parse action instead",
+                       DeprecationWarning,stacklevel=2)
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return list(map( str.upper, tokenlist ))
+
+
+class Combine(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to concatenate all matching tokens to a single string.
+       By default, the matching patterns must also be contiguous in the input string;
+       this can be disabled by specifying C{'adjacent=False'} in the constructor.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, expr, joinString="", adjacent=True ):
+        super(Combine,self).__init__( expr )
+        # suppress whitespace-stripping in contained parse expressions, but re-enable it on the Combine itself
+        if adjacent:
+            self.leaveWhitespace()
+        self.adjacent = adjacent
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.joinString = joinString
+        self.callPreparse = True
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        if self.adjacent:
+            ParserElement.ignore(self, other)
+        else:
+            super( Combine, self).ignore( other )
+        return self
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        retToks = tokenlist.copy()
+        del retToks[:]
+        retToks += ParseResults([ "".join(tokenlist._asStringList(self.joinString)) ], modal=self.modalResults)
+
+        if self.resultsName and retToks.haskeys():
+            return [ retToks ]
+        else:
+            return retToks
+
+class Group(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to return the matched tokens as a list - useful for returning tokens of C{L{ZeroOrMore}} and C{L{OneOrMore}} expressions."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(Group,self).__init__( expr )
+        self.saveAsList = True
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return [ tokenlist ]
+
+class Dict(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to return a repetitive expression as a list, but also as a dictionary.
+       Each element can also be referenced using the first token in the expression as its key.
+       Useful for tabular report scraping when the first column can be used as a item key.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(Dict,self).__init__( expr )
+        self.saveAsList = True
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        for i,tok in enumerate(tokenlist):
+            if len(tok) == 0:
+                continue
+            ikey = tok[0]
+            if isinstance(ikey,int):
+                ikey = _ustr(tok[0]).strip()
+            if len(tok)==1:
+                tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset("",i)
+            elif len(tok)==2 and not isinstance(tok[1],ParseResults):
+                tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(tok[1],i)
+            else:
+                dictvalue = tok.copy() #ParseResults(i)
+                del dictvalue[0]
+                if len(dictvalue)!= 1 or (isinstance(dictvalue,ParseResults) and dictvalue.haskeys()):
+                    tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(dictvalue,i)
+                else:
+                    tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(dictvalue[0],i)
+
+        if self.resultsName:
+            return [ tokenlist ]
+        else:
+            return tokenlist
+
+
+class Suppress(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter for ignoring the results of a parsed expression."""
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return []
+
+    def suppress( self ):
+        return self
+
+
+class OnlyOnce(object):
+    """Wrapper for parse actions, to ensure they are only called once."""
+    def __init__(self, methodCall):
+        self.callable = _trim_arity(methodCall)
+        self.called = False
+    def __call__(self,s,l,t):
+        if not self.called:
+            results = self.callable(s,l,t)
+            self.called = True
+            return results
+        raise ParseException(s,l,"")
+    def reset(self):
+        self.called = False
+
+def traceParseAction(f):
+    """Decorator for debugging parse actions."""
+    f = _trim_arity(f)
+    def z(*paArgs):
+        thisFunc = f.func_name
+        s,l,t = paArgs[-3:]
+        if len(paArgs)>3:
+            thisFunc = paArgs[0].__class__.__name__ + '.' + thisFunc
+        sys.stderr.write( ">>entering %s(line: '%s', %d, %s)\n" % (thisFunc,line(l,s),l,t) )
+        try:
+            ret = f(*paArgs)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            sys.stderr.write( "<<leaving %s (exception: %s)\n" % (thisFunc,exc) )
+            raise
+        sys.stderr.write( "<<leaving %s (ret: %s)\n" % (thisFunc,ret) )
+        return ret
+    try:
+        z.__name__ = f.__name__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    return z
+
+#
+# global helpers
+#
+def delimitedList( expr, delim=",", combine=False ):
+    """Helper to define a delimited list of expressions - the delimiter defaults to ','.
+       By default, the list elements and delimiters can have intervening whitespace, and
+       comments, but this can be overridden by passing C{combine=True} in the constructor.
+       If C{combine} is set to C{True}, the matching tokens are returned as a single token
+       string, with the delimiters included; otherwise, the matching tokens are returned
+       as a list of tokens, with the delimiters suppressed.
+    """
+    dlName = _ustr(expr)+" ["+_ustr(delim)+" "+_ustr(expr)+"]..."
+    if combine:
+        return Combine( expr + ZeroOrMore( delim + expr ) ).setName(dlName)
+    else:
+        return ( expr + ZeroOrMore( Suppress( delim ) + expr ) ).setName(dlName)
+
+def countedArray( expr, intExpr=None ):
+    """Helper to define a counted list of expressions.
+       This helper defines a pattern of the form::
+           integer expr expr expr...
+       where the leading integer tells how many expr expressions follow.
+       The matched tokens returns the array of expr tokens as a list - the leading count token is suppressed.
+    """
+    arrayExpr = Forward()
+    def countFieldParseAction(s,l,t):
+        n = t[0]
+        arrayExpr << (n and Group(And([expr]*n)) or Group(empty))
+        return []
+    if intExpr is None:
+        intExpr = Word(nums).setParseAction(lambda t:int(t[0]))
+    else:
+        intExpr = intExpr.copy()
+    intExpr.setName("arrayLen")
+    intExpr.addParseAction(countFieldParseAction, callDuringTry=True)
+    return ( intExpr + arrayExpr )
+
+def _flatten(L):
+    ret = []
+    for i in L:
+        if isinstance(i,list):
+            ret.extend(_flatten(i))
+        else:
+            ret.append(i)
+    return ret
+
+def matchPreviousLiteral(expr):
+    """Helper to define an expression that is indirectly defined from
+       the tokens matched in a previous expression, that is, it looks
+       for a 'repeat' of a previous expression.  For example::
+           first = Word(nums)
+           second = matchPreviousLiteral(first)
+           matchExpr = first + ":" + second
+       will match C{"1:1"}, but not C{"1:2"}.  Because this matches a
+       previous literal, will also match the leading C{"1:1"} in C{"1:10"}.
+       If this is not desired, use C{matchPreviousExpr}.
+       Do *not* use with packrat parsing enabled.
+    """
+    rep = Forward()
+    def copyTokenToRepeater(s,l,t):
+        if t:
+            if len(t) == 1:
+                rep << t[0]
+            else:
+                # flatten t tokens
+                tflat = _flatten(t.asList())
+                rep << And( [ Literal(tt) for tt in tflat ] )
+        else:
+            rep << Empty()
+    expr.addParseAction(copyTokenToRepeater, callDuringTry=True)
+    return rep
+
+def matchPreviousExpr(expr):
+    """Helper to define an expression that is indirectly defined from
+       the tokens matched in a previous expression, that is, it looks
+       for a 'repeat' of a previous expression.  For example::
+           first = Word(nums)
+           second = matchPreviousExpr(first)
+           matchExpr = first + ":" + second
+       will match C{"1:1"}, but not C{"1:2"}.  Because this matches by
+       expressions, will *not* match the leading C{"1:1"} in C{"1:10"};
+       the expressions are evaluated first, and then compared, so
+       C{"1"} is compared with C{"10"}.
+       Do *not* use with packrat parsing enabled.
+    """
+    rep = Forward()
+    e2 = expr.copy()
+    rep <<= e2
+    def copyTokenToRepeater(s,l,t):
+        matchTokens = _flatten(t.asList())
+        def mustMatchTheseTokens(s,l,t):
+            theseTokens = _flatten(t.asList())
+            if  theseTokens != matchTokens:
+                raise ParseException("",0,"")
+        rep.setParseAction( mustMatchTheseTokens, callDuringTry=True )
+    expr.addParseAction(copyTokenToRepeater, callDuringTry=True)
+    return rep
+
+def _escapeRegexRangeChars(s):
+    #~  escape these chars: ^-]
+    for c in r"\^-]":
+        s = s.replace(c,_bslash+c)
+    s = s.replace("\n",r"\n")
+    s = s.replace("\t",r"\t")
+    return _ustr(s)
+
+def oneOf( strs, caseless=False, useRegex=True ):
+    """Helper to quickly define a set of alternative Literals, and makes sure to do
+       longest-first testing when there is a conflict, regardless of the input order,
+       but returns a C{L{MatchFirst}} for best performance.
+
+       Parameters:
+        - strs - a string of space-delimited literals, or a list of string literals
+        - caseless - (default=False) - treat all literals as caseless
+        - useRegex - (default=True) - as an optimization, will generate a Regex
+          object; otherwise, will generate a C{MatchFirst} object (if C{caseless=True}, or
+          if creating a C{Regex} raises an exception)
+    """
+    if caseless:
+        isequal = ( lambda a,b: a.upper() == b.upper() )
+        masks = ( lambda a,b: b.upper().startswith(a.upper()) )
+        parseElementClass = CaselessLiteral
+    else:
+        isequal = ( lambda a,b: a == b )
+        masks = ( lambda a,b: b.startswith(a) )
+        parseElementClass = Literal
+
+    symbols = []
+    if isinstance(strs,basestring):
+        symbols = strs.split()
+    elif isinstance(strs, collections.Sequence):
+        symbols = list(strs[:])
+    elif isinstance(strs, _generatorType):
+        symbols = list(strs)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn("Invalid argument to oneOf, expected string or list",
+                SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    if not symbols:
+        return NoMatch()
+
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(symbols)-1:
+        cur = symbols[i]
+        for j,other in enumerate(symbols[i+1:]):
+            if ( isequal(other, cur) ):
+                del symbols[i+j+1]
+                break
+            elif ( masks(cur, other) ):
+                del symbols[i+j+1]
+                symbols.insert(i,other)
+                cur = other
+                break
+        else:
+            i += 1
+
+    if not caseless and useRegex:
+        #~ print (strs,"->", "|".join( [ _escapeRegexChars(sym) for sym in symbols] ))
+        try:
+            if len(symbols)==len("".join(symbols)):
+                return Regex( "[%s]" % "".join(_escapeRegexRangeChars(sym) for sym in symbols) )
+            else:
+                return Regex( "|".join(re.escape(sym) for sym in symbols) )
+        except:
+            warnings.warn("Exception creating Regex for oneOf, building MatchFirst",
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+
+    # last resort, just use MatchFirst
+    return MatchFirst( [ parseElementClass(sym) for sym in symbols ] )
+
+def dictOf( key, value ):
+    """Helper to easily and clearly define a dictionary by specifying the respective patterns
+       for the key and value.  Takes care of defining the C{L{Dict}}, C{L{ZeroOrMore}}, and C{L{Group}} tokens
+       in the proper order.  The key pattern can include delimiting markers or punctuation,
+       as long as they are suppressed, thereby leaving the significant key text.  The value
+       pattern can include named results, so that the C{Dict} results can include named token
+       fields.
+    """
+    return Dict( ZeroOrMore( Group ( key + value ) ) )
+
+def originalTextFor(expr, asString=True):
+    """Helper to return the original, untokenized text for a given expression.  Useful to
+       restore the parsed fields of an HTML start tag into the raw tag text itself, or to
+       revert separate tokens with intervening whitespace back to the original matching
+       input text. Simpler to use than the parse action C{L{keepOriginalText}}, and does not
+       require the inspect module to chase up the call stack.  By default, returns a 
+       string containing the original parsed text.  
+       
+       If the optional C{asString} argument is passed as C{False}, then the return value is a 
+       C{L{ParseResults}} containing any results names that were originally matched, and a 
+       single token containing the original matched text from the input string.  So if 
+       the expression passed to C{L{originalTextFor}} contains expressions with defined
+       results names, you must set C{asString} to C{False} if you want to preserve those
+       results name values."""
+    locMarker = Empty().setParseAction(lambda s,loc,t: loc)
+    endlocMarker = locMarker.copy()
+    endlocMarker.callPreparse = False
+    matchExpr = locMarker("_original_start") + expr + endlocMarker("_original_end")
+    if asString:
+        extractText = lambda s,l,t: s[t._original_start:t._original_end]
+    else:
+        def extractText(s,l,t):
+            del t[:]
+            t.insert(0, s[t._original_start:t._original_end])
+            del t["_original_start"]
+            del t["_original_end"]
+    matchExpr.setParseAction(extractText)
+    return matchExpr
+
+def ungroup(expr): 
+    """Helper to undo pyparsing's default grouping of And expressions, even
+       if all but one are non-empty."""
+    return TokenConverter(expr).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0])
+
+def locatedExpr(expr):
+    """Helper to decorate a returned token with its starting and ending locations in the input string.
+       This helper adds the following results names:
+        - locn_start = location where matched expression begins
+        - locn_end = location where matched expression ends
+        - value = the actual parsed results
+
+       Be careful if the input text contains C{<TAB>} characters, you may want to call
+       C{L{ParserElement.parseWithTabs}}
+    """
+    locator = Empty().setParseAction(lambda s,l,t: l)
+    return Group(locator("locn_start") + expr("value") + locator.copy().leaveWhitespace()("locn_end"))
+
+
+# convenience constants for positional expressions
+empty       = Empty().setName("empty")
+lineStart   = LineStart().setName("lineStart")
+lineEnd     = LineEnd().setName("lineEnd")
+stringStart = StringStart().setName("stringStart")
+stringEnd   = StringEnd().setName("stringEnd")
+
+_escapedPunc = Word( _bslash, r"\[]-*.$+^?()~ ", exact=2 ).setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:t[0][1])
+_escapedHexChar = Regex(r"\\0?[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:unichr(int(t[0].lstrip(r'\0x'),16)))
+_escapedOctChar = Regex(r"\\0[0-7]+").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:unichr(int(t[0][1:],8)))
+_singleChar = _escapedPunc | _escapedHexChar | _escapedOctChar | Word(printables, excludeChars=r'\]', exact=1) | Regex(r"\w", re.UNICODE)
+_charRange = Group(_singleChar + Suppress("-") + _singleChar)
+_reBracketExpr = Literal("[") + Optional("^").setResultsName("negate") + Group( OneOrMore( _charRange | _singleChar ) ).setResultsName("body") + "]"
+
+def srange(s):
+    r"""Helper to easily define string ranges for use in Word construction.  Borrows
+       syntax from regexp '[]' string range definitions::
+          srange("[0-9]")   -> "0123456789"
+          srange("[a-z]")   -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+          srange("[a-z$_]") -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz$_"
+       The input string must be enclosed in []'s, and the returned string is the expanded
+       character set joined into a single string.
+       The values enclosed in the []'s may be::
+          a single character
+          an escaped character with a leading backslash (such as \- or \])
+          an escaped hex character with a leading '\x' (\x21, which is a '!' character) 
+            (\0x## is also supported for backwards compatibility) 
+          an escaped octal character with a leading '\0' (\041, which is a '!' character)
+          a range of any of the above, separated by a dash ('a-z', etc.)
+          any combination of the above ('aeiouy', 'a-zA-Z0-9_$', etc.)
+    """
+    _expanded = lambda p: p if not isinstance(p,ParseResults) else ''.join(unichr(c) for c in range(ord(p[0]),ord(p[1])+1))
+    try:
+        return "".join(_expanded(part) for part in _reBracketExpr.parseString(s).body)
+    except:
+        return ""
+
+def matchOnlyAtCol(n):
+    """Helper method for defining parse actions that require matching at a specific
+       column in the input text.
+    """
+    def verifyCol(strg,locn,toks):
+        if col(locn,strg) != n:
+            raise ParseException(strg,locn,"matched token not at column %d" % n)
+    return verifyCol
+
+def replaceWith(replStr):
+    """Helper method for common parse actions that simply return a literal value.  Especially
+       useful when used with C{L{transformString<ParserElement.transformString>}()}.
+    """
+    #def _replFunc(*args):
+    #    return [replStr]
+    #return _replFunc
+    return functools.partial(next, itertools.repeat([replStr]))
+
+def removeQuotes(s,l,t):
+    """Helper parse action for removing quotation marks from parsed quoted strings.
+       To use, add this parse action to quoted string using::
+         quotedString.setParseAction( removeQuotes )
+    """
+    return t[0][1:-1]
+
+def upcaseTokens(s,l,t):
+    """Helper parse action to convert tokens to upper case."""
+    return [ tt.upper() for tt in map(_ustr,t) ]
+
+def downcaseTokens(s,l,t):
+    """Helper parse action to convert tokens to lower case."""
+    return [ tt.lower() for tt in map(_ustr,t) ]
+
+def keepOriginalText(s,startLoc,t):
+    """DEPRECATED - use new helper method C{L{originalTextFor}}.
+       Helper parse action to preserve original parsed text,
+       overriding any nested parse actions."""
+    try:
+        endloc = getTokensEndLoc()
+    except ParseException:
+        raise ParseFatalException("incorrect usage of keepOriginalText - may only be called as a parse action")
+    del t[:]
+    t += ParseResults(s[startLoc:endloc])
+    return t
+
+def getTokensEndLoc():
+    """Method to be called from within a parse action to determine the end
+       location of the parsed tokens."""
+    import inspect
+    fstack = inspect.stack()
+    try:
+        # search up the stack (through intervening argument normalizers) for correct calling routine
+        for f in fstack[2:]:
+            if f[3] == "_parseNoCache":
+                endloc = f[0].f_locals["loc"]
+                return endloc
+        else:
+            raise ParseFatalException("incorrect usage of getTokensEndLoc - may only be called from within a parse action")
+    finally:
+        del fstack
+
+def _makeTags(tagStr, xml):
+    """Internal helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions, given a tag name"""
+    if isinstance(tagStr,basestring):
+        resname = tagStr
+        tagStr = Keyword(tagStr, caseless=not xml)
+    else:
+        resname = tagStr.name
+
+    tagAttrName = Word(alphas,alphanums+"_-:")
+    if (xml):
+        tagAttrValue = dblQuotedString.copy().setParseAction( removeQuotes )
+        openTag = Suppress("<") + tagStr("tag") + \
+                Dict(ZeroOrMore(Group( tagAttrName + Suppress("=") + tagAttrValue ))) + \
+                Optional("/",default=[False]).setResultsName("empty").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:t[0]=='/') + Suppress(">")
+    else:
+        printablesLessRAbrack = "".join(c for c in printables if c not in ">")
+        tagAttrValue = quotedString.copy().setParseAction( removeQuotes ) | Word(printablesLessRAbrack)
+        openTag = Suppress("<") + tagStr("tag") + \
+                Dict(ZeroOrMore(Group( tagAttrName.setParseAction(downcaseTokens) + \
+                Optional( Suppress("=") + tagAttrValue ) ))) + \
+                Optional("/",default=[False]).setResultsName("empty").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:t[0]=='/') + Suppress(">")
+    closeTag = Combine(_L("</") + tagStr + ">")
+
+    openTag = openTag.setResultsName("start"+"".join(resname.replace(":"," ").title().split())).setName("<%s>" % tagStr)
+    closeTag = closeTag.setResultsName("end"+"".join(resname.replace(":"," ").title().split())).setName("</%s>" % tagStr)
+    openTag.tag = resname
+    closeTag.tag = resname
+    return openTag, closeTag
+
+def makeHTMLTags(tagStr):
+    """Helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions for HTML, given a tag name"""
+    return _makeTags( tagStr, False )
+
+def makeXMLTags(tagStr):
+    """Helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions for XML, given a tag name"""
+    return _makeTags( tagStr, True )
+
+def withAttribute(*args,**attrDict):
+    """Helper to create a validating parse action to be used with start tags created
+       with C{L{makeXMLTags}} or C{L{makeHTMLTags}}. Use C{withAttribute} to qualify a starting tag
+       with a required attribute value, to avoid false matches on common tags such as
+       C{<TD>} or C{<DIV>}.
+
+       Call C{withAttribute} with a series of attribute names and values. Specify the list
+       of filter attributes names and values as:
+        - keyword arguments, as in C{(align="right")}, or
+        - as an explicit dict with C{**} operator, when an attribute name is also a Python
+          reserved word, as in C{**{"class":"Customer", "align":"right"}}
+        - a list of name-value tuples, as in ( ("ns1:class", "Customer"), ("ns2:align","right") )
+       For attribute names with a namespace prefix, you must use the second form.  Attribute
+       names are matched insensitive to upper/lower case.
+       
+       If just testing for C{class} (with or without a namespace), use C{L{withClass}}.
+
+       To verify that the attribute exists, but without specifying a value, pass
+       C{withAttribute.ANY_VALUE} as the value.
+       """
+    if args:
+        attrs = args[:]
+    else:
+        attrs = attrDict.items()
+    attrs = [(k,v) for k,v in attrs]
+    def pa(s,l,tokens):
+        for attrName,attrValue in attrs:
+            if attrName not in tokens:
+                raise ParseException(s,l,"no matching attribute " + attrName)
+            if attrValue != withAttribute.ANY_VALUE and tokens[attrName] != attrValue:
+                raise ParseException(s,l,"attribute '%s' has value '%s', must be '%s'" %
+                                            (attrName, tokens[attrName], attrValue))
+    return pa
+withAttribute.ANY_VALUE = object()
+
+def withClass(classname, namespace=''):
+    """Simplified version of C{L{withAttribute}} when matching on a div class - made
+       difficult because C{class} is a reserved word in Python.
+       """
+    classattr = "%s:class" % namespace if namespace else "class"
+    return withAttribute(**{classattr : classname})        
+
+opAssoc = _Constants()
+opAssoc.LEFT = object()
+opAssoc.RIGHT = object()
+
+def infixNotation( baseExpr, opList, lpar=Suppress('('), rpar=Suppress(')') ):
+    """Helper method for constructing grammars of expressions made up of
+       operators working in a precedence hierarchy.  Operators may be unary or
+       binary, left- or right-associative.  Parse actions can also be attached
+       to operator expressions.
+
+       Parameters:
+        - baseExpr - expression representing the most basic element for the nested
+        - opList - list of tuples, one for each operator precedence level in the
+          expression grammar; each tuple is of the form
+          (opExpr, numTerms, rightLeftAssoc, parseAction), where:
+           - opExpr is the pyparsing expression for the operator;
+              may also be a string, which will be converted to a Literal;
+              if numTerms is 3, opExpr is a tuple of two expressions, for the
+              two operators separating the 3 terms
+           - numTerms is the number of terms for this operator (must
+              be 1, 2, or 3)
+           - rightLeftAssoc is the indicator whether the operator is
+              right or left associative, using the pyparsing-defined
+              constants C{opAssoc.RIGHT} and C{opAssoc.LEFT}.
+           - parseAction is the parse action to be associated with
+              expressions matching this operator expression (the
+              parse action tuple member may be omitted)
+        - lpar - expression for matching left-parentheses (default=Suppress('('))
+        - rpar - expression for matching right-parentheses (default=Suppress(')'))
+    """
+    ret = Forward()
+    lastExpr = baseExpr | ( lpar + ret + rpar )
+    for i,operDef in enumerate(opList):
+        opExpr,arity,rightLeftAssoc,pa = (operDef + (None,))[:4]
+        if arity == 3:
+            if opExpr is None or len(opExpr) != 2:
+                raise ValueError("if numterms=3, opExpr must be a tuple or list of two expressions")
+            opExpr1, opExpr2 = opExpr
+        thisExpr = Forward()#.setName("expr%d" % i)
+        if rightLeftAssoc == opAssoc.LEFT:
+            if arity == 1:
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( opExpr ) )
+            elif arity == 2:
+                if opExpr is not None:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr + lastExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( opExpr + lastExpr ) )
+                else:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr+lastExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore(lastExpr) )
+            elif arity == 3:
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr1 + lastExpr + opExpr2 + lastExpr) + \
+                            Group( lastExpr + opExpr1 + lastExpr + opExpr2 + lastExpr )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("operator must be unary (1), binary (2), or ternary (3)")
+        elif rightLeftAssoc == opAssoc.RIGHT:
+            if arity == 1:
+                # try to avoid LR with this extra test
+                if not isinstance(opExpr, Optional):
+                    opExpr = Optional(opExpr)
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(opExpr.expr + thisExpr) + Group( opExpr + thisExpr )
+            elif arity == 2:
+                if opExpr is not None:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr + thisExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( opExpr + thisExpr ) )
+                else:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + thisExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( thisExpr ) )
+            elif arity == 3:
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr1 + thisExpr + opExpr2 + thisExpr) + \
+                            Group( lastExpr + opExpr1 + thisExpr + opExpr2 + thisExpr )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("operator must be unary (1), binary (2), or ternary (3)")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("operator must indicate right or left associativity")
+        if pa:
+            matchExpr.setParseAction( pa )
+        thisExpr <<= ( matchExpr | lastExpr )
+        lastExpr = thisExpr
+    ret <<= lastExpr
+    return ret
+operatorPrecedence = infixNotation
+
+dblQuotedString = Regex(r'"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:"")|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*"').setName("string enclosed in double quotes")
+sglQuotedString = Regex(r"'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:'')|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*'").setName("string enclosed in single quotes")
+quotedString = Regex(r'''(?:"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:"")|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*")|(?:'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:'')|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*')''').setName("quotedString using single or double quotes")
+unicodeString = Combine(_L('u') + quotedString.copy())
+
+def nestedExpr(opener="(", closer=")", content=None, ignoreExpr=quotedString.copy()):
+    """Helper method for defining nested lists enclosed in opening and closing
+       delimiters ("(" and ")" are the default).
+
+       Parameters:
+        - opener - opening character for a nested list (default="("); can also be a pyparsing expression
+        - closer - closing character for a nested list (default=")"); can also be a pyparsing expression
+        - content - expression for items within the nested lists (default=None)
+        - ignoreExpr - expression for ignoring opening and closing delimiters (default=quotedString)
+
+       If an expression is not provided for the content argument, the nested
+       expression will capture all whitespace-delimited content between delimiters
+       as a list of separate values.
+
+       Use the C{ignoreExpr} argument to define expressions that may contain
+       opening or closing characters that should not be treated as opening
+       or closing characters for nesting, such as quotedString or a comment
+       expression.  Specify multiple expressions using an C{L{Or}} or C{L{MatchFirst}}.
+       The default is L{quotedString}, but if no expressions are to be ignored,
+       then pass C{None} for this argument.
+    """
+    if opener == closer:
+        raise ValueError("opening and closing strings cannot be the same")
+    if content is None:
+        if isinstance(opener,basestring) and isinstance(closer,basestring):
+            if len(opener) == 1 and len(closer)==1:
+                if ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    content = (Combine(OneOrMore(~ignoreExpr +
+                                    CharsNotIn(opener+closer+ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,exact=1))
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+                else:
+                    content = (empty.copy()+CharsNotIn(opener+closer+ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+            else:
+                if ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    content = (Combine(OneOrMore(~ignoreExpr + 
+                                    ~Literal(opener) + ~Literal(closer) +
+                                    CharsNotIn(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,exact=1))
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+                else:
+                    content = (Combine(OneOrMore(~Literal(opener) + ~Literal(closer) +
+                                    CharsNotIn(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,exact=1))
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("opening and closing arguments must be strings if no content expression is given")
+    ret = Forward()
+    if ignoreExpr is not None:
+        ret <<= Group( Suppress(opener) + ZeroOrMore( ignoreExpr | ret | content ) + Suppress(closer) )
+    else:
+        ret <<= Group( Suppress(opener) + ZeroOrMore( ret | content )  + Suppress(closer) )
+    return ret
+
+def indentedBlock(blockStatementExpr, indentStack, indent=True):
+    """Helper method for defining space-delimited indentation blocks, such as
+       those used to define block statements in Python source code.
+
+       Parameters:
+        - blockStatementExpr - expression defining syntax of statement that
+            is repeated within the indented block
+        - indentStack - list created by caller to manage indentation stack
+            (multiple statementWithIndentedBlock expressions within a single grammar
+            should share a common indentStack)
+        - indent - boolean indicating whether block must be indented beyond the
+            the current level; set to False for block of left-most statements
+            (default=True)
+
+       A valid block must contain at least one C{blockStatement}.
+    """
+    def checkPeerIndent(s,l,t):
+        if l >= len(s): return
+        curCol = col(l,s)
+        if curCol != indentStack[-1]:
+            if curCol > indentStack[-1]:
+                raise ParseFatalException(s,l,"illegal nesting")
+            raise ParseException(s,l,"not a peer entry")
+
+    def checkSubIndent(s,l,t):
+        curCol = col(l,s)
+        if curCol > indentStack[-1]:
+            indentStack.append( curCol )
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(s,l,"not a subentry")
+
+    def checkUnindent(s,l,t):
+        if l >= len(s): return
+        curCol = col(l,s)
+        if not(indentStack and curCol < indentStack[-1] and curCol <= indentStack[-2]):
+            raise ParseException(s,l,"not an unindent")
+        indentStack.pop()
+
+    NL = OneOrMore(LineEnd().setWhitespaceChars("\t ").suppress())
+    INDENT = Empty() + Empty().setParseAction(checkSubIndent)
+    PEER   = Empty().setParseAction(checkPeerIndent)
+    UNDENT = Empty().setParseAction(checkUnindent)
+    if indent:
+        smExpr = Group( Optional(NL) +
+            #~ FollowedBy(blockStatementExpr) +
+            INDENT + (OneOrMore( PEER + Group(blockStatementExpr) + Optional(NL) )) + UNDENT)
+    else:
+        smExpr = Group( Optional(NL) +
+            (OneOrMore( PEER + Group(blockStatementExpr) + Optional(NL) )) )
+    blockStatementExpr.ignore(_bslash + LineEnd())
+    return smExpr
+
+alphas8bit = srange(r"[\0xc0-\0xd6\0xd8-\0xf6\0xf8-\0xff]")
+punc8bit = srange(r"[\0xa1-\0xbf\0xd7\0xf7]")
+
+anyOpenTag,anyCloseTag = makeHTMLTags(Word(alphas,alphanums+"_:"))
+commonHTMLEntity = Combine(_L("&") + oneOf("gt lt amp nbsp quot").setResultsName("entity") +";").streamline()
+_htmlEntityMap = dict(zip("gt lt amp nbsp quot".split(),'><& "'))
+replaceHTMLEntity = lambda t : t.entity in _htmlEntityMap and _htmlEntityMap[t.entity] or None
+
+# it's easy to get these comment structures wrong - they're very common, so may as well make them available
+cStyleComment = Regex(r"/\*(?:[^*]*\*+)+?/").setName("C style comment")
+
+htmlComment = Regex(r"<!--[\s\S]*?-->")
+restOfLine = Regex(r".*").leaveWhitespace()
+dblSlashComment = Regex(r"\/\/(\\\n|.)*").setName("// comment")
+cppStyleComment = Regex(r"/(?:\*(?:[^*]*\*+)+?/|/[^\n]*(?:\n[^\n]*)*?(?:(?<!\\)|\Z))").setName("C++ style comment")
+
+javaStyleComment = cppStyleComment
+pythonStyleComment = Regex(r"#.*").setName("Python style comment")
+_commasepitem = Combine(OneOrMore(Word(printables, excludeChars=',') +
+                                  Optional( Word(" \t") +
+                                            ~Literal(",") + ~LineEnd() ) ) ).streamline().setName("commaItem")
+commaSeparatedList = delimitedList( Optional( quotedString.copy() | _commasepitem, default="") ).setName("commaSeparatedList")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    selectToken    = CaselessLiteral( "select" )
+    fromToken      = CaselessLiteral( "from" )
+
+    ident          = Word( alphas, alphanums + "_$" )
+    columnName     = delimitedList( ident, ".", combine=True ).setParseAction( upcaseTokens )
+    columnNameList = Group( delimitedList( columnName ) ).setName("columns")
+    tableName      = delimitedList( ident, ".", combine=True ).setParseAction( upcaseTokens )
+    tableNameList  = Group( delimitedList( tableName ) ).setName("tables")
+    simpleSQL      = ( selectToken + \
+                     ( '*' | columnNameList ).setResultsName( "columns" ) + \
+                     fromToken + \
+                     tableNameList.setResultsName( "tables" ) )
+
+    simpleSQL.runTests("""\
+          SELECT * from XYZZY, ABC
+          select * from SYS.XYZZY
+          Select A from Sys.dual
+          Select AA,BB,CC from Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C from Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C from Sys.dual
+          Xelect A, B, C from Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C frox Sys.dual
+          Select
+          Select ^^^ frox Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C from Sys.dual, Table2""")
+    
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a52123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import pip
+import glob
+import shutil
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+def usage():
+    print("Usage: re-vendor.py [clean|vendor]")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+def clean():
+    for fn in os.listdir(here):
+        dirname = os.path.join(here, fn)
+        if os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            shutil.rmtree(dirname)
+    # six is a single file, not a package
+    os.unlink(os.path.join(here, 'six.py'))
+
+def vendor():
+    pip.main(['install', '-t', here, '-r', 'vendor.txt'])
+    for dirname in glob.glob('*.egg-info'):
+        shutil.rmtree(dirname)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        usage()
+    if sys.argv[1] == 'clean':
+        clean()
+    elif sys.argv[1] == 'vendor':
+        vendor()
+    else:
+        usage()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd5b5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#   __
+#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
+# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
+#          /
+
+"""
+Requests HTTP library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
+usage:
+
+   >>> import requests
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
+   >>> r.status_code
+   200
+   >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   True
+
+... or POST:
+
+   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
+   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> print(r.text)
+   {
+     ...
+     "form": {
+       "key2": "value2",
+       "key1": "value1"
+     },
+     ...
+   }
+
+The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
+is at <http://python-requests.org>.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2015 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
+
+"""
+
+__title__ = 'requests'
+__version__ = '2.9.1'
+__build__ = 0x020901
+__author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
+__license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz'
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
+try:
+    from .packages.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+    pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from . import utils
+from .models import Request, Response, PreparedRequest
+from .api import request, get, head, post, patch, put, delete, options
+from .sessions import session, Session
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .exceptions import (
+    RequestException, Timeout, URLRequired,
+    TooManyRedirects, HTTPError, ConnectionError,
+    FileModeWarning,
+)
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+import warnings
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', FileModeWarning, append=True)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6266d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.adapters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
+and maintain connections.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import socket
+
+from .models import Response
+from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
+from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+from .compat import urlparse, basestring
+from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth,
+                    select_proxy)
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import NewConnectionError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
+                         ProxyError, RetryError)
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+
+DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
+DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
+DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
+
+
+class BaseAdapter(object):
+    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(BaseAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+    def send(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
+
+    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
+    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
+    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
+    covers.
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+    :param int max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
+      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
+    """
+    __attrs__ = ['max_retries', 'config', '_pool_connections', '_pool_maxsize',
+                 '_pool_block']
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+                 pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+                 pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
+        self.config = {}
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+
+        super(HTTPAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
+        self._pool_block = pool_block
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in
+                    self.__attrs__)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+        self.config = {}
+
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize,
+                              block=self._pool_block)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
+        """
+        # save these values for pickling
+        self._pool_connections = connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
+        self._pool_block = block
+
+        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
+                                       block=block, strict=True, **pool_kwargs)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        """
+        if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs)
+
+        return self.proxy_manager[proxy]
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Whether we should actually verify the certificate.
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith('https') and verify:
+
+            cert_loc = None
+
+            # Allow self-specified cert location.
+            if verify is not True:
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                cert_loc = DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                raise Exception("Could not find a suitable SSL CA certificate bundle.")
+
+            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+
+    def build_response(self, req, resp):
+        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
+        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
+        for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
+
+        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
+        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
+        """
+        response = Response()
+
+        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
+
+        # Make headers case-insensitive.
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
+
+        # Set encoding.
+        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+        response.raw = resp
+        response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
+        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
+            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
+        else:
+            response.url = req.url
+
+        # Add new cookies from the server.
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
+        # Give the Response some context.
+        response.request = req
+        response.connection = self
+
+        return response
+
+    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
+        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
+        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param url: The URL to connect to.
+        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Disposes of any internal state.
+
+        Currently, this just closes the PoolManager, which closes pooled
+        connections.
+        """
+        self.poolmanager.clear()
+
+    def request_url(self, request, proxies):
+        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
+
+        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
+        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
+        if proxy and scheme != 'https':
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+        else:
+            url = request.path_url
+
+        return url
+
+    def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
+        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
+        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def proxy_headers(self, proxy):
+        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
+        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
+        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
+        CONNECT is being used.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxies: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        """
+        headers = {}
+        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
+        if username and password:
+            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username,
+                                                             password)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def send(self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param verify: (optional) Whether to verify SSL certificates.
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        """
+
+        conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
+        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
+        self.add_headers(request)
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                # this may raise a string formatting error.
+                err = ("Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
+                       "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
+                       "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout))
+                raise ValueError(err)
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
+        try:
+            if not chunked:
+                resp = conn.urlopen(
+                    method=request.method,
+                    url=url,
+                    body=request.body,
+                    headers=request.headers,
+                    redirect=False,
+                    assert_same_host=False,
+                    preload_content=False,
+                    decode_content=False,
+                    retries=self.max_retries,
+                    timeout=timeout
+                )
+
+            # Send the request.
+            else:
+                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
+                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
+
+                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
+
+                try:
+                    low_conn.putrequest(request.method,
+                                        url,
+                                        skip_accept_encoding=True)
+
+                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
+                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
+
+                    low_conn.endheaders()
+
+                    for i in request.body:
+                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode('utf-8'))
+                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(i)
+                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
+
+                    # Receive the response from the server
+                    try:
+                        # For Python 2.7+ versions, use buffering of HTTP
+                        # responses
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # For compatibility with Python 2.6 versions and back
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse()
+
+                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
+                        r,
+                        pool=conn,
+                        connection=low_conn,
+                        preload_content=False,
+                        decode_content=False
+                    )
+                except:
+                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
+                    # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
+                    low_conn.close()
+                    raise
+
+        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
+
+        except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except _ProxyError as e:
+            raise ProxyError(e)
+
+        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
+            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        return self.build_response(request, resp)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21a1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.api
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module implements the Requests API.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2012 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
+
+"""
+
+from . import sessions
+
+
+def request(method, url, **kwargs):
+    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
+
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
+    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
+        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
+    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
+    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
+    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
+    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
+    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
+    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
+        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a GET request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
+
+
+def options(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a OPTIONS request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+    return request('options', url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def head(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a HEAD request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
+    return request('head', url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a POST request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+
+def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a PUT request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a PATCH request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('patch', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def delete(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a DELETE request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('delete', url, **kwargs)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2af55fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.auth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import time
+import hashlib
+import threading
+
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from .compat import urlparse, str
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .utils import parse_dict_header, to_native_string
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
+
+
+def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
+    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
+
+
+class AuthBase(object):
+    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Auth hooks must be callable.')
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, 'init'):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ''
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
+
+    def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal['realm']
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal['nonce']
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get('qop')
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get('algorithm')
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get('opaque')
+
+        if algorithm is None:
+            _algorithm = 'MD5'
+        else:
+            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if _algorithm == 'MD5' or _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+            def md5_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
+            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == 'SHA':
+            def sha_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
+            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
+
+        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8("%s:%s" % (s, d))
+
+        if hash_utf8 is None:
+            return None
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        entdig = None
+        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
+        if p_parsed.query:
+            path += '?' + p_parsed.query
+
+        A1 = '%s:%s:%s' % (self.username, realm, self.password)
+        A2 = '%s:%s' % (method, path)
+
+        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
+        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = '%08x' % self._thread_local.nonce_count
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
+        s += nonce.encode('utf-8')
+        s += time.ctime().encode('utf-8')
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
+        if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+            HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
+
+        if not qop:
+            respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
+        elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
+            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
+                nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2
+                )
+            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            return None
+
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+        base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
+               'response="%s"' % (self.username, realm, nonce, path, respdig)
+        if opaque:
+            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
+        if algorithm:
+            base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
+        if entdig:
+            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
+        if qop:
+            base += ', qop="auth", nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
+
+        return 'Digest %s' % (base)
+
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed."""
+
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
+            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
+            # it was to resend the request.
+            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
+        s_auth = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '')
+
+        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
+            pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+            prep.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url)
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+        return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            r.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
+        try:
+            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+        return r
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a66daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,5616 @@
+
+# Issuer: O=Equifax OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
+# Subject: O=Equifax OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
+# Label: "Equifax Secure CA"
+# Serial: 903804111
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 67:cb:9d:c0:13:24:8a:82:9b:b2:17:1e:d1:1b:ec:d4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d2:32:09:ad:23:d3:14:23:21:74:e4:0d:7f:9d:62:13:97:86:63:3a
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 08:29:7a:40:47:db:a2:36:80:c7:31:db:6e:31:76:53:ca:78:48:e1:be:bd:3a:0b:01:79:a7:07:f9:2c:f1:78
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIDIDCCAomgAwIBAgIENd70zzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBOMQswCQYDVQQGEwJV
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA"
+# Serial: 4835703278459707669005204
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R2
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+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R2"
+# Serial: 4835703278459682885658125
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+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3"
+# Serial: 206684696279472310254277870180966723415
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+
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+# Label: "Verisign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3"
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Premium 2048 Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 946069240
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Subject: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Label: "Baltimore CyberTrust Root"
+# Serial: 33554617
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Class 1 CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Class 1 CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Low-Value Services Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust External CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust External TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust External CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust External TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust External Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Public CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Public CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Public Services Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Qualified CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Qualified CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Qualified Certificates Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=RSA Security Inc OU=RSA Security 2048 V3
+# Subject: O=RSA Security Inc OU=RSA Security 2048 V3
+# Label: "RSA Security 2048 v3"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Global CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Global CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Global CA"
+# Serial: 144470
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Global CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
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+# Label: "GeoTrust Global CA 2"
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+# Label: "GeoTrust Universal CA"
+# Serial: 1
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Universal CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Universal CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Universal CA 2"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Visa eCommerce Root O=VISA OU=Visa International Service Association
+# Subject: CN=Visa eCommerce Root O=VISA OU=Visa International Service Association
+# Label: "Visa eCommerce Root"
+# Serial: 25952180776285836048024890241505565794
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum CA O=Unizeto Sp. z o.o.
+# Subject: CN=Certum CA O=Unizeto Sp. z o.o.
+# Label: "Certum Root CA"
+# Serial: 65568
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2c:8f:9f:66:1d:18:90:b1:47:26:9d:8e:86:82:8c:a9
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 62:52:dc:40:f7:11:43:a2:2f:de:9e:f7:34:8e:06:42:51:b1:81:18
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo AAA Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Secure Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo Secure Services root"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d3:d9:bd:ae:9f:ac:67:24:b3:c8:1b:52:e1:b9:a9:bd
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Trusted Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Trusted Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo Trusted Services root"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 91:1b:3f:6e:cd:9e:ab:ee:07:fe:1f:71:d2:b3:61:27
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root Certification Authority O=QuoVadis Limited OU=Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root Certification Authority O=QuoVadis Limited OU=Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA"
+# Serial: 985026699
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 27:de:36:fe:72:b7:00:03:00:9d:f4:f0:1e:6c:04:24
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 1289
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5e:39:7b:dd:f8:ba:ec:82:e9:ac:62:ba:0c:54:00:2b
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ca:3a:fb:cf:12:40:36:4b:44:b2:16:20:88:80:48:39:19:93:7c:f7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 1478
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 31:85:3c:62:94:97:63:b9:aa:fd:89:4e:af:6f:e0:cf
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 1f:49:14:f7:d8:74:95:1d:dd:ae:02:c0:be:fd:3a:2d:82:75:51:85
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication Root CA"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f1:bc:63:6a:54:e0:b5:27:f5:cd:e7:1a:e3:4d:6e:4a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Sonera Class2 CA O=Sonera
+# Subject: CN=Sonera Class2 CA O=Sonera
+# Label: "Sonera Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 29
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a3:ec:75:0f:2e:88:df:fa:48:01:4e:0b:5c:48:6f:fb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 37:f7:6d:e6:07:7c:90:c5:b1:3e:93:1a:b7:41:10:b4:f2:e4:9a:27
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 79:08:b4:03:14:c1:38:10:0b:51:8d:07:35:80:7f:fb:fc:f8:51:8a:00:95:33:71:05:ba:38:6b:15:3d:d9:27
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA"
+# Serial: 10000010
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+# Issuer: CN=UTN - DATACorp SGC O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Subject: CN=UTN - DATACorp SGC O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Label: "UTN DATACorp SGC Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=UTN-USERFirst-Hardware O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Subject: CN=UTN-USERFirst-Hardware O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Label: "UTN USERFirst Hardware Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Subject: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Label: "Camerfirma Chambers of Commerce Root"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Global Chambersign Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Subject: CN=Global Chambersign Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Label: "Camerfirma Global Chambersign Root"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Kozjegyzoi (Class A) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Kozjegyzoi (Class A) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Notary (Class A) Root"
+# Serial: 259
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 86:38:6d:5e:49:63:6c:85:5c:db:6d:dc:94:b7:d0:f7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=XRamp Global Certification Authority O=XRamp Security Services Inc OU=www.xrampsecurity.com
+# Label: "XRamp Global CA Root"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Go Daddy Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Starfield Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Government Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Government Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "Taiwan GRCA"
+# Serial: 42023070807708724159991140556527066870
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:85:44:53:32:45:1f:20:f0:f3:95:e1:25:c4:43:4e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f4:8b:11:bf:de:ab:be:94:54:20:71:e6:41:de:6b:be:88:2b:40:b9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root CA 1 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root CA 1 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 122348795730808398873664200247279986742
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:38:7c:77:88:df:2c:16:68:2e:c2:e2:52:4b:b8:f9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root CA"
+# Serial: 17154717934120587862167794914071425081
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 87:ce:0b:7b:2a:0e:49:00:e1:58:71:9b:37:a8:93:72
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 10944719598952040374951832963794454346
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 79:e4:a9:84:0d:7d:3a:96:d7:c0:4f:e2:43:4c:89:2e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a8:98:5d:3a:65:e5:e5:c4:b2:d7:d6:6d:40:c6:dd:2f:b1:9c:54:36
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 3553400076410547919724730734378100087
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d4:74:de:57:5c:39:b2:d3:9c:85:83:c5:c0:65:49:8a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Class 2 Primary CA O=Certplus
+# Subject: CN=Class 2 Primary CA O=Certplus
+# Label: "Certplus Class 2 Primary CA"
+# Serial: 177770208045934040241468760488327595043
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 88:2c:8c:52:b8:a2:3c:f3:f7:bb:03:ea:ae:ac:42:0b
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:20:74:41:72:9c:dd:92:ec:79:31:d8:23:10:8d:c2:81:92:e2:bb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DST Root CA X3 O=Digital Signature Trust Co.
+# Subject: CN=DST Root CA X3 O=Digital Signature Trust Co.
+# Label: "DST Root CA X3"
+# Serial: 91299735575339953335919266965803778155
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 41:03:52:dc:0f:f7:50:1b:16:f0:02:8e:ba:6f:45:c5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: da:c9:02:4f:54:d8:f6:df:94:93:5f:b1:73:26:38:ca:6a:d7:7c:13
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=DST ACES CA X6 O=Digital Signature Trust OU=DST ACES
+# Subject: CN=DST ACES CA X6 O=Digital Signature Trust OU=DST ACES
+# Label: "DST ACES CA X6"
+# Serial: 17771143917277623872238992636097467865
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 21:d8:4c:82:2b:99:09:33:a2:eb:14:24:8d:8e:5f:e8
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 40:54:da:6f:1c:3f:40:74:ac:ed:0f:ec:cd:db:79:d1:53:fb:90:1d
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 76:7c:95:5a:76:41:2c:89:af:68:8e:90:a1:c7:0f:55:6c:fd:6b:60:25:db:ea:10:41:6d:7e:b6:83:1f:8c:40
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Kasım 2005
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Kasım 2005
+# Label: "TURKTRUST Certificate Services Provider Root 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:a5:6e:d4:b1:25:84:97:b7:fd:56:15:7a:f9:a2:00
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b4:35:d4:e1:11:9d:1c:66:90:a7:49:eb:b3:94:bd:63:7b:a7:82:b7
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: c4:70:cf:54:7e:23:02:b9:77:fb:29:dd:71:a8:9a:7b:6c:1f:60:77:7b:03:29:f5:60:17:f3:28:bf:4f:6b:e6
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Gold CA - G2"
+# Serial: 13492815561806991280
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 24:77:d9:a8:91:d1:3b:fa:88:2d:c2:ff:f8:cd:33:93
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d8:c5:38:8a:b7:30:1b:1b:6e:d4:7a:e6:45:25:3a:6f:9f:1a:27:61
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Silver CA - G2"
+# Serial: 5700383053117599563
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e0:06:a1:c9:7d:cf:c9:fc:0d:c0:56:75:96:d8:62:13
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9b:aa:e5:9f:56:ee:21:cb:43:5a:be:25:93:df:a7:f0:40:d1:1d:cb
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: be:6c:4d:a2:bb:b9:ba:59:b6:f3:93:97:68:37:42:46:c3:c0:05:99:3f:a9:8f:02:0d:1d:ed:be:d4:8a:81:d5
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 32798226551256963324313806436981982369
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2006 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2006 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA"
+# Serial: 69529181992039203566298953787712940909
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5"
+# Serial: 33037644167568058970164719475676101450
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cb:17:e4:31:67:3e:e2:09:fe:45:57:93:f3:0a:fa:1c
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "SecureTrust CA"
+# Serial: 17199774589125277788362757014266862032
+# MD5 Fingerprint: dc:32:c3:a7:6d:25:57:c7:68:09:9d:ea:2d:a9:a2:d1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "Secure Global CA"
+# Serial: 9751836167731051554232119481456978597
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cf:f4:27:0d:d4:ed:dc:65:16:49:6d:3d:da:bf:6e:de
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 104350513648249232941998508985834464573
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Network Solutions Certificate Authority O=Network Solutions L.L.C.
+# Subject: CN=Network Solutions Certificate Authority O=Network Solutions L.L.C.
+# Label: "Network Solutions Certificate Authority"
+# Serial: 116697915152937497490437556386812487904
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority O=Wells Fargo WellsSecure OU=Wells Fargo Bank NA
+# Subject: CN=WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority O=Wells Fargo WellsSecure OU=Wells Fargo Bank NA
+# Label: "WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 41578283867086692638256921589707938090
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IGC/A O=PM/SGDN OU=DCSSI
+# Subject: CN=IGC/A O=PM/SGDN OU=DCSSI
+# Label: "IGC/A"
+# Serial: 245102874772
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication EV RootCA1
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication EV RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication EV RootCA1"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 22:2d:a6:01:ea:7c:0a:f7:f0:6c:56:43:3f:77:76:d3
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: fe:b8:c4:32:dc:f9:76:9a:ce:ae:3d:d8:90:8f:fd:28:86:65:64:7d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA O=WISeKey OU=Copyright (c) 2005/OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Subject: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA O=WISeKey OU=Copyright (c) 2005/OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Label: "OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA"
+# Serial: 86718877871133159090080555911823548314
+# MD5 Fingerprint: bc:6c:51:33:a7:e9:d3:66:63:54:15:72:1b:21:92:93
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 59:22:a1:e1:5a:ea:16:35:21:f8:98:39:6a:46:46:b0:44:1b:0f:a9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA O=Microsec Ltd. OU=e-Szigno CA
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA O=Microsec Ltd. OU=e-Szigno CA
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA"
+# Serial: 272122594155480254301341951808045322001
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f0:96:b6:2f:c5:10:d5:67:8e:83:25:32:e8:5e:2e:e5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Subject: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Label: "Certigna"
+# Serial: 18364802974209362175
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ab:57:a6:5b:7d:42:82:19:b5:d8:58:26:28:5e:fd:ff
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b1:2e:13:63:45:86:a4:6f:1a:b2:60:68:37:58:2d:c4:ac:fd:94:97
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2 O=Deutsche Telekom AG OU=T-TeleSec Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2 O=Deutsche Telekom AG OU=T-TeleSec Trust Center
+# Label: "Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 38
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 74:01:4a:91:b1:08:c4:58:ce:47:cd:f0:dd:11:53:08
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 85:a4:08:c0:9c:19:3e:5d:51:58:7d:cd:d6:13:30:fd:8c:de:37:bf
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: b6:19:1a:50:d0:c3:97:7f:7d:a9:9b:cd:aa:c8:6a:22:7d:ae:b9:67:9e:c7:0b:a3:b0:c9:d9:22:71:c1:70:d3
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Cybertrust Global Root O=Cybertrust, Inc
+# Subject: CN=Cybertrust Global Root O=Cybertrust, Inc
+# Label: "Cybertrust Global Root"
+# Serial: 4835703278459682877484360
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 72:e4:4a:87:e3:69:40:80:77:ea:bc:e3:f4:ff:f0:e1
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 5f:43:e5:b1:bf:f8:78:8c:ac:1c:c7:ca:4a:9a:c6:22:2b:cc:34:c6
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 96:0a:df:00:63:e9:63:56:75:0c:29:65:dd:0a:08:67:da:0b:9c:bd:6e:77:71:4a:ea:fb:23:49:ab:39:3d:a3
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "ePKI Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 28956088682735189655030529057352760477
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:2e:00:ca:26:06:90:3d:ad:fe:6f:15:68:d3:6b:b3
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 67:65:0d:f1:7e:8e:7e:5b:82:40:a4:f4:56:4b:cf:e2:3d:69:c6:f0
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: c0:a6:f4:dc:63:a2:4b:fd:cf:54:ef:2a:6a:08:2a:0a:72:de:35:80:3e:2f:f5:ff:52:7a:e5:d8:72:06:df:d5
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜBİTAK UEKAE Kök Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı - Sürüm 3 O=Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu - TÜBİTAK OU=Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü - UEKAE/Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Subject: CN=TÜBİTAK UEKAE Kök Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı - Sürüm 3 O=Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu - TÜBİTAK OU=Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü - UEKAE/Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Label: "T\xc3\x9c\x42\xC4\xB0TAK UEKAE K\xC3\xB6k Sertifika Hizmet Sa\xC4\x9Flay\xc4\xb1\x63\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1 - S\xC3\xBCr\xC3\xBCm 3"
+# Serial: 17
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ed:41:f5:8c:50:c5:2b:9c:73:e6:ee:6c:eb:c2:a8:26
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 CA 1 O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 CA 1 O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 CA 1"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sa\xC4\x9Flay\xc4\xb1\x63\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1"
+# Serial: 5525761995591021570
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2c:20:26:9d:cb:1a:4a:00:85:b5:b7:5a:ae:c2:01:37
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 8c:96:ba:eb:dd:2b:07:07:48:ee:30:32:66:a0:f3:98:6e:7c:ae:58
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Subject: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Label: "certSIGN ROOT CA"
+# Serial: 35210227249154
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 18:98:c0:d6:e9:3a:fc:f9:b0:f5:0c:f7:4b:01:44:17
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: fa:b7:ee:36:97:26:62:fb:2d:b0:2a:f6:bf:03:fd:e8:7c:4b:2f:9b
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: ea:a9:62:c4:fa:4a:6b:af:eb:e4:15:19:6d:35:1c:cd:88:8d:4f:53:f3:fa:8a:e6:d7:c4:66:a9:4e:60:42:bb
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=CNNIC ROOT O=CNNIC
+# Subject: CN=CNNIC ROOT O=CNNIC
+# Label: "CNNIC ROOT"
+# Serial: 1228079105
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 21:bc:82:ab:49:c4:13:3b:4b:b2:2b:5c:6b:90:9c:19
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=Japanese Government OU=ApplicationCA
+# Subject: O=Japanese Government OU=ApplicationCA
+# Label: "ApplicationCA - Japanese Government"
+# Serial: 49
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7e:23:4e:5b:a7:a5:b4:25:e9:00:07:74:11:62:ae:d6
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2008 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2008 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3"
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G2 O=thawte, Inc. OU=(c) 2007 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G2 O=thawte, Inc. OU=(c) 2007 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA - G2"
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G3 O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2008 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G3 O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2008 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA - G3"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2007 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2007 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 80682863203381065782177908751794619243
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2008 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2008 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 85209574734084581917763752644031726877
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2007 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2007 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4"
+# Serial: 63143484348153506665311985501458640051
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3a:52:e1:e7:fd:6f:3a:e3:6f:f3:6f:99:1b:f9:22:41
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services)
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services)
+# Label: "NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány"
+# Serial: 80544274841616
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2"
+# Serial: 10000012
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=CA Disig O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Juur-SK O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Subject: CN=Juur-SK O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Label: "Juur-SK"
+# Serial: 999181308
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 1 O=Hongkong Post
+# Subject: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 1 O=Hongkong Post
+# Label: "Hongkong Post Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 1000
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a8:0d:6f:39:78:b9:43:6d:77:42:6d:98:5a:cc:23:ca
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d6:da:a8:20:8d:09:d2:15:4d:24:b5:2f:cb:34:6e:b2:58:b2:8a:58
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Label: "SecureSign RootCA11"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b7:52:74:e2:92:b4:80:93:f2:75:e4:cc:d7:f2:ea:26
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=ACEDICOM Root O=EDICOM OU=PKI
+# Subject: CN=ACEDICOM Root O=EDICOM OU=PKI
+# Label: "ACEDICOM Root"
+# Serial: 7029493972724711941
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009"
+# Serial: 14014712776195784473
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R3"
+# Serial: 4835703278459759426209954
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Subject: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Label: "Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068"
+# Serial: 6047274297262753887
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Izenpe.com O=IZENPE S.A.
+# Subject: CN=Izenpe.com O=IZENPE S.A.
+# Label: "Izenpe.com"
+# Serial: 917563065490389241595536686991402621
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root - 2008 O=AC Camerfirma S.A.
+# Subject: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root - 2008 O=AC Camerfirma S.A.
+# Label: "Chambers of Commerce Root - 2008"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Global Chambersign Root - 2008 O=AC Camerfirma S.A.
+# Subject: CN=Global Chambersign Root - 2008 O=AC Camerfirma S.A.
+# Label: "Global Chambersign Root - 2008"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=GoDaddy.com, Inc.
+# Label: "Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=Starfield Technologies, Inc.
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+# Label: "Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=Starfield Technologies, Inc.
+# Label: "Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Commercial O=AffirmTrust
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Commercial"
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Networking"
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium"
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+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Subject: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium ECC"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
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+# Label: "Certum Trusted Network CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Certinomis - Autorité Racine O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Label: "Certinomis - Autorité Racine"
+# Serial: 1
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+# Label: "Root CA Generalitat Valenciana"
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+# Issuer: CN=A-Trust-nQual-03 O=A-Trust Ges. f. Sicherheitssysteme im elektr. Datenverkehr GmbH OU=A-Trust-nQual-03
+# Subject: CN=A-Trust-nQual-03 O=A-Trust Ges. f. Sicherheitssysteme im elektr. Datenverkehr GmbH OU=A-Trust-nQual-03
+# Label: "A-Trust-nQual-03"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication RootCA2
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+# Label: "Security Communication RootCA2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2011"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967
+# Subject: CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967
+# Label: "Actalis Authentication Root CA"
+# Serial: 6271844772424770508
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=Trustis Limited OU=Trustis FPS Root CA
+# Subject: O=Trustis Limited OU=Trustis FPS Root CA
+# Label: "Trustis FPS Root CA"
+# Serial: 36053640375399034304724988975563710553
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+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 45
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority G2 O=StartCom Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority G2 O=StartCom Ltd.
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority G2"
+# Serial: 59
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:4b:fb:9e:64:82:0a:d3:b8:4c:62:f3:64:f2:90:64
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 31:f1:fd:68:22:63:20:ee:c6:3b:3f:9d:ea:4a:3e:53:7c:7c:39:17
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 3 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=EE Certification Centre Root CA O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Subject: CN=EE Certification Centre Root CA O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Label: "EE Certification Centre Root CA"
+# Serial: 112324828676200291871926431888494945866
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 43:5e:88:d4:7d:1a:4a:7e:fd:84:2e:52:eb:01:d4:6f
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: c9:a8:b9:e7:55:80:5e:58:e3:53:77:a7:25:eb:af:c3:7b:27:cc:d7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Aralık 2007
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Aralık 2007
+# Label: "TURKTRUST Certificate Services Provider Root 2007"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:70:20:56:86:82:a0:18:c8:07:53:12:28:70:21:72
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f1:7f:6f:b6:31:dc:99:e3:a3:c8:7f:fe:1c:f1:81:10:88:d9:60:33
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009"
+# Serial: 623603
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cd:e0:25:69:8d:47:ac:9c:89:35:90:f7:fd:51:3d:2f
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 58:e8:ab:b0:36:15:33:fb:80:f7:9b:1b:6d:29:d3:ff:8d:5f:00:f0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009"
+# Serial: 623604
+# MD5 Fingerprint: aa:c6:43:2c:5e:2d:cd:c4:34:c0:50:4f:11:02:4f:b6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 96:c9:1b:0b:95:b4:10:98:42:fa:d0:d8:22:79:fe:60:fa:b9:16:83
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Raiz del Estado Venezolano O=Sistema Nacional de Certificacion Electronica OU=Superintendencia de Servicios de Certificacion Electronica
+# Subject: CN=PSCProcert O=Sistema Nacional de Certificacion Electronica OU=Proveedor de Certificados PROCERT
+# Label: "PSCProcert"
+# Serial: 11
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root O=China Internet Network Information Center
+# Subject: CN=China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root O=China Internet Network Information Center
+# Label: "China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root"
+# Serial: 1218379777
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 40698052477090394928831521023204026294
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5b:04:69:ec:a5:83:94:63:18:a7:86:d0:e4:f2:6e:19
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root EV CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root EV CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root EV CA 2"
+# Serial: 322973295377129385374608406479535262296
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R1 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R2"
+# Serial: 10572350602393338211
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "ACCVRAIZ1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 3262
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Subject: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Label: "TeliaSonera Root CA v1"
+# Serial: 199041966741090107964904287217786801558
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:41:49:1b:18:56:9a:26:f5:ad:c2:66:fb:40:a5:4c
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=E-Tugra Certification Authority O=E-Tuğra EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş. OU=E-Tugra Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Subject: CN=E-Tugra Certification Authority O=E-Tuğra EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş. OU=E-Tugra Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Label: "E-Tugra Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 7667447206703254355
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:9b:9e:e4:7b:6c:1f:00:72:1a:cc:c1:77:79:df:6a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 59:0d:2d:7d:88:4f:40:2e:61:7e:a5:62:32:17:65:cf:17:d8:94:e9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot 2011"
+# Serial: 6643877497813316402
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ae:b9:c4:32:4b:ac:7f:5d:66:cc:77:94:bb:2a:77:56
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3"
+# Serial: 687049649626669250736271037606554624078720034195
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a4:bc:5b:3f:fe:37:9a:fa:64:f0:e2:fa:05:3d:0b:ab
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 1b:8e:ea:57:96:29:1a:c9:39:ea:b8:0a:81:1a:73:73:c0:93:79:67
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3"
+# Serial: 390156079458959257446133169266079962026824725800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3"
+# Serial: 268090761170461462463995952157327242137089239581
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G2"
+# Serial: 15385348160840213938643033620894905419
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 92:38:b9:f8:63:24:82:65:2c:57:33:e6:fe:81:8f:9d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a1:4b:48:d9:43:ee:0a:0e:40:90:4f:3c:e0:a4:c0:91:93:51:5d:3f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G3"
+# Serial: 15459312981008553731928384953135426796
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7c:7f:65:31:0c:81:df:8d:ba:3e:99:e2:5c:ad:6e:fb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f5:17:a2:4f:9a:48:c6:c9:f8:a2:00:26:9f:dc:0f:48:2c:ab:30:89
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G2"
+# Serial: 4293743540046975378534879503202253541
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G3"
+# Serial: 7089244469030293291760083333884364146
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f5:5d:a4:50:a5:fb:28:7e:1e:0f:0d:cc:96:57:56:ca
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Trusted Root G4"
+# Serial: 7451500558977370777930084869016614236
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certification Authority of WoSign O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Certification Authority of WoSign O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Label: "WoSign"
+# Serial: 125491772294754854453622855443212256657
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a1:f2:f9:b5:d2:c8:7a:74:b8:f3:05:f1:d7:e1:84:8d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=CA 沃通根证书 O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=CA 沃通根证书 O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Label: "WoSign China"
+# Serial: 106921963437422998931660691310149453965
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:83:5b:52:16:76:c4:24:3b:83:78:e8:ac:da:9a:93
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 101909084537582093308941363524873193117
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:31:b0:71:40:36:cc:14:36:91:ad:c4:3e:fd:ec:18
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: af:e5:d2:44:a8:d1:19:42:30:ff:47:9f:e2:f8:97:bb:cd:7a:8c:b4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2645093764781058787591871645665788717
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:fe:69:d1:91:b7:19:33:a3:72:a8:0f:e1:55:e5:b5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 123013823720199481456569720443997572134
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fa:68:bc:d9:b5:7f:ad:fd:c9:1d:06:83:28:cc:24:c1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4"
+# Serial: 14367148294922964480859022125800977897474
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5"
+# Serial: 32785792099990507226680698011560947931244
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 9f:ad:3b:1c:02:1e:8a:ba:17:74:38:81:0c:a2:bc:08
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3"
+# Serial: 10003001
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0b:46:67:07:db:10:2f:19:8c:35:50:60:d1:0b:f4:37
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d8:eb:6b:41:51:92:59:e0:f3:e7:85:00:c0:3d:b6:88:97:c9:ee:fc
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 10000013
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fc:06:af:7b:e8:1a:f1:9a:b4:e8:d2:70:1f:c0:f5:ba
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 76:e2:7e:c1:4f:db:82:c1:c0:a6:75:b5:05:be:3d:29:b4:ed:db:bb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Subject: CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Label: "IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 13298821034946342390520003877796839426
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b3:3e:77:73:75:ee:a0:d3:e3:7e:49:63:49:59:bb:c7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Subject: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Label: "IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1"
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 1246989352
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1"
+# Serial: 51543124481930649114116133369
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Label: "CFCA EV ROOT"
+# Serial: 407555286
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5"
+# Serial: 156233699172481
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6"
+# Serial: 138134509972618
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:c5:ee:2a:6b:be:95:8d:08:f7:25:4a:ea:71:3e:46
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certinomis - Root CA O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Subject: CN=Certinomis - Root CA O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Label: "Certinomis - Root CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 14:0a:fd:8d:a8:28:b5:38:69:db:56:7e:61:22:03:3f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Secure Server Certification Authority O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Secure Server Certification Authority O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 927650371
+# MD5 Fingerprint: df:f2:80:73:cc:f1:e6:61:73:fc:f5:42:e9:c5:7c:ee
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 99:a6:9b:e6:1a:fe:88:6b:4d:2b:82:00:7c:b8:54:fc:31:7e:15:39
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "ValiCert Class 2 VA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a9:23:75:9b:ba:49:36:6e:31:c2:db:f2:e7:66:ba:87
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 31:7a:2a:d0:7f:2b:33:5e:f5:a1:c3:4e:4b:57:e8:b7:d8:f1:fc:a6
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Expressz (Class C) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Expressz (Class C) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Express (Class C) Root"
+# Serial: 104
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 4f:eb:f1:f0:70:c2:80:63:5d:58:9f:da:12:3c:a9:c4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: e3:92:51:2f:0a:cf:f5:05:df:f6:de:06:7f:75:37:e1:65:ea:57:4b
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Uzleti (Class B) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Uzleti (Class B) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Business (Class B) Root"
+# Serial: 105
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+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 87:9f:4b:ee:05:df:98:58:3b:e3:60:d6:33:e7:0d:3f:fe:98:71:af
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 3 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 3 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "RSA Root Certificate 1"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a2:6f:53:b7:ee:40:db:4a:68:e7:fa:18:d9:10:4b:72
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 69:bd:8c:f4:9c:d3:00:fb:59:2e:17:93:ca:55:6a:f3:ec:aa:35:fb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "ValiCert Class 1 VA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 65:58:ab:15:ad:57:6c:1e:a8:a7:b5:69:ac:bf:ff:eb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: e5:df:74:3c:b6:01:c4:9b:98:43:dc:ab:8c:e8:6a:81:10:9f:e4:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Label: "Equifax Secure eBusiness CA 1"
+# Serial: 4
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 64:9c:ef:2e:44:fc:c6:8f:52:07:d0:51:73:8f:cb:3d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: da:40:18:8b:91:89:a3:ed:ee:ae:da:97:fe:2f:9d:f5:b7:d1:8a:41
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Label: "Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 8f:5d:77:06:27:c4:98:3c:5b:93:78:e7:d7:7d:9b:cc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 7e:78:4a:10:1c:82:65:cc:2d:e1:f1:6d:47:b4:40:ca:d9:0a:19:45
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Thawte Premium Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Subject: CN=Thawte Premium Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Label: "Thawte Premium Server CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 06:9f:69:79:16:66:90:02:1b:8c:8c:a2:c3:07:6f:3a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 62:7f:8d:78:27:65:63:99:d2:7d:7f:90:44:c9:fe:b3:f3:3e:fa:9a
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: ab:70:36:36:5c:71:54:aa:29:c2:c2:9f:5d:41:91:16:3b:16:2a:22:25:01:13:57:d5:6d:07:ff:a7:bc:1f:72
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Thawte Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Subject: CN=Thawte Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Label: "Thawte Server CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c5:70:c4:a2:ed:53:78:0c:c8:10:53:81:64:cb:d0:1d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 23:e5:94:94:51:95:f2:41:48:03:b4:d5:64:d2:a3:a3:f5:d8:8b:8c
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 149843929435818692848040365716851702463
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 10:fc:63:5d:f6:26:3e:0d:f3:25:be:5f:79:cd:67:67
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:2c:31:92:e6:07:e4:24:eb:45:49:54:2b:e1:bb:c5:3e:61:74:e2
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: e7:68:56:34:ef:ac:f6:9a:ce:93:9a:6b:25:5b:7b:4f:ab:ef:42:93:5b:50:a2:65:ac:b5:cb:60:27:e4:4e:70
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICPDCCAaUCEHC65B0Q2Sk0tjjKewPMur8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQECBQAwXzELMAkG
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 80507572722862485515306429940691309246
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ef:5a:f1:33:ef:f1:cd:bb:51:02:ee:12:14:4b:96:c4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a1:db:63:93:91:6f:17:e4:18:55:09:40:04:15:c7:02:40:b0:ae:6b
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: a4:b6:b3:99:6f:c2:f3:06:b3:fd:86:81:bd:63:41:3d:8c:50:09:cc:4f:a3:29:c2:cc:f0:e2:fa:1b:14:03:05
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICPDCCAaUCEDyRMcsf9tAbDpq40ES/Er4wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwXzELMAkG
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2/(c) 1998 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/VeriSign Trust Network
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2/(c) 1998 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/VeriSign Trust Network
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 167285380242319648451154478808036881606
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a2:33:9b:4c:74:78:73:d4:6c:e7:c1:f3:8d:cb:5c:e9
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 85:37:1c:a6:e5:50:14:3d:ce:28:03:47:1b:de:3a:09:e8:f8:77:0f
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 83:ce:3c:12:29:68:8a:59:3d:48:5f:81:97:3c:0f:91:95:43:1e:da:37:cc:5e:36:43:0e:79:c7:a8:88:63:8b
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIDAjCCAmsCEH3Z/gfPqB63EHln+6eJNMYwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwgcExCzAJ
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+oJ2daZH9
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root O=GTE Corporation OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root O=GTE Corporation OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc.
+# Label: "GTE CyberTrust Global Root"
+# Serial: 421
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ca:3d:d3:68:f1:03:5c:d0:32:fa:b8:2b:59:e8:5a:db
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 97:81:79:50:d8:1c:96:70:cc:34:d8:09:cf:79:44:31:36:7e:f4:74
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: a5:31:25:18:8d:21:10:aa:96:4b:02:c7:b7:c6:da:32:03:17:08:94:e5:fb:71:ff:fb:66:67:d5:e6:81:0a:36
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07e6475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+certs.py
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the preferred default CA certificate bundle.
+
+If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
+environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
+packaged CA bundle.
+"""
+import os.path
+
+try:
+    from certifi import where
+except ImportError:
+    def where():
+        """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
+        # vendored bundle inside Requests
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(where())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70edff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+pythoncompat
+"""
+
+from .packages import chardet
+
+import sys
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = (_ver[0] == 2)
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = (_ver[0] == 3)
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
+    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it throws a SyntaxError
+    # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
+    import json
+
+# ---------
+# Specifics
+# ---------
+
+if is_py2:
+    from urllib import quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urlencode, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urldefrag
+    from urllib2 import parse_http_list
+    import cookielib
+    from Cookie import Morsel
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    from .packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
+
+    builtin_str = str
+    bytes = str
+    str = unicode
+    basestring = basestring
+    numeric_types = (int, long, float)
+
+elif is_py3:
+    from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlencode, quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urldefrag
+    from urllib.request import parse_http_list, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+    from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+    from http.cookies import Morsel
+    from io import StringIO
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+
+    builtin_str = str
+    str = str
+    bytes = bytes
+    basestring = (str, bytes)
+    numeric_types = (int, float)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b85fd2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
+
+requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
+"""
+
+import copy
+import time
+import calendar
+import collections
+from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
+
+try:
+    import threading
+    # grr, pyflakes: this fixes "redefinition of unused 'threading'"
+    threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+
+class MockRequest(object):
+    """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
+
+    The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
+    manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
+    domains of the request and the cookie.
+
+    The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting
+    the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You
+    probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self._r = request
+        self._new_headers = {}
+        self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
+
+    def get_type(self):
+        return self.type
+
+    def get_host(self):
+        return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
+
+    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+    def get_full_url(self):
+        # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
+        # header
+        if not self._r.headers.get('Host'):
+            return self._r.url
+        # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
+        host = self._r.headers['Host']
+        parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
+        # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
+        return urlunparse([
+            parsed.scheme, host, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query,
+            parsed.fragment
+        ])
+
+    def is_unverifiable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def has_header(self, name):
+        return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
+
+    def add_header(self, key, val):
+        """cookielib has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()")
+
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
+        self._new_headers[name] = value
+
+    def get_new_headers(self):
+        return self._new_headers
+
+    @property
+    def unverifiable(self):
+        return self.is_unverifiable()
+
+    @property
+    def origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_origin_req_host()
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+
+class MockResponse(object):
+    """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
+
+    ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
+    the way `cookielib` expects to see them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        """Make a MockResponse for `cookielib` to read.
+
+        :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
+        """
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    def info(self):
+        return self._headers
+
+    def getheaders(self, name):
+        self._headers.getheaders(name)
+
+
+def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
+    """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
+
+    :param jar: cookielib.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
+    :param request: our own requests.Request object
+    :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
+    """
+    if not (hasattr(response, '_original_response') and
+            response._original_response):
+        return
+    # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
+    req = MockRequest(request)
+    # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
+    res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
+    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
+
+
+def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
+    """Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None."""
+    r = MockRequest(request)
+    jar.add_cookie_header(r)
+    return r.get_new_headers().get('Cookie')
+
+
+def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
+
+    Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
+    """
+    clearables = []
+    for cookie in cookiejar:
+        if cookie.name != name:
+            continue
+        if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
+            continue
+        if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
+            continue
+        clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+
+    for domain, path, name in clearables:
+        cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
+
+
+class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
+    """There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar.
+    Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific."""
+
+
+class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
+    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
+
+    This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
+    don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
+    session.cookies to support dict operations.
+
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
+
+    Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
+
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
+    def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        try:
+            return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
+        """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains."""
+        # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
+        if value is None:
+            remove_cookie_by_name(self, name, domain=kwargs.get('domain'), path=kwargs.get('path'))
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(value, Morsel):
+            c = morsel_to_cookie(value)
+        else:
+            c = create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs)
+        self.set_cookie(c)
+        return c
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar. See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar. See values() and items()."""
+        return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.value
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar. See keys() and items()."""
+        return list(self.itervalues())
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name, cookie.value
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call
+        ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a vanilla python dict of key value
+        pairs."""
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def list_domains(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain not in domains:
+                domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return domains
+
+    def list_paths(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
+        paths = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.path not in paths:
+                paths.append(cookie.path)
+        return paths
+
+    def multiple_domains(self):
+        """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
+        Returns False otherwise."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
+                return True
+            domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return False  # there is only one domain in jar
+
+    def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements."""
+        dictionary = {}
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (path is None
+                                                or cookie.path == path):
+                dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+        return dictionary
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+
+        return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead."""
+
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``."""
+        remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
+
+    def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
+        if hasattr(cookie.value, 'startswith') and cookie.value.startswith('"') and cookie.value.endswith('"'):
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', '')
+        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
+        if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            for cookie in other:
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+        else:
+            super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
+
+    def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as
+        args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If
+        there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one. See
+        _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        return cookie.value
+
+        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+
+    def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests. Takes as args name and optional domain and
+        path. Returns a cookie.value. Throws KeyError if cookie is not found
+        and CookieConflictError if there are multiple cookies that match name
+        and optionally domain and path."""
+        toReturn = None
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        if toReturn is not None:  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                            raise CookieConflictError('There are multiple cookies with name, %r' % (name))
+                        toReturn = cookie.value  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+
+        if toReturn:
+            return toReturn
+        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        state = self.__dict__.copy()
+        # remove the unpickleable RLock object
+        state.pop('_cookies_lock')
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        if '_cookies_lock' not in self.__dict__:
+            self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
+        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.update(self)
+        return new_cj
+
+
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+        # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
+def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
+    """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
+
+    By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
+    and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
+    """
+    result = dict(
+        version=0,
+        name=name,
+        value=value,
+        port=None,
+        domain='',
+        path='/',
+        secure=False,
+        expires=None,
+        discard=True,
+        comment=None,
+        comment_url=None,
+        rest={'HttpOnly': None},
+        rfc2109=False,)
+
+    badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
+    if badargs:
+        err = 'create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s'
+        raise TypeError(err % list(badargs))
+
+    result.update(kwargs)
+    result['port_specified'] = bool(result['port'])
+    result['domain_specified'] = bool(result['domain'])
+    result['domain_initial_dot'] = result['domain'].startswith('.')
+    result['path_specified'] = bool(result['path'])
+
+    return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
+
+
+def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
+    """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
+
+    expires = None
+    if morsel['max-age']:
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
+    elif morsel['expires']:
+        time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
+        expires = calendar.timegm(
+            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)
+        )
+    return create_cookie(
+        comment=morsel['comment'],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),
+        discard=False,
+        domain=morsel['domain'],
+        expires=expires,
+        name=morsel.key,
+        path=morsel['path'],
+        port=None,
+        rest={'HttpOnly': morsel['httponly']},
+        rfc2109=False,
+        secure=bool(morsel['secure']),
+        value=morsel.value,
+        version=morsel['version'] or 0,
+    )
+
+
+def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
+    :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
+        already in the jar with new ones.
+    """
+    if cookiejar is None:
+        cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
+
+    if cookie_dict is not None:
+        names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
+        for name in cookie_dict:
+            if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
+
+    return cookiejar
+
+
+def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
+    """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
+
+    :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
+    :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
+
+    if isinstance(cookies, dict):
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
+            cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
+    elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        try:
+            cookiejar.update(cookies)
+        except AttributeError:
+            for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
+
+    return cookiejar
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba0b910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
+
+"""
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
+
+
+class RequestException(IOError):
+    """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
+    request."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects.
+        """
+        response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
+        self.response = response
+        self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
+        if (response is not None and not self.request and
+                hasattr(response, 'request')):
+            self.request = self.response.request
+        super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HTTPError(RequestException):
+    """An HTTP error occurred."""
+
+
+class ConnectionError(RequestException):
+    """A Connection error occurred."""
+
+
+class ProxyError(ConnectionError):
+    """A proxy error occurred."""
+
+
+class SSLError(ConnectionError):
+    """An SSL error occurred."""
+
+
+class Timeout(RequestException):
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
+
+
+class URLRequired(RequestException):
+    """A valid URL is required to make a request."""
+
+
+class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
+    """Too many redirects."""
+
+
+class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL schema (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
+
+
+class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """See defaults.py for valid schemas."""
+
+
+class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """ The URL provided was somehow invalid. """
+
+
+class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
+    """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
+
+
+class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
+    """Failed to decode response content"""
+
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class RequestsWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning for Requests."""
+    pass
+
+
+class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    """
+    A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length.
+    """
+    pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9da9436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.hooks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system.
+
+Available hooks:
+
+``response``:
+    The response generated from a Request.
+
+"""
+HOOKS = ['response']
+
+def default_hooks():
+    return dict((event, []) for event in HOOKS)
+
+# TODO: response is the only one
+
+
+def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
+    """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
+    hooks = hooks or dict()
+    hooks = hooks.get(key)
+    if hooks:
+        if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
+            hooks = [hooks]
+        for hook in hooks:
+            _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
+            if _hook_data is not None:
+                hook_data = _hook_data
+    return hook_data
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bcbc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.models
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the primary objects that power Requests.
+"""
+
+import collections
+import datetime
+
+from io import BytesIO, UnsupportedOperation
+from .hooks import default_hooks
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header, _copy_cookie_jar
+from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
+from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError)
+from .exceptions import (
+    HTTPError, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, StreamConsumedError)
+from .utils import (
+    guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri,
+    stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links,
+    iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string)
+from .compat import (
+    cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO,
+    is_py2, chardet, builtin_str, basestring)
+from .compat import json as complexjson
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+#: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
+#: processable redirect.
+REDIRECT_STATI = (
+    codes.moved,              # 301
+    codes.found,              # 302
+    codes.other,              # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect, # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect, # 308
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
+CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
+ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
+
+
+class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
+    @property
+    def path_url(self):
+        """Build the path URL to use."""
+
+        url = []
+
+        p = urlsplit(self.url)
+
+        path = p.path
+        if not path:
+            path = '/'
+
+        url.append(path)
+
+        query = p.query
+        if query:
+            url.append('?')
+            url.append(query)
+
+        return ''.join(url)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_params(data):
+        """Encode parameters in a piece of data.
+
+        Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, 'read'):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, '__iter__'):
+            result = []
+            for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data):
+                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, '__iter__'):
+                    vs = [vs]
+                for v in vs:
+                    if v is not None:
+                        result.append(
+                            (k.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(k, str) else k,
+                             v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v))
+            return urlencode(result, doseq=True)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_files(files, data):
+        """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request.
+
+        Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+
+        """
+        if (not files):
+            raise ValueError("Files must be provided.")
+        elif isinstance(data, basestring):
+            raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.")
+
+        new_fields = []
+        fields = to_key_val_list(data or {})
+        files = to_key_val_list(files or {})
+
+        for field, val in fields:
+            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, '__iter__'):
+                val = [val]
+            for v in val:
+                if v is not None:
+                    # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong.
+                    if not isinstance(v, bytes):
+                        v = str(v)
+
+                    new_fields.append(
+                        (field.decode('utf-8') if isinstance(field, bytes) else field,
+                         v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v))
+
+        for (k, v) in files:
+            # support for explicit filename
+            ft = None
+            fh = None
+            if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(v) == 2:
+                    fn, fp = v
+                elif len(v) == 3:
+                    fn, fp, ft = v
+                else:
+                    fn, fp, ft, fh = v
+            else:
+                fn = guess_filename(v) or k
+                fp = v
+
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            else:
+                fdata = fp.read()
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh)
+            rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
+            new_fields.append(rf)
+
+        body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields)
+
+        return body, content_type
+
+
+class RequestHooksMixin(object):
+    def register_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Properly register a hook."""
+
+        if event not in self.hooks:
+            raise ValueError('Unsupported event specified, with event name "%s"' % (event))
+
+        if isinstance(hook, collections.Callable):
+            self.hooks[event].append(hook)
+        elif hasattr(hook, '__iter__'):
+            self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, collections.Callable))
+
+    def deregister_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Deregister a previously registered hook.
+        Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            self.hooks[event].remove(hook)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+
+class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
+    """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object.
+
+    Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server.
+
+    :param method: HTTP method to use.
+    :param url: URL to send.
+    :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
+    :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
+    :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
+    :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
+    :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
+    :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
+
+        # Default empty dicts for dict params.
+        data = [] if data is None else data
+        files = [] if files is None else files
+        headers = {} if headers is None else headers
+        params = {} if params is None else params
+        hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks
+
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        for (k, v) in list(hooks.items()):
+            self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v)
+
+        self.method = method
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.files = files
+        self.data = data
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+        self.auth = auth
+        self.cookies = cookies
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Request [%s]>' % (self.method)
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it."""
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=self.method,
+            url=self.url,
+            headers=self.headers,
+            files=self.files,
+            data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
+            params=self.params,
+            auth=self.auth,
+            cookies=self.cookies,
+            hooks=self.hooks,
+        )
+        return p
+
+
+class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
+    """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object,
+    containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.
+
+    Generated from either a :class:`Request <Request>` object or manually.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> r = req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.send(r)
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: HTTP verb to send to the server.
+        self.method = None
+        #: HTTP URL to send the request to.
+        self.url = None
+        #: dictionary of HTTP headers.
+        self.headers = None
+        # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here
+        # after prepare_cookies is called
+        self._cookies = None
+        #: request body to send to the server.
+        self.body = None
+        #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+    def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
+        """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
+
+        self.prepare_method(method)
+        self.prepare_url(url, params)
+        self.prepare_headers(headers)
+        self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
+        self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
+
+        # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
+        # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
+
+        # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook
+        self.prepare_hooks(hooks)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<PreparedRequest [%s]>' % (self.method)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.method = self.method
+        p.url = self.url
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
+        p.body = self.body
+        p.hooks = self.hooks
+        return p
+
+    def prepare_method(self, method):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP method."""
+        self.method = method
+        if self.method is not None:
+            self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper())
+
+    def prepare_url(self, url, params):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
+        #: Accept objects that have string representations.
+        #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode('utf8')
+        else:
+            url = unicode(url) if is_py2 else str(url)
+
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
+        if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'):
+            self.url = url
+            return
+
+        # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
+
+        if not scheme:
+            error = ("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. Perhaps you meant http://{0}?")
+            error = error.format(to_native_string(url, 'utf8'))
+
+            raise MissingSchema(error)
+
+        if not host:
+            raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url)
+
+        # Only want to apply IDNA to the hostname
+        try:
+            host = host.encode('idna').decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeError:
+            raise InvalidURL('URL has an invalid label.')
+
+        # Carefully reconstruct the network location
+        netloc = auth or ''
+        if netloc:
+            netloc += '@'
+        netloc += host
+        if port:
+            netloc += ':' + str(port)
+
+        # Bare domains aren't valid URLs.
+        if not path:
+            path = '/'
+
+        if is_py2:
+            if isinstance(scheme, str):
+                scheme = scheme.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(netloc, str):
+                netloc = netloc.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(path, str):
+                path = path.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(query, str):
+                query = query.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(fragment, str):
+                fragment = fragment.encode('utf-8')
+
+        if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)):
+            params = to_native_string(params)
+
+        enc_params = self._encode_params(params)
+        if enc_params:
+            if query:
+                query = '%s&%s' % (query, enc_params)
+            else:
+                query = enc_params
+
+        url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment]))
+        self.url = url
+
+    def prepare_headers(self, headers):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP headers."""
+
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict((to_native_string(name), value) for name, value in headers.items())
+        else:
+            self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
+
+        # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
+        # If not, run through normal process.
+
+        # Nottin' on you.
+        body = None
+        content_type = None
+        length = None
+
+        if not data and json is not None:
+            content_type = 'application/json'
+            body = complexjson.dumps(json)
+
+        is_stream = all([
+            hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
+            not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, dict))
+        ])
+
+        try:
+            length = super_len(data)
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
+            length = None
+
+        if is_stream:
+            body = data
+
+            if files:
+                raise NotImplementedError('Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive.')
+
+            if length:
+                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(length)
+            else:
+                self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] = 'chunked'
+        else:
+            # Multi-part file uploads.
+            if files:
+                (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
+            else:
+                if data:
+                    body = self._encode_params(data)
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                        content_type = None
+                    else:
+                        content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            self.prepare_content_length(body)
+
+            # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
+            if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers):
+                self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+
+        self.body = body
+
+    def prepare_content_length(self, body):
+        if hasattr(body, 'seek') and hasattr(body, 'tell'):
+            body.seek(0, 2)
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(body.tell())
+            body.seek(0, 0)
+        elif body is not None:
+            l = super_len(body)
+            if l:
+                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(l)
+        elif (self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')) and (self.headers.get('Content-Length') is None):
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
+
+    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP auth data."""
+
+        # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first.
+        if auth is None:
+            url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url)
+            auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None
+
+        if auth:
+            if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2:
+                # special-case basic HTTP auth
+                auth = HTTPBasicAuth(*auth)
+
+            # Allow auth to make its changes.
+            r = auth(self)
+
+            # Update self to reflect the auth changes.
+            self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__)
+
+            # Recompute Content-Length
+            self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
+
+    def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand."""
+
+        if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            self._cookies = cookies
+        else:
+            self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self)
+        if cookie_header is not None:
+            self.headers['Cookie'] = cookie_header
+
+    def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
+        """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
+        for event in hooks:
+            self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
+
+
+class Response(object):
+    """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
+    server's response to an HTTP request.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        '_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history',
+        'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request'
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(Response, self).__init__()
+
+        self._content = False
+        self._content_consumed = False
+
+        #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.
+        self.status_code = None
+
+        #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers.
+        #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+        #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header.
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+        #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage).
+        #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request.
+        # This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.
+        self.raw = None
+
+        #: Final URL location of Response.
+        self.url = None
+
+        #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from
+        #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end
+        #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.
+        self.history = []
+
+        #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK".
+        self.reason = None
+
+        #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
+        self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
+        # sure the content has been fully read.
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.content
+
+        return dict(
+            (attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+            for attr in self.__attrs__
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+
+        # pickled objects do not have .raw
+        setattr(self, '_content_consumed', True)
+        setattr(self, 'raw', None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Response [%s]>' % (self.status_code)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'."""
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'."""
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
+        return self.iter_content(128)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        try:
+            self.raise_for_status()
+        except HTTPError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
+        been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
+        """
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI)
+
+    @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect"""
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
+
+    @property
+    def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library"""
+        return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
+
+    def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False):
+        """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
+        request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for
+        large responses.  The chunk size is the number of bytes it should
+        read into memory.  This is not necessarily the length of each item
+        returned as decoding can take place.
+
+        If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
+        available encoding based on the response.
+        """
+
+        def generate():
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
+                try:
+                    for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
+                        yield chunk
+                except ProtocolError as e:
+                    raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
+                except DecodeError as e:
+                    raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
+            else:
+                # Standard file-like object.
+                while True:
+                    chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    yield chunk
+
+            self._content_consumed = True
+
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
+        # simulate reading small chunks of the content
+        reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
+
+        stream_chunks = generate()
+
+        chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks
+
+        if decode_unicode:
+            chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
+
+        return chunks
+
+    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None, delimiter=None):
+        """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
+        stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
+        content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
+        """
+
+        pending = None
+
+        for chunk in self.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode):
+
+            if pending is not None:
+                chunk = pending + chunk
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
+                pending = lines.pop()
+            else:
+                pending = None
+
+            for line in lines:
+                yield line
+
+        if pending is not None:
+            yield pending
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        """Content of the response, in bytes."""
+
+        if self._content is False:
+            # Read the contents.
+            try:
+                if self._content_consumed:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        'The content for this response was already consumed')
+
+                if self.status_code == 0:
+                    self._content = None
+                else:
+                    self._content = bytes().join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or bytes()
+
+            except AttributeError:
+                self._content = None
+
+        self._content_consumed = True
+        # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
+        # since we exhausted the data.
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        """Content of the response, in unicode.
+
+        If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
+        ``chardet``.
+
+        The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP
+        headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of
+        non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should
+        set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property.
+        """
+
+        # Try charset from content-type
+        content = None
+        encoding = self.encoding
+
+        if not self.content:
+            return str('')
+
+        # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
+        if self.encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.apparent_encoding
+
+        # Decode unicode from given encoding.
+        try:
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+        except (LookupError, TypeError):
+            # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
+            # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
+            #
+            # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
+            #
+            # So we try blindly encoding.
+            content = str(self.content, errors='replace')
+
+        return content
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs):
+        """Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.
+
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes.
+        """
+
+        if not self.encoding and len(self.content) > 3:
+            # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect
+            # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or
+            # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using chardet to make
+            # a best guess).
+            encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
+            if encoding is not None:
+                try:
+                    return complexjson.loads(
+                        self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
+                    )
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
+                    # but some other 8-bit codec.  This is an RFC violation,
+                    # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was*
+                    # used.
+                    pass
+        return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
+
+        header = self.headers.get('link')
+
+        # l = MultiDict()
+        l = {}
+
+        if header:
+            links = parse_header_links(header)
+
+            for link in links:
+                key = link.get('rel') or link.get('url')
+                l[key] = link
+
+        return l
+
+    def raise_for_status(self):
+        """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
+
+        http_error_msg = ''
+
+        if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
+            http_error_msg = '%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
+
+        elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
+            http_error_msg = '%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
+
+        if http_error_msg:
+            raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been
+        called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again.
+
+        *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
+        """
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            return self.raw.close()
+
+        return self.raw.release_conn()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..971c2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+'''
+Debian and other distributions "unbundle" requests' vendored dependencies, and
+rewrite all imports to use the global versions of ``urllib3`` and ``chardet``.
+The problem with this is that not only requests itself imports those
+dependencies, but third-party code outside of the distros' control too.
+
+In reaction to these problems, the distro maintainers replaced
+``requests.packages`` with a magical "stub module" that imports the correct
+modules. The implementations were varying in quality and all had severe
+problems. For example, a symlink (or hardlink) that links the correct modules
+into place introduces problems regarding object identity, since you now have
+two modules in `sys.modules` with the same API, but different identities::
+
+    requests.packages.urllib3 is not urllib3
+
+With version ``2.5.2``, requests started to maintain its own stub, so that
+distro-specific breakage would be reduced to a minimum, even though the whole
+issue is not requests' fault in the first place. See
+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2375 for the corresponding pull
+request.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from . import urllib3
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib3
+    sys.modules['%s.urllib3' % __name__] = urllib3
+
+try:
+    from . import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    import chardet
+    sys.modules['%s.chardet' % __name__] = chardet
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82c2a48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+__version__ = "2.3.0"
+from sys import version_info
+
+
+def detect(aBuf):
+    if ((version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(aBuf, unicode)) or
+            (version_info >= (3, 0) and not isinstance(aBuf, bytes))):
+        raise ValueError('Expected a bytes object, not a unicode object')
+
+    from . import universaldetector
+    u = universaldetector.UniversalDetector()
+    u.reset()
+    u.feed(aBuf)
+    u.close()
+    return u.result
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65bffc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,925 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Big5 frequency table
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http://www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+#
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+#Char to FreqOrder table
+BIG5_TABLE_SIZE = 5376
+
+Big5CharToFreqOrder = (
+   1,1801,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,5008, 177, 202,3681,1256,2821, 110, #   16
+3814,  33,3274, 261,  76,  44,2114,  16,2946,2187,1176, 659,3971,  26,3451,2653, #   32
+1198,3972,3350,4202, 410,2215, 302, 590, 361,1964,   8, 204,  58,4510,5009,1932, #   48
+  63,5010,5011, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4203,2417,1480,5012,3555,3091, 224,2822, #   64
+3682,   3,  10,3973,1471,  29,2787,1135,2866,1940, 873, 130,3275,1123, 312,5013, #   80
+4511,2052, 507, 252, 682,5014, 142,1915, 124, 206,2947,  34,3556,3204,  64, 604, #   96
+5015,2501,1977,1978, 155,1991, 645, 641,1606,5016,3452, 337,  72, 406,5017,  80, #  112
+ 630, 238,3205,1509, 263, 939,1092,2654, 756,1440,1094,3453, 449,  69,2987, 591, #  128
+ 179,2096, 471, 115,2035,1844,  60,  50,2988, 134, 806,1869, 734,2036,3454, 180, #  144
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2907, 688,5018, 319,1305, 779,2145, 514,2379, 298,4512, 359, #  160
+2502,  90,2716,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2553,  20,2441, 182, 532,1716,5019, 732, #  176
+1376,4204,1311,1420,3206,  25,2317,1056, 113, 399, 382,1950, 242,3455,2474, 529, #  192
+3276, 475,1447,3683,5020, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2300,2334,3557,5021, 126,4205, #  208
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4513,  71,1118,2037,4206, 145,3092,  85, 835, 486,2115,1246, #  224
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,5022,2128,2359, 347,3815, 221, #  240
+3558,3135,5023,1956,1153,4207,  83, 296,1199,3093, 192, 624,  93,5024, 822,1898, #  256
+2823,3136, 795,2065, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2867, 859, 139,1456, 860,4514, #  272
+ 437, 712,3974, 164,2397,3137, 695, 211,3037,2097, 195,3975,1608,3559,3560,3684, #  288
+3976, 234, 811,2989,2098,3977,2233,1441,3561,1615,2380, 668,2077,1638, 305, 228, #  304
+1664,4515, 467, 415,5025, 262,2099,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2078, #  320
+5026,5027,2176,3207,3685,2682, 593, 845,1062,3277,  88,1723,2038,3978,1951, 212, #  336
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1899,4208,4516,  77, 187,5028,3038,  37,   5,2990,5029,3979, #  352
+5030,5031,  39,2524,4517,2908,3208,2079,  55, 148,  74,4518, 545, 483,1474,1029, #  368
+1665, 217,1870,1531,3138,1104,2655,4209,  24, 172,3562, 900,3980,3563,3564,4519, #  384
+  32,1408,2824,1312, 329, 487,2360,2251,2717, 784,2683,   4,3039,3351,1427,1789, #  400
+ 188, 109, 499,5032,3686,1717,1790, 888,1217,3040,4520,5033,3565,5034,3352,1520, #  416
+3687,3981, 196,1034, 775,5035,5036, 929,1816, 249, 439,  38,5037,1063,5038, 794, #  432
+3982,1435,2301,  46, 178,3278,2066,5039,2381,5040, 214,1709,4521, 804,  35, 707, #  448
+ 324,3688,1601,2554, 140, 459,4210,5041,5042,1365, 839, 272, 978,2262,2580,3456, #  464
+2129,1363,3689,1423, 697, 100,3094,  48,  70,1231, 495,3139,2196,5043,1294,5044, #  480
+2080, 462, 586,1042,3279, 853, 256, 988, 185,2382,3457,1698, 434,1084,5045,3458, #  496
+ 314,2625,2788,4522,2335,2336, 569,2285, 637,1817,2525, 757,1162,1879,1616,3459, #  512
+ 287,1577,2116, 768,4523,1671,2868,3566,2526,1321,3816, 909,2418,5046,4211, 933, #  528
+3817,4212,2053,2361,1222,4524, 765,2419,1322, 786,4525,5047,1920,1462,1677,2909, #  544
+1699,5048,4526,1424,2442,3140,3690,2600,3353,1775,1941,3460,3983,4213, 309,1369, #  560
+1130,2825, 364,2234,1653,1299,3984,3567,3985,3986,2656, 525,1085,3041, 902,2001, #  576
+1475, 964,4527, 421,1845,1415,1057,2286, 940,1364,3141, 376,4528,4529,1381,   7, #  592
+2527, 983,2383, 336,1710,2684,1846, 321,3461, 559,1131,3042,2752,1809,1132,1313, #  608
+ 265,1481,1858,5049, 352,1203,2826,3280, 167,1089, 420,2827, 776, 792,1724,3568, #  624
+4214,2443,3281,5050,4215,5051, 446, 229, 333,2753, 901,3818,1200,1557,4530,2657, #  640
+1921, 395,2754,2685,3819,4216,1836, 125, 916,3209,2626,4531,5052,5053,3820,5054, #  656
+5055,5056,4532,3142,3691,1133,2555,1757,3462,1510,2318,1409,3569,5057,2146, 438, #  672
+2601,2910,2384,3354,1068, 958,3043, 461, 311,2869,2686,4217,1916,3210,4218,1979, #  688
+ 383, 750,2755,2627,4219, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,5058,1154,1965, 384, 561, 210, #  704
+  98,1295,2556,3570,5059,1711,2420,1482,3463,3987,2911,1257, 129,5060,3821, 642, #  720
+ 523,2789,2790,2658,5061, 141,2235,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4220, 603,2602, #  736
+ 710, 171,3464, 404, 549,  18,3143,2398,1410,3692,1666,5062,3571,4533,2912,4534, #  752
+5063,2991, 368,5064, 146, 366,  99, 871,3693,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2263, #  768
+ 379,3822,3211,5065,3212, 505,1942,2628,1992,1382,2319,5066, 380,2362, 218, 702, #  784
+1818,1248,3465,3044,3572,3355,3282,5067,2992,3694, 930,3283,3823,5068,  59,5069, #  800
+ 585, 601,4221, 497,3466,1112,1314,4535,1802,5070,1223,1472,2177,5071, 749,1837, #  816
+ 690,1900,3824,1773,3988,1476, 429,1043,1791,2236,2117, 917,4222, 447,1086,1629, #  832
+5072, 556,5073,5074,2021,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2828,1008,1783, 686, #  848
+1095,5075,2287, 793,1602,5076,3573,2603,4536,4223,2948,2302,4537,3825, 980,2503, #  864
+ 544, 353, 527,4538, 908,2687,2913,5077, 381,2629,1943,1348,5078,1341,1252, 560, #  880
+3095,5079,3467,2870,5080,2054, 973, 886,2081, 143,4539,5081,5082, 157,3989, 496, #  896
+4224,  57, 840, 540,2039,4540,4541,3468,2118,1445, 970,2264,1748,1966,2082,4225, #  912
+3144,1234,1776,3284,2829,3695, 773,1206,2130,1066,2040,1326,3990,1738,1725,4226, #  928
+ 279,3145,  51,1544,2604, 423,1578,2131,2067, 173,4542,1880,5083,5084,1583, 264, #  944
+ 610,3696,4543,2444, 280, 154,5085,5086,5087,1739, 338,1282,3096, 693,2871,1411, #  960
+1074,3826,2445,5088,4544,5089,5090,1240, 952,2399,5091,2914,1538,2688, 685,1483, #  976
+4227,2475,1436, 953,4228,2055,4545, 671,2400,  79,4229,2446,3285, 608, 567,2689, #  992
+3469,4230,4231,1691, 393,1261,1792,2401,5092,4546,5093,5094,5095,5096,1383,1672, # 1008
+3827,3213,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4547,3991,1432,3574, 609,4548,2690, # 1024
+2402,5097,5098,5099,4232,3045,   0,5100,2476, 315, 231,2447, 301,3356,4549,2385, # 1040
+5101, 233,4233,3697,1819,4550,4551,5102,  96,1777,1315,2083,5103, 257,5104,1810, # 1056
+3698,2718,1139,1820,4234,2022,1124,2164,2791,1778,2659,5105,3097, 363,1655,3214, # 1072
+5106,2993,5107,5108,5109,3992,1567,3993, 718, 103,3215, 849,1443, 341,3357,2949, # 1088
+1484,5110,1712, 127,  67, 339,4235,2403, 679,1412, 821,5111,5112, 834, 738, 351, # 1104
+2994,2147, 846, 235,1497,1881, 418,1993,3828,2719, 186,1100,2148,2756,3575,1545, # 1120
+1355,2950,2872,1377, 583,3994,4236,2581,2995,5113,1298,3699,1078,2557,3700,2363, # 1136
+  78,3829,3830, 267,1289,2100,2002,1594,4237, 348, 369,1274,2197,2178,1838,4552, # 1152
+1821,2830,3701,2757,2288,2003,4553,2951,2758, 144,3358, 882,4554,3995,2759,3470, # 1168
+4555,2915,5114,4238,1726, 320,5115,3996,3046, 788,2996,5116,2831,1774,1327,2873, # 1184
+3997,2832,5117,1306,4556,2004,1700,3831,3576,2364,2660, 787,2023, 506, 824,3702, # 1200
+ 534, 323,4557,1044,3359,2024,1901, 946,3471,5118,1779,1500,1678,5119,1882,4558, # 1216
+ 165, 243,4559,3703,2528, 123, 683,4239, 764,4560,  36,3998,1793, 589,2916, 816, # 1232
+ 626,1667,3047,2237,1639,1555,1622,3832,3999,5120,4000,2874,1370,1228,1933, 891, # 1248
+2084,2917, 304,4240,5121, 292,2997,2720,3577, 691,2101,4241,1115,4561, 118, 662, # 1264
+5122, 611,1156, 854,2386,1316,2875,   2, 386, 515,2918,5123,5124,3286, 868,2238, # 1280
+1486, 855,2661, 785,2216,3048,5125,1040,3216,3578,5126,3146, 448,5127,1525,5128, # 1296
+2165,4562,5129,3833,5130,4242,2833,3579,3147, 503, 818,4001,3148,1568, 814, 676, # 1312
+1444, 306,1749,5131,3834,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2834,1501,4563,5132,5133,5134, # 1328
+1994,5135,4564,5136,5137,2198,  13,2792,3704,2998,3149,1229,1917,5138,3835,2132, # 1344
+5139,4243,4565,2404,3580,5140,2217,1511,1727,1120,5141,5142, 646,3836,2448, 307, # 1360
+5143,5144,1595,3217,5145,5146,5147,3705,1113,1356,4002,1465,2529,2530,5148, 519, # 1376
+5149, 128,2133,  92,2289,1980,5150,4003,1512, 342,3150,2199,5151,2793,2218,1981, # 1392
+3360,4244, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2365,5152,3837,4566, 562, 581,4004,5153, 401, # 1408
+4567,2252,  94,4568,5154,1399,2794,5155,1463,2025,4569,3218,1944,5156, 828,1105, # 1424
+4245,1262,1394,5157,4246, 605,4570,5158,1784,2876,5159,2835, 819,2102, 578,2200, # 1440
+2952,5160,1502, 436,3287,4247,3288,2836,4005,2919,3472,3473,5161,2721,2320,5162, # 1456
+5163,2337,2068,  23,4571, 193, 826,3838,2103, 699,1630,4248,3098, 390,1794,1064, # 1472
+3581,5164,1579,3099,3100,1400,5165,4249,1839,1640,2877,5166,4572,4573, 137,4250, # 1488
+ 598,3101,1967, 780, 104, 974,2953,5167, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339, # 1504
+5168,4006,1275,4574,2582,2558,5169,3706,3049,3102,2253, 565,1334,2722, 863,  41, # 1520
+5170,5171,4575,5172,1657,2338,  19, 463,2760,4251, 606,5173,2999,3289,1087,2085, # 1536
+1323,2662,3000,5174,1631,1623,1750,4252,2691,5175,2878, 791,2723,2663,2339, 232, # 1552
+2421,5176,3001,1498,5177,2664,2630, 755,1366,3707,3290,3151,2026,1609, 119,1918, # 1568
+3474, 862,1026,4253,5178,4007,3839,4576,4008,4577,2265,1952,2477,5179,1125, 817, # 1584
+4254,4255,4009,1513,1766,2041,1487,4256,3050,3291,2837,3840,3152,5180,5181,1507, # 1600
+5182,2692, 733,  40,1632,1106,2879, 345,4257, 841,2531, 230,4578,3002,1847,3292, # 1616
+3475,5183,1263, 986,3476,5184, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562, # 1632
+4010,4011,2954, 967,2761,2665,1349, 592,2134,1692,3361,3003,1995,4258,1679,4012, # 1648
+1902,2188,5185, 739,3708,2724,1296,1290,5186,4259,2201,2202,1922,1563,2605,2559, # 1664
+1871,2762,3004,5187, 435,5188, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4579,2239,3477,3709,5189, # 1680
+4580, 294,3582,2955,1693, 477, 979, 281,2042,3583, 643,2043,3710,2631,2795,2266, # 1696
+1031,2340,2135,2303,3584,4581, 367,1249,2560,5190,3585,5191,4582,1283,3362,2005, # 1712
+ 240,1762,3363,4583,4584, 836,1069,3153, 474,5192,2149,2532, 268,3586,5193,3219, # 1728
+1521,1284,5194,1658,1546,4260,5195,3587,3588,5196,4261,3364,2693,1685,4262, 961, # 1744
+1673,2632, 190,2006,2203,3841,4585,4586,5197, 570,2504,3711,1490,5198,4587,2633, # 1760
+3293,1957,4588, 584,1514, 396,1045,1945,5199,4589,1968,2449,5200,5201,4590,4013, # 1776
+ 619,5202,3154,3294, 215,2007,2796,2561,3220,4591,3221,4592, 763,4263,3842,4593, # 1792
+5203,5204,1958,1767,2956,3365,3712,1174, 452,1477,4594,3366,3155,5205,2838,1253, # 1808
+2387,2189,1091,2290,4264, 492,5206, 638,1169,1825,2136,1752,4014, 648, 926,1021, # 1824
+1324,4595, 520,4596, 997, 847,1007, 892,4597,3843,2267,1872,3713,2405,1785,4598, # 1840
+1953,2957,3103,3222,1728,4265,2044,3714,4599,2008,1701,3156,1551,  30,2268,4266, # 1856
+5207,2027,4600,3589,5208, 501,5209,4267, 594,3478,2166,1822,3590,3479,3591,3223, # 1872
+ 829,2839,4268,5210,1680,3157,1225,4269,5211,3295,4601,4270,3158,2341,5212,4602, # 1888
+4271,5213,4015,4016,5214,1848,2388,2606,3367,5215,4603, 374,4017, 652,4272,4273, # 1904
+ 375,1140, 798,5216,5217,5218,2366,4604,2269, 546,1659, 138,3051,2450,4605,5219, # 1920
+2254, 612,1849, 910, 796,3844,1740,1371, 825,3845,3846,5220,2920,2562,5221, 692, # 1936
+ 444,3052,2634, 801,4606,4274,5222,1491, 244,1053,3053,4275,4276, 340,5223,4018, # 1952
+1041,3005, 293,1168,  87,1357,5224,1539, 959,5225,2240, 721, 694,4277,3847, 219, # 1968
+1478, 644,1417,3368,2666,1413,1401,1335,1389,4019,5226,5227,3006,2367,3159,1826, # 1984
+ 730,1515, 184,2840,  66,4607,5228,1660,2958, 246,3369, 378,1457, 226,3480, 975, # 2000
+4020,2959,1264,3592, 674, 696,5229, 163,5230,1141,2422,2167, 713,3593,3370,4608, # 2016
+4021,5231,5232,1186,  15,5233,1079,1070,5234,1522,3224,3594, 276,1050,2725, 758, # 2032
+1126, 653,2960,3296,5235,2342, 889,3595,4022,3104,3007, 903,1250,4609,4023,3481, # 2048
+3596,1342,1681,1718, 766,3297, 286,  89,2961,3715,5236,1713,5237,2607,3371,3008, # 2064
+5238,2962,2219,3225,2880,5239,4610,2505,2533, 181, 387,1075,4024, 731,2190,3372, # 2080
+5240,3298, 310, 313,3482,2304, 770,4278,  54,3054, 189,4611,3105,3848,4025,5241, # 2096
+1230,1617,1850, 355,3597,4279,4612,3373, 111,4280,3716,1350,3160,3483,3055,4281, # 2112
+2150,3299,3598,5242,2797,4026,4027,3009, 722,2009,5243,1071, 247,1207,2343,2478, # 2128
+1378,4613,2010, 864,1437,1214,4614, 373,3849,1142,2220, 667,4615, 442,2763,2563, # 2144
+3850,4028,1969,4282,3300,1840, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1883,5244,5245,2119,4283, # 2160
+2841, 743,1569,5246,4616,4284, 582,2389,1418,3484,5247,1803,5248, 357,1395,1729, # 2176
+3717,3301,2423,1564,2241,5249,3106,3851,1633,4617,1114,2086,4285,1532,5250, 482, # 2192
+2451,4618,5251,5252,1492, 833,1466,5253,2726,3599,1641,2842,5254,1526,1272,3718, # 2208
+4286,1686,1795, 416,2564,1903,1954,1804,5255,3852,2798,3853,1159,2321,5256,2881, # 2224
+4619,1610,1584,3056,2424,2764, 443,3302,1163,3161,5257,5258,4029,5259,4287,2506, # 2240
+3057,4620,4030,3162,2104,1647,3600,2011,1873,4288,5260,4289, 431,3485,5261, 250, # 2256
+  97,  81,4290,5262,1648,1851,1558, 160, 848,5263, 866, 740,1694,5264,2204,2843, # 2272
+3226,4291,4621,3719,1687, 950,2479, 426, 469,3227,3720,3721,4031,5265,5266,1188, # 2288
+ 424,1996, 861,3601,4292,3854,2205,2694, 168,1235,3602,4293,5267,2087,1674,4622, # 2304
+3374,3303, 220,2565,1009,5268,3855, 670,3010, 332,1208, 717,5269,5270,3603,2452, # 2320
+4032,3375,5271, 513,5272,1209,2882,3376,3163,4623,1080,5273,5274,5275,5276,2534, # 2336
+3722,3604, 815,1587,4033,4034,5277,3605,3486,3856,1254,4624,1328,3058,1390,4035, # 2352
+1741,4036,3857,4037,5278, 236,3858,2453,3304,5279,5280,3723,3859,1273,3860,4625, # 2368
+5281, 308,5282,4626, 245,4627,1852,2480,1307,2583, 430, 715,2137,2454,5283, 270, # 2384
+ 199,2883,4038,5284,3606,2727,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1841,4628,3487,3724,5285, # 2400
+5286, 587,  14,3305, 227,2608, 326, 480,2270, 943,2765,3607, 291, 650,1884,5287, # 2416
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3488, 904,4629,3489,1164,4294,5288,5289,1224,1548,2766, # 2432
+ 391, 498,1493,5290,1386,1419,5291,2056,1177,4630, 813, 880,1081,2368, 566,1145, # 2448
+4631,2291,1001,1035,2566,2609,2242, 394,1286,5292,5293,2069,5294,  86,1494,1730, # 2464
+4039, 491,1588, 745, 897,2963, 843,3377,4040,2767,2884,3306,1768, 998,2221,2070, # 2480
+ 397,1827,1195,1970,3725,3011,3378, 284,5295,3861,2507,2138,2120,1904,5296,4041, # 2496
+2151,4042,4295,1036,3490,1905, 114,2567,4296, 209,1527,5297,5298,2964,2844,2635, # 2512
+2390,2728,3164, 812,2568,5299,3307,5300,1559, 737,1885,3726,1210, 885,  28,2695, # 2528
+3608,3862,5301,4297,1004,1780,4632,5302, 346,1982,2222,2696,4633,3863,1742, 797, # 2544
+1642,4043,1934,1072,1384,2152, 896,4044,3308,3727,3228,2885,3609,5303,2569,1959, # 2560
+4634,2455,1786,5304,5305,5306,4045,4298,1005,1308,3728,4299,2729,4635,4636,1528, # 2576
+2610, 161,1178,4300,1983, 987,4637,1101,4301, 631,4046,1157,3229,2425,1343,1241, # 2592
+1016,2243,2570, 372, 877,2344,2508,1160, 555,1935, 911,4047,5307, 466,1170, 169, # 2608
+1051,2921,2697,3729,2481,3012,1182,2012,2571,1251,2636,5308, 992,2345,3491,1540, # 2624
+2730,1201,2071,2406,1997,2482,5309,4638, 528,1923,2191,1503,1874,1570,2369,3379, # 2640
+3309,5310, 557,1073,5311,1828,3492,2088,2271,3165,3059,3107, 767,3108,2799,4639, # 2656
+1006,4302,4640,2346,1267,2179,3730,3230, 778,4048,3231,2731,1597,2667,5312,4641, # 2672
+5313,3493,5314,5315,5316,3310,2698,1433,3311, 131,  95,1504,4049, 723,4303,3166, # 2688
+1842,3610,2768,2192,4050,2028,2105,3731,5317,3013,4051,1218,5318,3380,3232,4052, # 2704
+4304,2584, 248,1634,3864, 912,5319,2845,3732,3060,3865, 654,  53,5320,3014,5321, # 2720
+1688,4642, 777,3494,1032,4053,1425,5322, 191, 820,2121,2846, 971,4643, 931,3233, # 2736
+ 135, 664, 783,3866,1998, 772,2922,1936,4054,3867,4644,2923,3234, 282,2732, 640, # 2752
+1372,3495,1127, 922, 325,3381,5323,5324, 711,2045,5325,5326,4055,2223,2800,1937, # 2768
+4056,3382,2224,2255,3868,2305,5327,4645,3869,1258,3312,4057,3235,2139,2965,4058, # 2784
+4059,5328,2225, 258,3236,4646, 101,1227,5329,3313,1755,5330,1391,3314,5331,2924, # 2800
+2057, 893,5332,5333,5334,1402,4305,2347,5335,5336,3237,3611,5337,5338, 878,1325, # 2816
+1781,2801,4647, 259,1385,2585, 744,1183,2272,4648,5339,4060,2509,5340, 684,1024, # 2832
+4306,5341, 472,3612,3496,1165,3315,4061,4062, 322,2153, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 2848
+ 660, 554,2154,4649,1058,4650,4307, 830,1065,3383,4063,4651,1924,5342,1703,1919, # 2864
+5343, 932,2273, 122,5344,4652, 947, 677,5345,3870,2637, 297,1906,1925,2274,4653, # 2880
+2322,3316,5346,5347,4308,5348,4309,  84,4310, 112, 989,5349, 547,1059,4064, 701, # 2896
+3613,1019,5350,4311,5351,3497, 942, 639, 457,2306,2456, 993,2966, 407, 851, 494, # 2912
+4654,3384, 927,5352,1237,5353,2426,3385, 573,4312, 680, 921,2925,1279,1875, 285, # 2928
+ 790,1448,1984, 719,2168,5354,5355,4655,4065,4066,1649,5356,1541, 563,5357,1077, # 2944
+5358,3386,3061,3498, 511,3015,4067,4068,3733,4069,1268,2572,3387,3238,4656,4657, # 2960
+5359, 535,1048,1276,1189,2926,2029,3167,1438,1373,2847,2967,1134,2013,5360,4313, # 2976
+1238,2586,3109,1259,5361, 700,5362,2968,3168,3734,4314,5363,4315,1146,1876,1907, # 2992
+4658,2611,4070, 781,2427, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2802,2407, 898,1787,2155,4071, # 3008
+4072,5364,3871,2803,5365,5366,4659,4660,5367,3239,5368,1635,3872, 965,5369,1805, # 3024
+2699,1516,3614,1121,1082,1329,3317,4073,1449,3873,  65,1128,2848,2927,2769,1590, # 3040
+3874,5370,5371,  12,2668,  45, 976,2587,3169,4661, 517,2535,1013,1037,3240,5372, # 3056
+3875,2849,5373,3876,5374,3499,5375,2612, 614,1999,2323,3877,3110,2733,2638,5376, # 3072
+2588,4316, 599,1269,5377,1811,3735,5378,2700,3111, 759,1060, 489,1806,3388,3318, # 3088
+1358,5379,5380,2391,1387,1215,2639,2256, 490,5381,5382,4317,1759,2392,2348,5383, # 3104
+4662,3878,1908,4074,2640,1807,3241,4663,3500,3319,2770,2349, 874,5384,5385,3501, # 3120
+3736,1859,  91,2928,3737,3062,3879,4664,5386,3170,4075,2669,5387,3502,1202,1403, # 3136
+3880,2969,2536,1517,2510,4665,3503,2511,5388,4666,5389,2701,1886,1495,1731,4076, # 3152
+2370,4667,5390,2030,5391,5392,4077,2702,1216, 237,2589,4318,2324,4078,3881,4668, # 3168
+4669,2703,3615,3504, 445,4670,5393,5394,5395,5396,2771,  61,4079,3738,1823,4080, # 3184
+5397, 687,2046, 935, 925, 405,2670, 703,1096,1860,2734,4671,4081,1877,1367,2704, # 3200
+3389, 918,2106,1782,2483, 334,3320,1611,1093,4672, 564,3171,3505,3739,3390, 945, # 3216
+2641,2058,4673,5398,1926, 872,4319,5399,3506,2705,3112, 349,4320,3740,4082,4674, # 3232
+3882,4321,3741,2156,4083,4675,4676,4322,4677,2408,2047, 782,4084, 400, 251,4323, # 3248
+1624,5400,5401, 277,3742, 299,1265, 476,1191,3883,2122,4324,4325,1109, 205,5402, # 3264
+2590,1000,2157,3616,1861,5403,5404,5405,4678,5406,4679,2573, 107,2484,2158,4085, # 3280
+3507,3172,5407,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4326,2886,3617,5408,1696, 370,1088,4327, # 3296
+4680,3618, 579, 327, 440, 162,2244, 269,1938,1374,3508, 968,3063,  56,1396,3113, # 3312
+2107,3321,3391,5409,1927,2159,4681,3016,5410,3619,5411,5412,3743,4682,2485,5413, # 3328
+2804,5414,1650,4683,5415,2613,5416,5417,4086,2671,3392,1149,3393,4087,3884,4088, # 3344
+5418,1076,  49,5419, 951,3242,3322,3323, 450,2850, 920,5420,1812,2805,2371,4328, # 3360
+1909,1138,2372,3885,3509,5421,3243,4684,1910,1147,1518,2428,4685,3886,5422,4686, # 3376
+2393,2614, 260,1796,3244,5423,5424,3887,3324, 708,5425,3620,1704,5426,3621,1351, # 3392
+1618,3394,3017,1887, 944,4329,3395,4330,3064,3396,4331,5427,3744, 422, 413,1714, # 3408
+3325, 500,2059,2350,4332,2486,5428,1344,1911, 954,5429,1668,5430,5431,4089,2409, # 3424
+4333,3622,3888,4334,5432,2307,1318,2512,3114, 133,3115,2887,4687, 629,  31,2851, # 3440
+2706,3889,4688, 850, 949,4689,4090,2970,1732,2089,4335,1496,1853,5433,4091, 620, # 3456
+3245, 981,1242,3745,3397,1619,3746,1643,3326,2140,2457,1971,1719,3510,2169,5434, # 3472
+3246,5435,5436,3398,1829,5437,1277,4690,1565,2048,5438,1636,3623,3116,5439, 869, # 3488
+2852, 655,3890,3891,3117,4092,3018,3892,1310,3624,4691,5440,5441,5442,1733, 558, # 3504
+4692,3747, 335,1549,3065,1756,4336,3748,1946,3511,1830,1291,1192, 470,2735,2108, # 3520
+2806, 913,1054,4093,5443,1027,5444,3066,4094,4693, 982,2672,3399,3173,3512,3247, # 3536
+3248,1947,2807,5445, 571,4694,5446,1831,5447,3625,2591,1523,2429,5448,2090, 984, # 3552
+4695,3749,1960,5449,3750, 852, 923,2808,3513,3751, 969,1519, 999,2049,2325,1705, # 3568
+5450,3118, 615,1662, 151, 597,4095,2410,2326,1049, 275,4696,3752,4337, 568,3753, # 3584
+3626,2487,4338,3754,5451,2430,2275, 409,3249,5452,1566,2888,3514,1002, 769,2853, # 3600
+ 194,2091,3174,3755,2226,3327,4339, 628,1505,5453,5454,1763,2180,3019,4096, 521, # 3616
+1161,2592,1788,2206,2411,4697,4097,1625,4340,4341, 412,  42,3119, 464,5455,2642, # 3632
+4698,3400,1760,1571,2889,3515,2537,1219,2207,3893,2643,2141,2373,4699,4700,3328, # 3648
+1651,3401,3627,5456,5457,3628,2488,3516,5458,3756,5459,5460,2276,2092, 460,5461, # 3664
+4701,5462,3020, 962, 588,3629, 289,3250,2644,1116,  52,5463,3067,1797,5464,5465, # 3680
+5466,1467,5467,1598,1143,3757,4342,1985,1734,1067,4702,1280,3402, 465,4703,1572, # 3696
+ 510,5468,1928,2245,1813,1644,3630,5469,4704,3758,5470,5471,2673,1573,1534,5472, # 3712
+5473, 536,1808,1761,3517,3894,3175,2645,5474,5475,5476,4705,3518,2929,1912,2809, # 3728
+5477,3329,1122, 377,3251,5478, 360,5479,5480,4343,1529, 551,5481,2060,3759,1769, # 3744
+2431,5482,2930,4344,3330,3120,2327,2109,2031,4706,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672,1171, # 3760
+3252,2308, 271,3176,5483,2772,5484,2050, 678,2736, 865,1948,4707,5485,2014,4098, # 3776
+2971,5486,2737,2227,1397,3068,3760,4708,4709,1735,2931,3403,3631,5487,3895, 509, # 3792
+2854,2458,2890,3896,5488,5489,3177,3178,4710,4345,2538,4711,2309,1166,1010, 552, # 3808
+ 681,1888,5490,5491,2972,2973,4099,1287,1596,1862,3179, 358, 453, 736, 175, 478, # 3824
+1117, 905,1167,1097,5492,1854,1530,5493,1706,5494,2181,3519,2292,3761,3520,3632, # 3840
+4346,2093,4347,5495,3404,1193,2489,4348,1458,2193,2208,1863,1889,1421,3331,2932, # 3856
+3069,2182,3521, 595,2123,5496,4100,5497,5498,4349,1707,2646, 223,3762,1359, 751, # 3872
+3121, 183,3522,5499,2810,3021, 419,2374, 633, 704,3897,2394, 241,5500,5501,5502, # 3888
+ 838,3022,3763,2277,2773,2459,3898,1939,2051,4101,1309,3122,2246,1181,5503,1136, # 3904
+2209,3899,2375,1446,4350,2310,4712,5504,5505,4351,1055,2615, 484,3764,5506,4102, # 3920
+ 625,4352,2278,3405,1499,4353,4103,5507,4104,4354,3253,2279,2280,3523,5508,5509, # 3936
+2774, 808,2616,3765,3406,4105,4355,3123,2539, 526,3407,3900,4356, 955,5510,1620, # 3952
+4357,2647,2432,5511,1429,3766,1669,1832, 994, 928,5512,3633,1260,5513,5514,5515, # 3968
+1949,2293, 741,2933,1626,4358,2738,2460, 867,1184, 362,3408,1392,5516,5517,4106, # 3984
+4359,1770,1736,3254,2934,4713,4714,1929,2707,1459,1158,5518,3070,3409,2891,1292, # 4000
+1930,2513,2855,3767,1986,1187,2072,2015,2617,4360,5519,2574,2514,2170,3768,2490, # 4016
+3332,5520,3769,4715,5521,5522, 666,1003,3023,1022,3634,4361,5523,4716,1814,2257, # 4032
+ 574,3901,1603, 295,1535, 705,3902,4362, 283, 858, 417,5524,5525,3255,4717,4718, # 4048
+3071,1220,1890,1046,2281,2461,4107,1393,1599, 689,2575, 388,4363,5526,2491, 802, # 4064
+5527,2811,3903,2061,1405,2258,5528,4719,3904,2110,1052,1345,3256,1585,5529, 809, # 4080
+5530,5531,5532, 575,2739,3524, 956,1552,1469,1144,2328,5533,2329,1560,2462,3635, # 4096
+3257,4108, 616,2210,4364,3180,2183,2294,5534,1833,5535,3525,4720,5536,1319,3770, # 4112
+3771,1211,3636,1023,3258,1293,2812,5537,5538,5539,3905, 607,2311,3906, 762,2892, # 4128
+1439,4365,1360,4721,1485,3072,5540,4722,1038,4366,1450,2062,2648,4367,1379,4723, # 4144
+2593,5541,5542,4368,1352,1414,2330,2935,1172,5543,5544,3907,3908,4724,1798,1451, # 4160
+5545,5546,5547,5548,2936,4109,4110,2492,2351, 411,4111,4112,3637,3333,3124,4725, # 4176
+1561,2674,1452,4113,1375,5549,5550,  47,2974, 316,5551,1406,1591,2937,3181,5552, # 4192
+1025,2142,3125,3182, 354,2740, 884,2228,4369,2412, 508,3772, 726,3638, 996,2433, # 4208
+3639, 729,5553, 392,2194,1453,4114,4726,3773,5554,5555,2463,3640,2618,1675,2813, # 4224
+ 919,2352,2975,2353,1270,4727,4115,  73,5556,5557, 647,5558,3259,2856,2259,1550, # 4240
+1346,3024,5559,1332, 883,3526,5560,5561,5562,5563,3334,2775,5564,1212, 831,1347, # 4256
+4370,4728,2331,3909,1864,3073, 720,3910,4729,4730,3911,5565,4371,5566,5567,4731, # 4272
+5568,5569,1799,4732,3774,2619,4733,3641,1645,2376,4734,5570,2938, 669,2211,2675, # 4288
+2434,5571,2893,5572,5573,1028,3260,5574,4372,2413,5575,2260,1353,5576,5577,4735, # 4304
+3183, 518,5578,4116,5579,4373,1961,5580,2143,4374,5581,5582,3025,2354,2355,3912, # 4320
+ 516,1834,1454,4117,2708,4375,4736,2229,2620,1972,1129,3642,5583,2776,5584,2976, # 4336
+1422, 577,1470,3026,1524,3410,5585,5586, 432,4376,3074,3527,5587,2594,1455,2515, # 4352
+2230,1973,1175,5588,1020,2741,4118,3528,4737,5589,2742,5590,1743,1361,3075,3529, # 4368
+2649,4119,4377,4738,2295, 895, 924,4378,2171, 331,2247,3076, 166,1627,3077,1098, # 4384
+5591,1232,2894,2231,3411,4739, 657, 403,1196,2377, 542,3775,3412,1600,4379,3530, # 4400
+5592,4740,2777,3261, 576, 530,1362,4741,4742,2540,2676,3776,4120,5593, 842,3913, # 4416
+5594,2814,2032,1014,4121, 213,2709,3413, 665, 621,4380,5595,3777,2939,2435,5596, # 4432
+2436,3335,3643,3414,4743,4381,2541,4382,4744,3644,1682,4383,3531,1380,5597, 724, # 4448
+2282, 600,1670,5598,1337,1233,4745,3126,2248,5599,1621,4746,5600, 651,4384,5601, # 4464
+1612,4385,2621,5602,2857,5603,2743,2312,3078,5604, 716,2464,3079, 174,1255,2710, # 4480
+4122,3645, 548,1320,1398, 728,4123,1574,5605,1891,1197,3080,4124,5606,3081,3082, # 4496
+3778,3646,3779, 747,5607, 635,4386,4747,5608,5609,5610,4387,5611,5612,4748,5613, # 4512
+3415,4749,2437, 451,5614,3780,2542,2073,4388,2744,4389,4125,5615,1764,4750,5616, # 4528
+4390, 350,4751,2283,2395,2493,5617,4391,4126,2249,1434,4127, 488,4752, 458,4392, # 4544
+4128,3781, 771,1330,2396,3914,2576,3184,2160,2414,1553,2677,3185,4393,5618,2494, # 4560
+2895,2622,1720,2711,4394,3416,4753,5619,2543,4395,5620,3262,4396,2778,5621,2016, # 4576
+2745,5622,1155,1017,3782,3915,5623,3336,2313, 201,1865,4397,1430,5624,4129,5625, # 4592
+5626,5627,5628,5629,4398,1604,5630, 414,1866, 371,2595,4754,4755,3532,2017,3127, # 4608
+4756,1708, 960,4399, 887, 389,2172,1536,1663,1721,5631,2232,4130,2356,2940,1580, # 4624
+5632,5633,1744,4757,2544,4758,4759,5634,4760,5635,2074,5636,4761,3647,3417,2896, # 4640
+4400,5637,4401,2650,3418,2815, 673,2712,2465, 709,3533,4131,3648,4402,5638,1148, # 4656
+ 502, 634,5639,5640,1204,4762,3649,1575,4763,2623,3783,5641,3784,3128, 948,3263, # 4672
+ 121,1745,3916,1110,5642,4403,3083,2516,3027,4132,3785,1151,1771,3917,1488,4133, # 4688
+1987,5643,2438,3534,5644,5645,2094,5646,4404,3918,1213,1407,2816, 531,2746,2545, # 4704
+3264,1011,1537,4764,2779,4405,3129,1061,5647,3786,3787,1867,2897,5648,2018, 120, # 4720
+4406,4407,2063,3650,3265,2314,3919,2678,3419,1955,4765,4134,5649,3535,1047,2713, # 4736
+1266,5650,1368,4766,2858, 649,3420,3920,2546,2747,1102,2859,2679,5651,5652,2000, # 4752
+5653,1111,3651,2977,5654,2495,3921,3652,2817,1855,3421,3788,5655,5656,3422,2415, # 4768
+2898,3337,3266,3653,5657,2577,5658,3654,2818,4135,1460, 856,5659,3655,5660,2899, # 4784
+2978,5661,2900,3922,5662,4408, 632,2517, 875,3923,1697,3924,2296,5663,5664,4767, # 4800
+3028,1239, 580,4768,4409,5665, 914, 936,2075,1190,4136,1039,2124,5666,5667,5668, # 4816
+5669,3423,1473,5670,1354,4410,3925,4769,2173,3084,4137, 915,3338,4411,4412,3339, # 4832
+1605,1835,5671,2748, 398,3656,4413,3926,4138, 328,1913,2860,4139,3927,1331,4414, # 4848
+3029, 937,4415,5672,3657,4140,4141,3424,2161,4770,3425, 524, 742, 538,3085,1012, # 4864
+5673,5674,3928,2466,5675, 658,1103, 225,3929,5676,5677,4771,5678,4772,5679,3267, # 4880
+1243,5680,4142, 963,2250,4773,5681,2714,3658,3186,5682,5683,2596,2332,5684,4774, # 4896
+5685,5686,5687,3536, 957,3426,2547,2033,1931,2941,2467, 870,2019,3659,1746,2780, # 4912
+2781,2439,2468,5688,3930,5689,3789,3130,3790,3537,3427,3791,5690,1179,3086,5691, # 4928
+3187,2378,4416,3792,2548,3188,3131,2749,4143,5692,3428,1556,2549,2297, 977,2901, # 4944
+2034,4144,1205,3429,5693,1765,3430,3189,2125,1271, 714,1689,4775,3538,5694,2333, # 4960
+3931, 533,4417,3660,2184, 617,5695,2469,3340,3539,2315,5696,5697,3190,5698,5699, # 4976
+3932,1988, 618, 427,2651,3540,3431,5700,5701,1244,1690,5702,2819,4418,4776,5703, # 4992
+3541,4777,5704,2284,1576, 473,3661,4419,3432, 972,5705,3662,5706,3087,5707,5708, # 5008
+4778,4779,5709,3793,4145,4146,5710, 153,4780, 356,5711,1892,2902,4420,2144, 408, # 5024
+ 803,2357,5712,3933,5713,4421,1646,2578,2518,4781,4782,3934,5714,3935,4422,5715, # 5040
+2416,3433, 752,5716,5717,1962,3341,2979,5718, 746,3030,2470,4783,4423,3794, 698, # 5056
+4784,1893,4424,3663,2550,4785,3664,3936,5719,3191,3434,5720,1824,1302,4147,2715, # 5072
+3937,1974,4425,5721,4426,3192, 823,1303,1288,1236,2861,3542,4148,3435, 774,3938, # 5088
+5722,1581,4786,1304,2862,3939,4787,5723,2440,2162,1083,3268,4427,4149,4428, 344, # 5104
+1173, 288,2316, 454,1683,5724,5725,1461,4788,4150,2597,5726,5727,4789, 985, 894, # 5120
+5728,3436,3193,5729,1914,2942,3795,1989,5730,2111,1975,5731,4151,5732,2579,1194, # 5136
+ 425,5733,4790,3194,1245,3796,4429,5734,5735,2863,5736, 636,4791,1856,3940, 760, # 5152
+1800,5737,4430,2212,1508,4792,4152,1894,1684,2298,5738,5739,4793,4431,4432,2213, # 5168
+ 479,5740,5741, 832,5742,4153,2496,5743,2980,2497,3797, 990,3132, 627,1815,2652, # 5184
+4433,1582,4434,2126,2112,3543,4794,5744, 799,4435,3195,5745,4795,2113,1737,3031, # 5200
+1018, 543, 754,4436,3342,1676,4796,4797,4154,4798,1489,5746,3544,5747,2624,2903, # 5216
+4155,5748,5749,2981,5750,5751,5752,5753,3196,4799,4800,2185,1722,5754,3269,3270, # 5232
+1843,3665,1715, 481, 365,1976,1857,5755,5756,1963,2498,4801,5757,2127,3666,3271, # 5248
+ 433,1895,2064,2076,5758, 602,2750,5759,5760,5761,5762,5763,3032,1628,3437,5764, # 5264
+3197,4802,4156,2904,4803,2519,5765,2551,2782,5766,5767,5768,3343,4804,2905,5769, # 5280
+4805,5770,2864,4806,4807,1221,2982,4157,2520,5771,5772,5773,1868,1990,5774,5775, # 5296
+5776,1896,5777,5778,4808,1897,4158, 318,5779,2095,4159,4437,5780,5781, 485,5782, # 5312
+ 938,3941, 553,2680, 116,5783,3942,3667,5784,3545,2681,2783,3438,3344,2820,5785, # 5328
+3668,2943,4160,1747,2944,2983,5786,5787, 207,5788,4809,5789,4810,2521,5790,3033, # 5344
+ 890,3669,3943,5791,1878,3798,3439,5792,2186,2358,3440,1652,5793,5794,5795, 941, # 5360
+2299, 208,3546,4161,2020, 330,4438,3944,2906,2499,3799,4439,4811,5796,5797,5798, # 5376  #last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2522,1613,4812,5799,3345,3945,2523,5800,4162,5801,1637,4163,2471,4813,3946,5802, # 5392
+2500,3034,3800,5803,5804,2195,4814,5805,2163,5806,5807,5808,5809,5810,5811,5812, # 5408
+5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824,5825,5826,5827,5828, # 5424
+5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840,5841,5842,5843,5844, # 5440
+5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856,5857,5858,5859,5860, # 5456
+5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872,5873,5874,5875,5876, # 5472
+5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888,5889,5890,5891,5892, # 5488
+5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904,5905,5906,5907,5908, # 5504
+5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920,5921,5922,5923,5924, # 5520
+5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936,5937,5938,5939,5940, # 5536
+5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952,5953,5954,5955,5956, # 5552
+5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968,5969,5970,5971,5972, # 5568
+5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984,5985,5986,5987,5988, # 5584
+5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000,6001,6002,6003,6004, # 5600
+6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016,6017,6018,6019,6020, # 5616
+6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032,6033,6034,6035,6036, # 5632
+6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048,6049,6050,6051,6052, # 5648
+6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064,6065,6066,6067,6068, # 5664
+6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080,6081,6082,6083,6084, # 5680
+6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096,6097,6098,6099,6100, # 5696
+6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112,6113,6114,6115,6116, # 5712
+6117,6118,6119,6120,6121,6122,6123,6124,6125,6126,6127,6128,6129,6130,6131,6132, # 5728
+6133,6134,6135,6136,6137,6138,6139,6140,6141,6142,6143,6144,6145,6146,6147,6148, # 5744
+6149,6150,6151,6152,6153,6154,6155,6156,6157,6158,6159,6160,6161,6162,6163,6164, # 5760
+6165,6166,6167,6168,6169,6170,6171,6172,6173,6174,6175,6176,6177,6178,6179,6180, # 5776
+6181,6182,6183,6184,6185,6186,6187,6188,6189,6190,6191,6192,6193,6194,6195,6196, # 5792
+6197,6198,6199,6200,6201,6202,6203,6204,6205,6206,6207,6208,6209,6210,6211,6212, # 5808
+6213,6214,6215,6216,6217,6218,6219,6220,6221,6222,6223,3670,6224,6225,6226,6227, # 5824
+6228,6229,6230,6231,6232,6233,6234,6235,6236,6237,6238,6239,6240,6241,6242,6243, # 5840
+6244,6245,6246,6247,6248,6249,6250,6251,6252,6253,6254,6255,6256,6257,6258,6259, # 5856
+6260,6261,6262,6263,6264,6265,6266,6267,6268,6269,6270,6271,6272,6273,6274,6275, # 5872
+6276,6277,6278,6279,6280,6281,6282,6283,6284,6285,4815,6286,6287,6288,6289,6290, # 5888
+6291,6292,4816,6293,6294,6295,6296,6297,6298,6299,6300,6301,6302,6303,6304,6305, # 5904
+6306,6307,6308,6309,6310,6311,4817,4818,6312,6313,6314,6315,6316,6317,6318,4819, # 5920
+6319,6320,6321,6322,6323,6324,6325,6326,6327,6328,6329,6330,6331,6332,6333,6334, # 5936
+6335,6336,6337,4820,6338,6339,6340,6341,6342,6343,6344,6345,6346,6347,6348,6349, # 5952
+6350,6351,6352,6353,6354,6355,6356,6357,6358,6359,6360,6361,6362,6363,6364,6365, # 5968
+6366,6367,6368,6369,6370,6371,6372,6373,6374,6375,6376,6377,6378,6379,6380,6381, # 5984
+6382,6383,6384,6385,6386,6387,6388,6389,6390,6391,6392,6393,6394,6395,6396,6397, # 6000
+6398,6399,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404,6405,6406,6407,6408,6409,6410,3441,6411,6412, # 6016
+6413,6414,6415,6416,6417,6418,6419,6420,6421,6422,6423,6424,6425,4440,6426,6427, # 6032
+6428,6429,6430,6431,6432,6433,6434,6435,6436,6437,6438,6439,6440,6441,6442,6443, # 6048
+6444,6445,6446,6447,6448,6449,6450,6451,6452,6453,6454,4821,6455,6456,6457,6458, # 6064
+6459,6460,6461,6462,6463,6464,6465,6466,6467,6468,6469,6470,6471,6472,6473,6474, # 6080
+6475,6476,6477,3947,3948,6478,6479,6480,6481,3272,4441,6482,6483,6484,6485,4442, # 6096
+6486,6487,6488,6489,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,4822,6497,6498,6499,6500, # 6112
+6501,6502,6503,6504,6505,6506,6507,6508,6509,6510,6511,6512,6513,6514,6515,6516, # 6128
+6517,6518,6519,6520,6521,6522,6523,6524,6525,6526,6527,6528,6529,6530,6531,6532, # 6144
+6533,6534,6535,6536,6537,6538,6539,6540,6541,6542,6543,6544,6545,6546,6547,6548, # 6160
+6549,6550,6551,6552,6553,6554,6555,6556,2784,6557,4823,6558,6559,6560,6561,6562, # 6176
+6563,6564,6565,6566,6567,6568,6569,3949,6570,6571,6572,4824,6573,6574,6575,6576, # 6192
+6577,6578,6579,6580,6581,6582,6583,4825,6584,6585,6586,3950,2785,6587,6588,6589, # 6208
+6590,6591,6592,6593,6594,6595,6596,6597,6598,6599,6600,6601,6602,6603,6604,6605, # 6224
+6606,6607,6608,6609,6610,6611,6612,4826,6613,6614,6615,4827,6616,6617,6618,6619, # 6240
+6620,6621,6622,6623,6624,6625,4164,6626,6627,6628,6629,6630,6631,6632,6633,6634, # 6256
+3547,6635,4828,6636,6637,6638,6639,6640,6641,6642,3951,2984,6643,6644,6645,6646, # 6272
+6647,6648,6649,4165,6650,4829,6651,6652,4830,6653,6654,6655,6656,6657,6658,6659, # 6288
+6660,6661,6662,4831,6663,6664,6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,6670,6671,4166,6672,4832, # 6304
+3952,6673,6674,6675,6676,4833,6677,6678,6679,4167,6680,6681,6682,3198,6683,6684, # 6320
+6685,6686,6687,6688,6689,6690,6691,6692,6693,6694,6695,6696,6697,4834,6698,6699, # 6336
+6700,6701,6702,6703,6704,6705,6706,6707,6708,6709,6710,6711,6712,6713,6714,6715, # 6352
+6716,6717,6718,6719,6720,6721,6722,6723,6724,6725,6726,6727,6728,6729,6730,6731, # 6368
+6732,6733,6734,4443,6735,6736,6737,6738,6739,6740,6741,6742,6743,6744,6745,4444, # 6384
+6746,6747,6748,6749,6750,6751,6752,6753,6754,6755,6756,6757,6758,6759,6760,6761, # 6400
+6762,6763,6764,6765,6766,6767,6768,6769,6770,6771,6772,6773,6774,6775,6776,6777, # 6416
+6778,6779,6780,6781,4168,6782,6783,3442,6784,6785,6786,6787,6788,6789,6790,6791, # 6432
+4169,6792,6793,6794,6795,6796,6797,6798,6799,6800,6801,6802,6803,6804,6805,6806, # 6448
+6807,6808,6809,6810,6811,4835,6812,6813,6814,4445,6815,6816,4446,6817,6818,6819, # 6464
+6820,6821,6822,6823,6824,6825,6826,6827,6828,6829,6830,6831,6832,6833,6834,6835, # 6480
+3548,6836,6837,6838,6839,6840,6841,6842,6843,6844,6845,6846,4836,6847,6848,6849, # 6496
+6850,6851,6852,6853,6854,3953,6855,6856,6857,6858,6859,6860,6861,6862,6863,6864, # 6512
+6865,6866,6867,6868,6869,6870,6871,6872,6873,6874,6875,6876,6877,3199,6878,6879, # 6528
+6880,6881,6882,4447,6883,6884,6885,6886,6887,6888,6889,6890,6891,6892,6893,6894, # 6544
+6895,6896,6897,6898,6899,6900,6901,6902,6903,6904,4170,6905,6906,6907,6908,6909, # 6560
+6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915,6916,6917,6918,6919,6920,6921,6922,6923,6924,6925, # 6576
+6926,6927,4837,6928,6929,6930,6931,6932,6933,6934,6935,6936,3346,6937,6938,4838, # 6592
+6939,6940,6941,4448,6942,6943,6944,6945,6946,4449,6947,6948,6949,6950,6951,6952, # 6608
+6953,6954,6955,6956,6957,6958,6959,6960,6961,6962,6963,6964,6965,6966,6967,6968, # 6624
+6969,6970,6971,6972,6973,6974,6975,6976,6977,6978,6979,6980,6981,6982,6983,6984, # 6640
+6985,6986,6987,6988,6989,6990,6991,6992,6993,6994,3671,6995,6996,6997,6998,4839, # 6656
+6999,7000,7001,7002,3549,7003,7004,7005,7006,7007,7008,7009,7010,7011,7012,7013, # 6672
+7014,7015,7016,7017,7018,7019,7020,7021,7022,7023,7024,7025,7026,7027,7028,7029, # 6688
+7030,4840,7031,7032,7033,7034,7035,7036,7037,7038,4841,7039,7040,7041,7042,7043, # 6704
+7044,7045,7046,7047,7048,7049,7050,7051,7052,7053,7054,7055,7056,7057,7058,7059, # 6720
+7060,7061,7062,7063,7064,7065,7066,7067,7068,7069,7070,2985,7071,7072,7073,7074, # 6736
+7075,7076,7077,7078,7079,7080,4842,7081,7082,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087,7088,7089, # 6752
+7090,7091,7092,7093,7094,7095,7096,7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,7103,7104,7105, # 6768
+7106,7107,7108,7109,7110,7111,7112,7113,7114,7115,7116,7117,7118,4450,7119,7120, # 6784
+7121,7122,7123,7124,7125,7126,7127,7128,7129,7130,7131,7132,7133,7134,7135,7136, # 6800
+7137,7138,7139,7140,7141,7142,7143,4843,7144,7145,7146,7147,7148,7149,7150,7151, # 6816
+7152,7153,7154,7155,7156,7157,7158,7159,7160,7161,7162,7163,7164,7165,7166,7167, # 6832
+7168,7169,7170,7171,7172,7173,7174,7175,7176,7177,7178,7179,7180,7181,7182,7183, # 6848
+7184,7185,7186,7187,7188,4171,4172,7189,7190,7191,7192,7193,7194,7195,7196,7197, # 6864
+7198,7199,7200,7201,7202,7203,7204,7205,7206,7207,7208,7209,7210,7211,7212,7213, # 6880
+7214,7215,7216,7217,7218,7219,7220,7221,7222,7223,7224,7225,7226,7227,7228,7229, # 6896
+7230,7231,7232,7233,7234,7235,7236,7237,7238,7239,7240,7241,7242,7243,7244,7245, # 6912
+7246,7247,7248,7249,7250,7251,7252,7253,7254,7255,7256,7257,7258,7259,7260,7261, # 6928
+7262,7263,7264,7265,7266,7267,7268,7269,7270,7271,7272,7273,7274,7275,7276,7277, # 6944
+7278,7279,7280,7281,7282,7283,7284,7285,7286,7287,7288,7289,7290,7291,7292,7293, # 6960
+7294,7295,7296,4844,7297,7298,7299,7300,7301,7302,7303,7304,7305,7306,7307,7308, # 6976
+7309,7310,7311,7312,7313,7314,7315,7316,4451,7317,7318,7319,7320,7321,7322,7323, # 6992
+7324,7325,7326,7327,7328,7329,7330,7331,7332,7333,7334,7335,7336,7337,7338,7339, # 7008
+7340,7341,7342,7343,7344,7345,7346,7347,7348,7349,7350,7351,7352,7353,4173,7354, # 7024
+7355,4845,7356,7357,7358,7359,7360,7361,7362,7363,7364,7365,7366,7367,7368,7369, # 7040
+7370,7371,7372,7373,7374,7375,7376,7377,7378,7379,7380,7381,7382,7383,7384,7385, # 7056
+7386,7387,7388,4846,7389,7390,7391,7392,7393,7394,7395,7396,7397,7398,7399,7400, # 7072
+7401,7402,7403,7404,7405,3672,7406,7407,7408,7409,7410,7411,7412,7413,7414,7415, # 7088
+7416,7417,7418,7419,7420,7421,7422,7423,7424,7425,7426,7427,7428,7429,7430,7431, # 7104
+7432,7433,7434,7435,7436,7437,7438,7439,7440,7441,7442,7443,7444,7445,7446,7447, # 7120
+7448,7449,7450,7451,7452,7453,4452,7454,3200,7455,7456,7457,7458,7459,7460,7461, # 7136
+7462,7463,7464,7465,7466,7467,7468,7469,7470,7471,7472,7473,7474,4847,7475,7476, # 7152
+7477,3133,7478,7479,7480,7481,7482,7483,7484,7485,7486,7487,7488,7489,7490,7491, # 7168
+7492,7493,7494,7495,7496,7497,7498,7499,7500,7501,7502,3347,7503,7504,7505,7506, # 7184
+7507,7508,7509,7510,7511,7512,7513,7514,7515,7516,7517,7518,7519,7520,7521,4848, # 7200
+7522,7523,7524,7525,7526,7527,7528,7529,7530,7531,7532,7533,7534,7535,7536,7537, # 7216
+7538,7539,7540,7541,7542,7543,7544,7545,7546,7547,7548,7549,3801,4849,7550,7551, # 7232
+7552,7553,7554,7555,7556,7557,7558,7559,7560,7561,7562,7563,7564,7565,7566,7567, # 7248
+7568,7569,3035,7570,7571,7572,7573,7574,7575,7576,7577,7578,7579,7580,7581,7582, # 7264
+7583,7584,7585,7586,7587,7588,7589,7590,7591,7592,7593,7594,7595,7596,7597,7598, # 7280
+7599,7600,7601,7602,7603,7604,7605,7606,7607,7608,7609,7610,7611,7612,7613,7614, # 7296
+7615,7616,4850,7617,7618,3802,7619,7620,7621,7622,7623,7624,7625,7626,7627,7628, # 7312
+7629,7630,7631,7632,4851,7633,7634,7635,7636,7637,7638,7639,7640,7641,7642,7643, # 7328
+7644,7645,7646,7647,7648,7649,7650,7651,7652,7653,7654,7655,7656,7657,7658,7659, # 7344
+7660,7661,7662,7663,7664,7665,7666,7667,7668,7669,7670,4453,7671,7672,7673,7674, # 7360
+7675,7676,7677,7678,7679,7680,7681,7682,7683,7684,7685,7686,7687,7688,7689,7690, # 7376
+7691,7692,7693,7694,7695,7696,7697,3443,7698,7699,7700,7701,7702,4454,7703,7704, # 7392
+7705,7706,7707,7708,7709,7710,7711,7712,7713,2472,7714,7715,7716,7717,7718,7719, # 7408
+7720,7721,7722,7723,7724,7725,7726,7727,7728,7729,7730,7731,3954,7732,7733,7734, # 7424
+7735,7736,7737,7738,7739,7740,7741,7742,7743,7744,7745,7746,7747,7748,7749,7750, # 7440
+3134,7751,7752,4852,7753,7754,7755,4853,7756,7757,7758,7759,7760,4174,7761,7762, # 7456
+7763,7764,7765,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,7772,7773,7774,7775,7776,7777,7778, # 7472
+7779,7780,7781,7782,7783,7784,7785,7786,7787,7788,7789,7790,7791,7792,7793,7794, # 7488
+7795,7796,7797,7798,7799,7800,7801,7802,7803,7804,7805,4854,7806,7807,7808,7809, # 7504
+7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,7824,7825, # 7520
+4855,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,7840, # 7536
+7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,3955,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855, # 7552
+7856,7857,7858,7859,7860,3444,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870, # 7568
+7871,7872,7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886, # 7584
+7887,7888,7889,7890,7891,4175,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,4856,4857,7897,7898,7899, # 7600
+7900,2598,7901,7902,7903,7904,7905,7906,7907,7908,4455,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913, # 7616
+7914,3201,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920,7921,4858,7922,7923,7924,7925,7926,7927, # 7632
+7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935,7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943, # 7648
+7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951,7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959, # 7664
+7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967,7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975, # 7680
+7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,4859,7982,7983,7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990, # 7696
+7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,4860,7997,7998,7999,8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005, # 7712
+8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015,8016,4176,8017,8018,8019,8020, # 7728
+8021,8022,8023,4861,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031,8032,8033,8034,8035, # 7744
+8036,4862,4456,8037,8038,8039,8040,4863,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047,8048, # 7760
+8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063,8064, # 7776
+8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079,8080, # 7792
+8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095,8096, # 7808
+8097,8098,8099,4864,4177,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110, # 7824
+8111,8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,4178,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125, # 7840
+8126,8127,8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141, # 7856
+8142,8143,8144,8145,4865,4866,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155, # 7872
+8156,8157,8158,8159,8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,4179,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170, # 7888
+8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,4457,8182,8183,8184,8185, # 7904
+8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201, # 7920
+8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217, # 7936
+8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233, # 7952
+8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249, # 7968
+8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,8256,3445,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,4458,8263, # 7984
+8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,8272,4459,8273,8274,8275,8276,3550,8277, # 8000
+8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,8288,8289,4460,8290,8291,8292, # 8016
+8293,8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,8304,8305,8306,8307,4867, # 8032
+8308,8309,8310,8311,8312,3551,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,8320,8321,8322, # 8048
+8323,8324,8325,8326,4868,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,8336,8337, # 8064
+8338,8339,8340,8341,8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353, # 8080
+8354,8355,8356,8357,8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,4869,4461,8364,8365,8366,8367, # 8096
+8368,8369,8370,4870,8371,8372,8373,8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382, # 8112
+8383,8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389,8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398, # 8128
+8399,8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,4871,8411,8412,8413, # 8144
+8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,4462,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428, # 8160
+8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,2986,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443, # 8176
+8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459, # 8192
+8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475, # 8208
+8476,8477,8478,4180,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485,8486,8487,8488,8489,8490, # 8224
+8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506, # 8240
+8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8520,8521,8522, # 8256
+8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538, # 8272
+8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549,8550,8551,8552,8553,8554, # 8288
+8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,4872,8565,8566,8567,8568,8569, # 8304
+8570,8571,8572,8573,4873,8574,8575,8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581,8582,8583,8584, # 8320
+8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597,8598,8599,8600, # 8336
+8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,3803,8606,8607,8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613,4874,3804, # 8352
+8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,3956,8622,8623,8624,8625,8626,8627,8628, # 8368
+8629,8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,2865,8639,8640,8641,8642,8643, # 8384
+8644,8645,8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,8656,4463,8657,8658, # 8400
+8659,4875,4876,8660,8661,8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,8672, # 8416
+8673,8674,8675,8676,8677,8678,8679,8680,8681,4464,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687, # 8432
+8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693,8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703, # 8448
+8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,2261,8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718, # 8464
+8719,8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725,8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,4181, # 8480
+8734,8735,8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741,8742,8743,8744,8745,8746,8747,8748,8749, # 8496
+8750,8751,8752,8753,8754,8755,8756,8757,8758,8759,8760,8761,8762,8763,4877,8764, # 8512
+8765,8766,8767,8768,8769,8770,8771,8772,8773,8774,8775,8776,8777,8778,8779,8780, # 8528
+8781,8782,8783,8784,8785,8786,8787,8788,4878,8789,4879,8790,8791,8792,4880,8793, # 8544
+8794,8795,8796,8797,8798,8799,8800,8801,4881,8802,8803,8804,8805,8806,8807,8808, # 8560
+8809,8810,8811,8812,8813,8814,8815,3957,8816,8817,8818,8819,8820,8821,8822,8823, # 8576
+8824,8825,8826,8827,8828,8829,8830,8831,8832,8833,8834,8835,8836,8837,8838,8839, # 8592
+8840,8841,8842,8843,8844,8845,8846,8847,4882,8848,8849,8850,8851,8852,8853,8854, # 8608
+8855,8856,8857,8858,8859,8860,8861,8862,8863,8864,8865,8866,8867,8868,8869,8870, # 8624
+8871,8872,8873,8874,8875,8876,8877,8878,8879,8880,8881,8882,8883,8884,3202,8885, # 8640
+8886,8887,8888,8889,8890,8891,8892,8893,8894,8895,8896,8897,8898,8899,8900,8901, # 8656
+8902,8903,8904,8905,8906,8907,8908,8909,8910,8911,8912,8913,8914,8915,8916,8917, # 8672
+8918,8919,8920,8921,8922,8923,8924,4465,8925,8926,8927,8928,8929,8930,8931,8932, # 8688
+4883,8933,8934,8935,8936,8937,8938,8939,8940,8941,8942,8943,2214,8944,8945,8946, # 8704
+8947,8948,8949,8950,8951,8952,8953,8954,8955,8956,8957,8958,8959,8960,8961,8962, # 8720
+8963,8964,8965,4884,8966,8967,8968,8969,8970,8971,8972,8973,8974,8975,8976,8977, # 8736
+8978,8979,8980,8981,8982,8983,8984,8985,8986,8987,8988,8989,8990,8991,8992,4885, # 8752
+8993,8994,8995,8996,8997,8998,8999,9000,9001,9002,9003,9004,9005,9006,9007,9008, # 8768
+9009,9010,9011,9012,9013,9014,9015,9016,9017,9018,9019,9020,9021,4182,9022,9023, # 8784
+9024,9025,9026,9027,9028,9029,9030,9031,9032,9033,9034,9035,9036,9037,9038,9039, # 8800
+9040,9041,9042,9043,9044,9045,9046,9047,9048,9049,9050,9051,9052,9053,9054,9055, # 8816
+9056,9057,9058,9059,9060,9061,9062,9063,4886,9064,9065,9066,9067,9068,9069,4887, # 8832
+9070,9071,9072,9073,9074,9075,9076,9077,9078,9079,9080,9081,9082,9083,9084,9085, # 8848
+9086,9087,9088,9089,9090,9091,9092,9093,9094,9095,9096,9097,9098,9099,9100,9101, # 8864
+9102,9103,9104,9105,9106,9107,9108,9109,9110,9111,9112,9113,9114,9115,9116,9117, # 8880
+9118,9119,9120,9121,9122,9123,9124,9125,9126,9127,9128,9129,9130,9131,9132,9133, # 8896
+9134,9135,9136,9137,9138,9139,9140,9141,3958,9142,9143,9144,9145,9146,9147,9148, # 8912
+9149,9150,9151,4888,9152,9153,9154,9155,9156,9157,9158,9159,9160,9161,9162,9163, # 8928
+9164,9165,9166,9167,9168,9169,9170,9171,9172,9173,9174,9175,4889,9176,9177,9178, # 8944
+9179,9180,9181,9182,9183,9184,9185,9186,9187,9188,9189,9190,9191,9192,9193,9194, # 8960
+9195,9196,9197,9198,9199,9200,9201,9202,9203,4890,9204,9205,9206,9207,9208,9209, # 8976
+9210,9211,9212,9213,9214,9215,9216,9217,9218,9219,9220,9221,9222,4466,9223,9224, # 8992
+9225,9226,9227,9228,9229,9230,9231,9232,9233,9234,9235,9236,9237,9238,9239,9240, # 9008
+9241,9242,9243,9244,9245,4891,9246,9247,9248,9249,9250,9251,9252,9253,9254,9255, # 9024
+9256,9257,4892,9258,9259,9260,9261,4893,4894,9262,9263,9264,9265,9266,9267,9268, # 9040
+9269,9270,9271,9272,9273,4467,9274,9275,9276,9277,9278,9279,9280,9281,9282,9283, # 9056
+9284,9285,3673,9286,9287,9288,9289,9290,9291,9292,9293,9294,9295,9296,9297,9298, # 9072
+9299,9300,9301,9302,9303,9304,9305,9306,9307,9308,9309,9310,9311,9312,9313,9314, # 9088
+9315,9316,9317,9318,9319,9320,9321,9322,4895,9323,9324,9325,9326,9327,9328,9329, # 9104
+9330,9331,9332,9333,9334,9335,9336,9337,9338,9339,9340,9341,9342,9343,9344,9345, # 9120
+9346,9347,4468,9348,9349,9350,9351,9352,9353,9354,9355,9356,9357,9358,9359,9360, # 9136
+9361,9362,9363,9364,9365,9366,9367,9368,9369,9370,9371,9372,9373,4896,9374,4469, # 9152
+9375,9376,9377,9378,9379,4897,9380,9381,9382,9383,9384,9385,9386,9387,9388,9389, # 9168
+9390,9391,9392,9393,9394,9395,9396,9397,9398,9399,9400,9401,9402,9403,9404,9405, # 9184
+9406,4470,9407,2751,9408,9409,3674,3552,9410,9411,9412,9413,9414,9415,9416,9417, # 9200
+9418,9419,9420,9421,4898,9422,9423,9424,9425,9426,9427,9428,9429,3959,9430,9431, # 9216
+9432,9433,9434,9435,9436,4471,9437,9438,9439,9440,9441,9442,9443,9444,9445,9446, # 9232
+9447,9448,9449,9450,3348,9451,9452,9453,9454,9455,9456,9457,9458,9459,9460,9461, # 9248
+9462,9463,9464,9465,9466,9467,9468,9469,9470,9471,9472,4899,9473,9474,9475,9476, # 9264
+9477,4900,9478,9479,9480,9481,9482,9483,9484,9485,9486,9487,9488,3349,9489,9490, # 9280
+9491,9492,9493,9494,9495,9496,9497,9498,9499,9500,9501,9502,9503,9504,9505,9506, # 9296
+9507,9508,9509,9510,9511,9512,9513,9514,9515,9516,9517,9518,9519,9520,4901,9521, # 9312
+9522,9523,9524,9525,9526,4902,9527,9528,9529,9530,9531,9532,9533,9534,9535,9536, # 9328
+9537,9538,9539,9540,9541,9542,9543,9544,9545,9546,9547,9548,9549,9550,9551,9552, # 9344
+9553,9554,9555,9556,9557,9558,9559,9560,9561,9562,9563,9564,9565,9566,9567,9568, # 9360
+9569,9570,9571,9572,9573,9574,9575,9576,9577,9578,9579,9580,9581,9582,9583,9584, # 9376
+3805,9585,9586,9587,9588,9589,9590,9591,9592,9593,9594,9595,9596,9597,9598,9599, # 9392
+9600,9601,9602,4903,9603,9604,9605,9606,9607,4904,9608,9609,9610,9611,9612,9613, # 9408
+9614,4905,9615,9616,9617,9618,9619,9620,9621,9622,9623,9624,9625,9626,9627,9628, # 9424
+9629,9630,9631,9632,4906,9633,9634,9635,9636,9637,9638,9639,9640,9641,9642,9643, # 9440
+4907,9644,9645,9646,9647,9648,9649,9650,9651,9652,9653,9654,9655,9656,9657,9658, # 9456
+9659,9660,9661,9662,9663,9664,9665,9666,9667,9668,9669,9670,9671,9672,4183,9673, # 9472
+9674,9675,9676,9677,4908,9678,9679,9680,9681,4909,9682,9683,9684,9685,9686,9687, # 9488
+9688,9689,9690,4910,9691,9692,9693,3675,9694,9695,9696,2945,9697,9698,9699,9700, # 9504
+9701,9702,9703,9704,9705,4911,9706,9707,9708,9709,9710,9711,9712,9713,9714,9715, # 9520
+9716,9717,9718,9719,9720,9721,9722,9723,9724,9725,9726,9727,9728,9729,9730,9731, # 9536
+9732,9733,9734,9735,4912,9736,9737,9738,9739,9740,4913,9741,9742,9743,9744,9745, # 9552
+9746,9747,9748,9749,9750,9751,9752,9753,9754,9755,9756,9757,9758,4914,9759,9760, # 9568
+9761,9762,9763,9764,9765,9766,9767,9768,9769,9770,9771,9772,9773,9774,9775,9776, # 9584
+9777,9778,9779,9780,9781,9782,4915,9783,9784,9785,9786,9787,9788,9789,9790,9791, # 9600
+9792,9793,4916,9794,9795,9796,9797,9798,9799,9800,9801,9802,9803,9804,9805,9806, # 9616
+9807,9808,9809,9810,9811,9812,9813,9814,9815,9816,9817,9818,9819,9820,9821,9822, # 9632
+9823,9824,9825,9826,9827,9828,9829,9830,9831,9832,9833,9834,9835,9836,9837,9838, # 9648
+9839,9840,9841,9842,9843,9844,9845,9846,9847,9848,9849,9850,9851,9852,9853,9854, # 9664
+9855,9856,9857,9858,9859,9860,9861,9862,9863,9864,9865,9866,9867,9868,4917,9869, # 9680
+9870,9871,9872,9873,9874,9875,9876,9877,9878,9879,9880,9881,9882,9883,9884,9885, # 9696
+9886,9887,9888,9889,9890,9891,9892,4472,9893,9894,9895,9896,9897,3806,9898,9899, # 9712
+9900,9901,9902,9903,9904,9905,9906,9907,9908,9909,9910,9911,9912,9913,9914,4918, # 9728
+9915,9916,9917,4919,9918,9919,9920,9921,4184,9922,9923,9924,9925,9926,9927,9928, # 9744
+9929,9930,9931,9932,9933,9934,9935,9936,9937,9938,9939,9940,9941,9942,9943,9944, # 9760
+9945,9946,4920,9947,9948,9949,9950,9951,9952,9953,9954,9955,4185,9956,9957,9958, # 9776
+9959,9960,9961,9962,9963,9964,9965,4921,9966,9967,9968,4473,9969,9970,9971,9972, # 9792
+9973,9974,9975,9976,9977,4474,9978,9979,9980,9981,9982,9983,9984,9985,9986,9987, # 9808
+9988,9989,9990,9991,9992,9993,9994,9995,9996,9997,9998,9999,10000,10001,10002,10003, # 9824
+10004,10005,10006,10007,10008,10009,10010,10011,10012,10013,10014,10015,10016,10017,10018,10019, # 9840
+10020,10021,4922,10022,4923,10023,10024,10025,10026,10027,10028,10029,10030,10031,10032,10033, # 9856
+10034,10035,10036,10037,10038,10039,10040,10041,10042,10043,10044,10045,10046,10047,10048,4924, # 9872
+10049,10050,10051,10052,10053,10054,10055,10056,10057,10058,10059,10060,10061,10062,10063,10064, # 9888
+10065,10066,10067,10068,10069,10070,10071,10072,10073,10074,10075,10076,10077,10078,10079,10080, # 9904
+10081,10082,10083,10084,10085,10086,10087,4475,10088,10089,10090,10091,10092,10093,10094,10095, # 9920
+10096,10097,4476,10098,10099,10100,10101,10102,10103,10104,10105,10106,10107,10108,10109,10110, # 9936
+10111,2174,10112,10113,10114,10115,10116,10117,10118,10119,10120,10121,10122,10123,10124,10125, # 9952
+10126,10127,10128,10129,10130,10131,10132,10133,10134,10135,10136,10137,10138,10139,10140,3807, # 9968
+4186,4925,10141,10142,10143,10144,10145,10146,10147,4477,4187,10148,10149,10150,10151,10152, # 9984
+10153,4188,10154,10155,10156,10157,10158,10159,10160,10161,4926,10162,10163,10164,10165,10166, #10000
+10167,10168,10169,10170,10171,10172,10173,10174,10175,10176,10177,10178,10179,10180,10181,10182, #10016
+10183,10184,10185,10186,10187,10188,10189,10190,10191,10192,3203,10193,10194,10195,10196,10197, #10032
+10198,10199,10200,4478,10201,10202,10203,10204,4479,10205,10206,10207,10208,10209,10210,10211, #10048
+10212,10213,10214,10215,10216,10217,10218,10219,10220,10221,10222,10223,10224,10225,10226,10227, #10064
+10228,10229,10230,10231,10232,10233,10234,4927,10235,10236,10237,10238,10239,10240,10241,10242, #10080
+10243,10244,10245,10246,10247,10248,10249,10250,10251,10252,10253,10254,10255,10256,10257,10258, #10096
+10259,10260,10261,10262,10263,10264,10265,10266,10267,10268,10269,10270,10271,10272,10273,4480, #10112
+4928,4929,10274,10275,10276,10277,10278,10279,10280,10281,10282,10283,10284,10285,10286,10287, #10128
+10288,10289,10290,10291,10292,10293,10294,10295,10296,10297,10298,10299,10300,10301,10302,10303, #10144
+10304,10305,10306,10307,10308,10309,10310,10311,10312,10313,10314,10315,10316,10317,10318,10319, #10160
+10320,10321,10322,10323,10324,10325,10326,10327,10328,10329,10330,10331,10332,10333,10334,4930, #10176
+10335,10336,10337,10338,10339,10340,10341,10342,4931,10343,10344,10345,10346,10347,10348,10349, #10192
+10350,10351,10352,10353,10354,10355,3088,10356,2786,10357,10358,10359,10360,4189,10361,10362, #10208
+10363,10364,10365,10366,10367,10368,10369,10370,10371,10372,10373,10374,10375,4932,10376,10377, #10224
+10378,10379,10380,10381,10382,10383,10384,10385,10386,10387,10388,10389,10390,10391,10392,4933, #10240
+10393,10394,10395,4934,10396,10397,10398,10399,10400,10401,10402,10403,10404,10405,10406,10407, #10256
+10408,10409,10410,10411,10412,3446,10413,10414,10415,10416,10417,10418,10419,10420,10421,10422, #10272
+10423,4935,10424,10425,10426,10427,10428,10429,10430,4936,10431,10432,10433,10434,10435,10436, #10288
+10437,10438,10439,10440,10441,10442,10443,4937,10444,10445,10446,10447,4481,10448,10449,10450, #10304
+10451,10452,10453,10454,10455,10456,10457,10458,10459,10460,10461,10462,10463,10464,10465,10466, #10320
+10467,10468,10469,10470,10471,10472,10473,10474,10475,10476,10477,10478,10479,10480,10481,10482, #10336
+10483,10484,10485,10486,10487,10488,10489,10490,10491,10492,10493,10494,10495,10496,10497,10498, #10352
+10499,10500,10501,10502,10503,10504,10505,4938,10506,10507,10508,10509,10510,2552,10511,10512, #10368
+10513,10514,10515,10516,3447,10517,10518,10519,10520,10521,10522,10523,10524,10525,10526,10527, #10384
+10528,10529,10530,10531,10532,10533,10534,10535,10536,10537,10538,10539,10540,10541,10542,10543, #10400
+4482,10544,4939,10545,10546,10547,10548,10549,10550,10551,10552,10553,10554,10555,10556,10557, #10416
+10558,10559,10560,10561,10562,10563,10564,10565,10566,10567,3676,4483,10568,10569,10570,10571, #10432
+10572,3448,10573,10574,10575,10576,10577,10578,10579,10580,10581,10582,10583,10584,10585,10586, #10448
+10587,10588,10589,10590,10591,10592,10593,10594,10595,10596,10597,10598,10599,10600,10601,10602, #10464
+10603,10604,10605,10606,10607,10608,10609,10610,10611,10612,10613,10614,10615,10616,10617,10618, #10480
+10619,10620,10621,10622,10623,10624,10625,10626,10627,4484,10628,10629,10630,10631,10632,4940, #10496
+10633,10634,10635,10636,10637,10638,10639,10640,10641,10642,10643,10644,10645,10646,10647,10648, #10512
+10649,10650,10651,10652,10653,10654,10655,10656,4941,10657,10658,10659,2599,10660,10661,10662, #10528
+10663,10664,10665,10666,3089,10667,10668,10669,10670,10671,10672,10673,10674,10675,10676,10677, #10544
+10678,10679,10680,4942,10681,10682,10683,10684,10685,10686,10687,10688,10689,10690,10691,10692, #10560
+10693,10694,10695,10696,10697,4485,10698,10699,10700,10701,10702,10703,10704,4943,10705,3677, #10576
+10706,10707,10708,10709,10710,10711,10712,4944,10713,10714,10715,10716,10717,10718,10719,10720, #10592
+10721,10722,10723,10724,10725,10726,10727,10728,4945,10729,10730,10731,10732,10733,10734,10735, #10608
+10736,10737,10738,10739,10740,10741,10742,10743,10744,10745,10746,10747,10748,10749,10750,10751, #10624
+10752,10753,10754,10755,10756,10757,10758,10759,10760,10761,4946,10762,10763,10764,10765,10766, #10640
+10767,4947,4948,10768,10769,10770,10771,10772,10773,10774,10775,10776,10777,10778,10779,10780, #10656
+10781,10782,10783,10784,10785,10786,10787,10788,10789,10790,10791,10792,10793,10794,10795,10796, #10672
+10797,10798,10799,10800,10801,10802,10803,10804,10805,10806,10807,10808,10809,10810,10811,10812, #10688
+10813,10814,10815,10816,10817,10818,10819,10820,10821,10822,10823,10824,10825,10826,10827,10828, #10704
+10829,10830,10831,10832,10833,10834,10835,10836,10837,10838,10839,10840,10841,10842,10843,10844, #10720
+10845,10846,10847,10848,10849,10850,10851,10852,10853,10854,10855,10856,10857,10858,10859,10860, #10736
+10861,10862,10863,10864,10865,10866,10867,10868,10869,10870,10871,10872,10873,10874,10875,10876, #10752
+10877,10878,4486,10879,10880,10881,10882,10883,10884,10885,4949,10886,10887,10888,10889,10890, #10768
+10891,10892,10893,10894,10895,10896,10897,10898,10899,10900,10901,10902,10903,10904,10905,10906, #10784
+10907,10908,10909,10910,10911,10912,10913,10914,10915,10916,10917,10918,10919,4487,10920,10921, #10800
+10922,10923,10924,10925,10926,10927,10928,10929,10930,10931,10932,4950,10933,10934,10935,10936, #10816
+10937,10938,10939,10940,10941,10942,10943,10944,10945,10946,10947,10948,10949,4488,10950,10951, #10832
+10952,10953,10954,10955,10956,10957,10958,10959,4190,10960,10961,10962,10963,10964,10965,10966, #10848
+10967,10968,10969,10970,10971,10972,10973,10974,10975,10976,10977,10978,10979,10980,10981,10982, #10864
+10983,10984,10985,10986,10987,10988,10989,10990,10991,10992,10993,10994,10995,10996,10997,10998, #10880
+10999,11000,11001,11002,11003,11004,11005,11006,3960,11007,11008,11009,11010,11011,11012,11013, #10896
+11014,11015,11016,11017,11018,11019,11020,11021,11022,11023,11024,11025,11026,11027,11028,11029, #10912
+11030,11031,11032,4951,11033,11034,11035,11036,11037,11038,11039,11040,11041,11042,11043,11044, #10928
+11045,11046,11047,4489,11048,11049,11050,11051,4952,11052,11053,11054,11055,11056,11057,11058, #10944
+4953,11059,11060,11061,11062,11063,11064,11065,11066,11067,11068,11069,11070,11071,4954,11072, #10960
+11073,11074,11075,11076,11077,11078,11079,11080,11081,11082,11083,11084,11085,11086,11087,11088, #10976
+11089,11090,11091,11092,11093,11094,11095,11096,11097,11098,11099,11100,11101,11102,11103,11104, #10992
+11105,11106,11107,11108,11109,11110,11111,11112,11113,11114,11115,3808,11116,11117,11118,11119, #11008
+11120,11121,11122,11123,11124,11125,11126,11127,11128,11129,11130,11131,11132,11133,11134,4955, #11024
+11135,11136,11137,11138,11139,11140,11141,11142,11143,11144,11145,11146,11147,11148,11149,11150, #11040
+11151,11152,11153,11154,11155,11156,11157,11158,11159,11160,11161,4956,11162,11163,11164,11165, #11056
+11166,11167,11168,11169,11170,11171,11172,11173,11174,11175,11176,11177,11178,11179,11180,4957, #11072
+11181,11182,11183,11184,11185,11186,4958,11187,11188,11189,11190,11191,11192,11193,11194,11195, #11088
+11196,11197,11198,11199,11200,3678,11201,11202,11203,11204,11205,11206,4191,11207,11208,11209, #11104
+11210,11211,11212,11213,11214,11215,11216,11217,11218,11219,11220,11221,11222,11223,11224,11225, #11120
+11226,11227,11228,11229,11230,11231,11232,11233,11234,11235,11236,11237,11238,11239,11240,11241, #11136
+11242,11243,11244,11245,11246,11247,11248,11249,11250,11251,4959,11252,11253,11254,11255,11256, #11152
+11257,11258,11259,11260,11261,11262,11263,11264,11265,11266,11267,11268,11269,11270,11271,11272, #11168
+11273,11274,11275,11276,11277,11278,11279,11280,11281,11282,11283,11284,11285,11286,11287,11288, #11184
+11289,11290,11291,11292,11293,11294,11295,11296,11297,11298,11299,11300,11301,11302,11303,11304, #11200
+11305,11306,11307,11308,11309,11310,11311,11312,11313,11314,3679,11315,11316,11317,11318,4490, #11216
+11319,11320,11321,11322,11323,11324,11325,11326,11327,11328,11329,11330,11331,11332,11333,11334, #11232
+11335,11336,11337,11338,11339,11340,11341,11342,11343,11344,11345,11346,11347,4960,11348,11349, #11248
+11350,11351,11352,11353,11354,11355,11356,11357,11358,11359,11360,11361,11362,11363,11364,11365, #11264
+11366,11367,11368,11369,11370,11371,11372,11373,11374,11375,11376,11377,3961,4961,11378,11379, #11280
+11380,11381,11382,11383,11384,11385,11386,11387,11388,11389,11390,11391,11392,11393,11394,11395, #11296
+11396,11397,4192,11398,11399,11400,11401,11402,11403,11404,11405,11406,11407,11408,11409,11410, #11312
+11411,4962,11412,11413,11414,11415,11416,11417,11418,11419,11420,11421,11422,11423,11424,11425, #11328
+11426,11427,11428,11429,11430,11431,11432,11433,11434,11435,11436,11437,11438,11439,11440,11441, #11344
+11442,11443,11444,11445,11446,11447,11448,11449,11450,11451,11452,11453,11454,11455,11456,11457, #11360
+11458,11459,11460,11461,11462,11463,11464,11465,11466,11467,11468,11469,4963,11470,11471,4491, #11376
+11472,11473,11474,11475,4964,11476,11477,11478,11479,11480,11481,11482,11483,11484,11485,11486, #11392
+11487,11488,11489,11490,11491,11492,4965,11493,11494,11495,11496,11497,11498,11499,11500,11501, #11408
+11502,11503,11504,11505,11506,11507,11508,11509,11510,11511,11512,11513,11514,11515,11516,11517, #11424
+11518,11519,11520,11521,11522,11523,11524,11525,11526,11527,11528,11529,3962,11530,11531,11532, #11440
+11533,11534,11535,11536,11537,11538,11539,11540,11541,11542,11543,11544,11545,11546,11547,11548, #11456
+11549,11550,11551,11552,11553,11554,11555,11556,11557,11558,11559,11560,11561,11562,11563,11564, #11472
+4193,4194,11565,11566,11567,11568,11569,11570,11571,11572,11573,11574,11575,11576,11577,11578, #11488
+11579,11580,11581,11582,11583,11584,11585,11586,11587,11588,11589,11590,11591,4966,4195,11592, #11504
+11593,11594,11595,11596,11597,11598,11599,11600,11601,11602,11603,11604,3090,11605,11606,11607, #11520
+11608,11609,11610,4967,11611,11612,11613,11614,11615,11616,11617,11618,11619,11620,11621,11622, #11536
+11623,11624,11625,11626,11627,11628,11629,11630,11631,11632,11633,11634,11635,11636,11637,11638, #11552
+11639,11640,11641,11642,11643,11644,11645,11646,11647,11648,11649,11650,11651,11652,11653,11654, #11568
+11655,11656,11657,11658,11659,11660,11661,11662,11663,11664,11665,11666,11667,11668,11669,11670, #11584
+11671,11672,11673,11674,4968,11675,11676,11677,11678,11679,11680,11681,11682,11683,11684,11685, #11600
+11686,11687,11688,11689,11690,11691,11692,11693,3809,11694,11695,11696,11697,11698,11699,11700, #11616
+11701,11702,11703,11704,11705,11706,11707,11708,11709,11710,11711,11712,11713,11714,11715,11716, #11632
+11717,11718,3553,11719,11720,11721,11722,11723,11724,11725,11726,11727,11728,11729,11730,4969, #11648
+11731,11732,11733,11734,11735,11736,11737,11738,11739,11740,4492,11741,11742,11743,11744,11745, #11664
+11746,11747,11748,11749,11750,11751,11752,4970,11753,11754,11755,11756,11757,11758,11759,11760, #11680
+11761,11762,11763,11764,11765,11766,11767,11768,11769,11770,11771,11772,11773,11774,11775,11776, #11696
+11777,11778,11779,11780,11781,11782,11783,11784,11785,11786,11787,11788,11789,11790,4971,11791, #11712
+11792,11793,11794,11795,11796,11797,4972,11798,11799,11800,11801,11802,11803,11804,11805,11806, #11728
+11807,11808,11809,11810,4973,11811,11812,11813,11814,11815,11816,11817,11818,11819,11820,11821, #11744
+11822,11823,11824,11825,11826,11827,11828,11829,11830,11831,11832,11833,11834,3680,3810,11835, #11760
+11836,4974,11837,11838,11839,11840,11841,11842,11843,11844,11845,11846,11847,11848,11849,11850, #11776
+11851,11852,11853,11854,11855,11856,11857,11858,11859,11860,11861,11862,11863,11864,11865,11866, #11792
+11867,11868,11869,11870,11871,11872,11873,11874,11875,11876,11877,11878,11879,11880,11881,11882, #11808
+11883,11884,4493,11885,11886,11887,11888,11889,11890,11891,11892,11893,11894,11895,11896,11897, #11824
+11898,11899,11900,11901,11902,11903,11904,11905,11906,11907,11908,11909,11910,11911,11912,11913, #11840
+11914,11915,4975,11916,11917,11918,11919,11920,11921,11922,11923,11924,11925,11926,11927,11928, #11856
+11929,11930,11931,11932,11933,11934,11935,11936,11937,11938,11939,11940,11941,11942,11943,11944, #11872
+11945,11946,11947,11948,11949,4976,11950,11951,11952,11953,11954,11955,11956,11957,11958,11959, #11888
+11960,11961,11962,11963,11964,11965,11966,11967,11968,11969,11970,11971,11972,11973,11974,11975, #11904
+11976,11977,11978,11979,11980,11981,11982,11983,11984,11985,11986,11987,4196,11988,11989,11990, #11920
+11991,11992,4977,11993,11994,11995,11996,11997,11998,11999,12000,12001,12002,12003,12004,12005, #11936
+12006,12007,12008,12009,12010,12011,12012,12013,12014,12015,12016,12017,12018,12019,12020,12021, #11952
+12022,12023,12024,12025,12026,12027,12028,12029,12030,12031,12032,12033,12034,12035,12036,12037, #11968
+12038,12039,12040,12041,12042,12043,12044,12045,12046,12047,12048,12049,12050,12051,12052,12053, #11984
+12054,12055,12056,12057,12058,12059,12060,12061,4978,12062,12063,12064,12065,12066,12067,12068, #12000
+12069,12070,12071,12072,12073,12074,12075,12076,12077,12078,12079,12080,12081,12082,12083,12084, #12016
+12085,12086,12087,12088,12089,12090,12091,12092,12093,12094,12095,12096,12097,12098,12099,12100, #12032
+12101,12102,12103,12104,12105,12106,12107,12108,12109,12110,12111,12112,12113,12114,12115,12116, #12048
+12117,12118,12119,12120,12121,12122,12123,4979,12124,12125,12126,12127,12128,4197,12129,12130, #12064
+12131,12132,12133,12134,12135,12136,12137,12138,12139,12140,12141,12142,12143,12144,12145,12146, #12080
+12147,12148,12149,12150,12151,12152,12153,12154,4980,12155,12156,12157,12158,12159,12160,4494, #12096
+12161,12162,12163,12164,3811,12165,12166,12167,12168,12169,4495,12170,12171,4496,12172,12173, #12112
+12174,12175,12176,3812,12177,12178,12179,12180,12181,12182,12183,12184,12185,12186,12187,12188, #12128
+12189,12190,12191,12192,12193,12194,12195,12196,12197,12198,12199,12200,12201,12202,12203,12204, #12144
+12205,12206,12207,12208,12209,12210,12211,12212,12213,12214,12215,12216,12217,12218,12219,12220, #12160
+12221,4981,12222,12223,12224,12225,12226,12227,12228,12229,12230,12231,12232,12233,12234,12235, #12176
+4982,12236,12237,12238,12239,12240,12241,12242,12243,12244,12245,4983,12246,12247,12248,12249, #12192
+4984,12250,12251,12252,12253,12254,12255,12256,12257,12258,12259,12260,12261,12262,12263,12264, #12208
+4985,12265,4497,12266,12267,12268,12269,12270,12271,12272,12273,12274,12275,12276,12277,12278, #12224
+12279,12280,12281,12282,12283,12284,12285,12286,12287,4986,12288,12289,12290,12291,12292,12293, #12240
+12294,12295,12296,2473,12297,12298,12299,12300,12301,12302,12303,12304,12305,12306,12307,12308, #12256
+12309,12310,12311,12312,12313,12314,12315,12316,12317,12318,12319,3963,12320,12321,12322,12323, #12272
+12324,12325,12326,12327,12328,12329,12330,12331,12332,4987,12333,12334,12335,12336,12337,12338, #12288
+12339,12340,12341,12342,12343,12344,12345,12346,12347,12348,12349,12350,12351,12352,12353,12354, #12304
+12355,12356,12357,12358,12359,3964,12360,12361,12362,12363,12364,12365,12366,12367,12368,12369, #12320
+12370,3965,12371,12372,12373,12374,12375,12376,12377,12378,12379,12380,12381,12382,12383,12384, #12336
+12385,12386,12387,12388,12389,12390,12391,12392,12393,12394,12395,12396,12397,12398,12399,12400, #12352
+12401,12402,12403,12404,12405,12406,12407,12408,4988,12409,12410,12411,12412,12413,12414,12415, #12368
+12416,12417,12418,12419,12420,12421,12422,12423,12424,12425,12426,12427,12428,12429,12430,12431, #12384
+12432,12433,12434,12435,12436,12437,12438,3554,12439,12440,12441,12442,12443,12444,12445,12446, #12400
+12447,12448,12449,12450,12451,12452,12453,12454,12455,12456,12457,12458,12459,12460,12461,12462, #12416
+12463,12464,4989,12465,12466,12467,12468,12469,12470,12471,12472,12473,12474,12475,12476,12477, #12432
+12478,12479,12480,4990,12481,12482,12483,12484,12485,12486,12487,12488,12489,4498,12490,12491, #12448
+12492,12493,12494,12495,12496,12497,12498,12499,12500,12501,12502,12503,12504,12505,12506,12507, #12464
+12508,12509,12510,12511,12512,12513,12514,12515,12516,12517,12518,12519,12520,12521,12522,12523, #12480
+12524,12525,12526,12527,12528,12529,12530,12531,12532,12533,12534,12535,12536,12537,12538,12539, #12496
+12540,12541,12542,12543,12544,12545,12546,12547,12548,12549,12550,12551,4991,12552,12553,12554, #12512
+12555,12556,12557,12558,12559,12560,12561,12562,12563,12564,12565,12566,12567,12568,12569,12570, #12528
+12571,12572,12573,12574,12575,12576,12577,12578,3036,12579,12580,12581,12582,12583,3966,12584, #12544
+12585,12586,12587,12588,12589,12590,12591,12592,12593,12594,12595,12596,12597,12598,12599,12600, #12560
+12601,12602,12603,12604,12605,12606,12607,12608,12609,12610,12611,12612,12613,12614,12615,12616, #12576
+12617,12618,12619,12620,12621,12622,12623,12624,12625,12626,12627,12628,12629,12630,12631,12632, #12592
+12633,12634,12635,12636,12637,12638,12639,12640,12641,12642,12643,12644,12645,12646,4499,12647, #12608
+12648,12649,12650,12651,12652,12653,12654,12655,12656,12657,12658,12659,12660,12661,12662,12663, #12624
+12664,12665,12666,12667,12668,12669,12670,12671,12672,12673,12674,12675,12676,12677,12678,12679, #12640
+12680,12681,12682,12683,12684,12685,12686,12687,12688,12689,12690,12691,12692,12693,12694,12695, #12656
+12696,12697,12698,4992,12699,12700,12701,12702,12703,12704,12705,12706,12707,12708,12709,12710, #12672
+12711,12712,12713,12714,12715,12716,12717,12718,12719,12720,12721,12722,12723,12724,12725,12726, #12688
+12727,12728,12729,12730,12731,12732,12733,12734,12735,12736,12737,12738,12739,12740,12741,12742, #12704
+12743,12744,12745,12746,12747,12748,12749,12750,12751,12752,12753,12754,12755,12756,12757,12758, #12720
+12759,12760,12761,12762,12763,12764,12765,12766,12767,12768,12769,12770,12771,12772,12773,12774, #12736
+12775,12776,12777,12778,4993,2175,12779,12780,12781,12782,12783,12784,12785,12786,4500,12787, #12752
+12788,12789,12790,12791,12792,12793,12794,12795,12796,12797,12798,12799,12800,12801,12802,12803, #12768
+12804,12805,12806,12807,12808,12809,12810,12811,12812,12813,12814,12815,12816,12817,12818,12819, #12784
+12820,12821,12822,12823,12824,12825,12826,4198,3967,12827,12828,12829,12830,12831,12832,12833, #12800
+12834,12835,12836,12837,12838,12839,12840,12841,12842,12843,12844,12845,12846,12847,12848,12849, #12816
+12850,12851,12852,12853,12854,12855,12856,12857,12858,12859,12860,12861,4199,12862,12863,12864, #12832
+12865,12866,12867,12868,12869,12870,12871,12872,12873,12874,12875,12876,12877,12878,12879,12880, #12848
+12881,12882,12883,12884,12885,12886,12887,4501,12888,12889,12890,12891,12892,12893,12894,12895, #12864
+12896,12897,12898,12899,12900,12901,12902,12903,12904,12905,12906,12907,12908,12909,12910,12911, #12880
+12912,4994,12913,12914,12915,12916,12917,12918,12919,12920,12921,12922,12923,12924,12925,12926, #12896
+12927,12928,12929,12930,12931,12932,12933,12934,12935,12936,12937,12938,12939,12940,12941,12942, #12912
+12943,12944,12945,12946,12947,12948,12949,12950,12951,12952,12953,12954,12955,12956,1772,12957, #12928
+12958,12959,12960,12961,12962,12963,12964,12965,12966,12967,12968,12969,12970,12971,12972,12973, #12944
+12974,12975,12976,12977,12978,12979,12980,12981,12982,12983,12984,12985,12986,12987,12988,12989, #12960
+12990,12991,12992,12993,12994,12995,12996,12997,4502,12998,4503,12999,13000,13001,13002,13003, #12976
+4504,13004,13005,13006,13007,13008,13009,13010,13011,13012,13013,13014,13015,13016,13017,13018, #12992
+13019,13020,13021,13022,13023,13024,13025,13026,13027,13028,13029,3449,13030,13031,13032,13033, #13008
+13034,13035,13036,13037,13038,13039,13040,13041,13042,13043,13044,13045,13046,13047,13048,13049, #13024
+13050,13051,13052,13053,13054,13055,13056,13057,13058,13059,13060,13061,13062,13063,13064,13065, #13040
+13066,13067,13068,13069,13070,13071,13072,13073,13074,13075,13076,13077,13078,13079,13080,13081, #13056
+13082,13083,13084,13085,13086,13087,13088,13089,13090,13091,13092,13093,13094,13095,13096,13097, #13072
+13098,13099,13100,13101,13102,13103,13104,13105,13106,13107,13108,13109,13110,13111,13112,13113, #13088
+13114,13115,13116,13117,13118,3968,13119,4995,13120,13121,13122,13123,13124,13125,13126,13127, #13104
+4505,13128,13129,13130,13131,13132,13133,13134,4996,4506,13135,13136,13137,13138,13139,4997, #13120
+13140,13141,13142,13143,13144,13145,13146,13147,13148,13149,13150,13151,13152,13153,13154,13155, #13136
+13156,13157,13158,13159,4998,13160,13161,13162,13163,13164,13165,13166,13167,13168,13169,13170, #13152
+13171,13172,13173,13174,13175,13176,4999,13177,13178,13179,13180,13181,13182,13183,13184,13185, #13168
+13186,13187,13188,13189,13190,13191,13192,13193,13194,13195,13196,13197,13198,13199,13200,13201, #13184
+13202,13203,13204,13205,13206,5000,13207,13208,13209,13210,13211,13212,13213,13214,13215,13216, #13200
+13217,13218,13219,13220,13221,13222,13223,13224,13225,13226,13227,4200,5001,13228,13229,13230, #13216
+13231,13232,13233,13234,13235,13236,13237,13238,13239,13240,3969,13241,13242,13243,13244,3970, #13232
+13245,13246,13247,13248,13249,13250,13251,13252,13253,13254,13255,13256,13257,13258,13259,13260, #13248
+13261,13262,13263,13264,13265,13266,13267,13268,3450,13269,13270,13271,13272,13273,13274,13275, #13264
+13276,5002,13277,13278,13279,13280,13281,13282,13283,13284,13285,13286,13287,13288,13289,13290, #13280
+13291,13292,13293,13294,13295,13296,13297,13298,13299,13300,13301,13302,3813,13303,13304,13305, #13296
+13306,13307,13308,13309,13310,13311,13312,13313,13314,13315,13316,13317,13318,13319,13320,13321, #13312
+13322,13323,13324,13325,13326,13327,13328,4507,13329,13330,13331,13332,13333,13334,13335,13336, #13328
+13337,13338,13339,13340,13341,5003,13342,13343,13344,13345,13346,13347,13348,13349,13350,13351, #13344
+13352,13353,13354,13355,13356,13357,13358,13359,13360,13361,13362,13363,13364,13365,13366,13367, #13360
+5004,13368,13369,13370,13371,13372,13373,13374,13375,13376,13377,13378,13379,13380,13381,13382, #13376
+13383,13384,13385,13386,13387,13388,13389,13390,13391,13392,13393,13394,13395,13396,13397,13398, #13392
+13399,13400,13401,13402,13403,13404,13405,13406,13407,13408,13409,13410,13411,13412,13413,13414, #13408
+13415,13416,13417,13418,13419,13420,13421,13422,13423,13424,13425,13426,13427,13428,13429,13430, #13424
+13431,13432,4508,13433,13434,13435,4201,13436,13437,13438,13439,13440,13441,13442,13443,13444, #13440
+13445,13446,13447,13448,13449,13450,13451,13452,13453,13454,13455,13456,13457,5005,13458,13459, #13456
+13460,13461,13462,13463,13464,13465,13466,13467,13468,13469,13470,4509,13471,13472,13473,13474, #13472
+13475,13476,13477,13478,13479,13480,13481,13482,13483,13484,13485,13486,13487,13488,13489,13490, #13488
+13491,13492,13493,13494,13495,13496,13497,13498,13499,13500,13501,13502,13503,13504,13505,13506, #13504
+13507,13508,13509,13510,13511,13512,13513,13514,13515,13516,13517,13518,13519,13520,13521,13522, #13520
+13523,13524,13525,13526,13527,13528,13529,13530,13531,13532,13533,13534,13535,13536,13537,13538, #13536
+13539,13540,13541,13542,13543,13544,13545,13546,13547,13548,13549,13550,13551,13552,13553,13554, #13552
+13555,13556,13557,13558,13559,13560,13561,13562,13563,13564,13565,13566,13567,13568,13569,13570, #13568
+13571,13572,13573,13574,13575,13576,13577,13578,13579,13580,13581,13582,13583,13584,13585,13586, #13584
+13587,13588,13589,13590,13591,13592,13593,13594,13595,13596,13597,13598,13599,13600,13601,13602, #13600
+13603,13604,13605,13606,13607,13608,13609,13610,13611,13612,13613,13614,13615,13616,13617,13618, #13616
+13619,13620,13621,13622,13623,13624,13625,13626,13627,13628,13629,13630,13631,13632,13633,13634, #13632
+13635,13636,13637,13638,13639,13640,13641,13642,5006,13643,13644,13645,13646,13647,13648,13649, #13648
+13650,13651,5007,13652,13653,13654,13655,13656,13657,13658,13659,13660,13661,13662,13663,13664, #13664
+13665,13666,13667,13668,13669,13670,13671,13672,13673,13674,13675,13676,13677,13678,13679,13680, #13680
+13681,13682,13683,13684,13685,13686,13687,13688,13689,13690,13691,13692,13693,13694,13695,13696, #13696
+13697,13698,13699,13700,13701,13702,13703,13704,13705,13706,13707,13708,13709,13710,13711,13712, #13712
+13713,13714,13715,13716,13717,13718,13719,13720,13721,13722,13723,13724,13725,13726,13727,13728, #13728
+13729,13730,13731,13732,13733,13734,13735,13736,13737,13738,13739,13740,13741,13742,13743,13744, #13744
+13745,13746,13747,13748,13749,13750,13751,13752,13753,13754,13755,13756,13757,13758,13759,13760, #13760
+13761,13762,13763,13764,13765,13766,13767,13768,13769,13770,13771,13772,13773,13774,3273,13775, #13776
+13776,13777,13778,13779,13780,13781,13782,13783,13784,13785,13786,13787,13788,13789,13790,13791, #13792
+13792,13793,13794,13795,13796,13797,13798,13799,13800,13801,13802,13803,13804,13805,13806,13807, #13808
+13808,13809,13810,13811,13812,13813,13814,13815,13816,13817,13818,13819,13820,13821,13822,13823, #13824
+13824,13825,13826,13827,13828,13829,13830,13831,13832,13833,13834,13835,13836,13837,13838,13839, #13840
+13840,13841,13842,13843,13844,13845,13846,13847,13848,13849,13850,13851,13852,13853,13854,13855, #13856
+13856,13857,13858,13859,13860,13861,13862,13863,13864,13865,13866,13867,13868,13869,13870,13871, #13872
+13872,13873,13874,13875,13876,13877,13878,13879,13880,13881,13882,13883,13884,13885,13886,13887, #13888
+13888,13889,13890,13891,13892,13893,13894,13895,13896,13897,13898,13899,13900,13901,13902,13903, #13904
+13904,13905,13906,13907,13908,13909,13910,13911,13912,13913,13914,13915,13916,13917,13918,13919, #13920
+13920,13921,13922,13923,13924,13925,13926,13927,13928,13929,13930,13931,13932,13933,13934,13935, #13936
+13936,13937,13938,13939,13940,13941,13942,13943,13944,13945,13946,13947,13948,13949,13950,13951, #13952
+13952,13953,13954,13955,13956,13957,13958,13959,13960,13961,13962,13963,13964,13965,13966,13967, #13968
+13968,13969,13970,13971,13972) #13973
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..becce81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import Big5DistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import Big5SMModel
+
+
+class Big5Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(Big5SMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = Big5DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "Big5"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffe892f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Script which takes one or more file paths and reports on their detected
+encodings
+
+Example::
+
+    % chardetect somefile someotherfile
+    somefile: windows-1252 with confidence 0.5
+    someotherfile: ascii with confidence 1.0
+
+If no paths are provided, it takes its input from stdin.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from io import open
+
+from chardet import __version__
+from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+
+
+def description_of(lines, name='stdin'):
+    """
+    Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file or
+    list of strings.
+
+    :param lines: The lines to get the encoding of.
+    :type lines: Iterable of bytes
+    :param name: Name of file or collection of lines
+    :type name: str
+    """
+    u = UniversalDetector()
+    for line in lines:
+        u.feed(line)
+    u.close()
+    result = u.result
+    if result['encoding']:
+        return '{0}: {1} with confidence {2}'.format(name, result['encoding'],
+                                                     result['confidence'])
+    else:
+        return '{0}: no result'.format(name)
+
+
+def main(argv=None):
+    '''
+    Handles command line arguments and gets things started.
+
+    :param argv: List of arguments, as if specified on the command-line.
+                 If None, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used instead.
+    :type argv: list of str
+    '''
+    # Get command line arguments
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Takes one or more file paths and reports their detected \
+                     encodings",
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+        conflict_handler='resolve')
+    parser.add_argument('input',
+                        help='File whose encoding we would like to determine.',
+                        type=argparse.FileType('rb'), nargs='*',
+                        default=[sys.stdin])
+    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
+                        version='%(prog)s {0}'.format(__version__))
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for f in args.input:
+        if f.isatty():
+            print("You are running chardetect interactively. Press " +
+                  "CTRL-D twice at the start of a blank line to signal the " +
+                  "end of your input. If you want help, run chardetect " +
+                  "--help\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        print(description_of(f, f.name))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e64a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .euctwfreq import (EUCTWCharToFreqOrder, EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE,
+                        EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .euckrfreq import (EUCKRCharToFreqOrder, EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE,
+                        EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .gb2312freq import (GB2312CharToFreqOrder, GB2312_TABLE_SIZE,
+                         GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .big5freq import (Big5CharToFreqOrder, BIG5_TABLE_SIZE,
+                       BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .jisfreq import (JISCharToFreqOrder, JIS_TABLE_SIZE,
+                      JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD = 1024
+SURE_YES = 0.99
+SURE_NO = 0.01
+MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 3
+
+
+class CharDistributionAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Mapping table to get frequency order from char order (get from
+        # GetOrder())
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = None
+        self._mTableSize = None  # Size of above table
+        # This is a constant value which varies from language to language,
+        # used in calculating confidence.  See
+        # http://www.mozilla.org/projects/intl/UniversalCharsetDetection.html
+        # for further detail.
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """reset analyser, clear any state"""
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._mDone = False
+        self._mTotalChars = 0  # Total characters encountered
+        # The number of characters whose frequency order is less than 512
+        self._mFreqChars = 0
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf, aCharLen):
+        """feed a character with known length"""
+        if aCharLen == 2:
+            # we only care about 2-bytes character in our distribution analysis
+            order = self.get_order(aBuf)
+        else:
+            order = -1
+        if order >= 0:
+            self._mTotalChars += 1
+            # order is valid
+            if order < self._mTableSize:
+                if 512 > self._mCharToFreqOrder[order]:
+                    self._mFreqChars += 1
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        """return confidence based on existing data"""
+        # if we didn't receive any character in our consideration range,
+        # return negative answer
+        if self._mTotalChars <= 0 or self._mFreqChars <= MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return SURE_NO
+
+        if self._mTotalChars != self._mFreqChars:
+            r = (self._mFreqChars / ((self._mTotalChars - self._mFreqChars)
+                 * self._mTypicalDistributionRatio))
+            if r < SURE_YES:
+                return r
+
+        # normalize confidence (we don't want to be 100% sure)
+        return SURE_YES
+
+    def got_enough_data(self):
+        # It is not necessary to receive all data to draw conclusion.
+        # For charset detection, certain amount of data is enough
+        return self._mTotalChars > ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # We do not handle characters based on the original encoding string,
+        # but convert this encoding string to a number, here called order.
+        # This allows multiple encodings of a language to share one frequency
+        # table.
+        return -1
+
+
+class EUCTWDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = EUCTWCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-TW encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xc4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if first_char >= 0xC4:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xC4) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class EUCKRDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = EUCKRCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-KR encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if first_char >= 0xB0:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class GB2312DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = GB2312CharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = GB2312_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for GB2312 encoding, we are interested
+        #  first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #  second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if (first_char >= 0xB0) and (second_char >= 0xA1):
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + second_char - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class Big5DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = Big5CharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = BIG5_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for big5 encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e , 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if first_char >= 0xA4:
+            if second_char >= 0xA1:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0xA1 + 63
+            else:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0x40
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class SJISDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = JISCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for sjis encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0x81 -- 0x9f , 0xe0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e,  0x81 -- oxfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if (first_char >= 0x81) and (first_char <= 0x9F):
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0x81)
+        elif (first_char >= 0xE0) and (first_char <= 0xEF):
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0xE0 + 31)
+        else:
+            return -1
+        order = order + second_char - 0x40
+        if second_char > 0x7F:
+            order = -1
+        return order
+
+
+class EUCJPDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = JISCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-JP encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if char >= 0xA0:
+            return 94 * (char - 0xA1) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xa1
+        else:
+            return -1
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85e7a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+# 
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+# 
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import sys
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+
+
+class CharSetGroupProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mActiveNum = 0
+        self._mProbers = []
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mActiveNum = 0
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if prober:
+                prober.reset()
+                prober.active = True
+                self._mActiveNum += 1
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+            self.get_confidence()
+            if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+                return None
+#                self._mBestGuessProber = self._mProbers[0]
+        return self._mBestGuessProber.get_charset_name()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if not prober:
+                continue
+            if not prober.active:
+                continue
+            st = prober.feed(aBuf)
+            if not st:
+                continue
+            if st == constants.eFoundIt:
+                self._mBestGuessProber = prober
+                return self.get_state()
+            elif st == constants.eNotMe:
+                prober.active = False
+                self._mActiveNum -= 1
+                if self._mActiveNum <= 0:
+                    self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                    return self.get_state()
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        st = self.get_state()
+        if st == constants.eFoundIt:
+            return 0.99
+        elif st == constants.eNotMe:
+            return 0.01
+        bestConf = 0.0
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if not prober:
+                continue
+            if not prober.active:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(prober.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' not active\n')
+                continue
+            cf = prober.get_confidence()
+            if constants._debug:
+                sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s\n' %
+                                 (prober.get_charset_name(), cf))
+            if bestConf < cf:
+                bestConf = cf
+                self._mBestGuessProber = prober
+        if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+            return 0.0
+        return bestConf
+#        else:
+#            self._mBestGuessProber = self._mProbers[0]
+#            return self._mBestGuessProber.get_confidence()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9758171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import re
+
+
+class CharSetProber:
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mState = constants.eDetecting
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return None
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        pass
+
+    def get_state(self):
+        return self._mState
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        return 0.0
+
+    def filter_high_bit_only(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = re.sub(b'([\x00-\x7F])+', b' ', aBuf)
+        return aBuf
+
+    def filter_without_english_letters(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = re.sub(b'([A-Za-z])+', b' ', aBuf)
+        return aBuf
+
+    def filter_with_english_letters(self, aBuf):
+        # TODO
+        return aBuf
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8dd8c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+
+class CodingStateMachine:
+    def __init__(self, sm):
+        self._mModel = sm
+        self._mCurrentBytePos = 0
+        self._mCurrentCharLen = 0
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mCurrentState = eStart
+
+    def next_state(self, c):
+        # for each byte we get its class
+        # if it is first byte, we also get byte length
+        # PY3K: aBuf is a byte stream, so c is an int, not a byte
+        byteCls = self._mModel['classTable'][wrap_ord(c)]
+        if self._mCurrentState == eStart:
+            self._mCurrentBytePos = 0
+            self._mCurrentCharLen = self._mModel['charLenTable'][byteCls]
+        # from byte's class and stateTable, we get its next state
+        curr_state = (self._mCurrentState * self._mModel['classFactor']
+                      + byteCls)
+        self._mCurrentState = self._mModel['stateTable'][curr_state]
+        self._mCurrentBytePos += 1
+        return self._mCurrentState
+
+    def get_current_charlen(self):
+        return self._mCurrentCharLen
+
+    def get_coding_state_machine(self):
+        return self._mModel['name']
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9e30ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Ian Cordasco - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    base_str = (str, unicode)
+else:
+    base_str = (bytes, str)
+
+
+def wrap_ord(a):
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(a, base_str):
+        return ord(a)
+    else:
+        return a
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4d148b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+_debug = 0
+
+eDetecting = 0
+eFoundIt = 1
+eNotMe = 2
+
+eStart = 0
+eError = 1
+eItsMe = 2
+
+SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff4272f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import CP949SMModel
+
+
+class CP949Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(CP949SMModel)
+        # NOTE: CP949 is a superset of EUC-KR, so the distribution should be
+        #       not different.
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "CP949"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80a844f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+from .escsm import (HZSMModel, ISO2022CNSMModel, ISO2022JPSMModel,
+                    ISO2022KRSMModel)
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+
+class EscCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = [
+            CodingStateMachine(HZSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022CNSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022JPSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022KRSMModel)
+        ]
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        for codingSM in self._mCodingSM:
+            if not codingSM:
+                continue
+            codingSM.active = True
+            codingSM.reset()
+        self._mActiveSM = len(self._mCodingSM)
+        self._mDetectedCharset = None
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self._mDetectedCharset
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        if self._mDetectedCharset:
+            return 0.99
+        else:
+            return 0.00
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for c in aBuf:
+            # PY3K: aBuf is a byte array, so c is an int, not a byte
+            for codingSM in self._mCodingSM:
+                if not codingSM:
+                    continue
+                if not codingSM.active:
+                    continue
+                codingState = codingSM.next_state(wrap_ord(c))
+                if codingState == constants.eError:
+                    codingSM.active = False
+                    self._mActiveSM -= 1
+                    if self._mActiveSM <= 0:
+                        self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                        return self.get_state()
+                elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                    self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                    self._mDetectedCharset = codingSM.get_coding_state_machine()  # nopep8
+                    return self.get_state()
+
+        return self.get_state()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd302b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart, eError, eItsMe
+
+HZ_cls = (
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,4,0,5,2,0,  # 78 - 7f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 80 - 87
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 88 - 8f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 90 - 97
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 98 - 9f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a0 - a7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a8 - af
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b0 - b7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b8 - bf
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # c0 - c7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # c8 - cf
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # d0 - d7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # d8 - df
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # e0 - e7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # e8 - ef
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # f0 - f7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+HZ_st = (
+eStart,eError,     3,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,# 00-07
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 08-0f
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,     4,eError,# 10-17
+     5,eError,     6,eError,     5,     5,     4,eError,# 18-1f
+     4,eError,     4,     4,     4,eError,     4,eError,# 20-27
+     4,eItsMe,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 28-2f
+)
+
+HZCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+HZSMModel = {'classTable': HZ_cls,
+             'classFactor': 6,
+             'stateTable': HZ_st,
+             'charLenTable': HZCharLenTable,
+             'name': "HZ-GB-2312"}
+
+ISO2022CN_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022CN_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 00-07
+eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 08-0f
+eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 10-17
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 20-27
+     5,     6,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 28-2f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 30-37
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eStart,# 38-3f
+)
+
+ISO2022CNCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022CNSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022CN_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 9,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022CN_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022CNCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-CN"}
+
+ISO2022JP_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,7,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+6,0,4,0,8,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,9,5,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022JP_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 00-07
+eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 08-0f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 10-17
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,eError,# 20-27
+eError,eError,eError,     6,eItsMe,eError,eItsMe,eError,# 28-2f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 30-37
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 38-3f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eStart,eStart,# 40-47
+)
+
+ISO2022JPCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022JPSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022JP_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 10,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022JP_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022JPCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-JP"}
+
+ISO2022KR_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,5,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022KR_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,# 00-07
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 08-0f
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,eError,# 10-17
+eError,eError,eError,eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 20-27
+)
+
+ISO2022KRCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022KRSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022KR_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 6,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022KR_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022KRCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-KR"}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e64fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCJPDistributionAnalysis
+from .jpcntx import EUCJPContextAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCJPSMModel
+
+
+class EUCJPProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCJPSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCJPDistributionAnalysis()
+        self._mContextAnalyzer = EUCJPContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-JP"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            # PY3K: aBuf is a byte array, so aBuf[i] is an int, not a byte
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1], charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mContextAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+               (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        contxtCf = self._mContextAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        distribCf = self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(contxtCf, distribCf)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a179e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+
+# 128  --> 0.79
+# 256  --> 0.92
+# 512  --> 0.986
+# 1024 --> 0.99944
+# 2048 --> 0.99999
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.98653 / (1-0.98653) = 73.24
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2350-512) = 0.279.
+# 
+# Typical Distribution Ratio  
+
+EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 6.0
+
+EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE = 2352
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table , 
+EUCKRCharToFreqOrder = ( \
+  13, 130, 120,1396, 481,1719,1720, 328, 609, 212,1721, 707, 400, 299,1722,  87,
+1397,1723, 104, 536,1117,1203,1724,1267, 685,1268, 508,1725,1726,1727,1728,1398,
+1399,1729,1730,1731, 141, 621, 326,1057, 368,1732, 267, 488,  20,1733,1269,1734,
+ 945,1400,1735,  47, 904,1270,1736,1737, 773, 248,1738, 409, 313, 786, 429,1739,
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+ 423, 277, 234, 512, 226,  97, 289,  42, 167,1998, 201,1999,2000, 843, 836, 824,
+ 532, 338, 783,1090, 182, 576, 436,1438,1439, 527, 500,2001, 947, 889,2002,2003,
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+ 191, 918, 399, 637,2016,1028,1130, 257, 902,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,
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+  95, 782, 868,2504,2505,2506,2507,2508,2509, 134,1524,1074, 422,1525, 898,2510,
+ 161,2511,2512,2513,2514, 769,2515,1526,2516,2517, 411,1325,2518, 472,1527,2519,
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+ 249,1075,2556,2557,2558, 466, 743,2559,2560,2561,  92, 514, 426, 420, 526,2562,
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+2574, 361, 922,1076, 793,2575,2576,2577,2578,2579,2580,1531, 251,2581,2582,2583,
+2584,1532,  54, 612, 237,1327,2585,2586, 275, 408, 647, 111,2587,1533,1106, 465,
+   3, 458,   9,  38,2588, 107, 110, 890, 209,  26, 737, 498,2589,1534,2590, 431,
+ 202,  88,1535, 356, 287,1107, 660,1149,2591, 381,1536, 986,1150, 445,1248,1151,
+ 974,2592,2593, 846,2594, 446, 953, 184,1249,1250, 727,2595, 923, 193, 883,2596,
+2597,2598, 102, 324, 539, 817,2599, 421,1041,2600, 832,2601,  94, 175, 197, 406,
+2602, 459,2603,2604,2605,2606,2607, 330, 555,2608,2609,2610, 706,1108, 389,2611,
+2612,2613,2614, 233,2615, 833, 558, 931, 954,1251,2616,2617,1537, 546,2618,2619,
+1009,2620,2621,2622,1538, 690,1328,2623, 955,2624,1539,2625,2626, 772,2627,2628,
+2629,2630,2631, 924, 648, 863, 603,2632,2633, 934,1540, 864, 865,2634, 642,1042,
+ 670,1190,2635,2636,2637,2638, 168,2639, 652, 873, 542,1054,1541,2640,2641,2642,  # 512, 256
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2643,2644,2645,2646,2647,2648,2649,2650,2651,2652,2653,2654,2655,2656,2657,2658,
+2659,2660,2661,2662,2663,2664,2665,2666,2667,2668,2669,2670,2671,2672,2673,2674,
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+3009,3010,3011,3012,1553,3013,3014,3015,3016,3017,1554,3018,1332,3019,3020,3021,
+3022,3023,3024,3025,3026,3027,3028,3029,3030,3031,3032,3033,3034,3035,3036,3037,
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+7824,7825,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,
+7840,7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855,
+7856,7857,7858,7859,7860,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870,7871,
+7872,7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886,7887,
+7888,7889,7890,7891,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,7897,7898,7899,7900,7901,7902,7903,
+7904,7905,7906,7907,7908,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913,7914,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,
+7920,7921,7922,7923,7924,7925,7926,7927,7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935,
+7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943,7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951,
+7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959,7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967,
+7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975,7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,7982,7983,
+7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990,7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,7997,7998,7999,
+8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005,8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015,
+8016,8017,8018,8019,8020,8021,8022,8023,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031,
+8032,8033,8034,8035,8036,8037,8038,8039,8040,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047,
+8048,8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063,
+8064,8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079,
+8080,8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095,
+8096,8097,8098,8099,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110,8111,
+8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125,8126,8127,
+8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143,
+8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159,
+8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,
+8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,
+8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,
+8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,
+8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,
+8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,
+8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,
+8272,8273,8274,8275,8276,8277,8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,
+8288,8289,8290,8291,8292,8293,8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,
+8304,8305,8306,8307,8308,8309,8310,8311,8312,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,
+8320,8321,8322,8323,8324,8325,8326,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,
+8336,8337,8338,8339,8340,8341,8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,
+8352,8353,8354,8355,8356,8357,8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,8364,8365,8366,8367,
+8368,8369,8370,8371,8372,8373,8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382,8383,
+8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389,8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398,8399,
+8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,
+8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,
+8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,
+8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,
+8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,
+8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485,8486,8487,8488,8489,8490,8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,
+8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,
+8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8520,8521,8522,8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,
+8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,
+8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549,8550,8551,8552,8553,8554,8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,
+8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,8565,8566,8567,8568,8569,8570,8571,8572,8573,8574,8575,
+8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581,8582,8583,8584,8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,
+8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597,8598,8599,8600,8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,8606,8607,
+8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613,8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,8622,8623,
+8624,8625,8626,8627,8628,8629,8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,8639,
+8640,8641,8642,8643,8644,8645,8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,
+8656,8657,8658,8659,8660,8661,8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,
+8672,8673,8674,8675,8676,8677,8678,8679,8680,8681,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687,
+8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693,8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703,
+8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718,8719,
+8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725,8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,8734,8735,
+8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741)
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5982a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCKRSMModel
+
+
+class EUCKRProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCKRSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-KR"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..576e750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# EUCTW frequency table
+# Converted from big5 work
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http:#www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE = 8102
+
+EUCTWCharToFreqOrder = (
+   1,1800,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,7310, 177, 202,3615,1256,2808, 110, # 2742
+3735,  33,3241, 261,  76,  44,2113,  16,2931,2184,1176, 659,3868,  26,3404,2643, # 2758
+1198,3869,3313,4060, 410,2211, 302, 590, 361,1963,   8, 204,  58,4296,7311,1931, # 2774
+  63,7312,7313, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4061,2412,1480,7314,3500,3068, 224,2809, # 2790
+3616,   3,  10,3870,1471,  29,2774,1135,2852,1939, 873, 130,3242,1123, 312,7315, # 2806
+4297,2051, 507, 252, 682,7316, 142,1914, 124, 206,2932,  34,3501,3173,  64, 604, # 2822
+7317,2494,1976,1977, 155,1990, 645, 641,1606,7318,3405, 337,  72, 406,7319,  80, # 2838
+ 630, 238,3174,1509, 263, 939,1092,2644, 756,1440,1094,3406, 449,  69,2969, 591, # 2854
+ 179,2095, 471, 115,2034,1843,  60,  50,2970, 134, 806,1868, 734,2035,3407, 180, # 2870
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2893, 688,7320, 319,1305, 779,2144, 514,2374, 298,4298, 359, # 2886
+2495,  90,2707,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2545,  20,2436, 182, 532,1716,7321, 732, # 2902
+1376,4062,1311,1420,3175,  25,2312,1056, 113, 399, 382,1949, 242,3408,2467, 529, # 2918
+3243, 475,1447,3617,7322, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2295,2329,3502,7323, 126,4063, # 2934
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4299,  71,1118,2036,4064, 145,3069,  85, 835, 486,2114,1246, # 2950
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,7324,2127,2354, 347,3736, 221, # 2966
+3503,3110,7325,1955,1153,4065,  83, 296,1199,3070, 192, 624,  93,7326, 822,1897, # 2982
+2810,3111, 795,2064, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2853, 859, 139,1456, 860,4300, # 2998
+ 437, 712,3871, 164,2392,3112, 695, 211,3017,2096, 195,3872,1608,3504,3505,3618, # 3014
+3873, 234, 811,2971,2097,3874,2229,1441,3506,1615,2375, 668,2076,1638, 305, 228, # 3030
+1664,4301, 467, 415,7327, 262,2098,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2077, # 3046
+7328,7329,2173,3176,3619,2673, 593, 845,1062,3244,  88,1723,2037,3875,1950, 212, # 3062
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1898,4066,4302,  77, 187,7330,3018,  37,   5,2972,7331,3876, # 3078
+7332,7333,  39,2517,4303,2894,3177,2078,  55, 148,  74,4304, 545, 483,1474,1029, # 3094
+1665, 217,1869,1531,3113,1104,2645,4067,  24, 172,3507, 900,3877,3508,3509,4305, # 3110
+  32,1408,2811,1312, 329, 487,2355,2247,2708, 784,2674,   4,3019,3314,1427,1788, # 3126
+ 188, 109, 499,7334,3620,1717,1789, 888,1217,3020,4306,7335,3510,7336,3315,1520, # 3142
+3621,3878, 196,1034, 775,7337,7338, 929,1815, 249, 439,  38,7339,1063,7340, 794, # 3158
+3879,1435,2296,  46, 178,3245,2065,7341,2376,7342, 214,1709,4307, 804,  35, 707, # 3174
+ 324,3622,1601,2546, 140, 459,4068,7343,7344,1365, 839, 272, 978,2257,2572,3409, # 3190
+2128,1363,3623,1423, 697, 100,3071,  48,  70,1231, 495,3114,2193,7345,1294,7346, # 3206
+2079, 462, 586,1042,3246, 853, 256, 988, 185,2377,3410,1698, 434,1084,7347,3411, # 3222
+ 314,2615,2775,4308,2330,2331, 569,2280, 637,1816,2518, 757,1162,1878,1616,3412, # 3238
+ 287,1577,2115, 768,4309,1671,2854,3511,2519,1321,3737, 909,2413,7348,4069, 933, # 3254
+3738,7349,2052,2356,1222,4310, 765,2414,1322, 786,4311,7350,1919,1462,1677,2895, # 3270
+1699,7351,4312,1424,2437,3115,3624,2590,3316,1774,1940,3413,3880,4070, 309,1369, # 3286
+1130,2812, 364,2230,1653,1299,3881,3512,3882,3883,2646, 525,1085,3021, 902,2000, # 3302
+1475, 964,4313, 421,1844,1415,1057,2281, 940,1364,3116, 376,4314,4315,1381,   7, # 3318
+2520, 983,2378, 336,1710,2675,1845, 321,3414, 559,1131,3022,2742,1808,1132,1313, # 3334
+ 265,1481,1857,7352, 352,1203,2813,3247, 167,1089, 420,2814, 776, 792,1724,3513, # 3350
+4071,2438,3248,7353,4072,7354, 446, 229, 333,2743, 901,3739,1200,1557,4316,2647, # 3366
+1920, 395,2744,2676,3740,4073,1835, 125, 916,3178,2616,4317,7355,7356,3741,7357, # 3382
+7358,7359,4318,3117,3625,1133,2547,1757,3415,1510,2313,1409,3514,7360,2145, 438, # 3398
+2591,2896,2379,3317,1068, 958,3023, 461, 311,2855,2677,4074,1915,3179,4075,1978, # 3414
+ 383, 750,2745,2617,4076, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,7361,1154,1964, 384, 561, 210, # 3430
+  98,1295,2548,3515,7362,1711,2415,1482,3416,3884,2897,1257, 129,7363,3742, 642, # 3446
+ 523,2776,2777,2648,7364, 141,2231,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4077, 603,2592, # 3462
+ 710, 171,3417, 404, 549,  18,3118,2393,1410,3626,1666,7365,3516,4319,2898,4320, # 3478
+7366,2973, 368,7367, 146, 366,  99, 871,3627,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2258, # 3494
+ 379,3743,3180,7368,3181, 505,1941,2618,1991,1382,2314,7369, 380,2357, 218, 702, # 3510
+1817,1248,3418,3024,3517,3318,3249,7370,2974,3628, 930,3250,3744,7371,  59,7372, # 3526
+ 585, 601,4078, 497,3419,1112,1314,4321,1801,7373,1223,1472,2174,7374, 749,1836, # 3542
+ 690,1899,3745,1772,3885,1476, 429,1043,1790,2232,2116, 917,4079, 447,1086,1629, # 3558
+7375, 556,7376,7377,2020,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2815,1008,1782, 686, # 3574
+1095,7378,2282, 793,1602,7379,3518,2593,4322,4080,2933,2297,4323,3746, 980,2496, # 3590
+ 544, 353, 527,4324, 908,2678,2899,7380, 381,2619,1942,1348,7381,1341,1252, 560, # 3606
+3072,7382,3420,2856,7383,2053, 973, 886,2080, 143,4325,7384,7385, 157,3886, 496, # 3622
+4081,  57, 840, 540,2038,4326,4327,3421,2117,1445, 970,2259,1748,1965,2081,4082, # 3638
+3119,1234,1775,3251,2816,3629, 773,1206,2129,1066,2039,1326,3887,1738,1725,4083, # 3654
+ 279,3120,  51,1544,2594, 423,1578,2130,2066, 173,4328,1879,7386,7387,1583, 264, # 3670
+ 610,3630,4329,2439, 280, 154,7388,7389,7390,1739, 338,1282,3073, 693,2857,1411, # 3686
+1074,3747,2440,7391,4330,7392,7393,1240, 952,2394,7394,2900,1538,2679, 685,1483, # 3702
+4084,2468,1436, 953,4085,2054,4331, 671,2395,  79,4086,2441,3252, 608, 567,2680, # 3718
+3422,4087,4088,1691, 393,1261,1791,2396,7395,4332,7396,7397,7398,7399,1383,1672, # 3734
+3748,3182,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4333,3888,1432,3519, 609,4334,2681, # 3750
+2397,7400,7401,7402,4089,3025,   0,7403,2469, 315, 231,2442, 301,3319,4335,2380, # 3766
+7404, 233,4090,3631,1818,4336,4337,7405,  96,1776,1315,2082,7406, 257,7407,1809, # 3782
+3632,2709,1139,1819,4091,2021,1124,2163,2778,1777,2649,7408,3074, 363,1655,3183, # 3798
+7409,2975,7410,7411,7412,3889,1567,3890, 718, 103,3184, 849,1443, 341,3320,2934, # 3814
+1484,7413,1712, 127,  67, 339,4092,2398, 679,1412, 821,7414,7415, 834, 738, 351, # 3830
+2976,2146, 846, 235,1497,1880, 418,1992,3749,2710, 186,1100,2147,2746,3520,1545, # 3846
+1355,2935,2858,1377, 583,3891,4093,2573,2977,7416,1298,3633,1078,2549,3634,2358, # 3862
+  78,3750,3751, 267,1289,2099,2001,1594,4094, 348, 369,1274,2194,2175,1837,4338, # 3878
+1820,2817,3635,2747,2283,2002,4339,2936,2748, 144,3321, 882,4340,3892,2749,3423, # 3894
+4341,2901,7417,4095,1726, 320,7418,3893,3026, 788,2978,7419,2818,1773,1327,2859, # 3910
+3894,2819,7420,1306,4342,2003,1700,3752,3521,2359,2650, 787,2022, 506, 824,3636, # 3926
+ 534, 323,4343,1044,3322,2023,1900, 946,3424,7421,1778,1500,1678,7422,1881,4344, # 3942
+ 165, 243,4345,3637,2521, 123, 683,4096, 764,4346,  36,3895,1792, 589,2902, 816, # 3958
+ 626,1667,3027,2233,1639,1555,1622,3753,3896,7423,3897,2860,1370,1228,1932, 891, # 3974
+2083,2903, 304,4097,7424, 292,2979,2711,3522, 691,2100,4098,1115,4347, 118, 662, # 3990
+7425, 611,1156, 854,2381,1316,2861,   2, 386, 515,2904,7426,7427,3253, 868,2234, # 4006
+1486, 855,2651, 785,2212,3028,7428,1040,3185,3523,7429,3121, 448,7430,1525,7431, # 4022
+2164,4348,7432,3754,7433,4099,2820,3524,3122, 503, 818,3898,3123,1568, 814, 676, # 4038
+1444, 306,1749,7434,3755,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2821,1501,4349,7435,7436,7437, # 4054
+1993,7438,4350,7439,7440,2195,  13,2779,3638,2980,3124,1229,1916,7441,3756,2131, # 4070
+7442,4100,4351,2399,3525,7443,2213,1511,1727,1120,7444,7445, 646,3757,2443, 307, # 4086
+7446,7447,1595,3186,7448,7449,7450,3639,1113,1356,3899,1465,2522,2523,7451, 519, # 4102
+7452, 128,2132,  92,2284,1979,7453,3900,1512, 342,3125,2196,7454,2780,2214,1980, # 4118
+3323,7455, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2360,7456,3758,4352, 562, 581,3901,7457, 401, # 4134
+4353,2248,  94,4354,1399,2781,7458,1463,2024,4355,3187,1943,7459, 828,1105,4101, # 4150
+1262,1394,7460,4102, 605,4356,7461,1783,2862,7462,2822, 819,2101, 578,2197,2937, # 4166
+7463,1502, 436,3254,4103,3255,2823,3902,2905,3425,3426,7464,2712,2315,7465,7466, # 4182
+2332,2067,  23,4357, 193, 826,3759,2102, 699,1630,4104,3075, 390,1793,1064,3526, # 4198
+7467,1579,3076,3077,1400,7468,4105,1838,1640,2863,7469,4358,4359, 137,4106, 598, # 4214
+3078,1966, 780, 104, 974,2938,7470, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339,7471, # 4230
+3903,1275,4360,2574,2550,7472,3640,3029,3079,2249, 565,1334,2713, 863,  41,7473, # 4246
+7474,4361,7475,1657,2333,  19, 463,2750,4107, 606,7476,2981,3256,1087,2084,1323, # 4262
+2652,2982,7477,1631,1623,1750,4108,2682,7478,2864, 791,2714,2653,2334, 232,2416, # 4278
+7479,2983,1498,7480,2654,2620, 755,1366,3641,3257,3126,2025,1609, 119,1917,3427, # 4294
+ 862,1026,4109,7481,3904,3760,4362,3905,4363,2260,1951,2470,7482,1125, 817,4110, # 4310
+4111,3906,1513,1766,2040,1487,4112,3030,3258,2824,3761,3127,7483,7484,1507,7485, # 4326
+2683, 733,  40,1632,1106,2865, 345,4113, 841,2524, 230,4364,2984,1846,3259,3428, # 4342
+7486,1263, 986,3429,7487, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562,3907, # 4358
+3908,2939, 967,2751,2655,1349, 592,2133,1692,3324,2985,1994,4114,1679,3909,1901, # 4374
+2185,7488, 739,3642,2715,1296,1290,7489,4115,2198,2199,1921,1563,2595,2551,1870, # 4390
+2752,2986,7490, 435,7491, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4365,2235,3430,3643,7492,4366, # 4406
+ 294,3527,2940,1693, 477, 979, 281,2041,3528, 643,2042,3644,2621,2782,2261,1031, # 4422
+2335,2134,2298,3529,4367, 367,1249,2552,7493,3530,7494,4368,1283,3325,2004, 240, # 4438
+1762,3326,4369,4370, 836,1069,3128, 474,7495,2148,2525, 268,3531,7496,3188,1521, # 4454
+1284,7497,1658,1546,4116,7498,3532,3533,7499,4117,3327,2684,1685,4118, 961,1673, # 4470
+2622, 190,2005,2200,3762,4371,4372,7500, 570,2497,3645,1490,7501,4373,2623,3260, # 4486
+1956,4374, 584,1514, 396,1045,1944,7502,4375,1967,2444,7503,7504,4376,3910, 619, # 4502
+7505,3129,3261, 215,2006,2783,2553,3189,4377,3190,4378, 763,4119,3763,4379,7506, # 4518
+7507,1957,1767,2941,3328,3646,1174, 452,1477,4380,3329,3130,7508,2825,1253,2382, # 4534
+2186,1091,2285,4120, 492,7509, 638,1169,1824,2135,1752,3911, 648, 926,1021,1324, # 4550
+4381, 520,4382, 997, 847,1007, 892,4383,3764,2262,1871,3647,7510,2400,1784,4384, # 4566
+1952,2942,3080,3191,1728,4121,2043,3648,4385,2007,1701,3131,1551,  30,2263,4122, # 4582
+7511,2026,4386,3534,7512, 501,7513,4123, 594,3431,2165,1821,3535,3432,3536,3192, # 4598
+ 829,2826,4124,7514,1680,3132,1225,4125,7515,3262,4387,4126,3133,2336,7516,4388, # 4614
+4127,7517,3912,3913,7518,1847,2383,2596,3330,7519,4389, 374,3914, 652,4128,4129, # 4630
+ 375,1140, 798,7520,7521,7522,2361,4390,2264, 546,1659, 138,3031,2445,4391,7523, # 4646
+2250, 612,1848, 910, 796,3765,1740,1371, 825,3766,3767,7524,2906,2554,7525, 692, # 4662
+ 444,3032,2624, 801,4392,4130,7526,1491, 244,1053,3033,4131,4132, 340,7527,3915, # 4678
+1041,2987, 293,1168,  87,1357,7528,1539, 959,7529,2236, 721, 694,4133,3768, 219, # 4694
+1478, 644,1417,3331,2656,1413,1401,1335,1389,3916,7530,7531,2988,2362,3134,1825, # 4710
+ 730,1515, 184,2827,  66,4393,7532,1660,2943, 246,3332, 378,1457, 226,3433, 975, # 4726
+3917,2944,1264,3537, 674, 696,7533, 163,7534,1141,2417,2166, 713,3538,3333,4394, # 4742
+3918,7535,7536,1186,  15,7537,1079,1070,7538,1522,3193,3539, 276,1050,2716, 758, # 4758
+1126, 653,2945,3263,7539,2337, 889,3540,3919,3081,2989, 903,1250,4395,3920,3434, # 4774
+3541,1342,1681,1718, 766,3264, 286,  89,2946,3649,7540,1713,7541,2597,3334,2990, # 4790
+7542,2947,2215,3194,2866,7543,4396,2498,2526, 181, 387,1075,3921, 731,2187,3335, # 4806
+7544,3265, 310, 313,3435,2299, 770,4134,  54,3034, 189,4397,3082,3769,3922,7545, # 4822
+1230,1617,1849, 355,3542,4135,4398,3336, 111,4136,3650,1350,3135,3436,3035,4137, # 4838
+2149,3266,3543,7546,2784,3923,3924,2991, 722,2008,7547,1071, 247,1207,2338,2471, # 4854
+1378,4399,2009, 864,1437,1214,4400, 373,3770,1142,2216, 667,4401, 442,2753,2555, # 4870
+3771,3925,1968,4138,3267,1839, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1882,7548,7549,2118,4139, # 4886
+2828, 743,1569,7550,4402,4140, 582,2384,1418,3437,7551,1802,7552, 357,1395,1729, # 4902
+3651,3268,2418,1564,2237,7553,3083,3772,1633,4403,1114,2085,4141,1532,7554, 482, # 4918
+2446,4404,7555,7556,1492, 833,1466,7557,2717,3544,1641,2829,7558,1526,1272,3652, # 4934
+4142,1686,1794, 416,2556,1902,1953,1803,7559,3773,2785,3774,1159,2316,7560,2867, # 4950
+4405,1610,1584,3036,2419,2754, 443,3269,1163,3136,7561,7562,3926,7563,4143,2499, # 4966
+3037,4406,3927,3137,2103,1647,3545,2010,1872,4144,7564,4145, 431,3438,7565, 250, # 4982
+  97,  81,4146,7566,1648,1850,1558, 160, 848,7567, 866, 740,1694,7568,2201,2830, # 4998
+3195,4147,4407,3653,1687, 950,2472, 426, 469,3196,3654,3655,3928,7569,7570,1188, # 5014
+ 424,1995, 861,3546,4148,3775,2202,2685, 168,1235,3547,4149,7571,2086,1674,4408, # 5030
+3337,3270, 220,2557,1009,7572,3776, 670,2992, 332,1208, 717,7573,7574,3548,2447, # 5046
+3929,3338,7575, 513,7576,1209,2868,3339,3138,4409,1080,7577,7578,7579,7580,2527, # 5062
+3656,3549, 815,1587,3930,3931,7581,3550,3439,3777,1254,4410,1328,3038,1390,3932, # 5078
+1741,3933,3778,3934,7582, 236,3779,2448,3271,7583,7584,3657,3780,1273,3781,4411, # 5094
+7585, 308,7586,4412, 245,4413,1851,2473,1307,2575, 430, 715,2136,2449,7587, 270, # 5110
+ 199,2869,3935,7588,3551,2718,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1840,4414,3440,3658,7589, # 5126
+7590, 587,  14,3272, 227,2598, 326, 480,2265, 943,2755,3552, 291, 650,1883,7591, # 5142
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3441, 904,4415,3442,1164,4150,7592,7593,1224,1548,2756, # 5158
+ 391, 498,1493,7594,1386,1419,7595,2055,1177,4416, 813, 880,1081,2363, 566,1145, # 5174
+4417,2286,1001,1035,2558,2599,2238, 394,1286,7596,7597,2068,7598,  86,1494,1730, # 5190
+3936, 491,1588, 745, 897,2948, 843,3340,3937,2757,2870,3273,1768, 998,2217,2069, # 5206
+ 397,1826,1195,1969,3659,2993,3341, 284,7599,3782,2500,2137,2119,1903,7600,3938, # 5222
+2150,3939,4151,1036,3443,1904, 114,2559,4152, 209,1527,7601,7602,2949,2831,2625, # 5238
+2385,2719,3139, 812,2560,7603,3274,7604,1559, 737,1884,3660,1210, 885,  28,2686, # 5254
+3553,3783,7605,4153,1004,1779,4418,7606, 346,1981,2218,2687,4419,3784,1742, 797, # 5270
+1642,3940,1933,1072,1384,2151, 896,3941,3275,3661,3197,2871,3554,7607,2561,1958, # 5286
+4420,2450,1785,7608,7609,7610,3942,4154,1005,1308,3662,4155,2720,4421,4422,1528, # 5302
+2600, 161,1178,4156,1982, 987,4423,1101,4157, 631,3943,1157,3198,2420,1343,1241, # 5318
+1016,2239,2562, 372, 877,2339,2501,1160, 555,1934, 911,3944,7611, 466,1170, 169, # 5334
+1051,2907,2688,3663,2474,2994,1182,2011,2563,1251,2626,7612, 992,2340,3444,1540, # 5350
+2721,1201,2070,2401,1996,2475,7613,4424, 528,1922,2188,1503,1873,1570,2364,3342, # 5366
+3276,7614, 557,1073,7615,1827,3445,2087,2266,3140,3039,3084, 767,3085,2786,4425, # 5382
+1006,4158,4426,2341,1267,2176,3664,3199, 778,3945,3200,2722,1597,2657,7616,4427, # 5398
+7617,3446,7618,7619,7620,3277,2689,1433,3278, 131,  95,1504,3946, 723,4159,3141, # 5414
+1841,3555,2758,2189,3947,2027,2104,3665,7621,2995,3948,1218,7622,3343,3201,3949, # 5430
+4160,2576, 248,1634,3785, 912,7623,2832,3666,3040,3786, 654,  53,7624,2996,7625, # 5446
+1688,4428, 777,3447,1032,3950,1425,7626, 191, 820,2120,2833, 971,4429, 931,3202, # 5462
+ 135, 664, 783,3787,1997, 772,2908,1935,3951,3788,4430,2909,3203, 282,2723, 640, # 5478
+1372,3448,1127, 922, 325,3344,7627,7628, 711,2044,7629,7630,3952,2219,2787,1936, # 5494
+3953,3345,2220,2251,3789,2300,7631,4431,3790,1258,3279,3954,3204,2138,2950,3955, # 5510
+3956,7632,2221, 258,3205,4432, 101,1227,7633,3280,1755,7634,1391,3281,7635,2910, # 5526
+2056, 893,7636,7637,7638,1402,4161,2342,7639,7640,3206,3556,7641,7642, 878,1325, # 5542
+1780,2788,4433, 259,1385,2577, 744,1183,2267,4434,7643,3957,2502,7644, 684,1024, # 5558
+4162,7645, 472,3557,3449,1165,3282,3958,3959, 322,2152, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 5574
+ 660, 554,2153,4435,1058,4436,4163, 830,1065,3346,3960,4437,1923,7646,1703,1918, # 5590
+7647, 932,2268, 122,7648,4438, 947, 677,7649,3791,2627, 297,1905,1924,2269,4439, # 5606
+2317,3283,7650,7651,4164,7652,4165,  84,4166, 112, 989,7653, 547,1059,3961, 701, # 5622
+3558,1019,7654,4167,7655,3450, 942, 639, 457,2301,2451, 993,2951, 407, 851, 494, # 5638
+4440,3347, 927,7656,1237,7657,2421,3348, 573,4168, 680, 921,2911,1279,1874, 285, # 5654
+ 790,1448,1983, 719,2167,7658,7659,4441,3962,3963,1649,7660,1541, 563,7661,1077, # 5670
+7662,3349,3041,3451, 511,2997,3964,3965,3667,3966,1268,2564,3350,3207,4442,4443, # 5686
+7663, 535,1048,1276,1189,2912,2028,3142,1438,1373,2834,2952,1134,2012,7664,4169, # 5702
+1238,2578,3086,1259,7665, 700,7666,2953,3143,3668,4170,7667,4171,1146,1875,1906, # 5718
+4444,2601,3967, 781,2422, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2789,2402, 898,1786,2154,3968, # 5734
+3969,7668,3792,2790,7669,7670,4445,4446,7671,3208,7672,1635,3793, 965,7673,1804, # 5750
+2690,1516,3559,1121,1082,1329,3284,3970,1449,3794,  65,1128,2835,2913,2759,1590, # 5766
+3795,7674,7675,  12,2658,  45, 976,2579,3144,4447, 517,2528,1013,1037,3209,7676, # 5782
+3796,2836,7677,3797,7678,3452,7679,2602, 614,1998,2318,3798,3087,2724,2628,7680, # 5798
+2580,4172, 599,1269,7681,1810,3669,7682,2691,3088, 759,1060, 489,1805,3351,3285, # 5814
+1358,7683,7684,2386,1387,1215,2629,2252, 490,7685,7686,4173,1759,2387,2343,7687, # 5830
+4448,3799,1907,3971,2630,1806,3210,4449,3453,3286,2760,2344, 874,7688,7689,3454, # 5846
+3670,1858,  91,2914,3671,3042,3800,4450,7690,3145,3972,2659,7691,3455,1202,1403, # 5862
+3801,2954,2529,1517,2503,4451,3456,2504,7692,4452,7693,2692,1885,1495,1731,3973, # 5878
+2365,4453,7694,2029,7695,7696,3974,2693,1216, 237,2581,4174,2319,3975,3802,4454, # 5894
+4455,2694,3560,3457, 445,4456,7697,7698,7699,7700,2761,  61,3976,3672,1822,3977, # 5910
+7701, 687,2045, 935, 925, 405,2660, 703,1096,1859,2725,4457,3978,1876,1367,2695, # 5926
+3352, 918,2105,1781,2476, 334,3287,1611,1093,4458, 564,3146,3458,3673,3353, 945, # 5942
+2631,2057,4459,7702,1925, 872,4175,7703,3459,2696,3089, 349,4176,3674,3979,4460, # 5958
+3803,4177,3675,2155,3980,4461,4462,4178,4463,2403,2046, 782,3981, 400, 251,4179, # 5974
+1624,7704,7705, 277,3676, 299,1265, 476,1191,3804,2121,4180,4181,1109, 205,7706, # 5990
+2582,1000,2156,3561,1860,7707,7708,7709,4464,7710,4465,2565, 107,2477,2157,3982, # 6006
+3460,3147,7711,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4182,2872,3562,7712,1696, 370,1088,4183, # 6022
+4466,3563, 579, 327, 440, 162,2240, 269,1937,1374,3461, 968,3043,  56,1396,3090, # 6038
+2106,3288,3354,7713,1926,2158,4467,2998,7714,3564,7715,7716,3677,4468,2478,7717, # 6054
+2791,7718,1650,4469,7719,2603,7720,7721,3983,2661,3355,1149,3356,3984,3805,3985, # 6070
+7722,1076,  49,7723, 951,3211,3289,3290, 450,2837, 920,7724,1811,2792,2366,4184, # 6086
+1908,1138,2367,3806,3462,7725,3212,4470,1909,1147,1518,2423,4471,3807,7726,4472, # 6102
+2388,2604, 260,1795,3213,7727,7728,3808,3291, 708,7729,3565,1704,7730,3566,1351, # 6118
+1618,3357,2999,1886, 944,4185,3358,4186,3044,3359,4187,7731,3678, 422, 413,1714, # 6134
+3292, 500,2058,2345,4188,2479,7732,1344,1910, 954,7733,1668,7734,7735,3986,2404, # 6150
+4189,3567,3809,4190,7736,2302,1318,2505,3091, 133,3092,2873,4473, 629,  31,2838, # 6166
+2697,3810,4474, 850, 949,4475,3987,2955,1732,2088,4191,1496,1852,7737,3988, 620, # 6182
+3214, 981,1242,3679,3360,1619,3680,1643,3293,2139,2452,1970,1719,3463,2168,7738, # 6198
+3215,7739,7740,3361,1828,7741,1277,4476,1565,2047,7742,1636,3568,3093,7743, 869, # 6214
+2839, 655,3811,3812,3094,3989,3000,3813,1310,3569,4477,7744,7745,7746,1733, 558, # 6230
+4478,3681, 335,1549,3045,1756,4192,3682,1945,3464,1829,1291,1192, 470,2726,2107, # 6246
+2793, 913,1054,3990,7747,1027,7748,3046,3991,4479, 982,2662,3362,3148,3465,3216, # 6262
+3217,1946,2794,7749, 571,4480,7750,1830,7751,3570,2583,1523,2424,7752,2089, 984, # 6278
+4481,3683,1959,7753,3684, 852, 923,2795,3466,3685, 969,1519, 999,2048,2320,1705, # 6294
+7754,3095, 615,1662, 151, 597,3992,2405,2321,1049, 275,4482,3686,4193, 568,3687, # 6310
+3571,2480,4194,3688,7755,2425,2270, 409,3218,7756,1566,2874,3467,1002, 769,2840, # 6326
+ 194,2090,3149,3689,2222,3294,4195, 628,1505,7757,7758,1763,2177,3001,3993, 521, # 6342
+1161,2584,1787,2203,2406,4483,3994,1625,4196,4197, 412,  42,3096, 464,7759,2632, # 6358
+4484,3363,1760,1571,2875,3468,2530,1219,2204,3814,2633,2140,2368,4485,4486,3295, # 6374
+1651,3364,3572,7760,7761,3573,2481,3469,7762,3690,7763,7764,2271,2091, 460,7765, # 6390
+4487,7766,3002, 962, 588,3574, 289,3219,2634,1116,  52,7767,3047,1796,7768,7769, # 6406
+7770,1467,7771,1598,1143,3691,4198,1984,1734,1067,4488,1280,3365, 465,4489,1572, # 6422
+ 510,7772,1927,2241,1812,1644,3575,7773,4490,3692,7774,7775,2663,1573,1534,7776, # 6438
+7777,4199, 536,1807,1761,3470,3815,3150,2635,7778,7779,7780,4491,3471,2915,1911, # 6454
+2796,7781,3296,1122, 377,3220,7782, 360,7783,7784,4200,1529, 551,7785,2059,3693, # 6470
+1769,2426,7786,2916,4201,3297,3097,2322,2108,2030,4492,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672, # 6486
+1171,3221,2303, 271,3151,7787,2762,7788,2049, 678,2727, 865,1947,4493,7789,2013, # 6502
+3995,2956,7790,2728,2223,1397,3048,3694,4494,4495,1735,2917,3366,3576,7791,3816, # 6518
+ 509,2841,2453,2876,3817,7792,7793,3152,3153,4496,4202,2531,4497,2304,1166,1010, # 6534
+ 552, 681,1887,7794,7795,2957,2958,3996,1287,1596,1861,3154, 358, 453, 736, 175, # 6550
+ 478,1117, 905,1167,1097,7796,1853,1530,7797,1706,7798,2178,3472,2287,3695,3473, # 6566
+3577,4203,2092,4204,7799,3367,1193,2482,4205,1458,2190,2205,1862,1888,1421,3298, # 6582
+2918,3049,2179,3474, 595,2122,7800,3997,7801,7802,4206,1707,2636, 223,3696,1359, # 6598
+ 751,3098, 183,3475,7803,2797,3003, 419,2369, 633, 704,3818,2389, 241,7804,7805, # 6614
+7806, 838,3004,3697,2272,2763,2454,3819,1938,2050,3998,1309,3099,2242,1181,7807, # 6630
+1136,2206,3820,2370,1446,4207,2305,4498,7808,7809,4208,1055,2605, 484,3698,7810, # 6646
+3999, 625,4209,2273,3368,1499,4210,4000,7811,4001,4211,3222,2274,2275,3476,7812, # 6662
+7813,2764, 808,2606,3699,3369,4002,4212,3100,2532, 526,3370,3821,4213, 955,7814, # 6678
+1620,4214,2637,2427,7815,1429,3700,1669,1831, 994, 928,7816,3578,1260,7817,7818, # 6694
+7819,1948,2288, 741,2919,1626,4215,2729,2455, 867,1184, 362,3371,1392,7820,7821, # 6710
+4003,4216,1770,1736,3223,2920,4499,4500,1928,2698,1459,1158,7822,3050,3372,2877, # 6726
+1292,1929,2506,2842,3701,1985,1187,2071,2014,2607,4217,7823,2566,2507,2169,3702, # 6742
+2483,3299,7824,3703,4501,7825,7826, 666,1003,3005,1022,3579,4218,7827,4502,1813, # 6758
+2253, 574,3822,1603, 295,1535, 705,3823,4219, 283, 858, 417,7828,7829,3224,4503, # 6774
+4504,3051,1220,1889,1046,2276,2456,4004,1393,1599, 689,2567, 388,4220,7830,2484, # 6790
+ 802,7831,2798,3824,2060,1405,2254,7832,4505,3825,2109,1052,1345,3225,1585,7833, # 6806
+ 809,7834,7835,7836, 575,2730,3477, 956,1552,1469,1144,2323,7837,2324,1560,2457, # 6822
+3580,3226,4005, 616,2207,3155,2180,2289,7838,1832,7839,3478,4506,7840,1319,3704, # 6838
+3705,1211,3581,1023,3227,1293,2799,7841,7842,7843,3826, 607,2306,3827, 762,2878, # 6854
+1439,4221,1360,7844,1485,3052,7845,4507,1038,4222,1450,2061,2638,4223,1379,4508, # 6870
+2585,7846,7847,4224,1352,1414,2325,2921,1172,7848,7849,3828,3829,7850,1797,1451, # 6886
+7851,7852,7853,7854,2922,4006,4007,2485,2346, 411,4008,4009,3582,3300,3101,4509, # 6902
+1561,2664,1452,4010,1375,7855,7856,  47,2959, 316,7857,1406,1591,2923,3156,7858, # 6918
+1025,2141,3102,3157, 354,2731, 884,2224,4225,2407, 508,3706, 726,3583, 996,2428, # 6934
+3584, 729,7859, 392,2191,1453,4011,4510,3707,7860,7861,2458,3585,2608,1675,2800, # 6950
+ 919,2347,2960,2348,1270,4511,4012,  73,7862,7863, 647,7864,3228,2843,2255,1550, # 6966
+1346,3006,7865,1332, 883,3479,7866,7867,7868,7869,3301,2765,7870,1212, 831,1347, # 6982
+4226,4512,2326,3830,1863,3053, 720,3831,4513,4514,3832,7871,4227,7872,7873,4515, # 6998
+7874,7875,1798,4516,3708,2609,4517,3586,1645,2371,7876,7877,2924, 669,2208,2665, # 7014
+2429,7878,2879,7879,7880,1028,3229,7881,4228,2408,7882,2256,1353,7883,7884,4518, # 7030
+3158, 518,7885,4013,7886,4229,1960,7887,2142,4230,7888,7889,3007,2349,2350,3833, # 7046
+ 516,1833,1454,4014,2699,4231,4519,2225,2610,1971,1129,3587,7890,2766,7891,2961, # 7062
+1422, 577,1470,3008,1524,3373,7892,7893, 432,4232,3054,3480,7894,2586,1455,2508, # 7078
+2226,1972,1175,7895,1020,2732,4015,3481,4520,7896,2733,7897,1743,1361,3055,3482, # 7094
+2639,4016,4233,4521,2290, 895, 924,4234,2170, 331,2243,3056, 166,1627,3057,1098, # 7110
+7898,1232,2880,2227,3374,4522, 657, 403,1196,2372, 542,3709,3375,1600,4235,3483, # 7126
+7899,4523,2767,3230, 576, 530,1362,7900,4524,2533,2666,3710,4017,7901, 842,3834, # 7142
+7902,2801,2031,1014,4018, 213,2700,3376, 665, 621,4236,7903,3711,2925,2430,7904, # 7158
+2431,3302,3588,3377,7905,4237,2534,4238,4525,3589,1682,4239,3484,1380,7906, 724, # 7174
+2277, 600,1670,7907,1337,1233,4526,3103,2244,7908,1621,4527,7909, 651,4240,7910, # 7190
+1612,4241,2611,7911,2844,7912,2734,2307,3058,7913, 716,2459,3059, 174,1255,2701, # 7206
+4019,3590, 548,1320,1398, 728,4020,1574,7914,1890,1197,3060,4021,7915,3061,3062, # 7222
+3712,3591,3713, 747,7916, 635,4242,4528,7917,7918,7919,4243,7920,7921,4529,7922, # 7238
+3378,4530,2432, 451,7923,3714,2535,2072,4244,2735,4245,4022,7924,1764,4531,7925, # 7254
+4246, 350,7926,2278,2390,2486,7927,4247,4023,2245,1434,4024, 488,4532, 458,4248, # 7270
+4025,3715, 771,1330,2391,3835,2568,3159,2159,2409,1553,2667,3160,4249,7928,2487, # 7286
+2881,2612,1720,2702,4250,3379,4533,7929,2536,4251,7930,3231,4252,2768,7931,2015, # 7302
+2736,7932,1155,1017,3716,3836,7933,3303,2308, 201,1864,4253,1430,7934,4026,7935, # 7318
+7936,7937,7938,7939,4254,1604,7940, 414,1865, 371,2587,4534,4535,3485,2016,3104, # 7334
+4536,1708, 960,4255, 887, 389,2171,1536,1663,1721,7941,2228,4027,2351,2926,1580, # 7350
+7942,7943,7944,1744,7945,2537,4537,4538,7946,4539,7947,2073,7948,7949,3592,3380, # 7366
+2882,4256,7950,4257,2640,3381,2802, 673,2703,2460, 709,3486,4028,3593,4258,7951, # 7382
+1148, 502, 634,7952,7953,1204,4540,3594,1575,4541,2613,3717,7954,3718,3105, 948, # 7398
+3232, 121,1745,3837,1110,7955,4259,3063,2509,3009,4029,3719,1151,1771,3838,1488, # 7414
+4030,1986,7956,2433,3487,7957,7958,2093,7959,4260,3839,1213,1407,2803, 531,2737, # 7430
+2538,3233,1011,1537,7960,2769,4261,3106,1061,7961,3720,3721,1866,2883,7962,2017, # 7446
+ 120,4262,4263,2062,3595,3234,2309,3840,2668,3382,1954,4542,7963,7964,3488,1047, # 7462
+2704,1266,7965,1368,4543,2845, 649,3383,3841,2539,2738,1102,2846,2669,7966,7967, # 7478
+1999,7968,1111,3596,2962,7969,2488,3842,3597,2804,1854,3384,3722,7970,7971,3385, # 7494
+2410,2884,3304,3235,3598,7972,2569,7973,3599,2805,4031,1460, 856,7974,3600,7975, # 7510
+2885,2963,7976,2886,3843,7977,4264, 632,2510, 875,3844,1697,3845,2291,7978,7979, # 7526
+4544,3010,1239, 580,4545,4265,7980, 914, 936,2074,1190,4032,1039,2123,7981,7982, # 7542
+7983,3386,1473,7984,1354,4266,3846,7985,2172,3064,4033, 915,3305,4267,4268,3306, # 7558
+1605,1834,7986,2739, 398,3601,4269,3847,4034, 328,1912,2847,4035,3848,1331,4270, # 7574
+3011, 937,4271,7987,3602,4036,4037,3387,2160,4546,3388, 524, 742, 538,3065,1012, # 7590
+7988,7989,3849,2461,7990, 658,1103, 225,3850,7991,7992,4547,7993,4548,7994,3236, # 7606
+1243,7995,4038, 963,2246,4549,7996,2705,3603,3161,7997,7998,2588,2327,7999,4550, # 7622
+8000,8001,8002,3489,3307, 957,3389,2540,2032,1930,2927,2462, 870,2018,3604,1746, # 7638
+2770,2771,2434,2463,8003,3851,8004,3723,3107,3724,3490,3390,3725,8005,1179,3066, # 7654
+8006,3162,2373,4272,3726,2541,3163,3108,2740,4039,8007,3391,1556,2542,2292, 977, # 7670
+2887,2033,4040,1205,3392,8008,1765,3393,3164,2124,1271,1689, 714,4551,3491,8009, # 7686
+2328,3852, 533,4273,3605,2181, 617,8010,2464,3308,3492,2310,8011,8012,3165,8013, # 7702
+8014,3853,1987, 618, 427,2641,3493,3394,8015,8016,1244,1690,8017,2806,4274,4552, # 7718
+8018,3494,8019,8020,2279,1576, 473,3606,4275,3395, 972,8021,3607,8022,3067,8023, # 7734
+8024,4553,4554,8025,3727,4041,4042,8026, 153,4555, 356,8027,1891,2888,4276,2143, # 7750
+ 408, 803,2352,8028,3854,8029,4277,1646,2570,2511,4556,4557,3855,8030,3856,4278, # 7766
+8031,2411,3396, 752,8032,8033,1961,2964,8034, 746,3012,2465,8035,4279,3728, 698, # 7782
+4558,1892,4280,3608,2543,4559,3609,3857,8036,3166,3397,8037,1823,1302,4043,2706, # 7798
+3858,1973,4281,8038,4282,3167, 823,1303,1288,1236,2848,3495,4044,3398, 774,3859, # 7814
+8039,1581,4560,1304,2849,3860,4561,8040,2435,2161,1083,3237,4283,4045,4284, 344, # 7830
+1173, 288,2311, 454,1683,8041,8042,1461,4562,4046,2589,8043,8044,4563, 985, 894, # 7846
+8045,3399,3168,8046,1913,2928,3729,1988,8047,2110,1974,8048,4047,8049,2571,1194, # 7862
+ 425,8050,4564,3169,1245,3730,4285,8051,8052,2850,8053, 636,4565,1855,3861, 760, # 7878
+1799,8054,4286,2209,1508,4566,4048,1893,1684,2293,8055,8056,8057,4287,4288,2210, # 7894
+ 479,8058,8059, 832,8060,4049,2489,8061,2965,2490,3731, 990,3109, 627,1814,2642, # 7910
+4289,1582,4290,2125,2111,3496,4567,8062, 799,4291,3170,8063,4568,2112,1737,3013, # 7926
+1018, 543, 754,4292,3309,1676,4569,4570,4050,8064,1489,8065,3497,8066,2614,2889, # 7942
+4051,8067,8068,2966,8069,8070,8071,8072,3171,4571,4572,2182,1722,8073,3238,3239, # 7958
+1842,3610,1715, 481, 365,1975,1856,8074,8075,1962,2491,4573,8076,2126,3611,3240, # 7974
+ 433,1894,2063,2075,8077, 602,2741,8078,8079,8080,8081,8082,3014,1628,3400,8083, # 7990
+3172,4574,4052,2890,4575,2512,8084,2544,2772,8085,8086,8087,3310,4576,2891,8088, # 8006
+4577,8089,2851,4578,4579,1221,2967,4053,2513,8090,8091,8092,1867,1989,8093,8094, # 8022
+8095,1895,8096,8097,4580,1896,4054, 318,8098,2094,4055,4293,8099,8100, 485,8101, # 8038
+ 938,3862, 553,2670, 116,8102,3863,3612,8103,3498,2671,2773,3401,3311,2807,8104, # 8054
+3613,2929,4056,1747,2930,2968,8105,8106, 207,8107,8108,2672,4581,2514,8109,3015, # 8070
+ 890,3614,3864,8110,1877,3732,3402,8111,2183,2353,3403,1652,8112,8113,8114, 941, # 8086
+2294, 208,3499,4057,2019, 330,4294,3865,2892,2492,3733,4295,8115,8116,8117,8118, # 8102
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2515,1613,4582,8119,3312,3866,2516,8120,4058,8121,1637,4059,2466,4583,3867,8122, # 8118
+2493,3016,3734,8123,8124,2192,8125,8126,2162,8127,8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133, # 8134
+8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143,8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149, # 8150
+8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159,8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165, # 8166
+8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181, # 8182
+8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197, # 8198
+8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213, # 8214
+8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229, # 8230
+8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245, # 8246
+8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261, # 8262
+8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,8272,8273,8274,8275,8276,8277, # 8278
+8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,8288,8289,8290,8291,8292,8293, # 8294
+8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,8304,8305,8306,8307,8308,8309, # 8310
+8310,8311,8312,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,8320,8321,8322,8323,8324,8325, # 8326
+8326,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,8336,8337,8338,8339,8340,8341, # 8342
+8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353,8354,8355,8356,8357, # 8358
+8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,8364,8365,8366,8367,8368,8369,8370,8371,8372,8373, # 8374
+8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382,8383,8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389, # 8390
+8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398,8399,8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405, # 8406
+8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421, # 8422
+8422,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437, # 8438
+8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453, # 8454
+8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469, # 8470
+8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485, # 8486
+8486,8487,8488,8489,8490,8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501, # 8502
+8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517, # 8518
+8518,8519,8520,8521,8522,8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533, # 8534
+8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549, # 8550
+8550,8551,8552,8553,8554,8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,8565, # 8566
+8566,8567,8568,8569,8570,8571,8572,8573,8574,8575,8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581, # 8582
+8582,8583,8584,8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597, # 8598
+8598,8599,8600,8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,8606,8607,8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613, # 8614
+8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,8622,8623,8624,8625,8626,8627,8628,8629, # 8630
+8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,8639,8640,8641,8642,8643,8644,8645, # 8646
+8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,8656,8657,8658,8659,8660,8661, # 8662
+8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,8672,8673,8674,8675,8676,8677, # 8678
+8678,8679,8680,8681,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687,8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693, # 8694
+8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709, # 8710
+8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718,8719,8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725, # 8726
+8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,8734,8735,8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741) # 8742
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe652fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCTWDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCTWSMModel
+
+class EUCTWProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCTWSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCTWDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-TW"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1238f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# GB2312 most frequently used character table
+#
+# Char to FreqOrder table , from hz6763
+
+# 512  --> 0.79  -- 0.79
+# 1024 --> 0.92  -- 0.13
+# 2048 --> 0.98  -- 0.06
+# 6768 --> 1.00  -- 0.02
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.79135/(1-0.79135) = 3.79
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (3755 - 512) = 0.157
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher that RDR
+
+GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.9
+
+GB2312_TABLE_SIZE = 3760
+
+GB2312CharToFreqOrder = (
+1671, 749,1443,2364,3924,3807,2330,3921,1704,3463,2691,1511,1515, 572,3191,2205,
+2361, 224,2558, 479,1711, 963,3162, 440,4060,1905,2966,2947,3580,2647,3961,3842,
+2204, 869,4207, 970,2678,5626,2944,2956,1479,4048, 514,3595, 588,1346,2820,3409,
+ 249,4088,1746,1873,2047,1774, 581,1813, 358,1174,3590,1014,1561,4844,2245, 670,
+1636,3112, 889,1286, 953, 556,2327,3060,1290,3141, 613, 185,3477,1367, 850,3820,
+1715,2428,2642,2303,2732,3041,2562,2648,3566,3946,1349, 388,3098,2091,1360,3585,
+ 152,1687,1539, 738,1559,  59,1232,2925,2267,1388,1249,1741,1679,2960, 151,1566,
+1125,1352,4271, 924,4296, 385,3166,4459, 310,1245,2850,  70,3285,2729,3534,3575,
+2398,3298,3466,1960,2265, 217,3647, 864,1909,2084,4401,2773,1010,3269,5152, 853,
+3051,3121,1244,4251,1895, 364,1499,1540,2313,1180,3655,2268, 562, 715,2417,3061,
+ 544, 336,3768,2380,1752,4075, 950, 280,2425,4382, 183,2759,3272, 333,4297,2155,
+1688,2356,1444,1039,4540, 736,1177,3349,2443,2368,2144,2225, 565, 196,1482,3406,
+ 927,1335,4147, 692, 878,1311,1653,3911,3622,1378,4200,1840,2969,3149,2126,1816,
+2534,1546,2393,2760, 737,2494,  13, 447, 245,2747,  38,2765,2129,2589,1079, 606,
+ 360, 471,3755,2890, 404, 848, 699,1785,1236, 370,2221,1023,3746,2074,2026,2023,
+2388,1581,2119, 812,1141,3091,2536,1519, 804,2053, 406,1596,1090, 784, 548,4414,
+1806,2264,2936,1100, 343,4114,5096, 622,3358, 743,3668,1510,1626,5020,3567,2513,
+3195,4115,5627,2489,2991,  24,2065,2697,1087,2719,  48,1634, 315,  68, 985,2052,
+ 198,2239,1347,1107,1439, 597,2366,2172, 871,3307, 919,2487,2790,1867, 236,2570,
+1413,3794, 906,3365,3381,1701,1982,1818,1524,2924,1205, 616,2586,2072,2004, 575,
+ 253,3099,  32,1365,1182, 197,1714,2454,1201, 554,3388,3224,2748, 756,2587, 250,
+2567,1507,1517,3529,1922,2761,2337,3416,1961,1677,2452,2238,3153, 615, 911,1506,
+1474,2495,1265,1906,2749,3756,3280,2161, 898,2714,1759,3450,2243,2444, 563,  26,
+3286,2266,3769,3344,2707,3677, 611,1402, 531,1028,2871,4548,1375, 261,2948, 835,
+1190,4134, 353, 840,2684,1900,3082,1435,2109,1207,1674, 329,1872,2781,4055,2686,
+2104, 608,3318,2423,2957,2768,1108,3739,3512,3271,3985,2203,1771,3520,1418,2054,
+1681,1153, 225,1627,2929, 162,2050,2511,3687,1954, 124,1859,2431,1684,3032,2894,
+ 585,4805,3969,2869,2704,2088,2032,2095,3656,2635,4362,2209, 256, 518,2042,2105,
+3777,3657, 643,2298,1148,1779, 190, 989,3544, 414,  11,2135,2063,2979,1471, 403,
+3678, 126, 770,1563, 671,2499,3216,2877, 600,1179, 307,2805,4937,1268,1297,2694,
+ 252,4032,1448,1494,1331,1394, 127,2256, 222,1647,1035,1481,3056,1915,1048, 873,
+3651, 210,  33,1608,2516, 200,1520, 415, 102,   0,3389,1287, 817,  91,3299,2940,
+ 836,1814, 549,2197,1396,1669,2987,3582,2297,2848,4528,1070, 687,  20,1819, 121,
+1552,1364,1461,1968,2617,3540,2824,2083, 177, 948,4938,2291, 110,4549,2066, 648,
+3359,1755,2110,2114,4642,4845,1693,3937,3308,1257,1869,2123, 208,1804,3159,2992,
+2531,2549,3361,2418,1350,2347,2800,2568,1291,2036,2680,  72, 842,1990, 212,1233,
+1154,1586,  75,2027,3410,4900,1823,1337,2710,2676, 728,2810,1522,3026,4995, 157,
+ 755,1050,4022, 710, 785,1936,2194,2085,1406,2777,2400, 150,1250,4049,1206, 807,
+1910, 534, 529,3309,1721,1660, 274,  39,2827, 661,2670,1578, 925,3248,3815,1094,
+4278,4901,4252,  41,1150,3747,2572,2227,4501,3658,4902,3813,3357,3617,2884,2258,
+ 887, 538,4187,3199,1294,2439,3042,2329,2343,2497,1255, 107, 543,1527, 521,3478,
+3568, 194,5062,  15, 961,3870,1241,1192,2664,  66,5215,3260,2111,1295,1127,2152,
+3805,4135, 901,1164,1976, 398,1278, 530,1460, 748, 904,1054,1966,1426,  53,2909,
+ 509, 523,2279,1534, 536,1019, 239,1685, 460,2353, 673,1065,2401,3600,4298,2272,
+1272,2363, 284,1753,3679,4064,1695,  81, 815,2677,2757,2731,1386, 859, 500,4221,
+2190,2566, 757,1006,2519,2068,1166,1455, 337,2654,3203,1863,1682,1914,3025,1252,
+1409,1366, 847, 714,2834,2038,3209, 964,2970,1901, 885,2553,1078,1756,3049, 301,
+1572,3326, 688,2130,1996,2429,1805,1648,2930,3421,2750,3652,3088, 262,1158,1254,
+ 389,1641,1812, 526,1719, 923,2073,1073,1902, 468, 489,4625,1140, 857,2375,3070,
+3319,2863, 380, 116,1328,2693,1161,2244, 273,1212,1884,2769,3011,1775,1142, 461,
+3066,1200,2147,2212, 790, 702,2695,4222,1601,1058, 434,2338,5153,3640,  67,2360,
+4099,2502, 618,3472,1329, 416,1132, 830,2782,1807,2653,3211,3510,1662, 192,2124,
+ 296,3979,1739,1611,3684,  23, 118, 324, 446,1239,1225, 293,2520,3814,3795,2535,
+3116,  17,1074, 467,2692,2201, 387,2922,  45,1326,3055,1645,3659,2817, 958, 243,
+1903,2320,1339,2825,1784,3289, 356, 576, 865,2315,2381,3377,3916,1088,3122,1713,
+1655, 935, 628,4689,1034,1327, 441, 800, 720, 894,1979,2183,1528,5289,2702,1071,
+4046,3572,2399,1571,3281,  79, 761,1103, 327, 134, 758,1899,1371,1615, 879, 442,
+ 215,2605,2579, 173,2048,2485,1057,2975,3317,1097,2253,3801,4263,1403,1650,2946,
+ 814,4968,3487,1548,2644,1567,1285,   2, 295,2636,  97, 946,3576, 832, 141,4257,
+3273, 760,3821,3521,3156,2607, 949,1024,1733,1516,1803,1920,2125,2283,2665,3180,
+1501,2064,3560,2171,1592, 803,3518,1416, 732,3897,4258,1363,1362,2458, 119,1427,
+ 602,1525,2608,1605,1639,3175, 694,3064,  10, 465,  76,2000,4846,4208, 444,3781,
+1619,3353,2206,1273,3796, 740,2483, 320,1723,2377,3660,2619,1359,1137,1762,1724,
+2345,2842,1850,1862, 912, 821,1866, 612,2625,1735,2573,3369,1093, 844,  89, 937,
+ 930,1424,3564,2413,2972,1004,3046,3019,2011, 711,3171,1452,4178, 428, 801,1943,
+ 432, 445,2811, 206,4136,1472, 730, 349,  73, 397,2802,2547, 998,1637,1167, 789,
+ 396,3217, 154,1218, 716,1120,1780,2819,4826,1931,3334,3762,2139,1215,2627, 552,
+3664,3628,3232,1405,2383,3111,1356,2652,3577,3320,3101,1703, 640,1045,1370,1246,
+4996, 371,1575,2436,1621,2210, 984,4033,1734,2638,  16,4529, 663,2755,3255,1451,
+3917,2257,1253,1955,2234,1263,2951, 214,1229, 617, 485, 359,1831,1969, 473,2310,
+ 750,2058, 165,  80,2864,2419, 361,4344,2416,2479,1134, 796,3726,1266,2943, 860,
+2715, 938, 390,2734,1313,1384, 248, 202, 877,1064,2854, 522,3907, 279,1602, 297,
+2357, 395,3740, 137,2075, 944,4089,2584,1267,3802,  62,1533,2285, 178, 176, 780,
+2440, 201,3707, 590, 478,1560,4354,2117,1075,  30,  74,4643,4004,1635,1441,2745,
+ 776,2596, 238,1077,1692,1912,2844, 605, 499,1742,3947, 241,3053, 980,1749, 936,
+2640,4511,2582, 515,1543,2162,5322,2892,2993, 890,2148,1924, 665,1827,3581,1032,
+ 968,3163, 339,1044,1896, 270, 583,1791,1720,4367,1194,3488,3669,  43,2523,1657,
+ 163,2167, 290,1209,1622,3378, 550, 634,2508,2510, 695,2634,2384,2512,1476,1414,
+ 220,1469,2341,2138,2852,3183,2900,4939,2865,3502,1211,3680, 854,3227,1299,2976,
+3172, 186,2998,1459, 443,1067,3251,1495, 321,1932,3054, 909, 753,1410,1828, 436,
+2441,1119,1587,3164,2186,1258, 227, 231,1425,1890,3200,3942, 247, 959, 725,5254,
+2741, 577,2158,2079, 929, 120, 174, 838,2813, 591,1115, 417,2024,  40,3240,1536,
+1037, 291,4151,2354, 632,1298,2406,2500,3535,1825,1846,3451, 205,1171, 345,4238,
+  18,1163, 811, 685,2208,1217, 425,1312,1508,1175,4308,2552,1033, 587,1381,3059,
+2984,3482, 340,1316,4023,3972, 792,3176, 519, 777,4690, 918, 933,4130,2981,3741,
+  90,3360,2911,2200,5184,4550, 609,3079,2030, 272,3379,2736, 363,3881,1130,1447,
+ 286, 779, 357,1169,3350,3137,1630,1220,2687,2391, 747,1277,3688,2618,2682,2601,
+1156,3196,5290,4034,3102,1689,3596,3128, 874, 219,2783, 798, 508,1843,2461, 269,
+1658,1776,1392,1913,2983,3287,2866,2159,2372, 829,4076,  46,4253,2873,1889,1894,
+ 915,1834,1631,2181,2318, 298, 664,2818,3555,2735, 954,3228,3117, 527,3511,2173,
+ 681,2712,3033,2247,2346,3467,1652, 155,2164,3382, 113,1994, 450, 899, 494, 994,
+1237,2958,1875,2336,1926,3727, 545,1577,1550, 633,3473, 204,1305,3072,2410,1956,
+2471, 707,2134, 841,2195,2196,2663,3843,1026,4940, 990,3252,4997, 368,1092, 437,
+3212,3258,1933,1829, 675,2977,2893, 412, 943,3723,4644,3294,3283,2230,2373,5154,
+2389,2241,2661,2323,1404,2524, 593, 787, 677,3008,1275,2059, 438,2709,2609,2240,
+2269,2246,1446,  36,1568,1373,3892,1574,2301,1456,3962, 693,2276,5216,2035,1143,
+2720,1919,1797,1811,2763,4137,2597,1830,1699,1488,1198,2090, 424,1694, 312,3634,
+3390,4179,3335,2252,1214, 561,1059,3243,2295,2561, 975,5155,2321,2751,3772, 472,
+1537,3282,3398,1047,2077,2348,2878,1323,3340,3076, 690,2906,  51, 369, 170,3541,
+1060,2187,2688,3670,2541,1083,1683, 928,3918, 459, 109,4427, 599,3744,4286, 143,
+2101,2730,2490,  82,1588,3036,2121, 281,1860, 477,4035,1238,2812,3020,2716,3312,
+1530,2188,2055,1317, 843, 636,1808,1173,3495, 649, 181,1002, 147,3641,1159,2414,
+3750,2289,2795, 813,3123,2610,1136,4368,   5,3391,4541,2174, 420, 429,1728, 754,
+1228,2115,2219, 347,2223,2733, 735,1518,3003,2355,3134,1764,3948,3329,1888,2424,
+1001,1234,1972,3321,3363,1672,1021,1450,1584, 226, 765, 655,2526,3404,3244,2302,
+3665, 731, 594,2184, 319,1576, 621, 658,2656,4299,2099,3864,1279,2071,2598,2739,
+ 795,3086,3699,3908,1707,2352,2402,1382,3136,2475,1465,4847,3496,3865,1085,3004,
+2591,1084, 213,2287,1963,3565,2250, 822, 793,4574,3187,1772,1789,3050, 595,1484,
+1959,2770,1080,2650, 456, 422,2996, 940,3322,4328,4345,3092,2742, 965,2784, 739,
+4124, 952,1358,2498,2949,2565, 332,2698,2378, 660,2260,2473,4194,3856,2919, 535,
+1260,2651,1208,1428,1300,1949,1303,2942, 433,2455,2450,1251,1946, 614,1269, 641,
+1306,1810,2737,3078,2912, 564,2365,1419,1415,1497,4460,2367,2185,1379,3005,1307,
+3218,2175,1897,3063, 682,1157,4040,4005,1712,1160,1941,1399, 394, 402,2952,1573,
+1151,2986,2404, 862, 299,2033,1489,3006, 346, 171,2886,3401,1726,2932, 168,2533,
+  47,2507,1030,3735,1145,3370,1395,1318,1579,3609,4560,2857,4116,1457,2529,1965,
+ 504,1036,2690,2988,2405, 745,5871, 849,2397,2056,3081, 863,2359,3857,2096,  99,
+1397,1769,2300,4428,1643,3455,1978,1757,3718,1440,  35,4879,3742,1296,4228,2280,
+ 160,5063,1599,2013, 166, 520,3479,1646,3345,3012, 490,1937,1545,1264,2182,2505,
+1096,1188,1369,1436,2421,1667,2792,2460,1270,2122, 727,3167,2143, 806,1706,1012,
+1800,3037, 960,2218,1882, 805, 139,2456,1139,1521, 851,1052,3093,3089, 342,2039,
+ 744,5097,1468,1502,1585,2087, 223, 939, 326,2140,2577, 892,2481,1623,4077, 982,
+3708, 135,2131,  87,2503,3114,2326,1106, 876,1616, 547,2997,2831,2093,3441,4530,
+4314,   9,3256,4229,4148, 659,1462,1986,1710,2046,2913,2231,4090,4880,5255,3392,
+3274,1368,3689,4645,1477, 705,3384,3635,1068,1529,2941,1458,3782,1509, 100,1656,
+2548, 718,2339, 408,1590,2780,3548,1838,4117,3719,1345,3530, 717,3442,2778,3220,
+2898,1892,4590,3614,3371,2043,1998,1224,3483, 891, 635, 584,2559,3355, 733,1766,
+1729,1172,3789,1891,2307, 781,2982,2271,1957,1580,5773,2633,2005,4195,3097,1535,
+3213,1189,1934,5693,3262, 586,3118,1324,1598, 517,1564,2217,1868,1893,4445,3728,
+2703,3139,1526,1787,1992,3882,2875,1549,1199,1056,2224,1904,2711,5098,4287, 338,
+1993,3129,3489,2689,1809,2815,1997, 957,1855,3898,2550,3275,3057,1105,1319, 627,
+1505,1911,1883,3526, 698,3629,3456,1833,1431, 746,  77,1261,2017,2296,1977,1885,
+ 125,1334,1600, 525,1798,1109,2222,1470,1945, 559,2236,1186,3443,2476,1929,1411,
+2411,3135,1777,3372,2621,1841,1613,3229, 668,1430,1839,2643,2916, 195,1989,2671,
+2358,1387, 629,3205,2293,5256,4439, 123,1310, 888,1879,4300,3021,3605,1003,1162,
+3192,2910,2010, 140,2395,2859,  55,1082,2012,2901, 662, 419,2081,1438, 680,2774,
+4654,3912,1620,1731,1625,5035,4065,2328, 512,1344, 802,5443,2163,2311,2537, 524,
+3399,  98,1155,2103,1918,2606,3925,2816,1393,2465,1504,3773,2177,3963,1478,4346,
+ 180,1113,4655,3461,2028,1698, 833,2696,1235,1322,1594,4408,3623,3013,3225,2040,
+3022, 541,2881, 607,3632,2029,1665,1219, 639,1385,1686,1099,2803,3231,1938,3188,
+2858, 427, 676,2772,1168,2025, 454,3253,2486,3556, 230,1950, 580, 791,1991,1280,
+1086,1974,2034, 630, 257,3338,2788,4903,1017,  86,4790, 966,2789,1995,1696,1131,
+ 259,3095,4188,1308, 179,1463,5257, 289,4107,1248,  42,3413,1725,2288, 896,1947,
+ 774,4474,4254, 604,3430,4264, 392,2514,2588, 452, 237,1408,3018, 988,4531,1970,
+3034,3310, 540,2370,1562,1288,2990, 502,4765,1147,   4,1853,2708, 207, 294,2814,
+4078,2902,2509, 684,  34,3105,3532,2551, 644, 709,2801,2344, 573,1727,3573,3557,
+2021,1081,3100,4315,2100,3681, 199,2263,1837,2385, 146,3484,1195,2776,3949, 997,
+1939,3973,1008,1091,1202,1962,1847,1149,4209,5444,1076, 493, 117,5400,2521, 972,
+1490,2934,1796,4542,2374,1512,2933,2657, 413,2888,1135,2762,2314,2156,1355,2369,
+ 766,2007,2527,2170,3124,2491,2593,2632,4757,2437, 234,3125,3591,1898,1750,1376,
+1942,3468,3138, 570,2127,2145,3276,4131, 962, 132,1445,4196,  19, 941,3624,3480,
+3366,1973,1374,4461,3431,2629, 283,2415,2275, 808,2887,3620,2112,2563,1353,3610,
+ 955,1089,3103,1053,  96,  88,4097, 823,3808,1583, 399, 292,4091,3313, 421,1128,
+ 642,4006, 903,2539,1877,2082, 596,  29,4066,1790, 722,2157, 130, 995,1569, 769,
+1485, 464, 513,2213, 288,1923,1101,2453,4316, 133, 486,2445,  50, 625, 487,2207,
+  57, 423, 481,2962, 159,3729,1558, 491, 303, 482, 501, 240,2837, 112,3648,2392,
+1783, 362,   8,3433,3422, 610,2793,3277,1390,1284,1654,  21,3823, 734, 367, 623,
+ 193, 287, 374,1009,1483, 816, 476, 313,2255,2340,1262,2150,2899,1146,2581, 782,
+2116,1659,2018,1880, 255,3586,3314,1110,2867,2137,2564, 986,2767,5185,2006, 650,
+ 158, 926, 762, 881,3157,2717,2362,3587, 306,3690,3245,1542,3077,2427,1691,2478,
+2118,2985,3490,2438, 539,2305, 983, 129,1754, 355,4201,2386, 827,2923, 104,1773,
+2838,2771, 411,2905,3919, 376, 767, 122,1114, 828,2422,1817,3506, 266,3460,1007,
+1609,4998, 945,2612,4429,2274, 726,1247,1964,2914,2199,2070,4002,4108, 657,3323,
+1422, 579, 455,2764,4737,1222,2895,1670, 824,1223,1487,2525, 558, 861,3080, 598,
+2659,2515,1967, 752,2583,2376,2214,4180, 977, 704,2464,4999,2622,4109,1210,2961,
+ 819,1541, 142,2284,  44, 418, 457,1126,3730,4347,4626,1644,1876,3671,1864, 302,
+1063,5694, 624, 723,1984,3745,1314,1676,2488,1610,1449,3558,3569,2166,2098, 409,
+1011,2325,3704,2306, 818,1732,1383,1824,1844,3757, 999,2705,3497,1216,1423,2683,
+2426,2954,2501,2726,2229,1475,2554,5064,1971,1794,1666,2014,1343, 783, 724, 191,
+2434,1354,2220,5065,1763,2752,2472,4152, 131, 175,2885,3434,  92,1466,4920,2616,
+3871,3872,3866, 128,1551,1632, 669,1854,3682,4691,4125,1230, 188,2973,3290,1302,
+1213, 560,3266, 917, 763,3909,3249,1760, 868,1958, 764,1782,2097, 145,2277,3774,
+4462,  64,1491,3062, 971,2132,3606,2442, 221,1226,1617, 218, 323,1185,3207,3147,
+ 571, 619,1473,1005,1744,2281, 449,1887,2396,3685, 275, 375,3816,1743,3844,3731,
+ 845,1983,2350,4210,1377, 773, 967,3499,3052,3743,2725,4007,1697,1022,3943,1464,
+3264,2855,2722,1952,1029,2839,2467,  84,4383,2215, 820,1391,2015,2448,3672, 377,
+1948,2168, 797,2545,3536,2578,2645,  94,2874,1678, 405,1259,3071, 771, 546,1315,
+ 470,1243,3083, 895,2468, 981, 969,2037, 846,4181, 653,1276,2928,  14,2594, 557,
+3007,2474, 156, 902,1338,1740,2574, 537,2518, 973,2282,2216,2433,1928, 138,2903,
+1293,2631,1612, 646,3457, 839,2935, 111, 496,2191,2847, 589,3186, 149,3994,2060,
+4031,2641,4067,3145,1870,  37,3597,2136,1025,2051,3009,3383,3549,1121,1016,3261,
+1301, 251,2446,2599,2153, 872,3246, 637, 334,3705, 831, 884, 921,3065,3140,4092,
+2198,1944, 246,2964, 108,2045,1152,1921,2308,1031, 203,3173,4170,1907,3890, 810,
+1401,2003,1690, 506, 647,1242,2828,1761,1649,3208,2249,1589,3709,2931,5156,1708,
+ 498, 666,2613, 834,3817,1231, 184,2851,1124, 883,3197,2261,3710,1765,1553,2658,
+1178,2639,2351,  93,1193, 942,2538,2141,4402, 235,1821, 870,1591,2192,1709,1871,
+3341,1618,4126,2595,2334, 603, 651,  69, 701, 268,2662,3411,2555,1380,1606, 503,
+ 448, 254,2371,2646, 574,1187,2309,1770, 322,2235,1292,1801, 305, 566,1133, 229,
+2067,2057, 706, 167, 483,2002,2672,3295,1820,3561,3067, 316, 378,2746,3452,1112,
+ 136,1981, 507,1651,2917,1117, 285,4591, 182,2580,3522,1304, 335,3303,1835,2504,
+1795,1792,2248, 674,1018,2106,2449,1857,2292,2845, 976,3047,1781,2600,2727,1389,
+1281,  52,3152, 153, 265,3950, 672,3485,3951,4463, 430,1183, 365, 278,2169,  27,
+1407,1336,2304, 209,1340,1730,2202,1852,2403,2883, 979,1737,1062, 631,2829,2542,
+3876,2592, 825,2086,2226,3048,3625, 352,1417,3724, 542, 991, 431,1351,3938,1861,
+2294, 826,1361,2927,3142,3503,1738, 463,2462,2723, 582,1916,1595,2808, 400,3845,
+3891,2868,3621,2254,  58,2492,1123, 910,2160,2614,1372,1603,1196,1072,3385,1700,
+3267,1980, 696, 480,2430, 920, 799,1570,2920,1951,2041,4047,2540,1321,4223,2469,
+3562,2228,1271,2602, 401,2833,3351,2575,5157, 907,2312,1256, 410, 263,3507,1582,
+ 996, 678,1849,2316,1480, 908,3545,2237, 703,2322, 667,1826,2849,1531,2604,2999,
+2407,3146,2151,2630,1786,3711, 469,3542, 497,3899,2409, 858, 837,4446,3393,1274,
+ 786, 620,1845,2001,3311, 484, 308,3367,1204,1815,3691,2332,1532,2557,1842,2020,
+2724,1927,2333,4440, 567,  22,1673,2728,4475,1987,1858,1144,1597, 101,1832,3601,
+  12, 974,3783,4391, 951,1412,   1,3720, 453,4608,4041, 528,1041,1027,3230,2628,
+1129, 875,1051,3291,1203,2262,1069,2860,2799,2149,2615,3278, 144,1758,3040,  31,
+ 475,1680, 366,2685,3184, 311,1642,4008,2466,5036,1593,1493,2809, 216,1420,1668,
+ 233, 304,2128,3284, 232,1429,1768,1040,2008,3407,2740,2967,2543, 242,2133, 778,
+1565,2022,2620, 505,2189,2756,1098,2273, 372,1614, 708, 553,2846,2094,2278, 169,
+3626,2835,4161, 228,2674,3165, 809,1454,1309, 466,1705,1095, 900,3423, 880,2667,
+3751,5258,2317,3109,2571,4317,2766,1503,1342, 866,4447,1118,  63,2076, 314,1881,
+1348,1061, 172, 978,3515,1747, 532, 511,3970,   6, 601, 905,2699,3300,1751, 276,
+1467,3725,2668,  65,4239,2544,2779,2556,1604, 578,2451,1802, 992,2331,2624,1320,
+3446, 713,1513,1013, 103,2786,2447,1661, 886,1702, 916, 654,3574,2031,1556, 751,
+2178,2821,2179,1498,1538,2176, 271, 914,2251,2080,1325, 638,1953,2937,3877,2432,
+2754,  95,3265,1716, 260,1227,4083, 775, 106,1357,3254, 426,1607, 555,2480, 772,
+1985, 244,2546, 474, 495,1046,2611,1851,2061,  71,2089,1675,2590, 742,3758,2843,
+3222,1433, 267,2180,2576,2826,2233,2092,3913,2435, 956,1745,3075, 856,2113,1116,
+ 451,   3,1988,2896,1398, 993,2463,1878,2049,1341,2718,2721,2870,2108, 712,2904,
+4363,2753,2324, 277,2872,2349,2649, 384, 987, 435, 691,3000, 922, 164,3939, 652,
+1500,1184,4153,2482,3373,2165,4848,2335,3775,3508,3154,2806,2830,1554,2102,1664,
+2530,1434,2408, 893,1547,2623,3447,2832,2242,2532,3169,2856,3223,2078,  49,3770,
+3469, 462, 318, 656,2259,3250,3069, 679,1629,2758, 344,1138,1104,3120,1836,1283,
+3115,2154,1437,4448, 934, 759,1999, 794,2862,1038, 533,2560,1722,2342, 855,2626,
+1197,1663,4476,3127,  85,4240,2528,  25,1111,1181,3673, 407,3470,4561,2679,2713,
+ 768,1925,2841,3986,1544,1165, 932, 373,1240,2146,1930,2673, 721,4766, 354,4333,
+ 391,2963, 187,  61,3364,1442,1102, 330,1940,1767, 341,3809,4118, 393,2496,2062,
+2211, 105, 331, 300, 439, 913,1332, 626, 379,3304,1557, 328, 689,3952, 309,1555,
+ 931, 317,2517,3027, 325, 569, 686,2107,3084,  60,1042,1333,2794, 264,3177,4014,
+1628, 258,3712,   7,4464,1176,1043,1778, 683, 114,1975,  78,1492, 383,1886, 510,
+ 386, 645,5291,2891,2069,3305,4138,3867,2939,2603,2493,1935,1066,1848,3588,1015,
+1282,1289,4609, 697,1453,3044,2666,3611,1856,2412,  54, 719,1330, 568,3778,2459,
+1748, 788, 492, 551,1191,1000, 488,3394,3763, 282,1799, 348,2016,1523,3155,2390,
+1049, 382,2019,1788,1170, 729,2968,3523, 897,3926,2785,2938,3292, 350,2319,3238,
+1718,1717,2655,3453,3143,4465, 161,2889,2980,2009,1421,  56,1908,1640,2387,2232,
+1917,1874,2477,4921, 148,  83,3438, 592,4245,2882,1822,1055, 741, 115,1496,1624,
+ 381,1638,4592,1020, 516,3214, 458, 947,4575,1432, 211,1514,2926,1865,2142, 189,
+ 852,1221,1400,1486, 882,2299,4036, 351,  28,1122, 700,6479,6480,6481,6482,6483,  # last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+5508,6484,3900,3414,3974,4441,4024,3537,4037,5628,5099,3633,6485,3148,6486,3636,
+5509,3257,5510,5973,5445,5872,4941,4403,3174,4627,5873,6276,2286,4230,5446,5874,
+5122,6102,6103,4162,5447,5123,5323,4849,6277,3980,3851,5066,4246,5774,5067,6278,
+3001,2807,5695,3346,5775,5974,5158,5448,6487,5975,5976,5776,3598,6279,5696,4806,
+4211,4154,6280,6488,6489,6490,6281,4212,5037,3374,4171,6491,4562,4807,4722,4827,
+5977,6104,4532,4079,5159,5324,5160,4404,3858,5359,5875,3975,4288,4610,3486,4512,
+5325,3893,5360,6282,6283,5560,2522,4231,5978,5186,5449,2569,3878,6284,5401,3578,
+4415,6285,4656,5124,5979,2506,4247,4449,3219,3417,4334,4969,4329,6492,4576,4828,
+4172,4416,4829,5402,6286,3927,3852,5361,4369,4830,4477,4867,5876,4173,6493,6105,
+4657,6287,6106,5877,5450,6494,4155,4868,5451,3700,5629,4384,6288,6289,5878,3189,
+4881,6107,6290,6495,4513,6496,4692,4515,4723,5100,3356,6497,6291,3810,4080,5561,
+3570,4430,5980,6498,4355,5697,6499,4724,6108,6109,3764,4050,5038,5879,4093,3226,
+6292,5068,5217,4693,3342,5630,3504,4831,4377,4466,4309,5698,4431,5777,6293,5778,
+4272,3706,6110,5326,3752,4676,5327,4273,5403,4767,5631,6500,5699,5880,3475,5039,
+6294,5562,5125,4348,4301,4482,4068,5126,4593,5700,3380,3462,5981,5563,3824,5404,
+4970,5511,3825,4738,6295,6501,5452,4516,6111,5881,5564,6502,6296,5982,6503,4213,
+4163,3454,6504,6112,4009,4450,6113,4658,6297,6114,3035,6505,6115,3995,4904,4739,
+4563,4942,4110,5040,3661,3928,5362,3674,6506,5292,3612,4791,5565,4149,5983,5328,
+5259,5021,4725,4577,4564,4517,4364,6298,5405,4578,5260,4594,4156,4157,5453,3592,
+3491,6507,5127,5512,4709,4922,5984,5701,4726,4289,6508,4015,6116,5128,4628,3424,
+4241,5779,6299,4905,6509,6510,5454,5702,5780,6300,4365,4923,3971,6511,5161,3270,
+3158,5985,4100, 867,5129,5703,6117,5363,3695,3301,5513,4467,6118,6512,5455,4232,
+4242,4629,6513,3959,4478,6514,5514,5329,5986,4850,5162,5566,3846,4694,6119,5456,
+4869,5781,3779,6301,5704,5987,5515,4710,6302,5882,6120,4392,5364,5705,6515,6121,
+6516,6517,3736,5988,5457,5989,4695,2457,5883,4551,5782,6303,6304,6305,5130,4971,
+6122,5163,6123,4870,3263,5365,3150,4871,6518,6306,5783,5069,5706,3513,3498,4409,
+5330,5632,5366,5458,5459,3991,5990,4502,3324,5991,5784,3696,4518,5633,4119,6519,
+4630,5634,4417,5707,4832,5992,3418,6124,5993,5567,4768,5218,6520,4595,3458,5367,
+6125,5635,6126,4202,6521,4740,4924,6307,3981,4069,4385,6308,3883,2675,4051,3834,
+4302,4483,5568,5994,4972,4101,5368,6309,5164,5884,3922,6127,6522,6523,5261,5460,
+5187,4164,5219,3538,5516,4111,3524,5995,6310,6311,5369,3181,3386,2484,5188,3464,
+5569,3627,5708,6524,5406,5165,4677,4492,6312,4872,4851,5885,4468,5996,6313,5709,
+5710,6128,2470,5886,6314,5293,4882,5785,3325,5461,5101,6129,5711,5786,6525,4906,
+6526,6527,4418,5887,5712,4808,2907,3701,5713,5888,6528,3765,5636,5331,6529,6530,
+3593,5889,3637,4943,3692,5714,5787,4925,6315,6130,5462,4405,6131,6132,6316,5262,
+6531,6532,5715,3859,5716,5070,4696,5102,3929,5788,3987,4792,5997,6533,6534,3920,
+4809,5000,5998,6535,2974,5370,6317,5189,5263,5717,3826,6536,3953,5001,4883,3190,
+5463,5890,4973,5999,4741,6133,6134,3607,5570,6000,4711,3362,3630,4552,5041,6318,
+6001,2950,2953,5637,4646,5371,4944,6002,2044,4120,3429,6319,6537,5103,4833,6538,
+6539,4884,4647,3884,6003,6004,4758,3835,5220,5789,4565,5407,6540,6135,5294,4697,
+4852,6320,6321,3206,4907,6541,6322,4945,6542,6136,6543,6323,6005,4631,3519,6544,
+5891,6545,5464,3784,5221,6546,5571,4659,6547,6324,6137,5190,6548,3853,6549,4016,
+4834,3954,6138,5332,3827,4017,3210,3546,4469,5408,5718,3505,4648,5790,5131,5638,
+5791,5465,4727,4318,6325,6326,5792,4553,4010,4698,3439,4974,3638,4335,3085,6006,
+5104,5042,5166,5892,5572,6327,4356,4519,5222,5573,5333,5793,5043,6550,5639,5071,
+4503,6328,6139,6551,6140,3914,3901,5372,6007,5640,4728,4793,3976,3836,4885,6552,
+4127,6553,4451,4102,5002,6554,3686,5105,6555,5191,5072,5295,4611,5794,5296,6556,
+5893,5264,5894,4975,5466,5265,4699,4976,4370,4056,3492,5044,4886,6557,5795,4432,
+4769,4357,5467,3940,4660,4290,6141,4484,4770,4661,3992,6329,4025,4662,5022,4632,
+4835,4070,5297,4663,4596,5574,5132,5409,5895,6142,4504,5192,4664,5796,5896,3885,
+5575,5797,5023,4810,5798,3732,5223,4712,5298,4084,5334,5468,6143,4052,4053,4336,
+4977,4794,6558,5335,4908,5576,5224,4233,5024,4128,5469,5225,4873,6008,5045,4729,
+4742,4633,3675,4597,6559,5897,5133,5577,5003,5641,5719,6330,6560,3017,2382,3854,
+4406,4811,6331,4393,3964,4946,6561,2420,3722,6562,4926,4378,3247,1736,4442,6332,
+5134,6333,5226,3996,2918,5470,4319,4003,4598,4743,4744,4485,3785,3902,5167,5004,
+5373,4394,5898,6144,4874,1793,3997,6334,4085,4214,5106,5642,4909,5799,6009,4419,
+4189,3330,5899,4165,4420,5299,5720,5227,3347,6145,4081,6335,2876,3930,6146,3293,
+3786,3910,3998,5900,5300,5578,2840,6563,5901,5579,6147,3531,5374,6564,6565,5580,
+4759,5375,6566,6148,3559,5643,6336,6010,5517,6337,6338,5721,5902,3873,6011,6339,
+6567,5518,3868,3649,5722,6568,4771,4947,6569,6149,4812,6570,2853,5471,6340,6341,
+5644,4795,6342,6012,5723,6343,5724,6013,4349,6344,3160,6150,5193,4599,4514,4493,
+5168,4320,6345,4927,3666,4745,5169,5903,5005,4928,6346,5725,6014,4730,4203,5046,
+4948,3395,5170,6015,4150,6016,5726,5519,6347,5047,3550,6151,6348,4197,4310,5904,
+6571,5581,2965,6152,4978,3960,4291,5135,6572,5301,5727,4129,4026,5905,4853,5728,
+5472,6153,6349,4533,2700,4505,5336,4678,3583,5073,2994,4486,3043,4554,5520,6350,
+6017,5800,4487,6351,3931,4103,5376,6352,4011,4321,4311,4190,5136,6018,3988,3233,
+4350,5906,5645,4198,6573,5107,3432,4191,3435,5582,6574,4139,5410,6353,5411,3944,
+5583,5074,3198,6575,6354,4358,6576,5302,4600,5584,5194,5412,6577,6578,5585,5413,
+5303,4248,5414,3879,4433,6579,4479,5025,4854,5415,6355,4760,4772,3683,2978,4700,
+3797,4452,3965,3932,3721,4910,5801,6580,5195,3551,5907,3221,3471,3029,6019,3999,
+5908,5909,5266,5267,3444,3023,3828,3170,4796,5646,4979,4259,6356,5647,5337,3694,
+6357,5648,5338,4520,4322,5802,3031,3759,4071,6020,5586,4836,4386,5048,6581,3571,
+4679,4174,4949,6154,4813,3787,3402,3822,3958,3215,3552,5268,4387,3933,4950,4359,
+6021,5910,5075,3579,6358,4234,4566,5521,6359,3613,5049,6022,5911,3375,3702,3178,
+4911,5339,4521,6582,6583,4395,3087,3811,5377,6023,6360,6155,4027,5171,5649,4421,
+4249,2804,6584,2270,6585,4000,4235,3045,6156,5137,5729,4140,4312,3886,6361,4330,
+6157,4215,6158,3500,3676,4929,4331,3713,4930,5912,4265,3776,3368,5587,4470,4855,
+3038,4980,3631,6159,6160,4132,4680,6161,6362,3923,4379,5588,4255,6586,4121,6587,
+6363,4649,6364,3288,4773,4774,6162,6024,6365,3543,6588,4274,3107,3737,5050,5803,
+4797,4522,5589,5051,5730,3714,4887,5378,4001,4523,6163,5026,5522,4701,4175,2791,
+3760,6589,5473,4224,4133,3847,4814,4815,4775,3259,5416,6590,2738,6164,6025,5304,
+3733,5076,5650,4816,5590,6591,6165,6592,3934,5269,6593,3396,5340,6594,5804,3445,
+3602,4042,4488,5731,5732,3525,5591,4601,5196,6166,6026,5172,3642,4612,3202,4506,
+4798,6366,3818,5108,4303,5138,5139,4776,3332,4304,2915,3415,4434,5077,5109,4856,
+2879,5305,4817,6595,5913,3104,3144,3903,4634,5341,3133,5110,5651,5805,6167,4057,
+5592,2945,4371,5593,6596,3474,4182,6367,6597,6168,4507,4279,6598,2822,6599,4777,
+4713,5594,3829,6169,3887,5417,6170,3653,5474,6368,4216,2971,5228,3790,4579,6369,
+5733,6600,6601,4951,4746,4555,6602,5418,5475,6027,3400,4665,5806,6171,4799,6028,
+5052,6172,3343,4800,4747,5006,6370,4556,4217,5476,4396,5229,5379,5477,3839,5914,
+5652,5807,4714,3068,4635,5808,6173,5342,4192,5078,5419,5523,5734,6174,4557,6175,
+4602,6371,6176,6603,5809,6372,5735,4260,3869,5111,5230,6029,5112,6177,3126,4681,
+5524,5915,2706,3563,4748,3130,6178,4018,5525,6604,6605,5478,4012,4837,6606,4534,
+4193,5810,4857,3615,5479,6030,4082,3697,3539,4086,5270,3662,4508,4931,5916,4912,
+5811,5027,3888,6607,4397,3527,3302,3798,2775,2921,2637,3966,4122,4388,4028,4054,
+1633,4858,5079,3024,5007,3982,3412,5736,6608,3426,3236,5595,3030,6179,3427,3336,
+3279,3110,6373,3874,3039,5080,5917,5140,4489,3119,6374,5812,3405,4494,6031,4666,
+4141,6180,4166,6032,5813,4981,6609,5081,4422,4982,4112,3915,5653,3296,3983,6375,
+4266,4410,5654,6610,6181,3436,5082,6611,5380,6033,3819,5596,4535,5231,5306,5113,
+6612,4952,5918,4275,3113,6613,6376,6182,6183,5814,3073,4731,4838,5008,3831,6614,
+4888,3090,3848,4280,5526,5232,3014,5655,5009,5737,5420,5527,6615,5815,5343,5173,
+5381,4818,6616,3151,4953,6617,5738,2796,3204,4360,2989,4281,5739,5174,5421,5197,
+3132,5141,3849,5142,5528,5083,3799,3904,4839,5480,2880,4495,3448,6377,6184,5271,
+5919,3771,3193,6034,6035,5920,5010,6036,5597,6037,6378,6038,3106,5422,6618,5423,
+5424,4142,6619,4889,5084,4890,4313,5740,6620,3437,5175,5307,5816,4199,5198,5529,
+5817,5199,5656,4913,5028,5344,3850,6185,2955,5272,5011,5818,4567,4580,5029,5921,
+3616,5233,6621,6622,6186,4176,6039,6379,6380,3352,5200,5273,2908,5598,5234,3837,
+5308,6623,6624,5819,4496,4323,5309,5201,6625,6626,4983,3194,3838,4167,5530,5922,
+5274,6381,6382,3860,3861,5599,3333,4292,4509,6383,3553,5481,5820,5531,4778,6187,
+3955,3956,4324,4389,4218,3945,4325,3397,2681,5923,4779,5085,4019,5482,4891,5382,
+5383,6040,4682,3425,5275,4094,6627,5310,3015,5483,5657,4398,5924,3168,4819,6628,
+5925,6629,5532,4932,4613,6041,6630,4636,6384,4780,4204,5658,4423,5821,3989,4683,
+5822,6385,4954,6631,5345,6188,5425,5012,5384,3894,6386,4490,4104,6632,5741,5053,
+6633,5823,5926,5659,5660,5927,6634,5235,5742,5824,4840,4933,4820,6387,4859,5928,
+4955,6388,4143,3584,5825,5346,5013,6635,5661,6389,5014,5484,5743,4337,5176,5662,
+6390,2836,6391,3268,6392,6636,6042,5236,6637,4158,6638,5744,5663,4471,5347,3663,
+4123,5143,4293,3895,6639,6640,5311,5929,5826,3800,6189,6393,6190,5664,5348,3554,
+3594,4749,4603,6641,5385,4801,6043,5827,4183,6642,5312,5426,4761,6394,5665,6191,
+4715,2669,6643,6644,5533,3185,5427,5086,5930,5931,5386,6192,6044,6645,4781,4013,
+5745,4282,4435,5534,4390,4267,6045,5746,4984,6046,2743,6193,3501,4087,5485,5932,
+5428,4184,4095,5747,4061,5054,3058,3862,5933,5600,6646,5144,3618,6395,3131,5055,
+5313,6396,4650,4956,3855,6194,3896,5202,4985,4029,4225,6195,6647,5828,5486,5829,
+3589,3002,6648,6397,4782,5276,6649,6196,6650,4105,3803,4043,5237,5830,6398,4096,
+3643,6399,3528,6651,4453,3315,4637,6652,3984,6197,5535,3182,3339,6653,3096,2660,
+6400,6654,3449,5934,4250,4236,6047,6401,5831,6655,5487,3753,4062,5832,6198,6199,
+6656,3766,6657,3403,4667,6048,6658,4338,2897,5833,3880,2797,3780,4326,6659,5748,
+5015,6660,5387,4351,5601,4411,6661,3654,4424,5935,4339,4072,5277,4568,5536,6402,
+6662,5238,6663,5349,5203,6200,5204,6201,5145,4536,5016,5056,4762,5834,4399,4957,
+6202,6403,5666,5749,6664,4340,6665,5936,5177,5667,6666,6667,3459,4668,6404,6668,
+6669,4543,6203,6670,4276,6405,4480,5537,6671,4614,5205,5668,6672,3348,2193,4763,
+6406,6204,5937,5602,4177,5669,3419,6673,4020,6205,4443,4569,5388,3715,3639,6407,
+6049,4058,6206,6674,5938,4544,6050,4185,4294,4841,4651,4615,5488,6207,6408,6051,
+5178,3241,3509,5835,6208,4958,5836,4341,5489,5278,6209,2823,5538,5350,5206,5429,
+6675,4638,4875,4073,3516,4684,4914,4860,5939,5603,5389,6052,5057,3237,5490,3791,
+6676,6409,6677,4821,4915,4106,5351,5058,4243,5539,4244,5604,4842,4916,5239,3028,
+3716,5837,5114,5605,5390,5940,5430,6210,4332,6678,5540,4732,3667,3840,6053,4305,
+3408,5670,5541,6410,2744,5240,5750,6679,3234,5606,6680,5607,5671,3608,4283,4159,
+4400,5352,4783,6681,6411,6682,4491,4802,6211,6412,5941,6413,6414,5542,5751,6683,
+4669,3734,5942,6684,6415,5943,5059,3328,4670,4144,4268,6685,6686,6687,6688,4372,
+3603,6689,5944,5491,4373,3440,6416,5543,4784,4822,5608,3792,4616,5838,5672,3514,
+5391,6417,4892,6690,4639,6691,6054,5673,5839,6055,6692,6056,5392,6212,4038,5544,
+5674,4497,6057,6693,5840,4284,5675,4021,4545,5609,6418,4454,6419,6213,4113,4472,
+5314,3738,5087,5279,4074,5610,4959,4063,3179,4750,6058,6420,6214,3476,4498,4716,
+5431,4960,4685,6215,5241,6694,6421,6216,6695,5841,5945,6422,3748,5946,5179,3905,
+5752,5545,5947,4374,6217,4455,6423,4412,6218,4803,5353,6696,3832,5280,6219,4327,
+4702,6220,6221,6059,4652,5432,6424,3749,4751,6425,5753,4986,5393,4917,5948,5030,
+5754,4861,4733,6426,4703,6697,6222,4671,5949,4546,4961,5180,6223,5031,3316,5281,
+6698,4862,4295,4934,5207,3644,6427,5842,5950,6428,6429,4570,5843,5282,6430,6224,
+5088,3239,6060,6699,5844,5755,6061,6431,2701,5546,6432,5115,5676,4039,3993,3327,
+4752,4425,5315,6433,3941,6434,5677,4617,4604,3074,4581,6225,5433,6435,6226,6062,
+4823,5756,5116,6227,3717,5678,4717,5845,6436,5679,5846,6063,5847,6064,3977,3354,
+6437,3863,5117,6228,5547,5394,4499,4524,6229,4605,6230,4306,4500,6700,5951,6065,
+3693,5952,5089,4366,4918,6701,6231,5548,6232,6702,6438,4704,5434,6703,6704,5953,
+4168,6705,5680,3420,6706,5242,4407,6066,3812,5757,5090,5954,4672,4525,3481,5681,
+4618,5395,5354,5316,5955,6439,4962,6707,4526,6440,3465,4673,6067,6441,5682,6708,
+5435,5492,5758,5683,4619,4571,4674,4804,4893,4686,5493,4753,6233,6068,4269,6442,
+6234,5032,4705,5146,5243,5208,5848,6235,6443,4963,5033,4640,4226,6236,5849,3387,
+6444,6445,4436,4437,5850,4843,5494,4785,4894,6709,4361,6710,5091,5956,3331,6237,
+4987,5549,6069,6711,4342,3517,4473,5317,6070,6712,6071,4706,6446,5017,5355,6713,
+6714,4988,5436,6447,4734,5759,6715,4735,4547,4456,4754,6448,5851,6449,6450,3547,
+5852,5318,6451,6452,5092,4205,6716,6238,4620,4219,5611,6239,6072,4481,5760,5957,
+5958,4059,6240,6453,4227,4537,6241,5761,4030,4186,5244,5209,3761,4457,4876,3337,
+5495,5181,6242,5959,5319,5612,5684,5853,3493,5854,6073,4169,5613,5147,4895,6074,
+5210,6717,5182,6718,3830,6243,2798,3841,6075,6244,5855,5614,3604,4606,5496,5685,
+5118,5356,6719,6454,5960,5357,5961,6720,4145,3935,4621,5119,5962,4261,6721,6455,
+4786,5963,4375,4582,6245,6246,6247,6076,5437,4877,5856,3376,4380,6248,4160,6722,
+5148,6456,5211,6457,6723,4718,6458,6724,6249,5358,4044,3297,6459,6250,5857,5615,
+5497,5245,6460,5498,6725,6251,6252,5550,3793,5499,2959,5396,6461,6462,4572,5093,
+5500,5964,3806,4146,6463,4426,5762,5858,6077,6253,4755,3967,4220,5965,6254,4989,
+5501,6464,4352,6726,6078,4764,2290,5246,3906,5438,5283,3767,4964,2861,5763,5094,
+6255,6256,4622,5616,5859,5860,4707,6727,4285,4708,4824,5617,6257,5551,4787,5212,
+4965,4935,4687,6465,6728,6466,5686,6079,3494,4413,2995,5247,5966,5618,6729,5967,
+5764,5765,5687,5502,6730,6731,6080,5397,6467,4990,6258,6732,4538,5060,5619,6733,
+4719,5688,5439,5018,5149,5284,5503,6734,6081,4607,6259,5120,3645,5861,4583,6260,
+4584,4675,5620,4098,5440,6261,4863,2379,3306,4585,5552,5689,4586,5285,6735,4864,
+6736,5286,6082,6737,4623,3010,4788,4381,4558,5621,4587,4896,3698,3161,5248,4353,
+4045,6262,3754,5183,4588,6738,6263,6739,6740,5622,3936,6741,6468,6742,6264,5095,
+6469,4991,5968,6743,4992,6744,6083,4897,6745,4256,5766,4307,3108,3968,4444,5287,
+3889,4343,6084,4510,6085,4559,6086,4898,5969,6746,5623,5061,4919,5249,5250,5504,
+5441,6265,5320,4878,3242,5862,5251,3428,6087,6747,4237,5624,5442,6266,5553,4539,
+6748,2585,3533,5398,4262,6088,5150,4736,4438,6089,6267,5505,4966,6749,6268,6750,
+6269,5288,5554,3650,6090,6091,4624,6092,5690,6751,5863,4270,5691,4277,5555,5864,
+6752,5692,4720,4865,6470,5151,4688,4825,6753,3094,6754,6471,3235,4653,6755,5213,
+5399,6756,3201,4589,5865,4967,6472,5866,6473,5019,3016,6757,5321,4756,3957,4573,
+6093,4993,5767,4721,6474,6758,5625,6759,4458,6475,6270,6760,5556,4994,5214,5252,
+6271,3875,5768,6094,5034,5506,4376,5769,6761,2120,6476,5253,5770,6762,5771,5970,
+3990,5971,5557,5558,5772,6477,6095,2787,4641,5972,5121,6096,6097,6272,6763,3703,
+5867,5507,6273,4206,6274,4789,6098,6764,3619,3646,3833,3804,2394,3788,4936,3978,
+4866,4899,6099,6100,5559,6478,6765,3599,5868,6101,5869,5870,6275,6766,4527,6767)
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0325a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import GB2312DistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import GB2312SMModel
+
+class GB2312Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(GB2312SMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = GB2312DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "GB2312"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba225c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Shy Shalom
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .constants import eNotMe, eDetecting
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+# This prober doesn't actually recognize a language or a charset.
+# It is a helper prober for the use of the Hebrew model probers
+
+### General ideas of the Hebrew charset recognition ###
+#
+# Four main charsets exist in Hebrew:
+# "ISO-8859-8" - Visual Hebrew
+# "windows-1255" - Logical Hebrew
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" - Logical Hebrew
+# "x-mac-hebrew" - ?? Logical Hebrew ??
+#
+# Both "ISO" charsets use a completely identical set of code points, whereas
+# "windows-1255" and "x-mac-hebrew" are two different proper supersets of
+# these code points. windows-1255 defines additional characters in the range
+# 0x80-0x9F as some misc punctuation marks as well as some Hebrew-specific
+# diacritics and additional 'Yiddish' ligature letters in the range 0xc0-0xd6.
+# x-mac-hebrew defines similar additional code points but with a different
+# mapping.
+#
+# As far as an average Hebrew text with no diacritics is concerned, all four
+# charsets are identical with respect to code points. Meaning that for the
+# main Hebrew alphabet, all four map the same values to all 27 Hebrew letters
+# (including final letters).
+#
+# The dominant difference between these charsets is their directionality.
+# "Visual" directionality means that the text is ordered as if the renderer is
+# not aware of a BIDI rendering algorithm. The renderer sees the text and
+# draws it from left to right. The text itself when ordered naturally is read
+# backwards. A buffer of Visual Hebrew generally looks like so:
+# "[last word of first line spelled backwards] [whole line ordered backwards
+# and spelled backwards] [first word of first line spelled backwards]
+# [end of line] [last word of second line] ... etc' "
+# adding punctuation marks, numbers and English text to visual text is
+# naturally also "visual" and from left to right.
+#
+# "Logical" directionality means the text is ordered "naturally" according to
+# the order it is read. It is the responsibility of the renderer to display
+# the text from right to left. A BIDI algorithm is used to place general
+# punctuation marks, numbers and English text in the text.
+#
+# Texts in x-mac-hebrew are almost impossible to find on the Internet. From
+# what little evidence I could find, it seems that its general directionality
+# is Logical.
+#
+# To sum up all of the above, the Hebrew probing mechanism knows about two
+# charsets:
+# Visual Hebrew - "ISO-8859-8" - backwards text - Words and sentences are
+#    backwards while line order is natural. For charset recognition purposes
+#    the line order is unimportant (In fact, for this implementation, even
+#    word order is unimportant).
+# Logical Hebrew - "windows-1255" - normal, naturally ordered text.
+#
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" is a subset of windows-1255 and doesn't need to be
+#    specifically identified.
+# "x-mac-hebrew" is also identified as windows-1255. A text in x-mac-hebrew
+#    that contain special punctuation marks or diacritics is displayed with
+#    some unconverted characters showing as question marks. This problem might
+#    be corrected using another model prober for x-mac-hebrew. Due to the fact
+#    that x-mac-hebrew texts are so rare, writing another model prober isn't
+#    worth the effort and performance hit.
+#
+#### The Prober ####
+#
+# The prober is divided between two SBCharSetProbers and a HebrewProber,
+# all of which are managed, created, fed data, inquired and deleted by the
+# SBCSGroupProber. The two SBCharSetProbers identify that the text is in
+# fact some kind of Hebrew, Logical or Visual. The final decision about which
+# one is it is made by the HebrewProber by combining final-letter scores
+# with the scores of the two SBCharSetProbers to produce a final answer.
+#
+# The SBCSGroupProber is responsible for stripping the original text of HTML
+# tags, English characters, numbers, low-ASCII punctuation characters, spaces
+# and new lines. It reduces any sequence of such characters to a single space.
+# The buffer fed to each prober in the SBCS group prober is pure text in
+# high-ASCII.
+# The two SBCharSetProbers (model probers) share the same language model:
+# Win1255Model.
+# The first SBCharSetProber uses the model normally as any other
+# SBCharSetProber does, to recognize windows-1255, upon which this model was
+# built. The second SBCharSetProber is told to make the pair-of-letter
+# lookup in the language model backwards. This in practice exactly simulates
+# a visual Hebrew model using the windows-1255 logical Hebrew model.
+#
+# The HebrewProber is not using any language model. All it does is look for
+# final-letter evidence suggesting the text is either logical Hebrew or visual
+# Hebrew. Disjointed from the model probers, the results of the HebrewProber
+# alone are meaningless. HebrewProber always returns 0.00 as confidence
+# since it never identifies a charset by itself. Instead, the pointer to the
+# HebrewProber is passed to the model probers as a helper "Name Prober".
+# When the Group prober receives a positive identification from any prober,
+# it asks for the name of the charset identified. If the prober queried is a
+# Hebrew model prober, the model prober forwards the call to the
+# HebrewProber to make the final decision. In the HebrewProber, the
+# decision is made according to the final-letters scores maintained and Both
+# model probers scores. The answer is returned in the form of the name of the
+# charset identified, either "windows-1255" or "ISO-8859-8".
+
+# windows-1255 / ISO-8859-8 code points of interest
+FINAL_KAF = 0xea
+NORMAL_KAF = 0xeb
+FINAL_MEM = 0xed
+NORMAL_MEM = 0xee
+FINAL_NUN = 0xef
+NORMAL_NUN = 0xf0
+FINAL_PE = 0xf3
+NORMAL_PE = 0xf4
+FINAL_TSADI = 0xf5
+NORMAL_TSADI = 0xf6
+
+# Minimum Visual vs Logical final letter score difference.
+# If the difference is below this, don't rely solely on the final letter score
+# distance.
+MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE = 5
+
+# Minimum Visual vs Logical model score difference.
+# If the difference is below this, don't rely at all on the model score
+# distance.
+MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE = 0.01
+
+VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME = "ISO-8859-8"
+LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME = "windows-1255"
+
+
+class HebrewProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mLogicalProber = None
+        self._mVisualProber = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mFinalCharLogicalScore = 0
+        self._mFinalCharVisualScore = 0
+        # The two last characters seen in the previous buffer,
+        # mPrev and mBeforePrev are initialized to space in order to simulate
+        # a word delimiter at the beginning of the data
+        self._mPrev = ' '
+        self._mBeforePrev = ' '
+        # These probers are owned by the group prober.
+
+    def set_model_probers(self, logicalProber, visualProber):
+        self._mLogicalProber = logicalProber
+        self._mVisualProber = visualProber
+
+    def is_final(self, c):
+        return wrap_ord(c) in [FINAL_KAF, FINAL_MEM, FINAL_NUN, FINAL_PE,
+                               FINAL_TSADI]
+
+    def is_non_final(self, c):
+        # The normal Tsadi is not a good Non-Final letter due to words like
+        # 'lechotet' (to chat) containing an apostrophe after the tsadi. This
+        # apostrophe is converted to a space in FilterWithoutEnglishLetters
+        # causing the Non-Final tsadi to appear at an end of a word even
+        # though this is not the case in the original text.
+        # The letters Pe and Kaf rarely display a related behavior of not being
+        # a good Non-Final letter. Words like 'Pop', 'Winamp' and 'Mubarak'
+        # for example legally end with a Non-Final Pe or Kaf. However, the
+        # benefit of these letters as Non-Final letters outweighs the damage
+        # since these words are quite rare.
+        return wrap_ord(c) in [NORMAL_KAF, NORMAL_MEM, NORMAL_NUN, NORMAL_PE]
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        # Final letter analysis for logical-visual decision.
+        # Look for evidence that the received buffer is either logical Hebrew
+        # or visual Hebrew.
+        # The following cases are checked:
+        # 1) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a final letter. This is
+        #    an indication that the text is laid out "naturally" since the
+        #    final letter really appears at the end. +1 for logical score.
+        # 2) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a Non-Final letter. In
+        #    normal Hebrew, words ending with Kaf, Mem, Nun, Pe or Tsadi,
+        #    should not end with the Non-Final form of that letter. Exceptions
+        #    to this rule are mentioned above in isNonFinal(). This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score
+        # 3) A word longer than 1 letter, starting with a final letter. Final
+        #    letters should not appear at the beginning of a word. This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score.
+        #
+        # The visual score and logical score are accumulated throughout the
+        # text and are finally checked against each other in GetCharSetName().
+        # No checking for final letters in the middle of words is done since
+        # that case is not an indication for either Logical or Visual text.
+        #
+        # We automatically filter out all 7-bit characters (replace them with
+        # spaces) so the word boundary detection works properly. [MAP]
+
+        if self.get_state() == eNotMe:
+            # Both model probers say it's not them. No reason to continue.
+            return eNotMe
+
+        aBuf = self.filter_high_bit_only(aBuf)
+
+        for cur in aBuf:
+            if cur == ' ':
+                # We stand on a space - a word just ended
+                if self._mBeforePrev != ' ':
+                    # next-to-last char was not a space so self._mPrev is not a
+                    # 1 letter word
+                    if self.is_final(self._mPrev):
+                        # case (1) [-2:not space][-1:final letter][cur:space]
+                        self._mFinalCharLogicalScore += 1
+                    elif self.is_non_final(self._mPrev):
+                        # case (2) [-2:not space][-1:Non-Final letter][
+                        #  cur:space]
+                        self._mFinalCharVisualScore += 1
+            else:
+                # Not standing on a space
+                if ((self._mBeforePrev == ' ') and
+                        (self.is_final(self._mPrev)) and (cur != ' ')):
+                    # case (3) [-2:space][-1:final letter][cur:not space]
+                    self._mFinalCharVisualScore += 1
+            self._mBeforePrev = self._mPrev
+            self._mPrev = cur
+
+        # Forever detecting, till the end or until both model probers return
+        # eNotMe (handled above)
+        return eDetecting
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        # Make the decision: is it Logical or Visual?
+        # If the final letter score distance is dominant enough, rely on it.
+        finalsub = self._mFinalCharLogicalScore - self._mFinalCharVisualScore
+        if finalsub >= MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if finalsub <= -MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # It's not dominant enough, try to rely on the model scores instead.
+        modelsub = (self._mLogicalProber.get_confidence()
+                    - self._mVisualProber.get_confidence())
+        if modelsub > MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if modelsub < -MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # Still no good, back to final letter distance, maybe it'll save the
+        # day.
+        if finalsub < 0.0:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # (finalsub > 0 - Logical) or (don't know what to do) default to
+        # Logical.
+        return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+    def get_state(self):
+        # Remain active as long as any of the model probers are active.
+        if (self._mLogicalProber.get_state() == eNotMe) and \
+           (self._mVisualProber.get_state() == eNotMe):
+            return eNotMe
+        return eDetecting
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..064345b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+#
+# Japanese frequency table, applied to both S-JIS and EUC-JP
+# They are sorted in order.
+
+# 128  --> 0.77094
+# 256  --> 0.85710
+# 512  --> 0.92635
+# 1024 --> 0.97130
+# 2048 --> 0.99431
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.92635 / (1-0.92635) = 12.58
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2965+62+83+86-512) = 0.191
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio, 25% of IDR
+
+JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 3.0
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+JIS_TABLE_SIZE = 4368
+
+JISCharToFreqOrder = (
+  40,   1,   6, 182, 152, 180, 295,2127, 285, 381,3295,4304,3068,4606,3165,3510, #   16
+3511,1822,2785,4607,1193,2226,5070,4608, 171,2996,1247,  18, 179,5071, 856,1661, #   32
+1262,5072, 619, 127,3431,3512,3230,1899,1700, 232, 228,1294,1298, 284, 283,2041, #   48
+2042,1061,1062,  48,  49,  44,  45, 433, 434,1040,1041, 996, 787,2997,1255,4305, #   64
+2108,4609,1684,1648,5073,5074,5075,5076,5077,5078,3687,5079,4610,5080,3927,3928, #   80
+5081,3296,3432, 290,2285,1471,2187,5082,2580,2825,1303,2140,1739,1445,2691,3375, #   96
+1691,3297,4306,4307,4611, 452,3376,1182,2713,3688,3069,4308,5083,5084,5085,5086, #  112
+5087,5088,5089,5090,5091,5092,5093,5094,5095,5096,5097,5098,5099,5100,5101,5102, #  128
+5103,5104,5105,5106,5107,5108,5109,5110,5111,5112,4097,5113,5114,5115,5116,5117, #  144
+5118,5119,5120,5121,5122,5123,5124,5125,5126,5127,5128,5129,5130,5131,5132,5133, #  160
+5134,5135,5136,5137,5138,5139,5140,5141,5142,5143,5144,5145,5146,5147,5148,5149, #  176
+5150,5151,5152,4612,5153,5154,5155,5156,5157,5158,5159,5160,5161,5162,5163,5164, #  192
+5165,5166,5167,5168,5169,5170,5171,5172,5173,5174,5175,1472, 598, 618, 820,1205, #  208
+1309,1412,1858,1307,1692,5176,5177,5178,5179,5180,5181,5182,1142,1452,1234,1172, #  224
+1875,2043,2149,1793,1382,2973, 925,2404,1067,1241, 960,1377,2935,1491, 919,1217, #  240
+1865,2030,1406,1499,2749,4098,5183,5184,5185,5186,5187,5188,2561,4099,3117,1804, #  256
+2049,3689,4309,3513,1663,5189,3166,3118,3298,1587,1561,3433,5190,3119,1625,2998, #  272
+3299,4613,1766,3690,2786,4614,5191,5192,5193,5194,2161,  26,3377,   2,3929,  20, #  288
+3691,  47,4100,  50,  17,  16,  35, 268,  27, 243,  42, 155,  24, 154,  29, 184, #  304
+   4,  91,  14,  92,  53, 396,  33, 289,   9,  37,  64, 620,  21,  39, 321,   5, #  320
+  12,  11,  52,  13,   3, 208, 138,   0,   7,  60, 526, 141, 151,1069, 181, 275, #  336
+1591,  83, 132,1475, 126, 331, 829,  15,  69, 160,  59,  22, 157,  55,1079, 312, #  352
+ 109,  38,  23,  25,  10,  19,  79,5195,  61, 382,1124,   8,  30,5196,5197,5198, #  368
+5199,5200,5201,5202,5203,5204,5205,5206,  89,  62,  74,  34,2416, 112, 139, 196, #  384
+ 271, 149,  84, 607, 131, 765,  46,  88, 153, 683,  76, 874, 101, 258,  57,  80, #  400
+  32, 364, 121,1508, 169,1547,  68, 235, 145,2999,  41, 360,3027,  70,  63,  31, #  416
+  43, 259, 262,1383,  99, 533, 194,  66,  93, 846, 217, 192,  56, 106,  58, 565, #  432
+ 280, 272, 311, 256, 146,  82, 308,  71, 100, 128, 214, 655, 110, 261, 104,1140, #  448
+  54,  51,  36,  87,  67,3070, 185,2618,2936,2020,  28,1066,2390,2059,5207,5208, #  464
+5209,5210,5211,5212,5213,5214,5215,5216,4615,5217,5218,5219,5220,5221,5222,5223, #  480
+5224,5225,5226,5227,5228,5229,5230,5231,5232,5233,5234,5235,5236,3514,5237,5238, #  496
+5239,5240,5241,5242,5243,5244,2297,2031,4616,4310,3692,5245,3071,5246,3598,5247, #  512
+4617,3231,3515,5248,4101,4311,4618,3808,4312,4102,5249,4103,4104,3599,5250,5251, #  528
+5252,5253,5254,5255,5256,5257,5258,5259,5260,5261,5262,5263,5264,5265,5266,5267, #  544
+5268,5269,5270,5271,5272,5273,5274,5275,5276,5277,5278,5279,5280,5281,5282,5283, #  560
+5284,5285,5286,5287,5288,5289,5290,5291,5292,5293,5294,5295,5296,5297,5298,5299, #  576
+5300,5301,5302,5303,5304,5305,5306,5307,5308,5309,5310,5311,5312,5313,5314,5315, #  592
+5316,5317,5318,5319,5320,5321,5322,5323,5324,5325,5326,5327,5328,5329,5330,5331, #  608
+5332,5333,5334,5335,5336,5337,5338,5339,5340,5341,5342,5343,5344,5345,5346,5347, #  624
+5348,5349,5350,5351,5352,5353,5354,5355,5356,5357,5358,5359,5360,5361,5362,5363, #  640
+5364,5365,5366,5367,5368,5369,5370,5371,5372,5373,5374,5375,5376,5377,5378,5379, #  656
+5380,5381, 363, 642,2787,2878,2788,2789,2316,3232,2317,3434,2011, 165,1942,3930, #  672
+3931,3932,3933,5382,4619,5383,4620,5384,5385,5386,5387,5388,5389,5390,5391,5392, #  688
+5393,5394,5395,5396,5397,5398,5399,5400,5401,5402,5403,5404,5405,5406,5407,5408, #  704
+5409,5410,5411,5412,5413,5414,5415,5416,5417,5418,5419,5420,5421,5422,5423,5424, #  720
+5425,5426,5427,5428,5429,5430,5431,5432,5433,5434,5435,5436,5437,5438,5439,5440, #  736
+5441,5442,5443,5444,5445,5446,5447,5448,5449,5450,5451,5452,5453,5454,5455,5456, #  752
+5457,5458,5459,5460,5461,5462,5463,5464,5465,5466,5467,5468,5469,5470,5471,5472, #  768
+5473,5474,5475,5476,5477,5478,5479,5480,5481,5482,5483,5484,5485,5486,5487,5488, #  784
+5489,5490,5491,5492,5493,5494,5495,5496,5497,5498,5499,5500,5501,5502,5503,5504, #  800
+5505,5506,5507,5508,5509,5510,5511,5512,5513,5514,5515,5516,5517,5518,5519,5520, #  816
+5521,5522,5523,5524,5525,5526,5527,5528,5529,5530,5531,5532,5533,5534,5535,5536, #  832
+5537,5538,5539,5540,5541,5542,5543,5544,5545,5546,5547,5548,5549,5550,5551,5552, #  848
+5553,5554,5555,5556,5557,5558,5559,5560,5561,5562,5563,5564,5565,5566,5567,5568, #  864
+5569,5570,5571,5572,5573,5574,5575,5576,5577,5578,5579,5580,5581,5582,5583,5584, #  880
+5585,5586,5587,5588,5589,5590,5591,5592,5593,5594,5595,5596,5597,5598,5599,5600, #  896
+5601,5602,5603,5604,5605,5606,5607,5608,5609,5610,5611,5612,5613,5614,5615,5616, #  912
+5617,5618,5619,5620,5621,5622,5623,5624,5625,5626,5627,5628,5629,5630,5631,5632, #  928
+5633,5634,5635,5636,5637,5638,5639,5640,5641,5642,5643,5644,5645,5646,5647,5648, #  944
+5649,5650,5651,5652,5653,5654,5655,5656,5657,5658,5659,5660,5661,5662,5663,5664, #  960
+5665,5666,5667,5668,5669,5670,5671,5672,5673,5674,5675,5676,5677,5678,5679,5680, #  976
+5681,5682,5683,5684,5685,5686,5687,5688,5689,5690,5691,5692,5693,5694,5695,5696, #  992
+5697,5698,5699,5700,5701,5702,5703,5704,5705,5706,5707,5708,5709,5710,5711,5712, # 1008
+5713,5714,5715,5716,5717,5718,5719,5720,5721,5722,5723,5724,5725,5726,5727,5728, # 1024
+5729,5730,5731,5732,5733,5734,5735,5736,5737,5738,5739,5740,5741,5742,5743,5744, # 1040
+5745,5746,5747,5748,5749,5750,5751,5752,5753,5754,5755,5756,5757,5758,5759,5760, # 1056
+5761,5762,5763,5764,5765,5766,5767,5768,5769,5770,5771,5772,5773,5774,5775,5776, # 1072
+5777,5778,5779,5780,5781,5782,5783,5784,5785,5786,5787,5788,5789,5790,5791,5792, # 1088
+5793,5794,5795,5796,5797,5798,5799,5800,5801,5802,5803,5804,5805,5806,5807,5808, # 1104
+5809,5810,5811,5812,5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824, # 1120
+5825,5826,5827,5828,5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840, # 1136
+5841,5842,5843,5844,5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856, # 1152
+5857,5858,5859,5860,5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872, # 1168
+5873,5874,5875,5876,5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888, # 1184
+5889,5890,5891,5892,5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904, # 1200
+5905,5906,5907,5908,5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920, # 1216
+5921,5922,5923,5924,5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936, # 1232
+5937,5938,5939,5940,5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952, # 1248
+5953,5954,5955,5956,5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968, # 1264
+5969,5970,5971,5972,5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984, # 1280
+5985,5986,5987,5988,5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000, # 1296
+6001,6002,6003,6004,6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016, # 1312
+6017,6018,6019,6020,6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032, # 1328
+6033,6034,6035,6036,6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048, # 1344
+6049,6050,6051,6052,6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064, # 1360
+6065,6066,6067,6068,6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080, # 1376
+6081,6082,6083,6084,6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096, # 1392
+6097,6098,6099,6100,6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112, # 1408
+6113,6114,2044,2060,4621, 997,1235, 473,1186,4622, 920,3378,6115,6116, 379,1108, # 1424
+4313,2657,2735,3934,6117,3809, 636,3233, 573,1026,3693,3435,2974,3300,2298,4105, # 1440
+ 854,2937,2463, 393,2581,2417, 539, 752,1280,2750,2480, 140,1161, 440, 708,1569, # 1456
+ 665,2497,1746,1291,1523,3000, 164,1603, 847,1331, 537,1997, 486, 508,1693,2418, # 1472
+1970,2227, 878,1220, 299,1030, 969, 652,2751, 624,1137,3301,2619,  65,3302,2045, # 1488
+1761,1859,3120,1930,3694,3516, 663,1767, 852, 835,3695, 269, 767,2826,2339,1305, # 1504
+ 896,1150, 770,1616,6118, 506,1502,2075,1012,2519, 775,2520,2975,2340,2938,4314, # 1520
+3028,2086,1224,1943,2286,6119,3072,4315,2240,1273,1987,3935,1557, 175, 597, 985, # 1536
+3517,2419,2521,1416,3029, 585, 938,1931,1007,1052,1932,1685,6120,3379,4316,4623, # 1552
+ 804, 599,3121,1333,2128,2539,1159,1554,2032,3810, 687,2033,2904, 952, 675,1467, # 1568
+3436,6121,2241,1096,1786,2440,1543,1924, 980,1813,2228, 781,2692,1879, 728,1918, # 1584
+3696,4624, 548,1950,4625,1809,1088,1356,3303,2522,1944, 502, 972, 373, 513,2827, # 1600
+ 586,2377,2391,1003,1976,1631,6122,2464,1084, 648,1776,4626,2141, 324, 962,2012, # 1616
+2177,2076,1384, 742,2178,1448,1173,1810, 222, 102, 301, 445, 125,2420, 662,2498, # 1632
+ 277, 200,1476,1165,1068, 224,2562,1378,1446, 450,1880, 659, 791, 582,4627,2939, # 1648
+3936,1516,1274, 555,2099,3697,1020,1389,1526,3380,1762,1723,1787,2229, 412,2114, # 1664
+1900,2392,3518, 512,2597, 427,1925,2341,3122,1653,1686,2465,2499, 697, 330, 273, # 1680
+ 380,2162, 951, 832, 780, 991,1301,3073, 965,2270,3519, 668,2523,2636,1286, 535, # 1696
+1407, 518, 671, 957,2658,2378, 267, 611,2197,3030,6123, 248,2299, 967,1799,2356, # 1712
+ 850,1418,3437,1876,1256,1480,2828,1718,6124,6125,1755,1664,2405,6126,4628,2879, # 1728
+2829, 499,2179, 676,4629, 557,2329,2214,2090, 325,3234, 464, 811,3001, 992,2342, # 1744
+2481,1232,1469, 303,2242, 466,1070,2163, 603,1777,2091,4630,2752,4631,2714, 322, # 1760
+2659,1964,1768, 481,2188,1463,2330,2857,3600,2092,3031,2421,4632,2318,2070,1849, # 1776
+2598,4633,1302,2254,1668,1701,2422,3811,2905,3032,3123,2046,4106,1763,1694,4634, # 1792
+1604, 943,1724,1454, 917, 868,2215,1169,2940, 552,1145,1800,1228,1823,1955, 316, # 1808
+1080,2510, 361,1807,2830,4107,2660,3381,1346,1423,1134,4108,6127, 541,1263,1229, # 1824
+1148,2540, 545, 465,1833,2880,3438,1901,3074,2482, 816,3937, 713,1788,2500, 122, # 1840
+1575, 195,1451,2501,1111,6128, 859, 374,1225,2243,2483,4317, 390,1033,3439,3075, # 1856
+2524,1687, 266, 793,1440,2599, 946, 779, 802, 507, 897,1081, 528,2189,1292, 711, # 1872
+1866,1725,1167,1640, 753, 398,2661,1053, 246, 348,4318, 137,1024,3440,1600,2077, # 1888
+2129, 825,4319, 698, 238, 521, 187,2300,1157,2423,1641,1605,1464,1610,1097,2541, # 1904
+1260,1436, 759,2255,1814,2150, 705,3235, 409,2563,3304, 561,3033,2005,2564, 726, # 1920
+1956,2343,3698,4109, 949,3812,3813,3520,1669, 653,1379,2525, 881,2198, 632,2256, # 1936
+1027, 778,1074, 733,1957, 514,1481,2466, 554,2180, 702,3938,1606,1017,1398,6129, # 1952
+1380,3521, 921, 993,1313, 594, 449,1489,1617,1166, 768,1426,1360, 495,1794,3601, # 1968
+1177,3602,1170,4320,2344, 476, 425,3167,4635,3168,1424, 401,2662,1171,3382,1998, # 1984
+1089,4110, 477,3169, 474,6130,1909, 596,2831,1842, 494, 693,1051,1028,1207,3076, # 2000
+ 606,2115, 727,2790,1473,1115, 743,3522, 630, 805,1532,4321,2021, 366,1057, 838, # 2016
+ 684,1114,2142,4322,2050,1492,1892,1808,2271,3814,2424,1971,1447,1373,3305,1090, # 2032
+1536,3939,3523,3306,1455,2199, 336, 369,2331,1035, 584,2393, 902, 718,2600,6131, # 2048
+2753, 463,2151,1149,1611,2467, 715,1308,3124,1268, 343,1413,3236,1517,1347,2663, # 2064
+2093,3940,2022,1131,1553,2100,2941,1427,3441,2942,1323,2484,6132,1980, 872,2368, # 2080
+2441,2943, 320,2369,2116,1082, 679,1933,3941,2791,3815, 625,1143,2023, 422,2200, # 2096
+3816,6133, 730,1695, 356,2257,1626,2301,2858,2637,1627,1778, 937, 883,2906,2693, # 2112
+3002,1769,1086, 400,1063,1325,3307,2792,4111,3077, 456,2345,1046, 747,6134,1524, # 2128
+ 884,1094,3383,1474,2164,1059, 974,1688,2181,2258,1047, 345,1665,1187, 358, 875, # 2144
+3170, 305, 660,3524,2190,1334,1135,3171,1540,1649,2542,1527, 927, 968,2793, 885, # 2160
+1972,1850, 482, 500,2638,1218,1109,1085,2543,1654,2034, 876,  78,2287,1482,1277, # 2176
+ 861,1675,1083,1779, 724,2754, 454, 397,1132,1612,2332, 893, 672,1237, 257,2259, # 2192
+2370, 135,3384, 337,2244, 547, 352, 340, 709,2485,1400, 788,1138,2511, 540, 772, # 2208
+1682,2260,2272,2544,2013,1843,1902,4636,1999,1562,2288,4637,2201,1403,1533, 407, # 2224
+ 576,3308,1254,2071, 978,3385, 170, 136,1201,3125,2664,3172,2394, 213, 912, 873, # 2240
+3603,1713,2202, 699,3604,3699, 813,3442, 493, 531,1054, 468,2907,1483, 304, 281, # 2256
+4112,1726,1252,2094, 339,2319,2130,2639, 756,1563,2944, 748, 571,2976,1588,2425, # 2272
+2715,1851,1460,2426,1528,1392,1973,3237, 288,3309, 685,3386, 296, 892,2716,2216, # 2288
+1570,2245, 722,1747,2217, 905,3238,1103,6135,1893,1441,1965, 251,1805,2371,3700, # 2304
+2601,1919,1078,  75,2182,1509,1592,1270,2640,4638,2152,6136,3310,3817, 524, 706, # 2320
+1075, 292,3818,1756,2602, 317,  98,3173,3605,3525,1844,2218,3819,2502, 814, 567, # 2336
+ 385,2908,1534,6137, 534,1642,3239, 797,6138,1670,1529, 953,4323, 188,1071, 538, # 2352
+ 178, 729,3240,2109,1226,1374,2000,2357,2977, 731,2468,1116,2014,2051,6139,1261, # 2368
+1593, 803,2859,2736,3443, 556, 682, 823,1541,6140,1369,2289,1706,2794, 845, 462, # 2384
+2603,2665,1361, 387, 162,2358,1740, 739,1770,1720,1304,1401,3241,1049, 627,1571, # 2400
+2427,3526,1877,3942,1852,1500, 431,1910,1503, 677, 297,2795, 286,1433,1038,1198, # 2416
+2290,1133,1596,4113,4639,2469,1510,1484,3943,6141,2442, 108, 712,4640,2372, 866, # 2432
+3701,2755,3242,1348, 834,1945,1408,3527,2395,3243,1811, 824, 994,1179,2110,1548, # 2448
+1453, 790,3003, 690,4324,4325,2832,2909,3820,1860,3821, 225,1748, 310, 346,1780, # 2464
+2470, 821,1993,2717,2796, 828, 877,3528,2860,2471,1702,2165,2910,2486,1789, 453, # 2480
+ 359,2291,1676,  73,1164,1461,1127,3311, 421, 604, 314,1037, 589, 116,2487, 737, # 2496
+ 837,1180, 111, 244, 735,6142,2261,1861,1362, 986, 523, 418, 581,2666,3822, 103, # 2512
+ 855, 503,1414,1867,2488,1091, 657,1597, 979, 605,1316,4641,1021,2443,2078,2001, # 2528
+1209,  96, 587,2166,1032, 260,1072,2153, 173,  94, 226,3244, 819,2006,4642,4114, # 2544
+2203, 231,1744, 782,  97,2667, 786,3387, 887, 391, 442,2219,4326,1425,6143,2694, # 2560
+ 633,1544,1202, 483,2015, 592,2052,1958,2472,1655, 419, 129,4327,3444,3312,1714, # 2576
+1257,3078,4328,1518,1098, 865,1310,1019,1885,1512,1734, 469,2444, 148, 773, 436, # 2592
+1815,1868,1128,1055,4329,1245,2756,3445,2154,1934,1039,4643, 579,1238, 932,2320, # 2608
+ 353, 205, 801, 115,2428, 944,2321,1881, 399,2565,1211, 678, 766,3944, 335,2101, # 2624
+1459,1781,1402,3945,2737,2131,1010, 844, 981,1326,1013, 550,1816,1545,2620,1335, # 2640
+1008, 371,2881, 936,1419,1613,3529,1456,1395,2273,1834,2604,1317,2738,2503, 416, # 2656
+1643,4330, 806,1126, 229, 591,3946,1314,1981,1576,1837,1666, 347,1790, 977,3313, # 2672
+ 764,2861,1853, 688,2429,1920,1462,  77, 595, 415,2002,3034, 798,1192,4115,6144, # 2688
+2978,4331,3035,2695,2582,2072,2566, 430,2430,1727, 842,1396,3947,3702, 613, 377, # 2704
+ 278, 236,1417,3388,3314,3174, 757,1869, 107,3530,6145,1194, 623,2262, 207,1253, # 2720
+2167,3446,3948, 492,1117,1935, 536,1838,2757,1246,4332, 696,2095,2406,1393,1572, # 2736
+3175,1782, 583, 190, 253,1390,2230, 830,3126,3389, 934,3245,1703,1749,2979,1870, # 2752
+2545,1656,2204, 869,2346,4116,3176,1817, 496,1764,4644, 942,1504, 404,1903,1122, # 2768
+1580,3606,2945,1022, 515, 372,1735, 955,2431,3036,6146,2797,1110,2302,2798, 617, # 2784
+6147, 441, 762,1771,3447,3607,3608,1904, 840,3037,  86, 939,1385, 572,1370,2445, # 2800
+1336, 114,3703, 898, 294, 203,3315, 703,1583,2274, 429, 961,4333,1854,1951,3390, # 2816
+2373,3704,4334,1318,1381, 966,1911,2322,1006,1155, 309, 989, 458,2718,1795,1372, # 2832
+1203, 252,1689,1363,3177, 517,1936, 168,1490, 562, 193,3823,1042,4117,1835, 551, # 2848
+ 470,4645, 395, 489,3448,1871,1465,2583,2641, 417,1493, 279,1295, 511,1236,1119, # 2864
+  72,1231,1982,1812,3004, 871,1564, 984,3449,1667,2696,2096,4646,2347,2833,1673, # 2880
+3609, 695,3246,2668, 807,1183,4647, 890, 388,2333,1801,1457,2911,1765,1477,1031, # 2896
+3316,3317,1278,3391,2799,2292,2526, 163,3450,4335,2669,1404,1802,6148,2323,2407, # 2912
+1584,1728,1494,1824,1269, 298, 909,3318,1034,1632, 375, 776,1683,2061, 291, 210, # 2928
+1123, 809,1249,1002,2642,3038, 206,1011,2132, 144, 975, 882,1565, 342, 667, 754, # 2944
+1442,2143,1299,2303,2062, 447, 626,2205,1221,2739,2912,1144,1214,2206,2584, 760, # 2960
+1715, 614, 950,1281,2670,2621, 810, 577,1287,2546,4648, 242,2168, 250,2643, 691, # 2976
+ 123,2644, 647, 313,1029, 689,1357,2946,1650, 216, 771,1339,1306, 808,2063, 549, # 2992
+ 913,1371,2913,2914,6149,1466,1092,1174,1196,1311,2605,2396,1783,1796,3079, 406, # 3008
+2671,2117,3949,4649, 487,1825,2220,6150,2915, 448,2348,1073,6151,2397,1707, 130, # 3024
+ 900,1598, 329, 176,1959,2527,1620,6152,2275,4336,3319,1983,2191,3705,3610,2155, # 3040
+3706,1912,1513,1614,6153,1988, 646, 392,2304,1589,3320,3039,1826,1239,1352,1340, # 3056
+2916, 505,2567,1709,1437,2408,2547, 906,6154,2672, 384,1458,1594,1100,1329, 710, # 3072
+ 423,3531,2064,2231,2622,1989,2673,1087,1882, 333, 841,3005,1296,2882,2379, 580, # 3088
+1937,1827,1293,2585, 601, 574, 249,1772,4118,2079,1120, 645, 901,1176,1690, 795, # 3104
+2207, 478,1434, 516,1190,1530, 761,2080, 930,1264, 355, 435,1552, 644,1791, 987, # 3120
+ 220,1364,1163,1121,1538, 306,2169,1327,1222, 546,2645, 218, 241, 610,1704,3321, # 3136
+1984,1839,1966,2528, 451,6155,2586,3707,2568, 907,3178, 254,2947, 186,1845,4650, # 3152
+ 745, 432,1757, 428,1633, 888,2246,2221,2489,3611,2118,1258,1265, 956,3127,1784, # 3168
+4337,2490, 319, 510, 119, 457,3612, 274,2035,2007,4651,1409,3128, 970,2758, 590, # 3184
+2800, 661,2247,4652,2008,3950,1420,1549,3080,3322,3951,1651,1375,2111, 485,2491, # 3200
+1429,1156,6156,2548,2183,1495, 831,1840,2529,2446, 501,1657, 307,1894,3247,1341, # 3216
+ 666, 899,2156,1539,2549,1559, 886, 349,2208,3081,2305,1736,3824,2170,2759,1014, # 3232
+1913,1386, 542,1397,2948, 490, 368, 716, 362, 159, 282,2569,1129,1658,1288,1750, # 3248
+2674, 276, 649,2016, 751,1496, 658,1818,1284,1862,2209,2087,2512,3451, 622,2834, # 3264
+ 376, 117,1060,2053,1208,1721,1101,1443, 247,1250,3179,1792,3952,2760,2398,3953, # 3280
+6157,2144,3708, 446,2432,1151,2570,3452,2447,2761,2835,1210,2448,3082, 424,2222, # 3296
+1251,2449,2119,2836, 504,1581,4338, 602, 817, 857,3825,2349,2306, 357,3826,1470, # 3312
+1883,2883, 255, 958, 929,2917,3248, 302,4653,1050,1271,1751,2307,1952,1430,2697, # 3328
+2719,2359, 354,3180, 777, 158,2036,4339,1659,4340,4654,2308,2949,2248,1146,2232, # 3344
+3532,2720,1696,2623,3827,6158,3129,1550,2698,1485,1297,1428, 637, 931,2721,2145, # 3360
+ 914,2550,2587,  81,2450, 612, 827,2646,1242,4655,1118,2884, 472,1855,3181,3533, # 3376
+3534, 569,1353,2699,1244,1758,2588,4119,2009,2762,2171,3709,1312,1531,6159,1152, # 3392
+1938, 134,1830, 471,3710,2276,1112,1535,3323,3453,3535, 982,1337,2950, 488, 826, # 3408
+ 674,1058,1628,4120,2017, 522,2399, 211, 568,1367,3454, 350, 293,1872,1139,3249, # 3424
+1399,1946,3006,1300,2360,3324, 588, 736,6160,2606, 744, 669,3536,3828,6161,1358, # 3440
+ 199, 723, 848, 933, 851,1939,1505,1514,1338,1618,1831,4656,1634,3613, 443,2740, # 3456
+3829, 717,1947, 491,1914,6162,2551,1542,4121,1025,6163,1099,1223, 198,3040,2722, # 3472
+ 370, 410,1905,2589, 998,1248,3182,2380, 519,1449,4122,1710, 947, 928,1153,4341, # 3488
+2277, 344,2624,1511, 615, 105, 161,1212,1076,1960,3130,2054,1926,1175,1906,2473, # 3504
+ 414,1873,2801,6164,2309, 315,1319,3325, 318,2018,2146,2157, 963, 631, 223,4342, # 3520
+4343,2675, 479,3711,1197,2625,3712,2676,2361,6165,4344,4123,6166,2451,3183,1886, # 3536
+2184,1674,1330,1711,1635,1506, 799, 219,3250,3083,3954,1677,3713,3326,2081,3614, # 3552
+1652,2073,4657,1147,3041,1752, 643,1961, 147,1974,3955,6167,1716,2037, 918,3007, # 3568
+1994, 120,1537, 118, 609,3184,4345, 740,3455,1219, 332,1615,3830,6168,1621,2980, # 3584
+1582, 783, 212, 553,2350,3714,1349,2433,2082,4124, 889,6169,2310,1275,1410, 973, # 3600
+ 166,1320,3456,1797,1215,3185,2885,1846,2590,2763,4658, 629, 822,3008, 763, 940, # 3616
+1990,2862, 439,2409,1566,1240,1622, 926,1282,1907,2764, 654,2210,1607, 327,1130, # 3632
+3956,1678,1623,6170,2434,2192, 686, 608,3831,3715, 903,3957,3042,6171,2741,1522, # 3648
+1915,1105,1555,2552,1359, 323,3251,4346,3457, 738,1354,2553,2311,2334,1828,2003, # 3664
+3832,1753,2351,1227,6172,1887,4125,1478,6173,2410,1874,1712,1847, 520,1204,2607, # 3680
+ 264,4659, 836,2677,2102, 600,4660,3833,2278,3084,6174,4347,3615,1342, 640, 532, # 3696
+ 543,2608,1888,2400,2591,1009,4348,1497, 341,1737,3616,2723,1394, 529,3252,1321, # 3712
+ 983,4661,1515,2120, 971,2592, 924, 287,1662,3186,4349,2700,4350,1519, 908,1948, # 3728
+2452, 156, 796,1629,1486,2223,2055, 694,4126,1259,1036,3392,1213,2249,2742,1889, # 3744
+1230,3958,1015, 910, 408, 559,3617,4662, 746, 725, 935,4663,3959,3009,1289, 563, # 3760
+ 867,4664,3960,1567,2981,2038,2626, 988,2263,2381,4351, 143,2374, 704,1895,6175, # 3776
+1188,3716,2088, 673,3085,2362,4352, 484,1608,1921,2765,2918, 215, 904,3618,3537, # 3792
+ 894, 509, 976,3043,2701,3961,4353,2837,2982, 498,6176,6177,1102,3538,1332,3393, # 3808
+1487,1636,1637, 233, 245,3962, 383, 650, 995,3044, 460,1520,1206,2352, 749,3327, # 3824
+ 530, 700, 389,1438,1560,1773,3963,2264, 719,2951,2724,3834, 870,1832,1644,1000, # 3840
+ 839,2474,3717, 197,1630,3394, 365,2886,3964,1285,2133, 734, 922, 818,1106, 732, # 3856
+ 480,2083,1774,3458, 923,2279,1350, 221,3086,  85,2233,2234,3835,1585,3010,2147, # 3872
+1387,1705,2382,1619,2475, 133, 239,2802,1991,1016,2084,2383, 411,2838,1113, 651, # 3888
+1985,1160,3328, 990,1863,3087,1048,1276,2647, 265,2627,1599,3253,2056, 150, 638, # 3904
+2019, 656, 853, 326,1479, 680,1439,4354,1001,1759, 413,3459,3395,2492,1431, 459, # 3920
+4355,1125,3329,2265,1953,1450,2065,2863, 849, 351,2678,3131,3254,3255,1104,1577, # 3936
+ 227,1351,1645,2453,2193,1421,2887, 812,2121, 634,  95,2435, 201,2312,4665,1646, # 3952
+1671,2743,1601,2554,2702,2648,2280,1315,1366,2089,3132,1573,3718,3965,1729,1189, # 3968
+ 328,2679,1077,1940,1136, 558,1283, 964,1195, 621,2074,1199,1743,3460,3619,1896, # 3984
+1916,1890,3836,2952,1154,2112,1064, 862, 378,3011,2066,2113,2803,1568,2839,6178, # 4000
+3088,2919,1941,1660,2004,1992,2194, 142, 707,1590,1708,1624,1922,1023,1836,1233, # 4016
+1004,2313, 789, 741,3620,6179,1609,2411,1200,4127,3719,3720,4666,2057,3721, 593, # 4032
+2840, 367,2920,1878,6180,3461,1521, 628,1168, 692,2211,2649, 300, 720,2067,2571, # 4048
+2953,3396, 959,2504,3966,3539,3462,1977, 701,6181, 954,1043, 800, 681, 183,3722, # 4064
+1803,1730,3540,4128,2103, 815,2314, 174, 467, 230,2454,1093,2134, 755,3541,3397, # 4080
+1141,1162,6182,1738,2039, 270,3256,2513,1005,1647,2185,3837, 858,1679,1897,1719, # 4096
+2954,2324,1806, 402, 670, 167,4129,1498,2158,2104, 750,6183, 915, 189,1680,1551, # 4112
+ 455,4356,1501,2455, 405,1095,2955, 338,1586,1266,1819, 570, 641,1324, 237,1556, # 4128
+2650,1388,3723,6184,1368,2384,1343,1978,3089,2436, 879,3724, 792,1191, 758,3012, # 4144
+1411,2135,1322,4357, 240,4667,1848,3725,1574,6185, 420,3045,1546,1391, 714,4358, # 4160
+1967, 941,1864, 863, 664, 426, 560,1731,2680,1785,2864,1949,2363, 403,3330,1415, # 4176
+1279,2136,1697,2335, 204, 721,2097,3838,  90,6186,2085,2505, 191,3967, 124,2148, # 4192
+1376,1798,1178,1107,1898,1405, 860,4359,1243,1272,2375,2983,1558,2456,1638, 113, # 4208
+3621, 578,1923,2609, 880, 386,4130, 784,2186,2266,1422,2956,2172,1722, 497, 263, # 4224
+2514,1267,2412,2610, 177,2703,3542, 774,1927,1344, 616,1432,1595,1018, 172,4360, # 4240
+2325, 911,4361, 438,1468,3622, 794,3968,2024,2173,1681,1829,2957, 945, 895,3090, # 4256
+ 575,2212,2476, 475,2401,2681, 785,2744,1745,2293,2555,1975,3133,2865, 394,4668, # 4272
+3839, 635,4131, 639, 202,1507,2195,2766,1345,1435,2572,3726,1908,1184,1181,2457, # 4288
+3727,3134,4362, 843,2611, 437, 916,4669, 234, 769,1884,3046,3047,3623, 833,6187, # 4304
+1639,2250,2402,1355,1185,2010,2047, 999, 525,1732,1290,1488,2612, 948,1578,3728, # 4320
+2413,2477,1216,2725,2159, 334,3840,1328,3624,2921,1525,4132, 564,1056, 891,4363, # 4336
+1444,1698,2385,2251,3729,1365,2281,2235,1717,6188, 864,3841,2515, 444, 527,2767, # 4352
+2922,3625, 544, 461,6189, 566, 209,2437,3398,2098,1065,2068,3331,3626,3257,2137, # 4368  #last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2138,2122,3730,2888,1995,1820,1044,6190,6191,6192,6193,6194,6195,6196,6197,6198, # 4384
+6199,6200,6201,6202,6203,6204,6205,4670,6206,6207,6208,6209,6210,6211,6212,6213, # 4400
+6214,6215,6216,6217,6218,6219,6220,6221,6222,6223,6224,6225,6226,6227,6228,6229, # 4416
+6230,6231,6232,6233,6234,6235,6236,6237,3187,6238,6239,3969,6240,6241,6242,6243, # 4432
+6244,4671,6245,6246,4672,6247,6248,4133,6249,6250,4364,6251,2923,2556,2613,4673, # 4448
+4365,3970,6252,6253,6254,6255,4674,6256,6257,6258,2768,2353,4366,4675,4676,3188, # 4464
+4367,3463,6259,4134,4677,4678,6260,2267,6261,3842,3332,4368,3543,6262,6263,6264, # 4480
+3013,1954,1928,4135,4679,6265,6266,2478,3091,6267,4680,4369,6268,6269,1699,6270, # 4496
+3544,4136,4681,6271,4137,6272,4370,2804,6273,6274,2593,3971,3972,4682,6275,2236, # 4512
+4683,6276,6277,4684,6278,6279,4138,3973,4685,6280,6281,3258,6282,6283,6284,6285, # 4528
+3974,4686,2841,3975,6286,6287,3545,6288,6289,4139,4687,4140,6290,4141,6291,4142, # 4544
+6292,6293,3333,6294,6295,6296,4371,6297,3399,6298,6299,4372,3976,6300,6301,6302, # 4560
+4373,6303,6304,3843,3731,6305,4688,4374,6306,6307,3259,2294,6308,3732,2530,4143, # 4576
+6309,4689,6310,6311,6312,3048,6313,6314,4690,3733,2237,6315,6316,2282,3334,6317, # 4592
+6318,3844,6319,6320,4691,6321,3400,4692,6322,4693,6323,3049,6324,4375,6325,3977, # 4608
+6326,6327,6328,3546,6329,4694,3335,6330,4695,4696,6331,6332,6333,6334,4376,3978, # 4624
+6335,4697,3979,4144,6336,3980,4698,6337,6338,6339,6340,6341,4699,4700,4701,6342, # 4640
+6343,4702,6344,6345,4703,6346,6347,4704,6348,4705,4706,3135,6349,4707,6350,4708, # 4656
+6351,4377,6352,4709,3734,4145,6353,2506,4710,3189,6354,3050,4711,3981,6355,3547, # 4672
+3014,4146,4378,3735,2651,3845,3260,3136,2224,1986,6356,3401,6357,4712,2594,3627, # 4688
+3137,2573,3736,3982,4713,3628,4714,4715,2682,3629,4716,6358,3630,4379,3631,6359, # 4704
+6360,6361,3983,6362,6363,6364,6365,4147,3846,4717,6366,6367,3737,2842,6368,4718, # 4720
+2628,6369,3261,6370,2386,6371,6372,3738,3984,4719,3464,4720,3402,6373,2924,3336, # 4736
+4148,2866,6374,2805,3262,4380,2704,2069,2531,3138,2806,2984,6375,2769,6376,4721, # 4752
+4722,3403,6377,6378,3548,6379,6380,2705,3092,1979,4149,2629,3337,2889,6381,3338, # 4768
+4150,2557,3339,4381,6382,3190,3263,3739,6383,4151,4723,4152,2558,2574,3404,3191, # 4784
+6384,6385,4153,6386,4724,4382,6387,6388,4383,6389,6390,4154,6391,4725,3985,6392, # 4800
+3847,4155,6393,6394,6395,6396,6397,3465,6398,4384,6399,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404, # 4816
+4156,6405,6406,6407,6408,2123,6409,6410,2326,3192,4726,6411,6412,6413,6414,4385, # 4832
+4157,6415,6416,4158,6417,3093,3848,6418,3986,6419,6420,3849,6421,6422,6423,4159, # 4848
+6424,6425,4160,6426,3740,6427,6428,6429,6430,3987,6431,4727,6432,2238,6433,6434, # 4864
+4386,3988,6435,6436,3632,6437,6438,2843,6439,6440,6441,6442,3633,6443,2958,6444, # 4880
+6445,3466,6446,2364,4387,3850,6447,4388,2959,3340,6448,3851,6449,4728,6450,6451, # 4896
+3264,4729,6452,3193,6453,4389,4390,2706,3341,4730,6454,3139,6455,3194,6456,3051, # 4912
+2124,3852,1602,4391,4161,3853,1158,3854,4162,3989,4392,3990,4731,4732,4393,2040, # 4928
+4163,4394,3265,6457,2807,3467,3855,6458,6459,6460,3991,3468,4733,4734,6461,3140, # 4944
+2960,6462,4735,6463,6464,6465,6466,4736,4737,4738,4739,6467,6468,4164,2403,3856, # 4960
+6469,6470,2770,2844,6471,4740,6472,6473,6474,6475,6476,6477,6478,3195,6479,4741, # 4976
+4395,6480,2867,6481,4742,2808,6482,2493,4165,6483,6484,6485,6486,2295,4743,6487, # 4992
+6488,6489,3634,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,2985,4744,6497,6498,4745,6499, # 5008
+6500,2925,3141,4166,6501,6502,4746,6503,6504,4747,6505,6506,6507,2890,6508,6509, # 5024
+6510,6511,6512,6513,6514,6515,6516,6517,6518,6519,3469,4167,6520,6521,6522,4748, # 5040
+4396,3741,4397,4749,4398,3342,2125,4750,6523,4751,4752,4753,3052,6524,2961,4168, # 5056
+6525,4754,6526,4755,4399,2926,4169,6527,3857,6528,4400,4170,6529,4171,6530,6531, # 5072
+2595,6532,6533,6534,6535,3635,6536,6537,6538,6539,6540,6541,6542,4756,6543,6544, # 5088
+6545,6546,6547,6548,4401,6549,6550,6551,6552,4402,3405,4757,4403,6553,6554,6555, # 5104
+4172,3742,6556,6557,6558,3992,3636,6559,6560,3053,2726,6561,3549,4173,3054,4404, # 5120
+6562,6563,3993,4405,3266,3550,2809,4406,6564,6565,6566,4758,4759,6567,3743,6568, # 5136
+4760,3744,4761,3470,6569,6570,6571,4407,6572,3745,4174,6573,4175,2810,4176,3196, # 5152
+4762,6574,4177,6575,6576,2494,2891,3551,6577,6578,3471,6579,4408,6580,3015,3197, # 5168
+6581,3343,2532,3994,3858,6582,3094,3406,4409,6583,2892,4178,4763,4410,3016,4411, # 5184
+6584,3995,3142,3017,2683,6585,4179,6586,6587,4764,4412,6588,6589,4413,6590,2986, # 5200
+6591,2962,3552,6592,2963,3472,6593,6594,4180,4765,6595,6596,2225,3267,4414,6597, # 5216
+3407,3637,4766,6598,6599,3198,6600,4415,6601,3859,3199,6602,3473,4767,2811,4416, # 5232
+1856,3268,3200,2575,3996,3997,3201,4417,6603,3095,2927,6604,3143,6605,2268,6606, # 5248
+3998,3860,3096,2771,6607,6608,3638,2495,4768,6609,3861,6610,3269,2745,4769,4181, # 5264
+3553,6611,2845,3270,6612,6613,6614,3862,6615,6616,4770,4771,6617,3474,3999,4418, # 5280
+4419,6618,3639,3344,6619,4772,4182,6620,2126,6621,6622,6623,4420,4773,6624,3018, # 5296
+6625,4774,3554,6626,4183,2025,3746,6627,4184,2707,6628,4421,4422,3097,1775,4185, # 5312
+3555,6629,6630,2868,6631,6632,4423,6633,6634,4424,2414,2533,2928,6635,4186,2387, # 5328
+6636,4775,6637,4187,6638,1891,4425,3202,3203,6639,6640,4776,6641,3345,6642,6643, # 5344
+3640,6644,3475,3346,3641,4000,6645,3144,6646,3098,2812,4188,3642,3204,6647,3863, # 5360
+3476,6648,3864,6649,4426,4001,6650,6651,6652,2576,6653,4189,4777,6654,6655,6656, # 5376
+2846,6657,3477,3205,4002,6658,4003,6659,3347,2252,6660,6661,6662,4778,6663,6664, # 5392
+6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,4779,4780,2048,6670,3478,3099,6671,3556,3747,4004,6672, # 5408
+6673,6674,3145,4005,3748,6675,6676,6677,6678,6679,3408,6680,6681,6682,6683,3206, # 5424
+3207,6684,6685,4781,4427,6686,4782,4783,4784,6687,6688,6689,4190,6690,6691,3479, # 5440
+6692,2746,6693,4428,6694,6695,6696,6697,6698,6699,4785,6700,6701,3208,2727,6702, # 5456
+3146,6703,6704,3409,2196,6705,4429,6706,6707,6708,2534,1996,6709,6710,6711,2747, # 5472
+6712,6713,6714,4786,3643,6715,4430,4431,6716,3557,6717,4432,4433,6718,6719,6720, # 5488
+6721,3749,6722,4006,4787,6723,6724,3644,4788,4434,6725,6726,4789,2772,6727,6728, # 5504
+6729,6730,6731,2708,3865,2813,4435,6732,6733,4790,4791,3480,6734,6735,6736,6737, # 5520
+4436,3348,6738,3410,4007,6739,6740,4008,6741,6742,4792,3411,4191,6743,6744,6745, # 5536
+6746,6747,3866,6748,3750,6749,6750,6751,6752,6753,6754,6755,3867,6756,4009,6757, # 5552
+4793,4794,6758,2814,2987,6759,6760,6761,4437,6762,6763,6764,6765,3645,6766,6767, # 5568
+3481,4192,6768,3751,6769,6770,2174,6771,3868,3752,6772,6773,6774,4193,4795,4438, # 5584
+3558,4796,4439,6775,4797,6776,6777,4798,6778,4799,3559,4800,6779,6780,6781,3482, # 5600
+6782,2893,6783,6784,4194,4801,4010,6785,6786,4440,6787,4011,6788,6789,6790,6791, # 5616
+6792,6793,4802,6794,6795,6796,4012,6797,6798,6799,6800,3349,4803,3483,6801,4804, # 5632
+4195,6802,4013,6803,6804,4196,6805,4014,4015,6806,2847,3271,2848,6807,3484,6808, # 5648
+6809,6810,4441,6811,4442,4197,4443,3272,4805,6812,3412,4016,1579,6813,6814,4017, # 5664
+6815,3869,6816,2964,6817,4806,6818,6819,4018,3646,6820,6821,4807,4019,4020,6822, # 5680
+6823,3560,6824,6825,4021,4444,6826,4198,6827,6828,4445,6829,6830,4199,4808,6831, # 5696
+6832,6833,3870,3019,2458,6834,3753,3413,3350,6835,4809,3871,4810,3561,4446,6836, # 5712
+6837,4447,4811,4812,6838,2459,4448,6839,4449,6840,6841,4022,3872,6842,4813,4814, # 5728
+6843,6844,4815,4200,4201,4202,6845,4023,6846,6847,4450,3562,3873,6848,6849,4816, # 5744
+4817,6850,4451,4818,2139,6851,3563,6852,6853,3351,6854,6855,3352,4024,2709,3414, # 5760
+4203,4452,6856,4204,6857,6858,3874,3875,6859,6860,4819,6861,6862,6863,6864,4453, # 5776
+3647,6865,6866,4820,6867,6868,6869,6870,4454,6871,2869,6872,6873,4821,6874,3754, # 5792
+6875,4822,4205,6876,6877,6878,3648,4206,4455,6879,4823,6880,4824,3876,6881,3055, # 5808
+4207,6882,3415,6883,6884,6885,4208,4209,6886,4210,3353,6887,3354,3564,3209,3485, # 5824
+2652,6888,2728,6889,3210,3755,6890,4025,4456,6891,4825,6892,6893,6894,6895,4211, # 5840
+6896,6897,6898,4826,6899,6900,4212,6901,4827,6902,2773,3565,6903,4828,6904,6905, # 5856
+6906,6907,3649,3650,6908,2849,3566,6909,3567,3100,6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915, # 5872
+4026,6916,3355,4829,3056,4457,3756,6917,3651,6918,4213,3652,2870,6919,4458,6920, # 5888
+2438,6921,6922,3757,2774,4830,6923,3356,4831,4832,6924,4833,4459,3653,2507,6925, # 5904
+4834,2535,6926,6927,3273,4027,3147,6928,3568,6929,6930,6931,4460,6932,3877,4461, # 5920
+2729,3654,6933,6934,6935,6936,2175,4835,2630,4214,4028,4462,4836,4215,6937,3148, # 5936
+4216,4463,4837,4838,4217,6938,6939,2850,4839,6940,4464,6941,6942,6943,4840,6944, # 5952
+4218,3274,4465,6945,6946,2710,6947,4841,4466,6948,6949,2894,6950,6951,4842,6952, # 5968
+4219,3057,2871,6953,6954,6955,6956,4467,6957,2711,6958,6959,6960,3275,3101,4843, # 5984
+6961,3357,3569,6962,4844,6963,6964,4468,4845,3570,6965,3102,4846,3758,6966,4847, # 6000
+3878,4848,4849,4029,6967,2929,3879,4850,4851,6968,6969,1733,6970,4220,6971,6972, # 6016
+6973,6974,6975,6976,4852,6977,6978,6979,6980,6981,6982,3759,6983,6984,6985,3486, # 6032
+3487,6986,3488,3416,6987,6988,6989,6990,6991,6992,6993,6994,6995,6996,6997,4853, # 6048
+6998,6999,4030,7000,7001,3211,7002,7003,4221,7004,7005,3571,4031,7006,3572,7007, # 6064
+2614,4854,2577,7008,7009,2965,3655,3656,4855,2775,3489,3880,4222,4856,3881,4032, # 6080
+3882,3657,2730,3490,4857,7010,3149,7011,4469,4858,2496,3491,4859,2283,7012,7013, # 6096
+7014,2365,4860,4470,7015,7016,3760,7017,7018,4223,1917,7019,7020,7021,4471,7022, # 6112
+2776,4472,7023,7024,7025,7026,4033,7027,3573,4224,4861,4034,4862,7028,7029,1929, # 6128
+3883,4035,7030,4473,3058,7031,2536,3761,3884,7032,4036,7033,2966,2895,1968,4474, # 6144
+3276,4225,3417,3492,4226,2105,7034,7035,1754,2596,3762,4227,4863,4475,3763,4864, # 6160
+3764,2615,2777,3103,3765,3658,3418,4865,2296,3766,2815,7036,7037,7038,3574,2872, # 6176
+3277,4476,7039,4037,4477,7040,7041,4038,7042,7043,7044,7045,7046,7047,2537,7048, # 6192
+7049,7050,7051,7052,7053,7054,4478,7055,7056,3767,3659,4228,3575,7057,7058,4229, # 6208
+7059,7060,7061,3660,7062,3212,7063,3885,4039,2460,7064,7065,7066,7067,7068,7069, # 6224
+7070,7071,7072,7073,7074,4866,3768,4867,7075,7076,7077,7078,4868,3358,3278,2653, # 6240
+7079,7080,4479,3886,7081,7082,4869,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087,7088,2538,7089,7090, # 6256
+7091,4040,3150,3769,4870,4041,2896,3359,4230,2930,7092,3279,7093,2967,4480,3213, # 6272
+4481,3661,7094,7095,7096,7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,2461,3770,7103,7104,4231, # 6288
+3151,7105,7106,7107,4042,3662,7108,7109,4871,3663,4872,4043,3059,7110,7111,7112, # 6304
+3493,2988,7113,4873,7114,7115,7116,3771,4874,7117,7118,4232,4875,7119,3576,2336, # 6320
+4876,7120,4233,3419,4044,4877,4878,4482,4483,4879,4484,4234,7121,3772,4880,1045, # 6336
+3280,3664,4881,4882,7122,7123,7124,7125,4883,7126,2778,7127,4485,4486,7128,4884, # 6352
+3214,3887,7129,7130,3215,7131,4885,4045,7132,7133,4046,7134,7135,7136,7137,7138, # 6368
+7139,7140,7141,7142,7143,4235,7144,4886,7145,7146,7147,4887,7148,7149,7150,4487, # 6384
+4047,4488,7151,7152,4888,4048,2989,3888,7153,3665,7154,4049,7155,7156,7157,7158, # 6400
+7159,7160,2931,4889,4890,4489,7161,2631,3889,4236,2779,7162,7163,4891,7164,3060, # 6416
+7165,1672,4892,7166,4893,4237,3281,4894,7167,7168,3666,7169,3494,7170,7171,4050, # 6432
+7172,7173,3104,3360,3420,4490,4051,2684,4052,7174,4053,7175,7176,7177,2253,4054, # 6448
+7178,7179,4895,7180,3152,3890,3153,4491,3216,7181,7182,7183,2968,4238,4492,4055, # 6464
+7184,2990,7185,2479,7186,7187,4493,7188,7189,7190,7191,7192,4896,7193,4897,2969, # 6480
+4494,4898,7194,3495,7195,7196,4899,4495,7197,3105,2731,7198,4900,7199,7200,7201, # 6496
+4056,7202,3361,7203,7204,4496,4901,4902,7205,4497,7206,7207,2315,4903,7208,4904, # 6512
+7209,4905,2851,7210,7211,3577,7212,3578,4906,7213,4057,3667,4907,7214,4058,2354, # 6528
+3891,2376,3217,3773,7215,7216,7217,7218,7219,4498,7220,4908,3282,2685,7221,3496, # 6544
+4909,2632,3154,4910,7222,2337,7223,4911,7224,7225,7226,4912,4913,3283,4239,4499, # 6560
+7227,2816,7228,7229,7230,7231,7232,7233,7234,4914,4500,4501,7235,7236,7237,2686, # 6576
+7238,4915,7239,2897,4502,7240,4503,7241,2516,7242,4504,3362,3218,7243,7244,7245, # 6592
+4916,7246,7247,4505,3363,7248,7249,7250,7251,3774,4506,7252,7253,4917,7254,7255, # 6608
+3284,2991,4918,4919,3219,3892,4920,3106,3497,4921,7256,7257,7258,4922,7259,4923, # 6624
+3364,4507,4508,4059,7260,4240,3498,7261,7262,4924,7263,2992,3893,4060,3220,7264, # 6640
+7265,7266,7267,7268,7269,4509,3775,7270,2817,7271,4061,4925,4510,3776,7272,4241, # 6656
+4511,3285,7273,7274,3499,7275,7276,7277,4062,4512,4926,7278,3107,3894,7279,7280, # 6672
+4927,7281,4513,7282,7283,3668,7284,7285,4242,4514,4243,7286,2058,4515,4928,4929, # 6688
+4516,7287,3286,4244,7288,4517,7289,7290,7291,3669,7292,7293,4930,4931,4932,2355, # 6704
+4933,7294,2633,4518,7295,4245,7296,7297,4519,7298,7299,4520,4521,4934,7300,4246, # 6720
+4522,7301,7302,7303,3579,7304,4247,4935,7305,4936,7306,7307,7308,7309,3777,7310, # 6736
+4523,7311,7312,7313,4248,3580,7314,4524,3778,4249,7315,3581,7316,3287,7317,3221, # 6752
+7318,4937,7319,7320,7321,7322,7323,7324,4938,4939,7325,4525,7326,7327,7328,4063, # 6768
+7329,7330,4940,7331,7332,4941,7333,4526,7334,3500,2780,1741,4942,2026,1742,7335, # 6784
+7336,3582,4527,2388,7337,7338,7339,4528,7340,4250,4943,7341,7342,7343,4944,7344, # 6800
+7345,7346,3020,7347,4945,7348,7349,7350,7351,3895,7352,3896,4064,3897,7353,7354, # 6816
+7355,4251,7356,7357,3898,7358,3779,7359,3780,3288,7360,7361,4529,7362,4946,4530, # 6832
+2027,7363,3899,4531,4947,3222,3583,7364,4948,7365,7366,7367,7368,4949,3501,4950, # 6848
+3781,4951,4532,7369,2517,4952,4252,4953,3155,7370,4954,4955,4253,2518,4533,7371, # 6864
+7372,2712,4254,7373,7374,7375,3670,4956,3671,7376,2389,3502,4065,7377,2338,7378, # 6880
+7379,7380,7381,3061,7382,4957,7383,7384,7385,7386,4958,4534,7387,7388,2993,7389, # 6896
+3062,7390,4959,7391,7392,7393,4960,3108,4961,7394,4535,7395,4962,3421,4536,7396, # 6912
+4963,7397,4964,1857,7398,4965,7399,7400,2176,3584,4966,7401,7402,3422,4537,3900, # 6928
+3585,7403,3782,7404,2852,7405,7406,7407,4538,3783,2654,3423,4967,4539,7408,3784, # 6944
+3586,2853,4540,4541,7409,3901,7410,3902,7411,7412,3785,3109,2327,3903,7413,7414, # 6960
+2970,4066,2932,7415,7416,7417,3904,3672,3424,7418,4542,4543,4544,7419,4968,7420, # 6976
+7421,4255,7422,7423,7424,7425,7426,4067,7427,3673,3365,4545,7428,3110,2559,3674, # 6992
+7429,7430,3156,7431,7432,3503,7433,3425,4546,7434,3063,2873,7435,3223,4969,4547, # 7008
+4548,2898,4256,4068,7436,4069,3587,3786,2933,3787,4257,4970,4971,3788,7437,4972, # 7024
+3064,7438,4549,7439,7440,7441,7442,7443,4973,3905,7444,2874,7445,7446,7447,7448, # 7040
+3021,7449,4550,3906,3588,4974,7450,7451,3789,3675,7452,2578,7453,4070,7454,7455, # 7056
+7456,4258,3676,7457,4975,7458,4976,4259,3790,3504,2634,4977,3677,4551,4260,7459, # 7072
+7460,7461,7462,3907,4261,4978,7463,7464,7465,7466,4979,4980,7467,7468,2213,4262, # 7088
+7469,7470,7471,3678,4981,7472,2439,7473,4263,3224,3289,7474,3908,2415,4982,7475, # 7104
+4264,7476,4983,2655,7477,7478,2732,4552,2854,2875,7479,7480,4265,7481,4553,4984, # 7120
+7482,7483,4266,7484,3679,3366,3680,2818,2781,2782,3367,3589,4554,3065,7485,4071, # 7136
+2899,7486,7487,3157,2462,4072,4555,4073,4985,4986,3111,4267,2687,3368,4556,4074, # 7152
+3791,4268,7488,3909,2783,7489,2656,1962,3158,4557,4987,1963,3159,3160,7490,3112, # 7168
+4988,4989,3022,4990,4991,3792,2855,7491,7492,2971,4558,7493,7494,4992,7495,7496, # 7184
+7497,7498,4993,7499,3426,4559,4994,7500,3681,4560,4269,4270,3910,7501,4075,4995, # 7200
+4271,7502,7503,4076,7504,4996,7505,3225,4997,4272,4077,2819,3023,7506,7507,2733, # 7216
+4561,7508,4562,7509,3369,3793,7510,3590,2508,7511,7512,4273,3113,2994,2616,7513, # 7232
+7514,7515,7516,7517,7518,2820,3911,4078,2748,7519,7520,4563,4998,7521,7522,7523, # 7248
+7524,4999,4274,7525,4564,3682,2239,4079,4565,7526,7527,7528,7529,5000,7530,7531, # 7264
+5001,4275,3794,7532,7533,7534,3066,5002,4566,3161,7535,7536,4080,7537,3162,7538, # 7280
+7539,4567,7540,7541,7542,7543,7544,7545,5003,7546,4568,7547,7548,7549,7550,7551, # 7296
+7552,7553,7554,7555,7556,5004,7557,7558,7559,5005,7560,3795,7561,4569,7562,7563, # 7312
+7564,2821,3796,4276,4277,4081,7565,2876,7566,5006,7567,7568,2900,7569,3797,3912, # 7328
+7570,7571,7572,4278,7573,7574,7575,5007,7576,7577,5008,7578,7579,4279,2934,7580, # 7344
+7581,5009,7582,4570,7583,4280,7584,7585,7586,4571,4572,3913,7587,4573,3505,7588, # 7360
+5010,7589,7590,7591,7592,3798,4574,7593,7594,5011,7595,4281,7596,7597,7598,4282, # 7376
+5012,7599,7600,5013,3163,7601,5014,7602,3914,7603,7604,2734,4575,4576,4577,7605, # 7392
+7606,7607,7608,7609,3506,5015,4578,7610,4082,7611,2822,2901,2579,3683,3024,4579, # 7408
+3507,7612,4580,7613,3226,3799,5016,7614,7615,7616,7617,7618,7619,7620,2995,3290, # 7424
+7621,4083,7622,5017,7623,7624,7625,7626,7627,4581,3915,7628,3291,7629,5018,7630, # 7440
+7631,7632,7633,4084,7634,7635,3427,3800,7636,7637,4582,7638,5019,4583,5020,7639, # 7456
+3916,7640,3801,5021,4584,4283,7641,7642,3428,3591,2269,7643,2617,7644,4585,3592, # 7472
+7645,4586,2902,7646,7647,3227,5022,7648,4587,7649,4284,7650,7651,7652,4588,2284, # 7488
+7653,5023,7654,7655,7656,4589,5024,3802,7657,7658,5025,3508,4590,7659,7660,7661, # 7504
+1969,5026,7662,7663,3684,1821,2688,7664,2028,2509,4285,7665,2823,1841,7666,2689, # 7520
+3114,7667,3917,4085,2160,5027,5028,2972,7668,5029,7669,7670,7671,3593,4086,7672, # 7536
+4591,4087,5030,3803,7673,7674,7675,7676,7677,7678,7679,4286,2366,4592,4593,3067, # 7552
+2328,7680,7681,4594,3594,3918,2029,4287,7682,5031,3919,3370,4288,4595,2856,7683, # 7568
+3509,7684,7685,5032,5033,7686,7687,3804,2784,7688,7689,7690,7691,3371,7692,7693, # 7584
+2877,5034,7694,7695,3920,4289,4088,7696,7697,7698,5035,7699,5036,4290,5037,5038, # 7600
+5039,7700,7701,7702,5040,5041,3228,7703,1760,7704,5042,3229,4596,2106,4089,7705, # 7616
+4597,2824,5043,2107,3372,7706,4291,4090,5044,7707,4091,7708,5045,3025,3805,4598, # 7632
+4292,4293,4294,3373,7709,4599,7710,5046,7711,7712,5047,5048,3806,7713,7714,7715, # 7648
+5049,7716,7717,7718,7719,4600,5050,7720,7721,7722,5051,7723,4295,3429,7724,7725, # 7664
+7726,7727,3921,7728,3292,5052,4092,7729,7730,7731,7732,7733,7734,7735,5053,5054, # 7680
+7736,7737,7738,7739,3922,3685,7740,7741,7742,7743,2635,5055,7744,5056,4601,7745, # 7696
+7746,2560,7747,7748,7749,7750,3923,7751,7752,7753,7754,7755,4296,2903,7756,7757, # 7712
+7758,7759,7760,3924,7761,5057,4297,7762,7763,5058,4298,7764,4093,7765,7766,5059, # 7728
+3925,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,7772,7773,7774,7775,7776,3595,7777,4299,5060,4094, # 7744
+7778,3293,5061,7779,7780,4300,7781,7782,4602,7783,3596,7784,7785,3430,2367,7786, # 7760
+3164,5062,5063,4301,7787,7788,4095,5064,5065,7789,3374,3115,7790,7791,7792,7793, # 7776
+7794,7795,7796,3597,4603,7797,7798,3686,3116,3807,5066,7799,7800,5067,7801,7802, # 7792
+4604,4302,5068,4303,4096,7803,7804,3294,7805,7806,5069,4605,2690,7807,3026,7808, # 7808
+7809,7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,7824, # 7824
+7825,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,7840, # 7840
+7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855,7856, # 7856
+7857,7858,7859,7860,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870,7871,7872, # 7872
+7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886,7887,7888, # 7888
+7889,7890,7891,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,7897,7898,7899,7900,7901,7902,7903,7904, # 7904
+7905,7906,7907,7908,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913,7914,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920, # 7920
+7921,7922,7923,7924,3926,7925,7926,7927,7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935, # 7936
+7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943,7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951, # 7952
+7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959,7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967, # 7968
+7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975,7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,7982,7983, # 7984
+7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990,7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,7997,7998,7999, # 8000
+8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005,8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015, # 8016
+8016,8017,8018,8019,8020,8021,8022,8023,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031, # 8032
+8032,8033,8034,8035,8036,8037,8038,8039,8040,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047, # 8048
+8048,8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063, # 8064
+8064,8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079, # 8080
+8080,8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095, # 8096
+8096,8097,8098,8099,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110,8111, # 8112
+8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125,8126,8127, # 8128
+8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143, # 8144
+8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159, # 8160
+8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175, # 8176
+8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191, # 8192
+8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207, # 8208
+8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223, # 8224
+8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239, # 8240
+8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255, # 8256
+8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271) # 8272
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59aeb6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+NUM_OF_CATEGORY = 6
+DONT_KNOW = -1
+ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 100
+MAX_REL_THRESHOLD = 1000
+MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 4
+
+# This is hiragana 2-char sequence table, the number in each cell represents its frequency category
+jp2CharContext = (
+(0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1),
+(2,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,0,3,4,4,4,2,4,3,3,4,3,2,3,3,4,2,3,3,3,2,4,1,4,3,3,1,5,4,3,4,3,4,3,5,3,0,3,5,4,2,0,3,1,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,1,1,0,4,3,0,3,3,0,4,0,2,0,3,5,5,5,5,4,0,4,1,0,3,4),
+(0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,4,0,5,0,5,0,4,0,4,5,4,4,3,5,3,5,1,5,3,4,3,4,4,3,4,3,3,4,3,5,4,4,3,5,5,3,5,5,5,3,5,5,3,4,5,5,3,1,3,2,0,3,4,0,4,2,0,4,2,1,5,3,2,3,5,0,4,0,2,0,5,4,4,5,4,5,0,4,0,0,4,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
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+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,2,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,2,0,3,1,3,0,3,0,2,3,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,3,1,3,0,2,3,1,1,4,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,2,4,1,3,3,0,1,4,2,3,0,1,3,0,3,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,0,3,3,2,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,4,4,4,3,1,0,3,0,0,3,3),
+(0,2,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,3,2,2,1,3,0,1,1,3,0,3,2,3,1,2,0,2,0,1,1,3,3,3,0,3,3,1,1,2,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,0,2,1,2,1,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,4,4,4,3,2,0,2,0,0,2,4),
+(0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,0,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,0,3,1,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,2,2,0,2,3,1,4,3,4,3,3,2,3,1,5,4,4,0,3,1,2,1,3,0,3,1,1,2,0,2,3,1,3,1,3,0,3,0,1,0,3,3,4,4,2,1,0,2,1,0,2,4),
+(0,1,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,1,4,2,5,1,4,0,2,0,2,1,3,1,4,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,4,1,1,0,3,3,0,5,1,3,2,3,3,1,0,3,2,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4,0,1,0,3,0,2,0,1,0,3,3,3,4,3,3,0,0,0,0,2,3),
+(0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,1,0,3,0,4,0,3,0,2,4,3,1,0,3,2,2,1,3,1,2,2,3,1,1,1,2,1,3,0,1,2,0,1,3,2,1,3,0,5,5,1,0,0,1,3,2,1,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,4,0,1,1,1,3,2,0,2,0,1,0,2,3,3,1,2,3,0,1,0,1,0,4),
+(0,0,0,1,0,3,0,3,0,2,2,1,0,0,4,0,3,0,3,1,3,0,3,0,3,0,1,0,3,0,3,1,3,0,3,3,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,1,4),
+(0,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,2,0,2,3,0,0,2,2,3,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,3),
+(2,4,0,5,0,5,0,4,0,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,4,5,5,5,2,3,0,5,5,4,1,5,4,3,1,5,4,3,4,4,3,3,4,3,3,0,3,2,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,3,3,0,5,3,2,3,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,4,5,4,5,3,0,4,3,0,3,4),
+(0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,4,3,2,3,2,3,0,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,4,3,3,1,3,4,3,4,4,4,3,4,4,3,2,4,4,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,3,1,0,5,3,2,1,3,0,3,0,1,2,4,3,2,4,3,3,0,3,2,0,4,4),
+(0,3,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,1,4,3,3,2,3,1,3,1,4,2,3,2,4,2,3,4,3,0,2,2,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,3,4,1,3,3,0,3,4,3,3,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,4,0,3,0,0,3,1,2,1,3,0,4,0,1,0,4,3,3,4,3,3,0,2,0,0,3,3),
+(0,3,0,4,0,1,0,3,0,3,4,3,3,0,3,3,3,1,3,1,3,3,4,3,3,3,0,0,3,1,5,3,3,1,3,3,2,5,4,3,3,4,5,3,2,5,3,4,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,4,2,2,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,4,4,3,5,3,2,0,1,1,0,3,4),
+(0,5,0,4,0,5,0,2,0,4,4,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,4,3,4,1,5,3,4,3,4,0,4,2,4,3,4,1,5,4,0,4,4,4,4,5,4,1,3,5,4,2,1,4,1,1,3,2,0,3,1,0,3,2,1,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,4,3,3,3,0,4,2,0,3,4),
+(1,4,0,4,0,3,0,1,0,3,3,3,1,1,3,3,2,2,3,3,1,0,3,2,2,1,2,0,3,1,2,1,2,0,3,2,0,2,2,3,3,4,3,0,3,3,1,2,0,1,1,3,1,2,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,3,2,2,3,3,0,3,0,0,0,2,3,3,4,3,3,0,1,0,0,1,4),
+(0,4,0,4,0,4,0,0,0,3,4,4,3,1,4,2,3,2,3,3,3,1,4,3,4,0,3,0,4,2,3,3,2,2,5,4,2,1,3,4,3,4,3,1,3,3,4,2,0,2,1,0,3,3,0,0,2,0,3,1,0,4,4,3,4,3,0,4,0,1,0,2,4,4,4,4,4,0,3,2,0,3,3),
+(0,0,0,1,0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,2,0,3,0,4,0,4,0,1,3,3,3,0,4,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,3,1,1,0,1,0,3,1,0,0,3,3,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,2,2,0,3,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,3,4,3,1,0,1,0,3,0,2),
+(0,0,0,3,0,5,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,3,1,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,4,0,0,0,2,3,0,1,4,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,2,0,5,0,5,0,1,0,2,4,3,3,2,5,1,3,2,3,3,3,0,4,1,2,0,3,0,4,0,2,2,1,1,5,3,0,0,1,4,2,3,2,0,3,3,3,2,0,2,4,1,1,2,0,1,1,0,3,1,0,1,3,1,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,1,3,5,4,4,4,0,3,0,0,1,3),
+(0,4,0,5,0,4,0,4,0,4,5,4,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,3,4,5,4,2,4,2,3,4,3,1,4,4,1,3,5,4,4,5,5,4,4,5,5,5,2,3,3,1,4,3,1,3,3,0,3,3,1,4,3,4,4,4,0,3,0,4,0,3,3,4,4,5,0,0,4,3,0,4,5),
+(0,4,0,4,0,3,0,3,0,3,4,4,4,3,3,2,4,3,4,3,4,3,5,3,4,3,2,1,4,2,4,4,3,1,3,4,2,4,5,5,3,4,5,4,1,5,4,3,0,3,2,2,3,2,1,3,1,0,3,3,3,5,3,3,3,5,4,4,2,3,3,4,3,3,3,2,1,0,3,2,1,4,3),
+(0,4,0,5,0,4,0,3,0,3,5,5,3,2,4,3,4,0,5,4,4,1,4,4,4,3,3,3,4,3,5,5,2,3,3,4,1,2,5,5,3,5,5,2,3,5,5,4,0,3,2,0,3,3,1,1,5,1,4,1,0,4,3,2,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,5,4,3,4,3,0,0,4,1,0,4,4),
+(1,3,0,4,0,2,0,2,0,2,5,5,3,3,3,3,3,0,4,2,3,4,4,4,3,4,0,0,3,4,5,4,3,3,3,3,2,5,5,4,5,5,5,4,3,5,5,5,1,3,1,0,1,0,0,3,2,0,4,2,0,5,2,3,2,4,1,3,0,3,0,4,5,4,5,4,3,0,4,2,0,5,4),
+(0,3,0,4,0,5,0,3,0,3,4,4,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,4,3,3,2,2,0,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,4,4,3,4,4,1,1,4,4,2,0,3,1,0,1,1,0,4,1,0,2,3,1,3,3,1,3,4,0,3,0,1,0,3,1,3,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,4,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,0,1,5,4,3,3,3,1,4,2,1,2,3,4,4,2,4,4,5,0,3,1,4,3,4,0,4,3,3,3,2,3,2,5,3,4,3,2,2,3,0,0,3,0,2,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,3,1,0,2,0,4,0,3,4,4,4,5,2,0,2,0,0,1,3),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,4,2,1,1,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,3,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,4,0,4,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,4,0,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,3,4,2,4,3,2,0,4,4,4,3,5,3,5,3,3,2,4,2,4,3,4,3,1,4,0,2,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,4,1,3,4,3,2,1,2,1,3,3,3,4,4,3,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,4,3,3,3,2,1,0,3,0,0,3,3),
+(0,4,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,5,5,3,3,3,3,4,3,4,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,4,3,5,3,3,1,3,2,4,5,5,5,5,4,3,4,5,5,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,2,0,4,3,2,2,1,2,0,3,0,0,4,1),
+)
+
+class JapaneseContextAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mTotalRel = 0  # total sequence received
+        # category counters, each interger counts sequence in its category
+        self._mRelSample = [0] * NUM_OF_CATEGORY
+        # if last byte in current buffer is not the last byte of a character,
+        # we need to know how many bytes to skip in next buffer
+        self._mNeedToSkipCharNum = 0
+        self._mLastCharOrder = -1  # The order of previous char
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._mDone = False
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf, aLen):
+        if self._mDone:
+            return
+
+        # The buffer we got is byte oriented, and a character may span in more than one
+        # buffers. In case the last one or two byte in last buffer is not
+        # complete, we record how many byte needed to complete that character
+        # and skip these bytes here.  We can choose to record those bytes as
+        # well and analyse the character once it is complete, but since a
+        # character will not make much difference, by simply skipping
+        # this character will simply our logic and improve performance.
+        i = self._mNeedToSkipCharNum
+        while i < aLen:
+            order, charLen = self.get_order(aBuf[i:i + 2])
+            i += charLen
+            if i > aLen:
+                self._mNeedToSkipCharNum = i - aLen
+                self._mLastCharOrder = -1
+            else:
+                if (order != -1) and (self._mLastCharOrder != -1):
+                    self._mTotalRel += 1
+                    if self._mTotalRel > MAX_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                        self._mDone = True
+                        break
+                    self._mRelSample[jp2CharContext[self._mLastCharOrder][order]] += 1
+                self._mLastCharOrder = order
+
+    def got_enough_data(self):
+        return self._mTotalRel > ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        # This is just one way to calculate confidence. It works well for me.
+        if self._mTotalRel > MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return (self._mTotalRel - self._mRelSample[0]) / self._mTotalRel
+        else:
+            return DONT_KNOW
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        return -1, 1
+
+class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.charset_name = "SHIFT_JIS"
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self.charset_name
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        if not aBuf:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if ((0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F) or (0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xFC)):
+            charLen = 2
+            if (first_char == 0x87) or (0xFA <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+                self.charset_name = "CP932"
+        else:
+            charLen = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(aBuf) > 1:
+            second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+            if (first_char == 202) and (0x9F <= second_char <= 0xF1):
+                return second_char - 0x9F, charLen
+
+        return -1, charLen
+
+class EUCJPContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        if not aBuf:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if (first_char == 0x8E) or (0xA1 <= first_char <= 0xFE):
+            charLen = 2
+        elif first_char == 0x8F:
+            charLen = 3
+        else:
+            charLen = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(aBuf) > 1:
+            second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+            if (first_char == 0xA4) and (0xA1 <= second_char <= 0xF3):
+                return second_char - 0xA1, charLen
+
+        return -1, charLen
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5788fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+# this table is modified base on win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap, so
+# only number <64 is sure valid
+
+Latin5_BulgarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 77, 90, 99,100, 72,109,107,101, 79,185, 81,102, 76, 94, 82,  # 40
+110,186,108, 91, 74,119, 84, 96,111,187,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 65, 69, 70, 66, 63, 68,112,103, 92,194,104, 95, 86, 87, 71,  # 60
+116,195, 85, 93, 97,113,196,197,198,199,200,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,  # 80
+210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,  # 90
+ 81,226,227,228,229,230,105,231,232,233,234,235,236, 45,237,238,  # a0
+ 31, 32, 35, 43, 37, 44, 55, 47, 40, 59, 33, 46, 38, 36, 41, 30,  # b0
+ 39, 28, 34, 51, 48, 49, 53, 50, 54, 57, 61,239, 67,240, 60, 56,  # c0
+  1, 18,  9, 20, 11,  3, 23, 15,  2, 26, 12, 10, 14,  6,  4, 13,  # d0
+  7,  8,  5, 19, 29, 25, 22, 21, 27, 24, 17, 75, 52,241, 42, 16,  # e0
+ 62,242,243,244, 58,245, 98,246,247,248,249,250,251, 91,252,253,  # f0
+)
+
+win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 77, 90, 99,100, 72,109,107,101, 79,185, 81,102, 76, 94, 82,  # 40
+110,186,108, 91, 74,119, 84, 96,111,187,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 65, 69, 70, 66, 63, 68,112,103, 92,194,104, 95, 86, 87, 71,  # 60
+116,195, 85, 93, 97,113,196,197,198,199,200,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,120,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,  # 80
+221, 78, 64, 83,121, 98,117,105,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,  # 90
+ 88,230,231,232,233,122, 89,106,234,235,236,237,238, 45,239,240,  # a0
+ 73, 80,118,114,241,242,243,244,245, 62, 58,246,247,248,249,250,  # b0
+ 31, 32, 35, 43, 37, 44, 55, 47, 40, 59, 33, 46, 38, 36, 41, 30,  # c0
+ 39, 28, 34, 51, 48, 49, 53, 50, 54, 57, 61,251, 67,252, 60, 56,  # d0
+  1, 18,  9, 20, 11,  3, 23, 15,  2, 26, 12, 10, 14,  6,  4, 13,  # e0
+  7,  8,  5, 19, 29, 25, 22, 21, 27, 24, 17, 75, 52,253, 42, 16,  # f0
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 96.9392%
+# first 1024 sequences:3.0618%
+# rest  sequences:     0.2992%
+# negative sequences:  0.0020%
+BulgarianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,1,2,2,
+3,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,0,2,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,1,2,0,2,1,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,1,3,1,3,2,2,3,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,1,1,1,2,3,1,3,1,2,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,3,3,1,2,3,1,1,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,2,0,2,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,3,3,2,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,0,1,2,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,0,3,1,2,1,2,1,2,3,2,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,1,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,1,2,1,3,3,0,3,1,1,1,1,3,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,1,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,3,2,0,3,0,2,0,0,2,1,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,1,2,1,3,2,1,1,0,1,2,3,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,2,2,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,1,3,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,1,0,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,0,2,2,1,3,2,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,0,2,3,1,2,3,2,0,1,3,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,2,3,
+2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,2,1,2,0,2,0,1,0,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,2,3,3,1,1,3,1,0,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,0,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,1,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,2,1,
+1,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,2,3,3,0,0,2,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+2,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,3,0,2,3,1,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,2,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,2,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+2,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,0,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,2,
+2,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,2,2,0,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,2,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,3,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,0,2,2,2,2,3,2,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,
+1,2,2,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,0,1,0,3,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,3,2,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,0,1,2,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,
+1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,
+1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,
+0,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+)
+
+Latin5BulgarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin5_BulgarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': BulgarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.969392,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-5"
+}
+
+Win1251BulgarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': BulgarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.969392,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1251"
+}
+
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a86f54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# KOI8-R language model
+# Character Mapping Table:
+KOI8R_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,  # 80
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,  # 90
+223,224,225, 68,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,  # a0
+238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,  # b0
+ 27,  3, 21, 28, 13,  2, 39, 19, 26,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1,  # c0
+ 15, 16,  9,  7,  6, 14, 24, 10, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 29, 22, 54,  # d0
+ 59, 37, 44, 58, 41, 48, 53, 46, 55, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34,  # e0
+ 35, 43, 45, 32, 40, 52, 56, 33, 61, 62, 51, 57, 47, 63, 50, 70,  # f0
+)
+
+win1251_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246, 68,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+)
+
+latin5_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+239, 68,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,255,
+)
+
+macCyrillic_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252, 68, 16,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27,255,
+)
+
+IBM855_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194, 68,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217, 27, 59, 54, 70,
+  3, 37, 21, 44, 28, 58, 13, 41,  2, 48, 39, 53, 19, 46,218,219,
+220,221,222,223,224, 26, 55,  4, 42,225,226,227,228, 23, 60,229,
+230,231,232,233,234,235, 11, 36,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,
+  8, 49, 12, 38,  5, 31,  1, 34, 15,244,245,246,247, 35, 16,248,
+ 43,  9, 45,  7, 32,  6, 40, 14, 52, 24, 56, 10, 33, 17, 61,249,
+250, 18, 62, 20, 51, 25, 57, 30, 47, 29, 63, 22, 50,251,252,255,
+)
+
+IBM866_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+239, 68,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,255,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 97.6601%
+# first 1024 sequences: 2.3389%
+# rest  sequences:      0.1237%
+# negative sequences:   0.0009%
+RussianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,
+3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,1,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,3,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,2,3,3,2,1,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,0,3,2,2,3,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,0,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,0,1,3,2,1,2,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,1,3,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,1,3,2,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,3,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,0,0,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,0,2,1,0,3,2,3,2,3,0,0,1,2,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,0,0,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,0,2,3,2,3,0,1,2,3,3,2,0,2,3,0,0,2,3,2,2,0,1,3,1,3,2,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,2,0,0,2,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,2,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,1,3,2,3,1,1,2,1,0,2,2,2,2,1,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,1,3,1,0,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,1,1,3,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,3,1,1,2,0,0,2,2,1,3,0,0,2,1,1,2,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,3,3,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,2,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,2,2,3,2,0,3,2,0,3,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,1,2,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,3,0,2,1,0,0,2,2,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,1,0,1,1,2,2,1,1,3,0,0,1,3,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,3,3,3,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,0,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,0,0,1,0,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,3,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,2,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+2,3,2,3,3,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,2,0,0,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,2,0,1,1,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,
+1,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+1,3,2,3,2,1,0,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,
+3,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+3,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,
+1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,
+1,3,3,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,3,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,1,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+1,3,2,2,2,1,0,0,2,2,1,0,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
+2,0,2,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,2,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,2,0,
+1,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+2,1,2,2,2,0,3,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+1,2,2,3,2,2,0,0,1,1,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,2,1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+)
+
+Koi8rModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': KOI8R_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "KOI8-R"
+}
+
+Win1251CyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1251_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1251"
+}
+
+Latin5CyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': latin5_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-5"
+}
+
+MacCyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': macCyrillic_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "MacCyrillic"
+};
+
+Ibm866Model = {
+  'charToOrderMap': IBM866_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "IBM866"
+}
+
+Ibm855Model = {
+  'charToOrderMap': IBM855_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "IBM855"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddb5837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+Latin7_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 82,100,104, 94, 98,101,116,102,111,187,117, 92, 88,113, 85,  # 40
+ 79,118,105, 83, 67,114,119, 95, 99,109,188,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 72, 70, 80, 81, 60, 96, 93, 89, 68,120, 97, 77, 86, 69, 55,  # 60
+ 78,115, 65, 66, 58, 76,106,103, 87,107,112,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 80
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 90
+253,233, 90,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253, 74,253,253,  # a0
+253,253,253,253,247,248, 61, 36, 46, 71, 73,253, 54,253,108,123,  # b0
+110, 31, 51, 43, 41, 34, 91, 40, 52, 47, 44, 53, 38, 49, 59, 39,  # c0
+ 35, 48,250, 37, 33, 45, 56, 50, 84, 57,120,121, 17, 18, 22, 15,  # d0
+124,  1, 29, 20, 21,  3, 32, 13, 25,  5, 11, 16, 10,  6, 30,  4,  # e0
+  9,  8, 14,  7,  2, 12, 28, 23, 42, 24, 64, 75, 19, 26, 27,253,  # f0
+)
+
+win1253_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 82,100,104, 94, 98,101,116,102,111,187,117, 92, 88,113, 85,  # 40
+ 79,118,105, 83, 67,114,119, 95, 99,109,188,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 72, 70, 80, 81, 60, 96, 93, 89, 68,120, 97, 77, 86, 69, 55,  # 60
+ 78,115, 65, 66, 58, 76,106,103, 87,107,112,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 80
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 90
+253,233, 61,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253, 74,253,253,  # a0
+253,253,253,253,247,253,253, 36, 46, 71, 73,253, 54,253,108,123,  # b0
+110, 31, 51, 43, 41, 34, 91, 40, 52, 47, 44, 53, 38, 49, 59, 39,  # c0
+ 35, 48,250, 37, 33, 45, 56, 50, 84, 57,120,121, 17, 18, 22, 15,  # d0
+124,  1, 29, 20, 21,  3, 32, 13, 25,  5, 11, 16, 10,  6, 30,  4,  # e0
+  9,  8, 14,  7,  2, 12, 28, 23, 42, 24, 64, 75, 19, 26, 27,253,  # f0
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 98.2851%
+# first 1024 sequences:1.7001%
+# rest  sequences:     0.0359%
+# negative sequences:  0.0148%
+GreekLangModel = (
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,2,2,3,3,0,3,0,3,2,0,3,3,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,0,
+2,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,1,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,0,3,1,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,2,3,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,0,2,3,0,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,2,2,3,3,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,3,2,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,2,0,3,0,3,0,0,2,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,1,2,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,0,3,2,2,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,0,3,2,3,3,2,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,2,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,2,0,3,2,3,0,0,3,2,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,0,2,0,0,2,3,1,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,3,3,2,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,0,3,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,0,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,0,3,0,0,2,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,2,0,3,2,3,2,3,0,0,3,2,3,2,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,3,0,2,1,0,0,3,2,2,2,0,3,0,0,2,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,2,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,0,2,1,2,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,2,3,0,0,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,2,3,3,3,2,3,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,3,0,0,0,3,2,0,3,2,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,2,0,2,3,2,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,2,0,2,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,2,3,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,1,0,2,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,0,0,3,3,3,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,3,3,2,2,0,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,2,2,1,2,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,2,3,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,
+0,2,2,0,0,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,3,2,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,2,2,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,3,2,0,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,1,2,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,3,2,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,3,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,3,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,2,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,2,0,2,2,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,3,1,2,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,0,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,2,2,0,0,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,2,0,0,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,
+0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+Latin7GreekModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin7_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': GreekLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.982851,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-7"
+}
+
+Win1253GreekModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1253_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': GreekLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.982851,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1253"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75f2bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Simon Montagu
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Shoshannah Forbes - original C code (?)
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Windows-1255 language model
+# Character Mapping Table:
+win1255_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 69, 91, 79, 80, 92, 89, 97, 90, 68,111,112, 82, 73, 95, 85,  # 40
+ 78,121, 86, 71, 67,102,107, 84,114,103,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 50, 74, 60, 61, 42, 76, 70, 64, 53,105, 93, 56, 65, 54, 49,  # 60
+ 66,110, 51, 43, 44, 63, 81, 77, 98, 75,108,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+124,202,203,204,205, 40, 58,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,
+215, 83, 52, 47, 46, 72, 32, 94,216,113,217,109,218,219,220,221,
+ 34,116,222,118,100,223,224,117,119,104,125,225,226, 87, 99,227,
+106,122,123,228, 55,229,230,101,231,232,120,233, 48, 39, 57,234,
+ 30, 59, 41, 88, 33, 37, 36, 31, 29, 35,235, 62, 28,236,126,237,
+238, 38, 45,239,240,241,242,243,127,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,
+  9,  8, 20, 16,  3,  2, 24, 14, 22,  1, 25, 15,  4, 11,  6, 23,
+ 12, 19, 13, 26, 18, 27, 21, 17,  7, 10,  5,251,252,128, 96,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 98.4004%
+# first 1024 sequences: 1.5981%
+# rest  sequences:      0.087%
+# negative sequences:   0.0015%
+HebrewLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,2,0,1,0,0,
+3,0,3,1,0,0,1,3,2,0,1,1,2,0,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,0,2,2,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,3,1,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,1,2,2,1,3,
+1,2,1,1,2,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,2,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,2,0,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,1,2,1,1,1,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,2,0,2,1,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,
+0,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,1,2,3,0,2,1,2,2,
+0,2,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,3,3,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,
+0,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,3,2,3,1,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,2,2,2,
+0,1,0,1,2,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,3,3,3,
+0,3,0,2,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,2,0,2,0,2,0,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,
+0,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,2,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+0,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+)
+
+Win1255HebrewModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1255_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HebrewLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.984004,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1255"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49d2f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+Latin2_HungarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 28, 40, 54, 45, 32, 50, 49, 38, 39, 53, 36, 41, 34, 35, 47,
+ 46, 71, 43, 33, 37, 57, 48, 64, 68, 55, 52,253,253,253,253,253,
+253,  2, 18, 26, 17,  1, 27, 12, 20,  9, 22,  7,  6, 13,  4,  8,
+ 23, 67, 10,  5,  3, 21, 19, 65, 62, 16, 11,253,253,253,253,253,
+159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,
+175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197, 75,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+ 79,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,
+221, 51, 81,222, 78,223,224,225,226, 44,227,228,229, 61,230,231,
+232,233,234, 58,235, 66, 59,236,237,238, 60, 69, 63,239,240,241,
+ 82, 14, 74,242, 70, 80,243, 72,244, 15, 83, 77, 84, 30, 76, 85,
+245,246,247, 25, 73, 42, 24,248,249,250, 31, 56, 29,251,252,253,
+)
+
+win1250HungarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 28, 40, 54, 45, 32, 50, 49, 38, 39, 53, 36, 41, 34, 35, 47,
+ 46, 72, 43, 33, 37, 57, 48, 64, 68, 55, 52,253,253,253,253,253,
+253,  2, 18, 26, 17,  1, 27, 12, 20,  9, 22,  7,  6, 13,  4,  8,
+ 23, 67, 10,  5,  3, 21, 19, 65, 62, 16, 11,253,253,253,253,253,
+161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,
+177,178,179,180, 78,181, 69,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197, 76,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+ 81,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,
+221, 51, 83,222, 80,223,224,225,226, 44,227,228,229, 61,230,231,
+232,233,234, 58,235, 66, 59,236,237,238, 60, 70, 63,239,240,241,
+ 84, 14, 75,242, 71, 82,243, 73,244, 15, 85, 79, 86, 30, 77, 87,
+245,246,247, 25, 74, 42, 24,248,249,250, 31, 56, 29,251,252,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 94.7368%
+# first 1024 sequences:5.2623%
+# rest  sequences:     0.8894%
+# negative sequences:  0.0009%
+HungarianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,
+3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,1,3,3,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,2,0,3,2,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,0,3,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,0,3,3,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,2,
+0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,1,3,3,2,1,3,2,2,3,2,1,3,2,2,1,0,3,3,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,1,1,3,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,0,1,1,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,0,3,2,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,3,1,1,3,3,1,1,0,3,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,3,1,3,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,1,1,3,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,1,0,3,2,0,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,1,0,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,3,0,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,1,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,1,3,3,1,1,0,2,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,3,1,1,3,2,1,2,3,1,1,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,1,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,1,1,2,1,1,3,3,1,0,1,1,3,3,2,0,1,1,2,3,1,0,2,2,1,0,0,1,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,3,3,2,1,1,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,3,3,0,3,2,1,2,3,2,1,3,3,1,1,0,2,1,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,0,2,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,2,3,0,0,0,2,3,3,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,1,0,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,2,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,1,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,1,1,1,1,1,3,3,3,0,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,0,3,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,3,1,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,0,2,0,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+1,1,1,2,3,2,3,3,0,1,2,2,3,1,0,1,0,2,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,3,2,2,1,0,0,3,2,3,2,0,0,0,1,1,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,2,3,3,1,0,1,3,2,3,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,1,2,3,3,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+3,2,2,1,0,0,1,1,2,2,0,3,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,3,3,1,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,0,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,2,2,0,1,0,1,0,2,3,2,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,2,2,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,
+2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,3,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,2,1,
+1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,0,0,2,1,2,2,1,0,0,2,1,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,1,1,2,2,2,3,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,1,0,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,2,3,2,1,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,1,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,1,0,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,
+1,2,3,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,2,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,2,0,0,3,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,2,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+Latin2HungarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin2_HungarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HungarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.947368,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': True,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-2"
+}
+
+Win1250HungarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1250HungarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HungarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.947368,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': True,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1250"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0508b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# The following result for thai was collected from a limited sample (1M).
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+TIS620CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,182,106,107,100,183,184,185,101, 94,186,187,108,109,110,111,  # 40
+188,189,190, 89, 95,112,113,191,192,193,194,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 64, 72, 73,114, 74,115,116,102, 81,201,117, 90,103, 78, 82,  # 60
+ 96,202, 91, 79, 84,104,105, 97, 98, 92,203,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+209,210,211,212,213, 88,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,118,221,222,
+223,224, 99, 85, 83,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,
+236,  5, 30,237, 24,238, 75,  8, 26, 52, 34, 51,119, 47, 58, 57,
+ 49, 53, 55, 43, 20, 19, 44, 14, 48,  3, 17, 25, 39, 62, 31, 54,
+ 45,  9, 16,  2, 61, 15,239, 12, 42, 46, 18, 21, 76,  4, 66, 63,
+ 22, 10,  1, 36, 23, 13, 40, 27, 32, 35, 86,240,241,242,243,244,
+ 11, 28, 41, 29, 33,245, 50, 37,  6,  7, 67, 77, 38, 93,246,247,
+ 68, 56, 59, 65, 69, 60, 70, 80, 71, 87,248,249,250,251,252,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 92.6386%
+# first 1024 sequences:7.3177%
+# rest  sequences:     1.0230%
+# negative sequences:  0.0436%
+ThaiLangModel = (
+0,1,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,
+0,3,3,0,0,0,1,3,0,3,3,2,3,3,0,1,2,3,3,3,3,0,2,0,2,0,0,3,2,1,2,2,
+3,0,3,3,2,3,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,
+0,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,3,1,1,3,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,
+3,1,2,3,0,3,3,2,2,1,2,3,3,1,2,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,
+3,3,1,2,3,1,2,2,3,3,1,0,2,1,0,0,3,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,1,
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+)
+
+TIS620ThaiModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': TIS620CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': ThaiLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.926386,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "TIS-620"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eef3573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .constants import eNotMe
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+FREQ_CAT_NUM = 4
+
+UDF = 0  # undefined
+OTH = 1  # other
+ASC = 2  # ascii capital letter
+ASS = 3  # ascii small letter
+ACV = 4  # accent capital vowel
+ACO = 5  # accent capital other
+ASV = 6  # accent small vowel
+ASO = 7  # accent small other
+CLASS_NUM = 8  # total classes
+
+Latin1_CharToClass = (
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 00 - 07
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 08 - 0F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 10 - 17
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 18 - 1F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 20 - 27
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 28 - 2F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 30 - 37
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 38 - 3F
+    OTH, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 40 - 47
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 48 - 4F
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 50 - 57
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 58 - 5F
+    OTH, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 60 - 67
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 68 - 6F
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 70 - 77
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 78 - 7F
+    OTH, UDF, OTH, ASO, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 80 - 87
+    OTH, OTH, ACO, OTH, ACO, UDF, ACO, UDF,   # 88 - 8F
+    UDF, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 90 - 97
+    OTH, OTH, ASO, OTH, ASO, UDF, ASO, ACO,   # 98 - 9F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A0 - A7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A8 - AF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B0 - B7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B8 - BF
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO,   # C0 - C7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV,   # C8 - CF
+    ACO, ACO, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, OTH,   # D0 - D7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO, ACO,   # D8 - DF
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO,   # E0 - E7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV,   # E8 - EF
+    ASO, ASO, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, OTH,   # F0 - F7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO, ASO,   # F8 - FF
+)
+
+# 0 : illegal
+# 1 : very unlikely
+# 2 : normal
+# 3 : very likely
+Latin1ClassModel = (
+    # UDF OTH ASC ASS ACV ACO ASV ASO
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  # UDF
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # OTH
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ASC
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASS
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  2,  1,  2,  # ACV
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ACO
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,  3,  # ASV
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASO
+)
+
+
+class Latin1Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mLastCharClass = OTH
+        self._mFreqCounter = [0] * FREQ_CAT_NUM
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "windows-1252"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = self.filter_with_english_letters(aBuf)
+        for c in aBuf:
+            charClass = Latin1_CharToClass[wrap_ord(c)]
+            freq = Latin1ClassModel[(self._mLastCharClass * CLASS_NUM)
+                                    + charClass]
+            if freq == 0:
+                self._mState = eNotMe
+                break
+            self._mFreqCounter[freq] += 1
+            self._mLastCharClass = charClass
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        if self.get_state() == eNotMe:
+            return 0.01
+
+        total = sum(self._mFreqCounter)
+        if total < 0.01:
+            confidence = 0.0
+        else:
+            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] - self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0)
+                          / total)
+        if confidence < 0.0:
+            confidence = 0.0
+        # lower the confidence of latin1 so that other more accurate
+        # detector can take priority.
+        confidence = confidence * 0.73
+        return confidence
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb42f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+
+
+class MultiByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = None
+        self._mCodingSM = None
+        self._mLastChar = [0, 0]
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        if self._mCodingSM:
+            self._mCodingSM.reset()
+        if self._mDistributionAnalyzer:
+            self._mDistributionAnalyzer.reset()
+        self._mLastChar = [0, 0]
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        pass
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mDistributionAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+                    (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        return self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03c9dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .utf8prober import UTF8Prober
+from .sjisprober import SJISProber
+from .eucjpprober import EUCJPProber
+from .gb2312prober import GB2312Prober
+from .euckrprober import EUCKRProber
+from .cp949prober import CP949Prober
+from .big5prober import Big5Prober
+from .euctwprober import EUCTWProber
+
+
+class MBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetGroupProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mProbers = [
+            UTF8Prober(),
+            SJISProber(),
+            EUCJPProber(),
+            GB2312Prober(),
+            EUCKRProber(),
+            CP949Prober(),
+            Big5Prober(),
+            EUCTWProber()
+        ]
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efe678c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart, eError, eItsMe
+
+# BIG5
+
+BIG5_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07    #allow 0x00 as legal value
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 80 - 87
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 90 - 97
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 98 - 9f
+    4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # a0 - a7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # a8 - af
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # b0 - b7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # b8 - bf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c0 - c7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c8 - cf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d0 - d7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+BIG5_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,#08-0f
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart#10-17
+)
+
+Big5CharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0)
+
+Big5SMModel = {'classTable': BIG5_cls,
+               'classFactor': 5,
+               'stateTable': BIG5_st,
+               'charLenTable': Big5CharLenTable,
+               'name': 'Big5'}
+
+# CP949
+
+CP949_cls  = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 00 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 3f
+    1,4,4,4,4,4,4,4, 4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 40 - 4f
+    4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 5f
+    1,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 60 - 6f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 7f
+    0,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 80 - 8f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 90 - 9f
+    6,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,  # a0 - af
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # b0 - bf
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,9,2, 2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - df
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - ef
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,  # f0 - ff
+)
+
+CP949_st = (
+#cls=    0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9  # previous state =
+    eError,eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,     4,     5,eError,     6, # eStart
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError, # eError
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe, # eItsMe
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 3
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 4
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 5
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 6
+)
+
+CP949CharLenTable = (0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2)
+
+CP949SMModel = {'classTable': CP949_cls,
+                'classFactor': 10,
+                'stateTable': CP949_st,
+                'charLenTable': CP949CharLenTable,
+                'name': 'CP949'}
+
+# EUC-JP
+
+EUCJP_cls = (
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 00 - 07
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,  # 08 - 0f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 10 - 17
+    4,4,4,5,4,4,4,4,  # 18 - 1f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 20 - 27
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 28 - 2f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 30 - 37
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 38 - 3f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 40 - 47
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 48 - 4f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 50 - 57
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 58 - 5f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 60 - 67
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 68 - 6f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 70 - 77
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 80 - 87
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,1,3,  # 88 - 8f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 90 - 97
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 98 - 9f
+    5,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCJP_st = (
+          3,     4,     3,     5,eStart,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,eStart,eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,#10-17
+     eError,eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,     3,eError,#18-1f
+          3,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart#20-27
+)
+
+EUCJPCharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 0)
+
+EUCJPSMModel = {'classTable': EUCJP_cls,
+                'classFactor': 6,
+                'stateTable': EUCJP_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCJPCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'EUC-JP'}
+
+# EUC-KR
+
+EUCKR_cls  = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCKR_st = (
+    eError,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart #08-0f
+)
+
+EUCKRCharLenTable = (0, 1, 2, 0)
+
+EUCKRSMModel = {'classTable': EUCKR_cls,
+                'classFactor': 4,
+                'stateTable': EUCKR_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCKRCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'EUC-KR'}
+
+# EUC-TW
+
+EUCTW_cls = (
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 00 - 07
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 10 - 17
+    2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,  # 18 - 1f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 20 - 27
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 28 - 2f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 30 - 37
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,6,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # a0 - a7
+    5,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a8 - af
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b0 - b7
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b8 - bf
+    1,1,3,1,3,3,3,3,  # c0 - c7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c8 - cf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d0 - d7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCTW_st = (
+    eError,eError,eStart,     3,     3,     3,     4,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eStart,eError,#10-17
+    eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+         5,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eError,eStart,eStart,#20-27
+    eStart,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #28-2f
+)
+
+EUCTWCharLenTable = (0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3)
+
+EUCTWSMModel = {'classTable': EUCTW_cls,
+                'classFactor': 7,
+                'stateTable': EUCTW_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCTWCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'x-euc-tw'}
+
+# GB2312
+
+GB2312_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 30 - 37
+    3,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 80 - 87
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 88 - 8f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 90 - 97
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 98 - 9f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # a0 - a7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # a8 - af
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # b0 - b7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # b8 - bf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c0 - c7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c8 - cf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d0 - d7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d8 - df
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # e0 - e7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # e8 - ef
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # f0 - f7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+GB2312_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,#10-17
+         4,eError,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+    eError,eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,#20-27
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #28-2f
+)
+
+# To be accurate, the length of class 6 can be either 2 or 4.
+# But it is not necessary to discriminate between the two since
+# it is used for frequency analysis only, and we are validing
+# each code range there as well. So it is safe to set it to be
+# 2 here.
+GB2312CharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2)
+
+GB2312SMModel = {'classTable': GB2312_cls,
+                  'classFactor': 7,
+                  'stateTable': GB2312_st,
+                  'charLenTable': GB2312CharLenTable,
+                  'name': 'GB2312'}
+
+# Shift_JIS
+
+SJIS_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,  # 80 - 87
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 88 - 8f
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 90 - 97
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 98 - 9f
+    #0xa0 is illegal in sjis encoding, but some pages does
+    #contain such byte. We need to be more error forgiven.
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0)  # f8 - ff
+
+
+SJIS_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #10-17
+)
+
+SJISCharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+
+SJISSMModel = {'classTable': SJIS_cls,
+               'classFactor': 6,
+               'stateTable': SJIS_st,
+               'charLenTable': SJISCharLenTable,
+               'name': 'Shift_JIS'}
+
+# UCS2-BE
+
+UCS2BE_cls = (
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+    0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+    0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+    0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a0 - a7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a8 - af
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b0 - b7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c0 - c7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c8 - cf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d0 - d7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2BE_st  = (
+          5,     7,     7,eError,     4,     3,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,     6,     6,     6,     6,eError,eError,#10-17
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     6,eItsMe,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     5,     7,     7,eError,#20-27
+          5,     8,     6,     6,eError,     6,     6,     6,#28-2f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,eError,eError,eStart,eStart #30-37
+)
+
+UCS2BECharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2BESMModel = {'classTable': UCS2BE_cls,
+                 'classFactor': 6,
+                 'stateTable': UCS2BE_st,
+                 'charLenTable': UCS2BECharLenTable,
+                 'name': 'UTF-16BE'}
+
+# UCS2-LE
+
+UCS2LE_cls = (
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+    0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+    0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+    0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a0 - a7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a8 - af
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b0 - b7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c0 - c7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c8 - cf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d0 - d7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2LE_st = (
+          6,     6,     7,     6,     4,     3,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,     5,     5,     5,eError,eItsMe,eError,#10-17
+          5,     5,     5,eError,     5,eError,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          7,     6,     8,     8,     5,     5,     5,eError,#20-27
+          5,     5,     5,eError,eError,eError,     5,     5,#28-2f
+          5,     5,     5,eError,     5,eError,eStart,eStart #30-37
+)
+
+UCS2LECharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2LESMModel = {'classTable': UCS2LE_cls,
+                 'classFactor': 6,
+                 'stateTable': UCS2LE_st,
+                 'charLenTable': UCS2LECharLenTable,
+                 'name': 'UTF-16LE'}
+
+# UTF-8
+
+UTF8_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07  #allow 0x00 as a legal value
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,  # 80 - 87
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 90 - 97
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 98 - 9f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # a0 - a7
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # a8 - af
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # b0 - b7
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c0 - c7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c8 - cf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d0 - d7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d8 - df
+    7,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,  # e0 - e7
+    8,8,8,8,8,9,8,8,  # e8 - ef
+    10,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,  # f0 - f7
+    12,13,13,13,14,15,0,0    # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UTF8_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,     12,   10,#00-07
+         9,     11,     8,     7,     6,     5,     4,    3,#08-0f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#10-17
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#20-27
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#28-2f
+    eError,eError,     5,     5,     5,     5,eError,eError,#30-37
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#38-3f
+    eError,eError,eError,     5,     5,     5,eError,eError,#40-47
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#48-4f
+    eError,eError,     7,     7,     7,     7,eError,eError,#50-57
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#58-5f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,     7,     7,eError,eError,#60-67
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#68-6f
+    eError,eError,     9,     9,     9,     9,eError,eError,#70-77
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#78-7f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,     9,eError,eError,#80-87
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#88-8f
+    eError,eError,    12,    12,    12,    12,eError,eError,#90-97
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#98-9f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,    12,eError,eError,#a0-a7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#a8-af
+    eError,eError,    12,    12,    12,eError,eError,eError,#b0-b7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#b8-bf
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,#c0-c7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError #c8-cf
+)
+
+UTF8CharLenTable = (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6)
+
+UTF8SMModel = {'classTable': UTF8_cls,
+               'classFactor': 16,
+               'stateTable': UTF8_st,
+               'charLenTable': UTF8CharLenTable,
+               'name': 'UTF-8'}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37291bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+SAMPLE_SIZE = 64
+SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 1024
+POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
+NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.05
+SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER = 250
+NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT = 4
+POSITIVE_CAT = NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT - 1
+#NEGATIVE_CAT = 0
+
+
+class SingleByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self, model, reversed=False, nameProber=None):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mModel = model
+        # TRUE if we need to reverse every pair in the model lookup
+        self._mReversed = reversed
+        # Optional auxiliary prober for name decision
+        self._mNameProber = nameProber
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        # char order of last character
+        self._mLastOrder = 255
+        self._mSeqCounters = [0] * NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT
+        self._mTotalSeqs = 0
+        self._mTotalChar = 0
+        # characters that fall in our sampling range
+        self._mFreqChar = 0
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        if self._mNameProber:
+            return self._mNameProber.get_charset_name()
+        else:
+            return self._mModel['charsetName']
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        if not self._mModel['keepEnglishLetter']:
+            aBuf = self.filter_without_english_letters(aBuf)
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        if not aLen:
+            return self.get_state()
+        for c in aBuf:
+            order = self._mModel['charToOrderMap'][wrap_ord(c)]
+            if order < SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER:
+                self._mTotalChar += 1
+            if order < SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                self._mFreqChar += 1
+                if self._mLastOrder < SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                    self._mTotalSeqs += 1
+                    if not self._mReversed:
+                        i = (self._mLastOrder * SAMPLE_SIZE) + order
+                        model = self._mModel['precedenceMatrix'][i]
+                    else:  # reverse the order of the letters in the lookup
+                        i = (order * SAMPLE_SIZE) + self._mLastOrder
+                        model = self._mModel['precedenceMatrix'][i]
+                    self._mSeqCounters[model] += 1
+            self._mLastOrder = order
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if self._mTotalSeqs > SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                cf = self.get_confidence()
+                if cf > POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    if constants._debug:
+                        sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s, we have a'
+                                         'winner\n' %
+                                         (self._mModel['charsetName'], cf))
+                    self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                elif cf < NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    if constants._debug:
+                        sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s, below negative'
+                                         'shortcut threshhold %s\n' %
+                                         (self._mModel['charsetName'], cf,
+                                          NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD))
+                    self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        r = 0.01
+        if self._mTotalSeqs > 0:
+            r = ((1.0 * self._mSeqCounters[POSITIVE_CAT]) / self._mTotalSeqs
+                 / self._mModel['mTypicalPositiveRatio'])
+            r = r * self._mFreqChar / self._mTotalChar
+            if r >= 1.0:
+                r = 0.99
+        return r
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b6196c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetProber
+from .langcyrillicmodel import (Win1251CyrillicModel, Koi8rModel,
+                                Latin5CyrillicModel, MacCyrillicModel,
+                                Ibm866Model, Ibm855Model)
+from .langgreekmodel import Latin7GreekModel, Win1253GreekModel
+from .langbulgarianmodel import Latin5BulgarianModel, Win1251BulgarianModel
+from .langhungarianmodel import Latin2HungarianModel, Win1250HungarianModel
+from .langthaimodel import TIS620ThaiModel
+from .langhebrewmodel import Win1255HebrewModel
+from .hebrewprober import HebrewProber
+
+
+class SBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetGroupProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mProbers = [
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1251CyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Koi8rModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin5CyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(MacCyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Ibm866Model),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Ibm855Model),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin7GreekModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1253GreekModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin5BulgarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1251BulgarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin2HungarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1250HungarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(TIS620ThaiModel),
+        ]
+        hebrewProber = HebrewProber()
+        logicalHebrewProber = SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1255HebrewModel,
+                                                      False, hebrewProber)
+        visualHebrewProber = SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1255HebrewModel, True,
+                                                     hebrewProber)
+        hebrewProber.set_model_probers(logicalHebrewProber, visualHebrewProber)
+        self._mProbers.extend([hebrewProber, logicalHebrewProber,
+                               visualHebrewProber])
+
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd0e9e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import SJISDistributionAnalysis
+from .jpcntx import SJISContextAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import SJISSMModel
+from . import constants
+
+
+class SJISProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(SJISSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = SJISDistributionAnalysis()
+        self._mContextAnalyzer = SJISContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self._mContextAnalyzer.get_charset_name()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar[2 - charLen:],
+                                                charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i + 1 - charLen:i + 3
+                                                     - charLen], charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mContextAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+               (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        contxtCf = self._mContextAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        distribCf = self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(contxtCf, distribCf)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..476522b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import sys
+import codecs
+from .latin1prober import Latin1Prober  # windows-1252
+from .mbcsgroupprober import MBCSGroupProber  # multi-byte character sets
+from .sbcsgroupprober import SBCSGroupProber  # single-byte character sets
+from .escprober import EscCharSetProber  # ISO-2122, etc.
+import re
+
+MINIMUM_THRESHOLD = 0.20
+ePureAscii = 0
+eEscAscii = 1
+eHighbyte = 2
+
+
+class UniversalDetector:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._highBitDetector = re.compile(b'[\x80-\xFF]')
+        self._escDetector = re.compile(b'(\033|~{)')
+        self._mEscCharSetProber = None
+        self._mCharSetProbers = []
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.result = {'encoding': None, 'confidence': 0.0}
+        self.done = False
+        self._mStart = True
+        self._mGotData = False
+        self._mInputState = ePureAscii
+        self._mLastChar = b''
+        if self._mEscCharSetProber:
+            self._mEscCharSetProber.reset()
+        for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+            prober.reset()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        if self.done:
+            return
+
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        if not aLen:
+            return
+
+        if not self._mGotData:
+            # If the data starts with BOM, we know it is UTF
+            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+                # EF BB BF  UTF-8 with BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8-SIG", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE:
+                # FF FE 00 00  UTF-32, little-endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE:
+                # 00 00 FE FF  UTF-32, big-endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32BE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == b'\xFE\xFF\x00\x00':
+                # FE FF 00 00  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (3412)
+                self.result = {
+                    'encoding': "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-3412",
+                    'confidence': 1.0
+                }
+            elif aBuf[:4] == b'\x00\x00\xFF\xFE':
+                # 00 00 FF FE  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (2143)
+                self.result = {
+                    'encoding': "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-2143",
+                    'confidence': 1.0
+                }
+            elif aBuf[:2] == codecs.BOM_LE:
+                # FF FE  UTF-16, little endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-16LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:2] == codecs.BOM_BE:
+                # FE FF  UTF-16, big endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-16BE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+
+        self._mGotData = True
+        if self.result['encoding'] and (self.result['confidence'] > 0.0):
+            self.done = True
+            return
+
+        if self._mInputState == ePureAscii:
+            if self._highBitDetector.search(aBuf):
+                self._mInputState = eHighbyte
+            elif ((self._mInputState == ePureAscii) and
+                    self._escDetector.search(self._mLastChar + aBuf)):
+                self._mInputState = eEscAscii
+
+        self._mLastChar = aBuf[-1:]
+
+        if self._mInputState == eEscAscii:
+            if not self._mEscCharSetProber:
+                self._mEscCharSetProber = EscCharSetProber()
+            if self._mEscCharSetProber.feed(aBuf) == constants.eFoundIt:
+                self.result = {'encoding': self._mEscCharSetProber.get_charset_name(),
+                               'confidence': self._mEscCharSetProber.get_confidence()}
+                self.done = True
+        elif self._mInputState == eHighbyte:
+            if not self._mCharSetProbers:
+                self._mCharSetProbers = [MBCSGroupProber(), SBCSGroupProber(),
+                                         Latin1Prober()]
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+                if prober.feed(aBuf) == constants.eFoundIt:
+                    self.result = {'encoding': prober.get_charset_name(),
+                                   'confidence': prober.get_confidence()}
+                    self.done = True
+                    break
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.done:
+            return
+        if not self._mGotData:
+            if constants._debug:
+                sys.stderr.write('no data received!\n')
+            return
+        self.done = True
+
+        if self._mInputState == ePureAscii:
+            self.result = {'encoding': 'ascii', 'confidence': 1.0}
+            return self.result
+
+        if self._mInputState == eHighbyte:
+            proberConfidence = None
+            maxProberConfidence = 0.0
+            maxProber = None
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                proberConfidence = prober.get_confidence()
+                if proberConfidence > maxProberConfidence:
+                    maxProberConfidence = proberConfidence
+                    maxProber = prober
+            if maxProber and (maxProberConfidence > MINIMUM_THRESHOLD):
+                self.result = {'encoding': maxProber.get_charset_name(),
+                               'confidence': maxProber.get_confidence()}
+                return self.result
+
+        if constants._debug:
+            sys.stderr.write('no probers hit minimum threshhold\n')
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers[0].mProbers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s\n' %
+                                 (prober.get_charset_name(),
+                                  prober.get_confidence()))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c0bb5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcssm import UTF8SMModel
+
+ONE_CHAR_PROB = 0.5
+
+
+class UTF8Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(UTF8SMModel)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mCodingSM.reset()
+        self._mNumOfMBChar = 0
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "utf-8"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for c in aBuf:
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(c)
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                if self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen() >= 2:
+                    self._mNumOfMBChar += 1
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        unlike = 0.99
+        if self._mNumOfMBChar < 6:
+            for i in range(0, self._mNumOfMBChar):
+                unlike = unlike * ONE_CHAR_PROB
+            return 1.0 - unlike
+        else:
+            return unlike
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e43991a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""
+urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import warnings
+
+from .connectionpool import (
+    HTTPConnectionPool,
+    HTTPSConnectionPool,
+    connection_from_url
+)
+
+from . import exceptions
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.url import get_host
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+__author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
+__license__ = 'MIT'
+__version__ = '1.13.1'
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HTTPConnectionPool',
+    'HTTPSConnectionPool',
+    'PoolManager',
+    'ProxyManager',
+    'HTTPResponse',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'add_stderr_logger',
+    'connection_from_url',
+    'disable_warnings',
+    'encode_multipart_formdata',
+    'get_host',
+    'make_headers',
+    'proxy_from_url',
+)
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+
+def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for
+    debugging.
+
+    Returns the handler after adding it.
+    """
+    # This method needs to be in this __init__.py to get the __name__ correct
+    # even if urllib3 is vendored within another package.
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+    logger.setLevel(level)
+    logger.debug('Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
+    return handler
+
+# ... Clean up.
+del NullHandler
+
+
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# SubjectAltNameWarning's should go off once per host
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning,
+                      append=True)
+# SNIMissingWarnings should go off only once.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SNIMissingWarning)
+
+
+def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f3ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
+try:
+    from threading import RLock
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
+    class RLock:
+        def __enter__(self):
+            pass
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+            pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    from .packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
+from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
+
+
+__all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
+
+
+_Null = object()
+
+
+class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    Provides a thread-safe dict-like container which maintains up to
+    ``maxsize`` keys while throwing away the least-recently-used keys beyond
+    ``maxsize``.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Maximum number of recent elements to retain.
+
+    :param dispose_func:
+        Every time an item is evicted from the container,
+        ``dispose_func(value)`` is called.  Callback which will get called
+    """
+
+    ContainerCls = OrderedDict
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=10, dispose_func=None):
+        self._maxsize = maxsize
+        self.dispose_func = dispose_func
+
+        self._container = self.ContainerCls()
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # Re-insert the item, moving it to the end of the eviction line.
+        with self.lock:
+            item = self._container.pop(key)
+            self._container[key] = item
+            return item
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        evicted_value = _Null
+        with self.lock:
+            # Possibly evict the existing value of 'key'
+            evicted_value = self._container.get(key, _Null)
+            self._container[key] = value
+
+            # If we didn't evict an existing value, we might have to evict the
+            # least recently used item from the beginning of the container.
+            if len(self._container) > self._maxsize:
+                _key, evicted_value = self._container.popitem(last=False)
+
+        if self.dispose_func and evicted_value is not _Null:
+            self.dispose_func(evicted_value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        with self.lock:
+            value = self._container.pop(key)
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe.')
+
+    def clear(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
+            values = list(itervalues(self._container))
+            self._container.clear()
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            for value in values:
+                self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return list(iterkeys(self._container))
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    :param headers:
+        An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
+        when compared case-insensitively.
+
+    :param kwargs:
+        Additional field-value pairs to pass in to ``dict.update``.
+
+    A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
+
+    Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    case-insensitive pair.
+
+    Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
+    case-insensitively in order to maintain ``dict``'s api. For fields that
+    compare equal, instead create a new ``HTTPHeaderDict`` and use ``.add``
+    in a loop.
+
+    If multiple fields that are equal case-insensitively are passed to the
+    constructor or ``.update``, the behavior is undefined and some will be
+    lost.
+
+    >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+    >>> headers.add('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar')
+    >>> headers.add('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')
+    >>> headers['content-length'] = '7'
+    >>> headers['SET-cookie']
+    'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
+    >>> headers['Content-Length']
+    '7'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
+        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
+        self._container = {}
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        self._container[key.lower()] = (key, val)
+        return self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
+        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key.lower() in self._container
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return (dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) ==
+                dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged()))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    if not PY3:  # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+        '''
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
+        """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
+        exists.
+
+        >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict(foo='bar')
+        >>> headers.add('Foo', 'baz')
+        >>> headers['foo']
+        'bar, baz'
+        """
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = key, val
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
+            if isinstance(vals, list):
+                # If already several items got inserted, we have a list
+                vals.append(val)
+            else:
+                # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                self._container[key_lower] = [vals[0], vals[1], val]
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({0} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def getlist(self, key):
+        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
+        empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vals, tuple):
+                return [vals[1]]
+            else:
+                return vals[1:]
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key] + val
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
+            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message):  # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e4cd41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import datetime
+import os
+import sys
+import socket
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
+import warnings
+from .packages import six
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from http.client import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
+except ImportError:
+    from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from httplib import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
+    import ssl
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
+    ssl = None
+
+    class BaseSSLError(BaseException):
+        pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 3:
+    # Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+except NameError:  # Python 2:
+    class ConnectionError(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
+from .exceptions import (
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    SubjectAltNameWarning,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
+)
+from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
+
+from .util.ssl_ import (
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+)
+
+
+from .util import connection
+
+port_by_scheme = {
+    'http': 80,
+    'https': 443,
+}
+
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
+
+
+class DummyConnection(object):
+    """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
+    """
+    Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor
+    backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+      - ``strict``: See the documentation on :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+      - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+
+        .. note:: This is ignored for Python 2.6. It is only applied for 2.7 and 3.x
+
+      - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+        defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+        Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+        For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+        you might pass::
+
+            HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+                (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+            ]
+
+        Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
+    """
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme['http']
+
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        if six.PY3:  # Python 3
+            kw.pop('strict', None)
+
+        # Pre-set source_address in case we have an older Python like 2.6.
+        self.source_address = kw.get('source_address')
+
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6
+            # _HTTPConnection on Python 2.6 will balk at this keyword arg, but
+            # not newer versions. We can still use it when creating a
+            # connection though, so we pop it *after* we have saved it as
+            # self.source_address.
+            kw.pop('source_address', None)
+
+        #: The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
+        #: provided, we use the default options.
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop('socket_options', self.default_socket_options)
+
+        # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
+        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """ Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
+
+        :return: New socket connection.
+        """
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw['source_address'] = self.source_address
+
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = connection.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)
+
+        except SocketTimeout as e:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
+                (self.host, self.timeout))
+
+        except SocketError as e:
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        self.sock = conn
+        # the _tunnel_host attribute was added in python 2.6.3 (via
+        # http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f) so pythons 2.6(0-2) do
+        # not have them.
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+
+class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    default_port = port_by_scheme['https']
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                 strict=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, **kw):
+
+        HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict=strict,
+                                timeout=timeout, **kw)
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+
+        # Required property for Google AppEngine 1.9.0 which otherwise causes
+        # HTTPS requests to go out as HTTP. (See Issue #356)
+        self._protocol = 'https'
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
+
+
+class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
+    """
+    Based on httplib.HTTPSConnection but wraps the socket with
+    SSL certification.
+    """
+    cert_reqs = None
+    ca_certs = None
+    ca_cert_dir = None
+    ssl_version = None
+    assert_fingerprint = None
+
+    def set_cert(self, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                 cert_reqs=None, ca_certs=None,
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None):
+
+        if (ca_certs or ca_cert_dir) and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+
+    def connect(self):
+        # Add certificate verification
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+
+        resolved_cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs)
+        resolved_ssl_version = resolve_ssl_version(self.ssl_version)
+
+        hostname = self.host
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            # _tunnel_host was added in Python 2.6.3
+            # (See: http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f)
+
+            self.sock = conn
+            # Calls self._set_hostport(), so self.host is
+            # self._tunnel_host below.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+            # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
+            hostname = self._tunnel_host
+
+        is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+        if is_time_off:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
+                'lead to SSL verification errors').format(RECENT_DATE),
+                SystemTimeWarning
+            )
+
+        # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
+        # trusted_root_certs
+        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+                                    cert_reqs=resolved_cert_reqs,
+                                    ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                                    ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                                    server_hostname=hostname,
+                                    ssl_version=resolved_ssl_version)
+
+        if self.assert_fingerprint:
+            assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
+                               self.assert_fingerprint)
+        elif resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE \
+                and self.assert_hostname is not False:
+            cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+                warnings.warn((
+                    'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a '
+                    '`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and '
+                    'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 '
+                    'for details.)'.format(hostname)),
+                    SubjectAltNameWarning
+                )
+
+            # In case the hostname is an IPv6 address, strip the square
+            # brackets from it before using it to validate. This is because
+            # a certificate with an IPv6 address in it won't have square
+            # brackets around that address. Sadly, match_hostname won't do this
+            # for us: it expects the plain host part without any extra work
+            # that might have been done to make it palatable to httplib.
+            asserted_hostname = self.assert_hostname or hostname
+            asserted_hostname = asserted_hostname.strip('[]')
+            match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname)
+
+        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED or
+                            self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
+
+
+if ssl:
+    # Make a copy for testing.
+    UnverifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
+    HTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+else:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..995b416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import logging
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
+import socket
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
+except ImportError:
+    from Queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
+    # Queue is imported for side effects on MS Windows
+    import Queue as _unused_module_Queue  # noqa: unused
+
+
+from .exceptions import (
+    ClosedPoolError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    EmptyPoolError,
+    HeaderParsingError,
+    HostChangedError,
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+    NewConnectionError,
+)
+from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+from .packages import six
+from .connection import (
+    port_by_scheme,
+    DummyConnection,
+    HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
+    HTTPException, BaseSSLError,
+)
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.response import assert_header_parsing
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import get_host, Url
+
+
+xrange = six.moves.xrange
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_Default = object()
+
+
+# Pool objects
+class ConnectionPool(object):
+    """
+    Base class for all connection pools, such as
+    :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
+    """
+
+    scheme = None
+    QueueCls = LifoQueue
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None):
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (type(self).__name__,
+                                         self.host, self.port)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close():
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+# This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
+_blocking_errnos = set([errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK])
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
+
+    :param host:
+        Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. "localhost"), passed into
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param port:
+        Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed
+        into :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param strict:
+        Causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can't be parsed
+        as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line, passed into
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+        .. note::
+           Only works in Python 2. This parameter is ignored in Python 3.
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can
+        be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request,
+        or an instance of :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more
+        fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has
+        been parsed, this is always a `urllib3.util.Timeout` object.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful
+        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to False, more
+        connections will be created but they will not be saved once they've
+        been used.
+
+    :param block:
+        If set to True, no more than ``maxsize`` connections will be used at
+        a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block
+        until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for
+        particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more
+        than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
+    :param _proxy:
+        Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param _proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
+        instead, see :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param \**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'http'
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=False,
+                 timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1, block=False,
+                 headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 **conn_kw):
+        ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+
+        self.strict = strict
+
+        if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
+
+        self.pool = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
+        self.block = block
+
+        self.proxy = _proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = _proxy_headers or {}
+
+        # Fill the queue up so that doing get() on it will block properly
+        for _ in xrange(maxsize):
+            self.pool.put(None)
+
+        # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
+        self.num_connections = 0
+        self.num_requests = 0
+        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
+
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.info("Starting new HTTP connection (%d): %s" %
+                 (self.num_connections, self.host))
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port,
+                                  timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
+        return conn
+
+    def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
+        """
+        Get a connection. Will return a pooled connection if one is available.
+
+        If no connections are available and :prop:`.block` is ``False``, then a
+        fresh connection is returned.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Seconds to wait before giving up and raising
+            :class:`urllib3.exceptions.EmptyPoolError` if the pool is empty and
+            :prop:`.block` is ``True``.
+        """
+        conn = None
+        try:
+            conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
+
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
+            raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
+
+        except Empty:
+            if self.block:
+                raise EmptyPoolError(self,
+                                     "Pool reached maximum size and no more "
+                                     "connections are allowed.")
+            pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
+
+        # If this is a persistent connection, check if it got disconnected
+        if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
+            log.info("Resetting dropped connection: %s" % self.host)
+            conn.close()
+            if getattr(conn, 'auto_open', 1) == 0:
+                # This is a proxied connection that has been mutated by
+                # httplib._tunnel() and cannot be reused (since it would
+                # attempt to bypass the proxy)
+                conn = None
+
+        return conn or self._new_conn()
+
+    def _put_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Put a connection back into the pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            Connection object for the current host and port as returned by
+            :meth:`._new_conn` or :meth:`._get_conn`.
+
+        If the pool is already full, the connection is closed and discarded
+        because we exceeded maxsize. If connections are discarded frequently,
+        then maxsize should be increased.
+
+        If the pool is closed, then the connection will be closed and discarded.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
+            return  # Everything is dandy, done.
+        except AttributeError:
+            # self.pool is None.
+            pass
+        except Full:
+            # This should never happen if self.block == True
+            log.warning(
+                "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s" %
+                self.host)
+
+        # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
+        if conn:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
+    def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
+        """ Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` """
+        if timeout is _Default:
+            return self.timeout.clone()
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            return timeout.clone()
+        else:
+            # User passed us an int/float. This is for backwards compatibility,
+            # can be removed later
+            return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+    def _raise_timeout(self, err, url, timeout_value):
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
+        # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
+        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
+        # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
+        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(err):  # Python 2.6
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+    def _make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default,
+                      **httplib_request_kw):
+        """
+        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
+        pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            a connection from one of our connection pools
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
+            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
+            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
+            control over your timeouts.
+        """
+        self.num_requests += 1
+
+        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
+        try:
+            self._validate_conn(conn)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
+
+        # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
+        read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
+
+        # App Engine doesn't have a sock attr
+        if getattr(conn, 'sock', None):
+            # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
+            # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
+            # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
+            # the exception and assuming all BadStatusLine exceptions are read
+            # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
+            if read_timeout == 0:
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
+            if read_timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                conn.sock.settimeout(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
+            else:  # None or a value
+                conn.sock.settimeout(read_timeout)
+
+        # Receive the response from the server
+        try:
+            try:  # Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+            except TypeError:  # Python 2.6 and older
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
+        http_version = getattr(conn, '_http_vsn_str', 'HTTP/?')
+        log.debug("\"%s %s %s\" %s %s" % (method, url, http_version,
+                                          httplib_response.status,
+                                          httplib_response.length))
+
+        try:
+            assert_header_parsing(httplib_response.msg)
+        except HeaderParsingError as hpe:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            log.warning(
+                'Failed to parse headers (url=%s): %s',
+                self._absolute_url(url), hpe, exc_info=True)
+
+        return httplib_response
+
+    def _absolute_url(self, path):
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
+
+    def close(self):
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        # Disable access to the pool
+        old_pool, self.pool = self.pool, None
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                conn = old_pool.get(block=False)
+                if conn:
+                    conn.close()
+
+        except Empty:
+            pass  # Done.
+
+    def is_same_host(self, url):
+        """
+        Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
+        connection pool.
+        """
+        if url.startswith('/'):
+            return True
+
+        # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
+        scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+
+        # Use explicit default port for comparison when none is given
+        if self.port and not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        elif not self.port and port == port_by_scheme.get(scheme):
+            port = None
+
+        return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=_Default,
+                pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
+        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
+        the raw details.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
+           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
+           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
+           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
+           breaking backwards compatibility.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body (useful for creating
+            POST requests, see HTTPConnectionPool.post_url for
+            more convenience).
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param retries:
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+        :param redirect:
+            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
+            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
+            will disable redirect, too.
+
+        :param assert_same_host:
+            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
+            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When False, you can
+            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+        :param pool_timeout:
+            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
+            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
+            connection is available within the time period.
+
+        :param release_conn:
+            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
+            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
+            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
+            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
+            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
+            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
+            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
+            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
+
+        :param \**response_kw:
+            Additional parameters are passed to
+            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if release_conn is None:
+            release_conn = response_kw.get('preload_content', True)
+
+        # Check host
+        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
+
+        conn = None
+
+        # Merge the proxy headers. Only do this in HTTP. We have to copy the
+        # headers dict so we can safely change it without those changes being
+        # reflected in anyone else's copy.
+        if self.scheme == 'http':
+            headers = headers.copy()
+            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
+
+        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
+        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
+        err = None
+
+        try:
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
+
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(conn, 'sock', None)
+            if is_new_proxy_conn:
+                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+
+            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
+            httplib_response = self._make_request(conn, method, url,
+                                                  timeout=timeout_obj,
+                                                  body=body, headers=headers)
+
+            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
+            # the request doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
+            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
+            # mess.
+            response_conn = not release_conn and conn
+
+            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
+            response = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(httplib_response,
+                                                 pool=self,
+                                                 connection=response_conn,
+                                                 **response_kw)
+
+            # else:
+            #     The connection will be put back into the pool when
+            #     ``response.release_conn()`` is called (implicitly by
+            #     ``response.read()``)
+
+        except Empty:
+            # Timed out by queue.
+            raise EmptyPoolError(self, "No pool connections are available.")
+
+        except (BaseSSLError, CertificateError) as e:
+            # Close the connection. If a connection is reused on which there
+            # was a Certificate error, the next request will certainly raise
+            # another Certificate error.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except SSLError:
+            # Treat SSLError separately from BaseSSLError to preserve
+            # traceback.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+            raise
+
+        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ProtocolError) as e:
+            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
+            # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+
+            if isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
+                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
+
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e, _pool=self,
+                                        _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
+            retries.sleep()
+
+            # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
+            err = e
+
+        finally:
+            if release_conn:
+                # Put the connection back to be reused. If the connection is
+                # expired then it will be None, which will get replaced with a
+                # fresh connection during _get_conn.
+                self._put_conn(conn)
+
+        if not conn:
+            # Try again
+            log.warning("Retrying (%r) after connection "
+                        "broken by '%r': %s" % (retries, err, url))
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries,
+                                redirect, assert_same_host,
+                                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Handle redirect?
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if redirect_location:
+            if response.status == 303:
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    # Release the connection for this response, since we're not
+                    # returning it to be released manually.
+                    response.release_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, redirect_location, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            retries.sleep()
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Same as :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.
+
+    When Python is compiled with the :mod:`ssl` module, then
+    :class:`.VerifiedHTTPSConnection` is used, which *can* verify certificates,
+    instead of :class:`.HTTPSConnection`.
+
+    :class:`.VerifiedHTTPSConnection` uses one of ``assert_fingerprint``,
+    ``assert_hostname`` and ``host`` in this order to verify connections.
+    If ``assert_hostname`` is False, no verification is done.
+
+    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs``,
+    ``ca_cert_dir``, and ``ssl_version`` are only used if :mod:`ssl` is
+    available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
+    the connection socket into an SSL socket.
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'https'
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPSConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None,
+                 strict=False, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1,
+                 block=False, headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                 ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None,
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None, **conn_kw):
+
+        HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, maxsize,
+                                    block, headers, retries, _proxy, _proxy_headers,
+                                    **conn_kw)
+
+        if ca_certs and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Prepare the ``connection`` for :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket`
+        and establish the tunnel if proxy is used.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(conn, VerifiedHTTPSConnection):
+            conn.set_cert(key_file=self.key_file,
+                          cert_file=self.cert_file,
+                          cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+                          ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                          ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                          assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
+                          assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
+            conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        """
+        Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
+        would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
+        """
+        # Python 2.7+
+        try:
+            set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
+        except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+            set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
+
+        if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
+        else:
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
+        conn.connect()
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`httplib.HTTPSConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.info("Starting new HTTPS connection (%d): %s"
+                 % (self.num_connections, self.host))
+
+        if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
+            raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "
+                           "module is not available.")
+
+        actual_host = self.host
+        actual_port = self.port
+        if self.proxy is not None:
+            actual_host = self.proxy.host
+            actual_port = self.proxy.port
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=actual_host, port=actual_port,
+                                  timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
+
+        return self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super(HTTPSConnectionPool, self)._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if not getattr(conn, 'sock', None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
+            conn.connect()
+
+        if not conn.is_verified:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
+                'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'),
+                InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+
+def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
+    """
+    Given a url, return an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance of its host.
+
+    This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port
+    of the url before creating an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance.
+
+    :param url:
+        Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional.
+
+    :param \**kw:
+        Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate
+        :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
+        timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')
+    """
+    scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+    if scheme == 'https':
+        return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
+    else:
+        return HTTPConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..884cdb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    HTTPError,
+    HTTPWarning,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    SSLError
+)
+
+from ..packages.six import BytesIO
+from ..request import RequestMethods
+from ..response import HTTPResponse
+from ..util.timeout import Timeout
+from ..util.retry import Retry
+
+try:
+    from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
+except ImportError:
+    urlfetch = None
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformError(HTTPError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Connection manager for Google App Engine sandbox applications.
+
+    This manager uses the URLFetch service directly instead of using the
+    emulated httplib, and is subject to URLFetch limitations as described in
+    the App Engine documentation here:
+
+        https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/urlfetch
+
+    Notably it will raise an AppEnginePlatformError if:
+        * URLFetch is not available.
+        * If you attempt to use this on GAEv2 (Managed VMs), as full socket
+          support is available.
+        * If a request size is more than 10 megabytes.
+        * If a response size is more than 32 megabtyes.
+        * If you use an unsupported request method such as OPTIONS.
+
+    Beyond those cases, it will raise normal urllib3 errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, retries=None, validate_certificate=True):
+        if not urlfetch:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch is not available in this environment.")
+
+        if is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "Use normal urllib3.PoolManager instead of AppEngineManager"
+                "on Managed VMs, as using URLFetch is not necessary in "
+                "this environment.")
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "urllib3 is using URLFetch on Google App Engine sandbox instead "
+            "of sockets. To use sockets directly instead of URLFetch see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/contrib.html.",
+            AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.validate_certificate = validate_certificate
+
+        self.retries = retries or Retry.DEFAULT
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                retries=None, redirect=True, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                **response_kw):
+
+        retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
+
+        try:
+            response = urlfetch.fetch(
+                url,
+                payload=body,
+                method=method,
+                headers=headers or {},
+                allow_truncated=False,
+                follow_redirects=(
+                    redirect and
+                    retries.redirect != 0 and
+                    retries.total),
+                deadline=self._get_absolute_timeout(timeout),
+                validate_certificate=self.validate_certificate,
+            )
+        except urlfetch.DeadlineExceededError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(self, e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
+            if 'too large' in str(e):
+                raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                    "URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
+                    "supports requests up to 10mb in size.", e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
+            if 'Too many redirects' in str(e):
+                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.ResponseTooLargeError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch response too large, URLFetch only supports"
+                "responses up to 32mb in size.", e)
+
+        except urlfetch.SSLCertificateError as e:
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidMethodError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch does not support method: %s" % method, e)
+
+        http_response = self._urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
+            response, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check for redirect response
+        if (http_response.get_redirect_location() and
+                retries.raise_on_redirect and redirect):
+            raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=http_response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(
+                method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            retries.sleep()
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url,
+                body=body, headers=headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                timeout=timeout, **response_kw)
+
+        return http_response
+
+    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
+
+        if is_prod_appengine():
+            # Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
+            # not remove the encoding header.
+            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get('content-encoding')
+
+            if content_encoding == 'deflate':
+                del urlfetch_resp.headers['content-encoding']
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            # In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
+            # a file-like object.
+            body=BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
+            headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
+            status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+
+    def _get_absolute_timeout(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return 5  # 5s is the default timeout for URLFetch.
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            if timeout.read is not timeout.connect:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "URLFetch does not support granular timeout settings, "
+                    "reverting to total timeout.", AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+            return timeout.total
+        return timeout
+
+    def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(
+                retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
+                "recognize connect, read, or redirect retry parameters.",
+                AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        return retries
+
+
+def is_appengine():
+    return (is_local_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_appengine_sandbox():
+    return is_appengine() and not is_prod_appengine_mvms()
+
+
+def is_local_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Development/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Google App Engine/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] and
+            not is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+    return os.environ.get('GAE_VM', False) == 'true'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c136a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""
+NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
+
+Issue #10, see: http://code.google.com/p/urllib3/issues/detail?id=10
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from http.client import HTTPSConnection
+except ImportError:
+    from httplib import HTTPSConnection
+from logging import getLogger
+from ntlm import ntlm
+
+from urllib3 import HTTPSConnectionPool
+
+
+log = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class NTLMConnectionPool(HTTPSConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Implements an NTLM authentication version of an urllib3 connection pool
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'https'
+
+    def __init__(self, user, pw, authurl, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        authurl is a random URL on the server that is protected by NTLM.
+        user is the Windows user, probably in the DOMAIN\\username format.
+        pw is the password for the user.
+        """
+        super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.authurl = authurl
+        self.rawuser = user
+        user_parts = user.split('\\', 1)
+        self.domain = user_parts[0].upper()
+        self.user = user_parts[1]
+        self.pw = pw
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        # Performs the NTLM handshake that secures the connection. The socket
+        # must be kept open while requests are performed.
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug('Starting NTLM HTTPS connection no. %d: https://%s%s' %
+                  (self.num_connections, self.host, self.authurl))
+
+        headers = {}
+        headers['Connection'] = 'Keep-Alive'
+        req_header = 'Authorization'
+        resp_header = 'www-authenticate'
+
+        conn = HTTPSConnection(host=self.host, port=self.port)
+
+        # Send negotiation message
+        headers[req_header] = (
+            'NTLM %s' % ntlm.create_NTLM_NEGOTIATE_MESSAGE(self.rawuser))
+        log.debug('Request headers: %s' % headers)
+        conn.request('GET', self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        reshdr = dict(res.getheaders())
+        log.debug('Response status: %s %s' % (res.status, res.reason))
+        log.debug('Response headers: %s' % reshdr)
+        log.debug('Response data: %s [...]' % res.read(100))
+
+        # Remove the reference to the socket, so that it can not be closed by
+        # the response object (we want to keep the socket open)
+        res.fp = None
+
+        # Server should respond with a challenge message
+        auth_header_values = reshdr[resp_header].split(', ')
+        auth_header_value = None
+        for s in auth_header_values:
+            if s[:5] == 'NTLM ':
+                auth_header_value = s[5:]
+        if auth_header_value is None:
+            raise Exception('Unexpected %s response header: %s' %
+                            (resp_header, reshdr[resp_header]))
+
+        # Send authentication message
+        ServerChallenge, NegotiateFlags = \
+            ntlm.parse_NTLM_CHALLENGE_MESSAGE(auth_header_value)
+        auth_msg = ntlm.create_NTLM_AUTHENTICATE_MESSAGE(ServerChallenge,
+                                                         self.user,
+                                                         self.domain,
+                                                         self.pw,
+                                                         NegotiateFlags)
+        headers[req_header] = 'NTLM %s' % auth_msg
+        log.debug('Request headers: %s' % headers)
+        conn.request('GET', self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        log.debug('Response status: %s %s' % (res.status, res.reason))
+        log.debug('Response headers: %s' % dict(res.getheaders()))
+        log.debug('Response data: %s [...]' % res.read()[:100])
+        if res.status != 200:
+            if res.status == 401:
+                raise Exception('Server rejected request: wrong '
+                                'username or password')
+            raise Exception('Wrong server response: %s %s' %
+                            (res.status, res.reason))
+
+        res.fp = None
+        log.debug('Connection established')
+        return conn
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=3,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True):
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        headers['Connection'] = 'Keep-Alive'
+        return super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).urlopen(method, url, body,
+                                                       headers, retries,
+                                                       redirect,
+                                                       assert_same_host)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5996153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+'''SSL with SNI_-support for Python 2. Follow these instructions if you would
+like to verify SSL certificates in Python 2. Note, the default libraries do
+*not* do certificate checking; you need to do additional work to validate
+certificates yourself.
+
+This needs the following packages installed:
+
+* pyOpenSSL (tested with 0.13)
+* ndg-httpsclient (tested with 0.3.2)
+* pyasn1 (tested with 0.1.6)
+
+You can install them with the following command:
+
+    pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1
+
+To activate certificate checking, call
+:func:`~urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3` from your Python code
+before you begin making HTTP requests. This can be done in a ``sitecustomize``
+module, or at any other time before your application begins using ``urllib3``,
+like this::
+
+    try:
+        import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl
+        urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
+when the required modules are installed.
+
+Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
+compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
+
+If you want to configure the default list of supported cipher suites, you can
+set the ``urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST`` variable.
+
+Module Variables
+----------------
+
+:var DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST: The list of supported SSL/TLS cipher suites.
+
+.. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
+.. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
+
+'''
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+    from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+except SyntaxError as e:
+    raise ImportError(e)
+
+import OpenSSL.SSL
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+from socket import _fileobject, timeout, error as SocketError
+import ssl
+import select
+
+from .. import connection
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['inject_into_urllib3', 'extract_from_urllib3']
+
+# SNI only *really* works if we can read the subjectAltName of certificates.
+HAS_SNI = SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+
+# Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
+_openssl_versions = {
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
+}
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_1_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_2_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
+
+try:
+    _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+
+_openssl_verify = {
+    ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
+    ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED:
+        OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+}
+
+DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS
+
+# OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
+orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket = connection.ssl_wrap_socket
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3():
+    'Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.'
+
+    connection.ssl_wrap_socket = ssl_wrap_socket
+    util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3():
+    'Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`.'
+
+    connection.ssl_wrap_socket = orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket
+    util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+
+
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+class SubjectAltName(BaseSubjectAltName):
+    '''ASN.1 implementation for subjectAltNames support'''
+
+    # There is no limit to how many SAN certificates a certificate may have,
+    #   however this needs to have some limit so we'll set an arbitrarily high
+    #   limit.
+    sizeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.sizeSpec + \
+        constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 1024)
+
+
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
+    # Search through extensions
+    dns_name = []
+    if not SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT:
+        return dns_name
+
+    general_names = SubjectAltName()
+    for i in range(peer_cert.get_extension_count()):
+        ext = peer_cert.get_extension(i)
+        ext_name = ext.get_short_name()
+        if ext_name != 'subjectAltName':
+            continue
+
+        # PyOpenSSL returns extension data in ASN.1 encoded form
+        ext_dat = ext.get_data()
+        decoded_dat = der_decoder.decode(ext_dat,
+                                         asn1Spec=general_names)
+
+        for name in decoded_dat:
+            if not isinstance(name, SubjectAltName):
+                continue
+            for entry in range(len(name)):
+                component = name.getComponentByPosition(entry)
+                if component.getName() != 'dNSName':
+                    continue
+                dns_name.append(str(component.getComponent()))
+
+    return dns_name
+
+
+class WrappedSocket(object):
+    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
+
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of pypy.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+    def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise SocketError(e)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, wd, ed = select.select(
+                [self.socket], [], [], self.socket.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    def settimeout(self, timeout):
+        return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
+
+    def _send_until_done(self, data):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
+                _, wlist, _ = select.select([], [self.socket], [],
+                                            self.socket.gettimeout())
+                if not wlist:
+                    raise timeout()
+                continue
+
+    def sendall(self, data):
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(data[total_sent:total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # FIXME rethrow compatible exceptions should we ever use this
+        self.connection.shutdown()
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.close()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
+                return
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
+        x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
+
+        if not x509:
+            return x509
+
+        if binary_form:
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(
+                OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1,
+                x509)
+
+        return {
+            'subject': (
+                (('commonName', x509.get_subject().CN),),
+            ),
+            'subjectAltName': [
+                ('DNS', value)
+                for value in get_subj_alt_name(x509)
+            ]
+        }
+
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+
+def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
+    return err_no == 0
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ca_cert_dir=None):
+    ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(_openssl_versions[ssl_version])
+    if certfile:
+        keyfile = keyfile or certfile  # Match behaviour of the normal python ssl library
+        ctx.use_certificate_file(certfile)
+    if keyfile:
+        ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile)
+    if cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE:
+        ctx.set_verify(_openssl_verify[cert_reqs], _verify_callback)
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
+        try:
+            ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad ca_certs: %r' % ca_certs, e)
+    else:
+        ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    # Disable TLS compression to migitate CRIME attack (issue #309)
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+    ctx.set_options(OP_NO_COMPRESSION)
+
+    # Set list of supported ciphersuites.
+    ctx.set_cipher_list(DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST)
+
+    cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(ctx, sock)
+    cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
+    cnx.set_connect_state()
+    while True:
+        try:
+            cnx.do_handshake()
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, _, _ = select.select([sock], [], [], sock.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('select timed out')
+            continue
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake: %r' % e)
+        break
+
+    return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e07eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# Base Exceptions
+
+
+class HTTPError(Exception):
+    "Base exception used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    "Base warning used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
+class PoolError(HTTPError):
+    "Base exception for errors caused within a pool."
+    def __init__(self, pool, message):
+        self.pool = pool
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, "%s: %s" % (pool, message))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, None)
+
+
+class RequestError(PoolError):
+    "Base exception for PoolErrors that have associated URLs."
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, message):
+        self.url = url
+        PoolError.__init__(self, pool, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.url, None)
+
+
+class SSLError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when SSL certificate fails in an HTTPS connection."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxyError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when the connection to a proxy fails."
+    pass
+
+
+class DecodeError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."
+    pass
+
+
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
+# Leaf Exceptions
+
+class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param string url: The requested Url
+    :param exceptions.Exception reason: The underlying error
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
+        self.reason = reason
+
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (
+            url, reason)
+
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+
+
+class HostChangedError(RequestError):
+    "Raised when an existing pool gets a request for a foreign host."
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, retries=3):
+        message = "Tried to open a foreign host with url: %s" % url
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+        self.retries = retries
+
+
+class TimeoutStateError(HTTPError):
+    """ Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout """
+    pass
+
+
+class TimeoutError(HTTPError):
+    """ Raised when a socket timeout error occurs.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both :exc:`ReadTimeoutErrors
+    <ReadTimeoutError>` and :exc:`ConnectTimeoutErrors <ConnectTimeoutError>`.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadTimeoutError(TimeoutError, RequestError):
+    "Raised when a socket timeout occurs while receiving data from a server"
+    pass
+
+
+# This timeout error does not have a URL attached and needs to inherit from the
+# base HTTPError
+class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
+    "Raised when a socket timeout occurs while connecting to a server"
+    pass
+
+
+class NewConnectionError(ConnectTimeoutError, PoolError):
+    "Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED."
+    pass
+
+
+class EmptyPoolError(PoolError):
+    "Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed."
+    pass
+
+
+class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
+    "Raised when a request enters a pool after the pool has been closed."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    "Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
+    "Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."
+
+    def __init__(self, location):
+        message = "Failed to parse: %s" % location
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, message)
+
+        self.location = location
+
+
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    "Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."
+    GENERIC_ERROR = 'too many error responses'
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = 'too many {status_code} error responses'
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when perfoming security reducing actions"
+    pass
+
+
+class SubjectAltNameWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when connecting to a host with a certificate missing a SAN."
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform."
+    pass
+
+
+class SNIMissingWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when making a HTTPS request without SNI available."
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    "Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnknown(AssertionError, ValueError):
+    "ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme"
+    # TODO(t-8ch): Stop inheriting from AssertionError in v2.0.
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme):
+        message = "Not supported proxy scheme %s" % scheme
+        super(ProxySchemeUnknown, self).__init__(message)
+
+
+class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."
+    def __init__(self, defects, unparsed_data):
+        message = '%s, unparsed data: %r' % (defects or 'Unknown', unparsed_data)
+        super(HeaderParsingError, self).__init__(message)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7d4811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import email.utils
+import mimetypes
+
+from .packages import six
+
+
+def guess_content_type(filename, default='application/octet-stream'):
+    """
+    Guess the "Content-Type" of a file.
+
+    :param filename:
+        The filename to guess the "Content-Type" of using :mod:`mimetypes`.
+    :param default:
+        If no "Content-Type" can be guessed, default to `default`.
+    """
+    if filename:
+        return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or default
+    return default
+
+
+def format_header_param(name, value):
+    """
+    Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter.
+
+    Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain
+    non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows RFC 2231, as
+    suggested by RFC 2388 Section 4.4.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+    """
+    if not any(ch in value for ch in '"\\\r\n'):
+        result = '%s="%s"' % (name, value)
+        try:
+            result.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return result
+    if not six.PY3:  # Python 2:
+        value = value.encode('utf-8')
+    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, 'utf-8')
+    value = '%s*=%s' % (name, value)
+    return value
+
+
+class RequestField(object):
+    """
+    A data container for request body parameters.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of this request field.
+    :param data:
+        The data/value body.
+    :param filename:
+        An optional filename of the request field.
+    :param headers:
+        An optional dict-like object of headers to initially use for the field.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, data, filename=None, headers=None):
+        self._name = name
+        self._filename = filename
+        self.data = data
+        self.headers = {}
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = dict(headers)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_tuples(cls, fieldname, value):
+        """
+        A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
+
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
+
+            'foo': 'bar',
+            'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+            'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+            'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(), 'image/jpeg'),
+            'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+
+        Field names and filenames must be unicode.
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            if len(value) == 3:
+                filename, data, content_type = value
+            else:
+                filename, data = value
+                content_type = guess_content_type(filename)
+        else:
+            filename = None
+            content_type = None
+            data = value
+
+        request_param = cls(fieldname, data, filename=filename)
+        request_param.make_multipart(content_type=content_type)
+
+        return request_param
+
+    def _render_part(self, name, value):
+        """
+        Overridable helper function to format a single header parameter.
+
+        :param name:
+            The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+        :param value:
+            The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+        """
+        return format_header_param(name, value)
+
+    def _render_parts(self, header_parts):
+        """
+        Helper function to format and quote a single header.
+
+        Useful for single headers that are composed of multiple items. E.g.,
+        'Content-Disposition' fields.
+
+        :param header_parts:
+            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+        """
+        parts = []
+        iterable = header_parts
+        if isinstance(header_parts, dict):
+            iterable = header_parts.items()
+
+        for name, value in iterable:
+            if value:
+                parts.append(self._render_part(name, value))
+
+        return '; '.join(parts)
+
+    def render_headers(self):
+        """
+        Renders the headers for this request field.
+        """
+        lines = []
+
+        sort_keys = ['Content-Disposition', 'Content-Type', 'Content-Location']
+        for sort_key in sort_keys:
+            if self.headers.get(sort_key, False):
+                lines.append('%s: %s' % (sort_key, self.headers[sort_key]))
+
+        for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
+            if header_name not in sort_keys:
+                if header_value:
+                    lines.append('%s: %s' % (header_name, header_value))
+
+        lines.append('\r\n')
+        return '\r\n'.join(lines)
+
+    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None,
+                       content_location=None):
+        """
+        Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
+
+        This method overrides "Content-Disposition", "Content-Type" and
+        "Content-Location" headers to the request parameter.
+
+        :param content_type:
+            The 'Content-Type' of the request body.
+        :param content_location:
+            The 'Content-Location' of the request body.
+
+        """
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = content_disposition or 'form-data'
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join([
+            '', self._render_parts(
+                (('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename))
+            )
+        ])
+        self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+        self.headers['Content-Location'] = content_location
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97a2843
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import codecs
+
+from uuid import uuid4
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six import b
+from .fields import RequestField
+
+writer = codecs.lookup('utf-8')[3]
+
+
+def choose_boundary():
+    """
+    Our embarassingly-simple replacement for mimetools.choose_boundary.
+    """
+    return uuid4().hex
+
+
+def iter_field_objects(fields):
+    """
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts, and lists of
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        i = six.iteritems(fields)
+    else:
+        i = iter(fields)
+
+    for field in i:
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+
+
+def iter_fields(fields):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.6
+
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    The addition of :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` makes this function
+    obsolete. Instead, use :func:`iter_field_objects`, which returns
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` objects.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts.
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        return ((k, v) for k, v in six.iteritems(fields))
+
+    return ((k, v) for k, v in fields)
+
+
+def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=None):
+    """
+    Encode a dictionary of ``fields`` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.
+
+    :param fields:
+        Dictionary of fields or list of (key, :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`).
+
+    :param boundary:
+        If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using
+        :func:`mimetools.choose_boundary`.
+    """
+    body = BytesIO()
+    if boundary is None:
+        boundary = choose_boundary()
+
+    for field in iter_field_objects(fields):
+        body.write(b('--%s\r\n' % (boundary)))
+
+        writer(body).write(field.render_headers())
+        data = field.data
+
+        if isinstance(data, int):
+            data = str(data)  # Backwards compatibility
+
+        if isinstance(data, six.text_type):
+            writer(body).write(data)
+        else:
+            body.write(data)
+
+        body.write(b'\r\n')
+
+    body.write(b('--%s--\r\n' % (boundary)))
+
+    content_type = str('multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary)
+
+    return body.getvalue(), content_type
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..170e974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from . import ssl_match_hostname
+
+__all__ = ('ssl_match_hostname', )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4479363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# Backport of OrderedDict() class that runs on Python 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and pypy.
+# Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
+# Copyright 2009 Raymond Hettinger, released under the MIT License.
+# http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
+try:
+    from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+except ImportError:
+    from dummy_thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+
+try:
+    from _abcoll import KeysView, ValuesView, ItemsView
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class OrderedDict(dict):
+    'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+    # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
+    # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
+    # The remaining methods are order-aware.
+    # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as for regular dictionaries.
+
+    # The internal self.__map dictionary maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.
+    # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.
+    # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
+    # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+        regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
+        because their insertion order is arbitrary.
+
+        '''
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
+        try:
+            self.__root
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__root = root = []                     # sentinel node
+            root[:] = [root, root, None]
+            self.__map = {}
+        self.__update(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
+        'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+        # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
+        # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
+        if key not in self:
+            root = self.__root
+            last = root[0]
+            last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]
+        dict_setitem(self, key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
+        'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+        # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
+        # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
+        dict_delitem(self, key)
+        link_prev, link_next, key = self.__map.pop(key)
+        link_prev[1] = link_next
+        link_next[0] = link_prev
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[1]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[1]
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[0]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[0]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+        try:
+            for node in self.__map.itervalues():
+                del node[:]
+            root = self.__root
+            root[:] = [root, root, None]
+            self.__map.clear()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        dict.clear(self)
+
+    def popitem(self, last=True):
+        '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+        Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
+
+        '''
+        if not self:
+            raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+        root = self.__root
+        if last:
+            link = root[0]
+            link_prev = link[0]
+            link_prev[1] = root
+            root[0] = link_prev
+        else:
+            link = root[1]
+            link_next = link[1]
+            root[1] = link_next
+            link_next[0] = root
+        key = link[2]
+        del self.__map[key]
+        value = dict.pop(self, key)
+        return key, value
+
+    # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
+
+    def keys(self):
+        'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+        return list(self)
+
+    def values(self):
+        'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+        return [self[key] for key in self]
+
+    def items(self):
+        'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+        return iter(self)
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+        for k in self:
+            yield self[k]
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+        for k in self:
+            yield (k, self[k])
+
+    def update(*args, **kwds):
+        '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+
+        If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
+        If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
+        Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
+        In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
+
+        '''
+        if len(args) > 2:
+            raise TypeError('update() takes at most 2 positional '
+                            'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args),))
+        elif not args:
+            raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+        self = args[0]
+        # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
+        other = ()
+        if len(args) == 2:
+            other = args[1]
+        if isinstance(other, dict):
+            for key in other:
+                self[key] = other[key]
+        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self[key] = other[key]
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self[key] = value
+        for key, value in kwds.items():
+            self[key] = value
+
+    __update = update  # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+
+        '''
+        if key in self:
+            result = self[key]
+            del self[key]
+            return result
+        if default is self.__marker:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        self[key] = default
+        return default
+
+    def __repr__(self, _repr_running={}):
+        'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+        call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
+        if call_key in _repr_running:
+            return '...'
+        _repr_running[call_key] = 1
+        try:
+            if not self:
+                return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+            return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+        finally:
+            del _repr_running[call_key]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        'Return state information for pickling'
+        items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
+        inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
+        for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
+            inst_dict.pop(k, None)
+        if inst_dict:
+            return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
+        return self.__class__, (items,)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+        return self.__class__(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
+        '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+        and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
+
+        '''
+        d = cls()
+        for key in iterable:
+            d[key] = value
+        return d
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+        while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
+
+        '''
+        if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
+            return len(self)==len(other) and self.items() == other.items()
+        return dict.__eq__(self, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
+
+    def viewkeys(self):
+        "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
+        return KeysView(self)
+
+    def viewvalues(self):
+        "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"
+        return ValuesView(self)
+
+    def viewitems(self):
+        "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"
+        return ItemsView(self)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27d8011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+#Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Benjamin Peterson
+
+#Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+#this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+#the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+#use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+#the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+#subject to the following conditions:
+
+#The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+#copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+#THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+#IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+#FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+#COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+#IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+#CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.2.0"  # Revision 41c74fef2ded
+
+
+# True if we are running on Python 3.
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+            del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again.
+        delattr(tp, self.name)
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+
+class _MovedItems(types.ModuleType):
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+]
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+moves = sys.modules[__name__ + ".moves"] = _MovedItems("moves")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+
+    _iterkeys = "keys"
+    _itervalues = "values"
+    _iteritems = "items"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+
+    _iterkeys = "iterkeys"
+    _itervalues = "itervalues"
+    _iteritems = "iteritems"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    Iterator = object
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+
+
+def iterkeys(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iterkeys)())
+
+def itervalues(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _itervalues)())
+
+def iteritems(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iteritems)())
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        def int2byte(i):
+            return bytes((i,))
+    else:
+        # This is about 2x faster than the implementation above on 3.2+
+        int2byte = operator.methodcaller("to_bytes", 1, "big")
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+    int2byte = chr
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    import builtins
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, "exec")
+
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+    del builtins
+
+else:
+    def exec_(code, globs=None, locs=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if globs is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            globs = frame.f_globals
+            if locs is None:
+                locs = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif locs is None:
+            locs = globs
+        exec("""exec code in globs, locs""")
+
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, base=object):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd59a75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+try:
+    # Python 3.2+
+    from ssl import CertificateError, match_hostname
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        # Backport of the function from a pypi module
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError, match_hostname
+    except ImportError:
+        # Our vendored copy
+        from ._implementation import CertificateError, match_hostname
+
+# Not needed, but documenting what we provide.
+__all__ = ('CertificateError', 'match_hostname')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52f4287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""The match_hostname() function from Python 3.3.3, essential when using SSL."""
+
+# Note: This file is under the PSF license as the code comes from the python
+# stdlib.   http://docs.python.org/3/license.html
+
+import re
+
+__version__ = '3.4.0.2'
+
+class CertificateError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+    """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+    """
+    pats = []
+    if not dn:
+        return False
+
+    # Ported from python3-syntax:
+    # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+    parts = dn.split(r'.')
+    leftmost = parts[0]
+    remainder = parts[1:]
+
+    wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+    if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+        # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+        # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+        # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+        # reasonable choice.
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+    # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+    if not wildcards:
+        return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+    # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+    # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+    if leftmost == '*':
+        # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # fragment.
+        pats.append('[^.]+')
+    elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+        # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+        # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+    else:
+        # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+    # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+    for frag in remainder:
+        pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+    pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+    return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+    """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+    rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+    CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+    returns nothing.
+    """
+    if not cert:
+        raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
+    dnsnames = []
+    san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+    for key, value in san:
+        if key == 'DNS':
+            if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+    if not dnsnames:
+        # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+        # in subjectAltName
+        for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+            for key, value in sub:
+                # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                # must be used.
+                if key == 'commonName':
+                    if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                        return
+                    dnsnames.append(value)
+    if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match either of %s"
+            % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+    elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match %r"
+            % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+    else:
+        raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+            "subjectAltName fields were found")
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f13e673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from urllib.parse import urljoin
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import urljoin
+
+from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
+from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError, ProxySchemeUnknown
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .util.url import parse_url
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+
+__all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
+
+
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {
+    'http': HTTPConnectionPool,
+    'https': HTTPSConnectionPool,
+}
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SSL_KEYWORDS = ('key_file', 'cert_file', 'cert_reqs', 'ca_certs',
+                'ssl_version', 'ca_cert_dir')
+
+
+class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of
+    necessary connection pools for you.
+
+    :param num_pools:
+        Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least
+        recently used pool.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param \**connection_pool_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/mail')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://yahoo.com/')
+        >>> len(manager.pools)
+        2
+
+    """
+
+    proxy = None
+
+    def __init__(self, num_pools=10, headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools,
+                                           dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def _new_pool(self, scheme, host, port):
+        """
+        Create a new :class:`ConnectionPool` based on host, port and scheme.
+
+        This method is used to actually create the connection pools handed out
+        by :meth:`connection_from_url` and companion methods. It is intended
+        to be overridden for customization.
+        """
+        pool_cls = pool_classes_by_scheme[scheme]
+        kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw
+        if scheme == 'http':
+            kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+            for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
+                kwargs.pop(kw, None)
+
+        return pool_cls(host, port, **kwargs)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.
+
+        This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be
+        re-used after completion.
+        """
+        self.pools.clear()
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme='http'):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
+
+        If ``port`` isn't given, it will be derived from the ``scheme`` using
+        ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``.
+        """
+
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        scheme = scheme or 'http'
+        port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
+        pool_key = (scheme, host, port)
+
+        with self.pools.lock:
+            # If the scheme, host, or port doesn't match existing open
+            # connections, open a new ConnectionPool.
+            pool = self.pools.get(pool_key)
+            if pool:
+                return pool
+
+            # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port)
+            self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
+        return pool
+
+    def connection_from_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Similar to :func:`urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url` but
+        doesn't pass any additional parameters to the
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` constructor.
+
+        Additional parameters are taken from the :class:`.PoolManager`
+        constructor.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        return self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        """
+        Same as :meth:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen`
+        with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri
+        portion of the ``url``.
+
+        The given ``url`` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+        kw['assert_same_host'] = False
+        kw['redirect'] = False
+        if 'headers' not in kw:
+            kw['headers'] = self.headers
+
+        if self.proxy is not None and u.scheme == "http":
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
+        else:
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, u.request_uri, **kw)
+
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if not redirect_location:
+            return response
+
+        # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
+        redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
+
+        # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
+        if response.status == 303:
+            method = 'GET'
+
+        retries = kw.get('retries')
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw['retries'] = retries
+        kw['redirect'] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
+        return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
+
+
+class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    Behaves just like :class:`PoolManager`, but sends all requests through
+    the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.
+
+    :param proxy_url:
+        The URL of the proxy to be used.
+
+    :param proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary contaning headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case
+        of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the
+        HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy
+        authentication.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://localhost:3128/')
+        >>> r1 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r2 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        1
+        >>> r3 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> r4 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://twitter.com/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, proxy_url, num_pools=10, headers=None,
+                 proxy_headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+
+        if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
+            proxy_url = '%s://%s:%i' % (proxy_url.scheme, proxy_url.host,
+                                        proxy_url.port)
+        proxy = parse_url(proxy_url)
+        if not proxy.port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
+            proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        if proxy.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnknown(proxy.scheme)
+
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
+
+        connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
+
+        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
+            num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme='http'):
+        if scheme == "https":
+            return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+                host, port, scheme)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme)
+
+    def _set_proxy_headers(self, url, headers=None):
+        """
+        Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
+        headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
+        """
+        headers_ = {'Accept': '*/*'}
+
+        netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
+        if netloc:
+            headers_['Host'] = netloc
+
+        if headers:
+            headers_.update(headers)
+        return headers_
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        "Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, ``url`` must be absolute."
+        u = parse_url(url)
+
+        if u.scheme == "http":
+            # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
+            # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
+            # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
+            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
+            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
+
+
+def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
+    return ProxyManager(proxy_url=url, **kw)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5aa62d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import urlencode
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib import urlencode
+
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+
+
+__all__ = ['RequestMethods']
+
+
+class RequestMethods(object):
+    """
+    Convenience mixin for classes who implement a :meth:`urlopen` method, such
+    as :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool` and
+    :class:`~urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager`.
+
+    Provides behavior for making common types of HTTP request methods and
+    decides which type of request field encoding to use.
+
+    Specifically,
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
+    (such as for POST, PUT, PATCH).
+
+    :meth:`.request` is for making any kind of request, it will look up the
+    appropriate encoding format and use one of the above two methods to make
+    the request.
+
+    Initializer parameters:
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+    """
+
+    _encode_url_methods = set(['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'])
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None):
+        self.headers = headers or {}
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
+                **kw):  # Abstract
+        raise NotImplemented("Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
+                             "their own ``urlopen`` method.")
+
+    def request(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the appropriate encoding of
+        ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
+
+        This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
+        or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
+        """
+        method = method.upper()
+
+        if method in self._encode_url_methods:
+            return self.request_encode_url(method, url, fields=fields,
+                                           headers=headers,
+                                           **urlopen_kw)
+        else:
+            return self.request_encode_body(method, url, fields=fields,
+                                            headers=headers,
+                                            **urlopen_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                           **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': headers}
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        if fields:
+            url += '?' + urlencode(fields)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_body(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                            encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
+                            **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
+
+        When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
+        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :meth:`urllib.urlencode` is used with the
+        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
+
+        Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
+
+        Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
+        key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
+
+            fields = {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+                'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+                'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+                'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(),
+                              'image/jpeg'),
+                'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+            }
+
+        When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
+        tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimick behavior of browsers.
+
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
+        string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': {}}
+
+        if fields:
+            if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one.")
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=multipart_boundary)
+            else:
+                body, content_type = urlencode(fields), 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            extra_kw['body'] = body
+            extra_kw['headers'] = {'Content-Type': content_type}
+
+        extra_kw['headers'].update(headers)
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f2a1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import zlib
+import io
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+from socket import error as SocketError
+
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ResponseNotChunked
+)
+from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type, PY3
+from .packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
+
+
+class DeflateDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._first_try = True
+        self._data = binary_type()
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
+        if not self._first_try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+        self._data += data
+        try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+        except zlib.error:
+            self._first_try = False
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+            try:
+                return self.decompress(self._data)
+            finally:
+                self._data = None
+
+
+class GzipDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+        return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+
+def _get_decoder(mode):
+    if mode == 'gzip':
+        return GzipDecoder()
+
+    return DeflateDecoder()
+
+
+class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Response container.
+
+    Backwards-compatible to httplib's HTTPResponse but the response ``body`` is
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
+
+    Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:
+
+    :param preload_content:
+        If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.
+
+    :param decode_content:
+        If True, attempts to decode specific content-encoding's based on headers
+        (like 'gzip' and 'deflate') will be skipped and raw data will be used
+        instead.
+
+    :param original_response:
+        When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an httplib.HTTPResponse
+        object, it's convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It's
+        otherwise unused.
+    """
+
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ['gzip', 'deflate']
+    REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
+
+    def __init__(self, body='', headers=None, status=0, version=0, reason=None,
+                 strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True,
+                 original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None):
+
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
+        self.status = status
+        self.version = version
+        self.reason = reason
+        self.strict = strict
+        self.decode_content = decode_content
+
+        self._decoder = None
+        self._body = None
+        self._fp = None
+        self._original_response = original_response
+        self._fp_bytes_read = 0
+
+        if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
+            self._body = body
+
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        if hasattr(body, 'read'):
+            self._fp = body
+
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # If requested, preload the body.
+        if preload_content and not self._body:
+            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
+
+    def get_redirect_location(self):
+        """
+        Should we redirect and where to?
+
+        :returns: Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status
+            code and valid location. ``None`` if redirect status and no
+            location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
+        """
+        if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            return self.headers.get('location')
+
+        return False
+
+    def release_conn(self):
+        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
+            return
+
+        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
+        self._connection = None
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        # For backwords-compat with earlier urllib3 0.4 and earlier.
+        if self._body:
+            return self._body
+
+        if self._fp:
+            return self.read(cache_content=True)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """
+        Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from
+        the amount of content returned by :meth:``HTTPResponse.read`` if bytes
+        are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).
+        """
+        return self._fp_bytes_read
+
+    def _init_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessar.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+            self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    def _decode(self, data, decode_content, flush_decoder):
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        try:
+            if decode_content and self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+        except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
+
+        if flush_decoder and decode_content:
+            data += self._flush_decoder()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _flush_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
+        being used.
+        """
+        if self._decoder:
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b'')
+            return buf + self._decoder.flush()
+
+        return b''
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self):
+        """
+        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
+        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
+        high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        try:
+            try:
+                yield
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
+                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
+                    raise
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except (HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
+
+        except Exception:
+            # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it anymore
+            # so close it now to ensure that the connection is released back to the pool.
+            if self._original_response and not self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self._original_response.close()
+
+            # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
+            # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
+            # too.
+            if self._connection is not None:
+                self._connection.close()
+
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self.release_conn()
+
+    def read(self, amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`httplib.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
+        parameters: ``decode_content`` and ``cache_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param cache_content:
+            If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is
+            returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This
+            is useful if you want the ``.data`` property to continue working
+            after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
+            set.)
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        if decode_content is None:
+            decode_content = self.decode_content
+
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return
+
+        flush_decoder = False
+        data = None
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            if amt is None:
+                # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
+                data = self._fp.read()
+                flush_decoder = True
+            else:
+                cache_content = False
+                data = self._fp.read(amt)
+                if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                    #
+                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                    # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                    # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                    self._fp.close()
+                    flush_decoder = True
+
+        if data:
+            self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
+
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+
+            if cache_content:
+                self._body = data
+
+        return data
+
+    def stream(self, amt=2**16, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
+        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
+        connection is closed.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
+            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
+            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
+            never be returned.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        if self.chunked:
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+
+                if data:
+                    yield data
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Given an :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse` instance ``r``, return a
+        corresponding :class:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse` object.
+
+        Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along
+        with ``original_response=r``.
+        """
+        headers = r.msg
+
+        if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            if PY3:  # Python 3
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
+            else:  # Python 2
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
+
+        # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
+        strict = getattr(r, 'strict', 0)
+        resp = ResponseCls(body=r,
+                           headers=headers,
+                           status=r.status,
+                           version=r.version,
+                           reason=r.reason,
+                           strict=strict,
+                           original_response=r,
+                           **response_kw)
+        return resp
+
+    # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
+    def getheaders(self):
+        return self.headers
+
+    def getheader(self, name, default=None):
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    # Overrides from io.IOBase
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self._fp.close()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return True
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'closed'):
+            return self._fp.closed
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'isclosed'):  # Python 2
+            return self._fp.isclosed()
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            raise IOError("HTTPResponse has no file to get a fileno from")
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
+            return self._fp.fileno()
+        else:
+            raise IOError("The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+                          "around has no file descriptor")
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self._fp is not None and hasattr(self._fp, 'flush'):
+            return self._fp.flush()
+
+    def readable(self):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self):
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+        line = line.split(b';', 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+            self.close()
+            raise httplib.IncompleteRead(line)
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt):
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked(
+                "Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing.")
+
+        # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+        if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
+            self._original_response.close()
+            return
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            while True:
+                self._update_chunk_length()
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+                decoded = self._decode(chunk, decode_content=decode_content,
+                                       flush_decoder=False)
+                if decoded:
+                    yield decoded
+
+            if decode_content:
+                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
+                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
+                # lets defensively do it anyway.
+                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
+                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
+                    yield decoded
+
+            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+            while True:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                    break
+                if line == b'\r\n':
+                    break
+
+            # We read everything; close the "file".
+            if self._original_response:
+                self._original_response.close()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6c6243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
+from .connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .request import make_headers
+from .response import is_fp_closed
+from .ssl_ import (
+    SSLContext,
+    HAS_SNI,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .timeout import (
+    current_time,
+    Timeout,
+)
+
+from .retry import Retry
+from .url import (
+    get_host,
+    parse_url,
+    split_first,
+    Url,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HAS_SNI',
+    'SSLContext',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'Url',
+    'assert_fingerprint',
+    'current_time',
+    'is_connection_dropped',
+    'is_fp_closed',
+    'get_host',
+    'parse_url',
+    'make_headers',
+    'resolve_cert_reqs',
+    'resolve_ssl_version',
+    'split_first',
+    'ssl_wrap_socket',
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01a4812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import socket
+try:
+    from select import poll, POLLIN
+except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
+    poll = False
+    try:
+        from select import select
+    except ImportError:  # `select` doesn't exist on AppEngine.
+        select = False
+
+
+def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
+
+    :param conn:
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection` object.
+
+    Note: For platforms like AppEngine, this will always return ``False`` to
+    let the platform handle connection recycling transparently for us.
+    """
+    sock = getattr(conn, 'sock', False)
+    if sock is False:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+        return False
+    if sock is None:  # Connection already closed (such as by httplib).
+        return True
+
+    if not poll:
+        if not select:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            return select([sock], [], [], 0.0)[0]
+        except socket.error:
+            return True
+
+    # This version is better on platforms that support it.
+    p = poll()
+    p.register(sock, POLLIN)
+    for (fno, ev) in p.poll(0.0):
+        if fno == sock.fileno():
+            # Either data is buffered (bad), or the connection is dropped.
+            return True
+
+
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                      source_address=None, socket_options=None):
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
+
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    if host.startswith('['):
+        host = host.strip('[]')
+    err = None
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            # This is the only addition urllib3 makes to this function.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            return sock
+
+        except socket.error as e:
+            err = e
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+                sock = None
+
+    if err is not None:
+        raise err
+
+    raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(sock, options):
+    if options is None:
+        return
+
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7377931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from ..packages.six import b
+
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = 'gzip,deflate'
+
+
+def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
+                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None, disable_cache=None):
+    """
+    Shortcuts for generating request headers.
+
+    :param keep_alive:
+        If ``True``, adds 'connection: keep-alive' header.
+
+    :param accept_encoding:
+        Can be a boolean, list, or string.
+        ``True`` translates to 'gzip,deflate'.
+        List will get joined by comma.
+        String will be used as provided.
+
+    :param user_agent:
+        String representing the user-agent you want, such as
+        "python-urllib3/0.6"
+
+    :param basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param proxy_basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
+        {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
+        >>> make_headers(accept_encoding=True)
+        {'accept-encoding': 'gzip,deflate'}
+    """
+    headers = {}
+    if accept_encoding:
+        if isinstance(accept_encoding, str):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(accept_encoding, list):
+            accept_encoding = ','.join(accept_encoding)
+        else:
+            accept_encoding = ACCEPT_ENCODING
+        headers['accept-encoding'] = accept_encoding
+
+    if user_agent:
+        headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
+
+    if keep_alive:
+        headers['connection'] = 'keep-alive'
+
+    if basic_auth:
+        headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
+            b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if proxy_basic_auth:
+        headers['proxy-authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
+            b64encode(b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
+
+    return headers
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc72327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from ..packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+
+from ..exceptions import HeaderParsingError
+
+
+def is_fp_closed(obj):
+    """
+    Checks whether a given file-like object is closed.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The file-like object to check.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
+        return obj.fp is None
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
+
+
+def assert_header_parsing(headers):
+    """
+    Asserts whether all headers have been successfully parsed.
+    Extracts encountered errors from the result of parsing headers.
+
+    Only works on Python 3.
+
+    :param headers: Headers to verify.
+    :type headers: `httplib.HTTPMessage`.
+
+    :raises urllib3.exceptions.HeaderParsingError:
+        If parsing errors are found.
+    """
+
+    # This will fail silently if we pass in the wrong kind of parameter.
+    # To make debugging easier add an explicit check.
+    if not isinstance(headers, httplib.HTTPMessage):
+        raise TypeError('expected httplib.Message, got {0}.'.format(
+            type(headers)))
+
+    defects = getattr(headers, 'defects', None)
+    get_payload = getattr(headers, 'get_payload', None)
+
+    unparsed_data = None
+    if get_payload:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.
+        unparsed_data = get_payload()
+
+    if defects or unparsed_data:
+        raise HeaderParsingError(defects=defects, unparsed_data=unparsed_data)
+
+
+def is_response_to_head(response):
+    """
+    Checks, wether a the request of a response has been a HEAD-request.
+    Handles the quirks of AppEngine.
+
+    :param conn:
+    :type conn: :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse`
+    """
+    # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+    method = response._method
+    if isinstance(method, int):  # Platform-specific: Appengine
+        return method == 3
+    return method.upper() == 'HEAD'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03a0124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import time
+import logging
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Retry(object):
+    """ Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts. It's a good idea to set this to some sensibly-high value to
+        account for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param iterable method_whitelist:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        indempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST`.
+
+    :param iterable status_forcelist:
+        A set of HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts. urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ^ ({number of total retries} - 1))
+
+        seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
+        for [0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
+        than :attr:`Retry.BACKOFF_MAX`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST = frozenset([
+        'HEAD', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE'])
+
+    #: Maximum backoff time.
+    BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    def __init__(self, total=10, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None,
+                 method_whitelist=DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST, status_forcelist=None,
+                 backoff_factor=0, raise_on_redirect=True, _observed_errors=0):
+
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.method_whitelist = method_whitelist
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors  # TODO: use .history instead?
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect, read=self.read, redirect=self.redirect,
+            method_whitelist=self.method_whitelist,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            _observed_errors=self._observed_errors,
+        )
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(cls, retries, redirect=True, default=None):
+        """ Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r" % (retries, new_retries))
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self):
+        """ Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        if self._observed_errors <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (self._observed_errors - 1))
+        return min(self.BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
+
+    def sleep(self):
+        """ Sleep between retry attempts using an exponential backoff.
+
+        By default, the backoff factor is 0 and this method will return
+        immediately.
+        """
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def is_forced_retry(self, method, status_code):
+        """ Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
+        """
+        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
+            return False
+
+        return self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist
+
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """ Are we out of retries? """
+        retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect)
+        retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None,
+                  _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
+        """ Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        _observed_errors = self._observed_errors
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+        cause = 'unknown'
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+            cause = 'too many redirects'
+
+        else:
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and a the given method is in the whitelist
+            _observed_errors += 1
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(
+                    status_code=response.status)
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect, read=read, redirect=redirect,
+            _observed_errors=_observed_errors)
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r" % (url, new_retry))
+
+        return new_retry
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
+                'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect})').format(
+                    cls=type(self), self=self)
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f8344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import warnings
+import hmac
+
+from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
+from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
+
+from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning, SNIMissingWarning
+
+
+SSLContext = None
+HAS_SNI = False
+create_default_context = None
+
+# Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing this digest
+HASHFUNC_MAP = {
+    32: md5,
+    40: sha1,
+    64: sha256,
+}
+
+
+def _const_compare_digest_backport(a, b):
+    """
+    Compare two digests of equal length in constant time.
+
+    The digests must be of type str/bytes.
+    Returns True if the digests match, and False otherwise.
+    """
+    result = abs(len(a) - len(b))
+    for l, r in zip(bytearray(a), bytearray(b)):
+        result |= l ^ r
+    return result == 0
+
+
+_const_compare_digest = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest',
+                                _const_compare_digest_backport)
+
+
+try:  # Test for SSL features
+    import ssl
+    from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+    from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
+# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
+    'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
+    'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
+    '!eNULL:!MD5'
+)
+
+try:
+    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
+except ImportError:
+    import sys
+
+    class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
+        supports_set_ciphers = ((2, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3,) or
+                                (3, 2) <= sys.version_info)
+
+        def __init__(self, protocol_version):
+            self.protocol = protocol_version
+            # Use default values from a real SSLContext
+            self.check_hostname = False
+            self.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.ca_certs = None
+            self.options = 0
+            self.certfile = None
+            self.keyfile = None
+            self.ciphers = None
+
+        def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile):
+            self.certfile = certfile
+            self.keyfile = keyfile
+
+        def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None):
+            self.ca_certs = cafile
+
+            if capath is not None:
+                raise SSLError("CA directories not supported in older Pythons")
+
+        def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
+            if not self.supports_set_ciphers:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Your version of Python does not support setting '
+                    'a custom cipher suite. Please upgrade to Python '
+                    '2.7, 3.2, or later if you need this functionality.'
+                )
+            self.ciphers = cipher_suite
+
+        def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
+                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
+                'certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+                '#insecureplatformwarning.',
+                InsecurePlatformWarning
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                'keyfile': self.keyfile,
+                'certfile': self.certfile,
+                'ca_certs': self.ca_certs,
+                'cert_reqs': self.verify_mode,
+                'ssl_version': self.protocol,
+            }
+            if self.supports_set_ciphers:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.7+
+                return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
+            else:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+                return wrap_socket(socket, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
+    """
+    Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
+
+    :param cert:
+        Certificate as bytes object.
+    :param fingerprint:
+        Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
+    """
+
+    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
+    digest_length = len(fingerprint)
+    hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
+    if not hashfunc:
+        raise SSLError(
+            'Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}'.format(fingerprint))
+
+    # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
+    fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
+
+    cert_digest = hashfunc(cert).digest()
+
+    if not _const_compare_digest(cert_digest, fingerprint_bytes):
+        raise SSLError('Fingerprints did not match. Expected "{0}", got "{1}".'
+                       .format(fingerprint, hexlify(cert_digest)))
+
+
+def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate):
+    """
+    Resolves the argument to a numeric constant, which can be passed to
+    the wrap_socket function/method from the ssl module.
+    Defaults to :data:`ssl.CERT_NONE`.
+    If given a string it is assumed to be the name of the constant in the
+    :mod:`ssl` module or its abbrevation.
+    (So you can specify `REQUIRED` instead of `CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If it's neither `None` nor a string we assume it is already the numeric
+    constant which can directly be passed to wrap_socket.
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return CERT_NONE
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, 'CERT_' + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
+    """
+    like resolve_cert_reqs
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_' + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                           options=None, ciphers=None):
+    """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
+
+    By default, this function does a lot of the same work that
+    ``ssl.create_default_context`` does on Python 3.4+. It:
+
+    - Disables SSLv2, SSLv3, and compression
+    - Sets a restricted set of server ciphers
+
+    If you wish to enable SSLv3, you can do::
+
+        from urllib3.util import ssl_
+        context = ssl_.create_urllib3_context()
+        context.options &= ~ssl_.OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+    You can do the same to enable compression (substituting ``COMPRESSION``
+    for ``SSLv3`` in the last line above).
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    context = SSLContext(ssl_version or ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    if getattr(context, 'supports_set_ciphers', True):  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+
+    context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+    if getattr(context, 'check_hostname', None) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+        # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
+        # hostnames. So disable it here
+        context.check_hostname = False
+    return context
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None,
+                    ca_cert_dir=None):
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname, ssl_context, and ca_cert_dir have
+    the same meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support. This is not
+        supported on Python 2.6 as the ssl module does not support it.
+    :param ca_cert_dir:
+        A directory containing CA certificates in multiple separate files, as
+        supported by OpenSSL's -CApath flag or the capath argument to
+        SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs,
+                                         ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
+        except IOError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
+            raise SSLError(e)
+        # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError which subclasses OSError
+        # These are not equivalent unless we check the errno attribute
+        except OSError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.3 and beyond
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise SSLError(e)
+            raise
+
+    if certfile:
+        context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+    if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
+        return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        'An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Subject Name '
+        'Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. '
+        'This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS '
+        'certificate, which can cause validation failures. For more '
+        'information, see '
+        'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+        '#snimissingwarning.',
+        SNIMissingWarning
+    )
+    return context.wrap_socket(sock)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff62f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was
+# specified by the user
+from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+import time
+
+from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
+
+# A sentinel value to indicate that no timeout was specified by the user in
+# urllib3
+_Default = object()
+
+
+def current_time():
+    """
+    Retrieve the current time. This function is mocked out in unit testing.
+    """
+    return time.time()
+
+
+class Timeout(object):
+    """ Timeout configuration.
+
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+        http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``::
+
+        no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)
+
+
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: integer, float, or None
+
+    :param connect:
+        The maximum amount of time to wait for a connection attempt to a server
+        to succeed. Omitting the parameter will default the connect timeout to
+        the system default, probably `the global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout for connection attempts.
+
+    :type connect: integer, float, or None
+
+    :param read:
+        The maximum amount of time to wait between consecutive
+        read operations for a response from the server. Omitting
+        the parameter will default the read timeout to the system
+        default, probably `the global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout.
+
+    :type read: integer, float, or None
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
+
+        In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
+        read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
+        not the total amount of time for the request to return a complete
+        response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
+        has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
+        the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
+
+        If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock
+        time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
+        request.
+    """
+
+    #: A sentinel object representing the default timeout value
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+    def __init__(self, total=None, connect=_Default, read=_Default):
+        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, 'connect')
+        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, 'read')
+        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, 'total')
+        self._start_connect = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)' % (
+            type(self).__name__, self._connect, self._read, self.total)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_timeout(cls, value, name):
+        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
+
+        :param value: The timeout value to validate
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
+            is a numeric value less than zero.
+        """
+        if value is _Default:
+            return cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if value is None or value is cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return value
+
+        try:
+            float(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                             "int or float." % (name, value))
+
+        try:
+            if value < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
+                                 "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
+                                 "than 0." % (name, value))
+        except TypeError:  # Python 3
+            raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                             "int or float." % (name, value))
+
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_float(cls, timeout):
+        """ Create a new Timeout from a legacy timeout value.
+
+        The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
+        connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
+
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
+        :type timeout: integer, float, sentinel default object, or None
+        :return: Timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """ Create a copy of the timeout object
+
+        Timeout properties are stored per-pool but each request needs a fresh
+        Timeout object to ensure each one has its own start/stop configured.
+
+        :return: a copy of the timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        # We can't use copy.deepcopy because that will also create a new object
+        # for _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, which socket.py uses as a sentinel to
+        # detect the user default.
+        return Timeout(connect=self._connect, read=self._read,
+                       total=self.total)
+
+    def start_connect(self):
+        """ Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt
+
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to start a timer that has been started already.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is not None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Timeout timer has already been started.")
+        self._start_connect = current_time()
+        return self._start_connect
+
+    def get_connect_duration(self):
+        """ Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
+
+        :return: Elapsed time.
+        :rtype: float
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Can't get connect duration for timer "
+                                    "that has not started.")
+        return current_time() - self._start_connect
+
+    @property
+    def connect_timeout(self):
+        """ Get the value to use when setting a connection timeout.
+
+        This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
+        (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
+
+        :return: Connect timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        """
+        if self.total is None:
+            return self._connect
+
+        if self._connect is None or self._connect is self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return self.total
+
+        return min(self._connect, self.total)
+
+    @property
+    def read_timeout(self):
+        """ Get the value for the read timeout.
+
+        This assumes some time has elapsed in the connection timeout and
+        computes the read timeout appropriately.
+
+        If self.total is set, the read timeout is dependent on the amount of
+        time taken by the connect timeout. If the connection time has not been
+        established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
+        raised.
+
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
+            has not yet been called on this object.
+        """
+        if (self.total is not None and
+                self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
+                self._read is not None and
+                self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            if self._start_connect is None:
+                return self._read
+            return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(),
+                              self._read))
+        elif self.total is not None and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return max(0, self.total - self.get_connect_duration())
+        else:
+            return self._read
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e996204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+
+
+url_attrs = ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+
+
+class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
+    """
+    Datastructure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
+    :func:`parse_url`.
+    """
+    slots = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
+                query=None, fragment=None):
+        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
+            path = '/' + path
+        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
+                                       query, fragment)
+
+    @property
+    def hostname(self):
+        """For backwards-compatibility with urlparse. We're nice like that."""
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def request_uri(self):
+        """Absolute path including the query string."""
+        uri = self.path or '/'
+
+        if self.query is not None:
+            uri += '?' + self.query
+
+        return uri
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self):
+        """Network location including host and port"""
+        if self.port:
+            return '%s:%d' % (self.host, self.port)
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            >>> U = parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+            >>> U.url
+            'http://google.com/mail/'
+            >>> Url('http', 'username:password', 'host.com', 80,
+            ... '/path', 'query', 'fragment').url
+            'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = ''
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + '://'
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + '@'
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += ':' + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += '?' + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += '#' + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
+
+
+def split_first(s, delims):
+    """
+    Given a string and an iterable of delimiters, split on the first found
+    delimiter. Return two split parts and the matched delimiter.
+
+    If not found, then the first part is the full input string.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '?/=')
+        ('foo', 'bar?baz', '/')
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '123')
+        ('foo/bar?baz', '', None)
+
+    Scales linearly with number of delims. Not ideal for large number of delims.
+    """
+    min_idx = None
+    min_delim = None
+    for d in delims:
+        idx = s.find(d)
+        if idx < 0:
+            continue
+
+        if min_idx is None or idx < min_idx:
+            min_idx = idx
+            min_delim = d
+
+    if min_idx is None or min_idx < 0:
+        return s, '', None
+
+    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1:], min_delim
+
+
+def parse_url(url):
+    """
+    Given a url, return a parsed :class:`.Url` namedtuple. Best-effort is
+    performed to parse incomplete urls. Fields not provided will be None.
+
+    Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urlparse`.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
+        >>> parse_url('google.com:80')
+        Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
+        >>> parse_url('/foo?bar')
+        Url(scheme=None, host=None, port=None, path='/foo', query='bar', ...)
+    """
+
+    # While this code has overlap with stdlib's urlparse, it is much
+    # simplified for our needs and less annoying.
+    # Additionally, this implementations does silly things to be optimal
+    # on CPython.
+
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
+    scheme = None
+    auth = None
+    host = None
+    port = None
+    path = None
+    fragment = None
+    query = None
+
+    # Scheme
+    if '://' in url:
+        scheme, url = url.split('://', 1)
+
+    # Find the earliest Authority Terminator
+    # (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2)
+    url, path_, delim = split_first(url, ['/', '?', '#'])
+
+    if delim:
+        # Reassemble the path
+        path = delim + path_
+
+    # Auth
+    if '@' in url:
+        # Last '@' denotes end of auth part
+        auth, url = url.rsplit('@', 1)
+
+    # IPv6
+    if url and url[0] == '[':
+        host, url = url.split(']', 1)
+        host += ']'
+
+    # Port
+    if ':' in url:
+        _host, port = url.split(':', 1)
+
+        if not host:
+            host = _host
+
+        if port:
+            # If given, ports must be integers.
+            if not port.isdigit():
+                raise LocationParseError(url)
+            port = int(port)
+        else:
+            # Blank ports are cool, too. (rfc3986#section-3.2.3)
+            port = None
+
+    elif not host and url:
+        host = url
+
+    if not path:
+        return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+    # Fragment
+    if '#' in path:
+        path, fragment = path.split('#', 1)
+
+    # Query
+    if '?' in path:
+        path, query = path.split('?', 1)
+
+    return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+
+def get_host(url):
+    """
+    Deprecated. Use :func:`.parse_url` instead.
+    """
+    p = parse_url(url)
+    return p.scheme or 'http', p.hostname, p.port
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eaa36a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.session
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across
+requests (cookies, auth, proxies).
+
+"""
+import os
+from collections import Mapping
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse
+from .cookies import (
+    cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookieJar, merge_cookies)
+from .models import Request, PreparedRequest, DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
+from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers, to_native_string
+from .exceptions import (
+    TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+from .packages.urllib3._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .utils import (
+    requote_uri, get_environ_proxies, get_netrc_auth, should_bypass_proxies,
+    get_auth_from_url
+)
+
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+# formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
+from .models import REDIRECT_STATI
+
+REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE = 1000
+
+
+def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """
+    Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account the
+    explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a
+    setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class`
+    """
+
+    if session_setting is None:
+        return request_setting
+
+    if request_setting is None:
+        return session_setting
+
+    # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify)
+    if not (
+            isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and
+            isinstance(request_setting, Mapping)
+    ):
+        return request_setting
+
+    merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
+    merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
+
+    # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
+    # the dictionary during iteration.
+    none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
+    for key in none_keys:
+        del merged_setting[key]
+
+    return merged_setting
+
+
+def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """
+    Properly merges both requests and session hooks.
+
+    This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the
+    merge breaks Session hooks entirely.
+    """
+    if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get('response') == []:
+        return request_hooks
+
+    if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get('response') == []:
+        return session_hooks
+
+    return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class)
+
+
+class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
+    def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
+                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
+
+        i = 0
+        hist = [] # keep track of history
+
+        while resp.is_redirect:
+            prepared_request = req.copy()
+
+            if i > 0:
+                # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+                hist.append(resp)
+                new_hist = list(hist)
+                resp.history = new_hist
+
+            try:
+                resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
+            except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
+                resp.raw.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            if i >= self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects('Exceeded %s redirects.' % self.max_redirects)
+
+            # Release the connection back into the pool.
+            resp.close()
+
+            url = resp.headers['location']
+            method = req.method
+
+            # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
+            if url.startswith('//'):
+                parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
+                url = '%s:%s' % (parsed_rurl.scheme, url)
+
+            # The scheme should be lower case...
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
+            # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
+            # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
+            if not parsed.netloc:
+                url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
+            else:
+                url = requote_uri(url)
+
+            prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+            # Cache the url, unless it redirects to itself.
+            if resp.is_permanent_redirect and req.url != prepared_request.url:
+                self.redirect_cache[req.url] = prepared_request.url
+
+            # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+            if (resp.status_code == codes.see_other and
+                    method != 'HEAD'):
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            # Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
+            # First, turn 302s into GETs.
+            if resp.status_code == codes.found and method != 'HEAD':
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            # Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
+            # This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704.
+            if resp.status_code == codes.moved and method == 'POST':
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            prepared_request.method = method
+
+            # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1084
+            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect):
+                if 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers:
+                    del prepared_request.headers['Content-Length']
+
+                prepared_request.body = None
+
+            headers = prepared_request.headers
+            try:
+                del headers['Cookie']
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
+            prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
+            prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
+
+            # Rebuild auth and proxy information.
+            proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
+            self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # Override the original request.
+            req = prepared_request
+
+            resp = self.send(
+                req,
+                stream=stream,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                verify=verify,
+                cert=cert,
+                proxies=proxies,
+                allow_redirects=False,
+                **adapter_kwargs
+            )
+
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+
+            i += 1
+            yield resp
+
+    def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """
+        When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the
+        request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes
+        and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+
+        if 'Authorization' in headers:
+            # If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any
+            # authentication headers.
+            original_parsed = urlparse(response.request.url)
+            redirect_parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+            if (original_parsed.hostname != redirect_parsed.hostname):
+                del headers['Authorization']
+
+        # .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host.
+        new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None
+        if new_auth is not None:
+            prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth)
+
+        return
+
+    def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):
+        """
+        This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the
+        environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by
+        NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing
+        proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous
+        redirect).
+
+        This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where
+        necessary.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+        scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
+        new_proxies = proxies.copy() if proxies is not None else {}
+
+        if self.trust_env and not should_bypass_proxies(url):
+            environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url)
+
+            proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme)
+
+            if proxy:
+                new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, environ_proxies[scheme])
+
+        if 'Proxy-Authorization' in headers:
+            del headers['Proxy-Authorization']
+
+        try:
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme])
+        except KeyError:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+        if username and password:
+            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return new_proxies
+
+
+class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
+    """A Requests session.
+
+    Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.
+
+    Basic Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    Or as a context manager::
+
+      >>> with requests.Session() as s:
+      >>>     s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
+        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
+        'max_redirects',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+
+        #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this
+        #: :class:`Session <Session>`.
+        self.headers = default_headers()
+
+        #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.auth = None
+
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.proxies = {}
+
+        #: Event-handling hooks.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+        #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for
+        #: representing multivalued query parameters.
+        self.params = {}
+
+        #: Stream response content default.
+        self.stream = False
+
+        #: SSL Verification default.
+        self.verify = True
+
+        #: SSL certificate default.
+        self.cert = None
+
+        #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this
+        #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
+        self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+
+        #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
+        #: authentication and similar.
+        self.trust_env = True
+
+        #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
+        #: session. By default it is a
+        #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but
+        #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        # Default connection adapters.
+        self.adapters = OrderedDict()
+        self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
+        self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
+
+        # Only store 1000 redirects to prevent using infinite memory
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def prepare_request(self, request):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for
+        transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings
+        merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the
+        :class:`Session`.
+
+        :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this
+            session's settings.
+        """
+        cookies = request.cookies or {}
+
+        # Bootstrap CookieJar.
+        if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        # Merge with session cookies
+        merged_cookies = merge_cookies(
+            merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies)
+
+
+        # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set.
+        auth = request.auth
+        if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth:
+            auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url)
+
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=request.method.upper(),
+            url=request.url,
+            files=request.files,
+            data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
+            headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict),
+            params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
+            auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
+            cookies=merged_cookies,
+            hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),
+        )
+        return p
+
+    def request(self, method, url,
+        params=None,
+        data=None,
+        headers=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        files=None,
+        auth=None,
+        timeout=None,
+        allow_redirects=True,
+        proxies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        stream=None,
+        verify=None,
+        cert=None,
+        json=None):
+        """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
+        Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
+
+        :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
+            string for the :class:`Request`.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send
+            in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
+            for multipart encoding upload.
+        :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
+            Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
+        :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
+            content. Defaults to ``False``.
+        :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified.
+            A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
+        :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
+            If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        """
+        # Create the Request.
+        req = Request(
+            method = method.upper(),
+            url = url,
+            headers = headers,
+            files = files,
+            data = data or {},
+            json = json,
+            params = params or {},
+            auth = auth,
+            cookies = cookies,
+            hooks = hooks,
+        )
+        prep = self.prepare_request(req)
+
+        proxies = proxies or {}
+
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
+
+        # Send the request.
+        send_kwargs = {
+            'timeout': timeout,
+            'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
+        }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
+        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+        return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def options(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+        return self.request('OPTIONS', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def head(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
+        return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+    def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('PUT', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('PATCH', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Send a given PreparedRequest."""
+        # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have
+        # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request.
+        kwargs.setdefault('stream', self.stream)
+        kwargs.setdefault('verify', self.verify)
+        kwargs.setdefault('cert', self.cert)
+        kwargs.setdefault('proxies', self.proxies)
+
+        # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object.
+        # Guard against that specific failure case.
+        if not isinstance(request, PreparedRequest):
+            raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.')
+
+        checked_urls = set()
+        while request.url in self.redirect_cache:
+            checked_urls.add(request.url)
+            new_url = self.redirect_cache.get(request.url)
+            if new_url in checked_urls:
+                break
+            request.url = new_url
+
+        # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
+        allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
+        stream = kwargs.get('stream')
+        hooks = request.hooks
+
+        # Get the appropriate adapter to use
+        adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
+
+        # Start time (approximately) of the request
+        start = datetime.utcnow()
+
+        # Send the request
+        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
+        r.elapsed = datetime.utcnow() - start
+
+        # Response manipulation hooks
+        r = dispatch_hook('response', hooks, r, **kwargs)
+
+        # Persist cookies
+        if r.history:
+
+            # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too
+            for resp in r.history:
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
+
+        # Redirect resolving generator.
+        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Resolve redirects if allowed.
+        history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
+
+        # Shuffle things around if there's history.
+        if history:
+            # Insert the first (original) request at the start
+            history.insert(0, r)
+            # Get the last request made
+            r = history.pop()
+            r.history = history
+
+        if not stream:
+            r.content
+
+        return r
+
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """Check the environment and merge it with some settings."""
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
+            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration and be compatible
+            # with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') or
+                          os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE'))
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {'verify': verify, 'proxies': proxies, 'stream': stream,
+                'cert': cert}
+
+    def get_adapter(self, url):
+        """Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL."""
+        for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
+
+            if url.lower().startswith(prefix):
+                return adapter
+
+        # Nothing matches :-/
+        raise InvalidSchema("No connection adapters were found for '%s'" % url)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes all adapters and as such the session"""
+        for v in self.adapters.values():
+            v.close()
+
+    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
+        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
+
+        Adapters are sorted in descending order by key length."""
+
+        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
+        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
+
+        for key in keys_to_move:
+            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state['redirect_cache'] = dict(self.redirect_cache)
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        redirect_cache = state.pop('redirect_cache', {})
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+        for redirect, to in redirect_cache.items():
+            self.redirect_cache[redirect] = to
+
+
+def session():
+    """Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management."""
+
+    return Session()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a852574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from .structures import LookupDict
+
+_codes = {
+
+    # Informational.
+    100: ('continue',),
+    101: ('switching_protocols',),
+    102: ('processing',),
+    103: ('checkpoint',),
+    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
+    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
+    201: ('created',),
+    202: ('accepted',),
+    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
+    204: ('no_content',),
+    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
+    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
+    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
+    208: ('already_reported',),
+    226: ('im_used',),
+
+    # Redirection.
+    300: ('multiple_choices',),
+    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
+    302: ('found',),
+    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
+    304: ('not_modified',),
+    305: ('use_proxy',),
+    306: ('switch_proxy',),
+    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
+    308: ('permanent_redirect',
+          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+
+    # Client Error.
+    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
+    401: ('unauthorized',),
+    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
+    403: ('forbidden',),
+    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
+    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
+    406: ('not_acceptable',),
+    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
+    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
+    409: ('conflict',),
+    410: ('gone',),
+    411: ('length_required',),
+    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
+    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
+    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
+    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
+    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
+    417: ('expectation_failed',),
+    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
+    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
+    423: ('locked',),
+    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
+    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
+    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
+    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
+    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
+    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
+    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
+    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
+    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
+    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
+    499: ('client_closed_request',),
+
+    # Server Error.
+    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
+    501: ('not_implemented',),
+    502: ('bad_gateway',),
+    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
+    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
+    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
+    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
+    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
+    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
+    510: ('not_extended',),
+    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
+}
+
+codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
+
+for code, titles in _codes.items():
+    for title in titles:
+        setattr(codes, title, code)
+        if not title.startswith('\\'):
+            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e5f2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.structures
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Data structures that power Requests.
+
+"""
+
+import collections
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """
+    A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
+
+    Implements all methods and operations of
+    ``collections.MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
+    provides ``lower_items``.
+
+    All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
+    case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
+    ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
+    will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
+    testing is case insensitive::
+
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'  # True
+        list(cid) == ['Accept']  # True
+
+    For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+    value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless
+    of how the header name was originally stored.
+
+    If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison
+    operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
+    behavior is undefined.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
+        self._store = dict()
+        if data is None:
+            data = {}
+        self.update(data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual
+        # key alongside the value.
+        self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._store[key.lower()][1]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._store[key.lower()]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._store)
+
+    def lower_items(self):
+        """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
+        return (
+            (lowerkey, keyval[1])
+            for (lowerkey, keyval)
+            in self._store.items()
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
+            other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+        # Compare insensitively
+        return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
+
+    # Copy is required
+    def copy(self):
+        return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(dict(self.items()))
+
+class LookupDict(dict):
+    """Dictionary lookup object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None):
+        self.name = name
+        super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<lookup \'%s\'>' % (self.name)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
+
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, default)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5c3fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests
+that are also useful for external consumption.
+
+"""
+
+import cgi
+import codecs
+import collections
+import io
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import socket
+import struct
+import warnings
+
+from . import __version__
+from . import certs
+from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2,
+                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse,
+                     basestring)
+from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .exceptions import InvalidURL, FileModeWarning
+
+_hush_pyflakes = (RequestsCookieJar,)
+
+NETRC_FILES = ('.netrc', '_netrc')
+
+DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where()
+
+
+def dict_to_sequence(d):
+    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update."""
+
+    if hasattr(d, 'items'):
+        d = d.items()
+
+    return d
+
+
+def super_len(o):
+    total_length = 0
+    current_position = 0
+
+    if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
+        total_length = len(o)
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'len'):
+        total_length = o.len
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
+        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
+        total_length = len(o.getvalue())
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
+        try:
+            fileno = o.fileno()
+        except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+            pass
+        else:
+            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+
+            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
+            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
+            if 'b' not in o.mode:
+                warnings.warn((
+                    "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
+                    "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
+                    "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
+                    "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
+                    "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
+                    "for files in text mode."),
+                    FileModeWarning
+                )
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'tell'):
+        current_position = o.tell()
+
+    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
+
+
+def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
+    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
+
+    try:
+        from netrc import netrc, NetrcParseError
+
+        netrc_path = None
+
+        for f in NETRC_FILES:
+            try:
+                loc = os.path.expanduser('~/{0}'.format(f))
+            except KeyError:
+                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and
+                # getpwuid fails. See http://bugs.python.org/issue20164 &
+                # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1846
+                return
+
+            if os.path.exists(loc):
+                netrc_path = loc
+                break
+
+        # Abort early if there isn't one.
+        if netrc_path is None:
+            return
+
+        ri = urlparse(url)
+
+        # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is
+        # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals.
+        splitstr = b':'
+        if isinstance(url, str):
+            splitstr = splitstr.decode('ascii')
+        host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0]
+
+        try:
+            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host)
+            if _netrc:
+                # Return with login / password
+                login_i = (0 if _netrc[0] else 1)
+                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
+        except (NetrcParseError, IOError):
+            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
+            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
+            if raise_errors:
+                raise
+
+    # AppEngine hackiness.
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+
+
+def guess_filename(obj):
+    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
+    name = getattr(obj, 'name', None)
+    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and
+            name[-1] != '>'):
+        return os.path.basename(name)
+
+
+def from_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an
+    OrderedDict, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+        >>> from_key_val_list('string')
+        ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack
+        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
+
+    return OrderedDict(value)
+
+
+def to_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list('string')
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples.
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
+
+    if isinstance(value, collections.Mapping):
+        value = value.items()
+
+    return list(value)
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_list_header(value):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
+
+    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
+    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
+
+    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
+
+    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
+    ['token', 'quoted value']
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a list header.
+    :return: :class:`list`
+    """
+    result = []
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
+            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
+        result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_dict_header(value):
+    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
+    convert them into a python dict:
+
+    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
+    >>> type(d) is dict
+    True
+    >>> sorted(d.items())
+    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
+
+    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
+
+    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
+    {'key_without_value': None}
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a dict header.
+    :return: :class:`dict`
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if '=' not in item:
+            result[item] = None
+            continue
+        name, value = item.split('=', 1)
+        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
+            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
+        result[name] = value
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
+    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
+    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
+    using for quoting.
+
+    :param value: the header value to unquote.
+    """
+    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
+        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
+        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
+        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
+        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
+        value = value[1:-1]
+
+        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
+        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
+        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
+        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
+        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
+        if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\':
+            return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
+    return value
+
+
+def dict_from_cookiejar(cj):
+    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
+    """
+
+    cookie_dict = {}
+
+    for cookie in cj:
+        cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+
+    return cookie_dict
+
+
+def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into.
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    """
+
+    cj2 = cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict)
+    cj.update(cj2)
+    return cj
+
+
+def get_encodings_from_content(content):
+    """Returns encodings from given content string.
+
+    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
+    """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
+
+    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]')
+
+    return (charset_re.findall(content) +
+            pragma_re.findall(content) +
+            xml_re.findall(content))
+
+
+def get_encoding_from_headers(headers):
+    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.
+
+    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from.
+    """
+
+    content_type = headers.get('content-type')
+
+    if not content_type:
+        return None
+
+    content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_type)
+
+    if 'charset' in params:
+        return params['charset'].strip("'\"")
+
+    if 'text' in content_type:
+        return 'ISO-8859-1'
+
+
+def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r):
+    """Stream decodes a iterator."""
+
+    if r.encoding is None:
+        for item in iterator:
+            yield item
+        return
+
+    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors='replace')
+    for chunk in iterator:
+        rv = decoder.decode(chunk)
+        if rv:
+            yield rv
+    rv = decoder.decode(b'', final=True)
+    if rv:
+        yield rv
+
+
+def iter_slices(string, slice_length):
+    """Iterate over slices of a string."""
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(string):
+        yield string[pos:pos + slice_length]
+        pos += slice_length
+
+
+def get_unicode_from_response(r):
+    """Returns the requested content back in unicode.
+
+    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from.
+
+    Tried:
+
+    1. charset from content-type
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+
+    """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
+
+    tried_encodings = []
+
+    # Try charset from content-type
+    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers)
+
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(r.content, encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.append(encoding)
+
+    # Fall back:
+    try:
+        return str(r.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+    except TypeError:
+        return r.content
+
+
+# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986)
+UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    + "0123456789-._~")
+
+
+def unquote_unreserved(uri):
+    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved
+    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded.
+    """
+    parts = uri.split('%')
+    for i in range(1, len(parts)):
+        h = parts[i][0:2]
+        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum():
+            try:
+                c = chr(int(h, 16))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise InvalidURL("Invalid percent-escape sequence: '%s'" % h)
+
+            if c in UNRESERVED_SET:
+                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:]
+            else:
+                parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
+        else:
+            parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
+    return ''.join(parts)
+
+
+def requote_uri(uri):
+    """Re-quote the given URI.
+
+    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
+    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
+    """
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
+
+
+def address_in_network(ip, net):
+    """
+    This function allows you to check if on IP belongs to a network subnet
+    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24
+             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24
+    """
+    ipaddr = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(ip))[0]
+    netaddr, bits = net.split('/')
+    netmask = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0]
+    network = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask
+    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask)
+
+
+def dotted_netmask(mask):
+    """
+    Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
+    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0
+    """
+    bits = 0xffffffff ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1
+    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('>I', bits))
+
+
+def is_ipv4_address(string_ip):
+    try:
+        socket.inet_aton(string_ip)
+    except socket.error:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_valid_cidr(string_network):
+    """Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable"""
+    if string_network.count('/') == 1:
+        try:
+            mask = int(string_network.split('/')[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        if mask < 1 or mask > 32:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split('/')[0])
+        except socket.error:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def should_bypass_proxies(url):
+    """
+    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not.
+    """
+    get_proxy = lambda k: os.environ.get(k) or os.environ.get(k.upper())
+
+    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL
+    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list.
+    no_proxy = get_proxy('no_proxy')
+    netloc = urlparse(url).netloc
+
+    if no_proxy:
+        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
+        # the end of the netloc, both with and without the port.
+        no_proxy = (
+            host for host in no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',') if host
+        )
+
+        ip = netloc.split(':')[0]
+        if is_ipv4_address(ip):
+            for proxy_ip in no_proxy:
+                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip):
+                    if address_in_network(ip, proxy_ip):
+                        return True
+        else:
+            for host in no_proxy:
+                if netloc.endswith(host) or netloc.split(':')[0].endswith(host):
+                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want
+                    # to apply the proxies on this URL.
+                    return True
+
+    # If the system proxy settings indicate that this URL should be bypassed,
+    # don't proxy.
+    # The proxy_bypass function is incredibly buggy on OS X in early versions
+    # of Python 2.6, so allow this call to fail. Only catch the specific
+    # exceptions we've seen, though: this call failing in other ways can reveal
+    # legitimate problems.
+    try:
+        bypass = proxy_bypass(netloc)
+    except (TypeError, socket.gaierror):
+        bypass = False
+
+    if bypass:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+def get_environ_proxies(url):
+    """Return a dict of environment proxies."""
+    if should_bypass_proxies(url):
+        return {}
+    else:
+        return getproxies()
+
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme+'://'+urlparts.hostname)
+    if proxy is None:
+        proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme)
+    return proxy
+
+def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
+    """Return a string representing the default user agent."""
+    return '%s/%s' % (name, __version__)
+
+
+def default_headers():
+    return CaseInsensitiveDict({
+        'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
+        'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
+        'Accept': '*/*',
+        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
+    })
+
+
+def parse_header_links(value):
+    """Return a dict of parsed link headers proxies.
+
+    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg"
+
+    """
+
+    links = []
+
+    replace_chars = " '\""
+
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
+        try:
+            url, params = val.split(";", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            url, params = val, ''
+
+        link = {}
+
+        link["url"] = url.strip("<> '\"")
+
+        for param in params.split(";"):
+            try:
+                key, value = param.split("=")
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+
+            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
+
+        links.append(link)
+
+    return links
+
+
+# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf
+_null = '\x00'.encode('ascii')  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3
+_null2 = _null * 2
+_null3 = _null * 3
+
+
+def guess_json_utf(data):
+    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as
+    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count
+    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present.
+    sample = data[:4]
+    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM32_BE):
+        return 'utf-32'     # BOM included
+    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+        return 'utf-8-sig'  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged)
+    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+        return 'utf-16'     # BOM included
+    nullcount = sample.count(_null)
+    if nullcount == 0:
+        return 'utf-8'
+    if nullcount == 2:
+        if sample[::2] == _null2:   # 1st and 3rd are null
+            return 'utf-16-be'
+        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null
+            return 'utf-16-le'
+        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters
+    if nullcount == 3:
+        if sample[:3] == _null3:
+            return 'utf-32-be'
+        if sample[1:] == _null3:
+            return 'utf-32-le'
+        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character
+    return None
+
+
+def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme):
+    '''Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme.
+    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.'''
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url, new_scheme)
+
+    # urlparse is a finicky beast, and sometimes decides that there isn't a
+    # netloc present. Assume that it's being over-cautious, and switch netloc
+    # and path if urlparse decided there was no netloc.
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment))
+
+
+def get_auth_from_url(url):
+    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of
+    username,password."""
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    try:
+        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password))
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        auth = ('', '')
+
+    return auth
+
+
+def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
+    """
+    Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of that
+    string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where necessary.
+    This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
+    """
+    out = None
+
+    if isinstance(string, builtin_str):
+        out = string
+    else:
+        if is_py2:
+            out = string.encode(encoding)
+        else:
+            out = string.decode(encoding)
+
+    return out
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d1e627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+## Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+##
+## Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+## you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+## You may obtain a copy of the License at
+##
+## http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+##
+## Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+## distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+## WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+## See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+## limitations under the License.
+
+import random
+from pip._vendor import six
+import sys
+import time
+import traceback
+
+
+# sys.maxint / 2, since Python 3.2 doesn't have a sys.maxint...
+MAX_WAIT = 1073741823
+
+
+def retry(*dargs, **dkw):
+    """
+    Decorator function that instantiates the Retrying object
+    @param *dargs: positional arguments passed to Retrying object
+    @param **dkw: keyword arguments passed to the Retrying object
+    """
+    # support both @retry and @retry() as valid syntax
+    if len(dargs) == 1 and callable(dargs[0]):
+        def wrap_simple(f):
+
+            @six.wraps(f)
+            def wrapped_f(*args, **kw):
+                return Retrying().call(f, *args, **kw)
+
+            return wrapped_f
+
+        return wrap_simple(dargs[0])
+
+    else:
+        def wrap(f):
+
+            @six.wraps(f)
+            def wrapped_f(*args, **kw):
+                return Retrying(*dargs, **dkw).call(f, *args, **kw)
+
+            return wrapped_f
+
+        return wrap
+
+
+class Retrying(object):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 stop=None, wait=None,
+                 stop_max_attempt_number=None,
+                 stop_max_delay=None,
+                 wait_fixed=None,
+                 wait_random_min=None, wait_random_max=None,
+                 wait_incrementing_start=None, wait_incrementing_increment=None,
+                 wait_exponential_multiplier=None, wait_exponential_max=None,
+                 retry_on_exception=None,
+                 retry_on_result=None,
+                 wrap_exception=False,
+                 stop_func=None,
+                 wait_func=None,
+                 wait_jitter_max=None):
+
+        self._stop_max_attempt_number = 5 if stop_max_attempt_number is None else stop_max_attempt_number
+        self._stop_max_delay = 100 if stop_max_delay is None else stop_max_delay
+        self._wait_fixed = 1000 if wait_fixed is None else wait_fixed
+        self._wait_random_min = 0 if wait_random_min is None else wait_random_min
+        self._wait_random_max = 1000 if wait_random_max is None else wait_random_max
+        self._wait_incrementing_start = 0 if wait_incrementing_start is None else wait_incrementing_start
+        self._wait_incrementing_increment = 100 if wait_incrementing_increment is None else wait_incrementing_increment
+        self._wait_exponential_multiplier = 1 if wait_exponential_multiplier is None else wait_exponential_multiplier
+        self._wait_exponential_max = MAX_WAIT if wait_exponential_max is None else wait_exponential_max
+        self._wait_jitter_max = 0 if wait_jitter_max is None else wait_jitter_max
+
+        # TODO add chaining of stop behaviors
+        # stop behavior
+        stop_funcs = []
+        if stop_max_attempt_number is not None:
+            stop_funcs.append(self.stop_after_attempt)
+
+        if stop_max_delay is not None:
+            stop_funcs.append(self.stop_after_delay)
+
+        if stop_func is not None:
+            self.stop = stop_func
+
+        elif stop is None:
+            self.stop = lambda attempts, delay: any(f(attempts, delay) for f in stop_funcs)
+
+        else:
+            self.stop = getattr(self, stop)
+
+        # TODO add chaining of wait behaviors
+        # wait behavior
+        wait_funcs = [lambda *args, **kwargs: 0]
+        if wait_fixed is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.fixed_sleep)
+
+        if wait_random_min is not None or wait_random_max is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.random_sleep)
+
+        if wait_incrementing_start is not None or wait_incrementing_increment is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.incrementing_sleep)
+
+        if wait_exponential_multiplier is not None or wait_exponential_max is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.exponential_sleep)
+
+        if wait_func is not None:
+            self.wait = wait_func
+
+        elif wait is None:
+            self.wait = lambda attempts, delay: max(f(attempts, delay) for f in wait_funcs)
+
+        else:
+            self.wait = getattr(self, wait)
+
+        # retry on exception filter
+        if retry_on_exception is None:
+            self._retry_on_exception = self.always_reject
+        else:
+            self._retry_on_exception = retry_on_exception
+
+        # TODO simplify retrying by Exception types
+        # retry on result filter
+        if retry_on_result is None:
+            self._retry_on_result = self.never_reject
+        else:
+            self._retry_on_result = retry_on_result
+
+        self._wrap_exception = wrap_exception
+
+    def stop_after_attempt(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Stop after the previous attempt >= stop_max_attempt_number."""
+        return previous_attempt_number >= self._stop_max_attempt_number
+
+    def stop_after_delay(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Stop after the time from the first attempt >= stop_max_delay."""
+        return delay_since_first_attempt_ms >= self._stop_max_delay
+
+    def no_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Don't sleep at all before retrying."""
+        return 0
+
+    def fixed_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Sleep a fixed amount of time between each retry."""
+        return self._wait_fixed
+
+    def random_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Sleep a random amount of time between wait_random_min and wait_random_max"""
+        return random.randint(self._wait_random_min, self._wait_random_max)
+
+    def incrementing_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """
+        Sleep an incremental amount of time after each attempt, starting at
+        wait_incrementing_start and incrementing by wait_incrementing_increment
+        """
+        result = self._wait_incrementing_start + (self._wait_incrementing_increment * (previous_attempt_number - 1))
+        if result < 0:
+            result = 0
+        return result
+
+    def exponential_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        exp = 2 ** previous_attempt_number
+        result = self._wait_exponential_multiplier * exp
+        if result > self._wait_exponential_max:
+            result = self._wait_exponential_max
+        if result < 0:
+            result = 0
+        return result
+
+    def never_reject(self, result):
+        return False
+
+    def always_reject(self, result):
+        return True
+
+    def should_reject(self, attempt):
+        reject = False
+        if attempt.has_exception:
+            reject |= self._retry_on_exception(attempt.value[1])
+        else:
+            reject |= self._retry_on_result(attempt.value)
+
+        return reject
+
+    def call(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        start_time = int(round(time.time() * 1000))
+        attempt_number = 1
+        while True:
+            try:
+                attempt = Attempt(fn(*args, **kwargs), attempt_number, False)
+            except:
+                tb = sys.exc_info()
+                attempt = Attempt(tb, attempt_number, True)
+
+            if not self.should_reject(attempt):
+                return attempt.get(self._wrap_exception)
+
+            delay_since_first_attempt_ms = int(round(time.time() * 1000)) - start_time
+            if self.stop(attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+                if not self._wrap_exception and attempt.has_exception:
+                    # get() on an attempt with an exception should cause it to be raised, but raise just in case
+                    raise attempt.get()
+                else:
+                    raise RetryError(attempt)
+            else:
+                sleep = self.wait(attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms)
+                if self._wait_jitter_max:
+                    jitter = random.random() * self._wait_jitter_max
+                    sleep = sleep + max(0, jitter)
+                time.sleep(sleep / 1000.0)
+
+            attempt_number += 1
+
+
+class Attempt(object):
+    """
+    An Attempt encapsulates a call to a target function that may end as a
+    normal return value from the function or an Exception depending on what
+    occurred during the execution.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value, attempt_number, has_exception):
+        self.value = value
+        self.attempt_number = attempt_number
+        self.has_exception = has_exception
+
+    def get(self, wrap_exception=False):
+        """
+        Return the return value of this Attempt instance or raise an Exception.
+        If wrap_exception is true, this Attempt is wrapped inside of a
+        RetryError before being raised.
+        """
+        if self.has_exception:
+            if wrap_exception:
+                raise RetryError(self)
+            else:
+                six.reraise(self.value[0], self.value[1], self.value[2])
+        else:
+            return self.value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.has_exception:
+            return "Attempts: {0}, Error:\n{1}".format(self.attempt_number, "".join(traceback.format_tb(self.value[2])))
+        else:
+            return "Attempts: {0}, Value: {1}".format(self.attempt_number, self.value)
+
+
+class RetryError(Exception):
+    """
+    A RetryError encapsulates the last Attempt instance right before giving up.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, last_attempt):
+        self.last_attempt = last_attempt
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "RetryError[{0}]".format(self.last_attempt)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..190c023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.10.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = tp()
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    if from_value is None:
+        raise value
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+elif sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        def wrapper(f):
+            f = functools.wraps(wrapped, assigned, updated)(f)
+            f.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+            return f
+        return wrapper
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a07043a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+"""Base Command class, and related routines"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import optparse
+import warnings
+
+from pip import cmdoptions
+from pip.index import PackageFinder
+from pip.locations import running_under_virtualenv
+from pip.download import PipSession
+from pip.exceptions import (BadCommand, InstallationError, UninstallationError,
+                            CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError)
+
+from pip.compat import logging_dictConfig
+from pip.baseparser import ConfigOptionParser, UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter
+from pip.req import InstallRequirement, parse_requirements
+from pip.status_codes import (
+    SUCCESS, ERROR, UNKNOWN_ERROR, VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND,
+    PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR,
+)
+from pip.utils import deprecation, get_prog, normalize_path
+from pip.utils.logging import IndentingFormatter
+from pip.utils.outdated import pip_version_check
+
+
+__all__ = ['Command']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Command(object):
+    name = None
+    usage = None
+    hidden = False
+    log_streams = ("ext://sys.stdout", "ext://sys.stderr")
+
+    def __init__(self, isolated=False):
+        parser_kw = {
+            'usage': self.usage,
+            'prog': '%s %s' % (get_prog(), self.name),
+            'formatter': UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(),
+            'add_help_option': False,
+            'name': self.name,
+            'description': self.__doc__,
+            'isolated': isolated,
+        }
+
+        self.parser = ConfigOptionParser(**parser_kw)
+
+        # Commands should add options to this option group
+        optgroup_name = '%s Options' % self.name.capitalize()
+        self.cmd_opts = optparse.OptionGroup(self.parser, optgroup_name)
+
+        # Add the general options
+        gen_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.general_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+        self.parser.add_option_group(gen_opts)
+
+    def _build_session(self, options, retries=None, timeout=None):
+        session = PipSession(
+            cache=(
+                normalize_path(os.path.join(options.cache_dir, "http"))
+                if options.cache_dir else None
+            ),
+            retries=retries if retries is not None else options.retries,
+            insecure_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+        )
+
+        # Handle custom ca-bundles from the user
+        if options.cert:
+            session.verify = options.cert
+
+        # Handle SSL client certificate
+        if options.client_cert:
+            session.cert = options.client_cert
+
+        # Handle timeouts
+        if options.timeout or timeout:
+            session.timeout = (
+                timeout if timeout is not None else options.timeout
+            )
+
+        # Handle configured proxies
+        if options.proxy:
+            session.proxies = {
+                "http": options.proxy,
+                "https": options.proxy,
+            }
+
+        # Determine if we can prompt the user for authentication or not
+        session.auth.prompting = not options.no_input
+
+        return session
+
+    def parse_args(self, args):
+        # factored out for testability
+        return self.parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    def main(self, args):
+        options, args = self.parse_args(args)
+
+        if options.quiet:
+            if options.quiet == 1:
+                level = "WARNING"
+            if options.quiet == 2:
+                level = "ERROR"
+            else:
+                level = "CRITICAL"
+        elif options.verbose:
+            level = "DEBUG"
+        else:
+            level = "INFO"
+
+        logging_dictConfig({
+            "version": 1,
+            "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+            "filters": {
+                "exclude_warnings": {
+                    "()": "pip.utils.logging.MaxLevelFilter",
+                    "level": logging.WARNING,
+                },
+            },
+            "formatters": {
+                "indent": {
+                    "()": IndentingFormatter,
+                    "format": "%(message)s",
+                },
+            },
+            "handlers": {
+                "console": {
+                    "level": level,
+                    "class": "pip.utils.logging.ColorizedStreamHandler",
+                    "stream": self.log_streams[0],
+                    "filters": ["exclude_warnings"],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                "console_errors": {
+                    "level": "WARNING",
+                    "class": "pip.utils.logging.ColorizedStreamHandler",
+                    "stream": self.log_streams[1],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                "user_log": {
+                    "level": "DEBUG",
+                    "class": "pip.utils.logging.BetterRotatingFileHandler",
+                    "filename": options.log or "/dev/null",
+                    "delay": True,
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+            },
+            "root": {
+                "level": level,
+                "handlers": list(filter(None, [
+                    "console",
+                    "console_errors",
+                    "user_log" if options.log else None,
+                ])),
+            },
+            # Disable any logging besides WARNING unless we have DEBUG level
+            # logging enabled. These use both pip._vendor and the bare names
+            # for the case where someone unbundles our libraries.
+            "loggers": dict(
+                (
+                    name,
+                    {
+                        "level": (
+                            "WARNING"
+                            if level in ["INFO", "ERROR"]
+                            else "DEBUG"
+                        ),
+                    },
+                )
+                for name in ["pip._vendor", "distlib", "requests", "urllib3"]
+            ),
+        })
+
+        if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Python 2.6 is no longer supported by the Python core team, "
+                "please upgrade your Python. A future version of pip will "
+                "drop support for Python 2.6",
+                deprecation.Python26DeprecationWarning
+            )
+
+        # TODO: try to get these passing down from the command?
+        #      without resorting to os.environ to hold these.
+
+        if options.no_input:
+            os.environ['PIP_NO_INPUT'] = '1'
+
+        if options.exists_action:
+            os.environ['PIP_EXISTS_ACTION'] = ' '.join(options.exists_action)
+
+        if options.require_venv:
+            # If a venv is required check if it can really be found
+            if not running_under_virtualenv():
+                logger.critical(
+                    'Could not find an activated virtualenv (required).'
+                )
+                sys.exit(VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND)
+
+        try:
+            status = self.run(options, args)
+            # FIXME: all commands should return an exit status
+            # and when it is done, isinstance is not needed anymore
+            if isinstance(status, int):
+                return status
+        except PreviousBuildDirError as exc:
+            logger.critical(str(exc))
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR
+        except (InstallationError, UninstallationError, BadCommand) as exc:
+            logger.critical(str(exc))
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return ERROR
+        except CommandError as exc:
+            logger.critical('ERROR: %s', exc)
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return ERROR
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            logger.critical('Operation cancelled by user')
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return ERROR
+        except:
+            logger.critical('Exception:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return UNKNOWN_ERROR
+        finally:
+            # Check if we're using the latest version of pip available
+            if (not options.disable_pip_version_check and not
+                    getattr(options, "no_index", False)):
+                with self._build_session(
+                        options,
+                        retries=0,
+                        timeout=min(5, options.timeout)) as session:
+                    pip_version_check(session)
+
+        return SUCCESS
+
+
+class RequirementCommand(Command):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def populate_requirement_set(requirement_set, args, options, finder,
+                                 session, name, wheel_cache):
+        """
+        Marshal cmd line args into a requirement set.
+        """
+        for filename in options.constraints:
+            for req in parse_requirements(
+                    filename,
+                    constraint=True, finder=finder, options=options,
+                    session=session, wheel_cache=wheel_cache):
+                requirement_set.add_requirement(req)
+
+        for req in args:
+            requirement_set.add_requirement(
+                InstallRequirement.from_line(
+                    req, None, isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+                )
+            )
+
+        for req in options.editables:
+            requirement_set.add_requirement(
+                InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+                    req,
+                    default_vcs=options.default_vcs,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+                )
+            )
+
+        found_req_in_file = False
+        for filename in options.requirements:
+            for req in parse_requirements(
+                    filename,
+                    finder=finder, options=options, session=session,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache):
+                found_req_in_file = True
+                requirement_set.add_requirement(req)
+        # If --require-hashes was a line in a requirements file, tell
+        # RequirementSet about it:
+        requirement_set.require_hashes = options.require_hashes
+
+        if not (args or options.editables or found_req_in_file):
+            opts = {'name': name}
+            if options.find_links:
+                msg = ('You must give at least one requirement to '
+                       '%(name)s (maybe you meant "pip %(name)s '
+                       '%(links)s"?)' %
+                       dict(opts, links=' '.join(options.find_links)))
+            else:
+                msg = ('You must give at least one requirement '
+                       'to %(name)s (see "pip help %(name)s")' % opts)
+            logger.warning(msg)
+
+    def _build_package_finder(self, options, session):
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to this requirement command.
+        """
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index:
+            logger.info('Ignoring indexes: %s', ','.join(index_urls))
+            index_urls = []
+
+        return PackageFinder(
+            find_links=options.find_links,
+            format_control=options.format_control,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            trusted_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+            process_dependency_links=options.process_dependency_links,
+            session=session,
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccbf36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+"""Base option parser setup"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import optparse
+import os
+import re
+import textwrap
+from distutils.util import strtobool
+
+from pip._vendor.six import string_types
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+from pip.locations import (
+    legacy_config_file, config_basename, running_under_virtualenv,
+    site_config_files
+)
+from pip.utils import appdirs, get_terminal_size
+
+
+_environ_prefix_re = re.compile(r"^PIP_", re.I)
+
+
+class PrettyHelpFormatter(optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter):
+    """A prettier/less verbose help formatter for optparse."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # help position must be aligned with __init__.parseopts.description
+        kwargs['max_help_position'] = 30
+        kwargs['indent_increment'] = 1
+        kwargs['width'] = get_terminal_size()[0] - 2
+        optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def format_option_strings(self, option):
+        return self._format_option_strings(option, ' <%s>', ', ')
+
+    def _format_option_strings(self, option, mvarfmt=' <%s>', optsep=', '):
+        """
+        Return a comma-separated list of option strings and metavars.
+
+        :param option:  tuple of (short opt, long opt), e.g: ('-f', '--format')
+        :param mvarfmt: metavar format string - evaluated as mvarfmt % metavar
+        :param optsep:  separator
+        """
+        opts = []
+
+        if option._short_opts:
+            opts.append(option._short_opts[0])
+        if option._long_opts:
+            opts.append(option._long_opts[0])
+        if len(opts) > 1:
+            opts.insert(1, optsep)
+
+        if option.takes_value():
+            metavar = option.metavar or option.dest.lower()
+            opts.append(mvarfmt % metavar.lower())
+
+        return ''.join(opts)
+
+    def format_heading(self, heading):
+        if heading == 'Options':
+            return ''
+        return heading + ':\n'
+
+    def format_usage(self, usage):
+        """
+        Ensure there is only one newline between usage and the first heading
+        if there is no description.
+        """
+        msg = '\nUsage: %s\n' % self.indent_lines(textwrap.dedent(usage), "  ")
+        return msg
+
+    def format_description(self, description):
+        # leave full control over description to us
+        if description:
+            if hasattr(self.parser, 'main'):
+                label = 'Commands'
+            else:
+                label = 'Description'
+            # some doc strings have initial newlines, some don't
+            description = description.lstrip('\n')
+            # some doc strings have final newlines and spaces, some don't
+            description = description.rstrip()
+            # dedent, then reindent
+            description = self.indent_lines(textwrap.dedent(description), "  ")
+            description = '%s:\n%s\n' % (label, description)
+            return description
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def format_epilog(self, epilog):
+        # leave full control over epilog to us
+        if epilog:
+            return epilog
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def indent_lines(self, text, indent):
+        new_lines = [indent + line for line in text.split('\n')]
+        return "\n".join(new_lines)
+
+
+class UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(PrettyHelpFormatter):
+    """Custom help formatter for use in ConfigOptionParser.
+
+    This is updates the defaults before expanding them, allowing
+    them to show up correctly in the help listing.
+    """
+
+    def expand_default(self, option):
+        if self.parser is not None:
+            self.parser._update_defaults(self.parser.defaults)
+        return optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter.expand_default(self, option)
+
+
+class CustomOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
+    def insert_option_group(self, idx, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Insert an OptionGroup at a given position."""
+        group = self.add_option_group(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.option_groups.pop()
+        self.option_groups.insert(idx, group)
+
+        return group
+
+    @property
+    def option_list_all(self):
+        """Get a list of all options, including those in option groups."""
+        res = self.option_list[:]
+        for i in self.option_groups:
+            res.extend(i.option_list)
+
+        return res
+
+
+class ConfigOptionParser(CustomOptionParser):
+    """Custom option parser which updates its defaults by checking the
+    configuration files and environmental variables"""
+
+    isolated = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.config = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+        self.name = kwargs.pop('name')
+        self.isolated = kwargs.pop("isolated", False)
+        self.files = self.get_config_files()
+        if self.files:
+            self.config.read(self.files)
+        assert self.name
+        optparse.OptionParser.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_config_files(self):
+        # the files returned by this method will be parsed in order with the
+        # first files listed being overridden by later files in standard
+        # ConfigParser fashion
+        config_file = os.environ.get('PIP_CONFIG_FILE', False)
+        if config_file == os.devnull:
+            return []
+
+        # at the base we have any site-wide configuration
+        files = list(site_config_files)
+
+        # per-user configuration next
+        if not self.isolated:
+            if config_file and os.path.exists(config_file):
+                files.append(config_file)
+            else:
+                # This is the legacy config file, we consider it to be a lower
+                # priority than the new file location.
+                files.append(legacy_config_file)
+
+                # This is the new config file, we consider it to be a higher
+                # priority than the legacy file.
+                files.append(
+                    os.path.join(
+                        appdirs.user_config_dir("pip"),
+                        config_basename,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        # finally virtualenv configuration first trumping others
+        if running_under_virtualenv():
+            venv_config_file = os.path.join(
+                sys.prefix,
+                config_basename,
+            )
+            if os.path.exists(venv_config_file):
+                files.append(venv_config_file)
+
+        return files
+
+    def check_default(self, option, key, val):
+        try:
+            return option.check_value(key, val)
+        except optparse.OptionValueError as exc:
+            print("An error occurred during configuration: %s" % exc)
+            sys.exit(3)
+
+    def _update_defaults(self, defaults):
+        """Updates the given defaults with values from the config files and
+        the environ. Does a little special handling for certain types of
+        options (lists)."""
+        # Then go and look for the other sources of configuration:
+        config = {}
+        # 1. config files
+        for section in ('global', self.name):
+            config.update(
+                self.normalize_keys(self.get_config_section(section))
+            )
+        # 2. environmental variables
+        if not self.isolated:
+            config.update(self.normalize_keys(self.get_environ_vars()))
+        # Accumulate complex default state.
+        self.values = optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+        late_eval = set()
+        # Then set the options with those values
+        for key, val in config.items():
+            # ignore empty values
+            if not val:
+                continue
+
+            option = self.get_option(key)
+            # Ignore options not present in this parser. E.g. non-globals put
+            # in [global] by users that want them to apply to all applicable
+            # commands.
+            if option is None:
+                continue
+
+            if option.action in ('store_true', 'store_false', 'count'):
+                val = strtobool(val)
+            elif option.action == 'append':
+                val = val.split()
+                val = [self.check_default(option, key, v) for v in val]
+            elif option.action == 'callback':
+                late_eval.add(option.dest)
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                val = option.convert_value(opt_str, val)
+                # From take_action
+                args = option.callback_args or ()
+                kwargs = option.callback_kwargs or {}
+                option.callback(option, opt_str, val, self, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                val = self.check_default(option, key, val)
+
+            defaults[option.dest] = val
+
+        for key in late_eval:
+            defaults[key] = getattr(self.values, key)
+        self.values = None
+        return defaults
+
+    def normalize_keys(self, items):
+        """Return a config dictionary with normalized keys regardless of
+        whether the keys were specified in environment variables or in config
+        files"""
+        normalized = {}
+        for key, val in items:
+            key = key.replace('_', '-')
+            if not key.startswith('--'):
+                key = '--%s' % key  # only prefer long opts
+            normalized[key] = val
+        return normalized
+
+    def get_config_section(self, name):
+        """Get a section of a configuration"""
+        if self.config.has_section(name):
+            return self.config.items(name)
+        return []
+
+    def get_environ_vars(self):
+        """Returns a generator with all environmental vars with prefix PIP_"""
+        for key, val in os.environ.items():
+            if _environ_prefix_re.search(key):
+                yield (_environ_prefix_re.sub("", key).lower(), val)
+
+    def get_default_values(self):
+        """Overridding to make updating the defaults after instantiation of
+        the option parser possible, _update_defaults() does the dirty work."""
+        if not self.process_default_values:
+            # Old, pre-Optik 1.5 behaviour.
+            return optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+
+        defaults = self._update_defaults(self.defaults.copy())  # ours
+        for option in self._get_all_options():
+            default = defaults.get(option.dest)
+            if isinstance(default, string_types):
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                defaults[option.dest] = option.check_value(opt_str, default)
+        return optparse.Values(defaults)
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        self.print_usage(sys.stderr)
+        self.exit(2, "%s\n" % msg)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aced0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+"""
+shared options and groups
+
+The principle here is to define options once, but *not* instantiate them
+globally. One reason being that options with action='append' can carry state
+between parses. pip parses general options twice internally, and shouldn't
+pass on state. To be consistent, all options will follow this design.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from functools import partial
+from optparse import OptionGroup, SUPPRESS_HELP, Option
+import warnings
+
+from pip.index import (
+    FormatControl, fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude, fmt_ctl_no_binary,
+    fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel)
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.locations import USER_CACHE_DIR, src_prefix
+from pip.utils.hashes import STRONG_HASHES
+
+
+def make_option_group(group, parser):
+    """
+    Return an OptionGroup object
+    group  -- assumed to be dict with 'name' and 'options' keys
+    parser -- an optparse Parser
+    """
+    option_group = OptionGroup(parser, group['name'])
+    for option in group['options']:
+        option_group.add_option(option())
+    return option_group
+
+
+def resolve_wheel_no_use_binary(options):
+    if not options.use_wheel:
+        control = options.format_control
+        fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel(control)
+
+
+def check_install_build_global(options, check_options=None):
+    """Disable wheels if per-setup.py call options are set.
+
+    :param options: The OptionParser options to update.
+    :param check_options: The options to check, if not supplied defaults to
+        options.
+    """
+    if check_options is None:
+        check_options = options
+
+    def getname(n):
+        return getattr(check_options, n, None)
+    names = ["build_options", "global_options", "install_options"]
+    if any(map(getname, names)):
+        control = options.format_control
+        fmt_ctl_no_binary(control)
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Disabling all use of wheels due to the use of --build-options '
+            '/ --global-options / --install-options.', stacklevel=2)
+
+
+###########
+# options #
+###########
+
+help_ = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-h', '--help',
+    dest='help',
+    action='help',
+    help='Show help.')
+
+isolated_mode = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--isolated",
+    dest="isolated_mode",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=(
+        "Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user "
+        "configuration."
+    ),
+)
+
+require_virtualenv = partial(
+    Option,
+    # Run only if inside a virtualenv, bail if not.
+    '--require-virtualenv', '--require-venv',
+    dest='require_venv',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+verbose = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-v', '--verbose',
+    dest='verbose',
+    action='count',
+    default=0,
+    help='Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.'
+)
+
+version = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-V', '--version',
+    dest='version',
+    action='store_true',
+    help='Show version and exit.')
+
+quiet = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-q', '--quiet',
+    dest='quiet',
+    action='count',
+    default=0,
+    help='Give less output.')
+
+log = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--log", "--log-file", "--local-log",
+    dest="log",
+    metavar="path",
+    help="Path to a verbose appending log."
+)
+
+no_input = partial(
+    Option,
+    # Don't ask for input
+    '--no-input',
+    dest='no_input',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+proxy = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--proxy',
+    dest='proxy',
+    type='str',
+    default='',
+    help="Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.")
+
+retries = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--retries',
+    dest='retries',
+    type='int',
+    default=5,
+    help="Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt "
+         "(default %default times).")
+
+timeout = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--timeout', '--default-timeout',
+    metavar='sec',
+    dest='timeout',
+    type='float',
+    default=15,
+    help='Set the socket timeout (default %default seconds).')
+
+default_vcs = partial(
+    Option,
+    # The default version control system for editables, e.g. 'svn'
+    '--default-vcs',
+    dest='default_vcs',
+    type='str',
+    default='',
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+skip_requirements_regex = partial(
+    Option,
+    # A regex to be used to skip requirements
+    '--skip-requirements-regex',
+    dest='skip_requirements_regex',
+    type='str',
+    default='',
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+
+def exists_action():
+    return Option(
+        # Option when path already exist
+        '--exists-action',
+        dest='exists_action',
+        type='choice',
+        choices=['s', 'i', 'w', 'b'],
+        default=[],
+        action='append',
+        metavar='action',
+        help="Default action when a path already exists: "
+        "(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup.")
+
+
+cert = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--cert',
+    dest='cert',
+    type='str',
+    metavar='path',
+    help="Path to alternate CA bundle.")
+
+client_cert = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--client-cert',
+    dest='client_cert',
+    type='str',
+    default=None,
+    metavar='path',
+    help="Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the "
+         "private key and the certificate in PEM format.")
+
+index_url = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-i', '--index-url', '--pypi-url',
+    dest='index_url',
+    metavar='URL',
+    default=PyPI.simple_url,
+    help='Base URL of Python Package Index (default %default).')
+
+
+def extra_index_url():
+    return Option(
+        '--extra-index-url',
+        dest='extra_index_urls',
+        metavar='URL',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        help='Extra URLs of package indexes to use in addition to --index-url.'
+    )
+
+
+no_index = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-index',
+    dest='no_index',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help='Ignore package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).')
+
+
+def find_links():
+    return Option(
+        '-f', '--find-links',
+        dest='find_links',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='url',
+        help="If a url or path to an html file, then parse for links to "
+             "archives. If a local path or file:// url that's a directory,"
+             "then look for archives in the directory listing.")
+
+
+def allow_external():
+    return Option(
+        "--allow-external",
+        dest="allow_external",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="PACKAGE",
+        help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+    )
+
+
+allow_all_external = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--allow-all-external",
+    dest="allow_all_external",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+def trusted_host():
+    return Option(
+        "--trusted-host",
+        dest="trusted_hosts",
+        action="append",
+        metavar="HOSTNAME",
+        default=[],
+        help="Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid "
+             "or any HTTPS.",
+    )
+
+
+# Remove after 7.0
+no_allow_external = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-allow-external",
+    dest="allow_all_external",
+    action="store_false",
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+# Remove --allow-insecure after 7.0
+def allow_unsafe():
+    return Option(
+        "--allow-unverified", "--allow-insecure",
+        dest="allow_unverified",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="PACKAGE",
+        help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+    )
+
+# Remove after 7.0
+no_allow_unsafe = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-allow-insecure",
+    dest="allow_all_insecure",
+    action="store_false",
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP
+)
+
+# Remove after 1.5
+process_dependency_links = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--process-dependency-links",
+    dest="process_dependency_links",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Enable the processing of dependency links.",
+)
+
+
+def constraints():
+    return Option(
+        '-c', '--constraint',
+        dest='constraints',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='file',
+        help='Constrain versions using the given constraints file. '
+        'This option can be used multiple times.')
+
+
+def requirements():
+    return Option(
+        '-r', '--requirement',
+        dest='requirements',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='file',
+        help='Install from the given requirements file. '
+        'This option can be used multiple times.')
+
+
+def editable():
+    return Option(
+        '-e', '--editable',
+        dest='editables',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='path/url',
+        help=('Install a project in editable mode (i.e. setuptools '
+              '"develop mode") from a local project path or a VCS url.'),
+    )
+
+src = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--src', '--source', '--source-dir', '--source-directory',
+    dest='src_dir',
+    metavar='dir',
+    default=src_prefix,
+    help='Directory to check out editable projects into. '
+    'The default in a virtualenv is "<venv path>/src". '
+    'The default for global installs is "<current dir>/src".'
+)
+
+# XXX: deprecated, remove in 9.0
+use_wheel = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--use-wheel',
+    dest='use_wheel',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=True,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+# XXX: deprecated, remove in 9.0
+no_use_wheel = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-use-wheel',
+    dest='use_wheel',
+    action='store_false',
+    default=True,
+    help=('Do not Find and prefer wheel archives when searching indexes and '
+          'find-links locations. DEPRECATED in favour of --no-binary.'),
+)
+
+
+def _get_format_control(values, option):
+    """Get a format_control object."""
+    return getattr(values, option.dest)
+
+
+def _handle_no_binary(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+    existing = getattr(parser.values, option.dest)
+    fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(
+        value, existing.no_binary, existing.only_binary)
+
+
+def _handle_only_binary(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+    existing = getattr(parser.values, option.dest)
+    fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(
+        value, existing.only_binary, existing.no_binary)
+
+
+def no_binary():
+    return Option(
+        "--no-binary", dest="format_control", action="callback",
+        callback=_handle_no_binary, type="str",
+        default=FormatControl(set(), set()),
+        help="Do not use binary packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and "
+             "each time adds to the existing value. Accepts either :all: to "
+             "disable all binary packages, :none: to empty the set, or one or "
+             "more package names with commas between them. Note that some "
+             "packages are tricky to compile and may fail to install when "
+             "this option is used on them.")
+
+
+def only_binary():
+    return Option(
+        "--only-binary", dest="format_control", action="callback",
+        callback=_handle_only_binary, type="str",
+        default=FormatControl(set(), set()),
+        help="Do not use source packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and "
+             "each time adds to the existing value. Accepts either :all: to "
+             "disable all source packages, :none: to empty the set, or one or "
+             "more package names with commas between them. Packages without "
+             "binary distributions will fail to install when this option is "
+             "used on them.")
+
+
+cache_dir = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--cache-dir",
+    dest="cache_dir",
+    default=USER_CACHE_DIR,
+    metavar="dir",
+    help="Store the cache data in <dir>."
+)
+
+no_cache = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-cache-dir",
+    dest="cache_dir",
+    action="store_false",
+    help="Disable the cache.",
+)
+
+no_deps = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-deps', '--no-dependencies',
+    dest='ignore_dependencies',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't install package dependencies.")
+
+build_dir = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-b', '--build', '--build-dir', '--build-directory',
+    dest='build_dir',
+    metavar='dir',
+    help='Directory to unpack packages into and build in.'
+)
+
+install_options = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--install-option',
+    dest='install_options',
+    action='append',
+    metavar='options',
+    help="Extra arguments to be supplied to the setup.py install "
+         "command (use like --install-option=\"--install-scripts=/usr/local/"
+         "bin\"). Use multiple --install-option options to pass multiple "
+         "options to setup.py install. If you are using an option with a "
+         "directory path, be sure to use absolute path.")
+
+global_options = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--global-option',
+    dest='global_options',
+    action='append',
+    metavar='options',
+    help="Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py "
+         "call before the install command.")
+
+no_clean = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-clean',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't clean up build directories.")
+
+pre = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--pre',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help="Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+         "pip only finds stable versions.")
+
+disable_pip_version_check = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--disable-pip-version-check",
+    dest="disable_pip_version_check",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version "
+         "of pip is available for download. Implied with --no-index.")
+
+# Deprecated, Remove later
+always_unzip = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-Z', '--always-unzip',
+    dest='always_unzip',
+    action='store_true',
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+def _merge_hash(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+    """Given a value spelled "algo:digest", append the digest to a list
+    pointed to in a dict by the algo name."""
+    if not parser.values.hashes:
+        parser.values.hashes = {}
+    try:
+        algo, digest = value.split(':', 1)
+    except ValueError:
+        parser.error('Arguments to %s must be a hash name '
+                     'followed by a value, like --hash=sha256:abcde...' %
+                     opt_str)
+    if algo not in STRONG_HASHES:
+        parser.error('Allowed hash algorithms for %s are %s.' %
+                     (opt_str, ', '.join(STRONG_HASHES)))
+    parser.values.hashes.setdefault(algo, []).append(digest)
+
+
+hash = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--hash',
+    # Hash values eventually end up in InstallRequirement.hashes due to
+    # __dict__ copying in process_line().
+    dest='hashes',
+    action='callback',
+    callback=_merge_hash,
+    type='string',
+    help="Verify that the package's archive matches this "
+         'hash before installing. Example: --hash=sha256:abcdef...')
+
+
+require_hashes = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--require-hashes',
+    dest='require_hashes',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help='Require a hash to check each requirement against, for '
+         'repeatable installs. This option is implied when any package in a '
+         'requirements file has a --hash option.')
+
+
+##########
+# groups #
+##########
+
+general_group = {
+    'name': 'General Options',
+    'options': [
+        help_,
+        isolated_mode,
+        require_virtualenv,
+        verbose,
+        version,
+        quiet,
+        log,
+        no_input,
+        proxy,
+        retries,
+        timeout,
+        default_vcs,
+        skip_requirements_regex,
+        exists_action,
+        trusted_host,
+        cert,
+        client_cert,
+        cache_dir,
+        no_cache,
+        disable_pip_version_check,
+    ]
+}
+
+non_deprecated_index_group = {
+    'name': 'Package Index Options',
+    'options': [
+        index_url,
+        extra_index_url,
+        no_index,
+        find_links,
+        process_dependency_links,
+    ]
+}
+
+index_group = {
+    'name': 'Package Index Options (including deprecated options)',
+    'options': non_deprecated_index_group['options'] + [
+        allow_external,
+        allow_all_external,
+        no_allow_external,
+        allow_unsafe,
+        no_allow_unsafe,
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6910f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""
+Package containing all pip commands
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from pip.commands.completion import CompletionCommand
+from pip.commands.download import DownloadCommand
+from pip.commands.freeze import FreezeCommand
+from pip.commands.hash import HashCommand
+from pip.commands.help import HelpCommand
+from pip.commands.list import ListCommand
+from pip.commands.search import SearchCommand
+from pip.commands.show import ShowCommand
+from pip.commands.install import InstallCommand
+from pip.commands.uninstall import UninstallCommand
+from pip.commands.wheel import WheelCommand
+
+
+commands_dict = {
+    CompletionCommand.name: CompletionCommand,
+    FreezeCommand.name: FreezeCommand,
+    HashCommand.name: HashCommand,
+    HelpCommand.name: HelpCommand,
+    SearchCommand.name: SearchCommand,
+    ShowCommand.name: ShowCommand,
+    InstallCommand.name: InstallCommand,
+    UninstallCommand.name: UninstallCommand,
+    DownloadCommand.name: DownloadCommand,
+    ListCommand.name: ListCommand,
+    WheelCommand.name: WheelCommand,
+}
+
+
+commands_order = [
+    InstallCommand,
+    DownloadCommand,
+    UninstallCommand,
+    FreezeCommand,
+    ListCommand,
+    ShowCommand,
+    SearchCommand,
+    WheelCommand,
+    HashCommand,
+    HelpCommand,
+]
+
+
+def get_summaries(ignore_hidden=True, ordered=True):
+    """Yields sorted (command name, command summary) tuples."""
+
+    if ordered:
+        cmditems = _sort_commands(commands_dict, commands_order)
+    else:
+        cmditems = commands_dict.items()
+
+    for name, command_class in cmditems:
+        if ignore_hidden and command_class.hidden:
+            continue
+
+        yield (name, command_class.summary)
+
+
+def get_similar_commands(name):
+    """Command name auto-correct."""
+    from difflib import get_close_matches
+
+    name = name.lower()
+
+    close_commands = get_close_matches(name, commands_dict.keys())
+
+    if close_commands:
+        return close_commands[0]
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _sort_commands(cmddict, order):
+    def keyfn(key):
+        try:
+            return order.index(key[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            # unordered items should come last
+            return 0xff
+
+    return sorted(cmddict.items(), key=keyfn)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10f19e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+
+BASE_COMPLETION = """
+# pip %(shell)s completion start%(script)s# pip %(shell)s completion end
+"""
+
+COMPLETION_SCRIPTS = {
+    'bash': """
+_pip_completion()
+{
+    COMPREPLY=( $( COMP_WORDS="${COMP_WORDS[*]}" \\
+                   COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD \\
+                   PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1 $1 ) )
+}
+complete -o default -F _pip_completion pip
+""", 'zsh': """
+function _pip_completion {
+  local words cword
+  read -Ac words
+  read -cn cword
+  reply=( $( COMP_WORDS="$words[*]" \\
+             COMP_CWORD=$(( cword-1 )) \\
+             PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1 $words[1] ) )
+}
+compctl -K _pip_completion pip
+"""}
+
+
+class CompletionCommand(Command):
+    """A helper command to be used for command completion."""
+    name = 'completion'
+    summary = 'A helper command to be used for command completion'
+    hidden = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(CompletionCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--bash', '-b',
+            action='store_const',
+            const='bash',
+            dest='shell',
+            help='Emit completion code for bash')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--zsh', '-z',
+            action='store_const',
+            const='zsh',
+            dest='shell',
+            help='Emit completion code for zsh')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        """Prints the completion code of the given shell"""
+        shells = COMPLETION_SCRIPTS.keys()
+        shell_options = ['--' + shell for shell in sorted(shells)]
+        if options.shell in shells:
+            script = COMPLETION_SCRIPTS.get(options.shell, '')
+            print(BASE_COMPLETION % {'script': script, 'shell': options.shell})
+        else:
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                'ERROR: You must pass %s\n' % ' or '.join(shell_options)
+            )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/download.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/download.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4155e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/download.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip.req import RequirementSet
+from pip.basecommand import RequirementCommand
+from pip import cmdoptions
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir, normalize_path
+from pip.utils.build import BuildDirectory
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class DownloadCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Download packages from:
+
+    - PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
+    - VCS project urls.
+    - Local project directories.
+    - Local or remote source archives.
+
+    pip also supports downloading from "requirements files", which provide
+    an easy way to specify a whole environment to be downloaded.
+    """
+    name = 'download'
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    summary = 'Download packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(DownloadCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-d', '--dest', '--destination-dir', '--destination-directory',
+            dest='download_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=os.curdir,
+            help=("Download packages into <dir>."),
+        )
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.non_deprecated_index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        options.ignore_installed = True
+        options.src_dir = os.path.abspath(options.src_dir)
+        options.download_dir = normalize_path(options.download_dir)
+
+        ensure_dir(options.download_dir)
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+            build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
+            if options.cache_dir and not check_path_owner(options.cache_dir):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned "
+                    "by the current user and caching wheels has been "
+                    "disabled. check the permissions and owner of that "
+                    "directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want "
+                    "sudo's -H flag.",
+                    options.cache_dir,
+                )
+                options.cache_dir = None
+
+            with BuildDirectory(options.build_dir,
+                                delete=build_delete) as build_dir:
+
+                requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                    build_dir=build_dir,
+                    src_dir=options.src_dir,
+                    download_dir=options.download_dir,
+                    ignore_installed=True,
+                    ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                    session=session,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    require_hashes=options.require_hashes
+                )
+                self.populate_requirement_set(
+                    requirement_set,
+                    args,
+                    options,
+                    finder,
+                    session,
+                    self.name,
+                    None
+                )
+
+                if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                    return
+
+                requirement_set.prepare_files(finder)
+
+                downloaded = ' '.join([
+                    req.name for req in requirement_set.successfully_downloaded
+                ])
+                if downloaded:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Successfully downloaded %s', downloaded
+                    )
+
+                # Clean up
+                if not options.no_clean:
+                    requirement_set.cleanup_files()
+
+        return requirement_set
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4c624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+import pip
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.operations.freeze import freeze
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache
+
+
+class FreezeCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Output installed packages in requirements format.
+
+    packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
+    """
+    name = 'freeze'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+    summary = 'Output installed packages in requirements format.'
+    log_streams = ("ext://sys.stderr", "ext://sys.stderr")
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(FreezeCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-r', '--requirement',
+            dest='requirement',
+            action='store',
+            default=None,
+            metavar='file',
+            help="Use the order in the given requirements file and its "
+                 "comments when generating output.")
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-f', '--find-links',
+            dest='find_links',
+            action='append',
+            default=[],
+            metavar='URL',
+            help='URL for finding packages, which will be added to the '
+                 'output.')
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-l', '--local',
+            dest='local',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not output '
+                 'globally-installed packages.')
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--user',
+            dest='user',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='Only output packages installed in user-site.')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        format_control = pip.index.FormatControl(set(), set())
+        wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, format_control)
+        freeze_kwargs = dict(
+            requirement=options.requirement,
+            find_links=options.find_links,
+            local_only=options.local,
+            user_only=options.user,
+            skip_regex=options.skip_requirements_regex,
+            isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache)
+
+        for line in freeze(**freeze_kwargs):
+            sys.stdout.write(line + '\n')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27cca0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import sys
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.status_codes import ERROR
+from pip.utils import read_chunks
+from pip.utils.hashes import FAVORITE_HASH, STRONG_HASHES
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class HashCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Compute a hash of a local package archive.
+
+    These can be used with --hash in a requirements file to do repeatable
+    installs.
+
+    """
+    name = 'hash'
+    usage = '%prog [options] <file> ...'
+    summary = 'Compute hashes of package archives.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(HashCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-a', '--algorithm',
+            dest='algorithm',
+            choices=STRONG_HASHES,
+            action='store',
+            default=FAVORITE_HASH,
+            help='The hash algorithm to use: one of %s' %
+                 ', '.join(STRONG_HASHES))
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if not args:
+            self.parser.print_usage(sys.stderr)
+            return ERROR
+
+        algorithm = options.algorithm
+        for path in args:
+            logger.info('%s:\n--hash=%s:%s',
+                        path, algorithm, _hash_of_file(path, algorithm))
+
+
+def _hash_of_file(path, algorithm):
+    """Return the hash digest of a file."""
+    with open(path, 'rb') as archive:
+        hash = hashlib.new(algorithm)
+        for chunk in read_chunks(archive):
+            hash.update(chunk)
+    return hash.hexdigest()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/help.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11722f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command, SUCCESS
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError
+
+
+class HelpCommand(Command):
+    """Show help for commands"""
+    name = 'help'
+    usage = """
+      %prog <command>"""
+    summary = 'Show help for commands.'
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        from pip.commands import commands_dict, get_similar_commands
+
+        try:
+            # 'pip help' with no args is handled by pip.__init__.parseopt()
+            cmd_name = args[0]  # the command we need help for
+        except IndexError:
+            return SUCCESS
+
+        if cmd_name not in commands_dict:
+            guess = get_similar_commands(cmd_name)
+
+            msg = ['unknown command "%s"' % cmd_name]
+            if guess:
+                msg.append('maybe you meant "%s"' % guess)
+
+            raise CommandError(' - '.join(msg))
+
+        command = commands_dict[cmd_name]()
+        command.parser.print_help()
+
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ddde93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import operator
+import os
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import warnings
+try:
+    import wheel
+except ImportError:
+    wheel = None
+
+from pip.req import RequirementSet
+from pip.basecommand import RequirementCommand
+from pip.locations import virtualenv_no_global, distutils_scheme
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError, CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError,
+)
+from pip import cmdoptions
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir
+from pip.utils.build import BuildDirectory
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache, WheelBuilder
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Install packages from:
+
+    - PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
+    - VCS project urls.
+    - Local project directories.
+    - Local or remote source archives.
+
+    pip also supports installing from "requirements files", which provide
+    an easy way to specify a whole environment to be installed.
+    """
+    name = 'install'
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    summary = 'Install packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(InstallCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-t', '--target',
+            dest='target_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help='Install packages into <dir>. '
+                 'By default this will not replace existing files/folders in '
+                 '<dir>. Use --upgrade to replace existing packages in <dir> '
+                 'with new versions.'
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-d', '--download', '--download-dir', '--download-directory',
+            dest='download_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help=("Download packages into <dir> instead of installing them, "
+                  "regardless of what's already installed."),
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-U', '--upgrade',
+            dest='upgrade',
+            action='store_true',
+            help='Upgrade all specified packages to the newest available '
+                 'version. This process is recursive regardless of whether '
+                 'a dependency is already satisfied.'
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--force-reinstall',
+            dest='force_reinstall',
+            action='store_true',
+            help='When upgrading, reinstall all packages even if they are '
+                 'already up-to-date.')
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-I', '--ignore-installed',
+            dest='ignore_installed',
+            action='store_true',
+            help='Ignore the installed packages (reinstalling instead).')
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.install_options())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--user',
+            dest='use_user_site',
+            action='store_true',
+            help="Install to the Python user install directory for your "
+                 "platform. Typically ~/.local/, or %APPDATA%\Python on "
+                 "Windows. (See the Python documentation for site.USER_BASE "
+                 "for full details.)")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--egg',
+            dest='as_egg',
+            action='store_true',
+            help="Install packages as eggs, not 'flat', like pip normally "
+                 "does. This option is not about installing *from* eggs. "
+                 "(WARNING: Because this option overrides pip's normal install"
+                 " logic, requirements files may not behave as expected.)")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--root',
+            dest='root_path',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help="Install everything relative to this alternate root "
+                 "directory.")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--prefix',
+            dest='prefix_path',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help="Installation prefix where lib, bin and other top-level "
+                 "folders are placed")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--compile",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="compile",
+            default=True,
+            help="Compile py files to pyc",
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-compile",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="compile",
+            help="Do not compile py files to pyc",
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        cmdoptions.resolve_wheel_no_use_binary(options)
+        cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options)
+
+        if options.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.download_dir:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "pip install --download has been deprecated and will be "
+                "removed in the future. Pip now has a download command that "
+                "should be used instead.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+            options.ignore_installed = True
+
+        if options.build_dir:
+            options.build_dir = os.path.abspath(options.build_dir)
+
+        options.src_dir = os.path.abspath(options.src_dir)
+        install_options = options.install_options or []
+        if options.use_user_site:
+            if options.prefix_path:
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Can not combine '--user' and '--prefix' as they imply "
+                    "different installation locations"
+                )
+            if virtualenv_no_global():
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Can not perform a '--user' install. User site-packages "
+                    "are not visible in this virtualenv."
+                )
+            install_options.append('--user')
+            install_options.append('--prefix=')
+
+        temp_target_dir = None
+        if options.target_dir:
+            options.ignore_installed = True
+            temp_target_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            options.target_dir = os.path.abspath(options.target_dir)
+            if (os.path.exists(options.target_dir) and not
+                    os.path.isdir(options.target_dir)):
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Target path exists but is not a directory, will not "
+                    "continue."
+                )
+            install_options.append('--home=' + temp_target_dir)
+
+        global_options = options.global_options or []
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+            build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, options.format_control)
+            if options.cache_dir and not check_path_owner(options.cache_dir):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned "
+                    "by the current user and caching wheels has been "
+                    "disabled. check the permissions and owner of that "
+                    "directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want "
+                    "sudo's -H flag.",
+                    options.cache_dir,
+                )
+                options.cache_dir = None
+
+            with BuildDirectory(options.build_dir,
+                                delete=build_delete) as build_dir:
+                requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                    build_dir=build_dir,
+                    src_dir=options.src_dir,
+                    download_dir=options.download_dir,
+                    upgrade=options.upgrade,
+                    as_egg=options.as_egg,
+                    ignore_installed=options.ignore_installed,
+                    ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                    force_reinstall=options.force_reinstall,
+                    use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
+                    target_dir=temp_target_dir,
+                    session=session,
+                    pycompile=options.compile,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    require_hashes=options.require_hashes,
+                )
+
+                self.populate_requirement_set(
+                    requirement_set, args, options, finder, session, self.name,
+                    wheel_cache
+                )
+
+                if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                    return
+
+                try:
+                    if (options.download_dir or not wheel or not
+                            options.cache_dir):
+                        # on -d don't do complex things like building
+                        # wheels, and don't try to build wheels when wheel is
+                        # not installed.
+                        requirement_set.prepare_files(finder)
+                    else:
+                        # build wheels before install.
+                        wb = WheelBuilder(
+                            requirement_set,
+                            finder,
+                            build_options=[],
+                            global_options=[],
+                        )
+                        # Ignore the result: a failed wheel will be
+                        # installed from the sdist/vcs whatever.
+                        wb.build(autobuilding=True)
+
+                    if not options.download_dir:
+                        requirement_set.install(
+                            install_options,
+                            global_options,
+                            root=options.root_path,
+                            prefix=options.prefix_path,
+                        )
+                        reqs = sorted(
+                            requirement_set.successfully_installed,
+                            key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
+                        items = []
+                        for req in reqs:
+                            item = req.name
+                            try:
+                                if hasattr(req, 'installed_version'):
+                                    if req.installed_version:
+                                        item += '-' + req.installed_version
+                            except Exception:
+                                pass
+                            items.append(item)
+                        installed = ' '.join(items)
+                        if installed:
+                            logger.info('Successfully installed %s', installed)
+                    else:
+                        downloaded = ' '.join([
+                            req.name
+                            for req in requirement_set.successfully_downloaded
+                        ])
+                        if downloaded:
+                            logger.info(
+                                'Successfully downloaded %s', downloaded
+                            )
+                except PreviousBuildDirError:
+                    options.no_clean = True
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    # Clean up
+                    if not options.no_clean:
+                        requirement_set.cleanup_files()
+
+        if options.target_dir:
+            ensure_dir(options.target_dir)
+
+            lib_dir = distutils_scheme('', home=temp_target_dir)['purelib']
+
+            for item in os.listdir(lib_dir):
+                target_item_dir = os.path.join(options.target_dir, item)
+                if os.path.exists(target_item_dir):
+                    if not options.upgrade:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            'Target directory %s already exists. Specify '
+                            '--upgrade to force replacement.',
+                            target_item_dir
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    if os.path.islink(target_item_dir):
+                        logger.warning(
+                            'Target directory %s already exists and is '
+                            'a link. Pip will not automatically replace '
+                            'links, please remove if replacement is '
+                            'desired.',
+                            target_item_dir
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    if os.path.isdir(target_item_dir):
+                        shutil.rmtree(target_item_dir)
+                    else:
+                        os.remove(target_item_dir)
+
+                shutil.move(
+                    os.path.join(lib_dir, item),
+                    target_item_dir
+                )
+            shutil.rmtree(temp_target_dir)
+        return requirement_set
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/list.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/list.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5346488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip.index import PackageFinder
+from pip.utils import (
+    get_installed_distributions, dist_is_editable)
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.cmdoptions import make_option_group, index_group
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ListCommand(Command):
+    """
+    List installed packages, including editables.
+
+    Packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
+    """
+    name = 'list'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+    summary = 'List installed packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(ListCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-o', '--outdated',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='List outdated packages')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-u', '--uptodate',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='List uptodate packages')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-e', '--editable',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='List editable projects.')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-l', '--local',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help=('If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not list '
+                  'globally-installed packages.'),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--user',
+            dest='user',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='Only output packages installed in user-site.')
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--pre',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help=("Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+                  "pip only finds stable versions."),
+        )
+
+        index_opts = make_option_group(index_group, self.parser)
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def _build_package_finder(self, options, index_urls, session):
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to this list command.
+        """
+        return PackageFinder(
+            find_links=options.find_links,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+            trusted_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+            process_dependency_links=options.process_dependency_links,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if options.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+        if options.outdated and options.uptodate:
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Options --outdated and --uptodate cannot be combined.")
+
+        if options.outdated:
+            self.run_outdated(options)
+        elif options.uptodate:
+            self.run_uptodate(options)
+        else:
+            self.run_listing(options)
+
+    def run_outdated(self, options):
+        for dist, latest_version, typ in sorted(
+                self.find_packages_latest_versions(options),
+                key=lambda p: p[0].project_name.lower()):
+            if latest_version > dist.parsed_version:
+                logger.info(
+                    '%s - Latest: %s [%s]',
+                    self.output_package(dist), latest_version, typ,
+                )
+
+    def find_packages_latest_versions(self, options):
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index:
+            logger.info('Ignoring indexes: %s', ','.join(index_urls))
+            index_urls = []
+
+        dependency_links = []
+        for dist in get_installed_distributions(
+                local_only=options.local,
+                user_only=options.user,
+                editables_only=options.editable):
+            if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt'):
+                dependency_links.extend(
+                    dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt'),
+                )
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, index_urls, session)
+            finder.add_dependency_links(dependency_links)
+
+            installed_packages = get_installed_distributions(
+                local_only=options.local,
+                user_only=options.user,
+                editables_only=options.editable,
+            )
+            for dist in installed_packages:
+                typ = 'unknown'
+                all_candidates = finder.find_all_candidates(dist.key)
+                if not options.pre:
+                    # Remove prereleases
+                    all_candidates = [candidate for candidate in all_candidates
+                                      if not candidate.version.is_prerelease]
+
+                if not all_candidates:
+                    continue
+                best_candidate = max(all_candidates,
+                                     key=finder._candidate_sort_key)
+                remote_version = best_candidate.version
+                if best_candidate.location.is_wheel:
+                    typ = 'wheel'
+                else:
+                    typ = 'sdist'
+                yield dist, remote_version, typ
+
+    def run_listing(self, options):
+        installed_packages = get_installed_distributions(
+            local_only=options.local,
+            user_only=options.user,
+            editables_only=options.editable,
+        )
+        self.output_package_listing(installed_packages)
+
+    def output_package(self, dist):
+        if dist_is_editable(dist):
+            return '%s (%s, %s)' % (
+                dist.project_name,
+                dist.version,
+                dist.location,
+            )
+        else:
+            return '%s (%s)' % (dist.project_name, dist.version)
+
+    def output_package_listing(self, installed_packages):
+        installed_packages = sorted(
+            installed_packages,
+            key=lambda dist: dist.project_name.lower(),
+        )
+        for dist in installed_packages:
+            logger.info(self.output_package(dist))
+
+    def run_uptodate(self, options):
+        uptodate = []
+        for dist, version, typ in self.find_packages_latest_versions(options):
+            if dist.parsed_version == version:
+                uptodate.append(dist)
+        self.output_package_listing(uptodate)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/search.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/search.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..977eb36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import sys
+import textwrap
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command, SUCCESS
+from pip.download import PipXmlrpcTransport
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.utils import get_terminal_size
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip.status_codes import NO_MATCHES_FOUND
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import xmlrpc_client
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SearchCommand(Command):
+    """Search for PyPI packages whose name or summary contains <query>."""
+    name = 'search'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <query>"""
+    summary = 'Search PyPI for packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(SearchCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--index',
+            dest='index',
+            metavar='URL',
+            default=PyPI.pypi_url,
+            help='Base URL of Python Package Index (default %default)')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if not args:
+            raise CommandError('Missing required argument (search query).')
+        query = args
+        pypi_hits = self.search(query, options)
+        hits = transform_hits(pypi_hits)
+
+        terminal_width = None
+        if sys.stdout.isatty():
+            terminal_width = get_terminal_size()[0]
+
+        print_results(hits, terminal_width=terminal_width)
+        if pypi_hits:
+            return SUCCESS
+        return NO_MATCHES_FOUND
+
+    def search(self, query, options):
+        index_url = options.index
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            transport = PipXmlrpcTransport(index_url, session)
+            pypi = xmlrpc_client.ServerProxy(index_url, transport)
+            hits = pypi.search({'name': query, 'summary': query}, 'or')
+            return hits
+
+
+def transform_hits(hits):
+    """
+    The list from pypi is really a list of versions. We want a list of
+    packages with the list of versions stored inline. This converts the
+    list from pypi into one we can use.
+    """
+    packages = {}
+    for hit in hits:
+        name = hit['name']
+        summary = hit['summary']
+        version = hit['version']
+        score = hit['_pypi_ordering']
+        if score is None:
+            score = 0
+
+        if name not in packages.keys():
+            packages[name] = {
+                'name': name,
+                'summary': summary,
+                'versions': [version],
+                'score': score,
+            }
+        else:
+            packages[name]['versions'].append(version)
+
+            # if this is the highest version, replace summary and score
+            if version == highest_version(packages[name]['versions']):
+                packages[name]['summary'] = summary
+                packages[name]['score'] = score
+
+    # each record has a unique name now, so we will convert the dict into a
+    # list sorted by score
+    package_list = sorted(
+        packages.values(),
+        key=lambda x: x['score'],
+        reverse=True,
+    )
+    return package_list
+
+
+def print_results(hits, name_column_width=None, terminal_width=None):
+    if not hits:
+        return
+    if name_column_width is None:
+        name_column_width = max((len(hit['name']) for hit in hits)) + 4
+    installed_packages = [p.project_name for p in pkg_resources.working_set]
+    for hit in hits:
+        name = hit['name']
+        summary = hit['summary'] or ''
+        if terminal_width is not None:
+            # wrap and indent summary to fit terminal
+            summary = textwrap.wrap(
+                summary,
+                terminal_width - name_column_width - 5,
+            )
+            summary = ('\n' + ' ' * (name_column_width + 3)).join(summary)
+        line = '%s - %s' % (name.ljust(name_column_width), summary)
+        try:
+            logger.info(line)
+            if name in installed_packages:
+                dist = pkg_resources.get_distribution(name)
+                with indent_log():
+                    latest = highest_version(hit['versions'])
+                    if dist.version == latest:
+                        logger.info('INSTALLED: %s (latest)', dist.version)
+                    else:
+                        logger.info('INSTALLED: %s', dist.version)
+                        logger.info('LATEST:    %s', latest)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def highest_version(versions):
+    return next(iter(
+        sorted(versions, key=pkg_resources.parse_version, reverse=True)
+    ))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/show.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/show.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9df0cc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/show.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from email.parser import FeedParser
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.status_codes import SUCCESS, ERROR
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ShowCommand(Command):
+    """Show information about one or more installed packages."""
+    name = 'show'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <package> ..."""
+    summary = 'Show information about installed packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(ShowCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-f', '--files',
+            dest='files',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='Show the full list of installed files for each package.')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if not args:
+            logger.warning('ERROR: Please provide a package name or names.')
+            return ERROR
+        query = args
+
+        results = search_packages_info(query)
+        if not print_results(results, options.files):
+            return ERROR
+        return SUCCESS
+
+
+def search_packages_info(query):
+    """
+    Gather details from installed distributions. Print distribution name,
+    version, location, and installed files. Installed files requires a
+    pip generated 'installed-files.txt' in the distributions '.egg-info'
+    directory.
+    """
+    installed = dict(
+        [(p.project_name.lower(), p) for p in pkg_resources.working_set])
+    query_names = [name.lower() for name in query]
+    for dist in [installed[pkg] for pkg in query_names if pkg in installed]:
+        package = {
+            'name': dist.project_name,
+            'version': dist.version,
+            'location': dist.location,
+            'requires': [dep.project_name for dep in dist.requires()],
+        }
+        file_list = None
+        metadata = None
+        if isinstance(dist, pkg_resources.DistInfoDistribution):
+            # RECORDs should be part of .dist-info metadatas
+            if dist.has_metadata('RECORD'):
+                lines = dist.get_metadata_lines('RECORD')
+                paths = [l.split(',')[0] for l in lines]
+                paths = [os.path.join(dist.location, p) for p in paths]
+                file_list = [os.path.relpath(p, dist.location) for p in paths]
+
+            if dist.has_metadata('METADATA'):
+                metadata = dist.get_metadata('METADATA')
+        else:
+            # Otherwise use pip's log for .egg-info's
+            if dist.has_metadata('installed-files.txt'):
+                paths = dist.get_metadata_lines('installed-files.txt')
+                paths = [os.path.join(dist.egg_info, p) for p in paths]
+                file_list = [os.path.relpath(p, dist.location) for p in paths]
+
+            if dist.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+                metadata = dist.get_metadata('PKG-INFO')
+
+        if dist.has_metadata('entry_points.txt'):
+            entry_points = dist.get_metadata_lines('entry_points.txt')
+            package['entry_points'] = entry_points
+
+        # @todo: Should pkg_resources.Distribution have a
+        # `get_pkg_info` method?
+        feed_parser = FeedParser()
+        feed_parser.feed(metadata)
+        pkg_info_dict = feed_parser.close()
+        for key in ('metadata-version', 'summary',
+                    'home-page', 'author', 'author-email', 'license'):
+            package[key] = pkg_info_dict.get(key)
+
+        if file_list:
+            package['files'] = sorted(file_list)
+        yield package
+
+
+def print_results(distributions, list_all_files):
+    """
+    Print the informations from installed distributions found.
+    """
+    results_printed = False
+    for dist in distributions:
+        results_printed = True
+        logger.info("---")
+        logger.info("Metadata-Version: %s", dist.get('metadata-version'))
+        logger.info("Name: %s", dist['name'])
+        logger.info("Version: %s", dist['version'])
+        logger.info("Summary: %s", dist.get('summary'))
+        logger.info("Home-page: %s", dist.get('home-page'))
+        logger.info("Author: %s", dist.get('author'))
+        logger.info("Author-email: %s", dist.get('author-email'))
+        logger.info("License: %s", dist.get('license'))
+        logger.info("Location: %s", dist['location'])
+        logger.info("Requires: %s", ', '.join(dist['requires']))
+        if list_all_files:
+            logger.info("Files:")
+            if 'files' in dist:
+                for line in dist['files']:
+                    logger.info("  %s", line.strip())
+            else:
+                logger.info("Cannot locate installed-files.txt")
+        if 'entry_points' in dist:
+            logger.info("Entry-points:")
+            for line in dist['entry_points']:
+                logger.info("  %s", line.strip())
+    return results_printed
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ba1a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import pip
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache
+from pip.req import InstallRequirement, RequirementSet, parse_requirements
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError
+
+
+class UninstallCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Uninstall packages.
+
+    pip is able to uninstall most installed packages. Known exceptions are:
+
+    - Pure distutils packages installed with ``python setup.py install``, which
+      leave behind no metadata to determine what files were installed.
+    - Script wrappers installed by ``python setup.py develop``.
+    """
+    name = 'uninstall'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <package> ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> ..."""
+    summary = 'Uninstall packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(UninstallCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-r', '--requirement',
+            dest='requirements',
+            action='append',
+            default=[],
+            metavar='file',
+            help='Uninstall all the packages listed in the given requirements '
+                 'file.  This option can be used multiple times.',
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-y', '--yes',
+            dest='yes',
+            action='store_true',
+            help="Don't ask for confirmation of uninstall deletions.")
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            format_control = pip.index.FormatControl(set(), set())
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, format_control)
+            requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                build_dir=None,
+                src_dir=None,
+                download_dir=None,
+                isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                session=session,
+                wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+            )
+            for name in args:
+                requirement_set.add_requirement(
+                    InstallRequirement.from_line(
+                        name, isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+                    )
+                )
+            for filename in options.requirements:
+                for req in parse_requirements(
+                        filename,
+                        options=options,
+                        session=session,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache):
+                    requirement_set.add_requirement(req)
+            if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    'You must give at least one requirement to %(name)s (see '
+                    '"pip help %(name)s")' % dict(name=self.name)
+                )
+            requirement_set.uninstall(auto_confirm=options.yes)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d77fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from pip.basecommand import RequirementCommand
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError
+from pip.req import RequirementSet
+from pip.utils import import_or_raise
+from pip.utils.build import BuildDirectory
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache, WheelBuilder
+from pip import cmdoptions
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class WheelCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Build Wheel archives for your requirements and dependencies.
+
+    Wheel is a built-package format, and offers the advantage of not
+    recompiling your software during every install. For more details, see the
+    wheel docs: http://wheel.readthedocs.org/en/latest.
+
+    Requirements: setuptools>=0.8, and wheel.
+
+    'pip wheel' uses the bdist_wheel setuptools extension from the wheel
+    package to build individual wheels.
+
+    """
+
+    name = 'wheel'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    summary = 'Build wheels from your requirements.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(WheelCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-w', '--wheel-dir',
+            dest='wheel_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=os.curdir,
+            help=("Build wheels into <dir>, where the default is the "
+                  "current working directory."),
+        )
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--build-option',
+            dest='build_options',
+            metavar='options',
+            action='append',
+            help="Extra arguments to be supplied to 'setup.py bdist_wheel'.")
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--global-option',
+            dest='global_options',
+            action='append',
+            metavar='options',
+            help="Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py "
+            "call before the 'bdist_wheel' command.")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--pre',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help=("Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+                  "pip only finds stable versions."),
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def check_required_packages(self):
+        import_or_raise(
+            'wheel.bdist_wheel',
+            CommandError,
+            "'pip wheel' requires the 'wheel' package. To fix this, run: "
+            "pip install wheel"
+        )
+        pkg_resources = import_or_raise(
+            'pkg_resources',
+            CommandError,
+            "'pip wheel' requires setuptools >= 0.8 for dist-info support."
+            " To fix this, run: pip install --upgrade setuptools"
+        )
+        if not hasattr(pkg_resources, 'DistInfoDistribution'):
+            raise CommandError(
+                "'pip wheel' requires setuptools >= 0.8 for dist-info "
+                "support. To fix this, run: pip install --upgrade "
+                "setuptools"
+            )
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        self.check_required_packages()
+        cmdoptions.resolve_wheel_no_use_binary(options)
+        cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options)
+
+        if options.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index:
+            logger.info('Ignoring indexes: %s', ','.join(index_urls))
+            index_urls = []
+
+        if options.build_dir:
+            options.build_dir = os.path.abspath(options.build_dir)
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+            build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, options.format_control)
+            with BuildDirectory(options.build_dir,
+                                delete=build_delete) as build_dir:
+                requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                    build_dir=build_dir,
+                    src_dir=options.src_dir,
+                    download_dir=None,
+                    ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                    ignore_installed=True,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    session=session,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    wheel_download_dir=options.wheel_dir,
+                    require_hashes=options.require_hashes
+                )
+
+                self.populate_requirement_set(
+                    requirement_set, args, options, finder, session, self.name,
+                    wheel_cache
+                )
+
+                if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                    return
+
+                try:
+                    # build wheels
+                    wb = WheelBuilder(
+                        requirement_set,
+                        finder,
+                        build_options=options.build_options or [],
+                        global_options=options.global_options or [],
+                    )
+                    if not wb.build():
+                        raise CommandError(
+                            "Failed to build one or more wheels"
+                        )
+                except PreviousBuildDirError:
+                    options.no_clean = True
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    if not options.no_clean:
+                        requirement_set.cleanup_files()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b01763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+"""Stuff that differs in different Python versions and platform
+distributions."""
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+try:
+    from logging.config import dictConfig as logging_dictConfig
+except ImportError:
+    from pip.compat.dictconfig import dictConfig as logging_dictConfig
+
+try:
+    import ipaddress
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from pip._vendor import ipaddress
+    except ImportError:
+        import ipaddr as ipaddress
+        ipaddress.ip_address = ipaddress.IPAddress
+        ipaddress.ip_network = ipaddress.IPNetwork
+
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+
+    def get_stdlib():
+        paths = [
+            sysconfig.get_path("stdlib"),
+            sysconfig.get_path("platstdlib"),
+        ]
+        return set(filter(bool, paths))
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils import sysconfig
+
+    def get_stdlib():
+        paths = [
+            sysconfig.get_python_lib(standard_lib=True),
+            sysconfig.get_python_lib(standard_lib=True, plat_specific=True),
+        ]
+        return set(filter(bool, paths))
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "logging_dictConfig", "ipaddress", "uses_pycache", "console_to_str",
+    "native_str", "get_path_uid", "stdlib_pkgs", "WINDOWS", "samefile"
+]
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+    uses_pycache = True
+    from importlib.util import cache_from_source
+else:
+    import imp
+    uses_pycache = hasattr(imp, 'cache_from_source')
+    if uses_pycache:
+        cache_from_source = imp.cache_from_source
+    else:
+        cache_from_source = None
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3,):
+    def console_to_str(s):
+        try:
+            return s.decode(sys.__stdout__.encoding)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return s.decode('utf_8')
+
+    def native_str(s, replace=False):
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s.decode('utf-8', 'replace' if replace else 'strict')
+        return s
+
+else:
+    def console_to_str(s):
+        return s
+
+    def native_str(s, replace=False):
+        # Replace is ignored -- unicode to UTF-8 can't fail
+        if isinstance(s, text_type):
+            return s.encode('utf-8')
+        return s
+
+
+def total_seconds(td):
+    if hasattr(td, "total_seconds"):
+        return td.total_seconds()
+    else:
+        val = td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10 ** 6
+        return val / 10 ** 6
+
+
+def get_path_uid(path):
+    """
+    Return path's uid.
+
+    Does not follow symlinks:
+        https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/935#discussion_r5307003
+
+    Placed this function in compat due to differences on AIX and
+    Jython, that should eventually go away.
+
+    :raises OSError: When path is a symlink or can't be read.
+    """
+    if hasattr(os, 'O_NOFOLLOW'):
+        fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOFOLLOW)
+        file_uid = os.fstat(fd).st_uid
+        os.close(fd)
+    else:  # AIX and Jython
+        # WARNING: time of check vulnerabity, but best we can do w/o NOFOLLOW
+        if not os.path.islink(path):
+            # older versions of Jython don't have `os.fstat`
+            file_uid = os.stat(path).st_uid
+        else:
+            # raise OSError for parity with os.O_NOFOLLOW above
+            raise OSError(
+                "%s is a symlink; Will not return uid for symlinks" % path
+            )
+    return file_uid
+
+
+def expanduser(path):
+    """
+    Expand ~ and ~user constructions.
+
+    Includes a workaround for http://bugs.python.org/issue14768
+    """
+    expanded = os.path.expanduser(path)
+    if path.startswith('~/') and expanded.startswith('//'):
+        expanded = expanded[1:]
+    return expanded
+
+
+# packages in the stdlib that may have installation metadata, but should not be
+# considered 'installed'.  this theoretically could be determined based on
+# dist.location (py27:`sysconfig.get_paths()['stdlib']`,
+# py26:sysconfig.get_config_vars('LIBDEST')), but fear platform variation may
+# make this ineffective, so hard-coding
+stdlib_pkgs = ['python', 'wsgiref']
+if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
+    stdlib_pkgs.extend(['argparse'])
+
+
+# windows detection, covers cpython and ironpython
+WINDOWS = (sys.platform.startswith("win") or
+           (sys.platform == 'cli' and os.name == 'nt'))
+
+
+def samefile(file1, file2):
+    """Provide an alternative for os.path.samefile on Windows/Python2"""
+    if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
+        return os.path.samefile(file1, file2)
+    else:
+        path1 = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(file1))
+        path2 = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(file2))
+        return path1 == path2
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec684aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+# This is a copy of the Python logging.config.dictconfig module,
+# reproduced with permission. It is provided here for backwards
+# compatibility for Python versions prior to 2.7.
+#
+# Copyright 2009-2010 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+# both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation, and that the name of Vinay Sajip
+# not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
+# of the software without specific, written prior permission.
+# VINAY SAJIP DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING
+# ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+# VINAY SAJIP BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
+# ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER
+# IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+# OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging.handlers
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+
+from pip._vendor import six
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+IDENTIFIER = re.compile('^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$', re.I)
+
+
+def valid_ident(s):
+    m = IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise ValueError('Not a valid Python identifier: %r' % s)
+    return True
+
+#
+# This function is defined in logging only in recent versions of Python
+#
+try:
+    from logging import _checkLevel
+except ImportError:
+    def _checkLevel(level):
+        if isinstance(level, int):
+            rv = level
+        elif str(level) == level:
+            if level not in logging._levelNames:
+                raise ValueError('Unknown level: %r' % level)
+            rv = logging._levelNames[level]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Level not an integer or a '
+                            'valid string: %r' % level)
+        return rv
+
+# The ConvertingXXX classes are wrappers around standard Python containers,
+# and they serve to convert any suitable values in the container. The
+# conversion converts base dicts, lists and tuples to their wrapped
+# equivalents, whereas strings which match a conversion format are converted
+# appropriately.
+#
+# Each wrapper should have a configurator attribute holding the actual
+# configurator to use for conversion.
+
+
+class ConvertingDict(dict):
+    """A converting dictionary wrapper."""
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+        if value is not result:
+            self[key] = result
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.get(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+        if value is not result:
+            self[key] = result
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+
+class ConvertingList(list):
+    """A converting list wrapper."""
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = list.__getitem__(self, key)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+        if value is not result:
+            self[key] = result
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    def pop(self, idx=-1):
+        value = list.pop(self, idx)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+        return result
+
+
+class ConvertingTuple(tuple):
+    """A converting tuple wrapper."""
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = tuple.__getitem__(self, key)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+
+class BaseConfigurator(object):
+    """
+    The configurator base class which defines some useful defaults.
+    """
+
+    CONVERT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^(?P<prefix>[a-z]+)://(?P<suffix>.*)$')
+
+    WORD_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\s*(\w+)\s*')
+    DOT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\.\s*(\w+)\s*')
+    INDEX_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\[\s*(\w+)\s*\]\s*')
+    DIGIT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\d+$')
+
+    value_converters = {
+        'ext' : 'ext_convert',
+        'cfg' : 'cfg_convert',
+    }
+
+    # We might want to use a different one, e.g. importlib
+    importer = __import__
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = ConvertingDict(config)
+        self.config.configurator = self
+
+    def resolve(self, s):
+        """
+        Resolve strings to objects using standard import and attribute
+        syntax.
+        """
+        name = s.split('.')
+        used = name.pop(0)
+        try:
+            found = self.importer(used)
+            for frag in name:
+                used += '.' + frag
+                try:
+                    found = getattr(found, frag)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    self.importer(used)
+                    found = getattr(found, frag)
+            return found
+        except ImportError:
+            e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+            v = ValueError('Cannot resolve %r: %s' % (s, e))
+            v.__cause__, v.__traceback__ = e, tb
+            raise v
+
+    def ext_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the ext:// protocol."""
+        return self.resolve(value)
+
+    def cfg_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the cfg:// protocol."""
+        rest = value
+        m = self.WORD_PATTERN.match(rest)
+        if m is None:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to convert %r" % value)
+        else:
+            rest = rest[m.end():]
+            d = self.config[m.groups()[0]]
+            # print d, rest
+            while rest:
+                m = self.DOT_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                if m:
+                    d = d[m.groups()[0]]
+                else:
+                    m = self.INDEX_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                    if m:
+                        idx = m.groups()[0]
+                        if not self.DIGIT_PATTERN.match(idx):
+                            d = d[idx]
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                n = int(idx)  # try as number first (most likely)
+                                d = d[n]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                d = d[idx]
+                if m:
+                    rest = rest[m.end():]
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError('Unable to convert '
+                                     '%r at %r' % (value, rest))
+        # rest should be empty
+        return d
+
+    def convert(self, value):
+        """
+        Convert values to an appropriate type. dicts, lists and tuples are
+        replaced by their converting alternatives. Strings are checked to
+        see if they have a conversion format and are converted if they do.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(value, ConvertingDict) and isinstance(value, dict):
+            value = ConvertingDict(value)
+            value.configurator = self
+        elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingList) and isinstance(value, list):
+            value = ConvertingList(value)
+            value.configurator = self
+        elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and\
+                 isinstance(value, tuple):
+            value = ConvertingTuple(value)
+            value.configurator = self
+        elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):  # str for py3k
+            m = self.CONVERT_PATTERN.match(value)
+            if m:
+                d = m.groupdict()
+                prefix = d['prefix']
+                converter = self.value_converters.get(prefix, None)
+                if converter:
+                    suffix = d['suffix']
+                    converter = getattr(self, converter)
+                    value = converter(suffix)
+        return value
+
+    def configure_custom(self, config):
+        """Configure an object with a user-supplied factory."""
+        c = config.pop('()')
+        if not hasattr(c, '__call__') and hasattr(types, 'ClassType') and type(c) != types.ClassType:
+            c = self.resolve(c)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
+        # Check for valid identifiers
+        kwargs = dict((k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k))
+        result = c(**kwargs)
+        if props:
+            for name, value in props.items():
+                setattr(result, name, value)
+        return result
+
+    def as_tuple(self, value):
+        """Utility function which converts lists to tuples."""
+        if isinstance(value, list):
+            value = tuple(value)
+        return value
+
+
+class DictConfigurator(BaseConfigurator):
+    """
+    Configure logging using a dictionary-like object to describe the
+    configuration.
+    """
+
+    def configure(self):
+        """Do the configuration."""
+
+        config = self.config
+        if 'version' not in config:
+            raise ValueError("dictionary doesn't specify a version")
+        if config['version'] != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported version: %s" % config['version'])
+        incremental = config.pop('incremental', False)
+        EMPTY_DICT = {}
+        logging._acquireLock()
+        try:
+            if incremental:
+                handlers = config.get('handlers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                # incremental handler config only if handler name
+                # ties in to logging._handlers (Python 2.7)
+                if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 7):
+                    for name in handlers:
+                        if name not in logging._handlers:
+                            raise ValueError('No handler found with '
+                                             'name %r'  % name)
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                handler = logging._handlers[name]
+                                handler_config = handlers[name]
+                                level = handler_config.get('level', None)
+                                if level:
+                                    handler.setLevel(_checkLevel(level))
+                            except StandardError as e:
+                                raise ValueError('Unable to configure handler '
+                                                 '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+                loggers = config.get('loggers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in loggers:
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_logger(name, loggers[name], True)
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure logger '
+                                         '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+                root = config.get('root', None)
+                if root:
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_root(root, True)
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure root '
+                                         'logger: %s' % e)
+            else:
+                disable_existing = config.pop('disable_existing_loggers', True)
+
+                logging._handlers.clear()
+                del logging._handlerList[:]
+
+                # Do formatters first - they don't refer to anything else
+                formatters = config.get('formatters', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in formatters:
+                    try:
+                        formatters[name] = self.configure_formatter(
+                                                            formatters[name])
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure '
+                                         'formatter %r: %s' % (name, e))
+                # Next, do filters - they don't refer to anything else, either
+                filters = config.get('filters', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in filters:
+                    try:
+                        filters[name] = self.configure_filter(filters[name])
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure '
+                                         'filter %r: %s' % (name, e))
+
+                # Next, do handlers - they refer to formatters and filters
+                # As handlers can refer to other handlers, sort the keys
+                # to allow a deterministic order of configuration
+                handlers = config.get('handlers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in sorted(handlers):
+                    try:
+                        handler = self.configure_handler(handlers[name])
+                        handler.name = name
+                        handlers[name] = handler
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure handler '
+                                         '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+                # Next, do loggers - they refer to handlers and filters
+
+                # we don't want to lose the existing loggers,
+                # since other threads may have pointers to them.
+                # existing is set to contain all existing loggers,
+                # and as we go through the new configuration we
+                # remove any which are configured. At the end,
+                # what's left in existing is the set of loggers
+                # which were in the previous configuration but
+                # which are not in the new configuration.
+                root = logging.root
+                existing = list(root.manager.loggerDict)
+                # The list needs to be sorted so that we can
+                # avoid disabling child loggers of explicitly
+                # named loggers. With a sorted list it is easier
+                # to find the child loggers.
+                existing.sort()
+                # We'll keep the list of existing loggers
+                # which are children of named loggers here...
+                child_loggers = []
+                # now set up the new ones...
+                loggers = config.get('loggers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in loggers:
+                    if name in existing:
+                        i = existing.index(name)
+                        prefixed = name + "."
+                        pflen = len(prefixed)
+                        num_existing = len(existing)
+                        i = i + 1  # look at the entry after name
+                        while (i < num_existing) and\
+                              (existing[i][:pflen] == prefixed):
+                            child_loggers.append(existing[i])
+                            i = i + 1
+                        existing.remove(name)
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_logger(name, loggers[name])
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure logger '
+                                         '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+
+                # Disable any old loggers. There's no point deleting
+                # them as other threads may continue to hold references
+                # and by disabling them, you stop them doing any logging.
+                # However, don't disable children of named loggers, as that's
+                # probably not what was intended by the user.
+                for log in existing:
+                    logger = root.manager.loggerDict[log]
+                    if log in child_loggers:
+                        logger.level = logging.NOTSET
+                        logger.handlers = []
+                        logger.propagate = True
+                    elif disable_existing:
+                        logger.disabled = True
+
+                # And finally, do the root logger
+                root = config.get('root', None)
+                if root:
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_root(root)
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure root '
+                                         'logger: %s' % e)
+        finally:
+            logging._releaseLock()
+
+    def configure_formatter(self, config):
+        """Configure a formatter from a dictionary."""
+        if '()' in config:
+            factory = config['()']  # for use in exception handler
+            try:
+                result = self.configure_custom(config)
+            except TypeError as te:
+                if "'format'" not in str(te):
+                    raise
+                # Name of parameter changed from fmt to format.
+                # Retry with old name.
+                # This is so that code can be used with older Python versions
+                #(e.g. by Django)
+                config['fmt'] = config.pop('format')
+                config['()'] = factory
+                result = self.configure_custom(config)
+        else:
+            fmt = config.get('format', None)
+            dfmt = config.get('datefmt', None)
+            result = logging.Formatter(fmt, dfmt)
+        return result
+
+    def configure_filter(self, config):
+        """Configure a filter from a dictionary."""
+        if '()' in config:
+            result = self.configure_custom(config)
+        else:
+            name = config.get('name', '')
+            result = logging.Filter(name)
+        return result
+
+    def add_filters(self, filterer, filters):
+        """Add filters to a filterer from a list of names."""
+        for f in filters:
+            try:
+                filterer.addFilter(self.config['filters'][f])
+            except StandardError as e:
+                raise ValueError('Unable to add filter %r: %s' % (f, e))
+
+    def configure_handler(self, config):
+        """Configure a handler from a dictionary."""
+        formatter = config.pop('formatter', None)
+        if formatter:
+            try:
+                formatter = self.config['formatters'][formatter]
+            except StandardError as e:
+                raise ValueError('Unable to set formatter '
+                                 '%r: %s' % (formatter, e))
+        level = config.pop('level', None)
+        filters = config.pop('filters', None)
+        if '()' in config:
+            c = config.pop('()')
+            if not hasattr(c, '__call__') and hasattr(types, 'ClassType') and type(c) != types.ClassType:
+                c = self.resolve(c)
+            factory = c
+        else:
+            klass = self.resolve(config.pop('class'))
+            # Special case for handler which refers to another handler
+            if issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.MemoryHandler) and\
+                'target' in config:
+                try:
+                    config['target'] = self.config['handlers'][config['target']]
+                except StandardError as e:
+                    raise ValueError('Unable to set target handler '
+                                     '%r: %s' % (config['target'], e))
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SMTPHandler) and\
+                'mailhost' in config:
+                config['mailhost'] = self.as_tuple(config['mailhost'])
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SysLogHandler) and\
+                'address' in config:
+                config['address'] = self.as_tuple(config['address'])
+            factory = klass
+        kwargs = dict((k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k))
+        try:
+            result = factory(**kwargs)
+        except TypeError as te:
+            if "'stream'" not in str(te):
+                raise
+            # The argument name changed from strm to stream
+            # Retry with old name.
+            # This is so that code can be used with older Python versions
+            #(e.g. by Django)
+            kwargs['strm'] = kwargs.pop('stream')
+            result = factory(**kwargs)
+        if formatter:
+            result.setFormatter(formatter)
+        if level is not None:
+            result.setLevel(_checkLevel(level))
+        if filters:
+            self.add_filters(result, filters)
+        return result
+
+    def add_handlers(self, logger, handlers):
+        """Add handlers to a logger from a list of names."""
+        for h in handlers:
+            try:
+                logger.addHandler(self.config['handlers'][h])
+            except StandardError as e:
+                raise ValueError('Unable to add handler %r: %s' % (h, e))
+
+    def common_logger_config(self, logger, config, incremental=False):
+        """
+        Perform configuration which is common to root and non-root loggers.
+        """
+        level = config.get('level', None)
+        if level is not None:
+            logger.setLevel(_checkLevel(level))
+        if not incremental:
+            # Remove any existing handlers
+            for h in logger.handlers[:]:
+                logger.removeHandler(h)
+            handlers = config.get('handlers', None)
+            if handlers:
+                self.add_handlers(logger, handlers)
+            filters = config.get('filters', None)
+            if filters:
+                self.add_filters(logger, filters)
+
+    def configure_logger(self, name, config, incremental=False):
+        """Configure a non-root logger from a dictionary."""
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        self.common_logger_config(logger, config, incremental)
+        propagate = config.get('propagate', None)
+        if propagate is not None:
+            logger.propagate = propagate
+
+    def configure_root(self, config, incremental=False):
+        """Configure a root logger from a dictionary."""
+        root = logging.getLogger()
+        self.common_logger_config(root, config, incremental)
+
+dictConfigClass = DictConfigurator
+
+
+def dictConfig(config):
+    """Configure logging using a dictionary."""
+    dictConfigClass(config).configure()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e447b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py
@@ -0,0 +1,894 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import cgi
+import email.utils
+import getpass
+import json
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+try:
+    import ssl  # noqa
+    HAS_TLS = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_TLS = False
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import request as urllib_request
+
+import pip
+
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError, HashMismatch
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.utils import (splitext, rmtree, format_size, display_path,
+                       backup_dir, ask_path_exists, unpack_file,
+                       ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS, consume, call_subprocess)
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.utils.setuptools_build import SETUPTOOLS_SHIM
+from pip.utils.ui import DownloadProgressBar, DownloadProgressSpinner
+from pip.locations import write_delete_marker_file
+from pip.vcs import vcs
+from pip._vendor import requests, six
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import BaseAdapter, HTTPAdapter
+from pip._vendor.requests.auth import AuthBase, HTTPBasicAuth
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import Response
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages import urllib3
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.caches import FileCache
+from pip._vendor.lockfile import LockError
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import xmlrpc_client
+
+
+__all__ = ['get_file_content',
+           'is_url', 'url_to_path', 'path_to_url',
+           'is_archive_file', 'unpack_vcs_link',
+           'unpack_file_url', 'is_vcs_url', 'is_file_url',
+           'unpack_http_url', 'unpack_url']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def user_agent():
+    """
+    Return a string representing the user agent.
+    """
+    data = {
+        "installer": {"name": "pip", "version": pip.__version__},
+        "python": platform.python_version(),
+        "implementation": {
+            "name": platform.python_implementation(),
+        },
+    }
+
+    if data["implementation"]["name"] == 'CPython':
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == 'PyPy':
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel == 'final':
+            pypy_version_info = sys.pypy_version_info[:3]
+        else:
+            pypy_version_info = sys.pypy_version_info
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = ".".join(
+            [str(x) for x in pypy_version_info]
+        )
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == 'Jython':
+        # Complete Guess
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == 'IronPython':
+        # Complete Guess
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        distro = dict(filter(
+            lambda x: x[1],
+            zip(["name", "version", "id"], platform.linux_distribution()),
+        ))
+        libc = dict(filter(
+            lambda x: x[1],
+            zip(["lib", "version"], platform.libc_ver()),
+        ))
+        if libc:
+            distro["libc"] = libc
+        if distro:
+            data["distro"] = distro
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") and platform.mac_ver()[0]:
+        data["distro"] = {"name": "OS X", "version": platform.mac_ver()[0]}
+
+    if platform.system():
+        data.setdefault("system", {})["name"] = platform.system()
+
+    if platform.release():
+        data.setdefault("system", {})["release"] = platform.release()
+
+    if platform.machine():
+        data["cpu"] = platform.machine()
+
+    # Python 2.6 doesn't have ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION.
+    if HAS_TLS and sys.version_info[:2] > (2, 6):
+        data["openssl_version"] = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION
+
+    return "{data[installer][name]}/{data[installer][version]} {json}".format(
+        data=data,
+        json=json.dumps(data, separators=(",", ":"), sort_keys=True),
+    )
+
+
+class MultiDomainBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, prompting=True):
+        self.prompting = prompting
+        self.passwords = {}
+
+    def __call__(self, req):
+        parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(req.url)
+
+        # Get the netloc without any embedded credentials
+        netloc = parsed.netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[-1]
+
+        # Set the url of the request to the url without any credentials
+        req.url = urllib_parse.urlunparse(parsed[:1] + (netloc,) + parsed[2:])
+
+        # Use any stored credentials that we have for this netloc
+        username, password = self.passwords.get(netloc, (None, None))
+
+        # Extract credentials embedded in the url if we have none stored
+        if username is None:
+            username, password = self.parse_credentials(parsed.netloc)
+
+        if username or password:
+            # Store the username and password
+            self.passwords[netloc] = (username, password)
+
+            # Send the basic auth with this request
+            req = HTTPBasicAuth(username or "", password or "")(req)
+
+        # Attach a hook to handle 401 responses
+        req.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+
+        return req
+
+    def handle_401(self, resp, **kwargs):
+        # We only care about 401 responses, anything else we want to just
+        #   pass through the actual response
+        if resp.status_code != 401:
+            return resp
+
+        # We are not able to prompt the user so simple return the response
+        if not self.prompting:
+            return resp
+
+        parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(resp.url)
+
+        # Prompt the user for a new username and password
+        username = six.moves.input("User for %s: " % parsed.netloc)
+        password = getpass.getpass("Password: ")
+
+        # Store the new username and password to use for future requests
+        if username or password:
+            self.passwords[parsed.netloc] = (username, password)
+
+        # Consume content and release the original connection to allow our new
+        #   request to reuse the same one.
+        resp.content
+        resp.raw.release_conn()
+
+        # Add our new username and password to the request
+        req = HTTPBasicAuth(username or "", password or "")(resp.request)
+
+        # Send our new request
+        new_resp = resp.connection.send(req, **kwargs)
+        new_resp.history.append(resp)
+
+        return new_resp
+
+    def parse_credentials(self, netloc):
+        if "@" in netloc:
+            userinfo = netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[0]
+            if ":" in userinfo:
+                return userinfo.split(":", 1)
+            return userinfo, None
+        return None, None
+
+
+class LocalFSAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+
+    def send(self, request, stream=None, timeout=None, verify=None, cert=None,
+             proxies=None):
+        pathname = url_to_path(request.url)
+
+        resp = Response()
+        resp.status_code = 200
+        resp.url = request.url
+
+        try:
+            stats = os.stat(pathname)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            resp.status_code = 404
+            resp.raw = exc
+        else:
+            modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
+            content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(pathname)[0] or "text/plain"
+            resp.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+                "Content-Type": content_type,
+                "Content-Length": stats.st_size,
+                "Last-Modified": modified,
+            })
+
+            resp.raw = open(pathname, "rb")
+            resp.close = resp.raw.close
+
+        return resp
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class SafeFileCache(FileCache):
+    """
+    A file based cache which is safe to use even when the target directory may
+    not be accessible or writable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(SafeFileCache, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Check to ensure that the directory containing our cache directory
+        # is owned by the user current executing pip. If it does not exist
+        # we will check the parent directory until we find one that does exist.
+        # If it is not owned by the user executing pip then we will disable
+        # the cache and log a warning.
+        if not check_path_owner(self.directory):
+            logger.warning(
+                "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned by "
+                "the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please "
+                "check the permissions and owner of that directory. If "
+                "executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.",
+                self.directory,
+            )
+
+            # Set our directory to None to disable the Cache
+            self.directory = None
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # If we don't have a directory, then the cache should be a no-op.
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            return super(SafeFileCache, self).get(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (LockError, OSError, IOError):
+            # We intentionally silence this error, if we can't access the cache
+            # then we can just skip caching and process the request as if
+            # caching wasn't enabled.
+            pass
+
+    def set(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # If we don't have a directory, then the cache should be a no-op.
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            return super(SafeFileCache, self).set(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (LockError, OSError, IOError):
+            # We intentionally silence this error, if we can't access the cache
+            # then we can just skip caching and process the request as if
+            # caching wasn't enabled.
+            pass
+
+    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # If we don't have a directory, then the cache should be a no-op.
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            return super(SafeFileCache, self).delete(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (LockError, OSError, IOError):
+            # We intentionally silence this error, if we can't access the cache
+            # then we can just skip caching and process the request as if
+            # caching wasn't enabled.
+            pass
+
+
+class InsecureHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
+        conn.ca_certs = None
+
+
+class PipSession(requests.Session):
+
+    timeout = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        retries = kwargs.pop("retries", 0)
+        cache = kwargs.pop("cache", None)
+        insecure_hosts = kwargs.pop("insecure_hosts", [])
+
+        super(PipSession, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Attach our User Agent to the request
+        self.headers["User-Agent"] = user_agent()
+
+        # Attach our Authentication handler to the session
+        self.auth = MultiDomainBasicAuth()
+
+        # Create our urllib3.Retry instance which will allow us to customize
+        # how we handle retries.
+        retries = urllib3.Retry(
+            # Set the total number of retries that a particular request can
+            # have.
+            total=retries,
+
+            # A 503 error from PyPI typically means that the Fastly -> Origin
+            # connection got interupted in some way. A 503 error in general
+            # is typically considered a transient error so we'll go ahead and
+            # retry it.
+            status_forcelist=[503],
+
+            # Add a small amount of back off between failed requests in
+            # order to prevent hammering the service.
+            backoff_factor=0.25,
+        )
+
+        # We want to _only_ cache responses on securely fetched origins. We do
+        # this because we can't validate the response of an insecurely fetched
+        # origin, and we don't want someone to be able to poison the cache and
+        # require manual eviction from the cache to fix it.
+        if cache:
+            secure_adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+                cache=SafeFileCache(cache, use_dir_lock=True),
+                max_retries=retries,
+            )
+        else:
+            secure_adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries)
+
+        # Our Insecure HTTPAdapter disables HTTPS validation. It does not
+        # support caching (see above) so we'll use it for all http:// URLs as
+        # well as any https:// host that we've marked as ignoring TLS errors
+        # for.
+        insecure_adapter = InsecureHTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries)
+
+        self.mount("https://", secure_adapter)
+        self.mount("http://", insecure_adapter)
+
+        # Enable file:// urls
+        self.mount("file://", LocalFSAdapter())
+
+        # We want to use a non-validating adapter for any requests which are
+        # deemed insecure.
+        for host in insecure_hosts:
+            self.mount("https://{0}/".format(host), insecure_adapter)
+
+    def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
+        # Allow setting a default timeout on a session
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", self.timeout)
+
+        # Dispatch the actual request
+        return super(PipSession, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get_file_content(url, comes_from=None, session=None):
+    """Gets the content of a file; it may be a filename, file: URL, or
+    http: URL.  Returns (location, content).  Content is unicode."""
+    if session is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "get_file_content() missing 1 required keyword argument: 'session'"
+        )
+
+    match = _scheme_re.search(url)
+    if match:
+        scheme = match.group(1).lower()
+        if (scheme == 'file' and comes_from and
+                comes_from.startswith('http')):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                'Requirements file %s references URL %s, which is local'
+                % (comes_from, url))
+        if scheme == 'file':
+            path = url.split(':', 1)[1]
+            path = path.replace('\\', '/')
+            match = _url_slash_drive_re.match(path)
+            if match:
+                path = match.group(1) + ':' + path.split('|', 1)[1]
+            path = urllib_parse.unquote(path)
+            if path.startswith('/'):
+                path = '/' + path.lstrip('/')
+            url = path
+        else:
+            # FIXME: catch some errors
+            resp = session.get(url)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+
+            if six.PY3:
+                return resp.url, resp.text
+            else:
+                return resp.url, resp.content
+    try:
+        with open(url) as f:
+            content = f.read()
+    except IOError as exc:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            'Could not open requirements file: %s' % str(exc)
+        )
+    return url, content
+
+
+_scheme_re = re.compile(r'^(http|https|file):', re.I)
+_url_slash_drive_re = re.compile(r'/*([a-z])\|', re.I)
+
+
+def is_url(name):
+    """Returns true if the name looks like a URL"""
+    if ':' not in name:
+        return False
+    scheme = name.split(':', 1)[0].lower()
+    return scheme in ['http', 'https', 'file', 'ftp'] + vcs.all_schemes
+
+
+def url_to_path(url):
+    """
+    Convert a file: URL to a path.
+    """
+    assert url.startswith('file:'), (
+        "You can only turn file: urls into filenames (not %r)" % url)
+
+    _, netloc, path, _, _ = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+
+    # if we have a UNC path, prepend UNC share notation
+    if netloc:
+        netloc = '\\\\' + netloc
+
+    path = urllib_request.url2pathname(netloc + path)
+    return path
+
+
+def path_to_url(path):
+    """
+    Convert a path to a file: URL.  The path will be made absolute and have
+    quoted path parts.
+    """
+    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(path))
+    url = urllib_parse.urljoin('file:', urllib_request.pathname2url(path))
+    return url
+
+
+def is_archive_file(name):
+    """Return True if `name` is a considered as an archive file."""
+    ext = splitext(name)[1].lower()
+    if ext in ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def unpack_vcs_link(link, location):
+    vcs_backend = _get_used_vcs_backend(link)
+    vcs_backend.unpack(location)
+
+
+def _get_used_vcs_backend(link):
+    for backend in vcs.backends:
+        if link.scheme in backend.schemes:
+            vcs_backend = backend(link.url)
+            return vcs_backend
+
+
+def is_vcs_url(link):
+    return bool(_get_used_vcs_backend(link))
+
+
+def is_file_url(link):
+    return link.url.lower().startswith('file:')
+
+
+def is_dir_url(link):
+    """Return whether a file:// Link points to a directory.
+
+    ``link`` must not have any other scheme but file://. Call is_file_url()
+    first.
+
+    """
+    link_path = url_to_path(link.url_without_fragment)
+    return os.path.isdir(link_path)
+
+
+def _progress_indicator(iterable, *args, **kwargs):
+    return iterable
+
+
+def _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes):
+    try:
+        total_length = int(resp.headers['content-length'])
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError):
+        total_length = 0
+
+    cached_resp = getattr(resp, "from_cache", False)
+
+    if logger.getEffectiveLevel() > logging.INFO:
+        show_progress = False
+    elif cached_resp:
+        show_progress = False
+    elif total_length > (40 * 1000):
+        show_progress = True
+    elif not total_length:
+        show_progress = True
+    else:
+        show_progress = False
+
+    show_url = link.show_url
+
+    def resp_read(chunk_size):
+        try:
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            for chunk in resp.raw.stream(
+                    chunk_size,
+                    # We use decode_content=False here because we don't
+                    # want urllib3 to mess with the raw bytes we get
+                    # from the server. If we decompress inside of
+                    # urllib3 then we cannot verify the checksum
+                    # because the checksum will be of the compressed
+                    # file. This breakage will only occur if the
+                    # server adds a Content-Encoding header, which
+                    # depends on how the server was configured:
+                    # - Some servers will notice that the file isn't a
+                    #   compressible file and will leave the file alone
+                    #   and with an empty Content-Encoding
+                    # - Some servers will notice that the file is
+                    #   already compressed and will leave the file
+                    #   alone and will add a Content-Encoding: gzip
+                    #   header
+                    # - Some servers won't notice anything at all and
+                    #   will take a file that's already been compressed
+                    #   and compress it again and set the
+                    #   Content-Encoding: gzip header
+                    #
+                    # By setting this not to decode automatically we
+                    # hope to eliminate problems with the second case.
+                    decode_content=False):
+                yield chunk
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Standard file-like object.
+            while True:
+                chunk = resp.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                if not chunk:
+                    break
+                yield chunk
+
+    def written_chunks(chunks):
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            content_file.write(chunk)
+            yield chunk
+
+    progress_indicator = _progress_indicator
+
+    if link.netloc == PyPI.netloc:
+        url = show_url
+    else:
+        url = link.url_without_fragment
+
+    if show_progress:  # We don't show progress on cached responses
+        if total_length:
+            logger.info("Downloading %s (%s)", url, format_size(total_length))
+            progress_indicator = DownloadProgressBar(max=total_length).iter
+        else:
+            logger.info("Downloading %s", url)
+            progress_indicator = DownloadProgressSpinner().iter
+    elif cached_resp:
+        logger.info("Using cached %s", url)
+    else:
+        logger.info("Downloading %s", url)
+
+    logger.debug('Downloading from URL %s', link)
+
+    downloaded_chunks = written_chunks(progress_indicator(resp_read(4096),
+                                                          4096))
+    if hashes:
+        hashes.check_against_chunks(downloaded_chunks)
+    else:
+        consume(downloaded_chunks)
+
+
+def _copy_file(filename, location, link):
+    copy = True
+    download_location = os.path.join(location, link.filename)
+    if os.path.exists(download_location):
+        response = ask_path_exists(
+            'The file %s exists. (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ' %
+            display_path(download_location), ('i', 'w', 'b'))
+        if response == 'i':
+            copy = False
+        elif response == 'w':
+            logger.warning('Deleting %s', display_path(download_location))
+            os.remove(download_location)
+        elif response == 'b':
+            dest_file = backup_dir(download_location)
+            logger.warning(
+                'Backing up %s to %s',
+                display_path(download_location),
+                display_path(dest_file),
+            )
+            shutil.move(download_location, dest_file)
+    if copy:
+        shutil.copy(filename, download_location)
+        logger.info('Saved %s', display_path(download_location))
+
+
+def unpack_http_url(link, location, download_dir=None,
+                    session=None, hashes=None):
+    if session is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "unpack_http_url() missing 1 required keyword argument: 'session'"
+        )
+
+    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-unpack', 'pip-')
+
+    # If a download dir is specified, is the file already downloaded there?
+    already_downloaded_path = None
+    if download_dir:
+        already_downloaded_path = _check_download_dir(link,
+                                                      download_dir,
+                                                      hashes)
+
+    if already_downloaded_path:
+        from_path = already_downloaded_path
+        content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(from_path)[0]
+    else:
+        # let's download to a tmp dir
+        from_path, content_type = _download_http_url(link,
+                                                     session,
+                                                     temp_dir,
+                                                     hashes)
+
+    # unpack the archive to the build dir location. even when only downloading
+    # archives, they have to be unpacked to parse dependencies
+    unpack_file(from_path, location, content_type, link)
+
+    # a download dir is specified; let's copy the archive there
+    if download_dir and not already_downloaded_path:
+        _copy_file(from_path, download_dir, link)
+
+    if not already_downloaded_path:
+        os.unlink(from_path)
+    rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+
+def unpack_file_url(link, location, download_dir=None, hashes=None):
+    """Unpack link into location.
+
+    If download_dir is provided and link points to a file, make a copy
+    of the link file inside download_dir.
+    """
+    link_path = url_to_path(link.url_without_fragment)
+
+    # If it's a url to a local directory
+    if is_dir_url(link):
+        if os.path.isdir(location):
+            rmtree(location)
+        shutil.copytree(link_path, location, symlinks=True)
+        if download_dir:
+            logger.info('Link is a directory, ignoring download_dir')
+        return
+
+    # If --require-hashes is off, `hashes` is either empty, the
+    # link's embeddded hash, or MissingHashes; it is required to
+    # match. If --require-hashes is on, we are satisfied by any
+    # hash in `hashes` matching: a URL-based or an option-based
+    # one; no internet-sourced hash will be in `hashes`.
+    if hashes:
+        hashes.check_against_path(link_path)
+
+    # If a download dir is specified, is the file already there and valid?
+    already_downloaded_path = None
+    if download_dir:
+        already_downloaded_path = _check_download_dir(link,
+                                                      download_dir,
+                                                      hashes)
+
+    if already_downloaded_path:
+        from_path = already_downloaded_path
+    else:
+        from_path = link_path
+
+    content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(from_path)[0]
+
+    # unpack the archive to the build dir location. even when only downloading
+    # archives, they have to be unpacked to parse dependencies
+    unpack_file(from_path, location, content_type, link)
+
+    # a download dir is specified and not already downloaded
+    if download_dir and not already_downloaded_path:
+        _copy_file(from_path, download_dir, link)
+
+
+def _copy_dist_from_dir(link_path, location):
+    """Copy distribution files in `link_path` to `location`.
+
+    Invoked when user requests to install a local directory. E.g.:
+
+        pip install .
+        pip install ~/dev/git-repos/python-prompt-toolkit
+
+    """
+
+    # Note: This is currently VERY SLOW if you have a lot of data in the
+    # directory, because it copies everything with `shutil.copytree`.
+    # What it should really do is build an sdist and install that.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/2195
+
+    if os.path.isdir(location):
+        rmtree(location)
+
+    # build an sdist
+    setup_py = 'setup.py'
+    sdist_args = [sys.executable]
+    sdist_args.append('-c')
+    sdist_args.append(SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % setup_py)
+    sdist_args.append('sdist')
+    sdist_args += ['--dist-dir', location]
+    logger.info('Running setup.py sdist for %s', link_path)
+
+    with indent_log():
+        call_subprocess(sdist_args, cwd=link_path, show_stdout=False)
+
+    # unpack sdist into `location`
+    sdist = os.path.join(location, os.listdir(location)[0])
+    logger.info('Unpacking sdist %s into %s', sdist, location)
+    unpack_file(sdist, location, content_type=None, link=None)
+
+
+class PipXmlrpcTransport(xmlrpc_client.Transport):
+    """Provide a `xmlrpclib.Transport` implementation via a `PipSession`
+    object.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, index_url, session, use_datetime=False):
+        xmlrpc_client.Transport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+        index_parts = urllib_parse.urlparse(index_url)
+        self._scheme = index_parts.scheme
+        self._session = session
+
+    def request(self, host, handler, request_body, verbose=False):
+        parts = (self._scheme, host, handler, None, None, None)
+        url = urllib_parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        try:
+            headers = {'Content-Type': 'text/xml'}
+            response = self._session.post(url, data=request_body,
+                                          headers=headers, stream=True)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            self.verbose = verbose
+            return self.parse_response(response.raw)
+        except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+            logger.critical(
+                "HTTP error %s while getting %s",
+                exc.response.status_code, url,
+            )
+            raise
+
+
+def unpack_url(link, location, download_dir=None,
+               only_download=False, session=None, hashes=None):
+    """Unpack link.
+       If link is a VCS link:
+         if only_download, export into download_dir and ignore location
+          else unpack into location
+       for other types of link:
+         - unpack into location
+         - if download_dir, copy the file into download_dir
+         - if only_download, mark location for deletion
+
+    :param hashes: A Hashes object, one of whose embedded hashes must match,
+        or HashMismatch will be raised. If the Hashes is empty, no matches are
+        required, and unhashable types of requirements (like VCS ones, which
+        would ordinarily raise HashUnsupported) are allowed.
+    """
+    # non-editable vcs urls
+    if is_vcs_url(link):
+        unpack_vcs_link(link, location)
+
+    # file urls
+    elif is_file_url(link):
+        unpack_file_url(link, location, download_dir, hashes=hashes)
+
+    # http urls
+    else:
+        if session is None:
+            session = PipSession()
+
+        unpack_http_url(
+            link,
+            location,
+            download_dir,
+            session,
+            hashes=hashes
+        )
+    if only_download:
+        write_delete_marker_file(location)
+
+
+def _download_http_url(link, session, temp_dir, hashes):
+    """Download link url into temp_dir using provided session"""
+    target_url = link.url.split('#', 1)[0]
+    try:
+        resp = session.get(
+            target_url,
+            # We use Accept-Encoding: identity here because requests
+            # defaults to accepting compressed responses. This breaks in
+            # a variety of ways depending on how the server is configured.
+            # - Some servers will notice that the file isn't a compressible
+            #   file and will leave the file alone and with an empty
+            #   Content-Encoding
+            # - Some servers will notice that the file is already
+            #   compressed and will leave the file alone and will add a
+            #   Content-Encoding: gzip header
+            # - Some servers won't notice anything at all and will take
+            #   a file that's already been compressed and compress it again
+            #   and set the Content-Encoding: gzip header
+            # By setting this to request only the identity encoding We're
+            # hoping to eliminate the third case. Hopefully there does not
+            # exist a server which when given a file will notice it is
+            # already compressed and that you're not asking for a
+            # compressed file and will then decompress it before sending
+            # because if that's the case I don't think it'll ever be
+            # possible to make this work.
+            headers={"Accept-Encoding": "identity"},
+            stream=True,
+        )
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+    except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+        logger.critical(
+            "HTTP error %s while getting %s", exc.response.status_code, link,
+        )
+        raise
+
+    content_type = resp.headers.get('content-type', '')
+    filename = link.filename  # fallback
+    # Have a look at the Content-Disposition header for a better guess
+    content_disposition = resp.headers.get('content-disposition')
+    if content_disposition:
+        type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_disposition)
+        # We use ``or`` here because we don't want to use an "empty" value
+        # from the filename param.
+        filename = params.get('filename') or filename
+    ext = splitext(filename)[1]
+    if not ext:
+        ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(content_type)
+        if ext:
+            filename += ext
+    if not ext and link.url != resp.url:
+        ext = os.path.splitext(resp.url)[1]
+        if ext:
+            filename += ext
+    file_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, filename)
+    with open(file_path, 'wb') as content_file:
+        _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes)
+    return file_path, content_type
+
+
+def _check_download_dir(link, download_dir, hashes):
+    """ Check download_dir for previously downloaded file with correct hash
+        If a correct file is found return its path else None
+    """
+    download_path = os.path.join(download_dir, link.filename)
+    if os.path.exists(download_path):
+        # If already downloaded, does its hash match?
+        logger.info('File was already downloaded %s', download_path)
+        if hashes:
+            try:
+                hashes.check_against_path(download_path)
+            except HashMismatch:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Previously-downloaded file %s has bad hash. '
+                    'Re-downloading.',
+                    download_path
+                )
+                os.unlink(download_path)
+                return None
+        return download_path
+    return None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9b639f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""Exceptions used throughout package"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from itertools import chain, groupby, repeat
+
+from pip._vendor.six import iteritems
+
+
+class PipError(Exception):
+    """Base pip exception"""
+
+
+class InstallationError(PipError):
+    """General exception during installation"""
+
+
+class UninstallationError(PipError):
+    """General exception during uninstallation"""
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(InstallationError):
+    """Raised when a distribution cannot be found to satisfy a requirement"""
+
+
+class RequirementsFileParseError(InstallationError):
+    """Raised when a general error occurs parsing a requirements file line."""
+
+
+class BestVersionAlreadyInstalled(PipError):
+    """Raised when the most up-to-date version of a package is already
+    installed."""
+
+
+class BadCommand(PipError):
+    """Raised when virtualenv or a command is not found"""
+
+
+class CommandError(PipError):
+    """Raised when there is an error in command-line arguments"""
+
+
+class PreviousBuildDirError(PipError):
+    """Raised when there's a previous conflicting build directory"""
+
+
+class InvalidWheelFilename(InstallationError):
+    """Invalid wheel filename."""
+
+
+class UnsupportedWheel(InstallationError):
+    """Unsupported wheel."""
+
+
+class HashErrors(InstallationError):
+    """Multiple HashError instances rolled into one for reporting"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.errors = []
+
+    def append(self, error):
+        self.errors.append(error)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+        self.errors.sort(key=lambda e: e.order)
+        for cls, errors_of_cls in groupby(self.errors, lambda e: e.__class__):
+            lines.append(cls.head)
+            lines.extend(e.body() for e in errors_of_cls)
+        if lines:
+            return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return bool(self.errors)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self.__nonzero__()
+
+
+class HashError(InstallationError):
+    """
+    A failure to verify a package against known-good hashes
+
+    :cvar order: An int sorting hash exception classes by difficulty of
+        recovery (lower being harder), so the user doesn't bother fretting
+        about unpinned packages when he has deeper issues, like VCS
+        dependencies, to deal with. Also keeps error reports in a
+        deterministic order.
+    :cvar head: A section heading for display above potentially many
+        exceptions of this kind
+    :ivar req: The InstallRequirement that triggered this error. This is
+        pasted on after the exception is instantiated, because it's not
+        typically available earlier.
+
+    """
+    req = None
+    head = ''
+
+    def body(self):
+        """Return a summary of me for display under the heading.
+
+        This default implementation simply prints a description of the
+        triggering requirement.
+
+        :param req: The InstallRequirement that provoked this error, with
+            populate_link() having already been called
+
+        """
+        return '    %s' % self._requirement_name()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s\n%s' % (self.head, self.body())
+
+    def _requirement_name(self):
+        """Return a description of the requirement that triggered me.
+
+        This default implementation returns long description of the req, with
+        line numbers
+
+        """
+        return str(self.req) if self.req else 'unknown package'
+
+
+class VcsHashUnsupported(HashError):
+    """A hash was provided for a version-control-system-based requirement, but
+    we don't have a method for hashing those."""
+
+    order = 0
+    head = ("Can't verify hashes for these requirements because we don't "
+            "have a way to hash version control repositories:")
+
+
+class DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported(HashError):
+    """A hash was provided for a version-control-system-based requirement, but
+    we don't have a method for hashing those."""
+
+    order = 1
+    head = ("Can't verify hashes for these file:// requirements because they "
+            "point to directories:")
+
+
+class HashMissing(HashError):
+    """A hash was needed for a requirement but is absent."""
+
+    order = 2
+    head = ('Hashes are required in --require-hashes mode, but they are '
+            'missing from some requirements. Here is a list of those '
+            'requirements along with the hashes their downloaded archives '
+            'actually had. Add lines like these to your requirements files to '
+            'prevent tampering. (If you did not enable --require-hashes '
+            'manually, note that it turns on automatically when any package '
+            'has a hash.)')
+
+    def __init__(self, gotten_hash):
+        """
+        :param gotten_hash: The hash of the (possibly malicious) archive we
+            just downloaded
+        """
+        self.gotten_hash = gotten_hash
+
+    def body(self):
+        from pip.utils.hashes import FAVORITE_HASH  # Dodge circular import.
+
+        package_name = (self.req.req if self.req and
+                        # In case someone feeds something
+                        # downright stupid to
+                        # InstallRequirement's constructor:
+                        getattr(self.req, 'req', None)
+                        else 'unknown package')
+        return '    %s --hash=%s:%s' % (package_name,
+                                        FAVORITE_HASH,
+                                        self.gotten_hash)
+
+
+class HashUnpinned(HashError):
+    """A requirement had a hash specified but was not pinned to a specific
+    version."""
+
+    order = 3
+    head = ('In --require-hashes mode, all requirements must have their '
+            'versions pinned with ==. These do not:')
+
+
+class HashMismatch(HashError):
+    """
+    Distribution file hash values don't match.
+
+    :ivar package_name: The name of the package that triggered the hash
+        mismatch. Feel free to write to this after the exception is raise to
+        improve its error message.
+
+    """
+    order = 4
+    head = ('THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM THE REQUIREMENTS '
+            'FILE. If you have updated the package versions, please update '
+            'the hashes. Otherwise, examine the package contents carefully; '
+            'someone may have tampered with them.')
+
+    def __init__(self, allowed, gots):
+        """
+        :param allowed: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed
+            hex digests
+        :param gots: A dict of algorithm names pointing to hashes we
+            actually got from the files under suspicion
+        """
+        self.allowed = allowed
+        self.gots = gots
+
+    def body(self):
+        return '    %s:\n%s' % (self._requirement_name(),
+                                self._hash_comparison())
+
+    def _hash_comparison(self):
+        """
+        Return a comparison of actual and expected hash values.
+
+        Example::
+
+               Expected sha256 abcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcde
+                            or 123451234512345123451234512345123451234512345
+                    Got        bcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdef
+
+        """
+        def hash_then_or(hash_name):
+            # For now, all the decent hashes have 6-char names, so we can get
+            # away with hard-coding space literals.
+            return chain([hash_name], repeat('    or'))
+
+        lines = []
+        for hash_name, expecteds in iteritems(self.allowed):
+            prefix = hash_then_or(hash_name)
+            lines.extend(('        Expected %s %s' % (next(prefix), e))
+                         for e in expecteds)
+            lines.append('             Got        %s\n' %
+                         self.gots[hash_name].hexdigest())
+            prefix = '    or'
+        return '\n'.join(lines)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18c8fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@
+"""Routines related to PyPI, indexes"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import cgi
+from collections import namedtuple
+import itertools
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import mimetypes
+import posixpath
+import warnings
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import request as urllib_request
+
+from pip.compat import ipaddress
+from pip.utils import (
+    cached_property, splitext, normalize_path,
+    ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS, SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS, canonicalize_name)
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip9Warning
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    DistributionNotFound, BestVersionAlreadyInstalled, InvalidWheelFilename,
+    UnsupportedWheel,
+)
+from pip.download import HAS_TLS, is_url, path_to_url, url_to_path
+from pip.wheel import Wheel, wheel_ext
+from pip.pep425tags import supported_tags
+from pip._vendor import html5lib, requests, six
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+from pip._vendor.requests.exceptions import SSLError
+
+
+__all__ = ['FormatControl', 'fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude', 'PackageFinder']
+
+
+SECURE_ORIGINS = [
+    # protocol, hostname, port
+    # Taken from Chrome's list of secure origins (See: http://bit.ly/1qrySKC)
+    ("https", "*", "*"),
+    ("*", "localhost", "*"),
+    ("*", "127.0.0.0/8", "*"),
+    ("*", "::1/128", "*"),
+    ("file", "*", None),
+    # ssh is always secure.
+    ("ssh", "*", "*"),
+]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallationCandidate(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, project, version, location):
+        self.project = project
+        self.version = parse_version(version)
+        self.location = location
+        self._key = (self.project, self.version, self.location)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<InstallationCandidate({0!r}, {1!r}, {2!r})>".format(
+            self.project, self.version, self.location,
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o)
+
+    def _compare(self, other, method):
+        if not isinstance(other, InstallationCandidate):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._key, other._key)
+
+
+class PackageFinder(object):
+    """This finds packages.
+
+    This is meant to match easy_install's technique for looking for
+    packages, by reading pages and looking for appropriate links.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, find_links, index_urls, allow_all_prereleases=False,
+                 trusted_hosts=None, process_dependency_links=False,
+                 session=None, format_control=None):
+        """Create a PackageFinder.
+
+        :param format_control: A FormatControl object or None. Used to control
+            the selection of source packages / binary packages when consulting
+            the index and links.
+        """
+        if session is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "PackageFinder() missing 1 required keyword argument: "
+                "'session'"
+            )
+
+        # Build find_links. If an argument starts with ~, it may be
+        # a local file relative to a home directory. So try normalizing
+        # it and if it exists, use the normalized version.
+        # This is deliberately conservative - it might be fine just to
+        # blindly normalize anything starting with a ~...
+        self.find_links = []
+        for link in find_links:
+            if link.startswith('~'):
+                new_link = normalize_path(link)
+                if os.path.exists(new_link):
+                    link = new_link
+            self.find_links.append(link)
+
+        self.index_urls = index_urls
+        self.dependency_links = []
+
+        # These are boring links that have already been logged somehow:
+        self.logged_links = set()
+
+        self.format_control = format_control or FormatControl(set(), set())
+
+        # Domains that we won't emit warnings for when not using HTTPS
+        self.secure_origins = [
+            ("*", host, "*")
+            for host in (trusted_hosts if trusted_hosts else [])
+        ]
+
+        # Do we want to allow _all_ pre-releases?
+        self.allow_all_prereleases = allow_all_prereleases
+
+        # Do we process dependency links?
+        self.process_dependency_links = process_dependency_links
+
+        # The Session we'll use to make requests
+        self.session = session
+
+        # If we don't have TLS enabled, then WARN if anyplace we're looking
+        # relies on TLS.
+        if not HAS_TLS:
+            for link in itertools.chain(self.index_urls, self.find_links):
+                parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(link)
+                if parsed.scheme == "https":
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "pip is configured with locations that require "
+                        "TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not "
+                        "available."
+                    )
+                    break
+
+    def add_dependency_links(self, links):
+        # # FIXME: this shouldn't be global list this, it should only
+        # # apply to requirements of the package that specifies the
+        # # dependency_links value
+        # # FIXME: also, we should track comes_from (i.e., use Link)
+        if self.process_dependency_links:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Dependency Links processing has been deprecated and will be "
+                "removed in a future release.",
+                RemovedInPip9Warning,
+            )
+            self.dependency_links.extend(links)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _sort_locations(locations, expand_dir=False):
+        """
+        Sort locations into "files" (archives) and "urls", and return
+        a pair of lists (files,urls)
+        """
+        files = []
+        urls = []
+
+        # puts the url for the given file path into the appropriate list
+        def sort_path(path):
+            url = path_to_url(path)
+            if mimetypes.guess_type(url, strict=False)[0] == 'text/html':
+                urls.append(url)
+            else:
+                files.append(url)
+
+        for url in locations:
+
+            is_local_path = os.path.exists(url)
+            is_file_url = url.startswith('file:')
+
+            if is_local_path or is_file_url:
+                if is_local_path:
+                    path = url
+                else:
+                    path = url_to_path(url)
+                if os.path.isdir(path):
+                    if expand_dir:
+                        path = os.path.realpath(path)
+                        for item in os.listdir(path):
+                            sort_path(os.path.join(path, item))
+                    elif is_file_url:
+                        urls.append(url)
+                elif os.path.isfile(path):
+                    sort_path(path)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Url '%s' is ignored: it is neither a file "
+                        "nor a directory.", url)
+            elif is_url(url):
+                # Only add url with clear scheme
+                urls.append(url)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Url '%s' is ignored. It is either a non-existing "
+                    "path or lacks a specific scheme.", url)
+
+        return files, urls
+
+    def _candidate_sort_key(self, candidate):
+        """
+        Function used to generate link sort key for link tuples.
+        The greater the return value, the more preferred it is.
+        If not finding wheels, then sorted by version only.
+        If finding wheels, then the sort order is by version, then:
+          1. existing installs
+          2. wheels ordered via Wheel.support_index_min()
+          3. source archives
+        Note: it was considered to embed this logic into the Link
+              comparison operators, but then different sdist links
+              with the same version, would have to be considered equal
+        """
+        support_num = len(supported_tags)
+        if candidate.location.is_wheel:
+            # can raise InvalidWheelFilename
+            wheel = Wheel(candidate.location.filename)
+            if not wheel.supported():
+                raise UnsupportedWheel(
+                    "%s is not a supported wheel for this platform. It "
+                    "can't be sorted." % wheel.filename
+                )
+            pri = -(wheel.support_index_min())
+        else:  # sdist
+            pri = -(support_num)
+        return (candidate.version, pri)
+
+    def _validate_secure_origin(self, logger, location):
+        # Determine if this url used a secure transport mechanism
+        parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(str(location))
+        origin = (parsed.scheme, parsed.hostname, parsed.port)
+
+        # The protocol to use to see if the protocol matches.
+        # Don't count the repository type as part of the protocol: in
+        # cases such as "git+ssh", only use "ssh". (I.e., Only verify against
+        # the last scheme.)
+        protocol = origin[0].rsplit('+', 1)[-1]
+
+        # Determine if our origin is a secure origin by looking through our
+        # hardcoded list of secure origins, as well as any additional ones
+        # configured on this PackageFinder instance.
+        for secure_origin in (SECURE_ORIGINS + self.secure_origins):
+            if protocol != secure_origin[0] and secure_origin[0] != "*":
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                # We need to do this decode dance to ensure that we have a
+                # unicode object, even on Python 2.x.
+                addr = ipaddress.ip_address(
+                    origin[1]
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(origin[1], six.text_type) or
+                        origin[1] is None
+                    )
+                    else origin[1].decode("utf8")
+                )
+                network = ipaddress.ip_network(
+                    secure_origin[1]
+                    if isinstance(secure_origin[1], six.text_type)
+                    else secure_origin[1].decode("utf8")
+                )
+            except ValueError:
+                # We don't have both a valid address or a valid network, so
+                # we'll check this origin against hostnames.
+                if origin[1] != secure_origin[1] and secure_origin[1] != "*":
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # We have a valid address and network, so see if the address
+                # is contained within the network.
+                if addr not in network:
+                    continue
+
+            # Check to see if the port patches
+            if (origin[2] != secure_origin[2] and
+                    secure_origin[2] != "*" and
+                    secure_origin[2] is not None):
+                continue
+
+            # If we've gotten here, then this origin matches the current
+            # secure origin and we should return True
+            return True
+
+        # If we've gotten to this point, then the origin isn't secure and we
+        # will not accept it as a valid location to search. We will however
+        # log a warning that we are ignoring it.
+        logger.warning(
+            "The repository located at %s is not a trusted or secure host and "
+            "is being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS it "
+            "is recommended to use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silence "
+            "this warning and allow it anyways with '--trusted-host %s'.",
+            parsed.hostname,
+            parsed.hostname,
+        )
+
+        return False
+
+    def _get_index_urls_locations(self, project_name):
+        """Returns the locations found via self.index_urls
+
+        Checks the url_name on the main (first in the list) index and
+        use this url_name to produce all locations
+        """
+
+        def mkurl_pypi_url(url):
+            loc = posixpath.join(url, urllib_parse.quote(project_name.lower()))
+            # For maximum compatibility with easy_install, ensure the path
+            # ends in a trailing slash.  Although this isn't in the spec
+            # (and PyPI can handle it without the slash) some other index
+            # implementations might break if they relied on easy_install's
+            # behavior.
+            if not loc.endswith('/'):
+                loc = loc + '/'
+            return loc
+
+        return [mkurl_pypi_url(url) for url in self.index_urls]
+
+    def find_all_candidates(self, project_name):
+        """Find all available InstallationCandidate for project_name
+
+        This checks index_urls, find_links and dependency_links.
+        All versions found are returned as an InstallationCandidate list.
+
+        See _link_package_versions for details on which files are accepted
+        """
+        index_locations = self._get_index_urls_locations(project_name)
+        index_file_loc, index_url_loc = self._sort_locations(index_locations)
+        fl_file_loc, fl_url_loc = self._sort_locations(
+            self.find_links, expand_dir=True)
+        dep_file_loc, dep_url_loc = self._sort_locations(self.dependency_links)
+
+        file_locations = (
+            Link(url) for url in itertools.chain(
+                index_file_loc, fl_file_loc, dep_file_loc)
+        )
+
+        # We trust every url that the user has given us whether it was given
+        #   via --index-url or --find-links
+        # We explicitly do not trust links that came from dependency_links
+        # We want to filter out any thing which does not have a secure origin.
+        url_locations = [
+            link for link in itertools.chain(
+                (Link(url) for url in index_url_loc),
+                (Link(url) for url in fl_url_loc),
+                (Link(url) for url in dep_url_loc),
+            )
+            if self._validate_secure_origin(logger, link)
+        ]
+
+        logger.debug('%d location(s) to search for versions of %s:',
+                     len(url_locations), project_name)
+
+        for location in url_locations:
+            logger.debug('* %s', location)
+
+        canonical_name = canonicalize_name(project_name)
+        formats = fmt_ctl_formats(self.format_control, canonical_name)
+        search = Search(project_name, canonical_name, formats)
+        find_links_versions = self._package_versions(
+            # We trust every directly linked archive in find_links
+            (Link(url, '-f') for url in self.find_links),
+            search
+        )
+
+        page_versions = []
+        for page in self._get_pages(url_locations, project_name):
+            logger.debug('Analyzing links from page %s', page.url)
+            with indent_log():
+                page_versions.extend(
+                    self._package_versions(page.links, search)
+                )
+
+        dependency_versions = self._package_versions(
+            (Link(url) for url in self.dependency_links), search
+        )
+        if dependency_versions:
+            logger.debug(
+                'dependency_links found: %s',
+                ', '.join([
+                    version.location.url for version in dependency_versions
+                ])
+            )
+
+        file_versions = self._package_versions(file_locations, search)
+        if file_versions:
+            file_versions.sort(reverse=True)
+            logger.debug(
+                'Local files found: %s',
+                ', '.join([
+                    url_to_path(candidate.location.url)
+                    for candidate in file_versions
+                ])
+            )
+
+        # This is an intentional priority ordering
+        return (
+            file_versions + find_links_versions + page_versions +
+            dependency_versions
+        )
+
+    def find_requirement(self, req, upgrade):
+        """Try to find a Link matching req
+
+        Expects req, an InstallRequirement and upgrade, a boolean
+        Returns a Link if found,
+        Raises DistributionNotFound or BestVersionAlreadyInstalled otherwise
+        """
+        all_candidates = self.find_all_candidates(req.name)
+
+        # Filter out anything which doesn't match our specifier
+        compatible_versions = set(
+            req.specifier.filter(
+                # We turn the version object into a str here because otherwise
+                # when we're debundled but setuptools isn't, Python will see
+                # packaging.version.Version and
+                # pkg_resources._vendor.packaging.version.Version as different
+                # types. This way we'll use a str as a common data interchange
+                # format. If we stop using the pkg_resources provided specifier
+                # and start using our own, we can drop the cast to str().
+                [str(c.version) for c in all_candidates],
+                prereleases=(
+                    self.allow_all_prereleases
+                    if self.allow_all_prereleases else None
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        applicable_candidates = [
+            # Again, converting to str to deal with debundling.
+            c for c in all_candidates if str(c.version) in compatible_versions
+        ]
+
+        if applicable_candidates:
+            best_candidate = max(applicable_candidates,
+                                 key=self._candidate_sort_key)
+        else:
+            best_candidate = None
+
+        if req.satisfied_by is not None:
+            installed_version = parse_version(req.satisfied_by.version)
+        else:
+            installed_version = None
+
+        if installed_version is None and best_candidate is None:
+            logger.critical(
+                'Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement %s '
+                '(from versions: %s)',
+                req,
+                ', '.join(
+                    sorted(
+                        set(str(c.version) for c in all_candidates),
+                        key=parse_version,
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            raise DistributionNotFound(
+                'No matching distribution found for %s' % req
+            )
+
+        best_installed = False
+        if installed_version and (
+                best_candidate is None or
+                best_candidate.version <= installed_version):
+            best_installed = True
+
+        if not upgrade and installed_version is not None:
+            if best_installed:
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Existing installed version (%s) is most up-to-date and '
+                    'satisfies requirement',
+                    installed_version,
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Existing installed version (%s) satisfies requirement '
+                    '(most up-to-date version is %s)',
+                    installed_version,
+                    best_candidate.version,
+                )
+            return None
+
+        if best_installed:
+            # We have an existing version, and its the best version
+            logger.debug(
+                'Installed version (%s) is most up-to-date (past versions: '
+                '%s)',
+                installed_version,
+                ', '.join(sorted(compatible_versions, key=parse_version)) or
+                "none",
+            )
+            raise BestVersionAlreadyInstalled
+
+        logger.debug(
+            'Using version %s (newest of versions: %s)',
+            best_candidate.version,
+            ', '.join(sorted(compatible_versions, key=parse_version))
+        )
+        return best_candidate.location
+
+    def _get_pages(self, locations, project_name):
+        """
+        Yields (page, page_url) from the given locations, skipping
+        locations that have errors.
+        """
+        seen = set()
+        for location in locations:
+            if location in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(location)
+
+            page = self._get_page(location)
+            if page is None:
+                continue
+
+            yield page
+
+    _py_version_re = re.compile(r'-py([123]\.?[0-9]?)$')
+
+    def _sort_links(self, links):
+        """
+        Returns elements of links in order, non-egg links first, egg links
+        second, while eliminating duplicates
+        """
+        eggs, no_eggs = [], []
+        seen = set()
+        for link in links:
+            if link not in seen:
+                seen.add(link)
+                if link.egg_fragment:
+                    eggs.append(link)
+                else:
+                    no_eggs.append(link)
+        return no_eggs + eggs
+
+    def _package_versions(self, links, search):
+        result = []
+        for link in self._sort_links(links):
+            v = self._link_package_versions(link, search)
+            if v is not None:
+                result.append(v)
+        return result
+
+    def _log_skipped_link(self, link, reason):
+        if link not in self.logged_links:
+            logger.debug('Skipping link %s; %s', link, reason)
+            self.logged_links.add(link)
+
+    def _link_package_versions(self, link, search):
+        """Return an InstallationCandidate or None"""
+
+        version = None
+        if link.egg_fragment:
+            egg_info = link.egg_fragment
+            ext = link.ext
+        else:
+            egg_info, ext = link.splitext()
+            if not ext:
+                self._log_skipped_link(link, 'not a file')
+                return
+            if ext not in SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS:
+                self._log_skipped_link(
+                    link, 'unsupported archive format: %s' % ext)
+                return
+            if "binary" not in search.formats and ext == wheel_ext:
+                self._log_skipped_link(
+                    link, 'No binaries permitted for %s' % search.supplied)
+                return
+            if "macosx10" in link.path and ext == '.zip':
+                self._log_skipped_link(link, 'macosx10 one')
+                return
+            if ext == wheel_ext:
+                try:
+                    wheel = Wheel(link.filename)
+                except InvalidWheelFilename:
+                    self._log_skipped_link(link, 'invalid wheel filename')
+                    return
+                if canonicalize_name(wheel.name) != search.canonical:
+                    self._log_skipped_link(
+                        link, 'wrong project name (not %s)' % search.supplied)
+                    return
+                if not wheel.supported():
+                    self._log_skipped_link(
+                        link, 'it is not compatible with this Python')
+                    return
+
+                version = wheel.version
+
+        # This should be up by the search.ok_binary check, but see issue 2700.
+        if "source" not in search.formats and ext != wheel_ext:
+            self._log_skipped_link(
+                link, 'No sources permitted for %s' % search.supplied)
+            return
+
+        if not version:
+            version = egg_info_matches(egg_info, search.supplied, link)
+        if version is None:
+            self._log_skipped_link(
+                link, 'wrong project name (not %s)' % search.supplied)
+            return
+
+        match = self._py_version_re.search(version)
+        if match:
+            version = version[:match.start()]
+            py_version = match.group(1)
+            if py_version != sys.version[:3]:
+                self._log_skipped_link(
+                    link, 'Python version is incorrect')
+                return
+        logger.debug('Found link %s, version: %s', link, version)
+
+        return InstallationCandidate(search.supplied, version, link)
+
+    def _get_page(self, link):
+        return HTMLPage.get_page(link, session=self.session)
+
+
+def egg_info_matches(
+        egg_info, search_name, link,
+        _egg_info_re=re.compile(r'([a-z0-9_.]+)-([a-z0-9_.!+-]+)', re.I)):
+    """Pull the version part out of a string.
+
+    :param egg_info: The string to parse. E.g. foo-2.1
+    :param search_name: The name of the package this belongs to. None to
+        infer the name. Note that this cannot unambiguously parse strings
+        like foo-2-2 which might be foo, 2-2 or foo-2, 2.
+    :param link: The link the string came from, for logging on failure.
+    """
+    match = _egg_info_re.search(egg_info)
+    if not match:
+        logger.debug('Could not parse version from link: %s', link)
+        return None
+    if search_name is None:
+        full_match = match.group(0)
+        return full_match[full_match.index('-'):]
+    name = match.group(0).lower()
+    # To match the "safe" name that pkg_resources creates:
+    name = name.replace('_', '-')
+    # project name and version must be separated by a dash
+    look_for = search_name.lower() + "-"
+    if name.startswith(look_for):
+        return match.group(0)[len(look_for):]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+class HTMLPage(object):
+    """Represents one page, along with its URL"""
+
+    def __init__(self, content, url, headers=None):
+        # Determine if we have any encoding information in our headers
+        encoding = None
+        if headers and "Content-Type" in headers:
+            content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(headers["Content-Type"])
+
+            if "charset" in params:
+                encoding = params['charset']
+
+        self.content = content
+        self.parsed = html5lib.parse(
+            self.content,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            namespaceHTMLElements=False,
+        )
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_page(cls, link, skip_archives=True, session=None):
+        if session is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "get_page() missing 1 required keyword argument: 'session'"
+            )
+
+        url = link.url
+        url = url.split('#', 1)[0]
+
+        # Check for VCS schemes that do not support lookup as web pages.
+        from pip.vcs import VcsSupport
+        for scheme in VcsSupport.schemes:
+            if url.lower().startswith(scheme) and url[len(scheme)] in '+:':
+                logger.debug('Cannot look at %s URL %s', scheme, link)
+                return None
+
+        try:
+            if skip_archives:
+                filename = link.filename
+                for bad_ext in ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+                    if filename.endswith(bad_ext):
+                        content_type = cls._get_content_type(
+                            url, session=session,
+                        )
+                        if content_type.lower().startswith('text/html'):
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            logger.debug(
+                                'Skipping page %s because of Content-Type: %s',
+                                link,
+                                content_type,
+                            )
+                            return
+
+            logger.debug('Getting page %s', url)
+
+            # Tack index.html onto file:// URLs that point to directories
+            (scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment) = \
+                urllib_parse.urlparse(url)
+            if (scheme == 'file' and
+                    os.path.isdir(urllib_request.url2pathname(path))):
+                # add trailing slash if not present so urljoin doesn't trim
+                # final segment
+                if not url.endswith('/'):
+                    url += '/'
+                url = urllib_parse.urljoin(url, 'index.html')
+                logger.debug(' file: URL is directory, getting %s', url)
+
+            resp = session.get(
+                url,
+                headers={
+                    "Accept": "text/html",
+                    "Cache-Control": "max-age=600",
+                },
+            )
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+
+            # The check for archives above only works if the url ends with
+            #   something that looks like an archive. However that is not a
+            #   requirement of an url. Unless we issue a HEAD request on every
+            #   url we cannot know ahead of time for sure if something is HTML
+            #   or not. However we can check after we've downloaded it.
+            content_type = resp.headers.get('Content-Type', 'unknown')
+            if not content_type.lower().startswith("text/html"):
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Skipping page %s because of Content-Type: %s',
+                    link,
+                    content_type,
+                )
+                return
+
+            inst = cls(resp.content, resp.url, resp.headers)
+        except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+            cls._handle_fail(link, exc, url)
+        except SSLError as exc:
+            reason = ("There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: "
+                      "%s" % exc)
+            cls._handle_fail(link, reason, url, meth=logger.info)
+        except requests.ConnectionError as exc:
+            cls._handle_fail(link, "connection error: %s" % exc, url)
+        except requests.Timeout:
+            cls._handle_fail(link, "timed out", url)
+        else:
+            return inst
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _handle_fail(link, reason, url, meth=None):
+        if meth is None:
+            meth = logger.debug
+
+        meth("Could not fetch URL %s: %s - skipping", link, reason)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_content_type(url, session):
+        """Get the Content-Type of the given url, using a HEAD request"""
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+        if scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
+            # FIXME: some warning or something?
+            # assertion error?
+            return ''
+
+        resp = session.head(url, allow_redirects=True)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+
+        return resp.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+
+    @cached_property
+    def base_url(self):
+        bases = [
+            x for x in self.parsed.findall(".//base")
+            if x.get("href") is not None
+        ]
+        if bases and bases[0].get("href"):
+            return bases[0].get("href")
+        else:
+            return self.url
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Yields all links in the page"""
+        for anchor in self.parsed.findall(".//a"):
+            if anchor.get("href"):
+                href = anchor.get("href")
+                url = self.clean_link(
+                    urllib_parse.urljoin(self.base_url, href)
+                )
+                yield Link(url, self)
+
+    _clean_re = re.compile(r'[^a-z0-9$&+,/:;=?@.#%_\\|-]', re.I)
+
+    def clean_link(self, url):
+        """Makes sure a link is fully encoded.  That is, if a ' ' shows up in
+        the link, it will be rewritten to %20 (while not over-quoting
+        % or other characters)."""
+        return self._clean_re.sub(
+            lambda match: '%%%2x' % ord(match.group(0)), url)
+
+
+class Link(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, url, comes_from=None):
+
+        # url can be a UNC windows share
+        if url.startswith('\\\\'):
+            url = path_to_url(url)
+
+        self.url = url
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.comes_from:
+            return '%s (from %s)' % (self.url, self.comes_from)
+        else:
+            return str(self.url)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Link %s>' % self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url == other.url
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url != other.url
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url < other.url
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url <= other.url
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url > other.url
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url >= other.url
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.url)
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        _, netloc, path, _, _ = urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)
+        name = posixpath.basename(path.rstrip('/')) or netloc
+        name = urllib_parse.unquote(name)
+        assert name, ('URL %r produced no filename' % self.url)
+        return name
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self):
+        return urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self):
+        return urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return urllib_parse.unquote(urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)[2])
+
+    def splitext(self):
+        return splitext(posixpath.basename(self.path.rstrip('/')))
+
+    @property
+    def ext(self):
+        return self.splitext()[1]
+
+    @property
+    def url_without_fragment(self):
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)
+        return urllib_parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, None))
+
+    _egg_fragment_re = re.compile(r'#egg=([^&]*)')
+
+    @property
+    def egg_fragment(self):
+        match = self._egg_fragment_re.search(self.url)
+        if not match:
+            return None
+        return match.group(1)
+
+    _hash_re = re.compile(
+        r'(sha1|sha224|sha384|sha256|sha512|md5)=([a-f0-9]+)'
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def hash(self):
+        match = self._hash_re.search(self.url)
+        if match:
+            return match.group(2)
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def hash_name(self):
+        match = self._hash_re.search(self.url)
+        if match:
+            return match.group(1)
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def show_url(self):
+        return posixpath.basename(self.url.split('#', 1)[0].split('?', 1)[0])
+
+    @property
+    def is_wheel(self):
+        return self.ext == wheel_ext
+
+    @property
+    def is_artifact(self):
+        """
+        Determines if this points to an actual artifact (e.g. a tarball) or if
+        it points to an "abstract" thing like a path or a VCS location.
+        """
+        from pip.vcs import vcs
+
+        if self.scheme in vcs.all_schemes:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+FormatControl = namedtuple('FormatControl', 'no_binary only_binary')
+"""This object has two fields, no_binary and only_binary.
+
+If a field is falsy, it isn't set. If it is {':all:'}, it should match all
+packages except those listed in the other field. Only one field can be set
+to {':all:'} at a time. The rest of the time exact package name matches
+are listed, with any given package only showing up in one field at a time.
+"""
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(value, target, other):
+    new = value.split(',')
+    while ':all:' in new:
+        other.clear()
+        target.clear()
+        target.add(':all:')
+        del new[:new.index(':all:') + 1]
+        if ':none:' not in new:
+            # Without a none, we want to discard everything as :all: covers it
+            return
+    for name in new:
+        if name == ':none:':
+            target.clear()
+            continue
+        name = canonicalize_name(name)
+        other.discard(name)
+        target.add(name)
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_formats(fmt_ctl, canonical_name):
+    result = set(["binary", "source"])
+    if canonical_name in fmt_ctl.only_binary:
+        result.discard('source')
+    elif canonical_name in fmt_ctl.no_binary:
+        result.discard('binary')
+    elif ':all:' in fmt_ctl.only_binary:
+        result.discard('source')
+    elif ':all:' in fmt_ctl.no_binary:
+        result.discard('binary')
+    return frozenset(result)
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_no_binary(fmt_ctl):
+    fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(
+        ':all:', fmt_ctl.no_binary, fmt_ctl.only_binary)
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel(fmt_ctl):
+    fmt_ctl_no_binary(fmt_ctl)
+    warnings.warn(
+        '--no-use-wheel is deprecated and will be removed in the future. '
+        ' Please use --no-binary :all: instead.', DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2)
+
+
+Search = namedtuple('Search', 'supplied canonical formats')
+"""Capture key aspects of a search.
+
+:attribute supplied: The user supplied package.
+:attribute canonical: The canonical package name.
+:attribute formats: The formats allowed for this package. Should be a set
+    with 'binary' or 'source' or both in it.
+"""
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bd0fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+"""Locations where we look for configs, install stuff, etc"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import site
+import sys
+
+from distutils import sysconfig
+from distutils.command.install import install, SCHEME_KEYS  # noqa
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS, expanduser
+from pip.utils import appdirs
+
+
+# Application Directories
+USER_CACHE_DIR = appdirs.user_cache_dir("pip")
+
+
+DELETE_MARKER_MESSAGE = '''\
+This file is placed here by pip to indicate the source was put
+here by pip.
+
+Once this package is successfully installed this source code will be
+deleted (unless you remove this file).
+'''
+PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME = 'pip-delete-this-directory.txt'
+
+
+def write_delete_marker_file(directory):
+    """
+    Write the pip delete marker file into this directory.
+    """
+    filepath = os.path.join(directory, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME)
+    with open(filepath, 'w') as marker_fp:
+        marker_fp.write(DELETE_MARKER_MESSAGE)
+
+
+def running_under_virtualenv():
+    """
+    Return True if we're running inside a virtualenv, False otherwise.
+
+    """
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        return True
+    elif sys.prefix != getattr(sys, "base_prefix", sys.prefix):
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def virtualenv_no_global():
+    """
+    Return True if in a venv and no system site packages.
+    """
+    # this mirrors the logic in virtualenv.py for locating the
+    # no-global-site-packages.txt file
+    site_mod_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(site.__file__))
+    no_global_file = os.path.join(site_mod_dir, 'no-global-site-packages.txt')
+    if running_under_virtualenv() and os.path.isfile(no_global_file):
+        return True
+
+
+if running_under_virtualenv():
+    src_prefix = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'src')
+else:
+    # FIXME: keep src in cwd for now (it is not a temporary folder)
+    try:
+        src_prefix = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'src')
+    except OSError:
+        # In case the current working directory has been renamed or deleted
+        sys.exit(
+            "The folder you are executing pip from can no longer be found."
+        )
+
+# under Mac OS X + virtualenv sys.prefix is not properly resolved
+# it is something like /path/to/python/bin/..
+# Note: using realpath due to tmp dirs on OSX being symlinks
+src_prefix = os.path.abspath(src_prefix)
+
+# FIXME doesn't account for venv linked to global site-packages
+
+site_packages = sysconfig.get_python_lib()
+user_site = site.USER_SITE
+user_dir = expanduser('~')
+if WINDOWS:
+    bin_py = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'Scripts')
+    bin_user = os.path.join(user_site, 'Scripts')
+    # buildout uses 'bin' on Windows too?
+    if not os.path.exists(bin_py):
+        bin_py = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin')
+        bin_user = os.path.join(user_site, 'bin')
+
+    config_basename = 'pip.ini'
+
+    legacy_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, 'pip')
+    legacy_config_file = os.path.join(
+        legacy_storage_dir,
+        config_basename,
+    )
+else:
+    bin_py = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin')
+    bin_user = os.path.join(user_site, 'bin')
+
+    config_basename = 'pip.conf'
+
+    legacy_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, '.pip')
+    legacy_config_file = os.path.join(
+        legacy_storage_dir,
+        config_basename,
+    )
+
+    # Forcing to use /usr/local/bin for standard Mac OS X framework installs
+    # Also log to ~/Library/Logs/ for use with the Console.app log viewer
+    if sys.platform[:6] == 'darwin' and sys.prefix[:16] == '/System/Library/':
+        bin_py = '/usr/local/bin'
+
+site_config_files = [
+    os.path.join(path, config_basename)
+    for path in appdirs.site_config_dirs('pip')
+]
+
+
+def distutils_scheme(dist_name, user=False, home=None, root=None,
+                     isolated=False, prefix=None):
+    """
+    Return a distutils install scheme
+    """
+    from distutils.dist import Distribution
+
+    scheme = {}
+
+    if isolated:
+        extra_dist_args = {"script_args": ["--no-user-cfg"]}
+    else:
+        extra_dist_args = {}
+    dist_args = {'name': dist_name}
+    dist_args.update(extra_dist_args)
+
+    d = Distribution(dist_args)
+    d.parse_config_files()
+    i = d.get_command_obj('install', create=True)
+    # NOTE: setting user or home has the side-effect of creating the home dir
+    # or user base for installations during finalize_options()
+    # ideally, we'd prefer a scheme class that has no side-effects.
+    assert not (user and prefix), "user={0} prefix={1}".format(user, prefix)
+    i.user = user or i.user
+    if user:
+        i.prefix = ""
+    i.prefix = prefix or i.prefix
+    i.home = home or i.home
+    i.root = root or i.root
+    i.finalize_options()
+    for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+        scheme[key] = getattr(i, 'install_' + key)
+
+    # install_lib specified in setup.cfg should install *everything*
+    # into there (i.e. it takes precedence over both purelib and
+    # platlib).  Note, i.install_lib is *always* set after
+    # finalize_options(); we only want to override here if the user
+    # has explicitly requested it hence going back to the config
+    if 'install_lib' in d.get_option_dict('install'):
+        scheme.update(dict(purelib=i.install_lib, platlib=i.install_lib))
+
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        scheme['headers'] = os.path.join(
+            sys.prefix,
+            'include',
+            'site',
+            'python' + sys.version[:3],
+            dist_name,
+        )
+
+        if root is not None:
+            path_no_drive = os.path.splitdrive(
+                os.path.abspath(scheme["headers"]))[1]
+            scheme["headers"] = os.path.join(
+                root,
+                path_no_drive[1:],
+            )
+
+    return scheme
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d727d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from pip.models.index import Index, PyPI
+
+
+__all__ = ["Index", "PyPI"]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/index.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be99119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+
+class Index(object):
+    def __init__(self, url):
+        self.url = url
+        self.netloc = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url).netloc
+        self.simple_url = self.url_to_path('simple')
+        self.pypi_url = self.url_to_path('pypi')
+        self.pip_json_url = self.url_to_path('pypi/pip/json')
+
+    def url_to_path(self, path):
+        return urllib_parse.urljoin(self.url, path)
+
+
+PyPI = Index('https://pypi.python.org/')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74ff7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import re
+
+import pip
+from pip.compat import stdlib_pkgs
+from pip.req import InstallRequirement
+from pip.utils import get_installed_distributions
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# packages to exclude from freeze output
+freeze_excludes = stdlib_pkgs + ['setuptools', 'pip', 'distribute']
+
+
+def freeze(
+        requirement=None,
+        find_links=None, local_only=None, user_only=None, skip_regex=None,
+        default_vcs=None,
+        isolated=False,
+        wheel_cache=None):
+    find_links = find_links or []
+    skip_match = None
+
+    if skip_regex:
+        skip_match = re.compile(skip_regex)
+
+    dependency_links = []
+
+    for dist in pkg_resources.working_set:
+        if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt'):
+            dependency_links.extend(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+    for link in find_links:
+        if '#egg=' in link:
+            dependency_links.append(link)
+    for link in find_links:
+        yield '-f %s' % link
+    installations = {}
+    for dist in get_installed_distributions(local_only=local_only,
+                                            skip=freeze_excludes,
+                                            user_only=user_only):
+        req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(
+            dist,
+            dependency_links
+        )
+        installations[req.name] = req
+
+    if requirement:
+        with open(requirement) as req_file:
+            for line in req_file:
+                if (not line.strip() or
+                        line.strip().startswith('#') or
+                        (skip_match and skip_match.search(line)) or
+                        line.startswith((
+                            '-r', '--requirement',
+                            '-Z', '--always-unzip',
+                            '-f', '--find-links',
+                            '-i', '--index-url',
+                            '--extra-index-url'))):
+                    yield line.rstrip()
+                    continue
+
+                if line.startswith('-e') or line.startswith('--editable'):
+                    if line.startswith('-e'):
+                        line = line[2:].strip()
+                    else:
+                        line = line[len('--editable'):].strip().lstrip('=')
+                    line_req = InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+                        line,
+                        default_vcs=default_vcs,
+                        isolated=isolated,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    line_req = InstallRequirement.from_line(
+                        line,
+                        isolated=isolated,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    )
+
+                if not line_req.name:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Skipping line because it's not clear what it "
+                        "would install: %s",
+                        line.strip(),
+                    )
+                    logger.info(
+                        "  (add #egg=PackageName to the URL to avoid"
+                        " this warning)"
+                    )
+                elif line_req.name not in installations:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Requirement file contains %s, but that package is"
+                        " not installed",
+                        line.strip(),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    yield str(installations[line_req.name]).rstrip()
+                    del installations[line_req.name]
+
+        yield(
+            '## The following requirements were added by '
+            'pip freeze:'
+        )
+    for installation in sorted(
+            installations.values(), key=lambda x: x.name.lower()):
+        yield str(installation).rstrip()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d91ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+"""Generate and work with PEP 425 Compatibility Tags."""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+import platform
+import logging
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
+    # Python < 2.7
+    import distutils.sysconfig as sysconfig
+import distutils.util
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+_osx_arch_pat = re.compile(r'(.+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(.+)')
+
+
+def get_config_var(var):
+    try:
+        return sysconfig.get_config_var(var)
+    except IOError as e:  # Issue #1074
+        warnings.warn("{0}".format(e), RuntimeWarning)
+        return None
+
+
+def get_abbr_impl():
+    """Return abbreviated implementation name."""
+    if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+        pyimpl = 'pp'
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        pyimpl = 'jy'
+    elif sys.platform == 'cli':
+        pyimpl = 'ip'
+    else:
+        pyimpl = 'cp'
+    return pyimpl
+
+
+def get_impl_ver():
+    """Return implementation version."""
+    impl_ver = get_config_var("py_version_nodot")
+    if not impl_ver or get_abbr_impl() == 'pp':
+        impl_ver = ''.join(map(str, get_impl_version_info()))
+    return impl_ver
+
+
+def get_impl_version_info():
+    """Return sys.version_info-like tuple for use in decrementing the minor
+    version."""
+    if get_abbr_impl() == 'pp':
+        # as per https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/2882
+        return (sys.version_info[0], sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+                sys.pypy_version_info.minor)
+    else:
+        return sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]
+
+
+def get_impl_tag():
+    """
+    Returns the Tag for this specific implementation.
+    """
+    return "{0}{1}".format(get_abbr_impl(), get_impl_ver())
+
+
+def get_flag(var, fallback, expected=True, warn=True):
+    """Use a fallback method for determining SOABI flags if the needed config
+    var is unset or unavailable."""
+    val = get_config_var(var)
+    if val is None:
+        if warn:
+            logger.debug("Config variable '%s' is unset, Python ABI tag may "
+                         "be incorrect", var)
+        return fallback()
+    return val == expected
+
+
+def get_abi_tag():
+    """Return the ABI tag based on SOABI (if available) or emulate SOABI
+    (CPython 2, PyPy)."""
+    soabi = get_config_var('SOABI')
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+    if not soabi and impl in ('cp', 'pp') and hasattr(sys, 'maxunicode'):
+        d = ''
+        m = ''
+        u = ''
+        if get_flag('Py_DEBUG',
+                    lambda: hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'),
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp')):
+            d = 'd'
+        if get_flag('WITH_PYMALLOC',
+                    lambda: impl == 'cp',
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp')):
+            m = 'm'
+        if get_flag('Py_UNICODE_SIZE',
+                    lambda: sys.maxunicode == 0x10ffff,
+                    expected=4,
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp' and
+                          sys.version_info < (3, 3))) \
+                and sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+            u = 'u'
+        abi = '%s%s%s%s%s' % (impl, get_impl_ver(), d, m, u)
+    elif soabi and soabi.startswith('cpython-'):
+        abi = 'cp' + soabi.split('-')[1]
+    elif soabi:
+        abi = soabi.replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    else:
+        abi = None
+    return abi
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """Return our platform name 'win32', 'linux_x86_64'"""
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        # distutils.util.get_platform() returns the release based on the value
+        # of MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on which Python was built, which may
+        # be signficantly older than the user's current machine.
+        release, _, machine = platform.mac_ver()
+        split_ver = release.split('.')
+        return 'macosx_{0}_{1}_{2}'.format(split_ver[0], split_ver[1], machine)
+    # XXX remove distutils dependency
+    return distutils.util.get_platform().replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+
+
+def get_supported(versions=None, noarch=False):
+    """Return a list of supported tags for each version specified in
+    `versions`.
+
+    :param versions: a list of string versions, of the form ["33", "32"],
+        or None. The first version will be assumed to support our ABI.
+    """
+    supported = []
+
+    # Versions must be given with respect to the preference
+    if versions is None:
+        versions = []
+        version_info = get_impl_version_info()
+        major = version_info[:-1]
+        # Support all previous minor Python versions.
+        for minor in range(version_info[-1], -1, -1):
+            versions.append(''.join(map(str, major + (minor,))))
+
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+
+    abis = []
+
+    abi = get_abi_tag()
+    if abi:
+        abis[0:0] = [abi]
+
+    abi3s = set()
+    import imp
+    for suffix in imp.get_suffixes():
+        if suffix[0].startswith('.abi'):
+            abi3s.add(suffix[0].split('.', 2)[1])
+
+    abis.extend(sorted(list(abi3s)))
+
+    abis.append('none')
+
+    if not noarch:
+        arch = get_platform()
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            # support macosx-10.6-intel on macosx-10.9-x86_64
+            match = _osx_arch_pat.match(arch)
+            if match:
+                name, major, minor, actual_arch = match.groups()
+                actual_arches = [actual_arch]
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                    actual_arches.append('fat')
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('intel')
+                if actual_arch in ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('fat64')
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('fat32')
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'x86_64', 'intel', 'ppc', 'ppc64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('universal')
+                tpl = '{0}_{1}_%i_%s'.format(name, major)
+                arches = []
+                for m in reversed(range(int(minor) + 1)):
+                    for a in actual_arches:
+                        arches.append(tpl % (m, a))
+            else:
+                # arch pattern didn't match (?!)
+                arches = [arch]
+        else:
+            arches = [arch]
+
+        # Current version, current API (built specifically for our Python):
+        for abi in abis:
+            for arch in arches:
+                supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0]), abi, arch))
+
+        # Has binaries, does not use the Python API:
+        supported.append(('py%s' % (versions[0][0]), 'none', arch))
+
+    # No abi / arch, but requires our implementation:
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, version), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            # Tagged specifically as being cross-version compatible
+            # (with just the major version specified)
+            supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0][0]), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    # No abi / arch, generic Python
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('py%s' % (version,), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            supported.append(('py%s' % (version[0]), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    return supported
+
+supported_tags = get_supported()
+supported_tags_noarch = get_supported(noarch=True)
+
+implementation_tag = get_impl_tag()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00185a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .req_install import InstallRequirement
+from .req_set import RequirementSet, Requirements
+from .req_file import parse_requirements
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RequirementSet", "Requirements", "InstallRequirement",
+    "parse_requirements",
+]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c92c930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+"""
+Requirements file parsing
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import optparse
+import warnings
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import filterfalse
+
+import pip
+from pip.download import get_file_content
+from pip.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip.exceptions import (RequirementsFileParseError)
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip import cmdoptions
+
+__all__ = ['parse_requirements']
+
+SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r'^(http|https|file):', re.I)
+COMMENT_RE = re.compile(r'(^|\s)+#.*$')
+
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS = [
+    cmdoptions.constraints,
+    cmdoptions.editable,
+    cmdoptions.requirements,
+    cmdoptions.no_index,
+    cmdoptions.index_url,
+    cmdoptions.find_links,
+    cmdoptions.extra_index_url,
+    cmdoptions.allow_external,
+    cmdoptions.allow_all_external,
+    cmdoptions.no_allow_external,
+    cmdoptions.allow_unsafe,
+    cmdoptions.no_allow_unsafe,
+    cmdoptions.use_wheel,
+    cmdoptions.no_use_wheel,
+    cmdoptions.always_unzip,
+    cmdoptions.no_binary,
+    cmdoptions.only_binary,
+    cmdoptions.pre,
+    cmdoptions.process_dependency_links,
+    cmdoptions.trusted_host,
+    cmdoptions.require_hashes,
+]
+
+# options to be passed to requirements
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ = [
+    cmdoptions.install_options,
+    cmdoptions.global_options,
+    cmdoptions.hash,
+]
+
+# the 'dest' string values
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ_DEST = [o().dest for o in SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ]
+
+
+def parse_requirements(filename, finder=None, comes_from=None, options=None,
+                       session=None, constraint=False, wheel_cache=None):
+    """Parse a requirements file and yield InstallRequirement instances.
+
+    :param filename:    Path or url of requirements file.
+    :param finder:      Instance of pip.index.PackageFinder.
+    :param comes_from:  Origin description of requirements.
+    :param options:     cli options.
+    :param session:     Instance of pip.download.PipSession.
+    :param constraint:  If true, parsing a constraint file rather than
+        requirements file.
+    :param wheel_cache: Instance of pip.wheel.WheelCache
+    """
+    if session is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "parse_requirements() missing 1 required keyword argument: "
+            "'session'"
+        )
+
+    _, content = get_file_content(
+        filename, comes_from=comes_from, session=session
+    )
+
+    lines_enum = preprocess(content, options)
+
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        req_iter = process_line(line, filename, line_number, finder,
+                                comes_from, options, session, wheel_cache,
+                                constraint=constraint)
+        for req in req_iter:
+            yield req
+
+
+def preprocess(content, options):
+    """Split, filter, and join lines, and return a line iterator
+
+    :param content: the content of the requirements file
+    :param options: cli options
+    """
+    lines_enum = enumerate(content.splitlines(), start=1)
+    lines_enum = join_lines(lines_enum)
+    lines_enum = ignore_comments(lines_enum)
+    lines_enum = skip_regex(lines_enum, options)
+    return lines_enum
+
+
+def process_line(line, filename, line_number, finder=None, comes_from=None,
+                 options=None, session=None, wheel_cache=None,
+                 constraint=False):
+    """Process a single requirements line; This can result in creating/yielding
+    requirements, or updating the finder.
+
+    For lines that contain requirements, the only options that have an effect
+    are from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ, and they are scoped to the
+    requirement. Other options from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS may be present, but are
+    ignored.
+
+    For lines that do not contain requirements, the only options that have an
+    effect are from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS. Options from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ may
+    be present, but are ignored. These lines may contain multiple options
+    (although our docs imply only one is supported), and all our parsed and
+    affect the finder.
+
+    :param constraint: If True, parsing a constraints file.
+    :param options: OptionParser options that we may update
+    """
+    parser = build_parser()
+    defaults = parser.get_default_values()
+    defaults.index_url = None
+    if finder:
+        # `finder.format_control` will be updated during parsing
+        defaults.format_control = finder.format_control
+    args_str, options_str = break_args_options(line)
+    opts, _ = parser.parse_args(shlex.split(options_str), defaults)
+
+    # preserve for the nested code path
+    line_comes_from = '%s %s (line %s)' % (
+        '-c' if constraint else '-r', filename, line_number)
+
+    # yield a line requirement
+    if args_str:
+        isolated = options.isolated_mode if options else False
+        if options:
+            cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options, opts)
+        # get the options that apply to requirements
+        req_options = {}
+        for dest in SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ_DEST:
+            if dest in opts.__dict__ and opts.__dict__[dest]:
+                req_options[dest] = opts.__dict__[dest]
+        yield InstallRequirement.from_line(
+            args_str, line_comes_from, constraint=constraint,
+            isolated=isolated, options=req_options, wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+        )
+
+    # yield an editable requirement
+    elif opts.editables:
+        isolated = options.isolated_mode if options else False
+        default_vcs = options.default_vcs if options else None
+        yield InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+            opts.editables[0], comes_from=line_comes_from,
+            constraint=constraint, default_vcs=default_vcs, isolated=isolated,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+        )
+
+    # parse a nested requirements file
+    elif opts.requirements or opts.constraints:
+        if opts.requirements:
+            req_path = opts.requirements[0]
+            nested_constraint = False
+        else:
+            req_path = opts.constraints[0]
+            nested_constraint = True
+        # original file is over http
+        if SCHEME_RE.search(filename):
+            # do a url join so relative paths work
+            req_path = urllib_parse.urljoin(filename, req_path)
+        # original file and nested file are paths
+        elif not SCHEME_RE.search(req_path):
+            # do a join so relative paths work
+            req_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename), req_path)
+        # TODO: Why not use `comes_from='-r {} (line {})'` here as well?
+        parser = parse_requirements(
+            req_path, finder, comes_from, options, session,
+            constraint=nested_constraint, wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+        )
+        for req in parser:
+            yield req
+
+    # percolate hash-checking option upward
+    elif opts.require_hashes:
+        options.require_hashes = opts.require_hashes
+
+    # set finder options
+    elif finder:
+        if opts.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if opts.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if opts.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if opts.index_url:
+            finder.index_urls = [opts.index_url]
+        if opts.use_wheel is False:
+            finder.use_wheel = False
+            pip.index.fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel(finder.format_control)
+        if opts.no_index is True:
+            finder.index_urls = []
+        if opts.extra_index_urls:
+            finder.index_urls.extend(opts.extra_index_urls)
+        if opts.find_links:
+            # FIXME: it would be nice to keep track of the source
+            # of the find_links: support a find-links local path
+            # relative to a requirements file.
+            value = opts.find_links[0]
+            req_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename))
+            relative_to_reqs_file = os.path.join(req_dir, value)
+            if os.path.exists(relative_to_reqs_file):
+                value = relative_to_reqs_file
+            finder.find_links.append(value)
+        if opts.pre:
+            finder.allow_all_prereleases = True
+        if opts.process_dependency_links:
+            finder.process_dependency_links = True
+        if opts.trusted_hosts:
+            finder.secure_origins.extend(
+                ("*", host, "*") for host in opts.trusted_hosts)
+
+
+def break_args_options(line):
+    """Break up the line into an args and options string.  We only want to shlex
+    (and then optparse) the options, not the args.  args can contain markers
+    which are corrupted by shlex.
+    """
+    tokens = line.split(' ')
+    args = []
+    options = tokens[:]
+    for token in tokens:
+        if token.startswith('-') or token.startswith('--'):
+            break
+        else:
+            args.append(token)
+            options.pop(0)
+    return ' '.join(args), ' '.join(options)
+
+
+def build_parser():
+    """
+    Return a parser for parsing requirement lines
+    """
+    parser = optparse.OptionParser(add_help_option=False)
+
+    option_factories = SUPPORTED_OPTIONS + SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ
+    for option_factory in option_factories:
+        option = option_factory()
+        parser.add_option(option)
+
+    # By default optparse sys.exits on parsing errors. We want to wrap
+    # that in our own exception.
+    def parser_exit(self, msg):
+        raise RequirementsFileParseError(msg)
+    parser.exit = parser_exit
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def join_lines(lines_enum):
+    """Joins a line ending in '\' with the previous line (except when following
+    comments).  The joined line takes on the index of the first line.
+    """
+    primary_line_number = None
+    new_line = []
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        if not line.endswith('\\') or COMMENT_RE.match(line):
+            if COMMENT_RE.match(line):
+                # this ensures comments are always matched later
+                line = ' ' + line
+            if new_line:
+                new_line.append(line)
+                yield primary_line_number, ''.join(new_line)
+                new_line = []
+            else:
+                yield line_number, line
+        else:
+            if not new_line:
+                primary_line_number = line_number
+            new_line.append(line.strip('\\'))
+
+    # last line contains \
+    if new_line:
+        yield primary_line_number, ''.join(new_line)
+
+    # TODO: handle space after '\'.
+
+
+def ignore_comments(lines_enum):
+    """
+    Strips comments and filter empty lines.
+    """
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        line = COMMENT_RE.sub('', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line:
+            yield line_number, line
+
+
+def skip_regex(lines_enum, options):
+    """
+    Skip lines that match '--skip-requirements-regex' pattern
+
+    Note: the regex pattern is only built once
+    """
+    skip_regex = options.skip_requirements_regex if options else None
+    if skip_regex:
+        pattern = re.compile(skip_regex)
+        lines_enum = filterfalse(
+            lambda e: pattern.search(e[1]),
+            lines_enum)
+    return lines_enum
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b48431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1217 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import traceback
+import warnings
+import zipfile
+
+from distutils import sysconfig
+from distutils.util import change_root
+from email.parser import FeedParser
+
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources, six
+from pip._vendor.distlib.markers import interpret as markers_interpret
+from pip._vendor.packaging import specifiers
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+
+import pip.wheel
+
+from pip.compat import native_str, get_stdlib, WINDOWS
+from pip.download import is_url, url_to_path, path_to_url, is_archive_file
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError, UninstallationError, UnsupportedWheel,
+)
+from pip.locations import (
+    bin_py, running_under_virtualenv, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME, bin_user,
+)
+from pip.utils import (
+    display_path, rmtree, ask_path_exists, backup_dir, is_installable_dir,
+    dist_in_usersite, dist_in_site_packages, egg_link_path,
+    call_subprocess, read_text_file, FakeFile, _make_build_dir, ensure_dir,
+    get_installed_version, canonicalize_name, normalize_path, dist_is_local,
+)
+
+from pip.utils.hashes import Hashes
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.utils.setuptools_build import SETUPTOOLS_SHIM
+from pip.utils.ui import open_spinner
+from pip.req.req_uninstall import UninstallPathSet
+from pip.vcs import vcs
+from pip.wheel import move_wheel_files, Wheel
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import Version
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+operators = specifiers.Specifier._operators.keys()
+
+
+def _strip_extras(path):
+    m = re.match(r'^(.+)(\[[^\]]+\])$', path)
+    extras = None
+    if m:
+        path_no_extras = m.group(1)
+        extras = m.group(2)
+    else:
+        path_no_extras = path
+
+    return path_no_extras, extras
+
+
+class InstallRequirement(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, req, comes_from, source_dir=None, editable=False,
+                 link=None, as_egg=False, update=True, editable_options=None,
+                 pycompile=True, markers=None, isolated=False, options=None,
+                 wheel_cache=None, constraint=False):
+        self.extras = ()
+        if isinstance(req, six.string_types):
+            try:
+                req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(req)
+            except pkg_resources.RequirementParseError:
+                if os.path.sep in req:
+                    add_msg = "It looks like a path. Does it exist ?"
+                elif '=' in req and not any(op in req for op in operators):
+                    add_msg = "= is not a valid operator. Did you mean == ?"
+                else:
+                    add_msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Invalid requirement: '%s'\n%s" % (req, add_msg))
+            self.extras = req.extras
+
+        self.req = req
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+        self.constraint = constraint
+        self.source_dir = source_dir
+        self.editable = editable
+
+        if editable_options is None:
+            editable_options = {}
+
+        self.editable_options = editable_options
+        self._wheel_cache = wheel_cache
+        self.link = self.original_link = link
+        self.as_egg = as_egg
+        self.markers = markers
+        self._egg_info_path = None
+        # This holds the pkg_resources.Distribution object if this requirement
+        # is already available:
+        self.satisfied_by = None
+        # This hold the pkg_resources.Distribution object if this requirement
+        # conflicts with another installed distribution:
+        self.conflicts_with = None
+        # Temporary build location
+        self._temp_build_dir = None
+        # Used to store the global directory where the _temp_build_dir should
+        # have been created. Cf _correct_build_location method.
+        self._ideal_build_dir = None
+        # True if the editable should be updated:
+        self.update = update
+        # Set to True after successful installation
+        self.install_succeeded = None
+        # UninstallPathSet of uninstalled distribution (for possible rollback)
+        self.uninstalled = None
+        # Set True if a legitimate do-nothing-on-uninstall has happened - e.g.
+        # system site packages, stdlib packages.
+        self.nothing_to_uninstall = False
+        self.use_user_site = False
+        self.target_dir = None
+        self.options = options if options else {}
+        self.pycompile = pycompile
+        # Set to True after successful preparation of this requirement
+        self.prepared = False
+
+        self.isolated = isolated
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_editable(cls, editable_req, comes_from=None, default_vcs=None,
+                      isolated=False, options=None, wheel_cache=None,
+                      constraint=False):
+        from pip.index import Link
+
+        name, url, extras_override, editable_options = parse_editable(
+            editable_req, default_vcs)
+        if url.startswith('file:'):
+            source_dir = url_to_path(url)
+        else:
+            source_dir = None
+
+        res = cls(name, comes_from, source_dir=source_dir,
+                  editable=True,
+                  link=Link(url),
+                  constraint=constraint,
+                  editable_options=editable_options,
+                  isolated=isolated,
+                  options=options if options else {},
+                  wheel_cache=wheel_cache)
+
+        if extras_override is not None:
+            res.extras = extras_override
+
+        return res
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_line(
+            cls, name, comes_from=None, isolated=False, options=None,
+            wheel_cache=None, constraint=False):
+        """Creates an InstallRequirement from a name, which might be a
+        requirement, directory containing 'setup.py', filename, or URL.
+        """
+        from pip.index import Link
+
+        if is_url(name):
+            marker_sep = '; '
+        else:
+            marker_sep = ';'
+        if marker_sep in name:
+            name, markers = name.split(marker_sep, 1)
+            markers = markers.strip()
+            if not markers:
+                markers = None
+        else:
+            markers = None
+        name = name.strip()
+        req = None
+        path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(name))
+        link = None
+        extras = None
+
+        if is_url(name):
+            link = Link(name)
+        else:
+            p, extras = _strip_extras(path)
+            if (os.path.isdir(p) and
+                    (os.path.sep in name or name.startswith('.'))):
+
+                if not is_installable_dir(p):
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        "Directory %r is not installable. File 'setup.py' "
+                        "not found." % name
+                    )
+                link = Link(path_to_url(p))
+            elif is_archive_file(p):
+                if not os.path.isfile(p):
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Requirement %r looks like a filename, but the '
+                        'file does not exist',
+                        name
+                    )
+                link = Link(path_to_url(p))
+
+        # it's a local file, dir, or url
+        if link:
+            # Handle relative file URLs
+            if link.scheme == 'file' and re.search(r'\.\./', link.url):
+                link = Link(
+                    path_to_url(os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(link.path))))
+            # wheel file
+            if link.is_wheel:
+                wheel = Wheel(link.filename)  # can raise InvalidWheelFilename
+                if not wheel.supported():
+                    raise UnsupportedWheel(
+                        "%s is not a supported wheel on this platform." %
+                        wheel.filename
+                    )
+                req = "%s==%s" % (wheel.name, wheel.version)
+            else:
+                # set the req to the egg fragment.  when it's not there, this
+                # will become an 'unnamed' requirement
+                req = link.egg_fragment
+
+        # a requirement specifier
+        else:
+            req = name
+
+        options = options if options else {}
+        res = cls(req, comes_from, link=link, markers=markers,
+                  isolated=isolated, options=options,
+                  wheel_cache=wheel_cache, constraint=constraint)
+
+        if extras:
+            res.extras = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse('__placeholder__' +
+                                                         extras).extras
+
+        return res
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.req:
+            s = str(self.req)
+            if self.link:
+                s += ' from %s' % self.link.url
+        else:
+            s = self.link.url if self.link else None
+        if self.satisfied_by is not None:
+            s += ' in %s' % display_path(self.satisfied_by.location)
+        if self.comes_from:
+            if isinstance(self.comes_from, six.string_types):
+                comes_from = self.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = self.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                s += ' (from %s)' % comes_from
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s object: %s editable=%r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__, str(self), self.editable)
+
+    def populate_link(self, finder, upgrade, require_hashes):
+        """Ensure that if a link can be found for this, that it is found.
+
+        Note that self.link may still be None - if Upgrade is False and the
+        requirement is already installed.
+
+        If require_hashes is True, don't use the wheel cache, because cached
+        wheels, always built locally, have different hashes than the files
+        downloaded from the index server and thus throw false hash mismatches.
+        Furthermore, cached wheels at present have undeterministic contents due
+        to file modification times.
+        """
+        if self.link is None:
+            self.link = finder.find_requirement(self, upgrade)
+        if self._wheel_cache is not None and not require_hashes:
+            old_link = self.link
+            self.link = self._wheel_cache.cached_wheel(self.link, self.name)
+            if old_link != self.link:
+                logger.debug('Using cached wheel link: %s', self.link)
+
+    @property
+    def specifier(self):
+        return self.req.specifier
+
+    @property
+    def is_pinned(self):
+        """Return whether I am pinned to an exact version.
+
+        For example, some-package==1.2 is pinned; some-package>1.2 is not.
+        """
+        specifiers = self.specifier
+        return (len(specifiers) == 1 and
+                next(iter(specifiers)).operator in ('==', '==='))
+
+    def from_path(self):
+        if self.req is None:
+            return None
+        s = str(self.req)
+        if self.comes_from:
+            if isinstance(self.comes_from, six.string_types):
+                comes_from = self.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = self.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                s += '->' + comes_from
+        return s
+
+    def build_location(self, build_dir):
+        if self._temp_build_dir is not None:
+            return self._temp_build_dir
+        if self.req is None:
+            # for requirement via a path to a directory: the name of the
+            # package is not available yet so we create a temp directory
+            # Once run_egg_info will have run, we'll be able
+            # to fix it via _correct_build_location
+            self._temp_build_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-build', 'pip-')
+            self._ideal_build_dir = build_dir
+            return self._temp_build_dir
+        if self.editable:
+            name = self.name.lower()
+        else:
+            name = self.name
+        # FIXME: Is there a better place to create the build_dir? (hg and bzr
+        # need this)
+        if not os.path.exists(build_dir):
+            logger.debug('Creating directory %s', build_dir)
+            _make_build_dir(build_dir)
+        return os.path.join(build_dir, name)
+
+    def _correct_build_location(self):
+        """Move self._temp_build_dir to self._ideal_build_dir/self.req.name
+
+        For some requirements (e.g. a path to a directory), the name of the
+        package is not available until we run egg_info, so the build_location
+        will return a temporary directory and store the _ideal_build_dir.
+
+        This is only called by self.egg_info_path to fix the temporary build
+        directory.
+        """
+        if self.source_dir is not None:
+            return
+        assert self.req is not None
+        assert self._temp_build_dir
+        assert self._ideal_build_dir
+        old_location = self._temp_build_dir
+        self._temp_build_dir = None
+        new_location = self.build_location(self._ideal_build_dir)
+        if os.path.exists(new_location):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                'A package already exists in %s; please remove it to continue'
+                % display_path(new_location))
+        logger.debug(
+            'Moving package %s from %s to new location %s',
+            self, display_path(old_location), display_path(new_location),
+        )
+        shutil.move(old_location, new_location)
+        self._temp_build_dir = new_location
+        self._ideal_build_dir = None
+        self.source_dir = new_location
+        self._egg_info_path = None
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        if self.req is None:
+            return None
+        return native_str(self.req.project_name)
+
+    @property
+    def setup_py(self):
+        assert self.source_dir, "No source dir for %s" % self
+        try:
+            import setuptools  # noqa
+        except ImportError:
+            if get_installed_version('setuptools') is None:
+                add_msg = "Please install setuptools."
+            else:
+                add_msg = traceback.format_exc()
+            # Setuptools is not available
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Could not import setuptools which is required to "
+                "install from a source distribution.\n%s" % add_msg
+            )
+
+        setup_file = 'setup.py'
+
+        if self.editable_options and 'subdirectory' in self.editable_options:
+            setup_py = os.path.join(self.source_dir,
+                                    self.editable_options['subdirectory'],
+                                    setup_file)
+
+        else:
+            setup_py = os.path.join(self.source_dir, setup_file)
+
+        # Python2 __file__ should not be unicode
+        if six.PY2 and isinstance(setup_py, six.text_type):
+            setup_py = setup_py.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+        return setup_py
+
+    def run_egg_info(self):
+        assert self.source_dir
+        if self.name:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package %s',
+                self.setup_py, self.name,
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package from %s',
+                self.setup_py, self.link,
+            )
+
+        with indent_log():
+            script = SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % self.setup_py
+            base_cmd = [sys.executable, '-c', script]
+            if self.isolated:
+                base_cmd += ["--no-user-cfg"]
+            egg_info_cmd = base_cmd + ['egg_info']
+            # We can't put the .egg-info files at the root, because then the
+            # source code will be mistaken for an installed egg, causing
+            # problems
+            if self.editable:
+                egg_base_option = []
+            else:
+                egg_info_dir = os.path.join(self.source_dir, 'pip-egg-info')
+                ensure_dir(egg_info_dir)
+                egg_base_option = ['--egg-base', 'pip-egg-info']
+            cwd = self.source_dir
+            if self.editable_options and \
+                    'subdirectory' in self.editable_options:
+                cwd = os.path.join(cwd, self.editable_options['subdirectory'])
+            call_subprocess(
+                egg_info_cmd + egg_base_option,
+                cwd=cwd,
+                show_stdout=False,
+                command_level=logging.DEBUG,
+                command_desc='python setup.py egg_info')
+
+        if not self.req:
+            if isinstance(
+                    pkg_resources.parse_version(self.pkg_info()["Version"]),
+                    Version):
+                op = "=="
+            else:
+                op = "==="
+            self.req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(
+                "".join([
+                    self.pkg_info()["Name"],
+                    op,
+                    self.pkg_info()["Version"],
+                ]))
+            self._correct_build_location()
+        else:
+            metadata_name = canonicalize_name(self.pkg_info()["Name"])
+            if canonicalize_name(self.req.project_name) != metadata_name:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package %s '
+                    'produced metadata for project name %s. Fix your '
+                    '#egg=%s fragments.',
+                    self.setup_py, self.name, metadata_name, self.name
+                )
+                self.req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(metadata_name)
+
+    def egg_info_data(self, filename):
+        if self.satisfied_by is not None:
+            if not self.satisfied_by.has_metadata(filename):
+                return None
+            return self.satisfied_by.get_metadata(filename)
+        assert self.source_dir
+        filename = self.egg_info_path(filename)
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            return None
+        data = read_text_file(filename)
+        return data
+
+    def egg_info_path(self, filename):
+        if self._egg_info_path is None:
+            if self.editable:
+                base = self.source_dir
+            else:
+                base = os.path.join(self.source_dir, 'pip-egg-info')
+            filenames = os.listdir(base)
+            if self.editable:
+                filenames = []
+                for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base):
+                    for dir in vcs.dirnames:
+                        if dir in dirs:
+                            dirs.remove(dir)
+                    # Iterate over a copy of ``dirs``, since mutating
+                    # a list while iterating over it can cause trouble.
+                    # (See https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/462.)
+                    for dir in list(dirs):
+                        # Don't search in anything that looks like a virtualenv
+                        # environment
+                        if (
+                                os.path.exists(
+                                    os.path.join(root, dir, 'bin', 'python')
+                                ) or
+                                os.path.exists(
+                                    os.path.join(
+                                        root, dir, 'Scripts', 'Python.exe'
+                                    )
+                                )):
+                            dirs.remove(dir)
+                        # Also don't search through tests
+                        elif dir == 'test' or dir == 'tests':
+                            dirs.remove(dir)
+                    filenames.extend([os.path.join(root, dir)
+                                     for dir in dirs])
+                filenames = [f for f in filenames if f.endswith('.egg-info')]
+
+            if not filenames:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    'No files/directories in %s (from %s)' % (base, filename)
+                )
+            assert filenames, \
+                "No files/directories in %s (from %s)" % (base, filename)
+
+            # if we have more than one match, we pick the toplevel one.  This
+            # can easily be the case if there is a dist folder which contains
+            # an extracted tarball for testing purposes.
+            if len(filenames) > 1:
+                filenames.sort(
+                    key=lambda x: x.count(os.path.sep) +
+                    (os.path.altsep and x.count(os.path.altsep) or 0)
+                )
+            self._egg_info_path = os.path.join(base, filenames[0])
+        return os.path.join(self._egg_info_path, filename)
+
+    def pkg_info(self):
+        p = FeedParser()
+        data = self.egg_info_data('PKG-INFO')
+        if not data:
+            logger.warning(
+                'No PKG-INFO file found in %s',
+                display_path(self.egg_info_path('PKG-INFO')),
+            )
+        p.feed(data or '')
+        return p.close()
+
+    _requirements_section_re = re.compile(r'\[(.*?)\]')
+
+    @property
+    def installed_version(self):
+        return get_installed_version(self.name)
+
+    def assert_source_matches_version(self):
+        assert self.source_dir
+        version = self.pkg_info()['version']
+        if version not in self.req:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Requested %s, but installing version %s',
+                self,
+                self.installed_version,
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Source in %s has version %s, which satisfies requirement %s',
+                display_path(self.source_dir),
+                version,
+                self,
+            )
+
+    def update_editable(self, obtain=True):
+        if not self.link:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Cannot update repository at %s; repository location is "
+                "unknown",
+                self.source_dir,
+            )
+            return
+        assert self.editable
+        assert self.source_dir
+        if self.link.scheme == 'file':
+            # Static paths don't get updated
+            return
+        assert '+' in self.link.url, "bad url: %r" % self.link.url
+        if not self.update:
+            return
+        vc_type, url = self.link.url.split('+', 1)
+        backend = vcs.get_backend(vc_type)
+        if backend:
+            vcs_backend = backend(self.link.url)
+            if obtain:
+                vcs_backend.obtain(self.source_dir)
+            else:
+                vcs_backend.export(self.source_dir)
+        else:
+            assert 0, (
+                'Unexpected version control type (in %s): %s'
+                % (self.link, vc_type))
+
+    def uninstall(self, auto_confirm=False):
+        """
+        Uninstall the distribution currently satisfying this requirement.
+
+        Prompts before removing or modifying files unless
+        ``auto_confirm`` is True.
+
+        Refuses to delete or modify files outside of ``sys.prefix`` -
+        thus uninstallation within a virtual environment can only
+        modify that virtual environment, even if the virtualenv is
+        linked to global site-packages.
+
+        """
+        if not self.check_if_exists():
+            raise UninstallationError(
+                "Cannot uninstall requirement %s, not installed" % (self.name,)
+            )
+        dist = self.satisfied_by or self.conflicts_with
+
+        dist_path = normalize_path(dist.location)
+        if not dist_is_local(dist):
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s at %s, outside environment %s",
+                dist.key,
+                dist_path,
+                sys.prefix,
+            )
+            self.nothing_to_uninstall = True
+            return
+
+        if dist_path in get_stdlib():
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s at %s, as it is in the standard library.",
+                dist.key,
+                dist_path,
+            )
+            self.nothing_to_uninstall = True
+            return
+
+        paths_to_remove = UninstallPathSet(dist)
+        develop_egg_link = egg_link_path(dist)
+        develop_egg_link_egg_info = '{0}.egg-info'.format(
+            pkg_resources.to_filename(dist.project_name))
+        egg_info_exists = dist.egg_info and os.path.exists(dist.egg_info)
+        # Special case for distutils installed package
+        distutils_egg_info = getattr(dist._provider, 'path', None)
+
+        # Uninstall cases order do matter as in the case of 2 installs of the
+        # same package, pip needs to uninstall the currently detected version
+        if (egg_info_exists and dist.egg_info.endswith('.egg-info') and
+                not dist.egg_info.endswith(develop_egg_link_egg_info)):
+            # if dist.egg_info.endswith(develop_egg_link_egg_info), we
+            # are in fact in the develop_egg_link case
+            paths_to_remove.add(dist.egg_info)
+            if dist.has_metadata('installed-files.txt'):
+                for installed_file in dist.get_metadata(
+                        'installed-files.txt').splitlines():
+                    path = os.path.normpath(
+                        os.path.join(dist.egg_info, installed_file)
+                    )
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path)
+            # FIXME: need a test for this elif block
+            # occurs with --single-version-externally-managed/--record outside
+            # of pip
+            elif dist.has_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+                if dist.has_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                    namespaces = dist.get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt')
+                else:
+                    namespaces = []
+                for top_level_pkg in [
+                        p for p
+                        in dist.get_metadata('top_level.txt').splitlines()
+                        if p and p not in namespaces]:
+                    path = os.path.join(dist.location, top_level_pkg)
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path)
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path + '.py')
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path + '.pyc')
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path + '.pyo')
+
+        elif distutils_egg_info:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Uninstalling a distutils installed project ({0}) has been "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future version. This is "
+                "due to the fact that uninstalling a distutils project will "
+                "only partially uninstall the project.".format(self.name),
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add(distutils_egg_info)
+
+        elif dist.location.endswith('.egg'):
+            # package installed by easy_install
+            # We cannot match on dist.egg_name because it can slightly vary
+            # i.e. setuptools-0.6c11-py2.6.egg vs setuptools-0.6rc11-py2.6.egg
+            paths_to_remove.add(dist.location)
+            easy_install_egg = os.path.split(dist.location)[1]
+            easy_install_pth = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(dist.location),
+                                            'easy-install.pth')
+            paths_to_remove.add_pth(easy_install_pth, './' + easy_install_egg)
+
+        elif develop_egg_link:
+            # develop egg
+            with open(develop_egg_link, 'r') as fh:
+                link_pointer = os.path.normcase(fh.readline().strip())
+            assert (link_pointer == dist.location), (
+                'Egg-link %s does not match installed location of %s '
+                '(at %s)' % (link_pointer, self.name, dist.location)
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add(develop_egg_link)
+            easy_install_pth = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(develop_egg_link),
+                                            'easy-install.pth')
+            paths_to_remove.add_pth(easy_install_pth, dist.location)
+
+        elif egg_info_exists and dist.egg_info.endswith('.dist-info'):
+            for path in pip.wheel.uninstallation_paths(dist):
+                paths_to_remove.add(path)
+
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Not sure how to uninstall: %s - Check: %s',
+                dist, dist.location)
+
+        # find distutils scripts= scripts
+        if dist.has_metadata('scripts') and dist.metadata_isdir('scripts'):
+            for script in dist.metadata_listdir('scripts'):
+                if dist_in_usersite(dist):
+                    bin_dir = bin_user
+                else:
+                    bin_dir = bin_py
+                paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, script))
+                if WINDOWS:
+                    paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, script) + '.bat')
+
+        # find console_scripts
+        if dist.has_metadata('entry_points.txt'):
+            config = configparser.SafeConfigParser()
+            config.readfp(
+                FakeFile(dist.get_metadata_lines('entry_points.txt'))
+            )
+            if config.has_section('console_scripts'):
+                for name, value in config.items('console_scripts'):
+                    if dist_in_usersite(dist):
+                        bin_dir = bin_user
+                    else:
+                        bin_dir = bin_py
+                    paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, name))
+                    if WINDOWS:
+                        paths_to_remove.add(
+                            os.path.join(bin_dir, name) + '.exe'
+                        )
+                        paths_to_remove.add(
+                            os.path.join(bin_dir, name) + '.exe.manifest'
+                        )
+                        paths_to_remove.add(
+                            os.path.join(bin_dir, name) + '-script.py'
+                        )
+
+        paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)
+        self.uninstalled = paths_to_remove
+
+    def rollback_uninstall(self):
+        if self.uninstalled:
+            self.uninstalled.rollback()
+        else:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't rollback %s, nothing uninstalled.", self.name,
+            )
+
+    def commit_uninstall(self):
+        if self.uninstalled:
+            self.uninstalled.commit()
+        elif not self.nothing_to_uninstall:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't commit %s, nothing uninstalled.", self.name,
+            )
+
+    def archive(self, build_dir):
+        assert self.source_dir
+        create_archive = True
+        archive_name = '%s-%s.zip' % (self.name, self.pkg_info()["version"])
+        archive_path = os.path.join(build_dir, archive_name)
+        if os.path.exists(archive_path):
+            response = ask_path_exists(
+                'The file %s exists. (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ' %
+                display_path(archive_path), ('i', 'w', 'b'))
+            if response == 'i':
+                create_archive = False
+            elif response == 'w':
+                logger.warning('Deleting %s', display_path(archive_path))
+                os.remove(archive_path)
+            elif response == 'b':
+                dest_file = backup_dir(archive_path)
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Backing up %s to %s',
+                    display_path(archive_path),
+                    display_path(dest_file),
+                )
+                shutil.move(archive_path, dest_file)
+        if create_archive:
+            zip = zipfile.ZipFile(
+                archive_path, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED,
+                allowZip64=True
+            )
+            dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(self.source_dir))
+            for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dir):
+                if 'pip-egg-info' in dirnames:
+                    dirnames.remove('pip-egg-info')
+                for dirname in dirnames:
+                    dirname = os.path.join(dirpath, dirname)
+                    name = self._clean_zip_name(dirname, dir)
+                    zipdir = zipfile.ZipInfo(self.name + '/' + name + '/')
+                    zipdir.external_attr = 0x1ED << 16  # 0o755
+                    zip.writestr(zipdir, '')
+                for filename in filenames:
+                    if filename == PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME:
+                        continue
+                    filename = os.path.join(dirpath, filename)
+                    name = self._clean_zip_name(filename, dir)
+                    zip.write(filename, self.name + '/' + name)
+            zip.close()
+            logger.info('Saved %s', display_path(archive_path))
+
+    def _clean_zip_name(self, name, prefix):
+        assert name.startswith(prefix + os.path.sep), (
+            "name %r doesn't start with prefix %r" % (name, prefix)
+        )
+        name = name[len(prefix) + 1:]
+        name = name.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        return name
+
+    def match_markers(self):
+        if self.markers is not None:
+            return markers_interpret(self.markers)
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def install(self, install_options, global_options=[], root=None,
+                prefix=None):
+        if self.editable:
+            self.install_editable(
+                install_options, global_options, prefix=prefix)
+            return
+        if self.is_wheel:
+            version = pip.wheel.wheel_version(self.source_dir)
+            pip.wheel.check_compatibility(version, self.name)
+
+            self.move_wheel_files(self.source_dir, root=root, prefix=prefix)
+            self.install_succeeded = True
+            return
+
+        # Extend the list of global and install options passed on to
+        # the setup.py call with the ones from the requirements file.
+        # Options specified in requirements file override those
+        # specified on the command line, since the last option given
+        # to setup.py is the one that is used.
+        global_options += self.options.get('global_options', [])
+        install_options += self.options.get('install_options', [])
+
+        if self.isolated:
+            global_options = list(global_options) + ["--no-user-cfg"]
+
+        temp_location = tempfile.mkdtemp('-record', 'pip-')
+        record_filename = os.path.join(temp_location, 'install-record.txt')
+        try:
+            install_args = [sys.executable, "-u"]
+            install_args.append('-c')
+            install_args.append(SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % self.setup_py)
+            install_args += list(global_options) + \
+                ['install', '--record', record_filename]
+
+            if not self.as_egg:
+                install_args += ['--single-version-externally-managed']
+
+            if root is not None:
+                install_args += ['--root', root]
+            if prefix is not None:
+                install_args += ['--prefix', prefix]
+
+            if self.pycompile:
+                install_args += ["--compile"]
+            else:
+                install_args += ["--no-compile"]
+
+            if running_under_virtualenv():
+                py_ver_str = 'python' + sysconfig.get_python_version()
+                install_args += ['--install-headers',
+                                 os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'include', 'site',
+                                              py_ver_str, self.name)]
+            msg = 'Running setup.py install for %s' % (self.name,)
+            with open_spinner(msg) as spinner:
+                with indent_log():
+                    call_subprocess(
+                        install_args + install_options,
+                        cwd=self.source_dir,
+                        show_stdout=False,
+                        spinner=spinner,
+                    )
+
+            if not os.path.exists(record_filename):
+                logger.debug('Record file %s not found', record_filename)
+                return
+            self.install_succeeded = True
+            if self.as_egg:
+                # there's no --always-unzip option we can pass to install
+                # command so we unable to save the installed-files.txt
+                return
+
+            def prepend_root(path):
+                if root is None or not os.path.isabs(path):
+                    return path
+                else:
+                    return change_root(root, path)
+
+            with open(record_filename) as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    directory = os.path.dirname(line)
+                    if directory.endswith('.egg-info'):
+                        egg_info_dir = prepend_root(directory)
+                        break
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Could not find .egg-info directory in install record'
+                        ' for %s',
+                        self,
+                    )
+                    # FIXME: put the record somewhere
+                    # FIXME: should this be an error?
+                    return
+            new_lines = []
+            with open(record_filename) as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    filename = line.strip()
+                    if os.path.isdir(filename):
+                        filename += os.path.sep
+                    new_lines.append(
+                        os.path.relpath(
+                            prepend_root(filename), egg_info_dir)
+                    )
+            inst_files_path = os.path.join(egg_info_dir, 'installed-files.txt')
+            with open(inst_files_path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write('\n'.join(new_lines) + '\n')
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(record_filename):
+                os.remove(record_filename)
+            rmtree(temp_location)
+
+    def ensure_has_source_dir(self, parent_dir):
+        """Ensure that a source_dir is set.
+
+        This will create a temporary build dir if the name of the requirement
+        isn't known yet.
+
+        :param parent_dir: The ideal pip parent_dir for the source_dir.
+            Generally src_dir for editables and build_dir for sdists.
+        :return: self.source_dir
+        """
+        if self.source_dir is None:
+            self.source_dir = self.build_location(parent_dir)
+        return self.source_dir
+
+    def remove_temporary_source(self):
+        """Remove the source files from this requirement, if they are marked
+        for deletion"""
+        if self.source_dir and os.path.exists(
+                os.path.join(self.source_dir, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME)):
+            logger.debug('Removing source in %s', self.source_dir)
+            rmtree(self.source_dir)
+        self.source_dir = None
+        if self._temp_build_dir and os.path.exists(self._temp_build_dir):
+            rmtree(self._temp_build_dir)
+        self._temp_build_dir = None
+
+    def install_editable(self, install_options,
+                         global_options=(), prefix=None):
+        logger.info('Running setup.py develop for %s', self.name)
+
+        if self.isolated:
+            global_options = list(global_options) + ["--no-user-cfg"]
+
+        if prefix:
+            prefix_param = ['--prefix={0}'.format(prefix)]
+            install_options = list(install_options) + prefix_param
+
+        with indent_log():
+            # FIXME: should we do --install-headers here too?
+            cwd = self.source_dir
+            if self.editable_options and \
+                    'subdirectory' in self.editable_options:
+                cwd = os.path.join(cwd, self.editable_options['subdirectory'])
+            call_subprocess(
+                [
+                    sys.executable,
+                    '-c',
+                    SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % self.setup_py
+                ] +
+                list(global_options) +
+                ['develop', '--no-deps'] +
+                list(install_options),
+
+                cwd=cwd,
+                show_stdout=False)
+
+        self.install_succeeded = True
+
+    def check_if_exists(self):
+        """Find an installed distribution that satisfies or conflicts
+        with this requirement, and set self.satisfied_by or
+        self.conflicts_with appropriately.
+        """
+        if self.req is None:
+            return False
+        try:
+            self.satisfied_by = pkg_resources.get_distribution(self.req)
+        except pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound:
+            return False
+        except pkg_resources.VersionConflict:
+            existing_dist = pkg_resources.get_distribution(
+                self.req.project_name
+            )
+            if self.use_user_site:
+                if dist_in_usersite(existing_dist):
+                    self.conflicts_with = existing_dist
+                elif (running_under_virtualenv() and
+                        dist_in_site_packages(existing_dist)):
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        "Will not install to the user site because it will "
+                        "lack sys.path precedence to %s in %s" %
+                        (existing_dist.project_name, existing_dist.location)
+                    )
+            else:
+                self.conflicts_with = existing_dist
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_wheel(self):
+        return self.link and self.link.is_wheel
+
+    def move_wheel_files(self, wheeldir, root=None, prefix=None):
+        move_wheel_files(
+            self.name, self.req, wheeldir,
+            user=self.use_user_site,
+            home=self.target_dir,
+            root=root,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            pycompile=self.pycompile,
+            isolated=self.isolated,
+        )
+
+    def get_dist(self):
+        """Return a pkg_resources.Distribution built from self.egg_info_path"""
+        egg_info = self.egg_info_path('').rstrip('/')
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = pkg_resources.PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        return pkg_resources.Distribution(
+            os.path.dirname(egg_info),
+            project_name=dist_name,
+            metadata=metadata)
+
+    @property
+    def has_hash_options(self):
+        """Return whether any known-good hashes are specified as options.
+
+        These activate --require-hashes mode; hashes specified as part of a
+        URL do not.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.options.get('hashes', {}))
+
+    def hashes(self, trust_internet=True):
+        """Return a hash-comparer that considers my option- and URL-based
+        hashes to be known-good.
+
+        Hashes in URLs--ones embedded in the requirements file, not ones
+        downloaded from an index server--are almost peers with ones from
+        flags. They satisfy --require-hashes (whether it was implicitly or
+        explicitly activated) but do not activate it. md5 and sha224 are not
+        allowed in flags, which should nudge people toward good algos. We
+        always OR all hashes together, even ones from URLs.
+
+        :param trust_internet: Whether to trust URL-based (#md5=...) hashes
+            downloaded from the internet, as by populate_link()
+
+        """
+        good_hashes = self.options.get('hashes', {}).copy()
+        link = self.link if trust_internet else self.original_link
+        if link and link.hash:
+            good_hashes.setdefault(link.hash_name, []).append(link.hash)
+        return Hashes(good_hashes)
+
+
+def _strip_postfix(req):
+    """
+        Strip req postfix ( -dev, 0.2, etc )
+    """
+    # FIXME: use package_to_requirement?
+    match = re.search(r'^(.*?)(?:-dev|-\d.*)$', req)
+    if match:
+        # Strip off -dev, -0.2, etc.
+        req = match.group(1)
+    return req
+
+
+def _build_req_from_url(url):
+
+    parts = [p for p in url.split('#', 1)[0].split('/') if p]
+
+    req = None
+    if parts[-2] in ('tags', 'branches', 'tag', 'branch'):
+        req = parts[-3]
+    elif parts[-1] == 'trunk':
+        req = parts[-2]
+    return req
+
+
+def _build_editable_options(req):
+
+    """
+        This method generates a dictionary of the query string
+        parameters contained in a given editable URL.
+    """
+    regexp = re.compile(r"[\?#&](?P<name>[^&=]+)=(?P<value>[^&=]+)")
+    matched = regexp.findall(req)
+
+    if matched:
+        ret = dict()
+        for option in matched:
+            (name, value) = option
+            if name in ret:
+                raise Exception("%s option already defined" % name)
+            ret[name] = value
+        return ret
+    return None
+
+
+def parse_editable(editable_req, default_vcs=None):
+    """Parses an editable requirement into:
+        - a requirement name
+        - an URL
+        - extras
+        - editable options
+    Accepted requirements:
+        svn+http://blahblah@rev#egg=Foobar[baz]&subdirectory=version_subdir
+        .[some_extra]
+    """
+
+    from pip.index import Link
+
+    url = editable_req
+    extras = None
+
+    # If a file path is specified with extras, strip off the extras.
+    m = re.match(r'^(.+)(\[[^\]]+\])$', url)
+    if m:
+        url_no_extras = m.group(1)
+        extras = m.group(2)
+    else:
+        url_no_extras = url
+
+    if os.path.isdir(url_no_extras):
+        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(url_no_extras, 'setup.py')):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Directory %r is not installable. File 'setup.py' not found." %
+                url_no_extras
+            )
+        # Treating it as code that has already been checked out
+        url_no_extras = path_to_url(url_no_extras)
+
+    if url_no_extras.lower().startswith('file:'):
+        package_name = Link(url_no_extras).egg_fragment
+        if extras:
+            return (
+                package_name,
+                url_no_extras,
+                pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(
+                    '__placeholder__' + extras
+                ).extras,
+                {},
+            )
+        else:
+            return package_name, url_no_extras, None, {}
+
+    for version_control in vcs:
+        if url.lower().startswith('%s:' % version_control):
+            url = '%s+%s' % (version_control, url)
+            break
+
+    if '+' not in url:
+        if default_vcs:
+            url = default_vcs + '+' + url
+        else:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                '%s should either be a path to a local project or a VCS url '
+                'beginning with svn+, git+, hg+, or bzr+' %
+                editable_req
+            )
+
+    vc_type = url.split('+', 1)[0].lower()
+
+    if not vcs.get_backend(vc_type):
+        error_message = 'For --editable=%s only ' % editable_req + \
+            ', '.join([backend.name + '+URL' for backend in vcs.backends]) + \
+            ' is currently supported'
+        raise InstallationError(error_message)
+
+    try:
+        options = _build_editable_options(editable_req)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            '--editable=%s error in editable options:%s' % (editable_req, exc)
+        )
+    if not options or 'egg' not in options:
+        req = _build_req_from_url(editable_req)
+        if not req:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                '--editable=%s is not the right format; it must have '
+                '#egg=Package' % editable_req
+            )
+    else:
+        req = options['egg']
+
+    package = _strip_postfix(req)
+    return package, url, None, options
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b484dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import chain
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor import requests
+
+from pip.compat import expanduser
+from pip.download import (is_file_url, is_dir_url, is_vcs_url, url_to_path,
+                          unpack_url)
+from pip.exceptions import (InstallationError, BestVersionAlreadyInstalled,
+                            DistributionNotFound, PreviousBuildDirError,
+                            HashError, HashErrors, HashUnpinned,
+                            DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported, VcsHashUnsupported)
+from pip.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip.utils import (
+    display_path, dist_in_usersite, ensure_dir, normalize_path)
+from pip.utils.hashes import MissingHashes
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.vcs import vcs
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Requirements(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._keys = []
+        self._dict = {}
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self._keys
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [self._dict[key] for key in self._keys]
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self._keys
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key not in self._keys:
+            self._keys.append(key)
+        self._dict[key] = value
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._dict[key]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        values = ['%s: %s' % (repr(k), repr(self[k])) for k in self.keys()]
+        return 'Requirements({%s})' % ', '.join(values)
+
+
+class DistAbstraction(object):
+    """Abstracts out the wheel vs non-wheel prepare_files logic.
+
+    The requirements for anything installable are as follows:
+     - we must be able to determine the requirement name
+       (or we can't correctly handle the non-upgrade case).
+     - we must be able to generate a list of run-time dependencies
+       without installing any additional packages (or we would
+       have to either burn time by doing temporary isolated installs
+       or alternatively violate pips 'don't start installing unless
+       all requirements are available' rule - neither of which are
+       desirable).
+     - for packages with setup requirements, we must also be able
+       to determine their requirements without installing additional
+       packages (for the same reason as run-time dependencies)
+     - we must be able to create a Distribution object exposing the
+       above metadata.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, req_to_install):
+        self.req_to_install = req_to_install
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        """Return a setuptools Dist object."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.dist)
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        """Ensure that we can get a Dist for this requirement."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.dist)
+
+
+def make_abstract_dist(req_to_install):
+    """Factory to make an abstract dist object.
+
+    Preconditions: Either an editable req with a source_dir, or satisfied_by or
+    a wheel link, or a non-editable req with a source_dir.
+
+    :return: A concrete DistAbstraction.
+    """
+    if req_to_install.editable:
+        return IsSDist(req_to_install)
+    elif req_to_install.link and req_to_install.link.is_wheel:
+        return IsWheel(req_to_install)
+    else:
+        return IsSDist(req_to_install)
+
+
+class IsWheel(DistAbstraction):
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        return list(pkg_resources.find_distributions(
+            self.req_to_install.source_dir))[0]
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        # FIXME:https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1112
+        pass
+
+
+class IsSDist(DistAbstraction):
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        dist = self.req_to_install.get_dist()
+        # FIXME: shouldn't be globally added:
+        if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt'):
+            finder.add_dependency_links(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+        return dist
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        self.req_to_install.run_egg_info()
+        self.req_to_install.assert_source_matches_version()
+
+
+class Installed(DistAbstraction):
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        return self.req_to_install.satisfied_by
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class RequirementSet(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, build_dir, src_dir, download_dir, upgrade=False,
+                 ignore_installed=False, as_egg=False, target_dir=None,
+                 ignore_dependencies=False, force_reinstall=False,
+                 use_user_site=False, session=None, pycompile=True,
+                 isolated=False, wheel_download_dir=None,
+                 wheel_cache=None, require_hashes=False):
+        """Create a RequirementSet.
+
+        :param wheel_download_dir: Where still-packed .whl files should be
+            written to. If None they are written to the download_dir parameter.
+            Separate to download_dir to permit only keeping wheel archives for
+            pip wheel.
+        :param download_dir: Where still packed archives should be written to.
+            If None they are not saved, and are deleted immediately after
+            unpacking.
+        :param wheel_cache: The pip wheel cache, for passing to
+            InstallRequirement.
+        """
+        if session is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "RequirementSet() missing 1 required keyword argument: "
+                "'session'"
+            )
+
+        self.build_dir = build_dir
+        self.src_dir = src_dir
+        # XXX: download_dir and wheel_download_dir overlap semantically and may
+        # be combined if we're willing to have non-wheel archives present in
+        # the wheelhouse output by 'pip wheel'.
+        self.download_dir = download_dir
+        self.upgrade = upgrade
+        self.ignore_installed = ignore_installed
+        self.force_reinstall = force_reinstall
+        self.requirements = Requirements()
+        # Mapping of alias: real_name
+        self.requirement_aliases = {}
+        self.unnamed_requirements = []
+        self.ignore_dependencies = ignore_dependencies
+        self.successfully_downloaded = []
+        self.successfully_installed = []
+        self.reqs_to_cleanup = []
+        self.as_egg = as_egg
+        self.use_user_site = use_user_site
+        self.target_dir = target_dir  # set from --target option
+        self.session = session
+        self.pycompile = pycompile
+        self.isolated = isolated
+        if wheel_download_dir:
+            wheel_download_dir = normalize_path(wheel_download_dir)
+        self.wheel_download_dir = wheel_download_dir
+        self._wheel_cache = wheel_cache
+        self.require_hashes = require_hashes
+        # Maps from install_req -> dependencies_of_install_req
+        self._dependencies = defaultdict(list)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        reqs = [req for req in self.requirements.values()
+                if not req.comes_from]
+        reqs.sort(key=lambda req: req.name.lower())
+        return ' '.join([str(req.req) for req in reqs])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        reqs = [req for req in self.requirements.values()]
+        reqs.sort(key=lambda req: req.name.lower())
+        reqs_str = ', '.join([str(req.req) for req in reqs])
+        return ('<%s object; %d requirement(s): %s>'
+                % (self.__class__.__name__, len(reqs), reqs_str))
+
+    def add_requirement(self, install_req, parent_req_name=None):
+        """Add install_req as a requirement to install.
+
+        :param parent_req_name: The name of the requirement that needed this
+            added. The name is used because when multiple unnamed requirements
+            resolve to the same name, we could otherwise end up with dependency
+            links that point outside the Requirements set. parent_req must
+            already be added. Note that None implies that this is a user
+            supplied requirement, vs an inferred one.
+        :return: Additional requirements to scan. That is either [] if
+            the requirement is not applicable, or [install_req] if the
+            requirement is applicable and has just been added.
+        """
+        name = install_req.name
+        if not install_req.match_markers():
+            logger.warning("Ignoring %s: markers %r don't match your "
+                           "environment", install_req.name,
+                           install_req.markers)
+            return []
+
+        install_req.as_egg = self.as_egg
+        install_req.use_user_site = self.use_user_site
+        install_req.target_dir = self.target_dir
+        install_req.pycompile = self.pycompile
+        if not name:
+            # url or path requirement w/o an egg fragment
+            self.unnamed_requirements.append(install_req)
+            return [install_req]
+        else:
+            try:
+                existing_req = self.get_requirement(name)
+            except KeyError:
+                existing_req = None
+            if (parent_req_name is None and existing_req and not
+                    existing_req.constraint and
+                    existing_req.extras == install_req.extras):
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    'Double requirement given: %s (already in %s, name=%r)'
+                    % (install_req, existing_req, name))
+            if not existing_req:
+                # Add requirement
+                self.requirements[name] = install_req
+                # FIXME: what about other normalizations?  E.g., _ vs. -?
+                if name.lower() != name:
+                    self.requirement_aliases[name.lower()] = name
+                result = [install_req]
+            else:
+                # Assume there's no need to scan, and that we've already
+                # encountered this for scanning.
+                result = []
+                if not install_req.constraint and existing_req.constraint:
+                    if (install_req.link and not (existing_req.link and
+                       install_req.link.path == existing_req.link.path)):
+                        self.reqs_to_cleanup.append(install_req)
+                        raise InstallationError(
+                            "Could not satisfy constraints for '%s': "
+                            "installation from path or url cannot be "
+                            "constrained to a version" % name)
+                    # If we're now installing a constraint, mark the existing
+                    # object for real installation.
+                    existing_req.constraint = False
+                    existing_req.extras = tuple(
+                        sorted(set(existing_req.extras).union(
+                               set(install_req.extras))))
+                    logger.debug("Setting %s extras to: %s",
+                                 existing_req, existing_req.extras)
+                    # And now we need to scan this.
+                    result = [existing_req]
+                # Canonicalise to the already-added object for the backref
+                # check below.
+                install_req = existing_req
+            if parent_req_name:
+                parent_req = self.get_requirement(parent_req_name)
+                self._dependencies[parent_req].append(install_req)
+            return result
+
+    def has_requirement(self, project_name):
+        name = project_name.lower()
+        if (name in self.requirements and
+           not self.requirements[name].constraint or
+           name in self.requirement_aliases and
+           not self.requirements[self.requirement_aliases[name]].constraint):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def has_requirements(self):
+        return list(req for req in self.requirements.values() if not
+                    req.constraint) or self.unnamed_requirements
+
+    @property
+    def is_download(self):
+        if self.download_dir:
+            self.download_dir = expanduser(self.download_dir)
+            if os.path.exists(self.download_dir):
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.critical('Could not find download directory')
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Could not find or access download directory '%s'"
+                    % display_path(self.download_dir))
+        return False
+
+    def get_requirement(self, project_name):
+        for name in project_name, project_name.lower():
+            if name in self.requirements:
+                return self.requirements[name]
+            if name in self.requirement_aliases:
+                return self.requirements[self.requirement_aliases[name]]
+        raise KeyError("No project with the name %r" % project_name)
+
+    def uninstall(self, auto_confirm=False):
+        for req in self.requirements.values():
+            if req.constraint:
+                continue
+            req.uninstall(auto_confirm=auto_confirm)
+            req.commit_uninstall()
+
+    def prepare_files(self, finder):
+        """
+        Prepare process. Create temp directories, download and/or unpack files.
+        """
+        # make the wheelhouse
+        if self.wheel_download_dir:
+            ensure_dir(self.wheel_download_dir)
+
+        # If any top-level requirement has a hash specified, enter
+        # hash-checking mode, which requires hashes from all.
+        root_reqs = self.unnamed_requirements + self.requirements.values()
+        require_hashes = (self.require_hashes or
+                          any(req.has_hash_options for req in root_reqs))
+        if require_hashes and self.as_egg:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                '--egg is not allowed with --require-hashes mode, since it '
+                'delegates dependency resolution to setuptools and could thus '
+                'result in installation of unhashed packages.')
+
+        # Actually prepare the files, and collect any exceptions. Most hash
+        # exceptions cannot be checked ahead of time, because
+        # req.populate_link() needs to be called before we can make decisions
+        # based on link type.
+        discovered_reqs = []
+        hash_errors = HashErrors()
+        for req in chain(root_reqs, discovered_reqs):
+            try:
+                discovered_reqs.extend(self._prepare_file(
+                    finder,
+                    req,
+                    require_hashes=require_hashes,
+                    ignore_dependencies=self.ignore_dependencies))
+            except HashError as exc:
+                exc.req = req
+                hash_errors.append(exc)
+
+        if hash_errors:
+            raise hash_errors
+
+    def _check_skip_installed(self, req_to_install, finder):
+        """Check if req_to_install should be skipped.
+
+        This will check if the req is installed, and whether we should upgrade
+        or reinstall it, taking into account all the relevant user options.
+
+        After calling this req_to_install will only have satisfied_by set to
+        None if the req_to_install is to be upgraded/reinstalled etc. Any
+        other value will be a dist recording the current thing installed that
+        satisfies the requirement.
+
+        Note that for vcs urls and the like we can't assess skipping in this
+        routine - we simply identify that we need to pull the thing down,
+        then later on it is pulled down and introspected to assess upgrade/
+        reinstalls etc.
+
+        :return: A text reason for why it was skipped, or None.
+        """
+        # Check whether to upgrade/reinstall this req or not.
+        req_to_install.check_if_exists()
+        if req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+            skip_reason = 'satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade)'
+            if self.upgrade:
+                best_installed = False
+                # For link based requirements we have to pull the
+                # tree down and inspect to assess the version #, so
+                # its handled way down.
+                if not (self.force_reinstall or req_to_install.link):
+                    try:
+                        finder.find_requirement(req_to_install, self.upgrade)
+                    except BestVersionAlreadyInstalled:
+                        skip_reason = 'up-to-date'
+                        best_installed = True
+                    except DistributionNotFound:
+                        # No distribution found, so we squash the
+                        # error - it will be raised later when we
+                        # re-try later to do the install.
+                        # Why don't we just raise here?
+                        pass
+
+                if not best_installed:
+                    # don't uninstall conflict if user install and
+                    # conflict is not user install
+                    if not (self.use_user_site and not
+                            dist_in_usersite(req_to_install.satisfied_by)):
+                        req_to_install.conflicts_with = \
+                            req_to_install.satisfied_by
+                    req_to_install.satisfied_by = None
+            return skip_reason
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _prepare_file(self,
+                      finder,
+                      req_to_install,
+                      require_hashes=False,
+                      ignore_dependencies=False):
+        """Prepare a single requirements file.
+
+        :return: A list of additional InstallRequirements to also install.
+        """
+        # Tell user what we are doing for this requirement:
+        # obtain (editable), skipping, processing (local url), collecting
+        # (remote url or package name)
+        if req_to_install.constraint or req_to_install.prepared:
+            return []
+
+        req_to_install.prepared = True
+
+        # ###################### #
+        # # print log messages # #
+        # ###################### #
+        if req_to_install.editable:
+            logger.info('Obtaining %s', req_to_install)
+        else:
+            # satisfied_by is only evaluated by calling _check_skip_installed,
+            # so it must be None here.
+            assert req_to_install.satisfied_by is None
+            if not self.ignore_installed:
+                skip_reason = self._check_skip_installed(
+                    req_to_install, finder)
+
+            if req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                assert skip_reason is not None, (
+                    '_check_skip_installed returned None but '
+                    'req_to_install.satisfied_by is set to %r'
+                    % (req_to_install.satisfied_by,))
+                logger.info(
+                    'Requirement already %s: %s', skip_reason,
+                    req_to_install)
+            else:
+                if (req_to_install.link and
+                        req_to_install.link.scheme == 'file'):
+                    path = url_to_path(req_to_install.link.url)
+                    logger.info('Processing %s', display_path(path))
+                else:
+                    logger.info('Collecting %s', req_to_install)
+
+        with indent_log():
+            # ################################ #
+            # # vcs update or unpack archive # #
+            # ################################ #
+            if req_to_install.editable:
+                if require_hashes:
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        'The editable requirement %s cannot be installed when '
+                        'requiring hashes, because there is no single file to '
+                        'hash.' % req_to_install)
+                req_to_install.ensure_has_source_dir(self.src_dir)
+                req_to_install.update_editable(not self.is_download)
+                abstract_dist = make_abstract_dist(req_to_install)
+                abstract_dist.prep_for_dist()
+                if self.is_download:
+                    req_to_install.archive(self.download_dir)
+            elif req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                if require_hashes:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        'Since it is already installed, we are trusting this '
+                        'package without checking its hash. To ensure a '
+                        'completely repeatable environment, install into an '
+                        'empty virtualenv.')
+                abstract_dist = Installed(req_to_install)
+            else:
+                # @@ if filesystem packages are not marked
+                # editable in a req, a non deterministic error
+                # occurs when the script attempts to unpack the
+                # build directory
+                req_to_install.ensure_has_source_dir(self.build_dir)
+                # If a checkout exists, it's unwise to keep going.  version
+                # inconsistencies are logged later, but do not fail the
+                # installation.
+                # FIXME: this won't upgrade when there's an existing
+                # package unpacked in `req_to_install.source_dir`
+                if os.path.exists(
+                        os.path.join(req_to_install.source_dir, 'setup.py')):
+                    raise PreviousBuildDirError(
+                        "pip can't proceed with requirements '%s' due to a"
+                        " pre-existing build directory (%s). This is "
+                        "likely due to a previous installation that failed"
+                        ". pip is being responsible and not assuming it "
+                        "can delete this. Please delete it and try again."
+                        % (req_to_install, req_to_install.source_dir)
+                    )
+                req_to_install.populate_link(
+                    finder, self.upgrade, require_hashes)
+                # We can't hit this spot and have populate_link return None.
+                # req_to_install.satisfied_by is None here (because we're
+                # guarded) and upgrade has no impact except when satisfied_by
+                # is not None.
+                # Then inside find_requirement existing_applicable -> False
+                # If no new versions are found, DistributionNotFound is raised,
+                # otherwise a result is guaranteed.
+                assert req_to_install.link
+                link = req_to_install.link
+
+                # Now that we have the real link, we can tell what kind of
+                # requirements we have and raise some more informative errors
+                # than otherwise. (For example, we can raise VcsHashUnsupported
+                # for a VCS URL rather than HashMissing.)
+                if require_hashes:
+                    # We could check these first 2 conditions inside
+                    # unpack_url and save repetition of conditions, but then
+                    # we would report less-useful error messages for
+                    # unhashable requirements, complaining that there's no
+                    # hash provided.
+                    if is_vcs_url(link):
+                        raise VcsHashUnsupported()
+                    elif is_file_url(link) and is_dir_url(link):
+                        raise DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported()
+                    if (not req_to_install.original_link and
+                            not req_to_install.is_pinned):
+                        # Unpinned packages are asking for trouble when a new
+                        # version is uploaded. This isn't a security check, but
+                        # it saves users a surprising hash mismatch in the
+                        # future.
+                        #
+                        # file:/// URLs aren't pinnable, so don't complain
+                        # about them not being pinned.
+                        raise HashUnpinned()
+                hashes = req_to_install.hashes(
+                    trust_internet=not require_hashes)
+                if require_hashes and not hashes:
+                    # Known-good hashes are missing for this requirement, so
+                    # shim it with a facade object that will provoke hash
+                    # computation and then raise a HashMissing exception
+                    # showing the user what the hash should be.
+                    hashes = MissingHashes()
+
+                try:
+                    download_dir = self.download_dir
+                    # We always delete unpacked sdists after pip ran.
+                    autodelete_unpacked = True
+                    if req_to_install.link.is_wheel \
+                            and self.wheel_download_dir:
+                        # when doing 'pip wheel` we download wheels to a
+                        # dedicated dir.
+                        download_dir = self.wheel_download_dir
+                    if req_to_install.link.is_wheel:
+                        if download_dir:
+                            # When downloading, we only unpack wheels to get
+                            # metadata.
+                            autodelete_unpacked = True
+                        else:
+                            # When installing a wheel, we use the unpacked
+                            # wheel.
+                            autodelete_unpacked = False
+                    unpack_url(
+                        req_to_install.link, req_to_install.source_dir,
+                        download_dir, autodelete_unpacked,
+                        session=self.session, hashes=hashes)
+                except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+                    logger.critical(
+                        'Could not install requirement %s because '
+                        'of error %s',
+                        req_to_install,
+                        exc,
+                    )
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        'Could not install requirement %s because '
+                        'of HTTP error %s for URL %s' %
+                        (req_to_install, exc, req_to_install.link)
+                    )
+                abstract_dist = make_abstract_dist(req_to_install)
+                abstract_dist.prep_for_dist()
+                if self.is_download:
+                    # Make a .zip of the source_dir we already created.
+                    if req_to_install.link.scheme in vcs.all_schemes:
+                        req_to_install.archive(self.download_dir)
+                # req_to_install.req is only avail after unpack for URL
+                # pkgs repeat check_if_exists to uninstall-on-upgrade
+                # (#14)
+                if not self.ignore_installed:
+                    req_to_install.check_if_exists()
+                if req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                    if self.upgrade or self.ignore_installed:
+                        # don't uninstall conflict if user install and
+                        # conflict is not user install
+                        if not (self.use_user_site and not
+                                dist_in_usersite(
+                                    req_to_install.satisfied_by)):
+                            req_to_install.conflicts_with = \
+                                req_to_install.satisfied_by
+                        req_to_install.satisfied_by = None
+                    else:
+                        logger.info(
+                            'Requirement already satisfied (use '
+                            '--upgrade to upgrade): %s',
+                            req_to_install,
+                        )
+
+            # ###################### #
+            # # parse dependencies # #
+            # ###################### #
+            dist = abstract_dist.dist(finder)
+            more_reqs = []
+
+            def add_req(subreq):
+                sub_install_req = InstallRequirement(
+                    str(subreq),
+                    req_to_install,
+                    isolated=self.isolated,
+                    wheel_cache=self._wheel_cache,
+                )
+                more_reqs.extend(self.add_requirement(
+                    sub_install_req, req_to_install.name))
+
+            # We add req_to_install before its dependencies, so that we
+            # can refer to it when adding dependencies.
+            if not self.has_requirement(req_to_install.name):
+                # 'unnamed' requirements will get added here
+                self.add_requirement(req_to_install, None)
+
+            if not ignore_dependencies:
+                if (req_to_install.extras):
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Installing extra requirements: %r",
+                        ','.join(req_to_install.extras),
+                    )
+                missing_requested = sorted(
+                    set(req_to_install.extras) - set(dist.extras)
+                )
+                for missing in missing_requested:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        '%s does not provide the extra \'%s\'',
+                        dist, missing
+                    )
+
+                available_requested = sorted(
+                    set(dist.extras) & set(req_to_install.extras)
+                )
+                for subreq in dist.requires(available_requested):
+                    add_req(subreq)
+
+            # cleanup tmp src
+            self.reqs_to_cleanup.append(req_to_install)
+
+            if not req_to_install.editable and not req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                # XXX: --no-install leads this to report 'Successfully
+                # downloaded' for only non-editable reqs, even though we took
+                # action on them.
+                self.successfully_downloaded.append(req_to_install)
+
+        return more_reqs
+
+    def cleanup_files(self):
+        """Clean up files, remove builds."""
+        logger.debug('Cleaning up...')
+        with indent_log():
+            for req in self.reqs_to_cleanup:
+                req.remove_temporary_source()
+
+    def _to_install(self):
+        """Create the installation order.
+
+        The installation order is topological - requirements are installed
+        before the requiring thing. We break cycles at an arbitrary point,
+        and make no other guarantees.
+        """
+        # The current implementation, which we may change at any point
+        # installs the user specified things in the order given, except when
+        # dependencies must come earlier to achieve topological order.
+        order = []
+        ordered_reqs = set()
+
+        def schedule(req):
+            if req.satisfied_by or req in ordered_reqs:
+                return
+            if req.constraint:
+                return
+            ordered_reqs.add(req)
+            for dep in self._dependencies[req]:
+                schedule(dep)
+            order.append(req)
+        for install_req in self.requirements.values():
+            schedule(install_req)
+        return order
+
+    def install(self, install_options, global_options=(), *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Install everything in this set (after having downloaded and unpacked
+        the packages)
+        """
+        to_install = self._to_install()
+
+        if to_install:
+            logger.info(
+                'Installing collected packages: %s',
+                ', '.join([req.name for req in to_install]),
+            )
+
+        with indent_log():
+            for requirement in to_install:
+                if requirement.conflicts_with:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Found existing installation: %s',
+                        requirement.conflicts_with,
+                    )
+                    with indent_log():
+                        requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)
+                try:
+                    requirement.install(
+                        install_options,
+                        global_options,
+                        *args,
+                        **kwargs
+                    )
+                except:
+                    # if install did not succeed, rollback previous uninstall
+                    if (requirement.conflicts_with and not
+                            requirement.install_succeeded):
+                        requirement.rollback_uninstall()
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    if (requirement.conflicts_with and
+                            requirement.install_succeeded):
+                        requirement.commit_uninstall()
+                requirement.remove_temporary_source()
+
+        self.successfully_installed = to_install
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5248430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+from pip.compat import uses_pycache, WINDOWS, cache_from_source
+from pip.exceptions import UninstallationError
+from pip.utils import rmtree, ask, is_local, renames, normalize_path
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UninstallPathSet(object):
+    """A set of file paths to be removed in the uninstallation of a
+    requirement."""
+    def __init__(self, dist):
+        self.paths = set()
+        self._refuse = set()
+        self.pth = {}
+        self.dist = dist
+        self.save_dir = None
+        self._moved_paths = []
+
+    def _permitted(self, path):
+        """
+        Return True if the given path is one we are permitted to
+        remove/modify, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return is_local(path)
+
+    def add(self, path):
+        head, tail = os.path.split(path)
+
+        # we normalize the head to resolve parent directory symlinks, but not
+        # the tail, since we only want to uninstall symlinks, not their targets
+        path = os.path.join(normalize_path(head), os.path.normcase(tail))
+
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            return
+        if self._permitted(path):
+            self.paths.add(path)
+        else:
+            self._refuse.add(path)
+
+        # __pycache__ files can show up after 'installed-files.txt' is created,
+        # due to imports
+        if os.path.splitext(path)[1] == '.py' and uses_pycache:
+            self.add(cache_from_source(path))
+
+    def add_pth(self, pth_file, entry):
+        pth_file = normalize_path(pth_file)
+        if self._permitted(pth_file):
+            if pth_file not in self.pth:
+                self.pth[pth_file] = UninstallPthEntries(pth_file)
+            self.pth[pth_file].add(entry)
+        else:
+            self._refuse.add(pth_file)
+
+    def compact(self, paths):
+        """Compact a path set to contain the minimal number of paths
+        necessary to contain all paths in the set. If /a/path/ and
+        /a/path/to/a/file.txt are both in the set, leave only the
+        shorter path."""
+        short_paths = set()
+        for path in sorted(paths, key=len):
+            if not any([
+                    (path.startswith(shortpath) and
+                     path[len(shortpath.rstrip(os.path.sep))] == os.path.sep)
+                    for shortpath in short_paths]):
+                short_paths.add(path)
+        return short_paths
+
+    def _stash(self, path):
+        return os.path.join(
+            self.save_dir, os.path.splitdrive(path)[1].lstrip(os.path.sep))
+
+    def remove(self, auto_confirm=False):
+        """Remove paths in ``self.paths`` with confirmation (unless
+        ``auto_confirm`` is True)."""
+        if not self.paths:
+            logger.info(
+                "Can't uninstall '%s'. No files were found to uninstall.",
+                self.dist.project_name,
+            )
+            return
+        logger.info(
+            'Uninstalling %s-%s:',
+            self.dist.project_name, self.dist.version
+        )
+
+        with indent_log():
+            paths = sorted(self.compact(self.paths))
+
+            if auto_confirm:
+                response = 'y'
+            else:
+                for path in paths:
+                    logger.info(path)
+                response = ask('Proceed (y/n)? ', ('y', 'n'))
+            if self._refuse:
+                logger.info('Not removing or modifying (outside of prefix):')
+                for path in self.compact(self._refuse):
+                    logger.info(path)
+            if response == 'y':
+                self.save_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix='-uninstall',
+                                                 prefix='pip-')
+                for path in paths:
+                    new_path = self._stash(path)
+                    logger.debug('Removing file or directory %s', path)
+                    self._moved_paths.append(path)
+                    renames(path, new_path)
+                for pth in self.pth.values():
+                    pth.remove()
+                logger.info(
+                    'Successfully uninstalled %s-%s',
+                    self.dist.project_name, self.dist.version
+                )
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Rollback the changes previously made by remove()."""
+        if self.save_dir is None:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't roll back %s; was not uninstalled",
+                self.dist.project_name,
+            )
+            return False
+        logger.info('Rolling back uninstall of %s', self.dist.project_name)
+        for path in self._moved_paths:
+            tmp_path = self._stash(path)
+            logger.debug('Replacing %s', path)
+            renames(tmp_path, path)
+        for pth in self.pth.values():
+            pth.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Remove temporary save dir: rollback will no longer be possible."""
+        if self.save_dir is not None:
+            rmtree(self.save_dir)
+            self.save_dir = None
+            self._moved_paths = []
+
+
+class UninstallPthEntries(object):
+    def __init__(self, pth_file):
+        if not os.path.isfile(pth_file):
+            raise UninstallationError(
+                "Cannot remove entries from nonexistent file %s" % pth_file
+            )
+        self.file = pth_file
+        self.entries = set()
+        self._saved_lines = None
+
+    def add(self, entry):
+        entry = os.path.normcase(entry)
+        # On Windows, os.path.normcase converts the entry to use
+        # backslashes.  This is correct for entries that describe absolute
+        # paths outside of site-packages, but all the others use forward
+        # slashes.
+        if WINDOWS and not os.path.splitdrive(entry)[0]:
+            entry = entry.replace('\\', '/')
+        self.entries.add(entry)
+
+    def remove(self):
+        logger.debug('Removing pth entries from %s:', self.file)
+        with open(self.file, 'rb') as fh:
+            # windows uses '\r\n' with py3k, but uses '\n' with py2.x
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+            self._saved_lines = lines
+        if any(b'\r\n' in line for line in lines):
+            endline = '\r\n'
+        else:
+            endline = '\n'
+        for entry in self.entries:
+            try:
+                logger.debug('Removing entry: %s', entry)
+                lines.remove((entry + endline).encode("utf-8"))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        with open(self.file, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.writelines(lines)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if self._saved_lines is None:
+            logger.error(
+                'Cannot roll back changes to %s, none were made', self.file
+            )
+            return False
+        logger.debug('Rolling %s back to previous state', self.file)
+        with open(self.file, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.writelines(self._saved_lines)
+        return True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/status_codes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..275360a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+SUCCESS = 0
+ERROR = 1
+UNKNOWN_ERROR = 2
+VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND = 3
+PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR = 4
+NO_MATCHES_FOUND = 23
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4768ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+import errno
+import locale
+# we have a submodule named 'logging' which would shadow this if we used the
+# regular name:
+import logging as std_logging
+import re
+import os
+import posixpath
+import shutil
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import zipfile
+
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip.compat import console_to_str, expanduser, stdlib_pkgs
+from pip.locations import (
+    site_packages, user_site, running_under_virtualenv, virtualenv_no_global,
+    write_delete_marker_file,
+)
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import input
+from pip._vendor.six import PY2
+from pip._vendor.retrying import retry
+
+if PY2:
+    from io import BytesIO as StringIO
+else:
+    from io import StringIO
+
+__all__ = ['rmtree', 'display_path', 'backup_dir',
+           'ask', 'splitext',
+           'format_size', 'is_installable_dir',
+           'is_svn_page', 'file_contents',
+           'split_leading_dir', 'has_leading_dir',
+           'normalize_path', 'canonicalize_name',
+           'renames', 'get_terminal_size', 'get_prog',
+           'unzip_file', 'untar_file', 'unpack_file', 'call_subprocess',
+           'captured_stdout', 'remove_tracebacks', 'ensure_dir',
+           'ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS', 'SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS',
+           'get_installed_version']
+
+
+logger = std_logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+BZ2_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.bz2', '.tbz')
+XZ_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.xz', '.txz', '.tlz', '.tar.lz', '.tar.lzma')
+ZIP_EXTENSIONS = ('.zip', '.whl')
+TAR_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.gz', '.tgz', '.tar')
+ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS = (
+    ZIP_EXTENSIONS + BZ2_EXTENSIONS + TAR_EXTENSIONS + XZ_EXTENSIONS)
+SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS = ZIP_EXTENSIONS + TAR_EXTENSIONS
+try:
+    import bz2  # noqa
+    SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS += BZ2_EXTENSIONS
+except ImportError:
+    logger.debug('bz2 module is not available')
+
+try:
+    # Only for Python 3.3+
+    import lzma  # noqa
+    SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS += XZ_EXTENSIONS
+except ImportError:
+    logger.debug('lzma module is not available')
+
+
+def import_or_raise(pkg_or_module_string, ExceptionType, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        return __import__(pkg_or_module_string)
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ExceptionType(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def ensure_dir(path):
+    """os.path.makedirs without EEXIST."""
+    try:
+        os.makedirs(path)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+            raise
+
+
+def get_prog():
+    try:
+        if os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) in ('__main__.py', '-c'):
+            return "%s -m pip" % sys.executable
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError, IndexError):
+        pass
+    return 'pip'
+
+
+# Retry every half second for up to 3 seconds
+@retry(stop_max_delay=3000, wait_fixed=500)
+def rmtree(dir, ignore_errors=False):
+    shutil.rmtree(dir, ignore_errors=ignore_errors,
+                  onerror=rmtree_errorhandler)
+
+
+def rmtree_errorhandler(func, path, exc_info):
+    """On Windows, the files in .svn are read-only, so when rmtree() tries to
+    remove them, an exception is thrown.  We catch that here, remove the
+    read-only attribute, and hopefully continue without problems."""
+    # if file type currently read only
+    if os.stat(path).st_mode & stat.S_IREAD:
+        # convert to read/write
+        os.chmod(path, stat.S_IWRITE)
+        # use the original function to repeat the operation
+        func(path)
+        return
+    else:
+        raise
+
+
+def display_path(path):
+    """Gives the display value for a given path, making it relative to cwd
+    if possible."""
+    path = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(path))
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        path = path.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding(), 'replace')
+        path = path.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(), 'replace')
+    if path.startswith(os.getcwd() + os.path.sep):
+        path = '.' + path[len(os.getcwd()):]
+    return path
+
+
+def backup_dir(dir, ext='.bak'):
+    """Figure out the name of a directory to back up the given dir to
+    (adding .bak, .bak2, etc)"""
+    n = 1
+    extension = ext
+    while os.path.exists(dir + extension):
+        n += 1
+        extension = ext + str(n)
+    return dir + extension
+
+
+def ask_path_exists(message, options):
+    for action in os.environ.get('PIP_EXISTS_ACTION', '').split():
+        if action in options:
+            return action
+    return ask(message, options)
+
+
+def ask(message, options):
+    """Ask the message interactively, with the given possible responses"""
+    while 1:
+        if os.environ.get('PIP_NO_INPUT'):
+            raise Exception(
+                'No input was expected ($PIP_NO_INPUT set); question: %s' %
+                message
+            )
+        response = input(message)
+        response = response.strip().lower()
+        if response not in options:
+            print(
+                'Your response (%r) was not one of the expected responses: '
+                '%s' % (response, ', '.join(options))
+            )
+        else:
+            return response
+
+
+def format_size(bytes):
+    if bytes > 1000 * 1000:
+        return '%.1fMB' % (bytes / 1000.0 / 1000)
+    elif bytes > 10 * 1000:
+        return '%ikB' % (bytes / 1000)
+    elif bytes > 1000:
+        return '%.1fkB' % (bytes / 1000.0)
+    else:
+        return '%ibytes' % bytes
+
+
+def is_installable_dir(path):
+    """Return True if `path` is a directory containing a setup.py file."""
+    if not os.path.isdir(path):
+        return False
+    setup_py = os.path.join(path, 'setup.py')
+    if os.path.isfile(setup_py):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def is_svn_page(html):
+    """
+    Returns true if the page appears to be the index page of an svn repository
+    """
+    return (re.search(r'<title>[^<]*Revision \d+:', html) and
+            re.search(r'Powered by (?:<a[^>]*?>)?Subversion', html, re.I))
+
+
+def file_contents(filename):
+    with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
+        return fp.read().decode('utf-8')
+
+
+def read_chunks(file, size=4096):
+    """Yield pieces of data from a file-like object until EOF."""
+    while True:
+        chunk = file.read(size)
+        if not chunk:
+            break
+        yield chunk
+
+
+def split_leading_dir(path):
+    path = path.lstrip('/').lstrip('\\')
+    if '/' in path and (('\\' in path and path.find('/') < path.find('\\')) or
+                        '\\' not in path):
+        return path.split('/', 1)
+    elif '\\' in path:
+        return path.split('\\', 1)
+    else:
+        return path, ''
+
+
+def has_leading_dir(paths):
+    """Returns true if all the paths have the same leading path name
+    (i.e., everything is in one subdirectory in an archive)"""
+    common_prefix = None
+    for path in paths:
+        prefix, rest = split_leading_dir(path)
+        if not prefix:
+            return False
+        elif common_prefix is None:
+            common_prefix = prefix
+        elif prefix != common_prefix:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def normalize_path(path, resolve_symlinks=True):
+    """
+    Convert a path to its canonical, case-normalized, absolute version.
+
+    """
+    path = expanduser(path)
+    if resolve_symlinks:
+        path = os.path.realpath(path)
+    else:
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+    return os.path.normcase(path)
+
+
+def splitext(path):
+    """Like os.path.splitext, but take off .tar too"""
+    base, ext = posixpath.splitext(path)
+    if base.lower().endswith('.tar'):
+        ext = base[-4:] + ext
+        base = base[:-4]
+    return base, ext
+
+
+def renames(old, new):
+    """Like os.renames(), but handles renaming across devices."""
+    # Implementation borrowed from os.renames().
+    head, tail = os.path.split(new)
+    if head and tail and not os.path.exists(head):
+        os.makedirs(head)
+
+    shutil.move(old, new)
+
+    head, tail = os.path.split(old)
+    if head and tail:
+        try:
+            os.removedirs(head)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+
+def is_local(path):
+    """
+    Return True if path is within sys.prefix, if we're running in a virtualenv.
+
+    If we're not in a virtualenv, all paths are considered "local."
+
+    """
+    if not running_under_virtualenv():
+        return True
+    return normalize_path(path).startswith(normalize_path(sys.prefix))
+
+
+def dist_is_local(dist):
+    """
+    Return True if given Distribution object is installed locally
+    (i.e. within current virtualenv).
+
+    Always True if we're not in a virtualenv.
+
+    """
+    return is_local(dist_location(dist))
+
+
+def dist_in_usersite(dist):
+    """
+    Return True if given Distribution is installed in user site.
+    """
+    norm_path = normalize_path(dist_location(dist))
+    return norm_path.startswith(normalize_path(user_site))
+
+
+def dist_in_site_packages(dist):
+    """
+    Return True if given Distribution is installed in
+    distutils.sysconfig.get_python_lib().
+    """
+    return normalize_path(
+        dist_location(dist)
+    ).startswith(normalize_path(site_packages))
+
+
+def dist_is_editable(dist):
+    """Is distribution an editable install?"""
+    for path_item in sys.path:
+        egg_link = os.path.join(path_item, dist.project_name + '.egg-link')
+        if os.path.isfile(egg_link):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_installed_distributions(local_only=True,
+                                skip=stdlib_pkgs,
+                                include_editables=True,
+                                editables_only=False,
+                                user_only=False):
+    """
+    Return a list of installed Distribution objects.
+
+    If ``local_only`` is True (default), only return installations
+    local to the current virtualenv, if in a virtualenv.
+
+    ``skip`` argument is an iterable of lower-case project names to
+    ignore; defaults to stdlib_pkgs
+
+    If ``editables`` is False, don't report editables.
+
+    If ``editables_only`` is True , only report editables.
+
+    If ``user_only`` is True , only report installations in the user
+    site directory.
+
+    """
+    if local_only:
+        local_test = dist_is_local
+    else:
+        def local_test(d):
+            return True
+
+    if include_editables:
+        def editable_test(d):
+            return True
+    else:
+        def editable_test(d):
+            return not dist_is_editable(d)
+
+    if editables_only:
+        def editables_only_test(d):
+            return dist_is_editable(d)
+    else:
+        def editables_only_test(d):
+            return True
+
+    if user_only:
+        user_test = dist_in_usersite
+    else:
+        def user_test(d):
+            return True
+
+    return [d for d in pkg_resources.working_set
+            if local_test(d) and
+            d.key not in skip and
+            editable_test(d) and
+            editables_only_test(d) and
+            user_test(d)
+            ]
+
+
+def egg_link_path(dist):
+    """
+    Return the path for the .egg-link file if it exists, otherwise, None.
+
+    There's 3 scenarios:
+    1) not in a virtualenv
+       try to find in site.USER_SITE, then site_packages
+    2) in a no-global virtualenv
+       try to find in site_packages
+    3) in a yes-global virtualenv
+       try to find in site_packages, then site.USER_SITE
+       (don't look in global location)
+
+    For #1 and #3, there could be odd cases, where there's an egg-link in 2
+    locations.
+
+    This method will just return the first one found.
+    """
+    sites = []
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        if virtualenv_no_global():
+            sites.append(site_packages)
+        else:
+            sites.append(site_packages)
+            if user_site:
+                sites.append(user_site)
+    else:
+        if user_site:
+            sites.append(user_site)
+        sites.append(site_packages)
+
+    for site in sites:
+        egglink = os.path.join(site, dist.project_name) + '.egg-link'
+        if os.path.isfile(egglink):
+            return egglink
+
+
+def dist_location(dist):
+    """
+    Get the site-packages location of this distribution. Generally
+    this is dist.location, except in the case of develop-installed
+    packages, where dist.location is the source code location, and we
+    want to know where the egg-link file is.
+
+    """
+    egg_link = egg_link_path(dist)
+    if egg_link:
+        return egg_link
+    return dist.location
+
+
+def get_terminal_size():
+    """Returns a tuple (x, y) representing the width(x) and the height(x)
+    in characters of the terminal window."""
+    def ioctl_GWINSZ(fd):
+        try:
+            import fcntl
+            import termios
+            import struct
+            cr = struct.unpack(
+                'hh',
+                fcntl.ioctl(fd, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, '1234')
+            )
+        except:
+            return None
+        if cr == (0, 0):
+            return None
+        return cr
+    cr = ioctl_GWINSZ(0) or ioctl_GWINSZ(1) or ioctl_GWINSZ(2)
+    if not cr:
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(os.ctermid(), os.O_RDONLY)
+            cr = ioctl_GWINSZ(fd)
+            os.close(fd)
+        except:
+            pass
+    if not cr:
+        cr = (os.environ.get('LINES', 25), os.environ.get('COLUMNS', 80))
+    return int(cr[1]), int(cr[0])
+
+
+def current_umask():
+    """Get the current umask which involves having to set it temporarily."""
+    mask = os.umask(0)
+    os.umask(mask)
+    return mask
+
+
+def unzip_file(filename, location, flatten=True):
+    """
+    Unzip the file (with path `filename`) to the destination `location`.  All
+    files are written based on system defaults and umask (i.e. permissions are
+    not preserved), except that regular file members with any execute
+    permissions (user, group, or world) have "chmod +x" applied after being
+    written. Note that for windows, any execute changes using os.chmod are
+    no-ops per the python docs.
+    """
+    ensure_dir(location)
+    zipfp = open(filename, 'rb')
+    try:
+        zip = zipfile.ZipFile(zipfp, allowZip64=True)
+        leading = has_leading_dir(zip.namelist()) and flatten
+        for info in zip.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            data = zip.read(name)
+            fn = name
+            if leading:
+                fn = split_leading_dir(name)[1]
+            fn = os.path.join(location, fn)
+            dir = os.path.dirname(fn)
+            if fn.endswith('/') or fn.endswith('\\'):
+                # A directory
+                ensure_dir(fn)
+            else:
+                ensure_dir(dir)
+                fp = open(fn, 'wb')
+                try:
+                    fp.write(data)
+                finally:
+                    fp.close()
+                    mode = info.external_attr >> 16
+                    # if mode and regular file and any execute permissions for
+                    # user/group/world?
+                    if mode and stat.S_ISREG(mode) and mode & 0o111:
+                        # make dest file have execute for user/group/world
+                        # (chmod +x) no-op on windows per python docs
+                        os.chmod(fn, (0o777 - current_umask() | 0o111))
+    finally:
+        zipfp.close()
+
+
+def untar_file(filename, location):
+    """
+    Untar the file (with path `filename`) to the destination `location`.
+    All files are written based on system defaults and umask (i.e. permissions
+    are not preserved), except that regular file members with any execute
+    permissions (user, group, or world) have "chmod +x" applied after being
+    written.  Note that for windows, any execute changes using os.chmod are
+    no-ops per the python docs.
+    """
+    ensure_dir(location)
+    if filename.lower().endswith('.gz') or filename.lower().endswith('.tgz'):
+        mode = 'r:gz'
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(BZ2_EXTENSIONS):
+        mode = 'r:bz2'
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(XZ_EXTENSIONS):
+        mode = 'r:xz'
+    elif filename.lower().endswith('.tar'):
+        mode = 'r'
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            'Cannot determine compression type for file %s', filename,
+        )
+        mode = 'r:*'
+    tar = tarfile.open(filename, mode)
+    try:
+        # note: python<=2.5 doesn't seem to know about pax headers, filter them
+        leading = has_leading_dir([
+            member.name for member in tar.getmembers()
+            if member.name != 'pax_global_header'
+        ])
+        for member in tar.getmembers():
+            fn = member.name
+            if fn == 'pax_global_header':
+                continue
+            if leading:
+                fn = split_leading_dir(fn)[1]
+            path = os.path.join(location, fn)
+            if member.isdir():
+                ensure_dir(path)
+            elif member.issym():
+                try:
+                    tar._extract_member(member, path)
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
+                    # (specifically bad symlinks)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s',
+                        filename, member.name, exc,
+                    )
+                    continue
+            else:
+                try:
+                    fp = tar.extractfile(member)
+                except (KeyError, AttributeError) as exc:
+                    # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
+                    # (specifically bad symlinks)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s',
+                        filename, member.name, exc,
+                    )
+                    continue
+                ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+                with open(path, 'wb') as destfp:
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(fp, destfp)
+                fp.close()
+                # Update the timestamp (useful for cython compiled files)
+                tar.utime(member, path)
+                # member have any execute permissions for user/group/world?
+                if member.mode & 0o111:
+                    # make dest file have execute for user/group/world
+                    # no-op on windows per python docs
+                    os.chmod(path, (0o777 - current_umask() | 0o111))
+    finally:
+        tar.close()
+
+
+def unpack_file(filename, location, content_type, link):
+    filename = os.path.realpath(filename)
+    if (content_type == 'application/zip' or
+            filename.lower().endswith(ZIP_EXTENSIONS) or
+            zipfile.is_zipfile(filename)):
+        unzip_file(
+            filename,
+            location,
+            flatten=not filename.endswith('.whl')
+        )
+    elif (content_type == 'application/x-gzip' or
+            tarfile.is_tarfile(filename) or
+            filename.lower().endswith(
+                TAR_EXTENSIONS + BZ2_EXTENSIONS + XZ_EXTENSIONS)):
+        untar_file(filename, location)
+    elif (content_type and content_type.startswith('text/html') and
+            is_svn_page(file_contents(filename))):
+        # We don't really care about this
+        from pip.vcs.subversion import Subversion
+        Subversion('svn+' + link.url).unpack(location)
+    else:
+        # FIXME: handle?
+        # FIXME: magic signatures?
+        logger.critical(
+            'Cannot unpack file %s (downloaded from %s, content-type: %s); '
+            'cannot detect archive format',
+            filename, location, content_type,
+        )
+        raise InstallationError(
+            'Cannot determine archive format of %s' % location
+        )
+
+
+def remove_tracebacks(output):
+    pattern = (r'(?:\W+File "(?:.*)", line (?:.*)\W+(?:.*)\W+\^\W+)?'
+               r'Syntax(?:Error|Warning): (?:.*)')
+    output = re.sub(pattern, '', output)
+    if PY2:
+        return output
+    # compileall.compile_dir() prints different messages to stdout
+    # in Python 3
+    return re.sub(r"\*\*\* Error compiling (?:.*)", '', output)
+
+
+def call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=True, cwd=None,
+                    on_returncode='raise',
+                    command_level=std_logging.DEBUG, command_desc=None,
+                    extra_environ=None, spinner=None):
+    if command_desc is None:
+        cmd_parts = []
+        for part in cmd:
+            if ' ' in part or '\n' in part or '"' in part or "'" in part:
+                part = '"%s"' % part.replace('"', '\\"')
+            cmd_parts.append(part)
+        command_desc = ' '.join(cmd_parts)
+    logger.log(command_level, "Running command %s", command_desc)
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if extra_environ:
+        env.update(extra_environ)
+    try:
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(
+            cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, stdin=None, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            cwd=cwd, env=env)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.critical(
+            "Error %s while executing command %s", exc, command_desc,
+        )
+        raise
+    all_output = []
+    while True:
+        line = console_to_str(proc.stdout.readline())
+        if not line:
+            break
+        line = line.rstrip()
+        all_output.append(line + '\n')
+        if show_stdout:
+            logger.debug(line)
+        if spinner is not None:
+            spinner.spin()
+    proc.wait()
+    if spinner is not None:
+        if proc.returncode:
+            spinner.finish("error")
+        else:
+            spinner.finish("done")
+    if proc.returncode:
+        if on_returncode == 'raise':
+            if all_output:
+                logger.info(
+                    'Complete output from command %s:', command_desc,
+                )
+                logger.info(
+                    ''.join(all_output) +
+                    '\n----------------------------------------'
+                )
+            raise InstallationError(
+                'Command "%s" failed with error code %s in %s'
+                % (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd))
+        elif on_returncode == 'warn':
+            logger.warning(
+                'Command "%s" had error code %s in %s',
+                command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd,
+            )
+        elif on_returncode == 'ignore':
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Invalid value: on_returncode=%s' %
+                             repr(on_returncode))
+    if not show_stdout:
+        return remove_tracebacks(''.join(all_output))
+
+
+def read_text_file(filename):
+    """Return the contents of *filename*.
+
+    Try to decode the file contents with utf-8, the preferred system encoding
+    (e.g., cp1252 on some Windows machines), and latin1, in that order.
+    Decoding a byte string with latin1 will never raise an error. In the worst
+    case, the returned string will contain some garbage characters.
+
+    """
+    with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+
+    encodings = ['utf-8', locale.getpreferredencoding(False), 'latin1']
+    for enc in encodings:
+        try:
+            data = data.decode(enc)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            continue
+        break
+
+    assert type(data) != bytes  # Latin1 should have worked.
+    return data
+
+
+def _make_build_dir(build_dir):
+    os.makedirs(build_dir)
+    write_delete_marker_file(build_dir)
+
+
+class FakeFile(object):
+    """Wrap a list of lines in an object with readline() to make
+    ConfigParser happy."""
+    def __init__(self, lines):
+        self._gen = (l for l in lines)
+
+    def readline(self):
+        try:
+            try:
+                return next(self._gen)
+            except NameError:
+                return self._gen.next()
+        except StopIteration:
+            return ''
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._gen
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(StringIO):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_stream(cls, orig_stream):
+        cls.orig_stream = orig_stream
+        return cls()
+
+    # compileall.compile_dir() needs stdout.encoding to print to stdout
+    @property
+    def encoding(self):
+        return self.orig_stream.encoding
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def captured_output(stream_name):
+    """Return a context manager used by captured_stdout/stdin/stderr
+    that temporarily replaces the sys stream *stream_name* with a StringIO.
+
+    Taken from Lib/support/__init__.py in the CPython repo.
+    """
+    orig_stdout = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    setattr(sys, stream_name, StreamWrapper.from_stream(orig_stdout))
+    try:
+        yield getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    finally:
+        setattr(sys, stream_name, orig_stdout)
+
+
+def captured_stdout():
+    """Capture the output of sys.stdout:
+
+       with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+           print('hello')
+       self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), 'hello\n')
+
+    Taken from Lib/support/__init__.py in the CPython repo.
+    """
+    return captured_output('stdout')
+
+
+class cached_property(object):
+    """A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
+       itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
+       property.
+
+       Source: https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/blob/0.11.5/bottle.py#L175
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.__doc__ = getattr(func, '__doc__')
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            # We're being accessed from the class itself, not from an object
+            return self
+        value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
+        return value
+
+
+def get_installed_version(dist_name):
+    """Get the installed version of dist_name avoiding pkg_resources cache"""
+    # Create a requirement that we'll look for inside of setuptools.
+    req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(dist_name)
+
+    # We want to avoid having this cached, so we need to construct a new
+    # working set each time.
+    working_set = pkg_resources.WorkingSet()
+
+    # Get the installed distribution from our working set
+    dist = working_set.find(req)
+
+    # Check to see if we got an installed distribution or not, if we did
+    # we want to return it's version.
+    return dist.version if dist else None
+
+
+def canonicalize_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a canonical name used for comparison"""
+    return pkg_resources.safe_name(name).lower()
+
+
+def consume(iterator):
+    """Consume an iterable at C speed."""
+    deque(iterator, maxlen=0)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60ae76e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+"""
+This code was taken from https://github.com/ActiveState/appdirs and modified
+to suit our purposes.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS, expanduser
+
+
+def user_cache_dir(appname):
+    r"""
+    Return full path to the user-specific cache dir for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+
+    Typical user cache directories are:
+        Mac OS X:   ~/Library/Caches/<AppName>
+        Unix:       ~/.cache/<AppName> (XDG default)
+        Windows:      C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\<AppName>\Cache
+
+    On Windows the only suggestion in the MSDN docs is that local settings go
+    in the `CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA` directory. This is identical to the
+    non-roaming app data dir (the default returned by `user_data_dir`). Apps
+    typically put cache data somewhere *under* the given dir here. Some
+    examples:
+        ...\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\<ProfileName>\Cache
+        ...\Acme\SuperApp\Cache\1.0
+
+    OPINION: This function appends "Cache" to the `CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA` value.
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        # Get the base path
+        path = os.path.normpath(_get_win_folder("CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"))
+
+        # Add our app name and Cache directory to it
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname, "Cache")
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        # Get the base path
+        path = expanduser("~/Library/Caches")
+
+        # Add our app name to it
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+    else:
+        # Get the base path
+        path = os.getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", expanduser("~/.cache"))
+
+        # Add our app name to it
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+
+    return path
+
+
+def user_data_dir(appname, roaming=False):
+    """
+    Return full path to the user-specific data dir for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+            If None, just the system directory is returned.
+        "roaming" (boolean, default False) can be set True to use the Windows
+            roaming appdata directory. That means that for users on a Windows
+            network setup for roaming profiles, this user data will be
+            sync'd on login. See
+            <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766489(WS.10).aspx>
+            for a discussion of issues.
+
+    Typical user data directories are:
+        Mac OS X:               ~/Library/Application Support/<AppName>
+        Unix:                   ~/.local/share/<AppName>    # or in
+                                $XDG_DATA_HOME, if defined
+        Win XP (not roaming):   C:\Documents and Settings\<username>\ ...
+                                ...Application Data\<AppName>
+        Win XP (roaming):       C:\Documents and Settings\<username>\Local ...
+                                ...Settings\Application Data\<AppName>
+        Win 7  (not roaming):   C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\<AppName>
+        Win 7  (roaming):       C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Roaming\<AppName>
+
+    For Unix, we follow the XDG spec and support $XDG_DATA_HOME.
+    That means, by default "~/.local/share/<AppName>".
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        const = roaming and "CSIDL_APPDATA" or "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"
+        path = os.path.join(os.path.normpath(_get_win_folder(const)), appname)
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        path = os.path.join(
+            expanduser('~/Library/Application Support/'),
+            appname,
+        )
+    else:
+        path = os.path.join(
+            os.getenv('XDG_DATA_HOME', expanduser("~/.local/share")),
+            appname,
+        )
+
+    return path
+
+
+def user_config_dir(appname, roaming=True):
+    """Return full path to the user-specific config dir for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+            If None, just the system directory is returned.
+        "roaming" (boolean, default True) can be set False to not use the
+            Windows roaming appdata directory. That means that for users on a
+            Windows network setup for roaming profiles, this user data will be
+            sync'd on login. See
+            <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766489(WS.10).aspx>
+            for a discussion of issues.
+
+    Typical user data directories are:
+        Mac OS X:               same as user_data_dir
+        Unix:                   ~/.config/<AppName>
+        Win *:                  same as user_data_dir
+
+    For Unix, we follow the XDG spec and support $XDG_CONFIG_HOME.
+    That means, by deafult "~/.config/<AppName>".
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        path = user_data_dir(appname, roaming=roaming)
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        path = user_data_dir(appname)
+    else:
+        path = os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_HOME', expanduser("~/.config"))
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+
+    return path
+
+
+# for the discussion regarding site_config_dirs locations
+# see <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1733>
+def site_config_dirs(appname):
+    """Return a list of potential user-shared config dirs for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+
+    Typical user config directories are:
+        Mac OS X:   /Library/Application Support/<AppName>/
+        Unix:       /etc or $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS[i]/<AppName>/ for each value in
+                    $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS
+        Win XP:     C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application ...
+                    ...Data\<AppName>\
+        Vista:      (Fail! "C:\ProgramData" is a hidden *system* directory
+                    on Vista.)
+        Win 7:      Hidden, but writeable on Win 7:
+                    C:\ProgramData\<AppName>\
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        path = os.path.normpath(_get_win_folder("CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA"))
+        pathlist = [os.path.join(path, appname)]
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        pathlist = [os.path.join('/Library/Application Support', appname)]
+    else:
+        # try looking in $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS
+        xdg_config_dirs = os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_DIRS', '/etc/xdg')
+        if xdg_config_dirs:
+            pathlist = [
+                os.path.join(expanduser(x), appname)
+                for x in xdg_config_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+            ]
+        else:
+            pathlist = []
+
+        # always look in /etc directly as well
+        pathlist.append('/etc')
+
+    return pathlist
+
+
+# -- Windows support functions --
+
+def _get_win_folder_from_registry(csidl_name):
+    """
+    This is a fallback technique at best. I'm not sure if using the
+    registry for this guarantees us the correct answer for all CSIDL_*
+    names.
+    """
+    import _winreg
+
+    shell_folder_name = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": "AppData",
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": "Common AppData",
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": "Local AppData",
+    }[csidl_name]
+
+    key = _winreg.OpenKey(
+        _winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
+        r"Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders"
+    )
+    directory, _type = _winreg.QueryValueEx(key, shell_folder_name)
+    return directory
+
+
+def _get_win_folder_with_ctypes(csidl_name):
+    csidl_const = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": 26,
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": 35,
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": 28,
+    }[csidl_name]
+
+    buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+    ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(None, csidl_const, None, 0, buf)
+
+    # Downgrade to short path name if have highbit chars. See
+    # <http://bugs.activestate.com/show_bug.cgi?id=85099>.
+    has_high_char = False
+    for c in buf:
+        if ord(c) > 255:
+            has_high_char = True
+            break
+    if has_high_char:
+        buf2 = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+        if ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW(buf.value, buf2, 1024):
+            buf = buf2
+
+    return buf.value
+
+if WINDOWS:
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+        _get_win_folder = _get_win_folder_with_ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        _get_win_folder = _get_win_folder_from_registry
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/build.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc65cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os.path
+import tempfile
+
+from pip.utils import rmtree
+
+
+class BuildDirectory(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, delete=None):
+        # If we were not given an explicit directory, and we were not given an
+        # explicit delete option, then we'll default to deleting.
+        if name is None and delete is None:
+            delete = True
+
+        if name is None:
+            # We realpath here because some systems have their default tmpdir
+            # symlinked to another directory.  This tends to confuse build
+            # scripts, so we canonicalize the path by traversing potential
+            # symlinks here.
+            name = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="pip-build-"))
+            # If we were not given an explicit directory, and we were not given
+            # an explicit delete option, then we'll default to deleting.
+            if delete is None:
+                delete = True
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.delete = delete
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<{} {!r}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
+        self.cleanup()
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        if self.delete:
+            rmtree(self.name)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d336cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+"""
+A module that implments tooling to enable easy warnings about deprecations.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+
+class PipDeprecationWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+
+class RemovedInPip9Warning(PipDeprecationWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class RemovedInPip10Warning(PipDeprecationWarning, PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class Python26DeprecationWarning(
+    PipDeprecationWarning, PendingDeprecationWarning
+):
+    pass
+
+
+DEPRECATIONS = [
+    RemovedInPip9Warning, RemovedInPip10Warning, Python26DeprecationWarning
+]
+
+
+# Warnings <-> Logging Integration
+
+
+_warnings_showwarning = None
+
+
+def _showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None):
+    if file is not None:
+        if _warnings_showwarning is not None:
+            _warnings_showwarning(
+                message, category, filename, lineno, file, line,
+            )
+    else:
+        if issubclass(category, PipDeprecationWarning):
+            # We use a specially named logger which will handle all of the
+            # deprecation messages for pip.
+            logger = logging.getLogger("pip.deprecations")
+
+            # This is purposely using the % formatter here instead of letting
+            # the logging module handle the interpolation. This is because we
+            # want it to appear as if someone typed this entire message out.
+            log_message = "DEPRECATION: %s" % message
+
+            # Things that are DeprecationWarnings will be removed in the very
+            # next version of pip. We want these to be more obvious so we
+            # use the ERROR logging level while the PendingDeprecationWarnings
+            # are still have at least 2 versions to go until they are removed
+            # so they can just be warnings.
+            if issubclass(category, DeprecationWarning):
+                logger.error(log_message)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(log_message)
+        else:
+            _warnings_showwarning(
+                message, category, filename, lineno, file, line,
+            )
+
+
+def install_warning_logger():
+    global _warnings_showwarning
+
+    if _warnings_showwarning is None:
+        _warnings_showwarning = warnings.showwarning
+        warnings.showwarning = _showwarning
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25ad516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import os
+import os.path
+
+from pip.compat import get_path_uid
+
+
+def check_path_owner(path):
+    # If we don't have a way to check the effective uid of this process, then
+    # we'll just assume that we own the directory.
+    if not hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        return True
+
+    previous = None
+    while path != previous:
+        if os.path.lexists(path):
+            # Check if path is writable by current user.
+            if os.geteuid() == 0:
+                # Special handling for root user in order to handle properly
+                # cases where users use sudo without -H flag.
+                try:
+                    path_uid = get_path_uid(path)
+                except OSError:
+                    return False
+                return path_uid == 0
+            else:
+                return os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+        else:
+            previous, path = path, os.path.dirname(path)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9602970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import hashlib
+
+from pip.exceptions import HashMismatch, HashMissing, InstallationError
+from pip.utils import read_chunks
+from pip._vendor.six import iteritems, iterkeys, itervalues
+
+
+# The recommended hash algo of the moment. Change this whenever the state of
+# the art changes; it won't hurt backward compatibility.
+FAVORITE_HASH = 'sha256'
+
+
+# Names of hashlib algorithms allowed by the --hash option and ``pip hash``
+# Currently, those are the ones at least as collision-resistant as sha256.
+STRONG_HASHES = ['sha256', 'sha384', 'sha512']
+
+
+class Hashes(object):
+    """A wrapper that builds multiple hashes at once and checks them against
+    known-good values
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, hashes=None):
+        """
+        :param hashes: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed
+            hex digests
+        """
+        self._allowed = {} if hashes is None else hashes
+
+    def check_against_chunks(self, chunks):
+        """Check good hashes against ones built from iterable of chunks of
+        data.
+
+        Raise HashMismatch if none match.
+
+        """
+        gots = {}
+        for hash_name in iterkeys(self._allowed):
+            try:
+                gots[hash_name] = hashlib.new(hash_name)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                raise InstallationError('Unknown hash name: %s' % hash_name)
+
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            for hash in itervalues(gots):
+                hash.update(chunk)
+
+        for hash_name, got in iteritems(gots):
+            if got.hexdigest() in self._allowed[hash_name]:
+                return
+        self._raise(gots)
+
+    def _raise(self, gots):
+        raise HashMismatch(self._allowed, gots)
+
+    def check_against_file(self, file):
+        """Check good hashes against a file-like object
+
+        Raise HashMismatch if none match.
+
+        """
+        return self.check_against_chunks(read_chunks(file))
+
+    def check_against_path(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as file:
+            return self.check_against_file(file)
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Return whether I know any known-good hashes."""
+        return bool(self._allowed)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self.__nonzero__()
+
+
+class MissingHashes(Hashes):
+    """A workalike for Hashes used when we're missing a hash for a requirement
+
+    It computes the actual hash of the requirement and raises a HashMissing
+    exception showing it to the user.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Don't offer the ``hashes`` kwarg."""
+        # Pass our favorite hash in to generate a "gotten hash". With the
+        # empty list, it will never match, so an error will always raise.
+        super(MissingHashes, self).__init__(hashes={FAVORITE_HASH: []})
+
+    def _raise(self, gots):
+        raise HashMissing(gots[FAVORITE_HASH].hexdigest())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c1053a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import logging.handlers
+import os
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor import colorama
+# Lots of different errors can come from this, including SystemError and
+# ImportError.
+except Exception:
+    colorama = None
+
+
+_log_state = threading.local()
+_log_state.indentation = 0
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def indent_log(num=2):
+    """
+    A context manager which will cause the log output to be indented for any
+    log messages emitted inside it.
+    """
+    _log_state.indentation += num
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _log_state.indentation -= num
+
+
+def get_indentation():
+    return getattr(_log_state, 'indentation', 0)
+
+
+class IndentingFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        """
+        Calls the standard formatter, but will indent all of the log messages
+        by our current indentation level.
+        """
+        formatted = logging.Formatter.format(self, record)
+        formatted = "".join([
+            (" " * get_indentation()) + line
+            for line in formatted.splitlines(True)
+        ])
+        return formatted
+
+
+def _color_wrap(*colors):
+    def wrapped(inp):
+        return "".join(list(colors) + [inp, colorama.Style.RESET_ALL])
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class ColorizedStreamHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
+
+    # Don't build up a list of colors if we don't have colorama
+    if colorama:
+        COLORS = [
+            # This needs to be in order from highest logging level to lowest.
+            (logging.ERROR, _color_wrap(colorama.Fore.RED)),
+            (logging.WARNING, _color_wrap(colorama.Fore.YELLOW)),
+        ]
+    else:
+        COLORS = []
+
+    def __init__(self, stream=None):
+        logging.StreamHandler.__init__(self, stream)
+
+        if WINDOWS and colorama:
+            self.stream = colorama.AnsiToWin32(self.stream)
+
+    def should_color(self):
+        # Don't colorize things if we do not have colorama
+        if not colorama:
+            return False
+
+        real_stream = (
+            self.stream if not isinstance(self.stream, colorama.AnsiToWin32)
+            else self.stream.wrapped
+        )
+
+        # If the stream is a tty we should color it
+        if hasattr(real_stream, "isatty") and real_stream.isatty():
+            return True
+
+        # If we have an ASNI term we should color it
+        if os.environ.get("TERM") == "ANSI":
+            return True
+
+        # If anything else we should not color it
+        return False
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        msg = logging.StreamHandler.format(self, record)
+
+        if self.should_color():
+            for level, color in self.COLORS:
+                if record.levelno >= level:
+                    msg = color(msg)
+                    break
+
+        return msg
+
+
+class BetterRotatingFileHandler(logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler):
+
+    def _open(self):
+        ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(self.baseFilename))
+        return logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler._open(self)
+
+
+class MaxLevelFilter(logging.Filter):
+
+    def __init__(self, level):
+        self.level = level
+
+    def filter(self, record):
+        return record.levelno < self.level
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2164cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import datetime
+import json
+import logging
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor import lockfile
+from pip._vendor.packaging import version as packaging_version
+
+from pip.compat import total_seconds, WINDOWS
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.locations import USER_CACHE_DIR, running_under_virtualenv
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir, get_installed_version
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+
+
+SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VirtualenvSelfCheckState(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.statefile_path = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "pip-selfcheck.json")
+
+        # Load the existing state
+        try:
+            with open(self.statefile_path) as statefile:
+                self.state = json.load(statefile)
+        except (IOError, ValueError):
+            self.state = {}
+
+    def save(self, pypi_version, current_time):
+        # Attempt to write out our version check file
+        with open(self.statefile_path, "w") as statefile:
+            json.dump(
+                {
+                    "last_check": current_time.strftime(SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT),
+                    "pypi_version": pypi_version,
+                },
+                statefile,
+                sort_keys=True,
+                separators=(",", ":")
+            )
+
+
+class GlobalSelfCheckState(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.statefile_path = os.path.join(USER_CACHE_DIR, "selfcheck.json")
+
+        # Load the existing state
+        try:
+            with open(self.statefile_path) as statefile:
+                self.state = json.load(statefile)[sys.prefix]
+        except (IOError, ValueError, KeyError):
+            self.state = {}
+
+    def save(self, pypi_version, current_time):
+        # Check to make sure that we own the directory
+        if not check_path_owner(os.path.dirname(self.statefile_path)):
+            return
+
+        # Now that we've ensured the directory is owned by this user, we'll go
+        # ahead and make sure that all our directories are created.
+        ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(self.statefile_path))
+
+        # Attempt to write out our version check file
+        with lockfile.LockFile(self.statefile_path):
+            if os.path.exists(self.statefile_path):
+                with open(self.statefile_path) as statefile:
+                    state = json.load(statefile)
+            else:
+                state = {}
+
+            state[sys.prefix] = {
+                "last_check": current_time.strftime(SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT),
+                "pypi_version": pypi_version,
+            }
+
+            with open(self.statefile_path, "w") as statefile:
+                json.dump(state, statefile, sort_keys=True,
+                          separators=(",", ":"))
+
+
+def load_selfcheck_statefile():
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        return VirtualenvSelfCheckState()
+    else:
+        return GlobalSelfCheckState()
+
+
+def pip_version_check(session):
+    """Check for an update for pip.
+
+    Limit the frequency of checks to once per week. State is stored either in
+    the active virtualenv or in the user's USER_CACHE_DIR keyed off the prefix
+    of the pip script path.
+    """
+    installed_version = get_installed_version("pip")
+    if installed_version is None:
+        return
+
+    pip_version = packaging_version.parse(installed_version)
+    pypi_version = None
+
+    try:
+        state = load_selfcheck_statefile()
+
+        current_time = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+        # Determine if we need to refresh the state
+        if "last_check" in state.state and "pypi_version" in state.state:
+            last_check = datetime.datetime.strptime(
+                state.state["last_check"],
+                SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT
+            )
+            if total_seconds(current_time - last_check) < 7 * 24 * 60 * 60:
+                pypi_version = state.state["pypi_version"]
+
+        # Refresh the version if we need to or just see if we need to warn
+        if pypi_version is None:
+            resp = session.get(
+                PyPI.pip_json_url,
+                headers={"Accept": "application/json"},
+            )
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            pypi_version = [
+                v for v in sorted(
+                    list(resp.json()["releases"]),
+                    key=packaging_version.parse,
+                )
+                if not packaging_version.parse(v).is_prerelease
+            ][-1]
+
+            # save that we've performed a check
+            state.save(pypi_version, current_time)
+
+        remote_version = packaging_version.parse(pypi_version)
+
+        # Determine if our pypi_version is older
+        if (pip_version < remote_version and
+                pip_version.base_version != remote_version.base_version):
+            # Advise "python -m pip" on Windows to avoid issues
+            # with overwriting pip.exe.
+            if WINDOWS:
+                pip_cmd = "python -m pip"
+            else:
+                pip_cmd = "pip"
+            logger.warning(
+                "You are using pip version %s, however version %s is "
+                "available.\nYou should consider upgrading via the "
+                "'%s install --upgrade pip' command.",
+                pip_version, pypi_version, pip_cmd
+            )
+
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug(
+            "There was an error checking the latest version of pip",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/setuptools_build.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/setuptools_build.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c9095e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/setuptools_build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Shim to wrap setup.py invocation with setuptools
+SETUPTOOLS_SHIM = (
+    "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__=%r;"
+    "exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read()"
+    ".replace('\\r\\n', '\\n'), __file__, 'exec'))"
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..973bc64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+
+import itertools
+import sys
+from signal import signal, SIGINT, default_int_handler
+import time
+import contextlib
+import logging
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip.utils import format_size
+from pip.utils.logging import get_indentation
+from pip._vendor import six
+from pip._vendor.progress.bar import Bar, IncrementalBar
+from pip._vendor.progress.helpers import (WritelnMixin,
+                                          HIDE_CURSOR, SHOW_CURSOR)
+from pip._vendor.progress.spinner import Spinner
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor import colorama
+# Lots of different errors can come from this, including SystemError and
+# ImportError.
+except Exception:
+    colorama = None
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _select_progress_class(preferred, fallback):
+    encoding = getattr(preferred.file, "encoding", None)
+
+    # If we don't know what encoding this file is in, then we'll just assume
+    # that it doesn't support unicode and use the ASCII bar.
+    if not encoding:
+        return fallback
+
+    # Collect all of the possible characters we want to use with the preferred
+    # bar.
+    characters = [
+        getattr(preferred, "empty_fill", six.text_type()),
+        getattr(preferred, "fill", six.text_type()),
+    ]
+    characters += list(getattr(preferred, "phases", []))
+
+    # Try to decode the characters we're using for the bar using the encoding
+    # of the given file, if this works then we'll assume that we can use the
+    # fancier bar and if not we'll fall back to the plaintext bar.
+    try:
+        six.text_type().join(characters).encode(encoding)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return fallback
+    else:
+        return preferred
+
+
+_BaseBar = _select_progress_class(IncrementalBar, Bar)
+
+
+class InterruptibleMixin(object):
+    """
+    Helper to ensure that self.finish() gets called on keyboard interrupt.
+
+    This allows downloads to be interrupted without leaving temporary state
+    (like hidden cursors) behind.
+
+    This class is similar to the progress library's existing SigIntMixin
+    helper, but as of version 1.2, that helper has the following problems:
+
+    1. It calls sys.exit().
+    2. It discards the existing SIGINT handler completely.
+    3. It leaves its own handler in place even after an uninterrupted finish,
+       which will have unexpected delayed effects if the user triggers an
+       unrelated keyboard interrupt some time after a progress-displaying
+       download has already completed, for example.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Save the original SIGINT handler for later.
+        """
+        super(InterruptibleMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.original_handler = signal(SIGINT, self.handle_sigint)
+
+        # If signal() returns None, the previous handler was not installed from
+        # Python, and we cannot restore it. This probably should not happen,
+        # but if it does, we must restore something sensible instead, at least.
+        # The least bad option should be Python's default SIGINT handler, which
+        # just raises KeyboardInterrupt.
+        if self.original_handler is None:
+            self.original_handler = default_int_handler
+
+    def finish(self):
+        """
+        Restore the original SIGINT handler after finishing.
+
+        This should happen regardless of whether the progress display finishes
+        normally, or gets interrupted.
+        """
+        super(InterruptibleMixin, self).finish()
+        signal(SIGINT, self.original_handler)
+
+    def handle_sigint(self, signum, frame):
+        """
+        Call self.finish() before delegating to the original SIGINT handler.
+
+        This handler should only be in place while the progress display is
+        active.
+        """
+        self.finish()
+        self.original_handler(signum, frame)
+
+
+class DownloadProgressMixin(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(DownloadProgressMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.message = (" " * (get_indentation() + 2)) + self.message
+
+    @property
+    def downloaded(self):
+        return format_size(self.index)
+
+    @property
+    def download_speed(self):
+        # Avoid zero division errors...
+        if self.avg == 0.0:
+            return "..."
+        return format_size(1 / self.avg) + "/s"
+
+    @property
+    def pretty_eta(self):
+        if self.eta:
+            return "eta %s" % self.eta_td
+        return ""
+
+    def iter(self, it, n=1):
+        for x in it:
+            yield x
+            self.next(n)
+        self.finish()
+
+
+class WindowsMixin(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # The Windows terminal does not support the hide/show cursor ANSI codes
+        # even with colorama. So we'll ensure that hide_cursor is False on
+        # Windows.
+        # This call neds to go before the super() call, so that hide_cursor
+        # is set in time. The base progress bar class writes the "hide cursor"
+        # code to the terminal in its init, so if we don't set this soon
+        # enough, we get a "hide" with no corresponding "show"...
+        if WINDOWS and self.hide_cursor:
+            self.hide_cursor = False
+
+        super(WindowsMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Check if we are running on Windows and we have the colorama module,
+        # if we do then wrap our file with it.
+        if WINDOWS and colorama:
+            self.file = colorama.AnsiToWin32(self.file)
+            # The progress code expects to be able to call self.file.isatty()
+            # but the colorama.AnsiToWin32() object doesn't have that, so we'll
+            # add it.
+            self.file.isatty = lambda: self.file.wrapped.isatty()
+            # The progress code expects to be able to call self.file.flush()
+            # but the colorama.AnsiToWin32() object doesn't have that, so we'll
+            # add it.
+            self.file.flush = lambda: self.file.wrapped.flush()
+
+
+class DownloadProgressBar(WindowsMixin, InterruptibleMixin,
+                          DownloadProgressMixin, _BaseBar):
+
+    file = sys.stdout
+    message = "%(percent)d%%"
+    suffix = "%(downloaded)s %(download_speed)s %(pretty_eta)s"
+
+
+class DownloadProgressSpinner(WindowsMixin, InterruptibleMixin,
+                              DownloadProgressMixin, WritelnMixin, Spinner):
+
+    file = sys.stdout
+    suffix = "%(downloaded)s %(download_speed)s"
+
+    def next_phase(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_phaser"):
+            self._phaser = itertools.cycle(self.phases)
+        return next(self._phaser)
+
+    def update(self):
+        message = self.message % self
+        phase = self.next_phase()
+        suffix = self.suffix % self
+        line = ''.join([
+            message,
+            " " if message else "",
+            phase,
+            " " if suffix else "",
+            suffix,
+        ])
+
+        self.writeln(line)
+
+
+################################################################
+# Generic "something is happening" spinners
+#
+# We don't even try using progress.spinner.Spinner here because it's actually
+# simpler to reimplement from scratch than to coerce their code into doing
+# what we need.
+################################################################
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def hidden_cursor(file):
+    # The Windows terminal does not support the hide/show cursor ANSI codes,
+    # even via colorama. So don't even try.
+    if WINDOWS:
+        yield
+    else:
+        file.write(HIDE_CURSOR)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            file.write(SHOW_CURSOR)
+
+
+class RateLimiter(object):
+    def __init__(self, min_update_interval_seconds):
+        self._min_update_interval_seconds = min_update_interval_seconds
+        self._last_update = 0
+
+    def ready(self):
+        now = time.time()
+        delta = now - self._last_update
+        return delta >= self._min_update_interval_seconds
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._last_update = time.time()
+
+
+class InteractiveSpinner(object):
+    def __init__(self, message, file=None, spin_chars="-\\|/",
+                 # Empirically, 8 updates/second looks nice
+                 min_update_interval_seconds=0.125):
+        self._message = message
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+        self._file = file
+        self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(min_update_interval_seconds)
+        self._finished = False
+
+        self._spin_cycle = itertools.cycle(spin_chars)
+
+        self._file.write(" " * get_indentation() + self._message + " ... ")
+        self._width = 0
+
+    def _write(self, status):
+        assert not self._finished
+        # Erase what we wrote before by backspacing to the beginning, writing
+        # spaces to overwrite the old text, and then backspacing again
+        backup = "\b" * self._width
+        self._file.write(backup + " " * self._width + backup)
+        # Now we have a blank slate to add our status
+        self._file.write(status)
+        self._width = len(status)
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._rate_limiter.reset()
+
+    def spin(self):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        if not self._rate_limiter.ready():
+            return
+        self._write(next(self._spin_cycle))
+
+    def finish(self, final_status):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        self._write(final_status)
+        self._file.write("\n")
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._finished = True
+
+
+# Used for dumb terminals, non-interactive installs (no tty), etc.
+# We still print updates occasionally (once every 60 seconds by default) to
+# act as a keep-alive for systems like Travis-CI that take lack-of-output as
+# an indication that a task has frozen.
+class NonInteractiveSpinner(object):
+    def __init__(self, message, min_update_interval_seconds=60):
+        self._message = message
+        self._finished = False
+        self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(min_update_interval_seconds)
+        self._update("started")
+
+    def _update(self, status):
+        assert not self._finished
+        self._rate_limiter.reset()
+        logger.info("%s: %s", self._message, status)
+
+    def spin(self):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        if not self._rate_limiter.ready():
+            return
+        self._update("still running...")
+
+    def finish(self, final_status):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        self._update("finished with status '%s'" % (final_status,))
+        self._finished = True
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def open_spinner(message):
+    # Interactive spinner goes directly to sys.stdout rather than being routed
+    # through the logging system, but it acts like it has level INFO,
+    # i.e. it's only displayed if we're at level INFO or better.
+    # Non-interactive spinner goes through the logging system, so it is always
+    # in sync with logging configuration.
+    if sys.stdout.isatty() and logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.INFO:
+        spinner = InteractiveSpinner(message)
+    else:
+        spinner = NonInteractiveSpinner(message)
+    try:
+        with hidden_cursor(sys.stdout):
+            yield spinner
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        spinner.finish("canceled")
+        raise
+    except Exception:
+        spinner.finish("error")
+        raise
+    else:
+        spinner.finish("done")
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dc1c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+"""Handles all VCS (version control) support"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+from pip.exceptions import BadCommand
+from pip.utils import (display_path, backup_dir, call_subprocess,
+                       rmtree, ask_path_exists)
+
+
+__all__ = ['vcs', 'get_src_requirement']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VcsSupport(object):
+    _registry = {}
+    schemes = ['ssh', 'git', 'hg', 'bzr', 'sftp', 'svn']
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Register more schemes with urlparse for various version control
+        # systems
+        urllib_parse.uses_netloc.extend(self.schemes)
+        # Python >= 2.7.4, 3.3 doesn't have uses_fragment
+        if getattr(urllib_parse, 'uses_fragment', None):
+            urllib_parse.uses_fragment.extend(self.schemes)
+        super(VcsSupport, self).__init__()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._registry.__iter__()
+
+    @property
+    def backends(self):
+        return list(self._registry.values())
+
+    @property
+    def dirnames(self):
+        return [backend.dirname for backend in self.backends]
+
+    @property
+    def all_schemes(self):
+        schemes = []
+        for backend in self.backends:
+            schemes.extend(backend.schemes)
+        return schemes
+
+    def register(self, cls):
+        if not hasattr(cls, 'name'):
+            logger.warning('Cannot register VCS %s', cls.__name__)
+            return
+        if cls.name not in self._registry:
+            self._registry[cls.name] = cls
+            logger.debug('Registered VCS backend: %s', cls.name)
+
+    def unregister(self, cls=None, name=None):
+        if name in self._registry:
+            del self._registry[name]
+        elif cls in self._registry.values():
+            del self._registry[cls.name]
+        else:
+            logger.warning('Cannot unregister because no class or name given')
+
+    def get_backend_name(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the name of the version control backend if found at given
+        location, e.g. vcs.get_backend_name('/path/to/vcs/checkout')
+        """
+        for vc_type in self._registry.values():
+            if vc_type.controls_location(location):
+                logger.debug('Determine that %s uses VCS: %s',
+                             location, vc_type.name)
+                return vc_type.name
+        return None
+
+    def get_backend(self, name):
+        name = name.lower()
+        if name in self._registry:
+            return self._registry[name]
+
+    def get_backend_from_location(self, location):
+        vc_type = self.get_backend_name(location)
+        if vc_type:
+            return self.get_backend(vc_type)
+        return None
+
+
+vcs = VcsSupport()
+
+
+class VersionControl(object):
+    name = ''
+    dirname = ''
+    # List of supported schemes for this Version Control
+    schemes = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.url = url
+        super(VersionControl, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _is_local_repository(self, repo):
+        """
+           posix absolute paths start with os.path.sep,
+           win32 ones ones start with drive (like c:\\folder)
+        """
+        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(repo)
+        return repo.startswith(os.path.sep) or drive
+
+    # See issue #1083 for why this method was introduced:
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1083
+    def translate_egg_surname(self, surname):
+        # For example, Django has branches of the form "stable/1.7.x".
+        return surname.replace('/', '_')
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """
+        Export the repository at the url to the destination location
+        i.e. only download the files, without vcs informations
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        """
+        Returns the correct repository URL and revision by parsing the given
+        repository URL
+        """
+        error_message = (
+            "Sorry, '%s' is a malformed VCS url. "
+            "The format is <vcs>+<protocol>://<url>, "
+            "e.g. svn+http://myrepo/svn/MyApp#egg=MyApp"
+        )
+        assert '+' in self.url, error_message % self.url
+        url = self.url.split('+', 1)[1]
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, frag = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+        rev = None
+        if '@' in path:
+            path, rev = path.rsplit('@', 1)
+        url = urllib_parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ''))
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_info(self, location):
+        """
+        Returns (url, revision), where both are strings
+        """
+        assert not location.rstrip('/').endswith(self.dirname), \
+            'Bad directory: %s' % location
+        return self.get_url(location), self.get_revision(location)
+
+    def normalize_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Normalize a URL for comparison by unquoting it and removing any
+        trailing slash.
+        """
+        return urllib_parse.unquote(url).rstrip('/')
+
+    def compare_urls(self, url1, url2):
+        """
+        Compare two repo URLs for identity, ignoring incidental differences.
+        """
+        return (self.normalize_url(url1) == self.normalize_url(url2))
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        """
+        Called when installing or updating an editable package, takes the
+        source path of the checkout.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        """
+        Switch the repo at ``dest`` to point to ``URL``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """
+        Update an already-existing repo to the given ``rev_options``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """
+        Return True if the version is identical to what exists and
+        doesn't need to be updated.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def check_destination(self, dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+        """
+        Prepare a location to receive a checkout/clone.
+
+        Return True if the location is ready for (and requires) a
+        checkout/clone, False otherwise.
+        """
+        checkout = True
+        prompt = False
+        if os.path.exists(dest):
+            checkout = False
+            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(dest, self.dirname)):
+                existing_url = self.get_url(dest)
+                if self.compare_urls(existing_url, url):
+                    logger.debug(
+                        '%s in %s exists, and has correct URL (%s)',
+                        self.repo_name.title(),
+                        display_path(dest),
+                        url,
+                    )
+                    if not self.check_version(dest, rev_options):
+                        logger.info(
+                            'Updating %s %s%s',
+                            display_path(dest),
+                            self.repo_name,
+                            rev_display,
+                        )
+                        self.update(dest, rev_options)
+                    else:
+                        logger.info(
+                            'Skipping because already up-to-date.')
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        '%s %s in %s exists with URL %s',
+                        self.name,
+                        self.repo_name,
+                        display_path(dest),
+                        existing_url,
+                    )
+                    prompt = ('(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ',
+                              ('s', 'i', 'w', 'b'))
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Directory %s already exists, and is not a %s %s.',
+                    dest,
+                    self.name,
+                    self.repo_name,
+                )
+                prompt = ('(i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ', ('i', 'w', 'b'))
+        if prompt:
+            logger.warning(
+                'The plan is to install the %s repository %s',
+                self.name,
+                url,
+            )
+            response = ask_path_exists('What to do?  %s' % prompt[0],
+                                       prompt[1])
+
+            if response == 's':
+                logger.info(
+                    'Switching %s %s to %s%s',
+                    self.repo_name,
+                    display_path(dest),
+                    url,
+                    rev_display,
+                )
+                self.switch(dest, url, rev_options)
+            elif response == 'i':
+                # do nothing
+                pass
+            elif response == 'w':
+                logger.warning('Deleting %s', display_path(dest))
+                rmtree(dest)
+                checkout = True
+            elif response == 'b':
+                dest_dir = backup_dir(dest)
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Backing up %s to %s', display_path(dest), dest_dir,
+                )
+                shutil.move(dest, dest_dir)
+                checkout = True
+        return checkout
+
+    def unpack(self, location):
+        """
+        Clean up current location and download the url repository
+        (and vcs infos) into location
+        """
+        if os.path.exists(location):
+            rmtree(location)
+        self.obtain(location)
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        """
+        Return a string representing the requirement needed to
+        redownload the files currently present in location, something
+        like:
+          {repository_url}@{revision}#egg={project_name}-{version_identifier}
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the url used at location
+        Used in get_info or check_destination
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the current revision of the files at location
+        Used in get_info
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, show_stdout=True, cwd=None,
+                    on_returncode='raise',
+                    command_level=logging.DEBUG, command_desc=None,
+                    extra_environ=None, spinner=None):
+        """
+        Run a VCS subcommand
+        This is simply a wrapper around call_subprocess that adds the VCS
+        command name, and checks that the VCS is available
+        """
+        cmd = [self.name] + cmd
+        try:
+            return call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout, cwd,
+                                   on_returncode, command_level,
+                                   command_desc, extra_environ,
+                                   spinner)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # errno.ENOENT = no such file or directory
+            # In other words, the VCS executable isn't available
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise BadCommand('Cannot find command %r' % self.name)
+            else:
+                raise  # re-raise exception if a different error occurred
+
+    @classmethod
+    def controls_location(cls, location):
+        """
+        Check if a location is controlled by the vcs.
+        It is meant to be overridden to implement smarter detection
+        mechanisms for specific vcs.
+        """
+        logger.debug('Checking in %s for %s (%s)...',
+                     location, cls.dirname, cls.name)
+        path = os.path.join(location, cls.dirname)
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+
+def get_src_requirement(dist, location):
+    version_control = vcs.get_backend_from_location(location)
+    if version_control:
+        try:
+            return version_control().get_src_requirement(dist,
+                                                         location)
+        except BadCommand:
+            logger.warning(
+                'cannot determine version of editable source in %s '
+                '(%s command not found in path)',
+                location,
+                version_control.name,
+            )
+            return dist.as_requirement()
+    logger.warning(
+        'cannot determine version of editable source in %s (is not SVN '
+        'checkout, Git clone, Mercurial clone or Bazaar branch)',
+        location,
+    )
+    return dist.as_requirement()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f09584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+# TODO: Get this into six.moves.urllib.parse
+try:
+    from urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+except ImportError:
+    import urlparse as urllib_parse
+
+from pip.utils import rmtree, display_path
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+from pip.download import path_to_url
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Bazaar(VersionControl):
+    name = 'bzr'
+    dirname = '.bzr'
+    repo_name = 'branch'
+    schemes = (
+        'bzr', 'bzr+http', 'bzr+https', 'bzr+ssh', 'bzr+sftp', 'bzr+ftp',
+        'bzr+lp',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Bazaar, self).__init__(url, *args, **kwargs)
+        # Python >= 2.7.4, 3.3 doesn't have uses_fragment or non_hierarchical
+        # Register lp but do not expose as a scheme to support bzr+lp.
+        if getattr(urllib_parse, 'uses_fragment', None):
+            urllib_parse.uses_fragment.extend(['lp'])
+            urllib_parse.non_hierarchical.extend(['lp'])
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """
+        Export the Bazaar repository at the url to the destination location
+        """
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-export', 'pip-')
+        self.unpack(temp_dir)
+        if os.path.exists(location):
+            # Remove the location to make sure Bazaar can export it correctly
+            rmtree(location)
+        try:
+            self.run_command(['export', location], cwd=temp_dir,
+                             show_stdout=False)
+        finally:
+            rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['switch', url], cwd=dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['pull', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        if rev:
+            rev_options = ['-r', rev]
+            rev_display = ' (to revision %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_options = []
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Checking out %s%s to %s',
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+                display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['branch', '-q'] + rev_options + [url, dest])
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        # hotfix the URL scheme after removing bzr+ from bzr+ssh:// readd it
+        url, rev = super(Bazaar, self).get_url_rev()
+        if url.startswith('ssh://'):
+            url = 'bzr+' + url
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        urls = self.run_command(['info'], show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        for line in urls.splitlines():
+            line = line.strip()
+            for x in ('checkout of branch: ',
+                      'parent branch: '):
+                if line.startswith(x):
+                    repo = line.split(x)[1]
+                    if self._is_local_repository(repo):
+                        return path_to_url(repo)
+                    return repo
+        return None
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        revision = self.run_command(
+            ['revno'], show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        return revision.splitlines()[-1]
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if not repo:
+            return None
+        if not repo.lower().startswith('bzr:'):
+            repo = 'bzr+' + repo
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        current_rev = self.get_revision(location)
+        return '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, current_rev, egg_project_name)
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+
+vcs.register(Bazaar)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..baee7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import tempfile
+import os.path
+
+from pip.compat import samefile
+from pip.exceptions import BadCommand
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import request as urllib_request
+
+from pip.utils import display_path, rmtree
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+
+
+urlsplit = urllib_parse.urlsplit
+urlunsplit = urllib_parse.urlunsplit
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Git(VersionControl):
+    name = 'git'
+    dirname = '.git'
+    repo_name = 'clone'
+    schemes = (
+        'git', 'git+http', 'git+https', 'git+ssh', 'git+git', 'git+file',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+
+        # Works around an apparent Git bug
+        # (see http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/146500)
+        if url:
+            scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
+            if scheme.endswith('file'):
+                initial_slashes = path[:-len(path.lstrip('/'))]
+                newpath = (
+                    initial_slashes +
+                    urllib_request.url2pathname(path)
+                    .replace('\\', '/').lstrip('/')
+                )
+                url = urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, newpath, query, fragment))
+                after_plus = scheme.find('+') + 1
+                url = scheme[:after_plus] + urlunsplit(
+                    (scheme[after_plus:], netloc, newpath, query, fragment),
+                )
+
+        super(Git, self).__init__(url, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """Export the Git repository at the url to the destination location"""
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-export', 'pip-')
+        self.unpack(temp_dir)
+        try:
+            if not location.endswith('/'):
+                location = location + '/'
+            self.run_command(
+                ['checkout-index', '-a', '-f', '--prefix', location],
+                show_stdout=False, cwd=temp_dir)
+        finally:
+            rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+    def check_rev_options(self, rev, dest, rev_options):
+        """Check the revision options before checkout to compensate that tags
+        and branches may need origin/ as a prefix.
+        Returns the SHA1 of the branch or tag if found.
+        """
+        revisions = self.get_short_refs(dest)
+
+        origin_rev = 'origin/%s' % rev
+        if origin_rev in revisions:
+            # remote branch
+            return [revisions[origin_rev]]
+        elif rev in revisions:
+            # a local tag or branch name
+            return [revisions[rev]]
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Could not find a tag or branch '%s', assuming commit.", rev,
+            )
+            return rev_options
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """
+        Compare the current sha to the ref. ref may be a branch or tag name,
+        but current rev will always point to a sha. This means that a branch
+        or tag will never compare as True. So this ultimately only matches
+        against exact shas.
+        """
+        return self.get_revision(dest).startswith(rev_options[0])
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['config', 'remote.origin.url', url], cwd=dest)
+        self.run_command(['checkout', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        # First fetch changes from the default remote
+        self.run_command(['fetch', '-q'], cwd=dest)
+        # Then reset to wanted revision (maybe even origin/master)
+        if rev_options:
+            rev_options = self.check_rev_options(
+                rev_options[0], dest, rev_options,
+            )
+        self.run_command(['reset', '--hard', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+        #: update submodules
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        if rev:
+            rev_options = [rev]
+            rev_display = ' (to %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_options = ['origin/master']
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Cloning %s%s to %s', url, rev_display, display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['clone', '-q', url, dest])
+
+            if rev:
+                rev_options = self.check_rev_options(rev, dest, rev_options)
+                # Only do a checkout if rev_options differs from HEAD
+                if not self.check_version(dest, rev_options):
+                    self.run_command(
+                        ['checkout', '-q'] + rev_options,
+                        cwd=dest,
+                    )
+            #: repo may contain submodules
+            self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        url = self.run_command(
+            ['config', 'remote.origin.url'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        return url.strip()
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        current_rev = self.run_command(
+            ['rev-parse', 'HEAD'], show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        return current_rev.strip()
+
+    def get_full_refs(self, location):
+        """Yields tuples of (commit, ref) for branches and tags"""
+        output = self.run_command(['show-ref'],
+                                  show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        for line in output.strip().splitlines():
+            commit, ref = line.split(' ', 1)
+            yield commit.strip(), ref.strip()
+
+    def is_ref_remote(self, ref):
+        return ref.startswith('refs/remotes/')
+
+    def is_ref_branch(self, ref):
+        return ref.startswith('refs/heads/')
+
+    def is_ref_tag(self, ref):
+        return ref.startswith('refs/tags/')
+
+    def is_ref_commit(self, ref):
+        """A ref is a commit sha if it is not anything else"""
+        return not any((
+            self.is_ref_remote(ref),
+            self.is_ref_branch(ref),
+            self.is_ref_tag(ref),
+        ))
+
+    # Should deprecate `get_refs` since it's ambiguous
+    def get_refs(self, location):
+        return self.get_short_refs(location)
+
+    def get_short_refs(self, location):
+        """Return map of named refs (branches or tags) to commit hashes."""
+        rv = {}
+        for commit, ref in self.get_full_refs(location):
+            ref_name = None
+            if self.is_ref_remote(ref):
+                ref_name = ref[len('refs/remotes/'):]
+            elif self.is_ref_branch(ref):
+                ref_name = ref[len('refs/heads/'):]
+            elif self.is_ref_tag(ref):
+                ref_name = ref[len('refs/tags/'):]
+            if ref_name is not None:
+                rv[ref_name] = commit
+        return rv
+
+    def _get_subdirectory(self, location):
+        """Return the relative path of setup.py to the git repo root."""
+        # find the repo root
+        git_dir = self.run_command(['rev-parse', '--git-dir'],
+                                   show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        if not os.path.isabs(git_dir):
+            git_dir = os.path.join(location, git_dir)
+        root_dir = os.path.join(git_dir, '..')
+        # find setup.py
+        orig_location = location
+        while not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, 'setup.py')):
+            last_location = location
+            location = os.path.dirname(location)
+            if location == last_location:
+                # We've traversed up to the root of the filesystem without
+                # finding setup.py
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Could not find setup.py for directory %s (tried all "
+                    "parent directories)",
+                    orig_location,
+                )
+                return None
+        # relative path of setup.py to repo root
+        if samefile(root_dir, location):
+            return None
+        return os.path.relpath(location, root_dir)
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if not repo.lower().startswith('git:'):
+            repo = 'git+' + repo
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        if not repo:
+            return None
+        current_rev = self.get_revision(location)
+        req = '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, current_rev, egg_project_name)
+        subdirectory = self._get_subdirectory(location)
+        if subdirectory:
+            req += '&subdirectory=' + subdirectory
+        return req
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        """
+        Prefixes stub URLs like 'user@hostname:user/repo.git' with 'ssh://'.
+        That's required because although they use SSH they sometimes doesn't
+        work with a ssh:// scheme (e.g. Github). But we need a scheme for
+        parsing. Hence we remove it again afterwards and return it as a stub.
+        """
+        if '://' not in self.url:
+            assert 'file:' not in self.url
+            self.url = self.url.replace('git+', 'git+ssh://')
+            url, rev = super(Git, self).get_url_rev()
+            url = url.replace('ssh://', '')
+        else:
+            url, rev = super(Git, self).get_url_rev()
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def update_submodules(self, location):
+        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, '.gitmodules')):
+            return
+        self.run_command(
+            ['submodule', 'update', '--init', '--recursive', '-q'],
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def controls_location(cls, location):
+        if super(Git, cls).controls_location(location):
+            return True
+        try:
+            r = cls().run_command(['rev-parse'],
+                                  cwd=location,
+                                  show_stdout=False,
+                                  on_returncode='ignore')
+            return not r
+        except BadCommand:
+            logger.debug("could not determine if %s is under git control "
+                         "because git is not available", location)
+            return False
+
+
+vcs.register(Git)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aa83b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+from pip.utils import display_path, rmtree
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+from pip.download import path_to_url
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Mercurial(VersionControl):
+    name = 'hg'
+    dirname = '.hg'
+    repo_name = 'clone'
+    schemes = ('hg', 'hg+http', 'hg+https', 'hg+ssh', 'hg+static-http')
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """Export the Hg repository at the url to the destination location"""
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-export', 'pip-')
+        self.unpack(temp_dir)
+        try:
+            self.run_command(
+                ['archive', location], show_stdout=False, cwd=temp_dir)
+        finally:
+            rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        repo_config = os.path.join(dest, self.dirname, 'hgrc')
+        config = configparser.SafeConfigParser()
+        try:
+            config.read(repo_config)
+            config.set('paths', 'default', url)
+            with open(repo_config, 'w') as config_file:
+                config.write(config_file)
+        except (OSError, configparser.NoSectionError) as exc:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Could not switch Mercurial repository to %s: %s', url, exc,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.run_command(['update', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['pull', '-q'], cwd=dest)
+        self.run_command(['update', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        if rev:
+            rev_options = [rev]
+            rev_display = ' (to revision %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_options = []
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Cloning hg %s%s to %s',
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+                display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['clone', '--noupdate', '-q', url, dest])
+            self.run_command(['update', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        url = self.run_command(
+            ['showconfig', 'paths.default'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        if self._is_local_repository(url):
+            url = path_to_url(url)
+        return url.strip()
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        current_revision = self.run_command(
+            ['parents', '--template={rev}'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        return current_revision
+
+    def get_revision_hash(self, location):
+        current_rev_hash = self.run_command(
+            ['parents', '--template={node}'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        return current_rev_hash
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if not repo.lower().startswith('hg:'):
+            repo = 'hg+' + repo
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        if not repo:
+            return None
+        current_rev_hash = self.get_revision_hash(location)
+        return '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, current_rev_hash, egg_project_name)
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+vcs.register(Mercurial)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa78fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+from pip.index import Link
+from pip.utils import rmtree, display_path
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+
+_svn_xml_url_re = re.compile('url="([^"]+)"')
+_svn_rev_re = re.compile('committed-rev="(\d+)"')
+_svn_url_re = re.compile(r'URL: (.+)')
+_svn_revision_re = re.compile(r'Revision: (.+)')
+_svn_info_xml_rev_re = re.compile(r'\s*revision="(\d+)"')
+_svn_info_xml_url_re = re.compile(r'<url>(.*)</url>')
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Subversion(VersionControl):
+    name = 'svn'
+    dirname = '.svn'
+    repo_name = 'checkout'
+    schemes = ('svn', 'svn+ssh', 'svn+http', 'svn+https', 'svn+svn')
+
+    def get_info(self, location):
+        """Returns (url, revision), where both are strings"""
+        assert not location.rstrip('/').endswith(self.dirname), \
+            'Bad directory: %s' % location
+        output = self.run_command(
+            ['info', location],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            extra_environ={'LANG': 'C'},
+        )
+        match = _svn_url_re.search(output)
+        if not match:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Cannot determine URL of svn checkout %s',
+                display_path(location),
+            )
+            logger.debug('Output that cannot be parsed: \n%s', output)
+            return None, None
+        url = match.group(1).strip()
+        match = _svn_revision_re.search(output)
+        if not match:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Cannot determine revision of svn checkout %s',
+                display_path(location),
+            )
+            logger.debug('Output that cannot be parsed: \n%s', output)
+            return url, None
+        return url, match.group(1)
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """Export the svn repository at the url to the destination location"""
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        rev_options = get_rev_options(url, rev)
+        logger.info('Exporting svn repository %s to %s', url, location)
+        with indent_log():
+            if os.path.exists(location):
+                # Subversion doesn't like to check out over an existing
+                # directory --force fixes this, but was only added in svn 1.5
+                rmtree(location)
+            self.run_command(
+                ['export'] + rev_options + [url, location],
+                show_stdout=False)
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['switch'] + rev_options + [url, dest])
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['update'] + rev_options + [dest])
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        rev_options = get_rev_options(url, rev)
+        if rev:
+            rev_display = ' (to revision %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Checking out %s%s to %s',
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+                display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['checkout', '-q'] + rev_options + [url, dest])
+
+    def get_location(self, dist, dependency_links):
+        for url in dependency_links:
+            egg_fragment = Link(url).egg_fragment
+            if not egg_fragment:
+                continue
+            if '-' in egg_fragment:
+                # FIXME: will this work when a package has - in the name?
+                key = '-'.join(egg_fragment.split('-')[:-1]).lower()
+            else:
+                key = egg_fragment
+            if key == dist.key:
+                return url.split('#', 1)[0]
+        return None
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the maximum revision for all files under a given location
+        """
+        # Note: taken from setuptools.command.egg_info
+        revision = 0
+
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(location):
+            if self.dirname not in dirs:
+                dirs[:] = []
+                continue    # no sense walking uncontrolled subdirs
+            dirs.remove(self.dirname)
+            entries_fn = os.path.join(base, self.dirname, 'entries')
+            if not os.path.exists(entries_fn):
+                # FIXME: should we warn?
+                continue
+
+            dirurl, localrev = self._get_svn_url_rev(base)
+
+            if base == location:
+                base_url = dirurl + '/'   # save the root url
+            elif not dirurl or not dirurl.startswith(base_url):
+                dirs[:] = []
+                continue    # not part of the same svn tree, skip it
+            revision = max(revision, localrev)
+        return revision
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        # hotfix the URL scheme after removing svn+ from svn+ssh:// readd it
+        url, rev = super(Subversion, self).get_url_rev()
+        if url.startswith('ssh://'):
+            url = 'svn+' + url
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        # In cases where the source is in a subdirectory, not alongside
+        # setup.py we have to look up in the location until we find a real
+        # setup.py
+        orig_location = location
+        while not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, 'setup.py')):
+            last_location = location
+            location = os.path.dirname(location)
+            if location == last_location:
+                # We've traversed up to the root of the filesystem without
+                # finding setup.py
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Could not find setup.py for directory %s (tried all "
+                    "parent directories)",
+                    orig_location,
+                )
+                return None
+
+        return self._get_svn_url_rev(location)[0]
+
+    def _get_svn_url_rev(self, location):
+        from pip.exceptions import InstallationError
+
+        entries_path = os.path.join(location, self.dirname, 'entries')
+        if os.path.exists(entries_path):
+            with open(entries_path) as f:
+                data = f.read()
+        else:  # subversion >= 1.7 does not have the 'entries' file
+            data = ''
+
+        if (data.startswith('8') or
+                data.startswith('9') or
+                data.startswith('10')):
+            data = list(map(str.splitlines, data.split('\n\x0c\n')))
+            del data[0][0]  # get rid of the '8'
+            url = data[0][3]
+            revs = [int(d[9]) for d in data if len(d) > 9 and d[9]] + [0]
+        elif data.startswith('<?xml'):
+            match = _svn_xml_url_re.search(data)
+            if not match:
+                raise ValueError('Badly formatted data: %r' % data)
+            url = match.group(1)    # get repository URL
+            revs = [int(m.group(1)) for m in _svn_rev_re.finditer(data)] + [0]
+        else:
+            try:
+                # subversion >= 1.7
+                xml = self.run_command(
+                    ['info', '--xml', location],
+                    show_stdout=False,
+                )
+                url = _svn_info_xml_url_re.search(xml).group(1)
+                revs = [
+                    int(m.group(1)) for m in _svn_info_xml_rev_re.finditer(xml)
+                ]
+            except InstallationError:
+                url, revs = None, []
+
+        if revs:
+            rev = max(revs)
+        else:
+            rev = 0
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if repo is None:
+            return None
+        # FIXME: why not project name?
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        rev = self.get_revision(location)
+        return 'svn+%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, rev, egg_project_name)
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+
+def get_rev_options(url, rev):
+    if rev:
+        rev_options = ['-r', rev]
+    else:
+        rev_options = []
+
+    r = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+    if hasattr(r, 'username'):
+        # >= Python-2.5
+        username, password = r.username, r.password
+    else:
+        netloc = r[1]
+        if '@' in netloc:
+            auth = netloc.split('@')[0]
+            if ':' in auth:
+                username, password = auth.split(':', 1)
+            else:
+                username, password = auth, None
+        else:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+    if username:
+        rev_options += ['--username', username]
+    if password:
+        rev_options += ['--password', password]
+    return rev_options
+
+
+vcs.register(Subversion)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffda773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+"""
+Support for installing and building the "wheel" binary package format.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import compileall
+import csv
+import errno
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import os.path
+import re
+import shutil
+import stat
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import warnings
+
+from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
+from email.parser import Parser
+
+from pip._vendor.six import StringIO
+
+import pip
+from pip.compat import expanduser
+from pip.download import path_to_url, unpack_url
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError, InvalidWheelFilename, UnsupportedWheel)
+from pip.locations import distutils_scheme, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME
+from pip import pep425tags
+from pip.utils import (
+    call_subprocess, ensure_dir, captured_stdout, rmtree, canonicalize_name,
+    read_chunks)
+from pip.utils.ui import open_spinner
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.utils.setuptools_build import SETUPTOOLS_SHIM
+from pip._vendor.distlib.scripts import ScriptMaker
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+
+
+wheel_ext = '.whl'
+
+VERSION_COMPATIBLE = (1, 0)
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class WheelCache(object):
+    """A cache of wheels for future installs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, format_control):
+        """Create a wheel cache.
+
+        :param cache_dir: The root of the cache.
+        :param format_control: A pip.index.FormatControl object to limit
+            binaries being read from the cache.
+        """
+        self._cache_dir = expanduser(cache_dir) if cache_dir else None
+        self._format_control = format_control
+
+    def cached_wheel(self, link, package_name):
+        return cached_wheel(
+            self._cache_dir, link, self._format_control, package_name)
+
+
+def _cache_for_link(cache_dir, link):
+    """
+    Return a directory to store cached wheels in for link.
+
+    Because there are M wheels for any one sdist, we provide a directory
+    to cache them in, and then consult that directory when looking up
+    cache hits.
+
+    We only insert things into the cache if they have plausible version
+    numbers, so that we don't contaminate the cache with things that were not
+    unique. E.g. ./package might have dozens of installs done for it and build
+    a version of 0.0...and if we built and cached a wheel, we'd end up using
+    the same wheel even if the source has been edited.
+
+    :param cache_dir: The cache_dir being used by pip.
+    :param link: The link of the sdist for which this will cache wheels.
+    """
+
+    # We want to generate an url to use as our cache key, we don't want to just
+    # re-use the URL because it might have other items in the fragment and we
+    # don't care about those.
+    key_parts = [link.url_without_fragment]
+    if link.hash_name is not None and link.hash is not None:
+        key_parts.append("=".join([link.hash_name, link.hash]))
+    key_url = "#".join(key_parts)
+
+    # Encode our key url with sha224, we'll use this because it has similar
+    # security properties to sha256, but with a shorter total output (and thus
+    # less secure). However the differences don't make a lot of difference for
+    # our use case here.
+    hashed = hashlib.sha224(key_url.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    # We want to nest the directories some to prevent having a ton of top level
+    # directories where we might run out of sub directories on some FS.
+    parts = [hashed[:2], hashed[2:4], hashed[4:6], hashed[6:]]
+
+    # Inside of the base location for cached wheels, expand our parts and join
+    # them all together.
+    return os.path.join(cache_dir, "wheels", *parts)
+
+
+def cached_wheel(cache_dir, link, format_control, package_name):
+    if not cache_dir:
+        return link
+    if not link:
+        return link
+    if link.is_wheel:
+        return link
+    if not link.is_artifact:
+        return link
+    if not package_name:
+        return link
+    canonical_name = canonicalize_name(package_name)
+    formats = pip.index.fmt_ctl_formats(format_control, canonical_name)
+    if "binary" not in formats:
+        return link
+    root = _cache_for_link(cache_dir, link)
+    try:
+        wheel_names = os.listdir(root)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
+            return link
+        raise
+    candidates = []
+    for wheel_name in wheel_names:
+        try:
+            wheel = Wheel(wheel_name)
+        except InvalidWheelFilename:
+            continue
+        if not wheel.supported():
+            # Built for a different python/arch/etc
+            continue
+        candidates.append((wheel.support_index_min(), wheel_name))
+    if not candidates:
+        return link
+    candidates.sort()
+    path = os.path.join(root, candidates[0][1])
+    return pip.index.Link(path_to_url(path))
+
+
+def rehash(path, algo='sha256', blocksize=1 << 20):
+    """Return (hash, length) for path using hashlib.new(algo)"""
+    h = hashlib.new(algo)
+    length = 0
+    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+        for block in read_chunks(f, size=blocksize):
+            length += len(block)
+            h.update(block)
+    digest = 'sha256=' + urlsafe_b64encode(
+        h.digest()
+    ).decode('latin1').rstrip('=')
+    return (digest, length)
+
+
+def open_for_csv(name, mode):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        nl = {}
+        bin = 'b'
+    else:
+        nl = {'newline': ''}
+        bin = ''
+    return open(name, mode + bin, **nl)
+
+
+def fix_script(path):
+    """Replace #!python with #!/path/to/python
+    Return True if file was changed."""
+    # XXX RECORD hashes will need to be updated
+    if os.path.isfile(path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as script:
+            firstline = script.readline()
+            if not firstline.startswith(b'#!python'):
+                return False
+            exename = sys.executable.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            firstline = b'#!' + exename + os.linesep.encode("ascii")
+            rest = script.read()
+        with open(path, 'wb') as script:
+            script.write(firstline)
+            script.write(rest)
+        return True
+
+dist_info_re = re.compile(r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>.+?)(-(?P<ver>\d.+?))?)
+                                \.dist-info$""", re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def root_is_purelib(name, wheeldir):
+    """
+    Return True if the extracted wheel in wheeldir should go into purelib.
+    """
+    name_folded = name.replace("-", "_")
+    for item in os.listdir(wheeldir):
+        match = dist_info_re.match(item)
+        if match and match.group('name') == name_folded:
+            with open(os.path.join(wheeldir, item, 'WHEEL')) as wheel:
+                for line in wheel:
+                    line = line.lower().rstrip()
+                    if line == "root-is-purelib: true":
+                        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_entrypoints(filename):
+    if not os.path.exists(filename):
+        return {}, {}
+
+    # This is done because you can pass a string to entry_points wrappers which
+    # means that they may or may not be valid INI files. The attempt here is to
+    # strip leading and trailing whitespace in order to make them valid INI
+    # files.
+    with open(filename) as fp:
+        data = StringIO()
+        for line in fp:
+            data.write(line.strip())
+            data.write("\n")
+        data.seek(0)
+
+    cp = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+    cp.optionxform = lambda option: option
+    cp.readfp(data)
+
+    console = {}
+    gui = {}
+    if cp.has_section('console_scripts'):
+        console = dict(cp.items('console_scripts'))
+    if cp.has_section('gui_scripts'):
+        gui = dict(cp.items('gui_scripts'))
+    return console, gui
+
+
+def move_wheel_files(name, req, wheeldir, user=False, home=None, root=None,
+                     pycompile=True, scheme=None, isolated=False, prefix=None):
+    """Install a wheel"""
+
+    if not scheme:
+        scheme = distutils_scheme(
+            name, user=user, home=home, root=root, isolated=isolated,
+            prefix=prefix,
+        )
+
+    if root_is_purelib(name, wheeldir):
+        lib_dir = scheme['purelib']
+    else:
+        lib_dir = scheme['platlib']
+
+    info_dir = []
+    data_dirs = []
+    source = wheeldir.rstrip(os.path.sep) + os.path.sep
+
+    # Record details of the files moved
+    #   installed = files copied from the wheel to the destination
+    #   changed = files changed while installing (scripts #! line typically)
+    #   generated = files newly generated during the install (script wrappers)
+    installed = {}
+    changed = set()
+    generated = []
+
+    # Compile all of the pyc files that we're going to be installing
+    if pycompile:
+        with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
+                compileall.compile_dir(source, force=True, quiet=True)
+        logger.debug(stdout.getvalue())
+
+    def normpath(src, p):
+        return os.path.relpath(src, p).replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+
+    def record_installed(srcfile, destfile, modified=False):
+        """Map archive RECORD paths to installation RECORD paths."""
+        oldpath = normpath(srcfile, wheeldir)
+        newpath = normpath(destfile, lib_dir)
+        installed[oldpath] = newpath
+        if modified:
+            changed.add(destfile)
+
+    def clobber(source, dest, is_base, fixer=None, filter=None):
+        ensure_dir(dest)  # common for the 'include' path
+
+        for dir, subdirs, files in os.walk(source):
+            basedir = dir[len(source):].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+            destdir = os.path.join(dest, basedir)
+            if is_base and basedir.split(os.path.sep, 1)[0].endswith('.data'):
+                continue
+            for s in subdirs:
+                destsubdir = os.path.join(dest, basedir, s)
+                if is_base and basedir == '' and destsubdir.endswith('.data'):
+                    data_dirs.append(s)
+                    continue
+                elif (is_base and
+                        s.endswith('.dist-info') and
+                        # is self.req.project_name case preserving?
+                        s.lower().startswith(
+                            req.project_name.replace('-', '_').lower())):
+                    assert not info_dir, 'Multiple .dist-info directories'
+                    info_dir.append(destsubdir)
+            for f in files:
+                # Skip unwanted files
+                if filter and filter(f):
+                    continue
+                srcfile = os.path.join(dir, f)
+                destfile = os.path.join(dest, basedir, f)
+                # directory creation is lazy and after the file filtering above
+                # to ensure we don't install empty dirs; empty dirs can't be
+                # uninstalled.
+                ensure_dir(destdir)
+
+                # We use copyfile (not move, copy, or copy2) to be extra sure
+                # that we are not moving directories over (copyfile fails for
+                # directories) as well as to ensure that we are not copying
+                # over any metadata because we want more control over what
+                # metadata we actually copy over.
+                shutil.copyfile(srcfile, destfile)
+
+                # Copy over the metadata for the file, currently this only
+                # includes the atime and mtime.
+                st = os.stat(srcfile)
+                if hasattr(os, "utime"):
+                    os.utime(destfile, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
+
+                # If our file is executable, then make our destination file
+                # executable.
+                if os.access(srcfile, os.X_OK):
+                    st = os.stat(srcfile)
+                    permissions = (
+                        st.st_mode | stat.S_IXUSR | stat.S_IXGRP | stat.S_IXOTH
+                    )
+                    os.chmod(destfile, permissions)
+
+                changed = False
+                if fixer:
+                    changed = fixer(destfile)
+                record_installed(srcfile, destfile, changed)
+
+    clobber(source, lib_dir, True)
+
+    assert info_dir, "%s .dist-info directory not found" % req
+
+    # Get the defined entry points
+    ep_file = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'entry_points.txt')
+    console, gui = get_entrypoints(ep_file)
+
+    def is_entrypoint_wrapper(name):
+        # EP, EP.exe and EP-script.py are scripts generated for
+        # entry point EP by setuptools
+        if name.lower().endswith('.exe'):
+            matchname = name[:-4]
+        elif name.lower().endswith('-script.py'):
+            matchname = name[:-10]
+        elif name.lower().endswith(".pya"):
+            matchname = name[:-4]
+        else:
+            matchname = name
+        # Ignore setuptools-generated scripts
+        return (matchname in console or matchname in gui)
+
+    for datadir in data_dirs:
+        fixer = None
+        filter = None
+        for subdir in os.listdir(os.path.join(wheeldir, datadir)):
+            fixer = None
+            if subdir == 'scripts':
+                fixer = fix_script
+                filter = is_entrypoint_wrapper
+            source = os.path.join(wheeldir, datadir, subdir)
+            dest = scheme[subdir]
+            clobber(source, dest, False, fixer=fixer, filter=filter)
+
+    maker = ScriptMaker(None, scheme['scripts'])
+
+    # Ensure old scripts are overwritten.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1800
+    maker.clobber = True
+
+    # Ensure we don't generate any variants for scripts because this is almost
+    # never what somebody wants.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/35/
+    maker.variants = set(('', ))
+
+    # This is required because otherwise distlib creates scripts that are not
+    # executable.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/32/
+    maker.set_mode = True
+
+    # Simplify the script and fix the fact that the default script swallows
+    # every single stack trace.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/34/
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/33/
+    def _get_script_text(entry):
+        if entry.suffix is None:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Invalid script entry point: %s for req: %s - A callable "
+                "suffix is required. Cf https://packaging.python.org/en/"
+                "latest/distributing.html#console-scripts for more "
+                "information." % (entry, req)
+            )
+        return maker.script_template % {
+            "module": entry.prefix,
+            "import_name": entry.suffix.split(".")[0],
+            "func": entry.suffix,
+        }
+
+    maker._get_script_text = _get_script_text
+    maker.script_template = """# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from %(module)s import %(import_name)s
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(%(func)s())
+"""
+
+    # Special case pip and setuptools to generate versioned wrappers
+    #
+    # The issue is that some projects (specifically, pip and setuptools) use
+    # code in setup.py to create "versioned" entry points - pip2.7 on Python
+    # 2.7, pip3.3 on Python 3.3, etc. But these entry points are baked into
+    # the wheel metadata at build time, and so if the wheel is installed with
+    # a *different* version of Python the entry points will be wrong. The
+    # correct fix for this is to enhance the metadata to be able to describe
+    # such versioned entry points, but that won't happen till Metadata 2.0 is
+    # available.
+    # In the meantime, projects using versioned entry points will either have
+    # incorrect versioned entry points, or they will not be able to distribute
+    # "universal" wheels (i.e., they will need a wheel per Python version).
+    #
+    # Because setuptools and pip are bundled with _ensurepip and virtualenv,
+    # we need to use universal wheels. So, as a stopgap until Metadata 2.0, we
+    # override the versioned entry points in the wheel and generate the
+    # correct ones. This code is purely a short-term measure until Metadat 2.0
+    # is available.
+    #
+    # To add the level of hack in this section of code, in order to support
+    # ensurepip this code will look for an ``ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS`` environment
+    # variable which will control which version scripts get installed.
+    #
+    # ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS=altinstall
+    #   - Only pipX.Y and easy_install-X.Y will be generated and installed
+    # ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS=install
+    #   - pipX.Y, pipX, easy_install-X.Y will be generated and installed. Note
+    #     that this option is technically if ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS is set and is
+    #     not altinstall
+    # DEFAULT
+    #   - The default behavior is to install pip, pipX, pipX.Y, easy_install
+    #     and easy_install-X.Y.
+    pip_script = console.pop('pip', None)
+    if pip_script:
+        if "ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS" not in os.environ:
+            spec = 'pip = ' + pip_script
+            generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+
+        if os.environ.get("ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS", "") != "altinstall":
+            spec = 'pip%s = %s' % (sys.version[:1], pip_script)
+            generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+
+        spec = 'pip%s = %s' % (sys.version[:3], pip_script)
+        generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+        # Delete any other versioned pip entry points
+        pip_ep = [k for k in console if re.match(r'pip(\d(\.\d)?)?$', k)]
+        for k in pip_ep:
+            del console[k]
+    easy_install_script = console.pop('easy_install', None)
+    if easy_install_script:
+        if "ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS" not in os.environ:
+            spec = 'easy_install = ' + easy_install_script
+            generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+
+        spec = 'easy_install-%s = %s' % (sys.version[:3], easy_install_script)
+        generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+        # Delete any other versioned easy_install entry points
+        easy_install_ep = [
+            k for k in console if re.match(r'easy_install(-\d\.\d)?$', k)
+        ]
+        for k in easy_install_ep:
+            del console[k]
+
+    # Generate the console and GUI entry points specified in the wheel
+    if len(console) > 0:
+        generated.extend(
+            maker.make_multiple(['%s = %s' % kv for kv in console.items()])
+        )
+    if len(gui) > 0:
+        generated.extend(
+            maker.make_multiple(
+                ['%s = %s' % kv for kv in gui.items()],
+                {'gui': True}
+            )
+        )
+
+    # Record pip as the installer
+    installer = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'INSTALLER')
+    temp_installer = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'INSTALLER.pip')
+    with open(temp_installer, 'wb') as installer_file:
+        installer_file.write(b'pip\n')
+    shutil.move(temp_installer, installer)
+    generated.append(installer)
+
+    # Record details of all files installed
+    record = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'RECORD')
+    temp_record = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'RECORD.pip')
+    with open_for_csv(record, 'r') as record_in:
+        with open_for_csv(temp_record, 'w+') as record_out:
+            reader = csv.reader(record_in)
+            writer = csv.writer(record_out)
+            for row in reader:
+                row[0] = installed.pop(row[0], row[0])
+                if row[0] in changed:
+                    row[1], row[2] = rehash(row[0])
+                writer.writerow(row)
+            for f in generated:
+                h, l = rehash(f)
+                writer.writerow((f, h, l))
+            for f in installed:
+                writer.writerow((installed[f], '', ''))
+    shutil.move(temp_record, record)
+
+
+def _unique(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def unique(*args, **kw):
+        seen = set()
+        for item in fn(*args, **kw):
+            if item not in seen:
+                seen.add(item)
+                yield item
+    return unique
+
+
+# TODO: this goes somewhere besides the wheel module
+@_unique
+def uninstallation_paths(dist):
+    """
+    Yield all the uninstallation paths for dist based on RECORD-without-.pyc
+
+    Yield paths to all the files in RECORD. For each .py file in RECORD, add
+    the .pyc in the same directory.
+
+    UninstallPathSet.add() takes care of the __pycache__ .pyc.
+    """
+    from pip.utils import FakeFile  # circular import
+    r = csv.reader(FakeFile(dist.get_metadata_lines('RECORD')))
+    for row in r:
+        path = os.path.join(dist.location, row[0])
+        yield path
+        if path.endswith('.py'):
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(path)
+            base = fn[:-3]
+            path = os.path.join(dn, base + '.pyc')
+            yield path
+
+
+def wheel_version(source_dir):
+    """
+    Return the Wheel-Version of an extracted wheel, if possible.
+
+    Otherwise, return False if we couldn't parse / extract it.
+    """
+    try:
+        dist = [d for d in pkg_resources.find_on_path(None, source_dir)][0]
+
+        wheel_data = dist.get_metadata('WHEEL')
+        wheel_data = Parser().parsestr(wheel_data)
+
+        version = wheel_data['Wheel-Version'].strip()
+        version = tuple(map(int, version.split('.')))
+        return version
+    except:
+        return False
+
+
+def check_compatibility(version, name):
+    """
+    Raises errors or warns if called with an incompatible Wheel-Version.
+
+    Pip should refuse to install a Wheel-Version that's a major series
+    ahead of what it's compatible with (e.g 2.0 > 1.1); and warn when
+    installing a version only minor version ahead (e.g 1.2 > 1.1).
+
+    version: a 2-tuple representing a Wheel-Version (Major, Minor)
+    name: name of wheel or package to raise exception about
+
+    :raises UnsupportedWheel: when an incompatible Wheel-Version is given
+    """
+    if not version:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            "%s is in an unsupported or invalid wheel" % name
+        )
+    if version[0] > VERSION_COMPATIBLE[0]:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            "%s's Wheel-Version (%s) is not compatible with this version "
+            "of pip" % (name, '.'.join(map(str, version)))
+        )
+    elif version > VERSION_COMPATIBLE:
+        logger.warning(
+            'Installing from a newer Wheel-Version (%s)',
+            '.'.join(map(str, version)),
+        )
+
+
+class Wheel(object):
+    """A wheel file"""
+
+    # TODO: maybe move the install code into this class
+
+    wheel_file_re = re.compile(
+        r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>.+?)-(?P<ver>\d.*?))
+        ((-(?P<build>\d.*?))?-(?P<pyver>.+?)-(?P<abi>.+?)-(?P<plat>.+?)
+        \.whl|\.dist-info)$""",
+        re.VERBOSE
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, filename):
+        """
+        :raises InvalidWheelFilename: when the filename is invalid for a wheel
+        """
+        wheel_info = self.wheel_file_re.match(filename)
+        if not wheel_info:
+            raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+                "%s is not a valid wheel filename." % filename
+            )
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.name = wheel_info.group('name').replace('_', '-')
+        # we'll assume "_" means "-" due to wheel naming scheme
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1150)
+        self.version = wheel_info.group('ver').replace('_', '-')
+        self.pyversions = wheel_info.group('pyver').split('.')
+        self.abis = wheel_info.group('abi').split('.')
+        self.plats = wheel_info.group('plat').split('.')
+
+        # All the tag combinations from this file
+        self.file_tags = set(
+            (x, y, z) for x in self.pyversions
+            for y in self.abis for z in self.plats
+        )
+
+    def support_index_min(self, tags=None):
+        """
+        Return the lowest index that one of the wheel's file_tag combinations
+        achieves in the supported_tags list e.g. if there are 8 supported tags,
+        and one of the file tags is first in the list, then return 0.  Returns
+        None is the wheel is not supported.
+        """
+        if tags is None:  # for mock
+            tags = pep425tags.supported_tags
+        indexes = [tags.index(c) for c in self.file_tags if c in tags]
+        return min(indexes) if indexes else None
+
+    def supported(self, tags=None):
+        """Is this wheel supported on this system?"""
+        if tags is None:  # for mock
+            tags = pep425tags.supported_tags
+        return bool(set(tags).intersection(self.file_tags))
+
+
+class WheelBuilder(object):
+    """Build wheels from a RequirementSet."""
+
+    def __init__(self, requirement_set, finder, build_options=None,
+                 global_options=None):
+        self.requirement_set = requirement_set
+        self.finder = finder
+        self._cache_root = requirement_set._wheel_cache._cache_dir
+        self._wheel_dir = requirement_set.wheel_download_dir
+        self.build_options = build_options or []
+        self.global_options = global_options or []
+
+    def _build_one(self, req, output_dir, python_tag=None):
+        """Build one wheel.
+
+        :return: The filename of the built wheel, or None if the build failed.
+        """
+        tempd = tempfile.mkdtemp('pip-wheel-')
+        try:
+            if self.__build_one(req, tempd, python_tag=python_tag):
+                try:
+                    wheel_name = os.listdir(tempd)[0]
+                    wheel_path = os.path.join(output_dir, wheel_name)
+                    shutil.move(os.path.join(tempd, wheel_name), wheel_path)
+                    logger.info('Stored in directory: %s', output_dir)
+                    return wheel_path
+                except:
+                    pass
+            # Ignore return, we can't do anything else useful.
+            self._clean_one(req)
+            return None
+        finally:
+            rmtree(tempd)
+
+    def _base_setup_args(self, req):
+        return [
+            sys.executable, "-u", '-c',
+            SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % req.setup_py
+        ] + list(self.global_options)
+
+    def __build_one(self, req, tempd, python_tag=None):
+        base_args = self._base_setup_args(req)
+
+        spin_message = 'Running setup.py bdist_wheel for %s' % (req.name,)
+        with open_spinner(spin_message) as spinner:
+            logger.debug('Destination directory: %s', tempd)
+            wheel_args = base_args + ['bdist_wheel', '-d', tempd] \
+                + self.build_options
+
+            if python_tag is not None:
+                wheel_args += ["--python-tag", python_tag]
+
+            try:
+                call_subprocess(wheel_args, cwd=req.source_dir,
+                                show_stdout=False, spinner=spinner)
+                return True
+            except:
+                spinner.finish("error")
+                logger.error('Failed building wheel for %s', req.name)
+                return False
+
+    def _clean_one(self, req):
+        base_args = self._base_setup_args(req)
+
+        logger.info('Running setup.py clean for %s', req.name)
+        clean_args = base_args + ['clean', '--all']
+        try:
+            call_subprocess(clean_args, cwd=req.source_dir, show_stdout=False)
+            return True
+        except:
+            logger.error('Failed cleaning build dir for %s', req.name)
+            return False
+
+    def build(self, autobuilding=False):
+        """Build wheels.
+
+        :param unpack: If True, replace the sdist we built from with the
+            newly built wheel, in preparation for installation.
+        :return: True if all the wheels built correctly.
+        """
+        assert self._wheel_dir or (autobuilding and self._cache_root)
+        # unpack sdists and constructs req set
+        self.requirement_set.prepare_files(self.finder)
+
+        reqset = self.requirement_set.requirements.values()
+
+        buildset = []
+        for req in reqset:
+            if req.constraint:
+                continue
+            if req.is_wheel:
+                if not autobuilding:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Skipping %s, due to already being wheel.', req.name)
+            elif req.editable:
+                if not autobuilding:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Skipping bdist_wheel for %s, due to being editable',
+                        req.name)
+            elif autobuilding and req.link and not req.link.is_artifact:
+                pass
+            elif autobuilding and not req.source_dir:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if autobuilding:
+                    link = req.link
+                    base, ext = link.splitext()
+                    if pip.index.egg_info_matches(base, None, link) is None:
+                        # Doesn't look like a package - don't autobuild a wheel
+                        # because we'll have no way to lookup the result sanely
+                        continue
+                    if "binary" not in pip.index.fmt_ctl_formats(
+                            self.finder.format_control,
+                            canonicalize_name(req.name)):
+                        logger.info(
+                            "Skipping bdist_wheel for %s, due to binaries "
+                            "being disabled for it.", req.name)
+                        continue
+                buildset.append(req)
+
+        if not buildset:
+            return True
+
+        # Build the wheels.
+        logger.info(
+            'Building wheels for collected packages: %s',
+            ', '.join([req.name for req in buildset]),
+        )
+        with indent_log():
+            build_success, build_failure = [], []
+            for req in buildset:
+                python_tag = None
+                if autobuilding:
+                    python_tag = pep425tags.implementation_tag
+                    output_dir = _cache_for_link(self._cache_root, req.link)
+                    try:
+                        ensure_dir(output_dir)
+                    except OSError as e:
+                        logger.warn("Building wheel for %s failed: %s",
+                                    req.name, e)
+                        build_failure.append(req)
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    output_dir = self._wheel_dir
+                wheel_file = self._build_one(
+                    req, output_dir,
+                    python_tag=python_tag,
+                )
+                if wheel_file:
+                    build_success.append(req)
+                    if autobuilding:
+                        # XXX: This is mildly duplicative with prepare_files,
+                        # but not close enough to pull out to a single common
+                        # method.
+                        # The code below assumes temporary source dirs -
+                        # prevent it doing bad things.
+                        if req.source_dir and not os.path.exists(os.path.join(
+                                req.source_dir, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME)):
+                            raise AssertionError(
+                                "bad source dir - missing marker")
+                        # Delete the source we built the wheel from
+                        req.remove_temporary_source()
+                        # set the build directory again - name is known from
+                        # the work prepare_files did.
+                        req.source_dir = req.build_location(
+                            self.requirement_set.build_dir)
+                        # Update the link for this.
+                        req.link = pip.index.Link(
+                            path_to_url(wheel_file))
+                        assert req.link.is_wheel
+                        # extract the wheel into the dir
+                        unpack_url(
+                            req.link, req.source_dir, None, False,
+                            session=self.requirement_set.session)
+                else:
+                    build_failure.append(req)
+
+        # notify success/failure
+        if build_success:
+            logger.info(
+                'Successfully built %s',
+                ' '.join([req.name for req in build_success]),
+            )
+        if build_failure:
+            logger.info(
+                'Failed to build %s',
+                ' '.join([req.name for req in build_failure]),
+            )
+        # Return True if all builds were successful
+        return len(build_failure) == 0
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50b86cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3159 @@
+"""
+Package resource API
+--------------------
+
+A resource is a logical file contained within a package, or a logical
+subdirectory thereof.  The package resource API expects resource names
+to have their path parts separated with ``/``, *not* whatever the local
+path separator is.  Do not use os.path operations to manipulate resource
+names being passed into the API.
+
+The package resource API is designed to work with normal filesystem packages,
+.egg files, and unpacked .egg files.  It can also work in a limited way with
+.zip files and with custom PEP 302 loaders that support the ``get_data()``
+method.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import os
+import io
+import time
+import re
+import types
+import zipfile
+import zipimport
+import warnings
+import stat
+import functools
+import pkgutil
+import token
+import symbol
+import operator
+import platform
+import collections
+import plistlib
+import email.parser
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+from pkgutil import get_importer
+
+try:
+    import _imp
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.2 compatibility
+    import imp as _imp
+
+from pkg_resources.extern import six
+from pkg_resources.extern.six.moves import urllib, map
+
+# capture these to bypass sandboxing
+from os import utime
+try:
+    from os import mkdir, rename, unlink
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = True
+except ImportError:
+    # no write support, probably under GAE
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = False
+
+from os import open as os_open
+from os.path import isdir, split
+
+# Avoid try/except due to potential problems with delayed import mechanisms.
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) and sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
+    import importlib.machinery as importlib_machinery
+else:
+    importlib_machinery = None
+
+try:
+    import parser
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from pkg_resources.extern import packaging
+__import__('pkg_resources.extern.packaging.version')
+__import__('pkg_resources.extern.packaging.specifiers')
+
+
+filter = six.moves.filter
+map = six.moves.map
+
+if (3, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+    msg = (
+        "Support for Python 3.0-3.2 has been dropped. Future versions "
+        "will fail here."
+    )
+    warnings.warn(msg)
+
+# declare some globals that will be defined later to
+# satisfy the linters.
+require = None
+working_set = None
+
+
+class PEP440Warning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """
+    Used when there is an issue with a version or specifier not complying with
+    PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _SetuptoolsVersionMixin(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__hash__()
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) < other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__lt__(other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) <= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__le__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) == other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) >= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ge__(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) > other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__gt__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) != other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ne__(other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return tuple(self)[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)', re.VERBOSE)
+        replace = {
+            'pre': 'c',
+            'preview': 'c',
+            '-': 'final-',
+            'rc': 'c',
+            'dev': '@',
+        }.get
+
+        def _parse_version_parts(s):
+            for part in component_re.split(s):
+                part = replace(part, part)
+                if not part or part == '.':
+                    continue
+                if part[:1] in '0123456789':
+                    # pad for numeric comparison
+                    yield part.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    yield '*'+part
+
+            # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+            yield '*final'
+
+        def old_parse_version(s):
+            parts = []
+            for part in _parse_version_parts(s.lower()):
+                if part.startswith('*'):
+                    # remove '-' before a prerelease tag
+                    if part < '*final':
+                        while parts and parts[-1] == '*final-':
+                            parts.pop()
+                    # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+                    while parts and parts[-1] == '00000000':
+                        parts.pop()
+                parts.append(part)
+            return tuple(parts)
+
+        # Warn for use of this function
+        warnings.warn(
+            "You have iterated over the result of "
+            "pkg_resources.parse_version. This is a legacy behavior which is "
+            "inconsistent with the new version class introduced in setuptools "
+            "8.0. In most cases, conversion to a tuple is unnecessary. For "
+            "comparison of versions, sort the Version instances directly. If "
+            "you have another use case requiring the tuple, please file a "
+            "bug with the setuptools project describing that need.",
+            RuntimeWarning,
+            stacklevel=1,
+        )
+
+        for part in old_parse_version(str(self)):
+            yield part
+
+
+class SetuptoolsVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, packaging.version.Version):
+    pass
+
+
+class SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin,
+                              packaging.version.LegacyVersion):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_version(v):
+    try:
+        return SetuptoolsVersion(v)
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        return SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(v)
+
+
+_state_vars = {}
+
+def _declare_state(vartype, **kw):
+    globals().update(kw)
+    _state_vars.update(dict.fromkeys(kw, vartype))
+
+def __getstate__():
+    state = {}
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in _state_vars.items():
+        state[k] = g['_sget_'+v](g[k])
+    return state
+
+def __setstate__(state):
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in state.items():
+        g['_sset_'+_state_vars[k]](k, g[k], v)
+    return state
+
+def _sget_dict(val):
+    return val.copy()
+
+def _sset_dict(key, ob, state):
+    ob.clear()
+    ob.update(state)
+
+def _sget_object(val):
+    return val.__getstate__()
+
+def _sset_object(key, ob, state):
+    ob.__setstate__(state)
+
+_sget_none = _sset_none = lambda *args: None
+
+
+def get_supported_platform():
+    """Return this platform's maximum compatible version.
+
+    distutils.util.get_platform() normally reports the minimum version
+    of Mac OS X that would be required to *use* extensions produced by
+    distutils.  But what we want when checking compatibility is to know the
+    version of Mac OS X that we are *running*.  To allow usage of packages that
+    explicitly require a newer version of Mac OS X, we must also know the
+    current version of the OS.
+
+    If this condition occurs for any other platform with a version in its
+    platform strings, this function should be extended accordingly.
+    """
+    plat = get_build_platform()
+    m = macosVersionString.match(plat)
+    if m is not None and sys.platform == "darwin":
+        try:
+            plat = 'macosx-%s-%s' % ('.'.join(_macosx_vers()[:2]), m.group(3))
+        except ValueError:
+            # not Mac OS X
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Basic resource access and distribution/entry point discovery
+    'require', 'run_script', 'get_provider',  'get_distribution',
+    'load_entry_point', 'get_entry_map', 'get_entry_info',
+    'iter_entry_points',
+    'resource_string', 'resource_stream', 'resource_filename',
+    'resource_listdir', 'resource_exists', 'resource_isdir',
+
+    # Environmental control
+    'declare_namespace', 'working_set', 'add_activation_listener',
+    'find_distributions', 'set_extraction_path', 'cleanup_resources',
+    'get_default_cache',
+
+    # Primary implementation classes
+    'Environment', 'WorkingSet', 'ResourceManager',
+    'Distribution', 'Requirement', 'EntryPoint',
+
+    # Exceptions
+    'ResolutionError', 'VersionConflict', 'DistributionNotFound',
+    'UnknownExtra', 'ExtractionError',
+
+    # Warnings
+    'PEP440Warning',
+
+    # Parsing functions and string utilities
+    'parse_requirements', 'parse_version', 'safe_name', 'safe_version',
+    'get_platform', 'compatible_platforms', 'yield_lines', 'split_sections',
+    'safe_extra', 'to_filename', 'invalid_marker', 'evaluate_marker',
+
+    # filesystem utilities
+    'ensure_directory', 'normalize_path',
+
+    # Distribution "precedence" constants
+    'EGG_DIST', 'BINARY_DIST', 'SOURCE_DIST', 'CHECKOUT_DIST', 'DEVELOP_DIST',
+
+    # "Provider" interfaces, implementations, and registration/lookup APIs
+    'IMetadataProvider', 'IResourceProvider', 'FileMetadata',
+    'PathMetadata', 'EggMetadata', 'EmptyProvider', 'empty_provider',
+    'NullProvider', 'EggProvider', 'DefaultProvider', 'ZipProvider',
+    'register_finder', 'register_namespace_handler', 'register_loader_type',
+    'fixup_namespace_packages', 'get_importer',
+
+    # Deprecated/backward compatibility only
+    'run_main', 'AvailableDistributions',
+]
+
+class ResolutionError(Exception):
+    """Abstract base for dependency resolution errors"""
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__class__.__name__+repr(self.args)
+
+
+class VersionConflict(ResolutionError):
+    """
+    An already-installed version conflicts with the requested version.
+
+    Should be initialized with the installed Distribution and the requested
+    Requirement.
+    """
+
+    _template = "{self.dist} is installed but {self.req} is required"
+
+    @property
+    def dist(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def with_context(self, required_by):
+        """
+        If required_by is non-empty, return a version of self that is a
+        ContextualVersionConflict.
+        """
+        if not required_by:
+            return self
+        args = self.args + (required_by,)
+        return ContextualVersionConflict(*args)
+
+
+class ContextualVersionConflict(VersionConflict):
+    """
+    A VersionConflict that accepts a third parameter, the set of the
+    requirements that required the installed Distribution.
+    """
+
+    _template = VersionConflict._template + ' by {self.required_by}'
+
+    @property
+    def required_by(self):
+        return self.args[2]
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(ResolutionError):
+    """A requested distribution was not found"""
+
+    _template = ("The '{self.req}' distribution was not found "
+                 "and is required by {self.requirers_str}")
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers_str(self):
+        if not self.requirers:
+            return 'the application'
+        return ', '.join(self.requirers)
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.report()
+
+
+class UnknownExtra(ResolutionError):
+    """Distribution doesn't have an "extra feature" of the given name"""
+_provider_factories = {}
+
+PY_MAJOR = sys.version[:3]
+EGG_DIST = 3
+BINARY_DIST = 2
+SOURCE_DIST = 1
+CHECKOUT_DIST = 0
+DEVELOP_DIST = -1
+
+def register_loader_type(loader_type, provider_factory):
+    """Register `provider_factory` to make providers for `loader_type`
+
+    `loader_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 ``module.__loader__``,
+    and `provider_factory` is a function that, passed a *module* object,
+    returns an ``IResourceProvider`` for that module.
+    """
+    _provider_factories[loader_type] = provider_factory
+
+def get_provider(moduleOrReq):
+    """Return an IResourceProvider for the named module or requirement"""
+    if isinstance(moduleOrReq, Requirement):
+        return working_set.find(moduleOrReq) or require(str(moduleOrReq))[0]
+    try:
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    except KeyError:
+        __import__(moduleOrReq)
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+    return _find_adapter(_provider_factories, loader)(module)
+
+def _macosx_vers(_cache=[]):
+    if not _cache:
+        version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+        # fallback for MacPorts
+        if version == '':
+            plist = '/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist'
+            if os.path.exists(plist):
+                if hasattr(plistlib, 'readPlist'):
+                    plist_content = plistlib.readPlist(plist)
+                    if 'ProductVersion' in plist_content:
+                        version = plist_content['ProductVersion']
+
+        _cache.append(version.split('.'))
+    return _cache[0]
+
+def _macosx_arch(machine):
+    return {'PowerPC': 'ppc', 'Power_Macintosh': 'ppc'}.get(machine, machine)
+
+def get_build_platform():
+    """Return this platform's string for platform-specific distributions
+
+    XXX Currently this is the same as ``distutils.util.get_platform()``, but it
+    needs some hacks for Linux and Mac OS X.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+        from sysconfig import get_platform
+    except ImportError:
+        from distutils.util import get_platform
+
+    plat = get_platform()
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and not plat.startswith('macosx-'):
+        try:
+            version = _macosx_vers()
+            machine = os.uname()[4].replace(" ", "_")
+            return "macosx-%d.%d-%s" % (int(version[0]), int(version[1]),
+                _macosx_arch(machine))
+        except ValueError:
+            # if someone is running a non-Mac darwin system, this will fall
+            # through to the default implementation
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+macosVersionString = re.compile(r"macosx-(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+darwinVersionString = re.compile(r"darwin-(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+# XXX backward compat
+get_platform = get_build_platform
+
+
+def compatible_platforms(provided, required):
+    """Can code for the `provided` platform run on the `required` platform?
+
+    Returns true if either platform is ``None``, or the platforms are equal.
+
+    XXX Needs compatibility checks for Linux and other unixy OSes.
+    """
+    if provided is None or required is None or provided==required:
+        # easy case
+        return True
+
+    # Mac OS X special cases
+    reqMac = macosVersionString.match(required)
+    if reqMac:
+        provMac = macosVersionString.match(provided)
+
+        # is this a Mac package?
+        if not provMac:
+            # this is backwards compatibility for packages built before
+            # setuptools 0.6. All packages built after this point will
+            # use the new macosx designation.
+            provDarwin = darwinVersionString.match(provided)
+            if provDarwin:
+                dversion = int(provDarwin.group(1))
+                macosversion = "%s.%s" % (reqMac.group(1), reqMac.group(2))
+                if dversion == 7 and macosversion >= "10.3" or \
+                        dversion == 8 and macosversion >= "10.4":
+                    return True
+            # egg isn't macosx or legacy darwin
+            return False
+
+        # are they the same major version and machine type?
+        if provMac.group(1) != reqMac.group(1) or \
+                provMac.group(3) != reqMac.group(3):
+            return False
+
+        # is the required OS major update >= the provided one?
+        if int(provMac.group(2)) > int(reqMac.group(2)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    # XXX Linux and other platforms' special cases should go here
+    return False
+
+
+def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
+    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
+    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+    name = ns['__name__']
+    ns.clear()
+    ns['__name__'] = name
+    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+# backward compatibility
+run_main = run_script
+
+def get_distribution(dist):
+    """Return a current distribution object for a Requirement or string"""
+    if isinstance(dist, six.string_types):
+        dist = Requirement.parse(dist)
+    if isinstance(dist, Requirement):
+        dist = get_provider(dist)
+    if not isinstance(dist, Distribution):
+        raise TypeError("Expected string, Requirement, or Distribution", dist)
+    return dist
+
+def load_entry_point(dist, group, name):
+    """Return `name` entry point of `group` for `dist` or raise ImportError"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
+
+def get_entry_map(dist, group=None):
+    """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_map(group)
+
+def get_entry_info(dist, group, name):
+    """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_info(group, name)
+
+
+class IMetadataProvider:
+
+    def has_metadata(name):
+        """Does the package's distribution contain the named metadata?"""
+
+    def get_metadata(name):
+        """The named metadata resource as a string"""
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(name):
+        """Yield named metadata resource as list of non-blank non-comment lines
+
+       Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line, and lines
+       with ``#`` as the first non-blank character are omitted."""
+
+    def metadata_isdir(name):
+        """Is the named metadata a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def metadata_listdir(name):
+        """List of metadata names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+    def run_script(script_name, namespace):
+        """Execute the named script in the supplied namespace dictionary"""
+
+
+class IResourceProvider(IMetadataProvider):
+    """An object that provides access to package resources"""
+
+    def get_resource_filename(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_stream(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_string(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a string containing the contents of `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def has_resource(resource_name):
+        """Does the package contain the named resource?"""
+
+    def resource_isdir(resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def resource_listdir(resource_name):
+        """List of resource names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+
+class WorkingSet(object):
+    """A collection of active distributions on sys.path (or a similar list)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, entries=None):
+        """Create working set from list of path entries (default=sys.path)"""
+        self.entries = []
+        self.entry_keys = {}
+        self.by_key = {}
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+        if entries is None:
+            entries = sys.path
+
+        for entry in entries:
+            self.add_entry(entry)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_master(cls):
+        """
+        Prepare the master working set.
+        """
+        ws = cls()
+        try:
+            from __main__ import __requires__
+        except ImportError:
+            # The main program does not list any requirements
+            return ws
+
+        # ensure the requirements are met
+        try:
+            ws.require(__requires__)
+        except VersionConflict:
+            return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__)
+
+        return ws
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_from_requirements(cls, req_spec):
+        """
+        Build a working set from a requirement spec. Rewrites sys.path.
+        """
+        # try it without defaults already on sys.path
+        # by starting with an empty path
+        ws = cls([])
+        reqs = parse_requirements(req_spec)
+        dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment())
+        for dist in dists:
+            ws.add(dist)
+
+        # add any missing entries from sys.path
+        for entry in sys.path:
+            if entry not in ws.entries:
+                ws.add_entry(entry)
+
+        # then copy back to sys.path
+        sys.path[:] = ws.entries
+        return ws
+
+    def add_entry(self, entry):
+        """Add a path item to ``.entries``, finding any distributions on it
+
+        ``find_distributions(entry, True)`` is used to find distributions
+        corresponding to the path entry, and they are added.  `entry` is
+        always appended to ``.entries``, even if it is already present.
+        (This is because ``sys.path`` can contain the same value more than
+        once, and the ``.entries`` of the ``sys.path`` WorkingSet should always
+        equal ``sys.path``.)
+        """
+        self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, [])
+        self.entries.append(entry)
+        for dist in find_distributions(entry, True):
+            self.add(dist, entry, False)
+
+    def __contains__(self, dist):
+        """True if `dist` is the active distribution for its project"""
+        return self.by_key.get(dist.key) == dist
+
+    def find(self, req):
+        """Find a distribution matching requirement `req`
+
+        If there is an active distribution for the requested project, this
+        returns it as long as it meets the version requirement specified by
+        `req`.  But, if there is an active distribution for the project and it
+        does *not* meet the `req` requirement, ``VersionConflict`` is raised.
+        If there is no active distribution for the requested project, ``None``
+        is returned.
+        """
+        dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+        if dist is not None and dist not in req:
+            # XXX add more info
+            raise VersionConflict(dist, req)
+        return dist
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self, group, name=None):
+        """Yield entry point objects from `group` matching `name`
+
+        If `name` is None, yields all entry points in `group` from all
+        distributions in the working set, otherwise only ones matching
+        both `group` and `name` are yielded (in distribution order).
+        """
+        for dist in self:
+            entries = dist.get_entry_map(group)
+            if name is None:
+                for ep in entries.values():
+                    yield ep
+            elif name in entries:
+                yield entries[name]
+
+    def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
+        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
+        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+        name = ns['__name__']
+        ns.clear()
+        ns['__name__'] = name
+        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield distributions for non-duplicate projects in the working set
+
+        The yield order is the order in which the items' path entries were
+        added to the working set.
+        """
+        seen = {}
+        for item in self.entries:
+            if item not in self.entry_keys:
+                # workaround a cache issue
+                continue
+
+            for key in self.entry_keys[item]:
+                if key not in seen:
+                    seen[key]=1
+                    yield self.by_key[key]
+
+    def add(self, dist, entry=None, insert=True, replace=False):
+        """Add `dist` to working set, associated with `entry`
+
+        If `entry` is unspecified, it defaults to the ``.location`` of `dist`.
+        On exit from this routine, `entry` is added to the end of the working
+        set's ``.entries`` (if it wasn't already present).
+
+        `dist` is only added to the working set if it's for a project that
+        doesn't already have a distribution in the set, unless `replace=True`.
+        If it's added, any callbacks registered with the ``subscribe()`` method
+        will be called.
+        """
+        if insert:
+            dist.insert_on(self.entries, entry, replace=replace)
+
+        if entry is None:
+            entry = dist.location
+        keys = self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry,[])
+        keys2 = self.entry_keys.setdefault(dist.location,[])
+        if not replace and dist.key in self.by_key:
+            # ignore hidden distros
+            return
+
+        self.by_key[dist.key] = dist
+        if dist.key not in keys:
+            keys.append(dist.key)
+        if dist.key not in keys2:
+            keys2.append(dist.key)
+        self._added_new(dist)
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, env=None, installer=None,
+            replace_conflicting=False):
+        """List all distributions needed to (recursively) meet `requirements`
+
+        `requirements` must be a sequence of ``Requirement`` objects.  `env`,
+        if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` instance.  If
+        not supplied, it defaults to all distributions available within any
+        entry or distribution in the working set.  `installer`, if supplied,
+        will be invoked with each requirement that cannot be met by an
+        already-installed distribution; it should return a ``Distribution`` or
+        ``None``.
+
+        Unless `replace_conflicting=True`, raises a VersionConflict exception if
+        any requirements are found on the path that have the correct name but
+        the wrong version.  Otherwise, if an `installer` is supplied it will be
+        invoked to obtain the correct version of the requirement and activate
+        it.
+        """
+
+        # set up the stack
+        requirements = list(requirements)[::-1]
+        # set of processed requirements
+        processed = {}
+        # key -> dist
+        best = {}
+        to_activate = []
+
+        # Mapping of requirement to set of distributions that required it;
+        # useful for reporting info about conflicts.
+        required_by = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        while requirements:
+            # process dependencies breadth-first
+            req = requirements.pop(0)
+            if req in processed:
+                # Ignore cyclic or redundant dependencies
+                continue
+            dist = best.get(req.key)
+            if dist is None:
+                # Find the best distribution and add it to the map
+                dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+                if dist is None or (dist not in req and replace_conflicting):
+                    ws = self
+                    if env is None:
+                        if dist is None:
+                            env = Environment(self.entries)
+                        else:
+                            # Use an empty environment and workingset to avoid
+                            # any further conflicts with the conflicting
+                            # distribution
+                            env = Environment([])
+                            ws = WorkingSet([])
+                    dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)
+                    if dist is None:
+                        requirers = required_by.get(req, None)
+                        raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers)
+                to_activate.append(dist)
+            if dist not in req:
+                # Oops, the "best" so far conflicts with a dependency
+                dependent_req = required_by[req]
+                raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req)
+
+            # push the new requirements onto the stack
+            new_requirements = dist.requires(req.extras)[::-1]
+            requirements.extend(new_requirements)
+
+            # Register the new requirements needed by req
+            for new_requirement in new_requirements:
+                required_by[new_requirement].add(req.project_name)
+
+            processed[req] = True
+
+        # return list of distros to activate
+        return to_activate
+
+    def find_plugins(self, plugin_env, full_env=None, installer=None,
+            fallback=True):
+        """Find all activatable distributions in `plugin_env`
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            distributions, errors = working_set.find_plugins(
+                Environment(plugin_dirlist)
+            )
+            # add plugins+libs to sys.path
+            map(working_set.add, distributions)
+            # display errors
+            print('Could not load', errors)
+
+        The `plugin_env` should be an ``Environment`` instance that contains
+        only distributions that are in the project's "plugin directory" or
+        directories. The `full_env`, if supplied, should be an ``Environment``
+        contains all currently-available distributions.  If `full_env` is not
+        supplied, one is created automatically from the ``WorkingSet`` this
+        method is called on, which will typically mean that every directory on
+        ``sys.path`` will be scanned for distributions.
+
+        `installer` is a standard installer callback as used by the
+        ``resolve()`` method. The `fallback` flag indicates whether we should
+        attempt to resolve older versions of a plugin if the newest version
+        cannot be resolved.
+
+        This method returns a 2-tuple: (`distributions`, `error_info`), where
+        `distributions` is a list of the distributions found in `plugin_env`
+        that were loadable, along with any other distributions that are needed
+        to resolve their dependencies.  `error_info` is a dictionary mapping
+        unloadable plugin distributions to an exception instance describing the
+        error that occurred. Usually this will be a ``DistributionNotFound`` or
+        ``VersionConflict`` instance.
+        """
+
+        plugin_projects = list(plugin_env)
+        # scan project names in alphabetic order
+        plugin_projects.sort()
+
+        error_info = {}
+        distributions = {}
+
+        if full_env is None:
+            env = Environment(self.entries)
+            env += plugin_env
+        else:
+            env = full_env + plugin_env
+
+        shadow_set = self.__class__([])
+        # put all our entries in shadow_set
+        list(map(shadow_set.add, self))
+
+        for project_name in plugin_projects:
+
+            for dist in plugin_env[project_name]:
+
+                req = [dist.as_requirement()]
+
+                try:
+                    resolvees = shadow_set.resolve(req, env, installer)
+
+                except ResolutionError as v:
+                    # save error info
+                    error_info[dist] = v
+                    if fallback:
+                        # try the next older version of project
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # give up on this project, keep going
+                        break
+
+                else:
+                    list(map(shadow_set.add, resolvees))
+                    distributions.update(dict.fromkeys(resolvees))
+
+                    # success, no need to try any more versions of this project
+                    break
+
+        distributions = list(distributions)
+        distributions.sort()
+
+        return distributions, error_info
+
+    def require(self, *requirements):
+        """Ensure that distributions matching `requirements` are activated
+
+        `requirements` must be a string or a (possibly-nested) sequence
+        thereof, specifying the distributions and versions required.  The
+        return value is a sequence of the distributions that needed to be
+        activated to fulfill the requirements; all relevant distributions are
+        included, even if they were already activated in this working set.
+        """
+        needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements))
+
+        for dist in needed:
+            self.add(dist)
+
+        return needed
+
+    def subscribe(self, callback):
+        """Invoke `callback` for all distributions (including existing ones)"""
+        if callback in self.callbacks:
+            return
+        self.callbacks.append(callback)
+        for dist in self:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def _added_new(self, dist):
+        for callback in self.callbacks:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (
+            self.entries[:], self.entry_keys.copy(), self.by_key.copy(),
+            self.callbacks[:]
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, e_k_b_c):
+        entries, keys, by_key, callbacks = e_k_b_c
+        self.entries = entries[:]
+        self.entry_keys = keys.copy()
+        self.by_key = by_key.copy()
+        self.callbacks = callbacks[:]
+
+
+class Environment(object):
+    """Searchable snapshot of distributions on a search path"""
+
+    def __init__(self, search_path=None, platform=get_supported_platform(),
+            python=PY_MAJOR):
+        """Snapshot distributions available on a search path
+
+        Any distributions found on `search_path` are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.
+
+        `platform` is an optional string specifying the name of the platform
+        that platform-specific distributions must be compatible with.  If
+        unspecified, it defaults to the current platform.  `python` is an
+        optional string naming the desired version of Python (e.g. ``'3.3'``);
+        it defaults to the current version.
+
+        You may explicitly set `platform` (and/or `python`) to ``None`` if you
+        wish to map *all* distributions, not just those compatible with the
+        running platform or Python version.
+        """
+        self._distmap = {}
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.python = python
+        self.scan(search_path)
+
+    def can_add(self, dist):
+        """Is distribution `dist` acceptable for this environment?
+
+        The distribution must match the platform and python version
+        requirements specified when this environment was created, or False
+        is returned.
+        """
+        return (self.python is None or dist.py_version is None
+            or dist.py_version==self.python) \
+            and compatible_platforms(dist.platform, self.platform)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the environment"""
+        self._distmap[dist.key].remove(dist)
+
+    def scan(self, search_path=None):
+        """Scan `search_path` for distributions usable in this environment
+
+        Any distributions found are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.  Only distributions conforming to
+        the platform/python version defined at initialization are added.
+        """
+        if search_path is None:
+            search_path = sys.path
+
+        for item in search_path:
+            for dist in find_distributions(item):
+                self.add(dist)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, project_name):
+        """Return a newest-to-oldest list of distributions for `project_name`
+
+        Uses case-insensitive `project_name` comparison, assuming all the
+        project's distributions use their project's name converted to all
+        lowercase as their key.
+
+        """
+        distribution_key = project_name.lower()
+        return self._distmap.get(distribution_key, [])
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` if we ``can_add()`` it and it has not already been added
+        """
+        if self.can_add(dist) and dist.has_version():
+            dists = self._distmap.setdefault(dist.key, [])
+            if dist not in dists:
+                dists.append(dist)
+                dists.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('hashcmp'), reverse=True)
+
+    def best_match(self, req, working_set, installer=None):
+        """Find distribution best matching `req` and usable on `working_set`
+
+        This calls the ``find(req)`` method of the `working_set` to see if a
+        suitable distribution is already active.  (This may raise
+        ``VersionConflict`` if an unsuitable version of the project is already
+        active in the specified `working_set`.)  If a suitable distribution
+        isn't active, this method returns the newest distribution in the
+        environment that meets the ``Requirement`` in `req`.  If no suitable
+        distribution is found, and `installer` is supplied, then the result of
+        calling the environment's ``obtain(req, installer)`` method will be
+        returned.
+        """
+        dist = working_set.find(req)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist
+        for dist in self[req.key]:
+            if dist in req:
+                return dist
+        # try to download/install
+        return self.obtain(req, installer)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        """Obtain a distribution matching `requirement` (e.g. via download)
+
+        Obtain a distro that matches requirement (e.g. via download).  In the
+        base ``Environment`` class, this routine just returns
+        ``installer(requirement)``, unless `installer` is None, in which case
+        None is returned instead.  This method is a hook that allows subclasses
+        to attempt other ways of obtaining a distribution before falling back
+        to the `installer` argument."""
+        if installer is not None:
+            return installer(requirement)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield the unique project names of the available distributions"""
+        for key in self._distmap.keys():
+            if self[key]:
+                yield key
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        """In-place addition of a distribution or environment"""
+        if isinstance(other, Distribution):
+            self.add(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, Environment):
+            for project in other:
+                for dist in other[project]:
+                    self.add(dist)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't add %r to environment" % (other,))
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Add an environment or distribution to an environment"""
+        new = self.__class__([], platform=None, python=None)
+        for env in self, other:
+            new += env
+        return new
+
+
+# XXX backward compatibility
+AvailableDistributions = Environment
+
+
+class ExtractionError(RuntimeError):
+    """An error occurred extracting a resource
+
+    The following attributes are available from instances of this exception:
+
+    manager
+        The resource manager that raised this exception
+
+    cache_path
+        The base directory for resource extraction
+
+    original_error
+        The exception instance that caused extraction to fail
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceManager:
+    """Manage resource extraction and packages"""
+    extraction_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cached_files = {}
+
+    def resource_exists(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Does the named resource exist?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).has_resource(resource_name)
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource an existing directory?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_isdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_filename(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_filename(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_stream(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_stream(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_string(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return specified resource as a string"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_string(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """List the contents of the named resource directory"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_listdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def extraction_error(self):
+        """Give an error message for problems extracting file(s)"""
+
+        old_exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        cache_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+
+        err = ExtractionError("""Can't extract file(s) to egg cache
+
+The following error occurred while trying to extract file(s) to the Python egg
+cache:
+
+  %s
+
+The Python egg cache directory is currently set to:
+
+  %s
+
+Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  You can
+change the cache directory by setting the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment
+variable to point to an accessible directory.
+""" % (old_exc, cache_path)
+        )
+        err.manager = self
+        err.cache_path = cache_path
+        err.original_error = old_exc
+        raise err
+
+    def get_cache_path(self, archive_name, names=()):
+        """Return absolute location in cache for `archive_name` and `names`
+
+        The parent directory of the resulting path will be created if it does
+        not already exist.  `archive_name` should be the base filename of the
+        enclosing egg (which may not be the name of the enclosing zipfile!),
+        including its ".egg" extension.  `names`, if provided, should be a
+        sequence of path name parts "under" the egg's extraction location.
+
+        This method should only be called by resource providers that need to
+        obtain an extraction location, and only for names they intend to
+        extract, as it tracks the generated names for possible cleanup later.
+        """
+        extract_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+        target_path = os.path.join(extract_path, archive_name+'-tmp', *names)
+        try:
+            _bypass_ensure_directory(target_path)
+        except:
+            self.extraction_error()
+
+        self._warn_unsafe_extraction_path(extract_path)
+
+        self.cached_files[target_path] = 1
+        return target_path
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _warn_unsafe_extraction_path(path):
+        """
+        If the default extraction path is overridden and set to an insecure
+        location, such as /tmp, it opens up an opportunity for an attacker to
+        replace an extracted file with an unauthorized payload. Warn the user
+        if a known insecure location is used.
+
+        See Distribute #375 for more details.
+        """
+        if os.name == 'nt' and not path.startswith(os.environ['windir']):
+            # On Windows, permissions are generally restrictive by default
+            #  and temp directories are not writable by other users, so
+            #  bypass the warning.
+            return
+        mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+        if mode & stat.S_IWOTH or mode & stat.S_IWGRP:
+            msg = ("%s is writable by group/others and vulnerable to attack "
+                "when "
+                "used with get_resource_filename. Consider a more secure "
+                "location (set with .set_extraction_path or the "
+                "PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment variable)." % path)
+            warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
+
+    def postprocess(self, tempname, filename):
+        """Perform any platform-specific postprocessing of `tempname`
+
+        This is where Mac header rewrites should be done; other platforms don't
+        have anything special they should do.
+
+        Resource providers should call this method ONLY after successfully
+        extracting a compressed resource.  They must NOT call it on resources
+        that are already in the filesystem.
+
+        `tempname` is the current (temporary) name of the file, and `filename`
+        is the name it will be renamed to by the caller after this routine
+        returns.
+        """
+
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            # Make the resource executable
+            mode = ((os.stat(tempname).st_mode) | 0o555) & 0o7777
+            os.chmod(tempname, mode)
+
+    def set_extraction_path(self, path):
+        """Set the base path where resources will be extracted to, if needed.
+
+        If you do not call this routine before any extractions take place, the
+        path defaults to the return value of ``get_default_cache()``.  (Which
+        is based on the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, with various
+        platform-specific fallbacks.  See that routine's documentation for more
+        details.)
+
+        Resources are extracted to subdirectories of this path based upon
+        information given by the ``IResourceProvider``.  You may set this to a
+        temporary directory, but then you must call ``cleanup_resources()`` to
+        delete the extracted files when done.  There is no guarantee that
+        ``cleanup_resources()`` will be able to remove all extracted files.
+
+        (Note: you may not change the extraction path for a given resource
+        manager once resources have been extracted, unless you first call
+        ``cleanup_resources()``.)
+        """
+        if self.cached_files:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't change extraction path, files already extracted"
+            )
+
+        self.extraction_path = path
+
+    def cleanup_resources(self, force=False):
+        """
+        Delete all extracted resource files and directories, returning a list
+        of the file and directory names that could not be successfully removed.
+        This function does not have any concurrency protection, so it should
+        generally only be called when the extraction path is a temporary
+        directory exclusive to a single process.  This method is not
+        automatically called; you must call it explicitly or register it as an
+        ``atexit`` function if you wish to ensure cleanup of a temporary
+        directory used for extractions.
+        """
+        # XXX
+
+def get_default_cache():
+    """Determine the default cache location
+
+    This returns the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, if set.
+    Otherwise, on Windows, it returns a "Python-Eggs" subdirectory of the
+    "Application Data" directory.  On all other systems, it's "~/.python-eggs".
+    """
+    try:
+        return os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE']
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+
+    if os.name!='nt':
+        return os.path.expanduser('~/.python-eggs')
+
+    # XXX this may be locale-specific!
+    app_data = 'Application Data'
+    app_homes = [
+        # best option, should be locale-safe
+        (('APPDATA',), None),
+        (('USERPROFILE',), app_data),
+        (('HOMEDRIVE','HOMEPATH'), app_data),
+        (('HOMEPATH',), app_data),
+        (('HOME',), None),
+        # 95/98/ME
+        (('WINDIR',), app_data),
+    ]
+
+    for keys, subdir in app_homes:
+        dirname = ''
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in os.environ:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, os.environ[key])
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            if subdir:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, subdir)
+            return os.path.join(dirname, 'Python-Eggs')
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Please set the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE enviroment variable"
+        )
+
+def safe_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name)
+
+
+def safe_version(version):
+    """
+    Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string
+    """
+    try:
+        # normalize the version
+        return str(packaging.version.Version(version))
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        version = version.replace(' ','.')
+        return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version)
+
+
+def safe_extra(extra):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_',
+    and the result is always lowercased.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '_', extra).lower()
+
+
+def to_filename(name):
+    """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form
+
+    Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'.
+    """
+    return name.replace('-','_')
+
+
+class MarkerEvaluation(object):
+    values = {
+        'os_name': lambda: os.name,
+        'sys_platform': lambda: sys.platform,
+        'python_full_version': platform.python_version,
+        'python_version': lambda: platform.python_version()[:3],
+        'platform_version': platform.version,
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine,
+        'platform_python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+        'python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_invalid_marker(cls, text):
+        """
+        Validate text as a PEP 426 environment marker; return an exception
+        if invalid or False otherwise.
+        """
+        try:
+            cls.evaluate_marker(text)
+        except SyntaxError as e:
+            return cls.normalize_exception(e)
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_exception(exc):
+        """
+        Given a SyntaxError from a marker evaluation, normalize the error
+        message:
+         - Remove indications of filename and line number.
+         - Replace platform-specific error messages with standard error
+           messages.
+        """
+        subs = {
+            'unexpected EOF while parsing': 'invalid syntax',
+            'parenthesis is never closed': 'invalid syntax',
+        }
+        exc.filename = None
+        exc.lineno = None
+        exc.msg = subs.get(exc.msg, exc.msg)
+        return exc
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.and_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.or_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def atom(cls, nodelist):
+        t = nodelist[1][0]
+        if t == token.LPAR:
+            if nodelist[2][0] == token.RPAR:
+                raise SyntaxError("Empty parentheses")
+            return cls.interpret(nodelist[2])
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def comparison(cls, nodelist):
+        if len(nodelist) > 4:
+            msg = "Chained comparison not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        comp = nodelist[2][1]
+        cop = comp[1]
+        if comp[0] == token.NAME:
+            if len(nodelist[2]) == 3:
+                if cop == 'not':
+                    cop = 'not in'
+                else:
+                    cop = 'is not'
+        try:
+            cop = cls.get_op(cop)
+        except KeyError:
+            msg = repr(cop) + " operator not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        return cop(cls.evaluate(nodelist[1]), cls.evaluate(nodelist[3]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_op(cls, op):
+        ops = {
+            symbol.test: cls.test,
+            symbol.and_test: cls.and_test,
+            symbol.atom: cls.atom,
+            symbol.comparison: cls.comparison,
+            'not in': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+            'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+            '==': operator.eq,
+            '!=': operator.ne,
+            '<':  operator.lt,
+            '>':  operator.gt,
+            '<=': operator.le,
+            '>=': operator.ge,
+        }
+        if hasattr(symbol, 'or_test'):
+            ops[symbol.or_test] = cls.test
+        return ops[op]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate_marker(cls, text, extra=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker on CPython 2.4+.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+
+        This implementation uses the 'parser' module, which is not implemented
+        on
+        Jython and has been superseded by the 'ast' module in Python 2.6 and
+        later.
+        """
+        return cls.interpret(parser.expr(text).totuple(1)[1])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _translate_metadata2(env):
+        """
+        Markerlib implements Metadata 1.2 (PEP 345) environment markers.
+        Translate the variables to Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426).
+        """
+        return dict(
+            (key.replace('.', '_'), value)
+            for key, value in env.items()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _markerlib_evaluate(cls, text):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker using markerlib.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+        """
+        import _markerlib
+
+        env = cls._translate_metadata2(_markerlib.default_environment())
+        try:
+            result = _markerlib.interpret(text, env)
+        except NameError as e:
+            raise SyntaxError(e.args[0])
+        return result
+
+    if 'parser' not in globals():
+        # Fall back to less-complete _markerlib implementation if 'parser' module
+        # is not available.
+        evaluate_marker = _markerlib_evaluate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def interpret(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        try:
+            op = cls.get_op(nodelist[0])
+        except KeyError:
+            raise SyntaxError("Comparison or logical expression expected")
+        return op(nodelist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        kind = nodelist[0]
+        name = nodelist[1]
+        if kind==token.NAME:
+            try:
+                op = cls.values[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise SyntaxError("Unknown name %r" % name)
+            return op()
+        if kind==token.STRING:
+            s = nodelist[1]
+            if not cls._safe_string(s):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    "Only plain strings allowed in environment markers")
+            return s[1:-1]
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _safe_string(cand):
+        return (
+            cand[:1] in "'\"" and
+            not cand.startswith('"""') and
+            not cand.startswith("'''") and
+            '\\' not in cand
+        )
+
+invalid_marker = MarkerEvaluation.is_invalid_marker
+evaluate_marker = MarkerEvaluation.evaluate_marker
+
+class NullProvider:
+    """Try to implement resources and metadata for arbitrary PEP 302 loaders"""
+
+    egg_name = None
+    egg_info = None
+    loader = None
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.module_path = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_resource_string(manager, resource_name))
+
+    def get_resource_string(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._get(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_resource(self, resource_name):
+        return self._has(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._has(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    if sys.version_info <= (3,):
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+    else:
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)).decode("utf-8")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._isdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_isdir(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._isdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._listdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_listdir(self, name):
+        if self.egg_info:
+            return self._listdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+        return []
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name, namespace):
+        script = 'scripts/'+script_name
+        if not self.has_metadata(script):
+            raise ResolutionError("No script named %r" % script_name)
+        script_text = self.get_metadata(script).replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        script_text = script_text.replace('\r', '\n')
+        script_filename = self._fn(self.egg_info, script)
+        namespace['__file__'] = script_filename
+        if os.path.exists(script_filename):
+            source = open(script_filename).read()
+            code = compile(source, script_filename, 'exec')
+            exec(code, namespace, namespace)
+        else:
+            from linecache import cache
+            cache[script_filename] = (
+                len(script_text), 0, script_text.split('\n'), script_filename
+            )
+            script_code = compile(script_text, script_filename,'exec')
+            exec(script_code, namespace, namespace)
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _fn(self, base, resource_name):
+        if resource_name:
+            return os.path.join(base, *resource_name.split('/'))
+        return base
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_data'):
+            return self.loader.get_data(path)
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for loaders without 'get_data()'"
+        )
+
+register_loader_type(object, NullProvider)
+
+
+class EggProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider based on a virtual filesystem"""
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        NullProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+    def _setup_prefix(self):
+        # we assume here that our metadata may be nested inside a "basket"
+        # of multiple eggs; that's why we use module_path instead of .archive
+        path = self.module_path
+        old = None
+        while path!=old:
+            if _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+                self.egg_name = os.path.basename(path)
+                self.egg_info = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO')
+                self.egg_root = path
+                break
+            old = path
+            path, base = os.path.split(path)
+
+class DefaultProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Provides access to package resources in the filesystem"""
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        return os.path.isdir(path)
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        return os.listdir(path)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return open(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name), 'rb')
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+register_loader_type(type(None), DefaultProvider)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_loader_type(importlib_machinery.SourceFileLoader, DefaultProvider)
+
+
+class EmptyProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider that returns nothing for all requests"""
+
+    _isdir = _has = lambda self, path: False
+    _get = lambda self, path: ''
+    _listdir = lambda self, path: []
+    module_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+empty_provider = EmptyProvider()
+
+
+class ZipManifests(dict):
+    """
+    zip manifest builder
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path):
+        """
+        Build a dictionary similar to the zipimport directory
+        caches, except instead of tuples, store ZipInfo objects.
+
+        Use a platform-specific path separator (os.sep) for the path keys
+        for compatibility with pypy on Windows.
+        """
+        with ContextualZipFile(path) as zfile:
+            items = (
+                (
+                    name.replace('/', os.sep),
+                    zfile.getinfo(name),
+                )
+                for name in zfile.namelist()
+            )
+            return dict(items)
+
+    load = build
+
+
+class MemoizedZipManifests(ZipManifests):
+    """
+    Memoized zipfile manifests.
+    """
+    manifest_mod = collections.namedtuple('manifest_mod', 'manifest mtime')
+
+    def load(self, path):
+        """
+        Load a manifest at path or return a suitable manifest already loaded.
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(path)
+        mtime = os.stat(path).st_mtime
+
+        if path not in self or self[path].mtime != mtime:
+            manifest = self.build(path)
+            self[path] = self.manifest_mod(manifest, mtime)
+
+        return self[path].manifest
+
+
+class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """
+    Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a ZipFile or ContextualZipFile as appropriate
+        """
+        if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__'):
+            return zipfile.ZipFile(*args, **kwargs)
+        return super(ContextualZipFile, cls).__new__(cls)
+
+
+class ZipProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Resource support for zips and eggs"""
+
+    eagers = None
+    _zip_manifests = MemoizedZipManifests()
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        EggProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self.zip_pre = self.loader.archive+os.sep
+
+    def _zipinfo_name(self, fspath):
+        # Convert a virtual filename (full path to file) into a zipfile subpath
+        # usable with the zipimport directory cache for our target archive
+        if fspath.startswith(self.zip_pre):
+            return fspath[len(self.zip_pre):]
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.zip_pre)
+        )
+
+    def _parts(self, zip_path):
+        # Convert a zipfile subpath into an egg-relative path part list.
+        # pseudo-fs path
+        fspath = self.zip_pre+zip_path
+        if fspath.startswith(self.egg_root+os.sep):
+            return fspath[len(self.egg_root)+1:].split(os.sep)
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.egg_root)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def zipinfo(self):
+        return self._zip_manifests.load(self.loader.archive)
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        if not self.egg_name:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "resource_filename() only supported for .egg, not .zip"
+            )
+        # no need to lock for extraction, since we use temp names
+        zip_path = self._resource_to_zip(resource_name)
+        eagers = self._get_eager_resources()
+        if '/'.join(self._parts(zip_path)) in eagers:
+            for name in eagers:
+                self._extract_resource(manager, self._eager_to_zip(name))
+        return self._extract_resource(manager, zip_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_date_and_size(zip_stat):
+        size = zip_stat.file_size
+        # ymdhms+wday, yday, dst
+        date_time = zip_stat.date_time + (0, 0, -1)
+        # 1980 offset already done
+        timestamp = time.mktime(date_time)
+        return timestamp, size
+
+    def _extract_resource(self, manager, zip_path):
+
+        if zip_path in self._index():
+            for name in self._index()[zip_path]:
+                last = self._extract_resource(
+                    manager, os.path.join(zip_path, name)
+                )
+            # return the extracted directory name
+            return os.path.dirname(last)
+
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+
+        if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+            raise IOError('"os.rename" and "os.unlink" are not supported '
+                          'on this platform')
+        try:
+
+            real_path = manager.get_cache_path(
+                self.egg_name, self._parts(zip_path)
+            )
+
+            if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                return real_path
+
+            outf, tmpnam = _mkstemp(".$extract", dir=os.path.dirname(real_path))
+            os.write(outf, self.loader.get_data(zip_path))
+            os.close(outf)
+            utime(tmpnam, (timestamp, timestamp))
+            manager.postprocess(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            try:
+                rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            except os.error:
+                if os.path.isfile(real_path):
+                    if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                        # the file became current since it was checked above,
+                        #  so proceed.
+                        return real_path
+                    # Windows, del old file and retry
+                    elif os.name=='nt':
+                        unlink(real_path)
+                        rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+                        return real_path
+                raise
+
+        except os.error:
+            # report a user-friendly error
+            manager.extraction_error()
+
+        return real_path
+
+    def _is_current(self, file_path, zip_path):
+        """
+        Return True if the file_path is current for this zip_path
+        """
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
+            return False
+        stat = os.stat(file_path)
+        if stat.st_size!=size or stat.st_mtime!=timestamp:
+            return False
+        # check that the contents match
+        zip_contents = self.loader.get_data(zip_path)
+        with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
+            file_contents = f.read()
+        return zip_contents == file_contents
+
+    def _get_eager_resources(self):
+        if self.eagers is None:
+            eagers = []
+            for name in ('native_libs.txt', 'eager_resources.txt'):
+                if self.has_metadata(name):
+                    eagers.extend(self.get_metadata_lines(name))
+            self.eagers = eagers
+        return self.eagers
+
+    def _index(self):
+        try:
+            return self._dirindex
+        except AttributeError:
+            ind = {}
+            for path in self.zipinfo:
+                parts = path.split(os.sep)
+                while parts:
+                    parent = os.sep.join(parts[:-1])
+                    if parent in ind:
+                        ind[parent].append(parts[-1])
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        ind[parent] = [parts.pop()]
+            self._dirindex = ind
+            return ind
+
+    def _has(self, fspath):
+        zip_path = self._zipinfo_name(fspath)
+        return zip_path in self.zipinfo or zip_path in self._index()
+
+    def _isdir(self, fspath):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(fspath) in self._index()
+
+    def _listdir(self, fspath):
+        return list(self._index().get(self._zipinfo_name(fspath), ()))
+
+    def _eager_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.egg_root, resource_name))
+
+    def _resource_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+register_loader_type(zipimport.zipimporter, ZipProvider)
+
+
+class FileMetadata(EmptyProvider):
+    """Metadata handler for standalone PKG-INFO files
+
+    Usage::
+
+        metadata = FileMetadata("/path/to/PKG-INFO")
+
+    This provider rejects all data and metadata requests except for PKG-INFO,
+    which is treated as existing, and will be the contents of the file at
+    the provided location.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return name=='PKG-INFO' and os.path.isfile(self.path)
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name):
+        if name=='PKG-INFO':
+            with io.open(self.path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                metadata = f.read()
+            return metadata
+        raise KeyError("No metadata except PKG-INFO is available")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+
+class PathMetadata(DefaultProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for egg directories
+
+    Usage::
+
+        # Development eggs:
+
+        egg_info = "/path/to/PackageName.egg-info"
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        dist = Distribution(basedir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata)
+
+        # Unpacked egg directories:
+
+        egg_path = "/path/to/PackageName-ver-pyver-etc.egg"
+        metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,'EGG-INFO'))
+        dist = Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, egg_info):
+        self.module_path = path
+        self.egg_info = egg_info
+
+
+class EggMetadata(ZipProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for .egg files"""
+
+    def __init__(self, importer):
+        """Create a metadata provider from a zipimporter"""
+
+        self.zip_pre = importer.archive+os.sep
+        self.loader = importer
+        if importer.prefix:
+            self.module_path = os.path.join(importer.archive, importer.prefix)
+        else:
+            self.module_path = importer.archive
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+_declare_state('dict', _distribution_finders = {})
+
+def register_finder(importer_type, distribution_finder):
+    """Register `distribution_finder` to find distributions in sys.path items
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `distribution_finder` is a callable that, passed a path
+    item and the importer instance, yields ``Distribution`` instances found on
+    that path item.  See ``pkg_resources.find_on_path`` for an example."""
+    _distribution_finders[importer_type] = distribution_finder
+
+
+def find_distributions(path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible via `path_item`"""
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    finder = _find_adapter(_distribution_finders, importer)
+    return finder(importer, path_item, only)
+
+def find_eggs_in_zip(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """
+    Find eggs in zip files; possibly multiple nested eggs.
+    """
+    if importer.archive.endswith('.whl'):
+        # wheels are not supported with this finder
+        # they don't have PKG-INFO metadata, and won't ever contain eggs
+        return
+    metadata = EggMetadata(importer)
+    if metadata.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+        yield Distribution.from_filename(path_item, metadata=metadata)
+    if only:
+        # don't yield nested distros
+        return
+    for subitem in metadata.resource_listdir('/'):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(subitem):
+            subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem)
+            for dist in find_eggs_in_zip(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath), subpath):
+                yield dist
+
+register_finder(zipimport.zipimporter, find_eggs_in_zip)
+
+def find_nothing(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    return ()
+register_finder(object, find_nothing)
+
+def find_on_path(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible on a sys.path directory"""
+    path_item = _normalize_cached(path_item)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(path_item) and os.access(path_item, os.R_OK):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(path_item):
+            yield Distribution.from_filename(
+                path_item, metadata=PathMetadata(
+                    path_item, os.path.join(path_item,'EGG-INFO')
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # scan for .egg and .egg-info in directory
+            for entry in os.listdir(path_item):
+                lower = entry.lower()
+                if lower.endswith('.egg-info') or lower.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                    fullpath = os.path.join(path_item, entry)
+                    if os.path.isdir(fullpath):
+                        # egg-info directory, allow getting metadata
+                        metadata = PathMetadata(path_item, fullpath)
+                    else:
+                        metadata = FileMetadata(fullpath)
+                    yield Distribution.from_location(
+                        path_item, entry, metadata, precedence=DEVELOP_DIST
+                    )
+                elif not only and _is_unpacked_egg(entry):
+                    dists = find_distributions(os.path.join(path_item, entry))
+                    for dist in dists:
+                        yield dist
+                elif not only and lower.endswith('.egg-link'):
+                    with open(os.path.join(path_item, entry)) as entry_file:
+                        entry_lines = entry_file.readlines()
+                    for line in entry_lines:
+                        if not line.strip():
+                            continue
+                        path = os.path.join(path_item, line.rstrip())
+                        dists = find_distributions(path)
+                        for item in dists:
+                            yield item
+                        break
+register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_finder(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, find_on_path)
+
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_handlers={})
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_packages={})
+
+
+def register_namespace_handler(importer_type, namespace_handler):
+    """Register `namespace_handler` to declare namespace packages
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `namespace_handler` is a callable like this::
+
+        def namespace_handler(importer, path_entry, moduleName, module):
+            # return a path_entry to use for child packages
+
+    Namespace handlers are only called if the importer object has already
+    agreed that it can handle the relevant path item, and they should only
+    return a subpath if the module __path__ does not already contain an
+    equivalent subpath.  For an example namespace handler, see
+    ``pkg_resources.file_ns_handler``.
+    """
+    _namespace_handlers[importer_type] = namespace_handler
+
+def _handle_ns(packageName, path_item):
+    """Ensure that named package includes a subpath of path_item (if needed)"""
+
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    if importer is None:
+        return None
+    loader = importer.find_module(packageName)
+    if loader is None:
+        return None
+    module = sys.modules.get(packageName)
+    if module is None:
+        module = sys.modules[packageName] = types.ModuleType(packageName)
+        module.__path__ = []
+        _set_parent_ns(packageName)
+    elif not hasattr(module,'__path__'):
+        raise TypeError("Not a package:", packageName)
+    handler = _find_adapter(_namespace_handlers, importer)
+    subpath = handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module)
+    if subpath is not None:
+        path = module.__path__
+        path.append(subpath)
+        loader.load_module(packageName)
+
+        # Rebuild mod.__path__ ensuring that all entries are ordered
+        # corresponding to their sys.path order
+        sys_path= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in sys.path]
+        def sort_key(p):
+            parts = p.split(os.sep)
+            parts = parts[:-(packageName.count('.') + 1)]
+            return sys_path.index(_normalize_cached(os.sep.join(parts)))
+
+        path.sort(key=sort_key)
+        module.__path__[:] = [_normalize_cached(p) for p in path]
+    return subpath
+
+def declare_namespace(packageName):
+    """Declare that package 'packageName' is a namespace package"""
+
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        if packageName in _namespace_packages:
+            return
+
+        path, parent = sys.path, None
+        if '.' in packageName:
+            parent = '.'.join(packageName.split('.')[:-1])
+            declare_namespace(parent)
+            if parent not in _namespace_packages:
+                __import__(parent)
+            try:
+                path = sys.modules[parent].__path__
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError("Not a package:", parent)
+
+        # Track what packages are namespaces, so when new path items are added,
+        # they can be updated
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(parent,[]).append(packageName)
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(packageName,[])
+
+        for path_item in path:
+            # Ensure all the parent's path items are reflected in the child,
+            # if they apply
+            _handle_ns(packageName, path_item)
+
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def fixup_namespace_packages(path_item, parent=None):
+    """Ensure that previously-declared namespace packages include path_item"""
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        for package in _namespace_packages.get(parent,()):
+            subpath = _handle_ns(package, path_item)
+            if subpath:
+                fixup_namespace_packages(subpath, package)
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def file_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    """Compute an ns-package subpath for a filesystem or zipfile importer"""
+
+    subpath = os.path.join(path_item, packageName.split('.')[-1])
+    normalized = _normalize_cached(subpath)
+    for item in module.__path__:
+        if _normalize_cached(item)==normalized:
+            break
+    else:
+        # Only return the path if it's not already there
+        return subpath
+
+register_namespace_handler(pkgutil.ImpImporter, file_ns_handler)
+register_namespace_handler(zipimport.zipimporter, file_ns_handler)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_namespace_handler(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, file_ns_handler)
+
+
+def null_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    return None
+
+register_namespace_handler(object, null_ns_handler)
+
+
+def normalize_path(filename):
+    """Normalize a file/dir name for comparison purposes"""
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(filename))
+
+def _normalize_cached(filename, _cache={}):
+    try:
+        return _cache[filename]
+    except KeyError:
+        _cache[filename] = result = normalize_path(filename)
+        return result
+
+def _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+    """
+    Determine if given path appears to be an unpacked egg.
+    """
+    return (
+        path.lower().endswith('.egg')
+    )
+
+def _set_parent_ns(packageName):
+    parts = packageName.split('.')
+    name = parts.pop()
+    if parts:
+        parent = '.'.join(parts)
+        setattr(sys.modules[parent], name, sys.modules[packageName])
+
+
+def yield_lines(strs):
+    """Yield non-empty/non-comment lines of a string or sequence"""
+    if isinstance(strs, six.string_types):
+        for s in strs.splitlines():
+            s = s.strip()
+            # skip blank lines/comments
+            if s and not s.startswith('#'):
+                yield s
+    else:
+        for ss in strs:
+            for s in yield_lines(ss):
+                yield s
+
+# whitespace and comment
+LINE_END = re.compile(r"\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# line continuation
+CONTINUE = re.compile(r"\s*\\\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# Distribution or extra
+DISTRO = re.compile(r"\s*((\w|[-.])+)").match
+# ver. info
+VERSION = re.compile(r"\s*(<=?|>=?|===?|!=|~=)\s*((\w|[-.*_!+])+)").match
+# comma between items
+COMMA = re.compile(r"\s*,").match
+OBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\[").match
+CBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\]").match
+MODULE = re.compile(r"\w+(\.\w+)*$").match
+EGG_NAME = re.compile(
+    r"""
+    (?P<name>[^-]+) (
+        -(?P<ver>[^-]+) (
+            -py(?P<pyver>[^-]+) (
+                -(?P<plat>.+)
+            )?
+        )?
+    )?
+    """,
+    re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+).match
+
+
+class EntryPoint(object):
+    """Object representing an advertised importable object"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, module_name, attrs=(), extras=(), dist=None):
+        if not MODULE(module_name):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid module name", module_name)
+        self.name = name
+        self.module_name = module_name
+        self.attrs = tuple(attrs)
+        self.extras = Requirement.parse(("x[%s]" % ','.join(extras))).extras
+        self.dist = dist
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = "%s = %s" % (self.name, self.module_name)
+        if self.attrs:
+            s += ':' + '.'.join(self.attrs)
+        if self.extras:
+            s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(self.extras)
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "EntryPoint.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    def load(self, require=True, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Require packages for this EntryPoint, then resolve it.
+        """
+        if not require or args or kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Parameters to load are deprecated.  Call .resolve and "
+                ".require separately.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        if require:
+            self.require(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.resolve()
+
+    def resolve(self):
+        """
+        Resolve the entry point from its module and attrs.
+        """
+        module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
+        try:
+            return functools.reduce(getattr, self.attrs, module)
+        except AttributeError as exc:
+            raise ImportError(str(exc))
+
+    def require(self, env=None, installer=None):
+        if self.extras and not self.dist:
+            raise UnknownExtra("Can't require() without a distribution", self)
+        reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras)
+        items = working_set.resolve(reqs, env, installer)
+        list(map(working_set.add, items))
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'\s*'
+        r'(?P<name>.+?)\s*'
+        r'=\s*'
+        r'(?P<module>[\w.]+)\s*'
+        r'(:\s*(?P<attr>[\w.]+))?\s*'
+        r'(?P<extras>\[.*\])?\s*$'
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, src, dist=None):
+        """Parse a single entry point from string `src`
+
+        Entry point syntax follows the form::
+
+            name = some.module:some.attr [extra1, extra2]
+
+        The entry name and module name are required, but the ``:attrs`` and
+        ``[extras]`` parts are optional
+        """
+        m = cls.pattern.match(src)
+        if not m:
+            msg = "EntryPoint must be in 'name=module:attrs [extras]' format"
+            raise ValueError(msg, src)
+        res = m.groupdict()
+        extras = cls._parse_extras(res['extras'])
+        attrs = res['attr'].split('.') if res['attr'] else ()
+        return cls(res['name'], res['module'], attrs, extras, dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_extras(cls, extras_spec):
+        if not extras_spec:
+            return ()
+        req = Requirement.parse('x' + extras_spec)
+        if req.specs:
+            raise ValueError()
+        return req.extras
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_group(cls, group, lines, dist=None):
+        """Parse an entry point group"""
+        if not MODULE(group):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid group name", group)
+        this = {}
+        for line in yield_lines(lines):
+            ep = cls.parse(line, dist)
+            if ep.name in this:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate entry point", group, ep.name)
+            this[ep.name]=ep
+        return this
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_map(cls, data, dist=None):
+        """Parse a map of entry point groups"""
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            data = data.items()
+        else:
+            data = split_sections(data)
+        maps = {}
+        for group, lines in data:
+            if group is None:
+                if not lines:
+                    continue
+                raise ValueError("Entry points must be listed in groups")
+            group = group.strip()
+            if group in maps:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate group name", group)
+            maps[group] = cls.parse_group(group, lines, dist)
+        return maps
+
+
+def _remove_md5_fragment(location):
+    if not location:
+        return ''
+    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(location)
+    if parsed[-1].startswith('md5='):
+        return urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed[:-1] + ('',))
+    return location
+
+
+def _version_from_file(lines):
+    """
+    Given an iterable of lines from a Metadata file, return
+    the value of the Version field, if present, or None otherwise.
+    """
+    is_version_line = lambda line: line.lower().startswith('version:')
+    version_lines = filter(is_version_line, lines)
+    line = next(iter(version_lines), '')
+    _, _, value = line.partition(':')
+    return safe_version(value.strip()) or None
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'PKG-INFO'
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None, metadata=None, project_name=None,
+            version=None, py_version=PY_MAJOR, platform=None,
+            precedence=EGG_DIST):
+        self.project_name = safe_name(project_name or 'Unknown')
+        if version is not None:
+            self._version = safe_version(version)
+        self.py_version = py_version
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.location = location
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self._provider = metadata or empty_provider
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_location(cls, location, basename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        project_name, version, py_version, platform = [None]*4
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)
+        if ext.lower() in _distributionImpl:
+            cls = _distributionImpl[ext.lower()]
+
+            match = EGG_NAME(basename)
+            if match:
+                project_name, version, py_version, platform = match.group(
+                    'name', 'ver', 'pyver', 'plat'
+                )
+        return cls(
+            location, metadata, project_name=project_name, version=version,
+            py_version=py_version, platform=platform, **kw
+        )._reload_version()
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def hashcmp(self):
+        return (
+            self.parsed_version,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.key,
+            _remove_md5_fragment(self.location),
+            self.py_version or '',
+            self.platform or '',
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.hashcmp)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp < other.hashcmp
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp <= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp > other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp >= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            # It's not a Distribution, so they are not equal
+            return False
+        return self.hashcmp == other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # These properties have to be lazy so that we don't have to load any
+    # metadata until/unless it's actually needed.  (i.e., some distributions
+    # may not know their name or version without loading PKG-INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        try:
+            return self._key
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._key = key = self.project_name.lower()
+            return key
+
+    @property
+    def parsed_version(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_parsed_version"):
+            self._parsed_version = parse_version(self.version)
+
+        return self._parsed_version
+
+    def _warn_legacy_version(self):
+        LV = packaging.version.LegacyVersion
+        is_legacy = isinstance(self._parsed_version, LV)
+        if not is_legacy:
+            return
+
+        # While an empty version is technically a legacy version and
+        # is not a valid PEP 440 version, it's also unlikely to
+        # actually come from someone and instead it is more likely that
+        # it comes from setuptools attempting to parse a filename and
+        # including it in the list. So for that we'll gate this warning
+        # on if the version is anything at all or not.
+        if not self.version:
+            return
+
+        tmpl = textwrap.dedent("""
+            '{project_name} ({version})' is being parsed as a legacy,
+            non PEP 440,
+            version. You may find odd behavior and sort order.
+            In particular it will be sorted as less than 0.0. It
+            is recommended to migrate to PEP 440 compatible
+            versions.
+            """).strip().replace('\n', ' ')
+
+        warnings.warn(tmpl.format(**vars(self)), PEP440Warning)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        try:
+            return self._version
+        except AttributeError:
+            version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+            if version is None:
+                tmpl = "Missing 'Version:' header and/or %s file"
+                raise ValueError(tmpl % self.PKG_INFO, self)
+            return version
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+            for name in 'requires.txt', 'depends.txt':
+                for extra, reqs in split_sections(self._get_metadata(name)):
+                    if extra:
+                        if ':' in extra:
+                            extra, marker = extra.split(':', 1)
+                            if invalid_marker(marker):
+                                # XXX warn
+                                reqs=[]
+                            elif not evaluate_marker(marker):
+                                reqs=[]
+                        extra = safe_extra(extra) or None
+                    dm.setdefault(extra,[]).extend(parse_requirements(reqs))
+            return dm
+
+    def requires(self, extras=()):
+        """List of Requirements needed for this distro if `extras` are used"""
+        dm = self._dep_map
+        deps = []
+        deps.extend(dm.get(None, ()))
+        for ext in extras:
+            try:
+                deps.extend(dm[safe_extra(ext)])
+            except KeyError:
+                raise UnknownExtra(
+                    "%s has no such extra feature %r" % (self, ext)
+                )
+        return deps
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, name):
+        if self.has_metadata(name):
+            for line in self.get_metadata_lines(name):
+                yield line
+
+    def activate(self, path=None):
+        """Ensure distribution is importable on `path` (default=sys.path)"""
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.insert_on(path, replace=True)
+        if path is sys.path:
+            fixup_namespace_packages(self.location)
+            for pkg in self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                if pkg in sys.modules:
+                    declare_namespace(pkg)
+
+    def egg_name(self):
+        """Return what this distribution's standard .egg filename should be"""
+        filename = "%s-%s-py%s" % (
+            to_filename(self.project_name), to_filename(self.version),
+            self.py_version or PY_MAJOR
+        )
+
+        if self.platform:
+            filename += '-' + self.platform
+        return filename
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.location:
+            return "%s (%s)" % (self, self.location)
+        else:
+            return str(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            version = getattr(self, 'version', None)
+        except ValueError:
+            version = None
+        version = version or "[unknown version]"
+        return "%s %s" % (self.project_name, version)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Delegate all unrecognized public attributes to .metadata provider"""
+        if attr.startswith('_'):
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+        return getattr(self._provider, attr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_filename(cls, filename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        return cls.from_location(
+            _normalize_cached(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        """Return a ``Requirement`` that matches this distribution exactly"""
+        if isinstance(self.parsed_version, packaging.version.Version):
+            spec = "%s==%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+        else:
+            spec = "%s===%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+
+    def load_entry_point(self, group, name):
+        """Return the `name` entry point of `group` or raise ImportError"""
+        ep = self.get_entry_info(group, name)
+        if ep is None:
+            raise ImportError("Entry point %r not found" % ((group, name),))
+        return ep.load()
+
+    def get_entry_map(self, group=None):
+        """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+        try:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map = EntryPoint.parse_map(
+                self._get_metadata('entry_points.txt'), self
+            )
+        if group is not None:
+            return ep_map.get(group,{})
+        return ep_map
+
+    def get_entry_info(self, group, name):
+        """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+        return self.get_entry_map(group).get(name)
+
+    def insert_on(self, path, loc=None, replace=False):
+        """Insert self.location in path before its nearest parent directory"""
+
+        loc = loc or self.location
+        if not loc:
+            return
+
+        nloc = _normalize_cached(loc)
+        bdir = os.path.dirname(nloc)
+        npath= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in path]
+
+        for p, item in enumerate(npath):
+            if item == nloc:
+                break
+            elif item == bdir and self.precedence == EGG_DIST:
+                # if it's an .egg, give it precedence over its directory
+                if path is sys.path:
+                    self.check_version_conflict()
+                path.insert(p, loc)
+                npath.insert(p, nloc)
+                break
+        else:
+            if path is sys.path:
+                self.check_version_conflict()
+            if replace:
+                path.insert(0, loc)
+            else:
+                path.append(loc)
+            return
+
+        # p is the spot where we found or inserted loc; now remove duplicates
+        while True:
+            try:
+                np = npath.index(nloc, p+1)
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+            else:
+                del npath[np], path[np]
+                # ha!
+                p = np
+
+        return
+
+    def check_version_conflict(self):
+        if self.key == 'setuptools':
+            # ignore the inevitable setuptools self-conflicts  :(
+            return
+
+        nsp = dict.fromkeys(self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'))
+        loc = normalize_path(self.location)
+        for modname in self._get_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+            if (modname not in sys.modules or modname in nsp
+                    or modname in _namespace_packages):
+                continue
+            if modname in ('pkg_resources', 'setuptools', 'site'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(sys.modules[modname], '__file__', None)
+            if fn and (normalize_path(fn).startswith(loc) or
+                       fn.startswith(self.location)):
+                continue
+            issue_warning(
+                "Module %s was already imported from %s, but %s is being added"
+                " to sys.path" % (modname, fn, self.location),
+            )
+
+    def has_version(self):
+        try:
+            self.version
+        except ValueError:
+            issue_warning("Unbuilt egg for " + repr(self))
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def clone(self,**kw):
+        """Copy this distribution, substituting in any changed keyword args"""
+        names = 'project_name version py_version platform location precedence'
+        for attr in names.split():
+            kw.setdefault(attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+        kw.setdefault('metadata', self._provider)
+        return self.__class__(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def extras(self):
+        return [dep for dep in self._dep_map if dep]
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        """
+        Packages installed by distutils (e.g. numpy or scipy),
+        which uses an old safe_version, and so
+        their version numbers can get mangled when
+        converted to filenames (e.g., 1.11.0.dev0+2329eae to
+        1.11.0.dev0_2329eae). These distributions will not be
+        parsed properly
+        downstream by Distribution and safe_version, so
+        take an extra step and try to get the version number from
+        the metadata file itself instead of the filename.
+        """
+        md_version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+        if md_version:
+            self._version = md_version
+        return self
+
+
+class DistInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata, .dist-info style"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'METADATA'
+    EQEQ = re.compile(r"([\(,])\s*(\d.*?)\s*([,\)])")
+
+    @property
+    def _parsed_pkg_info(self):
+        """Parse and cache metadata"""
+        try:
+            return self._pkg_info
+        except AttributeError:
+            metadata = self.get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO)
+            self._pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(metadata)
+            return self._pkg_info
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__dep_map = self._compute_dependencies()
+            return self.__dep_map
+
+    def _preparse_requirement(self, requires_dist):
+        """Convert 'Foobar (1); baz' to ('Foobar ==1', 'baz')
+        Split environment marker, add == prefix to version specifiers as
+        necessary, and remove parenthesis.
+        """
+        parts = requires_dist.split(';', 1) + ['']
+        distvers = parts[0].strip()
+        mark = parts[1].strip()
+        distvers = re.sub(self.EQEQ, r"\1==\2\3", distvers)
+        distvers = distvers.replace('(', '').replace(')', '')
+        return (distvers, mark)
+
+    def _compute_dependencies(self):
+        """Recompute this distribution's dependencies."""
+        from _markerlib import compile as compile_marker
+        dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+
+        reqs = []
+        # Including any condition expressions
+        for req in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []:
+            distvers, mark = self._preparse_requirement(req)
+            parsed = next(parse_requirements(distvers))
+            parsed.marker_fn = compile_marker(mark)
+            reqs.append(parsed)
+
+        def reqs_for_extra(extra):
+            for req in reqs:
+                if req.marker_fn(override={'extra':extra}):
+                    yield req
+
+        common = frozenset(reqs_for_extra(None))
+        dm[None].extend(common)
+
+        for extra in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Provides-Extra') or []:
+            extra = safe_extra(extra.strip())
+            dm[extra] = list(frozenset(reqs_for_extra(extra)) - common)
+
+        return dm
+
+
+_distributionImpl = {
+    '.egg': Distribution,
+    '.egg-info': EggInfoDistribution,
+    '.dist-info': DistInfoDistribution,
+    }
+
+
+def issue_warning(*args,**kw):
+    level = 1
+    g = globals()
+    try:
+        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
+        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
+        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
+            level += 1
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw)
+
+
+class RequirementParseError(ValueError):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ' '.join(self.args)
+
+
+def parse_requirements(strs):
+    """Yield ``Requirement`` objects for each specification in `strs`
+
+    `strs` must be a string, or a (possibly-nested) iterable thereof.
+    """
+    # create a steppable iterator, so we can handle \-continuations
+    lines = iter(yield_lines(strs))
+
+    def scan_list(ITEM, TERMINATOR, line, p, groups, item_name):
+
+        items = []
+
+        while not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+            if CONTINUE(line, p):
+                try:
+                    line = next(lines)
+                    p = 0
+                except StopIteration:
+                    msg = "\\ must not appear on the last nonblank line"
+                    raise RequirementParseError(msg)
+
+            match = ITEM(line, p)
+            if not match:
+                msg = "Expected " + item_name + " in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+            items.append(match.group(*groups))
+            p = match.end()
+
+            match = COMMA(line, p)
+            if match:
+                # skip the comma
+                p = match.end()
+            elif not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+                msg = "Expected ',' or end-of-list in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+        match = TERMINATOR(line, p)
+        # skip the terminator, if any
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+        return line, p, items
+
+    for line in lines:
+        match = DISTRO(line)
+        if not match:
+            raise RequirementParseError("Missing distribution spec", line)
+        project_name = match.group(1)
+        p = match.end()
+        extras = []
+
+        match = OBRACKET(line, p)
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+            line, p, extras = scan_list(
+                DISTRO, CBRACKET, line, p, (1,), "'extra' name"
+            )
+
+        line, p, specs = scan_list(VERSION, LINE_END, line, p, (1, 2),
+            "version spec")
+        specs = [(op, val) for op, val in specs]
+        yield Requirement(project_name, specs, extras)
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    def __init__(self, project_name, specs, extras):
+        """DO NOT CALL THIS UNDOCUMENTED METHOD; use Requirement.parse()!"""
+        self.unsafe_name, project_name = project_name, safe_name(project_name)
+        self.project_name, self.key = project_name, project_name.lower()
+        self.specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            ",".join(["".join([x, y]) for x, y in specs])
+        )
+        self.specs = specs
+        self.extras = tuple(map(safe_extra, extras))
+        self.hashCmp = (
+            self.key,
+            self.specifier,
+            frozenset(self.extras),
+        )
+        self.__hash = hash(self.hashCmp)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        extras = ','.join(self.extras)
+        if extras:
+            extras = '[%s]' % extras
+        return '%s%s%s' % (self.project_name, extras, self.specifier)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, Requirement) and
+            self.hashCmp == other.hashCmp
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, Distribution):
+            if item.key != self.key:
+                return False
+
+            item = item.version
+
+        # Allow prereleases always in order to match the previous behavior of
+        # this method. In the future this should be smarter and follow PEP 440
+        # more accurately.
+        return self.specifier.contains(item, prereleases=True)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self.__hash
+
+    def __repr__(self): return "Requirement.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse(s):
+        req, = parse_requirements(s)
+        return req
+
+
+def _get_mro(cls):
+    """Get an mro for a type or classic class"""
+    if not isinstance(cls, type):
+        class cls(cls, object): pass
+        return cls.__mro__[1:]
+    return cls.__mro__
+
+def _find_adapter(registry, ob):
+    """Return an adapter factory for `ob` from `registry`"""
+    for t in _get_mro(getattr(ob, '__class__', type(ob))):
+        if t in registry:
+            return registry[t]
+
+
+def ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+
+def _bypass_ensure_directory(path):
+    """Sandbox-bypassing version of ensure_directory()"""
+    if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+        raise IOError('"os.mkdir" not supported on this platform.')
+    dirname, filename = split(path)
+    if dirname and filename and not isdir(dirname):
+        _bypass_ensure_directory(dirname)
+        mkdir(dirname, 0o755)
+
+
+def split_sections(s):
+    """Split a string or iterable thereof into (section, content) pairs
+
+    Each ``section`` is a stripped version of the section header ("[section]")
+    and each ``content`` is a list of stripped lines excluding blank lines and
+    comment-only lines.  If there are any such lines before the first section
+    header, they're returned in a first ``section`` of ``None``.
+    """
+    section = None
+    content = []
+    for line in yield_lines(s):
+        if line.startswith("["):
+            if line.endswith("]"):
+                if section or content:
+                    yield section, content
+                section = line[1:-1].strip()
+                content = []
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid section heading", line)
+        else:
+            content.append(line)
+
+    # wrap up last segment
+    yield section, content
+
+def _mkstemp(*args,**kw):
+    old_open = os.open
+    try:
+        # temporarily bypass sandboxing
+        os.open = os_open
+        return tempfile.mkstemp(*args,**kw)
+    finally:
+        # and then put it back
+        os.open = old_open
+
+
+# Silence the PEP440Warning by default, so that end users don't get hit by it
+# randomly just because they use pkg_resources. We want to append the rule
+# because we want earlier uses of filterwarnings to take precedence over this
+# one.
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=PEP440Warning, append=True)
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 1.3
+def _call_aside(f, *args, **kwargs):
+    f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return f
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize(g=globals()):
+    "Set up global resource manager (deliberately not state-saved)"
+    manager = ResourceManager()
+    g['_manager'] = manager
+    for name in dir(manager):
+        if not name.startswith('_'):
+            g[name] = getattr(manager, name)
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize_master_working_set():
+    """
+    Prepare the master working set and make the ``require()``
+    API available.
+
+    This function has explicit effects on the global state
+    of pkg_resources. It is intended to be invoked once at
+    the initialization of this module.
+
+    Invocation by other packages is unsupported and done
+    at their own risk.
+    """
+    working_set = WorkingSet._build_master()
+    _declare_state('object', working_set=working_set)
+
+    require = working_set.require
+    iter_entry_points = working_set.iter_entry_points
+    add_activation_listener = working_set.subscribe
+    run_script = working_set.run_script
+    # backward compatibility
+    run_main = run_script
+    # Activate all distributions already on sys.path, and ensure that
+    # all distributions added to the working set in the future (e.g. by
+    # calling ``require()``) will get activated as well.
+    add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+    working_set.entries=[]
+    # match order
+    list(map(working_set.add_entry, sys.path))
+    globals().update(locals())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eadb794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "15.3"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "Apache License, Version 2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014 %s" % __author__
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c39a8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+from .__about__ import (
+    __author__, __copyright__, __email__, __license__, __summary__, __title__,
+    __uri__, __version__
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c396ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import sys
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """
+    Create a base class with a metaclass.
+    """
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ae9bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+
+class Infinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+Infinity = Infinity()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return Infinity
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinity()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..891664f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import abc
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._compat import string_types, with_metaclass
+from .version import Version, LegacyVersion, parse
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid specifier was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(with_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta, object)):
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are not equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def prereleases(self):
+        """
+        Returns whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        """
+        Sets whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class _IndividualSpecifier(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    _operators = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, spec="", prereleases=None):
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier("Invalid specifier: '{0}'".format(spec))
+
+        self._spec = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<{0}({1!r}{2})>".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            str(self),
+            pre,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "{0}{1}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec == other._spec
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec != other._spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op):
+        return getattr(self, "_compare_{0}".format(self._operators[op]))
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            version = parse(version)
+        return version
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self):
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        return self._prereleases
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version or LegacyVersion, this allows us to have
+        # a shortcut for ``"2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        item = self._coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        return self._get_operator(self.operator)(item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = self._coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later incase nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if (parsed_version.is_prerelease
+                        and not (prereleases or self.prereleases)):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the begining.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+class LegacySpecifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(==|!=|<=|>=|<|>))
+        \s*
+        (?P<version>
+            [^\s]* # We just match everything, except for whitespace since this
+                   # is a "legacy" specifier and the version string can be just
+                   # about anything.
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+    }
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, LegacyVersion):
+            version = LegacyVersion(str(version))
+        return version
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective == self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective != self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective < self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective > self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+
+def _require_version_compare(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapped(self, prospective, spec):
+        if not isinstance(prospective, Version):
+            return False
+        return fn(self, prospective, spec)
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class Specifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s]*    # We just match everything, except for whitespace
+                          # since we are only testing for strict identity.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a dev or local version
+                # together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                    |
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore post and dev releases and we want to treat the pre-release as
+        # it's own separate segment.
+        prefix = ".".join(
+            list(
+                itertools.takewhile(
+                    lambda x: (not x.startswith("post")
+                               and not x.startswith("dev")),
+                    _version_split(spec),
+                )
+            )[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return (self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec)
+                and self._get_operator("==")(prospective, prefix))
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit
+            # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            spec = _version_split(spec[:-2])  # Remove the trailing .*
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there
+            # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release
+            # segment.
+            prospective = _version_split(str(prospective))
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            prospective = prospective[:len(spec)]
+
+            # Pad out our two sides with zeros so that they both equal the same
+            # length.
+            spec, prospective = _pad_version(spec, prospective)
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+        return prospective == spec
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is techincally greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective, spec):
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if parse(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version):
+    result = []
+    for item in version.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _pad_version(left, right):
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split):])
+    right_split.append(left[len(right_split):])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])),
+    )
+    right_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])),
+    )
+
+    return (
+        list(itertools.chain(*left_split)),
+        list(itertools.chain(*right_split)),
+    )
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    def __init__(self, specifiers="", prereleases=None):
+        # Split on , to break each indidivual specifier into it's own item, and
+        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+        specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+        # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a
+        # Specifier and falling back to a LegacySpecifier.
+        parsed = set()
+        for specifier in specifiers:
+            try:
+                parsed.add(Specifier(specifier))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                parsed.add(LegacySpecifier(specifier))
+
+        # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later.
+        self._specs = frozenset(parsed)
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<SpecifierSet({0!r}{1})>".format(str(self), pre)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs != other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version or LegacyVersion instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            item = parse(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(
+            s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases)
+            for s in self._specs
+        )
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iterable
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases, and which will filter out LegacyVersion in general.
+        else:
+            filtered = []
+            found_prereleases = []
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                # Ensure that we some kind of Version class for this item.
+                if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+                    parsed_version = parse(item)
+                else:
+                    parsed_version = item
+
+                # Filter out any item which is parsed as a LegacyVersion
+                if isinstance(parsed_version, LegacyVersion):
+                    continue
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return found_prereleases
+
+            return filtered
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ba574b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._structures import Infinity
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "parse", "Version", "LegacyVersion", "InvalidVersion", "VERSION_PATTERN"
+]
+
+
+_Version = collections.namedtuple(
+    "_Version",
+    ["epoch", "release", "dev", "pre", "post", "local"],
+)
+
+
+def parse(version):
+    """
+    Parse the given version string and return either a :class:`Version` object
+    or a :class:`LegacyVersion` object depending on if the given version is
+    a valid PEP 440 version or a legacy version.
+    """
+    try:
+        return Version(version)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        return LegacyVersion(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid version was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o)
+
+    def _compare(self, other, method):
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._key, other._key)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(_BaseVersion):
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self._version = str(version)
+        self._key = _legacy_cmpkey(self._version)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<LegacyVersion({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return False
+
+
+_legacy_version_component_re = re.compile(
+    r"(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)", re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+_legacy_version_replacement_map = {
+    "pre": "c", "preview": "c", "-": "final-", "rc": "c", "dev": "@",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_version_parts(s):
+    for part in _legacy_version_component_re.split(s):
+        part = _legacy_version_replacement_map.get(part, part)
+
+        if not part or part == ".":
+            continue
+
+        if part[:1] in "0123456789":
+            # pad for numeric comparison
+            yield part.zfill(8)
+        else:
+            yield "*" + part
+
+    # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+    yield "*final"
+
+
+def _legacy_cmpkey(version):
+    # We hardcode an epoch of -1 here. A PEP 440 version can only have a epoch
+    # greater than or equal to 0. This will effectively put the LegacyVersion,
+    # which uses the defacto standard originally implemented by setuptools,
+    # as before all PEP 440 versions.
+    epoch = -1
+
+    # This scheme is taken from pkg_resources.parse_version setuptools prior to
+    # it's adoption of the packaging library.
+    parts = []
+    for part in _parse_version_parts(version.lower()):
+        if part.startswith("*"):
+            # remove "-" before a prerelease tag
+            if part < "*final":
+                while parts and parts[-1] == "*final-":
+                    parts.pop()
+
+            # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+            while parts and parts[-1] == "00000000":
+                parts.pop()
+
+        parts.append(part)
+    parts = tuple(parts)
+
+    return epoch, parts
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion("Invalid version: '{0}'".format(version))
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("pre_l"),
+                match.group("pre_n"),
+            ),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"),
+                match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2"),
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("dev_l"),
+                match.group("dev_n"),
+            ),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Version({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self._version.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self._version.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self._version.post is not None:
+            parts.append(".post{0}".format(self._version.post[1]))
+
+        # Development release
+        if self._version.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(".dev{0}".format(self._version.dev[1]))
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self._version.local is not None:
+            parts.append(
+                "+{0}".format(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local))
+            )
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        version_string = str(self)
+        if "+" in version_string:
+            return version_string.split("+", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.dev or self._version.pre)
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.post)
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(letter, number):
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+
+_local_version_seperators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local):
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_seperators.split(local)
+        )
+
+
+def _cmpkey(epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local):
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(
+            itertools.dropwhile(
+                lambda x: x == 0,
+                reversed(release),
+            )
+        ))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        pre = -Infinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        pre = Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        post = -Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        dev = Infinity
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        local = -Infinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (-Infinity, i)
+            for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..190c023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.10.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = tp()
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    if from_value is None:
+        raise value
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+elif sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        def wrapper(f):
+            f = functools.wraps(wrapped, assigned, updated)(f)
+            f.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+            return f
+        return wrapper
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..317f4b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import sys
+
+
+class VendorImporter:
+    """
+    A PEP 302 meta path importer for finding optionally-vendored
+    or otherwise naturally-installed packages from root_name.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, root_name, vendored_names=(), vendor_pkg=None):
+        self.root_name = root_name
+        self.vendored_names = set(vendored_names)
+        self.vendor_pkg = vendor_pkg or root_name.replace('extern', '_vendor')
+
+    @property
+    def search_path(self):
+        """
+        Search first the vendor package then as a natural package.
+        """
+        yield self.vendor_pkg + '.'
+        yield ''
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        """
+        Return self when fullname starts with root_name and the
+        target module is one vendored through this importer.
+        """
+        root, base, target = fullname.partition(self.root_name + '.')
+        if root:
+            return
+        if not any(map(target.startswith, self.vendored_names)):
+            return
+        return self
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Iterate over the search path to locate and load fullname.
+        """
+        root, base, target = fullname.partition(self.root_name + '.')
+        for prefix in self.search_path:
+            try:
+                extant = prefix + target
+                __import__(extant)
+                mod = sys.modules[extant]
+                sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+                # mysterious hack:
+                # Remove the reference to the extant package/module
+                # on later Python versions to cause relative imports
+                # in the vendor package to resolve the same modules
+                # as those going through this importer.
+                if sys.version_info > (3, 3):
+                    del sys.modules[extant]
+                return mod
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        else:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The '{target}' package is required; "
+                "normally this is bundled with this package so if you get "
+                "this warning, consult the packager of your "
+                "distribution.".format(**locals())
+            )
+
+    def install(self):
+        """
+        Install this importer into sys.meta_path if not already present.
+        """
+        if self not in sys.meta_path:
+            sys.meta_path.append(self)
+
+names = 'packaging', 'six'
+VendorImporter(__name__, names).install()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b6a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+===============================
+Installing and Using Setuptools
+===============================
+
+.. contents:: **Table of Contents**
+
+
+`Change History <https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/history.html>`_.
+
+-------------------------
+Installation Instructions
+-------------------------
+
+The recommended way to bootstrap setuptools on any system is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python environment. Different
+operating systems have different recommended techniques to accomplish this
+basic routine, so below are some examples to get you started.
+
+Setuptools requires Python 2.6 or later. To install setuptools
+on Python 2.4 or Python 2.5, use the `bootstrap script for Setuptools 1.x
+<https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/raw/bootstrap-py24/ez_setup.py>`_.
+
+The link provided to ez_setup.py is a bookmark to bootstrap script for the
+latest known stable release.
+
+.. _ez_setup.py: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+
+Windows (Powershell 3 or later)
+===============================
+
+For best results, uninstall previous versions FIRST (see `Uninstalling`_).
+
+Using Windows 8 (which includes PowerShell 3) or earlier versions of Windows
+with PowerShell 3 installed, it's possible to install with one simple
+Powershell command. Start up Powershell and paste this command::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -
+
+You must start the Powershell with Administrative privileges or you may choose
+to install a user-local installation::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python - --user
+
+If you have Python 3.3 or later, you can use the ``py`` command to install to
+different Python versions. For example, to install to Python 3.3 if you have
+Python 2.7 installed::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | py -3 -
+
+The recommended way to install setuptools on Windows is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it. The script will download the appropriate
+distribution file and install it for you.
+
+Once installation is complete, you will find an ``easy_install`` program in
+your Python ``Scripts`` subdirectory.  For simple invocation and best results,
+add this directory to your ``PATH`` environment variable, if it is not already
+present. If you did a user-local install, the ``Scripts`` subdirectory is
+``$env:APPDATA\Python\Scripts``.
+
+
+Windows (simplified)
+====================
+
+For Windows without PowerShell 3 or for installation without a command-line,
+download `ez_setup.py`_ using your preferred web browser or other technique
+and "run" that file.
+
+
+Unix (wget)
+===========
+
+Most Linux distributions come with wget.
+
+Download `ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python version. The script
+will download the appropriate version and install it for you::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python
+
+Note that you will may need to invoke the command with superuser privileges to
+install to the system Python::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python
+
+Alternatively, Setuptools may be installed to a user-local path::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python - --user
+
+Note that on some older systems (noted on Debian 6 and CentOS 5 installations),
+`wget` may refuse to download `ez_setup.py`, complaining that the certificate common name `*.c.ssl.fastly.net`
+does not match the host name `bootstrap.pypa.io`. In addition, the `ez_setup.py` script may then encounter similar problems using
+`wget` internally to download `setuptools-x.y.zip`, complaining that the certificate common name of `www.python.org` does not match the
+host name `pypi.python.org`. Those are known issues, related to a bug in the older versions of `wget`
+(see `Issue 59 <https://bitbucket.org/pypa/pypi/issue/59#comment-5881915>`_). If you happen to encounter them,
+install Setuptools as follows::
+
+    > wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+    > python ez_setup.py --insecure
+
+
+Unix including Mac OS X (curl)
+==============================
+
+If your system has curl installed, follow the ``wget`` instructions but
+replace ``wget`` with ``curl`` and ``-O`` with ``-o``. For example::
+
+    > curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - | python
+
+
+Advanced Installation
+=====================
+
+For more advanced installation options, such as installing to custom
+locations or prefixes, download and extract the source
+tarball from `Setuptools on PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>`_
+and run setup.py with any supported distutils and Setuptools options.
+For example::
+
+    setuptools-x.x$ python setup.py install --prefix=/opt/setuptools
+
+Use ``--help`` to get a full options list, but we recommend consulting
+the `EasyInstall manual`_ for detailed instructions, especially `the section
+on custom installation locations`_.
+
+.. _EasyInstall manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall
+.. _the section on custom installation locations: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+Downloads
+=========
+
+All setuptools downloads can be found at `the project's home page in the Python
+Package Index`_.  Scroll to the very bottom of the page to find the links.
+
+.. _the project's home page in the Python Package Index: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+In addition to the PyPI downloads, the development version of ``setuptools``
+is available from the `Bitbucket repo`_, and in-development versions of the
+`0.6 branch`_ are available as well.
+
+.. _Bitbucket repo: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/get/default.tar.gz#egg=setuptools-dev
+.. _0.6 branch: http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/branches/setuptools-0.6/#egg=setuptools-dev06
+
+Uninstalling
+============
+
+On Windows, if Setuptools was installed using an ``.exe`` or ``.msi``
+installer, simply use the uninstall feature of "Add/Remove Programs" in the
+Control Panel.
+
+Otherwise, to uninstall Setuptools or Distribute, regardless of the Python
+version, delete all ``setuptools*`` and ``distribute*`` files and
+directories from your system's ``site-packages`` directory
+(and any other ``sys.path`` directories) FIRST.
+
+If you are upgrading or otherwise plan to re-install Setuptools or Distribute,
+nothing further needs to be done. If you want to completely remove Setuptools,
+you may also want to remove the 'easy_install' and 'easy_install-x.x' scripts
+and associated executables installed to the Python scripts directory.
+
+--------------------------------
+Using Setuptools and EasyInstall
+--------------------------------
+
+Here are some of the available manuals, tutorials, and other resources for
+learning about Setuptools, Python Eggs, and EasyInstall:
+
+* `The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual`_
+* `The setuptools Developer's Guide`_
+* `The pkg_resources API reference`_
+* `The Internal Structure of Python Eggs`_
+
+Questions, comments, and bug reports should be directed to the `distutils-sig
+mailing list`_.  If you have written (or know of) any tutorials, documentation,
+plug-ins, or other resources for setuptools users, please let us know about
+them there, so this reference list can be updated.  If you have working,
+*tested* patches to correct problems or add features, you may submit them to
+the `setuptools bug tracker`_.
+
+.. _setuptools bug tracker: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues
+.. _The Internal Structure of Python Eggs: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/formats.html
+.. _The setuptools Developer's Guide: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html
+.. _The pkg_resources API reference: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/pkg_resources.html
+.. _The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+.. _distutils-sig mailing list: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/
+
+
+-------
+Credits
+-------
+
+* The original design for the ``.egg`` format and the ``pkg_resources`` API was
+  co-created by Phillip Eby and Bob Ippolito.  Bob also implemented the first
+  version of ``pkg_resources``, and supplied the OS X operating system version
+  compatibility algorithm.
+
+* Ian Bicking implemented many early "creature comfort" features of
+  easy_install, including support for downloading via Sourceforge and
+  Subversion repositories.  Ian's comments on the Web-SIG about WSGI
+  application deployment also inspired the concept of "entry points" in eggs,
+  and he has given talks at PyCon and elsewhere to inform and educate the
+  community about eggs and setuptools.
+
+* Jim Fulton contributed time and effort to build automated tests of various
+  aspects of ``easy_install``, and supplied the doctests for the command-line
+  ``.exe`` wrappers on Windows.
+
+* Phillip J. Eby is the seminal author of setuptools, and
+  first proposed the idea of an importable binary distribution format for
+  Python application plug-ins.
+
+* Significant parts of the implementation of setuptools were funded by the Open
+  Source Applications Foundation, to provide a plug-in infrastructure for the
+  Chandler PIM application.  In addition, many OSAF staffers (such as Mike
+  "Code Bear" Taylor) contributed their time and stress as guinea pigs for the
+  use of eggs and setuptools, even before eggs were "cool".  (Thanks, guys!)
+
+* Tarek Ziadé is the principal author of the Distribute fork, which
+  re-invigorated the community on the project, encouraged renewed innovation,
+  and addressed many defects.
+
+* Since the merge with Distribute, Jason R. Coombs is the
+  maintainer of setuptools.  The project is maintained in coordination with
+  the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) and the larger Python community.
+
+.. _files:
+
+
+---------------
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the setuptools project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21bf7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: setuptools
+Version: 19.4
+Summary: Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages
+Home-page: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools
+Author: Python Packaging Authority
+Author-email: distutils-sig@python.org
+License: PSF or ZPL
+Keywords: CPAN PyPI distutils eggs package management
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Zope Public License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Systems Administration
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Provides-Extra: certs
+Requires-Dist: certifi (==2015.11.20); extra == 'certs'
+Provides-Extra: ssl
+Requires-Dist: wincertstore (==0.2); sys_platform=='win32' and extra == 'ssl'
+
+===============================
+Installing and Using Setuptools
+===============================
+
+.. contents:: **Table of Contents**
+
+
+`Change History <https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/history.html>`_.
+
+-------------------------
+Installation Instructions
+-------------------------
+
+The recommended way to bootstrap setuptools on any system is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python environment. Different
+operating systems have different recommended techniques to accomplish this
+basic routine, so below are some examples to get you started.
+
+Setuptools requires Python 2.6 or later. To install setuptools
+on Python 2.4 or Python 2.5, use the `bootstrap script for Setuptools 1.x
+<https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/raw/bootstrap-py24/ez_setup.py>`_.
+
+The link provided to ez_setup.py is a bookmark to bootstrap script for the
+latest known stable release.
+
+.. _ez_setup.py: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+
+Windows (Powershell 3 or later)
+===============================
+
+For best results, uninstall previous versions FIRST (see `Uninstalling`_).
+
+Using Windows 8 (which includes PowerShell 3) or earlier versions of Windows
+with PowerShell 3 installed, it's possible to install with one simple
+Powershell command. Start up Powershell and paste this command::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -
+
+You must start the Powershell with Administrative privileges or you may choose
+to install a user-local installation::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python - --user
+
+If you have Python 3.3 or later, you can use the ``py`` command to install to
+different Python versions. For example, to install to Python 3.3 if you have
+Python 2.7 installed::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | py -3 -
+
+The recommended way to install setuptools on Windows is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it. The script will download the appropriate
+distribution file and install it for you.
+
+Once installation is complete, you will find an ``easy_install`` program in
+your Python ``Scripts`` subdirectory.  For simple invocation and best results,
+add this directory to your ``PATH`` environment variable, if it is not already
+present. If you did a user-local install, the ``Scripts`` subdirectory is
+``$env:APPDATA\Python\Scripts``.
+
+
+Windows (simplified)
+====================
+
+For Windows without PowerShell 3 or for installation without a command-line,
+download `ez_setup.py`_ using your preferred web browser or other technique
+and "run" that file.
+
+
+Unix (wget)
+===========
+
+Most Linux distributions come with wget.
+
+Download `ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python version. The script
+will download the appropriate version and install it for you::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python
+
+Note that you will may need to invoke the command with superuser privileges to
+install to the system Python::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python
+
+Alternatively, Setuptools may be installed to a user-local path::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python - --user
+
+Note that on some older systems (noted on Debian 6 and CentOS 5 installations),
+`wget` may refuse to download `ez_setup.py`, complaining that the certificate common name `*.c.ssl.fastly.net`
+does not match the host name `bootstrap.pypa.io`. In addition, the `ez_setup.py` script may then encounter similar problems using
+`wget` internally to download `setuptools-x.y.zip`, complaining that the certificate common name of `www.python.org` does not match the
+host name `pypi.python.org`. Those are known issues, related to a bug in the older versions of `wget`
+(see `Issue 59 <https://bitbucket.org/pypa/pypi/issue/59#comment-5881915>`_). If you happen to encounter them,
+install Setuptools as follows::
+
+    > wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+    > python ez_setup.py --insecure
+
+
+Unix including Mac OS X (curl)
+==============================
+
+If your system has curl installed, follow the ``wget`` instructions but
+replace ``wget`` with ``curl`` and ``-O`` with ``-o``. For example::
+
+    > curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - | python
+
+
+Advanced Installation
+=====================
+
+For more advanced installation options, such as installing to custom
+locations or prefixes, download and extract the source
+tarball from `Setuptools on PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>`_
+and run setup.py with any supported distutils and Setuptools options.
+For example::
+
+    setuptools-x.x$ python setup.py install --prefix=/opt/setuptools
+
+Use ``--help`` to get a full options list, but we recommend consulting
+the `EasyInstall manual`_ for detailed instructions, especially `the section
+on custom installation locations`_.
+
+.. _EasyInstall manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall
+.. _the section on custom installation locations: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+Downloads
+=========
+
+All setuptools downloads can be found at `the project's home page in the Python
+Package Index`_.  Scroll to the very bottom of the page to find the links.
+
+.. _the project's home page in the Python Package Index: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+In addition to the PyPI downloads, the development version of ``setuptools``
+is available from the `Bitbucket repo`_, and in-development versions of the
+`0.6 branch`_ are available as well.
+
+.. _Bitbucket repo: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/get/default.tar.gz#egg=setuptools-dev
+.. _0.6 branch: http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/branches/setuptools-0.6/#egg=setuptools-dev06
+
+Uninstalling
+============
+
+On Windows, if Setuptools was installed using an ``.exe`` or ``.msi``
+installer, simply use the uninstall feature of "Add/Remove Programs" in the
+Control Panel.
+
+Otherwise, to uninstall Setuptools or Distribute, regardless of the Python
+version, delete all ``setuptools*`` and ``distribute*`` files and
+directories from your system's ``site-packages`` directory
+(and any other ``sys.path`` directories) FIRST.
+
+If you are upgrading or otherwise plan to re-install Setuptools or Distribute,
+nothing further needs to be done. If you want to completely remove Setuptools,
+you may also want to remove the 'easy_install' and 'easy_install-x.x' scripts
+and associated executables installed to the Python scripts directory.
+
+--------------------------------
+Using Setuptools and EasyInstall
+--------------------------------
+
+Here are some of the available manuals, tutorials, and other resources for
+learning about Setuptools, Python Eggs, and EasyInstall:
+
+* `The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual`_
+* `The setuptools Developer's Guide`_
+* `The pkg_resources API reference`_
+* `The Internal Structure of Python Eggs`_
+
+Questions, comments, and bug reports should be directed to the `distutils-sig
+mailing list`_.  If you have written (or know of) any tutorials, documentation,
+plug-ins, or other resources for setuptools users, please let us know about
+them there, so this reference list can be updated.  If you have working,
+*tested* patches to correct problems or add features, you may submit them to
+the `setuptools bug tracker`_.
+
+.. _setuptools bug tracker: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues
+.. _The Internal Structure of Python Eggs: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/formats.html
+.. _The setuptools Developer's Guide: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html
+.. _The pkg_resources API reference: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/pkg_resources.html
+.. _The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+.. _distutils-sig mailing list: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/
+
+
+-------
+Credits
+-------
+
+* The original design for the ``.egg`` format and the ``pkg_resources`` API was
+  co-created by Phillip Eby and Bob Ippolito.  Bob also implemented the first
+  version of ``pkg_resources``, and supplied the OS X operating system version
+  compatibility algorithm.
+
+* Ian Bicking implemented many early "creature comfort" features of
+  easy_install, including support for downloading via Sourceforge and
+  Subversion repositories.  Ian's comments on the Web-SIG about WSGI
+  application deployment also inspired the concept of "entry points" in eggs,
+  and he has given talks at PyCon and elsewhere to inform and educate the
+  community about eggs and setuptools.
+
+* Jim Fulton contributed time and effort to build automated tests of various
+  aspects of ``easy_install``, and supplied the doctests for the command-line
+  ``.exe`` wrappers on Windows.
+
+* Phillip J. Eby is the seminal author of setuptools, and
+  first proposed the idea of an importable binary distribution format for
+  Python application plug-ins.
+
+* Significant parts of the implementation of setuptools were funded by the Open
+  Source Applications Foundation, to provide a plug-in infrastructure for the
+  Chandler PIM application.  In addition, many OSAF staffers (such as Mike
+  "Code Bear" Taylor) contributed their time and stress as guinea pigs for the
+  use of eggs and setuptools, even before eggs were "cool".  (Thanks, guys!)
+
+* Tarek Ziadé is the principal author of the Distribute fork, which
+  re-invigorated the community on the project, encouraged renewed innovation,
+  and addressed many defects.
+
+* Since the merge with Distribute, Jason R. Coombs is the
+  maintainer of setuptools.  The project is maintained in coordination with
+  the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) and the larger Python community.
+
+.. _files:
+
+
+---------------
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the setuptools project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
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--- /dev/null
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+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/dependency_links.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/dependency_links.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47d1e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/dependency_links.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/certifi/certifi-2015.11.20.tar.gz#md5=25134646672c695c1ff1593c2dd75d08
+https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/w/wincertstore/wincertstore-0.2.zip#md5=ae728f2f007185648d0c7a8679b361e2
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef17af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+[console_scripts]
+easy_install = setuptools.command.easy_install:main
+easy_install-3.5 = setuptools.command.easy_install:main
+
+[distutils.commands]
+alias = setuptools.command.alias:alias
+bdist_egg = setuptools.command.bdist_egg:bdist_egg
+bdist_rpm = setuptools.command.bdist_rpm:bdist_rpm
+bdist_wininst = setuptools.command.bdist_wininst:bdist_wininst
+build_ext = setuptools.command.build_ext:build_ext
+build_py = setuptools.command.build_py:build_py
+develop = setuptools.command.develop:develop
+easy_install = setuptools.command.easy_install:easy_install
+egg_info = setuptools.command.egg_info:egg_info
+install = setuptools.command.install:install
+install_egg_info = setuptools.command.install_egg_info:install_egg_info
+install_lib = setuptools.command.install_lib:install_lib
+install_scripts = setuptools.command.install_scripts:install_scripts
+register = setuptools.command.register:register
+rotate = setuptools.command.rotate:rotate
+saveopts = setuptools.command.saveopts:saveopts
+sdist = setuptools.command.sdist:sdist
+setopt = setuptools.command.setopt:setopt
+test = setuptools.command.test:test
+upload_docs = setuptools.command.upload_docs:upload_docs
+
+[distutils.setup_keywords]
+convert_2to3_doctests = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+dependency_links = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+eager_resources = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+entry_points = setuptools.dist:check_entry_points
+exclude_package_data = setuptools.dist:check_package_data
+extras_require = setuptools.dist:check_extras
+include_package_data = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+install_requires = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+namespace_packages = setuptools.dist:check_nsp
+package_data = setuptools.dist:check_package_data
+packages = setuptools.dist:check_packages
+setup_requires = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+test_loader = setuptools.dist:check_importable
+test_runner = setuptools.dist:check_importable
+test_suite = setuptools.dist:check_test_suite
+tests_require = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+use_2to3 = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+use_2to3_exclude_fixers = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+use_2to3_fixers = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+zip_safe = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+
+[egg_info.writers]
+PKG-INFO = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_pkg_info
+dependency_links.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+depends.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete
+eager_resources.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+entry_points.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_entries
+namespace_packages.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+requires.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_requirements
+top_level.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_toplevel_names
+
+[setuptools.installation]
+eggsecutable = setuptools.command.easy_install:bootstrap
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b077c86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License", "License :: OSI Approved :: Zope Public License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules", "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging", "Topic :: System :: Systems Administration", "Topic :: Utilities"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools"}, "contacts": [{"email": "distutils-sig@python.org", "name": "Python Packaging Authority", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main", "easy_install-3.5": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main"}, "distutils.commands": {"alias": "setuptools.command.alias:alias", "bdist_egg": "setuptools.command.bdist_egg:bdist_egg", "bdist_rpm": "setuptools.command.bdist_rpm:bdist_rpm", "bdist_wininst": "setuptools.command.bdist_wininst:bdist_wininst", "build_ext": "setuptools.command.build_ext:build_ext", "build_py": "setuptools.command.build_py:build_py", "develop": "setuptools.command.develop:develop", "easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:easy_install", "egg_info": "setuptools.command.egg_info:egg_info", "install": "setuptools.command.install:install", "install_egg_info": "setuptools.command.install_egg_info:install_egg_info", "install_lib": "setuptools.command.install_lib:install_lib", "install_scripts": "setuptools.command.install_scripts:install_scripts", "register": "setuptools.command.register:register", "rotate": "setuptools.command.rotate:rotate", "saveopts": "setuptools.command.saveopts:saveopts", "sdist": "setuptools.command.sdist:sdist", "setopt": "setuptools.command.setopt:setopt", "test": "setuptools.command.test:test", "upload_docs": "setuptools.command.upload_docs:upload_docs"}, "distutils.setup_keywords": {"convert_2to3_doctests": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "dependency_links": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "eager_resources": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "entry_points": "setuptools.dist:check_entry_points", "exclude_package_data": "setuptools.dist:check_package_data", "extras_require": "setuptools.dist:check_extras", "include_package_data": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool", "install_requires": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "namespace_packages": "setuptools.dist:check_nsp", "package_data": "setuptools.dist:check_package_data", "packages": "setuptools.dist:check_packages", "setup_requires": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "test_loader": "setuptools.dist:check_importable", "test_runner": "setuptools.dist:check_importable", "test_suite": "setuptools.dist:check_test_suite", "tests_require": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "use_2to3": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool", "use_2to3_exclude_fixers": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "use_2to3_fixers": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "zip_safe": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool"}, "egg_info.writers": {"PKG-INFO": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_pkg_info", "dependency_links.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "depends.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete", "eager_resources.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "entry_points.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_entries", "namespace_packages.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "requires.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_requirements", "top_level.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_toplevel_names"}, "setuptools.installation": {"eggsecutable": "setuptools.command.easy_install:bootstrap"}}, "python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main", "easy_install-3.5": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main"}}}, "keywords": ["CPAN", "PyPI", "distutils", "eggs", "package", "management"], "license": "PSF or ZPL", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "setuptools", "extras": ["certs", "ssl"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["certifi (==2015.11.20)"], "extra": "certs"}, {"requires": ["wincertstore (==0.2)"], "extra": "ssl", "environment": "sys_platform=='win32'"}], "version": "19.4", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["pytest (>=2.8)", "setuptools[ssl]"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fe9a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+_markerlib
+easy_install
+pkg_resources
+setuptools
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b13789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67b57e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""Extensions to the 'distutils' for large or complex distributions"""
+
+import os
+import functools
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.filelist
+from distutils.core import Command as _Command
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from fnmatch import fnmatchcase
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import filterfalse, map
+
+import setuptools.version
+from setuptools.extension import Extension
+from setuptools.dist import Distribution, Feature, _get_unpatched
+from setuptools.depends import Require
+
+__all__ = [
+    'setup', 'Distribution', 'Feature', 'Command', 'Extension', 'Require',
+    'find_packages'
+]
+
+__version__ = setuptools.version.__version__
+
+bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+# If we run 2to3 on .py files, should we also convert docstrings?
+# Default: yes; assume that we can detect doctests reliably
+run_2to3_on_doctests = True
+# Standard package names for fixer packages
+lib2to3_fixer_packages = ['lib2to3.fixes']
+
+
+class PackageFinder(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def find(cls, where='.', exclude=(), include=('*',)):
+        """Return a list all Python packages found within directory 'where'
+
+        'where' should be supplied as a "cross-platform" (i.e. URL-style)
+        path; it will be converted to the appropriate local path syntax.
+        'exclude' is a sequence of package names to exclude; '*' can be used
+        as a wildcard in the names, such that 'foo.*' will exclude all
+        subpackages of 'foo' (but not 'foo' itself).
+
+        'include' is a sequence of package names to include.  If it's
+        specified, only the named packages will be included.  If it's not
+        specified, all found packages will be included.  'include' can contain
+        shell style wildcard patterns just like 'exclude'.
+
+        The list of included packages is built up first and then any
+        explicitly excluded packages are removed from it.
+        """
+        out = cls._find_packages_iter(convert_path(where))
+        out = cls.require_parents(out)
+        includes = cls._build_filter(*include)
+        excludes = cls._build_filter('ez_setup', '*__pycache__', *exclude)
+        out = filter(includes, out)
+        out = filterfalse(excludes, out)
+        return list(out)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def require_parents(packages):
+        """
+        Exclude any apparent package that apparently doesn't include its
+        parent.
+
+        For example, exclude 'foo.bar' if 'foo' is not present.
+        """
+        found = []
+        for pkg in packages:
+            base, sep, child = pkg.rpartition('.')
+            if base and base not in found:
+                continue
+            found.append(pkg)
+            yield pkg
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _candidate_dirs(base_path):
+        """
+        Return all dirs in base_path that might be packages.
+        """
+        has_dot = lambda name: '.' in name
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base_path, followlinks=True):
+            # Exclude directories that contain a period, as they cannot be
+            #  packages. Mutate the list to avoid traversal.
+            dirs[:] = filterfalse(has_dot, dirs)
+            for dir in dirs:
+                yield os.path.relpath(os.path.join(root, dir), base_path)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _find_packages_iter(cls, base_path):
+        candidates = cls._candidate_dirs(base_path)
+        return (
+            path.replace(os.path.sep, '.')
+            for path in candidates
+            if cls._looks_like_package(os.path.join(base_path, path))
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_package(path):
+        return os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, '__init__.py'))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_filter(*patterns):
+        """
+        Given a list of patterns, return a callable that will be true only if
+        the input matches one of the patterns.
+        """
+        return lambda name: any(fnmatchcase(name, pat=pat) for pat in patterns)
+
+class PEP420PackageFinder(PackageFinder):
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_package(path):
+        return True
+
+find_packages = PackageFinder.find
+
+setup = distutils.core.setup
+
+_Command = _get_unpatched(_Command)
+
+class Command(_Command):
+    __doc__ = _Command.__doc__
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False
+
+    def __init__(self, dist, **kw):
+        """
+        Construct the command for dist, updating
+        vars(self) with any keyword parameters.
+        """
+        _Command.__init__(self, dist)
+        vars(self).update(kw)
+
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0, **kw):
+        cmd = _Command.reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands)
+        vars(cmd).update(kw)
+        return cmd
+
+# we can't patch distutils.cmd, alas
+distutils.core.Command = Command
+
+
+def _find_all_simple(path):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'path'
+    """
+    results = (
+        os.path.join(base, file)
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path, followlinks=True)
+        for file in files
+    )
+    return filter(os.path.isfile, results)
+
+
+def findall(dir=os.curdir):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'dir' and return the list of full filenames.
+    Unless dir is '.', return full filenames with dir prepended.
+    """
+    files = _find_all_simple(dir)
+    if dir == os.curdir:
+        make_rel = functools.partial(os.path.relpath, start=dir)
+        files = map(make_rel, files)
+    return list(files)
+
+
+# fix findall bug in distutils (http://bugs.python.org/issue12885)
+distutils.filelist.findall = findall
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3c9fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""Utilities for extracting common archive formats"""
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "unpack_archive", "unpack_zipfile", "unpack_tarfile", "default_filter",
+    "UnrecognizedFormat", "extraction_drivers", "unpack_directory",
+]
+
+import zipfile
+import tarfile
+import os
+import shutil
+import posixpath
+import contextlib
+from pkg_resources import ensure_directory, ContextualZipFile
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+
+class UnrecognizedFormat(DistutilsError):
+    """Couldn't recognize the archive type"""
+
+def default_filter(src,dst):
+    """The default progress/filter callback; returns True for all files"""
+    return dst
+
+
+def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter,
+        drivers=None):
+    """Unpack `filename` to `extract_dir`, or raise ``UnrecognizedFormat``
+
+    `progress_filter` is a function taking two arguments: a source path
+    internal to the archive ('/'-separated), and a filesystem path where it
+    will be extracted.  The callback must return the desired extract path
+    (which may be the same as the one passed in), or else ``None`` to skip
+    that file or directory.  The callback can thus be used to report on the
+    progress of the extraction, as well as to filter the items extracted or
+    alter their extraction paths.
+
+    `drivers`, if supplied, must be a non-empty sequence of functions with the
+    same signature as this function (minus the `drivers` argument), that raise
+    ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if they do not support extracting the designated
+    archive type.  The `drivers` are tried in sequence until one is found that
+    does not raise an error, or until all are exhausted (in which case
+    ``UnrecognizedFormat`` is raised).  If you do not supply a sequence of
+    drivers, the module's ``extraction_drivers`` constant will be used, which
+    means that ``unpack_zipfile`` and ``unpack_tarfile`` will be tried, in that
+    order.
+    """
+    for driver in drivers or extraction_drivers:
+        try:
+            driver(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter)
+        except UnrecognizedFormat:
+            continue
+        else:
+            return
+    else:
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat(
+            "Not a recognized archive type: %s" % filename
+        )
+
+
+def unpack_directory(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """"Unpack" a directory, using the same interface as for archives
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a directory
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(filename):
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat("%s is not a directory" % filename)
+
+    paths = {
+        filename: ('', extract_dir),
+    }
+    for base, dirs, files in os.walk(filename):
+        src, dst = paths[base]
+        for d in dirs:
+            paths[os.path.join(base, d)] = src + d + '/', os.path.join(dst, d)
+        for f in files:
+            target = os.path.join(dst, f)
+            target = progress_filter(src + f, target)
+            if not target:
+                # skip non-files
+                continue
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = os.path.join(base, f)
+            shutil.copyfile(f, target)
+            shutil.copystat(f, target)
+
+
+def unpack_zipfile(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """Unpack zip `filename` to `extract_dir`
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a zipfile (as determined
+    by ``zipfile.is_zipfile()``).  See ``unpack_archive()`` for an explanation
+    of the `progress_filter` argument.
+    """
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(filename):
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat("%s is not a zip file" % (filename,))
+
+    with ContextualZipFile(filename) as z:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if name.startswith('/') or '..' in name.split('/'):
+                continue
+
+            target = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+            target = progress_filter(name, target)
+            if not target:
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('/'):
+                # directory
+                ensure_directory(target)
+            else:
+                # file
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                data = z.read(info.filename)
+                with open(target, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(data)
+            unix_attributes = info.external_attr >> 16
+            if unix_attributes:
+                os.chmod(target, unix_attributes)
+
+
+def unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """Unpack tar/tar.gz/tar.bz2 `filename` to `extract_dir`
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a tarfile (as determined
+    by ``tarfile.open()``).  See ``unpack_archive()`` for an explanation
+    of the `progress_filter` argument.
+    """
+    try:
+        tarobj = tarfile.open(filename)
+    except tarfile.TarError:
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat(
+            "%s is not a compressed or uncompressed tar file" % (filename,)
+        )
+    with contextlib.closing(tarobj):
+        # don't do any chowning!
+        tarobj.chown = lambda *args: None
+        for member in tarobj:
+            name = member.name
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if not name.startswith('/') and '..' not in name.split('/'):
+                prelim_dst = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+
+                # resolve any links and to extract the link targets as normal
+                # files
+                while member is not None and (member.islnk() or member.issym()):
+                    linkpath = member.linkname
+                    if member.issym():
+                        base = posixpath.dirname(member.name)
+                        linkpath = posixpath.join(base, linkpath)
+                        linkpath = posixpath.normpath(linkpath)
+                    member = tarobj._getmember(linkpath)
+
+                if member is not None and (member.isfile() or member.isdir()):
+                    final_dst = progress_filter(name, prelim_dst)
+                    if final_dst:
+                        if final_dst.endswith(os.sep):
+                            final_dst = final_dst[:-1]
+                        try:
+                            # XXX Ugh
+                            tarobj._extract_member(member, final_dst)
+                        except tarfile.ExtractError:
+                            # chown/chmod/mkfifo/mknode/makedev failed
+                            pass
+        return True
+
+extraction_drivers = unpack_directory, unpack_zipfile, unpack_tarfile
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-64.exe b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-64.exe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..675e6bf3743f3d3011c238657e7128ee9960ef7f
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6dbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+__all__ = [
+    'alias', 'bdist_egg', 'bdist_rpm', 'build_ext', 'build_py', 'develop',
+    'easy_install', 'egg_info', 'install', 'install_lib', 'rotate', 'saveopts',
+    'sdist', 'setopt', 'test', 'install_egg_info', 'install_scripts',
+    'register', 'bdist_wininst', 'upload_docs',
+]
+
+from distutils.command.bdist import bdist
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command import install_scripts
+
+
+if 'egg' not in bdist.format_commands:
+    bdist.format_command['egg'] = ('bdist_egg', "Python .egg file")
+    bdist.format_commands.append('egg')
+
+del bdist, sys
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4532b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base, config_file
+
+
+def shquote(arg):
+    """Quote an argument for later parsing by shlex.split()"""
+    for c in '"', "'", "\\", "#":
+        if c in arg:
+            return repr(arg)
+    if arg.split() != [arg]:
+        return repr(arg)
+    return arg
+
+
+class alias(option_base):
+    """Define a shortcut that invokes one or more commands"""
+
+    description = "define a shortcut to invoke one or more commands"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the alias'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.args = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.remove and len(self.args) != 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify exactly one argument (the alias name) when "
+                "using --remove"
+            )
+
+    def run(self):
+        aliases = self.distribution.get_option_dict('aliases')
+
+        if not self.args:
+            print("Command Aliases")
+            print("---------------")
+            for alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+            return
+
+        elif len(self.args) == 1:
+            alias, = self.args
+            if self.remove:
+                command = None
+            elif alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+                return
+            else:
+                print("No alias definition found for %r" % alias)
+                return
+        else:
+            alias = self.args[0]
+            command = ' '.join(map(shquote, self.args[1:]))
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, {'aliases': {alias: command}}, self.dry_run)
+
+
+def format_alias(name, aliases):
+    source, command = aliases[name]
+    if source == config_file('global'):
+        source = '--global-config '
+    elif source == config_file('user'):
+        source = '--user-config '
+    elif source == config_file('local'):
+        source = ''
+    else:
+        source = '--filename=%r' % source
+    return source + name + ' ' + command
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cebd7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+"""setuptools.command.bdist_egg
+
+Build .egg distributions"""
+
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+from distutils.dir_util import remove_tree, mkpath
+from distutils import log
+from types import CodeType
+import sys
+import os
+import marshal
+import textwrap
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from pkg_resources import get_build_platform, Distribution, ensure_directory
+from pkg_resources import EntryPoint
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+from setuptools import Command
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import get_path, get_python_version
+
+    def _get_purelib():
+        return get_path("purelib")
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib, get_python_version
+
+    def _get_purelib():
+        return get_python_lib(False)
+
+
+def strip_module(filename):
+    if '.' in filename:
+        filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
+    if filename.endswith('module'):
+        filename = filename[:-6]
+    return filename
+
+
+def write_stub(resource, pyfile):
+    _stub_template = textwrap.dedent("""
+        def __bootstrap__():
+            global __bootstrap__, __loader__, __file__
+            import sys, pkg_resources, imp
+            __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename(__name__, %r)
+            __loader__ = None; del __bootstrap__, __loader__
+            imp.load_dynamic(__name__,__file__)
+        __bootstrap__()
+        """).lstrip()
+    with open(pyfile, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(_stub_template % resource)
+
+
+class bdist_egg(Command):
+    description = "create an \"egg\" distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-dir=', 'b',
+         "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+        ('plat-name=', 'p', "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+                            "(default: %s)" % get_build_platform()),
+        ('exclude-source-files', None,
+         "remove all .py files from the generated egg"),
+        ('keep-temp', 'k',
+         "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after " +
+         "creating the distribution archive"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+         "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+        ('skip-build', None,
+         "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'exclude-source-files'
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = 0
+        self.egg_output = None
+        self.exclude_source_files = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei_cmd = self.ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        self.egg_info = ei_cmd.egg_info
+
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'egg')
+
+        if self.plat_name is None:
+            self.plat_name = get_build_platform()
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+        if self.egg_output is None:
+
+            # Compute filename of the output egg
+            basename = Distribution(
+                None, None, ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version,
+                get_python_version(),
+                self.distribution.has_ext_modules() and self.plat_name
+            ).egg_name()
+
+            self.egg_output = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, basename + '.egg')
+
+    def do_install_data(self):
+        # Hack for packages that install data to install's --install-lib
+        self.get_finalized_command('install').install_lib = self.bdist_dir
+
+        site_packages = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(_get_purelib()))
+        old, self.distribution.data_files = self.distribution.data_files, []
+
+        for item in old:
+            if isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 2:
+                if os.path.isabs(item[0]):
+                    realpath = os.path.realpath(item[0])
+                    normalized = os.path.normcase(realpath)
+                    if normalized == site_packages or normalized.startswith(
+                        site_packages + os.sep
+                    ):
+                        item = realpath[len(site_packages) + 1:], item[1]
+                        # XXX else: raise ???
+            self.distribution.data_files.append(item)
+
+        try:
+            log.info("installing package data to %s" % self.bdist_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_data', force=0, root=None)
+        finally:
+            self.distribution.data_files = old
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return [self.egg_output]
+
+    def call_command(self, cmdname, **kw):
+        """Invoke reinitialized command `cmdname` with keyword args"""
+        for dirname in INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS:
+            kw.setdefault(dirname, self.bdist_dir)
+        kw.setdefault('skip_build', self.skip_build)
+        kw.setdefault('dry_run', self.dry_run)
+        cmd = self.reinitialize_command(cmdname, **kw)
+        self.run_command(cmdname)
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Generate metadata first
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        # We run install_lib before install_data, because some data hacks
+        # pull their data path from the install_lib command.
+        log.info("installing library code to %s" % self.bdist_dir)
+        instcmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        old_root = instcmd.root
+        instcmd.root = None
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries() and not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build_clib')
+        cmd = self.call_command('install_lib', warn_dir=0)
+        instcmd.root = old_root
+
+        all_outputs, ext_outputs = self.get_ext_outputs()
+        self.stubs = []
+        to_compile = []
+        for (p, ext_name) in enumerate(ext_outputs):
+            filename, ext = os.path.splitext(ext_name)
+            pyfile = os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, strip_module(filename) +
+                                  '.py')
+            self.stubs.append(pyfile)
+            log.info("creating stub loader for %s" % ext_name)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                write_stub(os.path.basename(ext_name), pyfile)
+            to_compile.append(pyfile)
+            ext_outputs[p] = ext_name.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+        if to_compile:
+            cmd.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if self.distribution.data_files:
+            self.do_install_data()
+
+        # Make the EGG-INFO directory
+        archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        egg_info = os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO')
+        self.mkpath(egg_info)
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            script_dir = os.path.join(egg_info, 'scripts')
+            log.info("installing scripts to %s" % script_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_scripts', install_dir=script_dir,
+                              no_ep=1)
+
+        self.copy_metadata_to(egg_info)
+        native_libs = os.path.join(egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if all_outputs:
+            log.info("writing %s" % native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(native_libs)
+                libs_file = open(native_libs, 'wt')
+                libs_file.write('\n'.join(all_outputs))
+                libs_file.write('\n')
+                libs_file.close()
+        elif os.path.isfile(native_libs):
+            log.info("removing %s" % native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(native_libs)
+
+        write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO'), self.zip_safe()
+        )
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.egg_info, 'depends.txt')):
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: 'depends.txt' will not be used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+                "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+            )
+
+        if self.exclude_source_files:
+            self.zap_pyfiles()
+
+        # Make the archive
+        make_zipfile(self.egg_output, archive_root, verbose=self.verbose,
+                     dry_run=self.dry_run, mode=self.gen_header())
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            remove_tree(self.bdist_dir, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+        # Add to 'Distribution.dist_files' so that the "upload" command works
+        getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', []).append(
+            ('bdist_egg', get_python_version(), self.egg_output))
+
+    def zap_pyfiles(self):
+        log.info("Removing .py files from temporary directory")
+        for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(self.bdist_dir):
+            for name in files:
+                if name.endswith('.py'):
+                    path = os.path.join(base, name)
+                    log.debug("Deleting %s", path)
+                    os.unlink(path)
+
+    def zip_safe(self):
+        safe = getattr(self.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+        if safe is not None:
+            return safe
+        log.warn("zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...")
+        return analyze_egg(self.bdist_dir, self.stubs)
+
+    def gen_header(self):
+        epm = EntryPoint.parse_map(self.distribution.entry_points or '')
+        ep = epm.get('setuptools.installation', {}).get('eggsecutable')
+        if ep is None:
+            return 'w'  # not an eggsecutable, do it the usual way.
+
+        if not ep.attrs or ep.extras:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "eggsecutable entry point (%r) cannot have 'extras' "
+                "or refer to a module" % (ep,)
+            )
+
+        pyver = sys.version[:3]
+        pkg = ep.module_name
+        full = '.'.join(ep.attrs)
+        base = ep.attrs[0]
+        basename = os.path.basename(self.egg_output)
+
+        header = (
+            "#!/bin/sh\n"
+            'if [ `basename $0` = "%(basename)s" ]\n'
+            'then exec python%(pyver)s -c "'
+            "import sys, os; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('$0')); "
+            "from %(pkg)s import %(base)s; sys.exit(%(full)s())"
+            '" "$@"\n'
+            'else\n'
+            '  echo $0 is not the correct name for this egg file.\n'
+            '  echo Please rename it back to %(basename)s and try again.\n'
+            '  exec false\n'
+            'fi\n'
+        ) % locals()
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            mkpath(os.path.dirname(self.egg_output), dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            f = open(self.egg_output, 'w')
+            f.write(header)
+            f.close()
+        return 'a'
+
+    def copy_metadata_to(self, target_dir):
+        "Copy metadata (egg info) to the target_dir"
+        # normalize the path (so that a forward-slash in egg_info will
+        # match using startswith below)
+        norm_egg_info = os.path.normpath(self.egg_info)
+        prefix = os.path.join(norm_egg_info, '')
+        for path in self.ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            if path.startswith(prefix):
+                target = os.path.join(target_dir, path[len(prefix):])
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                self.copy_file(path, target)
+
+    def get_ext_outputs(self):
+        """Get a list of relative paths to C extensions in the output distro"""
+
+        all_outputs = []
+        ext_outputs = []
+
+        paths = {self.bdist_dir: ''}
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(self.bdist_dir):
+            for filename in files:
+                if os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower() in NATIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+                    all_outputs.append(paths[base] + filename)
+            for filename in dirs:
+                paths[os.path.join(base, filename)] = (paths[base] +
+                                                       filename + '/')
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            for ext in build_cmd.extensions:
+                if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                    continue
+                fullname = build_cmd.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+                filename = build_cmd.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+                if not os.path.basename(filename).startswith('dl-'):
+                    if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, filename)):
+                        ext_outputs.append(filename)
+
+        return all_outputs, ext_outputs
+
+
+NATIVE_EXTENSIONS = dict.fromkeys('.dll .so .dylib .pyd'.split())
+
+
+def walk_egg(egg_dir):
+    """Walk an unpacked egg's contents, skipping the metadata directory"""
+    walker = os.walk(egg_dir)
+    base, dirs, files = next(walker)
+    if 'EGG-INFO' in dirs:
+        dirs.remove('EGG-INFO')
+    yield base, dirs, files
+    for bdf in walker:
+        yield bdf
+
+
+def analyze_egg(egg_dir, stubs):
+    # check for existing flag in EGG-INFO
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(egg_dir, 'EGG-INFO', fn)):
+            return flag
+    if not can_scan():
+        return False
+    safe = True
+    for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(egg_dir):
+        for name in files:
+            if name.endswith('.py') or name.endswith('.pyw'):
+                continue
+            elif name.endswith('.pyc') or name.endswith('.pyo'):
+                # always scan, even if we already know we're not safe
+                safe = scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs) and safe
+    return safe
+
+
+def write_safety_flag(egg_dir, safe):
+    # Write or remove zip safety flag file(s)
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        fn = os.path.join(egg_dir, fn)
+        if os.path.exists(fn):
+            if safe is None or bool(safe) != flag:
+                os.unlink(fn)
+        elif safe is not None and bool(safe) == flag:
+            f = open(fn, 'wt')
+            f.write('\n')
+            f.close()
+
+
+safety_flags = {
+    True: 'zip-safe',
+    False: 'not-zip-safe',
+}
+
+
+def scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs):
+    """Check whether module possibly uses unsafe-for-zipfile stuff"""
+
+    filename = os.path.join(base, name)
+    if filename[:-1] in stubs:
+        return True  # Extension module
+    pkg = base[len(egg_dir) + 1:].replace(os.sep, '.')
+    module = pkg + (pkg and '.' or '') + os.path.splitext(name)[0]
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+        skip = 8  # skip magic & date
+    else:
+        skip = 12  # skip magic & date & file size
+    f = open(filename, 'rb')
+    f.read(skip)
+    code = marshal.load(f)
+    f.close()
+    safe = True
+    symbols = dict.fromkeys(iter_symbols(code))
+    for bad in ['__file__', '__path__']:
+        if bad in symbols:
+            log.warn("%s: module references %s", module, bad)
+            safe = False
+    if 'inspect' in symbols:
+        for bad in [
+            'getsource', 'getabsfile', 'getsourcefile', 'getfile'
+            'getsourcelines', 'findsource', 'getcomments', 'getframeinfo',
+            'getinnerframes', 'getouterframes', 'stack', 'trace'
+        ]:
+            if bad in symbols:
+                log.warn("%s: module MAY be using inspect.%s", module, bad)
+                safe = False
+    return safe
+
+
+def iter_symbols(code):
+    """Yield names and strings used by `code` and its nested code objects"""
+    for name in code.co_names:
+        yield name
+    for const in code.co_consts:
+        if isinstance(const, six.string_types):
+            yield const
+        elif isinstance(const, CodeType):
+            for name in iter_symbols(const):
+                yield name
+
+
+def can_scan():
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        # CPython, PyPy, etc.
+        return True
+    log.warn("Unable to analyze compiled code on this platform.")
+    log.warn("Please ask the author to include a 'zip_safe'"
+             " setting (either True or False) in the package's setup.py")
+
+# Attribute names of options for commands that might need to be convinced to
+# install to the egg build directory
+
+INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS = [
+    'install_lib', 'install_dir', 'install_data', 'install_base'
+]
+
+
+def make_zipfile(zip_filename, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, compress=True,
+                 mode='w'):
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.  The output
+    zip file will be named 'base_dir' + ".zip".  Uses either the "zipfile"
+    Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility (if installed
+    and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is available,
+    raises DistutilsExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip file.
+    """
+    import zipfile
+
+    mkpath(os.path.dirname(zip_filename), dry_run=dry_run)
+    log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+    def visit(z, dirname, names):
+        for name in names:
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                p = path[len(base_dir) + 1:]
+                if not dry_run:
+                    z.write(path, p)
+                log.debug("adding '%s'" % p)
+
+    compression = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED if compress else zipfile.ZIP_STORED
+    if not dry_run:
+        z = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, mode, compression=compression)
+        for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(base_dir):
+            visit(z, dirname, files)
+        z.close()
+    else:
+        for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(base_dir):
+            visit(None, dirname, files)
+    return zip_filename
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7073092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_rpm as orig
+
+
+class bdist_rpm(orig.bdist_rpm):
+    """
+    Override the default bdist_rpm behavior to do the following:
+
+    1. Run egg_info to ensure the name and version are properly calculated.
+    2. Always run 'install' using --single-version-externally-managed to
+       disable eggs in RPM distributions.
+    3. Replace dash with underscore in the version numbers for better RPM
+       compatibility.
+    """
+
+    def run(self):
+        # ensure distro name is up-to-date
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+        orig.bdist_rpm.run(self)
+
+    def _make_spec_file(self):
+        version = self.distribution.get_version()
+        rpmversion = version.replace('-', '_')
+        spec = orig.bdist_rpm._make_spec_file(self)
+        line23 = '%define version ' + version
+        line24 = '%define version ' + rpmversion
+        spec = [
+            line.replace(
+                "Source0: %{name}-%{version}.tar",
+                "Source0: %{name}-%{unmangled_version}.tar"
+            ).replace(
+                "setup.py install ",
+                "setup.py install --single-version-externally-managed "
+            ).replace(
+                "%setup",
+                "%setup -n %{name}-%{unmangled_version}"
+            ).replace(line23, line24)
+            for line in spec
+        ]
+        insert_loc = spec.index(line24) + 1
+        unmangled_version = "%define unmangled_version " + version
+        spec.insert(insert_loc, unmangled_version)
+        return spec
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..073de97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_wininst as orig
+
+
+class bdist_wininst(orig.bdist_wininst):
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0):
+        """
+        Supplement reinitialize_command to work around
+        http://bugs.python.org/issue20819
+        """
+        cmd = self.distribution.reinitialize_command(
+            command, reinit_subcommands)
+        if command in ('install', 'install_lib'):
+            cmd.install_lib = None
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):
+        self._is_running = True
+        try:
+            orig.bdist_wininst.run(self)
+        finally:
+            self._is_running = False
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92e4a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _du_build_ext
+from distutils.file_util import copy_file
+from distutils.ccompiler import new_compiler
+from distutils.sysconfig import customize_compiler
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from distutils import log
+import os
+import sys
+import itertools
+
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+
+try:
+    # Attempt to use Cython for building extensions, if available
+    from Cython.Distutils.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
+except ImportError:
+    _build_ext = _du_build_ext
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import _CONFIG_VARS
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_var
+
+    get_config_var("LDSHARED")  # make sure _config_vars is initialized
+    del get_config_var
+    from distutils.sysconfig import _config_vars as _CONFIG_VARS
+
+have_rtld = False
+use_stubs = False
+libtype = 'shared'
+
+if sys.platform == "darwin":
+    use_stubs = True
+elif os.name != 'nt':
+    try:
+        import dl
+        use_stubs = have_rtld = hasattr(dl, 'RTLD_NOW')
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+if_dl = lambda s: s if have_rtld else ''
+
+class build_ext(_build_ext):
+    def run(self):
+        """Build extensions in build directory, then copy if --inplace"""
+        old_inplace, self.inplace = self.inplace, 0
+        _build_ext.run(self)
+        self.inplace = old_inplace
+        if old_inplace:
+            self.copy_extensions_to_source()
+
+    def copy_extensions_to_source(self):
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+            filename = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            modpath = fullname.split('.')
+            package = '.'.join(modpath[:-1])
+            package_dir = build_py.get_package_dir(package)
+            dest_filename = os.path.join(package_dir,
+                                         os.path.basename(filename))
+            src_filename = os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename)
+
+            # Always copy, even if source is older than destination, to ensure
+            # that the right extensions for the current Python/platform are
+            # used.
+            copy_file(
+                src_filename, dest_filename, verbose=self.verbose,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run
+            )
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                self.write_stub(package_dir or os.curdir, ext, True)
+
+    def get_ext_filename(self, fullname):
+        filename = _build_ext.get_ext_filename(self, fullname)
+        if fullname in self.ext_map:
+            ext = self.ext_map[fullname]
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                fn, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                return self.shlib_compiler.library_filename(fn, libtype)
+            elif use_stubs and ext._links_to_dynamic:
+                d, fn = os.path.split(filename)
+                return os.path.join(d, 'dl-' + fn)
+        return filename
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.initialize_options(self)
+        self.shlib_compiler = None
+        self.shlibs = []
+        self.ext_map = {}
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+        self.extensions = self.extensions or []
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        self.shlibs = [ext for ext in self.extensions
+                       if isinstance(ext, Library)]
+        if self.shlibs:
+            self.setup_shlib_compiler()
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            ext._full_name = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = ext._full_name
+            self.ext_map[fullname] = ext
+
+            # distutils 3.1 will also ask for module names
+            # XXX what to do with conflicts?
+            self.ext_map[fullname.split('.')[-1]] = ext
+
+            ltd = self.shlibs and self.links_to_dynamic(ext) or False
+            ns = ltd and use_stubs and not isinstance(ext, Library)
+            ext._links_to_dynamic = ltd
+            ext._needs_stub = ns
+            filename = ext._file_name = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            libdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename))
+            if ltd and libdir not in ext.library_dirs:
+                ext.library_dirs.append(libdir)
+            if ltd and use_stubs and os.curdir not in ext.runtime_library_dirs:
+                ext.runtime_library_dirs.append(os.curdir)
+
+    def setup_shlib_compiler(self):
+        compiler = self.shlib_compiler = new_compiler(
+            compiler=self.compiler, dry_run=self.dry_run, force=self.force
+        )
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            tmp = _CONFIG_VARS.copy()
+            try:
+                # XXX Help!  I don't have any idea whether these are right...
+                _CONFIG_VARS['LDSHARED'] = (
+                    "gcc -Wl,-x -dynamiclib -undefined dynamic_lookup")
+                _CONFIG_VARS['CCSHARED'] = " -dynamiclib"
+                _CONFIG_VARS['SO'] = ".dylib"
+                customize_compiler(compiler)
+            finally:
+                _CONFIG_VARS.clear()
+                _CONFIG_VARS.update(tmp)
+        else:
+            customize_compiler(compiler)
+
+        if self.include_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+        if self.define is not None:
+            # 'define' option is a list of (name,value) tuples
+            for (name, value) in self.define:
+                compiler.define_macro(name, value)
+        if self.undef is not None:
+            for macro in self.undef:
+                compiler.undefine_macro(macro)
+        if self.libraries is not None:
+            compiler.set_libraries(self.libraries)
+        if self.library_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_library_dirs(self.library_dirs)
+        if self.rpath is not None:
+            compiler.set_runtime_library_dirs(self.rpath)
+        if self.link_objects is not None:
+            compiler.set_link_objects(self.link_objects)
+
+        # hack so distutils' build_extension() builds a library instead
+        compiler.link_shared_object = link_shared_object.__get__(compiler)
+
+    def get_export_symbols(self, ext):
+        if isinstance(ext, Library):
+            return ext.export_symbols
+        return _build_ext.get_export_symbols(self, ext)
+
+    def build_extension(self, ext):
+        ext._convert_pyx_sources_to_lang()
+        _compiler = self.compiler
+        try:
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                self.compiler = self.shlib_compiler
+            _build_ext.build_extension(self, ext)
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_py').build_lib
+                self.write_stub(cmd, ext)
+        finally:
+            self.compiler = _compiler
+
+    def links_to_dynamic(self, ext):
+        """Return true if 'ext' links to a dynamic lib in the same package"""
+        # XXX this should check to ensure the lib is actually being built
+        # XXX as dynamic, and not just using a locally-found version or a
+        # XXX static-compiled version
+        libnames = dict.fromkeys([lib._full_name for lib in self.shlibs])
+        pkg = '.'.join(ext._full_name.split('.')[:-1] + [''])
+        return any(pkg + libname in libnames for libname in ext.libraries)
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return _build_ext.get_outputs(self) + self.__get_stubs_outputs()
+
+    def __get_stubs_outputs(self):
+        # assemble the base name for each extension that needs a stub
+        ns_ext_bases = (
+            os.path.join(self.build_lib, *ext._full_name.split('.'))
+            for ext in self.extensions
+            if ext._needs_stub
+        )
+        # pair each base with the extension
+        pairs = itertools.product(ns_ext_bases, self.__get_output_extensions())
+        return list(base + fnext for base, fnext in pairs)
+
+    def __get_output_extensions(self):
+        yield '.py'
+        yield '.pyc'
+        if self.get_finalized_command('build_py').optimize:
+            yield '.pyo'
+
+    def write_stub(self, output_dir, ext, compile=False):
+        log.info("writing stub loader for %s to %s", ext._full_name,
+                 output_dir)
+        stub_file = (os.path.join(output_dir, *ext._full_name.split('.')) +
+                     '.py')
+        if compile and os.path.exists(stub_file):
+            raise DistutilsError(stub_file + " already exists! Please delete.")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(stub_file, 'w')
+            f.write(
+                '\n'.join([
+                    "def __bootstrap__():",
+                    "   global __bootstrap__, __file__, __loader__",
+                    "   import sys, os, pkg_resources, imp" + if_dl(", dl"),
+                    "   __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename"
+                    "(__name__,%r)"
+                    % os.path.basename(ext._file_name),
+                    "   del __bootstrap__",
+                    "   if '__loader__' in globals():",
+                    "       del __loader__",
+                    if_dl("   old_flags = sys.getdlopenflags()"),
+                    "   old_dir = os.getcwd()",
+                    "   try:",
+                    "     os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW)"),
+                    "     imp.load_dynamic(__name__,__file__)",
+                    "   finally:",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(old_flags)"),
+                    "     os.chdir(old_dir)",
+                    "__bootstrap__()",
+                    ""  # terminal \n
+                ])
+            )
+            f.close()
+        if compile:
+            from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+            byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=0,
+                         force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            optimize = self.get_finalized_command('install_lib').optimize
+            if optimize > 0:
+                byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=optimize,
+                             force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if os.path.exists(stub_file) and not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(stub_file)
+
+
+if use_stubs or os.name == 'nt':
+    # Build shared libraries
+    #
+    def link_shared_object(
+            self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, libraries=None,
+            library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None, export_symbols=None,
+            debug=0, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, build_temp=None,
+            target_lang=None):
+        self.link(
+            self.SHARED_LIBRARY, objects, output_libname,
+            output_dir, libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols, debug, extra_preargs, extra_postargs,
+            build_temp, target_lang
+        )
+else:
+    # Build static libraries everywhere else
+    libtype = 'static'
+
+    def link_shared_object(
+            self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, libraries=None,
+            library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None, export_symbols=None,
+            debug=0, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, build_temp=None,
+            target_lang=None):
+        # XXX we need to either disallow these attrs on Library instances,
+        # or warn/abort here if set, or something...
+        # libraries=None, library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        # export_symbols=None, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None,
+        # build_temp=None
+
+        assert output_dir is None  # distutils build_ext doesn't pass this
+        output_dir, filename = os.path.split(output_libname)
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+        if self.library_filename("x").startswith('lib'):
+            # strip 'lib' prefix; this is kludgy if some platform uses
+            # a different prefix
+            basename = basename[3:]
+
+        self.create_static_lib(
+            objects, basename, output_dir, debug, target_lang
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8623c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+import distutils.command.build_py as orig
+import os
+import fnmatch
+import textwrap
+import io
+import distutils.errors
+import collections
+import itertools
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+try:
+    from setuptools.lib2to3_ex import Mixin2to3
+except ImportError:
+    class Mixin2to3:
+        def run_2to3(self, files, doctests=True):
+            "do nothing"
+
+
+class build_py(orig.build_py, Mixin2to3):
+    """Enhanced 'build_py' command that includes data files with packages
+
+    The data files are specified via a 'package_data' argument to 'setup()'.
+    See 'setuptools.dist.Distribution' for more details.
+
+    Also, this version of the 'build_py' command allows you to specify both
+    'py_modules' and 'packages' in the same setup operation.
+    """
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.build_py.finalize_options(self)
+        self.package_data = self.distribution.package_data
+        self.exclude_package_data = (self.distribution.exclude_package_data or
+                                     {})
+        if 'data_files' in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__['data_files']
+        self.__updated_files = []
+        self.__doctests_2to3 = []
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Build modules, packages, and copy data files to build directory"""
+        if not self.py_modules and not self.packages:
+            return
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.build_modules()
+
+        if self.packages:
+            self.build_packages()
+            self.build_package_data()
+
+        self.run_2to3(self.__updated_files, False)
+        self.run_2to3(self.__updated_files, True)
+        self.run_2to3(self.__doctests_2to3, True)
+
+        # Only compile actual .py files, using our base class' idea of what our
+        # output files are.
+        self.byte_compile(orig.build_py.get_outputs(self, include_bytecode=0))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        "lazily compute data files"
+        if attr == 'data_files':
+            self.data_files = self._get_data_files()
+            return self.data_files
+        return orig.build_py.__getattr__(self, attr)
+
+    def build_module(self, module, module_file, package):
+        outfile, copied = orig.build_py.build_module(self, module, module_file,
+                                                     package)
+        if copied:
+            self.__updated_files.append(outfile)
+        return outfile, copied
+
+    def _get_data_files(self):
+        """Generate list of '(package,src_dir,build_dir,filenames)' tuples"""
+        self.analyze_manifest()
+        return list(map(self._get_pkg_data_files, self.packages or ()))
+
+    def _get_pkg_data_files(self, package):
+        # Locate package source directory
+        src_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+
+        # Compute package build directory
+        build_dir = os.path.join(*([self.build_lib] + package.split('.')))
+
+        # Strip directory from globbed filenames
+        filenames = [
+            os.path.relpath(file, src_dir)
+            for file in self.find_data_files(package, src_dir)
+        ]
+        return package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames
+
+    def find_data_files(self, package, src_dir):
+        """Return filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = (self.package_data.get('', [])
+                 + self.package_data.get(package, []))
+        files = self.manifest_files.get(package, [])[:]
+        for pattern in globs:
+            # Each pattern has to be converted to a platform-specific path
+            files.extend(glob(os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern))))
+        return self.exclude_data_files(package, src_dir, files)
+
+    def build_package_data(self):
+        """Copy data files into build directory"""
+        for package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames in self.data_files:
+            for filename in filenames:
+                target = os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
+                self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(target))
+                srcfile = os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                outf, copied = self.copy_file(srcfile, target)
+                srcfile = os.path.abspath(srcfile)
+                if (copied and
+                        srcfile in self.distribution.convert_2to3_doctests):
+                    self.__doctests_2to3.append(outf)
+
+    def analyze_manifest(self):
+        self.manifest_files = mf = {}
+        if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+            return
+        src_dirs = {}
+        for package in self.packages or ():
+            # Locate package source directory
+            src_dirs[assert_relative(self.get_package_dir(package))] = package
+
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        for path in ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            d, f = os.path.split(assert_relative(path))
+            prev = None
+            oldf = f
+            while d and d != prev and d not in src_dirs:
+                prev = d
+                d, df = os.path.split(d)
+                f = os.path.join(df, f)
+            if d in src_dirs:
+                if path.endswith('.py') and f == oldf:
+                    continue  # it's a module, not data
+                mf.setdefault(src_dirs[d], []).append(path)
+
+    def get_data_files(self):
+        pass  # Lazily compute data files in _get_data_files() function.
+
+    def check_package(self, package, package_dir):
+        """Check namespace packages' __init__ for declare_namespace"""
+        try:
+            return self.packages_checked[package]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        init_py = orig.build_py.check_package(self, package, package_dir)
+        self.packages_checked[package] = init_py
+
+        if not init_py or not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return init_py
+
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            if pkg == package or pkg.startswith(package + '.'):
+                break
+        else:
+            return init_py
+
+        with io.open(init_py, 'rb') as f:
+            contents = f.read()
+        if b'declare_namespace' not in contents:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsError(
+                "Namespace package problem: %s is a namespace package, but "
+                "its\n__init__.py does not call declare_namespace()! Please "
+                'fix it.\n(See the setuptools manual under '
+                '"Namespace Packages" for details.)\n"' % (package,)
+            )
+        return init_py
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.packages_checked = {}
+        orig.build_py.initialize_options(self)
+
+    def get_package_dir(self, package):
+        res = orig.build_py.get_package_dir(self, package)
+        if self.distribution.src_root is not None:
+            return os.path.join(self.distribution.src_root, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exclude_data_files(self, package, src_dir, files):
+        """Filter filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = (
+            self.exclude_package_data.get('', [])
+            + self.exclude_package_data.get(package, [])
+        )
+        bad = set(
+            item
+            for pattern in globs
+            for item in fnmatch.filter(
+                files,
+                os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern)),
+            )
+        )
+        seen = collections.defaultdict(itertools.count)
+        return [
+            fn
+            for fn in files
+            if fn not in bad
+            # ditch dupes
+            and not next(seen[fn])
+        ]
+
+
+def assert_relative(path):
+    if not os.path.isabs(path):
+        return path
+    from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+
+    msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Error: setup script specifies an absolute path:
+
+            %s
+
+        setup() arguments must *always* be /-separated paths relative to the
+        setup.py directory, *never* absolute paths.
+        """).lstrip() % path
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(msg)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11b5df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError, DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+import glob
+import io
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata, normalize_path
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+import setuptools
+
+
+class develop(easy_install):
+    """Set up package for development"""
+
+    description = "install package in 'development mode'"
+
+    user_options = easy_install.user_options + [
+        ("uninstall", "u", "Uninstall this source package"),
+        ("egg-path=", None, "Set the path to be used in the .egg-link file"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = easy_install.boolean_options + ['uninstall']
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False  # override base
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.uninstall:
+            self.multi_version = True
+            self.uninstall_link()
+        else:
+            self.install_for_development()
+        self.warn_deprecated_options()
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.uninstall = None
+        self.egg_path = None
+        easy_install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.setup_path = None
+        self.always_copy_from = '.'  # always copy eggs installed in curdir
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        if ei.broken_egg_info:
+            template = "Please rename %r to %r before using 'develop'"
+            args = ei.egg_info, ei.broken_egg_info
+            raise DistutilsError(template % args)
+        self.args = [ei.egg_name]
+
+        easy_install.finalize_options(self)
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        self.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        egg_link_fn = ei.egg_name + '.egg-link'
+        self.egg_link = os.path.join(self.install_dir, egg_link_fn)
+        self.egg_base = ei.egg_base
+        if self.egg_path is None:
+            self.egg_path = os.path.abspath(ei.egg_base)
+
+        target = normalize_path(self.egg_base)
+        egg_path = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.install_dir,
+                                               self.egg_path))
+        if egg_path != target:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "--egg-path must be a relative path from the install"
+                " directory to " + target
+            )
+
+        # Make a distribution for the package's source
+        self.dist = Distribution(
+            target,
+            PathMetadata(target, os.path.abspath(ei.egg_info)),
+            project_name=ei.egg_name
+        )
+
+        p = self.egg_base.replace(os.sep, '/')
+        if p != os.curdir:
+            p = '../' * (p.count('/') + 1)
+        self.setup_path = p
+        p = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.install_dir, self.egg_path, p))
+        if p != normalize_path(os.curdir):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Can't get a consistent path to setup script from"
+                " installation directory", p, normalize_path(os.curdir))
+
+    def install_for_development(self):
+        if six.PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False):
+            # If we run 2to3 we can not do this inplace:
+
+            # Ensure metadata is up-to-date
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_py', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_py')
+            bpy_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("build_py")
+            build_path = normalize_path(bpy_cmd.build_lib)
+
+            # Build extensions
+            self.reinitialize_command('egg_info', egg_base=build_path)
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+            # Fixup egg-link and easy-install.pth
+            ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+            self.egg_path = build_path
+            self.dist.location = build_path
+            # XXX
+            self.dist._provider = PathMetadata(build_path, ei_cmd.egg_info)
+        else:
+            # Without 2to3 inplace works fine:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            # Build extensions in-place
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        self.install_site_py()  # ensure that target dir is site-safe
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            self.easy_install(setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+            setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+        # create an .egg-link in the installation dir, pointing to our egg
+        log.info("Creating %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(self.egg_link, "w") as f:
+                f.write(self.egg_path + "\n" + self.setup_path)
+        # postprocess the installed distro, fixing up .pth, installing scripts,
+        # and handling requirements
+        self.process_distribution(None, self.dist, not self.no_deps)
+
+    def uninstall_link(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.egg_link):
+            log.info("Removing %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+            egg_link_file = open(self.egg_link)
+            contents = [line.rstrip() for line in egg_link_file]
+            egg_link_file.close()
+            if contents not in ([self.egg_path],
+                                [self.egg_path, self.setup_path]):
+                log.warn("Link points to %s: uninstall aborted", contents)
+                return
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(self.egg_link)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            self.update_pth(self.dist)  # remove any .pth link to us
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            # XXX should also check for entry point scripts!
+            log.warn("Note: you must uninstall or replace scripts manually!")
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        if dist is not self.dist:
+            # Installing a dependency, so fall back to normal behavior
+            return easy_install.install_egg_scripts(self, dist)
+
+        # create wrapper scripts in the script dir, pointing to dist.scripts
+
+        # new-style...
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+        # ...and old-style
+        for script_name in self.distribution.scripts or []:
+            script_path = os.path.abspath(convert_path(script_name))
+            script_name = os.path.basename(script_path)
+            with io.open(script_path) as strm:
+                script_text = strm.read()
+            self.install_script(dist, script_name, script_text, script_path)
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        dist = VersionlessRequirement(dist)
+        return easy_install.install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist)
+
+
+class VersionlessRequirement(object):
+    """
+    Adapt a pkg_resources.Distribution to simply return the project
+    name as the 'requirement' so that scripts will work across
+    multiple versions.
+
+    >>> dist = Distribution(project_name='foo', version='1.0')
+    >>> str(dist.as_requirement())
+    'foo==1.0'
+    >>> adapted_dist = VersionlessRequirement(dist)
+    >>> str(adapted_dist.as_requirement())
+    'foo'
+    """
+    def __init__(self, dist):
+        self.__dist = dist
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__dist, name)
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        return self.project_name
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3c0acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2308 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Easy Install
+------------
+
+A tool for doing automatic download/extract/build of distutils-based Python
+packages.  For detailed documentation, see the accompanying EasyInstall.txt
+file, or visit the `EasyInstall home page`__.
+
+__ https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+
+"""
+
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import get_platform
+from distutils.util import convert_path, subst_vars
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError, DistutilsOptionError, \
+    DistutilsError, DistutilsPlatformError
+from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES, SCHEME_KEYS
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+from distutils.command.build_scripts import first_line_re
+from distutils.spawn import find_executable
+import sys
+import os
+import zipimport
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import re
+import stat
+import random
+import platform
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+import site
+import struct
+import contextlib
+import subprocess
+import shlex
+import io
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import configparser, map
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.sandbox import run_setup
+from setuptools.py31compat import get_path, get_config_vars
+from setuptools.command import setopt
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+from setuptools.package_index import PackageIndex
+from setuptools.package_index import URL_SCHEME
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg, egg_info
+from pkg_resources import (
+    yield_lines, normalize_path, resource_string, ensure_directory,
+    get_distribution, find_distributions, Environment, Requirement,
+    Distribution, PathMetadata, EggMetadata, WorkingSet, DistributionNotFound,
+    VersionConflict, DEVELOP_DIST,
+)
+import pkg_resources
+
+# Turn on PEP440Warnings
+warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=pkg_resources.PEP440Warning)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'samefile', 'easy_install', 'PthDistributions', 'extract_wininst_cfg',
+    'main', 'get_exe_prefixes',
+]
+
+
+def is_64bit():
+    return struct.calcsize("P") == 8
+
+
+def samefile(p1, p2):
+    both_exist = os.path.exists(p1) and os.path.exists(p2)
+    use_samefile = hasattr(os.path, 'samefile') and both_exist
+    if use_samefile:
+        return os.path.samefile(p1, p2)
+    norm_p1 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(p1))
+    norm_p2 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(p2))
+    return norm_p1 == norm_p2
+
+
+if six.PY2:
+    def _to_ascii(s):
+        return s
+
+    def isascii(s):
+        try:
+            six.text_type(s, 'ascii')
+            return True
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+else:
+    def _to_ascii(s):
+        return s.encode('ascii')
+
+    def isascii(s):
+        try:
+            s.encode('ascii')
+            return True
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+
+
+class easy_install(Command):
+    """Manage a download/build/install process"""
+    description = "Find/get/install Python packages"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('prefix=', None, "installation prefix"),
+        ("zip-ok", "z", "install package as a zipfile"),
+        ("multi-version", "m", "make apps have to require() a version"),
+        ("upgrade", "U", "force upgrade (searches PyPI for latest versions)"),
+        ("install-dir=", "d", "install package to DIR"),
+        ("script-dir=", "s", "install scripts to DIR"),
+        ("exclude-scripts", "x", "Don't install scripts"),
+        ("always-copy", "a", "Copy all needed packages to install dir"),
+        ("index-url=", "i", "base URL of Python Package Index"),
+        ("find-links=", "f", "additional URL(s) to search for packages"),
+        ("build-directory=", "b",
+         "download/extract/build in DIR; keep the results"),
+        ('optimize=', 'O',
+         "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+         "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]"),
+        ('record=', None,
+         "filename in which to record list of installed files"),
+        ('always-unzip', 'Z', "don't install as a zipfile, no matter what"),
+        ('site-dirs=', 'S', "list of directories where .pth files work"),
+        ('editable', 'e', "Install specified packages in editable form"),
+        ('no-deps', 'N', "don't install dependencies"),
+        ('allow-hosts=', 'H', "pattern(s) that hostnames must match"),
+        ('local-snapshots-ok', 'l',
+         "allow building eggs from local checkouts"),
+        ('version', None, "print version information and exit"),
+        ('no-find-links', None,
+         "Don't load find-links defined in packages being installed")
+    ]
+    boolean_options = [
+        'zip-ok', 'multi-version', 'exclude-scripts', 'upgrade', 'always-copy',
+        'editable',
+        'no-deps', 'local-snapshots-ok', 'version'
+    ]
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        help_msg = "install in user site-package '%s'" % site.USER_SITE
+        user_options.append(('user', None, help_msg))
+        boolean_options.append('user')
+
+    negative_opt = {'always-unzip': 'zip-ok'}
+    create_index = PackageIndex
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        # the --user option seems to be an opt-in one,
+        # so the default should be False.
+        self.user = 0
+        self.zip_ok = self.local_snapshots_ok = None
+        self.install_dir = self.script_dir = self.exclude_scripts = None
+        self.index_url = None
+        self.find_links = None
+        self.build_directory = None
+        self.args = None
+        self.optimize = self.record = None
+        self.upgrade = self.always_copy = self.multi_version = None
+        self.editable = self.no_deps = self.allow_hosts = None
+        self.root = self.prefix = self.no_report = None
+        self.version = None
+        self.install_purelib = None  # for pure module distributions
+        self.install_platlib = None  # non-pure (dists w/ extensions)
+        self.install_headers = None  # for C/C++ headers
+        self.install_lib = None  # set to either purelib or platlib
+        self.install_scripts = None
+        self.install_data = None
+        self.install_base = None
+        self.install_platbase = None
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            self.install_userbase = site.USER_BASE
+            self.install_usersite = site.USER_SITE
+        else:
+            self.install_userbase = None
+            self.install_usersite = None
+        self.no_find_links = None
+
+        # Options not specifiable via command line
+        self.package_index = None
+        self.pth_file = self.always_copy_from = None
+        self.site_dirs = None
+        self.installed_projects = {}
+        self.sitepy_installed = False
+        # Always read easy_install options, even if we are subclassed, or have
+        # an independent instance created.  This ensures that defaults will
+        # always come from the standard configuration file(s)' "easy_install"
+        # section, even if this is a "develop" or "install" command, or some
+        # other embedding.
+        self._dry_run = None
+        self.verbose = self.distribution.verbose
+        self.distribution._set_command_options(
+            self, self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+        )
+
+    def delete_blockers(self, blockers):
+        extant_blockers = (
+            filename for filename in blockers
+            if os.path.exists(filename) or os.path.islink(filename)
+        )
+        list(map(self._delete_path, extant_blockers))
+
+    def _delete_path(self, path):
+        log.info("Deleting %s", path)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            return
+
+        is_tree = os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path)
+        remover = rmtree if is_tree else os.unlink
+        remover(path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render_version():
+        """
+        Render the Setuptools version and installation details, then exit.
+        """
+        ver = sys.version[:3]
+        dist = get_distribution('setuptools')
+        tmpl = 'setuptools {dist.version} from {dist.location} (Python {ver})'
+        print(tmpl.format(**locals()))
+        raise SystemExit()
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.version and self._render_version()
+
+        py_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+        prefix, exec_prefix = get_config_vars('prefix', 'exec_prefix')
+
+        self.config_vars = {
+            'dist_name': self.distribution.get_name(),
+            'dist_version': self.distribution.get_version(),
+            'dist_fullname': self.distribution.get_fullname(),
+            'py_version': py_version,
+            'py_version_short': py_version[0:3],
+            'py_version_nodot': py_version[0] + py_version[2],
+            'sys_prefix': prefix,
+            'prefix': prefix,
+            'sys_exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            'exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            # Only python 3.2+ has abiflags
+            'abiflags': getattr(sys, 'abiflags', ''),
+        }
+
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            self.config_vars['userbase'] = self.install_userbase
+            self.config_vars['usersite'] = self.install_usersite
+
+        self._fix_install_dir_for_user_site()
+
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+
+        self._expand('install_dir', 'script_dir', 'build_directory',
+                     'site_dirs')
+        # If a non-default installation directory was specified, default the
+        # script directory to match it.
+        if self.script_dir is None:
+            self.script_dir = self.install_dir
+
+        if self.no_find_links is None:
+            self.no_find_links = False
+
+        # Let install_dir get set by install_lib command, which in turn
+        # gets its info from the install command, and takes into account
+        # --prefix and --home and all that other crud.
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_lib', ('install_dir', 'install_dir')
+        )
+        # Likewise, set default script_dir from 'install_scripts.install_dir'
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_scripts', ('install_dir', 'script_dir')
+        )
+
+        if self.user and self.install_purelib:
+            self.install_dir = self.install_purelib
+            self.script_dir = self.install_scripts
+        # default --record from the install command
+        self.set_undefined_options('install', ('record', 'record'))
+        # Should this be moved to the if statement below? It's not used
+        # elsewhere
+        normpath = map(normalize_path, sys.path)
+        self.all_site_dirs = get_site_dirs()
+        if self.site_dirs is not None:
+            site_dirs = [
+                os.path.expanduser(s.strip()) for s in
+                self.site_dirs.split(',')
+            ]
+            for d in site_dirs:
+                if not os.path.isdir(d):
+                    log.warn("%s (in --site-dirs) does not exist", d)
+                elif normalize_path(d) not in normpath:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        d + " (in --site-dirs) is not on sys.path"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.all_site_dirs.append(normalize_path(d))
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.check_site_dir()
+        self.index_url = self.index_url or "https://pypi.python.org/simple"
+        self.shadow_path = self.all_site_dirs[:]
+        for path_item in self.install_dir, normalize_path(self.script_dir):
+            if path_item not in self.shadow_path:
+                self.shadow_path.insert(0, path_item)
+
+        if self.allow_hosts is not None:
+            hosts = [s.strip() for s in self.allow_hosts.split(',')]
+        else:
+            hosts = ['*']
+        if self.package_index is None:
+            self.package_index = self.create_index(
+                self.index_url, search_path=self.shadow_path, hosts=hosts,
+            )
+        self.local_index = Environment(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+
+        if self.find_links is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.find_links, six.string_types):
+                self.find_links = self.find_links.split()
+        else:
+            self.find_links = []
+        if self.local_snapshots_ok:
+            self.package_index.scan_egg_links(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+        if not self.no_find_links:
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(self.find_links)
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('optimize', 'optimize'))
+        if not isinstance(self.optimize, int):
+            try:
+                self.optimize = int(self.optimize)
+                if not (0 <= self.optimize <= 2):
+                    raise ValueError
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("--optimize must be 0, 1, or 2")
+
+        if self.editable and not self.build_directory:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Must specify a build directory (-b) when using --editable"
+            )
+        if not self.args:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "No urls, filenames, or requirements specified (see --help)")
+
+        self.outputs = []
+
+    def _fix_install_dir_for_user_site(self):
+        """
+        Fix the install_dir if "--user" was used.
+        """
+        if not self.user or not site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            return
+
+        self.create_home_path()
+        if self.install_userbase is None:
+            msg = "User base directory is not specified"
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(msg)
+        self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.install_userbase
+        scheme_name = os.name.replace('posix', 'unix') + '_user'
+        self.select_scheme(scheme_name)
+
+    def _expand_attrs(self, attrs):
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                if os.name == 'posix' or os.name == 'nt':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                val = subst_vars(val, self.config_vars)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+    def expand_basedirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install_base, install_platbase and
+        root."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_base', 'install_platbase', 'root'])
+
+    def expand_dirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install dirs."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_purelib', 'install_platlib',
+                            'install_lib', 'install_headers',
+                            'install_scripts', 'install_data', ])
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.verbose != self.distribution.verbose:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)
+        try:
+            for spec in self.args:
+                self.easy_install(spec, not self.no_deps)
+            if self.record:
+                outputs = self.outputs
+                if self.root:  # strip any package prefix
+                    root_len = len(self.root)
+                    for counter in range(len(outputs)):
+                        outputs[counter] = outputs[counter][root_len:]
+                from distutils import file_util
+
+                self.execute(
+                    file_util.write_file, (self.record, outputs),
+                    "writing list of installed files to '%s'" %
+                    self.record
+                )
+            self.warn_deprecated_options()
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.distribution.verbose)
+
+    def pseudo_tempname(self):
+        """Return a pseudo-tempname base in the install directory.
+        This code is intentionally naive; if a malicious party can write to
+        the target directory you're already in deep doodoo.
+        """
+        try:
+            pid = os.getpid()
+        except:
+            pid = random.randint(0, sys.maxsize)
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, "test-easy-install-%s" % pid)
+
+    def warn_deprecated_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def check_site_dir(self):
+        """Verify that self.install_dir is .pth-capable dir, if needed"""
+
+        instdir = normalize_path(self.install_dir)
+        pth_file = os.path.join(instdir, 'easy-install.pth')
+
+        # Is it a configured, PYTHONPATH, implicit, or explicit site dir?
+        is_site_dir = instdir in self.all_site_dirs
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # No?  Then directly test whether it does .pth file processing
+            is_site_dir = self.check_pth_processing()
+        else:
+            # make sure we can write to target dir
+            testfile = self.pseudo_tempname() + '.write-test'
+            test_exists = os.path.exists(testfile)
+            try:
+                if test_exists:
+                    os.unlink(testfile)
+                open(testfile, 'w').close()
+                os.unlink(testfile)
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                self.cant_write_to_target()
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # Can't install non-multi to non-site dir
+            raise DistutilsError(self.no_default_version_msg())
+
+        if is_site_dir:
+            if self.pth_file is None:
+                self.pth_file = PthDistributions(pth_file, self.all_site_dirs)
+        else:
+            self.pth_file = None
+
+        PYTHONPATH = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+        if instdir not in map(normalize_path, filter(None, PYTHONPATH)):
+            # only PYTHONPATH dirs need a site.py, so pretend it's there
+            self.sitepy_installed = True
+        elif self.multi_version and not os.path.exists(pth_file):
+            self.sitepy_installed = True  # don't need site.py in this case
+            self.pth_file = None  # and don't create a .pth file
+        self.install_dir = instdir
+
+    __cant_write_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        can't create or remove files in install directory
+
+        The following error occurred while trying to add or remove files in the
+        installation directory:
+
+            %s
+
+        The installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __not_exists_id = textwrap.dedent("""
+        This directory does not currently exist.  Please create it and try again, or
+        choose a different installation directory (using the -d or --install-dir
+        option).
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __access_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  If the
+        installation directory is a system-owned directory, you may need to sign in
+        as the administrator or "root" account.  If you do not have administrative
+        access to this machine, you may wish to choose a different installation
+        directory, preferably one that is listed in your PYTHONPATH environment
+        variable.
+
+        For information on other options, you may wish to consult the
+        documentation at:
+
+          https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def cant_write_to_target(self):
+        msg = self.__cant_write_msg % (sys.exc_info()[1], self.install_dir,)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(self.install_dir):
+            msg += '\n' + self.__not_exists_id
+        else:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__access_msg
+        raise DistutilsError(msg)
+
+    def check_pth_processing(self):
+        """Empirically verify whether .pth files are supported in inst. dir"""
+        instdir = self.install_dir
+        log.info("Checking .pth file support in %s", instdir)
+        pth_file = self.pseudo_tempname() + ".pth"
+        ok_file = pth_file + '.ok'
+        ok_exists = os.path.exists(ok_file)
+        try:
+            if ok_exists:
+                os.unlink(ok_file)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(ok_file)
+            if not os.path.exists(dirname):
+                os.makedirs(dirname)
+            f = open(pth_file, 'w')
+        except (OSError, IOError):
+            self.cant_write_to_target()
+        else:
+            try:
+                f.write("import os; f = open(%r, 'w'); f.write('OK'); "
+                        "f.close()\n" % (ok_file,))
+                f.close()
+                f = None
+                executable = sys.executable
+                if os.name == 'nt':
+                    dirname, basename = os.path.split(executable)
+                    alt = os.path.join(dirname, 'pythonw.exe')
+                    if (basename.lower() == 'python.exe' and
+                            os.path.exists(alt)):
+                        # use pythonw.exe to avoid opening a console window
+                        executable = alt
+
+                from distutils.spawn import spawn
+
+                spawn([executable, '-E', '-c', 'pass'], 0)
+
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    log.info(
+                        "TEST PASSED: %s appears to support .pth files",
+                        instdir
+                    )
+                    return True
+            finally:
+                if f:
+                    f.close()
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    os.unlink(ok_file)
+                if os.path.exists(pth_file):
+                    os.unlink(pth_file)
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            log.warn("TEST FAILED: %s does NOT support .pth files", instdir)
+        return False
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        """Write all the scripts for `dist`, unless scripts are excluded"""
+        if not self.exclude_scripts and dist.metadata_isdir('scripts'):
+            for script_name in dist.metadata_listdir('scripts'):
+                if dist.metadata_isdir('scripts/' + script_name):
+                    # The "script" is a directory, likely a Python 3
+                    # __pycache__ directory, so skip it.
+                    continue
+                self.install_script(
+                    dist, script_name,
+                    dist.get_metadata('scripts/' + script_name)
+                )
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+    def add_output(self, path):
+        if os.path.isdir(path):
+            for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                for filename in files:
+                    self.outputs.append(os.path.join(base, filename))
+        else:
+            self.outputs.append(path)
+
+    def not_editable(self, spec):
+        if self.editable:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Invalid argument %r: you can't use filenames or URLs "
+                "with --editable (except via the --find-links option)."
+                % (spec,)
+            )
+
+    def check_editable(self, spec):
+        if not self.editable:
+            return
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)):
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "%r already exists in %s; can't do a checkout there" %
+                (spec.key, self.build_directory)
+            )
+
+    def easy_install(self, spec, deps=False):
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="easy_install-")
+        download = None
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.install_site_py()
+
+        try:
+            if not isinstance(spec, Requirement):
+                if URL_SCHEME(spec):
+                    # It's a url, download it to tmpdir and process
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    download = self.package_index.download(spec, tmpdir)
+                    return self.install_item(None, download, tmpdir, deps,
+                                             True)
+
+                elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                    # Existing file or directory, just process it directly
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    return self.install_item(None, spec, tmpdir, deps, True)
+                else:
+                    spec = parse_requirement_arg(spec)
+
+            self.check_editable(spec)
+            dist = self.package_index.fetch_distribution(
+                spec, tmpdir, self.upgrade, self.editable,
+                not self.always_copy, self.local_index
+            )
+            if dist is None:
+                msg = "Could not find suitable distribution for %r" % spec
+                if self.always_copy:
+                    msg += " (--always-copy skips system and development eggs)"
+                raise DistutilsError(msg)
+            elif dist.precedence == DEVELOP_DIST:
+                # .egg-info dists don't need installing, just process deps
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps, "Using")
+                return dist
+            else:
+                return self.install_item(spec, dist.location, tmpdir, deps)
+
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(tmpdir):
+                rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+    def install_item(self, spec, download, tmpdir, deps, install_needed=False):
+
+        # Installation is also needed if file in tmpdir or is not an egg
+        install_needed = install_needed or self.always_copy
+        install_needed = install_needed or os.path.dirname(download) == tmpdir
+        install_needed = install_needed or not download.endswith('.egg')
+        install_needed = install_needed or (
+            self.always_copy_from is not None and
+            os.path.dirname(normalize_path(download)) ==
+            normalize_path(self.always_copy_from)
+        )
+
+        if spec and not install_needed:
+            # at this point, we know it's a local .egg, we just don't know if
+            # it's already installed.
+            for dist in self.local_index[spec.project_name]:
+                if dist.location == download:
+                    break
+            else:
+                install_needed = True  # it's not in the local index
+
+        log.info("Processing %s", os.path.basename(download))
+
+        if install_needed:
+            dists = self.install_eggs(spec, download, tmpdir)
+            for dist in dists:
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps)
+        else:
+            dists = [self.egg_distribution(download)]
+            self.process_distribution(spec, dists[0], deps, "Using")
+
+        if spec is not None:
+            for dist in dists:
+                if dist in spec:
+                    return dist
+
+    def select_scheme(self, name):
+        """Sets the install directories by applying the install schemes."""
+        # it's the caller's problem if they supply a bad name!
+        scheme = INSTALL_SCHEMES[name]
+        for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+            attrname = 'install_' + key
+            if getattr(self, attrname) is None:
+                setattr(self, attrname, scheme[key])
+
+    def process_distribution(self, requirement, dist, deps=True, *info):
+        self.update_pth(dist)
+        self.package_index.add(dist)
+        if dist in self.local_index[dist.key]:
+            self.local_index.remove(dist)
+        self.local_index.add(dist)
+        self.install_egg_scripts(dist)
+        self.installed_projects[dist.key] = dist
+        log.info(self.installation_report(requirement, dist, *info))
+        if (dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt') and
+                not self.no_find_links):
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+        if not deps and not self.always_copy:
+            return
+        elif requirement is not None and dist.key != requirement.key:
+            log.warn("Skipping dependencies for %s", dist)
+            return  # XXX this is not the distribution we were looking for
+        elif requirement is None or dist not in requirement:
+            # if we wound up with a different version, resolve what we've got
+            distreq = dist.as_requirement()
+            requirement = requirement or distreq
+            requirement = Requirement(
+                distreq.project_name, distreq.specs, requirement.extras
+            )
+        log.info("Processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+        try:
+            distros = WorkingSet([]).resolve(
+                [requirement], self.local_index, self.easy_install
+            )
+        except DistributionNotFound as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(str(e))
+        except VersionConflict as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(e.report())
+        if self.always_copy or self.always_copy_from:
+            # Force all the relevant distros to be copied or activated
+            for dist in distros:
+                if dist.key not in self.installed_projects:
+                    self.easy_install(dist.as_requirement())
+        log.info("Finished processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+
+    def should_unzip(self, dist):
+        if self.zip_ok is not None:
+            return not self.zip_ok
+        if dist.has_metadata('not-zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        if not dist.has_metadata('zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_move(self, spec, dist_filename, setup_base):
+        dst = os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)
+        if os.path.exists(dst):
+            msg = ("%r already exists in %s; build directory %s will not be "
+                   "kept")
+            log.warn(msg, spec.key, self.build_directory, setup_base)
+            return setup_base
+        if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = dist_filename
+        else:
+            if os.path.dirname(dist_filename) == setup_base:
+                os.unlink(dist_filename)  # get it out of the tmp dir
+            contents = os.listdir(setup_base)
+            if len(contents) == 1:
+                dist_filename = os.path.join(setup_base, contents[0])
+                if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+                    # if the only thing there is a directory, move it instead
+                    setup_base = dist_filename
+        ensure_directory(dst)
+        shutil.move(setup_base, dst)
+        return dst
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        if self.exclude_scripts:
+            return
+        for args in ScriptWriter.best().get_args(dist):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def install_script(self, dist, script_name, script_text, dev_path=None):
+        """Generate a legacy script wrapper and install it"""
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        is_script = is_python_script(script_text, script_name)
+
+        if is_script:
+            body = self._load_template(dev_path) % locals()
+            script_text = ScriptWriter.get_header(script_text) + body
+        self.write_script(script_name, _to_ascii(script_text), 'b')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _load_template(dev_path):
+        """
+        There are a couple of template scripts in the package. This
+        function loads one of them and prepares it for use.
+        """
+        # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/134 for info
+        # on script file naming and downstream issues with SVR4
+        name = 'script.tmpl'
+        if dev_path:
+            name = name.replace('.tmpl', ' (dev).tmpl')
+
+        raw_bytes = resource_string('setuptools', name)
+        return raw_bytes.decode('utf-8')
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", blockers=()):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        self.delete_blockers(  # clean up old .py/.pyw w/o a script
+            [os.path.join(self.script_dir, x) for x in blockers]
+        )
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.script_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.script_dir, script_name)
+        self.add_output(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            if os.path.exists(target):
+                os.unlink(target)
+            with open(target, "w" + mode) as f:
+                f.write(contents)
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
+
+    def install_eggs(self, spec, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # .egg dirs or files are already built, so just return them
+        if dist_filename.lower().endswith('.egg'):
+            return [self.install_egg(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+        elif dist_filename.lower().endswith('.exe'):
+            return [self.install_exe(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+
+        # Anything else, try to extract and build
+        setup_base = tmpdir
+        if os.path.isfile(dist_filename) and not dist_filename.endswith('.py'):
+            unpack_archive(dist_filename, tmpdir, self.unpack_progress)
+        elif os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+
+        if (setup_base.startswith(tmpdir)  # something we downloaded
+                and self.build_directory and spec is not None):
+            setup_base = self.maybe_move(spec, dist_filename, setup_base)
+
+        # Find the setup.py file
+        setup_script = os.path.join(setup_base, 'setup.py')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(setup_script):
+            setups = glob(os.path.join(setup_base, '*', 'setup.py'))
+            if not setups:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Couldn't find a setup script in %s" %
+                    os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            if len(setups) > 1:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Multiple setup scripts in %s" %
+                    os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            setup_script = setups[0]
+
+        # Now run it, and return the result
+        if self.editable:
+            log.info(self.report_editable(spec, setup_script))
+            return []
+        else:
+            return self.build_and_install(setup_script, setup_base)
+
+    def egg_distribution(self, egg_path):
+        if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+            metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,
+                                                           'EGG-INFO'))
+        else:
+            metadata = EggMetadata(zipimport.zipimporter(egg_path))
+        return Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+
+    def install_egg(self, egg_path, tmpdir):
+        destination = os.path.join(self.install_dir,
+                                   os.path.basename(egg_path))
+        destination = os.path.abspath(destination)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(destination)
+
+        dist = self.egg_distribution(egg_path)
+        if not samefile(egg_path, destination):
+            if os.path.isdir(destination) and not os.path.islink(destination):
+                dir_util.remove_tree(destination, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            elif os.path.exists(destination):
+                self.execute(os.unlink, (destination,), "Removing " +
+                             destination)
+            try:
+                new_dist_is_zipped = False
+                if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copytree, "Copying"
+                elif self.should_unzip(dist):
+                    self.mkpath(destination)
+                    f, m = self.unpack_and_compile, "Extracting"
+                else:
+                    new_dist_is_zipped = True
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copy2, "Copying"
+                self.execute(f, (egg_path, destination),
+                             (m + " %s to %s") %
+                             (os.path.basename(egg_path),
+                              os.path.dirname(destination)))
+                update_dist_caches(destination,
+                                   fix_zipimporter_caches=new_dist_is_zipped)
+            except:
+                update_dist_caches(destination, fix_zipimporter_caches=False)
+                raise
+
+        self.add_output(destination)
+        return self.egg_distribution(destination)
+
+    def install_exe(self, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # See if it's valid, get data
+        cfg = extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename)
+        if cfg is None:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s is not a valid distutils Windows .exe" % dist_filename
+            )
+        # Create a dummy distribution object until we build the real distro
+        dist = Distribution(
+            None,
+            project_name=cfg.get('metadata', 'name'),
+            version=cfg.get('metadata', 'version'), platform=get_platform(),
+        )
+
+        # Convert the .exe to an unpacked egg
+        egg_path = dist.location = os.path.join(tmpdir, dist.egg_name() +
+                                                '.egg')
+        egg_tmp = egg_path + '.tmp'
+        _egg_info = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO')
+        pkg_inf = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'PKG-INFO')
+        ensure_directory(pkg_inf)  # make sure EGG-INFO dir exists
+        dist._provider = PathMetadata(egg_tmp, _egg_info)  # XXX
+        self.exe_to_egg(dist_filename, egg_tmp)
+
+        # Write EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO
+        if not os.path.exists(pkg_inf):
+            f = open(pkg_inf, 'w')
+            f.write('Metadata-Version: 1.0\n')
+            for k, v in cfg.items('metadata'):
+                if k != 'target_version':
+                    f.write('%s: %s\n' % (k.replace('_', '-').title(), v))
+            f.close()
+        script_dir = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'scripts')
+        # delete entry-point scripts to avoid duping
+        self.delete_blockers(
+            [os.path.join(script_dir, args[0]) for args in
+             ScriptWriter.get_args(dist)]
+        )
+        # Build .egg file from tmpdir
+        bdist_egg.make_zipfile(
+            egg_path, egg_tmp, verbose=self.verbose, dry_run=self.dry_run
+        )
+        # install the .egg
+        return self.install_egg(egg_path, tmpdir)
+
+    def exe_to_egg(self, dist_filename, egg_tmp):
+        """Extract a bdist_wininst to the directories an egg would use"""
+        # Check for .pth file and set up prefix translations
+        prefixes = get_exe_prefixes(dist_filename)
+        to_compile = []
+        native_libs = []
+        top_level = {}
+
+        def process(src, dst):
+            s = src.lower()
+            for old, new in prefixes:
+                if s.startswith(old):
+                    src = new + src[len(old):]
+                    parts = src.split('/')
+                    dst = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                    dl = dst.lower()
+                    if dl.endswith('.pyd') or dl.endswith('.dll'):
+                        parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1])
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        native_libs.append(src)
+                    elif dl.endswith('.py') and old != 'SCRIPTS/':
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        to_compile.append(dst)
+                    return dst
+            if not src.endswith('.pth'):
+                log.warn("WARNING: can't process %s", src)
+            return None
+
+        # extract, tracking .pyd/.dll->native_libs and .py -> to_compile
+        unpack_archive(dist_filename, egg_tmp, process)
+        stubs = []
+        for res in native_libs:
+            if res.lower().endswith('.pyd'):  # create stubs for .pyd's
+                parts = res.split('/')
+                resource = parts[-1]
+                parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1]) + '.py'
+                pyfile = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                to_compile.append(pyfile)
+                stubs.append(pyfile)
+                bdist_egg.write_stub(resource, pyfile)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)  # compile .py's
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO'),
+            bdist_egg.analyze_egg(egg_tmp, stubs))  # write zip-safety flag
+
+        for name in 'top_level', 'native_libs':
+            if locals()[name]:
+                txt = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO', name + '.txt')
+                if not os.path.exists(txt):
+                    f = open(txt, 'w')
+                    f.write('\n'.join(locals()[name]) + '\n')
+                    f.close()
+
+    __mv_warning = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Because this distribution was installed --multi-version, before you can
+        import modules from this package in an application, you will need to
+        'import pkg_resources' and then use a 'require()' call similar to one of
+        these examples, in order to select the desired version:
+
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s")  # latest installed version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s==%(version)s")  # this exact version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s>=%(version)s")  # this version or higher
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __id_warning = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Note also that the installation directory must be on sys.path at runtime for
+        this to work.  (e.g. by being the application's script directory, by being on
+        PYTHONPATH, or by being added to sys.path by your code.)
+        """)
+
+    def installation_report(self, req, dist, what="Installed"):
+        """Helpful installation message for display to package users"""
+        msg = "\n%(what)s %(eggloc)s%(extras)s"
+        if self.multi_version and not self.no_report:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__mv_warning
+            if self.install_dir not in map(normalize_path, sys.path):
+                msg += '\n' + self.__id_warning
+
+        eggloc = dist.location
+        name = dist.project_name
+        version = dist.version
+        extras = ''  # TODO: self.report_extras(req, dist)
+        return msg % locals()
+
+    __editable_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Extracted editable version of %(spec)s to %(dirname)s
+
+        If it uses setuptools in its setup script, you can activate it in
+        "development" mode by going to that directory and running::
+
+            %(python)s setup.py develop
+
+        See the setuptools documentation for the "develop" command for more info.
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def report_editable(self, spec, setup_script):
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        python = sys.executable
+        return '\n' + self.__editable_msg % locals()
+
+    def run_setup(self, setup_script, setup_base, args):
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.bdist_egg', bdist_egg)
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.egg_info', egg_info)
+
+        args = list(args)
+        if self.verbose > 2:
+            v = 'v' * (self.verbose - 1)
+            args.insert(0, '-' + v)
+        elif self.verbose < 2:
+            args.insert(0, '-q')
+        if self.dry_run:
+            args.insert(0, '-n')
+        log.info(
+            "Running %s %s", setup_script[len(setup_base) + 1:], ' '.join(args)
+        )
+        try:
+            run_setup(setup_script, args)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            raise DistutilsError("Setup script exited with %s" % (v.args[0],))
+
+    def build_and_install(self, setup_script, setup_base):
+        args = ['bdist_egg', '--dist-dir']
+
+        dist_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(
+            prefix='egg-dist-tmp-', dir=os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        )
+        try:
+            self._set_fetcher_options(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+            args.append(dist_dir)
+
+            self.run_setup(setup_script, setup_base, args)
+            all_eggs = Environment([dist_dir])
+            eggs = []
+            for key in all_eggs:
+                for dist in all_eggs[key]:
+                    eggs.append(self.install_egg(dist.location, setup_base))
+            if not eggs and not self.dry_run:
+                log.warn("No eggs found in %s (setup script problem?)",
+                         dist_dir)
+            return eggs
+        finally:
+            rmtree(dist_dir)
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore our log verbosity
+
+    def _set_fetcher_options(self, base):
+        """
+        When easy_install is about to run bdist_egg on a source dist, that
+        source dist might have 'setup_requires' directives, requiring
+        additional fetching. Ensure the fetcher options given to easy_install
+        are available to that command as well.
+        """
+        # find the fetch options from easy_install and write them out
+        # to the setup.cfg file.
+        ei_opts = self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install').copy()
+        fetch_directives = (
+            'find_links', 'site_dirs', 'index_url', 'optimize',
+            'site_dirs', 'allow_hosts',
+        )
+        fetch_options = {}
+        for key, val in ei_opts.items():
+            if key not in fetch_directives:
+                continue
+            fetch_options[key.replace('_', '-')] = val[1]
+        # create a settings dictionary suitable for `edit_config`
+        settings = dict(easy_install=fetch_options)
+        cfg_filename = os.path.join(base, 'setup.cfg')
+        setopt.edit_config(cfg_filename, settings)
+
+    def update_pth(self, dist):
+        if self.pth_file is None:
+            return
+
+        for d in self.pth_file[dist.key]:  # drop old entries
+            if self.multi_version or d.location != dist.location:
+                log.info("Removing %s from easy-install.pth file", d)
+                self.pth_file.remove(d)
+                if d.location in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.remove(d.location)
+
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            if dist.location in self.pth_file.paths:
+                log.info(
+                    "%s is already the active version in easy-install.pth",
+                    dist
+                )
+            else:
+                log.info("Adding %s to easy-install.pth file", dist)
+                self.pth_file.add(dist)  # add new entry
+                if dist.location not in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.append(dist.location)
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+
+            self.pth_file.save()
+
+            if dist.key == 'setuptools':
+                # Ensure that setuptools itself never becomes unavailable!
+                # XXX should this check for latest version?
+                filename = os.path.join(self.install_dir, 'setuptools.pth')
+                if os.path.islink(filename):
+                    os.unlink(filename)
+                f = open(filename, 'wt')
+                f.write(self.pth_file.make_relative(dist.location) + '\n')
+                f.close()
+
+    def unpack_progress(self, src, dst):
+        # Progress filter for unpacking
+        log.debug("Unpacking %s to %s", src, dst)
+        return dst  # only unpack-and-compile skips files for dry run
+
+    def unpack_and_compile(self, egg_path, destination):
+        to_compile = []
+        to_chmod = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst.endswith('.py') and not src.startswith('EGG-INFO/'):
+                to_compile.append(dst)
+            elif dst.endswith('.dll') or dst.endswith('.so'):
+                to_chmod.append(dst)
+            self.unpack_progress(src, dst)
+            return not self.dry_run and dst or None
+
+        unpack_archive(egg_path, destination, pf)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in to_chmod:
+                mode = ((os.stat(f)[stat.ST_MODE]) | 0o555) & 0o7755
+                chmod(f, mode)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, to_compile):
+        if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+            self.warn('byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.')
+            return
+
+        from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+        try:
+            # try to make the byte compile messages quieter
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose - 1)
+
+            byte_compile(to_compile, optimize=0, force=1, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if self.optimize:
+                byte_compile(
+                    to_compile, optimize=self.optimize, force=1,
+                    dry_run=self.dry_run
+                )
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore original verbosity
+
+    __no_default_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        bad install directory or PYTHONPATH
+
+        You are attempting to install a package to a directory that is not
+        on PYTHONPATH and which Python does not read ".pth" files from.  The
+        installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+
+        and your PYTHONPATH environment variable currently contains:
+
+            %r
+
+        Here are some of your options for correcting the problem:
+
+        * You can choose a different installation directory, i.e., one that is
+          on PYTHONPATH or supports .pth files
+
+        * You can add the installation directory to the PYTHONPATH environment
+          variable.  (It must then also be on PYTHONPATH whenever you run
+          Python and want to use the package(s) you are installing.)
+
+        * You can set up the installation directory to support ".pth" files by
+          using one of the approaches described here:
+
+          https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html#custom-installation-locations
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.""").lstrip()
+
+    def no_default_version_msg(self):
+        template = self.__no_default_msg
+        return template % (self.install_dir, os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', ''))
+
+    def install_site_py(self):
+        """Make sure there's a site.py in the target dir, if needed"""
+
+        if self.sitepy_installed:
+            return  # already did it, or don't need to
+
+        sitepy = os.path.join(self.install_dir, "site.py")
+        source = resource_string("setuptools", "site-patch.py")
+        current = ""
+
+        if os.path.exists(sitepy):
+            log.debug("Checking existing site.py in %s", self.install_dir)
+            f = open(sitepy, 'rb')
+            current = f.read()
+            # we want str, not bytes
+            if six.PY3:
+                current = current.decode()
+
+            f.close()
+            if not current.startswith('def __boot():'):
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "%s is not a setuptools-generated site.py; please"
+                    " remove it." % sitepy
+                )
+
+        if current != source:
+            log.info("Creating %s", sitepy)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(sitepy)
+                f = open(sitepy, 'wb')
+                f.write(source)
+                f.close()
+            self.byte_compile([sitepy])
+
+        self.sitepy_installed = True
+
+    def create_home_path(self):
+        """Create directories under ~."""
+        if not self.user:
+            return
+        home = convert_path(os.path.expanduser("~"))
+        for name, path in six.iteritems(self.config_vars):
+            if path.startswith(home) and not os.path.isdir(path):
+                self.debug_print("os.makedirs('%s', 0o700)" % path)
+                os.makedirs(path, 0o700)
+
+    INSTALL_SCHEMES = dict(
+        posix=dict(
+            install_dir='$base/lib/python$py_version_short/site-packages',
+            script_dir='$base/bin',
+        ),
+    )
+
+    DEFAULT_SCHEME = dict(
+        install_dir='$base/Lib/site-packages',
+        script_dir='$base/Scripts',
+    )
+
+    def _expand(self, *attrs):
+        config_vars = self.get_finalized_command('install').config_vars
+
+        if self.prefix:
+            # Set default install_dir/scripts from --prefix
+            config_vars = config_vars.copy()
+            config_vars['base'] = self.prefix
+            scheme = self.INSTALL_SCHEMES.get(os.name, self.DEFAULT_SCHEME)
+            for attr, val in scheme.items():
+                if getattr(self, attr, None) is None:
+                    setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+        from distutils.util import subst_vars
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                val = subst_vars(val, config_vars)
+                if os.name == 'posix':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+
+def get_site_dirs():
+    # return a list of 'site' dirs
+    sitedirs = [_f for _f in os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH',
+                                            '').split(os.pathsep) if _f]
+    prefixes = [sys.prefix]
+    if sys.exec_prefix != sys.prefix:
+        prefixes.append(sys.exec_prefix)
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages"))
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs.extend([os.path.join(prefix,
+                                              "lib",
+                                              "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                              "site-packages"),
+                                 os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python")])
+            else:
+                sitedirs.extend(
+                    [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+                )
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+    lib_paths = get_path('purelib'), get_path('platlib')
+    for site_lib in lib_paths:
+        if site_lib not in sitedirs:
+            sitedirs.append(site_lib)
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        sitedirs.append(site.USER_SITE)
+
+    sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+
+    return sitedirs
+
+
+def expand_paths(inputs):
+    """Yield sys.path directories that might contain "old-style" packages"""
+
+    seen = {}
+
+    for dirname in inputs:
+        dirname = normalize_path(dirname)
+        if dirname in seen:
+            continue
+
+        seen[dirname] = 1
+        if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            continue
+
+        files = os.listdir(dirname)
+        yield dirname, files
+
+        for name in files:
+            if not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                # We only care about the .pth files
+                continue
+            if name in ('easy-install.pth', 'setuptools.pth'):
+                # Ignore .pth files that we control
+                continue
+
+            # Read the .pth file
+            f = open(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            lines = list(yield_lines(f))
+            f.close()
+
+            # Yield existing non-dupe, non-import directory lines from it
+            for line in lines:
+                if not line.startswith("import"):
+                    line = normalize_path(line.rstrip())
+                    if line not in seen:
+                        seen[line] = 1
+                        if not os.path.isdir(line):
+                            continue
+                        yield line, os.listdir(line)
+
+
+def extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename):
+    """Extract configuration data from a bdist_wininst .exe
+
+    Returns a configparser.RawConfigParser, or None
+    """
+    f = open(dist_filename, 'rb')
+    try:
+        endrec = zipfile._EndRecData(f)
+        if endrec is None:
+            return None
+
+        prepended = (endrec[9] - endrec[5]) - endrec[6]
+        if prepended < 12:  # no wininst data here
+            return None
+        f.seek(prepended - 12)
+
+        tag, cfglen, bmlen = struct.unpack("<iii", f.read(12))
+        if tag not in (0x1234567A, 0x1234567B):
+            return None  # not a valid tag
+
+        f.seek(prepended - (12 + cfglen))
+        cfg = configparser.RawConfigParser(
+            {'version': '', 'target_version': ''})
+        try:
+            part = f.read(cfglen)
+            # Read up to the first null byte.
+            config = part.split(b'\0', 1)[0]
+            # Now the config is in bytes, but for RawConfigParser, it should
+            #  be text, so decode it.
+            config = config.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            cfg.readfp(six.StringIO(config))
+        except configparser.Error:
+            return None
+        if not cfg.has_section('metadata') or not cfg.has_section('Setup'):
+            return None
+        return cfg
+
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+
+def get_exe_prefixes(exe_filename):
+    """Get exe->egg path translations for a given .exe file"""
+
+    prefixes = [
+        ('PURELIB/', ''), ('PLATLIB/pywin32_system32', ''),
+        ('PLATLIB/', ''),
+        ('SCRIPTS/', 'EGG-INFO/scripts/'),
+        ('DATA/lib/site-packages', ''),
+    ]
+    z = zipfile.ZipFile(exe_filename)
+    try:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            parts = name.split('/')
+            if len(parts) == 3 and parts[2] == 'PKG-INFO':
+                if parts[1].endswith('.egg-info'):
+                    prefixes.insert(0, ('/'.join(parts[:2]), 'EGG-INFO/'))
+                    break
+            if len(parts) != 2 or not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('-nspkg.pth'):
+                continue
+            if parts[0].upper() in ('PURELIB', 'PLATLIB'):
+                contents = z.read(name)
+                if six.PY3:
+                    contents = contents.decode()
+                for pth in yield_lines(contents):
+                    pth = pth.strip().replace('\\', '/')
+                    if not pth.startswith('import'):
+                        prefixes.append((('%s/%s/' % (parts[0], pth)), ''))
+    finally:
+        z.close()
+    prefixes = [(x.lower(), y) for x, y in prefixes]
+    prefixes.sort()
+    prefixes.reverse()
+    return prefixes
+
+
+def parse_requirement_arg(spec):
+    try:
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise DistutilsError(
+            "Not a URL, existing file, or requirement spec: %r" % (spec,)
+        )
+
+
+class PthDistributions(Environment):
+    """A .pth file with Distribution paths in it"""
+
+    dirty = False
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, sitedirs=()):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+        self.basedir = normalize_path(os.path.dirname(self.filename))
+        self._load()
+        Environment.__init__(self, [], None, None)
+        for path in yield_lines(self.paths):
+            list(map(self.add, find_distributions(path, True)))
+
+    def _load(self):
+        self.paths = []
+        saw_import = False
+        seen = dict.fromkeys(self.sitedirs)
+        if os.path.isfile(self.filename):
+            f = open(self.filename, 'rt')
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith('import'):
+                    saw_import = True
+                    continue
+                path = line.rstrip()
+                self.paths.append(path)
+                if not path.strip() or path.strip().startswith('#'):
+                    continue
+                # skip non-existent paths, in case somebody deleted a package
+                # manually, and duplicate paths as well
+                path = self.paths[-1] = normalize_path(
+                    os.path.join(self.basedir, path)
+                )
+                if not os.path.exists(path) or path in seen:
+                    self.paths.pop()  # skip it
+                    self.dirty = True  # we cleaned up, so we're dirty now :)
+                    continue
+                seen[path] = 1
+            f.close()
+
+        if self.paths and not saw_import:
+            self.dirty = True  # ensure anything we touch has import wrappers
+        while self.paths and not self.paths[-1].strip():
+            self.paths.pop()
+
+    def save(self):
+        """Write changed .pth file back to disk"""
+        if not self.dirty:
+            return
+
+        rel_paths = list(map(self.make_relative, self.paths))
+        if rel_paths:
+            log.debug("Saving %s", self.filename)
+            lines = self._wrap_lines(rel_paths)
+            data = '\n'.join(lines) + '\n'
+
+            if os.path.islink(self.filename):
+                os.unlink(self.filename)
+            with open(self.filename, 'wt') as f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+        elif os.path.exists(self.filename):
+            log.debug("Deleting empty %s", self.filename)
+            os.unlink(self.filename)
+
+        self.dirty = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(lines):
+        return lines
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` to the distribution map"""
+        new_path = (
+            dist.location not in self.paths and (
+                dist.location not in self.sitedirs or
+                # account for '.' being in PYTHONPATH
+                dist.location == os.getcwd()
+            )
+        )
+        if new_path:
+            self.paths.append(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        Environment.add(self, dist)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the distribution map"""
+        while dist.location in self.paths:
+            self.paths.remove(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        Environment.remove(self, dist)
+
+    def make_relative(self, path):
+        npath, last = os.path.split(normalize_path(path))
+        baselen = len(self.basedir)
+        parts = [last]
+        sep = os.altsep == '/' and '/' or os.sep
+        while len(npath) >= baselen:
+            if npath == self.basedir:
+                parts.append(os.curdir)
+                parts.reverse()
+                return sep.join(parts)
+            npath, last = os.path.split(npath)
+            parts.append(last)
+        else:
+            return path
+
+
+class RewritePthDistributions(PthDistributions):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(cls, lines):
+        yield cls.prelude
+        for line in lines:
+            yield line
+        yield cls.postlude
+
+    _inline = lambda text: textwrap.dedent(text).strip().replace('\n', '; ')
+    prelude = _inline("""
+        import sys
+        sys.__plen = len(sys.path)
+        """)
+    postlude = _inline("""
+        import sys
+        new = sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        del sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        p = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+        sys.path[p:p] = new
+        sys.__egginsert = p + len(new)
+        """)
+
+
+if os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_SYS_PATH_TECHNIQUE', 'rewrite') == 'rewrite':
+    PthDistributions = RewritePthDistributions
+
+
+def _first_line_re():
+    """
+    Return a regular expression based on first_line_re suitable for matching
+    strings.
+    """
+    if isinstance(first_line_re.pattern, str):
+        return first_line_re
+
+    # first_line_re in Python >=3.1.4 and >=3.2.1 is a bytes pattern.
+    return re.compile(first_line_re.pattern.decode())
+
+
+def auto_chmod(func, arg, exc):
+    if func is os.remove and os.name == 'nt':
+        chmod(arg, stat.S_IWRITE)
+        return func(arg)
+    et, ev, _ = sys.exc_info()
+    six.reraise(et, (ev[0], ev[1] + (" %s %s" % (func, arg))))
+
+
+def update_dist_caches(dist_path, fix_zipimporter_caches):
+    """
+    Fix any globally cached `dist_path` related data
+
+    `dist_path` should be a path of a newly installed egg distribution (zipped
+    or unzipped).
+
+    sys.path_importer_cache contains finder objects that have been cached when
+    importing data from the original distribution. Any such finders need to be
+    cleared since the replacement distribution might be packaged differently,
+    e.g. a zipped egg distribution might get replaced with an unzipped egg
+    folder or vice versa. Having the old finders cached may then cause Python
+    to attempt loading modules from the replacement distribution using an
+    incorrect loader.
+
+    zipimport.zipimporter objects are Python loaders charged with importing
+    data packaged inside zip archives. If stale loaders referencing the
+    original distribution, are left behind, they can fail to load modules from
+    the replacement distribution. E.g. if an old zipimport.zipimporter instance
+    is used to load data from a new zipped egg archive, it may cause the
+    operation to attempt to locate the requested data in the wrong location -
+    one indicated by the original distribution's zip archive directory
+    information. Such an operation may then fail outright, e.g. report having
+    read a 'bad local file header', or even worse, it may fail silently &
+    return invalid data.
+
+    zipimport._zip_directory_cache contains cached zip archive directory
+    information for all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances and all such
+    instances connected to the same archive share the same cached directory
+    information.
+
+    If asked, and the underlying Python implementation allows it, we can fix
+    all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances instead of having to track
+    them down and remove them one by one, by updating their shared cached zip
+    archive directory information. This, of course, assumes that the
+    replacement distribution is packaged as a zipped egg.
+
+    If not asked to fix existing zipimport.zipimporter instances, we still do
+    our best to clear any remaining zipimport.zipimporter related cached data
+    that might somehow later get used when attempting to load data from the new
+    distribution and thus cause such load operations to fail. Note that when
+    tracking down such remaining stale data, we can not catch every conceivable
+    usage from here, and we clear only those that we know of and have found to
+    cause problems if left alive. Any remaining caches should be updated by
+    whomever is in charge of maintaining them, i.e. they should be ready to
+    handle us replacing their zip archives with new distributions at runtime.
+
+    """
+    # There are several other known sources of stale zipimport.zipimporter
+    # instances that we do not clear here, but might if ever given a reason to
+    # do so:
+    # * Global setuptools pkg_resources.working_set (a.k.a. 'master working
+    # set') may contain distributions which may in turn contain their
+    #   zipimport.zipimporter loaders.
+    # * Several zipimport.zipimporter loaders held by local variables further
+    #   up the function call stack when running the setuptools installation.
+    # * Already loaded modules may have their __loader__ attribute set to the
+    #   exact loader instance used when importing them. Python 3.4 docs state
+    #   that this information is intended mostly for introspection and so is
+    #   not expected to cause us problems.
+    normalized_path = normalize_path(dist_path)
+    _uncache(normalized_path, sys.path_importer_cache)
+    if fix_zipimporter_caches:
+        _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+    else:
+        # Here, even though we do not want to fix existing and now stale
+        # zipimporter cache information, we still want to remove it. Related to
+        # Python's zip archive directory information cache, we clear each of
+        # its stale entries in two phases:
+        #   1. Clear the entry so attempting to access zip archive information
+        #      via any existing stale zipimport.zipimporter instances fails.
+        #   2. Remove the entry from the cache so any newly constructed
+        #      zipimport.zipimporter instances do not end up using old stale
+        #      zip archive directory information.
+        # This whole stale data removal step does not seem strictly necessary,
+        # but has been left in because it was done before we started replacing
+        # the zip archive directory information cache content if possible, and
+        # there are no relevant unit tests that we can depend on to tell us if
+        # this is really needed.
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+
+
+def _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+    """
+    Return zipimporter cache entry keys related to a given normalized path.
+
+    Alternative path spellings (e.g. those using different character case or
+    those using alternative path separators) related to the same path are
+    included. Any sub-path entries are included as well, i.e. those
+    corresponding to zip archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    """
+    result = []
+    prefix_len = len(normalized_path)
+    for p in cache:
+        np = normalize_path(p)
+        if (np.startswith(normalized_path) and
+                np[prefix_len:prefix_len + 1] in (os.sep, '')):
+            result.append(p)
+    return result
+
+
+def _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache, updater=None):
+    """
+    Update zipimporter cache data for a given normalized path.
+
+    Any sub-path entries are processed as well, i.e. those corresponding to zip
+    archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    Given updater is a callable taking a cache entry key and the original entry
+    (after already removing the entry from the cache), and expected to update
+    the entry and possibly return a new one to be inserted in its place.
+    Returning None indicates that the entry should not be replaced with a new
+    one. If no updater is given, the cache entries are simply removed without
+    any additional processing, the same as if the updater simply returned None.
+
+    """
+    for p in _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+        # N.B. pypy's custom zipimport._zip_directory_cache implementation does
+        # not support the complete dict interface:
+        # * Does not support item assignment, thus not allowing this function
+        #    to be used only for removing existing cache entries.
+        #  * Does not support the dict.pop() method, forcing us to use the
+        #    get/del patterns instead. For more detailed information see the
+        #    following links:
+        #      https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/202/more-robust-zipimporter-cache-invalidation#comment-10495960
+        #      https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/src/dd07756a34a41f674c0cacfbc8ae1d4cc9ea2ae4/pypy/module/zipimport/interp_zipimport.py#cl-99
+        old_entry = cache[p]
+        del cache[p]
+        new_entry = updater and updater(p, old_entry)
+        if new_entry is not None:
+            cache[p] = new_entry
+
+
+def _uncache(normalized_path, cache):
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache)
+
+
+def _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+    def clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+        old_entry.clear()
+
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(
+        normalized_path, zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+        updater=clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data)
+
+# PyPy Python implementation does not allow directly writing to the
+# zipimport._zip_directory_cache and so prevents us from attempting to correct
+# its content. The best we can do there is clear the problematic cache content
+# and have PyPy repopulate it as needed. The downside is that if there are any
+# stale zipimport.zipimporter instances laying around, attempting to use them
+# will fail due to not having its zip archive directory information available
+# instead of being automatically corrected to use the new correct zip archive
+# directory information.
+if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
+    _replace_zip_directory_cache_data = \
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data
+else:
+    def _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+        def replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+            # N.B. In theory, we could load the zip directory information just
+            # once for all updated path spellings, and then copy it locally and
+            # update its contained path strings to contain the correct
+            # spelling, but that seems like a way too invasive move (this cache
+            # structure is not officially documented anywhere and could in
+            # theory change with new Python releases) for no significant
+            # benefit.
+            old_entry.clear()
+            zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+            old_entry.update(zipimport._zip_directory_cache[path])
+            return old_entry
+
+        _update_zipimporter_cache(
+            normalized_path, zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+            updater=replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data)
+
+
+def is_python(text, filename='<string>'):
+    "Is this string a valid Python script?"
+    try:
+        compile(text, filename, 'exec')
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def is_sh(executable):
+    """Determine if the specified executable is a .sh (contains a #! line)"""
+    try:
+        with io.open(executable, encoding='latin-1') as fp:
+            magic = fp.read(2)
+    except (OSError, IOError):
+        return executable
+    return magic == '#!'
+
+
+def nt_quote_arg(arg):
+    """Quote a command line argument according to Windows parsing rules"""
+    return subprocess.list2cmdline([arg])
+
+
+def is_python_script(script_text, filename):
+    """Is this text, as a whole, a Python script? (as opposed to shell/bat/etc.
+    """
+    if filename.endswith('.py') or filename.endswith('.pyw'):
+        return True  # extension says it's Python
+    if is_python(script_text, filename):
+        return True  # it's syntactically valid Python
+    if script_text.startswith('#!'):
+        # It begins with a '#!' line, so check if 'python' is in it somewhere
+        return 'python' in script_text.splitlines()[0].lower()
+
+    return False  # Not any Python I can recognize
+
+
+try:
+    from os import chmod as _chmod
+except ImportError:
+    # Jython compatibility
+    def _chmod(*args):
+        pass
+
+
+def chmod(path, mode):
+    log.debug("changing mode of %s to %o", path, mode)
+    try:
+        _chmod(path, mode)
+    except os.error as e:
+        log.debug("chmod failed: %s", e)
+
+
+def fix_jython_executable(executable, options):
+    warnings.warn("Use JythonCommandSpec", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    if not JythonCommandSpec.relevant():
+        return executable
+
+    cmd = CommandSpec.best().from_param(executable)
+    cmd.install_options(options)
+    return cmd.as_header().lstrip('#!').rstrip('\n')
+
+
+class CommandSpec(list):
+    """
+    A command spec for a #! header, specified as a list of arguments akin to
+    those passed to Popen.
+    """
+
+    options = []
+    split_args = dict()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Choose the best CommandSpec class based on environmental conditions.
+        """
+        return cls if not JythonCommandSpec.relevant() else JythonCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sys_executable(cls):
+        _default = os.path.normpath(sys.executable)
+        return os.environ.get('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', _default)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_param(cls, param):
+        """
+        Construct a CommandSpec from a parameter to build_scripts, which may
+        be None.
+        """
+        if isinstance(param, cls):
+            return param
+        if isinstance(param, list):
+            return cls(param)
+        if param is None:
+            return cls.from_environment()
+        # otherwise, assume it's a string.
+        return cls.from_string(param)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environment(cls):
+        return cls([cls._sys_executable()])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, string):
+        """
+        Construct a command spec from a simple string representing a command
+        line parseable by shlex.split.
+        """
+        items = shlex.split(string, **cls.split_args)
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def install_options(self, script_text):
+        self.options = shlex.split(self._extract_options(script_text))
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(self)
+        if not isascii(cmdline):
+            self.options[:0] = ['-x']
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_options(orig_script):
+        """
+        Extract any options from the first line of the script.
+        """
+        first = (orig_script + '\n').splitlines()[0]
+        match = _first_line_re().match(first)
+        options = match.group(1) or '' if match else ''
+        return options.strip()
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        return self._render(self + list(self.options))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render(items):
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(items)
+        return '#!' + cmdline + '\n'
+
+# For pbr compat; will be removed in a future version.
+sys_executable = CommandSpec._sys_executable()
+
+
+class WindowsCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    split_args = dict(posix=False)
+
+
+class JythonCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    @classmethod
+    def relevant(cls):
+        return (
+            sys.platform.startswith('java')
+            and
+            __import__('java').lang.System.getProperty('os.name') != 'Linux'
+        )
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        """
+        Workaround Jython's sys.executable being a .sh (an invalid
+        shebang line interpreter)
+        """
+        if not is_sh(self[0]):
+            return super(JythonCommandSpec, self).as_header()
+
+        if self.options:
+            # Can't apply the workaround, leave it broken
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: Unable to adapt shebang line for Jython,"
+                " the following script is NOT executable\n"
+                "         see http://bugs.jython.org/issue1112 for"
+                " more information.")
+            return super(JythonCommandSpec, self).as_header()
+
+        items = ['/usr/bin/env'] + self + list(self.options)
+        return self._render(items)
+
+
+class ScriptWriter(object):
+    """
+    Encapsulates behavior around writing entry point scripts for console and
+    gui apps.
+    """
+
+    template = textwrap.dedent("""
+        # EASY-INSTALL-ENTRY-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(group)r,%(name)r
+        __requires__ = %(spec)r
+        import sys
+        from pkg_resources import load_entry_point
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            sys.exit(
+                load_entry_point(%(spec)r, %(group)r, %(name)r)()
+            )
+    """).lstrip()
+
+    command_spec_class = CommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_script_args(cls, dist, executable=None, wininst=False):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use get_args", DeprecationWarning)
+        writer = (WindowsScriptWriter if wininst else ScriptWriter).best()
+        header = cls.get_script_header("", executable, wininst)
+        return writer.get_args(dist, header)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_script_header(cls, script_text, executable=None, wininst=False):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use get_header", DeprecationWarning)
+        if wininst:
+            executable = "python.exe"
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_args(cls, dist, header=None):
+        """
+        Yield write_script() argument tuples for a distribution's
+        console_scripts and gui_scripts entry points.
+        """
+        if header is None:
+            header = cls.get_header()
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        for type_ in 'console', 'gui':
+            group = type_ + '_scripts'
+            for name, ep in dist.get_entry_map(group).items():
+                cls._ensure_safe_name(name)
+                script_text = cls.template % locals()
+                args = cls._get_script_args(type_, name, header, script_text)
+                for res in args:
+                    yield res
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ensure_safe_name(name):
+        """
+        Prevent paths in *_scripts entry point names.
+        """
+        has_path_sep = re.search(r'[\\/]', name)
+        if has_path_sep:
+            raise ValueError("Path separators not allowed in script names")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_writer(cls, force_windows):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use best", DeprecationWarning)
+        return WindowsScriptWriter.best() if force_windows else cls.best()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter for this environment.
+        """
+        return WindowsScriptWriter.best() if sys.platform == 'win32' else cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        # Simply write the stub with no extension.
+        yield (name, header + script_text)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_header(cls, script_text="", executable=None):
+        """Create a #! line, getting options (if any) from script_text"""
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+
+class WindowsScriptWriter(ScriptWriter):
+    command_spec_class = WindowsCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_writer(cls):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use best", DeprecationWarning)
+        return cls.best()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter suitable for Windows
+        """
+        writer_lookup = dict(
+            executable=WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter,
+            natural=cls,
+        )
+        # for compatibility, use the executable launcher by default
+        launcher = os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_LAUNCHER', 'executable')
+        return writer_lookup[launcher]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        "For Windows, add a .py extension"
+        ext = dict(console='.pya', gui='.pyw')[type_]
+        if ext not in os.environ['PATHEXT'].lower().split(';'):
+            warnings.warn("%s not listed in PATHEXT; scripts will not be "
+                          "recognized as executables." % ext, UserWarning)
+        old = ['.pya', '.py', '-script.py', '.pyc', '.pyo', '.pyw', '.exe']
+        old.remove(ext)
+        header = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield name + ext, header + script_text, 't', blockers
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adjust_header(cls, type_, orig_header):
+        """
+        Make sure 'pythonw' is used for gui and and 'python' is used for
+        console (regardless of what sys.executable is).
+        """
+        pattern = 'pythonw.exe'
+        repl = 'python.exe'
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            pattern, repl = repl, pattern
+        pattern_ob = re.compile(re.escape(pattern), re.IGNORECASE)
+        new_header = pattern_ob.sub(string=orig_header, repl=repl)
+        return new_header if cls._use_header(new_header) else orig_header
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _use_header(new_header):
+        """
+        Should _adjust_header use the replaced header?
+
+        On non-windows systems, always use. On
+        Windows systems, only use the replaced header if it resolves
+        to an executable on the system.
+        """
+        clean_header = new_header[2:-1].strip('"')
+        return sys.platform != 'win32' or find_executable(clean_header)
+
+
+class WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter(WindowsScriptWriter):
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        """
+        For Windows, add a .py extension and an .exe launcher
+        """
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            launcher_type = 'gui'
+            ext = '-script.pyw'
+            old = ['.pyw']
+        else:
+            launcher_type = 'cli'
+            ext = '-script.py'
+            old = ['.py', '.pyc', '.pyo']
+        hdr = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield (name + ext, hdr + script_text, 't', blockers)
+        yield (
+            name + '.exe', get_win_launcher(launcher_type),
+            'b'  # write in binary mode
+        )
+        if not is_64bit():
+            # install a manifest for the launcher to prevent Windows
+            # from detecting it as an installer (which it will for
+            #  launchers like easy_install.exe). Consider only
+            #  adding a manifest for launchers detected as installers.
+            #  See Distribute #143 for details.
+            m_name = name + '.exe.manifest'
+            yield (m_name, load_launcher_manifest(name), 't')
+
+
+# for backward-compatibility
+get_script_args = ScriptWriter.get_script_args
+get_script_header = ScriptWriter.get_script_header
+
+
+def get_win_launcher(type):
+    """
+    Load the Windows launcher (executable) suitable for launching a script.
+
+    `type` should be either 'cli' or 'gui'
+
+    Returns the executable as a byte string.
+    """
+    launcher_fn = '%s.exe' % type
+    if platform.machine().lower() == 'arm':
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-arm.")
+    if is_64bit():
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-64.")
+    else:
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-32.")
+    return resource_string('setuptools', launcher_fn)
+
+
+def load_launcher_manifest(name):
+    manifest = pkg_resources.resource_string(__name__, 'launcher manifest.xml')
+    if six.PY2:
+        return manifest % vars()
+    else:
+        return manifest.decode('utf-8') % vars()
+
+
+def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=auto_chmod):
+    """Recursively delete a directory tree.
+
+    This code is taken from the Python 2.4 version of 'shutil', because
+    the 2.3 version doesn't really work right.
+    """
+    if ignore_errors:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            pass
+    elif onerror is None:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            raise
+    names = []
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    for name in names:
+        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
+        try:
+            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
+        except os.error:
+            mode = 0
+        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
+        else:
+            try:
+                os.remove(fullname)
+            except os.error:
+                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+
+
+def current_umask():
+    tmp = os.umask(0o022)
+    os.umask(tmp)
+    return tmp
+
+
+def bootstrap():
+    # This function is called when setuptools*.egg is run using /bin/sh
+    import setuptools
+
+    argv0 = os.path.dirname(setuptools.__path__[0])
+    sys.argv[0] = argv0
+    sys.argv.append(argv0)
+    main()
+
+
+def main(argv=None, **kw):
+    from setuptools import setup
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution
+
+    class DistributionWithoutHelpCommands(Distribution):
+        common_usage = ""
+
+        def _show_help(self, *args, **kw):
+            with _patch_usage():
+                Distribution._show_help(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    if argv is None:
+        argv = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    with _patch_usage():
+        setup(
+            script_args=['-q', 'easy_install', '-v'] + argv,
+            script_name=sys.argv[0] or 'easy_install',
+            distclass=DistributionWithoutHelpCommands, **kw
+        )
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _patch_usage():
+    import distutils.core
+    USAGE = textwrap.dedent("""
+        usage: %(script)s [options] requirement_or_url ...
+           or: %(script)s --help
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def gen_usage(script_name):
+        return USAGE % dict(
+            script=os.path.basename(script_name),
+        )
+
+    saved = distutils.core.gen_usage
+    distutils.core.gen_usage = gen_usage
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        distutils.core.gen_usage = saved
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1bd9b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+"""setuptools.command.egg_info
+
+Create a distribution's .egg-info directory and contents"""
+
+from distutils.filelist import FileList as _FileList
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.filelist
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import io
+import warnings
+import time
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.command.sdist import sdist
+from setuptools.command.sdist import walk_revctrl
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg
+from pkg_resources import (
+    parse_requirements, safe_name, parse_version,
+    safe_version, yield_lines, EntryPoint, iter_entry_points, to_filename)
+import setuptools.unicode_utils as unicode_utils
+
+from pkg_resources.extern import packaging
+
+try:
+    from setuptools_svn import svn_utils
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class egg_info(Command):
+    description = "create a distribution's .egg-info directory"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('egg-base=', 'e', "directory containing .egg-info directories"
+                           " (default: top of the source tree)"),
+        ('tag-svn-revision', 'r',
+         "Add subversion revision ID to version number"),
+        ('tag-date', 'd', "Add date stamp (e.g. 20050528) to version number"),
+        ('tag-build=', 'b', "Specify explicit tag to add to version number"),
+        ('no-svn-revision', 'R',
+         "Don't add subversion revision ID [default]"),
+        ('no-date', 'D', "Don't include date stamp [default]"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['tag-date', 'tag-svn-revision']
+    negative_opt = {'no-svn-revision': 'tag-svn-revision',
+                    'no-date': 'tag-date'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.egg_name = None
+        self.egg_version = None
+        self.egg_base = None
+        self.egg_info = None
+        self.tag_build = None
+        self.tag_svn_revision = 0
+        self.tag_date = 0
+        self.broken_egg_info = False
+        self.vtags = None
+
+    def save_version_info(self, filename):
+        values = dict(
+            egg_info=dict(
+                tag_svn_revision=0,
+                tag_date=0,
+                tag_build=self.tags(),
+            )
+        )
+        edit_config(filename, values)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.egg_name = safe_name(self.distribution.get_name())
+        self.vtags = self.tags()
+        self.egg_version = self.tagged_version()
+
+        parsed_version = parse_version(self.egg_version)
+
+        try:
+            is_version = isinstance(parsed_version, packaging.version.Version)
+            spec = (
+                "%s==%s" if is_version else "%s===%s"
+            )
+            list(
+                parse_requirements(spec % (self.egg_name, self.egg_version))
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Invalid distribution name or version syntax: %s-%s" %
+                (self.egg_name, self.egg_version)
+            )
+
+        if self.egg_base is None:
+            dirs = self.distribution.package_dir
+            self.egg_base = (dirs or {}).get('', os.curdir)
+
+        self.ensure_dirname('egg_base')
+        self.egg_info = to_filename(self.egg_name) + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            self.egg_info = os.path.join(self.egg_base, self.egg_info)
+        if '-' in self.egg_name:
+            self.check_broken_egg_info()
+
+        # Set package version for the benefit of dumber commands
+        # (e.g. sdist, bdist_wininst, etc.)
+        #
+        self.distribution.metadata.version = self.egg_version
+
+        # If we bootstrapped around the lack of a PKG-INFO, as might be the
+        # case in a fresh checkout, make sure that any special tags get added
+        # to the version info
+        #
+        pd = self.distribution._patched_dist
+        if pd is not None and pd.key == self.egg_name.lower():
+            pd._version = self.egg_version
+            pd._parsed_version = parse_version(self.egg_version)
+            self.distribution._patched_dist = None
+
+    def write_or_delete_file(self, what, filename, data, force=False):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` or delete if empty
+
+        If `data` is non-empty, this routine is the same as ``write_file()``.
+        If `data` is empty but not ``None``, this is the same as calling
+        ``delete_file(filename)`.  If `data` is ``None``, then this is a no-op
+        unless `filename` exists, in which case a warning is issued about the
+        orphaned file (if `force` is false), or deleted (if `force` is true).
+        """
+        if data:
+            self.write_file(what, filename, data)
+        elif os.path.exists(filename):
+            if data is None and not force:
+                log.warn(
+                    "%s not set in setup(), but %s exists", what, filename
+                )
+                return
+            else:
+                self.delete_file(filename)
+
+    def write_file(self, what, filename, data):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it
+
+        `what` is used in a log message to identify what is being written
+        to the file.
+        """
+        log.info("writing %s to %s", what, filename)
+        if six.PY3:
+            data = data.encode("utf-8")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(filename, 'wb')
+            f.write(data)
+            f.close()
+
+    def delete_file(self, filename):
+        """Delete `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it"""
+        log.info("deleting %s", filename)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            os.unlink(filename)
+
+    def tagged_version(self):
+        version = self.distribution.get_version()
+        # egg_info may be called more than once for a distribution,
+        # in which case the version string already contains all tags.
+        if self.vtags and version.endswith(self.vtags):
+            return safe_version(version)
+        return safe_version(version + self.vtags)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.mkpath(self.egg_info)
+        installer = self.distribution.fetch_build_egg
+        for ep in iter_entry_points('egg_info.writers'):
+            ep.require(installer=installer)
+            writer = ep.resolve()
+            writer(self, ep.name, os.path.join(self.egg_info, ep.name))
+
+        # Get rid of native_libs.txt if it was put there by older bdist_egg
+        nl = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if os.path.exists(nl):
+            self.delete_file(nl)
+
+        self.find_sources()
+
+    def tags(self):
+        version = ''
+        if self.tag_build:
+            version += self.tag_build
+        if self.tag_svn_revision:
+            version += '-r%s' % self.get_svn_revision()
+        if self.tag_date:
+            version += time.strftime("-%Y%m%d")
+        return version
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_svn_revision():
+        if 'svn_utils' not in globals():
+            return "0"
+        return str(svn_utils.SvnInfo.load(os.curdir).get_revision())
+
+    def find_sources(self):
+        """Generate SOURCES.txt manifest file"""
+        manifest_filename = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "SOURCES.txt")
+        mm = manifest_maker(self.distribution)
+        mm.manifest = manifest_filename
+        mm.run()
+        self.filelist = mm.filelist
+
+    def check_broken_egg_info(self):
+        bei = self.egg_name + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            bei = os.path.join(self.egg_base, bei)
+        if os.path.exists(bei):
+            log.warn(
+                "-" * 78 + '\n'
+                "Note: Your current .egg-info directory has a '-' in its name;"
+                '\nthis will not work correctly with "setup.py develop".\n\n'
+                'Please rename %s to %s to correct this problem.\n' + '-' * 78,
+                bei, self.egg_info
+            )
+            self.broken_egg_info = self.egg_info
+            self.egg_info = bei  # make it work for now
+
+
+class FileList(_FileList):
+    """File list that accepts only existing, platform-independent paths"""
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        if item.endswith('\r'):  # Fix older sdists built on Windows
+            item = item[:-1]
+        path = convert_path(item)
+
+        if self._safe_path(path):
+            self.files.append(path)
+
+    def extend(self, paths):
+        self.files.extend(filter(self._safe_path, paths))
+
+    def _repair(self):
+        """
+        Replace self.files with only safe paths
+
+        Because some owners of FileList manipulate the underlying
+        ``files`` attribute directly, this method must be called to
+        repair those paths.
+        """
+        self.files = list(filter(self._safe_path, self.files))
+
+    def _safe_path(self, path):
+        enc_warn = "'%s' not %s encodable -- skipping"
+
+        # To avoid accidental trans-codings errors, first to unicode
+        u_path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        if u_path is None:
+            log.warn("'%s' in unexpected encoding -- skipping" % path)
+            return False
+
+        # Must ensure utf-8 encodability
+        utf8_path = unicode_utils.try_encode(u_path, "utf-8")
+        if utf8_path is None:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, 'utf-8')
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            # accept is either way checks out
+            if os.path.exists(u_path) or os.path.exists(utf8_path):
+                return True
+        # this will catch any encode errors decoding u_path
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+
+class manifest_maker(sdist):
+    template = "MANIFEST.in"
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.use_defaults = 1
+        self.prune = 1
+        self.manifest_only = 1
+        self.force_manifest = 1
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.filelist = FileList()
+        if not os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.write_manifest()  # it must exist so it'll get in the list
+        self.filelist.findall()
+        self.add_defaults()
+        if os.path.exists(self.template):
+            self.read_template()
+        self.prune_file_list()
+        self.filelist.sort()
+        self.filelist.remove_duplicates()
+        self.write_manifest()
+
+    def _manifest_normalize(self, path):
+        path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        return path.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+    def write_manifest(self):
+        """
+        Write the file list in 'self.filelist' to the manifest file
+        named by 'self.manifest'.
+        """
+        self.filelist._repair()
+
+        # Now _repairs should encodability, but not unicode
+        files = [self._manifest_normalize(f) for f in self.filelist.files]
+        msg = "writing manifest file '%s'" % self.manifest
+        self.execute(write_file, (self.manifest, files), msg)
+
+    def warn(self, msg):  # suppress missing-file warnings from sdist
+        if not msg.startswith("standard file not found:"):
+            sdist.warn(self, msg)
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        sdist.add_defaults(self)
+        self.filelist.append(self.template)
+        self.filelist.append(self.manifest)
+        rcfiles = list(walk_revctrl())
+        if rcfiles:
+            self.filelist.extend(rcfiles)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.read_manifest()
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self._add_egg_info(cmd=ei_cmd)
+        self.filelist.include_pattern("*", prefix=ei_cmd.egg_info)
+
+    def _add_egg_info(self, cmd):
+        """
+        Add paths for egg-info files for an external egg-base.
+
+        The egg-info files are written to egg-base. If egg-base is
+        outside the current working directory, this method
+        searchs the egg-base directory for files to include
+        in the manifest. Uses distutils.filelist.findall (which is
+        really the version monkeypatched in by setuptools/__init__.py)
+        to perform the search.
+
+        Since findall records relative paths, prefix the returned
+        paths with cmd.egg_base, so add_default's include_pattern call
+        (which is looking for the absolute cmd.egg_info) will match
+        them.
+        """
+        if cmd.egg_base == os.curdir:
+            # egg-info files were already added by something else
+            return
+
+        discovered = distutils.filelist.findall(cmd.egg_base)
+        resolved = (os.path.join(cmd.egg_base, path) for path in discovered)
+        self.filelist.allfiles.extend(resolved)
+
+    def prune_file_list(self):
+        build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+        base_dir = self.distribution.get_fullname()
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=build.build_base)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=base_dir)
+        sep = re.escape(os.sep)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(r'(^|' + sep + r')(RCS|CVS|\.svn)' + sep,
+                                      is_regex=1)
+
+
+def write_file(filename, contents):
+    """Create a file with the specified name and write 'contents' (a
+    sequence of strings without line terminators) to it.
+    """
+    contents = "\n".join(contents)
+
+    # assuming the contents has been vetted for utf-8 encoding
+    contents = contents.encode("utf-8")
+
+    with open(filename, "wb") as f:  # always write POSIX-style manifest
+        f.write(contents)
+
+
+def write_pkg_info(cmd, basename, filename):
+    log.info("writing %s", filename)
+    if not cmd.dry_run:
+        metadata = cmd.distribution.metadata
+        metadata.version, oldver = cmd.egg_version, metadata.version
+        metadata.name, oldname = cmd.egg_name, metadata.name
+        try:
+            # write unescaped data to PKG-INFO, so older pkg_resources
+            # can still parse it
+            metadata.write_pkg_info(cmd.egg_info)
+        finally:
+            metadata.name, metadata.version = oldname, oldver
+
+        safe = getattr(cmd.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(cmd.egg_info, safe)
+
+
+def warn_depends_obsolete(cmd, basename, filename):
+    if os.path.exists(filename):
+        log.warn(
+            "WARNING: 'depends.txt' is not used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+            "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+        )
+
+
+def _write_requirements(stream, reqs):
+    lines = yield_lines(reqs or ())
+    append_cr = lambda line: line + '\n'
+    lines = map(append_cr, lines)
+    stream.writelines(lines)
+
+
+def write_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    dist = cmd.distribution
+    data = six.StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, dist.install_requires)
+    extras_require = dist.extras_require or {}
+    for extra in sorted(extras_require):
+        data.write('\n[{extra}]\n'.format(**vars()))
+        _write_requirements(data, extras_require[extra])
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_setup_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    data = StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, cmd.distribution.setup_requires)
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("setup-requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_toplevel_names(cmd, basename, filename):
+    pkgs = dict.fromkeys(
+        [
+            k.split('.', 1)[0]
+            for k in cmd.distribution.iter_distribution_names()
+        ]
+    )
+    cmd.write_file("top-level names", filename, '\n'.join(sorted(pkgs)) + '\n')
+
+
+def overwrite_arg(cmd, basename, filename):
+    write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, True)
+
+
+def write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, force=False):
+    argname = os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+    value = getattr(cmd.distribution, argname, None)
+    if value is not None:
+        value = '\n'.join(value) + '\n'
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file(argname, filename, value, force)
+
+
+def write_entries(cmd, basename, filename):
+    ep = cmd.distribution.entry_points
+
+    if isinstance(ep, six.string_types) or ep is None:
+        data = ep
+    elif ep is not None:
+        data = []
+        for section, contents in sorted(ep.items()):
+            if not isinstance(contents, six.string_types):
+                contents = EntryPoint.parse_group(section, contents)
+                contents = '\n'.join(sorted(map(str, contents.values())))
+            data.append('[%s]\n%s\n\n' % (section, contents))
+        data = ''.join(data)
+
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file('entry points', filename, data, True)
+
+
+def get_pkg_info_revision():
+    """
+    Get a -r### off of PKG-INFO Version in case this is an sdist of
+    a subversion revision.
+    """
+    warnings.warn("get_pkg_info_revision is deprecated.", DeprecationWarning)
+    if os.path.exists('PKG-INFO'):
+        with io.open('PKG-INFO') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                match = re.match(r"Version:.*-r(\d+)\s*$", line)
+                if match:
+                    return int(match.group(1))
+    return 0
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2bca2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError
+import inspect
+import glob
+import warnings
+import platform
+import distutils.command.install as orig
+
+import setuptools
+
+# Prior to numpy 1.9, NumPy relies on the '_install' name, so provide it for
+# now. See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/199/
+_install = orig.install
+
+
+class install(orig.install):
+    """Use easy_install to install the package, w/dependencies"""
+
+    user_options = orig.install.user_options + [
+        ('old-and-unmanageable', None, "Try not to use this!"),
+        ('single-version-externally-managed', None,
+         "used by system package builders to create 'flat' eggs"),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = orig.install.boolean_options + [
+        'old-and-unmanageable', 'single-version-externally-managed',
+    ]
+    new_commands = [
+        ('install_egg_info', lambda self: True),
+        ('install_scripts', lambda self: True),
+    ]
+    _nc = dict(new_commands)
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.old_and_unmanageable = None
+        self.single_version_externally_managed = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.install.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.root:
+            self.single_version_externally_managed = True
+        elif self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            if not self.root and not self.record:
+                raise DistutilsArgError(
+                    "You must specify --record or --root when building system"
+                    " packages"
+                )
+
+    def handle_extra_path(self):
+        if self.root or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            # explicit backward-compatibility mode, allow extra_path to work
+            return orig.install.handle_extra_path(self)
+
+        # Ignore extra_path when installing an egg (or being run by another
+        # command without --root or --single-version-externally-managed
+        self.path_file = None
+        self.extra_dirs = ''
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Explicit request for old-style install?  Just do it
+        if self.old_and_unmanageable or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            return orig.install.run(self)
+
+        if not self._called_from_setup(inspect.currentframe()):
+            # Run in backward-compatibility mode to support bdist_* commands.
+            orig.install.run(self)
+        else:
+            self.do_egg_install()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _called_from_setup(run_frame):
+        """
+        Attempt to detect whether run() was called from setup() or by another
+        command.  If called by setup(), the parent caller will be the
+        'run_command' method in 'distutils.dist', and *its* caller will be
+        the 'run_commands' method.  If called any other way, the
+        immediate caller *might* be 'run_command', but it won't have been
+        called by 'run_commands'. Return True in that case or if a call stack
+        is unavailable. Return False otherwise.
+        """
+        if run_frame is None:
+            msg = "Call stack not available. bdist_* commands may fail."
+            warnings.warn(msg)
+            if platform.python_implementation() == 'IronPython':
+                msg = "For best results, pass -X:Frames to enable call stack."
+                warnings.warn(msg)
+            return True
+        res = inspect.getouterframes(run_frame)[2]
+        caller, = res[:1]
+        info = inspect.getframeinfo(caller)
+        caller_module = caller.f_globals.get('__name__', '')
+        return (
+            caller_module == 'distutils.dist'
+            and info.function == 'run_commands'
+        )
+
+    def do_egg_install(self):
+
+        easy_install = self.distribution.get_command_class('easy_install')
+
+        cmd = easy_install(
+            self.distribution, args="x", root=self.root, record=self.record,
+        )
+        cmd.ensure_finalized()  # finalize before bdist_egg munges install cmd
+        cmd.always_copy_from = '.'  # make sure local-dir eggs get installed
+
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        cmd.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        self.run_command('bdist_egg')
+        args = [self.distribution.get_command_obj('bdist_egg').egg_output]
+
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            # Bootstrap self-installation of setuptools
+            args.insert(0, setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+
+        cmd.args = args
+        cmd.run()
+        setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+
+# XXX Python 3.1 doesn't see _nc if this is inside the class
+install.sub_commands = (
+    [cmd for cmd in orig.install.sub_commands if cmd[0] not in install._nc] +
+    install.new_commands
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f777538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+import os
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+import pkg_resources
+
+
+class install_egg_info(Command):
+    """Install an .egg-info directory for the package"""
+
+    description = "Install an .egg-info directory for the package"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install to"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib',
+                                   ('install_dir', 'install_dir'))
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        basename = pkg_resources.Distribution(
+            None, None, ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version
+        ).egg_name() + '.egg-info'
+        self.source = ei_cmd.egg_info
+        self.target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, basename)
+        self.outputs = [self.target]
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        if os.path.isdir(self.target) and not os.path.islink(self.target):
+            dir_util.remove_tree(self.target, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.target):
+            self.execute(os.unlink, (self.target,), "Removing " + self.target)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            pkg_resources.ensure_directory(self.target)
+        self.execute(
+            self.copytree, (), "Copying %s to %s" % (self.source, self.target)
+        )
+        self.install_namespaces()
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outputs
+
+    def copytree(self):
+        # Copy the .egg-info tree to site-packages
+        def skimmer(src, dst):
+            # filter out source-control directories; note that 'src' is always
+            # a '/'-separated path, regardless of platform.  'dst' is a
+            # platform-specific path.
+            for skip in '.svn/', 'CVS/':
+                if src.startswith(skip) or '/' + skip in src:
+                    return None
+            self.outputs.append(dst)
+            log.debug("Copying %s to %s", src, dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_archive(self.source, self.target, skimmer)
+
+    def install_namespaces(self):
+        nsp = self._get_all_ns_packages()
+        if not nsp:
+            return
+        filename, ext = os.path.splitext(self.target)
+        filename += '-nspkg.pth'
+        self.outputs.append(filename)
+        log.info("Installing %s", filename)
+        lines = map(self._gen_nspkg_line, nsp)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            # always generate the lines, even in dry run
+            list(lines)
+            return
+
+        with open(filename, 'wt') as f:
+            f.writelines(lines)
+
+    _nspkg_tmpl = (
+        "import sys, types, os",
+        "p = os.path.join(sys._getframe(1).f_locals['sitedir'], *%(pth)r)",
+        "ie = os.path.exists(os.path.join(p,'__init__.py'))",
+        "m = not ie and "
+            "sys.modules.setdefault(%(pkg)r, types.ModuleType(%(pkg)r))",
+        "mp = (m or []) and m.__dict__.setdefault('__path__',[])",
+        "(p not in mp) and mp.append(p)",
+    )
+    "lines for the namespace installer"
+
+    _nspkg_tmpl_multi = (
+        'm and setattr(sys.modules[%(parent)r], %(child)r, m)',
+    )
+    "additional line(s) when a parent package is indicated"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _gen_nspkg_line(cls, pkg):
+        # ensure pkg is not a unicode string under Python 2.7
+        pkg = str(pkg)
+        pth = tuple(pkg.split('.'))
+        tmpl_lines = cls._nspkg_tmpl
+        parent, sep, child = pkg.rpartition('.')
+        if parent:
+            tmpl_lines += cls._nspkg_tmpl_multi
+        return ';'.join(tmpl_lines) % locals() + '\n'
+
+    def _get_all_ns_packages(self):
+        """Return sorted list of all package namespaces"""
+        nsp = set()
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages or []:
+            pkg = pkg.split('.')
+            while pkg:
+                nsp.add('.'.join(pkg))
+                pkg.pop()
+        return sorted(nsp)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78fe689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import os
+import imp
+from itertools import product, starmap
+import distutils.command.install_lib as orig
+
+class install_lib(orig.install_lib):
+    """Don't add compiled flags to filenames of non-Python files"""
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.build()
+        outfiles = self.install()
+        if outfiles is not None:
+            # always compile, in case we have any extension stubs to deal with
+            self.byte_compile(outfiles)
+
+    def get_exclusions(self):
+        """
+        Return a collections.Sized collections.Container of paths to be
+        excluded for single_version_externally_managed installations.
+        """
+        all_packages = (
+            pkg
+            for ns_pkg in self._get_SVEM_NSPs()
+            for pkg in self._all_packages(ns_pkg)
+        )
+
+        excl_specs = product(all_packages, self._gen_exclusion_paths())
+        return set(starmap(self._exclude_pkg_path, excl_specs))
+
+    def _exclude_pkg_path(self, pkg, exclusion_path):
+        """
+        Given a package name and exclusion path within that package,
+        compute the full exclusion path.
+        """
+        parts = pkg.split('.') + [exclusion_path]
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, *parts)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _all_packages(pkg_name):
+        """
+        >>> list(install_lib._all_packages('foo.bar.baz'))
+        ['foo.bar.baz', 'foo.bar', 'foo']
+        """
+        while pkg_name:
+            yield pkg_name
+            pkg_name, sep, child = pkg_name.rpartition('.')
+
+    def _get_SVEM_NSPs(self):
+        """
+        Get namespace packages (list) but only for
+        single_version_externally_managed installations and empty otherwise.
+        """
+        # TODO: is it necessary to short-circuit here? i.e. what's the cost
+        # if get_finalized_command is called even when namespace_packages is
+        # False?
+        if not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return []
+
+        install_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        svem = install_cmd.single_version_externally_managed
+
+        return self.distribution.namespace_packages if svem else []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _gen_exclusion_paths():
+        """
+        Generate file paths to be excluded for namespace packages (bytecode
+        cache files).
+        """
+        # always exclude the package module itself
+        yield '__init__.py'
+
+        yield '__init__.pyc'
+        yield '__init__.pyo'
+
+        if not hasattr(imp, 'get_tag'):
+            return
+
+        base = os.path.join('__pycache__', '__init__.' + imp.get_tag())
+        yield base + '.pyc'
+        yield base + '.pyo'
+        yield base + '.opt-1.pyc'
+        yield base + '.opt-2.pyc'
+
+    def copy_tree(
+            self, infile, outfile,
+            preserve_mode=1, preserve_times=1, preserve_symlinks=0, level=1
+    ):
+        assert preserve_mode and preserve_times and not preserve_symlinks
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+
+        if not exclude:
+            return orig.install_lib.copy_tree(self, infile, outfile)
+
+        # Exclude namespace package __init__.py* files from the output
+
+        from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_directory
+        from distutils import log
+
+        outfiles = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst in exclude:
+                log.warn("Skipping installation of %s (namespace package)",
+                         dst)
+                return False
+
+            log.info("copying %s -> %s", src, os.path.dirname(dst))
+            outfiles.append(dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_directory(infile, outfile, pf)
+        return outfiles
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        outputs = orig.install_lib.get_outputs(self)
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+        if exclude:
+            return [f for f in outputs if f not in exclude]
+        return outputs
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be66cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.install_scripts as orig
+import os
+
+from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata, ensure_directory
+
+
+class install_scripts(orig.install_scripts):
+    """Do normal script install, plus any egg_info wrapper scripts"""
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install_scripts.initialize_options(self)
+        self.no_ep = False
+
+    def run(self):
+        import setuptools.command.easy_install as ei
+
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            orig.install_scripts.run(self)  # run first to set up self.outfiles
+        else:
+            self.outfiles = []
+        if self.no_ep:
+            # don't install entry point scripts into .egg file!
+            return
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        dist = Distribution(
+            ei_cmd.egg_base, PathMetadata(ei_cmd.egg_base, ei_cmd.egg_info),
+            ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version,
+        )
+        bs_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+        exec_param = getattr(bs_cmd, 'executable', None)
+        bw_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("bdist_wininst")
+        is_wininst = getattr(bw_cmd, '_is_running', False)
+        writer = ei.ScriptWriter
+        if is_wininst:
+            exec_param = "python.exe"
+            writer = ei.WindowsScriptWriter
+        # resolve the writer to the environment
+        writer = writer.best()
+        cmd = writer.command_spec_class.best().from_param(exec_param)
+        for args in writer.get_args(dist, cmd.as_header()):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", *ignored):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        from setuptools.command.easy_install import chmod, current_umask
+
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.install_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, script_name)
+        self.outfiles.append(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = open(target, "w" + mode)
+            f.write(contents)
+            f.close()
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5972a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
+<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0">
+    <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
+                      processorArchitecture="X86"
+                      name="%(name)s"
+                      type="win32"/>
+    <!-- Identify the application security requirements. -->
+    <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">
+        <security>
+            <requestedPrivileges>
+                <requestedExecutionLevel level="asInvoker" uiAccess="false"/>
+            </requestedPrivileges>
+        </security>
+    </trustInfo>
+</assembly>
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d6336a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import distutils.command.register as orig
+
+
+class register(orig.register):
+    __doc__ = orig.register.__doc__
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Make sure that we are using valid current name/version info
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        orig.register.run(self)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..804f962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+
+class rotate(Command):
+    """Delete older distributions"""
+
+    description = "delete older distributions, keeping N newest files"
+    user_options = [
+        ('match=', 'm', "patterns to match (required)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd', "directory where the distributions are"),
+        ('keep=', 'k', "number of matching distributions to keep"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = []
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.match = None
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.keep = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.match is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify one or more (comma-separated) match patterns "
+                "(e.g. '.zip' or '.egg')"
+            )
+        if self.keep is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify number of files to keep")
+        try:
+            self.keep = int(self.keep)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("--keep must be an integer")
+        if isinstance(self.match, six.string_types):
+            self.match = [
+                convert_path(p.strip()) for p in self.match.split(',')
+            ]
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        from glob import glob
+
+        for pattern in self.match:
+            pattern = self.distribution.get_name() + '*' + pattern
+            files = glob(os.path.join(self.dist_dir, pattern))
+            files = [(os.path.getmtime(f), f) for f in files]
+            files.sort()
+            files.reverse()
+
+            log.info("%d file(s) matching %s", len(files), pattern)
+            files = files[self.keep:]
+            for (t, f) in files:
+                log.info("Deleting %s", f)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.unlink(f)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..611cec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base
+
+
+class saveopts(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "save supplied options to setup.cfg or other config file"
+
+    def run(self):
+        dist = self.distribution
+        settings = {}
+
+        for cmd in dist.command_options:
+
+            if cmd == 'saveopts':
+                continue  # don't save our own options!
+
+            for opt, (src, val) in dist.get_option_dict(cmd).items():
+                if src == "command line":
+                    settings.setdefault(cmd, {})[opt] = val
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, settings, self.dry_run)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6640d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from glob import glob
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.sdist as orig
+import os
+import sys
+import io
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from setuptools.utils import cs_path_exists
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+READMES = 'README', 'README.rst', 'README.txt'
+
+_default_revctrl = list
+
+def walk_revctrl(dirname=''):
+    """Find all files under revision control"""
+    for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('setuptools.file_finders'):
+        for item in ep.load()(dirname):
+            yield item
+
+
+class sdist(orig.sdist):
+    """Smart sdist that finds anything supported by revision control"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('formats=', None,
+         "formats for source distribution (comma-separated list)"),
+        ('keep-temp', 'k',
+         "keep the distribution tree around after creating " +
+         "archive file(s)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+         "directory to put the source distribution archive(s) in "
+         "[default: dist]"),
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self.filelist = ei_cmd.filelist
+        self.filelist.append(os.path.join(ei_cmd.egg_info, 'SOURCES.txt'))
+        self.check_readme()
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        # Call check_metadata only if no 'check' command
+        # (distutils <= 2.6)
+        import distutils.command
+
+        if 'check' not in distutils.command.__all__:
+            self.check_metadata()
+
+        self.make_distribution()
+
+        dist_files = getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', [])
+        for file in self.archive_files:
+            data = ('sdist', '', file)
+            if data not in dist_files:
+                dist_files.append(data)
+
+    def __read_template_hack(self):
+        # This grody hack closes the template file (MANIFEST.in) if an
+        #  exception occurs during read_template.
+        # Doing so prevents an error when easy_install attempts to delete the
+        #  file.
+        try:
+            orig.sdist.read_template(self)
+        except:
+            _, _, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            tb.tb_next.tb_frame.f_locals['template'].close()
+            raise
+
+    # Beginning with Python 2.7.2, 3.1.4, and 3.2.1, this leaky file handle
+    #  has been fixed, so only override the method if we're using an earlier
+    #  Python.
+    has_leaky_handle = (
+        sys.version_info < (2, 7, 2)
+        or (3, 0) <= sys.version_info < (3, 1, 4)
+        or (3, 2) <= sys.version_info < (3, 2, 1)
+    )
+    if has_leaky_handle:
+        read_template = __read_template_hack
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        standards = [READMES,
+                     self.distribution.script_name]
+        for fn in standards:
+            if isinstance(fn, tuple):
+                alts = fn
+                got_it = 0
+                for fn in alts:
+                    if cs_path_exists(fn):
+                        got_it = 1
+                        self.filelist.append(fn)
+                        break
+
+                if not got_it:
+                    self.warn("standard file not found: should have one of " +
+                              ', '.join(alts))
+            else:
+                if cs_path_exists(fn):
+                    self.filelist.append(fn)
+                else:
+                    self.warn("standard file '%s' not found" % fn)
+
+        optional = ['test/test*.py', 'setup.cfg']
+        for pattern in optional:
+            files = list(filter(cs_path_exists, glob(pattern)))
+            if files:
+                self.filelist.extend(files)
+
+        # getting python files
+        if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_py.get_source_files())
+            # This functionality is incompatible with include_package_data, and
+            # will in fact create an infinite recursion if include_package_data
+            # is True.  Use of include_package_data will imply that
+            # distutils-style automatic handling of package_data is disabled
+            if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+                for _, src_dir, _, filenames in build_py.data_files:
+                    self.filelist.extend([os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                                          for filename in filenames])
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_ext = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_ext.get_source_files())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries():
+            build_clib = self.get_finalized_command('build_clib')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_clib.get_source_files())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_scripts():
+            build_scripts = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_scripts.get_source_files())
+
+    def check_readme(self):
+        for f in READMES:
+            if os.path.exists(f):
+                return
+        else:
+            self.warn(
+                "standard file not found: should have one of " +
+                ', '.join(READMES)
+            )
+
+    def make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files):
+        orig.sdist.make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files)
+
+        # Save any egg_info command line options used to create this sdist
+        dest = os.path.join(base_dir, 'setup.cfg')
+        if hasattr(os, 'link') and os.path.exists(dest):
+            # unlink and re-copy, since it might be hard-linked, and
+            # we don't want to change the source version
+            os.unlink(dest)
+            self.copy_file('setup.cfg', dest)
+
+        self.get_finalized_command('egg_info').save_version_info(dest)
+
+    def _manifest_is_not_generated(self):
+        # check for special comment used in 2.7.1 and higher
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.manifest):
+            return False
+
+        with io.open(self.manifest, 'rb') as fp:
+            first_line = fp.readline()
+        return (first_line !=
+                '# file GENERATED by distutils, do NOT edit\n'.encode())
+
+    def read_manifest(self):
+        """Read the manifest file (named by 'self.manifest') and use it to
+        fill in 'self.filelist', the list of files to include in the source
+        distribution.
+        """
+        log.info("reading manifest file '%s'", self.manifest)
+        manifest = open(self.manifest, 'rbU')
+        for line in manifest:
+            # The manifest must contain UTF-8. See #303.
+            if six.PY3:
+                try:
+                    line = line.decode('UTF-8')
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    log.warn("%r not UTF-8 decodable -- skipping" % line)
+                    continue
+            # ignore comments and blank lines
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line.startswith('#') or not line:
+                continue
+            self.filelist.append(line)
+        manifest.close()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f332be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import distutils
+import os
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import configparser
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+
+__all__ = ['config_file', 'edit_config', 'option_base', 'setopt']
+
+
+def config_file(kind="local"):
+    """Get the filename of the distutils, local, global, or per-user config
+
+    `kind` must be one of "local", "global", or "user"
+    """
+    if kind == 'local':
+        return 'setup.cfg'
+    if kind == 'global':
+        return os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(distutils.__file__), 'distutils.cfg'
+        )
+    if kind == 'user':
+        dot = os.name == 'posix' and '.' or ''
+        return os.path.expanduser(convert_path("~/%spydistutils.cfg" % dot))
+    raise ValueError(
+        "config_file() type must be 'local', 'global', or 'user'", kind
+    )
+
+
+def edit_config(filename, settings, dry_run=False):
+    """Edit a configuration file to include `settings`
+
+    `settings` is a dictionary of dictionaries or ``None`` values, keyed by
+    command/section name.  A ``None`` value means to delete the entire section,
+    while a dictionary lists settings to be changed or deleted in that section.
+    A setting of ``None`` means to delete that setting.
+    """
+    log.debug("Reading configuration from %s", filename)
+    opts = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+    opts.read([filename])
+    for section, options in settings.items():
+        if options is None:
+            log.info("Deleting section [%s] from %s", section, filename)
+            opts.remove_section(section)
+        else:
+            if not opts.has_section(section):
+                log.debug("Adding new section [%s] to %s", section, filename)
+                opts.add_section(section)
+            for option, value in options.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Deleting %s.%s from %s",
+                        section, option, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.remove_option(section, option)
+                    if not opts.options(section):
+                        log.info("Deleting empty [%s] section from %s",
+                                 section, filename)
+                        opts.remove_section(section)
+                else:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Setting %s.%s to %r in %s",
+                        section, option, value, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.set(section, option, value)
+
+    log.info("Writing %s", filename)
+    if not dry_run:
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            opts.write(f)
+
+
+class option_base(Command):
+    """Abstract base class for commands that mess with config files"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('global-config', 'g',
+         "save options to the site-wide distutils.cfg file"),
+        ('user-config', 'u',
+         "save options to the current user's pydistutils.cfg file"),
+        ('filename=', 'f',
+         "configuration file to use (default=setup.cfg)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'global-config', 'user-config',
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.global_config = None
+        self.user_config = None
+        self.filename = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        filenames = []
+        if self.global_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('global'))
+        if self.user_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('user'))
+        if self.filename is not None:
+            filenames.append(self.filename)
+        if not filenames:
+            filenames.append(config_file('local'))
+        if len(filenames) > 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify only one configuration file option",
+                filenames
+            )
+        self.filename, = filenames
+
+
+class setopt(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "set an option in setup.cfg or another config file"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('command=', 'c', 'command to set an option for'),
+        ('option=', 'o', 'option to set'),
+        ('set-value=', 's', 'value of the option'),
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the value'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.command = None
+        self.option = None
+        self.set_value = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.command is None or self.option is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --command *and* --option")
+        if self.set_value is None and not self.remove:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --set-value or --remove")
+
+    def run(self):
+        edit_config(
+            self.filename, {
+                self.command: {self.option.replace('-', '_'): self.set_value}
+            },
+            self.dry_run
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..371e913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from unittest import TestLoader
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from pkg_resources import (resource_listdir, resource_exists, normalize_path,
+                           working_set, _namespace_packages,
+                           add_activation_listener, require, EntryPoint)
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.py31compat import unittest_main
+
+
+class ScanningLoader(TestLoader):
+    def loadTestsFromModule(self, module, pattern=None):
+        """Return a suite of all tests cases contained in the given module
+
+        If the module is a package, load tests from all the modules in it.
+        If the module has an ``additional_tests`` function, call it and add
+        the return value to the tests.
+        """
+        tests = []
+        tests.append(TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule(self, module))
+
+        if hasattr(module, "additional_tests"):
+            tests.append(module.additional_tests())
+
+        if hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+            for file in resource_listdir(module.__name__, ''):
+                if file.endswith('.py') and file != '__init__.py':
+                    submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file[:-3]
+                else:
+                    if resource_exists(module.__name__, file + '/__init__.py'):
+                        submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                tests.append(self.loadTestsFromName(submodule))
+
+        if len(tests) != 1:
+            return self.suiteClass(tests)
+        else:
+            return tests[0]  # don't create a nested suite for only one return
+
+
+# adapted from jaraco.classes.properties:NonDataProperty
+class NonDataProperty(object):
+    def __init__(self, fget):
+        self.fget = fget
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        return self.fget(obj)
+
+
+class test(Command):
+    """Command to run unit tests after in-place build"""
+
+    description = "run unit tests after in-place build"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('test-module=', 'm', "Run 'test_suite' in specified module"),
+        ('test-suite=', 's',
+         "Test suite to run (e.g. 'some_module.test_suite')"),
+        ('test-runner=', 'r', "Test runner to use"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.test_suite = None
+        self.test_module = None
+        self.test_loader = None
+        self.test_runner = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+
+        if self.test_suite and self.test_module:
+            msg = "You may specify a module or a suite, but not both"
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+        if self.test_suite is None:
+            if self.test_module is None:
+                self.test_suite = self.distribution.test_suite
+            else:
+                self.test_suite = self.test_module + ".test_suite"
+
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_loader', None)
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = "setuptools.command.test:ScanningLoader"
+        if self.test_runner is None:
+            self.test_runner = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_runner', None)
+
+    @NonDataProperty
+    def test_args(self):
+        return list(self._test_args())
+
+    def _test_args(self):
+        if self.verbose:
+            yield '--verbose'
+        if self.test_suite:
+            yield self.test_suite
+
+    def with_project_on_sys_path(self, func):
+        with_2to3 = six.PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False)
+
+        if with_2to3:
+            # If we run 2to3 we can not do this inplace:
+
+            # Ensure metadata is up-to-date
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_py', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_py')
+            bpy_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("build_py")
+            build_path = normalize_path(bpy_cmd.build_lib)
+
+            # Build extensions
+            self.reinitialize_command('egg_info', egg_base=build_path)
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+        else:
+            # Without 2to3 inplace works fine:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            # Build extensions in-place
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+
+        old_path = sys.path[:]
+        old_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+
+        try:
+            sys.path.insert(0, normalize_path(ei_cmd.egg_base))
+            working_set.__init__()
+            add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+            require('%s==%s' % (ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version))
+            func()
+        finally:
+            sys.path[:] = old_path
+            sys.modules.clear()
+            sys.modules.update(old_modules)
+            working_set.__init__()
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.distribution.install_requires:
+            self.distribution.fetch_build_eggs(
+                self.distribution.install_requires)
+        if self.distribution.tests_require:
+            self.distribution.fetch_build_eggs(self.distribution.tests_require)
+
+        cmd = ' '.join(self._argv)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            self.announce('skipping "%s" (dry run)' % cmd)
+        else:
+            self.announce('running "%s"' % cmd)
+            self.with_project_on_sys_path(self.run_tests)
+
+    def run_tests(self):
+        # Purge modules under test from sys.modules. The test loader will
+        # re-import them from the build location. Required when 2to3 is used
+        # with namespace packages.
+        if six.PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False):
+            module = self.test_suite.split('.')[0]
+            if module in _namespace_packages:
+                del_modules = []
+                if module in sys.modules:
+                    del_modules.append(module)
+                module += '.'
+                for name in sys.modules:
+                    if name.startswith(module):
+                        del_modules.append(name)
+                list(map(sys.modules.__delitem__, del_modules))
+
+        unittest_main(
+            None, None, self._argv,
+            testLoader=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_loader),
+            testRunner=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_runner),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _argv(self):
+        return ['unittest'] + self.test_args
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resolve_as_ep(val):
+        """
+        Load the indicated attribute value, called, as a as if it were
+        specified as an entry point.
+        """
+        if val is None:
+            return
+        parsed = EntryPoint.parse("x=" + val)
+        return parsed.resolve()()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca35a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""upload_docs
+
+Implements a Distutils 'upload_docs' subcommand (upload documentation to
+PyPI's pythonhosted.org).
+"""
+
+from base64 import standard_b64encode
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from distutils.command.upload import upload
+import os
+import socket
+import zipfile
+import tempfile
+import sys
+import shutil
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import http_client, urllib
+
+from pkg_resources import iter_entry_points
+
+
+errors = 'surrogateescape' if six.PY3 else 'strict'
+
+
+# This is not just a replacement for byte literals
+# but works as a general purpose encoder
+def b(s, encoding='utf-8'):
+    if isinstance(s, six.text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s
+
+
+class upload_docs(upload):
+    description = 'Upload documentation to PyPI'
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('repository=', 'r',
+         "url of repository [default: %s]" % upload.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY),
+        ('show-response', None,
+         'display full response text from server'),
+        ('upload-dir=', None, 'directory to upload'),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = upload.boolean_options
+
+    def has_sphinx(self):
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            for ep in iter_entry_points('distutils.commands', 'build_sphinx'):
+                return True
+
+    sub_commands = [('build_sphinx', has_sphinx)]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        upload.initialize_options(self)
+        self.upload_dir = None
+        self.target_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        upload.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            if self.has_sphinx():
+                build_sphinx = self.get_finalized_command('build_sphinx')
+                self.target_dir = build_sphinx.builder_target_dir
+            else:
+                build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+                self.target_dir = os.path.join(build.build_base, 'docs')
+        else:
+            self.ensure_dirname('upload_dir')
+            self.target_dir = self.upload_dir
+        self.announce('Using upload directory %s' % self.target_dir)
+
+    def create_zipfile(self, filename):
+        zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w")
+        try:
+            self.mkpath(self.target_dir)  # just in case
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.target_dir):
+                if root == self.target_dir and not files:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        "no files found in upload directory '%s'"
+                        % self.target_dir)
+                for name in files:
+                    full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                    relative = root[len(self.target_dir):].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+                    dest = os.path.join(relative, name)
+                    zip_file.write(full, dest)
+        finally:
+            zip_file.close()
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        name = self.distribution.metadata.get_name()
+        zip_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "%s.zip" % name)
+        try:
+            self.create_zipfile(zip_file)
+            self.upload_file(zip_file)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
+
+    def upload_file(self, filename):
+        f = open(filename, 'rb')
+        content = f.read()
+        f.close()
+        meta = self.distribution.metadata
+        data = {
+            ':action': 'doc_upload',
+            'name': meta.get_name(),
+            'content': (os.path.basename(filename), content),
+        }
+        # set up the authentication
+        credentials = b(self.username + ':' + self.password)
+        credentials = standard_b64encode(credentials)
+        if six.PY3:
+            credentials = credentials.decode('ascii')
+        auth = "Basic " + credentials
+
+        # Build up the MIME payload for the POST data
+        boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+        sep_boundary = b('\n--') + b(boundary)
+        end_boundary = sep_boundary + b('--')
+        body = []
+        for key, values in six.iteritems(data):
+            title = '\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
+            # handle multiple entries for the same name
+            if not isinstance(values, list):
+                values = [values]
+            for value in values:
+                if type(value) is tuple:
+                    title += '; filename="%s"' % value[0]
+                    value = value[1]
+                else:
+                    value = b(value)
+                body.append(sep_boundary)
+                body.append(b(title))
+                body.append(b("\n\n"))
+                body.append(value)
+                if value and value[-1:] == b('\r'):
+                    body.append(b('\n'))  # write an extra newline (lurve Macs)
+        body.append(end_boundary)
+        body.append(b("\n"))
+        body = b('').join(body)
+
+        self.announce("Submitting documentation to %s" % (self.repository),
+                      log.INFO)
+
+        # build the Request
+        # We can't use urllib2 since we need to send the Basic
+        # auth right with the first request
+        schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = \
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(self.repository)
+        assert not params and not query and not fragments
+        if schema == 'http':
+            conn = http_client.HTTPConnection(netloc)
+        elif schema == 'https':
+            conn = http_client.HTTPSConnection(netloc)
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unsupported schema " + schema)
+
+        data = ''
+        try:
+            conn.connect()
+            conn.putrequest("POST", url)
+            content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+            conn.putheader('Content-type', content_type)
+            conn.putheader('Content-length', str(len(body)))
+            conn.putheader('Authorization', auth)
+            conn.endheaders()
+            conn.send(body)
+        except socket.error as e:
+            self.announce(str(e), log.ERROR)
+            return
+
+        r = conn.getresponse()
+        if r.status == 200:
+            self.announce('Server response (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                          log.INFO)
+        elif r.status == 301:
+            location = r.getheader('Location')
+            if location is None:
+                location = 'https://pythonhosted.org/%s/' % meta.get_name()
+            self.announce('Upload successful. Visit %s' % location,
+                          log.INFO)
+        else:
+            self.announce('Upload failed (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                          log.ERROR)
+        if self.show_response:
+            print('-' * 75, r.read(), '-' * 75)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f7c9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+import sys
+import imp
+import marshal
+from imp import PKG_DIRECTORY, PY_COMPILED, PY_SOURCE, PY_FROZEN
+from distutils.version import StrictVersion
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Require', 'find_module', 'get_module_constant', 'extract_constant'
+]
+
+class Require:
+    """A prerequisite to building or installing a distribution"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, requested_version, module, homepage='',
+            attribute=None, format=None):
+
+        if format is None and requested_version is not None:
+            format = StrictVersion
+
+        if format is not None:
+            requested_version = format(requested_version)
+            if attribute is None:
+                attribute = '__version__'
+
+        self.__dict__.update(locals())
+        del self.self
+
+    def full_name(self):
+        """Return full package/distribution name, w/version"""
+        if self.requested_version is not None:
+            return '%s-%s' % (self.name,self.requested_version)
+        return self.name
+
+    def version_ok(self, version):
+        """Is 'version' sufficiently up-to-date?"""
+        return self.attribute is None or self.format is None or \
+            str(version) != "unknown" and version >= self.requested_version
+
+    def get_version(self, paths=None, default="unknown"):
+
+        """Get version number of installed module, 'None', or 'default'
+
+        Search 'paths' for module.  If not found, return 'None'.  If found,
+        return the extracted version attribute, or 'default' if no version
+        attribute was specified, or the value cannot be determined without
+        importing the module.  The version is formatted according to the
+        requirement's version format (if any), unless it is 'None' or the
+        supplied 'default'.
+        """
+
+        if self.attribute is None:
+            try:
+                f,p,i = find_module(self.module,paths)
+                if f: f.close()
+                return default
+            except ImportError:
+                return None
+
+        v = get_module_constant(self.module, self.attribute, default, paths)
+
+        if v is not None and v is not default and self.format is not None:
+            return self.format(v)
+
+        return v
+
+    def is_present(self, paths=None):
+        """Return true if dependency is present on 'paths'"""
+        return self.get_version(paths) is not None
+
+    def is_current(self, paths=None):
+        """Return true if dependency is present and up-to-date on 'paths'"""
+        version = self.get_version(paths)
+        if version is None:
+            return False
+        return self.version_ok(version)
+
+
+def _iter_code(code):
+
+    """Yield '(op,arg)' pair for each operation in code object 'code'"""
+
+    from array import array
+    from dis import HAVE_ARGUMENT, EXTENDED_ARG
+
+    bytes = array('b',code.co_code)
+    eof = len(code.co_code)
+
+    ptr = 0
+    extended_arg = 0
+
+    while ptr<eof:
+
+        op = bytes[ptr]
+
+        if op>=HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+
+            arg = bytes[ptr+1] + bytes[ptr+2]*256 + extended_arg
+            ptr += 3
+
+            if op==EXTENDED_ARG:
+                long_type = six.integer_types[-1]
+                extended_arg = arg * long_type(65536)
+                continue
+
+        else:
+            arg = None
+            ptr += 1
+
+        yield op,arg
+
+
+def find_module(module, paths=None):
+    """Just like 'imp.find_module()', but with package support"""
+
+    parts = module.split('.')
+
+    while parts:
+        part = parts.pop(0)
+        f, path, (suffix,mode,kind) = info = imp.find_module(part, paths)
+
+        if kind==PKG_DIRECTORY:
+            parts = parts or ['__init__']
+            paths = [path]
+
+        elif parts:
+            raise ImportError("Can't find %r in %s" % (parts,module))
+
+    return info
+
+
+def get_module_constant(module, symbol, default=-1, paths=None):
+
+    """Find 'module' by searching 'paths', and extract 'symbol'
+
+    Return 'None' if 'module' does not exist on 'paths', or it does not define
+    'symbol'.  If the module defines 'symbol' as a constant, return the
+    constant.  Otherwise, return 'default'."""
+
+    try:
+        f, path, (suffix, mode, kind) = find_module(module, paths)
+    except ImportError:
+        # Module doesn't exist
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        if kind==PY_COMPILED:
+            f.read(8)   # skip magic & date
+            code = marshal.load(f)
+        elif kind==PY_FROZEN:
+            code = imp.get_frozen_object(module)
+        elif kind==PY_SOURCE:
+            code = compile(f.read(), path, 'exec')
+        else:
+            # Not something we can parse; we'll have to import it.  :(
+            if module not in sys.modules:
+                imp.load_module(module, f, path, (suffix, mode, kind))
+            return getattr(sys.modules[module], symbol, None)
+
+    finally:
+        if f:
+            f.close()
+
+    return extract_constant(code, symbol, default)
+
+
+def extract_constant(code, symbol, default=-1):
+    """Extract the constant value of 'symbol' from 'code'
+
+    If the name 'symbol' is bound to a constant value by the Python code
+    object 'code', return that value.  If 'symbol' is bound to an expression,
+    return 'default'.  Otherwise, return 'None'.
+
+    Return value is based on the first assignment to 'symbol'.  'symbol' must
+    be a global, or at least a non-"fast" local in the code block.  That is,
+    only 'STORE_NAME' and 'STORE_GLOBAL' opcodes are checked, and 'symbol'
+    must be present in 'code.co_names'.
+    """
+
+    if symbol not in code.co_names:
+        # name's not there, can't possibly be an assigment
+        return None
+
+    name_idx = list(code.co_names).index(symbol)
+
+    STORE_NAME = 90
+    STORE_GLOBAL = 97
+    LOAD_CONST = 100
+
+    const = default
+
+    for op, arg in _iter_code(code):
+
+        if op==LOAD_CONST:
+            const = code.co_consts[arg]
+        elif arg==name_idx and (op==STORE_NAME or op==STORE_GLOBAL):
+            return const
+        else:
+            const = default
+
+
+def _update_globals():
+    """
+    Patch the globals to remove the objects not available on some platforms.
+
+    XXX it'd be better to test assertions about bytecode instead.
+    """
+
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        return
+    incompatible = 'extract_constant', 'get_module_constant'
+    for name in incompatible:
+        del globals()[name]
+        __all__.remove(name)
+
+_update_globals()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7785541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+__all__ = ['Distribution']
+
+import re
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+import numbers
+import distutils.log
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.cmd
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.core import Distribution as _Distribution
+from distutils.errors import (DistutilsOptionError, DistutilsPlatformError,
+    DistutilsSetupError)
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+from pkg_resources.extern import packaging
+
+from setuptools.depends import Require
+from setuptools import windows_support
+import pkg_resources
+
+
+def _get_unpatched(cls):
+    """Protect against re-patching the distutils if reloaded
+
+    Also ensures that no other distutils extension monkeypatched the distutils
+    first.
+    """
+    while cls.__module__.startswith('setuptools'):
+        cls, = cls.__bases__
+    if not cls.__module__.startswith('distutils'):
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "distutils has already been patched by %r" % cls
+        )
+    return cls
+
+_Distribution = _get_unpatched(_Distribution)
+
+def _patch_distribution_metadata_write_pkg_info():
+    """
+    Workaround issue #197 - Python 3 prior to 3.2.2 uses an environment-local
+    encoding to save the pkg_info. Monkey-patch its write_pkg_info method to
+    correct this undesirable behavior.
+    """
+    environment_local = (3,) <= sys.version_info[:3] < (3, 2, 2)
+    if not environment_local:
+        return
+
+    # from Python 3.4
+    def write_pkg_info(self, base_dir):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO file into the release tree.
+        """
+        with open(os.path.join(base_dir, 'PKG-INFO'), 'w',
+                  encoding='UTF-8') as pkg_info:
+            self.write_pkg_file(pkg_info)
+
+    distutils.dist.DistributionMetadata.write_pkg_info = write_pkg_info
+_patch_distribution_metadata_write_pkg_info()
+
+sequence = tuple, list
+
+def check_importable(dist, attr, value):
+    try:
+        ep = pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse('x='+value)
+        assert not ep.extras
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError,AssertionError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "%r must be importable 'module:attrs' string (got %r)"
+            % (attr,value)
+        )
+
+
+def assert_string_list(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is a string list or None"""
+    try:
+        assert ''.join(value)!=value
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError,AssertionError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "%r must be a list of strings (got %r)" % (attr,value)
+        )
+def check_nsp(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that namespace packages are valid"""
+    assert_string_list(dist,attr,value)
+    for nsp in value:
+        if not dist.has_contents_for(nsp):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "Distribution contains no modules or packages for " +
+                "namespace package %r" % nsp
+            )
+        if '.' in nsp:
+            parent = '.'.join(nsp.split('.')[:-1])
+            if parent not in value:
+                distutils.log.warn(
+                    "WARNING: %r is declared as a package namespace, but %r"
+                    " is not: please correct this in setup.py", nsp, parent
+                )
+
+def check_extras(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that extras_require mapping is valid"""
+    try:
+        for k,v in value.items():
+            if ':' in k:
+                k,m = k.split(':',1)
+                if pkg_resources.invalid_marker(m):
+                    raise DistutilsSetupError("Invalid environment marker: "+m)
+            list(pkg_resources.parse_requirements(v))
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "'extras_require' must be a dictionary whose values are "
+            "strings or lists of strings containing valid project/version "
+            "requirement specifiers."
+        )
+
+def assert_bool(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is True, False, 0, or 1"""
+    if bool(value) != value:
+        tmpl = "{attr!r} must be a boolean value (got {value!r})"
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(tmpl.format(attr=attr, value=value))
+
+
+def check_requirements(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that install_requires is a valid requirements list"""
+    try:
+        list(pkg_resources.parse_requirements(value))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError) as error:
+        tmpl = (
+            "{attr!r} must be a string or list of strings "
+            "containing valid project/version requirement specifiers; {error}"
+        )
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(tmpl.format(attr=attr, error=error))
+
+def check_entry_points(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that entry_points map is parseable"""
+    try:
+        pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse_map(value)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(e)
+
+def check_test_suite(dist, attr, value):
+    if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError("test_suite must be a string")
+
+def check_package_data(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is a dictionary of package names to glob lists"""
+    if isinstance(value,dict):
+        for k,v in value.items():
+            if not isinstance(k,str): break
+            try: iter(v)
+            except TypeError:
+                break
+        else:
+            return
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(
+        attr+" must be a dictionary mapping package names to lists of "
+        "wildcard patterns"
+    )
+
+def check_packages(dist, attr, value):
+    for pkgname in value:
+        if not re.match(r'\w+(\.\w+)*', pkgname):
+            distutils.log.warn(
+                "WARNING: %r not a valid package name; please use only "
+                ".-separated package names in setup.py", pkgname
+            )
+
+
+class Distribution(_Distribution):
+    """Distribution with support for features, tests, and package data
+
+    This is an enhanced version of 'distutils.dist.Distribution' that
+    effectively adds the following new optional keyword arguments to 'setup()':
+
+     'install_requires' -- a string or sequence of strings specifying project
+        versions that the distribution requires when installed, in the format
+        used by 'pkg_resources.require()'.  They will be installed
+        automatically when the package is installed.  If you wish to use
+        packages that are not available in PyPI, or want to give your users an
+        alternate download location, you can add a 'find_links' option to the
+        '[easy_install]' section of your project's 'setup.cfg' file, and then
+        setuptools will scan the listed web pages for links that satisfy the
+        requirements.
+
+     'extras_require' -- a dictionary mapping names of optional "extras" to the
+        additional requirement(s) that using those extras incurs. For example,
+        this::
+
+            extras_require = dict(reST = ["docutils>=0.3", "reSTedit"])
+
+        indicates that the distribution can optionally provide an extra
+        capability called "reST", but it can only be used if docutils and
+        reSTedit are installed.  If the user installs your package using
+        EasyInstall and requests one of your extras, the corresponding
+        additional requirements will be installed if needed.
+
+     'features' **deprecated** -- a dictionary mapping option names to
+        'setuptools.Feature'
+        objects.  Features are a portion of the distribution that can be
+        included or excluded based on user options, inter-feature dependencies,
+        and availability on the current system.  Excluded features are omitted
+        from all setup commands, including source and binary distributions, so
+        you can create multiple distributions from the same source tree.
+        Feature names should be valid Python identifiers, except that they may
+        contain the '-' (minus) sign.  Features can be included or excluded
+        via the command line options '--with-X' and '--without-X', where 'X' is
+        the name of the feature.  Whether a feature is included by default, and
+        whether you are allowed to control this from the command line, is
+        determined by the Feature object.  See the 'Feature' class for more
+        information.
+
+     'test_suite' -- the name of a test suite to run for the 'test' command.
+        If the user runs 'python setup.py test', the package will be installed,
+        and the named test suite will be run.  The format is the same as
+        would be used on a 'unittest.py' command line.  That is, it is the
+        dotted name of an object to import and call to generate a test suite.
+
+     'package_data' -- a dictionary mapping package names to lists of filenames
+        or globs to use to find data files contained in the named packages.
+        If the dictionary has filenames or globs listed under '""' (the empty
+        string), those names will be searched for in every package, in addition
+        to any names for the specific package.  Data files found using these
+        names/globs will be installed along with the package, in the same
+        location as the package.  Note that globs are allowed to reference
+        the contents of non-package subdirectories, as long as you use '/' as
+        a path separator.  (Globs are automatically converted to
+        platform-specific paths at runtime.)
+
+    In addition to these new keywords, this class also has several new methods
+    for manipulating the distribution's contents.  For example, the 'include()'
+    and 'exclude()' methods can be thought of as in-place add and subtract
+    commands that add or remove packages, modules, extensions, and so on from
+    the distribution.  They are used by the feature subsystem to configure the
+    distribution for the included and excluded features.
+    """
+
+    _patched_dist = None
+
+    def patch_missing_pkg_info(self, attrs):
+        # Fake up a replacement for the data that would normally come from
+        # PKG-INFO, but which might not yet be built if this is a fresh
+        # checkout.
+        #
+        if not attrs or 'name' not in attrs or 'version' not in attrs:
+            return
+        key = pkg_resources.safe_name(str(attrs['name'])).lower()
+        dist = pkg_resources.working_set.by_key.get(key)
+        if dist is not None and not dist.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+            dist._version = pkg_resources.safe_version(str(attrs['version']))
+            self._patched_dist = dist
+
+    def __init__(self, attrs=None):
+        have_package_data = hasattr(self, "package_data")
+        if not have_package_data:
+            self.package_data = {}
+        _attrs_dict = attrs or {}
+        if 'features' in _attrs_dict or 'require_features' in _attrs_dict:
+            Feature.warn_deprecated()
+        self.require_features = []
+        self.features = {}
+        self.dist_files = []
+        self.src_root = attrs and attrs.pop("src_root", None)
+        self.patch_missing_pkg_info(attrs)
+        # Make sure we have any eggs needed to interpret 'attrs'
+        if attrs is not None:
+            self.dependency_links = attrs.pop('dependency_links', [])
+            assert_string_list(self,'dependency_links',self.dependency_links)
+        if attrs and 'setup_requires' in attrs:
+            self.fetch_build_eggs(attrs['setup_requires'])
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.setup_keywords'):
+            vars(self).setdefault(ep.name, None)
+        _Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
+        if isinstance(self.metadata.version, numbers.Number):
+            # Some people apparently take "version number" too literally :)
+            self.metadata.version = str(self.metadata.version)
+
+        if self.metadata.version is not None:
+            try:
+                ver = packaging.version.Version(self.metadata.version)
+                normalized_version = str(ver)
+                if self.metadata.version != normalized_version:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "Normalizing '%s' to '%s'" % (
+                            self.metadata.version,
+                            normalized_version,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self.metadata.version = normalized_version
+            except (packaging.version.InvalidVersion, TypeError):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The version specified (%r) is an invalid version, this "
+                    "may not work as expected with newer versions of "
+                    "setuptools, pip, and PyPI. Please see PEP 440 for more "
+                    "details." % self.metadata.version
+                )
+
+    def parse_command_line(self):
+        """Process features after parsing command line options"""
+        result = _Distribution.parse_command_line(self)
+        if self.features:
+            self._finalize_features()
+        return result
+
+    def _feature_attrname(self,name):
+        """Convert feature name to corresponding option attribute name"""
+        return 'with_'+name.replace('-','_')
+
+    def fetch_build_eggs(self, requires):
+        """Resolve pre-setup requirements"""
+        resolved_dists = pkg_resources.working_set.resolve(
+            pkg_resources.parse_requirements(requires),
+            installer=self.fetch_build_egg,
+            replace_conflicting=True,
+        )
+        for dist in resolved_dists:
+            pkg_resources.working_set.add(dist, replace=True)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _Distribution.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.features:
+            self._set_global_opts_from_features()
+
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.setup_keywords'):
+            value = getattr(self,ep.name,None)
+            if value is not None:
+                ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
+                ep.load()(self, ep.name, value)
+        if getattr(self, 'convert_2to3_doctests', None):
+            # XXX may convert to set here when we can rely on set being builtin
+            self.convert_2to3_doctests = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in self.convert_2to3_doctests]
+        else:
+            self.convert_2to3_doctests = []
+
+    def get_egg_cache_dir(self):
+        egg_cache_dir = os.path.join(os.curdir, '.eggs')
+        if not os.path.exists(egg_cache_dir):
+            os.mkdir(egg_cache_dir)
+            windows_support.hide_file(egg_cache_dir)
+            readme_txt_filename = os.path.join(egg_cache_dir, 'README.txt')
+            with open(readme_txt_filename, 'w') as f:
+                f.write('This directory contains eggs that were downloaded '
+                        'by setuptools to build, test, and run plug-ins.\n\n')
+                f.write('This directory caches those eggs to prevent '
+                        'repeated downloads.\n\n')
+                f.write('However, it is safe to delete this directory.\n\n')
+
+        return egg_cache_dir
+
+    def fetch_build_egg(self, req):
+        """Fetch an egg needed for building"""
+
+        try:
+            cmd = self._egg_fetcher
+            cmd.package_index.to_scan = []
+        except AttributeError:
+            from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+            dist = self.__class__({'script_args':['easy_install']})
+            dist.parse_config_files()
+            opts = dist.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+            keep = (
+                'find_links', 'site_dirs', 'index_url', 'optimize',
+                'site_dirs', 'allow_hosts'
+            )
+            for key in list(opts):
+                if key not in keep:
+                    del opts[key]   # don't use any other settings
+            if self.dependency_links:
+                links = self.dependency_links[:]
+                if 'find_links' in opts:
+                    links = opts['find_links'][1].split() + links
+                opts['find_links'] = ('setup', links)
+            install_dir = self.get_egg_cache_dir()
+            cmd = easy_install(
+                dist, args=["x"], install_dir=install_dir, exclude_scripts=True,
+                always_copy=False, build_directory=None, editable=False,
+                upgrade=False, multi_version=True, no_report=True, user=False
+            )
+            cmd.ensure_finalized()
+            self._egg_fetcher = cmd
+        return cmd.easy_install(req)
+
+    def _set_global_opts_from_features(self):
+        """Add --with-X/--without-X options based on optional features"""
+
+        go = []
+        no = self.negative_opt.copy()
+
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            self._set_feature(name,None)
+            feature.validate(self)
+
+            if feature.optional:
+                descr = feature.description
+                incdef = ' (default)'
+                excdef=''
+                if not feature.include_by_default():
+                    excdef, incdef = incdef, excdef
+
+                go.append(('with-'+name, None, 'include '+descr+incdef))
+                go.append(('without-'+name, None, 'exclude '+descr+excdef))
+                no['without-'+name] = 'with-'+name
+
+        self.global_options = self.feature_options = go + self.global_options
+        self.negative_opt = self.feature_negopt = no
+
+    def _finalize_features(self):
+        """Add/remove features and resolve dependencies between them"""
+
+        # First, flag all the enabled items (and thus their dependencies)
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            enabled = self.feature_is_included(name)
+            if enabled or (enabled is None and feature.include_by_default()):
+                feature.include_in(self)
+                self._set_feature(name,1)
+
+        # Then disable the rest, so that off-by-default features don't
+        # get flagged as errors when they're required by an enabled feature
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            if not self.feature_is_included(name):
+                feature.exclude_from(self)
+                self._set_feature(name,0)
+
+    def get_command_class(self, command):
+        """Pluggable version of get_command_class()"""
+        if command in self.cmdclass:
+            return self.cmdclass[command]
+
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands',command):
+            ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
+            self.cmdclass[command] = cmdclass = ep.load()
+            return cmdclass
+        else:
+            return _Distribution.get_command_class(self, command)
+
+    def print_commands(self):
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands'):
+            if ep.name not in self.cmdclass:
+                # don't require extras as the commands won't be invoked
+                cmdclass = ep.resolve()
+                self.cmdclass[ep.name] = cmdclass
+        return _Distribution.print_commands(self)
+
+    def get_command_list(self):
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands'):
+            if ep.name not in self.cmdclass:
+                # don't require extras as the commands won't be invoked
+                cmdclass = ep.resolve()
+                self.cmdclass[ep.name] = cmdclass
+        return _Distribution.get_command_list(self)
+
+    def _set_feature(self,name,status):
+        """Set feature's inclusion status"""
+        setattr(self,self._feature_attrname(name),status)
+
+    def feature_is_included(self,name):
+        """Return 1 if feature is included, 0 if excluded, 'None' if unknown"""
+        return getattr(self,self._feature_attrname(name))
+
+    def include_feature(self,name):
+        """Request inclusion of feature named 'name'"""
+
+        if self.feature_is_included(name)==0:
+            descr = self.features[name].description
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                descr + " is required, but was excluded or is not available"
+            )
+        self.features[name].include_in(self)
+        self._set_feature(name,1)
+
+    def include(self,**attrs):
+        """Add items to distribution that are named in keyword arguments
+
+        For example, 'dist.exclude(py_modules=["x"])' would add 'x' to
+        the distribution's 'py_modules' attribute, if it was not already
+        there.
+
+        Currently, this method only supports inclusion for attributes that are
+        lists or tuples.  If you need to add support for adding to other
+        attributes in this or a subclass, you can add an '_include_X' method,
+        where 'X' is the name of the attribute.  The method will be called with
+        the value passed to 'include()'.  So, 'dist.include(foo={"bar":"baz"})'
+        will try to call 'dist._include_foo({"bar":"baz"})', which can then
+        handle whatever special inclusion logic is needed.
+        """
+        for k,v in attrs.items():
+            include = getattr(self, '_include_'+k, None)
+            if include:
+                include(v)
+            else:
+                self._include_misc(k,v)
+
+    def exclude_package(self,package):
+        """Remove packages, modules, and extensions in named package"""
+
+        pfx = package+'.'
+        if self.packages:
+            self.packages = [
+                p for p in self.packages
+                    if p != package and not p.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.py_modules = [
+                p for p in self.py_modules
+                    if p != package and not p.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+        if self.ext_modules:
+            self.ext_modules = [
+                p for p in self.ext_modules
+                    if p.name != package and not p.name.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+    def has_contents_for(self,package):
+        """Return true if 'exclude_package(package)' would do something"""
+
+        pfx = package+'.'
+
+        for p in self.iter_distribution_names():
+            if p==package or p.startswith(pfx):
+                return True
+
+    def _exclude_misc(self,name,value):
+        """Handle 'exclude()' for list/tuple attrs without a special handler"""
+        if not isinstance(value,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: setting must be a list or tuple (%r)" % (name, value)
+            )
+        try:
+            old = getattr(self,name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: No such distribution setting" % name
+            )
+        if old is not None and not isinstance(old,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                name+": this setting cannot be changed via include/exclude"
+            )
+        elif old:
+            setattr(self,name,[item for item in old if item not in value])
+
+    def _include_misc(self,name,value):
+        """Handle 'include()' for list/tuple attrs without a special handler"""
+
+        if not isinstance(value,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: setting must be a list (%r)" % (name, value)
+            )
+        try:
+            old = getattr(self,name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: No such distribution setting" % name
+            )
+        if old is None:
+            setattr(self,name,value)
+        elif not isinstance(old,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                name+": this setting cannot be changed via include/exclude"
+            )
+        else:
+            setattr(self,name,old+[item for item in value if item not in old])
+
+    def exclude(self,**attrs):
+        """Remove items from distribution that are named in keyword arguments
+
+        For example, 'dist.exclude(py_modules=["x"])' would remove 'x' from
+        the distribution's 'py_modules' attribute.  Excluding packages uses
+        the 'exclude_package()' method, so all of the package's contained
+        packages, modules, and extensions are also excluded.
+
+        Currently, this method only supports exclusion from attributes that are
+        lists or tuples.  If you need to add support for excluding from other
+        attributes in this or a subclass, you can add an '_exclude_X' method,
+        where 'X' is the name of the attribute.  The method will be called with
+        the value passed to 'exclude()'.  So, 'dist.exclude(foo={"bar":"baz"})'
+        will try to call 'dist._exclude_foo({"bar":"baz"})', which can then
+        handle whatever special exclusion logic is needed.
+        """
+        for k,v in attrs.items():
+            exclude = getattr(self, '_exclude_'+k, None)
+            if exclude:
+                exclude(v)
+            else:
+                self._exclude_misc(k,v)
+
+    def _exclude_packages(self,packages):
+        if not isinstance(packages,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "packages: setting must be a list or tuple (%r)" % (packages,)
+            )
+        list(map(self.exclude_package, packages))
+
+    def _parse_command_opts(self, parser, args):
+        # Remove --with-X/--without-X options when processing command args
+        self.global_options = self.__class__.global_options
+        self.negative_opt = self.__class__.negative_opt
+
+        # First, expand any aliases
+        command = args[0]
+        aliases = self.get_option_dict('aliases')
+        while command in aliases:
+            src,alias = aliases[command]
+            del aliases[command]    # ensure each alias can expand only once!
+            import shlex
+            args[:1] = shlex.split(alias,True)
+            command = args[0]
+
+        nargs = _Distribution._parse_command_opts(self, parser, args)
+
+        # Handle commands that want to consume all remaining arguments
+        cmd_class = self.get_command_class(command)
+        if getattr(cmd_class,'command_consumes_arguments',None):
+            self.get_option_dict(command)['args'] = ("command line", nargs)
+            if nargs is not None:
+                return []
+
+        return nargs
+
+    def get_cmdline_options(self):
+        """Return a '{cmd: {opt:val}}' map of all command-line options
+
+        Option names are all long, but do not include the leading '--', and
+        contain dashes rather than underscores.  If the option doesn't take
+        an argument (e.g. '--quiet'), the 'val' is 'None'.
+
+        Note that options provided by config files are intentionally excluded.
+        """
+
+        d = {}
+
+        for cmd,opts in self.command_options.items():
+
+            for opt,(src,val) in opts.items():
+
+                if src != "command line":
+                    continue
+
+                opt = opt.replace('_','-')
+
+                if val==0:
+                    cmdobj = self.get_command_obj(cmd)
+                    neg_opt = self.negative_opt.copy()
+                    neg_opt.update(getattr(cmdobj,'negative_opt',{}))
+                    for neg,pos in neg_opt.items():
+                        if pos==opt:
+                            opt=neg
+                            val=None
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        raise AssertionError("Shouldn't be able to get here")
+
+                elif val==1:
+                    val = None
+
+                d.setdefault(cmd,{})[opt] = val
+
+        return d
+
+    def iter_distribution_names(self):
+        """Yield all packages, modules, and extension names in distribution"""
+
+        for pkg in self.packages or ():
+            yield pkg
+
+        for module in self.py_modules or ():
+            yield module
+
+        for ext in self.ext_modules or ():
+            if isinstance(ext,tuple):
+                name, buildinfo = ext
+            else:
+                name = ext.name
+            if name.endswith('module'):
+                name = name[:-6]
+            yield name
+
+    def handle_display_options(self, option_order):
+        """If there were any non-global "display-only" options
+        (--help-commands or the metadata display options) on the command
+        line, display the requested info and return true; else return
+        false.
+        """
+        import sys
+
+        if six.PY2 or self.help_commands:
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Stdout may be StringIO (e.g. in tests)
+        import io
+        if not isinstance(sys.stdout, io.TextIOWrapper):
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Don't wrap stdout if utf-8 is already the encoding. Provides
+        #  workaround for #334.
+        if sys.stdout.encoding.lower() in ('utf-8', 'utf8'):
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Print metadata in UTF-8 no matter the platform
+        encoding = sys.stdout.encoding
+        errors = sys.stdout.errors
+        newline = sys.platform != 'win32' and '\n' or None
+        line_buffering = sys.stdout.line_buffering
+
+        sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+            sys.stdout.detach(), 'utf-8', errors, newline, line_buffering)
+        try:
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+                sys.stdout.detach(), encoding, errors, newline, line_buffering)
+
+
+# Install it throughout the distutils
+for module in distutils.dist, distutils.core, distutils.cmd:
+    module.Distribution = Distribution
+
+
+class Feature:
+    """
+    **deprecated** -- The `Feature` facility was never completely implemented
+    or supported, `has reported issues
+    <https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/58>`_ and will be removed in
+    a future version.
+
+    A subset of the distribution that can be excluded if unneeded/wanted
+
+    Features are created using these keyword arguments:
+
+      'description' -- a short, human readable description of the feature, to
+         be used in error messages, and option help messages.
+
+      'standard' -- if true, the feature is included by default if it is
+         available on the current system.  Otherwise, the feature is only
+         included if requested via a command line '--with-X' option, or if
+         another included feature requires it.  The default setting is 'False'.
+
+      'available' -- if true, the feature is available for installation on the
+         current system.  The default setting is 'True'.
+
+      'optional' -- if true, the feature's inclusion can be controlled from the
+         command line, using the '--with-X' or '--without-X' options.  If
+         false, the feature's inclusion status is determined automatically,
+         based on 'availabile', 'standard', and whether any other feature
+         requires it.  The default setting is 'True'.
+
+      'require_features' -- a string or sequence of strings naming features
+         that should also be included if this feature is included.  Defaults to
+         empty list.  May also contain 'Require' objects that should be
+         added/removed from the distribution.
+
+      'remove' -- a string or list of strings naming packages to be removed
+         from the distribution if this feature is *not* included.  If the
+         feature *is* included, this argument is ignored.  This argument exists
+         to support removing features that "crosscut" a distribution, such as
+         defining a 'tests' feature that removes all the 'tests' subpackages
+         provided by other features.  The default for this argument is an empty
+         list.  (Note: the named package(s) or modules must exist in the base
+         distribution when the 'setup()' function is initially called.)
+
+      other keywords -- any other keyword arguments are saved, and passed to
+         the distribution's 'include()' and 'exclude()' methods when the
+         feature is included or excluded, respectively.  So, for example, you
+         could pass 'packages=["a","b"]' to cause packages 'a' and 'b' to be
+         added or removed from the distribution as appropriate.
+
+    A feature must include at least one 'requires', 'remove', or other
+    keyword argument.  Otherwise, it can't affect the distribution in any way.
+    Note also that you can subclass 'Feature' to create your own specialized
+    feature types that modify the distribution in other ways when included or
+    excluded.  See the docstrings for the various methods here for more detail.
+    Aside from the methods, the only feature attributes that distributions look
+    at are 'description' and 'optional'.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def warn_deprecated():
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Features are deprecated and will be removed in a future "
+                "version. See http://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/65.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=3,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(self, description, standard=False, available=True,
+            optional=True, require_features=(), remove=(), **extras):
+        self.warn_deprecated()
+
+        self.description = description
+        self.standard = standard
+        self.available = available
+        self.optional = optional
+        if isinstance(require_features,(str,Require)):
+            require_features = require_features,
+
+        self.require_features = [
+            r for r in require_features if isinstance(r,str)
+        ]
+        er = [r for r in require_features if not isinstance(r,str)]
+        if er: extras['require_features'] = er
+
+        if isinstance(remove,str):
+            remove = remove,
+        self.remove = remove
+        self.extras = extras
+
+        if not remove and not require_features and not extras:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "Feature %s: must define 'require_features', 'remove', or at least one"
+                " of 'packages', 'py_modules', etc."
+            )
+
+    def include_by_default(self):
+        """Should this feature be included by default?"""
+        return self.available and self.standard
+
+    def include_in(self,dist):
+
+        """Ensure feature and its requirements are included in distribution
+
+        You may override this in a subclass to perform additional operations on
+        the distribution.  Note that this method may be called more than once
+        per feature, and so should be idempotent.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.available:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                self.description+" is required, "
+                "but is not available on this platform"
+            )
+
+        dist.include(**self.extras)
+
+        for f in self.require_features:
+            dist.include_feature(f)
+
+    def exclude_from(self,dist):
+
+        """Ensure feature is excluded from distribution
+
+        You may override this in a subclass to perform additional operations on
+        the distribution.  This method will be called at most once per
+        feature, and only after all included features have been asked to
+        include themselves.
+        """
+
+        dist.exclude(**self.extras)
+
+        if self.remove:
+            for item in self.remove:
+                dist.exclude_package(item)
+
+    def validate(self,dist):
+
+        """Verify that feature makes sense in context of distribution
+
+        This method is called by the distribution just before it parses its
+        command line.  It checks to ensure that the 'remove' attribute, if any,
+        contains only valid package/module names that are present in the base
+        distribution when 'setup()' is called.  You may override it in a
+        subclass to perform any other required validation of the feature
+        against a target distribution.
+        """
+
+        for item in self.remove:
+            if not dist.has_contents_for(item):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "%s wants to be able to remove %s, but the distribution"
+                    " doesn't contain any packages or modules under %s"
+                    % (self.description, item, item)
+                )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d10609b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import sys
+import re
+import functools
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.extension
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from .dist import _get_unpatched
+from . import msvc9_support
+
+_Extension = _get_unpatched(distutils.core.Extension)
+
+msvc9_support.patch_for_specialized_compiler()
+
+def _have_cython():
+    """
+    Return True if Cython can be imported.
+    """
+    cython_impl = 'Cython.Distutils.build_ext',
+    try:
+        # from (cython_impl) import build_ext
+        __import__(cython_impl, fromlist=['build_ext']).build_ext
+        return True
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    return False
+
+# for compatibility
+have_pyrex = _have_cython
+
+
+class Extension(_Extension):
+    """Extension that uses '.c' files in place of '.pyx' files"""
+
+    def _convert_pyx_sources_to_lang(self):
+        """
+        Replace sources with .pyx extensions to sources with the target
+        language extension. This mechanism allows language authors to supply
+        pre-converted sources but to prefer the .pyx sources.
+        """
+        if _have_cython():
+            # the build has Cython, so allow it to compile the .pyx files
+            return
+        lang = self.language or ''
+        target_ext = '.cpp' if lang.lower() == 'c++' else '.c'
+        sub = functools.partial(re.sub, '.pyx$', target_ext)
+        self.sources = list(map(sub, self.sources))
+
+class Library(Extension):
+    """Just like a regular Extension, but built as a library instead"""
+
+distutils.core.Extension = Extension
+distutils.extension.Extension = Extension
+if 'distutils.command.build_ext' in sys.modules:
+    sys.modules['distutils.command.build_ext'].Extension = Extension
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6859aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from pkg_resources.extern import VendorImporter
+
+
+names = 'six',
+VendorImporter(__name__, names, 'pkg_resources._vendor').install()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8d3509653ba8f80ca7f3aa7f95616142ba83a94
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feef591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""
+Customized Mixin2to3 support:
+
+ - adds support for converting doctests
+
+
+This module raises an ImportError on Python 2.
+"""
+
+from distutils.util import Mixin2to3 as _Mixin2to3
+from distutils import log
+from lib2to3.refactor import RefactoringTool, get_fixers_from_package
+import setuptools
+
+class DistutilsRefactoringTool(RefactoringTool):
+    def log_error(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        log.error(msg, *args)
+
+    def log_message(self, msg, *args):
+        log.info(msg, *args)
+
+    def log_debug(self, msg, *args):
+        log.debug(msg, *args)
+
+class Mixin2to3(_Mixin2to3):
+    def run_2to3(self, files, doctests = False):
+        # See of the distribution option has been set, otherwise check the
+        # setuptools default.
+        if self.distribution.use_2to3 is not True:
+            return
+        if not files:
+            return
+        log.info("Fixing "+" ".join(files))
+        self.__build_fixer_names()
+        self.__exclude_fixers()
+        if doctests:
+            if setuptools.run_2to3_on_doctests:
+                r = DistutilsRefactoringTool(self.fixer_names)
+                r.refactor(files, write=True, doctests_only=True)
+        else:
+            _Mixin2to3.run_2to3(self, files)
+
+    def __build_fixer_names(self):
+        if self.fixer_names: return
+        self.fixer_names = []
+        for p in setuptools.lib2to3_fixer_packages:
+            self.fixer_names.extend(get_fixers_from_package(p))
+        if self.distribution.use_2to3_fixers is not None:
+            for p in self.distribution.use_2to3_fixers:
+                self.fixer_names.extend(get_fixers_from_package(p))
+
+    def __exclude_fixers(self):
+        excluded_fixers = getattr(self, 'exclude_fixers', [])
+        if self.distribution.use_2to3_exclude_fixers is not None:
+            excluded_fixers.extend(self.distribution.use_2to3_exclude_fixers)
+        for fixer_name in excluded_fixers:
+            if fixer_name in self.fixer_names:
+                self.fixer_names.remove(fixer_name)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a69c747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+try:
+    import distutils.msvc9compiler
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+unpatched = dict()
+
+def patch_for_specialized_compiler():
+    """
+    Patch functions in distutils.msvc9compiler to use the standalone compiler
+    build for Python (Windows only). Fall back to original behavior when the
+    standalone compiler is not available.
+    """
+    if 'distutils' not in globals():
+        # The module isn't available to be patched
+        return
+
+    if unpatched:
+        # Already patched
+        return
+
+    unpatched.update(vars(distutils.msvc9compiler))
+
+    distutils.msvc9compiler.find_vcvarsall = find_vcvarsall
+    distutils.msvc9compiler.query_vcvarsall = query_vcvarsall
+
+def find_vcvarsall(version):
+    Reg = distutils.msvc9compiler.Reg
+    VC_BASE = r'Software\%sMicrosoft\DevDiv\VCForPython\%0.1f'
+    key = VC_BASE % ('', version)
+    try:
+        # Per-user installs register the compiler path here
+        productdir = Reg.get_value(key, "installdir")
+    except KeyError:
+        try:
+            # All-user installs on a 64-bit system register here
+            key = VC_BASE % ('Wow6432Node\\', version)
+            productdir = Reg.get_value(key, "installdir")
+        except KeyError:
+            productdir = None
+
+    if productdir:
+        import os
+        vcvarsall = os.path.join(productdir, "vcvarsall.bat")
+        if os.path.isfile(vcvarsall):
+            return vcvarsall
+
+    return unpatched['find_vcvarsall'](version)
+
+def query_vcvarsall(version, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        return unpatched['query_vcvarsall'](version, *args, **kwargs)
+    except distutils.errors.DistutilsPlatformError as exc:
+        if exc and "vcvarsall.bat" in exc.args[0]:
+            message = 'Microsoft Visual C++ %0.1f is required (%s).' % (version, exc.args[0])
+            if int(version) == 9:
+                # This redirection link is maintained by Microsoft.
+                # Contact vspython@microsoft.com if it needs updating.
+                raise distutils.errors.DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    message + ' Get it from http://aka.ms/vcpython27'
+                )
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsPlatformError(message)
+        raise
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c53343e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1069 @@
+"""PyPI and direct package downloading"""
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import itertools
+from functools import wraps
+
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import splituser
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib2 import splituser
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import urllib, http_client, configparser, map
+
+from pkg_resources import (
+    CHECKOUT_DIST, Distribution, BINARY_DIST, normalize_path, SOURCE_DIST,
+    require, Environment, find_distributions, safe_name, safe_version,
+    to_filename, Requirement, DEVELOP_DIST,
+)
+from setuptools import ssl_support
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from fnmatch import translate
+from setuptools.py26compat import strip_fragment
+from setuptools.py27compat import get_all_headers
+
+EGG_FRAGMENT = re.compile(r'^egg=([-A-Za-z0-9_.]+)$')
+HREF = re.compile("""href\\s*=\\s*['"]?([^'"> ]+)""", re.I)
+# this is here to fix emacs' cruddy broken syntax highlighting
+PYPI_MD5 = re.compile(
+    '<a href="([^"#]+)">([^<]+)</a>\n\s+\\(<a (?:title="MD5 hash"\n\s+)'
+    'href="[^?]+\?:action=show_md5&amp;digest=([0-9a-f]{32})">md5</a>\\)'
+)
+URL_SCHEME = re.compile('([-+.a-z0-9]{2,}):',re.I).match
+EXTENSIONS = ".tar.gz .tar.bz2 .tar .zip .tgz".split()
+
+__all__ = [
+    'PackageIndex', 'distros_for_url', 'parse_bdist_wininst',
+    'interpret_distro_name',
+]
+
+_SOCKET_TIMEOUT = 15
+
+def parse_bdist_wininst(name):
+    """Return (base,pyversion) or (None,None) for possible .exe name"""
+
+    lower = name.lower()
+    base, py_ver, plat = None, None, None
+
+    if lower.endswith('.exe'):
+        if lower.endswith('.win32.exe'):
+            base = name[:-10]
+            plat = 'win32'
+        elif lower.startswith('.win32-py',-16):
+            py_ver = name[-7:-4]
+            base = name[:-16]
+            plat = 'win32'
+        elif lower.endswith('.win-amd64.exe'):
+            base = name[:-14]
+            plat = 'win-amd64'
+        elif lower.startswith('.win-amd64-py',-20):
+            py_ver = name[-7:-4]
+            base = name[:-20]
+            plat = 'win-amd64'
+    return base,py_ver,plat
+
+
+def egg_info_for_url(url):
+    parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    scheme, server, path, parameters, query, fragment = parts
+    base = urllib.parse.unquote(path.split('/')[-1])
+    if server=='sourceforge.net' and base=='download':    # XXX Yuck
+        base = urllib.parse.unquote(path.split('/')[-2])
+    if '#' in base: base, fragment = base.split('#',1)
+    return base,fragment
+
+def distros_for_url(url, metadata=None):
+    """Yield egg or source distribution objects that might be found at a URL"""
+    base, fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
+    for dist in distros_for_location(url, base, metadata): yield dist
+    if fragment:
+        match = EGG_FRAGMENT.match(fragment)
+        if match:
+            for dist in interpret_distro_name(
+                url, match.group(1), metadata, precedence = CHECKOUT_DIST
+            ):
+                yield dist
+
+def distros_for_location(location, basename, metadata=None):
+    """Yield egg or source distribution objects based on basename"""
+    if basename.endswith('.egg.zip'):
+        basename = basename[:-4]    # strip the .zip
+    if basename.endswith('.egg') and '-' in basename:
+        # only one, unambiguous interpretation
+        return [Distribution.from_location(location, basename, metadata)]
+    if basename.endswith('.exe'):
+        win_base, py_ver, platform = parse_bdist_wininst(basename)
+        if win_base is not None:
+            return interpret_distro_name(
+                location, win_base, metadata, py_ver, BINARY_DIST, platform
+            )
+    # Try source distro extensions (.zip, .tgz, etc.)
+    #
+    for ext in EXTENSIONS:
+        if basename.endswith(ext):
+            basename = basename[:-len(ext)]
+            return interpret_distro_name(location, basename, metadata)
+    return []  # no extension matched
+
+def distros_for_filename(filename, metadata=None):
+    """Yield possible egg or source distribution objects based on a filename"""
+    return distros_for_location(
+        normalize_path(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata
+    )
+
+
+def interpret_distro_name(
+        location, basename, metadata, py_version=None, precedence=SOURCE_DIST,
+        platform=None
+        ):
+    """Generate alternative interpretations of a source distro name
+
+    Note: if `location` is a filesystem filename, you should call
+    ``pkg_resources.normalize_path()`` on it before passing it to this
+    routine!
+    """
+    # Generate alternative interpretations of a source distro name
+    # Because some packages are ambiguous as to name/versions split
+    # e.g. "adns-python-1.1.0", "egenix-mx-commercial", etc.
+    # So, we generate each possible interepretation (e.g. "adns, python-1.1.0"
+    # "adns-python, 1.1.0", and "adns-python-1.1.0, no version").  In practice,
+    # the spurious interpretations should be ignored, because in the event
+    # there's also an "adns" package, the spurious "python-1.1.0" version will
+    # compare lower than any numeric version number, and is therefore unlikely
+    # to match a request for it.  It's still a potential problem, though, and
+    # in the long run PyPI and the distutils should go for "safe" names and
+    # versions in distribution archive names (sdist and bdist).
+
+    parts = basename.split('-')
+    if not py_version and any(re.match('py\d\.\d$', p) for p in parts[2:]):
+        # it is a bdist_dumb, not an sdist -- bail out
+        return
+
+    for p in range(1,len(parts)+1):
+        yield Distribution(
+            location, metadata, '-'.join(parts[:p]), '-'.join(parts[p:]),
+            py_version=py_version, precedence = precedence,
+            platform = platform
+        )
+
+# From Python 2.7 docs
+def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
+    "List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
+    # unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
+    # unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
+    seen = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if key is None:
+        for element in six.moves.filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen_add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen_add(k)
+                yield element
+
+def unique_values(func):
+    """
+    Wrap a function returning an iterable such that the resulting iterable
+    only ever yields unique items.
+    """
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        return unique_everseen(func(*args, **kwargs))
+    return wrapper
+
+REL = re.compile("""<([^>]*\srel\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)[^>]*)>""", re.I)
+# this line is here to fix emacs' cruddy broken syntax highlighting
+
+@unique_values
+def find_external_links(url, page):
+    """Find rel="homepage" and rel="download" links in `page`, yielding URLs"""
+
+    for match in REL.finditer(page):
+        tag, rel = match.groups()
+        rels = set(map(str.strip, rel.lower().split(',')))
+        if 'homepage' in rels or 'download' in rels:
+            for match in HREF.finditer(tag):
+                yield urllib.parse.urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+
+    for tag in ("<th>Home Page", "<th>Download URL"):
+        pos = page.find(tag)
+        if pos!=-1:
+            match = HREF.search(page,pos)
+            if match:
+                yield urllib.parse.urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+
+user_agent = "Python-urllib/%s setuptools/%s" % (
+    sys.version[:3], require('setuptools')[0].version
+)
+
+class ContentChecker(object):
+    """
+    A null content checker that defines the interface for checking content
+    """
+    def feed(self, block):
+        """
+        Feed a block of data to the hash.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        """
+        Check the hash. Return False if validation fails.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def report(self, reporter, template):
+        """
+        Call reporter with information about the checker (hash name)
+        substituted into the template.
+        """
+        return
+
+class HashChecker(ContentChecker):
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'(?P<hash_name>sha1|sha224|sha384|sha256|sha512|md5)='
+        r'(?P<expected>[a-f0-9]+)'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, hash_name, expected):
+        self.hash_name = hash_name
+        self.hash = hashlib.new(hash_name)
+        self.expected = expected
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls, url):
+        "Construct a (possibly null) ContentChecker from a URL"
+        fragment = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[-1]
+        if not fragment:
+            return ContentChecker()
+        match = cls.pattern.search(fragment)
+        if not match:
+            return ContentChecker()
+        return cls(**match.groupdict())
+
+    def feed(self, block):
+        self.hash.update(block)
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        return self.hash.hexdigest() == self.expected
+
+    def report(self, reporter, template):
+        msg = template % self.hash_name
+        return reporter(msg)
+
+
+class PackageIndex(Environment):
+    """A distribution index that scans web pages for download URLs"""
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, index_url="https://pypi.python.org/simple", hosts=('*',),
+            ca_bundle=None, verify_ssl=True, *args, **kw
+            ):
+        Environment.__init__(self,*args,**kw)
+        self.index_url = index_url + "/"[:not index_url.endswith('/')]
+        self.scanned_urls = {}
+        self.fetched_urls = {}
+        self.package_pages = {}
+        self.allows = re.compile('|'.join(map(translate,hosts))).match
+        self.to_scan = []
+        if verify_ssl and ssl_support.is_available and (ca_bundle or ssl_support.find_ca_bundle()):
+            self.opener = ssl_support.opener_for(ca_bundle)
+        else: self.opener = urllib.request.urlopen
+
+    def process_url(self, url, retrieve=False):
+        """Evaluate a URL as a possible download, and maybe retrieve it"""
+        if url in self.scanned_urls and not retrieve:
+            return
+        self.scanned_urls[url] = True
+        if not URL_SCHEME(url):
+            self.process_filename(url)
+            return
+        else:
+            dists = list(distros_for_url(url))
+            if dists:
+                if not self.url_ok(url):
+                    return
+                self.debug("Found link: %s", url)
+
+        if dists or not retrieve or url in self.fetched_urls:
+            list(map(self.add, dists))
+            return  # don't need the actual page
+
+        if not self.url_ok(url):
+            self.fetched_urls[url] = True
+            return
+
+        self.info("Reading %s", url)
+        self.fetched_urls[url] = True   # prevent multiple fetch attempts
+        f = self.open_url(url, "Download error on %s: %%s -- Some packages may not be found!" % url)
+        if f is None: return
+        self.fetched_urls[f.url] = True
+        if 'html' not in f.headers.get('content-type', '').lower():
+            f.close()   # not html, we can't process it
+            return
+
+        base = f.url     # handle redirects
+        page = f.read()
+        if not isinstance(page, str): # We are in Python 3 and got bytes. We want str.
+            if isinstance(f, urllib.error.HTTPError):
+                # Errors have no charset, assume latin1:
+                charset = 'latin-1'
+            else:
+                charset = f.headers.get_param('charset') or 'latin-1'
+            page = page.decode(charset, "ignore")
+        f.close()
+        for match in HREF.finditer(page):
+            link = urllib.parse.urljoin(base, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+            self.process_url(link)
+        if url.startswith(self.index_url) and getattr(f,'code',None)!=404:
+            page = self.process_index(url, page)
+
+    def process_filename(self, fn, nested=False):
+        # process filenames or directories
+        if not os.path.exists(fn):
+            self.warn("Not found: %s", fn)
+            return
+
+        if os.path.isdir(fn) and not nested:
+            path = os.path.realpath(fn)
+            for item in os.listdir(path):
+                self.process_filename(os.path.join(path,item), True)
+
+        dists = distros_for_filename(fn)
+        if dists:
+            self.debug("Found: %s", fn)
+            list(map(self.add, dists))
+
+    def url_ok(self, url, fatal=False):
+        s = URL_SCHEME(url)
+        if (s and s.group(1).lower()=='file') or self.allows(urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[1]):
+            return True
+        msg = ("\nNote: Bypassing %s (disallowed host; see "
+            "http://bit.ly/1dg9ijs for details).\n")
+        if fatal:
+            raise DistutilsError(msg % url)
+        else:
+            self.warn(msg, url)
+
+    def scan_egg_links(self, search_path):
+        dirs = filter(os.path.isdir, search_path)
+        egg_links = (
+            (path, entry)
+            for path in dirs
+            for entry in os.listdir(path)
+            if entry.endswith('.egg-link')
+        )
+        list(itertools.starmap(self.scan_egg_link, egg_links))
+
+    def scan_egg_link(self, path, entry):
+        with open(os.path.join(path, entry)) as raw_lines:
+            # filter non-empty lines
+            lines = list(filter(None, map(str.strip, raw_lines)))
+
+        if len(lines) != 2:
+            # format is not recognized; punt
+            return
+
+        egg_path, setup_path = lines
+
+        for dist in find_distributions(os.path.join(path, egg_path)):
+            dist.location = os.path.join(path, *lines)
+            dist.precedence = SOURCE_DIST
+            self.add(dist)
+
+    def process_index(self,url,page):
+        """Process the contents of a PyPI page"""
+        def scan(link):
+            # Process a URL to see if it's for a package page
+            if link.startswith(self.index_url):
+                parts = list(map(
+                    urllib.parse.unquote, link[len(self.index_url):].split('/')
+                ))
+                if len(parts)==2 and '#' not in parts[1]:
+                    # it's a package page, sanitize and index it
+                    pkg = safe_name(parts[0])
+                    ver = safe_version(parts[1])
+                    self.package_pages.setdefault(pkg.lower(),{})[link] = True
+                    return to_filename(pkg), to_filename(ver)
+            return None, None
+
+        # process an index page into the package-page index
+        for match in HREF.finditer(page):
+            try:
+                scan(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1))))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        pkg, ver = scan(url)   # ensure this page is in the page index
+        if pkg:
+            # process individual package page
+            for new_url in find_external_links(url, page):
+                # Process the found URL
+                base, frag = egg_info_for_url(new_url)
+                if base.endswith('.py') and not frag:
+                    if ver:
+                        new_url+='#egg=%s-%s' % (pkg,ver)
+                    else:
+                        self.need_version_info(url)
+                self.scan_url(new_url)
+
+            return PYPI_MD5.sub(
+                lambda m: '<a href="%s#md5=%s">%s</a>' % m.group(1,3,2), page
+            )
+        else:
+            return ""   # no sense double-scanning non-package pages
+
+    def need_version_info(self, url):
+        self.scan_all(
+            "Page at %s links to .py file(s) without version info; an index "
+            "scan is required.", url
+        )
+
+    def scan_all(self, msg=None, *args):
+        if self.index_url not in self.fetched_urls:
+            if msg: self.warn(msg,*args)
+            self.info(
+                "Scanning index of all packages (this may take a while)"
+            )
+        self.scan_url(self.index_url)
+
+    def find_packages(self, requirement):
+        self.scan_url(self.index_url + requirement.unsafe_name+'/')
+
+        if not self.package_pages.get(requirement.key):
+            # Fall back to safe version of the name
+            self.scan_url(self.index_url + requirement.project_name+'/')
+
+        if not self.package_pages.get(requirement.key):
+            # We couldn't find the target package, so search the index page too
+            self.not_found_in_index(requirement)
+
+        for url in list(self.package_pages.get(requirement.key,())):
+            # scan each page that might be related to the desired package
+            self.scan_url(url)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        self.prescan()
+        self.find_packages(requirement)
+        for dist in self[requirement.key]:
+            if dist in requirement:
+                return dist
+            self.debug("%s does not match %s", requirement, dist)
+        return super(PackageIndex, self).obtain(requirement,installer)
+
+    def check_hash(self, checker, filename, tfp):
+        """
+        checker is a ContentChecker
+        """
+        checker.report(self.debug,
+            "Validating %%s checksum for %s" % filename)
+        if not checker.is_valid():
+            tfp.close()
+            os.unlink(filename)
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s validation failed for %s; "
+                "possible download problem?" % (
+                                checker.hash.name, os.path.basename(filename))
+            )
+
+    def add_find_links(self, urls):
+        """Add `urls` to the list that will be prescanned for searches"""
+        for url in urls:
+            if (
+                self.to_scan is None        # if we have already "gone online"
+                or not URL_SCHEME(url)      # or it's a local file/directory
+                or url.startswith('file:')
+                or list(distros_for_url(url))   # or a direct package link
+            ):
+                # then go ahead and process it now
+                self.scan_url(url)
+            else:
+                # otherwise, defer retrieval till later
+                self.to_scan.append(url)
+
+    def prescan(self):
+        """Scan urls scheduled for prescanning (e.g. --find-links)"""
+        if self.to_scan:
+            list(map(self.scan_url, self.to_scan))
+        self.to_scan = None     # from now on, go ahead and process immediately
+
+    def not_found_in_index(self, requirement):
+        if self[requirement.key]:   # we've seen at least one distro
+            meth, msg = self.info, "Couldn't retrieve index page for %r"
+        else:   # no distros seen for this name, might be misspelled
+            meth, msg = (self.warn,
+                "Couldn't find index page for %r (maybe misspelled?)")
+        meth(msg, requirement.unsafe_name)
+        self.scan_all()
+
+    def download(self, spec, tmpdir):
+        """Locate and/or download `spec` to `tmpdir`, returning a local path
+
+        `spec` may be a ``Requirement`` object, or a string containing a URL,
+        an existing local filename, or a project/version requirement spec
+        (i.e. the string form of a ``Requirement`` object).  If it is the URL
+        of a .py file with an unambiguous ``#egg=name-version`` tag (i.e., one
+        that escapes ``-`` as ``_`` throughout), a trivial ``setup.py`` is
+        automatically created alongside the downloaded file.
+
+        If `spec` is a ``Requirement`` object or a string containing a
+        project/version requirement spec, this method returns the location of
+        a matching distribution (possibly after downloading it to `tmpdir`).
+        If `spec` is a locally existing file or directory name, it is simply
+        returned unchanged.  If `spec` is a URL, it is downloaded to a subpath
+        of `tmpdir`, and the local filename is returned.  Various errors may be
+        raised if a problem occurs during downloading.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(spec,Requirement):
+            scheme = URL_SCHEME(spec)
+            if scheme:
+                # It's a url, download it to tmpdir
+                found = self._download_url(scheme.group(1), spec, tmpdir)
+                base, fragment = egg_info_for_url(spec)
+                if base.endswith('.py'):
+                    found = self.gen_setup(found,fragment,tmpdir)
+                return found
+            elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                # Existing file or directory, just return it
+                return spec
+            else:
+                try:
+                    spec = Requirement.parse(spec)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise DistutilsError(
+                        "Not a URL, existing file, or requirement spec: %r" %
+                        (spec,)
+                    )
+        return getattr(self.fetch_distribution(spec, tmpdir),'location',None)
+
+    def fetch_distribution(
+            self, requirement, tmpdir, force_scan=False, source=False,
+            develop_ok=False, local_index=None
+            ):
+        """Obtain a distribution suitable for fulfilling `requirement`
+
+        `requirement` must be a ``pkg_resources.Requirement`` instance.
+        If necessary, or if the `force_scan` flag is set, the requirement is
+        searched for in the (online) package index as well as the locally
+        installed packages.  If a distribution matching `requirement` is found,
+        the returned distribution's ``location`` is the value you would have
+        gotten from calling the ``download()`` method with the matching
+        distribution's URL or filename.  If no matching distribution is found,
+        ``None`` is returned.
+
+        If the `source` flag is set, only source distributions and source
+        checkout links will be considered.  Unless the `develop_ok` flag is
+        set, development and system eggs (i.e., those using the ``.egg-info``
+        format) will be ignored.
+        """
+        # process a Requirement
+        self.info("Searching for %s", requirement)
+        skipped = {}
+        dist = None
+
+        def find(req, env=None):
+            if env is None:
+                env = self
+            # Find a matching distribution; may be called more than once
+
+            for dist in env[req.key]:
+
+                if dist.precedence==DEVELOP_DIST and not develop_ok:
+                    if dist not in skipped:
+                        self.warn("Skipping development or system egg: %s",dist)
+                        skipped[dist] = 1
+                    continue
+
+                if dist in req and (dist.precedence<=SOURCE_DIST or not source):
+                    return dist
+
+        if force_scan:
+            self.prescan()
+            self.find_packages(requirement)
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if local_index is not None:
+            dist = dist or find(requirement, local_index)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            if self.to_scan is not None:
+                self.prescan()
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if dist is None and not force_scan:
+            self.find_packages(requirement)
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            self.warn(
+                "No local packages or download links found for %s%s",
+                (source and "a source distribution of " or ""),
+                requirement,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.info("Best match: %s", dist)
+            return dist.clone(location=self.download(dist.location, tmpdir))
+
+    def fetch(self, requirement, tmpdir, force_scan=False, source=False):
+        """Obtain a file suitable for fulfilling `requirement`
+
+        DEPRECATED; use the ``fetch_distribution()`` method now instead.  For
+        backward compatibility, this routine is identical but returns the
+        ``location`` of the downloaded distribution instead of a distribution
+        object.
+        """
+        dist = self.fetch_distribution(requirement,tmpdir,force_scan,source)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist.location
+        return None
+
+    def gen_setup(self, filename, fragment, tmpdir):
+        match = EGG_FRAGMENT.match(fragment)
+        dists = match and [
+            d for d in
+            interpret_distro_name(filename, match.group(1), None) if d.version
+        ] or []
+
+        if len(dists)==1:   # unambiguous ``#egg`` fragment
+            basename = os.path.basename(filename)
+
+            # Make sure the file has been downloaded to the temp dir.
+            if os.path.dirname(filename) != tmpdir:
+                dst = os.path.join(tmpdir, basename)
+                from setuptools.command.easy_install import samefile
+                if not samefile(filename, dst):
+                    shutil.copy2(filename, dst)
+                    filename=dst
+
+            with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'setup.py'), 'w') as file:
+                file.write(
+                    "from setuptools import setup\n"
+                    "setup(name=%r, version=%r, py_modules=[%r])\n"
+                    % (
+                        dists[0].project_name, dists[0].version,
+                        os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+                    )
+                )
+            return filename
+
+        elif match:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Can't unambiguously interpret project/version identifier %r; "
+                "any dashes in the name or version should be escaped using "
+                "underscores. %r" % (fragment,dists)
+            )
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Can't process plain .py files without an '#egg=name-version'"
+                " suffix to enable automatic setup script generation."
+            )
+
+    dl_blocksize = 8192
+    def _download_to(self, url, filename):
+        self.info("Downloading %s", url)
+        # Download the file
+        fp, info = None, None
+        try:
+            checker = HashChecker.from_url(url)
+            fp = self.open_url(strip_fragment(url))
+            if isinstance(fp, urllib.error.HTTPError):
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Can't download %s: %s %s" % (url, fp.code,fp.msg)
+                )
+            headers = fp.info()
+            blocknum = 0
+            bs = self.dl_blocksize
+            size = -1
+            if "content-length" in headers:
+                # Some servers return multiple Content-Length headers :(
+                sizes = get_all_headers(headers, 'Content-Length')
+                size = max(map(int, sizes))
+                self.reporthook(url, filename, blocknum, bs, size)
+            with open(filename,'wb') as tfp:
+                while True:
+                    block = fp.read(bs)
+                    if block:
+                        checker.feed(block)
+                        tfp.write(block)
+                        blocknum += 1
+                        self.reporthook(url, filename, blocknum, bs, size)
+                    else:
+                        break
+                self.check_hash(checker, filename, tfp)
+            return headers
+        finally:
+            if fp: fp.close()
+
+    def reporthook(self, url, filename, blocknum, blksize, size):
+        pass    # no-op
+
+    def open_url(self, url, warning=None):
+        if url.startswith('file:'):
+            return local_open(url)
+        try:
+            return open_with_auth(url, self.opener)
+        except (ValueError, http_client.InvalidURL) as v:
+            msg = ' '.join([str(arg) for arg in v.args])
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, msg)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError('%s %s' % (url, msg))
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as v:
+            return v
+        except urllib.error.URLError as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v.reason)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError("Download error for %s: %s"
+                                     % (url, v.reason))
+        except http_client.BadStatusLine as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v.line)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    '%s returned a bad status line. The server might be '
+                    'down, %s' %
+                    (url, v.line)
+                )
+        except http_client.HTTPException as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError("Download error for %s: %s"
+                                     % (url, v))
+
+    def _download_url(self, scheme, url, tmpdir):
+        # Determine download filename
+        #
+        name, fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
+        if name:
+            while '..' in name:
+                name = name.replace('..','.').replace('\\','_')
+        else:
+            name = "__downloaded__"    # default if URL has no path contents
+
+        if name.endswith('.egg.zip'):
+            name = name[:-4]    # strip the extra .zip before download
+
+        filename = os.path.join(tmpdir,name)
+
+        # Download the file
+        #
+        if scheme=='svn' or scheme.startswith('svn+'):
+            return self._download_svn(url, filename)
+        elif scheme=='git' or scheme.startswith('git+'):
+            return self._download_git(url, filename)
+        elif scheme.startswith('hg+'):
+            return self._download_hg(url, filename)
+        elif scheme=='file':
+            return urllib.request.url2pathname(urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[2])
+        else:
+            self.url_ok(url, True)   # raises error if not allowed
+            return self._attempt_download(url, filename)
+
+    def scan_url(self, url):
+        self.process_url(url, True)
+
+    def _attempt_download(self, url, filename):
+        headers = self._download_to(url, filename)
+        if 'html' in headers.get('content-type','').lower():
+            return self._download_html(url, headers, filename)
+        else:
+            return filename
+
+    def _download_html(self, url, headers, filename):
+        file = open(filename)
+        for line in file:
+            if line.strip():
+                # Check for a subversion index page
+                if re.search(r'<title>([^- ]+ - )?Revision \d+:', line):
+                    # it's a subversion index page:
+                    file.close()
+                    os.unlink(filename)
+                    return self._download_svn(url, filename)
+                break   # not an index page
+        file.close()
+        os.unlink(filename)
+        raise DistutilsError("Unexpected HTML page found at "+url)
+
+    def _download_svn(self, url, filename):
+        url = url.split('#',1)[0]   # remove any fragment for svn's sake
+        creds = ''
+        if url.lower().startswith('svn:') and '@' in url:
+            scheme, netloc, path, p, q, f = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+            if not netloc and path.startswith('//') and '/' in path[2:]:
+                netloc, path = path[2:].split('/',1)
+                auth, host = splituser(netloc)
+                if auth:
+                    if ':' in auth:
+                        user, pw = auth.split(':',1)
+                        creds = " --username=%s --password=%s" % (user, pw)
+                    else:
+                        creds = " --username="+auth
+                    netloc = host
+                    parts = scheme, netloc, url, p, q, f
+                    url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        self.info("Doing subversion checkout from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("svn checkout%s -q %s %s" % (creds, url, filename))
+        return filename
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=False):
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+
+        scheme = scheme.split('+', 1)[-1]
+
+        # Some fragment identification fails
+        path = path.split('#',1)[0]
+
+        rev = None
+        if '@' in path:
+            path, rev = path.rsplit('@', 1)
+
+        # Also, discard fragment
+        url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ''))
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def _download_git(self, url, filename):
+        filename = filename.split('#',1)[0]
+        url, rev = self._vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=True)
+
+        self.info("Doing git clone from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("git clone --quiet %s %s" % (url, filename))
+
+        if rev is not None:
+            self.info("Checking out %s", rev)
+            os.system("(cd %s && git checkout --quiet %s)" % (
+                filename,
+                rev,
+            ))
+
+        return filename
+
+    def _download_hg(self, url, filename):
+        filename = filename.split('#',1)[0]
+        url, rev = self._vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=True)
+
+        self.info("Doing hg clone from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("hg clone --quiet %s %s" % (url, filename))
+
+        if rev is not None:
+            self.info("Updating to %s", rev)
+            os.system("(cd %s && hg up -C -r %s >&-)" % (
+                filename,
+                rev,
+            ))
+
+        return filename
+
+    def debug(self, msg, *args):
+        log.debug(msg, *args)
+
+    def info(self, msg, *args):
+        log.info(msg, *args)
+
+    def warn(self, msg, *args):
+        log.warn(msg, *args)
+
+# This pattern matches a character entity reference (a decimal numeric
+# references, a hexadecimal numeric reference, or a named reference).
+entity_sub = re.compile(r'&(#(\d+|x[\da-fA-F]+)|[\w.:-]+);?').sub
+
+def uchr(c):
+    if not isinstance(c, int):
+        return c
+    if c>255: return six.unichr(c)
+    return chr(c)
+
+def decode_entity(match):
+    what = match.group(1)
+    if what.startswith('#x'):
+        what = int(what[2:], 16)
+    elif what.startswith('#'):
+        what = int(what[1:])
+    else:
+        what = six.moves.html_entities.name2codepoint.get(what, match.group(0))
+    return uchr(what)
+
+def htmldecode(text):
+    """Decode HTML entities in the given text."""
+    return entity_sub(decode_entity, text)
+
+def socket_timeout(timeout=15):
+    def _socket_timeout(func):
+        def _socket_timeout(*args, **kwargs):
+            old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                socket.setdefaulttimeout(old_timeout)
+        return _socket_timeout
+    return _socket_timeout
+
+def _encode_auth(auth):
+    """
+    A function compatible with Python 2.3-3.3 that will encode
+    auth from a URL suitable for an HTTP header.
+    >>> str(_encode_auth('username%3Apassword'))
+    'dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ='
+
+    Long auth strings should not cause a newline to be inserted.
+    >>> long_auth = 'username:' + 'password'*10
+    >>> chr(10) in str(_encode_auth(long_auth))
+    False
+    """
+    auth_s = urllib.parse.unquote(auth)
+    # convert to bytes
+    auth_bytes = auth_s.encode()
+    # use the legacy interface for Python 2.3 support
+    encoded_bytes = base64.encodestring(auth_bytes)
+    # convert back to a string
+    encoded = encoded_bytes.decode()
+    # strip the trailing carriage return
+    return encoded.replace('\n','')
+
+class Credential(object):
+    """
+    A username/password pair. Use like a namedtuple.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.username
+        yield self.password
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%(username)s:%(password)s' % vars(self)
+
+class PyPIConfig(configparser.RawConfigParser):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Load from ~/.pypirc
+        """
+        defaults = dict.fromkeys(['username', 'password', 'repository'], '')
+        configparser.RawConfigParser.__init__(self, defaults)
+
+        rc = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), '.pypirc')
+        if os.path.exists(rc):
+            self.read(rc)
+
+    @property
+    def creds_by_repository(self):
+        sections_with_repositories = [
+            section for section in self.sections()
+            if self.get(section, 'repository').strip()
+        ]
+
+        return dict(map(self._get_repo_cred, sections_with_repositories))
+
+    def _get_repo_cred(self, section):
+        repo = self.get(section, 'repository').strip()
+        return repo, Credential(
+            self.get(section, 'username').strip(),
+            self.get(section, 'password').strip(),
+        )
+
+    def find_credential(self, url):
+        """
+        If the URL indicated appears to be a repository defined in this
+        config, return the credential for that repository.
+        """
+        for repository, cred in self.creds_by_repository.items():
+            if url.startswith(repository):
+                return cred
+
+
+def open_with_auth(url, opener=urllib.request.urlopen):
+    """Open a urllib2 request, handling HTTP authentication"""
+
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+
+    # Double scheme does not raise on Mac OS X as revealed by a
+    # failing test. We would expect "nonnumeric port". Refs #20.
+    if netloc.endswith(':'):
+        raise http_client.InvalidURL("nonnumeric port: ''")
+
+    if scheme in ('http', 'https'):
+        auth, host = splituser(netloc)
+    else:
+        auth = None
+
+    if not auth:
+        cred = PyPIConfig().find_credential(url)
+        if cred:
+            auth = str(cred)
+            info = cred.username, url
+            log.info('Authenticating as %s for %s (from .pypirc)' % info)
+
+    if auth:
+        auth = "Basic " + _encode_auth(auth)
+        parts = scheme, host, path, params, query, frag
+        new_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        request = urllib.request.Request(new_url)
+        request.add_header("Authorization", auth)
+    else:
+        request = urllib.request.Request(url)
+
+    request.add_header('User-Agent', user_agent)
+    fp = opener(request)
+
+    if auth:
+        # Put authentication info back into request URL if same host,
+        # so that links found on the page will work
+        s2, h2, path2, param2, query2, frag2 = urllib.parse.urlparse(fp.url)
+        if s2==scheme and h2==host:
+            parts = s2, netloc, path2, param2, query2, frag2
+            fp.url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+
+    return fp
+
+# adding a timeout to avoid freezing package_index
+open_with_auth = socket_timeout(_SOCKET_TIMEOUT)(open_with_auth)
+
+
+def fix_sf_url(url):
+    return url      # backward compatibility
+
+def local_open(url):
+    """Read a local path, with special support for directories"""
+    scheme, server, path, param, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    filename = urllib.request.url2pathname(path)
+    if os.path.isfile(filename):
+        return urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+    elif path.endswith('/') and os.path.isdir(filename):
+        files = []
+        for f in os.listdir(filename):
+            filepath = os.path.join(filename, f)
+            if f == 'index.html':
+                with open(filepath, 'r') as fp:
+                    body = fp.read()
+                break
+            elif os.path.isdir(filepath):
+                f += '/'
+            files.append('<a href="{name}">{name}</a>'.format(name=f))
+        else:
+            tmpl = ("<html><head><title>{url}</title>"
+                "</head><body>{files}</body></html>")
+            body = tmpl.format(url=url, files='\n'.join(files))
+        status, message = 200, "OK"
+    else:
+        status, message, body = 404, "Path not found", "Not found"
+
+    headers = {'content-type': 'text/html'}
+    body_stream = six.StringIO(body)
+    return urllib.error.HTTPError(url, status, message, headers, body_stream)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e52bd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""
+Compatibility Support for Python 2.6 and earlier
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+try:
+	from urllib.parse import splittag
+except ImportError:
+	from urllib import splittag
+
+def strip_fragment(url):
+	"""
+	In `Python 8280 <http://bugs.python.org/issue8280>`_, Python 2.7 and
+	later was patched to disregard the fragment when making URL requests.
+	Do the same for Python 2.6 and earlier.
+	"""
+	url, fragment = splittag(url)
+	return url
+
+if sys.version_info >= (2,7):
+	strip_fragment = lambda x: x
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d2886d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""
+Compatibility Support for Python 2.7 and earlier
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+def get_all_headers(message, key):
+	"""
+	Given an HTTPMessage, return all headers matching a given key.
+	"""
+	return message.get_all(key)
+
+if sys.version_info < (3,):
+	def get_all_headers(message, key):
+		return message.getheaders(key)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fe6dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+__all__ = ['get_config_vars', 'get_path']
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import get_config_vars, get_path
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_vars, get_python_lib
+    def get_path(name):
+        if name not in ('platlib', 'purelib'):
+            raise ValueError("Name must be purelib or platlib")
+        return get_python_lib(name=='platlib')
+
+try:
+    # Python >=3.2
+    from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+except ImportError:
+    import shutil
+    import tempfile
+    class TemporaryDirectory(object):
+        """
+        Very simple temporary directory context manager.
+        Will try to delete afterward, but will also ignore OS and similar
+        errors on deletion.
+        """
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.name = None # Handle mkdtemp raising an exception
+            self.name = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.name
+
+        def __exit__(self, exctype, excvalue, exctrace):
+            try:
+                shutil.rmtree(self.name, True)
+            except OSError: #removal errors are not the only possible
+                pass
+            self.name = None
+
+
+unittest_main = unittest.main
+
+_PY31 = (3, 1) <= sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 2)
+if _PY31:
+    # on Python 3.1, translate testRunner==None to TextTestRunner
+    # for compatibility with Python 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2+
+    def unittest_main(*args, **kwargs):
+        if 'testRunner' in kwargs and kwargs['testRunner'] is None:
+            kwargs['testRunner'] = unittest.TextTestRunner
+        return unittest.main(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..668bcac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import operator
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+import contextlib
+import pickle
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import builtins, map
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+    import org.python.modules.posix.PosixModule as _os
+else:
+    _os = sys.modules[os.name]
+try:
+    _file = file
+except NameError:
+    _file = None
+_open = open
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from pkg_resources import working_set
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AbstractSandbox", "DirectorySandbox", "SandboxViolation", "run_setup",
+]
+
+def _execfile(filename, globals, locals=None):
+    """
+    Python 3 implementation of execfile.
+    """
+    mode = 'rb'
+    with open(filename, mode) as stream:
+        script = stream.read()
+    # compile() function in Python 2.6 and 3.1 requires LF line endings.
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 7) or sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 0) and sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 2):
+        script = script.replace(b'\r\n', b'\n')
+        script = script.replace(b'\r', b'\n')
+    if locals is None:
+        locals = globals
+    code = compile(script, filename, 'exec')
+    exec(code, globals, locals)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_argv(repl=None):
+    saved = sys.argv[:]
+    if repl is not None:
+        sys.argv[:] = repl
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        sys.argv[:] = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_path():
+    saved = sys.path[:]
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        sys.path[:] = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def override_temp(replacement):
+    """
+    Monkey-patch tempfile.tempdir with replacement, ensuring it exists
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(replacement):
+        os.makedirs(replacement)
+
+    saved = tempfile.tempdir
+
+    tempfile.tempdir = replacement
+
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        tempfile.tempdir = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def pushd(target):
+    saved = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(target)
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(saved)
+
+
+class UnpickleableException(Exception):
+    """
+    An exception representing another Exception that could not be pickled.
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def dump(type, exc):
+        """
+        Always return a dumped (pickled) type and exc. If exc can't be pickled,
+        wrap it in UnpickleableException first.
+        """
+        try:
+            return pickle.dumps(type), pickle.dumps(exc)
+        except Exception:
+            # get UnpickleableException inside the sandbox
+            from setuptools.sandbox import UnpickleableException as cls
+            return cls.dump(cls, cls(repr(exc)))
+
+
+class ExceptionSaver:
+    """
+    A Context Manager that will save an exception, serialized, and restore it
+    later.
+    """
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, exc, tb):
+        if not exc:
+            return
+
+        # dump the exception
+        self._saved = UnpickleableException.dump(type, exc)
+        self._tb = tb
+
+        # suppress the exception
+        return True
+
+    def resume(self):
+        "restore and re-raise any exception"
+
+        if '_saved' not in vars(self):
+            return
+
+        type, exc = map(pickle.loads, self._saved)
+        six.reraise(type, exc, self._tb)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_modules():
+    """
+    Context in which imported modules are saved.
+
+    Translates exceptions internal to the context into the equivalent exception
+    outside the context.
+    """
+    saved = sys.modules.copy()
+    with ExceptionSaver() as saved_exc:
+        yield saved
+
+    sys.modules.update(saved)
+    # remove any modules imported since
+    del_modules = (
+        mod_name for mod_name in sys.modules
+        if mod_name not in saved
+        # exclude any encodings modules. See #285
+        and not mod_name.startswith('encodings.')
+    )
+    _clear_modules(del_modules)
+
+    saved_exc.resume()
+
+
+def _clear_modules(module_names):
+    for mod_name in list(module_names):
+        del sys.modules[mod_name]
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_pkg_resources_state():
+    saved = pkg_resources.__getstate__()
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        pkg_resources.__setstate__(saved)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def setup_context(setup_dir):
+    temp_dir = os.path.join(setup_dir, 'temp')
+    with save_pkg_resources_state():
+        with save_modules():
+            hide_setuptools()
+            with save_path():
+                with save_argv():
+                    with override_temp(temp_dir):
+                        with pushd(setup_dir):
+                            # ensure setuptools commands are available
+                            __import__('setuptools')
+                            yield
+
+
+def _needs_hiding(mod_name):
+    """
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('pkg_resources')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools_plugin')
+    False
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools.__init__')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('distutils')
+    True
+    """
+    pattern = re.compile('(setuptools|pkg_resources|distutils)(\.|$)')
+    return bool(pattern.match(mod_name))
+
+
+def hide_setuptools():
+    """
+    Remove references to setuptools' modules from sys.modules to allow the
+    invocation to import the most appropriate setuptools. This technique is
+    necessary to avoid issues such as #315 where setuptools upgrading itself
+    would fail to find a function declared in the metadata.
+    """
+    modules = filter(_needs_hiding, sys.modules)
+    _clear_modules(modules)
+
+
+def run_setup(setup_script, args):
+    """Run a distutils setup script, sandboxed in its directory"""
+    setup_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+    with setup_context(setup_dir):
+        try:
+            sys.argv[:] = [setup_script]+list(args)
+            sys.path.insert(0, setup_dir)
+            # reset to include setup dir, w/clean callback list
+            working_set.__init__()
+            working_set.callbacks.append(lambda dist:dist.activate())
+            def runner():
+                ns = dict(__file__=setup_script, __name__='__main__')
+                _execfile(setup_script, ns)
+            DirectorySandbox(setup_dir).run(runner)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            if v.args and v.args[0]:
+                raise
+            # Normal exit, just return
+
+
+class AbstractSandbox:
+    """Wrap 'os' module and 'open()' builtin for virtualizing setup scripts"""
+
+    _active = False
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._attrs = [
+            name for name in dir(_os)
+                if not name.startswith('_') and hasattr(self,name)
+        ]
+
+    def _copy(self, source):
+        for name in self._attrs:
+            setattr(os, name, getattr(source,name))
+
+    def run(self, func):
+        """Run 'func' under os sandboxing"""
+        try:
+            self._copy(self)
+            if _file:
+                builtins.file = self._file
+            builtins.open = self._open
+            self._active = True
+            return func()
+        finally:
+            self._active = False
+            if _file:
+                builtins.file = _file
+            builtins.open = _open
+            self._copy(_os)
+
+    def _mk_dual_path_wrapper(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,src,dst,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                src,dst = self._remap_pair(name,src,dst,*args,**kw)
+            return original(src,dst,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ["rename", "link", "symlink"]:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_dual_path_wrapper(name)
+
+    def _mk_single_path_wrapper(name, original=None):
+        original = original or getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,path,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                path = self._remap_input(name,path,*args,**kw)
+            return original(path,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    if _file:
+        _file = _mk_single_path_wrapper('file', _file)
+    _open = _mk_single_path_wrapper('open', _open)
+    for name in [
+        "stat", "listdir", "chdir", "open", "chmod", "chown", "mkdir",
+        "remove", "unlink", "rmdir", "utime", "lchown", "chroot", "lstat",
+        "startfile", "mkfifo", "mknod", "pathconf", "access"
+    ]:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_single_path_wrapper(name)
+
+    def _mk_single_with_return(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,path,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                path = self._remap_input(name,path,*args,**kw)
+                return self._remap_output(name, original(path,*args,**kw))
+            return original(path,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ['readlink', 'tempnam']:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_single_with_return(name)
+
+    def _mk_query(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,*args,**kw):
+            retval = original(*args,**kw)
+            if self._active:
+                return self._remap_output(name, retval)
+            return retval
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ['getcwd', 'tmpnam']:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_query(name)
+
+    def _validate_path(self,path):
+        """Called to remap or validate any path, whether input or output"""
+        return path
+
+    def _remap_input(self,operation,path,*args,**kw):
+        """Called for path inputs"""
+        return self._validate_path(path)
+
+    def _remap_output(self,operation,path):
+        """Called for path outputs"""
+        return self._validate_path(path)
+
+    def _remap_pair(self,operation,src,dst,*args,**kw):
+        """Called for path pairs like rename, link, and symlink operations"""
+        return (
+            self._remap_input(operation+'-from',src,*args,**kw),
+            self._remap_input(operation+'-to',dst,*args,**kw)
+        )
+
+
+if hasattr(os, 'devnull'):
+    _EXCEPTIONS = [os.devnull,]
+else:
+    _EXCEPTIONS = []
+
+try:
+    from win32com.client.gencache import GetGeneratePath
+    _EXCEPTIONS.append(GetGeneratePath())
+    del GetGeneratePath
+except ImportError:
+    # it appears pywin32 is not installed, so no need to exclude.
+    pass
+
+class DirectorySandbox(AbstractSandbox):
+    """Restrict operations to a single subdirectory - pseudo-chroot"""
+
+    write_ops = dict.fromkeys([
+        "open", "chmod", "chown", "mkdir", "remove", "unlink", "rmdir",
+        "utime", "lchown", "chroot", "mkfifo", "mknod", "tempnam",
+    ])
+
+    _exception_patterns = [
+        # Allow lib2to3 to attempt to save a pickled grammar object (#121)
+        '.*lib2to3.*\.pickle$',
+    ]
+    "exempt writing to paths that match the pattern"
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, exceptions=_EXCEPTIONS):
+        self._sandbox = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(sandbox))
+        self._prefix = os.path.join(self._sandbox,'')
+        self._exceptions = [
+            os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path))
+            for path in exceptions
+        ]
+        AbstractSandbox.__init__(self)
+
+    def _violation(self, operation, *args, **kw):
+        from setuptools.sandbox import SandboxViolation
+        raise SandboxViolation(operation, args, kw)
+
+    if _file:
+        def _file(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw):
+            if mode not in ('r', 'rt', 'rb', 'rU', 'U') and not self._ok(path):
+                self._violation("file", path, mode, *args, **kw)
+            return _file(path,mode,*args,**kw)
+
+    def _open(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw):
+        if mode not in ('r', 'rt', 'rb', 'rU', 'U') and not self._ok(path):
+            self._violation("open", path, mode, *args, **kw)
+        return _open(path,mode,*args,**kw)
+
+    def tmpnam(self):
+        self._violation("tmpnam")
+
+    def _ok(self, path):
+        active = self._active
+        try:
+            self._active = False
+            realpath = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path))
+            return (
+                self._exempted(realpath)
+                or realpath == self._sandbox
+                or realpath.startswith(self._prefix)
+            )
+        finally:
+            self._active = active
+
+    def _exempted(self, filepath):
+        start_matches = (
+            filepath.startswith(exception)
+            for exception in self._exceptions
+        )
+        pattern_matches = (
+            re.match(pattern, filepath)
+            for pattern in self._exception_patterns
+        )
+        candidates = itertools.chain(start_matches, pattern_matches)
+        return any(candidates)
+
+    def _remap_input(self, operation, path, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for path inputs"""
+        if operation in self.write_ops and not self._ok(path):
+            self._violation(operation, os.path.realpath(path), *args, **kw)
+        return path
+
+    def _remap_pair(self, operation, src, dst, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for path pairs like rename, link, and symlink operations"""
+        if not self._ok(src) or not self._ok(dst):
+            self._violation(operation, src, dst, *args, **kw)
+        return (src,dst)
+
+    def open(self, file, flags, mode=0o777, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for low-level os.open()"""
+        if flags & WRITE_FLAGS and not self._ok(file):
+            self._violation("os.open", file, flags, mode, *args, **kw)
+        return _os.open(file,flags,mode, *args, **kw)
+
+WRITE_FLAGS = functools.reduce(
+    operator.or_, [getattr(_os, a, 0) for a in
+        "O_WRONLY O_RDWR O_APPEND O_CREAT O_TRUNC O_TEMPORARY".split()]
+)
+
+class SandboxViolation(DistutilsError):
+    """A setup script attempted to modify the filesystem outside the sandbox"""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return """SandboxViolation: %s%r %s
+
+The package setup script has attempted to modify files on your system
+that are not within the EasyInstall build area, and has been aborted.
+
+This package cannot be safely installed by EasyInstall, and may not
+support alternate installation locations even if you run its setup
+script by hand.  Please inform the package's author and the EasyInstall
+maintainers to find out if a fix or workaround is available.""" % self.args
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d58b1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl	
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# EASY-INSTALL-DEV-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(script_name)r
+__requires__ = %(spec)r
+__import__('pkg_resources').require(%(spec)r)
+__file__ = %(dev_path)r
+exec(compile(open(__file__).read(), __file__, 'exec'))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff5efbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# EASY-INSTALL-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(script_name)r
+__requires__ = %(spec)r
+__import__('pkg_resources').run_script(%(spec)r, %(script_name)r)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c216801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+def __boot():
+    import sys
+    import os
+    PYTHONPATH = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH')
+    if PYTHONPATH is None or (sys.platform=='win32' and not PYTHONPATH):
+        PYTHONPATH = []
+    else:
+        PYTHONPATH = PYTHONPATH.split(os.pathsep)
+
+    pic = getattr(sys,'path_importer_cache',{})
+    stdpath = sys.path[len(PYTHONPATH):]
+    mydir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+    #print "searching",stdpath,sys.path
+
+    for item in stdpath:
+        if item==mydir or not item:
+            continue    # skip if current dir. on Windows, or my own directory
+        importer = pic.get(item)
+        if importer is not None:
+            loader = importer.find_module('site')
+            if loader is not None:
+                # This should actually reload the current module
+                loader.load_module('site')
+                break
+        else:
+            try:
+                import imp # Avoid import loop in Python >= 3.3
+                stream, path, descr = imp.find_module('site',[item])
+            except ImportError:
+                continue
+            if stream is None:
+                continue
+            try:
+                # This should actually reload the current module
+                imp.load_module('site',stream,path,descr)
+            finally:
+                stream.close()
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ImportError("Couldn't find the real 'site' module")
+
+    #print "loaded", __file__
+
+    known_paths = dict([(makepath(item)[1],1) for item in sys.path]) # 2.2 comp
+
+    oldpos = getattr(sys,'__egginsert',0)   # save old insertion position
+    sys.__egginsert = 0                     # and reset the current one
+
+    for item in PYTHONPATH:
+        addsitedir(item)
+
+    sys.__egginsert += oldpos           # restore effective old position
+
+    d, nd = makepath(stdpath[0])
+    insert_at = None
+    new_path = []
+
+    for item in sys.path:
+        p, np = makepath(item)
+
+        if np==nd and insert_at is None:
+            # We've hit the first 'system' path entry, so added entries go here
+            insert_at = len(new_path)
+
+        if np in known_paths or insert_at is None:
+            new_path.append(item)
+        else:
+            # new path after the insert point, back-insert it
+            new_path.insert(insert_at, item)
+            insert_at += 1
+
+    sys.path[:] = new_path
+
+if __name__=='site':
+    __boot()
+    del __boot
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..511d2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import os
+import socket
+import atexit
+import re
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import urllib, http_client, map
+
+import pkg_resources
+from pkg_resources import ResolutionError, ExtractionError
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    ssl = None
+
+__all__ = [
+    'VerifyingHTTPSHandler', 'find_ca_bundle', 'is_available', 'cert_paths',
+    'opener_for'
+]
+
+cert_paths = """
+/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
+/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
+/usr/share/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt
+/usr/local/share/certs/ca-root.crt
+/etc/ssl/cert.pem
+/System/Library/OpenSSL/certs/cert.pem
+""".strip().split()
+
+
+try:
+    HTTPSHandler = urllib.request.HTTPSHandler
+    HTTPSConnection = http_client.HTTPSConnection
+except AttributeError:
+    HTTPSHandler = HTTPSConnection = object
+
+is_available = ssl is not None and object not in (HTTPSHandler, HTTPSConnection)
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import CertificateError, match_hostname
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
+    except ImportError:
+        CertificateError = None
+        match_hostname = None
+
+if not CertificateError:
+    class CertificateError(ValueError):
+        pass
+
+if not match_hostname:
+    def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+        """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+        """
+        pats = []
+        if not dn:
+            return False
+
+        # Ported from python3-syntax:
+        # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+        parts = dn.split(r'.')
+        leftmost = parts[0]
+        remainder = parts[1:]
+
+        wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+        if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+            # reasonable choice.
+            raise CertificateError(
+                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+        # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+        if not wildcards:
+            return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+        # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+        if leftmost == '*':
+            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+            # fragment.
+            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+            # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+            # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+            # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+            # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+        # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+        for frag in remainder:
+            pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+        pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return pat.match(hostname)
+
+    def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+        """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+        SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+        rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+        CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+        returns nothing.
+        """
+        if not cert:
+            raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
+        dnsnames = []
+        san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+        for key, value in san:
+            if key == 'DNS':
+                if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                    return
+                dnsnames.append(value)
+        if not dnsnames:
+            # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+            # in subjectAltName
+            for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+                for key, value in sub:
+                    # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                    # must be used.
+                    if key == 'commonName':
+                        if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                            return
+                        dnsnames.append(value)
+        if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match either of %s"
+                % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+        elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match %r"
+                % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+        else:
+            raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+                "subjectAltName fields were found")
+
+
+class VerifyingHTTPSHandler(HTTPSHandler):
+    """Simple verifying handler: no auth, subclasses, timeouts, etc."""
+
+    def __init__(self, ca_bundle):
+        self.ca_bundle = ca_bundle
+        HTTPSHandler.__init__(self)
+
+    def https_open(self, req):
+        return self.do_open(
+            lambda host, **kw: VerifyingHTTPSConn(host, self.ca_bundle, **kw), req
+        )
+
+
+class VerifyingHTTPSConn(HTTPSConnection):
+    """Simple verifying connection: no auth, subclasses, timeouts, etc."""
+    def __init__(self, host, ca_bundle, **kw):
+        HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, **kw)
+        self.ca_bundle = ca_bundle
+
+    def connect(self):
+        sock = socket.create_connection(
+            (self.host, self.port), getattr(self, 'source_address', None)
+        )
+
+        # Handle the socket if a (proxy) tunnel is present
+        if hasattr(self, '_tunnel') and getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            self.sock = sock
+            self._tunnel()
+            # http://bugs.python.org/issue7776: Python>=3.4.1 and >=2.7.7
+            # change self.host to mean the proxy server host when tunneling is
+            # being used. Adapt, since we are interested in the destination
+            # host for the match_hostname() comparison.
+            actual_host = self._tunnel_host
+        else:
+            actual_host = self.host
+
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
+            sock, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=self.ca_bundle
+        )
+        try:
+            match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), actual_host)
+        except CertificateError:
+            self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+            self.sock.close()
+            raise
+
+def opener_for(ca_bundle=None):
+    """Get a urlopen() replacement that uses ca_bundle for verification"""
+    return urllib.request.build_opener(
+        VerifyingHTTPSHandler(ca_bundle or find_ca_bundle())
+    ).open
+
+
+_wincerts = None
+
+def get_win_certfile():
+    global _wincerts
+    if _wincerts is not None:
+        return _wincerts.name
+
+    try:
+        from wincertstore import CertFile
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    class MyCertFile(CertFile):
+        def __init__(self, stores=(), certs=()):
+            CertFile.__init__(self)
+            for store in stores:
+                self.addstore(store)
+            self.addcerts(certs)
+            atexit.register(self.close)
+
+        def close(self):
+            try:
+                super(MyCertFile, self).close()
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+    _wincerts = MyCertFile(stores=['CA', 'ROOT'])
+    return _wincerts.name
+
+
+def find_ca_bundle():
+    """Return an existing CA bundle path, or None"""
+    if os.name=='nt':
+        return get_win_certfile()
+    else:
+        for cert_path in cert_paths:
+            if os.path.isfile(cert_path):
+                return cert_path
+    try:
+        return pkg_resources.resource_filename('certifi', 'cacert.pem')
+    except (ImportError, ResolutionError, ExtractionError):
+        return None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18903d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import unicodedata
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+# HFS Plus uses decomposed UTF-8
+def decompose(path):
+    if isinstance(path, six.text_type):
+        return unicodedata.normalize('NFD', path)
+    try:
+        path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        path = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', path)
+        path = path.encode('utf-8')
+    except UnicodeError:
+        pass  # Not UTF-8
+    return path
+
+
+def filesys_decode(path):
+    """
+    Ensure that the given path is decoded,
+    NONE when no expected encoding works
+    """
+
+    fs_enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if isinstance(path, six.text_type):
+        return path
+
+    for enc in (fs_enc, "utf-8"):
+        try:
+            return path.decode(enc)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            continue
+
+
+def try_encode(string, enc):
+    "turn unicode encoding into a functional routine"
+    try:
+        return string.encode(enc)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91e4b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import os
+import os.path
+
+
+def cs_path_exists(fspath):
+    if not os.path.exists(fspath): 
+        return False
+    # make absolute so we always have a directory
+    abspath = os.path.abspath(fspath)
+    directory, filename = os.path.split(abspath)
+    return filename in os.listdir(directory)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/version.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ff48ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = '19.4'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb977cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import platform
+import ctypes
+
+
+def windows_only(func):
+    if platform.system() != 'Windows':
+        return lambda *args, **kwargs: None
+    return func
+
+
+@windows_only
+def hide_file(path):
+    """
+    Set the hidden attribute on a file or directory.
+
+    From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19622133/
+
+    `path` must be text.
+    """
+    __import__('ctypes.wintypes')
+    SetFileAttributes = ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetFileAttributesW
+    SetFileAttributes.argtypes = ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD
+    SetFileAttributes.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
+
+    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN = 0x02
+
+    ret = SetFileAttributes(path, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN)
+    if not ret:
+        raise ctypes.WinError()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3008120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# sqlalchemy/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from .sql import (
+    alias,
+    and_,
+    asc,
+    between,
+    bindparam,
+    case,
+    cast,
+    collate,
+    column,
+    delete,
+    desc,
+    distinct,
+    except_,
+    except_all,
+    exists,
+    extract,
+    false,
+    func,
+    funcfilter,
+    insert,
+    intersect,
+    intersect_all,
+    join,
+    literal,
+    literal_column,
+    modifier,
+    not_,
+    null,
+    or_,
+    outerjoin,
+    outparam,
+    over,
+    select,
+    subquery,
+    table,
+    text,
+    true,
+    tuple_,
+    type_coerce,
+    union,
+    union_all,
+    update,
+    )
+
+from .types import (
+    BIGINT,
+    BINARY,
+    BLOB,
+    BOOLEAN,
+    BigInteger,
+    Binary,
+    Boolean,
+    CHAR,
+    CLOB,
+    DATE,
+    DATETIME,
+    DECIMAL,
+    Date,
+    DateTime,
+    Enum,
+    FLOAT,
+    Float,
+    INT,
+    INTEGER,
+    Integer,
+    Interval,
+    LargeBinary,
+    NCHAR,
+    NVARCHAR,
+    NUMERIC,
+    Numeric,
+    PickleType,
+    REAL,
+    SMALLINT,
+    SmallInteger,
+    String,
+    TEXT,
+    TIME,
+    TIMESTAMP,
+    Text,
+    Time,
+    TypeDecorator,
+    Unicode,
+    UnicodeText,
+    VARBINARY,
+    VARCHAR,
+    )
+
+
+from .schema import (
+    CheckConstraint,
+    Column,
+    ColumnDefault,
+    Constraint,
+    DefaultClause,
+    FetchedValue,
+    ForeignKey,
+    ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    Index,
+    MetaData,
+    PassiveDefault,
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint,
+    Sequence,
+    Table,
+    ThreadLocalMetaData,
+    UniqueConstraint,
+    DDL,
+)
+
+
+from .inspection import inspect
+from .engine import create_engine, engine_from_config
+
+__version__ = '1.0.12'
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global __all__
+
+    from . import events
+    from . import util as _sa_util
+
+    import inspect as _inspect
+
+    __all__ = sorted(name for name, obj in lcls.items()
+                     if not (name.startswith('_') or _inspect.ismodule(obj)))
+
+    _sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy")
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d72c390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# connectors/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+class Connector(object):
+    pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fc0ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/mxodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# connectors/mxodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Provide an SQLALchemy connector for the eGenix mxODBC commercial
+Python adapter for ODBC. This is not a free product, but eGenix
+provides SQLAlchemy with a license for use in continuous integration
+testing.
+
+This has been tested for use with mxODBC 3.1.2 on SQL Server 2005
+and 2008, using the SQL Server Native driver. However, it is
+possible for this to be used on other database platforms.
+
+For more info on mxODBC, see http://www.egenix.com/
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import re
+import warnings
+
+from . import Connector
+
+
+class MxODBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'mxodbc'
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        # this classmethod will normally be replaced by an instance
+        # attribute of the same name, so this is normally only called once.
+        cls._load_mx_exceptions()
+        platform = sys.platform
+        if platform == 'win32':
+            from mx.ODBC import Windows as module
+        # this can be the string "linux2", and possibly others
+        elif 'linux' in platform:
+            from mx.ODBC import unixODBC as module
+        elif platform == 'darwin':
+            from mx.ODBC import iODBC as module
+        else:
+            raise ImportError("Unrecognized platform for mxODBC import")
+        return module
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_mx_exceptions(cls):
+        """ Import mxODBC exception classes into the module namespace,
+        as if they had been imported normally. This is done here
+        to avoid requiring all SQLAlchemy users to install mxODBC.
+        """
+        global InterfaceError, ProgrammingError
+        from mx.ODBC import InterfaceError
+        from mx.ODBC import ProgrammingError
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        def connect(conn):
+            conn.stringformat = self.dbapi.MIXED_STRINGFORMAT
+            conn.datetimeformat = self.dbapi.PYDATETIME_DATETIMEFORMAT
+            conn.decimalformat = self.dbapi.DECIMAL_DECIMALFORMAT
+            conn.errorhandler = self._error_handler()
+        return connect
+
+    def _error_handler(self):
+        """ Return a handler that adjusts mxODBC's raised Warnings to
+        emit Python standard warnings.
+        """
+        from mx.ODBC.Error import Warning as MxOdbcWarning
+
+        def error_handler(connection, cursor, errorclass, errorvalue):
+            if issubclass(errorclass, MxOdbcWarning):
+                errorclass.__bases__ = (Warning,)
+                warnings.warn(message=str(errorvalue),
+                              category=errorclass,
+                              stacklevel=2)
+            else:
+                raise errorclass(errorvalue)
+        return error_handler
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        """ Return a tuple of *args,**kwargs for creating a connection.
+
+        The mxODBC 3.x connection constructor looks like this:
+
+            connect(dsn, user='', password='',
+                    clear_auto_commit=1, errorhandler=None)
+
+        This method translates the values in the provided uri
+        into args and kwargs needed to instantiate an mxODBC Connection.
+
+        The arg 'errorhandler' is not used by SQLAlchemy and will
+        not be populated.
+
+        """
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        args = opts.pop('host')
+        opts.pop('port', None)
+        opts.pop('database', None)
+        return (args,), opts
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        # TODO: eGenix recommends checking connection.closed here
+        # Does that detect dropped connections ?
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return "connection already closed" in str(e)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            return '[08S01]' in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # eGenix suggests using conn.dbms_version instead
+        # of what we're doing here
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        # 18 == pyodbc.SQL_DBMS_VER
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.getinfo(18)[1]):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _get_direct(self, context):
+        if context:
+            native_odbc_execute = context.execution_options.\
+                get('native_odbc_execute', 'auto')
+            # default to direct=True in all cases, is more generally
+            # compatible especially with SQL Server
+            return False if native_odbc_execute is True else True
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.executemany(
+            statement, parameters, direct=self._get_direct(context))
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters, direct=self._get_direct(context))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68bbcc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# connectors/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import Connector
+from .. import util
+
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+
+class PyODBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'pyodbc'
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        # PyODBC unicode is broken on UCS-4 builds
+        supports_unicode = sys.maxunicode == 65535
+        supports_unicode_statements = supports_unicode
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    default_paramstyle = 'named'
+
+    # for non-DSN connections, this *may* be used to
+    # hold the desired driver name
+    pyodbc_driver_name = None
+
+    # will be set to True after initialize()
+    # if the freetds.so is detected
+    freetds = False
+
+    # will be set to the string version of
+    # the FreeTDS driver if freetds is detected
+    freetds_driver_version = None
+
+    # will be set to True after initialize()
+    # if the libessqlsrv.so is detected
+    easysoft = False
+
+    def __init__(self, supports_unicode_binds=None, **kw):
+        super(PyODBCConnector, self).__init__(**kw)
+        self._user_supports_unicode_binds = supports_unicode_binds
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('pyodbc')
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        keys = opts
+        query = url.query
+
+        connect_args = {}
+        for param in ('ansi', 'unicode_results', 'autocommit'):
+            if param in keys:
+                connect_args[param] = util.asbool(keys.pop(param))
+
+        if 'odbc_connect' in keys:
+            connectors = [util.unquote_plus(keys.pop('odbc_connect'))]
+        else:
+            dsn_connection = 'dsn' in keys or \
+                ('host' in keys and 'database' not in keys)
+            if dsn_connection:
+                connectors = ['dsn=%s' % (keys.pop('host', '') or
+                                          keys.pop('dsn', ''))]
+            else:
+                port = ''
+                if 'port' in keys and 'port' not in query:
+                    port = ',%d' % int(keys.pop('port'))
+
+                connectors = []
+                driver = keys.pop('driver', self.pyodbc_driver_name)
+                if driver is None:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "No driver name specified; "
+                        "this is expected by PyODBC when using "
+                        "DSN-less connections")
+                else:
+                    connectors.append("DRIVER={%s}" % driver)
+
+                connectors.extend(
+                    [
+                        'Server=%s%s' % (keys.pop('host', ''), port),
+                        'Database=%s' % keys.pop('database', '')
+                    ])
+
+            user = keys.pop("user", None)
+            if user:
+                connectors.append("UID=%s" % user)
+                connectors.append("PWD=%s" % keys.pop('password', ''))
+            else:
+                connectors.append("Trusted_Connection=Yes")
+
+            # if set to 'Yes', the ODBC layer will try to automagically
+            # convert textual data from your database encoding to your
+            # client encoding.  This should obviously be set to 'No' if
+            # you query a cp1253 encoded database from a latin1 client...
+            if 'odbc_autotranslate' in keys:
+                connectors.append("AutoTranslate=%s" %
+                                  keys.pop("odbc_autotranslate"))
+
+            connectors.extend(['%s=%s' % (k, v) for k, v in keys.items()])
+        return [[";".join(connectors)], connect_args]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return "The cursor's connection has been closed." in str(e) or \
+                'Attempt to use a closed connection.' in str(e)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            return '[08S01]' in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        # determine FreeTDS first.   can't issue SQL easily
+        # without getting unicode_statements/binds set up.
+
+        pyodbc = self.dbapi
+
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+
+        _sql_driver_name = dbapi_con.getinfo(pyodbc.SQL_DRIVER_NAME)
+        self.freetds = bool(re.match(r".*libtdsodbc.*\.so", _sql_driver_name
+                                     ))
+        self.easysoft = bool(re.match(r".*libessqlsrv.*\.so", _sql_driver_name
+                                      ))
+
+        if self.freetds:
+            self.freetds_driver_version = dbapi_con.getinfo(
+                pyodbc.SQL_DRIVER_VER)
+
+        self.supports_unicode_statements = (
+            not util.py2k or
+            (not self.freetds and not self.easysoft)
+        )
+
+        if self._user_supports_unicode_binds is not None:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = self._user_supports_unicode_binds
+        elif util.py2k:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = (
+                not self.freetds or self.freetds_driver_version >= '0.91'
+            ) and not self.easysoft
+        else:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+        # run other initialization which asks for user name, etc.
+        super(PyODBCConnector, self).initialize(connection)
+
+
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if not self.dbapi:
+            return ()
+        return self._parse_dbapi_version(self.dbapi.version)
+
+    def _parse_dbapi_version(self, vers):
+        m = re.match(
+            r'(?:py.*-)?([\d\.]+)(?:-(\w+))?',
+            vers
+        )
+        if not m:
+            return ()
+        vers = tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1).split(".")])
+        if m.group(2):
+            vers += (m.group(2),)
+        return vers
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.getinfo(self.dbapi.SQL_DBMS_VER)):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7b2dc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/zxJDBC.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# connectors/zxJDBC.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import sys
+from . import Connector
+
+
+class ZxJDBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = 'zxjdbc'
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    supports_unicode_statements = sys.version > '2.5.0+'
+    description_encoding = None
+    default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
+
+    jdbc_db_name = None
+    jdbc_driver_name = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql import zxJDBC
+        return zxJDBC
+
+    def _driver_kwargs(self):
+        """Return kw arg dict to be sent to connect()."""
+        return {}
+
+    def _create_jdbc_url(self, url):
+        """Create a JDBC url from a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`"""
+        return 'jdbc:%s://%s%s/%s' % (self.jdbc_db_name, url.host,
+                                      url.port is not None
+                                      and ':%s' % url.port or '',
+                                      url.database)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = self._driver_kwargs()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return [
+            [self._create_jdbc_url(url),
+             url.username, url.password,
+             self.jdbc_driver_name],
+            opts]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if not isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return False
+        e = str(e)
+        return 'connection is closed' in e or 'cursor is closed' in e
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # use connection.connection.dbversion, and parse appropriately
+        # to get a tuple
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cprocessors.cpython-35m-darwin.so b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cprocessors.cpython-35m-darwin.so
new file mode 100755
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bfc937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/databases/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# databases/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Include imports from the sqlalchemy.dialects package for backwards
+compatibility with pre 0.6 versions.
+
+"""
+from ..dialects.sqlite import base as sqlite
+from ..dialects.postgresql import base as postgresql
+postgres = postgresql
+from ..dialects.mysql import base as mysql
+from ..dialects.oracle import base as oracle
+from ..dialects.firebird import base as firebird
+from ..dialects.mssql import base as mssql
+from ..dialects.sybase import base as sybase
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'firebird',
+    'mssql',
+    'mysql',
+    'postgresql',
+    'sqlite',
+    'oracle',
+    'sybase',
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5653f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# dialects/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+__all__ = (
+    'firebird',
+    'mssql',
+    'mysql',
+    'oracle',
+    'postgresql',
+    'sqlite',
+    'sybase',
+)
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+def _auto_fn(name):
+    """default dialect importer.
+
+    plugs into the :class:`.PluginLoader`
+    as a first-hit system.
+
+    """
+    if "." in name:
+        dialect, driver = name.split(".")
+    else:
+        dialect = name
+        driver = "base"
+    try:
+        module = __import__('sqlalchemy.dialects.%s' % (dialect, )).dialects
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    module = getattr(module, dialect)
+    if hasattr(module, driver):
+        module = getattr(module, driver)
+        return lambda: module.dialect
+    else:
+        return None
+
+registry = util.PluginLoader("sqlalchemy.dialects", auto_fn=_auto_fn)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f27bdc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# firebird/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird import base, kinterbasdb, fdb
+
+base.dialect = fdb.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird.base import \
+    SMALLINT, BIGINT, FLOAT, FLOAT, DATE, TIME, \
+    TEXT, NUMERIC, FLOAT, TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR, CHAR, BLOB,\
+    dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    'SMALLINT', 'BIGINT', 'FLOAT', 'FLOAT', 'DATE', 'TIME',
+    'TEXT', 'NUMERIC', 'FLOAT', 'TIMESTAMP', 'VARCHAR', 'CHAR', 'BLOB',
+    'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dbf382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+# firebird/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: firebird
+    :name: Firebird
+
+Firebird Dialects
+-----------------
+
+Firebird offers two distinct dialects_ (not to be confused with a
+SQLAlchemy ``Dialect``):
+
+dialect 1
+  This is the old syntax and behaviour, inherited from Interbase pre-6.0.
+
+dialect 3
+  This is the newer and supported syntax, introduced in Interbase 6.0.
+
+The SQLAlchemy Firebird dialect detects these versions and
+adjusts its representation of SQL accordingly.  However,
+support for dialect 1 is not well tested and probably has
+incompatibilities.
+
+Locking Behavior
+----------------
+
+Firebird locks tables aggressively.  For this reason, a DROP TABLE may
+hang until other transactions are released.  SQLAlchemy does its best
+to release transactions as quickly as possible.  The most common cause
+of hanging transactions is a non-fully consumed result set, i.e.::
+
+    result = engine.execute("select * from table")
+    row = result.fetchone()
+    return
+
+Where above, the ``ResultProxy`` has not been fully consumed.  The
+connection will be returned to the pool and the transactional state
+rolled back once the Python garbage collector reclaims the objects
+which hold onto the connection, which often occurs asynchronously.
+The above use case can be alleviated by calling ``first()`` on the
+``ResultProxy`` which will fetch the first row and immediately close
+all remaining cursor/connection resources.
+
+RETURNING support
+-----------------
+
+Firebird 2.0 supports returning a result set from inserts, and 2.1
+extends that to deletes and updates. This is generically exposed by
+the SQLAlchemy ``returning()`` method, such as::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = table.insert().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+                   values(name='foo')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    raises = empl.update().returning(empl.c.id, empl.c.salary).\\
+                  where(empl.c.sales>100).\\
+                  values(dict(salary=empl.c.salary * 1.1))
+    print raises.fetchall()
+
+
+.. _dialects: http://mc-computing.com/Databases/Firebird/SQL_Dialect.html
+
+"""
+
+import datetime
+
+from sqlalchemy import schema as sa_schema
+from sqlalchemy import exc, types as sqltypes, sql, util
+from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+from sqlalchemy.engine import base, default, reflection
+from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler
+
+from sqlalchemy.types import (BIGINT, BLOB, DATE, FLOAT, INTEGER, NUMERIC,
+                              SMALLINT, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, Integer)
+
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set([
+    "active", "add", "admin", "after", "all", "alter", "and", "any", "as",
+    "asc", "ascending", "at", "auto", "avg", "before", "begin", "between",
+    "bigint", "bit_length", "blob", "both", "by", "case", "cast", "char",
+    "character", "character_length", "char_length", "check", "close",
+    "collate", "column", "commit", "committed", "computed", "conditional",
+    "connect", "constraint", "containing", "count", "create", "cross",
+    "cstring", "current", "current_connection", "current_date",
+    "current_role", "current_time", "current_timestamp",
+    "current_transaction", "current_user", "cursor", "database", "date",
+    "day", "dec", "decimal", "declare", "default", "delete", "desc",
+    "descending", "disconnect", "distinct", "do", "domain", "double",
+    "drop", "else", "end", "entry_point", "escape", "exception",
+    "execute", "exists", "exit", "external", "extract", "fetch", "file",
+    "filter", "float", "for", "foreign", "from", "full", "function",
+    "gdscode", "generator", "gen_id", "global", "grant", "group",
+    "having", "hour", "if", "in", "inactive", "index", "inner",
+    "input_type", "insensitive", "insert", "int", "integer", "into", "is",
+    "isolation", "join", "key", "leading", "left", "length", "level",
+    "like", "long", "lower", "manual", "max", "maximum_segment", "merge",
+    "min", "minute", "module_name", "month", "names", "national",
+    "natural", "nchar", "no", "not", "null", "numeric", "octet_length",
+    "of", "on", "only", "open", "option", "or", "order", "outer",
+    "output_type", "overflow", "page", "pages", "page_size", "parameter",
+    "password", "plan", "position", "post_event", "precision", "primary",
+    "privileges", "procedure", "protected", "rdb$db_key", "read", "real",
+    "record_version", "recreate", "recursive", "references", "release",
+    "reserv", "reserving", "retain", "returning_values", "returns",
+    "revoke", "right", "rollback", "rows", "row_count", "savepoint",
+    "schema", "second", "segment", "select", "sensitive", "set", "shadow",
+    "shared", "singular", "size", "smallint", "snapshot", "some", "sort",
+    "sqlcode", "stability", "start", "starting", "starts", "statistics",
+    "sub_type", "sum", "suspend", "table", "then", "time", "timestamp",
+    "to", "trailing", "transaction", "trigger", "trim", "uncommitted",
+    "union", "unique", "update", "upper", "user", "using", "value",
+    "values", "varchar", "variable", "varying", "view", "wait", "when",
+    "where", "while", "with", "work", "write", "year",
+])
+
+
+class _StringType(sqltypes.String):
+    """Base for Firebird string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, charset=None, **kw):
+        self.charset = charset
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+    """Firebird VARCHAR type"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        super(VARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    """Firebird CHAR type"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        super(CHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class _FBDateTime(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.DateTime: _FBDateTime
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'SHORT': SMALLINT,
+    'LONG': INTEGER,
+    'QUAD': FLOAT,
+    'FLOAT': FLOAT,
+    'DATE': DATE,
+    'TIME': TIME,
+    'TEXT': TEXT,
+    'INT64': BIGINT,
+    'DOUBLE': FLOAT,
+    'TIMESTAMP': TIMESTAMP,
+    'VARYING': VARCHAR,
+    'CSTRING': CHAR,
+    'BLOB': BLOB,
+}
+
+
+# TODO: date conversion types (should be implemented as _FBDateTime,
+# _FBDate, etc. as bind/result functionality is required)
+
+class FBTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TIMESTAMP(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BLOB SUB_TYPE 1"
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BLOB SUB_TYPE 0"
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, basic):
+        charset = getattr(type_, 'charset', None)
+        if charset is None:
+            return basic
+        else:
+            return '%s CHARACTER SET %s' % (basic, charset)
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        basic = super(FBTypeCompiler, self).visit_CHAR(type_, **kw)
+        return self._extend_string(type_, basic)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.length:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "VARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" %
+                self.dialect.name)
+        basic = super(FBTypeCompiler, self).visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        return self._extend_string(type_, basic)
+
+
+class FBCompiler(sql.compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    """Firebird specific idiosyncrasies"""
+
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    # def visit_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+    # cant use CONTAINING b.c. it's case insensitive.
+
+    # def visit_notcontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+    # cant use NOT CONTAINING b.c. it's case insensitive.
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return '%s STARTING WITH %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw))
+
+    def visit_notstartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return '%s NOT STARTING WITH %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw))
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "mod(%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return super(FBCompiler, self).\
+                visit_alias(alias, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            # Override to not use the AS keyword which FB 1.5 does not like
+            if asfrom:
+                alias_name = isinstance(alias.name,
+                                        expression._truncated_label) and \
+                    self._truncated_identifier("alias",
+                                               alias.name) or alias.name
+
+                return self.process(
+                    alias.original, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs) + \
+                    " " + \
+                    self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+            else:
+                return self.process(alias.original, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_substring_func(self, func, **kw):
+        s = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[0])
+        start = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[1])
+        if len(func.clauses.clauses) > 2:
+            length = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[2])
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s FOR %s)" % (s, start, length)
+        else:
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s)" % (s, start)
+
+    def visit_length_func(self, function, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return "char_length" + self.function_argspec(function)
+        else:
+            return "strlen" + self.function_argspec(function)
+
+    visit_char_length_func = visit_length_func
+
+    def function_argspec(self, func, **kw):
+        # TODO: this probably will need to be
+        # narrowed to a fixed list, some no-arg functions
+        # may require parens - see similar example in the oracle
+        # dialect
+        if func.clauses is not None and len(func.clauses):
+            return self.process(func.clause_expr, **kw)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        return " FROM rdb$database"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq):
+        return "gen_id(%s, 1)" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just
+        before column list Firebird puts the limit and offset right
+        after the ``SELECT``...
+        """
+
+        result = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            result += "FIRST %s " % self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            result += "SKIP %s " % self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        if select._distinct:
+            result += "DISTINCT "
+        return result
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """Already taken care of in the `get_select_precolumns` method."""
+
+        return ""
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, c, True, False, {})
+            for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns)
+
+
+class FBDDLCompiler(sql.compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    """Firebird syntactic idiosyncrasies"""
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create):
+        """Generate a ``CREATE GENERATOR`` statement for the sequence."""
+
+        # no syntax for these
+        # http://www.firebirdsql.org/manual/generatorguide-sqlsyntax.html
+        if create.element.start is not None:
+            raise NotImplemented(
+                "Firebird SEQUENCE doesn't support START WITH")
+        if create.element.increment is not None:
+            raise NotImplemented(
+                "Firebird SEQUENCE doesn't support INCREMENT BY")
+
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return "CREATE SEQUENCE %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+        else:
+            return "CREATE GENERATOR %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop):
+        """Generate a ``DROP GENERATOR`` statement for the sequence."""
+
+        if self.dialect._version_two:
+            return "DROP SEQUENCE %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+        else:
+            return "DROP GENERATOR %s" % \
+                self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+
+
+class FBIdentifierPreparer(sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    """Install Firebird specific reserved words."""
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+    illegal_initial_characters = compiler.ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS.union(
+        ['_'])
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super(FBIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(dialect, omit_schema=True)
+
+
+class FBExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        """Get the next value from the sequence using ``gen_id()``."""
+
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            "SELECT gen_id(%s, 1) FROM rdb$database" %
+            self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq),
+            type_
+        )
+
+
+class FBDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    """Firebird dialect"""
+
+    name = 'firebird'
+
+    max_identifier_length = 31
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = False
+    supports_default_values = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    requires_name_normalize = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+
+    statement_compiler = FBCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = FBDDLCompiler
+    preparer = FBIdentifierPreparer
+    type_compiler = FBTypeCompiler
+    execution_ctx_cls = FBExecutionContext
+
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    construct_arguments = []
+
+    # defaults to dialect ver. 3,
+    # will be autodetected off upon
+    # first connect
+    _version_two = True
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(FBDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self._version_two = ('firebird' in self.server_version_info and
+                             self.server_version_info >= (2, )
+                             ) or \
+                            ('interbase' in self.server_version_info and
+                                self.server_version_info >= (6, )
+                             )
+
+        if not self._version_two:
+            # TODO: whatever other pre < 2.0 stuff goes here
+            self.ischema_names = ischema_names.copy()
+            self.ischema_names['TIMESTAMP'] = sqltypes.DATE
+            self.colspecs = {
+                sqltypes.DateTime: sqltypes.DATE
+            }
+
+        self.implicit_returning = self._version_two and \
+            self.__dict__.get('implicit_returning', True)
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        # Remove trailing spaces: FB uses a CHAR() type,
+        # that is padded with spaces
+        name = name and name.rstrip()
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        elif name.upper() == name and \
+                not self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            return name.lower()
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        elif name.lower() == name and \
+                not self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            return name.upper()
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given table exists, ignoring
+        the `schema`."""
+
+        tblqry = """
+        SELECT 1 AS has_table FROM rdb$database
+        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT rdb$relation_name
+                      FROM rdb$relations
+                      WHERE rdb$relation_name=?)
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(tblqry, [self.denormalize_name(table_name)])
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given sequence (generator) exists."""
+
+        genqry = """
+        SELECT 1 AS has_sequence FROM rdb$database
+        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT rdb$generator_name
+                      FROM rdb$generators
+                      WHERE rdb$generator_name=?)
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(genqry, [self.denormalize_name(sequence_name)])
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        # there are two queries commonly mentioned for this.
+        # this one, using view_blr, is at the Firebird FAQ among other places:
+        # http://www.firebirdfaq.org/faq174/
+        s = """
+        select rdb$relation_name
+        from rdb$relations
+        where rdb$view_blr is null
+        and (rdb$system_flag is null or rdb$system_flag = 0);
+        """
+
+        # the other query is this one.  It's not clear if there's really
+        # any difference between these two.  This link:
+        # http://www.alberton.info/firebird_sql_meta_info.html#.Ur3vXfZGni8
+        # states them as interchangeable.  Some discussion at [ticket:2898]
+        # SELECT DISTINCT rdb$relation_name
+        # FROM rdb$relation_fields
+        # WHERE rdb$system_flag=0 AND rdb$view_context IS NULL
+
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in connection.execute(s)]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        # see http://www.firebirdfaq.org/faq174/
+        s = """
+        select rdb$relation_name
+        from rdb$relations
+        where rdb$view_blr is not null
+        and (rdb$system_flag is null or rdb$system_flag = 0);
+        """
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in connection.execute(s)]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        qry = """
+        SELECT rdb$view_source AS view_source
+        FROM rdb$relations
+        WHERE rdb$relation_name=?
+        """
+        rp = connection.execute(qry, [self.denormalize_name(view_name)])
+        row = rp.first()
+        if row:
+            return row['view_source']
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # Query to extract the PK/FK constrained fields of the given table
+        keyqry = """
+        SELECT se.rdb$field_name AS fname
+        FROM rdb$relation_constraints rc
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments se ON rc.rdb$index_name=se.rdb$index_name
+        WHERE rc.rdb$constraint_type=? AND rc.rdb$relation_name=?
+        """
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+        # get primary key fields
+        c = connection.execute(keyqry, ["PRIMARY KEY", tablename])
+        pkfields = [self.normalize_name(r['fname']) for r in c.fetchall()]
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkfields, 'name': None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_column_sequence(self, connection,
+                            table_name, column_name,
+                            schema=None, **kw):
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+        colname = self.denormalize_name(column_name)
+        # Heuristic-query to determine the generator associated to a PK field
+        genqry = """
+        SELECT trigdep.rdb$depended_on_name AS fgenerator
+        FROM rdb$dependencies tabdep
+             JOIN rdb$dependencies trigdep
+                  ON tabdep.rdb$dependent_name=trigdep.rdb$dependent_name
+                     AND trigdep.rdb$depended_on_type=14
+                     AND trigdep.rdb$dependent_type=2
+             JOIN rdb$triggers trig ON
+                    trig.rdb$trigger_name=tabdep.rdb$dependent_name
+        WHERE tabdep.rdb$depended_on_name=?
+          AND tabdep.rdb$depended_on_type=0
+          AND trig.rdb$trigger_type=1
+          AND tabdep.rdb$field_name=?
+          AND (SELECT count(*)
+           FROM rdb$dependencies trigdep2
+           WHERE trigdep2.rdb$dependent_name = trigdep.rdb$dependent_name) = 2
+        """
+        genr = connection.execute(genqry, [tablename, colname]).first()
+        if genr is not None:
+            return dict(name=self.normalize_name(genr['fgenerator']))
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # Query to extract the details of all the fields of the given table
+        tblqry = """
+        SELECT r.rdb$field_name AS fname,
+                        r.rdb$null_flag AS null_flag,
+                        t.rdb$type_name AS ftype,
+                        f.rdb$field_sub_type AS stype,
+                        f.rdb$field_length/
+                            COALESCE(cs.rdb$bytes_per_character,1) AS flen,
+                        f.rdb$field_precision AS fprec,
+                        f.rdb$field_scale AS fscale,
+                        COALESCE(r.rdb$default_source,
+                                f.rdb$default_source) AS fdefault
+        FROM rdb$relation_fields r
+             JOIN rdb$fields f ON r.rdb$field_source=f.rdb$field_name
+             JOIN rdb$types t
+              ON t.rdb$type=f.rdb$field_type AND
+                    t.rdb$field_name='RDB$FIELD_TYPE'
+             LEFT JOIN rdb$character_sets cs ON
+                    f.rdb$character_set_id=cs.rdb$character_set_id
+        WHERE f.rdb$system_flag=0 AND r.rdb$relation_name=?
+        ORDER BY r.rdb$field_position
+        """
+        # get the PK, used to determine the eventual associated sequence
+        pk_constraint = self.get_pk_constraint(connection, table_name)
+        pkey_cols = pk_constraint['constrained_columns']
+
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+        # get all of the fields for this table
+        c = connection.execute(tblqry, [tablename])
+        cols = []
+        while True:
+            row = c.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            name = self.normalize_name(row['fname'])
+            orig_colname = row['fname']
+
+            # get the data type
+            colspec = row['ftype'].rstrip()
+            coltype = self.ischema_names.get(colspec)
+            if coltype is None:
+                util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                          (colspec, name))
+                coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+            elif issubclass(coltype, Integer) and row['fprec'] != 0:
+                coltype = NUMERIC(
+                    precision=row['fprec'],
+                    scale=row['fscale'] * -1)
+            elif colspec in ('VARYING', 'CSTRING'):
+                coltype = coltype(row['flen'])
+            elif colspec == 'TEXT':
+                coltype = TEXT(row['flen'])
+            elif colspec == 'BLOB':
+                if row['stype'] == 1:
+                    coltype = TEXT()
+                else:
+                    coltype = BLOB()
+            else:
+                coltype = coltype()
+
+            # does it have a default value?
+            defvalue = None
+            if row['fdefault'] is not None:
+                # the value comes down as "DEFAULT 'value'": there may be
+                # more than one whitespace around the "DEFAULT" keyword
+                # and it may also be lower case
+                # (see also http://tracker.firebirdsql.org/browse/CORE-356)
+                defexpr = row['fdefault'].lstrip()
+                assert defexpr[:8].rstrip().upper() == \
+                    'DEFAULT', "Unrecognized default value: %s" % \
+                    defexpr
+                defvalue = defexpr[8:].strip()
+                if defvalue == 'NULL':
+                    # Redundant
+                    defvalue = None
+            col_d = {
+                'name': name,
+                'type': coltype,
+                'nullable': not bool(row['null_flag']),
+                'default': defvalue,
+                'autoincrement': defvalue is None
+            }
+
+            if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
+                col_d['quote'] = True
+
+            # if the PK is a single field, try to see if its linked to
+            # a sequence thru a trigger
+            if len(pkey_cols) == 1 and name == pkey_cols[0]:
+                seq_d = self.get_column_sequence(connection, tablename, name)
+                if seq_d is not None:
+                    col_d['sequence'] = seq_d
+
+            cols.append(col_d)
+        return cols
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # Query to extract the details of each UK/FK of the given table
+        fkqry = """
+        SELECT rc.rdb$constraint_name AS cname,
+               cse.rdb$field_name AS fname,
+               ix2.rdb$relation_name AS targetrname,
+               se.rdb$field_name AS targetfname
+        FROM rdb$relation_constraints rc
+             JOIN rdb$indices ix1 ON ix1.rdb$index_name=rc.rdb$index_name
+             JOIN rdb$indices ix2 ON ix2.rdb$index_name=ix1.rdb$foreign_key
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments cse ON
+                        cse.rdb$index_name=ix1.rdb$index_name
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments se
+                  ON se.rdb$index_name=ix2.rdb$index_name
+                     AND se.rdb$field_position=cse.rdb$field_position
+        WHERE rc.rdb$constraint_type=? AND rc.rdb$relation_name=?
+        ORDER BY se.rdb$index_name, se.rdb$field_position
+        """
+        tablename = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+
+        c = connection.execute(fkqry, ["FOREIGN KEY", tablename])
+        fks = util.defaultdict(lambda: {
+            'name': None,
+            'constrained_columns': [],
+            'referred_schema': None,
+            'referred_table': None,
+            'referred_columns': []
+        })
+
+        for row in c:
+            cname = self.normalize_name(row['cname'])
+            fk = fks[cname]
+            if not fk['name']:
+                fk['name'] = cname
+                fk['referred_table'] = self.normalize_name(row['targetrname'])
+            fk['constrained_columns'].append(
+                self.normalize_name(row['fname']))
+            fk['referred_columns'].append(
+                self.normalize_name(row['targetfname']))
+        return list(fks.values())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        qry = """
+        SELECT ix.rdb$index_name AS index_name,
+               ix.rdb$unique_flag AS unique_flag,
+               ic.rdb$field_name AS field_name
+        FROM rdb$indices ix
+             JOIN rdb$index_segments ic
+                  ON ix.rdb$index_name=ic.rdb$index_name
+             LEFT OUTER JOIN rdb$relation_constraints
+                  ON rdb$relation_constraints.rdb$index_name =
+                        ic.rdb$index_name
+        WHERE ix.rdb$relation_name=? AND ix.rdb$foreign_key IS NULL
+          AND rdb$relation_constraints.rdb$constraint_type IS NULL
+        ORDER BY index_name, ic.rdb$field_position
+        """
+        c = connection.execute(qry, [self.denormalize_name(table_name)])
+
+        indexes = util.defaultdict(dict)
+        for row in c:
+            indexrec = indexes[row['index_name']]
+            if 'name' not in indexrec:
+                indexrec['name'] = self.normalize_name(row['index_name'])
+                indexrec['column_names'] = []
+                indexrec['unique'] = bool(row['unique_flag'])
+
+            indexrec['column_names'].append(
+                self.normalize_name(row['field_name']))
+
+        return list(indexes.values())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aff8cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/fdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# firebird/fdb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: firebird+fdb
+    :name: fdb
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: firebird+fdb://user:password@host:port/path/to/db\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/fdb/
+
+    fdb is a kinterbasdb compatible DBAPI for Firebird.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 - Support for the fdb Firebird driver.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9 - The fdb dialect is now the default dialect
+       under the ``firebird://`` URL space, as ``fdb`` is now the official
+       Python driver for Firebird.
+
+Arguments
+----------
+
+The ``fdb`` dialect is based on the
+:mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird.kinterbasdb` dialect, however does not
+accept every argument that Kinterbasdb does.
+
+* ``enable_rowcount`` - True by default, setting this to False disables
+  the usage of "cursor.rowcount" with the
+  Kinterbasdb dialect, which SQLAlchemy ordinarily calls upon automatically
+  after any UPDATE or DELETE statement.   When disabled, SQLAlchemy's
+  ResultProxy will return -1 for result.rowcount.   The rationale here is
+  that Kinterbasdb requires a second round trip to the database when
+  .rowcount is called -  since SQLA's resultproxy automatically closes
+  the cursor after a non-result-returning statement, rowcount must be
+  called, if at all, before the result object is returned.   Additionally,
+  cursor.rowcount may not return correct results with older versions
+  of Firebird, and setting this flag to False will also cause the
+  SQLAlchemy ORM to ignore its usage. The behavior can also be controlled on a
+  per-execution basis using the ``enable_rowcount`` option with
+  :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`::
+
+      conn = engine.connect().execution_options(enable_rowcount=True)
+      r = conn.execute(stmt)
+      print r.rowcount
+
+* ``retaining`` - False by default.   Setting this to True will pass the
+  ``retaining=True`` keyword argument to the ``.commit()`` and ``.rollback()``
+  methods of the DBAPI connection, which can improve performance in some
+  situations, but apparently with significant caveats.
+  Please read the fdb and/or kinterbasdb DBAPI documentation in order to
+  understand the implications of this flag.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 0.8.2 - ``retaining`` keyword argument specifying
+     transaction retaining behavior - in 0.8 it defaults to ``True``
+     for backwards compatibility.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 - the ``retaining`` flag defaults to ``False``.
+     In 0.8 it defaulted to ``True``.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    http://pythonhosted.org/fdb/usage-guide.html#retaining-transactions
+    - information on the "retaining" flag.
+
+"""
+
+from .kinterbasdb import FBDialect_kinterbasdb
+from ... import util
+
+
+class FBDialect_fdb(FBDialect_kinterbasdb):
+
+    def __init__(self, enable_rowcount=True,
+                 retaining=False, **kwargs):
+        super(FBDialect_fdb, self).__init__(
+            enable_rowcount=enable_rowcount,
+            retaining=retaining, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('fdb')
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if opts.get('port'):
+            opts['host'] = "%s/%s" % (opts['host'], opts['port'])
+            del opts['port']
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'type_conv', int)
+
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        """Get the version of the Firebird server used by a connection.
+
+        Returns a tuple of (`major`, `minor`, `build`), three integers
+        representing the version of the attached server.
+        """
+
+        # This is the simpler approach (the other uses the services api),
+        # that for backward compatibility reasons returns a string like
+        #   LI-V6.3.3.12981 Firebird 2.0
+        # where the first version is a fake one resembling the old
+        # Interbase signature.
+
+        isc_info_firebird_version = 103
+        fbconn = connection.connection
+
+        version = fbconn.db_info(isc_info_firebird_version)
+
+        return self._parse_version_info(version)
+
+dialect = FBDialect_fdb
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3df9f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/firebird/kinterbasdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# firebird/kinterbasdb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: firebird+kinterbasdb
+    :name: kinterbasdb
+    :dbapi: kinterbasdb
+    :connectstring: firebird+kinterbasdb://user:password@host:port/path/to/db\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=devel&sub=python
+
+Arguments
+----------
+
+The Kinterbasdb backend accepts the ``enable_rowcount`` and ``retaining``
+arguments accepted by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.firebird.fdb` dialect.
+In addition, it also accepts the following:
+
+* ``type_conv`` - select the kind of mapping done on the types: by default
+  SQLAlchemy uses 200 with Unicode, datetime and decimal support.  See
+  the linked documents below for further information.
+
+* ``concurrency_level`` - set the backend policy with regards to threading
+  issues: by default SQLAlchemy uses policy 1.  See the linked documents
+  below for further information.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    http://sourceforge.net/projects/kinterbasdb
+
+    http://kinterbasdb.sourceforge.net/dist_docs/usage.html#adv_param_conv_dynamic_type_translation
+
+    http://kinterbasdb.sourceforge.net/dist_docs/usage.html#special_issue_concurrency
+
+"""
+
+from .base import FBDialect, FBExecutionContext
+from ... import util, types as sqltypes
+from re import match
+import decimal
+
+
+class _kinterbasdb_numeric(object):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                return str(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _FBNumeric_kinterbasdb(_kinterbasdb_numeric, sqltypes.Numeric):
+    pass
+
+
+class _FBFloat_kinterbasdb(_kinterbasdb_numeric, sqltypes.Float):
+    pass
+
+
+class FBExecutionContext_kinterbasdb(FBExecutionContext):
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        if self.execution_options.get('enable_rowcount',
+                                      self.dialect.enable_rowcount):
+            return self.cursor.rowcount
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class FBDialect_kinterbasdb(FBDialect):
+    driver = 'kinterbasdb'
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = FBExecutionContext_kinterbasdb
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        FBDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _FBNumeric_kinterbasdb,
+            sqltypes.Float: _FBFloat_kinterbasdb,
+        }
+
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, type_conv=200, concurrency_level=1,
+                 enable_rowcount=True,
+                 retaining=False, **kwargs):
+        super(FBDialect_kinterbasdb, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.enable_rowcount = enable_rowcount
+        self.type_conv = type_conv
+        self.concurrency_level = concurrency_level
+        self.retaining = retaining
+        if enable_rowcount:
+            self.supports_sane_rowcount = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('kinterbasdb')
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        # kinterbase does not accept a None, but wants an empty list
+        # when there are no arguments.
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters or [])
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback(self.retaining)
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit(self.retaining)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if opts.get('port'):
+            opts['host'] = "%s/%s" % (opts['host'], opts['port'])
+            del opts['port']
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'type_conv', int)
+
+        type_conv = opts.pop('type_conv', self.type_conv)
+        concurrency_level = opts.pop('concurrency_level',
+                                     self.concurrency_level)
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            initialized = getattr(self.dbapi, 'initialized', None)
+            if initialized is None:
+                # CVS rev 1.96 changed the name of the attribute:
+                # http://kinterbasdb.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/kinterbasdb/
+                # Kinterbasdb-3.0/__init__.py?r1=1.95&r2=1.96
+                initialized = getattr(self.dbapi, '_initialized', False)
+            if not initialized:
+                self.dbapi.init(type_conv=type_conv,
+                                concurrency_level=concurrency_level)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        """Get the version of the Firebird server used by a connection.
+
+        Returns a tuple of (`major`, `minor`, `build`), three integers
+        representing the version of the attached server.
+        """
+
+        # This is the simpler approach (the other uses the services api),
+        # that for backward compatibility reasons returns a string like
+        #   LI-V6.3.3.12981 Firebird 2.0
+        # where the first version is a fake one resembling the old
+        # Interbase signature.
+
+        fbconn = connection.connection
+        version = fbconn.server_version
+
+        return self._parse_version_info(version)
+
+    def _parse_version_info(self, version):
+        m = match(
+            '\w+-V(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)( \w+ (\d+)\.(\d+))?', version)
+        if not m:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Could not determine version from string '%s'" % version)
+
+        if m.group(5) != None:
+            return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(6, 7, 4)] + ['firebird'])
+        else:
+            return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)] + ['interbase'])
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, (self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                          self.dbapi.ProgrammingError)):
+            msg = str(e)
+            return ('Unable to complete network request to host' in msg or
+                    'Invalid connection state' in msg or
+                    'Invalid cursor state' in msg or
+                    'connection shutdown' in msg)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = FBDialect_kinterbasdb
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c9e858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# mssql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql import base, pyodbc, adodbapi, \
+    pymssql, zxjdbc, mxodbc
+
+base.dialect = pyodbc.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.base import \
+    INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, \
+    NCHAR, TEXT, NTEXT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, FLOAT, DATETIME,\
+    DATETIME2, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATE, TIME, SMALLDATETIME, \
+    BINARY, VARBINARY, BIT, REAL, IMAGE, TIMESTAMP,\
+    MONEY, SMALLMONEY, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'INTEGER', 'BIGINT', 'SMALLINT', 'TINYINT', 'VARCHAR', 'NVARCHAR', 'CHAR',
+    'NCHAR', 'TEXT', 'NTEXT', 'DECIMAL', 'NUMERIC', 'FLOAT', 'DATETIME',
+    'DATETIME2', 'DATETIMEOFFSET', 'DATE', 'TIME', 'SMALLDATETIME',
+    'BINARY', 'VARBINARY', 'BIT', 'REAL', 'IMAGE', 'TIMESTAMP',
+    'MONEY', 'SMALLMONEY', 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER', 'SQL_VARIANT', 'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60fa25d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/adodbapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# mssql/adodbapi.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+adodbapi
+    :name: adodbapi
+    :dbapi: adodbapi
+    :connectstring: mssql+adodbapi://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: http://adodbapi.sourceforge.net/
+
+.. note::
+
+    The adodbapi dialect is not implemented SQLAlchemy versions 0.6 and
+    above at this time.
+
+"""
+import datetime
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, util
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.base import MSDateTime, MSDialect
+import sys
+
+
+class MSDateTime_adodbapi(MSDateTime):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            # adodbapi will return datetimes with empty time
+            # values as datetime.date() objects.
+            # Promote them back to full datetime.datetime()
+            if type(value) is datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class MSDialect_adodbapi(MSDialect):
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    supports_unicode = sys.maxunicode == 65535
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    driver = 'adodbapi'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import adodbapi as module
+        return module
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.DateTime: MSDateTime_adodbapi
+        }
+    )
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        keys = url.query
+
+        connectors = ["Provider=SQLOLEDB"]
+        if 'port' in keys:
+            connectors.append("Data Source=%s, %s" %
+                              (keys.get("host"), keys.get("port")))
+        else:
+            connectors.append("Data Source=%s" % keys.get("host"))
+        connectors.append("Initial Catalog=%s" % keys.get("database"))
+        user = keys.get("user")
+        if user:
+            connectors.append("User Id=%s" % user)
+            connectors.append("Password=%s" % keys.get("password", ""))
+        else:
+            connectors.append("Integrated Security=SSPI")
+        return [[";".join(connectors)], {}]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return isinstance(e, self.dbapi.adodbapi.DatabaseError) and \
+            "'connection failure'" in str(e)
+
+dialect = MSDialect_adodbapi
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36a8a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1929 @@
+# mssql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql
+    :name: Microsoft SQL Server
+
+
+Auto Increment Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+SQL Server provides so-called "auto incrementing" behavior using the
+``IDENTITY`` construct, which can be placed on an integer primary key.
+SQLAlchemy considers ``IDENTITY`` within its default "autoincrement" behavior,
+described at :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement`; this means
+that by default, the first integer primary key column in a :class:`.Table`
+will be considered to be the identity column and will generate DDL as such::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+The above example will generate DDL as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+For the case where this default generation of ``IDENTITY`` is not desired,
+specify ``autoincrement=False`` on all integer primary key columns::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+.. note::
+
+    An INSERT statement which refers to an explicit value for such
+    a column is prohibited by SQL Server, however SQLAlchemy will detect this
+    and modify the ``IDENTITY_INSERT`` flag accordingly at statement execution
+    time.  As this is not a high performing process, care should be taken to
+    set the ``autoincrement`` flag appropriately for columns that will not
+    actually require IDENTITY behavior.
+
+Controlling "Start" and "Increment"
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Specific control over the parameters of the ``IDENTITY`` value is supported
+using the :class:`.schema.Sequence` object.  While this object normally
+represents an explicit "sequence" for supporting backends, on SQL Server it is
+re-purposed to specify behavior regarding the identity column, including
+support of the "start" and "increment" values::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Integer, Sequence, Column
+
+    Table('test', metadata,
+           Column('id', Integer,
+                  Sequence('blah', start=100, increment=10),
+                  primary_key=True),
+           Column('name', String(20))
+         ).create(some_engine)
+
+would yield:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+   CREATE TABLE test (
+     id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(100,10) PRIMARY KEY,
+     name VARCHAR(20) NULL,
+     )
+
+Note that the ``start`` and ``increment`` values for sequences are
+optional and will default to 1,1.
+
+INSERT behavior
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Handling of the ``IDENTITY`` column at INSERT time involves two key
+techniques. The most common is being able to fetch the "last inserted value"
+for a given ``IDENTITY`` column, a process which SQLAlchemy performs
+implicitly in many cases, most importantly within the ORM.
+
+The process for fetching this value has several variants:
+
+* In the vast majority of cases, RETURNING is used in conjunction with INSERT
+  statements on SQL Server in order to get newly generated primary key values:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    INSERT INTO t (x) OUTPUT inserted.id VALUES (?)
+
+* When RETURNING is not available or has been disabled via
+  ``implicit_returning=False``, either the ``scope_identity()`` function or
+  the ``@@identity`` variable is used; behavior varies by backend:
+
+  * when using PyODBC, the phrase ``; select scope_identity()`` will be
+    appended to the end of the INSERT statement; a second result set will be
+    fetched in order to receive the value.  Given a table as::
+
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('x', Integer),
+                implicit_returning=False)
+
+    an INSERT will look like:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (?); select scope_identity()
+
+  * Other dialects such as pymssql will call upon
+    ``SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid`` subsequent to an INSERT
+    statement. If the flag ``use_scope_identity=False`` is passed to
+    :func:`.create_engine`, the statement ``SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid``
+    is used instead.
+
+A table that contains an ``IDENTITY`` column will prohibit an INSERT statement
+that refers to the identity column explicitly.  The SQLAlchemy dialect will
+detect when an INSERT construct, created using a core :func:`.insert`
+construct (not a plain string SQL), refers to the identity column, and
+in this case will emit ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT ON`` prior to the insert
+statement proceeding, and ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT OFF`` subsequent to the
+execution.  Given this example::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('t', m, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('x', Integer))
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+    engine.execute(t.insert(), {'id': 1, 'x':1}, {'id':2, 'x':2})
+
+The above column will be created with IDENTITY, however the INSERT statement
+we emit is specifying explicit values.  In the echo output we can see
+how SQLAlchemy handles this:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+    COMMIT
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t ON
+    INSERT INTO t (id, x) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ((1, 1), (2, 2))
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t OFF
+    COMMIT
+
+
+
+This
+is an auxilliary use case suitable for testing and bulk insert scenarios.
+
+.. _legacy_schema_rendering:
+
+Rendering of SQL statements that include schema qualifiers
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+When using :class:`.Table` metadata that includes a "schema" qualifier,
+such as::
+
+    account_table = Table(
+        'account', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('info', String(100)),
+        schema="customer_schema"
+    )
+
+The SQL Server dialect has a long-standing behavior that it will attempt
+to turn a schema-qualified table name into an alias, such as::
+
+    >>> eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://mydsn")
+    >>> print(account_table.select().compile(eng))
+    SELECT account_1.id, account_1.info
+    FROM customer_schema.account AS account_1
+
+This behavior is legacy, does not function correctly for many forms
+of SQL statements, and will be disabled by default in the 1.1 series
+of SQLAlchemy.   As of 1.0.5, the above statement will produce the following
+warning::
+
+    SAWarning: legacy_schema_aliasing flag is defaulted to True;
+      some schema-qualified queries may not function correctly.
+      Consider setting this flag to False for modern SQL Server versions;
+      this flag will default to False in version 1.1
+
+This warning encourages the :class:`.Engine` to be created as follows::
+
+    >>> eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://mydsn", legacy_schema_aliasing=False)
+
+Where the above SELECT statement will produce::
+
+    >>> print(account_table.select().compile(eng))
+    SELECT customer_schema.account.id, customer_schema.account.info
+    FROM customer_schema.account
+
+The warning will not emit if the ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` flag is set
+to either True or False.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.5 - Added the ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` flag to disable
+   the SQL Server dialect's legacy behavior with schema-qualified table
+   names.  This flag will default to False in version 1.1.
+
+Collation Support
+-----------------
+
+Character collations are supported by the base string types,
+specified by the string argument "collation"::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
+    Column('login', VARCHAR(32, collation='Latin1_General_CI_AS'))
+
+When such a column is associated with a :class:`.Table`, the
+CREATE TABLE statement for this column will yield::
+
+    login VARCHAR(32) COLLATE Latin1_General_CI_AS NULL
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 Character collations are now part of the base string
+   types.
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET Support
+--------------------
+
+MSSQL has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keywords. LIMIT is
+supported directly through the ``TOP`` Transact SQL keyword::
+
+    select.limit
+
+will yield::
+
+    SELECT TOP n
+
+If using SQL Server 2005 or above, LIMIT with OFFSET
+support is available through the ``ROW_NUMBER OVER`` construct.
+For versions below 2005, LIMIT with OFFSET usage will fail.
+
+Nullability
+-----------
+MSSQL has support for three levels of column nullability. The default
+nullability allows nulls and is explicit in the CREATE TABLE
+construct::
+
+    name VARCHAR(20) NULL
+
+If ``nullable=None`` is specified then no specification is made. In
+other words the database's configured default is used. This will
+render::
+
+    name VARCHAR(20)
+
+If ``nullable`` is ``True`` or ``False`` then the column will be
+``NULL` or ``NOT NULL`` respectively.
+
+Date / Time Handling
+--------------------
+DATE and TIME are supported.   Bind parameters are converted
+to datetime.datetime() objects as required by most MSSQL drivers,
+and results are processed from strings if needed.
+The DATE and TIME types are not available for MSSQL 2005 and
+previous - if a server version below 2008 is detected, DDL
+for these types will be issued as DATETIME.
+
+.. _mssql_large_type_deprecation:
+
+Large Text/Binary Type Deprecation
+----------------------------------
+
+Per `SQL Server 2012/2014 Documentation <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187993.aspx>`_,
+the ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT`` and ``IMAGE`` datatypes are to be removed from SQL Server
+in a future release.   SQLAlchemy normally relates these types to the
+:class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`.Text` and :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes.
+
+In order to accommodate this change, a new flag ``deprecate_large_types``
+is added to the dialect, which will be automatically set based on detection
+of the server version in use, if not otherwise set by the user.  The
+behavior of this flag is as follows:
+
+* When this flag is ``True``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`.Text` and
+  :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
+  types ``NVARCHAR(max)``, ``VARCHAR(max)``, and ``VARBINARY(max)``,
+  respectively.  This is a new behavior as of the addition of this flag.
+
+* When this flag is ``False``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`.Text` and
+  :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
+  types ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT``, and ``IMAGE``,
+  respectively.  This is the long-standing behavior of these types.
+
+* The flag begins with the value ``None``, before a database connection is
+  established.   If the dialect is used to render DDL without the flag being
+  set, it is interpreted the same as ``False``.
+
+* On first connection, the dialect detects if SQL Server version 2012 or greater
+  is in use; if the flag is still at ``None``, it sets it to ``True`` or
+  ``False`` based on whether 2012 or greater is detected.
+
+* The flag can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` when the dialect
+  is created, typically via :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+        eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://user:pass@host/db",
+                        deprecate_large_types=True)
+
+* Complete control over whether the "old" or "new" types are rendered is
+  available in all SQLAlchemy versions by using the UPPERCASE type objects
+  instead: :class:`.NVARCHAR`, :class:`.VARCHAR`, :class:`.types.VARBINARY`,
+  :class:`.TEXT`, :class:`.mssql.NTEXT`, :class:`.mssql.IMAGE` will always remain
+  fixed and always output exactly that type.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+.. _mssql_indexes:
+
+Clustered Index Support
+-----------------------
+
+The MSSQL dialect supports clustered indexes (and primary keys) via the
+``mssql_clustered`` option.  This option is available to :class:`.Index`,
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint`. and :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+To generate a clustered index::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_clustered=True)
+
+which renders the index as ``CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+To generate a clustered primary key use::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=True))
+
+which will render the table, for example, as::
+
+  CREATE TABLE my_table (x INTEGER NOT NULL, y INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                         PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (x, y))
+
+Similarly, we can generate a clustered unique constraint using::
+
+    Table('my_table', metadata,
+          Column('x', ...),
+          Column('y', ...),
+          PrimaryKeyConstraint("x"),
+          UniqueConstraint("y", mssql_clustered=True),
+          )
+
+  .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+MSSQL-Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------
+
+In addition to clustering, the MSSQL dialect supports other special options
+for :class:`.Index`.
+
+INCLUDE
+^^^^^^^
+
+The ``mssql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given string
+names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_include=['y'])
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+Index ordering
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Index ordering is available via functional expressions, such as::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x.desc())
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x DESC)``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`schema_indexes_functional`
+
+Compatibility Levels
+--------------------
+MSSQL supports the notion of setting compatibility levels at the
+database level. This allows, for instance, to run a database that
+is compatible with SQL2000 while running on a SQL2005 database
+server. ``server_version_info`` will always return the database
+server version information (in this case SQL2005) and not the
+compatibility level information. Because of this, if running under
+a backwards compatibility mode SQAlchemy may attempt to use T-SQL
+statements that are unable to be parsed by the database server.
+
+Triggers
+--------
+
+SQLAlchemy by default uses OUTPUT INSERTED to get at newly
+generated primary key values via IDENTITY columns or other
+server side defaults.   MS-SQL does not
+allow the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on tables that have triggers.
+To disable the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on a per-table basis,
+specify ``implicit_returning=False`` for each :class:`.Table`
+which has triggers::
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        # ...,
+        implicit_returning=False
+    )
+
+Declarative form::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        # ...
+        __table_args__ = {'implicit_returning':False}
+
+
+This option can also be specified engine-wide using the
+``implicit_returning=False`` argument on :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+Enabling Snapshot Isolation
+---------------------------
+
+Not necessarily specific to SQLAlchemy, SQL Server has a default transaction
+isolation mode that locks entire tables, and causes even mildly concurrent
+applications to have long held locks and frequent deadlocks.
+Enabling snapshot isolation for the database as a whole is recommended
+for modern levels of concurrency support.  This is accomplished via the
+following ALTER DATABASE commands executed at the SQL prompt::
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON
+
+Background on SQL Server snapshot isolation is available at
+http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms175095.aspx.
+
+Known Issues
+------------
+
+* No support for more than one ``IDENTITY`` column per table
+* reflection of indexes does not work with versions older than
+  SQL Server 2005
+
+"""
+import datetime
+import operator
+import re
+
+from ... import sql, schema as sa_schema, exc, util
+from ...sql import compiler, expression, util as sql_util
+from ... import engine
+from ...engine import reflection, default
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...types import INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, \
+    FLOAT, TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, DATE, BINARY,\
+    TEXT, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, NCHAR
+
+
+from ...util import update_wrapper
+from . import information_schema as ischema
+
+# http://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/
+MS_2012_VERSION = (11,)
+MS_2008_VERSION = (10,)
+MS_2005_VERSION = (9,)
+MS_2000_VERSION = (8,)
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    ['add', 'all', 'alter', 'and', 'any', 'as', 'asc', 'authorization',
+     'backup', 'begin', 'between', 'break', 'browse', 'bulk', 'by', 'cascade',
+     'case', 'check', 'checkpoint', 'close', 'clustered', 'coalesce',
+     'collate', 'column', 'commit', 'compute', 'constraint', 'contains',
+     'containstable', 'continue', 'convert', 'create', 'cross', 'current',
+     'current_date', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'current_user',
+     'cursor', 'database', 'dbcc', 'deallocate', 'declare', 'default',
+     'delete', 'deny', 'desc', 'disk', 'distinct', 'distributed', 'double',
+     'drop', 'dump', 'else', 'end', 'errlvl', 'escape', 'except', 'exec',
+     'execute', 'exists', 'exit', 'external', 'fetch', 'file', 'fillfactor',
+     'for', 'foreign', 'freetext', 'freetexttable', 'from', 'full',
+     'function', 'goto', 'grant', 'group', 'having', 'holdlock', 'identity',
+     'identity_insert', 'identitycol', 'if', 'in', 'index', 'inner', 'insert',
+     'intersect', 'into', 'is', 'join', 'key', 'kill', 'left', 'like',
+     'lineno', 'load', 'merge', 'national', 'nocheck', 'nonclustered', 'not',
+     'null', 'nullif', 'of', 'off', 'offsets', 'on', 'open', 'opendatasource',
+     'openquery', 'openrowset', 'openxml', 'option', 'or', 'order', 'outer',
+     'over', 'percent', 'pivot', 'plan', 'precision', 'primary', 'print',
+     'proc', 'procedure', 'public', 'raiserror', 'read', 'readtext',
+     'reconfigure', 'references', 'replication', 'restore', 'restrict',
+     'return', 'revert', 'revoke', 'right', 'rollback', 'rowcount',
+     'rowguidcol', 'rule', 'save', 'schema', 'securityaudit', 'select',
+     'session_user', 'set', 'setuser', 'shutdown', 'some', 'statistics',
+     'system_user', 'table', 'tablesample', 'textsize', 'then', 'to', 'top',
+     'tran', 'transaction', 'trigger', 'truncate', 'tsequal', 'union',
+     'unique', 'unpivot', 'update', 'updatetext', 'use', 'user', 'values',
+     'varying', 'view', 'waitfor', 'when', 'where', 'while', 'with',
+     'writetext',
+     ])
+
+
+class REAL(sqltypes.REAL):
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # REAL is a synonym for FLOAT(24) on SQL server
+        kw['precision'] = 24
+        super(REAL, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
+
+
+# MSSQL DATE/TIME types have varied behavior, sometimes returning
+# strings.  MSDate/TIME check for everything, and always
+# filter bind parameters into datetime objects (required by pyodbc,
+# not sure about other dialects).
+
+class _MSDate(sqltypes.Date):
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.date()
+            elif isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+                m = self._reg.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "could not parse %r as a date value" % (value, ))
+                return datetime.date(*[
+                    int(x or 0)
+                    for x in m.groups()
+                ])
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
+        self.precision = precision
+        super(TIME, self).__init__()
+
+    __zero_date = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                value = datetime.datetime.combine(
+                    self.__zero_date, value.time())
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
+                value = datetime.datetime.combine(self.__zero_date, value)
+            return value
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d{0,6}))?")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.time()
+            elif isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+                m = self._reg.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "could not parse %r as a time value" % (value, ))
+                return datetime.time(*[
+                    int(x or 0)
+                    for x in m.groups()])
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+_MSTime = TIME
+
+
+class _DateTimeBase(object):
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSDateTime(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    pass
+
+
+class SMALLDATETIME(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLDATETIME'
+
+
+class DATETIME2(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIME2'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
+        super(DATETIME2, self).__init__(**kw)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+# TODO: is this not an Interval ?
+class DATETIMEOFFSET(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIMEOFFSET'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class _StringType(object):
+
+    """Base for MSSQL string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, collation=None):
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(collation=collation)
+
+
+class NTEXT(sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+
+    """MSSQL NTEXT type, for variable-length unicode text up to 2^30
+    characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NTEXT'
+
+
+class VARBINARY(sqltypes.VARBINARY, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    """The MSSQL VARBINARY type.
+
+    This type extends both :class:`.types.VARBINARY` and
+    :class:`.types.LargeBinary`.   In "deprecate_large_types" mode,
+    the :class:`.types.LargeBinary` type will produce ``VARBINARY(max)``
+    on SQL Server.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mssql_large_type_deprecation`
+
+
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARBINARY'
+
+
+class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'IMAGE'
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'MONEY'
+
+
+class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLMONEY'
+
+
+class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+
+class SQL_VARIANT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'SQL_VARIANT'
+
+# old names.
+MSDateTime = _MSDateTime
+MSDate = _MSDate
+MSReal = REAL
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSmallDateTime = SMALLDATETIME
+MSDateTime2 = DATETIME2
+MSDateTimeOffset = DATETIMEOFFSET
+MSText = TEXT
+MSNText = NTEXT
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSNVarchar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSImage = IMAGE
+MSBit = BIT
+MSMoney = MONEY
+MSSmallMoney = SMALLMONEY
+MSUniqueIdentifier = UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
+MSVariant = SQL_VARIANT
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'int': INTEGER,
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'tinyint': TINYINT,
+    'varchar': VARCHAR,
+    'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
+    'char': CHAR,
+    'nchar': NCHAR,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'ntext': NTEXT,
+    'decimal': DECIMAL,
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'datetime': DATETIME,
+    'datetime2': DATETIME2,
+    'datetimeoffset': DATETIMEOFFSET,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'smalldatetime': SMALLDATETIME,
+    'binary': BINARY,
+    'varbinary': VARBINARY,
+    'bit': BIT,
+    'real': REAL,
+    'image': IMAGE,
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'money': MONEY,
+    'smallmoney': SMALLMONEY,
+    'uniqueidentifier': UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
+    'sql_variant': SQL_VARIANT,
+}
+
+
+class MSTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend(self, spec, type_, length=None):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL
+        COLLATE annotations.
+
+        """
+
+        if getattr(type_, 'collation', None):
+            collation = 'COLLATE %s' % type_.collation
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if not length:
+            length = type_.length
+
+        if length:
+            spec = spec + "(%s)" % length
+
+        return ' '.join([c for c in (spec, collation)
+                         if c is not None])
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
+        if precision is None:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {'precision': precision}
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYINT"
+
+    def visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET(%s)" % type_.precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "TIME(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME2(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, 'precision', None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "DATETIME2(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME2"
+
+    def visit_SMALLDATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLDATETIME"
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_NTEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_NTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NTEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("TEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("VARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or 'max')
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("CHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NCHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or 'max')
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_VARBINARY(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_IMAGE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_IMAGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "IMAGE"
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend(
+            "VARBINARY",
+            type_,
+            length=type_.length or 'max')
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BIT(type_)
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return 'SMALLMONEY'
+
+    def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+    def visit_SQL_VARIANT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return 'SQL_VARIANT'
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    _enable_identity_insert = False
+    _select_lastrowid = False
+    _result_proxy = None
+    _lastrowid = None
+
+    def _opt_encode(self, statement):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            return self.dialect._encoder(statement)[0]
+        else:
+            return statement
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """Activate IDENTITY_INSERT if needed."""
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            tbl = self.compiled.statement.table
+            seq_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
+            insert_has_sequence = seq_column is not None
+
+            if insert_has_sequence:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = \
+                    seq_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0] or \
+                    (
+                        self.compiled.statement.parameters and (
+                            (
+                                self.compiled.statement._has_multi_parameters
+                                and
+                                seq_column.key in
+                                self.compiled.statement.parameters[0]
+                            ) or (
+                                not
+                                self.compiled.statement._has_multi_parameters
+                                and
+                                seq_column.key in
+                                self.compiled.statement.parameters
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = False
+
+            self._select_lastrowid = insert_has_sequence and \
+                not self.compiled.returning and \
+                not self._enable_identity_insert and \
+                not self.executemany
+
+            if self._enable_identity_insert:
+                self.root_connection._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON" %
+                        self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl)),
+                    (),
+                    self)
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        """Disable IDENTITY_INSERT if enabled."""
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+        if self._select_lastrowid:
+            if self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
+                conn._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    "SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid", (), self)
+            else:
+                conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor,
+                                     "SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid",
+                                     (),
+                                     self)
+            # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed without closing it
+            row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+        if (self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete) and \
+                self.compiled.returning:
+            self._result_proxy = engine.FullyBufferedResultProxy(self)
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            conn._cursor_execute(
+                self.cursor,
+                self._opt_encode(
+                    "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
+                    self.dialect.identifier_preparer. format_table(
+                        self.compiled.statement.table)),
+                (),
+                self)
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self._lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            try:
+                self.cursor.execute(
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
+                        self.dialect.identifier_preparer. format_table(
+                            self.compiled.statement.table)))
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        if self._result_proxy:
+            return self._result_proxy
+        else:
+            return engine.ResultProxy(self)
+
+
+class MSSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    returning_precedes_values = True
+
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            'doy': 'dayofyear',
+            'dow': 'weekday',
+            'milliseconds': 'millisecond',
+            'microseconds': 'microsecond'
+        })
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.tablealiases = {}
+        super(MSSQLCompiler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _with_legacy_schema_aliasing(fn):
+        def decorate(self, *arg, **kw):
+            if self.dialect.legacy_schema_aliasing:
+                return fn(self, *arg, **kw)
+            else:
+                super_ = getattr(super(MSSQLCompiler, self), fn.__name__)
+                return super_(*arg, **kw)
+        return decorate
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_current_date_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "GETDATE()"
+
+    def visit_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s + %s" % \
+            (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+             self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '1'
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '0'
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """ MS-SQL puts TOP, it's version of LIMIT here """
+
+        s = ""
+        if select._distinct:
+            s += "DISTINCT "
+
+        if select._simple_int_limit and not select._offset:
+            # ODBC drivers and possibly others
+            # don't support bind params in the SELECT clause on SQL Server.
+            # so have to use literal here.
+            s += "TOP %d " % select._limit
+
+        if s:
+            return s
+        else:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.get_select_precolumns(
+                self, select, **kw)
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # Limit in mssql is after the select keyword
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_select(self, select, **kwargs):
+        """Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
+        so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``row_number()`` criterion.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            (
+                not select._simple_int_limit and
+                select._limit_clause is not None
+            ) or (
+                select._offset_clause is not None and
+                not select._simple_int_offset or select._offset
+            )
+        ) and not getattr(select, '_mssql_visit', None):
+
+            # to use ROW_NUMBER(), an ORDER BY is required.
+            if not select._order_by_clause.clauses:
+                raise exc.CompileError('MSSQL requires an order_by when '
+                                       'using an OFFSET or a non-simple '
+                                       'LIMIT clause')
+
+            _order_by_clauses = select._order_by_clause.clauses
+            limit_clause = select._limit_clause
+            offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+            kwargs['select_wraps_for'] = select
+            select = select._generate()
+            select._mssql_visit = True
+            select = select.column(
+                sql.func.ROW_NUMBER().over(order_by=_order_by_clauses)
+                .label("mssql_rn")).order_by(None).alias()
+
+            mssql_rn = sql.column('mssql_rn')
+            limitselect = sql.select([c for c in select.c if
+                                      c.key != 'mssql_rn'])
+            if offset_clause is not None:
+                limitselect.append_whereclause(mssql_rn > offset_clause)
+                if limit_clause is not None:
+                    limitselect.append_whereclause(
+                        mssql_rn <= (limit_clause + offset_clause))
+            else:
+                limitselect.append_whereclause(
+                    mssql_rn <= (limit_clause))
+            return self.process(limitselect, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_select(self, select, **kwargs)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_table(self, table, mssql_aliased=False, iscrud=False, **kwargs):
+        if mssql_aliased is table or iscrud:
+            return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+        # alias schema-qualified tables
+        alias = self._schema_aliased_table(table)
+        if alias is not None:
+            return self.process(alias, mssql_aliased=table, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, **kw):
+        # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+        kw['mssql_aliased'] = alias.original
+        return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_alias(alias, **kw)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None, **kw):
+        if column.table is not None and \
+                (not self.isupdate and not self.isdelete) or \
+                self.is_subquery():
+            # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+            t = self._schema_aliased_table(column.table)
+            if t is not None:
+                converted = expression._corresponding_column_or_error(
+                    t, column)
+                if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                    add_to_result_map(
+                        column.name,
+                        column.name,
+                        (column, column.name, column.key),
+                        column.type
+                    )
+
+                return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).\
+                    visit_column(converted, **kw)
+
+        return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_column(
+            column, add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map, **kw)
+
+    def _schema_aliased_table(self, table):
+        if getattr(table, 'schema', None) is not None:
+            if self.dialect._warn_schema_aliasing and \
+                    table.schema.lower() != 'information_schema':
+                util.warn(
+                    "legacy_schema_aliasing flag is defaulted to True; "
+                    "some schema-qualified queries may not function "
+                    "correctly. Consider setting this flag to False for "
+                    "modern SQL Server versions; this flag will default to "
+                    "False in version 1.1")
+
+            if table not in self.tablealiases:
+                self.tablealiases[table] = table.alias()
+            return self.tablealiases[table]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return 'DATEPART(%s, %s)' % \
+            (field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "SAVE TRANSACTION %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return ("ROLLBACK TRANSACTION %s"
+                % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt))
+
+    def visit_binary(self, binary, **kwargs):
+        """Move bind parameters to the right-hand side of an operator, where
+        possible.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(binary.left, expression.BindParameter)
+            and binary.operator == operator.eq
+            and not isinstance(binary.right, expression.BindParameter)
+        ):
+            return self.process(
+                expression.BinaryExpression(binary.right,
+                                            binary.left,
+                                            binary.operator),
+                **kwargs)
+        return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).visit_binary(binary, **kwargs)
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("inserted")
+        else:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("deleted")
+
+        adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(target)
+
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, adapter.traverse(c),
+                                      True, False, {})
+            for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+
+        return 'OUTPUT ' + ', '.join(columns)
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        # SQL Server finds it too inconvenient to accept
+        # an entirely optional, SQL standard specified,
+        # "RECURSIVE" word with their "WITH",
+        # so here we go
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def label_select_column(self, select, column, asfrom):
+        if isinstance(column, expression.Function):
+            return column.label(None)
+        else:
+            return super(MSSQLCompiler, self).\
+                label_select_column(select, column, asfrom)
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        # "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR" which
+        # SQLAlchemy doesn't use
+        return ''
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
+
+        # MSSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT
+        if order_by and (not self.is_subquery() or select._limit):
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt,
+                           from_table, extra_froms,
+                           from_hints,
+                           **kw):
+        """Render the UPDATE..FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
+
+        In MSSQL, if the UPDATE statement involves an alias of the table to
+        be updated, then the table itself must be added to the FROM list as
+        well. Otherwise, it is optional. Here, we add it regardless.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ', '.join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                 fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms)
+
+
+class MSSQLStrictCompiler(MSSQLCompiler):
+
+    """A subclass of MSSQLCompiler which disables the usage of bind
+    parameters where not allowed natively by MS-SQL.
+
+    A dialect may use this compiler on a platform where native
+    binds are used.
+
+    """
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    def visit_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        return "%s IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_notin_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        return "%s NOT IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """
+        For date and datetime values, convert to a string
+        format acceptable to MSSQL. That seems to be the
+        so-called ODBC canonical date format which looks
+        like this:
+
+            yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm(24h)
+
+        For other data types, call the base class implementation.
+        """
+        # datetime and date are both subclasses of datetime.date
+        if issubclass(type(value), datetime.date):
+            # SQL Server wants single quotes around the date string.
+            return "'" + str(value) + "'"
+        else:
+            return super(MSSQLStrictCompiler, self).\
+                render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+
+class MSDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = (
+            self.preparer.format_column(column) + " "
+            + self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column)
+        )
+
+        if column.nullable is not None:
+            if not column.nullable or column.primary_key or \
+                    isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence):
+                colspec += " NOT NULL"
+            else:
+                colspec += " NULL"
+
+        if column.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "mssql requires Table-bound columns "
+                "in order to generate DDL")
+
+        # install an IDENTITY Sequence if we either a sequence or an implicit
+        # IDENTITY column
+        if isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence):
+            if column.default.start == 0:
+                start = 0
+            else:
+                start = column.default.start or 1
+
+            colspec += " IDENTITY(%s,%s)" % (start,
+                                             column.default.increment or 1)
+        elif column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
+            colspec += " IDENTITY(1,1)"
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        # handle clustering option
+        if index.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
+            text += "CLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \
+            % (
+                self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                          include_schema=include_schema),
+                preparer.format_table(index.table),
+                ', '.join(
+                    self.sql_compiler.process(expr,
+                                              include_table=False,
+                                              literal_binds=True) for
+                    expr in index.expressions)
+            )
+
+        # handle other included columns
+        if index.dialect_options['mssql']['include']:
+            inclusions = [index.table.c[col]
+                          if isinstance(col, util.string_types) else col
+                          for col in
+                          index.dialect_options['mssql']['include']
+                          ]
+
+            text += " INCLUDE (%s)" \
+                % ', '.join([preparer.quote(c.name)
+                             for c in inclusions])
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(drop.element, include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table)
+        )
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
+                    self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+
+        if constraint.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
+            text += "CLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                                   for c in constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
+                    self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        if constraint.dialect_options['mssql']['clustered']:
+            text += "CLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                                   for c in constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+
+class MSIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super(MSIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(dialect, initial_quote='[',
+                                                   final_quote=']')
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        return value
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+        result = '.'.join([self.quote(x, force) for x in schema.split('.')])
+        return result
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner_listing(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, dialect, connection,
+                          dbname, owner, schema, **kw)
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, tablename, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, dialect, connection,
+                          tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw)
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    if dbname:
+        current_db = connection.scalar("select db_name()")
+        connection.execute("use %s" % dbname)
+    try:
+        return fn(*arg, **kw)
+    finally:
+        if dbname:
+            connection.execute("use %s" % current_db)
+
+
+def _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema):
+    if not schema:
+        return None, dialect.default_schema_name
+    elif "." in schema:
+        return schema.split(".", 1)
+    else:
+        return None, schema
+
+
+class MSDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'mssql'
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext
+    use_scope_identity = True
+    max_identifier_length = 128
+    schema_name = "dbo"
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
+        sqltypes.Date: _MSDate,
+        sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    }
+
+    engine_config_types = default.DefaultDialect.engine_config_types.union([
+        ('legacy_schema_aliasing', util.asbool),
+    ])
+
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+    server_version_info = ()
+
+    statement_compiler = MSSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MSDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = MSTypeCompiler
+    preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {
+            "clustered": False
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.UniqueConstraint, {
+            "clustered": False
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {
+            "clustered": False,
+            "include": None
+        })
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 query_timeout=None,
+                 use_scope_identity=True,
+                 max_identifier_length=None,
+                 schema_name="dbo",
+                 deprecate_large_types=None,
+                 legacy_schema_aliasing=None, **opts):
+        self.query_timeout = int(query_timeout or 0)
+        self.schema_name = schema_name
+
+        self.use_scope_identity = use_scope_identity
+        self.max_identifier_length = int(max_identifier_length or 0) or \
+            self.max_identifier_length
+        self.deprecate_large_types = deprecate_large_types
+
+        if legacy_schema_aliasing is None:
+            self.legacy_schema_aliasing = True
+            self._warn_schema_aliasing = True
+        else:
+            self.legacy_schema_aliasing = legacy_schema_aliasing
+            self._warn_schema_aliasing = False
+
+        super(MSDialect, self).__init__(**opts)
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # give the DBAPI a push
+        connection.execute("IF @@TRANCOUNT = 0 BEGIN TRANSACTION")
+        super(MSDialect, self).do_savepoint(connection, name)
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # SQL Server does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(MSDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self._setup_version_attributes()
+
+    def _setup_version_attributes(self):
+        if self.server_version_info[0] not in list(range(8, 17)):
+            # FreeTDS with version 4.2 seems to report here
+            # a number like "95.10.255".  Don't know what
+            # that is.  So emit warning.
+            # Use TDS Version 7.0 through 7.3, per the MS information here:
+            # https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd339982.aspx
+            # and FreeTDS information here (7.3 highest supported version):
+            # http://www.freetds.org/userguide/choosingtdsprotocol.htm
+            util.warn(
+                "Unrecognized server version info '%s'.   Version specific "
+                "behaviors may not function properly.   If using ODBC "
+                "with FreeTDS, ensure TDS_VERSION 7.0 through 7.3, not "
+                "4.2, is configured in the FreeTDS configuration." %
+                ".".join(str(x) for x in self.server_version_info))
+        if self.server_version_info >= MS_2005_VERSION and \
+                'implicit_returning' not in self.__dict__:
+            self.implicit_returning = True
+        if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION:
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = True
+        if self.deprecate_large_types is None:
+            self.deprecate_large_types = \
+                self.server_version_info >= MS_2012_VERSION
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        if self.server_version_info < MS_2005_VERSION:
+            return self.schema_name
+
+        query = sql.text("""
+            SELECT default_schema_name FROM
+            sys.database_principals
+            WHERE principal_id=database_principal_id()
+        """)
+        default_schema_name = connection.scalar(query)
+        if default_schema_name is not None:
+            return util.text_type(default_schema_name)
+        else:
+            return self.schema_name
+
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def has_table(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema):
+        columns = ischema.columns
+
+        whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
+
+        if owner:
+            whereclause = sql.and_(whereclause,
+                                   columns.c.table_schema == owner)
+        s = sql.select([columns], whereclause)
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = sql.select([ischema.schemata.c.schema_name],
+                       order_by=[ischema.schemata.c.schema_name]
+                       )
+        schema_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return schema_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = sql.select([tables.c.table_name],
+                       sql.and_(
+            tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+            tables.c.table_type == 'BASE TABLE'
+        ),
+            order_by=[tables.c.table_name]
+        )
+        table_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return table_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = sql.select([tables.c.table_name],
+                       sql.and_(
+            tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+            tables.c.table_type == 'VIEW'
+        ),
+            order_by=[tables.c.table_name]
+        )
+        view_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return view_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        # using system catalogs, don't support index reflection
+        # below MS 2005
+        if self.server_version_info < MS_2005_VERSION:
+            return []
+
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("select ind.index_id, ind.is_unique, ind.name "
+                     "from sys.indexes as ind join sys.tables as tab on "
+                     "ind.object_id=tab.object_id "
+                     "join sys.schemas as sch on sch.schema_id=tab.schema_id "
+                     "where tab.name = :tabname "
+                     "and sch.name=:schname "
+                     "and ind.is_primary_key=0",
+                     bindparams=[
+                         sql.bindparam('tabname', tablename,
+                                       sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
+                         sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
+                                       sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
+                     ],
+                     typemap={
+                         'name': sqltypes.Unicode()
+                     }
+                     )
+        )
+        indexes = {}
+        for row in rp:
+            indexes[row['index_id']] = {
+                'name': row['name'],
+                'unique': row['is_unique'] == 1,
+                'column_names': []
+            }
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "select ind_col.index_id, ind_col.object_id, col.name "
+                "from sys.columns as col "
+                "join sys.tables as tab on tab.object_id=col.object_id "
+                "join sys.index_columns as ind_col on "
+                "(ind_col.column_id=col.column_id and "
+                "ind_col.object_id=tab.object_id) "
+                "join sys.schemas as sch on sch.schema_id=tab.schema_id "
+                "where tab.name=:tabname "
+                "and sch.name=:schname",
+                bindparams=[
+                    sql.bindparam('tabname', tablename,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
+                    sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
+                ],
+                typemap={'name': sqltypes.Unicode()}
+            ),
+        )
+        for row in rp:
+            if row['index_id'] in indexes:
+                indexes[row['index_id']]['column_names'].append(row['name'])
+
+        return list(indexes.values())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, viewname,
+                            dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "select definition from sys.sql_modules as mod, "
+                "sys.views as views, "
+                "sys.schemas as sch"
+                " where "
+                "mod.object_id=views.object_id and "
+                "views.schema_id=sch.schema_id and "
+                "views.name=:viewname and sch.name=:schname",
+                bindparams=[
+                    sql.bindparam('viewname', viewname,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)),
+                    sql.bindparam('schname', owner,
+                                  sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True))
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if rp:
+            view_def = rp.scalar()
+            return view_def
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_columns(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        # Get base columns
+        columns = ischema.columns
+        if owner:
+            whereclause = sql.and_(columns.c.table_name == tablename,
+                                   columns.c.table_schema == owner)
+        else:
+            whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
+        s = sql.select([columns], whereclause,
+                       order_by=[columns.c.ordinal_position])
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+        cols = []
+        while True:
+            row = c.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            (name, type, nullable, charlen,
+                numericprec, numericscale, default, collation) = (
+                row[columns.c.column_name],
+                row[columns.c.data_type],
+                row[columns.c.is_nullable] == 'YES',
+                row[columns.c.character_maximum_length],
+                row[columns.c.numeric_precision],
+                row[columns.c.numeric_scale],
+                row[columns.c.column_default],
+                row[columns.c.collation_name]
+            )
+            coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type, None)
+
+            kwargs = {}
+            if coltype in (MSString, MSChar, MSNVarchar, MSNChar, MSText,
+                           MSNText, MSBinary, MSVarBinary,
+                           sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+                if charlen == -1:
+                    charlen = 'max'
+                kwargs['length'] = charlen
+                if collation:
+                    kwargs['collation'] = collation
+
+            if coltype is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                    (type, name))
+                coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+            else:
+                if issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Numeric) and \
+                        coltype is not MSReal:
+                    kwargs['scale'] = numericscale
+                    kwargs['precision'] = numericprec
+
+                coltype = coltype(**kwargs)
+            cdict = {
+                'name': name,
+                'type': coltype,
+                'nullable': nullable,
+                'default': default,
+                'autoincrement': False,
+            }
+            cols.append(cdict)
+        # autoincrement and identity
+        colmap = {}
+        for col in cols:
+            colmap[col['name']] = col
+        # We also run an sp_columns to check for identity columns:
+        cursor = connection.execute("sp_columns @table_name = '%s', "
+                                    "@table_owner = '%s'"
+                                    % (tablename, owner))
+        ic = None
+        while True:
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            (col_name, type_name) = row[3], row[5]
+            if type_name.endswith("identity") and col_name in colmap:
+                ic = col_name
+                colmap[col_name]['autoincrement'] = True
+                colmap[col_name]['sequence'] = dict(
+                    name='%s_identity' % col_name)
+                break
+        cursor.close()
+
+        if ic is not None and self.server_version_info >= MS_2005_VERSION:
+            table_fullname = "%s.%s" % (owner, tablename)
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                "select ident_seed('%s'), ident_incr('%s')"
+                % (table_fullname, table_fullname)
+            )
+
+            row = cursor.first()
+            if row is not None and row[0] is not None:
+                colmap[ic]['sequence'].update({
+                    'start': int(row[0]),
+                    'increment': int(row[1])
+                })
+        return cols
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, tablename,
+                          dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        pkeys = []
+        TC = ischema.constraints
+        C = ischema.key_constraints.alias('C')
+
+        # Primary key constraints
+        s = sql.select([C.c.column_name,
+                        TC.c.constraint_type,
+                        C.c.constraint_name],
+                       sql.and_(TC.c.constraint_name == C.c.constraint_name,
+                                TC.c.table_schema == C.c.table_schema,
+                                C.c.table_name == tablename,
+                                C.c.table_schema == owner)
+                       )
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+        constraint_name = None
+        for row in c:
+            if 'PRIMARY' in row[TC.c.constraint_type.name]:
+                pkeys.append(row[0])
+                if constraint_name is None:
+                    constraint_name = row[C.c.constraint_name.name]
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': constraint_name}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, tablename,
+                         dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        RR = ischema.ref_constraints
+        C = ischema.key_constraints.alias('C')
+        R = ischema.key_constraints.alias('R')
+
+        # Foreign key constraints
+        s = sql.select([C.c.column_name,
+                        R.c.table_schema, R.c.table_name, R.c.column_name,
+                        RR.c.constraint_name, RR.c.match_option,
+                        RR.c.update_rule,
+                        RR.c.delete_rule],
+                       sql.and_(C.c.table_name == tablename,
+                                C.c.table_schema == owner,
+                                C.c.constraint_name == RR.c.constraint_name,
+                                R.c.constraint_name ==
+                                RR.c.unique_constraint_name,
+                                C.c.ordinal_position == R.c.ordinal_position
+                                ),
+                       order_by=[RR.c.constraint_name, R.c.ordinal_position]
+                       )
+
+        # group rows by constraint ID, to handle multi-column FKs
+        fkeys = []
+        fknm, scols, rcols = (None, [], [])
+
+        def fkey_rec():
+            return {
+                'name': None,
+                'constrained_columns': [],
+                'referred_schema': None,
+                'referred_table': None,
+                'referred_columns': []
+            }
+
+        fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
+
+        for r in connection.execute(s).fetchall():
+            scol, rschema, rtbl, rcol, rfknm, fkmatch, fkuprule, fkdelrule = r
+
+            rec = fkeys[rfknm]
+            rec['name'] = rfknm
+            if not rec['referred_table']:
+                rec['referred_table'] = rtbl
+                if schema is not None or owner != rschema:
+                    if dbname:
+                        rschema = dbname + "." + rschema
+                    rec['referred_schema'] = rschema
+
+            local_cols, remote_cols = \
+                rec['constrained_columns'],\
+                rec['referred_columns']
+
+            local_cols.append(scol)
+            remote_cols.append(rcol)
+
+        return list(fkeys.values())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2c0a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# mssql/information_schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# TODO: should be using the sys. catalog with SQL Server, not information
+# schema
+
+from ... import Table, MetaData, Column
+from ...types import String, Unicode, UnicodeText, Integer, TypeDecorator
+from ... import cast
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...ext.compiler import compiles
+
+ischema = MetaData()
+
+
+class CoerceUnicode(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = Unicode
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+        if util.py2k and isinstance(value, util.binary_type):
+            value = value.decode(dialect.encoding)
+        return value
+
+    def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+        return _cast_on_2005(bindvalue)
+
+
+class _cast_on_2005(expression.ColumnElement):
+    def __init__(self, bindvalue):
+        self.bindvalue = bindvalue
+
+
+@compiles(_cast_on_2005)
+def _compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+    from . import base
+    if compiler.dialect.server_version_info < base.MS_2005_VERSION:
+        return compiler.process(element.bindvalue, **kw)
+    else:
+        return compiler.process(cast(element.bindvalue, Unicode), **kw)
+
+schemata = Table("SCHEMATA", ischema,
+                 Column("CATALOG_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="catalog_name"),
+                 Column("SCHEMA_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_name"),
+                 Column("SCHEMA_OWNER", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_owner"),
+                 schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+tables = Table("TABLES", ischema,
+               Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+               Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+               Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+               Column(
+                   "TABLE_TYPE", String(convert_unicode=True),
+                   key="table_type"),
+               schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+columns = Table("COLUMNS", ischema,
+                Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+                Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+                Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+                Column("IS_NULLABLE", Integer, key="is_nullable"),
+                Column("DATA_TYPE", String, key="data_type"),
+                Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+                Column("CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", Integer,
+                       key="character_maximum_length"),
+                Column("NUMERIC_PRECISION", Integer, key="numeric_precision"),
+                Column("NUMERIC_SCALE", Integer, key="numeric_scale"),
+                Column("COLUMN_DEFAULT", Integer, key="column_default"),
+                Column("COLLATION_NAME", String, key="collation_name"),
+                schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+constraints = Table("TABLE_CONSTRAINTS", ischema,
+                    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+                    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+                    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                           key="constraint_name"),
+                    Column("CONSTRAINT_TYPE", String(
+                        convert_unicode=True), key="constraint_type"),
+                    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+column_constraints = Table("CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE", ischema,
+                           Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="table_schema"),
+                           Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="table_name"),
+                           Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="column_name"),
+                           Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                                  key="constraint_name"),
+                           schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+key_constraints = Table("KEY_COLUMN_USAGE", ischema,
+                        Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="table_schema"),
+                        Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="table_name"),
+                        Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="column_name"),
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_name"),
+                        Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer,
+                               key="ordinal_position"),
+                        schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+ref_constraints = Table("REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS", ischema,
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_catalog"),
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_schema"),
+                        Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="constraint_name"),
+                        # TODO: is CATLOG misspelled ?
+                        Column("UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATLOG", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="unique_constraint_catalog"),
+
+                        Column("UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="unique_constraint_schema"),
+                        Column("UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode,
+                               key="unique_constraint_name"),
+                        Column("MATCH_OPTION", String, key="match_option"),
+                        Column("UPDATE_RULE", String, key="update_rule"),
+                        Column("DELETE_RULE", String, key="delete_rule"),
+                        schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
+
+views = Table("VIEWS", ischema,
+              Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+              Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+              Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+              Column("VIEW_DEFINITION", CoerceUnicode, key="view_definition"),
+              Column("CHECK_OPTION", String, key="check_option"),
+              Column("IS_UPDATABLE", String, key="is_updatable"),
+              schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA")
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e20ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/mxodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# mssql/mxodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+mxodbc
+    :name: mxODBC
+    :dbapi: mxodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+mxodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: http://www.egenix.com/
+
+Execution Modes
+---------------
+
+mxODBC features two styles of statement execution, using the
+``cursor.execute()`` and ``cursor.executedirect()`` methods (the second being
+an extension to the DBAPI specification). The former makes use of a particular
+API call specific to the SQL Server Native Client ODBC driver known
+SQLDescribeParam, while the latter does not.
+
+mxODBC apparently only makes repeated use of a single prepared statement
+when SQLDescribeParam is used. The advantage to prepared statement reuse is
+one of performance. The disadvantage is that SQLDescribeParam has a limited
+set of scenarios in which bind parameters are understood, including that they
+cannot be placed within the argument lists of function calls, anywhere outside
+the FROM, or even within subqueries within the FROM clause - making the usage
+of bind parameters within SELECT statements impossible for all but the most
+simplistic statements.
+
+For this reason, the mxODBC dialect uses the "native" mode by default only for
+INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements, and uses the escaped string mode for
+all other statements.
+
+This behavior can be controlled via
+:meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable.execution_options` using the
+``native_odbc_execute`` flag with a value of ``True`` or ``False``, where a
+value of ``True`` will unconditionally use native bind parameters and a value
+of ``False`` will unconditionally use string-escaped parameters.
+
+"""
+
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...connectors.mxodbc import MxODBCConnector
+from .pyodbc import MSExecutionContext_pyodbc, _MSNumeric_pyodbc
+from .base import (MSDialect,
+                   MSSQLStrictCompiler,
+                   _MSDateTime, _MSDate, _MSTime)
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_mxodbc(_MSNumeric_pyodbc):
+    """Include pyodbc's numeric processor.
+    """
+
+
+class _MSDate_mxodbc(_MSDate):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return "%s-%s-%s" % (value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSTime_mxodbc(_MSTime):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return "%s:%s:%s" % (value.hour, value.minute, value.second)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_mxodbc(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc):
+    """
+    The pyodbc execution context is useful for enabling
+    SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY in cases where OUTPUT clause
+    does not work (tables with insert triggers).
+    """
+    # todo - investigate whether the pyodbc execution context
+    #       is really only being used in cases where OUTPUT
+    #       won't work.
+
+
+class MSDialect_mxodbc(MxODBCConnector, MSDialect):
+
+    # this is only needed if "native ODBC" mode is used,
+    # which is now disabled by default.
+    # statement_compiler = MSSQLStrictCompiler
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_mxodbc
+
+    # flag used by _MSNumeric_mxodbc
+    _need_decimal_fix = True
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_mxodbc,
+        sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
+        sqltypes.Date: _MSDate_mxodbc,
+        sqltypes.Time: _MSTime_mxodbc,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, description_encoding=None, **params):
+        super(MSDialect_mxodbc, self).__init__(**params)
+        self.description_encoding = description_encoding
+
+dialect = MSDialect_mxodbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3a4db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# mssql/pymssql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pymssql
+    :name: pymssql
+    :dbapi: pymssql
+    :connectstring: mssql+pymssql://<username>:<password>@<freetds_name>?\
+charset=utf8
+    :url: http://pymssql.org/
+
+pymssql is a Python module that provides a Python DBAPI interface around
+`FreeTDS <http://www.freetds.org/>`_.  Compatible builds are available for
+Linux, MacOSX and Windows platforms.
+
+"""
+from .base import MSDialect
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util, processors
+import re
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pymssql(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, type_):
+        if not self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Numeric.result_processor(self, dialect, type_)
+
+
+class MSDialect_pymssql(MSDialect):
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    driver = 'pymssql'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pymssql,
+            sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        module = __import__('pymssql')
+        # pymmsql < 2.1.1 doesn't have a Binary method.  we use string
+        client_ver = tuple(int(x) for x in module.__version__.split("."))
+        if client_ver < (2, 1, 1):
+            # TODO: monkeypatching here is less than ideal
+            module.Binary = lambda x: x if hasattr(x, 'decode') else str(x)
+
+        if client_ver < (1, ):
+            util.warn("The pymssql dialect expects at least "
+                      "the 1.0 series of the pymssql DBAPI.")
+        return module
+
+    def __init__(self, **params):
+        super(MSDialect_pymssql, self).__init__(**params)
+        self.use_scope_identity = True
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        vers = connection.scalar("select @@version")
+        m = re.match(
+            r"Microsoft .*? - (\d+).(\d+).(\d+).(\d+)", vers)
+        if m:
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        port = opts.pop('port', None)
+        if port and 'host' in opts:
+            opts['host'] = "%s:%s" % (opts['host'], port)
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        for msg in (
+            "Adaptive Server connection timed out",
+            "Net-Lib error during Connection reset by peer",
+            "message 20003",  # connection timeout
+            "Error 10054",
+            "Not connected to any MS SQL server",
+            "Connection is closed",
+            "message 20006",  # Write to the server failed
+        ):
+            if msg in str(e):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pymssql
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c938368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# mssql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/
+
+Connecting to PyODBC
+--------------------
+
+The URL here is to be translated to PyODBC connection strings, as
+detailed in `ConnectionStrings <https://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/ConnectionStrings>`_.
+
+DSN Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A DSN-based connection is **preferred** overall when using ODBC.  A
+basic DSN-based connection looks like::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@some_dsn")
+
+Which above, will pass the following connection string to PyODBC::
+
+    dsn=mydsn;UID=user;PWD=pass
+
+If the username and password are omitted, the DSN form will also add
+the ``Trusted_Connection=yes`` directive to the ODBC string.
+
+Hostname Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Hostname-based connections are **not preferred**, however are supported.
+The ODBC driver name must be explicitly specified::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@myhost:port/databasename?driver=SQL+Server+Native+Client+10.0")
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 Hostname-based PyODBC connections now require the
+   SQL Server driver name specified explicitly.  SQLAlchemy cannot
+   choose an optimal default here as it varies based on platform
+   and installed drivers.
+
+Other keywords interpreted by the Pyodbc dialect to be passed to
+``pyodbc.connect()`` in both the DSN and hostname cases include:
+``odbc_autotranslate``, ``ansi``, ``unicode_results``, ``autocommit``.
+
+Pass through exact Pyodbc string
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A PyODBC connection string can also be sent exactly as specified in
+`ConnectionStrings <https://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/ConnectionStrings>`_
+into the driver using the parameter ``odbc_connect``.  The delimeters must be URL escaped, however,
+as illustrated below using ``urllib.quote_plus``::
+
+    import urllib
+    params = urllib.quote_plus("DRIVER={SQL Server Native Client 10.0};SERVER=dagger;DATABASE=test;UID=user;PWD=password")
+
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc:///?odbc_connect=%s" % params)
+
+
+Unicode Binds
+-------------
+
+The current state of PyODBC on a unix backend with FreeTDS and/or
+EasySoft is poor regarding unicode; different OS platforms and versions of
+UnixODBC versus IODBC versus FreeTDS/EasySoft versus PyODBC itself
+dramatically alter how strings are received.  The PyODBC dialect attempts to
+use all the information it knows to determine whether or not a Python unicode
+literal can be passed directly to the PyODBC driver or not; while SQLAlchemy
+can encode these to bytestrings first, some users have reported that PyODBC
+mis-handles bytestrings for certain encodings and requires a Python unicode
+object, while the author has observed widespread cases where a Python unicode
+is completely misinterpreted by PyODBC, particularly when dealing with
+the information schema tables used in table reflection, and the value
+must first be encoded to a bytestring.
+
+It is for this reason that whether or not unicode literals for bound
+parameters be sent to PyODBC can be controlled using the
+``supports_unicode_binds`` parameter to ``create_engine()``.  When
+left at its default of ``None``, the PyODBC dialect will use its
+best guess as to whether or not the driver deals with unicode literals
+well.  When ``False``, unicode literals will be encoded first, and when
+``True`` unicode literals will be passed straight through.  This is an interim
+flag that hopefully should not be needed when the unicode situation stabilizes
+for unix + PyODBC.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.7
+    ``supports_unicode_binds`` parameter to ``create_engine()``\ .
+
+"""
+
+from .base import MSExecutionContext, MSDialect, VARBINARY
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util
+import decimal
+
+
+class _ms_numeric_pyodbc(object):
+
+    """Turns Decimals with adjusted() < 0 or > 7 into strings.
+
+    The routines here are needed for older pyodbc versions
+    as well as current mxODBC versions.
+
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+
+        super_process = super(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, self).\
+            bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        if not dialect._need_decimal_fix:
+            return super_process
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.asdecimal and \
+                    isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+
+                adjusted = value.adjusted()
+                if adjusted < 0:
+                    return self._small_dec_to_string(value)
+                elif adjusted > 7:
+                    return self._large_dec_to_string(value)
+
+            if super_process:
+                return super_process(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    # these routines needed for older versions of pyodbc.
+    # as of 2.1.8 this logic is integrated.
+
+    def _small_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        return "%s0.%s%s" % (
+            (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+            '0' * (abs(value.adjusted()) - 1),
+            "".join([str(nint) for nint in value.as_tuple()[1]]))
+
+    def _large_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        _int = value.as_tuple()[1]
+        if 'E' in str(value):
+            result = "%s%s%s" % (
+                (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+                "".join([str(s) for s in _int]),
+                "0" * (value.adjusted() - (len(_int) - 1)))
+        else:
+            if (len(_int) - 1) > value.adjusted():
+                result = "%s%s.%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+                    "".join(
+                        [str(s) for s in _int][0:value.adjusted() + 1]),
+                    "".join(
+                        [str(s) for s in _int][value.adjusted() + 1:]))
+            else:
+                result = "%s%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and '-' or ''),
+                    "".join(
+                        [str(s) for s in _int][0:value.adjusted() + 1]))
+        return result
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Numeric):
+    pass
+
+
+class _MSFloat_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Float):
+    pass
+
+
+class _VARBINARY_pyodbc(VARBINARY):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                # pyodbc-specific
+                return dialect.dbapi.BinaryNull
+        return process
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_pyodbc(MSExecutionContext):
+    _embedded_scope_identity = False
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """where appropriate, issue "select scope_identity()" in the same
+        statement.
+
+        Background on why "scope_identity()" is preferable to "@@identity":
+        http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190315.aspx
+
+        Background on why we attempt to embed "scope_identity()" into the same
+        statement as the INSERT:
+        http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/FAQs#How_do_I_retrieve_autogenerated/identity_values?
+
+        """
+
+        super(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc, self).pre_exec()
+
+        # don't embed the scope_identity select into an
+        # "INSERT .. DEFAULT VALUES"
+        if self._select_lastrowid and \
+                self.dialect.use_scope_identity and \
+                len(self.parameters[0]):
+            self._embedded_scope_identity = True
+
+            self.statement += "; select scope_identity()"
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self._embedded_scope_identity:
+            # Fetch the last inserted id from the manipulated statement
+            # We may have to skip over a number of result sets with
+            # no data (due to triggers, etc.)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed
+                    # without closing it (FreeTDS particularly)
+                    row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+                    break
+                except self.dialect.dbapi.Error as e:
+                    # no way around this - nextset() consumes the previous set
+                    # so we need to just keep flipping
+                    self.cursor.nextset()
+
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+        else:
+            super(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc, self).post_exec()
+
+
+class MSDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MSDialect):
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.Float: _MSFloat_pyodbc,
+            VARBINARY: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, description_encoding=None, **params):
+        if 'description_encoding' in params:
+            self.description_encoding = params.pop('description_encoding')
+        super(MSDialect_pyodbc, self).__init__(**params)
+        self.use_scope_identity = self.use_scope_identity and \
+            self.dbapi and \
+            hasattr(self.dbapi.Cursor, 'nextset')
+        self._need_decimal_fix = self.dbapi and \
+            self._dbapi_version() < (2, 1, 8)
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bf68c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# mssql/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxJDBC for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+zxjdbc://user:pass@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :driverurl: http://jtds.sourceforge.net/
+
+    .. note:: Jython is not supported by current versions of SQLAlchemy.  The
+       zxjdbc dialect should be considered as experimental.
+
+"""
+from ...connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from .base import MSDialect, MSExecutionContext
+from ... import engine
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_zxjdbc(MSExecutionContext):
+
+    _embedded_scope_identity = False
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        super(MSExecutionContext_zxjdbc, self).pre_exec()
+        # scope_identity after the fact returns null in jTDS so we must
+        # embed it
+        if self._select_lastrowid and self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
+            self._embedded_scope_identity = True
+            self.statement += "; SELECT scope_identity()"
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self._embedded_scope_identity:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+                    break
+                except self.dialect.dbapi.Error:
+                    self.cursor.nextset()
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+        if (self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete) and \
+                self.compiled.returning:
+            self._result_proxy = engine.FullyBufferedResultProxy(self)
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            table = self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(
+                self.compiled.statement.table)
+            self.cursor.execute("SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" % table)
+
+
+class MSDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, MSDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'jtds:sqlserver'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver'
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return tuple(
+            int(x)
+            for x in connection.connection.dbversion.split('.')
+        )
+
+dialect = MSDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fabd932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# mysql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import base, mysqldb, oursql, \
+    pyodbc, zxjdbc, mysqlconnector, pymysql,\
+    gaerdbms, cymysql
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = mysqldb.dialect
+
+from .base import \
+    BIGINT, BINARY, BIT, BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, DATETIME, \
+    DECIMAL, DOUBLE, ENUM, DECIMAL,\
+    FLOAT, INTEGER, INTEGER, LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT, MEDIUMBLOB, \
+    MEDIUMINT, MEDIUMTEXT, NCHAR, \
+    NVARCHAR, NUMERIC, SET, SMALLINT, REAL, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, \
+    TINYBLOB, TINYINT, TINYTEXT,\
+    VARBINARY, VARCHAR, YEAR, dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BIGINT', 'BINARY', 'BIT', 'BLOB', 'BOOLEAN', 'CHAR', 'DATE', 'DATETIME',
+    'DECIMAL', 'DOUBLE', 'ENUM', 'DECIMAL', 'FLOAT', 'INTEGER', 'INTEGER',
+    'LONGBLOB', 'LONGTEXT', 'MEDIUMBLOB', 'MEDIUMINT', 'MEDIUMTEXT', 'NCHAR',
+    'NVARCHAR', 'NUMERIC', 'SET', 'SMALLINT', 'REAL', 'TEXT', 'TIME',
+    'TIMESTAMP', 'TINYBLOB', 'TINYINT', 'TINYTEXT', 'VARBINARY', 'VARCHAR',
+    'YEAR', 'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f9c599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3438 @@
+# mysql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql
+    :name: MySQL
+
+Supported Versions and Features
+-------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports MySQL starting with version 4.1 through modern releases.
+However, no heroic measures are taken to work around major missing
+SQL features - if your server version does not support sub-selects, for
+example, they won't work in SQLAlchemy either.
+
+See the official MySQL documentation for detailed information about features
+supported in any given server release.
+
+.. _mysql_connection_timeouts:
+
+Connection Timeouts
+-------------------
+
+MySQL features an automatic connection close behavior, for connections that
+have been idle for eight hours or more.   To circumvent having this issue, use
+the ``pool_recycle`` option which controls the maximum age of any connection::
+
+    engine = create_engine('mysql+mysqldb://...', pool_recycle=3600)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_setting_recycle` - full description of the pool recycle feature.
+
+
+.. _mysql_storage_engines:
+
+CREATE TABLE arguments including Storage Engines
+------------------------------------------------
+
+MySQL's CREATE TABLE syntax includes a wide array of special options,
+including ``ENGINE``, ``CHARSET``, ``MAX_ROWS``, ``ROW_FORMAT``,
+``INSERT_METHOD``, and many more.
+To accommodate the rendering of these arguments, specify the form
+``mysql_argument_name="value"``.  For example, to specify a table with
+``ENGINE`` of ``InnoDB``, ``CHARSET`` of ``utf8``, and ``KEY_BLOCK_SIZE``
+of ``1024``::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('data', String(32)),
+        mysql_engine='InnoDB',
+        mysql_charset='utf8',
+        mysql_key_block_size="1024"
+       )
+
+The MySQL dialect will normally transfer any keyword specified as
+``mysql_keyword_name`` to be rendered as ``KEYWORD_NAME`` in the
+``CREATE TABLE`` statement.  A handful of these names will render with a space
+instead of an underscore; to support this, the MySQL dialect has awareness of
+these particular names, which include ``DATA DIRECTORY``
+(e.g. ``mysql_data_directory``), ``CHARACTER SET`` (e.g.
+``mysql_character_set``) and ``INDEX DIRECTORY`` (e.g.
+``mysql_index_directory``).
+
+The most common argument is ``mysql_engine``, which refers to the storage
+engine for the table.  Historically, MySQL server installations would default
+to ``MyISAM`` for this value, although newer versions may be defaulting
+to ``InnoDB``.  The ``InnoDB`` engine is typically preferred for its support
+of transactions and foreign keys.
+
+A :class:`.Table` that is created in a MySQL database with a storage engine
+of ``MyISAM`` will be essentially non-transactional, meaning any
+INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement referring to this table will be invoked as
+autocommit.   It also will have no support for foreign key constraints; while
+the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement accepts foreign key options, when using the
+``MyISAM`` storage engine these arguments are discarded.  Reflecting such a
+table will also produce no foreign key constraint information.
+
+For fully atomic transactions as well as support for foreign key
+constraints, all participating ``CREATE TABLE`` statements must specify a
+transactional engine, which in the vast majority of cases is ``InnoDB``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `The InnoDB Storage Engine
+    <http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/innodb-storage-engine.html>`_ -
+    on the MySQL website.
+
+Case Sensitivity and Table Reflection
+-------------------------------------
+
+MySQL has inconsistent support for case-sensitive identifier
+names, basing support on specific details of the underlying
+operating system. However, it has been observed that no matter
+what case sensitivity behavior is present, the names of tables in
+foreign key declarations are *always* received from the database
+as all-lower case, making it impossible to accurately reflect a
+schema where inter-related tables use mixed-case identifier names.
+
+Therefore it is strongly advised that table names be declared as
+all lower case both within SQLAlchemy as well as on the MySQL
+database itself, especially if database reflection features are
+to be used.
+
+.. _mysql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+:func:`.create_engine` accepts an :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level`
+parameter which results in the command ``SET SESSION
+TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` being invoked for
+every new connection. Valid values for this parameter are
+``READ COMMITTED``, ``READ UNCOMMITTED``,
+``REPEATABLE READ``, and ``SERIALIZABLE``::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+                    "mysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                    isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED"
+                )
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+AUTO_INCREMENT Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will automatically set ``AUTO_INCREMENT`` on
+the first :class:`.Integer` primary key column which is not marked as a
+foreign key::
+
+  >>> t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+  ...   Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+  ... )
+  >>> t.create()
+  CREATE TABLE mytable (
+          id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+          PRIMARY KEY (id)
+  )
+
+You can disable this behavior by passing ``False`` to the
+:paramref:`~.Column.autoincrement` argument of :class:`.Column`.  This flag
+can also be used to enable auto-increment on a secondary column in a
+multi-column key for some storage engines::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('gid', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+       )
+
+.. _mysql_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Charset Selection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Most MySQL DBAPIs offer the option to set the client character set for
+a connection.   This is typically delivered using the ``charset`` parameter
+in the URL, such as::
+
+    e = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/\
+test?charset=utf8")
+
+This charset is the **client character set** for the connection.  Some
+MySQL DBAPIs will default this to a value such as ``latin1``, and some
+will make use of the ``default-character-set`` setting in the ``my.cnf``
+file as well.   Documentation for the DBAPI in use should be consulted
+for specific behavior.
+
+The encoding used for Unicode has traditionally been ``'utf8'``.  However,
+for MySQL versions 5.5.3 on forward, a new MySQL-specific encoding
+``'utf8mb4'`` has been introduced.   The rationale for this new encoding
+is due to the fact that MySQL's utf-8 encoding only supports
+codepoints up to three bytes instead of four.  Therefore,
+when communicating with a MySQL database
+that includes codepoints more than three bytes in size,
+this new charset is preferred, if supported by both the database as well
+as the client DBAPI, as in::
+
+    e = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/\
+test?charset=utf8mb4")
+
+At the moment, up-to-date versions of MySQLdb and PyMySQL support the
+``utf8mb4`` charset.   Other DBAPIs such as MySQL-Connector and OurSQL
+may **not** support it as of yet.
+
+In order to use ``utf8mb4`` encoding, changes to
+the MySQL schema and/or server configuration may be required.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `The utf8mb4 Character Set \
+<http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-utf8mb4.html>`_ - \
+in the MySQL documentation
+
+Unicode Encoding / Decoding
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+All modern MySQL DBAPIs all offer the service of handling the encoding and
+decoding of unicode data between the Python application space and the database.
+As this was not always the case, SQLAlchemy also includes a comprehensive system
+of performing the encode/decode task as well.   As only one of these systems
+should be in use at at time, SQLAlchemy has long included functionality
+to automatically detect upon first connection whether or not the DBAPI is
+automatically handling unicode.
+
+Whether or not the MySQL DBAPI will handle encoding can usually be configured
+using a DBAPI flag ``use_unicode``, which is known to be supported at least
+by MySQLdb, PyMySQL, and MySQL-Connector.   Setting this value to ``0``
+in the "connect args" or query string will have the effect of disabling the
+DBAPI's handling of unicode, such that it instead will return data of the
+``str`` type or ``bytes`` type, with data in the configured charset::
+
+    # connect while disabling the DBAPI's unicode encoding/decoding
+    e = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8&use_unicode=0")
+
+Current recommendations for modern DBAPIs are as follows:
+
+* It is generally always safe to leave the ``use_unicode`` flag set at
+  its default; that is, don't use it at all.
+* Under Python 3, the ``use_unicode=0`` flag should **never be used**.
+  SQLAlchemy under Python 3 generally assumes the DBAPI receives and returns
+  string values as Python 3 strings, which are inherently unicode objects.
+* Under Python 2 with MySQLdb, the ``use_unicode=0`` flag will **offer
+  superior performance**, as MySQLdb's unicode converters under Python 2 only
+  have been observed to have unusually slow performance compared to SQLAlchemy's
+  fast C-based encoders/decoders.
+
+In short:  don't specify ``use_unicode`` *at all*, with the possible
+exception of ``use_unicode=0`` on MySQLdb with Python 2 **only** for a
+potential performance gain.
+
+Ansi Quoting Style
+------------------
+
+MySQL features two varieties of identifier "quoting style", one using
+backticks and the other using quotes, e.g. ```some_identifier```  vs.
+``"some_identifier"``.   All MySQL dialects detect which version
+is in use by checking the value of ``sql_mode`` when a connection is first
+established with a particular :class:`.Engine`.  This quoting style comes
+into play when rendering table and column names as well as when reflecting
+existing database structures.  The detection is entirely automatic and
+no special configuration is needed to use either quoting style.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.6 detection of ANSI quoting style is entirely automatic,
+   there's no longer any end-user ``create_engine()`` options in this regard.
+
+MySQL SQL Extensions
+--------------------
+
+Many of the MySQL SQL extensions are handled through SQLAlchemy's generic
+function and operator support::
+
+  table.select(table.c.password==func.md5('plaintext'))
+  table.select(table.c.username.op('regexp')('^[a-d]'))
+
+And of course any valid MySQL statement can be executed as a string as well.
+
+Some limited direct support for MySQL extensions to SQL is currently
+available.
+
+* SELECT pragma::
+
+    select(..., prefixes=['HIGH_PRIORITY', 'SQL_SMALL_RESULT'])
+
+* UPDATE with LIMIT::
+
+    update(..., mysql_limit=10)
+
+rowcount Support
+----------------
+
+SQLAlchemy standardizes the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` attribute to be the
+usual definition of "number of rows matched by an UPDATE or DELETE" statement.
+This is in contradiction to the default setting on most MySQL DBAPI drivers,
+which is "number of rows actually modified/deleted".  For this reason, the
+SQLAlchemy MySQL dialects always add the ``constants.CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS``
+flag, or whatever is equivalent for the target dialect, upon connection.
+This setting is currently hardcoded.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount`
+
+
+CAST Support
+------------
+
+MySQL documents the CAST operator as available in version 4.0.2.  When using
+the SQLAlchemy :func:`.cast` function, SQLAlchemy
+will not render the CAST token on MySQL before this version, based on server
+version detection, instead rendering the internal expression directly.
+
+CAST may still not be desirable on an early MySQL version post-4.0.2, as it
+didn't add all datatype support until 4.1.1.   If your application falls into
+this narrow area, the behavior of CAST can be controlled using the
+:ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel` system, as per the recipe below::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Cast
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    @compiles(Cast, 'mysql')
+    def _check_mysql_version(element, compiler, **kw):
+        if compiler.dialect.server_version_info < (4, 1, 0):
+            return compiler.process(element.clause, **kw)
+        else:
+            return compiler.visit_cast(element, **kw)
+
+The above function, which only needs to be declared once
+within an application, overrides the compilation of the
+:func:`.cast` construct to check for version 4.1.0 before
+fully rendering CAST; else the internal element of the
+construct is rendered directly.
+
+
+.. _mysql_indexes:
+
+MySQL Specific Index Options
+----------------------------
+
+MySQL-specific extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available.
+
+Index Length
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL provides an option to create index entries with a certain length, where
+"length" refers to the number of characters or bytes in each value which will
+become part of the index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_length`` parameter::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_length=10)
+
+    Index('a_b_idx', my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mysql_length={'a': 4,
+                                                               'b': 9})
+
+Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes
+for binary string types. The value passed to the keyword argument *must* be
+either an integer (and, thus, specify the same prefix length value for all
+columns of the index) or a dict in which keys are column names and values are
+prefix length values for corresponding columns. MySQL only allows a length for
+a column of an index if it is for a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, BINARY, VARBINARY and
+BLOB.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8.2 ``mysql_length`` may now be specified as a dictionary
+   for use with composite indexes.
+
+Index Types
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating
+an index or primary key constraint. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.Index`::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, mysql_using='hash')
+
+As well as the ``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`::
+
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint("data", mysql_using='hash')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX or PRIMARY KEY clause, so it *must* be a valid index
+type for your MySQL storage engine.
+
+More information can be found at:
+
+http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html
+
+http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-table.html
+
+.. _mysql_foreign_keys:
+
+MySQL Foreign Keys
+------------------
+
+MySQL's behavior regarding foreign keys has some important caveats.
+
+Foreign Key Arguments to Avoid
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL does not support the foreign key arguments "DEFERRABLE", "INITIALLY",
+or "MATCH".  Using the ``deferrable`` or ``initially`` keyword argument with
+:class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` or :class:`.ForeignKey` will have the effect of
+these keywords being rendered in a DDL expression, which will then raise an
+error on MySQL.  In order to use these keywords on a foreign key while having
+them ignored on a MySQL backend, use a custom compile rule::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+
+    @compiles(ForeignKeyConstraint, "mysql")
+    def process(element, compiler, **kw):
+        element.deferrable = element.initially = None
+        return compiler.visit_foreign_key_constraint(element, **kw)
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 - the MySQL backend no longer silently ignores
+   the ``deferrable`` or ``initially`` keyword arguments of
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` and :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+The "MATCH" keyword is in fact more insidious, and is explicitly disallowed
+by SQLAlchemy in conjunction with the MySQL backend.  This argument is
+silently ignored by MySQL, but in addition has the effect of ON UPDATE and ON
+DELETE options also being ignored by the backend.   Therefore MATCH should
+never be used with the MySQL backend; as is the case with DEFERRABLE and
+INITIALLY, custom compilation rules can be used to correct a MySQL
+ForeignKeyConstraint at DDL definition time.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.0 - the MySQL backend will raise a
+   :class:`.CompileError` when the ``match`` keyword is used with
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` or :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+Reflection of Foreign Key Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Not all MySQL storage engines support foreign keys.  When using the
+very common ``MyISAM`` MySQL storage engine, the information loaded by table
+reflection will not include foreign keys.  For these tables, you may supply a
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.ForeignKeyConstraint` at reflection time::
+
+  Table('mytable', metadata,
+        ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id']),
+        autoload=True
+       )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`mysql_storage_engines`
+
+.. _mysql_unique_constraints:
+
+MySQL Unique Constraints and Reflection
+---------------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports both the :class:`.Index` construct with the
+flag ``unique=True``, indicating a UNIQUE index, as well as the
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint` construct, representing a UNIQUE constraint.
+Both objects/syntaxes are supported by MySQL when emitting DDL to create
+these constraints.  However, MySQL does not have a unique constraint
+construct that is separate from a unique index; that is, the "UNIQUE"
+constraint on MySQL is equivalent to creating a "UNIQUE INDEX".
+
+When reflecting these constructs, the :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes`
+and the :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints` methods will **both**
+return an entry for a UNIQUE index in MySQL.  However, when performing
+full table reflection using ``Table(..., autoload=True)``,
+the :class:`.UniqueConstraint` construct is
+**not** part of the fully reflected :class:`.Table` construct under any
+circumstances; this construct is always represented by a :class:`.Index`
+with the ``unique=True`` setting present in the :attr:`.Table.indexes`
+collection.
+
+
+.. _mysql_timestamp_null:
+
+TIMESTAMP Columns and NULL
+--------------------------
+
+MySQL historically enforces that a column which specifies the
+TIMESTAMP datatype implicitly includes a default value of
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, even though this is not stated, and additionally
+sets the column as NOT NULL, the opposite behavior vs. that of all
+other datatypes::
+
+    mysql> CREATE TABLE ts_test (
+        -> a INTEGER,
+        -> b INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        -> c TIMESTAMP,
+        -> d TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+        -> e TIMESTAMP NULL);
+    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
+
+    mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE ts_test;
+    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
+    | Table   | Create Table
+    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
+    | ts_test | CREATE TABLE `ts_test` (
+      `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
+      `b` int(11) NOT NULL,
+      `c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+      `d` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+      `e` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL
+    ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
+
+Above, we see that an INTEGER column defaults to NULL, unless it is specified
+with NOT NULL.   But when the column is of type TIMESTAMP, an implicit
+default of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is generated which also coerces the column
+to be a NOT NULL, even though we did not specify it as such.
+
+This behavior of MySQL can be changed on the MySQL side using the
+`explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+<http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html
+#sysvar_explicit_defaults_for_timestamp>`_ configuration flag introduced in
+MySQL 5.6.  With this server setting enabled, TIMESTAMP columns behave like
+any other datatype on the MySQL side with regards to defaults and nullability.
+
+However, to accommodate the vast majority of MySQL databases that do not
+specify this new flag, SQLAlchemy emits the "NULL" specifier explicitly with
+any TIMESTAMP column that does not specify ``nullable=False``.   In order
+to accommodate newer databases that specify ``explicit_defaults_for_timestamp``,
+SQLAlchemy also emits NOT NULL for TIMESTAMP columns that do specify
+``nullable=False``.   The following example illustrates::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Integer, Table, Column, text
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import TIMESTAMP
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table('ts_test', m,
+            Column('a', Integer),
+            Column('b', Integer, nullable=False),
+            Column('c', TIMESTAMP),
+            Column('d', TIMESTAMP, nullable=False)
+        )
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    e = create_engine("mysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo=True)
+    m.create_all(e)
+
+output::
+
+    CREATE TABLE ts_test (
+        a INTEGER,
+        b INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        c TIMESTAMP NULL,
+        d TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - SQLAlchemy now renders NULL or NOT NULL in all
+   cases for TIMESTAMP columns, to accommodate
+   ``explicit_defaults_for_timestamp``.  Prior to this version, it will
+   not render "NOT NULL" for a TIMESTAMP column that is ``nullable=False``.
+
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import re
+import sys
+
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import exc, log, sql, util
+from ...sql import compiler
+from array import array as _array
+
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine import default
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...util import topological
+from ...types import DATE, BOOLEAN, \
+    BLOB, BINARY, VARBINARY
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    ['accessible', 'add', 'all', 'alter', 'analyze', 'and', 'as', 'asc',
+     'asensitive', 'before', 'between', 'bigint', 'binary', 'blob', 'both',
+     'by', 'call', 'cascade', 'case', 'change', 'char', 'character', 'check',
+     'collate', 'column', 'condition', 'constraint', 'continue', 'convert',
+     'create', 'cross', 'current_date', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp',
+     'current_user', 'cursor', 'database', 'databases', 'day_hour',
+     'day_microsecond', 'day_minute', 'day_second', 'dec', 'decimal',
+     'declare', 'default', 'delayed', 'delete', 'desc', 'describe',
+     'deterministic', 'distinct', 'distinctrow', 'div', 'double', 'drop',
+     'dual', 'each', 'else', 'elseif', 'enclosed', 'escaped', 'exists',
+     'exit', 'explain', 'false', 'fetch', 'float', 'float4', 'float8',
+     'for', 'force', 'foreign', 'from', 'fulltext', 'grant', 'group',
+     'having', 'high_priority', 'hour_microsecond', 'hour_minute',
+     'hour_second', 'if', 'ignore', 'in', 'index', 'infile', 'inner', 'inout',
+     'insensitive', 'insert', 'int', 'int1', 'int2', 'int3', 'int4', 'int8',
+     'integer', 'interval', 'into', 'is', 'iterate', 'join', 'key', 'keys',
+     'kill', 'leading', 'leave', 'left', 'like', 'limit', 'linear', 'lines',
+     'load', 'localtime', 'localtimestamp', 'lock', 'long', 'longblob',
+     'longtext', 'loop', 'low_priority', 'master_ssl_verify_server_cert',
+     'match', 'mediumblob', 'mediumint', 'mediumtext', 'middleint',
+     'minute_microsecond', 'minute_second', 'mod', 'modifies', 'natural',
+     'not', 'no_write_to_binlog', 'null', 'numeric', 'on', 'optimize',
+     'option', 'optionally', 'or', 'order', 'out', 'outer', 'outfile',
+     'precision', 'primary', 'procedure', 'purge', 'range', 'read', 'reads',
+     'read_only', 'read_write', 'real', 'references', 'regexp', 'release',
+     'rename', 'repeat', 'replace', 'require', 'restrict', 'return',
+     'revoke', 'right', 'rlike', 'schema', 'schemas', 'second_microsecond',
+     'select', 'sensitive', 'separator', 'set', 'show', 'smallint', 'spatial',
+     'specific', 'sql', 'sqlexception', 'sqlstate', 'sqlwarning',
+     'sql_big_result', 'sql_calc_found_rows', 'sql_small_result', 'ssl',
+     'starting', 'straight_join', 'table', 'terminated', 'then', 'tinyblob',
+     'tinyint', 'tinytext', 'to', 'trailing', 'trigger', 'true', 'undo',
+     'union', 'unique', 'unlock', 'unsigned', 'update', 'usage', 'use',
+     'using', 'utc_date', 'utc_time', 'utc_timestamp', 'values', 'varbinary',
+     'varchar', 'varcharacter', 'varying', 'when', 'where', 'while', 'with',
+
+     'write', 'x509', 'xor', 'year_month', 'zerofill',  # 5.0
+
+     'columns', 'fields', 'privileges', 'soname', 'tables',  # 4.1
+
+     'accessible', 'linear', 'master_ssl_verify_server_cert', 'range',
+     'read_only', 'read_write',  # 5.1
+
+     'general', 'ignore_server_ids', 'master_heartbeat_period', 'maxvalue',
+     'resignal', 'signal', 'slow',  # 5.5
+
+     'get', 'io_after_gtids', 'io_before_gtids', 'master_bind', 'one_shot',
+        'partition', 'sql_after_gtids', 'sql_before_gtids',  # 5.6
+
+     'generated', 'optimizer_costs', 'stored', 'virtual',  # 5.7
+
+     ])
+
+AUTOCOMMIT_RE = re.compile(
+    r'\s*(?:UPDATE|INSERT|CREATE|DELETE|DROP|ALTER|LOAD +DATA|REPLACE)',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+SET_RE = re.compile(
+    r'\s*SET\s+(?:(?:GLOBAL|SESSION)\s+)?\w',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+class _NumericType(object):
+    """Base for MySQL numeric types.
+
+    This is the base both for NUMERIC as well as INTEGER, hence
+    it's a mixin.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, unsigned=False, zerofill=False, **kw):
+        self.unsigned = unsigned
+        self.zerofill = zerofill
+        super(_NumericType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self,
+                                 to_inspect=[_NumericType, sqltypes.Numeric])
+
+
+class _FloatType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Float):
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        if isinstance(self, (REAL, DOUBLE)) and \
+            (
+                (precision is None and scale is not None) or
+                (precision is not None and scale is None)
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "You must specify both precision and scale or omit "
+                "both altogether.")
+        super(_FloatType, self).__init__(
+            precision=precision, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+        self.scale = scale
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=[_FloatType,
+                                                   _NumericType,
+                                                   sqltypes.Float])
+
+
+class _IntegerType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Integer):
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+        super(_IntegerType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=[_IntegerType,
+                                                   _NumericType,
+                                                   sqltypes.Integer])
+
+
+class _StringType(sqltypes.String):
+    """Base for MySQL string types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, charset=None, collation=None,
+                 ascii=False, binary=False, unicode=False,
+                 national=False, **kw):
+        self.charset = charset
+
+        # allow collate= or collation=
+        kw.setdefault('collation', kw.pop('collate', collation))
+
+        self.ascii = ascii
+        self.unicode = unicode
+        self.binary = binary
+        self.national = national
+        super(_StringType, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self,
+                                 to_inspect=[_StringType, sqltypes.String])
+
+
+class _MatchType(sqltypes.Float, sqltypes.MatchType):
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # TODO: float arguments?
+        sqltypes.Float.__init__(self)
+        sqltypes.MatchType.__init__(self)
+
+
+
+class NUMERIC(_NumericType, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+    """MySQL NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMERIC'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a NUMERIC.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(NUMERIC, self).__init__(precision=precision,
+                                      scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class DECIMAL(_NumericType, sqltypes.DECIMAL):
+    """MySQL DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DECIMAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DECIMAL.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(DECIMAL, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                      asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class DOUBLE(_FloatType):
+    """MySQL DOUBLE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DOUBLE.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.DOUBLE` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(DOUBLE, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                     asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class REAL(_FloatType, sqltypes.REAL):
+    """MySQL REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a REAL.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.REAL` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(REAL, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                   asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+
+class FLOAT(_FloatType, sqltypes.FLOAT):
+    """MySQL FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'FLOAT'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw):
+        """Construct a FLOAT.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(FLOAT, self).__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale,
+                                    asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class INTEGER(_IntegerType, sqltypes.INTEGER):
+    """MySQL INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTEGER'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct an INTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(INTEGER, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIGINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.BIGINT):
+    """MySQL BIGINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIGINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a BIGINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(BIGINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class MEDIUMINT(_IntegerType):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'MEDIUMINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(MEDIUMINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(_IntegerType):
+    """MySQL TINYINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TINYINT.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(TINYINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class SMALLINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.SMALLINT):
+    """MySQL SMALLINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLINT'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a SMALLINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super(SMALLINT, self).__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """MySQL BIT type.
+
+    This type is for MySQL 5.0.3 or greater for MyISAM, and 5.0.5 or greater
+    for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB and BDB.  For older versions, use a
+    MSTinyInteger() type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        """Construct a BIT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, number of bits.
+
+        """
+        self.length = length
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert a MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long.
+
+        TODO: this is MySQL-db, pyodbc specific.  OurSQL and mysqlconnector
+        already do this, so this logic should be moved to those dialects.
+
+        """
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in value:
+                    if not isinstance(i, int):
+                        i = ord(i)  # convert byte to int on Python 2
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    """MySQL TIME type. """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIME'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8 The MySQL-specific TIME
+           type as well as fractional seconds support.
+
+        """
+        super(TIME, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        time = datetime.time
+
+        def process(value):
+            # convert from a timedelta value
+            if value is not None:
+                microseconds = value.microseconds
+                seconds = value.seconds
+                minutes = seconds // 60
+                return time(minutes // 60,
+                            minutes % 60,
+                            seconds - minutes * 60,
+                            microsecond=microseconds)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIMESTAMP type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.5 Added MySQL-specific :class:`.mysql.TIMESTAMP`
+           with fractional seconds support.
+
+        """
+        super(TIMESTAMP, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class DATETIME(sqltypes.DATETIME):
+    """MySQL DATETIME type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIME'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL DATETIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the DATETIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.5 Added MySQL-specific :class:`.mysql.DATETIME`
+           with fractional seconds support.
+
+        """
+        super(DATETIME, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class YEAR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'YEAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+
+
+class TEXT(_StringType, sqltypes.TEXT):
+    """MySQL TEXT type, for text up to 2^16 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TEXT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage
+          by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store
+          ``length`` characters.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(TEXT, self).__init__(length=length, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL TINYTEXT type, for text up to 2^8 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYTEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a TINYTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(TINYTEXT, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class MEDIUMTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for text up to 2^24 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'MEDIUMTEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(MEDIUMTEXT, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class LONGTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL LONGTEXT type, for text up to 2^32 characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'LONGTEXT'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a LONGTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(LONGTEXT, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+    """MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a VARCHAR.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super(VARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    """MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a CHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        super(CHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_string_for_cast(self, type_):
+        # copy the given string type into a CHAR
+        # for the purposes of rendering a CAST expression
+        type_ = sqltypes.to_instance(type_)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.CHAR):
+            return type_
+        elif isinstance(type_, _StringType):
+            return CHAR(
+                length=type_.length,
+                charset=type_.charset,
+                collation=type_.collation,
+                ascii=type_.ascii,
+                binary=type_.binary,
+                unicode=type_.unicode,
+                national=False  # not supported in CAST
+            )
+        else:
+            return CHAR(length=type_.length)
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
+    """MySQL NVARCHAR type.
+
+    For variable-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NVARCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NVARCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs['national'] = True
+        super(NVARCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class NCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NCHAR):
+    """MySQL NCHAR type.
+
+    For fixed-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NCHAR'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs['national'] = True
+        super(NCHAR, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TINYBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYBLOB'
+
+
+class MEDIUMBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'MEDIUMBLOB'
+
+
+class LONGBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'LONGBLOB'
+
+
+class _EnumeratedValues(_StringType):
+    def _init_values(self, values, kw):
+        self.quoting = kw.pop('quoting', 'auto')
+
+        if self.quoting == 'auto' and len(values):
+            # What quoting character are we using?
+            q = None
+            for e in values:
+                if len(e) == 0:
+                    self.quoting = 'unquoted'
+                    break
+                elif q is None:
+                    q = e[0]
+
+                if len(e) == 1 or e[0] != q or e[-1] != q:
+                    self.quoting = 'unquoted'
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.quoting = 'quoted'
+
+        if self.quoting == 'quoted':
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                'Manually quoting %s value literals is deprecated.  Supply '
+                'unquoted values and use the quoting= option in cases of '
+                'ambiguity.' % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+            values = self._strip_values(values)
+
+        self._enumerated_values = values
+        length = max([len(v) for v in values] + [0])
+        return values, length
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _strip_values(cls, values):
+        strip_values = []
+        for a in values:
+            if a[0:1] == '"' or a[0:1] == "'":
+                # strip enclosing quotes and unquote interior
+                a = a[1:-1].replace(a[0] * 2, a[0])
+            strip_values.append(a)
+        return strip_values
+
+
+class ENUM(sqltypes.Enum, _EnumeratedValues):
+    """MySQL ENUM type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'ENUM'
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an ENUM.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myenum', ENUM("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        :param enums: The range of valid values for this ENUM.  Values will be
+          quoted when generating the schema according to the quoting flag (see
+          below).
+
+        :param strict: Defaults to False: ensure that a given value is in this
+          ENUM's range of permissible values when inserting or updating rows.
+          Note that MySQL will not raise a fatal error if you attempt to store
+          an out of range value- an alternate value will be stored instead.
+          (See MySQL ENUM documentation.)
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        :param quoting: Defaults to 'auto': automatically determine enum value
+          quoting.  If all enum values are surrounded by the same quoting
+          character, then use 'quoted' mode.  Otherwise, use 'unquoted' mode.
+
+          'quoted': values in enums are already quoted, they will be used
+          directly when generating the schema - this usage is deprecated.
+
+          'unquoted': values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and
+          surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema.
+
+          Previous versions of this type always required manually quoted
+          values to be supplied; future versions will always quote the string
+          literals for you.  This is a transitional option.
+
+        """
+        values, length = self._init_values(enums, kw)
+        self.strict = kw.pop('strict', False)
+        kw.pop('metadata', None)
+        kw.pop('schema', None)
+        kw.pop('name', None)
+        kw.pop('quote', None)
+        kw.pop('native_enum', None)
+        kw.pop('inherit_schema', None)
+        kw.pop('_create_events', None)
+        _StringType.__init__(self, length=length, **kw)
+        sqltypes.Enum.__init__(self, *values)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[ENUM, _StringType, sqltypes.Enum])
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_convert = super(ENUM, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.strict and value is not None and value not in self.enums:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError('"%s" not a valid value for '
+                                              'this enum' % value)
+            if super_convert:
+                return super_convert(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if issubclass(cls, ENUM):
+            kw['strict'] = self.strict
+        return sqltypes.Enum.adapt(self, cls, **kw)
+
+
+class SET(_EnumeratedValues):
+    """MySQL SET type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'SET'
+
+    def __init__(self, *values, **kw):
+        """Construct a SET.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myset', SET("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+
+        The list of potential values is required in the case that this
+        set will be used to generate DDL for a table, or if the
+        :paramref:`.SET.retrieve_as_bitwise` flag is set to True.
+
+        :param values: The range of valid values for this SET.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: Same flag as that of
+         :paramref:`.String.convert_unicode`.
+
+        :param collation: same as that of :paramref:`.String.collation`
+
+        :param charset: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.charset`.
+
+        :param ascii: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.ascii`.
+
+        :param unicode: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.unicode`.
+
+        :param binary: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.binary`.
+
+        :param quoting: Defaults to 'auto': automatically determine set value
+          quoting.  If all values are surrounded by the same quoting
+          character, then use 'quoted' mode.  Otherwise, use 'unquoted' mode.
+
+          'quoted': values in enums are already quoted, they will be used
+          directly when generating the schema - this usage is deprecated.
+
+          'unquoted': values in enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and
+          surrounded by single quotes when generating the schema.
+
+          Previous versions of this type always required manually quoted
+          values to be supplied; future versions will always quote the string
+          literals for you.  This is a transitional option.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param retrieve_as_bitwise: if True, the data for the set type will be
+          persisted and selected using an integer value, where a set is coerced
+          into a bitwise mask for persistence.  MySQL allows this mode which
+          has the advantage of being able to store values unambiguously,
+          such as the blank string ``''``.   The datatype will appear
+          as the expression ``col + 0`` in a SELECT statement, so that the
+          value is coerced into an integer value in result sets.
+          This flag is required if one wishes
+          to persist a set that can store the blank string ``''`` as a value.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+            When using :paramref:`.mysql.SET.retrieve_as_bitwise`, it is
+            essential that the list of set values is expressed in the
+            **exact same order** as exists on the MySQL database.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+
+        """
+        self.retrieve_as_bitwise = kw.pop('retrieve_as_bitwise', False)
+        values, length = self._init_values(values, kw)
+        self.values = tuple(values)
+        if not self.retrieve_as_bitwise and '' in values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't use the blank value '' in a SET without "
+                "setting retrieve_as_bitwise=True")
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            self._bitmap = dict(
+                (value, 2 ** idx)
+                for idx, value in enumerate(self.values)
+            )
+            self._bitmap.update(
+                (2 ** idx, value)
+                for idx, value in enumerate(self.values)
+            )
+        kw.setdefault('length', length)
+        super(SET, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            return colexpr + 0
+        else:
+            return colexpr
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = int(value)
+
+                    return set(
+                        util.map_bits(self._bitmap.__getitem__, value)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            super_convert = super(SET, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+                    # MySQLdb returns a string, let's parse
+                    if super_convert:
+                        value = super_convert(value)
+                    return set(re.findall(r'[^,]+', value))
+                else:
+                    # mysql-connector-python does a naive
+                    # split(",") which throws in an empty string
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value.discard('')
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_convert = super(SET, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                elif isinstance(value, util.int_types + util.string_types):
+                    if super_convert:
+                        return super_convert(value)
+                    else:
+                        return value
+                else:
+                    int_value = 0
+                    for v in value:
+                        int_value |= self._bitmap[v]
+                    return int_value
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                # accept strings and int (actually bitflag) values directly
+                if value is not None and not isinstance(
+                        value, util.int_types + util.string_types):
+                    value = ",".join(value)
+
+                if super_convert:
+                    return super_convert(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        kw['retrieve_as_bitwise'] = self.retrieve_as_bitwise
+        return util.constructor_copy(
+            self, impltype,
+            *self.values,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+# old names
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSet = SET
+MSEnum = ENUM
+MSLongBlob = LONGBLOB
+MSMediumBlob = MEDIUMBLOB
+MSTinyBlob = TINYBLOB
+MSBlob = BLOB
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSNVarChar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSLongText = LONGTEXT
+MSMediumText = MEDIUMTEXT
+MSTinyText = TINYTEXT
+MSText = TEXT
+MSYear = YEAR
+MSTimeStamp = TIMESTAMP
+MSBit = BIT
+MSSmallInteger = SMALLINT
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSMediumInteger = MEDIUMINT
+MSBigInteger = BIGINT
+MSNumeric = NUMERIC
+MSDecimal = DECIMAL
+MSDouble = DOUBLE
+MSReal = REAL
+MSFloat = FLOAT
+MSInteger = INTEGER
+
+colspecs = {
+    _IntegerType: _IntegerType,
+    _NumericType: _NumericType,
+    _FloatType: _FloatType,
+    sqltypes.Numeric: NUMERIC,
+    sqltypes.Float: FLOAT,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+    sqltypes.MatchType: _MatchType
+}
+
+# Everything 3.23 through 5.1 excepting OpenGIS types.
+ischema_names = {
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'binary': BINARY,
+    'bit': BIT,
+    'blob': BLOB,
+    'boolean': BOOLEAN,
+    'char': CHAR,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'datetime': DATETIME,
+    'decimal': DECIMAL,
+    'double': DOUBLE,
+    'enum': ENUM,
+    'fixed': DECIMAL,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'int': INTEGER,
+    'integer': INTEGER,
+    'longblob': LONGBLOB,
+    'longtext': LONGTEXT,
+    'mediumblob': MEDIUMBLOB,
+    'mediumint': MEDIUMINT,
+    'mediumtext': MEDIUMTEXT,
+    'nchar': NCHAR,
+    'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'set': SET,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'tinyblob': TINYBLOB,
+    'tinyint': TINYINT,
+    'tinytext': TINYTEXT,
+    'varbinary': VARBINARY,
+    'varchar': VARCHAR,
+    'year': YEAR,
+}
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+
+    def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
+        return AUTOCOMMIT_RE.match(statement)
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from = True
+    """Overridden from base SQLCompiler value"""
+
+    extract_map = compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map.copy()
+    extract_map.update({'milliseconds': 'millisecond'})
+
+    def visit_random_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "rand%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_utc_timestamp_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "UTC_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_sysdate_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "SYSDATE()"
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "concat(%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left),
+                                   self.process(binary.right))
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "MATCH (%s) AGAINST (%s IN BOOLEAN MODE)" % \
+            (self.process(binary.left), self.process(binary.right))
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, type_=None):
+        if type_ is None:
+            type_ = typeclause.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TypeDecorator):
+            return self.visit_typeclause(typeclause, type_.impl)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Integer):
+            if getattr(type_, 'unsigned', False):
+                return 'UNSIGNED INTEGER'
+            else:
+                return 'SIGNED INTEGER'
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+            return 'DATETIME'
+        elif isinstance(type_, (sqltypes.DECIMAL, sqltypes.DateTime,
+                                sqltypes.Date, sqltypes.Time)):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(type_)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.String) \
+                and not isinstance(type_, (ENUM, SET)):
+            adapted = CHAR._adapt_string_for_cast(type_)
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(adapted)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes._Binary):
+            return 'BINARY'
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+                type_).replace('NUMERIC', 'DECIMAL')
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        # No cast until 4, no decimals until 5.
+        if not self.dialect._supports_cast:
+            util.warn(
+                "Current MySQL version does not support "
+                "CAST; the CAST will be skipped.")
+            return self.process(cast.clause.self_group())
+
+        type_ = self.process(cast.typeclause)
+        if type_ is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Datatype %s does not support CAST on MySQL; "
+                "the CAST will be skipped." %
+                self.dialect.type_compiler.process(cast.typeclause.type))
+            return self.process(cast.clause.self_group())
+
+        return 'CAST(%s AS %s)' % (self.process(cast.clause), type_)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super(MySQLCompiler, self).render_literal_value(value, type_)
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace('\\', '\\\\')
+        return value
+
+    # override native_boolean=False behavior here, as
+    # MySQL still supports native boolean
+    def visit_true(self, element, **kw):
+        return "true"
+
+    def visit_false(self, element, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """Add special MySQL keywords in place of DISTINCT.
+
+        .. note::
+
+          this usage is deprecated.  :meth:`.Select.prefix_with`
+          should be used for special keywords at the start
+          of a SELECT.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(select._distinct, util.string_types):
+            return select._distinct.upper() + " "
+        elif select._distinct:
+            return "DISTINCT "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return ''.join(
+            (self.process(join.left, asfrom=True, **kwargs),
+             (join.isouter and " LEFT OUTER JOIN " or " INNER JOIN "),
+             self.process(join.right, asfrom=True, **kwargs),
+             " ON ",
+             self.process(join.onclause, **kwargs)))
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            return " LOCK IN SHARE MODE"
+        else:
+            return " FOR UPDATE"
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # MySQL supports:
+        #   LIMIT <limit>
+        #   LIMIT <offset>, <limit>
+        # and in server versions > 3.3:
+        #   LIMIT <limit> OFFSET <offset>
+        # The latter is more readable for offsets but we're stuck with the
+        # former until we can refine dialects by server revision.
+
+        limit_clause, offset_clause = select._limit_clause, \
+            select._offset_clause
+
+        if limit_clause is None and offset_clause is None:
+            return ''
+        elif offset_clause is not None:
+            # As suggested by the MySQL docs, need to apply an
+            # artificial limit if one wasn't provided
+            # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/select.html
+            if limit_clause is None:
+                # hardwire the upper limit.  Currently
+                # needed by OurSQL with Python 3
+                # (https://bugs.launchpad.net/oursql/+bug/686232),
+                # but also is consistent with the usage of the upper
+                # bound as part of MySQL's "syntax" for OFFSET with
+                # no LIMIT
+                return ' \n LIMIT %s, %s' % (
+                    self.process(offset_clause, **kw),
+                    "18446744073709551615")
+            else:
+                return ' \n LIMIT %s, %s' % (
+                    self.process(offset_clause, **kw),
+                    self.process(limit_clause, **kw))
+        else:
+            # No offset provided, so just use the limit
+            return ' \n LIMIT %s' % (self.process(limit_clause, **kw),)
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        limit = update_stmt.kwargs.get('%s_limit' % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if limit:
+            return "LIMIT %s" % limit
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table,
+                             extra_froms, **kw):
+        return ', '.join(t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kw)
+                         for t in [from_table] + list(extra_froms))
+
+    def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table,
+                           extra_froms, from_hints, **kw):
+        return None
+
+
+# ug.  "InnoDB needs indexes on foreign keys and referenced keys [...].
+#       Starting with MySQL 4.1.2, these indexes are created automatically.
+#       In older versions, the indexes must be created explicitly or the
+#       creation of foreign key constraints fails."
+
+class MySQLDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def create_table_constraints(self, table, **kw):
+        """Get table constraints."""
+        constraint_string = super(
+            MySQLDDLCompiler, self).create_table_constraints(table, **kw)
+
+        # why self.dialect.name and not 'mysql'?  because of drizzle
+        is_innodb = 'engine' in table.dialect_options[self.dialect.name] and \
+                    table.dialect_options[self.dialect.name][
+                        'engine'].lower() == 'innodb'
+
+        auto_inc_column = table._autoincrement_column
+
+        if is_innodb and \
+                auto_inc_column is not None and \
+                auto_inc_column is not list(table.primary_key)[0]:
+            if constraint_string:
+                constraint_string += ", \n\t"
+            constraint_string += "KEY %s (%s)" % (
+                self.preparer.quote(
+                    "idx_autoinc_%s" % auto_inc_column.name
+                ),
+                self.preparer.format_column(auto_inc_column)
+            )
+
+        return constraint_string
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kw):
+        """Builds column DDL."""
+
+        colspec = [
+            self.preparer.format_column(column),
+            self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column)
+        ]
+
+        is_timestamp = isinstance(column.type, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP)
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec.append('NOT NULL')
+
+        # see: http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/
+        #   mysql.html#mysql_timestamp_null
+        elif column.nullable and is_timestamp:
+            colspec.append('NULL')
+
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec.append('DEFAULT ' + default)
+
+        if column.table is not None \
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column and \
+                column.server_default is None:
+            colspec.append('AUTO_INCREMENT')
+
+        return ' '.join(colspec)
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        """Build table-level CREATE options like ENGINE and COLLATE."""
+
+        table_opts = []
+
+        opts = dict(
+            (
+                k[len(self.dialect.name) + 1:].upper(),
+                v
+            )
+            for k, v in table.kwargs.items()
+            if k.startswith('%s_' % self.dialect.name)
+        )
+
+        for opt in topological.sort([
+            ('DEFAULT_CHARSET', 'COLLATE'),
+            ('DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET', 'COLLATE'),
+            ('PARTITION_BY', 'PARTITIONS'),  # only for test consistency
+        ], opts):
+            arg = opts[opt]
+            if opt in _options_of_type_string:
+                arg = "'%s'" % arg.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("'", "''")
+
+            if opt in ('DATA_DIRECTORY', 'INDEX_DIRECTORY',
+                       'DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET', 'CHARACTER_SET',
+                       'DEFAULT_CHARSET',
+                       'DEFAULT_COLLATE', 'PARTITION_BY'):
+                opt = opt.replace('_', ' ')
+
+            joiner = '='
+            if opt in ('TABLESPACE', 'DEFAULT CHARACTER SET',
+                       'CHARACTER SET', 'COLLATE',
+                       'PARTITION BY', 'PARTITIONS'):
+                joiner = ' '
+
+            table_opts.append(joiner.join((opt, arg)))
+        return ' '.join(table_opts)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        table = preparer.format_table(index.table)
+        columns = [self.sql_compiler.process(expr, include_table=False,
+                                             literal_binds=True)
+                   for expr in index.expressions]
+
+        name = self._prepared_index_name(index)
+
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s " % (name, table)
+
+        length = index.dialect_options['mysql']['length']
+        if length is not None:
+
+            if isinstance(length, dict):
+                # length value can be a (column_name --> integer value)
+                # mapping specifying the prefix length for each column of the
+                # index
+                columns = ', '.join(
+                    '%s(%d)' % (expr, length[col.name]) if col.name in length
+                    else
+                    (
+                        '%s(%d)' % (expr, length[expr]) if expr in length
+                        else '%s' % expr
+                    )
+                    for col, expr in zip(index.expressions, columns)
+                )
+            else:
+                # or can be an integer value specifying the same
+                # prefix length for all columns of the index
+                columns = ', '.join(
+                    '%s(%d)' % (col, length)
+                    for col in columns
+                )
+        else:
+            columns = ', '.join(columns)
+        text += '(%s)' % columns
+
+        using = index.dialect_options['mysql']['using']
+        if using is not None:
+            text += " USING %s" % (preparer.quote(using))
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = super(MySQLDDLCompiler, self).\
+            visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
+        using = constraint.dialect_options['mysql']['using']
+        if using:
+            text += " USING %s" % (self.preparer.quote(using))
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        index = drop.element
+
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                      include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(index.table))
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "FOREIGN KEY "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "PRIMARY KEY "
+            const = ""
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.UniqueConstraint):
+            qual = "INDEX "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            qual = ""
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s%s" % \
+            (self.preparer.format_table(constraint.table),
+             qual, const)
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MySQL ignores the 'MATCH' keyword while at the same time "
+                "causes ON UPDATE/ON DELETE clauses to be ignored.")
+        return ""
+
+
+class MySQLTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend_numeric(self, type_, spec):
+        "Extend a numeric-type declaration with MySQL specific extensions."
+
+        if not self._mysql_type(type_):
+            return spec
+
+        if type_.unsigned:
+            spec += ' UNSIGNED'
+        if type_.zerofill:
+            spec += ' ZEROFILL'
+        return spec
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, defaults, spec):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL CHARACTER SET /
+        COLLATE annotations and MySQL specific extensions.
+
+        """
+
+        def attr(name):
+            return getattr(type_, name, defaults.get(name))
+
+        if attr('charset'):
+            charset = 'CHARACTER SET %s' % attr('charset')
+        elif attr('ascii'):
+            charset = 'ASCII'
+        elif attr('unicode'):
+            charset = 'UNICODE'
+        else:
+            charset = None
+
+        if attr('collation'):
+            collation = 'COLLATE %s' % type_.collation
+        elif attr('binary'):
+            collation = 'BINARY'
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if attr('national'):
+            # NATIONAL (aka NCHAR/NVARCHAR) trumps charsets.
+            return ' '.join([c for c in ('NATIONAL', spec, collation)
+                             if c is not None])
+        return ' '.join([c for c in (spec, charset, collation)
+                         if c is not None])
+
+    def _mysql_type(self, type_):
+        return isinstance(type_, (_StringType, _NumericType))
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "NUMERIC")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "DECIMAL")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "DOUBLE(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, 'DOUBLE')
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "REAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" %
+                                        {'precision': type_.precision,
+                                         'scale': type_.scale})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, 'REAL')
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and \
+                type_.scale is not None and \
+                type_.precision is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "FLOAT(%s, %s)" % (type_.precision, type_.scale))
+        elif type_.precision is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "FLOAT(%s)" % (type_.precision,))
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "FLOAT")
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "INTEGER(%(display_width)s)" %
+                {'display_width': type_.display_width})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "INTEGER")
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "BIGINT(%(display_width)s)" %
+                {'display_width': type_.display_width})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "BIGINT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "MEDIUMINT(%(display_width)s)" %
+                {'display_width': type_.display_width})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "MEDIUMINT")
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "TINYINT(%s)" % type_.display_width)
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "TINYINT")
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_,
+                                        "SMALLINT(%(display_width)s)" %
+                                        {'display_width': type_.display_width}
+                                        )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "SMALLINT")
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return "BIT(%s)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, 'fsp', None):
+            return "DATETIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, 'fsp', None):
+            return "TIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, 'fsp', None):
+            return "TIMESTAMP(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_YEAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.display_width is None:
+            return "YEAR"
+        else:
+            return "YEAR(%s)" % type_.display_width
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_TINYTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TINYTEXT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "MEDIUMTEXT")
+
+    def visit_LONGTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "LONGTEXT")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {}, "VARCHAR(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "VARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" %
+                self.dialect.name)
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "CHAR(%(length)s)" %
+                                       {'length': type_.length})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv. "NATIONAL VARCHAR" instead
+        # of "NVARCHAR".
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {'national': True},
+                "VARCHAR(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length})
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "NVARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" %
+                self.dialect.name)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv.
+        # "NATIONAL CHAR" instead of "NCHAR".
+        if type_.length:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {'national': True},
+                "CHAR(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length})
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {'national': True}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "VARBINARY(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_enum:
+            return super(MySQLTypeCompiler, self).visit_enum(type_)
+        else:
+            return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_, type_.enums)
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return "BLOB(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_TINYBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYBLOB"
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MEDIUMBLOB"
+
+    def visit_LONGBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "LONGBLOB"
+
+    def _visit_enumerated_values(self, name, type_, enumerated_values):
+        quoted_enums = []
+        for e in enumerated_values:
+            quoted_enums.append("'%s'" % e.replace("'", "''"))
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "%s(%s)" % (
+            name, ",".join(quoted_enums))
+        )
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_,
+                                             type_._enumerated_values)
+
+    def visit_SET(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("SET", type_,
+                                             type_._enumerated_values)
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type, **kw):
+        return "BOOL"
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, server_ansiquotes=False, **kw):
+        if not server_ansiquotes:
+            quote = "`"
+        else:
+            quote = '"'
+
+        super(MySQLIdentifierPreparer, self).__init__(
+            dialect,
+            initial_quote=quote,
+            escape_quote=quote)
+
+    def _quote_free_identifiers(self, *ids):
+        """Unilaterally identifier-quote any number of strings."""
+
+        return tuple([self.quote_identifier(i) for i in ids if i is not None])
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    """Details of the MySQL dialect.
+    Not used directly in application code.
+    """
+
+    name = 'mysql'
+    supports_alter = True
+
+    # MySQL has no true "boolean" type; we
+    # allow for the "true" and "false" keywords, however
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    # identifiers are 64, however aliases can be 255...
+    max_identifier_length = 255
+    max_index_name_length = 64
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MySQLDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = MySQLTypeCompiler
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+
+    # default SQL compilation settings -
+    # these are modified upon initialize(),
+    # i.e. first connect
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+    _server_ansiquotes = False
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {
+            "*": None
+        }),
+        (sql.Update, {
+            "limit": None
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {
+            "using": None
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {
+            "using": None,
+            "length": None,
+        })
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.pop('use_ansiquotes', None)   # legacy
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            return connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    _isolation_lookup = set(['SERIALIZABLE', 'READ UNCOMMITTED',
+                             'READ COMMITTED', 'REPEATABLE READ'])
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        level = level.replace('_', ' ')
+        if level not in self._isolation_lookup:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level)
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute('SELECT @@tx_isolation')
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        if util.py3k and isinstance(val, bytes):
+            val = val.decode()
+        return val.upper().replace("-", " ")
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Execute a COMMIT."""
+
+        # COMMIT/ROLLBACK were introduced in 3.23.15.
+        # Yes, we have at least one user who has to talk to these old
+        # versions!
+        #
+        # Ignore commit/rollback if support isn't present, otherwise even
+        # basic operations via autocommit fail.
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection.commit()
+        except Exception:
+            if self.server_version_info < (3, 23, 15):
+                args = sys.exc_info()[1].args
+                if args and args[0] == 1064:
+                    return
+            raise
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Execute a ROLLBACK."""
+
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection.rollback()
+        except Exception:
+            if self.server_version_info < (3, 23, 15):
+                args = sys.exc_info()[1].args
+                if args and args[0] == 1064:
+                    return
+            raise
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA BEGIN :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), xid=xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA PREPARE :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), xid=xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA ROLLBACK :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA COMMIT :xid"), xid=xid)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        resultset = connection.execute("XA RECOVER")
+        return [row['data'][0:row['gtrid_length']] for row in resultset]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, (self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                          self.dbapi.ProgrammingError)):
+            return self._extract_error_code(e) in \
+                (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return "(0, '')" in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy result rows to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return [_DecodingRowProxy(row, charset) for row in rp.fetchall()]
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return _DecodingRowProxy(rp.fetchone(), charset)
+
+    def _compat_first(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return _DecodingRowProxy(rp.first(), charset)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.execute('SELECT DATABASE()').scalar()
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        # SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE and SHOW TABLES LIKE do not function properly
+        # on macosx (and maybe win?) with multibyte table names.
+        #
+        # TODO: if this is not a problem on win, make the strategy swappable
+        # based on platform.  DESCRIBE is slower.
+
+        # [ticket:726]
+        # full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table,
+        #                                                   use_schema=True)
+
+        full_name = '.'.join(self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+            schema, table_name))
+
+        st = "DESCRIBE %s" % full_name
+        rs = None
+        try:
+            try:
+                rs = connection.execution_options(
+                    skip_user_error_events=True).execute(st)
+                have = rs.fetchone() is not None
+                rs.close()
+                return have
+            except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+                if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                    return False
+                raise
+        finally:
+            if rs:
+                rs.close()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        self._connection_charset = self._detect_charset(connection)
+        self._detect_ansiquotes(connection)
+        if self._server_ansiquotes:
+            # if ansiquotes == True, build a new IdentifierPreparer
+            # with the new setting
+            self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(
+                self, server_ansiquotes=self._server_ansiquotes)
+
+        default.DefaultDialect.initialize(self, connection)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_cast(self):
+        return self.server_version_info is None or \
+            self.server_version_info >= (4, 0, 2)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        rp = connection.execute("SHOW schemas")
+        return [r[0] for r in rp]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a Unicode SHOW TABLES from a given schema."""
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        if self.server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            rp = connection.execute(
+                "SHOW TABLES FROM %s" %
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema))
+            return [row[0] for
+                    row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)]
+        else:
+            rp = connection.execute(
+                "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s" %
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema))
+
+            return [row[0]
+                    for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+                    if row[1] == 'BASE TABLE']
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if self.server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        if self.server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            return self.get_table_names(connection, schema)
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rp = connection.execute(
+            "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s" %
+            self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema))
+        return [row[0]
+                for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+                if row[1] in ('VIEW', 'SYSTEM VIEW')]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        return parsed_state.table_options
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        return parsed_state.columns
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        for key in parsed_state.keys:
+            if key['type'] == 'PRIMARY':
+                # There can be only one.
+                cols = [s[0] for s in key['columns']]
+                return {'constrained_columns': cols, 'name': None}
+        return {'constrained_columns': [], 'name': None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        default_schema = None
+
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for spec in parsed_state.constraints:
+            # only FOREIGN KEYs
+            ref_name = spec['table'][-1]
+            ref_schema = len(spec['table']) > 1 and \
+                spec['table'][-2] or schema
+
+            if not ref_schema:
+                if default_schema is None:
+                    default_schema = \
+                        connection.dialect.default_schema_name
+                if schema == default_schema:
+                    ref_schema = schema
+
+            loc_names = spec['local']
+            ref_names = spec['foreign']
+
+            con_kw = {}
+            for opt in ('onupdate', 'ondelete'):
+                if spec.get(opt, False):
+                    con_kw[opt] = spec[opt]
+
+            fkey_d = {
+                'name': spec['name'],
+                'constrained_columns': loc_names,
+                'referred_schema': ref_schema,
+                'referred_table': ref_name,
+                'referred_columns': ref_names,
+                'options': con_kw
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fkey_d)
+        return fkeys
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+
+        indexes = []
+        for spec in parsed_state.keys:
+            unique = False
+            flavor = spec['type']
+            if flavor == 'PRIMARY':
+                continue
+            if flavor == 'UNIQUE':
+                unique = True
+            elif flavor in (None, 'FULLTEXT', 'SPATIAL'):
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Converting unknown KEY type %s to a plain KEY", flavor)
+                pass
+            index_d = {}
+            index_d['name'] = spec['name']
+            index_d['column_names'] = [s[0] for s in spec['columns']]
+            index_d['unique'] = unique
+            if flavor:
+                index_d['type'] = flavor
+            indexes.append(index_d)
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, connection, table_name,
+                               schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+
+        return [
+            {
+                'name': key['name'],
+                'column_names': [col[0] for col in key['columns']],
+                'duplicates_index': key['name'],
+            }
+            for key in parsed_state.keys
+            if key['type'] == 'UNIQUE'
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        full_name = '.'.join(self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+            schema, view_name))
+        sql = self._show_create_table(connection, None, charset,
+                                      full_name=full_name)
+        return sql
+
+    def _parsed_state_or_create(self, connection, table_name,
+                                schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._setup_parser(
+            connection,
+            table_name,
+            schema,
+            info_cache=kw.get('info_cache', None)
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _tabledef_parser(self):
+        """return the MySQLTableDefinitionParser, generate if needed.
+
+        The deferred creation ensures that the dialect has
+        retrieved server version information first.
+
+        """
+        if (self.server_version_info < (4, 1) and self._server_ansiquotes):
+            # ANSI_QUOTES doesn't affect SHOW CREATE TABLE on < 4.1
+            preparer = self.preparer(self, server_ansiquotes=False)
+        else:
+            preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+        return MySQLTableDefinitionParser(self, preparer)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _setup_parser(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        parser = self._tabledef_parser
+        full_name = '.'.join(self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+            schema, table_name))
+        sql = self._show_create_table(connection, None, charset,
+                                      full_name=full_name)
+        if re.match(r'^CREATE (?:ALGORITHM)?.* VIEW', sql):
+            # Adapt views to something table-like.
+            columns = self._describe_table(connection, None, charset,
+                                           full_name=full_name)
+            sql = parser._describe_to_create(table_name, columns)
+        return parser.parse(sql, charset)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _detect_casing(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out identifier case sensitivity.
+
+        Cached per-connection. This value can not change without a server
+        restart.
+
+        """
+        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/name-case-sensitivity.html
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        row = self._compat_first(connection.execute(
+            "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'lower_case_table_names'"),
+            charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            cs = 0
+        else:
+            # 4.0.15 returns OFF or ON according to [ticket:489]
+            # 3.23 doesn't, 4.0.27 doesn't..
+            if row[1] == 'OFF':
+                cs = 0
+            elif row[1] == 'ON':
+                cs = 1
+            else:
+                cs = int(row[1])
+        return cs
+
+    def _detect_collations(self, connection):
+        """Pull the active COLLATIONS list from the server.
+
+        Cached per-connection.
+        """
+
+        collations = {}
+        if self.server_version_info < (4, 1, 0):
+            pass
+        else:
+            charset = self._connection_charset
+            rs = connection.execute('SHOW COLLATION')
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs, charset):
+                collations[row[0]] = row[1]
+        return collations
+
+    def _detect_ansiquotes(self, connection):
+        """Detect and adjust for the ANSI_QUOTES sql mode."""
+
+        row = self._compat_first(
+            connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode'"),
+            charset=self._connection_charset)
+
+        if not row:
+            mode = ''
+        else:
+            mode = row[1] or ''
+            # 4.0
+            if mode.isdigit():
+                mode_no = int(mode)
+                mode = (mode_no | 4 == mode_no) and 'ANSI_QUOTES' or ''
+
+        self._server_ansiquotes = 'ANSI_QUOTES' in mode
+
+        # as of MySQL 5.0.1
+        self._backslash_escapes = 'NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES' not in mode
+
+    def _show_create_table(self, connection, table, charset=None,
+                           full_name=None):
+        """Run SHOW CREATE TABLE for a ``Table``."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "SHOW CREATE TABLE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp = None
+        try:
+            rp = connection.execution_options(
+                skip_user_error_events=True).execute(st)
+        except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+            if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+            else:
+                raise
+        row = self._compat_first(rp, charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+        return row[1].strip()
+
+        return sql
+
+    def _describe_table(self, connection, table, charset=None,
+                        full_name=None):
+        """Run DESCRIBE for a ``Table`` and return processed rows."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "DESCRIBE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp, rows = None, None
+        try:
+            try:
+                rp = connection.execution_options(
+                    skip_user_error_events=True).execute(st)
+            except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+                if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                    raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+                else:
+                    raise
+            rows = self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+        finally:
+            if rp:
+                rp.close()
+        return rows
+
+
+class ReflectedState(object):
+    """Stores raw information about a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.columns = []
+        self.table_options = {}
+        self.table_name = None
+        self.keys = []
+        self.constraints = []
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLTableDefinitionParser(object):
+    """Parses the results of a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, preparer):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.preparer = preparer
+        self._prep_regexes()
+
+    def parse(self, show_create, charset):
+        state = ReflectedState()
+        state.charset = charset
+        for line in re.split(r'\r?\n', show_create):
+            if line.startswith('  ' + self.preparer.initial_quote):
+                self._parse_column(line, state)
+            # a regular table options line
+            elif line.startswith(') '):
+                self._parse_table_options(line, state)
+            # an ANSI-mode table options line
+            elif line == ')':
+                pass
+            elif line.startswith('CREATE '):
+                self._parse_table_name(line, state)
+            # Not present in real reflection, but may be if
+            # loading from a file.
+            elif not line:
+                pass
+            else:
+                type_, spec = self._parse_constraints(line)
+                if type_ is None:
+                    util.warn("Unknown schema content: %r" % line)
+                elif type_ == 'key':
+                    state.keys.append(spec)
+                elif type_ == 'constraint':
+                    state.constraints.append(spec)
+                else:
+                    pass
+        return state
+
+    def _parse_constraints(self, line):
+        """Parse a KEY or CONSTRAINT line.
+
+        :param line: A line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output
+        """
+
+        # KEY
+        m = self._re_key.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            # convert columns into name, length pairs
+            spec['columns'] = self._parse_keyexprs(spec['columns'])
+            return 'key', spec
+
+        # CONSTRAINT
+        m = self._re_constraint.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec['table'] = \
+                self.preparer.unformat_identifiers(spec['table'])
+            spec['local'] = [c[0]
+                             for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec['local'])]
+            spec['foreign'] = [c[0]
+                               for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec['foreign'])]
+            return 'constraint', spec
+
+        # PARTITION and SUBPARTITION
+        m = self._re_partition.match(line)
+        if m:
+            # Punt!
+            return 'partition', line
+
+        # No match.
+        return (None, line)
+
+    def _parse_table_name(self, line, state):
+        """Extract the table name.
+
+        :param line: The first line of SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        regex, cleanup = self._pr_name
+        m = regex.match(line)
+        if m:
+            state.table_name = cleanup(m.group('name'))
+
+    def _parse_table_options(self, line, state):
+        """Build a dictionary of all reflected table-level options.
+
+        :param line: The final line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output.
+        """
+
+        options = {}
+
+        if not line or line == ')':
+            pass
+
+        else:
+            rest_of_line = line[:]
+            for regex, cleanup in self._pr_options:
+                m = regex.search(rest_of_line)
+                if not m:
+                    continue
+                directive, value = m.group('directive'), m.group('val')
+                if cleanup:
+                    value = cleanup(value)
+                options[directive.lower()] = value
+                rest_of_line = regex.sub('', rest_of_line)
+
+        for nope in ('auto_increment', 'data directory', 'index directory'):
+            options.pop(nope, None)
+
+        for opt, val in options.items():
+            state.table_options['%s_%s' % (self.dialect.name, opt)] = val
+
+    def _parse_column(self, line, state):
+        """Extract column details.
+
+        Falls back to a 'minimal support' variant if full parse fails.
+
+        :param line: Any column-bearing line from SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        spec = None
+        m = self._re_column.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec['full'] = True
+        else:
+            m = self._re_column_loose.match(line)
+            if m:
+                spec = m.groupdict()
+                spec['full'] = False
+        if not spec:
+            util.warn("Unknown column definition %r" % line)
+            return
+        if not spec['full']:
+            util.warn("Incomplete reflection of column definition %r" % line)
+
+        name, type_, args = spec['name'], spec['coltype'], spec['arg']
+
+        try:
+            col_type = self.dialect.ischema_names[type_]
+        except KeyError:
+            util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                      (type_, name))
+            col_type = sqltypes.NullType
+
+        # Column type positional arguments eg. varchar(32)
+        if args is None or args == '':
+            type_args = []
+        elif args[0] == "'" and args[-1] == "'":
+            type_args = self._re_csv_str.findall(args)
+        else:
+            type_args = [int(v) for v in self._re_csv_int.findall(args)]
+
+        # Column type keyword options
+        type_kw = {}
+
+        if issubclass(col_type, (DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP)):
+            if type_args:
+                type_kw['fsp'] = type_args.pop(0)
+
+        for kw in ('unsigned', 'zerofill'):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = True
+        for kw in ('charset', 'collate'):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = spec[kw]
+        if issubclass(col_type, _EnumeratedValues):
+            type_args = _EnumeratedValues._strip_values(type_args)
+
+            if issubclass(col_type, SET) and '' in type_args:
+                type_kw['retrieve_as_bitwise'] = True
+
+        type_instance = col_type(*type_args, **type_kw)
+
+        col_kw = {}
+
+        # NOT NULL
+        col_kw['nullable'] = True
+        # this can be "NULL" in the case of TIMESTAMP
+        if spec.get('notnull', False) == 'NOT NULL':
+            col_kw['nullable'] = False
+
+        # AUTO_INCREMENT
+        if spec.get('autoincr', False):
+            col_kw['autoincrement'] = True
+        elif issubclass(col_type, sqltypes.Integer):
+            col_kw['autoincrement'] = False
+
+        # DEFAULT
+        default = spec.get('default', None)
+
+        if default == 'NULL':
+            # eliminates the need to deal with this later.
+            default = None
+
+        col_d = dict(name=name, type=type_instance, default=default)
+        col_d.update(col_kw)
+        state.columns.append(col_d)
+
+    def _describe_to_create(self, table_name, columns):
+        """Re-format DESCRIBE output as a SHOW CREATE TABLE string.
+
+        DESCRIBE is a much simpler reflection and is sufficient for
+        reflecting views for runtime use.  This method formats DDL
+        for columns only- keys are omitted.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of DESCRIBE or SHOW COLUMNS 6-tuples.
+          SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM rows must be rearranged for use with
+          this function.
+        """
+
+        buffer = []
+        for row in columns:
+            (name, col_type, nullable, default, extra) = \
+                [row[i] for i in (0, 1, 2, 4, 5)]
+
+            line = [' ']
+            line.append(self.preparer.quote_identifier(name))
+            line.append(col_type)
+            if not nullable:
+                line.append('NOT NULL')
+            if default:
+                if 'auto_increment' in default:
+                    pass
+                elif (col_type.startswith('timestamp') and
+                      default.startswith('C')):
+                    line.append('DEFAULT')
+                    line.append(default)
+                elif default == 'NULL':
+                    line.append('DEFAULT')
+                    line.append(default)
+                else:
+                    line.append('DEFAULT')
+                    line.append("'%s'" % default.replace("'", "''"))
+            if extra:
+                line.append(extra)
+
+            buffer.append(' '.join(line))
+
+        return ''.join([('CREATE TABLE %s (\n' %
+                         self.preparer.quote_identifier(table_name)),
+                        ',\n'.join(buffer),
+                        '\n) '])
+
+    def _parse_keyexprs(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack '"col"(2),"col" ASC'-ish strings into components."""
+
+        return self._re_keyexprs.findall(identifiers)
+
+    def _prep_regexes(self):
+        """Pre-compile regular expressions."""
+
+        self._re_columns = []
+        self._pr_options = []
+
+        _final = self.preparer.final_quote
+
+        quotes = dict(zip(('iq', 'fq', 'esc_fq'),
+                          [re.escape(s) for s in
+                           (self.preparer.initial_quote,
+                            _final,
+                            self.preparer._escape_identifier(_final))]))
+
+        self._pr_name = _pr_compile(
+            r'^CREATE (?:\w+ +)?TABLE +'
+            r'%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +\($' % quotes,
+            self.preparer._unescape_identifier)
+
+        # `col`,`col2`(32),`col3`(15) DESC
+        #
+        # Note: ASC and DESC aren't reflected, so we'll punt...
+        self._re_keyexprs = _re_compile(
+            r'(?:'
+            r'(?:%(iq)s((?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)'
+            r'(?:\((\d+)\))?(?=\,|$))+' % quotes)
+
+        # 'foo' or 'foo','bar' or 'fo,o','ba''a''r'
+        self._re_csv_str = _re_compile(r'\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27')
+
+        # 123 or 123,456
+        self._re_csv_int = _re_compile(r'\d+')
+
+        # `colname` <type> [type opts]
+        #  (NOT NULL | NULL)
+        #   DEFAULT ('value' | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP...)
+        #   COMMENT 'comment'
+        #  COLUMN_FORMAT (FIXED|DYNAMIC|DEFAULT)
+        #  STORAGE (DISK|MEMORY)
+        self._re_column = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +'
+            r'(?P<coltype>\w+)'
+            r'(?:\((?P<arg>(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|'
+            r'(?:\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27,?)+))\))?'
+            r'(?: +(?P<unsigned>UNSIGNED))?'
+            r'(?: +(?P<zerofill>ZEROFILL))?'
+            r'(?: +CHARACTER SET +(?P<charset>[\w_]+))?'
+            r'(?: +COLLATE +(?P<collate>[\w_]+))?'
+            r'(?: +(?P<notnull>(?:NOT )?NULL))?'
+            r'(?: +DEFAULT +(?P<default>'
+            r'(?:NULL|\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27|\w+'
+            r'(?: +ON UPDATE \w+)?)'
+            r'))?'
+            r'(?: +(?P<autoincr>AUTO_INCREMENT))?'
+            r'(?: +COMMENT +(P<comment>(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])+))?'
+            r'(?: +COLUMN_FORMAT +(?P<colfmt>\w+))?'
+            r'(?: +STORAGE +(?P<storage>\w+))?'
+            r'(?: +(?P<extra>.*))?'
+            r',?$'
+            % quotes
+        )
+
+        # Fallback, try to parse as little as possible
+        self._re_column_loose = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +'
+            r'(?P<coltype>\w+)'
+            r'(?:\((?P<arg>(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])+\x27))\))?'
+            r'.*?(?P<notnull>(?:NOT )NULL)?'
+            % quotes
+        )
+
+        # (PRIMARY|UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL) INDEX `name` (USING (BTREE|HASH))?
+        # (`col` (ASC|DESC)?, `col` (ASC|DESC)?)
+        # KEY_BLOCK_SIZE size | WITH PARSER name
+        self._re_key = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'(?:(?P<type>\S+) )?KEY'
+            r'(?: +%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)?'
+            r'(?: +USING +(?P<using_pre>\S+))?'
+            r' +\((?P<columns>.+?)\)'
+            r'(?: +USING +(?P<using_post>\S+))?'
+            r'(?: +KEY_BLOCK_SIZE *[ =]? *(?P<keyblock>\S+))?'
+            r'(?: +WITH PARSER +(?P<parser>\S+))?'
+            r',?$'
+            % quotes
+        )
+
+        # CONSTRAINT `name` FOREIGN KEY (`local_col`)
+        # REFERENCES `remote` (`remote_col`)
+        # MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE
+        # ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT
+        #
+        # unique constraints come back as KEYs
+        kw = quotes.copy()
+        kw['on'] = 'RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NOACTION'
+        self._re_constraint = _re_compile(
+            r'  '
+            r'CONSTRAINT +'
+            r'%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +'
+            r'FOREIGN KEY +'
+            r'\((?P<local>[^\)]+?)\) REFERENCES +'
+            r'(?P<table>%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s'
+            r'(?:\.%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s)?) +'
+            r'\((?P<foreign>[^\)]+?)\)'
+            r'(?: +(?P<match>MATCH \w+))?'
+            r'(?: +ON DELETE (?P<ondelete>%(on)s))?'
+            r'(?: +ON UPDATE (?P<onupdate>%(on)s))?'
+            % kw
+        )
+
+        # PARTITION
+        #
+        # punt!
+        self._re_partition = _re_compile(r'(?:.*)(?:SUB)?PARTITION(?:.*)')
+
+        # Table-level options (COLLATE, ENGINE, etc.)
+        # Do the string options first, since they have quoted
+        # strings we need to get rid of.
+        for option in _options_of_type_string:
+            self._add_option_string(option)
+
+        for option in ('ENGINE', 'TYPE', 'AUTO_INCREMENT',
+                       'AVG_ROW_LENGTH', 'CHARACTER SET',
+                       'DEFAULT CHARSET', 'CHECKSUM',
+                       'COLLATE', 'DELAY_KEY_WRITE', 'INSERT_METHOD',
+                       'MAX_ROWS', 'MIN_ROWS', 'PACK_KEYS', 'ROW_FORMAT',
+                       'KEY_BLOCK_SIZE'):
+            self._add_option_word(option)
+
+        self._add_option_regex('UNION', r'\([^\)]+\)')
+        self._add_option_regex('TABLESPACE', r'.*? STORAGE DISK')
+        self._add_option_regex(
+            'RAID_TYPE',
+            r'\w+\s+RAID_CHUNKS\s*\=\s*\w+RAID_CHUNKSIZE\s*=\s*\w+')
+
+    _optional_equals = r'(?:\s*(?:=\s*)|\s+)'
+
+    def _add_option_string(self, directive):
+        regex = (r'(?P<directive>%s)%s'
+                 r"'(?P<val>(?:[^']|'')*?)'(?!')" %
+                 (re.escape(directive), self._optional_equals))
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(
+            regex, lambda v: v.replace("\\\\", "\\").replace("''", "'")
+        ))
+
+    def _add_option_word(self, directive):
+        regex = (r'(?P<directive>%s)%s'
+                 r'(?P<val>\w+)' %
+                 (re.escape(directive), self._optional_equals))
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+    def _add_option_regex(self, directive, regex):
+        regex = (r'(?P<directive>%s)%s'
+                 r'(?P<val>%s)' %
+                 (re.escape(directive), self._optional_equals, regex))
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+_options_of_type_string = ('COMMENT', 'DATA DIRECTORY', 'INDEX DIRECTORY',
+                           'PASSWORD', 'CONNECTION')
+
+
+class _DecodingRowProxy(object):
+    """Return unicode-decoded values based on type inspection.
+
+    Smooth over data type issues (esp. with alpha driver versions) and
+    normalize strings as Unicode regardless of user-configured driver
+    encoding settings.
+
+    """
+
+    # Some MySQL-python versions can return some columns as
+    # sets.Set(['value']) (seriously) but thankfully that doesn't
+    # seem to come up in DDL queries.
+
+    _encoding_compat = {
+        'koi8r': 'koi8_r',
+        'koi8u': 'koi8_u',
+        'utf16': 'utf-16-be',  # MySQL's uft16 is always bigendian
+        'utf8mb4': 'utf8',  # real utf8
+        'eucjpms': 'ujis',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, rowproxy, charset):
+        self.rowproxy = rowproxy
+        self.charset = self._encoding_compat.get(charset, charset)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        item = self.rowproxy[index]
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, util.binary_type):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        item = getattr(self.rowproxy, attr)
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, util.binary_type):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+
+def _pr_compile(regex, cleanup=None):
+    """Prepare a 2-tuple of compiled regex and callable."""
+
+    return (_re_compile(regex), cleanup)
+
+
+def _re_compile(regex):
+    """Compile a string to regex, I and UNICODE."""
+
+    return re.compile(regex, re.I | re.UNICODE)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bc0ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# mysql/cymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+cymysql
+    :name: CyMySQL
+    :dbapi: cymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+cymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>\
+[?<options>]
+    :url: https://github.com/nakagami/CyMySQL
+
+"""
+import re
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from .base import (BIT, MySQLDialect)
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _cymysqlBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert a MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long.
+        """
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in util.iterbytes(value):
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_cymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = 'cymysql'
+
+    description_encoding = None
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            BIT: _cymysqlBIT,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('cymysql')
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.server_version):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.OperationalError):
+            return self._extract_error_code(e) in \
+                (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055)
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_cymysql
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e36588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/gaerdbms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# mysql/gaerdbms.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+gaerdbms
+    :name: Google Cloud SQL
+    :dbapi: rdbms
+    :connectstring: mysql+gaerdbms:///<dbname>?instance=<instancename>
+    :url: https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/python/cloud-sql/\
+developers-guide
+
+    This dialect is based primarily on the :mod:`.mysql.mysqldb` dialect with
+    minimal changes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.8
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.0 This dialect is **no longer necessary** for
+        Google Cloud SQL; the MySQLdb dialect can be used directly.
+        Cloud SQL now recommends creating connections via the
+        mysql dialect using the URL format
+
+        ``mysql+mysqldb://root@/<dbname>?unix_socket=/cloudsql/<projectid>:<instancename>``
+
+
+Pooling
+-------
+
+Google App Engine connections appear to be randomly recycled,
+so the dialect does not pool connections.  The :class:`.NullPool`
+implementation is installed within the :class:`.Engine` by
+default.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ...pool import NullPool
+import re
+from sqlalchemy.util import warn_deprecated
+
+
+def _is_dev_environment():
+    return os.environ.get('SERVER_SOFTWARE', '').startswith('Development/')
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_gaerdbms(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "Google Cloud SQL now recommends creating connections via the "
+            "MySQLdb dialect directly, using the URL format "
+            "mysql+mysqldb://root@/<dbname>?unix_socket=/cloudsql/"
+            "<projectid>:<instancename>"
+        )
+
+        # from django:
+        # http://code.google.com/p/googleappengine/source/
+        #     browse/trunk/python/google/storage/speckle/
+        # python/django/backend/base.py#118
+        # see also [ticket:2649]
+        # see also http://stackoverflow.com/q/14224679/34549
+        from google.appengine.api import apiproxy_stub_map
+
+        if _is_dev_environment():
+            from google.appengine.api import rdbms_mysqldb
+            return rdbms_mysqldb
+        elif apiproxy_stub_map.apiproxy.GetStub('rdbms'):
+            from google.storage.speckle.python.api import rdbms_apiproxy
+            return rdbms_apiproxy
+        else:
+            from google.storage.speckle.python.api import rdbms_googleapi
+            return rdbms_googleapi
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        # Cloud SQL connections die at any moment
+        return NullPool
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        if not _is_dev_environment():
+            # 'dsn' and 'instance' are because we are skipping
+            # the traditional google.api.rdbms wrapper
+            opts['dsn'] = ''
+            opts['instance'] = url.query['instance']
+        return [], opts
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        match = re.compile(r"^(\d+)L?:|^\((\d+)L?,").match(str(exception))
+        # The rdbms api will wrap then re-raise some types of errors
+        # making this regex return no matches.
+        code = match.group(1) or match.group(2) if match else None
+        if code:
+            return int(code)
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_gaerdbms
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3a3f2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# mysql/mysqlconnector.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqlconnector
+    :name: MySQL Connector/Python
+    :dbapi: myconnpy
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@\
+<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/python/
+
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+"""
+
+from .base import (MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext,
+                   MySQLCompiler, MySQLIdentifierPreparer,
+                   BIT)
+
+from ... import util
+import re
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqlconnector(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector(MySQLCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._mysqlconnector_double_percents:
+            return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " % " + \
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        if self.dialect._mysqlconnector_double_percents:
+            return text.replace('%', '%%')
+        else:
+            return text
+
+    def escape_literal_column(self, text):
+        if self.dialect._mysqlconnector_double_percents:
+            return text.replace('%', '%%')
+        else:
+            return text
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector(MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        if self.dialect._mysqlconnector_double_percents:
+            return value.replace("%", "%%")
+        else:
+            return value
+
+
+class _myconnpyBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """MySQL-connector already converts mysql bits, so."""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = 'mysqlconnector'
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqlconnector
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector
+
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            BIT: _myconnpyBIT,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def supports_unicode_statements(self):
+        return util.py3k or self._mysqlconnector_version_info > (2, 0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from mysql import connector
+        return connector
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'buffered', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'raise_on_warnings', bool)
+
+        # unfortunately, MySQL/connector python refuses to release a
+        # cursor without reading fully, so non-buffered isn't an option
+        opts.setdefault('buffered', True)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in ClientFlag to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                from mysql.connector.constants import ClientFlag
+                client_flags = opts.get(
+                    'client_flags', ClientFlag.get_default())
+                client_flags |= ClientFlag.FOUND_ROWS
+                opts['client_flags'] = client_flags
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mysqlconnector_version_info(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, '__version__'):
+            m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?',
+                         self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                return tuple(
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)
+                    if x is not None)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mysqlconnector_double_percents(self):
+        return not util.py3k and self._mysqlconnector_version_info < (2, 0)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = dbapi_con.get_server_version()
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        errnos = (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055, 2048)
+        exceptions = (self.dbapi.OperationalError, self.dbapi.InterfaceError)
+        if isinstance(e, exceptions):
+            return e.errno in errnos or \
+                "MySQL Connection not available." in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchall()
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchone()
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c35eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# mysql/mysqldb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqldb
+    :name: MySQL-Python
+    :dbapi: mysqldb
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python
+
+.. _mysqldb_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+Py3K Support
+------------
+
+Currently, MySQLdb only runs on Python 2 and development has been stopped.
+`mysqlclient`_ is fork of MySQLdb and provides Python 3 support as well
+as some bugfixes.
+
+.. _mysqlclient: https://github.com/PyMySQL/mysqlclient-python
+
+Using MySQLdb with Google Cloud SQL
+-----------------------------------
+
+Google Cloud SQL now recommends use of the MySQLdb dialect.  Connect
+using a URL like the following::
+
+    mysql+mysqldb://root@/<dbname>?unix_socket=/cloudsql/<projectid>:<instancename>
+
+"""
+
+from .base import (MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext,
+                   MySQLCompiler, MySQLIdentifierPreparer)
+from .base import TEXT
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+import re
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        if hasattr(self, '_rowcount'):
+            return self._rowcount
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqldb(MySQLCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqldb(MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqldb(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = 'mysqldb'
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqldb
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqldb
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('MySQLdb')
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        rowcount = cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+        if context is not None:
+            context._rowcount = rowcount
+
+    def _check_unicode_returns(self, connection):
+        # work around issue fixed in
+        # https://github.com/farcepest/MySQLdb1/commit/cd44524fef63bd3fcb71947392326e9742d520e8
+        # specific issue w/ the utf8_bin collation and unicode returns
+
+        has_utf8_bin = self.server_version_info > (5, ) and \
+            connection.scalar(
+                "show collation where %s = 'utf8' and %s = 'utf8_bin'"
+                % (
+                    self.identifier_preparer.quote("Charset"),
+                    self.identifier_preparer.quote("Collation")
+                ))
+        if has_utf8_bin:
+            additional_tests = [
+                sql.collate(sql.cast(
+                    sql.literal_column(
+                            "'test collated returns'"),
+                    TEXT(charset='utf8')), "utf8_bin")
+            ]
+        else:
+            additional_tests = []
+        return super(MySQLDialect_mysqldb, self)._check_unicode_returns(
+            connection, additional_tests)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(database='db', username='user',
+                                          password='passwd')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'compress', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'connect_timeout', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'read_timeout', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'client_flag', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'local_infile', int)
+        # Note: using either of the below will cause all strings to be
+        # returned as Unicode, both in raw SQL operations and with column
+        # types like String and MSString.
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'use_unicode', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'charset', str)
+
+        # Rich values 'cursorclass' and 'conv' are not supported via
+        # query string.
+
+        ssl = {}
+        keys = ['ssl_ca', 'ssl_key', 'ssl_cert', 'ssl_capath', 'ssl_cipher']
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in opts:
+                ssl[key[4:]] = opts[key]
+                util.coerce_kw_type(ssl, key[4:], str)
+                del opts[key]
+        if ssl:
+            opts['ssl'] = ssl
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        client_flag = opts.get('client_flag', 0)
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                CLIENT_FLAGS = __import__(
+                    self.dbapi.__name__ + '.constants.CLIENT'
+                ).constants.CLIENT
+                client_flag |= CLIENT_FLAGS.FOUND_ROWS
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                self.supports_sane_rowcount = False
+            opts['client_flag'] = client_flag
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.get_server_info()):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.args[0]
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        try:
+            # note: the SQL here would be
+            # "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'"
+            cset_name = connection.connection.character_set_name
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "No 'character_set_name' can be detected with "
+                "this MySQL-Python version; "
+                "please upgrade to a recent version of MySQL-Python.  "
+                "Assuming latin1.")
+            return 'latin1'
+        else:
+            return cset_name()
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqldb
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b91db18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/oursql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# mysql/oursql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+oursql
+    :name: OurSQL
+    :dbapi: oursql
+    :connectstring: mysql+oursql://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: http://packages.python.org/oursql/
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from .base import (BIT, MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext)
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util
+
+
+class _oursqlBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """oursql already converts mysql bits, so."""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_oursql(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    @property
+    def plain_query(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get('_oursql_plain_query', False)
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_oursql(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = 'oursql'
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        supports_unicode_binds = True
+        supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_oursql
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Time: sqltypes.Time,
+            BIT: _oursqlBIT,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('oursql')
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of
+        *cursor.execute(statement, parameters)*."""
+
+        if context and context.plain_query:
+            cursor.execute(statement, plain_query=True)
+        else:
+            cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin(self, connection):
+        connection.cursor().execute('BEGIN', plain_query=True)
+
+    def _xa_query(self, connection, query, xid):
+        if util.py2k:
+            arg = connection.connection._escape_string(xid)
+        else:
+            charset = self._connection_charset
+            arg = connection.connection._escape_string(
+                xid.encode(charset)).decode(charset)
+        arg = "'%s'" % arg
+        connection.execution_options(
+            _oursql_plain_query=True).execute(query % arg)
+
+    # Because mysql is bad, these methods have to be
+    # reimplemented to use _PlainQuery. Basically, some queries
+    # refuse to return any data if they're run through
+    # the parameterized query API, or refuse to be parameterized
+    # in the first place.
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA BEGIN %s', xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA END %s', xid)
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA PREPARE %s', xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self._xa_query(connection, 'XA END %s', xid)
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA ROLLBACK %s', xid)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        self._xa_query(connection, 'XA COMMIT %s', xid)
+
+    # Q: why didn't we need all these "plain_query" overrides earlier ?
+    # am i on a newer/older version of OurSQL ?
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        return MySQLDialect.has_table(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table_name,
+            schema
+        )
+
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_table_options(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table_name,
+            schema=schema,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_columns(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table_name,
+            schema=schema,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_view_names(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            schema=schema,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_table_names(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            schema
+        )
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        return MySQLDialect.get_schema_names(
+            self,
+            connection.connect().execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        return MySQLDialect.initialize(
+            self,
+            connection.execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True)
+        )
+
+    def _show_create_table(self, connection, table, charset=None,
+                           full_name=None):
+        return MySQLDialect._show_create_table(
+            self,
+            connection.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True).
+            execution_options(_oursql_plain_query=True),
+            table, charset, full_name
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return e.errno is None and 'cursor' not in e.args[1] \
+                and e.args[1].endswith('closed')
+        else:
+            return e.errno in (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(database='db', username='user',
+                                          password='passwd')
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'port', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'compress', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'autoping', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'raise_on_warnings', bool)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'default_charset', bool)
+        if opts.pop('default_charset', False):
+            opts['charset'] = None
+        else:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'charset', str)
+        opts['use_unicode'] = opts.get('use_unicode', True)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'use_unicode', bool)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        opts.setdefault('found_rows', True)
+
+        ssl = {}
+        for key in ['ssl_ca', 'ssl_key', 'ssl_cert',
+                    'ssl_capath', 'ssl_cipher']:
+            if key in opts:
+                ssl[key[4:]] = opts[key]
+                util.coerce_kw_type(ssl, key[4:], str)
+                del opts[key]
+        if ssl:
+            opts['ssl'] = ssl
+
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.server_info):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """oursql isn't super-broken like MySQLdb, yaaay."""
+        return rp.fetchall()
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """oursql isn't super-broken like MySQLdb, yaaay."""
+        return rp.fetchone()
+
+    def _compat_first(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.first()
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_oursql
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c493fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# mysql/pymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pymysql
+    :name: PyMySQL
+    :dbapi: pymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>\
+[?<options>]
+    :url: http://www.pymysql.org/
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+MySQL-Python Compatibility
+--------------------------
+
+The pymysql DBAPI is a pure Python port of the MySQL-python (MySQLdb) driver,
+and targets 100% compatibility.   Most behavioral notes for MySQL-python apply
+to the pymysql driver as well.
+
+"""
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ...util import py3k
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = 'pymysql'
+
+    description_encoding = None
+
+    # generally, these two values should be both True
+    # or both False.   PyMySQL unicode tests pass all the way back
+    # to 0.4 either way.  See [ticket:3337]
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('pymysql')
+
+    if py3k:
+        def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+            if isinstance(exception.args[0], Exception):
+                exception = exception.args[0]
+            return exception.args[0]
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pymysql
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..882d3ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# mysql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mysql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/
+
+    .. note:: The PyODBC for MySQL dialect is not well supported, and
+       is subject to unresolved character encoding issues
+       which exist within the current ODBC drivers available.
+       (see http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25).
+       Other dialects for MySQL are recommended.
+
+"""
+
+from .base import MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ... import util
+import re
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc(MySQLExecutionContext):
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc_driver_name = "MySQL"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # deal with http://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/issues/detail?id=25
+        kw.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
+        super(MySQLDialect_pyodbc, self).__init__(**kw)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
+        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
+        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
+        #
+        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
+        # this can prefer the driver value.
+        rs = connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'")
+        opts = dict([(row[0], row[1]) for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs)])
+        for key in ('character_set_connection', 'character_set'):
+            if opts.get(key, None):
+                return opts[key]
+
+        util.warn("Could not detect the connection character set.  "
+                  "Assuming latin1.")
+        return 'latin1'
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        m = re.compile(r"\((\d+)\)").search(str(exception.args))
+        c = m.group(1)
+        if c:
+            return int(c)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe4c137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# mysql/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxjdbc for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: mysql+zxjdbc://<user>:<password>@<hostname>[:<port>]/\
+<database>
+    :driverurl: http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/j/
+
+    .. note:: Jython is not supported by current versions of SQLAlchemy.  The
+       zxjdbc dialect should be considered as experimental.
+
+Character Sets
+--------------
+
+SQLAlchemy zxjdbc dialects pass unicode straight through to the
+zxjdbc/JDBC layer. To allow multiple character sets to be sent from the
+MySQL Connector/J JDBC driver, by default SQLAlchemy sets its
+``characterEncoding`` connection property to ``UTF-8``. It may be
+overridden via a ``create_engine`` URL parameter.
+
+"""
+import re
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes, util
+from ...connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from .base import BIT, MySQLDialect, MySQLExecutionContext
+
+
+class _ZxJDBCBit(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Converts boolean or byte arrays from MySQL Connector/J to longs."""
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            if isinstance(value, bool):
+                return int(value)
+            v = 0
+            for i in value:
+                v = v << 8 | (i & 0xff)
+            value = v
+            return value
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_zxjdbc(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'mysql'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'com.mysql.jdbc.Driver'
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Time: sqltypes.Time,
+            BIT: _ZxJDBCBit
+        }
+    )
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
+        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
+        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
+        #
+        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
+        # this can prefer the driver value.
+        rs = connection.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'")
+        opts = dict((row[0], row[1]) for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs))
+        for key in ('character_set_connection', 'character_set'):
+            if opts.get(key, None):
+                return opts[key]
+
+        util.warn("Could not detect the connection character set.  "
+                  "Assuming latin1.")
+        return 'latin1'
+
+    def _driver_kwargs(self):
+        """return kw arg dict to be sent to connect()."""
+        return dict(characterEncoding='UTF-8', yearIsDateType='false')
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        # e.g.: DBAPIError: (Error) Table 'test.u2' doesn't exist
+        # [SQLCode: 1146], [SQLState: 42S02] 'DESCRIBE `u2`' ()
+        m = re.compile(r"\[SQLCode\: (\d+)\]").search(str(exception.args))
+        c = m.group(1)
+        if c:
+            return int(c)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        version = []
+        r = re.compile('[.\-]')
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.dbversion):
+            try:
+                version.append(int(n))
+            except ValueError:
+                version.append(n)
+        return tuple(version)
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c5c317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# oracle/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle import base, cx_oracle, zxjdbc
+
+base.dialect = cx_oracle.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.base import \
+    VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, DATE, NUMBER,\
+    BLOB, BFILE, CLOB, NCLOB, TIMESTAMP, RAW,\
+    FLOAT, DOUBLE_PRECISION, LONG, dialect, INTERVAL,\
+    VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, ROWID, dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'VARCHAR', 'NVARCHAR', 'CHAR', 'DATE', 'NUMBER',
+    'BLOB', 'BFILE', 'CLOB', 'NCLOB', 'TIMESTAMP', 'RAW',
+    'FLOAT', 'DOUBLE_PRECISION', 'LONG', 'dialect', 'INTERVAL',
+    'VARCHAR2', 'NVARCHAR2', 'ROWID'
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb63983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1546 @@
+# oracle/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: oracle
+    :name: Oracle
+
+    Oracle version 8 through current (11g at the time of this writing) are
+    supported.
+
+Connect Arguments
+-----------------
+
+The dialect supports several :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` arguments
+which affect the behavior of the dialect regardless of driver in use.
+
+* ``use_ansi`` - Use ANSI JOIN constructs (see the section on Oracle 8).
+  Defaults to ``True``.  If ``False``, Oracle-8 compatible constructs are used
+  for joins.
+
+* ``optimize_limits`` - defaults to ``False``. see the section on
+  LIMIT/OFFSET.
+
+* ``use_binds_for_limits`` - defaults to ``True``.  see the section on
+  LIMIT/OFFSET.
+
+Auto Increment Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually
+assumed to have "autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their
+own primary key values upon INSERT.  Since Oracle has no "autoincrement"
+feature, SQLAlchemy relies upon sequences to produce these values.   With the
+Oracle dialect, *a sequence must always be explicitly specified to enable
+autoincrement*.  This is divergent with the majority of documentation
+examples which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database.   To
+specify sequences, use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed
+to a Column construct::
+
+  t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True),
+        Column(...), ...
+  )
+
+This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload=True::
+
+  t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq'), primary_key=True),
+        autoload=True
+  )
+
+Identifier Casing
+-----------------
+
+In Oracle, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive identifier
+names using UPPERCASE text.   SQLAlchemy on the other hand considers an
+all-lower case identifier name to be case insensitive.   The Oracle dialect
+converts all case insensitive identifiers to and from those two formats during
+schema level communication, such as reflection of tables and indexes.   Using
+an UPPERCASE name on the SQLAlchemy side indicates a case sensitive
+identifier, and SQLAlchemy will quote the name - this will cause mismatches
+against data dictionary data received from Oracle, so unless identifier names
+have been truly created as case sensitive (i.e. using quoted names), all
+lowercase names should be used on the SQLAlchemy side.
+
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET Support
+--------------------
+
+Oracle has no support for the LIMIT or OFFSET keywords.  SQLAlchemy uses
+a wrapped subquery approach in conjunction with ROWNUM.  The exact methodology
+is taken from
+http://www.oracle.com/technology/oramag/oracle/06-sep/o56asktom.html .
+
+There are two options which affect its behavior:
+
+* the "FIRST ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default.  To enable
+  the usage of this optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True``
+  to :func:`.create_engine`.
+* the values passed for the limit/offset are sent as bound parameters.   Some
+  users have observed that Oracle produces a poor query plan when the values
+  are sent as binds and not rendered literally.   To render the limit/offset
+  values literally within the SQL statement, specify
+  ``use_binds_for_limits=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+Some users have reported better performance when the entirely different
+approach of a window query is used, i.e. ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY), to
+provide LIMIT/OFFSET (note that the majority of users don't observe this).
+To suit this case the method used for LIMIT/OFFSET can be replaced entirely.
+See the recipe at
+http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/wiki/UsageRecipes/WindowFunctionsByDefault
+which installs a select compiler that overrides the generation of limit/offset
+with a window function.
+
+.. _oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The Oracle database supports a limited form of RETURNING, in order to retrieve
+result sets of matched rows from INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements.
+Oracle's RETURNING..INTO syntax only supports one row being returned, as it
+relies upon OUT parameters in order to function.  In addition, supported
+DBAPIs have further limitations (see :ref:`cx_oracle_returning`).
+
+SQLAlchemy's "implicit returning" feature, which employs RETURNING within an
+INSERT and sometimes an UPDATE statement in order to fetch newly generated
+primary key values and other SQL defaults and expressions, is normally enabled
+on the Oracle backend.  By default, "implicit returning" typically only
+fetches the value of a single ``nextval(some_seq)`` expression embedded into
+an INSERT in order to increment a sequence within an INSERT statement and get
+the value back at the same time. To disable this feature across the board,
+specify ``implicit_returning=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle://scott:tiger@dsn",
+                           implicit_returning=False)
+
+Implicit returning can also be disabled on a table-by-table basis as a table
+option::
+
+    # Core Table
+    my_table = Table("my_table", metadata, ..., implicit_returning=False)
+
+
+    # declarative
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+        __table_args__ = {"implicit_returning": False}
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`cx_oracle_returning` - additional cx_oracle-specific restrictions on
+    implicit returning.
+
+ON UPDATE CASCADE
+-----------------
+
+Oracle doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality.  A trigger based
+solution is available at
+http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html .
+
+When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue
+cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the
+"deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments,
+and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship().
+
+Oracle 8 Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+When Oracle 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to the
+following behaviors:
+
+* the use_ansi flag is set to False.  This has the effect of converting all
+  JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN
+  makes use of Oracle's (+) operator.
+
+* the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when
+  the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are
+  issued instead.   This because these types don't seem to work correctly on
+  Oracle 8 even though they are available.  The
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR` and
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate
+  NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB.
+
+* the "native unicode" mode is disabled when using cx_oracle, i.e. SQLAlchemy
+  encodes all Python unicode objects to "string" before passing in as bind
+  parameters.
+
+Synonym/DBLINK Reflection
+-------------------------
+
+When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search
+for tables indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or
+accessed over DBLINK, by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as
+a keyword argument to the :class:`.Table` construct::
+
+    some_table = Table('some_table', autoload=True,
+                                autoload_with=some_engine,
+                                oracle_resolve_synonyms=True)
+
+When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will
+be searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the
+``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another
+name.  If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the oracle dialect
+knows how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax(e.g.
+``@dblink``).
+
+``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are
+accepted, including methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` and
+:meth:`.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled.
+
+DateTime Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+Oracle has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only ``DATE``,
+which can actually store a date and time value.  For this reason, the Oracle
+dialect provides a type :class:`.oracle.DATE` which is a subclass of
+:class:`.DateTime`.   This type has no special behavior, and is only
+present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column
+is reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting
+:class:`.oracle.DATE` type is used.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.4 Added :class:`.oracle.DATE` to subclass
+   :class:`.DateTime`.  This is a change as previous versions
+   would reflect a ``DATE`` column as :class:`.types.DATE`, which subclasses
+   :class:`.Date`.   The only significance here is for schemes that are
+   examining the type of column for use in special Python translations or
+   for migrating schemas to other database backends.
+
+.. _oracle_table_options:
+
+Oracle Table Options
+-------------------------
+
+The CREATE TABLE phrase supports the following options with Oracle
+in conjunction with the :class:`.Table` construct:
+
+
+* ``ON COMMIT``::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table", metadata, ...,
+        prefixes=['GLOBAL TEMPORARY'], oracle_on_commit='PRESERVE ROWS')
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+* ``COMPRESS``::
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)),
+        oracle_compress=True)
+
+    Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)),
+        oracle_compress=6)
+
+   The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer compression
+   level, or ``True`` to use the default compression level.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+.. _oracle_index_options:
+
+Oracle Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------
+
+Bitmap Indexes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can specify the ``oracle_bitmap`` parameter to create a bitmap index
+instead of a B-tree index::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_bitmap=True)
+
+Bitmap indexes cannot be unique and cannot be compressed. SQLAlchemy will not
+check for such limitations, only the database will.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+Index compression
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Oracle has a more efficient storage mode for indexes containing lots of
+repeated values. Use the ``oracle_compress`` parameter to turn on key c
+ompression::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_compress=True)
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data1, my_table.c.data2, unique=True,
+           oracle_compress=1)
+
+The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer specifying the
+number of prefix columns to compress, or ``True`` to use the default (all
+columns for non-unique indexes, all but the last column for unique indexes).
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from sqlalchemy import util, sql
+from sqlalchemy.engine import default, reflection
+from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler, visitors, expression
+from sqlalchemy.sql import operators as sql_operators
+from sqlalchemy.sql.elements import quoted_name
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, schema as sa_schema
+from sqlalchemy.types import VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, CHAR, \
+    BLOB, CLOB, TIMESTAMP, FLOAT
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = \
+    set('SHARE RAW DROP BETWEEN FROM DESC OPTION PRIOR LONG THEN '
+        'DEFAULT ALTER IS INTO MINUS INTEGER NUMBER GRANT IDENTIFIED '
+        'ALL TO ORDER ON FLOAT DATE HAVING CLUSTER NOWAIT RESOURCE '
+        'ANY TABLE INDEX FOR UPDATE WHERE CHECK SMALLINT WITH DELETE '
+        'BY ASC REVOKE LIKE SIZE RENAME NOCOMPRESS NULL GROUP VALUES '
+        'AS IN VIEW EXCLUSIVE COMPRESS SYNONYM SELECT INSERT EXISTS '
+        'NOT TRIGGER ELSE CREATE INTERSECT PCTFREE DISTINCT USER '
+        'CONNECT SET MODE OF UNIQUE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR LOCK OR CHAR '
+        'DECIMAL UNION PUBLIC AND START UID COMMENT CURRENT LEVEL'.split())
+
+NO_ARG_FNS = set('UID CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE USER '
+                 'CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'.split())
+
+
+class RAW(sqltypes._Binary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'RAW'
+OracleRaw = RAW
+
+
+class NCLOB(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = 'NCLOB'
+
+
+class VARCHAR2(VARCHAR):
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR2'
+
+NVARCHAR2 = NVARCHAR
+
+
+class NUMBER(sqltypes.Numeric, sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMBER'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
+        if asdecimal is None:
+            asdecimal = bool(scale and scale > 0)
+
+        super(NUMBER, self).__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype):
+        ret = super(NUMBER, self).adapt(impltype)
+        # leave a hint for the DBAPI handler
+        ret._is_oracle_number = True
+        return ret
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        if bool(self.scale and self.scale > 0):
+            return sqltypes.Numeric
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Integer
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE_PRECISION'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
+        if asdecimal is None:
+            asdecimal = False
+
+        super(DOUBLE_PRECISION, self).__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
+
+
+class BFILE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BFILE'
+
+
+class LONG(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = 'LONG'
+
+
+class DATE(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    """Provide the oracle DATE type.
+
+    This type has no special Python behavior, except that it subclasses
+    :class:`.types.DateTime`; this is to suit the fact that the Oracle
+    ``DATE`` type supports a time value.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATE'
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
+        return other._type_affinity in (sqltypes.DateTime, sqltypes.Date)
+
+
+class INTERVAL(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTERVAL'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 day_precision=None,
+                 second_precision=None):
+        """Construct an INTERVAL.
+
+        Note that only DAY TO SECOND intervals are currently supported.
+        This is due to a lack of support for YEAR TO MONTH intervals
+        within available DBAPIs (cx_oracle and zxjdbc).
+
+        :param day_precision: the day precision value.  this is the number of
+          digits to store for the day field.  Defaults to "2"
+        :param second_precision: the second precision value.  this is the
+          number of digits to store for the fractional seconds field.
+          Defaults to "6".
+
+        """
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
+        return INTERVAL(day_precision=interval.day_precision,
+                        second_precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+
+class ROWID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Oracle ROWID type.
+
+    When used in a cast() or similar, generates ROWID.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'ROWID'
+
+
+class _OracleBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Boolean: _OracleBoolean,
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATE
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'VARCHAR2': VARCHAR,
+    'NVARCHAR2': NVARCHAR,
+    'CHAR': CHAR,
+    'DATE': DATE,
+    'NUMBER': NUMBER,
+    'BLOB': BLOB,
+    'BFILE': BFILE,
+    'CLOB': CLOB,
+    'NCLOB': NCLOB,
+    'TIMESTAMP': TIMESTAMP,
+    'TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE': TIMESTAMP,
+    'INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND': INTERVAL,
+    'RAW': RAW,
+    'FLOAT': FLOAT,
+    'DOUBLE PRECISION': DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    'LONG': LONG,
+}
+
+
+class OracleTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    # Note:
+    # Oracle DATE == DATETIME
+    # Oracle does not allow milliseconds in DATE
+    # Oracle does not support TIME columns
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._supports_nchar:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INTERVAL DAY%s TO SECOND%s" % (
+            type_.day_precision is not None and
+            "(%d)" % type_.day_precision or
+            "",
+            type_.second_precision is not None and
+            "(%d)" % type_.second_precision or
+            "",
+        )
+
+    def visit_LONG(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "LONG"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.timezone:
+            return "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE PRECISION", **kw)
+
+    def visit_NUMBER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "NUMBER", **kw)
+
+    def _generate_numeric(self, type_, name, precision=None, scale=None, **kw):
+        if precision is None:
+            precision = type_.precision
+
+        if scale is None:
+            scale = getattr(type_, 'scale', None)
+
+        if precision is None:
+            return name
+        elif scale is None:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s)"
+            return n % {'name': name, 'precision': precision}
+        else:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+            return n % {'name': name, 'precision': precision, 'scale': scale}
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR2(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, '', '2')
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR2(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, 'N', '2')
+    visit_NVARCHAR = visit_NVARCHAR2
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, '', '')
+
+    def _visit_varchar(self, type_, n, num):
+        if not type_.length:
+            return "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s" % {'two': num, 'n': n}
+        elif not n and self.dialect._supports_char_length:
+            varchar = "VARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s CHAR)"
+            return varchar % {'length': type_.length, 'two': num}
+        else:
+            varchar = "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s)"
+            return varchar % {'length': type_.length, 'two': num, 'n': n}
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_CLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._supports_nchar:
+            return self.visit_NCLOB(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_CLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NUMBER(type_, precision=19, **kw)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_RAW(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return "RAW(%(length)s)" % {'length': type_.length}
+        else:
+            return "RAW"
+
+    def visit_ROWID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "ROWID"
+
+
+class OracleCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    """Oracle compiler modifies the lexical structure of Select
+    statements to work under non-ANSI configured Oracle databases, if
+    the use_ansi flag is False.
+    """
+
+    compound_keywords = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.compound_keywords,
+        {
+            expression.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: 'MINUS'
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.__wheres = {}
+        self._quoted_bind_names = {}
+        super(OracleCompiler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "mod(%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                                self.process(binary.right, **kw))
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LENGTH" + self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (self.process(binary.left),
+                                      self.process(binary.right))
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '1'
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '0'
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return " ".join(
+            "/*+ %s */" % text for table, text in byfroms.items()
+        )
+
+    def function_argspec(self, fn, **kw):
+        if len(fn.clauses) > 0 or fn.name.upper() not in NO_ARG_FNS:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.function_argspec(self, fn, **kw)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
+        and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
+
+        The Oracle compiler tacks a "FROM DUAL" to the statement.
+        """
+
+        return " FROM DUAL"
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.use_ansi:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_join(self, join, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            kwargs['asfrom'] = True
+            if isinstance(join.right, expression.FromGrouping):
+                right = join.right.element
+            else:
+                right = join.right
+            return self.process(join.left, **kwargs) + \
+                ", " + self.process(right, **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_nonansi_join_whereclause(self, froms):
+        clauses = []
+
+        def visit_join(join):
+            if join.isouter:
+                def visit_binary(binary):
+                    if binary.operator == sql_operators.eq:
+                        if join.right.is_derived_from(binary.left.table):
+                            binary.left = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.left)
+                        elif join.right.is_derived_from(binary.right.table):
+                            binary.right = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.right)
+                clauses.append(visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                    join.onclause, {}, {'binary': visit_binary}))
+            else:
+                clauses.append(join.onclause)
+
+            for j in join.left, join.right:
+                if isinstance(j, expression.Join):
+                    visit_join(j)
+                elif isinstance(j, expression.FromGrouping):
+                    visit_join(j.element)
+
+        for f in froms:
+            if isinstance(f, expression.Join):
+                visit_join(f)
+
+        if not clauses:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sql.and_(*clauses)
+
+    def visit_outer_join_column(self, vc, **kw):
+        return self.process(vc.column, **kw) + "(+)"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq):
+        return (self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq) +
+                ".nextval")
+
+    def get_render_as_alias_suffix(self, alias_name_text):
+        """Oracle doesn't like ``FROM table AS alias``"""
+
+        return " " + alias_name_text
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        columns = []
+        binds = []
+        for i, column in enumerate(
+                expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)):
+            if column.type._has_column_expression:
+                col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
+            else:
+                col_expr = column
+            outparam = sql.outparam("ret_%d" % i, type_=column.type)
+            self.binds[outparam.key] = outparam
+            binds.append(
+                self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(outparam)))
+            columns.append(
+                self.process(col_expr, within_columns_clause=False))
+
+            self._add_to_result_map(
+                outparam.key, outparam.key,
+                (column, getattr(column, 'name', None),
+                 getattr(column, 'key', None)),
+                column.type
+            )
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
+
+    def _TODO_visit_compound_select(self, select):
+        """Need to determine how to get ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` into a
+        ``UNION`` for Oracle.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def visit_select(self, select, **kwargs):
+        """Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
+        so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``rownum`` criterion.
+        """
+
+        if not getattr(select, '_oracle_visit', None):
+            if not self.dialect.use_ansi:
+                froms = self._display_froms_for_select(
+                    select, kwargs.get('asfrom', False))
+                whereclause = self._get_nonansi_join_whereclause(froms)
+                if whereclause is not None:
+                    select = select.where(whereclause)
+                    select._oracle_visit = True
+
+            limit_clause = select._limit_clause
+            offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+            if limit_clause is not None or offset_clause is not None:
+                # See http://www.oracle.com/technology/oramag/oracle/06-sep/\
+                # o56asktom.html
+                #
+                # Generalized form of an Oracle pagination query:
+                #   select ... from (
+                #     select /*+ FIRST_ROWS(N) */ ...., rownum as ora_rn from
+                #       (  select distinct ... where ... order by ...
+                #     ) where ROWNUM <= :limit+:offset
+                #   ) where ora_rn > :offset
+                # Outer select and "ROWNUM as ora_rn" can be dropped if
+                # limit=0
+
+                kwargs['select_wraps_for'] = select
+                select = select._generate()
+                select._oracle_visit = True
+
+                # Wrap the middle select and add the hint
+                limitselect = sql.select([c for c in select.c])
+                if limit_clause is not None and \
+                    self.dialect.optimize_limits and \
+                        select._simple_int_limit:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.prefix_with(
+                        "/*+ FIRST_ROWS(%d) */" %
+                        select._limit)
+
+                limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                # If needed, add the limiting clause
+                if limit_clause is not None:
+                    if not self.dialect.use_binds_for_limits:
+                        # use simple int limits, will raise an exception
+                        # if the limit isn't specified this way
+                        max_row = select._limit
+
+                        if offset_clause is not None:
+                            max_row += select._offset
+                        max_row = sql.literal_column("%d" % max_row)
+                    else:
+                        max_row = limit_clause
+                        if offset_clause is not None:
+                            max_row = max_row + offset_clause
+                    limitselect.append_whereclause(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM") <= max_row)
+
+                # If needed, add the ora_rn, and wrap again with offset.
+                if offset_clause is None:
+                    limitselect._for_update_arg = select._for_update_arg
+                    select = limitselect
+                else:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.column(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM").label("ora_rn"))
+                    limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    offsetselect = sql.select(
+                        [c for c in limitselect.c if c.key != 'ora_rn'])
+                    offsetselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    offsetselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    if not self.dialect.use_binds_for_limits:
+                        offset_clause = sql.literal_column(
+                            "%d" % select._offset)
+                    offsetselect.append_whereclause(
+                        sql.literal_column("ora_rn") > offset_clause)
+
+                    offsetselect._for_update_arg = select._for_update_arg
+                    select = offsetselect
+
+        return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_select(self, select, **kwargs)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if self.is_subquery():
+            return ""
+
+        tmp = ' FOR UPDATE'
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tmp += ' OF ' + ', '.join(
+                self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in
+                select._for_update_arg.of
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+
+        return tmp
+
+
+class OracleDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
+
+        # oracle has no ON UPDATE CASCADE -
+        # its only available via triggers
+        # http://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Oracle does not contain native UPDATE CASCADE "
+                "functionality - onupdates will not be rendered for foreign "
+                "keys.  Consider using deferrable=True, initially='deferred' "
+                "or triggers.")
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        if index.dialect_options['oracle']['bitmap']:
+            text += "BITMAP "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table, use_schema=True),
+            ', '.join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr,
+                    include_table=False, literal_binds=True)
+                for expr in index.expressions)
+        )
+        if index.dialect_options['oracle']['compress'] is not False:
+            if index.dialect_options['oracle']['compress'] is True:
+                text += " COMPRESS"
+            else:
+                text += " COMPRESS %d" % (
+                    index.dialect_options['oracle']['compress']
+                )
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_opts = []
+        opts = table.dialect_options['oracle']
+
+        if opts['on_commit']:
+            on_commit_options = opts['on_commit'].replace("_", " ").upper()
+            table_opts.append('\n ON COMMIT %s' % on_commit_options)
+
+        if opts['compress']:
+            if opts['compress'] is True:
+                table_opts.append("\n COMPRESS")
+            else:
+                table_opts.append("\n COMPRESS FOR %s" % (
+                    opts['compress']
+                ))
+
+        return ''.join(table_opts)
+
+
+class OracleIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+
+    reserved_words = set([x.lower() for x in RESERVED_WORDS])
+    illegal_initial_characters = set(
+        (str(dig) for dig in range(0, 10))).union(["_", "$"])
+
+    def _bindparam_requires_quotes(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (lc_value in self.reserved_words
+                or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+                or not self.legal_characters.match(util.text_type(value))
+                )
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint):
+        name = re.sub(r'^_+', '', savepoint.ident)
+        return super(
+            OracleIdentifierPreparer, self).format_savepoint(savepoint, name)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            "SELECT " +
+            self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq) +
+            ".nextval FROM DUAL", type_)
+
+
+class OracleDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'oracle'
+    supports_alter = True
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = False
+    max_identifier_length = 30
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = False
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'named'
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    requires_name_normalize = True
+
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = OracleDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = OracleTypeCompiler
+    preparer = OracleIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext
+
+    reflection_options = ('oracle_resolve_synonyms', )
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {
+            "resolve_synonyms": False,
+            "on_commit": None,
+            "compress": False
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {
+            "bitmap": False,
+            "compress": False
+        })
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 use_ansi=True,
+                 optimize_limits=False,
+                 use_binds_for_limits=True,
+                 **kwargs):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.use_ansi = use_ansi
+        self.optimize_limits = optimize_limits
+        self.use_binds_for_limits = use_binds_for_limits
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(OracleDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self.implicit_returning = self.__dict__.get(
+            'implicit_returning',
+            self.server_version_info > (10, )
+        )
+
+        if self._is_oracle_8:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Interval)
+            self.use_ansi = False
+
+    @property
+    def _is_oracle_8(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and \
+            self.server_version_info < (9, )
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_table_compression(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and \
+            self.server_version_info >= (9, 2, )
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_table_compress_for(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and \
+            self.server_version_info >= (11, )
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_char_length(self):
+        return not self._is_oracle_8
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_nchar(self):
+        return not self._is_oracle_8
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # Oracle does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
+                     "WHERE table_name = :name AND owner = :schema_name"),
+            name=self.denormalize_name(table_name),
+            schema_name=self.denormalize_name(schema))
+        return cursor.first() is not None
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT sequence_name FROM all_sequences "
+                     "WHERE sequence_name = :name AND "
+                     "sequence_owner = :schema_name"),
+            name=self.denormalize_name(sequence_name),
+            schema_name=self.denormalize_name(schema))
+        return cursor.first() is not None
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(name, str):
+                name = name.decode(self.encoding)
+        if name.upper() == name and not \
+                self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            return name.lower()
+        elif name.lower() == name:
+            return quoted_name(name, quote=True)
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+        elif name.lower() == name and not \
+                self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes(name.lower()):
+            name = name.upper()
+        if util.py2k:
+            if not self.supports_unicode_binds:
+                name = name.encode(self.encoding)
+            else:
+                name = unicode(name)
+        return name
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return self.normalize_name(
+            connection.execute('SELECT USER FROM DUAL').scalar())
+
+    def _resolve_synonym(self, connection, desired_owner=None,
+                         desired_synonym=None, desired_table=None):
+        """search for a local synonym matching the given desired owner/name.
+
+        if desired_owner is None, attempts to locate a distinct owner.
+
+        returns the actual name, owner, dblink name, and synonym name if
+        found.
+        """
+
+        q = "SELECT owner, table_owner, table_name, db_link, "\
+            "synonym_name FROM all_synonyms WHERE "
+        clauses = []
+        params = {}
+        if desired_synonym:
+            clauses.append("synonym_name = :synonym_name")
+            params['synonym_name'] = desired_synonym
+        if desired_owner:
+            clauses.append("owner = :desired_owner")
+            params['desired_owner'] = desired_owner
+        if desired_table:
+            clauses.append("table_name = :tname")
+            params['tname'] = desired_table
+
+        q += " AND ".join(clauses)
+
+        result = connection.execute(sql.text(q), **params)
+        if desired_owner:
+            row = result.first()
+            if row:
+                return (row['table_name'], row['table_owner'],
+                        row['db_link'], row['synonym_name'])
+            else:
+                return None, None, None, None
+        else:
+            rows = result.fetchall()
+            if len(rows) > 1:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "There are multiple tables visible to the schema, you "
+                    "must specify owner")
+            elif len(rows) == 1:
+                row = rows[0]
+                return (row['table_name'], row['table_owner'],
+                        row['db_link'], row['synonym_name'])
+            else:
+                return None, None, None, None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _prepare_reflection_args(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                                 resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
+
+        if resolve_synonyms:
+            actual_name, owner, dblink, synonym = self._resolve_synonym(
+                connection,
+                desired_owner=self.denormalize_name(schema),
+                desired_synonym=self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+            )
+        else:
+            actual_name, owner, dblink, synonym = None, None, None, None
+        if not actual_name:
+            actual_name = self.denormalize_name(table_name)
+
+        if dblink:
+            # using user_db_links here since all_db_links appears
+            # to have more restricted permissions.
+            # http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/ds_admin005.htm
+            # will need to hear from more users if we are doing
+            # the right thing here.  See [ticket:2619]
+            owner = connection.scalar(
+                sql.text("SELECT username FROM user_db_links "
+                         "WHERE db_link=:link"), link=dblink)
+            dblink = "@" + dblink
+        elif not owner:
+            owner = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
+
+        return (actual_name, owner, dblink or '', synonym)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = "SELECT username FROM all_users ORDER BY username"
+        cursor = connection.execute(s,)
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        schema = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
+
+        # note that table_names() isn't loading DBLINKed or synonym'ed tables
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        s = sql.text(
+            "SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
+            "WHERE nvl(tablespace_name, 'no tablespace') NOT IN "
+            "('SYSTEM', 'SYSAUX') "
+            "AND OWNER = :owner "
+            "AND IOT_NAME IS NULL "
+            "AND DURATION IS NULL")
+        cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=schema)
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        schema = self.denormalize_name(self.default_schema_name)
+        s = sql.text(
+            "SELECT table_name FROM all_tables "
+            "WHERE nvl(tablespace_name, 'no tablespace') NOT IN "
+            "('SYSTEM', 'SYSAUX') "
+            "AND OWNER = :owner "
+            "AND IOT_NAME IS NULL "
+            "AND DURATION IS NOT NULL")
+        cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=schema)
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        schema = self.denormalize_name(schema or self.default_schema_name)
+        s = sql.text("SELECT view_name FROM all_views WHERE owner = :owner")
+        cursor = connection.execute(s, owner=self.denormalize_name(schema))
+        return [self.normalize_name(row[0]) for row in cursor]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        options = {}
+
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+
+        params = {"table_name": table_name}
+
+        columns = ["table_name"]
+        if self._supports_table_compression:
+            columns.append("compression")
+        if self._supports_table_compress_for:
+            columns.append("compress_for")
+
+        text = "SELECT %(columns)s "\
+            "FROM ALL_TABLES%(dblink)s "\
+            "WHERE table_name = :table_name"
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['owner'] = schema
+            text += " AND owner = :owner "
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink, 'columns': ", ".join(columns)}
+
+        result = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
+
+        enabled = dict(DISABLED=False, ENABLED=True)
+
+        row = result.first()
+        if row:
+            if "compression" in row and enabled.get(row.compression, False):
+                if "compress_for" in row:
+                    options['oracle_compress'] = row.compress_for
+                else:
+                    options['oracle_compress'] = True
+
+        return options
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """
+
+        kw arguments can be:
+
+            oracle_resolve_synonyms
+
+            dblink
+
+        """
+
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+        columns = []
+        if self._supports_char_length:
+            char_length_col = 'char_length'
+        else:
+            char_length_col = 'data_length'
+
+        params = {"table_name": table_name}
+        text = "SELECT column_name, data_type, %(char_length_col)s, "\
+            "data_precision, data_scale, "\
+            "nullable, data_default FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS%(dblink)s "\
+            "WHERE table_name = :table_name"
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['owner'] = schema
+            text += " AND owner = :owner "
+        text += " ORDER BY column_id"
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink, 'char_length_col': char_length_col}
+
+        c = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
+
+        for row in c:
+            (colname, orig_colname, coltype, length, precision, scale, nullable, default) = \
+                (self.normalize_name(row[0]), row[0], row[1], row[
+                 2], row[3], row[4], row[5] == 'Y', row[6])
+
+            if coltype == 'NUMBER':
+                coltype = NUMBER(precision, scale)
+            elif coltype in ('VARCHAR2', 'NVARCHAR2', 'CHAR'):
+                coltype = self.ischema_names.get(coltype)(length)
+            elif 'WITH TIME ZONE' in coltype:
+                coltype = TIMESTAMP(timezone=True)
+            else:
+                coltype = re.sub(r'\(\d+\)', '', coltype)
+                try:
+                    coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                              (coltype, colname))
+                    coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+            cdict = {
+                'name': colname,
+                'type': coltype,
+                'nullable': nullable,
+                'default': default,
+                'autoincrement': default is None
+            }
+            if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
+                cdict['quote'] = True
+
+            columns.append(cdict)
+        return columns
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                    resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
+
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+        indexes = []
+
+        params = {'table_name': table_name}
+        text = \
+            "SELECT a.index_name, a.column_name, "\
+            "\nb.index_type, b.uniqueness, b.compression, b.prefix_length "\
+            "\nFROM ALL_IND_COLUMNS%(dblink)s a, "\
+            "\nALL_INDEXES%(dblink)s b "\
+            "\nWHERE "\
+            "\na.index_name = b.index_name "\
+            "\nAND a.table_owner = b.table_owner "\
+            "\nAND a.table_name = b.table_name "\
+            "\nAND a.table_name = :table_name "
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['schema'] = schema
+            text += "AND a.table_owner = :schema "
+
+        text += "ORDER BY a.index_name, a.column_position"
+
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink}
+
+        q = sql.text(text)
+        rp = connection.execute(q, **params)
+        indexes = []
+        last_index_name = None
+        pk_constraint = self.get_pk_constraint(
+            connection, table_name, schema, resolve_synonyms=resolve_synonyms,
+            dblink=dblink, info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+        pkeys = pk_constraint['constrained_columns']
+        uniqueness = dict(NONUNIQUE=False, UNIQUE=True)
+        enabled = dict(DISABLED=False, ENABLED=True)
+
+        oracle_sys_col = re.compile(r'SYS_NC\d+\$', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+        def upper_name_set(names):
+            return set([i.upper() for i in names])
+
+        pk_names = upper_name_set(pkeys)
+
+        def remove_if_primary_key(index):
+            # don't include the primary key index
+            if index is not None and \
+               upper_name_set(index['column_names']) == pk_names:
+                indexes.pop()
+
+        index = None
+        for rset in rp:
+            if rset.index_name != last_index_name:
+                remove_if_primary_key(index)
+                index = dict(name=self.normalize_name(rset.index_name),
+                             column_names=[], dialect_options={})
+                indexes.append(index)
+            index['unique'] = uniqueness.get(rset.uniqueness, False)
+
+            if rset.index_type in ('BITMAP', 'FUNCTION-BASED BITMAP'):
+                index['dialect_options']['oracle_bitmap'] = True
+            if enabled.get(rset.compression, False):
+                index['dialect_options']['oracle_compress'] = rset.prefix_length
+
+            # filter out Oracle SYS_NC names.  could also do an outer join
+            # to the all_tab_columns table and check for real col names there.
+            if not oracle_sys_col.match(rset.column_name):
+                index['column_names'].append(
+                    self.normalize_name(rset.column_name))
+            last_index_name = rset.index_name
+        remove_if_primary_key(index)
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_constraint_data(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                             dblink='', **kw):
+
+        params = {'table_name': table_name}
+
+        text = \
+            "SELECT"\
+            "\nac.constraint_name,"\
+            "\nac.constraint_type,"\
+            "\nloc.column_name AS local_column,"\
+            "\nrem.table_name AS remote_table,"\
+            "\nrem.column_name AS remote_column,"\
+            "\nrem.owner AS remote_owner,"\
+            "\nloc.position as loc_pos,"\
+            "\nrem.position as rem_pos"\
+            "\nFROM all_constraints%(dblink)s ac,"\
+            "\nall_cons_columns%(dblink)s loc,"\
+            "\nall_cons_columns%(dblink)s rem"\
+            "\nWHERE ac.table_name = :table_name"\
+            "\nAND ac.constraint_type IN ('R','P')"
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            params['owner'] = schema
+            text += "\nAND ac.owner = :owner"
+
+        text += \
+            "\nAND ac.owner = loc.owner"\
+            "\nAND ac.constraint_name = loc.constraint_name"\
+            "\nAND ac.r_owner = rem.owner(+)"\
+            "\nAND ac.r_constraint_name = rem.constraint_name(+)"\
+            "\nAND (rem.position IS NULL or loc.position=rem.position)"\
+            "\nORDER BY ac.constraint_name, loc.position"
+
+        text = text % {'dblink': dblink}
+        rp = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params)
+        constraint_data = rp.fetchall()
+        return constraint_data
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+        pkeys = []
+        constraint_name = None
+        constraint_data = self._get_constraint_data(
+            connection, table_name, schema, dblink,
+            info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        for row in constraint_data:
+            (cons_name, cons_type, local_column, remote_table, remote_column, remote_owner) = \
+                row[0:2] + tuple([self.normalize_name(x) for x in row[2:6]])
+            if cons_type == 'P':
+                if constraint_name is None:
+                    constraint_name = self.normalize_name(cons_name)
+                pkeys.append(local_column)
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': constraint_name}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """
+
+        kw arguments can be:
+
+            oracle_resolve_synonyms
+
+            dblink
+
+        """
+
+        requested_schema = schema  # to check later on
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get('oracle_resolve_synonyms', False)
+        dblink = kw.get('dblink', '')
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+
+        (table_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+
+        constraint_data = self._get_constraint_data(
+            connection, table_name, schema, dblink,
+            info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        def fkey_rec():
+            return {
+                'name': None,
+                'constrained_columns': [],
+                'referred_schema': None,
+                'referred_table': None,
+                'referred_columns': []
+            }
+
+        fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
+
+        for row in constraint_data:
+            (cons_name, cons_type, local_column, remote_table, remote_column, remote_owner) = \
+                row[0:2] + tuple([self.normalize_name(x) for x in row[2:6]])
+
+            if cons_type == 'R':
+                if remote_table is None:
+                    # ticket 363
+                    util.warn(
+                        ("Got 'None' querying 'table_name' from "
+                         "all_cons_columns%(dblink)s - does the user have "
+                         "proper rights to the table?") % {'dblink': dblink})
+                    continue
+
+                rec = fkeys[cons_name]
+                rec['name'] = cons_name
+                local_cols, remote_cols = rec[
+                    'constrained_columns'], rec['referred_columns']
+
+                if not rec['referred_table']:
+                    if resolve_synonyms:
+                        ref_remote_name, ref_remote_owner, ref_dblink, ref_synonym = \
+                            self._resolve_synonym(
+                                connection,
+                                desired_owner=self.denormalize_name(
+                                    remote_owner),
+                                desired_table=self.denormalize_name(
+                                    remote_table)
+                            )
+                        if ref_synonym:
+                            remote_table = self.normalize_name(ref_synonym)
+                            remote_owner = self.normalize_name(
+                                ref_remote_owner)
+
+                    rec['referred_table'] = remote_table
+
+                    if requested_schema is not None or \
+                       self.denormalize_name(remote_owner) != schema:
+                        rec['referred_schema'] = remote_owner
+
+                local_cols.append(local_column)
+                remote_cols.append(remote_column)
+
+        return list(fkeys.values())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None,
+                            resolve_synonyms=False, dblink='', **kw):
+        info_cache = kw.get('info_cache')
+        (view_name, schema, dblink, synonym) = \
+            self._prepare_reflection_args(connection, view_name, schema,
+                                          resolve_synonyms, dblink,
+                                          info_cache=info_cache)
+
+        params = {'view_name': view_name}
+        text = "SELECT text FROM all_views WHERE view_name=:view_name"
+
+        if schema is not None:
+            text += " AND owner = :schema"
+            params['schema'] = schema
+
+        rp = connection.execute(sql.text(text), **params).scalar()
+        if rp:
+            if util.py2k:
+                rp = rp.decode(self.encoding)
+            return rp
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class _OuterJoinColumn(sql.ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'outer_join_column'
+
+    def __init__(self, column):
+        self.column = column
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfbb87e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+# oracle/cx_oracle.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: oracle+cx_oracle
+    :name: cx-Oracle
+    :dbapi: cx_oracle
+    :connectstring: oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/
+
+Additional Connect Arguments
+----------------------------
+
+When connecting with ``dbname`` present, the host, port, and dbname tokens are
+converted to a TNS name using
+the cx_oracle ``makedsn()`` function.  Otherwise, the host token is taken
+directly as a TNS name.
+
+Additional arguments which may be specified either as query string arguments
+on the URL, or as keyword arguments to :func:`.create_engine()` are:
+
+* ``allow_twophase`` - enable two-phase transactions.  Defaults to ``True``.
+
+* ``arraysize`` - set the cx_oracle.arraysize value on cursors, defaulted
+  to 50.  This setting is significant with cx_Oracle as the contents of LOB
+  objects are only readable within a "live" row (e.g. within a batch of
+  50 rows).
+
+* ``auto_convert_lobs`` - defaults to True; See :ref:`cx_oracle_lob`.
+
+* ``auto_setinputsizes`` - the cx_oracle.setinputsizes() call is issued for
+  all bind parameters.  This is required for LOB datatypes but can be
+  disabled to reduce overhead.  Defaults to ``True``.  Specific types
+  can be excluded from this process using the ``exclude_setinputsizes``
+  parameter.
+
+* ``coerce_to_unicode`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_unicode` for detail.
+
+* ``coerce_to_decimal`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_numeric` for detail.
+
+* ``exclude_setinputsizes`` - a tuple or list of string DBAPI type names to
+  be excluded from the "auto setinputsizes" feature.  The type names here
+  must match DBAPI types that are found in the "cx_Oracle" module namespace,
+  such as cx_Oracle.UNICODE, cx_Oracle.NCLOB, etc.   Defaults to
+  ``(STRING, UNICODE)``.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 0.8 specific DBAPI types can be excluded from the
+     auto_setinputsizes feature via the exclude_setinputsizes attribute.
+
+* ``mode`` - This is given the string value of SYSDBA or SYSOPER, or
+  alternatively an integer value.  This value is only available as a URL query
+  string argument.
+
+* ``threaded`` - enable multithreaded access to cx_oracle connections.
+  Defaults to ``True``.  Note that this is the opposite default of the
+  cx_Oracle DBAPI itself.
+
+* ``service_name`` - An option to use connection string (DSN) with
+  ``SERVICE_NAME`` instead of ``SID``. It can't be passed when a ``database``
+  part is given.
+  E.g. ``oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host:1521/?service_name=hr``
+  is a valid url. This value is only available as a URL query string argument.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+.. _cx_oracle_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+The cx_Oracle DBAPI as of version 5 fully supports unicode, and has the
+ability to return string results as Python unicode objects natively.
+
+When used in Python 3, cx_Oracle returns all strings as Python unicode objects
+(that is, plain ``str`` in Python 3).  In Python 2, it will return as Python
+unicode those column values that are of type ``NVARCHAR`` or ``NCLOB``.  For
+column values that are of type ``VARCHAR`` or other non-unicode string types,
+it will return values as Python strings (e.g. bytestrings).
+
+The cx_Oracle SQLAlchemy dialect presents two different options for the use
+case of returning ``VARCHAR`` column values as Python unicode objects under
+Python 2:
+
+* the cx_Oracle DBAPI has the ability to coerce all string results to Python
+  unicode objects unconditionally using output type handlers.  This has
+  the advantage that the unicode conversion is global to all statements
+  at the cx_Oracle driver level, meaning it works with raw textual SQL
+  statements that have no typing information associated.  However, this system
+  has been observed to incur signfiicant performance overhead, not only
+  because it takes effect for all string values unconditionally, but also
+  because cx_Oracle under Python 2 seems to use a pure-Python function call in
+  order to do the decode operation, which under cPython can orders of
+  magnitude slower than doing it using C functions alone.
+
+* SQLAlchemy has unicode-decoding services built in, and when using
+  SQLAlchemy's C extensions, these functions do not use any Python function
+  calls and are very fast.  The disadvantage to this approach is that the
+  unicode conversion only takes effect for statements where the
+  :class:`.Unicode` type or :class:`.String` type with
+  ``convert_unicode=True`` is explicitly associated with the result column.
+  This is the case for any ORM or Core query or SQL expression as well as for
+  a :func:`.text` construct that specifies output column types, so in the vast
+  majority of cases this is not an issue. However, when sending a completely
+  raw string to :meth:`.Connection.execute`, this typing information isn't
+  present, unless the string is handled within a :func:`.text` construct that
+  adds typing information.
+
+As of version 0.9.2 of SQLAlchemy, the default approach is to use SQLAlchemy's
+typing system.  This keeps cx_Oracle's expensive Python 2 approach
+disabled unless the user explicitly wants it.  Under Python 3, SQLAlchemy
+detects that cx_Oracle is returning unicode objects natively and cx_Oracle's
+system is used.
+
+To re-enable cx_Oracle's output type handler under Python 2, the
+``coerce_to_unicode=True`` flag (new in 0.9.4) can be passed to
+:func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_unicode=True)
+
+Alternatively, to run a pure string SQL statement and get ``VARCHAR`` results
+as Python unicode under Python 2 without using cx_Oracle's native handlers,
+the :func:`.text` feature can be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import text, Unicode
+    result = conn.execute(
+        text("select username from user").columns(username=Unicode))
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.9.2 cx_Oracle's outputtypehandlers are no longer used
+   for unicode results of non-unicode datatypes in Python 2, after they were
+   identified as a major performance bottleneck.  SQLAlchemy's own unicode
+   facilities are used instead.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added the ``coerce_to_unicode`` flag, to re-enable
+   cx_Oracle's outputtypehandler and revert to pre-0.9.2 behavior.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The cx_oracle DBAPI supports a limited subset of Oracle's already limited
+RETURNING support.  Typically, results can only be guaranteed for at most one
+column being returned; this is the typical case when SQLAlchemy uses RETURNING
+to get just the value of a primary-key-associated sequence value.
+Additional column expressions will cause problems in a non-determinative way,
+due to cx_oracle's lack of support for the OCI_DATA_AT_EXEC API which is
+required for more complex RETURNING scenarios.
+
+For this reason, stability may be enhanced by disabling RETURNING support
+completely; SQLAlchemy otherwise will use RETURNING to fetch newly
+sequence-generated primary keys.  As illustrated in :ref:`oracle_returning`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle://scott:tiger@dsn",
+                           implicit_returning=False)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96584/oci05bnd.htm#420693
+    - OCI documentation for RETURNING
+
+    http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=31338136
+    - cx_oracle developer commentary
+
+.. _cx_oracle_lob:
+
+LOB Objects
+-----------
+
+cx_oracle returns oracle LOBs using the cx_oracle.LOB object.  SQLAlchemy
+converts these to strings so that the interface of the Binary type is
+consistent with that of other backends, and so that the linkage to a live
+cursor is not needed in scenarios like result.fetchmany() and
+result.fetchall().   This means that by default, LOB objects are fully fetched
+unconditionally by SQLAlchemy, and the linkage to a live cursor is broken.
+
+To disable this processing, pass ``auto_convert_lobs=False`` to
+:func:`.create_engine()`.
+
+Two Phase Transaction Support
+-----------------------------
+
+Two Phase transactions are implemented using XA transactions, and are known
+to work in a rudimental fashion with recent versions of cx_Oracle
+as of SQLAlchemy 0.8.0b2, 0.7.10.   However, the mechanism is not yet
+considered to be robust and should still be regarded as experimental.
+
+In particular, the cx_Oracle DBAPI as recently as 5.1.2 has a bug regarding
+two phase which prevents
+a particular DBAPI connection from being consistently usable in both
+prepared transactions as well as traditional DBAPI usage patterns; therefore
+once a particular connection is used via :meth:`.Connection.begin_prepared`,
+all subsequent usages of the underlying DBAPI connection must be within
+the context of prepared transactions.
+
+The default behavior of :class:`.Engine` is to maintain a pool of DBAPI
+connections.  Therefore, due to the above glitch, a DBAPI connection that has
+been used in a two-phase operation, and is then returned to the pool, will
+not be usable in a non-two-phase context.   To avoid this situation,
+the application can make one of several choices:
+
+* Disable connection pooling using :class:`.NullPool`
+
+* Ensure that the particular :class:`.Engine` in use is only used
+  for two-phase operations.   A :class:`.Engine` bound to an ORM
+  :class:`.Session` which includes ``twophase=True`` will consistently
+  use the two-phase transaction style.
+
+* For ad-hoc two-phase operations without disabling pooling, the DBAPI
+  connection in use can be evicted from the connection pool using the
+  :meth:`.Connection.detach` method.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.8.0b2,0.7.10
+    Support for cx_oracle prepared transactions has been implemented
+    and tested.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_numeric:
+
+Precision Numerics
+------------------
+
+The SQLAlchemy dialect goes through a lot of steps to ensure
+that decimal numbers are sent and received with full accuracy.
+An "outputtypehandler" callable is associated with each
+cx_oracle connection object which detects numeric types and
+receives them as string values, instead of receiving a Python
+``float`` directly, which is then passed to the Python
+``Decimal`` constructor.  The :class:`.Numeric` and
+:class:`.Float` types under the cx_oracle dialect are aware of
+this behavior, and will coerce the ``Decimal`` to ``float`` if
+the ``asdecimal`` flag is ``False`` (default on :class:`.Float`,
+optional on :class:`.Numeric`).
+
+Because the handler coerces to ``Decimal`` in all cases first,
+the feature can detract significantly from performance.
+If precision numerics aren't required, the decimal handling
+can be disabled by passing the flag ``coerce_to_decimal=False``
+to :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False)
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+    Add the ``coerce_to_decimal`` flag.
+
+Another alternative to performance is to use the
+`cdecimal <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/cdecimal/>`_ library;
+see :class:`.Numeric` for additional notes.
+
+The handler attempts to use the "precision" and "scale"
+attributes of the result set column to best determine if
+subsequent incoming values should be received as ``Decimal`` as
+opposed to int (in which case no processing is added). There are
+several scenarios where OCI_ does not provide unambiguous data
+as to the numeric type, including some situations where
+individual rows may return a combination of floating point and
+integer values. Certain values for "precision" and "scale" have
+been observed to determine this scenario.  When it occurs, the
+outputtypehandler receives as string and then passes off to a
+processing function which detects, for each returned value, if a
+decimal point is present, and if so converts to ``Decimal``,
+otherwise to int.  The intention is that simple int-based
+statements like "SELECT my_seq.nextval() FROM DUAL" continue to
+return ints and not ``Decimal`` objects, and that any kind of
+floating point value is received as a string so that there is no
+floating point loss of precision.
+
+The "decimal point is present" logic itself is also sensitive to
+locale.  Under OCI_, this is controlled by the NLS_LANG
+environment variable. Upon first connection, the dialect runs a
+test to determine the current "decimal" character, which can be
+a comma "," for European locales. From that point forward the
+outputtypehandler uses that character to represent a decimal
+point. Note that cx_oracle 5.0.3 or greater is required
+when dealing with numerics with locale settings that don't use
+a period "." as the decimal character.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.6.6
+    The outputtypehandler supports the case where the locale uses a
+    comma "," character to represent a decimal point.
+
+.. _OCI: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/oci/index.html
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .base import OracleCompiler, OracleDialect, OracleExecutionContext
+from . import base as oracle
+from ...engine import result as _result
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, util, exc, processors
+from sqlalchemy import util
+import random
+import collections
+import decimal
+import re
+
+
+class _OracleNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        # cx_oracle accepts Decimal objects and floats
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        # we apply a cx_oracle type handler to all connections
+        # that converts floating point strings to Decimal().
+        # However, in some subquery situations, Oracle doesn't
+        # give us enough information to determine int or Decimal.
+        # It could even be int/Decimal differently on each row,
+        # regardless of the scale given for the originating type.
+        # So we still need an old school isinstance() handler
+        # here for decimals.
+
+        if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            if self.asdecimal:
+                fstring = "%%.%df" % self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+
+                def to_decimal(value):
+                    if value is None:
+                        return None
+                    elif isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                        return value
+                    else:
+                        return decimal.Decimal(fstring % value)
+
+                return to_decimal
+            else:
+                if self.precision is None and self.scale is None:
+                    return processors.to_float
+                elif not getattr(self, '_is_oracle_number', False) \
+                        and self.scale is not None:
+                    return processors.to_float
+                else:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            # cx_oracle 4 behavior, will assume
+            # floats
+            return super(_OracleNumeric, self).\
+                result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _OracleDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return value.date()
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _LOBMixin(object):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if not dialect.auto_convert_lobs:
+            # return the cx_oracle.LOB directly.
+            return None
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return value.read()
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class _NativeUnicodeMixin(object):
+    if util.py2k:
+        def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+            if dialect._cx_oracle_with_unicode:
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is None:
+                        return value
+                    else:
+                        return unicode(value)
+                return process
+            else:
+                return super(
+                    _NativeUnicodeMixin, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    # we apply a connection output handler that returns
+    # unicode in all cases, so the "native_unicode" flag
+    # will be set for the default String.result_processor.
+
+
+class _OracleChar(_NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.FIXED_CHAR
+
+
+class _OracleNVarChar(_NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return getattr(dbapi, 'UNICODE', dbapi.STRING)
+
+
+class _OracleText(_LOBMixin, sqltypes.Text):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.CLOB
+
+
+class _OracleLong(oracle.LONG):
+    # a raw LONG is a text type, but does *not*
+    # get the LobMixin with cx_oracle.
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.LONG_STRING
+
+
+class _OracleString(_NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.String):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeText(
+        _LOBMixin, _NativeUnicodeMixin, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NCLOB
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        lob_processor = _LOBMixin.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+        if lob_processor is None:
+            return None
+
+        string_processor = sqltypes.UnicodeText.result_processor(
+            self, dialect, coltype)
+
+        if string_processor is None:
+            return lob_processor
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                return string_processor(lob_processor(value))
+            return process
+
+
+class _OracleInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_int(val):
+            if val is not None:
+                val = int(val)
+            return val
+        return to_int
+
+
+class _OracleBinary(_LOBMixin, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.BLOB
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class _OracleInterval(oracle.INTERVAL):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+
+class _OracleRaw(oracle.RAW):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleRowid(oracle.ROWID):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.ROWID
+
+
+class OracleCompiler_cx_oracle(OracleCompiler):
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
+        quote = getattr(name, 'quote', None)
+        if quote is True or quote is not False and \
+                self.preparer._bindparam_requires_quotes(name):
+            quoted_name = '"%s"' % name
+            self._quoted_bind_names[name] = quoted_name
+            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, quoted_name, **kw)
+        else:
+            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle(OracleExecutionContext):
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        quoted_bind_names = \
+            getattr(self.compiled, '_quoted_bind_names', None)
+        if quoted_bind_names:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+                # if DBAPI doesn't accept unicode statements,
+                # keys in self.parameters would have been encoded
+                # here.  so convert names in quoted_bind_names
+                # to encoded as well.
+                quoted_bind_names = \
+                    dict(
+                        (fromname.encode(self.dialect.encoding),
+                         toname.encode(self.dialect.encoding))
+                        for fromname, toname in
+                        quoted_bind_names.items()
+                    )
+            for param in self.parameters:
+                for fromname, toname in quoted_bind_names.items():
+                    param[toname] = param[fromname]
+                    del param[fromname]
+
+        if self.dialect.auto_setinputsizes:
+            # cx_oracle really has issues when you setinputsizes
+            # on String, including that outparams/RETURNING
+            # breaks for varchars
+            self.set_input_sizes(
+                quoted_bind_names,
+                exclude_types=self.dialect.exclude_setinputsizes
+            )
+
+        # if a single execute, check for outparams
+        if len(self.compiled_parameters) == 1:
+            for bindparam in self.compiled.binds.values():
+                if bindparam.isoutparam:
+                    dbtype = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect).\
+                        get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+                    if not hasattr(self, 'out_parameters'):
+                        self.out_parameters = {}
+                    if dbtype is None:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Cannot create out parameter for parameter "
+                            "%r - its type %r is not supported by"
+                            " cx_oracle" %
+                            (bindparam.key, bindparam.type)
+                        )
+                    name = self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam]
+                    self.out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(dbtype)
+                    self.parameters[0][quoted_bind_names.get(name, name)] = \
+                        self.out_parameters[name]
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        c = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self.dialect.arraysize:
+            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize
+
+        return c
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'out_parameters') and self.compiled.returning:
+            returning_params = dict(
+                (k, v.getvalue())
+                for k, v in self.out_parameters.items()
+            )
+            return ReturningResultProxy(self, returning_params)
+
+        result = None
+        if self.cursor.description is not None:
+            for column in self.cursor.description:
+                type_code = column[1]
+                if type_code in self.dialect._cx_oracle_binary_types:
+                    result = _result.BufferedColumnResultProxy(self)
+
+        if result is None:
+            result = _result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+        if hasattr(self, 'out_parameters'):
+            if self.compiled_parameters is not None and \
+                    len(self.compiled_parameters) == 1:
+                result.out_parameters = out_parameters = {}
+
+                for bind, name in self.compiled.bind_names.items():
+                    if name in self.out_parameters:
+                        type = bind.type
+                        impl_type = type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+                        dbapi_type = impl_type.get_dbapi_type(
+                            self.dialect.dbapi)
+                        result_processor = impl_type.\
+                            result_processor(self.dialect,
+                                             dbapi_type)
+                        if result_processor is not None:
+                            out_parameters[name] = \
+                                result_processor(
+                                    self.out_parameters[name].getvalue())
+                        else:
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.out_parameters[
+                                name].getvalue()
+            else:
+                result.out_parameters = dict(
+                                            (k, v.getvalue())
+                    for k, v in self.out_parameters.items()
+                )
+
+        return result
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle_with_unicode(
+        OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle):
+    """Support WITH_UNICODE in Python 2.xx.
+
+    WITH_UNICODE allows cx_Oracle's Python 3 unicode handling
+    behavior under Python 2.x. This mode in some cases disallows
+    and in other cases silently passes corrupted data when
+    non-Python-unicode strings (a.k.a. plain old Python strings)
+    are passed as arguments to connect(), the statement sent to execute(),
+    or any of the bind parameter keys or values sent to execute().
+    This optional context therefore ensures that all statements are
+    passed as Python unicode objects.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle.__init__(self, *arg, **kw)
+        self.statement = util.text_type(self.statement)
+
+    def _execute_scalar(self, stmt):
+        return super(OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle_with_unicode, self).\
+            _execute_scalar(util.text_type(stmt))
+
+
+class ReturningResultProxy(_result.FullyBufferedResultProxy):
+    """Result proxy which stuffs the _returning clause + outparams
+    into the fetch."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, returning_params):
+        self._returning_params = returning_params
+        super(ReturningResultProxy, self).__init__(context)
+
+    def _cursor_description(self):
+        returning = self.context.compiled.returning
+        return [
+            ("ret_%d" % i, None)
+            for i, col in enumerate(returning)
+        ]
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        return collections.deque(
+            [tuple(self._returning_params["ret_%d" % i]
+                   for i, c in enumerate(self._returning_params))]
+        )
+
+
+class OracleDialect_cx_oracle(OracleDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_cx_oracle
+
+    driver = "cx_oracle"
+
+    colspecs = colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _OracleNumeric,
+        # generic type, assume datetime.date is desired
+        sqltypes.Date: _OracleDate,
+        sqltypes.LargeBinary: _OracleBinary,
+        sqltypes.Boolean: oracle._OracleBoolean,
+        sqltypes.Interval: _OracleInterval,
+        oracle.INTERVAL: _OracleInterval,
+        sqltypes.Text: _OracleText,
+        sqltypes.String: _OracleString,
+        sqltypes.UnicodeText: _OracleUnicodeText,
+        sqltypes.CHAR: _OracleChar,
+
+        # a raw LONG is a text type, but does *not*
+        # get the LobMixin with cx_oracle.
+        oracle.LONG: _OracleLong,
+
+        # this is only needed for OUT parameters.
+        # it would be nice if we could not use it otherwise.
+        sqltypes.Integer: _OracleInteger,
+
+        oracle.RAW: _OracleRaw,
+        sqltypes.Unicode: _OracleNVarChar,
+        sqltypes.NVARCHAR: _OracleNVarChar,
+        oracle.ROWID: _OracleRowid,
+    }
+
+    execute_sequence_format = list
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 auto_setinputsizes=True,
+                 exclude_setinputsizes=("STRING", "UNICODE"),
+                 auto_convert_lobs=True,
+                 threaded=True,
+                 allow_twophase=True,
+                 coerce_to_decimal=True,
+                 coerce_to_unicode=False,
+                 arraysize=50, **kwargs):
+        OracleDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.threaded = threaded
+        self.arraysize = arraysize
+        self.allow_twophase = allow_twophase
+        self.supports_timestamp = self.dbapi is None or \
+            hasattr(self.dbapi, 'TIMESTAMP')
+        self.auto_setinputsizes = auto_setinputsizes
+        self.auto_convert_lobs = auto_convert_lobs
+
+        if hasattr(self.dbapi, 'version'):
+            self.cx_oracle_ver = tuple([int(x) for x in
+                                        self.dbapi.version.split('.')])
+        else:
+            self.cx_oracle_ver = (0, 0, 0)
+
+        def types(*names):
+            return set(
+                getattr(self.dbapi, name, None) for name in names
+            ).difference([None])
+
+        self.exclude_setinputsizes = types(*(exclude_setinputsizes or ()))
+        self._cx_oracle_string_types = types("STRING", "UNICODE",
+                                             "NCLOB", "CLOB")
+        self._cx_oracle_unicode_types = types("UNICODE", "NCLOB")
+        self._cx_oracle_binary_types = types("BFILE", "CLOB", "NCLOB", "BLOB")
+        self.supports_unicode_binds = self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0)
+
+        self.coerce_to_unicode = (
+            self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0) and
+            coerce_to_unicode
+        )
+
+        self.supports_native_decimal = (
+            self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0) and
+            coerce_to_decimal
+        )
+
+        self._cx_oracle_native_nvarchar = self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5, 0)
+
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver is None:
+            # this occurs in tests with mock DBAPIs
+            self._cx_oracle_string_types = set()
+            self._cx_oracle_with_unicode = False
+        elif util.py3k or (
+                self.cx_oracle_ver >= (5,) and not \
+                hasattr(self.dbapi, 'UNICODE')
+        ):
+            # cx_Oracle WITH_UNICODE mode.  *only* python
+            # unicode objects accepted for anything
+            self.supports_unicode_statements = True
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = True
+            self._cx_oracle_with_unicode = True
+
+            if util.py2k:
+                # There's really no reason to run with WITH_UNICODE under
+                # Python 2.x.  Give the user a hint.
+                util.warn(
+                    "cx_Oracle is compiled under Python 2.xx using the "
+                    "WITH_UNICODE flag.  Consider recompiling cx_Oracle "
+                    "without this flag, which is in no way necessary for "
+                    "full support of Unicode. Otherwise, all string-holding "
+                    "bind parameters must be explicitly typed using "
+                    "SQLAlchemy's String type or one of its subtypes,"
+                    "or otherwise be passed as Python unicode.  "
+                    "Plain Python strings passed as bind parameters will be "
+                    "silently corrupted by cx_Oracle."
+                )
+                self.execution_ctx_cls = \
+                    OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle_with_unicode
+        else:
+            self._cx_oracle_with_unicode = False
+
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver is None or \
+                not self.auto_convert_lobs or \
+                not hasattr(self.dbapi, 'CLOB'):
+            self.dbapi_type_map = {}
+        else:
+            # only use this for LOB objects.  using it for strings, dates
+            # etc. leads to a little too much magic, reflection doesn't know
+            # if it should expect encoded strings or unicodes, etc.
+            self.dbapi_type_map = {
+                self.dbapi.CLOB: oracle.CLOB(),
+                self.dbapi.NCLOB: oracle.NCLOB(),
+                self.dbapi.BLOB: oracle.BLOB(),
+                self.dbapi.BINARY: oracle.RAW(),
+            }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        import cx_Oracle
+        return cx_Oracle
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(OracleDialect_cx_oracle, self).initialize(connection)
+        if self._is_oracle_8:
+            self.supports_unicode_binds = False
+        self._detect_decimal_char(connection)
+
+    def _detect_decimal_char(self, connection):
+        """detect if the decimal separator character is not '.', as
+        is the case with European locale settings for NLS_LANG.
+
+        cx_oracle itself uses similar logic when it formats Python
+        Decimal objects to strings on the bind side (as of 5.0.3),
+        as Oracle sends/receives string numerics only in the
+        current locale.
+
+        """
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver < (5,):
+            # no output type handlers before version 5
+            return
+
+        cx_Oracle = self.dbapi
+        conn = connection.connection
+
+        # override the output_type_handler that's
+        # on the cx_oracle connection with a plain
+        # one on the cursor
+
+        def output_type_handler(cursor, name, defaultType,
+                                size, precision, scale):
+            return cursor.var(
+                cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                255, arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
+
+        cursor = conn.cursor()
+        cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+        cursor.execute("SELECT 0.1 FROM DUAL")
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        char = re.match(r"([\.,])", val).group(1)
+        if char != '.':
+            _detect_decimal = self._detect_decimal
+            self._detect_decimal = \
+                lambda value: _detect_decimal(value.replace(char, '.'))
+            self._to_decimal = \
+                lambda value: decimal.Decimal(value.replace(char, '.'))
+
+    def _detect_decimal(self, value):
+        if "." in value:
+            return decimal.Decimal(value)
+        else:
+            return int(value)
+
+    _to_decimal = decimal.Decimal
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver < (5,):
+            # no output type handlers before version 5
+            return
+
+        cx_Oracle = self.dbapi
+
+        def output_type_handler(cursor, name, defaultType,
+                                size, precision, scale):
+            # convert all NUMBER with precision + positive scale to Decimal
+            # this almost allows "native decimal" mode.
+            if self.supports_native_decimal and \
+                    defaultType == cx_Oracle.NUMBER and \
+                    precision and scale > 0:
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                    255,
+                    outconverter=self._to_decimal,
+                    arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
+            # if NUMBER with zero precision and 0 or neg scale, this appears
+            # to indicate "ambiguous".  Use a slower converter that will
+            # make a decision based on each value received - the type
+            # may change from row to row (!).   This kills
+            # off "native decimal" mode, handlers still needed.
+            elif self.supports_native_decimal and \
+                    defaultType == cx_Oracle.NUMBER \
+                    and not precision and scale <= 0:
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                    255,
+                    outconverter=self._detect_decimal,
+                    arraysize=cursor.arraysize)
+            # allow all strings to come back natively as Unicode
+            elif self.coerce_to_unicode and \
+                    defaultType in (cx_Oracle.STRING, cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR):
+                return cursor.var(util.text_type, size, cursor.arraysize)
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            conn.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        dialect_opts = dict(url.query)
+        for opt in ('use_ansi', 'auto_setinputsizes', 'auto_convert_lobs',
+                    'threaded', 'allow_twophase'):
+            if opt in dialect_opts:
+                util.coerce_kw_type(dialect_opts, opt, bool)
+                setattr(self, opt, dialect_opts[opt])
+
+        database = url.database
+        service_name = dialect_opts.get('service_name', None)
+        if database or service_name:
+            # if we have a database, then we have a remote host
+            port = url.port
+            if port:
+                port = int(port)
+            else:
+                port = 1521
+
+            if database and service_name:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    '"service_name" option shouldn\'t '
+                    'be used with a "database" part of the url')
+            if database:
+                makedsn_kwargs = {'sid': database}
+            if service_name:
+                makedsn_kwargs = {'service_name': service_name}
+
+            dsn = self.dbapi.makedsn(url.host, port, **makedsn_kwargs)
+        else:
+            # we have a local tnsname
+            dsn = url.host
+
+        opts = dict(
+            user=url.username,
+            password=url.password,
+            dsn=dsn,
+            threaded=self.threaded,
+            twophase=self.allow_twophase,
+        )
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if self._cx_oracle_with_unicode:
+                for k, v in opts.items():
+                    if isinstance(v, str):
+                        opts[k] = unicode(v)
+            else:
+                for k, v in opts.items():
+                    if isinstance(v, unicode):
+                        opts[k] = str(v)
+
+        if 'mode' in url.query:
+            opts['mode'] = url.query['mode']
+            if isinstance(opts['mode'], util.string_types):
+                mode = opts['mode'].upper()
+                if mode == 'SYSDBA':
+                    opts['mode'] = self.dbapi.SYSDBA
+                elif mode == 'SYSOPER':
+                    opts['mode'] = self.dbapi.SYSOPER
+                else:
+                    util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'mode', int)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return tuple(
+            int(x)
+            for x in connection.connection.version.split('.')
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        error, = e.args
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            return "not connected" in str(e)
+        elif hasattr(error, 'code'):
+            # ORA-00028: your session has been killed
+            # ORA-03114: not connected to ORACLE
+            # ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
+            # ORA-03135: connection lost contact
+            # ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress
+            # ORA-02396: exceeded maximum idle time, please connect again
+            # TODO: Others ?
+            return error.code in (28, 3114, 3113, 3135, 1033, 2396)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        this id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  its format is unspecified."""
+
+        id = random.randint(0, 2 ** 128)
+        return (0x1234, "%032x" % id, "%032x" % 9)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+            parameters = list(parameters)
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.begin(*xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        result = connection.connection.prepare()
+        connection.info['cx_oracle_prepared'] = result
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            oci_prepared = connection.info['cx_oracle_prepared']
+            if oci_prepared:
+                self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        connection.info.pop('cx_oracle_prepared', None)
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_cx_oracle
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3259fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# oracle/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: oracle+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxJDBC for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: oracle+zxjdbc://user:pass@host/dbname
+    :driverurl: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/jdbc/index-091264.html
+
+    .. note:: Jython is not supported by current versions of SQLAlchemy.  The
+       zxjdbc dialect should be considered as experimental.
+
+"""
+import decimal
+import re
+
+from sqlalchemy import sql, types as sqltypes, util
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.base import (OracleCompiler,
+                                             OracleDialect,
+                                             OracleExecutionContext)
+from sqlalchemy.engine import result as _result
+from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+import collections
+
+SQLException = zxJDBC = None
+
+
+class _ZxJDBCDate(sqltypes.Date):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return value.date()
+        return process
+
+
+class _ZxJDBCNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        # XXX: does the dialect return Decimal or not???
+        # if it does (in all cases), we could use a None processor as well as
+        # the to_float generic processor
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    return decimal.Decimal(str(value))
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                    return float(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+
+class OracleCompiler_zxjdbc(OracleCompiler):
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        self.returning_cols = list(
+            expression._select_iterables(returning_cols))
+
+        # within_columns_clause=False so that labels (foo AS bar) don't render
+        columns = [self.process(c, within_columns_clause=False)
+                   for c in self.returning_cols]
+
+        if not hasattr(self, 'returning_parameters'):
+            self.returning_parameters = []
+
+        binds = []
+        for i, col in enumerate(self.returning_cols):
+            dbtype = col.type.dialect_impl(
+                self.dialect).get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+            self.returning_parameters.append((i + 1, dbtype))
+
+            bindparam = sql.bindparam(
+                "ret_%d" % i, value=ReturningParam(dbtype))
+            self.binds[bindparam.key] = bindparam
+            binds.append(
+                self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)))
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_zxjdbc(OracleExecutionContext):
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if hasattr(self.compiled, 'returning_parameters'):
+            # prepare a zxJDBC statement so we can grab its underlying
+            # OraclePreparedStatement's getReturnResultSet later
+            self.statement = self.cursor.prepare(self.statement)
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        if hasattr(self.compiled, 'returning_parameters'):
+            rrs = None
+            try:
+                try:
+                    rrs = self.statement.__statement__.getReturnResultSet()
+                    next(rrs)
+                except SQLException as sqle:
+                    msg = '%s [SQLCode: %d]' % (
+                        sqle.getMessage(), sqle.getErrorCode())
+                    if sqle.getSQLState() is not None:
+                        msg += ' [SQLState: %s]' % sqle.getSQLState()
+                    raise zxJDBC.Error(msg)
+                else:
+                    row = tuple(
+                        self.cursor.datahandler.getPyObject(
+                            rrs, index, dbtype)
+                        for index, dbtype in
+                        self.compiled.returning_parameters)
+                    return ReturningResultProxy(self, row)
+            finally:
+                if rrs is not None:
+                    try:
+                        rrs.close()
+                    except SQLException:
+                        pass
+                self.statement.close()
+
+        return _result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        cursor = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.datahandler = self.dialect.DataHandler(cursor.datahandler)
+        return cursor
+
+
+class ReturningResultProxy(_result.FullyBufferedResultProxy):
+
+    """ResultProxy backed by the RETURNING ResultSet results."""
+
+    def __init__(self, context, returning_row):
+        self._returning_row = returning_row
+        super(ReturningResultProxy, self).__init__(context)
+
+    def _cursor_description(self):
+        ret = []
+        for c in self.context.compiled.returning_cols:
+            if hasattr(c, 'name'):
+                ret.append((c.name, c.type))
+            else:
+                ret.append((c.anon_label, c.type))
+        return ret
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        return collections.deque([self._returning_row])
+
+
+class ReturningParam(object):
+
+    """A bindparam value representing a RETURNING parameter.
+
+    Specially handled by OracleReturningDataHandler.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, type):
+        self.type = type
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, ReturningParam):
+            return self.type == other.type
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, ReturningParam):
+            return self.type != other.type
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        kls = self.__class__
+        return '<%s.%s object at 0x%x type=%s>' % (
+            kls.__module__, kls.__name__, id(self), self.type)
+
+
+class OracleDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, OracleDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'oracle'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver'
+
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_zxjdbc
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        OracleDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Date: _ZxJDBCDate,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _ZxJDBCNumeric
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(OracleDialect_zxjdbc, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        global SQLException, zxJDBC
+        from java.sql import SQLException
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql import zxJDBC
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql.handler import OracleDataHandler
+
+        class OracleReturningDataHandler(OracleDataHandler):
+            """zxJDBC DataHandler that specially handles ReturningParam."""
+
+            def setJDBCObject(self, statement, index, object, dbtype=None):
+                if type(object) is ReturningParam:
+                    statement.registerReturnParameter(index, object.type)
+                elif dbtype is None:
+                    OracleDataHandler.setJDBCObject(
+                        self, statement, index, object)
+                else:
+                    OracleDataHandler.setJDBCObject(
+                        self, statement, index, object, dbtype)
+        self.DataHandler = OracleReturningDataHandler
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(OracleDialect_zxjdbc, self).initialize(connection)
+        self.implicit_returning = \
+            connection.connection.driverversion >= '10.2'
+
+    def _create_jdbc_url(self, url):
+        return 'jdbc:oracle:thin:@%s:%s:%s' % (
+            url.host, url.port or 1521, url.database)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        version = re.search(
+            r'Release ([\d\.]+)', connection.connection.dbversion).group(1)
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in version.split('.'))
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04d37a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgres.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# dialects/postgres.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# backwards compat with the old name
+from sqlalchemy.util import warn_deprecated
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "The SQLAlchemy PostgreSQL dialect has been renamed from 'postgres' to "
+    "'postgresql'. The new URL format is "
+    "postgresql[+driver]://<user>:<pass>@<host>/<dbname>"
+)
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import *
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import base
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..006afbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# postgresql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import base, psycopg2, pg8000, pypostgresql, zxjdbc, psycopg2cffi
+
+base.dialect = psycopg2.dialect
+
+from .base import \
+    INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, VARCHAR, CHAR, TEXT, NUMERIC, FLOAT, REAL, \
+    INET, CIDR, UUID, BIT, MACADDR, OID, DOUBLE_PRECISION, TIMESTAMP, TIME, \
+    DATE, BYTEA, BOOLEAN, INTERVAL, ARRAY, ENUM, dialect, array, Any, All, \
+    TSVECTOR, DropEnumType
+from .constraints import ExcludeConstraint
+from .hstore import HSTORE, hstore
+from .json import JSON, JSONElement, JSONB
+from .ranges import INT4RANGE, INT8RANGE, NUMRANGE, DATERANGE, TSRANGE, \
+    TSTZRANGE
+
+__all__ = (
+    'INTEGER', 'BIGINT', 'SMALLINT', 'VARCHAR', 'CHAR', 'TEXT', 'NUMERIC',
+    'FLOAT', 'REAL', 'INET', 'CIDR', 'UUID', 'BIT', 'MACADDR', 'OID',
+    'DOUBLE_PRECISION', 'TIMESTAMP', 'TIME', 'DATE', 'BYTEA', 'BOOLEAN',
+    'INTERVAL', 'ARRAY', 'ENUM', 'dialect', 'Any', 'All', 'array', 'HSTORE',
+    'hstore', 'INT4RANGE', 'INT8RANGE', 'NUMRANGE', 'DATERANGE',
+    'TSRANGE', 'TSTZRANGE', 'json', 'JSON', 'JSONB', 'JSONElement',
+    'DropEnumType'
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a60c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2940 @@
+# postgresql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql
+    :name: PostgreSQL
+
+
+Sequences/SERIAL
+----------------
+
+PostgreSQL supports sequences, and SQLAlchemy uses these as the default means
+of creating new primary key values for integer-based primary key columns. When
+creating tables, SQLAlchemy will issue the ``SERIAL`` datatype for
+integer-based primary key columns, which generates a sequence and server side
+default corresponding to the column.
+
+To specify a specific named sequence to be used for primary key generation,
+use the :func:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence` construct::
+
+    Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, Sequence('some_id_seq'), primary_key=True)
+        )
+
+When SQLAlchemy issues a single INSERT statement, to fulfill the contract of
+having the "last insert identifier" available, a RETURNING clause is added to
+the INSERT statement which specifies the primary key columns should be
+returned after the statement completes. The RETURNING functionality only takes
+place if Postgresql 8.2 or later is in use. As a fallback approach, the
+sequence, whether specified explicitly or implicitly via ``SERIAL``, is
+executed independently beforehand, the returned value to be used in the
+subsequent insert. Note that when an
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.insert()` construct is executed using
+"executemany" semantics, the "last inserted identifier" functionality does not
+apply; no RETURNING clause is emitted nor is the sequence pre-executed in this
+case.
+
+To force the usage of RETURNING by default off, specify the flag
+``implicit_returning=False`` to :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+.. _postgresql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+All Postgresql dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via a dialect-specific parameter :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level`
+accepted by :func:`.create_engine`,
+as well as the ``isolation_level`` argument as passed to
+:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`.  When using a non-psycopg2 dialect,
+this feature works by issuing the command
+``SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` for
+each new connection.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+        isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED"
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(
+        isolation_level="READ COMMITTED"
+    )
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2` and
+:mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.pg8000` dialects also offer the
+special level ``AUTOCOMMIT``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+.. _postgresql_schema_reflection:
+
+Remote-Schema Table Introspection and Postgresql search_path
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Postgresql dialect can reflect tables from any schema.  The
+:paramref:`.Table.schema` argument, or alternatively the
+:paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.schema` argument determines which schema will
+be searched for the table or tables.   The reflected :class:`.Table` objects
+will in all cases retain this ``.schema`` attribute as was specified.
+However, with regards to tables which these :class:`.Table` objects refer to
+via foreign key constraint, a decision must be made as to how the ``.schema``
+is represented in those remote tables, in the case where that remote
+schema name is also a member of the current
+`Postgresql search path
+<http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATH>`_.
+
+By default, the Postgresql dialect mimics the behavior encouraged by
+Postgresql's own ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` builtin procedure.  This function
+returns a sample definition for a particular foreign key constraint,
+omitting the referenced schema name from that definition when the name is
+also in the Postgresql schema search path.  The interaction below
+illustrates this behavior::
+
+    test=> CREATE TABLE test_schema.referred(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> CREATE TABLE referring(
+    test(>         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    test(>         referred_id INTEGER REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id));
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> SET search_path TO public, test_schema;
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f'
+    test-> ;
+                   pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+Above, we created a table ``referred`` as a member of the remote schema
+``test_schema``, however when we added ``test_schema`` to the
+PG ``search_path`` and then asked ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` for the
+``FOREIGN KEY`` syntax, ``test_schema`` was not included in the output of
+the function.
+
+On the other hand, if we set the search path back to the typical default
+of ``public``::
+
+    test=> SET search_path TO public;
+    SET
+
+The same query against ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` now returns the fully
+schema-qualified name for us::
+
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f';
+                         pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+SQLAlchemy will by default use the return value of ``pg_get_constraintdef()``
+in order to determine the remote schema name.  That is, if our ``search_path``
+were set to include ``test_schema``, and we invoked a table
+reflection process as follows::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, create_engine
+    >>> engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute("SET search_path TO test_schema, public")
+    ...     meta = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table('referring', meta,
+    ...                       autoload=True, autoload_with=conn)
+    ...
+    <sqlalchemy.engine.result.ResultProxy object at 0x101612ed0>
+
+The above process would deliver to the :attr:`.MetaData.tables` collection
+``referred`` table named **without** the schema::
+
+    >>> meta.tables['referred'].schema is None
+    True
+
+To alter the behavior of reflection such that the referred schema is
+maintained regardless of the ``search_path`` setting, use the
+``postgresql_ignore_search_path`` option, which can be specified as a
+dialect-specific argument to both :class:`.Table` as well as
+:meth:`.MetaData.reflect`::
+
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute("SET search_path TO test_schema, public")
+    ...     meta = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table('referring', meta, autoload=True,
+    ...                       autoload_with=conn,
+    ...                       postgresql_ignore_search_path=True)
+    ...
+    <sqlalchemy.engine.result.ResultProxy object at 0x1016126d0>
+
+We will now have ``test_schema.referred`` stored as schema-qualified::
+
+    >>> meta.tables['test_schema.referred'].schema
+    'test_schema'
+
+.. sidebar:: Best Practices for Postgresql Schema reflection
+
+    The description of Postgresql schema reflection behavior is complex, and
+    is the product of many years of dealing with widely varied use cases and
+    user preferences. But in fact, there's no need to understand any of it if
+    you just stick to the simplest use pattern: leave the ``search_path`` set
+    to its default of ``public`` only, never refer to the name ``public`` as
+    an explicit schema name otherwise, and refer to all other schema names
+    explicitly when building up a :class:`.Table` object.  The options
+    described here are only for those users who can't, or prefer not to, stay
+    within these guidelines.
+
+Note that **in all cases**, the "default" schema is always reflected as
+``None``. The "default" schema on Postgresql is that which is returned by the
+Postgresql ``current_schema()`` function.  On a typical Postgresql
+installation, this is the name ``public``.  So a table that refers to another
+which is in the ``public`` (i.e. default) schema will always have the
+``.schema`` attribute set to ``None``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.2 Added the ``postgresql_ignore_search_path``
+   dialect-level option accepted by :class:`.Table` and
+   :meth:`.MetaData.reflect`.
+
+
+.. seealso::
+
+        `The Schema Search Path
+        <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATH>`_
+        - on the Postgresql website.
+
+INSERT/UPDATE...RETURNING
+-------------------------
+
+The dialect supports PG 8.2's ``INSERT..RETURNING``, ``UPDATE..RETURNING`` and
+``DELETE..RETURNING`` syntaxes.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` is used by default
+for single-row INSERT statements in order to fetch newly generated
+primary key identifiers.   To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause,
+use the :meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = table.insert().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+        values(name='foo')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    result = table.update().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+        where(table.c.name=='foo').values(name='bar')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = table.delete().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).\\
+        where(table.c.name=='foo')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+.. _postgresql_match:
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+SQLAlchemy makes available the Postgresql ``@@`` operator via the
+:meth:`.ColumnElement.match` method on any textual column expression.
+On a Postgresql dialect, an expression like the following::
+
+    select([sometable.c.text.match("search string")])
+
+will emit to the database::
+
+    SELECT text @@ to_tsquery('search string') FROM table
+
+The Postgresql text search functions such as ``to_tsquery()``
+and ``to_tsvector()`` are available
+explicitly using the standard :data:`.func` construct.  For example::
+
+    select([
+        func.to_tsvector('fat cats ate rats').match('cat & rat')
+    ])
+
+Emits the equivalent of::
+
+    SELECT to_tsvector('fat cats ate rats') @@ to_tsquery('cat & rat')
+
+The :class:`.postgresql.TSVECTOR` type can provide for explicit CAST::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import TSVECTOR
+    from sqlalchemy import select, cast
+    select([cast("some text", TSVECTOR)])
+
+produces a statement equivalent to::
+
+    SELECT CAST('some text' AS TSVECTOR) AS anon_1
+
+Full Text Searches in Postgresql are influenced by a combination of: the
+PostgresSQL setting of ``default_text_search_config``, the ``regconfig`` used
+to build the GIN/GiST indexes, and the ``regconfig`` optionally passed in
+during a query.
+
+When performing a Full Text Search against a column that has a GIN or
+GiST index that is already pre-computed (which is common on full text
+searches) one may need to explicitly pass in a particular PostgresSQL
+``regconfig`` value to ensure the query-planner utilizes the index and does
+not re-compute the column on demand.
+
+In order to provide for this explicit query planning, or to use different
+search strategies, the ``match`` method accepts a ``postgresql_regconfig``
+keyword argument::
+
+    select([mytable.c.id]).where(
+        mytable.c.title.match('somestring', postgresql_regconfig='english')
+    )
+
+Emits the equivalent of::
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE mytable.title @@ to_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+One can also specifically pass in a `'regconfig'` value to the
+``to_tsvector()`` command as the initial argument::
+
+    select([mytable.c.id]).where(
+            func.to_tsvector('english', mytable.c.title )\
+            .match('somestring', postgresql_regconfig='english')
+        )
+
+produces a statement equivalent to::
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE to_tsvector('english', mytable.title) @@
+        to_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+It is recommended that you use the ``EXPLAIN ANALYZE...`` tool from
+PostgresSQL to ensure that you are generating queries with SQLAlchemy that
+take full advantage of any indexes you may have created for full text search.
+
+FROM ONLY ...
+------------------------
+
+The dialect supports PostgreSQL's ONLY keyword for targeting only a particular
+table in an inheritance hierarchy. This can be used to produce the
+``SELECT ... FROM ONLY``, ``UPDATE ONLY ...``, and ``DELETE FROM ONLY ...``
+syntaxes. It uses SQLAlchemy's hints mechanism::
+
+    # SELECT ... FROM ONLY ...
+    result = table.select().with_hint(table, 'ONLY', 'postgresql')
+    print result.fetchall()
+
+    # UPDATE ONLY ...
+    table.update(values=dict(foo='bar')).with_hint('ONLY',
+                                                   dialect_name='postgresql')
+
+    # DELETE FROM ONLY ...
+    table.delete().with_hint('ONLY', dialect_name='postgresql')
+
+.. _postgresql_indexes:
+
+Postgresql-Specific Index Options
+---------------------------------
+
+Several extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available, specific
+to the PostgreSQL dialect.
+
+Partial Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Partial indexes add criterion to the index definition so that the index is
+applied to a subset of rows.   These can be specified on :class:`.Index`
+using the ``postgresql_where`` keyword argument::
+
+  Index('my_index', my_table.c.id, postgresql_where=tbl.c.value > 10)
+
+Operator Classes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows the specification of an *operator class* for each column of
+an index (see
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/interactive/indexes-opclass.html).
+The :class:`.Index` construct allows these to be specified via the
+``postgresql_ops`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.id, my_table.c.data,
+                            postgresql_ops={
+                                'data': 'text_pattern_ops',
+                                'id': 'int4_ops'
+                            })
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.2
+    ``postgresql_ops`` keyword argument to :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+Note that the keys in the ``postgresql_ops`` dictionary are the "key" name of
+the :class:`.Column`, i.e. the name used to access it from the ``.c``
+collection of :class:`.Table`, which can be configured to be different than
+the actual name of the column as expressed in the database.
+
+Index Types
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL provides several index types: B-Tree, Hash, GiST, and GIN, as well
+as the ability for users to create their own (see
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/indexes-types.html). These can be
+specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_using`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, postgresql_using='gin')
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX command, so it *must* be a valid index type for your
+version of PostgreSQL.
+
+.. _postgresql_index_storage:
+
+Index Storage Parameters
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows storage parameters to be set on indexes. The storage
+parameters available depend on the index method used by the index. Storage
+parameters can be specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_with``
+keyword argument::
+
+    Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, postgresql_with={"fillfactor": 50})
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.6
+
+.. _postgresql_index_concurrently:
+
+Indexes with CONCURRENTLY
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Postgresql index option CONCURRENTLY is supported by passing the
+flag ``postgresql_concurrently`` to the :class:`.Index` construct::
+
+    tbl = Table('testtbl', m, Column('data', Integer))
+
+    idx1 = Index('test_idx1', tbl.c.data, postgresql_concurrently=True)
+
+The above index construct will render SQL as::
+
+    CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY test_idx1 ON testtbl (data)
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+.. _postgresql_index_reflection:
+
+Postgresql Index Reflection
+---------------------------
+
+The Postgresql database creates a UNIQUE INDEX implicitly whenever the
+UNIQUE CONSTRAINT construct is used.   When inspecting a table using
+:class:`.Inspector`, the :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes`
+and the :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints` will report on these
+two constructs distinctly; in the case of the index, the key
+``duplicates_constraint`` will be present in the index entry if it is
+detected as mirroring a constraint.   When performing reflection using
+``Table(..., autoload=True)``, the UNIQUE INDEX is **not** returned
+in :attr:`.Table.indexes` when it is detected as mirroring a
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint` in the :attr:`.Table.constraints` collection.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - :class:`.Table` reflection now includes
+   :class:`.UniqueConstraint` objects present in the :attr:`.Table.constraints`
+   collection; the Postgresql backend will no longer include a "mirrored"
+   :class:`.Index` construct in :attr:`.Table.indexes` if it is detected
+   as corresponding to a unique constraint.
+
+Special Reflection Options
+--------------------------
+
+The :class:`.Inspector` used for the Postgresql backend is an instance
+of :class:`.PGInspector`, which offers additional methods::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://localhost/test")
+    insp = inspect(engine)  # will be a PGInspector
+
+    print(insp.get_enums())
+
+.. autoclass:: PGInspector
+    :members:
+
+.. _postgresql_table_options:
+
+PostgreSQL Table Options
+-------------------------
+
+Several options for CREATE TABLE are supported directly by the PostgreSQL
+dialect in conjunction with the :class:`.Table` construct:
+
+* ``TABLESPACE``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_tablespace='some_tablespace')
+
+* ``ON COMMIT``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_on_commit='PRESERVE ROWS')
+
+* ``WITH OIDS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_with_oids=True)
+
+* ``WITHOUT OIDS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_with_oids=False)
+
+* ``INHERITS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_inherits="some_supertable")
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_inherits=("t1", "t2", ...))
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Postgresql CREATE TABLE options
+    <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html>`_
+
+ENUM Types
+----------
+
+Postgresql has an independently creatable TYPE structure which is used
+to implement an enumerated type.   This approach introduces significant
+complexity on the SQLAlchemy side in terms of when this type should be
+CREATED and DROPPED.   The type object is also an independently reflectable
+entity.   The following sections should be consulted:
+
+* :class:`.postgresql.ENUM` - DDL and typing support for ENUM.
+
+* :meth:`.PGInspector.get_enums` - retrieve a listing of current ENUM types
+
+* :meth:`.postgresql.ENUM.create` , :meth:`.postgresql.ENUM.drop` - individual
+  CREATE and DROP commands for ENUM.
+
+.. _postgresql_array_of_enum:
+
+Using ENUM with ARRAY
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The combination of ENUM and ARRAY is not directly supported by backend
+DBAPIs at this time.   In order to send and receive an ARRAY of ENUM,
+use the following workaround type::
+
+    class ArrayOfEnum(ARRAY):
+
+        def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+            return sa.cast(bindvalue, self)
+
+        def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+            super_rp = super(ArrayOfEnum, self).result_processor(
+                dialect, coltype)
+
+            def handle_raw_string(value):
+                inner = re.match(r"^{(.*)}$", value).group(1)
+                return inner.split(",") if inner else []
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return super_rp(handle_raw_string(value))
+            return process
+
+E.g.::
+
+    Table(
+        'mydata', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', ArrayOfEnum(ENUM('a', 'b, 'c', name='myenum')))
+
+    )
+
+This type is not included as a built-in type as it would be incompatible
+with a DBAPI that suddenly decides to support ARRAY of ENUM directly in
+a new version.
+
+"""
+from collections import defaultdict
+import re
+import datetime as dt
+
+
+from ... import sql, schema, exc, util
+from ...engine import default, reflection
+from ...sql import compiler, expression, operators, default_comparator
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+try:
+    from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+except ImportError:
+    _python_UUID = None
+
+from sqlalchemy.types import INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLINT, VARCHAR, \
+    CHAR, TEXT, FLOAT, NUMERIC, \
+    DATE, BOOLEAN, REAL
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    ["all", "analyse", "analyze", "and", "any", "array", "as", "asc",
+     "asymmetric", "both", "case", "cast", "check", "collate", "column",
+     "constraint", "create", "current_catalog", "current_date",
+     "current_role", "current_time", "current_timestamp", "current_user",
+     "default", "deferrable", "desc", "distinct", "do", "else", "end",
+     "except", "false", "fetch", "for", "foreign", "from", "grant", "group",
+     "having", "in", "initially", "intersect", "into", "leading", "limit",
+     "localtime", "localtimestamp", "new", "not", "null", "of", "off",
+     "offset", "old", "on", "only", "or", "order", "placing", "primary",
+     "references", "returning", "select", "session_user", "some", "symmetric",
+     "table", "then", "to", "trailing", "true", "union", "unique", "user",
+     "using", "variadic", "when", "where", "window", "with", "authorization",
+     "between", "binary", "cross", "current_schema", "freeze", "full",
+     "ilike", "inner", "is", "isnull", "join", "left", "like", "natural",
+     "notnull", "outer", "over", "overlaps", "right", "similar", "verbose"
+     ])
+
+_DECIMAL_TYPES = (1231, 1700)
+_FLOAT_TYPES = (700, 701, 1021, 1022)
+_INT_TYPES = (20, 21, 23, 26, 1005, 1007, 1016)
+
+
+class BYTEA(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BYTEA'
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = 'DOUBLE_PRECISION'
+
+
+class INET(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "INET"
+PGInet = INET
+
+
+class CIDR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "CIDR"
+PGCidr = CIDR
+
+
+class MACADDR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "MACADDR"
+PGMacAddr = MACADDR
+
+
+class OID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Provide the Postgresql OID type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "OID"
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, precision=None):
+        super(TIMESTAMP, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, precision=None):
+        super(TIME, self).__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class INTERVAL(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Postgresql INTERVAL type.
+
+    The INTERVAL type may not be supported on all DBAPIs.
+    It is known to work on psycopg2 and not pg8000 or zxjdbc.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTERVAL'
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None):
+        self.precision = precision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
+        return INTERVAL(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+PGInterval = INTERVAL
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, varying=False):
+        if not varying:
+            # BIT without VARYING defaults to length 1
+            self.length = length or 1
+        else:
+            # but BIT VARYING can be unlimited-length, so no default
+            self.length = length
+        self.varying = varying
+
+PGBit = BIT
+
+
+class UUID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Postgresql UUID type.
+
+    Represents the UUID column type, interpreting
+    data either as natively returned by the DBAPI
+    or as Python uuid objects.
+
+    The UUID type may not be supported on all DBAPIs.
+    It is known to work on psycopg2 and not pg8000.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'UUID'
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid=False):
+        """Construct a UUID type.
+
+
+        :param as_uuid=False: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         """
+        if as_uuid and _python_UUID is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This version of Python does not support "
+                "the native UUID type."
+            )
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.as_uuid:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = util.text_type(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.as_uuid:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = _python_UUID(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+PGUuid = UUID
+
+
+class TSVECTOR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """The :class:`.postgresql.TSVECTOR` type implements the Postgresql
+    text search type TSVECTOR.
+
+    It can be used to do full text queries on natural language
+    documents.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_match`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'TSVECTOR'
+
+
+class _Slice(expression.ColumnElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'slice'
+    type = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+    def __init__(self, slice_, source_comparator):
+        self.start = default_comparator._check_literal(
+            source_comparator.expr,
+            operators.getitem, slice_.start)
+        self.stop = default_comparator._check_literal(
+            source_comparator.expr,
+            operators.getitem, slice_.stop)
+
+
+class Any(expression.ColumnElement):
+
+    """Represent the clause ``left operator ANY (right)``.  ``right`` must be
+    an array expression.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+        :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.any` - ARRAY-bound method
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'any'
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, operator=operators.eq):
+        self.type = sqltypes.Boolean()
+        self.left = expression._literal_as_binds(left)
+        self.right = right
+        self.operator = operator
+
+
+class All(expression.ColumnElement):
+
+    """Represent the clause ``left operator ALL (right)``.  ``right`` must be
+    an array expression.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+        :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.all` - ARRAY-bound method
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'all'
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, operator=operators.eq):
+        self.type = sqltypes.Boolean()
+        self.left = expression._literal_as_binds(left)
+        self.right = right
+        self.operator = operator
+
+
+class array(expression.Tuple):
+
+    """A Postgresql ARRAY literal.
+
+    This is used to produce ARRAY literals in SQL expressions, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+        from sqlalchemy import select, func
+
+        stmt = select([
+                        array([1,2]) + array([3,4,5])
+                    ])
+
+        print stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect())
+
+    Produces the SQL::
+
+        SELECT ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s] ||
+            ARRAY[%(param_3)s, %(param_4)s, %(param_5)s]) AS anon_1
+
+    An instance of :class:`.array` will always have the datatype
+    :class:`.ARRAY`.  The "inner" type of the array is inferred from
+    the values present, unless the ``type_`` keyword argument is passed::
+
+        array(['foo', 'bar'], type_=CHAR)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 Added the :class:`~.postgresql.array` literal type.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'array'
+
+    def __init__(self, clauses, **kw):
+        super(array, self).__init__(*clauses, **kw)
+        self.type = ARRAY(self.type)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return array([
+            expression.BindParameter(None, o, _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                                     _compared_to_type=self.type, unique=True)
+            for o in obj
+        ])
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+
+class ARRAY(sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+
+    """Postgresql ARRAY type.
+
+    Represents values as Python lists.
+
+    An :class:`.ARRAY` type is constructed given the "type"
+    of element::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", ARRAY(Integer))
+            )
+
+    The above type represents an N-dimensional array,
+    meaning Postgresql will interpret values with any number
+    of dimensions automatically.   To produce an INSERT
+    construct that passes in a 1-dimensional array of integers::
+
+        connection.execute(
+                mytable.insert(),
+                data=[1,2,3]
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.ARRAY` type can be constructed given a fixed number
+    of dimensions::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                Column("data", ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=2))
+            )
+
+    This has the effect of the :class:`.ARRAY` type
+    specifying that number of bracketed blocks when a :class:`.Table`
+    is used in a CREATE TABLE statement, or when the type is used
+    within a :func:`.expression.cast` construct; it also causes
+    the bind parameter and result set processing of the type
+    to optimize itself to expect exactly that number of dimensions.
+    Note that Postgresql itself still allows N dimensions with such a type.
+
+    SQL expressions of type :class:`.ARRAY` have support for "index" and
+    "slice" behavior.  The Python ``[]`` operator works normally here, given
+    integer indexes or slices.  Note that Postgresql arrays default
+    to 1-based indexing.  The operator produces binary expression
+    constructs which will produce the appropriate SQL, both for
+    SELECT statements::
+
+        select([mytable.c.data[5], mytable.c.data[2:7]])
+
+    as well as UPDATE statements when the :meth:`.Update.values` method
+    is used::
+
+        mytable.update().values({
+            mytable.c.data[5]: 7,
+            mytable.c.data[2:7]: [1, 2, 3]
+        })
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Multi-dimensional support for the ``[]`` operator is not supported
+        in SQLAlchemy 1.0.  Please use the :func:`.type_coerce` function
+        to cast an intermediary expression to ARRAY again as a workaround::
+
+            expr = type_coerce(my_array_column[5], ARRAY(Integer))[6]
+
+        Multi-dimensional support will be provided in a future release.
+
+    :class:`.ARRAY` provides special methods for containment operations,
+    e.g.::
+
+        mytable.c.data.contains([1, 2])
+
+    For a full list of special methods see :class:`.ARRAY.Comparator`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 Added support for index and slice operations
+       to the :class:`.ARRAY` type, including support for UPDATE
+       statements, and special array containment operations.
+
+    The :class:`.ARRAY` type may not be supported on all DBAPIs.
+    It is known to work on psycopg2 and not pg8000.
+
+    Additionally, the :class:`.ARRAY` type does not work directly in
+    conjunction with the :class:`.ENUM` type.  For a workaround, see the
+    special type at :ref:`postgresql_array_of_enum`.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :class:`.postgresql.array` - produce a literal array value.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'ARRAY'
+
+    class Comparator(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.ARRAY`."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index):
+            shift_indexes = 1 if self.expr.type.zero_indexes else 0
+            if isinstance(index, slice):
+                if shift_indexes:
+                    index = slice(
+                        index.start + shift_indexes,
+                        index.stop + shift_indexes,
+                        index.step
+                    )
+                index = _Slice(index, self)
+                return_type = self.type
+            else:
+                index += shift_indexes
+                return_type = self.type.item_type
+
+            return default_comparator._binary_operate(
+                self.expr, operators.getitem, index,
+                result_type=return_type)
+
+        def any(self, other, operator=operators.eq):
+            """Return ``other operator ANY (array)`` clause.
+
+            Argument places are switched, because ANY requires array
+            expression to be on the right hand-side.
+
+            E.g.::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select([table.c.data]).where(
+                            table.c.data.any(7, operator=operators.lt)
+                        )
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`.postgresql.Any`
+
+                :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+
+            """
+            return Any(other, self.expr, operator=operator)
+
+        def all(self, other, operator=operators.eq):
+            """Return ``other operator ALL (array)`` clause.
+
+            Argument places are switched, because ALL requires array
+            expression to be on the right hand-side.
+
+            E.g.::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select([table.c.data]).where(
+                            table.c.data.all(7, operator=operators.lt)
+                        )
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`.postgresql.All`
+
+                :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+
+            """
+            return All(other, self.expr, operator=operator)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a superset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a proper subset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+        def overlap(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if array has elements in common with
+            an argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&&')(other)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(op, operators.custom_op):
+                if op.opstring in ['@>', '<@', '&&']:
+                    return op, sqltypes.Boolean
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def __init__(self, item_type, as_tuple=False, dimensions=None,
+                 zero_indexes=False):
+        """Construct an ARRAY.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column('myarray', ARRAY(Integer))
+
+        Arguments are:
+
+        :param item_type: The data type of items of this array. Note that
+          dimensionality is irrelevant here, so multi-dimensional arrays like
+          ``INTEGER[][]``, are constructed as ``ARRAY(Integer)``, not as
+          ``ARRAY(ARRAY(Integer))`` or such.
+
+        :param as_tuple=False: Specify whether return results
+          should be converted to tuples from lists. DBAPIs such
+          as psycopg2 return lists by default. When tuples are
+          returned, the results are hashable.
+
+        :param dimensions: if non-None, the ARRAY will assume a fixed
+         number of dimensions.  This will cause the DDL emitted for this
+         ARRAY to include the exact number of bracket clauses ``[]``,
+         and will also optimize the performance of the type overall.
+         Note that PG arrays are always implicitly "non-dimensioned",
+         meaning they can store any number of dimensions no matter how
+         they were declared.
+
+        :param zero_indexes=False: when True, index values will be converted
+         between Python zero-based and Postgresql one-based indexes, e.g.
+         a value of one will be added to all index values before passing
+         to the database.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(item_type, ARRAY):
+            raise ValueError("Do not nest ARRAY types; ARRAY(basetype) "
+                             "handles multi-dimensional arrays of basetype")
+        if isinstance(item_type, type):
+            item_type = item_type()
+        self.item_type = item_type
+        self.as_tuple = as_tuple
+        self.dimensions = dimensions
+        self.zero_indexes = zero_indexes
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return list
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        return x == y
+
+    def _proc_array(self, arr, itemproc, dim, collection):
+        if dim is None:
+            arr = list(arr)
+        if dim == 1 or dim is None and (
+                # this has to be (list, tuple), or at least
+                # not hasattr('__iter__'), since Py3K strings
+                # etc. have __iter__
+                not arr or not isinstance(arr[0], (list, tuple))):
+            if itemproc:
+                return collection(itemproc(x) for x in arr)
+            else:
+                return collection(arr)
+        else:
+            return collection(
+                self._proc_array(
+                    x, itemproc,
+                    dim - 1 if dim is not None else None,
+                    collection)
+                for x in arr
+            )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.\
+            dialect_impl(dialect).\
+            bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._proc_array(
+                    value,
+                    item_proc,
+                    self.dimensions,
+                    list)
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        item_proc = self.item_type.\
+            dialect_impl(dialect).\
+            result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._proc_array(
+                    value,
+                    item_proc,
+                    self.dimensions,
+                    tuple if self.as_tuple else list)
+        return process
+
+PGArray = ARRAY
+
+
+class ENUM(sqltypes.Enum):
+
+    """Postgresql ENUM type.
+
+    This is a subclass of :class:`.types.Enum` which includes
+    support for PG's ``CREATE TYPE`` and ``DROP TYPE``.
+
+    When the builtin type :class:`.types.Enum` is used and the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.native_enum` flag is left at its default of
+    True, the Postgresql backend will use a :class:`.postgresql.ENUM`
+    type as the implementation, so the special create/drop rules
+    will be used.
+
+    The create/drop behavior of ENUM is necessarily intricate, due to the
+    awkward relationship the ENUM type has in relationship to the
+    parent table, in that it may be "owned" by just a single table, or
+    may be shared among many tables.
+
+    When using :class:`.types.Enum` or :class:`.postgresql.ENUM`
+    in an "inline" fashion, the ``CREATE TYPE`` and ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted
+    corresponding to when the :meth:`.Table.create` and :meth:`.Table.drop`
+    methods are called::
+
+        table = Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('some_enum', ENUM('a', 'b', 'c', name='myenum'))
+        )
+
+        table.create(engine)  # will emit CREATE ENUM and CREATE TABLE
+        table.drop(engine)  # will emit DROP TABLE and DROP ENUM
+
+    To use a common enumerated type between multiple tables, the best
+    practice is to declare the :class:`.types.Enum` or
+    :class:`.postgresql.ENUM` independently, and associate it with the
+    :class:`.MetaData` object itself::
+
+        my_enum = ENUM('a', 'b', 'c', name='myenum', metadata=metadata)
+
+        t1 = Table('sometable_one', metadata,
+            Column('some_enum', myenum)
+        )
+
+        t2 = Table('sometable_two', metadata,
+            Column('some_enum', myenum)
+        )
+
+    When this pattern is used, care must still be taken at the level
+    of individual table creates.  Emitting CREATE TABLE without also
+    specifying ``checkfirst=True`` will still cause issues::
+
+        t1.create(engine) # will fail: no such type 'myenum'
+
+    If we specify ``checkfirst=True``, the individual table-level create
+    operation will check for the ``ENUM`` and create if not exists::
+
+        # will check if enum exists, and emit CREATE TYPE if not
+        t1.create(engine, checkfirst=True)
+
+    When using a metadata-level ENUM type, the type will always be created
+    and dropped if either the metadata-wide create/drop is called::
+
+        metadata.create_all(engine)  # will emit CREATE TYPE
+        metadata.drop_all(engine)  # will emit DROP TYPE
+
+    The type can also be created and dropped directly::
+
+        my_enum.create(engine)
+        my_enum.drop(engine)
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 The Postgresql :class:`.postgresql.ENUM` type
+       now behaves more strictly with regards to CREATE/DROP.  A metadata-level
+       ENUM type will only be created and dropped at the metadata level,
+       not the table level, with the exception of
+       ``table.create(checkfirst=True)``.
+       The ``table.drop()`` call will now emit a DROP TYPE for a table-level
+       enumerated type.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        Arguments are the same as that of
+        :class:`.types.Enum`, but also including
+        the following parameters.
+
+        :param create_type: Defaults to True.
+         Indicates that ``CREATE TYPE`` should be
+         emitted, after optionally checking for the
+         presence of the type, when the parent
+         table is being created; and additionally
+         that ``DROP TYPE`` is called when the table
+         is dropped.    When ``False``, no check
+         will be performed and no ``CREATE TYPE``
+         or ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted, unless
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create`
+         or :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop`
+         are called directly.
+         Setting to ``False`` is helpful
+         when invoking a creation scheme to a SQL file
+         without access to the actual database -
+         the :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create` and
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop` methods can
+         be used to emit SQL to a target bind.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+        """
+        self.create_type = kw.pop("create_type", True)
+        super(ENUM, self).__init__(*enums, **kw)
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``CREATE TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        Postgresql CREATE TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`.Engine`,
+         :class:`.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type does not exist already before
+         creating.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        if not checkfirst or \
+                not bind.dialect.has_type(
+                    bind, self.name, schema=self.schema):
+            bind.execute(CreateEnumType(self))
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``DROP TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        Postgresql DROP TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`.Engine`,
+         :class:`.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type actually exists before dropping.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        if not checkfirst or \
+                bind.dialect.has_type(bind, self.name, schema=self.schema):
+            bind.execute(DropEnumType(self))
+
+    def _check_for_name_in_memos(self, checkfirst, kw):
+        """Look in the 'ddl runner' for 'memos', then
+        note our name in that collection.
+
+        This to ensure a particular named enum is operated
+        upon only once within any kind of create/drop
+        sequence without relying upon "checkfirst".
+
+        """
+        if not self.create_type:
+            return True
+        if '_ddl_runner' in kw:
+            ddl_runner = kw['_ddl_runner']
+            if '_pg_enums' in ddl_runner.memo:
+                pg_enums = ddl_runner.memo['_pg_enums']
+            else:
+                pg_enums = ddl_runner.memo['_pg_enums'] = set()
+            present = self.name in pg_enums
+            pg_enums.add(self.name)
+            return present
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if checkfirst or (
+                not self.metadata and
+                not kw.get('_is_metadata_operation', False)) and \
+                not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if not self.metadata and \
+            not kw.get('_is_metadata_operation', False) and \
+                not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'integer': INTEGER,
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'character varying': VARCHAR,
+    'character': CHAR,
+    '"char"': sqltypes.String,
+    'name': sqltypes.String,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'real': REAL,
+    'inet': INET,
+    'cidr': CIDR,
+    'uuid': UUID,
+    'bit': BIT,
+    'bit varying': BIT,
+    'macaddr': MACADDR,
+    'oid': OID,
+    'double precision': DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'timestamp with time zone': TIMESTAMP,
+    'timestamp without time zone': TIMESTAMP,
+    'time with time zone': TIME,
+    'time without time zone': TIME,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'bytea': BYTEA,
+    'boolean': BOOLEAN,
+    'interval': INTERVAL,
+    'interval year to month': INTERVAL,
+    'interval day to second': INTERVAL,
+    'tsvector': TSVECTOR
+}
+
+
+class PGCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+
+    def visit_array(self, element, **kw):
+        return "ARRAY[%s]" % self.visit_clauselist(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_slice(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s:%s" % (
+            self.process(element.start, **kw),
+            self.process(element.stop, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_any(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s%sANY (%s)" % (
+            self.process(element.left, **kw),
+            compiler.OPERATORS[element.operator],
+            self.process(element.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_all(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s%sALL (%s)" % (
+            self.process(element.left, **kw),
+            compiler.OPERATORS[element.operator],
+            self.process(element.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_getitem_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s[%s]" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if "postgresql_regconfig" in binary.modifiers:
+            regconfig = self.render_literal_value(
+                binary.modifiers['postgresql_regconfig'],
+                sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if regconfig:
+                return "%s @@ to_tsquery(%s, %s)" % (
+                    self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                    regconfig,
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+                )
+        return "%s @@ to_tsquery(%s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        return '%s ILIKE %s' % \
+            (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+             self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def visit_notilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return '%s NOT ILIKE %s' % \
+            (self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+             self.process(binary.right, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super(PGCompiler, self).render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace('\\', '\\\\')
+        return value
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq):
+        return "nextval('%s')" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += " \n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += " \n LIMIT ALL"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        if hint.upper() != 'ONLY':
+            raise exc.CompileError("Unrecognized hint: %r" % hint)
+        return "ONLY " + sqltext
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        if select._distinct is not False:
+            if select._distinct is True:
+                return "DISTINCT "
+            elif isinstance(select._distinct, (list, tuple)):
+                return "DISTINCT ON (" + ', '.join(
+                    [self.process(col) for col in select._distinct]
+                ) + ") "
+            else:
+                return "DISTINCT ON (" + \
+                    self.process(select._distinct, **kw) + ") "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            tmp = " FOR SHARE"
+        else:
+            tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tables = util.OrderedSet(
+                c.table if isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause)
+                else c for c in select._for_update_arg.of)
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(table, ashint=True, use_schema=False, **kw)
+                for table in tables
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, c, True, False, {})
+            for c in expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+
+        return 'RETURNING ' + ', '.join(columns)
+
+    def visit_substring_func(self, func, **kw):
+        s = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[0], **kw)
+        start = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[1], **kw)
+        if len(func.clauses.clauses) > 2:
+            length = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[2], **kw)
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s FOR %s)" % (s, start, length)
+        else:
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s)" % (s, start)
+
+
+class PGDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column)
+        impl_type = column.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if column.primary_key and \
+            column is column.table._autoincrement_column and \
+            (
+                self.dialect.supports_smallserial or
+                not isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger)
+            ) and (
+                column.default is None or
+                (
+                    isinstance(column.default, schema.Sequence) and
+                    column.default.optional
+                )):
+            if isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.BigInteger):
+                colspec += " BIGSERIAL"
+            elif isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+                colspec += " SMALLSERIAL"
+            else:
+                colspec += " SERIAL"
+        else:
+            colspec += " " + self.dialect.type_compiler.process(column.type,
+                                                    type_expression=column)
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_create_enum_type(self, create):
+        type_ = create.element
+
+        return "CREATE TYPE %s AS ENUM (%s)" % (
+            self.preparer.format_type(type_),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(sql.literal(e), literal_binds=True)
+                for e in type_.enums)
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_enum_type(self, drop):
+        type_ = drop.element
+
+        return "DROP TYPE %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_type(type_)
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        text += "INDEX "
+
+        concurrently = index.dialect_options['postgresql']['concurrently']
+        if concurrently:
+            text += "CONCURRENTLY "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s " % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                      include_schema=False),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table)
+        )
+
+        using = index.dialect_options['postgresql']['using']
+        if using:
+            text += "USING %s " % preparer.quote(using)
+
+        ops = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["ops"]
+        text += "(%s)" \
+                % (
+                    ', '.join([
+                        self.sql_compiler.process(
+                            expr.self_group()
+                            if not isinstance(expr, expression.ColumnClause)
+                            else expr,
+                            include_table=False, literal_binds=True) +
+                        (
+                            (' ' + ops[expr.key])
+                            if hasattr(expr, 'key')
+                            and expr.key in ops else ''
+                        )
+                        for expr in index.expressions
+                    ])
+                )
+
+        withclause = index.dialect_options['postgresql']['with']
+
+        if withclause:
+            text += " WITH (%s)" % (', '.join(
+                ['%s = %s' % storage_parameter
+                 for storage_parameter in withclause.items()]))
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["where"]
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False,
+                literal_binds=True)
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+        return text
+
+    def visit_exclude_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % \
+                    self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elements = []
+        for expr, name, op in constraint._render_exprs:
+            kw['include_table'] = False
+            elements.append(
+                "%s WITH %s" % (self.sql_compiler.process(expr, **kw), op)
+            )
+        text += "EXCLUDE USING %s (%s)" % (constraint.using,
+                                           ', '.join(elements))
+        if constraint.where is not None:
+            text += ' WHERE (%s)' % self.sql_compiler.process(
+                constraint.where,
+                literal_binds=True)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_opts = []
+        pg_opts = table.dialect_options['postgresql']
+
+        inherits = pg_opts.get('inherits')
+        if inherits is not None:
+            if not isinstance(inherits, (list, tuple)):
+                inherits = (inherits, )
+            table_opts.append(
+                '\n INHERITS ( ' +
+                ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(name) for name in inherits) +
+                ' )')
+
+        if pg_opts['with_oids'] is True:
+            table_opts.append('\n WITH OIDS')
+        elif pg_opts['with_oids'] is False:
+            table_opts.append('\n WITHOUT OIDS')
+
+        if pg_opts['on_commit']:
+            on_commit_options = pg_opts['on_commit'].replace("_", " ").upper()
+            table_opts.append('\n ON COMMIT %s' % on_commit_options)
+
+        if pg_opts['tablespace']:
+            tablespace_name = pg_opts['tablespace']
+            table_opts.append(
+                '\n TABLESPACE %s' % self.preparer.quote(tablespace_name)
+            )
+
+        return ''.join(table_opts)
+
+
+class PGTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_TSVECTOR(self, type, **kw):
+        return "TSVECTOR"
+
+    def visit_INET(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INET"
+
+    def visit_CIDR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CIDR"
+
+    def visit_MACADDR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MACADDR"
+
+    def visit_OID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "OID"
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.precision:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {'precision': type_.precision}
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DOUBLE PRECISION"
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_HSTORE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "HSTORE"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSON"
+
+    def visit_JSONB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSONB"
+
+    def visit_INT4RANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT4RANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT8RANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT8RANGE"
+
+    def visit_NUMRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NUMRANGE"
+
+    def visit_DATERANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATERANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSTZRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSTZRANGE"
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TIMESTAMP(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_enum or not self.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return super(PGTypeCompiler, self).visit_enum(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_ENUM(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_type(type_)
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIMESTAMP%s %s" % (
+            getattr(type_, 'precision', None) and "(%d)" %
+            type_.precision or "",
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE"
+        )
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIME%s %s" % (
+            getattr(type_, 'precision', None) and "(%d)" %
+            type_.precision or "",
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE"
+        )
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None:
+            return "INTERVAL(%d)" % type_.precision
+        else:
+            return "INTERVAL"
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.varying:
+            compiled = "BIT VARYING"
+            if type_.length is not None:
+                compiled += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            compiled = "BIT(%d)" % type_.length
+        return compiled
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BYTEA(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_BYTEA(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BYTEA"
+
+    def visit_ARRAY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.process(type_.item_type) + ('[]' * (type_.dimensions
+                                                        if type_.dimensions
+                                                        is not None else 1))
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def _unquote_identifier(self, value):
+        if value[0] == self.initial_quote:
+            value = value[1:-1].\
+                replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote)
+        return value
+
+    def format_type(self, type_, use_schema=True):
+        if not type_.name:
+            raise exc.CompileError("Postgresql ENUM type requires a name.")
+
+        name = self.quote(type_.name)
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and type_.schema is not None:
+            name = self.quote_schema(type_.schema) + "." + name
+        return name
+
+
+class PGInspector(reflection.Inspector):
+
+    def __init__(self, conn):
+        reflection.Inspector.__init__(self, conn)
+
+    def get_table_oid(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return the OID for the given table name."""
+
+        return self.dialect.get_table_oid(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                          info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_enums(self, schema=None):
+        """Return a list of ENUM objects.
+
+        Each member is a dictionary containing these fields:
+
+            * name - name of the enum
+            * schema - the schema name for the enum.
+            * visible - boolean, whether or not this enum is visible
+              in the default search path.
+            * labels - a list of string labels that apply to the enum.
+
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to '*' to
+         indicate load enums for all schemas.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        schema = schema or self.default_schema_name
+        return self.dialect._load_enums(self.bind, schema)
+
+    def get_foreign_table_names(self, schema=None):
+        """Return a list of FOREIGN TABLE names.
+
+        Behavior is similar to that of :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names`,
+        except that the list is limited to those tables tha report a
+        ``relkind`` value of ``f``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        schema = schema or self.default_schema_name
+        return self.dialect._get_foreign_table_names(self.bind, schema)
+
+
+class CreateEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "create_enum_type"
+
+
+class DropEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_enum_type"
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar((
+            "select nextval('%s')" %
+            self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)), type_)
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.primary_key and \
+                column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
+            if column.server_default and column.server_default.has_argument:
+
+                # pre-execute passive defaults on primary key columns
+                return self._execute_scalar("select %s" %
+                                            column.server_default.arg,
+                                            column.type)
+
+            elif (column.default is None or
+                  (column.default.is_sequence and
+                   column.default.optional)):
+
+                # execute the sequence associated with a SERIAL primary
+                # key column. for non-primary-key SERIAL, the ID just
+                # generates server side.
+
+                try:
+                    seq_name = column._postgresql_seq_name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    tab = column.table.name
+                    col = column.name
+                    tab = tab[0:29 + max(0, (29 - len(col)))]
+                    col = col[0:29 + max(0, (29 - len(tab)))]
+                    name = "%s_%s_seq" % (tab, col)
+                    column._postgresql_seq_name = seq_name = name
+
+                sch = column.table.schema
+                if sch is not None:
+                    exc = "select nextval('\"%s\".\"%s\"')" % \
+                        (sch, seq_name)
+                else:
+                    exc = "select nextval('\"%s\"')" % \
+                        (seq_name, )
+
+                return self._execute_scalar(exc, column.type)
+
+        return super(PGExecutionContext, self).get_insert_default(column)
+
+
+class PGDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'postgresql'
+    supports_alter = True
+    max_identifier_length = 63
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+    supports_smallserial = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = PGDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = PGTypeCompiler
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext
+    inspector = PGInspector
+    isolation_level = None
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (schema.Index, {
+            "using": False,
+            "where": None,
+            "ops": {},
+            "concurrently": False,
+            "with": {}
+        }),
+        (schema.Table, {
+            "ignore_search_path": False,
+            "tablespace": None,
+            "with_oids": None,
+            "on_commit": None,
+            "inherits": None
+        })
+    ]
+
+    reflection_options = ('postgresql_ignore_search_path', )
+
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+
+    def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, json_serializer=None,
+                 json_deserializer=None, **kwargs):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.isolation_level = isolation_level
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(PGDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        self.implicit_returning = self.server_version_info > (8, 2) and \
+            self.__dict__.get('implicit_returning', True)
+        self.supports_native_enum = self.server_version_info >= (8, 3)
+        if not self.supports_native_enum:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            # pop base Enum type
+            self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Enum, None)
+            # psycopg2, others may have placed ENUM here as well
+            self.colspecs.pop(ENUM, None)
+
+        # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/release-9-2.html#AEN116689
+        self.supports_smallserial = self.server_version_info >= (9, 2)
+
+        self._backslash_escapes = self.server_version_info < (8, 2) or \
+            connection.scalar(
+            "show standard_conforming_strings"
+        ) == 'off'
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            return connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    _isolation_lookup = set(['SERIALIZABLE', 'READ UNCOMMITTED',
+                             'READ COMMITTED', 'REPEATABLE READ'])
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        level = level.replace('_', ' ')
+        if level not in self._isolation_lookup:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+            "ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level)
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute('show transaction isolation level')
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return val.upper()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self.do_begin(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute("PREPARE TRANSACTION '%s'" % xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid,
+                             is_prepared=True, recover=False):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                # FIXME: ugly hack to get out of transaction
+                # context when committing recoverable transactions
+                # Must find out a way how to make the dbapi not
+                # open a transaction.
+                connection.execute("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.execute("ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.execute("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid,
+                           is_prepared=True, recover=False):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                connection.execute("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.execute("COMMIT PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.execute("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        resultset = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT gid FROM pg_prepared_xacts"))
+        return [row[0] for row in resultset]
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.scalar("select current_schema()")
+
+    def has_schema(self, connection, schema):
+        query = ("select nspname from pg_namespace "
+                 "where lower(nspname)=:schema")
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                query,
+                bindparams=[
+                    sql.bindparam(
+                        'schema', util.text_type(schema.lower()),
+                        type_=sqltypes.Unicode)]
+            )
+        )
+
+        return bool(cursor.first())
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        # seems like case gets folded in pg_class...
+        if schema is None:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "select relname from pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where "
+                    "pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid) "
+                    "and relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name', util.text_type(table_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)]
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "select relname from pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where n.nspname=:schema and "
+                    "relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name',
+                                      util.text_type(table_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+                        sql.bindparam('schema',
+                                      util.text_type(schema),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)]
+                )
+            )
+        return bool(cursor.first())
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        if schema is None:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "SELECT relname FROM pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where relkind='S' and "
+                    "n.nspname=current_schema() "
+                    "and relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name', util.text_type(sequence_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            cursor = connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "SELECT relname FROM pg_class c join pg_namespace n on "
+                    "n.oid=c.relnamespace where relkind='S' and "
+                    "n.nspname=:schema and relname=:name",
+                    bindparams=[
+                        sql.bindparam('name', util.text_type(sequence_name),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+                        sql.bindparam('schema',
+                                      util.text_type(schema),
+                                      type_=sqltypes.Unicode)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        return bool(cursor.first())
+
+    def has_type(self, connection, type_name, schema=None):
+        if schema is not None:
+            query = """
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t, pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+                WHERE t.typnamespace = n.oid
+                AND t.typname = :typname
+                AND n.nspname = :nspname
+                )
+                """
+            query = sql.text(query)
+        else:
+            query = """
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT * FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
+                WHERE t.typname = :typname
+                AND pg_type_is_visible(t.oid)
+                )
+                """
+            query = sql.text(query)
+        query = query.bindparams(
+            sql.bindparam('typname',
+                          util.text_type(type_name), type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+        )
+        if schema is not None:
+            query = query.bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam('nspname',
+                              util.text_type(schema), type_=sqltypes.Unicode),
+            )
+        cursor = connection.execute(query)
+        return bool(cursor.scalar())
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        v = connection.execute("select version()").scalar()
+        m = re.match(
+            '.*(?:PostgreSQL|EnterpriseDB) '
+            '(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?(?:\.\d+)?(?:devel)?',
+            v)
+        if not m:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Could not determine version from string '%s'" % v)
+        return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None])
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_oid(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Fetch the oid for schema.table_name.
+
+        Several reflection methods require the table oid.  The idea for using
+        this method is that it can be fetched one time and cached for
+        subsequent calls.
+
+        """
+        table_oid = None
+        if schema is not None:
+            schema_where_clause = "n.nspname = :schema"
+        else:
+            schema_where_clause = "pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)"
+        query = """
+            SELECT c.oid
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
+            LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+            WHERE (%s)
+            AND c.relname = :table_name AND c.relkind in ('r', 'v', 'm', 'f')
+        """ % schema_where_clause
+        # Since we're binding to unicode, table_name and schema_name must be
+        # unicode.
+        table_name = util.text_type(table_name)
+        if schema is not None:
+            schema = util.text_type(schema)
+        s = sql.text(query).bindparams(table_name=sqltypes.Unicode)
+        s = s.columns(oid=sqltypes.Integer)
+        if schema:
+            s = s.bindparams(sql.bindparam('schema', type_=sqltypes.Unicode))
+        c = connection.execute(s, table_name=table_name, schema=schema)
+        table_oid = c.scalar()
+        if table_oid is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+        return table_oid
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = """
+        SELECT nspname
+        FROM pg_namespace
+        ORDER BY nspname
+        """
+        rp = connection.execute(s)
+        # what about system tables?
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            schema_names = [row[0].decode(self.encoding) for row in rp
+                            if not row[0].startswith('pg_')]
+        else:
+            schema_names = [row[0] for row in rp
+                            if not row[0].startswith('pg_')]
+        return schema_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT relname FROM pg_class c "
+                     "WHERE relkind = 'r' "
+                     "AND '%s' = (select nspname from pg_namespace n "
+                     "where n.oid = c.relnamespace) " %
+                     current_schema,
+                     typemap={'relname': sqltypes.Unicode}
+                     )
+        )
+        return [row[0] for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_foreign_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            sql.text("SELECT relname FROM pg_class c "
+                     "WHERE relkind = 'f' "
+                     "AND '%s' = (select nspname from pg_namespace n "
+                     "where n.oid = c.relnamespace) " %
+                     current_schema,
+                     typemap={'relname': sqltypes.Unicode}
+                     )
+        )
+        return [row[0] for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+        s = """
+        SELECT relname
+        FROM pg_class c
+        WHERE relkind IN ('m', 'v')
+          AND '%(schema)s' = (select nspname from pg_namespace n
+          where n.oid = c.relnamespace)
+        """ % dict(schema=current_schema)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            view_names = [row[0].decode(self.encoding)
+                          for row in connection.execute(s)]
+        else:
+            view_names = [row[0] for row in connection.execute(s)]
+        return view_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+        s = """
+        SELECT definition FROM pg_views
+        WHERE schemaname = :schema
+        AND viewname = :view_name
+        """
+        rp = connection.execute(sql.text(s),
+                                view_name=view_name, schema=current_schema)
+        if rp:
+            if util.py2k:
+                view_def = rp.scalar().decode(self.encoding)
+            else:
+                view_def = rp.scalar()
+            return view_def
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+        SQL_COLS = """
+            SELECT a.attname,
+              pg_catalog.format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
+              (SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid)
+                FROM pg_catalog.pg_attrdef d
+               WHERE d.adrelid = a.attrelid AND d.adnum = a.attnum
+               AND a.atthasdef)
+              AS DEFAULT,
+              a.attnotnull, a.attnum, a.attrelid as table_oid
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a
+            WHERE a.attrelid = :table_oid
+            AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+            ORDER BY a.attnum
+        """
+        s = sql.text(SQL_COLS,
+                     bindparams=[
+                         sql.bindparam('table_oid', type_=sqltypes.Integer)],
+                     typemap={
+                         'attname': sqltypes.Unicode,
+                         'default': sqltypes.Unicode}
+                     )
+        c = connection.execute(s, table_oid=table_oid)
+        rows = c.fetchall()
+        domains = self._load_domains(connection)
+        enums = dict(
+            (
+                "%s.%s" % (rec['schema'], rec['name'])
+                if not rec['visible'] else rec['name'], rec) for rec in
+            self._load_enums(connection, schema='*')
+        )
+
+        # format columns
+        columns = []
+        for name, format_type, default, notnull, attnum, table_oid in rows:
+            column_info = self._get_column_info(
+                name, format_type, default, notnull, domains, enums, schema)
+            columns.append(column_info)
+        return columns
+
+    def _get_column_info(self, name, format_type, default,
+                         notnull, domains, enums, schema):
+        # strip (*) from character varying(5), timestamp(5)
+        # with time zone, geometry(POLYGON), etc.
+        attype = re.sub(r'\(.*\)', '', format_type)
+
+        # strip '[]' from integer[], etc.
+        attype = re.sub(r'\[\]', '', attype)
+
+        nullable = not notnull
+        is_array = format_type.endswith('[]')
+        charlen = re.search('\(([\d,]+)\)', format_type)
+        if charlen:
+            charlen = charlen.group(1)
+        args = re.search('\((.*)\)', format_type)
+        if args and args.group(1):
+            args = tuple(re.split('\s*,\s*', args.group(1)))
+        else:
+            args = ()
+        kwargs = {}
+
+        if attype == 'numeric':
+            if charlen:
+                prec, scale = charlen.split(',')
+                args = (int(prec), int(scale))
+            else:
+                args = ()
+        elif attype == 'double precision':
+            args = (53, )
+        elif attype == 'integer':
+            args = ()
+        elif attype in ('timestamp with time zone',
+                        'time with time zone'):
+            kwargs['timezone'] = True
+            if charlen:
+                kwargs['precision'] = int(charlen)
+            args = ()
+        elif attype in ('timestamp without time zone',
+                        'time without time zone', 'time'):
+            kwargs['timezone'] = False
+            if charlen:
+                kwargs['precision'] = int(charlen)
+            args = ()
+        elif attype == 'bit varying':
+            kwargs['varying'] = True
+            if charlen:
+                args = (int(charlen),)
+            else:
+                args = ()
+        elif attype in ('interval', 'interval year to month',
+                        'interval day to second'):
+            if charlen:
+                kwargs['precision'] = int(charlen)
+            args = ()
+        elif charlen:
+            args = (int(charlen),)
+
+        while True:
+            if attype in self.ischema_names:
+                coltype = self.ischema_names[attype]
+                break
+            elif attype in enums:
+                enum = enums[attype]
+                coltype = ENUM
+                kwargs['name'] = enum['name']
+                if not enum['visible']:
+                    kwargs['schema'] = enum['schema']
+                args = tuple(enum['labels'])
+                break
+            elif attype in domains:
+                domain = domains[attype]
+                attype = domain['attype']
+                # A table can't override whether the domain is nullable.
+                nullable = domain['nullable']
+                if domain['default'] and not default:
+                    # It can, however, override the default
+                    # value, but can't set it to null.
+                    default = domain['default']
+                continue
+            else:
+                coltype = None
+                break
+
+        if coltype:
+            coltype = coltype(*args, **kwargs)
+            if is_array:
+                coltype = ARRAY(coltype)
+        else:
+            util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                      (attype, name))
+            coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+        # adjust the default value
+        autoincrement = False
+        if default is not None:
+            match = re.search(r"""(nextval\(')([^']+)('.*$)""", default)
+            if match is not None:
+                autoincrement = True
+                # the default is related to a Sequence
+                sch = schema
+                if '.' not in match.group(2) and sch is not None:
+                    # unconditionally quote the schema name.  this could
+                    # later be enhanced to obey quoting rules /
+                    # "quote schema"
+                    default = match.group(1) + \
+                        ('"%s"' % sch) + '.' + \
+                        match.group(2) + match.group(3)
+
+        column_info = dict(name=name, type=coltype, nullable=nullable,
+                           default=default, autoincrement=autoincrement)
+        return column_info
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        if self.server_version_info < (8, 4):
+            PK_SQL = """
+                SELECT a.attname
+                FROM
+                    pg_class t
+                    join pg_index ix on t.oid = ix.indrelid
+                    join pg_attribute a
+                        on t.oid=a.attrelid AND %s
+                 WHERE
+                  t.oid = :table_oid and ix.indisprimary = 't'
+                ORDER BY a.attnum
+            """ % self._pg_index_any("a.attnum", "ix.indkey")
+
+        else:
+            # unnest() and generate_subscripts() both introduced in
+            # version 8.4
+            PK_SQL = """
+                SELECT a.attname
+                FROM pg_attribute a JOIN (
+                    SELECT unnest(ix.indkey) attnum,
+                           generate_subscripts(ix.indkey, 1) ord
+                    FROM pg_index ix
+                    WHERE ix.indrelid = :table_oid AND ix.indisprimary
+                    ) k ON a.attnum=k.attnum
+                WHERE a.attrelid = :table_oid
+                ORDER BY k.ord
+            """
+        t = sql.text(PK_SQL, typemap={'attname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+        cols = [r[0] for r in c.fetchall()]
+
+        PK_CONS_SQL = """
+        SELECT conname
+           FROM  pg_catalog.pg_constraint r
+           WHERE r.conrelid = :table_oid AND r.contype = 'p'
+           ORDER BY 1
+        """
+        t = sql.text(PK_CONS_SQL, typemap={'conname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+        name = c.scalar()
+
+        return {'constrained_columns': cols, 'name': name}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None,
+                         postgresql_ignore_search_path=False, **kw):
+        preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        FK_SQL = """
+          SELECT r.conname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) as condef,
+                n.nspname as conschema
+          FROM  pg_catalog.pg_constraint r,
+                pg_namespace n,
+                pg_class c
+
+          WHERE r.conrelid = :table AND
+                r.contype = 'f' AND
+                c.oid = confrelid AND
+                n.oid = c.relnamespace
+          ORDER BY 1
+        """
+        # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/sql-createtable.html
+        FK_REGEX = re.compile(
+            r'FOREIGN KEY \((.*?)\) REFERENCES (?:(.*?)\.)?(.*?)\((.*?)\)'
+            r'[\s]?(MATCH (FULL|PARTIAL|SIMPLE)+)?'
+            r'[\s]?(ON UPDATE '
+            r'(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?'
+            r'[\s]?(ON DELETE '
+            r'(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?'
+            r'[\s]?(DEFERRABLE|NOT DEFERRABLE)?'
+            r'[\s]?(INITIALLY (DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE)+)?'
+        )
+
+        t = sql.text(FK_SQL, typemap={
+            'conname': sqltypes.Unicode,
+            'condef': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table=table_oid)
+        fkeys = []
+        for conname, condef, conschema in c.fetchall():
+            m = re.search(FK_REGEX, condef).groups()
+
+            constrained_columns, referred_schema, \
+                referred_table, referred_columns, \
+                _, match, _, onupdate, _, ondelete, \
+                deferrable, _, initially = m
+
+            if deferrable is not None:
+                deferrable = True if deferrable == 'DEFERRABLE' else False
+            constrained_columns = [preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                                   for x in re.split(
+                                       r'\s*,\s*', constrained_columns)]
+
+            if postgresql_ignore_search_path:
+                # when ignoring search path, we use the actual schema
+                # provided it isn't the "default" schema
+                if conschema != self.default_schema_name:
+                    referred_schema = conschema
+                else:
+                    referred_schema = schema
+            elif referred_schema:
+                # referred_schema is the schema that we regexp'ed from
+                # pg_get_constraintdef().  If the schema is in the search
+                # path, pg_get_constraintdef() will give us None.
+                referred_schema = \
+                    preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_schema)
+            elif schema is not None and schema == conschema:
+                # If the actual schema matches the schema of the table
+                # we're reflecting, then we will use that.
+                referred_schema = schema
+
+            referred_table = preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_table)
+            referred_columns = [preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                                for x in
+                                re.split(r'\s*,\s', referred_columns)]
+            fkey_d = {
+                'name': conname,
+                'constrained_columns': constrained_columns,
+                'referred_schema': referred_schema,
+                'referred_table': referred_table,
+                'referred_columns': referred_columns,
+                'options': {
+                    'onupdate': onupdate,
+                    'ondelete': ondelete,
+                    'deferrable': deferrable,
+                    'initially': initially,
+                    'match': match
+                }
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fkey_d)
+        return fkeys
+
+    def _pg_index_any(self, col, compare_to):
+        if self.server_version_info < (8, 1):
+            # http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/10279.1124395722@sss.pgh.pa.us
+            # "In CVS tip you could replace this with "attnum = ANY (indkey)".
+            # Unfortunately, most array support doesn't work on int2vector in
+            # pre-8.1 releases, so I think you're kinda stuck with the above
+            # for now.
+            # regards, tom lane"
+            return "(%s)" % " OR ".join(
+                "%s[%d] = %s" % (compare_to, ind, col)
+                for ind in range(0, 10)
+            )
+        else:
+            return "%s = ANY(%s)" % (col, compare_to)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema, **kw):
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        # cast indkey as varchar since it's an int2vector,
+        # returned as a list by some drivers such as pypostgresql
+
+        if self.server_version_info < (8, 5):
+            IDX_SQL = """
+              SELECT
+                  i.relname as relname,
+                  ix.indisunique, ix.indexprs, ix.indpred,
+                  a.attname, a.attnum, NULL, ix.indkey%s,
+                  %s, am.amname
+              FROM
+                  pg_class t
+                        join pg_index ix on t.oid = ix.indrelid
+                        join pg_class i on i.oid = ix.indexrelid
+                        left outer join
+                            pg_attribute a
+                            on t.oid = a.attrelid and %s
+                        left outer join
+                            pg_am am
+                            on i.relam = am.oid
+              WHERE
+                  t.relkind IN ('r', 'v', 'f', 'm')
+                  and t.oid = :table_oid
+                  and ix.indisprimary = 'f'
+              ORDER BY
+                  t.relname,
+                  i.relname
+            """ % (
+                # version 8.3 here was based on observing the
+                # cast does not work in PG 8.2.4, does work in 8.3.0.
+                # nothing in PG changelogs regarding this.
+                "::varchar" if self.server_version_info >= (8, 3) else "",
+                "i.reloptions" if self.server_version_info >= (8, 2)
+                else "NULL",
+                self._pg_index_any("a.attnum", "ix.indkey")
+            )
+        else:
+            IDX_SQL = """
+              SELECT
+                  i.relname as relname,
+                  ix.indisunique, ix.indexprs, ix.indpred,
+                  a.attname, a.attnum, c.conrelid, ix.indkey::varchar,
+                  i.reloptions, am.amname
+              FROM
+                  pg_class t
+                        join pg_index ix on t.oid = ix.indrelid
+                        join pg_class i on i.oid = ix.indexrelid
+                        left outer join
+                            pg_attribute a
+                            on t.oid = a.attrelid and a.attnum = ANY(ix.indkey)
+                        left outer join
+                            pg_constraint c
+                            on (ix.indrelid = c.conrelid and
+                                ix.indexrelid = c.conindid and
+                                c.contype in ('p', 'u', 'x'))
+                        left outer join
+                            pg_am am
+                            on i.relam = am.oid
+              WHERE
+                  t.relkind IN ('r', 'v', 'f', 'm')
+                  and t.oid = :table_oid
+                  and ix.indisprimary = 'f'
+              ORDER BY
+                  t.relname,
+                  i.relname
+            """
+
+        t = sql.text(IDX_SQL, typemap={'attname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+
+        indexes = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
+
+        sv_idx_name = None
+        for row in c.fetchall():
+            (idx_name, unique, expr, prd, col,
+             col_num, conrelid, idx_key, options, amname) = row
+
+            if expr:
+                if idx_name != sv_idx_name:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Skipped unsupported reflection of "
+                        "expression-based index %s"
+                        % idx_name)
+                sv_idx_name = idx_name
+                continue
+
+            if prd and not idx_name == sv_idx_name:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Predicate of partial index %s ignored during reflection"
+                    % idx_name)
+                sv_idx_name = idx_name
+
+            has_idx = idx_name in indexes
+            index = indexes[idx_name]
+            if col is not None:
+                index['cols'][col_num] = col
+            if not has_idx:
+                index['key'] = [int(k.strip()) for k in idx_key.split()]
+                index['unique'] = unique
+                if conrelid is not None:
+                    index['duplicates_constraint'] = idx_name
+                if options:
+                    index['options'] = dict(
+                        [option.split("=") for option in options])
+
+                # it *might* be nice to include that this is 'btree' in the
+                # reflection info.  But we don't want an Index object
+                # to have a ``postgresql_using`` in it that is just the
+                # default, so for the moment leaving this out.
+                if amname and amname != 'btree':
+                    index['amname'] = amname
+
+        result = []
+        for name, idx in indexes.items():
+            entry = {
+                'name': name,
+                'unique': idx['unique'],
+                'column_names': [idx['cols'][i] for i in idx['key']]
+            }
+            if 'duplicates_constraint' in idx:
+                entry['duplicates_constraint'] = idx['duplicates_constraint']
+            if 'options' in idx:
+                entry.setdefault(
+                    'dialect_options', {})["postgresql_with"] = idx['options']
+            if 'amname' in idx:
+                entry.setdefault(
+                    'dialect_options', {})["postgresql_using"] = idx['amname']
+            result.append(entry)
+        return result
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, connection, table_name,
+                               schema=None, **kw):
+        table_oid = self.get_table_oid(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                       info_cache=kw.get('info_cache'))
+
+        UNIQUE_SQL = """
+            SELECT
+                cons.conname as name,
+                cons.conkey as key,
+                a.attnum as col_num,
+                a.attname as col_name
+            FROM
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint cons
+                join pg_attribute a
+                  on cons.conrelid = a.attrelid AND
+                    a.attnum = ANY(cons.conkey)
+            WHERE
+                cons.conrelid = :table_oid AND
+                cons.contype = 'u'
+        """
+
+        t = sql.text(UNIQUE_SQL, typemap={'col_name': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(t, table_oid=table_oid)
+
+        uniques = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
+        for row in c.fetchall():
+            uc = uniques[row.name]
+            uc["key"] = row.key
+            uc["cols"][row.col_num] = row.col_name
+
+        return [
+            {'name': name,
+             'column_names': [uc["cols"][i] for i in uc["key"]]}
+            for name, uc in uniques.items()
+        ]
+
+    def _load_enums(self, connection, schema=None):
+        schema = schema or self.default_schema_name
+        if not self.supports_native_enum:
+            return {}
+
+        # Load data types for enums:
+        SQL_ENUMS = """
+            SELECT t.typname as "name",
+               -- no enum defaults in 8.4 at least
+               -- t.typdefault as "default",
+               pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(t.oid) as "visible",
+               n.nspname as "schema",
+               e.enumlabel as "label"
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
+                 LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
+                 LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_enum e ON t.oid = e.enumtypid
+            WHERE t.typtype = 'e'
+        """
+
+        if schema != '*':
+            SQL_ENUMS += "AND n.nspname = :schema "
+
+        # e.oid gives us label order within an enum
+        SQL_ENUMS += 'ORDER BY "schema", "name", e.oid'
+
+        s = sql.text(SQL_ENUMS, typemap={
+            'attname': sqltypes.Unicode,
+            'label': sqltypes.Unicode})
+
+        if schema != '*':
+            s = s.bindparams(schema=schema)
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        enums = []
+        enum_by_name = {}
+        for enum in c.fetchall():
+            key = (enum['schema'], enum['name'])
+            if key in enum_by_name:
+                enum_by_name[key]['labels'].append(enum['label'])
+            else:
+                enum_by_name[key] = enum_rec = {
+                    'name': enum['name'],
+                    'schema': enum['schema'],
+                    'visible': enum['visible'],
+                    'labels': [enum['label']],
+                }
+                enums.append(enum_rec)
+
+        return enums
+
+    def _load_domains(self, connection):
+        # Load data types for domains:
+        SQL_DOMAINS = """
+            SELECT t.typname as "name",
+               pg_catalog.format_type(t.typbasetype, t.typtypmod) as "attype",
+               not t.typnotnull as "nullable",
+               t.typdefault as "default",
+               pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(t.oid) as "visible",
+               n.nspname as "schema"
+            FROM pg_catalog.pg_type t
+               LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
+            WHERE t.typtype = 'd'
+        """
+
+        s = sql.text(SQL_DOMAINS, typemap={'attname': sqltypes.Unicode})
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        domains = {}
+        for domain in c.fetchall():
+            # strip (30) from character varying(30)
+            attype = re.search('([^\(]+)', domain['attype']).group(1)
+            if domain['visible']:
+                # 'visible' just means whether or not the domain is in a
+                # schema that's on the search path -- or not overridden by
+                # a schema with higher precedence. If it's not visible,
+                # it will be prefixed with the schema-name when it's used.
+                name = domain['name']
+            else:
+                name = "%s.%s" % (domain['schema'], domain['name'])
+
+            domains[name] = {
+                'attype': attype,
+                'nullable': domain['nullable'],
+                'default': domain['default']
+            }
+
+        return domains
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/constraints.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/constraints.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6bb890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/constraints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from ...sql.schema import ColumnCollectionConstraint
+from ...sql import expression
+from ... import util
+
+
+class ExcludeConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level EXCLUDE constraint.
+
+    Defines an EXCLUDE constraint as described in the `postgres
+    documentation`__.
+
+    __ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/\
+static/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-EXCLUDE
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'exclude_constraint'
+
+    where = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *elements, **kw):
+        """
+        :param \*elements:
+          A sequence of two tuples of the form ``(column, operator)`` where
+          column must be a column name or Column object and operator must
+          be a string containing the operator to use.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param using:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit USING <index_method> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint. Defaults to 'gist'.
+
+        :param where:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit WHERE <predicate> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        """
+        columns = []
+        render_exprs = []
+        self.operators = {}
+
+        expressions, operators = zip(*elements)
+
+        for (expr, column, strname, add_element), operator in zip(
+                self._extract_col_expression_collection(expressions),
+                operators
+        ):
+            if add_element is not None:
+                columns.append(add_element)
+
+            name = column.name if column is not None else strname
+
+            if name is not None:
+                # backwards compat
+                self.operators[name] = operator
+
+            expr = expression._literal_as_text(expr)
+
+            render_exprs.append(
+                (expr, name, operator)
+            )
+
+        self._render_exprs = render_exprs
+        ColumnCollectionConstraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            *columns,
+            name=kw.get('name'),
+            deferrable=kw.get('deferrable'),
+            initially=kw.get('initially')
+        )
+        self.using = kw.get('using', 'gist')
+        where = kw.get('where')
+        if where is not None:
+            self.where = expression._literal_as_text(where)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        elements = [(col, self.operators[col])
+                    for col in self.columns.keys()]
+        c = self.__class__(*elements,
+                           name=self.name,
+                           deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                           initially=self.initially)
+        c.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return c
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4ff461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# postgresql/hstore.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import re
+
+from .base import ARRAY, ischema_names
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import functions as sqlfunc
+from ...sql.operators import custom_op
+from ... import util
+
+__all__ = ('HSTORE', 'hstore')
+
+# My best guess at the parsing rules of hstore literals, since no formal
+# grammar is given.  This is mostly reverse engineered from PG's input parser
+# behavior.
+HSTORE_PAIR_RE = re.compile(r"""
+(
+  "(?P<key> (\\ . | [^"])* )"       # Quoted key
+)
+[ ]* => [ ]*    # Pair operator, optional adjoining whitespace
+(
+    (?P<value_null> NULL )          # NULL value
+  | "(?P<value> (\\ . | [^"])* )"   # Quoted value
+)
+""", re.VERBOSE)
+
+HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE = re.compile(r"""
+[ ]* , [ ]*
+""", re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def _parse_error(hstore_str, pos):
+    """format an unmarshalling error."""
+
+    ctx = 20
+    hslen = len(hstore_str)
+
+    parsed_tail = hstore_str[max(pos - ctx - 1, 0):min(pos, hslen)]
+    residual = hstore_str[min(pos, hslen):min(pos + ctx + 1, hslen)]
+
+    if len(parsed_tail) > ctx:
+        parsed_tail = '[...]' + parsed_tail[1:]
+    if len(residual) > ctx:
+        residual = residual[:-1] + '[...]'
+
+    return "After %r, could not parse residual at position %d: %r" % (
+        parsed_tail, pos, residual)
+
+
+def _parse_hstore(hstore_str):
+    """Parse an hstore from its literal string representation.
+
+    Attempts to approximate PG's hstore input parsing rules as closely as
+    possible. Although currently this is not strictly necessary, since the
+    current implementation of hstore's output syntax is stricter than what it
+    accepts as input, the documentation makes no guarantees that will always
+    be the case.
+
+
+
+    """
+    result = {}
+    pos = 0
+    pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str)
+
+    while pair_match is not None:
+        key = pair_match.group('key').replace(r'\"', '"').replace(
+            "\\\\", "\\")
+        if pair_match.group('value_null'):
+            value = None
+        else:
+            value = pair_match.group('value').replace(
+                r'\"', '"').replace("\\\\", "\\")
+        result[key] = value
+
+        pos += pair_match.end()
+
+        delim_match = HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+        if delim_match is not None:
+            pos += delim_match.end()
+
+        pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+
+    if pos != len(hstore_str):
+        raise ValueError(_parse_error(hstore_str, pos))
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _serialize_hstore(val):
+    """Serialize a dictionary into an hstore literal.  Keys and values must
+    both be strings (except None for values).
+
+    """
+    def esc(s, position):
+        if position == 'value' and s is None:
+            return 'NULL'
+        elif isinstance(s, util.string_types):
+            return '"%s"' % s.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', r'\"')
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("%r in %s position is not a string." %
+                             (s, position))
+
+    return ', '.join('%s=>%s' % (esc(k, 'key'), esc(v, 'value'))
+                     for k, v in val.items())
+
+
+class HSTORE(sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql HSTORE type.
+
+    The :class:`.HSTORE` type stores dictionaries containing strings, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', HSTORE)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.HSTORE` provides for a wide range of operations, including:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'] == 'some value'
+
+    * Containment operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_key('some key')
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_all(['one', 'two', 'three'])
+
+    * Concatenation::
+
+        data_table.c.data + {"k1": "v1"}
+
+    For a full list of special methods see
+    :class:`.HSTORE.comparator_factory`.
+
+    For usage with the SQLAlchemy ORM, it may be desirable to combine
+    the usage of :class:`.HSTORE` with :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary
+    now part of the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable`
+    extension.  This extension will allow "in-place" changes to the
+    dictionary, e.g. addition of new keys or replacement/removal of existing
+    keys to/from the current dictionary, to produce events which will be
+    detected by the unit of work::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableDict
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'data_table'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(HSTORE))
+
+        my_object = session.query(MyClass).one()
+
+        # in-place mutation, requires Mutable extension
+        # in order for the ORM to detect
+        my_object.data['some_key'] = 'some value'
+
+        session.commit()
+
+    When the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is not used, the ORM
+    will not be alerted to any changes to the contents of an existing
+    dictionary, unless that dictionary value is re-assigned to the
+    HSTORE-attribute itself, thus generating a change event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.hstore` - render the Postgresql ``hstore()`` function.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'HSTORE'
+    hashable = False
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.HSTORE`."""
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?')(other)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in the PG
+            array.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?&')(other)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in the PG
+            array.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?|')(other)
+
+        def defined(self, key):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a non-NULL value for
+            the key.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return _HStoreDefinedFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a superset of the keys of
+            the argument hstore expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument hstore expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, other):
+            """Text expression.  Get the value at a given key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('->', precedence=5)(other)
+
+        def delete(self, key):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns the contents of this hstore with the
+            given key deleted.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            if isinstance(key, dict):
+                key = _serialize_hstore(key)
+            return _HStoreDeleteFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def slice(self, array):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns a subset of an hstore defined by
+            array of keys.
+            """
+            return _HStoreSliceFunction(self.expr, array)
+
+        def keys(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of keys."""
+            return _HStoreKeysFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def vals(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of values."""
+            return _HStoreValsFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def array(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of alternating keys and
+            values.
+            """
+            return _HStoreArrayFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def matrix(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of [key, value] pairs."""
+            return _HStoreMatrixFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(op, custom_op):
+                if op.opstring in ['?', '?&', '?|', '@>', '<@']:
+                    return op, sqltypes.Boolean
+                elif op.opstring == '->':
+                    return op, sqltypes.Text
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return _serialize_hstore(value).encode(encoding)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return _serialize_hstore(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    return _parse_hstore(value.decode(encoding))
+                else:
+                    return value
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    return _parse_hstore(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+        return process
+
+
+ischema_names['hstore'] = HSTORE
+
+
+class hstore(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    """Construct an hstore value within a SQL expression using the
+    Postgresql ``hstore()`` function.
+
+    The :class:`.hstore` function accepts one or two arguments as described
+    in the Postgresql documentation.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array, hstore
+
+        select([hstore('key1', 'value1')])
+
+        select([
+                hstore(
+                    array(['key1', 'key2', 'key3']),
+                    array(['value1', 'value2', 'value3'])
+                )
+            ])
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.HSTORE` - the Postgresql ``HSTORE`` datatype.
+
+    """
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = 'hstore'
+
+
+class _HStoreDefinedFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Boolean
+    name = 'defined'
+
+
+class _HStoreDeleteFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = 'delete'
+
+
+class _HStoreSliceFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = 'slice'
+
+
+class _HStoreKeysFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'akeys'
+
+
+class _HStoreValsFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'avals'
+
+
+class _HStoreArrayFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'hstore_to_array'
+
+
+class _HStoreMatrixFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = 'hstore_to_matrix'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7ede85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+# postgresql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import json
+
+from .base import ischema_names
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql.operators import custom_op
+from ... import sql
+from ...sql import elements, default_comparator
+from ... import util
+
+__all__ = ('JSON', 'JSONElement', 'JSONB')
+
+
+class JSONElement(elements.BinaryExpression):
+    """Represents accessing an element of a :class:`.JSON` value.
+
+    The :class:`.JSONElement` is produced whenever using the Python index
+    operator on an expression that has the type :class:`.JSON`::
+
+        expr = mytable.c.json_data['some_key']
+
+    The expression typically compiles to a JSON access such as ``col -> key``.
+    Modifiers are then available for typing behavior, including
+    :meth:`.JSONElement.cast` and :attr:`.JSONElement.astext`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, astext=False,
+                 opstring=None, result_type=None):
+        self._astext = astext
+        if opstring is None:
+            if hasattr(right, '__iter__') and \
+                    not isinstance(right, util.string_types):
+                opstring = "#>"
+                right = "{%s}" % (
+                    ", ".join(util.text_type(elem) for elem in right))
+            else:
+                opstring = "->"
+
+        self._json_opstring = opstring
+        operator = custom_op(opstring, precedence=5)
+        right = default_comparator._check_literal(
+            left, operator, right)
+        super(JSONElement, self).__init__(
+            left, right, operator, type_=result_type)
+
+    @property
+    def astext(self):
+        """Convert this :class:`.JSONElement` to use the 'astext' operator
+        when evaluated.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([data_table.c.data['some key'].astext])
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.JSONElement.cast`
+
+        """
+        if self._astext:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return JSONElement(
+                self.left,
+                self.right,
+                astext=True,
+                opstring=self._json_opstring + ">",
+                result_type=sqltypes.String(convert_unicode=True)
+            )
+
+    def cast(self, type_):
+        """Convert this :class:`.JSONElement` to apply both the 'astext' operator
+        as well as an explicit type cast when evaluated.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([data_table.c.data['some key'].cast(Integer)])
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.JSONElement.astext`
+
+        """
+        if not self._astext:
+            return self.astext.cast(type_)
+        else:
+            return sql.cast(self, type_)
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql JSON type.
+
+    The :class:`.JSON` type stores arbitrary JSON format data, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', JSON)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.JSON` provides several operations:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key']
+
+    * Index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].astext == 'some value'
+
+    * Index operations with a built-in CAST call::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].cast(Integer) == 5
+
+    * Path index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')]
+
+    * Path index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')].astext == \\
+            'some value'
+
+    Index operations return an instance of :class:`.JSONElement`, which
+    represents an expression such as ``column -> index``.  This element then
+    defines methods such as :attr:`.JSONElement.astext` and
+    :meth:`.JSONElement.cast` for setting up type behavior.
+
+    The :class:`.JSON` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM, does not
+    detect in-place mutations to the structure.  In order to detect these, the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used.  This extension will
+    allow "in-place" changes to the datastructure to produce events which
+    will be detected by the unit of work.  See the example at :class:`.HSTORE`
+    for a simple example involving a dictionary.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers are specified at the dialect level,
+    that is using :func:`.create_engine`.  The reason for this is that when
+    using psycopg2, the DBAPI only allows serializers at the per-cursor
+    or per-connection level.   E.g.::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                                json_serializer=my_serialize_fn,
+                                json_deserializer=my_deserialize_fn
+                        )
+
+    When using the psycopg2 dialect, the json_deserializer is registered
+    against the database using ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'JSON'
+
+    def __init__(self, none_as_null=False):
+        """Construct a :class:`.JSON` type.
+
+        :param none_as_null: if True, persist the value ``None`` as a
+         SQL NULL value, not the JSON encoding of ``null``.   Note that
+         when this flag is False, the :func:`.null` construct can still
+         be used to persist a NULL value::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import null
+             conn.execute(table.insert(), data=null())
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.9.8 - Added ``none_as_null``, and :func:`.null`
+            is now supported in order to persist a NULL value.
+
+         """
+        self.none_as_null = none_as_null
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.JSON`."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, other):
+            """Get the value at a given key."""
+
+            return JSONElement(self.expr, other)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(op, custom_op):
+                if op.opstring == '->':
+                    return op, sqltypes.Text
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        json_serializer = dialect._json_serializer or json.dumps
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, elements.Null) or (
+                    value is None and self.none_as_null
+                ):
+                    return None
+                return json_serializer(value).encode(encoding)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, elements.Null) or (
+                    value is None and self.none_as_null
+                ):
+                    return None
+                return json_serializer(value)
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        json_deserializer = dialect._json_deserializer or json.loads
+        if util.py2k:
+            encoding = dialect.encoding
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return json_deserializer(value.decode(encoding))
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return json_deserializer(value)
+        return process
+
+
+ischema_names['json'] = JSON
+
+
+class JSONB(JSON):
+    """Represent the Postgresql JSONB type.
+
+    The :class:`.JSONB` type stores arbitrary JSONB format data, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table('data_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column('data', JSONB)
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                data = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.JSONB` provides several operations:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key']
+
+    * Index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].astext == 'some value'
+
+    * Index operations with a built-in CAST call::
+
+        data_table.c.data['some key'].cast(Integer) == 5
+
+    * Path index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')]
+
+    * Path index operations returning text (required for text comparison)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[('key_1', 'key_2', ..., 'key_n')].astext == \\
+            'some value'
+
+    Index operations return an instance of :class:`.JSONElement`, which
+    represents an expression such as ``column -> index``.  This element then
+    defines methods such as :attr:`.JSONElement.astext` and
+    :meth:`.JSONElement.cast` for setting up type behavior.
+
+    The :class:`.JSON` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM, does not
+    detect in-place mutations to the structure.  In order to detect these, the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used.  This extension will
+    allow "in-place" changes to the datastructure to produce events which
+    will be detected by the unit of work.  See the example at :class:`.HSTORE`
+    for a simple example involving a dictionary.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers are specified at the dialect level,
+    that is using :func:`.create_engine`.  The reason for this is that when
+    using psycopg2, the DBAPI only allows serializers at the per-cursor
+    or per-connection level.   E.g.::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                                json_serializer=my_serialize_fn,
+                                json_deserializer=my_deserialize_fn
+                        )
+
+    When using the psycopg2 dialect, the json_deserializer is registered
+    against the database using ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'JSONB'
+    hashable = False
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.JSON`."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, other):
+            """Get the value at a given key."""
+
+            return JSONElement(self.expr, other)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            # How does one do equality?? jsonb also has "=" eg.
+            # '[1,2,3]'::jsonb = '[1,2,3]'::jsonb
+            if isinstance(op, custom_op):
+                if op.opstring in ['?', '?&', '?|', '@>', '<@']:
+                    return op, sqltypes.Boolean
+                if op.opstring == '->':
+                    return op, sqltypes.Text
+            return sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator.\
+                _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator)
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?')(other)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in jsonb
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?&')(other)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in jsonb
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('?|')(other)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys (or array) are a superset of/contained
+            the keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+ischema_names['jsonb'] = JSONB
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68e8e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# postgresql/pg8000.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pg8000
+    :name: pg8000
+    :dbapi: pg8000
+    :connectstring: \
+postgresql+pg8000://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pythonhosted.org/pg8000/
+
+
+.. _pg8000_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+pg8000 will encode / decode string values between it and the server using the
+PostgreSQL ``client_encoding`` parameter; by default this is the value in
+the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
+Typically, this can be changed to ``utf-8``, as a more useful default::
+
+    #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+                                 # encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+The ``client_encoding`` can be overriden for a session by executing the SQL:
+
+SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'utf8';
+
+SQLAlchemy will execute this SQL on all new connections based on the value
+passed to :func:`.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://user:pass@host/dbname", client_encoding='utf8')
+
+
+.. _pg8000_isolation_level:
+
+pg8000 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+The pg8000 dialect offers the same isolation level settings as that
+of the :ref:`psycopg2 <psycopg2_isolation_level>` dialect:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.5 support for AUTOCOMMIT isolation level when using
+   pg8000.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+
+"""
+from ... import util, exc
+import decimal
+from ... import processors
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from .base import (
+    PGDialect, PGCompiler, PGIdentifierPreparer, PGExecutionContext,
+    _DECIMAL_TYPES, _FLOAT_TYPES, _INT_TYPES)
+import re
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.json import JSON
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale)
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+
+
+class _PGNumericNoBind(_PGNumeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._dbapi_version > (1, 10, 1):
+            return None  # Has native JSON
+        else:
+            return super(_PGJSON, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pg8000(PGExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_pg8000(PGCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        if '%%' in text:
+            util.warn("The SQLAlchemy postgresql dialect "
+                      "now automatically escapes '%' in text() "
+                      "expressions to '%%'.")
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGDialect_pg8000(PGDialect):
+    driver = 'pg8000'
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'format'
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pg8000
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_pg8000
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000
+    description_encoding = 'use_encoding'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumericNoBind,
+            sqltypes.Float: _PGNumeric,
+            JSON: _PGJSON,
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, client_encoding=None, **kwargs):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        self.supports_sane_multi_rowcount = self._dbapi_version >= (1, 9, 14)
+        super(PGDialect_pg8000, self).initialize(connection)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, '__version__'):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x) for x in re.findall(
+                        r'(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)', self.dbapi.__version__)])
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('pg8000')
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if 'port' in opts:
+            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        level = level.replace('_', ' ')
+
+        # adjust for ConnectionFairy possibly being present
+        if hasattr(connection, 'connection'):
+            connection = connection.connection
+
+        if level == 'AUTOCOMMIT':
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        elif level in self._isolation_lookup:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+            cursor = connection.cursor()
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+                "ISOLATION LEVEL %s" % level)
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+            cursor.close()
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s or AUTOCOMMIT" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+
+    def set_client_encoding(self, connection, client_encoding):
+        # adjust for ConnectionFairy possibly being present
+        if hasattr(connection, 'connection'):
+            connection = connection.connection
+
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO '" + client_encoding + "'")
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_begin((0, xid, ''))
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+            self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False):
+        connection.connection.tpc_rollback((0, xid, ''))
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+            self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False):
+        connection.connection.tpc_commit((0, xid, ''))
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        return [row[1] for row in connection.connection.tpc_recover()]
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        fns = []
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self.set_client_encoding(conn, self.client_encoding)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if len(fns) > 0:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(conn)
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pg8000
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0f0cca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,726 @@
+# postgresql/psycopg2.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2
+    :name: psycopg2
+    :dbapi: psycopg2
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2/
+
+psycopg2 Connect Arguments
+-----------------------------------
+
+psycopg2-specific keyword arguments which are accepted by
+:func:`.create_engine()` are:
+
+* ``server_side_cursors``: Enable the usage of "server side cursors" for SQL
+  statements which support this feature. What this essentially means from a
+  psycopg2 point of view is that the cursor is created using a name, e.g.
+  ``connection.cursor('some name')``, which has the effect that result rows
+  are not immediately pre-fetched and buffered after statement execution, but
+  are instead left on the server and only retrieved as needed. SQLAlchemy's
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.ResultProxy` uses special row-buffering
+  behavior when this feature is enabled, such that groups of 100 rows at a
+  time are fetched over the wire to reduce conversational overhead.
+  Note that the ``stream_results=True`` execution option is a more targeted
+  way of enabling this mode on a per-execution basis.
+* ``use_native_unicode``: Enable the usage of Psycopg2 "native unicode" mode
+  per connection.  True by default.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_disable_native_unicode`
+
+* ``isolation_level``: This option, available for all PostgreSQL dialects,
+  includes the ``AUTOCOMMIT`` isolation level when using the psycopg2
+  dialect.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+* ``client_encoding``: sets the client encoding in a libpq-agnostic way,
+  using psycopg2's ``set_client_encoding()`` method.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_unicode`
+
+Unix Domain Connections
+------------------------
+
+psycopg2 supports connecting via Unix domain connections.   When the ``host``
+portion of the URL is omitted, SQLAlchemy passes ``None`` to psycopg2,
+which specifies Unix-domain communication rather than TCP/IP communication::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname")
+
+By default, the socket file used is to connect to a Unix-domain socket
+in ``/tmp``, or whatever socket directory was specified when PostgreSQL
+was built.  This value can be overridden by passing a pathname to psycopg2,
+using ``host`` as an additional keyword argument::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?\
+host=/var/lib/postgresql")
+
+See also:
+
+`PQconnectdbParams <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/\
+libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQCONNECTDBPARAMS>`_
+
+.. _psycopg2_execution_options:
+
+Per-Statement/Connection Execution Options
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The following DBAPI-specific options are respected when used with
+:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`, :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+:meth:`.Query.execution_options`, in addition to those not specific to DBAPIs:
+
+* ``isolation_level`` - Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan of a
+  :class:`.Connection` (can only be set on a connection, not a statement
+  or query).   See :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`.
+
+* ``stream_results`` - Enable or disable usage of psycopg2 server side cursors -
+  this feature makes use of "named" cursors in combination with special
+  result handling methods so that result rows are not fully buffered.
+  If ``None`` or not set, the ``server_side_cursors`` option of the
+  :class:`.Engine` is used.
+
+* ``max_row_buffer`` - when using ``stream_results``, an integer value that
+  specifies the maximum number of rows to buffer at a time.  This is
+  interpreted by the :class:`.BufferedRowResultProxy`, and if omitted the
+  buffer will grow to ultimately store 1000 rows at a time.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 1.0.6
+
+.. _psycopg2_unicode:
+
+Unicode with Psycopg2
+----------------------
+
+By default, the psycopg2 driver uses the ``psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE``
+extension, such that the DBAPI receives and returns all strings as Python
+Unicode objects directly - SQLAlchemy passes these values through without
+change.   Psycopg2 here will encode/decode string values based on the
+current "client encoding" setting; by default this is the value in
+the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
+Typically, this can be changed to ``utf8``, as a more useful default::
+
+    # postgresql.conf file
+
+    # client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+                                 # encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+A second way to affect the client encoding is to set it within Psycopg2
+locally.   SQLAlchemy will call psycopg2's
+:meth:`psycopg2:connection.set_client_encoding` method
+on all new connections based on the value passed to
+:func:`.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::
+
+    # set_client_encoding() setting;
+    # works for *all* Postgresql versions
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname",
+                           client_encoding='utf8')
+
+This overrides the encoding specified in the Postgresql client configuration.
+When using the parameter in this way, the psycopg2 driver emits
+``SET client_encoding TO 'utf8'`` on the connection explicitly, and works
+in all Postgresql versions.
+
+Note that the ``client_encoding`` setting as passed to :func:`.create_engine`
+is **not the same** as the more recently added ``client_encoding`` parameter
+now supported by libpq directly.   This is enabled when ``client_encoding``
+is passed directly to ``psycopg2.connect()``, and from SQLAlchemy is passed
+using the :paramref:`.create_engine.connect_args` parameter::
+
+    # libpq direct parameter setting;
+    # only works for Postgresql **9.1 and above**
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname",
+                           connect_args={'client_encoding': 'utf8'})
+
+    # using the query string is equivalent
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@host/dbname?client_encoding=utf8")
+
+The above parameter was only added to libpq as of version 9.1 of Postgresql,
+so using the previous method is better for cross-version support.
+
+.. _psycopg2_disable_native_unicode:
+
+Disabling Native Unicode
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+SQLAlchemy can also be instructed to skip the usage of the psycopg2
+``UNICODE`` extension and to instead utilize its own unicode encode/decode
+services, which are normally reserved only for those DBAPIs that don't
+fully support unicode directly.  Passing ``use_native_unicode=False`` to
+:func:`.create_engine` will disable usage of ``psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE``.
+SQLAlchemy will instead encode data itself into Python bytestrings on the way
+in and coerce from bytes on the way back,
+using the value of the :func:`.create_engine` ``encoding`` parameter, which
+defaults to ``utf-8``.
+SQLAlchemy's own unicode encode/decode functionality is steadily becoming
+obsolete as most DBAPIs now support unicode fully.
+
+Bound Parameter Styles
+----------------------
+
+The default parameter style for the psycopg2 dialect is "pyformat", where
+SQL is rendered using ``%(paramname)s`` style.   This format has the limitation
+that it does not accommodate the unusual case of parameter names that
+actually contain percent or parenthesis symbols; as SQLAlchemy in many cases
+generates bound parameter names based on the name of a column, the presence
+of these characters in a column name can lead to problems.
+
+There are two solutions to the issue of a :class:`.schema.Column` that contains
+one of these characters in its name.  One is to specify the
+:paramref:`.schema.Column.key` for columns that have such names::
+
+    measurement = Table('measurement', metadata,
+        Column('Size (meters)', Integer, key='size_meters')
+    )
+
+Above, an INSERT statement such as ``measurement.insert()`` will use
+``size_meters`` as the parameter name, and a SQL expression such as
+``measurement.c.size_meters > 10`` will derive the bound parameter name
+from the ``size_meters`` key as well.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - SQL expressions will use :attr:`.Column.key`
+   as the source of naming when anonymous bound parameters are created
+   in SQL expressions; previously, this behavior only applied to
+   :meth:`.Table.insert` and :meth:`.Table.update` parameter names.
+
+The other solution is to use a positional format; psycopg2 allows use of the
+"format" paramstyle, which can be passed to
+:paramref:`.create_engine.paramstyle`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        'postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost:5432/test', paramstyle='format')
+
+With the above engine, instead of a statement like::
+
+    INSERT INTO measurement ("Size (meters)") VALUES (%(Size (meters))s)
+    {'Size (meters)': 1}
+
+we instead see::
+
+    INSERT INTO measurement ("Size (meters)") VALUES (%s)
+    (1, )
+
+Where above, the dictionary style is converted into a tuple with positional
+style.
+
+
+Transactions
+------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect fully supports SAVEPOINT and two-phase commit operations.
+
+.. _psycopg2_isolation_level:
+
+Psycopg2 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+As discussed in :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`,
+all Postgresql dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via the ``isolation_level`` parameter passed to :func:`.create_engine`,
+as well as the ``isolation_level`` argument used by
+:meth:`.Connection.execution_options`.  When using the psycopg2 dialect, these
+options make use of psycopg2's ``set_isolation_level()`` connection method,
+rather than emitting a Postgresql directive; this is because psycopg2's
+API-level setting is always emitted at the start of each transaction in any
+case.
+
+The psycopg2 dialect supports these constants for isolation level:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8.2 support for AUTOCOMMIT isolation level when using
+    psycopg2.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+
+NOTICE logging
+---------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect will log Postgresql NOTICE messages via the
+``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` logger::
+
+    import logging
+    logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql').setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+.. _psycopg2_hstore::
+
+HSTORE type
+------------
+
+The ``psycopg2`` DBAPI includes an extension to natively handle marshalling of
+the HSTORE type.   The SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect will enable this extension
+by default when psycopg2 version 2.4 or greater is used, and
+it is detected that the target database has the HSTORE type set up for use.
+In other words, when the dialect makes the first
+connection, a sequence like the following is performed:
+
+1. Request the available HSTORE oids using
+   ``psycopg2.extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids()``.
+   If this function returns a list of HSTORE identifiers, we then determine
+   that the ``HSTORE`` extension is present.
+   This function is **skipped** if the version of psycopg2 installed is
+   less than version 2.4.
+
+2. If the ``use_native_hstore`` flag is at its default of ``True``, and
+   we've detected that ``HSTORE`` oids are available, the
+   ``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is invoked for all
+   connections.
+
+The ``register_hstore()`` extension has the effect of **all Python
+dictionaries being accepted as parameters regardless of the type of target
+column in SQL**. The dictionaries are converted by this extension into a
+textual HSTORE expression.  If this behavior is not desired, disable the
+use of the hstore extension by setting ``use_native_hstore`` to ``False`` as
+follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+                use_native_hstore=False)
+
+The ``HSTORE`` type is **still supported** when the
+``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is not used.  It merely
+means that the coercion between Python dictionaries and the HSTORE
+string format, on both the parameter side and the result side, will take
+place within SQLAlchemy's own marshalling logic, and not that of ``psycopg2``
+which may be more performant.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+import logging
+
+from ... import util, exc
+import decimal
+from ... import processors
+from ...engine import result as _result
+from ...sql import expression
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from .base import PGDialect, PGCompiler, \
+    PGIdentifierPreparer, PGExecutionContext, \
+    ENUM, ARRAY, _DECIMAL_TYPES, _FLOAT_TYPES,\
+    _INT_TYPES, UUID
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .json import JSON, JSONB
+
+try:
+    from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+except ImportError:
+    _python_UUID = None
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql')
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal,
+                    self._effective_decimal_return_scale)
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype)
+
+
+class _PGEnum(ENUM):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.native_enum and util.py2k and self.convert_unicode is True:
+            # we can't easily use PG's extensions here because
+            # the OID is on the fly, and we need to give it a python
+            # function anyway - not really worth it.
+            self.convert_unicode = "force_nocheck"
+        return super(_PGEnum, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PGHStore(HSTORE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGHStore, self).bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGHStore, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_json:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGJSON, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_jsonb:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(_PGJSONB, self).result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PGUUID(UUID):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if not self.as_uuid and dialect.use_native_uuid:
+            nonetype = type(None)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = _python_UUID(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if not self.as_uuid and dialect.use_native_uuid:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = str(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+
+# When we're handed literal SQL, ensure it's a SELECT query. Since
+# 8.3, combining cursors and "FOR UPDATE" has been fine.
+SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE = re.compile(
+    r'\s*SELECT',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_psycopg2(PGExecutionContext):
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        # TODO: coverage for server side cursors + select.for_update()
+
+        if self.dialect.server_side_cursors:
+            is_server_side = \
+                self.execution_options.get('stream_results', True) and (
+                    (self.compiled and isinstance(self.compiled.statement,
+                                                  expression.Selectable)
+                     or
+                     (
+                        (not self.compiled or
+                         isinstance(self.compiled.statement,
+                                    expression.TextClause))
+                        and self.statement and SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE.match(
+                            self.statement))
+                     )
+                )
+        else:
+            is_server_side = \
+                self.execution_options.get('stream_results', False)
+
+        self.__is_server_side = is_server_side
+        if is_server_side:
+            # use server-side cursors:
+            # http://lists.initd.org/pipermail/psycopg/2007-January/005251.html
+            ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:],
+                                 hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(ident)
+        else:
+            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        # TODO: ouch
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
+            self._log_notices(self.cursor)
+
+        if self.__is_server_side:
+            return _result.BufferedRowResultProxy(self)
+        else:
+            return _result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+    def _log_notices(self, cursor):
+        for notice in cursor.connection.notices:
+            # NOTICE messages have a
+            # newline character at the end
+            logger.info(notice.rstrip())
+
+        cursor.connection.notices[:] = []
+
+
+class PGCompiler_psycopg2(PGCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(binary.left, **kw) + " %% " + \
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value.replace('%', '%%')
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2(PGDialect):
+    driver = 'psycopg2'
+    if util.py2k:
+        supports_unicode_statements = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
+    # set to true based on psycopg2 version
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg2
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_psycopg2
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2
+    psycopg2_version = (0, 0)
+
+    FEATURE_VERSION_MAP = dict(
+        native_json=(2, 5),
+        native_jsonb=(2, 5, 4),
+        sane_multi_rowcount=(2, 0, 9),
+        array_oid=(2, 4, 3),
+        hstore_adapter=(2, 4)
+    )
+
+    _has_native_hstore = False
+    _has_native_json = False
+    _has_native_jsonb = False
+
+    engine_config_types = PGDialect.engine_config_types.union([
+        ('use_native_unicode', util.asbool),
+    ])
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumeric,
+            ENUM: _PGEnum,  # needs force_unicode
+            sqltypes.Enum: _PGEnum,  # needs force_unicode
+            HSTORE: _PGHStore,
+            JSON: _PGJSON,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            UUID: _PGUUID
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, server_side_cursors=False, use_native_unicode=True,
+                 client_encoding=None,
+                 use_native_hstore=True, use_native_uuid=True,
+                 **kwargs):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.server_side_cursors = server_side_cursors
+        self.use_native_unicode = use_native_unicode
+        self.use_native_hstore = use_native_hstore
+        self.use_native_uuid = use_native_uuid
+        self.supports_unicode_binds = use_native_unicode
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, '__version__'):
+            m = re.match(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?',
+                         self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                self.psycopg2_version = tuple(
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in m.group(1, 2, 3)
+                    if x is not None)
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(PGDialect_psycopg2, self).initialize(connection)
+        self._has_native_hstore = self.use_native_hstore and \
+            self._hstore_oids(connection.connection) \
+            is not None
+        self._has_native_json = \
+            self.psycopg2_version >= self.FEATURE_VERSION_MAP['native_json']
+        self._has_native_jsonb = \
+            self.psycopg2_version >= self.FEATURE_VERSION_MAP['native_jsonb']
+
+        # http://initd.org/psycopg/docs/news.html#what-s-new-in-psycopg-2-0-9
+        self.supports_sane_multi_rowcount = \
+            self.psycopg2_version >= \
+            self.FEATURE_VERSION_MAP['sane_multi_rowcount']
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg2
+        return psycopg2
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _psycopg2_extensions(cls):
+        from psycopg2 import extensions
+        return extensions
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _psycopg2_extras(cls):
+        from psycopg2 import extras
+        return extras
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        extensions = self._psycopg2_extensions()
+        return {
+            'AUTOCOMMIT': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT,
+            'READ COMMITTED': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED,
+            'READ UNCOMMITTED': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
+            'REPEATABLE READ': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_REPEATABLE_READ,
+            'SERIALIZABLE': extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE
+        }
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        try:
+            level = self._isolation_lookup[level.replace('_', ' ')]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+
+        connection.set_isolation_level(level)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        extras = self._psycopg2_extras()
+        extensions = self._psycopg2_extensions()
+
+        fns = []
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                conn.set_client_encoding(self.client_encoding)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_uuid:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                extras.register_uuid(None, conn)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_unicode:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                extensions.register_type(extensions.UNICODE, conn)
+                extensions.register_type(extensions.UNICODEARRAY, conn)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_hstore:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                hstore_oids = self._hstore_oids(conn)
+                if hstore_oids is not None:
+                    oid, array_oid = hstore_oids
+                    kw = {'oid': oid}
+                    if util.py2k:
+                        kw['unicode'] = True
+                    if self.psycopg2_version >= \
+                            self.FEATURE_VERSION_MAP['array_oid']:
+                        kw['array_oid'] = array_oid
+                    extras.register_hstore(conn, **kw)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self._json_deserializer:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                if self._has_native_json:
+                    extras.register_default_json(
+                        conn, loads=self._json_deserializer)
+                if self._has_native_jsonb:
+                    extras.register_default_jsonb(
+                        conn, loads=self._json_deserializer)
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if fns:
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(conn)
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _hstore_oids(self, conn):
+        if self.psycopg2_version >= self.FEATURE_VERSION_MAP['hstore_adapter']:
+            extras = self._psycopg2_extras()
+            oids = extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids(conn)
+            if oids is not None and oids[0]:
+                return oids[0:2]
+        return None
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if 'port' in opts:
+            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            # check the "closed" flag.  this might not be
+            # present on old psycopg2 versions.   Also,
+            # this flag doesn't actually help in a lot of disconnect
+            # situations, so don't rely on it.
+            if getattr(connection, 'closed', False):
+                return True
+
+            # checks based on strings.  in the case that .closed
+            # didn't cut it, fall back onto these.
+            str_e = str(e).partition("\n")[0]
+            for msg in [
+                # these error messages from libpq: interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+                # and interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c.
+                'terminating connection',
+                'closed the connection',
+                'connection not open',
+                'could not receive data from server',
+                'could not send data to server',
+                # psycopg2 client errors, psycopg2/conenction.h,
+                # psycopg2/cursor.h
+                'connection already closed',
+                'cursor already closed',
+                # not sure where this path is originally from, it may
+                # be obsolete.   It really says "losed", not "closed".
+                'losed the connection unexpectedly',
+                # these can occur in newer SSL
+                'connection has been closed unexpectedly',
+                'SSL SYSCALL error: Bad file descriptor',
+                'SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected',
+            ]:
+                idx = str_e.find(msg)
+                if idx >= 0 and '"' not in str_e[:idx]:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab99a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# testing/engines.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2cffi
+    :name: psycopg2cffi
+    :dbapi: psycopg2cffi
+    :connectstring: \
+postgresql+psycopg2cffi://user:password@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2cffi/
+
+``psycopg2cffi`` is an adaptation of ``psycopg2``, using CFFI for the C
+layer. This makes it suitable for use in e.g. PyPy. Documentation
+is as per ``psycopg2``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2`
+
+"""
+from .psycopg2 import PGDialect_psycopg2
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2cffi(PGDialect_psycopg2):
+    driver = 'psycopg2cffi'
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    # psycopg2cffi's first release is 2.5.0, but reports
+    # __version__ as 2.4.4.  Subsequent releases seem to have
+    # fixed this.
+
+    FEATURE_VERSION_MAP = dict(
+        native_json=(2, 4, 4),
+        native_jsonb=(2, 7, 1),
+        sane_multi_rowcount=(2, 4, 4),
+        array_oid=(2, 4, 4),
+        hstore_adapter=(2, 4, 4)
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__('psycopg2cffi')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _psycopg2_extensions(cls):
+        root = __import__('psycopg2cffi', fromlist=['extensions'])
+        return root.extensions
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _psycopg2_extras(cls):
+        root = __import__('psycopg2cffi', fromlist=['extras'])
+        return root.extras
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2cffi
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2b850a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pypostgresql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# postgresql/pypostgresql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pypostgresql
+    :name: py-postgresql
+    :dbapi: pypostgresql
+    :connectstring: postgresql+pypostgresql://user:password@host:port/dbname\
+[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: http://python.projects.pgfoundry.org/
+
+
+"""
+from ... import util
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from .base import PGDialect, PGExecutionContext
+from ... import processors
+
+
+class PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return processors.to_str
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pypostgresql(PGExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGDialect_pypostgresql(PGDialect):
+    driver = 'pypostgresql'
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    description_encoding = None
+    default_paramstyle = 'pyformat'
+
+    # requires trunk version to support sane rowcounts
+    # TODO: use dbapi version information to set this flag appropriately
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pypostgresql
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: PGNumeric,
+
+            # prevents PGNumeric from being used
+            sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float,
+        }
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from postgresql.driver import dbapi20
+        return dbapi20
+
+    _DBAPI_ERROR_NAMES = [
+        "Error",
+        "InterfaceError", "DatabaseError", "DataError",
+        "OperationalError", "IntegrityError", "InternalError",
+        "ProgrammingError", "NotSupportedError"
+    ]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dbapi_exception_translation_map(self):
+        if self.dbapi is None:
+            return {}
+
+        return dict(
+            (getattr(self.dbapi, name).__name__, name)
+            for name in self._DBAPI_ERROR_NAMES
+        )
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user')
+        if 'port' in opts:
+            opts['port'] = int(opts['port'])
+        else:
+            opts['port'] = 5432
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pypostgresql
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42a1cd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .base import ischema_names
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+__all__ = ('INT4RANGE', 'INT8RANGE', 'NUMRANGE')
+
+
+class RangeOperators(object):
+    """
+    This mixin provides functionality for the Range Operators
+    listed in Table 9-44 of the `postgres documentation`__ for Range
+    Functions and Operators. It is used by all the range types
+    provided in the ``postgres`` dialect and can likely be used for
+    any range types you create yourself.
+
+    __ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/static/functions-range.html
+
+    No extra support is provided for the Range Functions listed in
+    Table 9-45 of the postgres documentation. For these, the normal
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func` object should be used.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2  Support for Postgresql RANGE operations.
+
+    """
+
+    class comparator_factory(sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator):
+        """Define comparison operations for range types."""
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            "Boolean expression. Returns true if two ranges are not equal"
+            return self.expr.op('<>')(other)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kw):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the right hand operand,
+            which can be an element or a range, is contained within the
+            column.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('@>')(other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is contained
+            within the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<@')(other)
+
+        def overlaps(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column overlaps
+            (has points in common with) the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&&')(other)
+
+        def strictly_left_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            left of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('<<')(other)
+
+        __lshift__ = strictly_left_of
+
+        def strictly_right_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            right of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('>>')(other)
+
+        __rshift__ = strictly_right_of
+
+        def not_extend_right_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend right of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&<')(other)
+
+        def not_extend_left_of(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend left of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('&>')(other)
+
+        def adjacent_to(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            is adjacent to the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('-|-')(other)
+
+        def __add__(self, other):
+            """Range expression. Returns the union of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contigous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.op('+')(other)
+
+
+class INT4RANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql INT4RANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INT4RANGE'
+
+ischema_names['int4range'] = INT4RANGE
+
+
+class INT8RANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql INT8RANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INT8RANGE'
+
+ischema_names['int8range'] = INT8RANGE
+
+
+class NUMRANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql NUMRANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMRANGE'
+
+ischema_names['numrange'] = NUMRANGE
+
+
+class DATERANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql DATERANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATERANGE'
+
+ischema_names['daterange'] = DATERANGE
+
+
+class TSRANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql TSRANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TSRANGE'
+
+ischema_names['tsrange'] = TSRANGE
+
+
+class TSTZRANGE(RangeOperators, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the Postgresql TSTZRANGE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.2
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TSTZRANGE'
+
+ischema_names['tstzrange'] = TSTZRANGE
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc46460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/zxjdbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# postgresql/zxjdbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+zxjdbc
+    :name: zxJDBC for Jython
+    :dbapi: zxjdbc
+    :connectstring: postgresql+zxjdbc://scott:tiger@localhost/db
+    :driverurl: http://jdbc.postgresql.org/
+
+
+"""
+from ...connectors.zxJDBC import ZxJDBCConnector
+from .base import PGDialect, PGExecutionContext
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_zxjdbc(PGExecutionContext):
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        cursor = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.datahandler = self.dialect.DataHandler(cursor.datahandler)
+        return cursor
+
+
+class PGDialect_zxjdbc(ZxJDBCConnector, PGDialect):
+    jdbc_db_name = 'postgresql'
+    jdbc_driver_name = 'org.postgresql.Driver'
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_zxjdbc
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(PGDialect_zxjdbc, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        from com.ziclix.python.sql.handler import PostgresqlDataHandler
+        self.DataHandler = PostgresqlDataHandler
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        parts = connection.connection.dbversion.split('.')
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in parts)
+
+dialect = PGDialect_zxjdbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8dec30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# sqlite/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import base, pysqlite, pysqlcipher
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = pysqlite.dialect
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base import (
+    BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DATE, DATETIME, DECIMAL, FLOAT, INTEGER, REAL,
+    NUMERIC, SMALLINT, TEXT, TIME, TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR, dialect,
+)
+
+__all__ = ('BLOB', 'BOOLEAN', 'CHAR', 'DATE', 'DATETIME', 'DECIMAL',
+           'FLOAT', 'INTEGER', 'NUMERIC', 'SMALLINT', 'TEXT', 'TIME',
+           'TIMESTAMP', 'VARCHAR', 'REAL', 'dialect')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e623ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1488 @@
+# sqlite/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite
+    :name: SQLite
+
+.. _sqlite_datetime:
+
+Date and Time Types
+-------------------
+
+SQLite does not have built-in DATE, TIME, or DATETIME types, and pysqlite does
+not provide out of the box functionality for translating values between Python
+`datetime` objects and a SQLite-supported format. SQLAlchemy's own
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` and related types provide date formatting
+and parsing functionality when SQlite is used. The implementation classes are
+:class:`~.sqlite.DATETIME`, :class:`~.sqlite.DATE` and :class:`~.sqlite.TIME`.
+These types represent dates and times as ISO formatted strings, which also
+nicely support ordering. There's no reliance on typical "libc" internals for
+these functions so historical dates are fully supported.
+
+Ensuring Text affinity
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The DDL rendered for these types is the standard ``DATE``, ``TIME``
+and ``DATETIME`` indicators.    However, custom storage formats can also be
+applied to these types.   When the
+storage format is detected as containing no alpha characters, the DDL for
+these types is rendered as ``DATE_CHAR``, ``TIME_CHAR``, and ``DATETIME_CHAR``,
+so that the column continues to have textual affinity.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Type Affinity <http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html#affinity>`_ - in the SQLite documentation
+
+.. _sqlite_autoincrement:
+
+SQLite Auto Incrementing Behavior
+----------------------------------
+
+Background on SQLite's autoincrement is at: http://sqlite.org/autoinc.html
+
+Key concepts:
+
+* SQLite has an implicit "auto increment" feature that takes place for any
+  non-composite primary-key column that is specifically created using
+  "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY" for the type + primary key.
+
+* SQLite also has an explicit "AUTOINCREMENT" keyword, that is **not**
+  equivalent to the implicit autoincrement feature; this keyword is not
+  recommended for general use.  SQLAlchemy does not render this keyword
+  unless a special SQLite-specific directive is used (see below).  However,
+  it still requires that the column's type is named "INTEGER".
+
+Using the AUTOINCREMENT Keyword
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To specifically render the AUTOINCREMENT keyword on the primary key column
+when rendering DDL, add the flag ``sqlite_autoincrement=True`` to the Table
+construct::
+
+    Table('sometable', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+            sqlite_autoincrement=True)
+
+Allowing autoincrement behavior SQLAlchemy types other than Integer/INTEGER
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+SQLite's typing model is based on naming conventions.  Among
+other things, this means that any type name which contains the
+substring ``"INT"`` will be determined to be of "integer affinity".  A
+type named ``"BIGINT"``, ``"SPECIAL_INT"`` or even ``"XYZINTQPR"``, will be considered by
+SQLite to be of "integer" affinity.  However, **the SQLite
+autoincrement feature, whether implicitly or explicitly enabled,
+requires that the name of the column's type
+is exactly the string "INTEGER"**.  Therefore, if an
+application uses a type like :class:`.BigInteger` for a primary key, on
+SQLite this type will need to be rendered as the name ``"INTEGER"`` when
+emitting the initial ``CREATE TABLE`` statement in order for the autoincrement
+behavior to be available.
+
+One approach to achieve this is to use :class:`.Integer` on SQLite
+only using :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`::
+
+    table = Table(
+        "my_table", metadata,
+        Column("id", BigInteger().with_variant(Integer, "sqlite"), primary_key=True)
+    )
+
+Another is to use a subclass of :class:`.BigInteger` that overrides its DDL name
+to be ``INTEGER`` when compiled against SQLite::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import BigInteger
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    class SLBigInteger(BigInteger):
+        pass
+
+    @compiles(SLBigInteger, 'sqlite')
+    def bi_c(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+    @compiles(SLBigInteger)
+    def bi_c(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_BIGINT(element, **kw)
+
+
+    table = Table(
+        "my_table", metadata,
+        Column("id", SLBigInteger(), primary_key=True)
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`
+
+    :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+
+    `Datatypes In SQLite Version 3 <http://sqlite.org/datatype3.html>`_
+
+.. _sqlite_concurrency:
+
+Database Locking Behavior / Concurrency
+---------------------------------------
+
+SQLite is not designed for a high level of write concurrency. The database
+itself, being a file, is locked completely during write operations within
+transactions, meaning exactly one "connection" (in reality a file handle)
+has exclusive access to the database during this period - all other
+"connections" will be blocked during this time.
+
+The Python DBAPI specification also calls for a connection model that is
+always in a transaction; there is no ``connection.begin()`` method,
+only ``connection.commit()`` and ``connection.rollback()``, upon which a
+new transaction is to be begun immediately.  This may seem to imply
+that the SQLite driver would in theory allow only a single filehandle on a
+particular database file at any time; however, there are several
+factors both within SQlite itself as well as within the pysqlite driver
+which loosen this restriction significantly.
+
+However, no matter what locking modes are used, SQLite will still always
+lock the database file once a transaction is started and DML (e.g. INSERT,
+UPDATE, DELETE) has at least been emitted, and this will block
+other transactions at least at the point that they also attempt to emit DML.
+By default, the length of time on this block is very short before it times out
+with an error.
+
+This behavior becomes more critical when used in conjunction with the
+SQLAlchemy ORM.  SQLAlchemy's :class:`.Session` object by default runs
+within a transaction, and with its autoflush model, may emit DML preceding
+any SELECT statement.   This may lead to a SQLite database that locks
+more quickly than is expected.   The locking mode of SQLite and the pysqlite
+driver can be manipulated to some degree, however it should be noted that
+achieving a high degree of write-concurrency with SQLite is a losing battle.
+
+For more information on SQLite's lack of write concurrency by design, please
+see
+`Situations Where Another RDBMS May Work Better - High Concurrency
+<http://www.sqlite.org/whentouse.html>`_ near the bottom of the page.
+
+The following subsections introduce areas that are impacted by SQLite's
+file-based architecture and additionally will usually require workarounds to
+work when using the pysqlite driver.
+
+.. _sqlite_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+----------------------------
+
+SQLite supports "transaction isolation" in a non-standard way, along two
+axes.  One is that of the `PRAGMA read_uncommitted <http://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted>`_
+instruction.   This setting can essentially switch SQLite between its
+default mode of ``SERIALIZABLE`` isolation, and a "dirty read" isolation
+mode normally referred to as ``READ UNCOMMITTED``.
+
+SQLAlchemy ties into this PRAGMA statement using the
+:paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter of :func:`.create_engine`.
+Valid values for this parameter when used with SQLite are ``"SERIALIZABLE"``
+and ``"READ UNCOMMITTED"`` corresponding to a value of 0 and 1, respectively.
+SQLite defaults to ``SERIALIZABLE``, however its behavior is impacted by
+the pysqlite driver's default behavior.
+
+The other axis along which SQLite's transactional locking is impacted is
+via the nature of the ``BEGIN`` statement used.   The three varieties
+are "deferred", "immediate", and "exclusive", as described at
+`BEGIN TRANSACTION <http://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_.   A straight
+``BEGIN`` statement uses the "deferred" mode, where the the database file is
+not locked until the first read or write operation, and read access remains
+open to other transactions until the first write operation.  But again,
+it is critical to note that the pysqlite driver interferes with this behavior
+by *not even emitting BEGIN* until the first write operation.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's transactional scope is impacted by unresolved
+    issues in the pysqlite driver, which defers BEGIN statements to a greater
+    degree than is often feasible. See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+SAVEPOINT Support
+----------------------------
+
+SQLite supports SAVEPOINTs, which only function once a transaction is
+begun.   SQLAlchemy's SAVEPOINT support is available using the
+:meth:`.Connection.begin_nested` method at the Core level, and
+:meth:`.Session.begin_nested` at the ORM level.   However, SAVEPOINTs
+won't work at all with pysqlite unless workarounds are taken.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's SAVEPOINT feature is impacted by unresolved
+    issues in the pysqlite driver, which defers BEGIN statements to a greater
+    degree than is often feasible. See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+Transactional DDL
+----------------------------
+
+The SQLite database supports transactional :term:`DDL` as well.
+In this case, the pysqlite driver is not only failing to start transactions,
+it also is ending any existing transction when DDL is detected, so again,
+workarounds are required.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's transactional DDL is impacted by unresolved issues
+    in the pysqlite driver, which fails to emit BEGIN and additionally
+    forces a COMMIT to cancel any transaction when DDL is encountered.
+    See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+.. _sqlite_foreign_keys:
+
+Foreign Key Support
+-------------------
+
+SQLite supports FOREIGN KEY syntax when emitting CREATE statements for tables,
+however by default these constraints have no effect on the operation of the
+table.
+
+Constraint checking on SQLite has three prerequisites:
+
+* At least version 3.6.19 of SQLite must be in use
+* The SQLite library must be compiled *without* the SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  or SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER symbols enabled.
+* The ``PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON`` statement must be emitted on all
+  connections before use.
+
+SQLAlchemy allows for the ``PRAGMA`` statement to be emitted automatically for
+new connections through the usage of events::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    @event.listens_for(Engine, "connect")
+    def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        cursor.close()
+
+.. warning::
+
+    When SQLite foreign keys are enabled, it is **not possible**
+    to emit CREATE or DROP statements for tables that contain
+    mutually-dependent foreign key constraints;
+    to emit the DDL for these tables requires that ALTER TABLE be used to
+    create or drop these constraints separately, for which SQLite has
+    no support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite Foreign Key Support <http://www.sqlite.org/foreignkeys.html>`_
+    - on the SQLite web site.
+
+    :ref:`event_toplevel` - SQLAlchemy event API.
+
+    :ref:`use_alter` - more information on SQLAlchemy's facilities for handling
+     mutually-dependent foreign key constraints.
+
+.. _sqlite_type_reflection:
+
+Type Reflection
+---------------
+
+SQLite types are unlike those of most other database backends, in that
+the string name of the type usually does not correspond to a "type" in a
+one-to-one fashion.  Instead, SQLite links per-column typing behavior
+to one of five so-called "type affinities" based on a string matching
+pattern for the type.
+
+SQLAlchemy's reflection process, when inspecting types, uses a simple
+lookup table to link the keywords returned to provided SQLAlchemy types.
+This lookup table is present within the SQLite dialect as it is for all
+other dialects.  However, the SQLite dialect has a different "fallback"
+routine for when a particular type name is not located in the lookup map;
+it instead implements the SQLite "type affinity" scheme located at
+http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+The provided typemap will make direct associations from an exact string
+name match for the following types:
+
+:class:`~.types.BIGINT`, :class:`~.types.BLOB`,
+:class:`~.types.BOOLEAN`, :class:`~.types.BOOLEAN`,
+:class:`~.types.CHAR`, :class:`~.types.DATE`,
+:class:`~.types.DATETIME`, :class:`~.types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`~.types.DECIMAL`, :class:`~.types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`~.types.INTEGER`, :class:`~.types.INTEGER`,
+:class:`~.types.NUMERIC`, :class:`~.types.REAL`,
+:class:`~.types.SMALLINT`, :class:`~.types.TEXT`,
+:class:`~.types.TIME`, :class:`~.types.TIMESTAMP`,
+:class:`~.types.VARCHAR`, :class:`~.types.NVARCHAR`,
+:class:`~.types.NCHAR`
+
+When a type name does not match one of the above types, the "type affinity"
+lookup is used instead:
+
+* :class:`~.types.INTEGER` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``INT``
+* :class:`~.types.TEXT` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``CHAR``, ``CLOB`` or ``TEXT``
+* :class:`~.types.NullType` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``BLOB``
+* :class:`~.types.REAL` is returned if the type name includes the string
+  ``REAL``, ``FLOA`` or ``DOUB``.
+* Otherwise, the :class:`~.types.NUMERIC` type is used.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.3 Support for SQLite type affinity rules when reflecting
+   columns.
+
+
+.. _sqlite_partial_index:
+
+Partial Indexes
+---------------
+
+A partial index, e.g. one which uses a WHERE clause, can be specified
+with the DDL system using the argument ``sqlite_where``::
+
+    tbl = Table('testtbl', m, Column('data', Integer))
+    idx = Index('test_idx1', tbl.c.data,
+                sqlite_where=and_(tbl.c.data > 5, tbl.c.data < 10))
+
+The index will be rendered at create time as::
+
+    CREATE INDEX test_idx1 ON testtbl (data)
+    WHERE data > 5 AND data < 10
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+Dotted Column Names
+-------------------
+
+Using table or column names that explicitly have periods in them is
+**not recommended**.   While this is generally a bad idea for relational
+databases in general, as the dot is a syntactically significant character,
+the SQLite driver up until version **3.10.0** of SQLite has a bug which
+requires that SQLAlchemy filter out these dots in result sets.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The following SQLite issue has been resolved as of version 3.10.0
+    of SQLite.  SQLAlchemy as of **1.1** automatically disables its internal
+    workarounds based on detection of this version.
+
+The bug, entirely outside of SQLAlchemy, can be illustrated thusly::
+
+    import sqlite3
+
+    conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+    cursor = conn.cursor()
+
+    cursor.execute("create table x (a integer, b integer)")
+    cursor.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 1)")
+    cursor.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (2, 2)")
+
+    cursor.execute("select x.a, x.b from x")
+    assert [c[0] for c in cursor.description] == ['a', 'b']
+
+    cursor.execute('''
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+    ''')
+    assert [c[0] for c in cursor.description] == ['a', 'b'], \\
+        [c[0] for c in cursor.description]
+
+The second assertion fails::
+
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "test.py", line 19, in <module>
+        [c[0] for c in cursor.description]
+    AssertionError: ['x.a', 'x.b']
+
+Where above, the driver incorrectly reports the names of the columns
+including the name of the table, which is entirely inconsistent vs.
+when the UNION is not present.
+
+SQLAlchemy relies upon column names being predictable in how they match
+to the original statement, so the SQLAlchemy dialect has no choice but
+to filter these out::
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    eng = create_engine("sqlite://")
+    conn = eng.connect()
+
+    conn.execute("create table x (a integer, b integer)")
+    conn.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 1)")
+    conn.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (2, 2)")
+
+    result = conn.execute("select x.a, x.b from x")
+    assert result.keys() == ["a", "b"]
+
+    result = conn.execute('''
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+    ''')
+    assert result.keys() == ["a", "b"]
+
+Note that above, even though SQLAlchemy filters out the dots, *both
+names are still addressable*::
+
+    >>> row = result.first()
+    >>> row["a"]
+    1
+    >>> row["x.a"]
+    1
+    >>> row["b"]
+    1
+    >>> row["x.b"]
+    1
+
+Therefore, the workaround applied by SQLAlchemy only impacts
+:meth:`.ResultProxy.keys` and :meth:`.RowProxy.keys()` in the public API.
+In the very specific case where
+an application is forced to use column names that contain dots, and the
+functionality of :meth:`.ResultProxy.keys` and :meth:`.RowProxy.keys()`
+is required to return these dotted names unmodified, the ``sqlite_raw_colnames``
+execution option may be provided, either on a per-:class:`.Connection` basis::
+
+    result = conn.execution_options(sqlite_raw_colnames=True).execute('''
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+    ''')
+    assert result.keys() == ["x.a", "x.b"]
+
+or on a per-:class:`.Engine` basis::
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite://", execution_options={"sqlite_raw_colnames": True})
+
+When using the per-:class:`.Engine` execution option, note that
+**Core and ORM queries that use UNION may not function properly**.
+
+"""
+
+import datetime
+import re
+
+from ... import processors
+from ... import sql, exc
+from ... import types as sqltypes, schema as sa_schema
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import default, reflection
+from ...sql import compiler
+
+from ...types import (BLOB, BOOLEAN, CHAR, DECIMAL, FLOAT,
+                      INTEGER, REAL, NUMERIC, SMALLINT, TEXT,
+                      TIMESTAMP, VARCHAR)
+
+
+class _DateTimeMixin(object):
+    _reg = None
+    _storage_format = None
+
+    def __init__(self, storage_format=None, regexp=None, **kw):
+        super(_DateTimeMixin, self).__init__(**kw)
+        if regexp is not None:
+            self._reg = re.compile(regexp)
+        if storage_format is not None:
+            self._storage_format = storage_format
+
+    @property
+    def format_is_text_affinity(self):
+        """return True if the storage format will automatically imply
+        a TEXT affinity.
+
+        If the storage format contains no non-numeric characters,
+        it will imply a NUMERIC storage format on SQLite; in this case,
+        the type will generate its DDL as DATE_CHAR, DATETIME_CHAR,
+        TIME_CHAR.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        spec = self._storage_format % {
+            "year": 0, "month": 0, "day": 0, "hour": 0,
+            "minute": 0, "second": 0, "microsecond": 0
+        }
+        return bool(re.search(r'[^0-9]', spec))
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if issubclass(cls, _DateTimeMixin):
+            if self._storage_format:
+                kw["storage_format"] = self._storage_format
+            if self._reg:
+                kw["regexp"] = self._reg
+        return super(_DateTimeMixin, self).adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        bp = self.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            return "'%s'" % bp(value)
+        return process
+
+
+class DATETIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    """Represent a Python datetime object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d %(hour)02d:%(min)02d:\
+%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        2011-03-15 12:05:57.10558
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATETIME
+
+        dt = DATETIME(
+            storage_format="%(year)04d/%(month)02d/%(day)02d %(hour)02d:\
+%(min)02d:%(second)02d",
+            regexp=r"(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+) (\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)"
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python datetime() constructor as keyword arguments.
+     Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the datetime() constructor
+     is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = (
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop('truncate_microseconds', False)
+        super(DATETIME, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert 'storage_format' not in kwargs, "You can specify only "\
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            assert 'regexp' not in kwargs, "You can specify only one of "\
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            self._storage_format = (
+                "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+                "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+            )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_datetime = datetime.datetime
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_datetime):
+                return format % {
+                    'year': value.year,
+                    'month': value.month,
+                    'day': value.day,
+                    'hour': value.hour,
+                    'minute': value.minute,
+                    'second': value.second,
+                    'microsecond': value.microsecond,
+                }
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format % {
+                    'year': value.year,
+                    'month': value.month,
+                    'day': value.day,
+                    'hour': 0,
+                    'minute': 0,
+                    'second': 0,
+                    'microsecond': 0,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("SQLite DateTime type only accepts Python "
+                                "datetime and date objects as input.")
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.datetime)
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime
+
+
+class DATE(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Date):
+    """Represent a Python date object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        2011-03-15
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATE
+
+        d = DATE(
+                storage_format="%(month)02d/%(day)02d/%(year)04d",
+                regexp=re.compile("(?P<month>\d+)/(?P<day>\d+)/(?P<year>\d+)")
+            )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the
+     dict with keys year, month, and day.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to
+     incoming result rows. If the regexp contains named groups, the
+     resulting match dict is applied to the Python date() constructor
+     as keyword arguments. Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the
+     date() constructor is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format % {
+                    'year': value.year,
+                    'month': value.month,
+                    'day': value.day,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("SQLite Date type only accepts Python "
+                                "date objects as input.")
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.date)
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_date
+
+
+class TIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Time):
+    """Represent a Python time object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        12:05:57.10558
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import TIME
+
+        t = TIME(
+            storage_format="%(hour)02d-%(minute)02d-%(second)02d-\
+%(microsecond)06d",
+            regexp=re.compile("(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(?:-(\d+))?")
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python time() constructor as keyword arguments. Otherwise,
+     if positional groups are used, the time() constructor is called with
+     positional arguments via ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop('truncate_microseconds', False)
+        super(TIME, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert 'storage_format' not in kwargs, "You can specify only "\
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            assert 'regexp' not in kwargs, "You can specify only one of "\
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            self._storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_time = datetime.time
+        format = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_time):
+                return format % {
+                    'hour': value.hour,
+                    'minute': value.minute,
+                    'second': value.second,
+                    'microsecond': value.microsecond,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("SQLite Time type only accepts Python "
+                                "time objects as input.")
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.time)
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_time
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Date: DATE,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATETIME,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'BIGINT': sqltypes.BIGINT,
+    'BLOB': sqltypes.BLOB,
+    'BOOL': sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    'BOOLEAN': sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    'CHAR': sqltypes.CHAR,
+    'DATE': sqltypes.DATE,
+    'DATE_CHAR': sqltypes.DATE,
+    'DATETIME': sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    'DATETIME_CHAR': sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    'DOUBLE': sqltypes.FLOAT,
+    'DECIMAL': sqltypes.DECIMAL,
+    'FLOAT': sqltypes.FLOAT,
+    'INT': sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    'INTEGER': sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    'NUMERIC': sqltypes.NUMERIC,
+    'REAL': sqltypes.REAL,
+    'SMALLINT': sqltypes.SMALLINT,
+    'TEXT': sqltypes.TEXT,
+    'TIME': sqltypes.TIME,
+    'TIME_CHAR': sqltypes.TIME,
+    'TIMESTAMP': sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
+    'VARCHAR': sqltypes.VARCHAR,
+    'NVARCHAR': sqltypes.NVARCHAR,
+    'NCHAR': sqltypes.NCHAR,
+}
+
+
+class SQLiteCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            'month': '%m',
+            'day': '%d',
+            'year': '%Y',
+            'second': '%S',
+            'hour': '%H',
+            'doy': '%j',
+            'minute': '%M',
+            'epoch': '%s',
+            'dow': '%w',
+            'week': '%W',
+        })
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_localtimestamp_func(self, func, **kw):
+        return 'DATETIME(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, "localtime")'
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '1'
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return '0'
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "length%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.supports_cast:
+            return super(SQLiteCompiler, self).visit_cast(cast, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.process(cast.clause, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        try:
+            return "CAST(STRFTIME('%s', %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
+                self.extract_map[extract.field],
+                self.process(extract.expr, **kw)
+            )
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "%s is not a valid extract argument." % extract.field)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(sql.literal(-1))
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        else:
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(sql.literal(0), **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # sqlite has no "FOR UPDATE" AFAICT
+        return ''
+
+
+class SQLiteDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        coltype = self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+            column.type, type_expression=column)
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + coltype
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+
+        if (column.primary_key and
+                column.table.dialect_options['sqlite']['autoincrement'] and
+                len(column.table.primary_key.columns) == 1 and
+                issubclass(column.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer) and
+                not column.foreign_keys):
+            colspec += " PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT"
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        # for columns with sqlite_autoincrement=True,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY constraint can only be inline
+        # with the column itself.
+        if len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            c = list(constraint)[0]
+            if (c.primary_key and
+                    c.table.dialect_options['sqlite']['autoincrement'] and
+                    issubclass(c.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer) and
+                    not c.foreign_keys):
+                return None
+
+        return super(SQLiteDDLCompiler, self).visit_primary_key_constraint(
+            constraint)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+
+        local_table = constraint.elements[0].parent.table
+        remote_table = constraint.elements[0].column.table
+
+        if local_table.schema != remote_table.schema:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super(
+                SQLiteDDLCompiler,
+                self).visit_foreign_key_constraint(constraint)
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table, use_schema=False)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create):
+        index = create.element
+
+        text = super(SQLiteDDLCompiler, self).visit_create_index(
+            create, include_table_schema=False)
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["sqlite"]["where"]
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False,
+                literal_binds=True)
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+
+class SQLiteTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin) or \
+                type_.format_is_text_affinity:
+            return super(SQLiteTypeCompiler, self).visit_DATETIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin) or \
+                type_.format_is_text_affinity:
+            return super(SQLiteTypeCompiler, self).visit_DATE(type_)
+        else:
+            return "DATE_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin) or \
+                type_.format_is_text_affinity:
+            return super(SQLiteTypeCompiler, self).visit_TIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return "TIME_CHAR"
+
+
+class SQLiteIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = set([
+        'add', 'after', 'all', 'alter', 'analyze', 'and', 'as', 'asc',
+        'attach', 'autoincrement', 'before', 'begin', 'between', 'by',
+        'cascade', 'case', 'cast', 'check', 'collate', 'column', 'commit',
+        'conflict', 'constraint', 'create', 'cross', 'current_date',
+        'current_time', 'current_timestamp', 'database', 'default',
+        'deferrable', 'deferred', 'delete', 'desc', 'detach', 'distinct',
+        'drop', 'each', 'else', 'end', 'escape', 'except', 'exclusive',
+        'explain', 'false', 'fail', 'for', 'foreign', 'from', 'full', 'glob',
+        'group', 'having', 'if', 'ignore', 'immediate', 'in', 'index',
+        'indexed', 'initially', 'inner', 'insert', 'instead', 'intersect',
+        'into', 'is', 'isnull', 'join', 'key', 'left', 'like', 'limit',
+        'match', 'natural', 'not', 'notnull', 'null', 'of', 'offset', 'on',
+        'or', 'order', 'outer', 'plan', 'pragma', 'primary', 'query',
+        'raise', 'references', 'reindex', 'rename', 'replace', 'restrict',
+        'right', 'rollback', 'row', 'select', 'set', 'table', 'temp',
+        'temporary', 'then', 'to', 'transaction', 'trigger', 'true', 'union',
+        'unique', 'update', 'using', 'vacuum', 'values', 'view', 'virtual',
+        'when', 'where',
+    ])
+
+    def format_index(self, index, use_schema=True, name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted index and schema name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = index.name
+        result = self.quote(name, index.quote)
+        if (not self.omit_schema and
+                use_schema and
+                getattr(index.table, "schema", None)):
+            result = self.quote_schema(
+                index.table.schema, index.table.quote_schema) + "." + result
+        return result
+
+
+class SQLiteExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _preserve_raw_colnames(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get("sqlite_raw_colnames", False)
+
+    def _translate_colname(self, colname):
+        # TODO: detect SQLite version 3.10.0 or greater;
+        # see [ticket:3633]
+
+        # adjust for dotted column names.  SQLite
+        # in the case of UNION may store col names as
+        # "tablename.colname", or if using an attached database,
+        # "database.tablename.colname", in cursor.description
+        if not self._preserve_raw_colnames and "." in colname:
+            return colname.split(".")[-1], colname
+        else:
+            return colname, None
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'sqlite'
+    supports_alter = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_cast = True
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    # TODO: detect version 3.7.16 or greater;
+    # see [ticket:3634]
+    supports_right_nested_joins = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
+    execution_ctx_cls = SQLiteExecutionContext
+    statement_compiler = SQLiteCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = SQLiteDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = SQLiteTypeCompiler
+    preparer = SQLiteIdentifierPreparer
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    isolation_level = None
+
+    supports_cast = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {
+            "autoincrement": False
+        }),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {
+            "where": None,
+        }),
+    ]
+
+    _broken_fk_pragma_quotes = False
+
+    def __init__(self, isolation_level=None, native_datetime=False, **kwargs):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+        # this flag used by pysqlite dialect, and perhaps others in the
+        # future, to indicate the driver is handling date/timestamp
+        # conversions (and perhaps datetime/time as well on some hypothetical
+        # driver ?)
+        self.native_datetime = native_datetime
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            self.supports_default_values = (
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 3, 8))
+            self.supports_cast = (
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 2, 3))
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = (
+                # http://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_7_11.html
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 7, 11))
+            # see http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/ticket/2568
+            # as well as http://www.sqlite.org/src/info/600482d161
+            self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes = (
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 6, 14))
+
+    _isolation_lookup = {
+        'READ UNCOMMITTED': 1,
+        'SERIALIZABLE': 0,
+    }
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        try:
+            isolation_level = self._isolation_lookup[level.replace('_', ' ')]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+                "Valid isolation levels for %s are %s" %
+                (level, self.name, ", ".join(self._isolation_lookup))
+            )
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA read_uncommitted = %d" % isolation_level)
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute('PRAGMA read_uncommitted')
+        res = cursor.fetchone()
+        if res:
+            value = res[0]
+        else:
+            # http://www.sqlite.org/changes.html#version_3_3_3
+            # "Optional READ UNCOMMITTED isolation (instead of the
+            # default isolation level of SERIALIZABLE) and
+            # table level locking when database connections
+            # share a common cache.""
+            # pre-SQLite 3.3.0 default to 0
+            value = 0
+        cursor.close()
+        if value == 0:
+            return "SERIALIZABLE"
+        elif value == 1:
+            return "READ UNCOMMITTED"
+        else:
+            assert False, "Unknown isolation level %s" % value
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+            def connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+            return connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
+        else:
+            master = "sqlite_master"
+        s = ("SELECT name FROM %s "
+             "WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name") % (master,)
+        rs = connection.execute(s)
+        return [row[0] for row in rs]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_temp_master "\
+            "WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name "
+        rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in rs]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_temp_master "\
+            "WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name "
+        rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in rs]
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        info = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "table_info", table_name, schema=schema)
+        return bool(info)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
+        else:
+            master = "sqlite_master"
+        s = ("SELECT name FROM %s "
+             "WHERE type='view' ORDER BY name") % (master,)
+        rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in rs]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = '%s.sqlite_master' % qschema
+            s = ("SELECT sql FROM %s WHERE name = '%s'"
+                 "AND type='view'") % (master, view_name)
+            rs = connection.execute(s)
+        else:
+            try:
+                s = ("SELECT sql FROM "
+                     " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                     "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                     "WHERE name = '%s' "
+                     "AND type='view'") % view_name
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+            except exc.DBAPIError:
+                s = ("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = '%s' "
+                     "AND type='view'") % view_name
+                rs = connection.execute(s)
+
+        result = rs.fetchall()
+        if result:
+            return result[0].sql
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        info = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "table_info", table_name, schema=schema)
+
+        columns = []
+        for row in info:
+            (name, type_, nullable, default, primary_key) = (
+                row[1], row[2].upper(), not row[3], row[4], row[5])
+
+            columns.append(self._get_column_info(name, type_, nullable,
+                                                 default, primary_key))
+        return columns
+
+    def _get_column_info(self, name, type_, nullable, default, primary_key):
+        coltype = self._resolve_type_affinity(type_)
+
+        if default is not None:
+            default = util.text_type(default)
+
+        return {
+            'name': name,
+            'type': coltype,
+            'nullable': nullable,
+            'default': default,
+            'autoincrement': default is None,
+            'primary_key': primary_key,
+        }
+
+    def _resolve_type_affinity(self, type_):
+        """Return a data type from a reflected column, using affinity tules.
+
+        SQLite's goal for universal compatibility introduces some complexity
+        during reflection, as a column's defined type might not actually be a
+        type that SQLite understands - or indeed, my not be defined *at all*.
+        Internally, SQLite handles this with a 'data type affinity' for each
+        column definition, mapping to one of 'TEXT', 'NUMERIC', 'INTEGER',
+        'REAL', or 'NONE' (raw bits). The algorithm that determines this is
+        listed in http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+        This method allows SQLAlchemy to support that algorithm, while still
+        providing access to smarter reflection utilities by regcognizing
+        column definitions that SQLite only supports through affinity (like
+        DATE and DOUBLE).
+
+        """
+        match = re.match(r'([\w ]+)(\(.*?\))?', type_)
+        if match:
+            coltype = match.group(1)
+            args = match.group(2)
+        else:
+            coltype = ''
+            args = ''
+
+        if coltype in self.ischema_names:
+            coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+        elif 'INT' in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.INTEGER
+        elif 'CHAR' in coltype or 'CLOB' in coltype or 'TEXT' in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.TEXT
+        elif 'BLOB' in coltype or not coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NullType
+        elif 'REAL' in coltype or 'FLOA' in coltype or 'DOUB' in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.REAL
+        else:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NUMERIC
+
+        if args is not None:
+            args = re.findall(r'(\d+)', args)
+            try:
+                coltype = coltype(*[int(a) for a in args])
+            except TypeError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Could not instantiate type %s with "
+                    "reflected arguments %s; using no arguments." %
+                    (coltype, args))
+                coltype = coltype()
+        else:
+            coltype = coltype()
+
+        return coltype
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        cols = self.get_columns(connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        pkeys = []
+        for col in cols:
+            if col['primary_key']:
+                pkeys.append(col['name'])
+        return {'constrained_columns': pkeys, 'name': None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # sqlite makes this *extremely difficult*.
+        # First, use the pragma to get the actual FKs.
+        pragma_fks = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "foreign_key_list",
+            table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+
+        fks = {}
+
+        for row in pragma_fks:
+            (numerical_id, rtbl, lcol, rcol) = (
+                row[0], row[2], row[3], row[4])
+
+            if rcol is None:
+                rcol = lcol
+
+            if self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes:
+                rtbl = re.sub(r'^[\"\[`\']|[\"\]`\']$', '', rtbl)
+
+            if numerical_id in fks:
+                fk = fks[numerical_id]
+            else:
+                fk = fks[numerical_id] = {
+                    'name': None,
+                    'constrained_columns': [],
+                    'referred_schema': None,
+                    'referred_table': rtbl,
+                    'referred_columns': [],
+                }
+                fks[numerical_id] = fk
+
+            fk['constrained_columns'].append(lcol)
+            fk['referred_columns'].append(rcol)
+
+        def fk_sig(constrained_columns, referred_table, referred_columns):
+            return tuple(constrained_columns) + (referred_table,) + \
+                tuple(referred_columns)
+
+        # then, parse the actual SQL and attempt to find DDL that matches
+        # the names as well.   SQLite saves the DDL in whatever format
+        # it was typed in as, so need to be liberal here.
+
+        keys_by_signature = dict(
+            (
+                fk_sig(
+                    fk['constrained_columns'],
+                    fk['referred_table'], fk['referred_columns']),
+                fk
+            ) for fk in fks.values()
+        )
+
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(connection, table_name, schema=schema)
+        if table_data is None:
+            # system tables, etc.
+            return []
+
+        def parse_fks():
+            FK_PATTERN = (
+                '(?:CONSTRAINT (\w+) +)?'
+                'FOREIGN KEY *\( *(.+?) *\) +'
+                'REFERENCES +(?:(?:"(.+?)")|([a-z0-9_]+)) *\((.+?)\)'
+            )
+
+            for match in re.finditer(FK_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                (
+                    constraint_name, constrained_columns,
+                    referred_quoted_name, referred_name,
+                    referred_columns) = match.group(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+                constrained_columns = list(
+                    self._find_cols_in_sig(constrained_columns))
+                if not referred_columns:
+                    referred_columns = constrained_columns
+                else:
+                    referred_columns = list(
+                        self._find_cols_in_sig(referred_columns))
+                referred_name = referred_quoted_name or referred_name
+                yield (
+                    constraint_name, constrained_columns,
+                    referred_name, referred_columns)
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for (
+            constraint_name, constrained_columns,
+                referred_name, referred_columns) in parse_fks():
+            sig = fk_sig(
+                constrained_columns, referred_name, referred_columns)
+            if sig not in keys_by_signature:
+                util.warn(
+                    "WARNING: SQL-parsed foreign key constraint "
+                    "'%s' could not be located in PRAGMA "
+                    "foreign_keys for table %s" % (
+                        sig,
+                        table_name
+                    ))
+                continue
+            key = keys_by_signature.pop(sig)
+            key['name'] = constraint_name
+            fkeys.append(key)
+        # assume the remainders are the unnamed, inline constraints, just
+        # use them as is as it's extremely difficult to parse inline
+        # constraints
+        fkeys.extend(keys_by_signature.values())
+        return fkeys
+
+    def _find_cols_in_sig(self, sig):
+        for match in re.finditer(r'(?:"(.+?)")|([a-z0-9_]+)', sig, re.I):
+            yield match.group(1) or match.group(2)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, connection, table_name,
+                               schema=None, **kw):
+
+        auto_index_by_sig = {}
+        for idx in self.get_indexes(
+                connection, table_name, schema=schema,
+                include_auto_indexes=True, **kw):
+            if not idx['name'].startswith("sqlite_autoindex"):
+                continue
+            sig = tuple(idx['column_names'])
+            auto_index_by_sig[sig] = idx
+
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw)
+        if not table_data:
+            return []
+
+        unique_constraints = []
+
+        def parse_uqs():
+            UNIQUE_PATTERN = '(?:CONSTRAINT "?(.+?)"? +)?UNIQUE *\((.+?)\)'
+            INLINE_UNIQUE_PATTERN = (
+                '(?:(".+?")|([a-z0-9]+)) '
+                '+[a-z0-9_ ]+? +UNIQUE')
+
+            for match in re.finditer(UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                name, cols = match.group(1, 2)
+                yield name, list(self._find_cols_in_sig(cols))
+
+            # we need to match inlines as well, as we seek to differentiate
+            # a UNIQUE constraint from a UNIQUE INDEX, even though these
+            # are kind of the same thing :)
+            for match in re.finditer(INLINE_UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                cols = list(
+                    self._find_cols_in_sig(match.group(1) or match.group(2)))
+                yield None, cols
+
+        for name, cols in parse_uqs():
+            sig = tuple(cols)
+            if sig in auto_index_by_sig:
+                auto_index_by_sig.pop(sig)
+                parsed_constraint = {
+                    'name': name,
+                    'column_names': cols
+                }
+                unique_constraints.append(parsed_constraint)
+        # NOTE: auto_index_by_sig might not be empty here,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY may have an entry.
+        return unique_constraints
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        pragma_indexes = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "index_list", table_name, schema=schema)
+        indexes = []
+
+        include_auto_indexes = kw.pop('include_auto_indexes', False)
+        for row in pragma_indexes:
+            # ignore implicit primary key index.
+            # http://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users@sqlite.org/msg30517.html
+            if (not include_auto_indexes and
+                    row[1].startswith('sqlite_autoindex')):
+                continue
+
+            indexes.append(dict(name=row[1], column_names=[], unique=row[2]))
+
+        # loop thru unique indexes to get the column names.
+        for idx in indexes:
+            pragma_index = self._get_table_pragma(
+                connection, "index_info", idx['name'])
+
+            for row in pragma_index:
+                idx['column_names'].append(row[2])
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_table_sql(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        try:
+            s = ("SELECT sql FROM "
+                 " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                 "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                 "WHERE name = '%s' "
+                 "AND type = 'table'") % table_name
+            rs = connection.execute(s)
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            s = ("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = '%s' "
+                 "AND type = 'table'") % table_name
+            rs = connection.execute(s)
+        return rs.scalar()
+
+    def _get_table_pragma(self, connection, pragma, table_name, schema=None):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            statement = "PRAGMA %s." % quote(schema)
+        else:
+            statement = "PRAGMA "
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        statement = "%s%s(%s)" % (statement, pragma, qtable)
+        cursor = connection.execute(statement)
+        if not cursor._soft_closed:
+            # work around SQLite issue whereby cursor.description
+            # is blank when PRAGMA returns no rows:
+            # http://www.sqlite.org/cvstrac/tktview?tn=1884
+            result = cursor.fetchall()
+        else:
+            result = []
+        return result
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbafc8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlcipher
+    :name: pysqlcipher
+    :dbapi: pysqlcipher
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlcipher://:passphrase/file_path[?kdf_iter=<iter>]
+    :url: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pysqlcipher
+
+    ``pysqlcipher`` is a fork of the standard ``pysqlite`` driver to make
+    use of the `SQLCipher <https://www.zetetic.net/sqlcipher>`_ backend.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+Driver
+------
+
+The driver here is the `pysqlcipher <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pysqlcipher>`_
+driver, which makes use of the SQLCipher engine.  This system essentially
+introduces new PRAGMA commands to SQLite which allows the setting of a
+passphrase and other encryption parameters, allowing the database
+file to be encrypted.
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The format of the connect string is in every way the same as that
+of the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite` driver, except that the
+"password" field is now accepted, which should contain a passphrase::
+
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@/foo.db')
+
+For an absolute file path, two leading slashes should be used for the
+database name::
+
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@//path/to/foo.db')
+
+A selection of additional encryption-related pragmas supported by SQLCipher
+as documented at https://www.zetetic.net/sqlcipher/sqlcipher-api/ can be passed
+in the query string, and will result in that PRAGMA being called for each
+new connection.  Currently, ``cipher``, ``kdf_iter``
+``cipher_page_size`` and ``cipher_use_hmac`` are supported::
+
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@/foo.db?cipher=aes-256-cfb&kdf_iter=64000')
+
+
+Pooling Behavior
+----------------
+
+The driver makes a change to the default pool behavior of pysqlite
+as described in :ref:`pysqlite_threading_pooling`.   The pysqlcipher driver
+has been observed to be significantly slower on connection than the
+pysqlite driver, most likely due to the encryption overhead, so the
+dialect here defaults to using the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`
+implementation,
+instead of the :class:`.NullPool` pool used by pysqlite.  As always, the pool
+implementation is entirely configurable using the
+:paramref:`.create_engine.poolclass` parameter; the :class:`.StaticPool` may
+be more feasible for single-threaded use, or :class:`.NullPool` may be used
+to prevent unencrypted connections from being held open for long periods of
+time, at the expense of slower startup time for new connections.
+
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from .pysqlite import SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+from ...engine import url as _url
+from ... import pool
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    driver = 'pysqlcipher'
+
+    pragmas = ('kdf_iter', 'cipher', 'cipher_page_size', 'cipher_use_hmac')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        from pysqlcipher import dbapi2 as sqlcipher
+        return sqlcipher
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
+        passphrase = cparams.pop('passphrase', '')
+
+        pragmas = dict(
+            (key, cparams.pop(key, None)) for key in
+            self.pragmas
+        )
+
+        conn = super(SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher, self).\
+            connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+        conn.execute('pragma key="%s"' % passphrase)
+        for prag, value in pragmas.items():
+            if value is not None:
+                conn.execute('pragma %s=%s' % (prag, value))
+
+        return conn
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        super_url = _url.URL(
+            url.drivername, username=url.username,
+            host=url.host, database=url.database, query=url.query)
+        c_args, opts = super(SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher, self).\
+            create_connect_args(super_url)
+        opts['passphrase'] = url.password
+        return c_args, opts
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33d04de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# sqlite/pysqlite.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlite
+    :name: pysqlite
+    :dbapi: sqlite3
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlite:///file_path
+    :url: http://docs.python.org/library/sqlite3.html
+
+    Note that ``pysqlite`` is the same driver as the ``sqlite3``
+    module included with the Python distribution.
+
+Driver
+------
+
+When using Python 2.5 and above, the built in ``sqlite3`` driver is
+already installed and no additional installation is needed.  Otherwise,
+the ``pysqlite2`` driver needs to be present.  This is the same driver as
+``sqlite3``, just with a different name.
+
+The ``pysqlite2`` driver will be loaded first, and if not found, ``sqlite3``
+is loaded.  This allows an explicitly installed pysqlite driver to take
+precedence over the built in one.   As with all dialects, a specific
+DBAPI module may be provided to :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine()` to control
+this explicitly::
+
+    from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite
+    e = create_engine('sqlite+pysqlite:///file.db', module=sqlite)
+
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The file specification for the SQLite database is taken as the "database"
+portion of the URL.  Note that the format of a SQLAlchemy url is::
+
+    driver://user:pass@host/database
+
+This means that the actual filename to be used starts with the characters to
+the **right** of the third slash.   So connecting to a relative filepath
+looks like::
+
+    # relative path
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:///path/to/database.db')
+
+An absolute path, which is denoted by starting with a slash, means you
+need **four** slashes::
+
+    # absolute path
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:////path/to/database.db')
+
+To use a Windows path, regular drive specifications and backslashes can be
+used. Double backslashes are probably needed::
+
+    # absolute path on Windows
+    e = create_engine('sqlite:///C:\\\\path\\\\to\\\\database.db')
+
+The sqlite ``:memory:`` identifier is the default if no filepath is
+present.  Specify ``sqlite://`` and nothing else::
+
+    # in-memory database
+    e = create_engine('sqlite://')
+
+Compatibility with sqlite3 "native" date and datetime types
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+The pysqlite driver includes the sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES and
+sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES options, which have the effect of any column
+or expression explicitly cast as "date" or "timestamp" will be converted
+to a Python date or datetime object.  The date and datetime types provided
+with the pysqlite dialect are not currently compatible with these options,
+since they render the ISO date/datetime including microseconds, which
+pysqlite's driver does not.   Additionally, SQLAlchemy does not at
+this time automatically render the "cast" syntax required for the
+freestanding functions "current_timestamp" and "current_date" to return
+datetime/date types natively.   Unfortunately, pysqlite
+does not provide the standard DBAPI types in ``cursor.description``,
+leaving SQLAlchemy with no way to detect these types on the fly
+without expensive per-row type checks.
+
+Keeping in mind that pysqlite's parsing option is not recommended,
+nor should be necessary, for use with SQLAlchemy, usage of PARSE_DECLTYPES
+can be forced if one configures "native_datetime=True" on create_engine()::
+
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://',
+        connect_args={'detect_types':
+            sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES},
+        native_datetime=True
+    )
+
+With this flag enabled, the DATE and TIMESTAMP types (but note - not the
+DATETIME or TIME types...confused yet ?) will not perform any bind parameter
+or result processing. Execution of "func.current_date()" will return a string.
+"func.current_timestamp()" is registered as returning a DATETIME type in
+SQLAlchemy, so this function still receives SQLAlchemy-level result
+processing.
+
+.. _pysqlite_threading_pooling:
+
+Threading/Pooling Behavior
+---------------------------
+
+Pysqlite's default behavior is to prohibit the usage of a single connection
+in more than one thread.   This is originally intended to work with older
+versions of SQLite that did not support multithreaded operation under
+various circumstances.  In particular, older SQLite versions
+did not allow a ``:memory:`` database to be used in multiple threads
+under any circumstances.
+
+Pysqlite does include a now-undocumented flag known as
+``check_same_thread`` which will disable this check, however note that
+pysqlite connections are still not safe to use in concurrently in multiple
+threads.  In particular, any statement execution calls would need to be
+externally mutexed, as Pysqlite does not provide for thread-safe propagation
+of error messages among other things.   So while even ``:memory:`` databases
+can be shared among threads in modern SQLite, Pysqlite doesn't provide enough
+thread-safety to make this usage worth it.
+
+SQLAlchemy sets up pooling to work with Pysqlite's default behavior:
+
+* When a ``:memory:`` SQLite database is specified, the dialect by default
+  will use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`. This pool maintains a single
+  connection per thread, so that all access to the engine within the current
+  thread use the same ``:memory:`` database - other threads would access a
+  different ``:memory:`` database.
+* When a file-based database is specified, the dialect will use
+  :class:`.NullPool` as the source of connections. This pool closes and
+  discards connections which are returned to the pool immediately. SQLite
+  file-based connections have extremely low overhead, so pooling is not
+  necessary. The scheme also prevents a connection from being used again in
+  a different thread and works best with SQLite's coarse-grained file locking.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+      Default selection of :class:`.NullPool` for SQLite file-based databases.
+      Previous versions select :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` by
+      default for all SQLite databases.
+
+
+Using a Memory Database in Multiple Threads
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To use a ``:memory:`` database in a multithreaded scenario, the same
+connection object must be shared among threads, since the database exists
+only within the scope of that connection.   The
+:class:`.StaticPool` implementation will maintain a single connection
+globally, and the ``check_same_thread`` flag can be passed to Pysqlite
+as ``False``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite://',
+                        connect_args={'check_same_thread':False},
+                        poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that using a ``:memory:`` database in multiple threads requires a recent
+version of SQLite.
+
+Using Temporary Tables with SQLite
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Due to the way SQLite deals with temporary tables, if you wish to use a
+temporary table in a file-based SQLite database across multiple checkouts
+from the connection pool, such as when using an ORM :class:`.Session` where
+the temporary table should continue to remain after :meth:`.Session.commit` or
+:meth:`.Session.rollback` is called, a pool which maintains a single
+connection must be used.   Use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` if the scope is
+only needed within the current thread, or :class:`.StaticPool` is scope is
+needed within multiple threads for this case::
+
+    # maintain the same connection per thread
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import SingletonThreadPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db',
+                        poolclass=SingletonThreadPool)
+
+
+    # maintain the same connection across all threads
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+    engine = create_engine('sqlite:///mydb.db',
+                        poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` should be configured for the number
+of threads that are to be used; beyond that number, connections will be
+closed out in a non deterministic way.
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+The pysqlite driver only returns Python ``unicode`` objects in result sets,
+never plain strings, and accommodates ``unicode`` objects within bound
+parameter values in all cases.   Regardless of the SQLAlchemy string type in
+use, string-based result values will by Python ``unicode`` in Python 2.
+The :class:`.Unicode` type should still be used to indicate those columns that
+require unicode, however, so that non-``unicode`` values passed inadvertently
+will emit a warning.  Pysqlite will emit an error if a non-``unicode`` string
+is passed containing non-ASCII characters.
+
+.. _pysqlite_serializable:
+
+Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the section :ref:`sqlite_concurrency`, we refer to the pysqlite
+driver's assortment of issues that prevent several features of SQLite
+from working correctly.  The pysqlite DBAPI driver has several
+long-standing bugs which impact the correctness of its transactional
+behavior.   In its default mode of operation, SQLite features such as
+SERIALIZABLE isolation, transactional DDL, and SAVEPOINT support are
+non-functional, and in order to use these features, workarounds must
+be taken.
+
+The issue is essentially that the driver attempts to second-guess the user's
+intent, failing to start transactions and sometimes ending them prematurely, in
+an effort to minimize the SQLite databases's file locking behavior, even
+though SQLite itself uses "shared" locks for read-only activities.
+
+SQLAlchemy chooses to not alter this behavior by default, as it is the
+long-expected behavior of the pysqlite driver; if and when the pysqlite
+driver attempts to repair these issues, that will be more of a driver towards
+defaults for SQLAlchemy.
+
+The good news is that with a few events, we can implement transactional
+support fully, by disabling pysqlite's feature entirely and emitting BEGIN
+ourselves. This is achieved using two event listeners::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db")
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # disable pysqlite's emitting of the BEGIN statement entirely.
+        # also stops it from emitting COMMIT before any DDL.
+        dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        # emit our own BEGIN
+        conn.execute("BEGIN")
+
+Above, we intercept a new pysqlite connection and disable any transactional
+integration.   Then, at the point at which SQLAlchemy knows that transaction
+scope is to begin, we emit ``"BEGIN"`` ourselves.
+
+When we take control of ``"BEGIN"``, we can also control directly SQLite's
+locking modes, introduced at `BEGIN TRANSACTION <http://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_,
+by adding the desired locking mode to our ``"BEGIN"``::
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        conn.execute("BEGIN EXCLUSIVE")
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `BEGIN TRANSACTION <http://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_ - on the SQLite site
+
+    `sqlite3 SELECT does not BEGIN a transaction <http://bugs.python.org/issue9924>`_ - on the Python bug tracker
+
+    `sqlite3 module breaks transactions and potentially corrupts data <http://bugs.python.org/issue10740>`_ - on the Python bug tracker
+
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.base import SQLiteDialect, DATETIME, DATE
+from sqlalchemy import exc, pool
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes
+from sqlalchemy import util
+
+import os
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp(DATETIME):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteDate(DATE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlite(SQLiteDialect):
+    default_paramstyle = 'qmark'
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        SQLiteDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Date: _SQLite_pysqliteDate,
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp,
+        }
+    )
+
+    if not util.py2k:
+        description_encoding = None
+
+    driver = 'pysqlite'
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        SQLiteDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            sqlite_ver = self.dbapi.version_info
+            if sqlite_ver < (2, 1, 3):
+                util.warn(
+                    ("The installed version of pysqlite2 (%s) is out-dated "
+                     "and will cause errors in some cases.  Version 2.1.3 "
+                     "or greater is recommended.") %
+                    '.'.join([str(subver) for subver in sqlite_ver]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        try:
+            from pysqlite2 import dbapi2 as sqlite
+        except ImportError as e:
+            try:
+                from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite  # try 2.5+ stdlib name.
+            except ImportError:
+                raise e
+        return sqlite
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        if url.database and url.database != ':memory:':
+            return pool.NullPool
+        else:
+            return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        if url.username or url.password or url.host or url.port:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid SQLite URL: %s\n"
+                "Valid SQLite URL forms are:\n"
+                " sqlite:///:memory: (or, sqlite://)\n"
+                " sqlite:///relative/path/to/file.db\n"
+                " sqlite:////absolute/path/to/file.db" % (url,))
+        filename = url.database or ':memory:'
+        if filename != ':memory:':
+            filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
+
+        opts = url.query.copy()
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'timeout', float)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'isolation_level', str)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'detect_types', int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'check_same_thread', bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, 'cached_statements', int)
+
+        return ([filename], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError) and \
+            "Cannot operate on a closed database." in str(e)
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18535ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# sybase/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase import base, pysybase, pyodbc
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = pyodbc.dialect
+
+from .base import CHAR, VARCHAR, TIME, NCHAR, NVARCHAR,\
+    TEXT, DATE, DATETIME, FLOAT, NUMERIC,\
+    BIGINT, INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, BINARY,\
+    VARBINARY, UNITEXT, UNICHAR, UNIVARCHAR,\
+    IMAGE, BIT, MONEY, SMALLMONEY, TINYINT,\
+    dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'CHAR', 'VARCHAR', 'TIME', 'NCHAR', 'NVARCHAR',
+    'TEXT', 'DATE', 'DATETIME', 'FLOAT', 'NUMERIC',
+    'BIGINT', 'INT', 'INTEGER', 'SMALLINT', 'BINARY',
+    'VARBINARY', 'UNITEXT', 'UNICHAR', 'UNIVARCHAR',
+    'IMAGE', 'BIT', 'MONEY', 'SMALLMONEY', 'TINYINT',
+    'dialect'
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e38534
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+# sybase/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# get_select_precolumns(), limit_clause() implementation
+# copyright (C) 2007 Fisch Asset Management
+# AG http://www.fam.ch, with coding by Alexander Houben
+# alexander.houben@thor-solutions.ch
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: sybase
+    :name: Sybase
+
+.. note::
+
+    The Sybase dialect functions on current SQLAlchemy versions
+    but is not regularly tested, and may have many issues and
+    caveats not currently handled.
+
+"""
+import operator
+import re
+
+from sqlalchemy.sql import compiler, expression, text, bindparam
+from sqlalchemy.engine import default, base, reflection
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes
+from sqlalchemy.sql import operators as sql_operators
+from sqlalchemy import schema as sa_schema
+from sqlalchemy import util, sql, exc
+
+from sqlalchemy.types import CHAR, VARCHAR, TIME, NCHAR, NVARCHAR,\
+    TEXT, DATE, DATETIME, FLOAT, NUMERIC,\
+    BIGINT, INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, BINARY,\
+    VARBINARY, DECIMAL, TIMESTAMP, Unicode,\
+    UnicodeText, REAL
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set([
+    "add", "all", "alter", "and",
+    "any", "as", "asc", "backup",
+    "begin", "between", "bigint", "binary",
+    "bit", "bottom", "break", "by",
+    "call", "capability", "cascade", "case",
+    "cast", "char", "char_convert", "character",
+    "check", "checkpoint", "close", "comment",
+    "commit", "connect", "constraint", "contains",
+    "continue", "convert", "create", "cross",
+    "cube", "current", "current_timestamp", "current_user",
+    "cursor", "date", "dbspace", "deallocate",
+    "dec", "decimal", "declare", "default",
+    "delete", "deleting", "desc", "distinct",
+    "do", "double", "drop", "dynamic",
+    "else", "elseif", "encrypted", "end",
+    "endif", "escape", "except", "exception",
+    "exec", "execute", "existing", "exists",
+    "externlogin", "fetch", "first", "float",
+    "for", "force", "foreign", "forward",
+    "from", "full", "goto", "grant",
+    "group", "having", "holdlock", "identified",
+    "if", "in", "index", "index_lparen",
+    "inner", "inout", "insensitive", "insert",
+    "inserting", "install", "instead", "int",
+    "integer", "integrated", "intersect", "into",
+    "iq", "is", "isolation", "join",
+    "key", "lateral", "left", "like",
+    "lock", "login", "long", "match",
+    "membership", "message", "mode", "modify",
+    "natural", "new", "no", "noholdlock",
+    "not", "notify", "null", "numeric",
+    "of", "off", "on", "open",
+    "option", "options", "or", "order",
+    "others", "out", "outer", "over",
+    "passthrough", "precision", "prepare", "primary",
+    "print", "privileges", "proc", "procedure",
+    "publication", "raiserror", "readtext", "real",
+    "reference", "references", "release", "remote",
+    "remove", "rename", "reorganize", "resource",
+    "restore", "restrict", "return", "revoke",
+    "right", "rollback", "rollup", "save",
+    "savepoint", "scroll", "select", "sensitive",
+    "session", "set", "setuser", "share",
+    "smallint", "some", "sqlcode", "sqlstate",
+    "start", "stop", "subtrans", "subtransaction",
+    "synchronize", "syntax_error", "table", "temporary",
+    "then", "time", "timestamp", "tinyint",
+    "to", "top", "tran", "trigger",
+    "truncate", "tsequal", "unbounded", "union",
+    "unique", "unknown", "unsigned", "update",
+    "updating", "user", "using", "validate",
+    "values", "varbinary", "varchar", "variable",
+    "varying", "view", "wait", "waitfor",
+    "when", "where", "while", "window",
+    "with", "with_cube", "with_lparen", "with_rollup",
+    "within", "work", "writetext",
+])
+
+
+class _SybaseUnitypeMixin(object):
+    """these types appear to return a buffer object."""
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return str(value)  # decode("ucs-2")
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+
+class UNICHAR(_SybaseUnitypeMixin, sqltypes.Unicode):
+    __visit_name__ = 'UNICHAR'
+
+
+class UNIVARCHAR(_SybaseUnitypeMixin, sqltypes.Unicode):
+    __visit_name__ = 'UNIVARCHAR'
+
+
+class UNITEXT(_SybaseUnitypeMixin, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    __visit_name__ = 'UNITEXT'
+
+
+class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = 'TINYINT'
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIT'
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "MONEY"
+
+
+class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLMONEY"
+
+
+class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+
+class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = 'IMAGE'
+
+
+class SybaseTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_IMAGE(type_)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BIT(type_)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_)
+
+    def visit_UNICHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNICHAR(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_UNIVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNIVARCHAR(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_UNITEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNITEXT"
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYINT"
+
+    def visit_IMAGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "IMAGE"
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLMONEY"
+
+    def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+ischema_names = {
+    'bigint': BIGINT,
+    'int': INTEGER,
+    'integer': INTEGER,
+    'smallint': SMALLINT,
+    'tinyint': TINYINT,
+    'unsigned bigint': BIGINT,  # TODO: unsigned flags
+    'unsigned int': INTEGER,  # TODO: unsigned flags
+    'unsigned smallint': SMALLINT,  # TODO: unsigned flags
+    'numeric': NUMERIC,
+    'decimal': DECIMAL,
+    'dec': DECIMAL,
+    'float': FLOAT,
+    'double': NUMERIC,  # TODO
+    'double precision': NUMERIC,  # TODO
+    'real': REAL,
+    'smallmoney': SMALLMONEY,
+    'money': MONEY,
+    'smalldatetime': DATETIME,
+    'datetime': DATETIME,
+    'date': DATE,
+    'time': TIME,
+    'char': CHAR,
+    'character': CHAR,
+    'varchar': VARCHAR,
+    'character varying': VARCHAR,
+    'char varying': VARCHAR,
+    'unichar': UNICHAR,
+    'unicode character': UNIVARCHAR,
+    'nchar': NCHAR,
+    'national char': NCHAR,
+    'national character': NCHAR,
+    'nvarchar': NVARCHAR,
+    'nchar varying': NVARCHAR,
+    'national char varying': NVARCHAR,
+    'national character varying': NVARCHAR,
+    'text': TEXT,
+    'unitext': UNITEXT,
+    'binary': BINARY,
+    'varbinary': VARBINARY,
+    'image': IMAGE,
+    'bit': BIT,
+
+    # not in documentation for ASE 15.7
+    'long varchar': TEXT,  # TODO
+    'timestamp': TIMESTAMP,
+    'uniqueidentifier': UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
+
+}
+
+
+class SybaseInspector(reflection.Inspector):
+
+    def __init__(self, conn):
+        reflection.Inspector.__init__(self, conn)
+
+    def get_table_id(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return the table id from `table_name` and `schema`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.get_table_id(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                         info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    _enable_identity_insert = False
+
+    def set_ddl_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        """Must be implemented by subclasses to accommodate DDL executions.
+
+        "connection" is the raw unwrapped DBAPI connection.   "value"
+        is True or False.  when True, the connection should be configured
+        such that a DDL can take place subsequently.  when False,
+        a DDL has taken place and the connection should be resumed
+        into non-autocommit mode.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if self.isinsert:
+            tbl = self.compiled.statement.table
+            seq_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
+            insert_has_sequence = seq_column is not None
+
+            if insert_has_sequence:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = \
+                    seq_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0]
+            else:
+                self._enable_identity_insert = False
+
+            if self._enable_identity_insert:
+                self.cursor.execute(
+                    "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON" %
+                    self.dialect.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl))
+
+        if self.isddl:
+            # TODO: to enhance this, we can detect "ddl in tran" on the
+            # database settings.  this error message should be improved to
+            # include a note about that.
+            if not self.should_autocommit:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "The Sybase dialect only supports "
+                    "DDL in 'autocommit' mode at this time.")
+
+            self.root_connection.engine.logger.info(
+                "AUTOCOMMIT (Assuming no Sybase 'ddl in tran')")
+
+            self.set_ddl_autocommit(
+                self.root_connection.connection.connection,
+                True)
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self.isddl:
+            self.set_ddl_autocommit(self.root_connection, False)
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            self.cursor.execute(
+                "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF" %
+                self.dialect.identifier_preparer.
+                format_table(self.compiled.statement.table)
+            )
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class SybaseSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            'doy': 'dayofyear',
+            'dow': 'weekday',
+            'milliseconds': 'millisecond'
+        })
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        s = select._distinct and "DISTINCT " or ""
+        # TODO: don't think Sybase supports
+        # bind params for FIRST / TOP
+        limit = select._limit
+        if limit:
+            # if select._limit == 1:
+                # s += "FIRST "
+            # else:
+                # s += "TOP %s " % (select._limit,)
+            s += "TOP %s " % (limit,)
+        offset = select._offset
+        if offset:
+            if not limit:
+                # FIXME: sybase doesn't allow an offset without a limit
+                # so use a huge value for TOP here
+                s += "TOP 1000000 "
+            s += "START AT %s " % (offset + 1,)
+        return s
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # Limit in sybase is after the select keyword
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return 'DATEPART("%s", %s)' % (
+            field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "GETDATE()"
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select):
+        # "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR"
+        # which SQLAlchemy doesn't use
+        return ''
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        kw['literal_binds'] = True
+        order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
+
+        # SybaseSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT
+        if order_by and (not self.is_subquery() or select._limit):
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+
+class SybaseDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + \
+            self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column)
+
+        if column.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "The Sybase dialect requires Table-bound "
+                "columns in order to generate DDL")
+        seq_col = column.table._autoincrement_column
+
+        # install a IDENTITY Sequence if we have an implicit IDENTITY column
+        if seq_col is column:
+            sequence = isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence) \
+                and column.default
+            if sequence:
+                start, increment = sequence.start or 1, \
+                    sequence.increment or 1
+            else:
+                start, increment = 1, 1
+            if (start, increment) == (1, 1):
+                colspec += " IDENTITY"
+            else:
+                # TODO: need correct syntax for this
+                colspec += " IDENTITY(%s,%s)" % (start, increment)
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+            if column.nullable is not None:
+                if not column.nullable or column.primary_key:
+                    colspec += " NOT NULL"
+                else:
+                    colspec += " NULL"
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        index = drop.element
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s.%s" % (
+            self.preparer.quote_identifier(index.table.name),
+            self._prepared_index_name(drop.element,
+                                      include_schema=False)
+        )
+
+
+class SybaseIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+
+class SybaseDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = 'sybase'
+    supports_unicode_statements = False
+    supports_sane_rowcount = False
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+    colspecs = {}
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    type_compiler = SybaseTypeCompiler
+    statement_compiler = SybaseSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = SybaseDDLCompiler
+    preparer = SybaseIdentifierPreparer
+    inspector = SybaseInspector
+
+    construct_arguments = []
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.scalar(
+            text("SELECT user_name() as user_name",
+                 typemap={'user_name': Unicode})
+        )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super(SybaseDialect, self).initialize(connection)
+        if self.server_version_info is not None and\
+                self.server_version_info < (15, ):
+            self.max_identifier_length = 30
+        else:
+            self.max_identifier_length = 255
+
+    def get_table_id(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Fetch the id for schema.table_name.
+
+        Several reflection methods require the table id.  The idea for using
+        this method is that it can be fetched one time and cached for
+        subsequent calls.
+
+        """
+
+        table_id = None
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        TABLEID_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.id AS id
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid=u.uid
+          WHERE u.name = :schema_name
+              AND o.name = :table_name
+              AND o.type in ('U', 'V')
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, unicode):
+                schema = schema.encode("ascii")
+            if isinstance(table_name, unicode):
+                table_name = table_name.encode("ascii")
+        result = connection.execute(TABLEID_SQL,
+                                    schema_name=schema,
+                                    table_name=table_name)
+        table_id = result.scalar()
+        if table_id is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+        return table_id
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        COLUMN_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT col.name AS name,
+                 t.name AS type,
+                 (col.status & 8) AS nullable,
+                 (col.status & 128) AS autoincrement,
+                 com.text AS 'default',
+                 col.prec AS precision,
+                 col.scale AS scale,
+                 col.length AS length
+          FROM systypes t, syscolumns col LEFT OUTER JOIN syscomments com ON
+              col.cdefault = com.id
+          WHERE col.usertype = t.usertype
+              AND col.id = :table_id
+          ORDER BY col.colid
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(COLUMN_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+
+        columns = []
+        for (name, type_, nullable, autoincrement, default, precision, scale,
+             length) in results:
+            col_info = self._get_column_info(name, type_, bool(nullable),
+                                             bool(autoincrement),
+                                             default, precision, scale,
+                                             length)
+            columns.append(col_info)
+
+        return columns
+
+    def _get_column_info(self, name, type_, nullable, autoincrement, default,
+                         precision, scale, length):
+
+        coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type_, None)
+
+        kwargs = {}
+
+        if coltype in (NUMERIC, DECIMAL):
+            args = (precision, scale)
+        elif coltype == FLOAT:
+            args = (precision,)
+        elif coltype in (CHAR, VARCHAR, UNICHAR, UNIVARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR):
+            args = (length,)
+        else:
+            args = ()
+
+        if coltype:
+            coltype = coltype(*args, **kwargs)
+            # is this necessary
+            # if is_array:
+            #     coltype = ARRAY(coltype)
+        else:
+            util.warn("Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" %
+                      (type_, name))
+            coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+        if default:
+            default = re.sub("DEFAULT", "", default).strip()
+            default = re.sub("^'(.*)'$", lambda m: m.group(1), default)
+        else:
+            default = None
+
+        column_info = dict(name=name, type=coltype, nullable=nullable,
+                           default=default, autoincrement=autoincrement)
+        return column_info
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        table_cache = {}
+        column_cache = {}
+        foreign_keys = []
+
+        table_cache[table_id] = {"name": table_name, "schema": schema}
+
+        COLUMN_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT c.colid AS id, c.name AS name
+          FROM syscolumns c
+          WHERE c.id = :table_id
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(COLUMN_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+        columns = {}
+        for col in results:
+            columns[col["id"]] = col["name"]
+        column_cache[table_id] = columns
+
+        REFCONSTRAINT_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name, r.reftabid AS reftable_id,
+            r.keycnt AS 'count',
+            r.fokey1 AS fokey1, r.fokey2 AS fokey2, r.fokey3 AS fokey3,
+            r.fokey4 AS fokey4, r.fokey5 AS fokey5, r.fokey6 AS fokey6,
+            r.fokey7 AS fokey7, r.fokey1 AS fokey8, r.fokey9 AS fokey9,
+            r.fokey10 AS fokey10, r.fokey11 AS fokey11, r.fokey12 AS fokey12,
+            r.fokey13 AS fokey13, r.fokey14 AS fokey14, r.fokey15 AS fokey15,
+            r.fokey16 AS fokey16,
+            r.refkey1 AS refkey1, r.refkey2 AS refkey2, r.refkey3 AS refkey3,
+            r.refkey4 AS refkey4, r.refkey5 AS refkey5, r.refkey6 AS refkey6,
+            r.refkey7 AS refkey7, r.refkey1 AS refkey8, r.refkey9 AS refkey9,
+            r.refkey10 AS refkey10, r.refkey11 AS refkey11,
+            r.refkey12 AS refkey12, r.refkey13 AS refkey13,
+            r.refkey14 AS refkey14, r.refkey15 AS refkey15,
+            r.refkey16 AS refkey16
+          FROM sysreferences r JOIN sysobjects o on r.tableid = o.id
+          WHERE r.tableid = :table_id
+        """)
+        referential_constraints = connection.execute(
+            REFCONSTRAINT_SQL, table_id=table_id).fetchall()
+
+        REFTABLE_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name, u.name AS 'schema'
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid = u.uid
+          WHERE o.id = :table_id
+        """)
+
+        for r in referential_constraints:
+            reftable_id = r["reftable_id"]
+
+            if reftable_id not in table_cache:
+                c = connection.execute(REFTABLE_SQL, table_id=reftable_id)
+                reftable = c.fetchone()
+                c.close()
+                table_info = {"name": reftable["name"], "schema": None}
+                if (schema is not None or
+                        reftable["schema"] != self.default_schema_name):
+                    table_info["schema"] = reftable["schema"]
+
+                table_cache[reftable_id] = table_info
+                results = connection.execute(COLUMN_SQL, table_id=reftable_id)
+                reftable_columns = {}
+                for col in results:
+                    reftable_columns[col["id"]] = col["name"]
+                column_cache[reftable_id] = reftable_columns
+
+            reftable = table_cache[reftable_id]
+            reftable_columns = column_cache[reftable_id]
+
+            constrained_columns = []
+            referred_columns = []
+            for i in range(1, r["count"] + 1):
+                constrained_columns.append(columns[r["fokey%i" % i]])
+                referred_columns.append(reftable_columns[r["refkey%i" % i]])
+
+            fk_info = {
+                "constrained_columns": constrained_columns,
+                "referred_schema": reftable["schema"],
+                "referred_table": reftable["name"],
+                "referred_columns": referred_columns,
+                "name": r["name"]
+            }
+
+            foreign_keys.append(fk_info)
+
+        return foreign_keys
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        INDEX_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT object_name(i.id) AS table_name,
+                 i.keycnt AS 'count',
+                 i.name AS name,
+                 (i.status & 0x2) AS 'unique',
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 1) AS col_1,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 2) AS col_2,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 3) AS col_3,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 4) AS col_4,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 5) AS col_5,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 6) AS col_6,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 7) AS col_7,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 8) AS col_8,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 9) AS col_9,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 10) AS col_10,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 11) AS col_11,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 12) AS col_12,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 13) AS col_13,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 14) AS col_14,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 15) AS col_15,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 16) AS col_16
+          FROM sysindexes i, sysobjects o
+          WHERE o.id = i.id
+            AND o.id = :table_id
+            AND (i.status & 2048) = 0
+            AND i.indid BETWEEN 1 AND 254
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(INDEX_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+        indexes = []
+        for r in results:
+            column_names = []
+            for i in range(1, r["count"]):
+                column_names.append(r["col_%i" % (i,)])
+            index_info = {"name": r["name"],
+                          "unique": bool(r["unique"]),
+                          "column_names": column_names}
+            indexes.append(index_info)
+
+        return indexes
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_id = self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema,
+                                     info_cache=kw.get("info_cache"))
+
+        PK_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT object_name(i.id) AS table_name,
+                 i.keycnt AS 'count',
+                 i.name AS name,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 1) AS pk_1,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 2) AS pk_2,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 3) AS pk_3,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 4) AS pk_4,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 5) AS pk_5,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 6) AS pk_6,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 7) AS pk_7,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 8) AS pk_8,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 9) AS pk_9,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 10) AS pk_10,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 11) AS pk_11,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 12) AS pk_12,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 13) AS pk_13,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 14) AS pk_14,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 15) AS pk_15,
+                 index_col(object_name(i.id), i.indid, 16) AS pk_16
+          FROM sysindexes i, sysobjects o
+          WHERE o.id = i.id
+            AND o.id = :table_id
+            AND (i.status & 2048) = 2048
+            AND i.indid BETWEEN 1 AND 254
+        """)
+
+        results = connection.execute(PK_SQL, table_id=table_id)
+        pks = results.fetchone()
+        results.close()
+
+        constrained_columns = []
+        if pks:
+            for i in range(1, pks["count"] + 1):
+                constrained_columns.append(pks["pk_%i" % (i,)])
+            return {"constrained_columns": constrained_columns,
+                    "name": pks["name"]}
+        else:
+            return {"constrained_columns": [], "name": None}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+
+        SCHEMA_SQL = text("SELECT u.name AS name FROM sysusers u")
+
+        schemas = connection.execute(SCHEMA_SQL)
+
+        return [s["name"] for s in schemas]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        TABLE_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid = u.uid
+          WHERE u.name = :schema_name
+            AND o.type = 'U'
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, unicode):
+                schema = schema.encode("ascii")
+
+        tables = connection.execute(TABLE_SQL, schema_name=schema)
+
+        return [t["name"] for t in tables]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        VIEW_DEF_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT c.text
+          FROM syscomments c JOIN sysobjects o ON c.id = o.id
+          WHERE o.name = :view_name
+            AND o.type = 'V'
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(view_name, unicode):
+                view_name = view_name.encode("ascii")
+
+        view = connection.execute(VIEW_DEF_SQL, view_name=view_name)
+
+        return view.scalar()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        VIEW_SQL = text("""
+          SELECT o.name AS name
+          FROM sysobjects o JOIN sysusers u ON o.uid = u.uid
+          WHERE u.name = :schema_name
+            AND o.type = 'V'
+        """)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, unicode):
+                schema = schema.encode("ascii")
+        views = connection.execute(VIEW_SQL, schema_name=schema)
+
+        return [v["name"] for v in views]
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        try:
+            self.get_table_id(connection, table_name, schema)
+        except exc.NoSuchTableError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60e6510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/mxodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# sybase/mxodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: sybase+mxodbc
+    :name: mxODBC
+    :dbapi: mxodbc
+    :connectstring: sybase+mxodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: http://www.egenix.com/
+
+.. note::
+
+    This dialect is a stub only and is likely non functional at this time.
+
+
+"""
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseDialect
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseExecutionContext
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.mxodbc import MxODBCConnector
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext_mxodbc(SybaseExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class SybaseDialect_mxodbc(MxODBCConnector, SybaseDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = SybaseExecutionContext_mxodbc
+
+dialect = SybaseDialect_mxodbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..348ca32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# sybase/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sybase+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: sybase+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>\
+[/<database>]
+    :url: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyodbc/
+
+
+Unicode Support
+---------------
+
+The pyodbc driver currently supports usage of these Sybase types with
+Unicode or multibyte strings::
+
+    CHAR
+    NCHAR
+    NVARCHAR
+    TEXT
+    VARCHAR
+
+Currently *not* supported are::
+
+    UNICHAR
+    UNITEXT
+    UNIVARCHAR
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseDialect,\
+    SybaseExecutionContext
+from sqlalchemy.connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, processors
+import decimal
+
+
+class _SybNumeric_pyodbc(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    """Turns Decimals with adjusted() < -6 into floats.
+
+    It's not yet known how to get decimals with many
+    significant digits or very large adjusted() into Sybase
+    via pyodbc.
+
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_process = super(_SybNumeric_pyodbc, self).\
+            bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.asdecimal and \
+                    isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+
+                if value.adjusted() < -6:
+                    return processors.to_float(value)
+
+            if super_process:
+                return super_process(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+        return process
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext_pyodbc(SybaseExecutionContext):
+    def set_ddl_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        if value:
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+
+
+class SybaseDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, SybaseDialect):
+    execution_ctx_cls = SybaseExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _SybNumeric_pyodbc,
+    }
+
+dialect = SybaseDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41ca47f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sybase/pysybase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# sybase/pysybase.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sybase+pysybase
+    :name: Python-Sybase
+    :dbapi: Sybase
+    :connectstring: sybase+pysybase://<username>:<password>@<dsn>/\
+[database name]
+    :url: http://python-sybase.sourceforge.net/
+
+Unicode Support
+---------------
+
+The python-sybase driver does not appear to support non-ASCII strings of any
+kind at this time.
+
+"""
+
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, processors
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.sybase.base import SybaseDialect, \
+    SybaseExecutionContext, SybaseSQLCompiler
+
+
+class _SybNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, type_):
+        if not self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Numeric.result_processor(self, dialect, type_)
+
+
+class SybaseExecutionContext_pysybase(SybaseExecutionContext):
+
+    def set_ddl_autocommit(self, dbapi_connection, value):
+        if value:
+            # call commit() on the Sybase connection directly,
+            # to avoid any side effects of calling a Connection
+            # transactional method inside of pre_exec()
+            dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        SybaseExecutionContext.pre_exec(self)
+
+        for param in self.parameters:
+            for key in list(param):
+                param["@" + key] = param[key]
+                del param[key]
+
+
+class SybaseSQLCompiler_pysybase(SybaseSQLCompiler):
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
+        return "@" + name
+
+
+class SybaseDialect_pysybase(SybaseDialect):
+    driver = 'pysybase'
+    execution_ctx_cls = SybaseExecutionContext_pysybase
+    statement_compiler = SybaseSQLCompiler_pysybase
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.Numeric: _SybNumeric,
+        sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dbapi(cls):
+        import Sybase
+        return Sybase
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username='user', password='passwd')
+
+        return ([opts.pop('host')], opts)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        # calling python-sybase executemany yields:
+        # TypeError: string too long for buffer
+        for param in parameters:
+            cursor.execute(statement, param)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        vers = connection.scalar("select @@version_number")
+        # i.e. 15500, 15000, 12500 == (15, 5, 0, 0), (15, 0, 0, 0),
+        # (12, 5, 0, 0)
+        return (vers / 1000, vers % 1000 / 100, vers % 100 / 10, vers % 10)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, (self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                          self.dbapi.ProgrammingError)):
+            msg = str(e)
+            return ('Unable to complete network request to host' in msg or
+                    'Invalid connection state' in msg or
+                    'Invalid cursor state' in msg)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+dialect = SybaseDialect_pysybase
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09054d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+# engine/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL connections, SQL execution and high-level DB-API interface.
+
+The engine package defines the basic components used to interface
+DB-API modules with higher-level statement construction,
+connection-management, execution and result contexts.  The primary
+"entry point" class into this package is the Engine and its public
+constructor ``create_engine()``.
+
+This package includes:
+
+base.py
+    Defines interface classes and some implementation classes which
+    comprise the basic components used to interface between a DB-API,
+    constructed and plain-text statements, connections, transactions,
+    and results.
+
+default.py
+    Contains default implementations of some of the components defined
+    in base.py.  All current database dialects use the classes in
+    default.py as base classes for their own database-specific
+    implementations.
+
+strategies.py
+    The mechanics of constructing ``Engine`` objects are represented
+    here.  Defines the ``EngineStrategy`` class which represents how
+    to go from arguments specified to the ``create_engine()``
+    function, to a fully constructed ``Engine``, including
+    initialization of connection pooling, dialects, and specific
+    subclasses of ``Engine``.
+
+threadlocal.py
+    The ``TLEngine`` class is defined here, which is a subclass of
+    the generic ``Engine`` and tracks ``Connection`` and
+    ``Transaction`` objects against the identity of the current
+    thread.  This allows certain programming patterns based around
+    the concept of a "thread-local connection" to be possible.
+    The ``TLEngine`` is created by using the "threadlocal" engine
+    strategy in conjunction with the ``create_engine()`` function.
+
+url.py
+    Defines the ``URL`` class which represents the individual
+    components of a string URL passed to ``create_engine()``.  Also
+    defines a basic module-loading strategy for the dialect specifier
+    within a URL.
+"""
+
+from .interfaces import (
+    Connectable,
+    Dialect,
+    ExecutionContext,
+    ExceptionContext,
+
+    # backwards compat
+    Compiled,
+    TypeCompiler
+)
+
+from .base import (
+    Connection,
+    Engine,
+    NestedTransaction,
+    RootTransaction,
+    Transaction,
+    TwoPhaseTransaction,
+)
+
+from .result import (
+    BaseRowProxy,
+    BufferedColumnResultProxy,
+    BufferedColumnRow,
+    BufferedRowResultProxy,
+    FullyBufferedResultProxy,
+    ResultProxy,
+    RowProxy,
+)
+
+from .util import (
+    connection_memoize
+)
+
+
+from . import util, strategies
+
+# backwards compat
+from ..sql import ddl
+
+default_strategy = 'plain'
+
+
+def create_engine(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Create a new :class:`.Engine` instance.
+
+    The standard calling form is to send the URL as the
+    first positional argument, usually a string
+    that indicates database dialect and connection arguments::
+
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    Additional keyword arguments may then follow it which
+    establish various options on the resulting :class:`.Engine`
+    and its underlying :class:`.Dialect` and :class:`.Pool`
+    constructs::
+
+        engine = create_engine("mysql://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
+                                    encoding='latin1', echo=True)
+
+    The string form of the URL is
+    ``dialect[+driver]://user:password@host/dbname[?key=value..]``, where
+    ``dialect`` is a database name such as ``mysql``, ``oracle``,
+    ``postgresql``, etc., and ``driver`` the name of a DBAPI, such as
+    ``psycopg2``, ``pyodbc``, ``cx_oracle``, etc.  Alternatively,
+    the URL can be an instance of :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`.
+
+    ``**kwargs`` takes a wide variety of options which are routed
+    towards their appropriate components.  Arguments may be specific to
+    the :class:`.Engine`, the underlying :class:`.Dialect`, as well as the
+    :class:`.Pool`.  Specific dialects also accept keyword arguments that
+    are unique to that dialect.   Here, we describe the parameters
+    that are common to most :func:`.create_engine()` usage.
+
+    Once established, the newly resulting :class:`.Engine` will
+    request a connection from the underlying :class:`.Pool` once
+    :meth:`.Engine.connect` is called, or a method which depends on it
+    such as :meth:`.Engine.execute` is invoked.   The :class:`.Pool` in turn
+    will establish the first actual DBAPI connection when this request
+    is received.   The :func:`.create_engine` call itself does **not**
+    establish any actual DBAPI connections directly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+        :doc:`/dialects/index`
+
+        :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    :param case_sensitive=True: if False, result column names
+       will match in a case-insensitive fashion, that is,
+       ``row['SomeColumn']``.
+
+       .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+           By default, result row names match case-sensitively.
+           In version 0.7 and prior, all matches were case-insensitive.
+
+    :param connect_args: a dictionary of options which will be
+        passed directly to the DBAPI's ``connect()`` method as
+        additional keyword arguments.  See the example
+        at :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`.
+
+    :param convert_unicode=False: if set to True, sets
+        the default behavior of ``convert_unicode`` on the
+        :class:`.String` type to ``True``, regardless
+        of a setting of ``False`` on an individual
+        :class:`.String` type, thus causing all :class:`.String`
+        -based columns
+        to accommodate Python ``unicode`` objects.  This flag
+        is useful as an engine-wide setting when using a
+        DBAPI that does not natively support Python
+        ``unicode`` objects and raises an error when
+        one is received (such as pyodbc with FreeTDS).
+
+        See :class:`.String` for further details on
+        what this flag indicates.
+
+    :param creator: a callable which returns a DBAPI connection.
+        This creation function will be passed to the underlying
+        connection pool and will be used to create all new database
+        connections. Usage of this function causes connection
+        parameters specified in the URL argument to be bypassed.
+
+    :param echo=False: if True, the Engine will log all statements
+        as well as a repr() of their parameter lists to the engines
+        logger, which defaults to sys.stdout. The ``echo`` attribute of
+        ``Engine`` can be modified at any time to turn logging on and
+        off. If set to the string ``"debug"``, result rows will be
+        printed to the standard output as well. This flag ultimately
+        controls a Python logger; see :ref:`dbengine_logging` for
+        information on how to configure logging directly.
+
+    :param echo_pool=False: if True, the connection pool will log
+        all checkouts/checkins to the logging stream, which defaults to
+        sys.stdout. This flag ultimately controls a Python logger; see
+        :ref:`dbengine_logging` for information on how to configure logging
+        directly.
+
+    :param encoding: Defaults to ``utf-8``.  This is the string
+        encoding used by SQLAlchemy for string encode/decode
+        operations which occur within SQLAlchemy, **outside of
+        the DBAPI.**  Most modern DBAPIs feature some degree of
+        direct support for Python ``unicode`` objects,
+        what you see in Python 2 as a string of the form
+        ``u'some string'``.  For those scenarios where the
+        DBAPI is detected as not supporting a Python ``unicode``
+        object, this encoding is used to determine the
+        source/destination encoding.  It is **not used**
+        for those cases where the DBAPI handles unicode
+        directly.
+
+        To properly configure a system to accommodate Python
+        ``unicode`` objects, the DBAPI should be
+        configured to handle unicode to the greatest
+        degree as is appropriate - see
+        the notes on unicode pertaining to the specific
+        target database in use at :ref:`dialect_toplevel`.
+
+        Areas where string encoding may need to be accommodated
+        outside of the DBAPI include zero or more of:
+
+        * the values passed to bound parameters, corresponding to
+          the :class:`.Unicode` type or the :class:`.String` type
+          when ``convert_unicode`` is ``True``;
+        * the values returned in result set columns corresponding
+          to the :class:`.Unicode` type or the :class:`.String`
+          type when ``convert_unicode`` is ``True``;
+        * the string SQL statement passed to the DBAPI's
+          ``cursor.execute()`` method;
+        * the string names of the keys in the bound parameter
+          dictionary passed to the DBAPI's ``cursor.execute()``
+          as well as ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` methods;
+        * the string column names retrieved from the DBAPI's
+          ``cursor.description`` attribute.
+
+        When using Python 3, the DBAPI is required to support
+        *all* of the above values as Python ``unicode`` objects,
+        which in Python 3 are just known as ``str``.  In Python 2,
+        the DBAPI does not specify unicode behavior at all,
+        so SQLAlchemy must make decisions for each of the above
+        values on a per-DBAPI basis - implementations are
+        completely inconsistent in their behavior.
+
+    :param execution_options: Dictionary execution options which will
+        be applied to all connections.  See
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+    :param implicit_returning=True: When ``True``, a RETURNING-
+        compatible construct, if available, will be used to
+        fetch newly generated primary key values when a single row
+        INSERT statement is emitted with no existing returning()
+        clause.  This applies to those backends which support RETURNING
+        or a compatible construct, including Postgresql, Firebird, Oracle,
+        Microsoft SQL Server.   Set this to ``False`` to disable
+        the automatic usage of RETURNING.
+
+    :param isolation_level: this string parameter is interpreted by various
+        dialects in order to affect the transaction isolation level of the
+        database connection.   The parameter essentially accepts some subset of
+        these string arguments: ``"SERIALIZABLE"``, ``"REPEATABLE_READ"``,
+        ``"READ_COMMITTED"``, ``"READ_UNCOMMITTED"`` and ``"AUTOCOMMIT"``.
+        Behavior here varies per backend, and
+        individual dialects should be consulted directly.
+
+        Note that the isolation level can also be set on a per-:class:`.Connection`
+        basis as well, using the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+        feature.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :ref:`SQLite Transaction Isolation <sqlite_isolation_level>`
+
+            :ref:`Postgresql Transaction Isolation <postgresql_isolation_level>`
+
+            :ref:`MySQL Transaction Isolation <mysql_isolation_level>`
+
+            :ref:`session_transaction_isolation` - for the ORM
+
+    :param label_length=None: optional integer value which limits
+        the size of dynamically generated column labels to that many
+        characters. If less than 6, labels are generated as
+        "_(counter)". If ``None``, the value of
+        ``dialect.max_identifier_length`` is used instead.
+
+    :param listeners: A list of one or more
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.interfaces.PoolListener` objects which will
+        receive connection pool events.
+
+    :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+        the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+        "sqlalchemy.engine" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the
+        object's id.
+
+    :param max_overflow=10: the number of connections to allow in
+        connection pool "overflow", that is connections that can be
+        opened above and beyond the pool_size setting, which defaults
+        to five. this is only used with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param module=None: reference to a Python module object (the module
+        itself, not its string name).  Specifies an alternate DBAPI module to
+        be used by the engine's dialect.  Each sub-dialect references a
+        specific DBAPI which will be imported before first connect.  This
+        parameter causes the import to be bypassed, and the given module to
+        be used instead. Can be used for testing of DBAPIs as well as to
+        inject "mock" DBAPI implementations into the :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    :param paramstyle=None: The `paramstyle <http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#paramstyle>`_
+        to use when rendering bound parameters.  This style defaults to the
+        one recommended by the DBAPI itself, which is retrieved from the
+        ``.paramstyle`` attribute of the DBAPI.  However, most DBAPIs accept
+        more than one paramstyle, and in particular it may be desirable
+        to change a "named" paramstyle into a "positional" one, or vice versa.
+        When this attribute is passed, it should be one of the values
+        ``"qmark"``, ``"numeric"``, ``"named"``, ``"format"`` or
+        ``"pyformat"``, and should correspond to a parameter style known
+        to be supported by the DBAPI in use.
+
+    :param pool=None: an already-constructed instance of
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`, such as a
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` instance. If non-None, this
+        pool will be used directly as the underlying connection pool
+        for the engine, bypassing whatever connection parameters are
+        present in the URL argument. For information on constructing
+        connection pools manually, see :ref:`pooling_toplevel`.
+
+    :param poolclass=None: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`
+        subclass, which will be used to create a connection pool
+        instance using the connection parameters given in the URL. Note
+        this differs from ``pool`` in that you don't actually
+        instantiate the pool in this case, you just indicate what type
+        of pool to be used.
+
+    :param pool_logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+       the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+       "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+       id.
+
+    :param pool_size=5: the number of connections to keep open
+        inside the connection pool. This used with
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` as
+        well as :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.SingletonThreadPool`.  With
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`, a ``pool_size`` setting
+        of 0 indicates no limit; to disable pooling, set ``poolclass`` to
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool` instead.
+
+    :param pool_recycle=-1: this setting causes the pool to recycle
+        connections after the given number of seconds has passed. It
+        defaults to -1, or no timeout. For example, setting to 3600
+        means connections will be recycled after one hour. Note that
+        MySQL in particular will disconnect automatically if no
+        activity is detected on a connection for eight hours (although
+        this is configurable with the MySQLDB connection itself and the
+        server configuration as well).
+
+    :param pool_reset_on_return='rollback': set the "reset on return"
+        behavior of the pool, which is whether ``rollback()``,
+        ``commit()``, or nothing is called upon connections
+        being returned to the pool.  See the docstring for
+        ``reset_on_return`` at :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+    :param pool_timeout=30: number of seconds to wait before giving
+        up on getting a connection from the pool. This is only used
+        with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param strategy='plain': selects alternate engine implementations.
+        Currently available are:
+
+        * the ``threadlocal`` strategy, which is described in
+          :ref:`threadlocal_strategy`;
+        * the ``mock`` strategy, which dispatches all statement
+          execution to a function passed as the argument ``executor``.
+          See `example in the FAQ
+          <http://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/wiki/FAQ#HowcanIgettheCREATETABLEDROPTABLEoutputasastring>`_.
+
+    :param executor=None: a function taking arguments
+        ``(sql, *multiparams, **params)``, to which the ``mock`` strategy will
+        dispatch all statement execution. Used only by ``strategy='mock'``.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy = kwargs.pop('strategy', default_strategy)
+    strategy = strategies.strategies[strategy]
+    return strategy.create(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def engine_from_config(configuration, prefix='sqlalchemy.', **kwargs):
+    """Create a new Engine instance using a configuration dictionary.
+
+    The dictionary is typically produced from a config file.
+    
+    The keys of interest to ``engine_from_config()`` should be prefixed, e.g.
+    ``sqlalchemy.url``, ``sqlalchemy.echo``, etc.  The 'prefix' argument
+    indicates the prefix to be searched for.  Each matching key (after the
+    prefix is stripped) is treated as though it were the corresponding keyword
+    argument to a :func:`.create_engine` call.
+
+    The only required key is (assuming the default prefix) ``sqlalchemy.url``,
+    which provides the :ref:`database URL <database_urls>`.
+
+    A select set of keyword arguments will be "coerced" to their
+    expected type based on string values.    The set of arguments
+    is extensible per-dialect using the ``engine_config_types`` accessor.
+
+    :param configuration: A dictionary (typically produced from a config file,
+        but this is not a requirement).  Items whose keys start with the value
+        of 'prefix' will have that prefix stripped, and will then be passed to
+        :ref:`create_engine`.
+
+    :param prefix: Prefix to match and then strip from keys
+        in 'configuration'.
+
+    :param kwargs: Each keyword argument to ``engine_from_config()`` itself
+        overrides the corresponding item taken from the 'configuration'
+        dictionary.  Keyword arguments should *not* be prefixed.
+
+    """
+
+    options = dict((key[len(prefix):], configuration[key])
+                   for key in configuration
+                   if key.startswith(prefix))
+    options['_coerce_config'] = True
+    options.update(kwargs)
+    url = options.pop('url')
+    return create_engine(url, **options)
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'create_engine',
+    'engine_from_config',
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80edd95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2134 @@
+# engine/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+"""Defines :class:`.Connection` and :class:`.Engine`.
+
+"""
+
+
+import sys
+from .. import exc, util, log, interfaces
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from .interfaces import Connectable, ExceptionContext
+from .util import _distill_params
+import contextlib
+
+
+class Connection(Connectable):
+    """Provides high-level functionality for a wrapped DB-API connection.
+
+    Provides execution support for string-based SQL statements as well as
+    :class:`.ClauseElement`, :class:`.Compiled` and :class:`.DefaultGenerator`
+    objects. Provides a :meth:`begin` method to return :class:`.Transaction`
+    objects.
+
+    The Connection object is **not** thread-safe.  While a Connection can be
+    shared among threads using properly synchronized access, it is still
+    possible that the underlying DBAPI connection may not support shared
+    access between threads.  Check the DBAPI documentation for details.
+
+    The Connection object represents a single dbapi connection checked out
+    from the connection pool. In this state, the connection pool has no affect
+    upon the connection, including its expiration or timeout state. For the
+    connection pool to properly manage connections, connections should be
+    returned to the connection pool (i.e. ``connection.close()``) whenever the
+    connection is not in use.
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Connection
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, connection=None, close_with_result=False,
+                 _branch_from=None, _execution_options=None,
+                 _dispatch=None,
+                 _has_events=None):
+        """Construct a new Connection.
+
+        The constructor here is not public and is only called only by an
+        :class:`.Engine`. See :meth:`.Engine.connect` and
+        :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` methods.
+
+        """
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.dialect = engine.dialect
+        self.__branch_from = _branch_from
+        self.__branch = _branch_from is not None
+
+        if _branch_from:
+            self.__connection = connection
+            self._execution_options = _execution_options
+            self._echo = _branch_from._echo
+            self.should_close_with_result = False
+            self.dispatch = _dispatch
+            self._has_events = _branch_from._has_events
+        else:
+            self.__connection = connection \
+                if connection is not None else engine.raw_connection()
+            self.__transaction = None
+            self.__savepoint_seq = 0
+            self.should_close_with_result = close_with_result
+            self.__invalid = False
+            self.__can_reconnect = True
+            self._echo = self.engine._should_log_info()
+
+            if _has_events is None:
+                # if _has_events is sent explicitly as False,
+                # then don't join the dispatch of the engine; we don't
+                # want to handle any of the engine's events in that case.
+                self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(engine.dispatch)
+            self._has_events = _has_events or (
+                _has_events is None and engine._has_events)
+
+            assert not _execution_options
+            self._execution_options = engine._execution_options
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.engine_connect(self, self.__branch)
+
+    def _branch(self):
+        """Return a new Connection which references this Connection's
+        engine and connection; but does not have close_with_result enabled,
+        and also whose close() method does nothing.
+
+        The Core uses this very sparingly, only in the case of
+        custom SQL default functions that are to be INSERTed as the
+        primary key of a row where we need to get the value back, so we have
+        to invoke it distinctly - this is a very uncommon case.
+
+        Userland code accesses _branch() when the connect() or
+        contextual_connect() methods are called.  The branched connection
+        acts as much as possible like the parent, except that it stays
+        connected when a close() event occurs.
+
+        """
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            return self.__branch_from._branch()
+        else:
+            return self.engine._connection_cls(
+                self.engine,
+                self.__connection,
+                _branch_from=self,
+                _execution_options=self._execution_options,
+                _has_events=self._has_events,
+                _dispatch=self.dispatch)
+
+    @property
+    def _root(self):
+        """return the 'root' connection.
+
+        Returns 'self' if this connection is not a branch, else
+        returns the root connection from which we ultimately branched.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            return self.__branch_from
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        """Create a shallow copy of this Connection.
+
+        """
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return c
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt):
+        """ Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect
+        during execution.
+
+        The method returns a copy of this :class:`.Connection` which references
+        the same underlying DBAPI connection, but also defines the given
+        execution options which will take effect for a call to
+        :meth:`execute`. As the new :class:`.Connection` references the same
+        underlying resource, it's usually a good idea to ensure that the copies
+        will be discarded immediately, which is implicit if used as in::
+
+            result = connection.execution_options(stream_results=True).\\
+                                execute(stmt)
+
+        Note that any key/value can be passed to
+        :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`, and it will be stored in the
+        ``_execution_options`` dictionary of the :class:`.Connection`.   It
+        is suitable for usage by end-user schemes to communicate with
+        event listeners, for example.
+
+        The keywords that are currently recognized by SQLAlchemy itself
+        include all those listed under :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+        as well as others that are specific to :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        :param autocommit: Available on: Connection, statement.
+          When True, a COMMIT will be invoked after execution
+          when executed in 'autocommit' mode, i.e. when an explicit
+          transaction is not begun on the connection. Note that DBAPI
+          connections by default are always in a transaction - SQLAlchemy uses
+          rules applied to different kinds of statements to determine if
+          COMMIT will be invoked in order to provide its "autocommit" feature.
+          Typically, all INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements as well as
+          CREATE/DROP statements have autocommit behavior enabled; SELECT
+          constructs do not. Use this option when invoking a SELECT or other
+          specific SQL construct where COMMIT is desired (typically when
+          calling stored procedures and such), and an explicit
+          transaction is not in progress.
+
+        :param compiled_cache: Available on: Connection.
+          A dictionary where :class:`.Compiled` objects
+          will be cached when the :class:`.Connection` compiles a clause
+          expression into a :class:`.Compiled` object.
+          It is the user's responsibility to
+          manage the size of this dictionary, which will have keys
+          corresponding to the dialect, clause element, the column
+          names within the VALUES or SET clause of an INSERT or UPDATE,
+          as well as the "batch" mode for an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+          The format of this dictionary is not guaranteed to stay the
+          same in future releases.
+
+          Note that the ORM makes use of its own "compiled" caches for
+          some operations, including flush operations.  The caching
+          used by the ORM internally supersedes a cache dictionary
+          specified here.
+
+        :param isolation_level: Available on: :class:`.Connection`.
+          Set the transaction isolation level for
+          the lifespan of this :class:`.Connection` object (*not* the
+          underyling DBAPI connection, for which the level is reset
+          to its original setting upon termination of this
+          :class:`.Connection` object).
+
+          Valid values include
+          those string values accepted by the
+          :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level`
+          parameter passed to :func:`.create_engine`.  These levels are
+          semi-database specific; see individual dialect documentation for
+          valid levels.
+
+          Note that this option necessarily affects the underlying
+          DBAPI connection for the lifespan of the originating
+          :class:`.Connection`, and is not per-execution. This
+          setting is not removed until the underlying DBAPI connection
+          is returned to the connection pool, i.e.
+          the :meth:`.Connection.close` method is called.
+
+          .. warning::  The ``isolation_level`` execution option should
+             **not** be used when a transaction is already established, that
+             is, the :meth:`.Connection.begin` method or similar has been
+             called.  A database cannot change the isolation level on a
+             transaction in progress, and different DBAPIs and/or
+             SQLAlchemy dialects may implicitly roll back or commit
+             the transaction, or not affect the connection at all.
+
+             .. versionchanged:: 0.9.9 A warning is emitted when the
+                ``isolation_level`` execution option is used after a
+                transaction has been started with :meth:`.Connection.begin`
+                or similar.
+
+          .. note:: The ``isolation_level`` execution option is implicitly
+             reset if the :class:`.Connection` is invalidated, e.g. via
+             the :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method, or if a
+             disconnection error occurs.  The new connection produced after
+             the invalidation will not have the isolation level re-applied
+             to it automatically.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level`
+                - set per :class:`.Engine` isolation level
+
+                :meth:`.Connection.get_isolation_level` - view current level
+
+                :ref:`SQLite Transaction Isolation <sqlite_isolation_level>`
+
+                :ref:`Postgresql Transaction Isolation <postgresql_isolation_level>`
+
+                :ref:`MySQL Transaction Isolation <mysql_isolation_level>`
+
+                :ref:`session_transaction_isolation` - for the ORM
+
+        :param no_parameters: When ``True``, if the final parameter
+          list or dictionary is totally empty, will invoke the
+          statement on the cursor as ``cursor.execute(statement)``,
+          not passing the parameter collection at all.
+          Some DBAPIs such as psycopg2 and mysql-python consider
+          percent signs as significant only when parameters are
+          present; this option allows code to generate SQL
+          containing percent signs (and possibly other characters)
+          that is neutral regarding whether it's executed by the DBAPI
+          or piped into a script that's later invoked by
+          command line tools.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        :param stream_results: Available on: Connection, statement.
+          Indicate to the dialect that results should be
+          "streamed" and not pre-buffered, if possible.  This is a limitation
+          of many DBAPIs.  The flag is currently understood only by the
+          psycopg2 dialect.
+
+        """
+        c = self._clone()
+        c._execution_options = c._execution_options.union(opt)
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.set_connection_execution_options(c, opt)
+        self.dialect.set_connection_execution_options(c, opt)
+        return c
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        """Return True if this connection is closed."""
+
+        return '_Connection__connection' not in self.__dict__ \
+            and not self.__can_reconnect
+
+    @property
+    def invalidated(self):
+        """Return True if this connection was invalidated."""
+
+        return self._root.__invalid
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        """The underlying DB-API connection managed by this Connection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            return self.__connection
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                return self._revalidate_connection()
+            except Exception as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self):
+        """Return the current isolation level assigned to this
+        :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This will typically be the default isolation level as determined
+        by the dialect, unless if the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+        feature has been used to alter the isolation level on a
+        per-:class:`.Connection` basis.
+
+        This attribute will typically perform a live SQL operation in order
+        to procure the current isolation level, so the value returned is the
+        actual level on the underlying DBAPI connection regardless of how
+        this state was set.  Compare to the
+        :attr:`.Connection.default_isolation_level` accessor
+        which returns the dialect-level setting without performing a SQL
+        query.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`.Connection` isolation level
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.dialect.get_isolation_level(self.connection)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    @property
+    def default_isolation_level(self):
+        """The default isolation level assigned to this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This is the isolation level setting that the :class:`.Connection`
+        has when first procured via the :meth:`.Engine.connect` method.
+        This level stays in place until the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` is used
+        to change the setting on a per-:class:`.Connection` basis.
+
+        Unlike :meth:`.Connection.get_isolation_level`, this attribute is set
+        ahead of time from the first connection procured by the dialect,
+        so SQL query is not invoked when this accessor is called.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.get_isolation_level` - view current level
+
+            :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`.Connection` isolation level
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_isolation_level
+
+    def _revalidate_connection(self):
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            return self.__branch_from._revalidate_connection()
+        if self.__can_reconnect and self.__invalid:
+            if self.__transaction is not None:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't reconnect until invalid "
+                    "transaction is rolled back")
+            self.__connection = self.engine.raw_connection(_connection=self)
+            self.__invalid = False
+            return self.__connection
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+    @property
+    def _connection_is_valid(self):
+        # use getattr() for is_valid to support exceptions raised in
+        # dialect initializer, where the connection is not wrapped in
+        # _ConnectionFairy
+
+        return getattr(self.__connection, 'is_valid', False)
+
+    @property
+    def _still_open_and_connection_is_valid(self):
+        return \
+            not self.closed and \
+            not self.invalidated and \
+            getattr(self.__connection, 'is_valid', False)
+
+    @property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`.Connection`, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data here will follow along with the DBAPI connection including
+        after it is returned to the connection pool and used again
+        in subsequent instances of :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.connection.info
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """Returns a branched version of this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The :meth:`.Connection.close` method on the returned
+        :class:`.Connection` can be called and this
+        :class:`.Connection` will remain open.
+
+        This method provides usage symmetry with
+        :meth:`.Engine.connect`, including for usage
+        with context managers.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._branch()
+
+    def contextual_connect(self, **kwargs):
+        """Returns a branched version of this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The :meth:`.Connection.close` method on the returned
+        :class:`.Connection` can be called and this
+        :class:`.Connection` will remain open.
+
+        This method provides usage symmetry with
+        :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect`, including for usage
+        with context managers.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._branch()
+
+    def invalidate(self, exception=None):
+        """Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with
+        this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The underlying DBAPI connection is literally closed (if
+        possible), and is discarded.  Its source connection pool will
+        typically lazily create a new connection to replace it.
+
+        Upon the next use (where "use" typically means using the
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute` method or similar),
+        this :class:`.Connection` will attempt to
+        procure a new DBAPI connection using the services of the
+        :class:`.Pool` as a source of connectivty (e.g. a "reconnection").
+
+        If a transaction was in progress (e.g. the
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin` method has been called) when
+        :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method is called, at the DBAPI
+        level all state associated with this transaction is lost, as
+        the DBAPI connection is closed.  The :class:`.Connection`
+        will not allow a reconnection to proceed until the
+        :class:`.Transaction` object is ended, by calling the
+        :meth:`.Transaction.rollback` method; until that point, any attempt at
+        continuing to use the :class:`.Connection` will raise an
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+        This is to prevent applications from accidentally
+        continuing an ongoing transactional operations despite the
+        fact that the transaction has been lost due to an
+        invalidation.
+
+        The :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method, just like auto-invalidation,
+        will at the connection pool level invoke the
+        :meth:`.PoolEvents.invalidate` event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.invalidated:
+            return
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+        if self._root._connection_is_valid:
+            self._root.__connection.invalidate(exception)
+        del self._root.__connection
+        self._root.__invalid = True
+
+    def detach(self):
+        """Detach the underlying DB-API connection from its connection pool.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                conn.detach()
+                conn.execute("SET search_path TO schema1, schema2")
+
+                # work with connection
+
+            # connection is fully closed (since we used "with:", can
+            # also call .close())
+
+        This :class:`.Connection` instance will remain usable.  When closed
+        (or exited from a context manager context as above),
+        the DB-API connection will be literally closed and not
+        returned to its originating pool.
+
+        This method can be used to insulate the rest of an application
+        from a modified state on a connection (such as a transaction
+        isolation level or similar).
+
+        """
+
+        self.__connection.detach()
+
+    def begin(self):
+        """Begin a transaction and return a transaction handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Transaction`.
+        This object represents the "scope" of the transaction,
+        which completes when either the :meth:`.Transaction.rollback`
+        or :meth:`.Transaction.commit` method is called.
+
+        Nested calls to :meth:`.begin` on the same :class:`.Connection`
+        will return new :class:`.Transaction` objects that represent
+        an emulated transaction within the scope of the enclosing
+        transaction, that is::
+
+            trans = conn.begin()   # outermost transaction
+            trans2 = conn.begin()  # "nested"
+            trans2.commit()        # does nothing
+            trans.commit()         # actually commits
+
+        Calls to :meth:`.Transaction.commit` only have an effect
+        when invoked via the outermost :class:`.Transaction` object, though the
+        :meth:`.Transaction.rollback` method of any of the
+        :class:`.Transaction` objects will roll back the
+        transaction.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_nested` - use a SAVEPOINT
+
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase` - use a two phase /XID transaction
+
+        :meth:`.Engine.begin` - context manager available from
+        :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            return self.__branch_from.begin()
+
+        if self.__transaction is None:
+            self.__transaction = RootTransaction(self)
+            return self.__transaction
+        else:
+            return Transaction(self, self.__transaction)
+
+    def begin_nested(self):
+        """Begin a nested transaction and return a transaction handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.NestedTransaction`.
+
+        Nested transactions require SAVEPOINT support in the
+        underlying database.  Any transaction in the hierarchy may
+        ``commit`` and ``rollback``, however the outermost transaction
+        still controls the overall ``commit`` or ``rollback`` of the
+        transaction of a whole.
+
+        See also :meth:`.Connection.begin`,
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase`.
+        """
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            return self.__branch_from.begin_nested()
+
+        if self.__transaction is None:
+            self.__transaction = RootTransaction(self)
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = NestedTransaction(self, self.__transaction)
+        return self.__transaction
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, xid=None):
+        """Begin a two-phase or XA transaction and return a transaction
+        handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`,
+        which in addition to the methods provided by
+        :class:`.Transaction`, also provides a
+        :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` method.
+
+        :param xid: the two phase transaction id.  If not supplied, a
+          random id will be generated.
+
+        See also :meth:`.Connection.begin`,
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            return self.__branch_from.begin_twophase(xid=xid)
+
+        if self.__transaction is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot start a two phase transaction when a transaction "
+                "is already in progress.")
+        if xid is None:
+            xid = self.engine.dialect.create_xid()
+        self.__transaction = TwoPhaseTransaction(self, xid)
+        return self.__transaction
+
+    def recover_twophase(self):
+        return self.engine.dialect.do_recover_twophase(self)
+
+    def rollback_prepared(self, xid, recover=False):
+        self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def commit_prepared(self, xid, recover=False):
+        self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def in_transaction(self):
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+        return self._root.__transaction is not None
+
+    def _begin_impl(self, transaction):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info("BEGIN (implicit)")
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin(self)
+
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin(self.connection)
+            if self.connection._reset_agent is None:
+                self.connection._reset_agent = transaction
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _rollback_impl(self):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback(self)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            if self._echo:
+                self.engine.logger.info("ROLLBACK")
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback(self.connection)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+            finally:
+                if not self.__invalid and \
+                        self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                    self.connection._reset_agent = None
+                self.__transaction = None
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _commit_impl(self, autocommit=False):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit(self)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info("COMMIT")
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_commit(self.connection)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        finally:
+            if not self.__invalid and \
+                    self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                self.connection._reset_agent = None
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _savepoint_impl(self, name=None):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.savepoint(self, name)
+
+        if name is None:
+            self.__savepoint_seq += 1
+            name = 'sa_savepoint_%s' % self.__savepoint_seq
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_savepoint(self, name)
+            return name
+
+    def _rollback_to_savepoint_impl(self, name, context):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_savepoint(self, name, context)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, name)
+        self.__transaction = context
+
+    def _release_savepoint_impl(self, name, context):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.release_savepoint(self, name, context)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_release_savepoint(self, name)
+        self.__transaction = context
+
+    def _begin_twophase_impl(self, transaction):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info("BEGIN TWOPHASE (implicit)")
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+
+            if self.connection._reset_agent is None:
+                self.connection._reset_agent = transaction
+
+    def _prepare_twophase_impl(self, xid):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self.__transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            self.engine.dialect.do_prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+
+    def _rollback_twophase_impl(self, xid, is_prepared):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self.__transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(
+                    self, xid, is_prepared)
+            finally:
+                if self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                    self.connection._reset_agent = None
+                self.__transaction = None
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _commit_twophase_impl(self, xid, is_prepared):
+        assert not self.__branch_from
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self.__transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+            finally:
+                if self.connection._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                    self.connection._reset_agent = None
+                self.__transaction = None
+        else:
+            self.__transaction = None
+
+    def _autorollback(self):
+        if not self._root.in_transaction():
+            self._root._rollback_impl()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This results in a release of the underlying database
+        resources, that is, the DBAPI connection referenced
+        internally. The DBAPI connection is typically restored
+        back to the connection-holding :class:`.Pool` referenced
+        by the :class:`.Engine` that produced this
+        :class:`.Connection`. Any transactional state present on
+        the DBAPI connection is also unconditionally released via
+        the DBAPI connection's ``rollback()`` method, regardless
+        of any :class:`.Transaction` object that may be
+        outstanding with regards to this :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        After :meth:`~.Connection.close` is called, the
+        :class:`.Connection` is permanently in a closed state,
+        and will allow no further operations.
+
+        """
+        if self.__branch_from:
+            try:
+                del self.__connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            finally:
+                self.__can_reconnect = False
+                return
+        try:
+            conn = self.__connection
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+
+            conn.close()
+            if conn._reset_agent is self.__transaction:
+                conn._reset_agent = None
+
+            # the close() process can end up invalidating us,
+            # as the pool will call our transaction as the "reset_agent"
+            # for rollback(), which can then cause an invalidation
+            if not self.__invalid:
+                del self.__connection
+        self.__can_reconnect = False
+        self.__transaction = None
+
+    def scalar(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes and returns the first column of the first row.
+
+        The underlying result/cursor is closed after execution.
+        """
+
+        return self.execute(object, *multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+    def execute(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes the a SQL statement construct and returns a
+        :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+
+        :param object: The statement to be executed.  May be
+         one of:
+
+         * a plain string
+         * any :class:`.ClauseElement` construct that is also
+           a subclass of :class:`.Executable`, such as a
+           :func:`~.expression.select` construct
+         * a :class:`.FunctionElement`, such as that generated
+           by :data:`.func`, will be automatically wrapped in
+           a SELECT statement, which is then executed.
+         * a :class:`.DDLElement` object
+         * a :class:`.DefaultGenerator` object
+         * a :class:`.Compiled` object
+
+        :param \*multiparams/\**params: represent bound parameter
+         values to be used in the execution.   Typically,
+         the format is either a collection of one or more
+         dictionaries passed to \*multiparams::
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 table.insert(),
+                 {"id":1, "value":"v1"},
+                 {"id":2, "value":"v2"}
+             )
+
+         ...or individual key/values interpreted by \**params::
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 table.insert(), id=1, value="v1"
+             )
+
+         In the case that a plain SQL string is passed, and the underlying
+         DBAPI accepts positional bind parameters, a collection of tuples
+         or individual values in \*multiparams may be passed::
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (?, ?)",
+                 (1, "v1"), (2, "v2")
+             )
+
+             conn.execute(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (?, ?)",
+                 1, "v1"
+             )
+
+         Note above, the usage of a question mark "?" or other
+         symbol is contingent upon the "paramstyle" accepted by the DBAPI
+         in use, which may be any of "qmark", "named", "pyformat", "format",
+         "numeric".   See `pep-249 <http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/>`_
+         for details on paramstyle.
+
+         To execute a textual SQL statement which uses bound parameters in a
+         DBAPI-agnostic way, use the :func:`~.expression.text` construct.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(object, util.string_types[0]):
+            return self._execute_text(object, multiparams, params)
+        try:
+            meth = object._execute_on_connection
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Unexecutable object type: %s" %
+                type(object))
+        else:
+            return meth(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def _execute_function(self, func, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a sql.FunctionElement object."""
+
+        return self._execute_clauseelement(func.select(),
+                                           multiparams, params)
+
+    def _execute_default(self, default, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a schema.ColumnDefault object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                default, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, default, multiparams, params)
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                conn = self.__connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            dialect = self.dialect
+            ctx = dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_default(
+                dialect, self, conn)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+        ret = ctx._exec_default(default, None)
+        if self.should_close_with_result:
+            self.close()
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        default, multiparams, params, ret)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_ddl(self, ddl, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a schema.DDL object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                ddl, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, ddl, multiparams, params)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        compiled = ddl.compile(dialect=dialect)
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_ddl,
+            compiled,
+            None,
+            compiled
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        ddl, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a sql.ClauseElement object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                elem, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, elem, multiparams, params)
+
+        distilled_params = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        if distilled_params:
+            # note this is usually dict but we support RowProxy
+            # as well; but dict.keys() as an iterable is OK
+            keys = distilled_params[0].keys()
+        else:
+            keys = []
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        if 'compiled_cache' in self._execution_options:
+            key = dialect, elem, tuple(sorted(keys)), len(distilled_params) > 1
+            compiled_sql = self._execution_options['compiled_cache'].get(key)
+            if compiled_sql is None:
+                compiled_sql = elem.compile(
+                    dialect=dialect, column_keys=keys,
+                    inline=len(distilled_params) > 1)
+                self._execution_options['compiled_cache'][key] = compiled_sql
+        else:
+            compiled_sql = elem.compile(
+                dialect=dialect, column_keys=keys,
+                inline=len(distilled_params) > 1)
+
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled_sql,
+            distilled_params,
+            compiled_sql, distilled_params
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        elem, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_compiled(self, compiled, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a sql.Compiled object."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                compiled, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, compiled, multiparams, params)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        parameters = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled,
+            parameters,
+            compiled, parameters
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        compiled, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_text(self, statement, multiparams, params):
+        """Execute a string SQL statement."""
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+                statement, multiparams, params = \
+                    fn(self, statement, multiparams, params)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        parameters = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_statement,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            statement, parameters
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(self,
+                                        statement, multiparams, params, ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_context(self, dialect, constructor,
+                         statement, parameters,
+                         *args):
+        """Create an :class:`.ExecutionContext` and execute, returning
+        a :class:`.ResultProxy`."""
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                conn = self.__connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            context = constructor(dialect, self, conn, *args)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e,
+                util.text_type(statement), parameters,
+                None, None)
+
+        if context.compiled:
+            context.pre_exec()
+
+        cursor, statement, parameters = context.cursor, \
+            context.statement, \
+            context.parameters
+
+        if not context.executemany:
+            parameters = parameters[0]
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                statement, parameters = \
+                    fn(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context, context.executemany)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info(statement)
+            self.engine.logger.info(
+                "%r",
+                sql_util._repr_params(parameters, batches=10)
+            )
+
+        evt_handled = False
+        try:
+            if context.executemany:
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_executemany:
+                        if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_executemany(
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        parameters,
+                        context)
+            elif not parameters and context.no_parameters:
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute_no_params:
+                        if fn(cursor, statement, context):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute_no_params(
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        context)
+            else:
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
+                        if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute(
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        parameters,
+                        context)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                cursor,
+                context)
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(self, cursor,
+                                               statement,
+                                               parameters,
+                                               context,
+                                               context.executemany)
+
+        if context.compiled:
+            context.post_exec()
+
+        if context.is_crud or context.is_text:
+            result = context._setup_crud_result_proxy()
+        else:
+            result = context.get_result_proxy()
+            if result._metadata is None:
+                result._soft_close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+
+        if context.should_autocommit and self._root.__transaction is None:
+            self._root._commit_impl(autocommit=True)
+
+        if result._soft_closed and self.should_close_with_result:
+            self.close()
+
+        return result
+
+    def _cursor_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Execute a statement + params on the given cursor.
+
+        Adds appropriate logging and exception handling.
+
+        This method is used by DefaultDialect for special-case
+        executions, such as for sequences and column defaults.
+        The path of statement execution in the majority of cases
+        terminates at _execute_context().
+
+        """
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                statement, parameters = \
+                    fn(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context,
+                       False)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.engine.logger.info(statement)
+            self.engine.logger.info("%r", parameters)
+        try:
+            for fn in () if not self.dialect._has_events \
+                    else self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
+                if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.dialect.do_execute(
+                    cursor,
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    context)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                cursor,
+                context)
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(self, cursor,
+                                               statement,
+                                               parameters,
+                                               context,
+                                               False)
+
+    def _safe_close_cursor(self, cursor):
+        """Close the given cursor, catching exceptions
+        and turning into log warnings.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            cursor.close()
+        except Exception:
+            # log the error through the connection pool's logger.
+            self.engine.pool.logger.error(
+                "Error closing cursor", exc_info=True)
+
+    _reentrant_error = False
+    _is_disconnect = False
+
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception(self,
+                                e,
+                                statement,
+                                parameters,
+                                cursor,
+                                context):
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        if context and context.exception is None:
+            context.exception = e
+
+        if not self._is_disconnect:
+            self._is_disconnect =  \
+                isinstance(e, self.dialect.dbapi.Error) and \
+                not self.closed and \
+                self.dialect.is_disconnect(
+                    e,
+                    self.__connection if not self.invalidated else None,
+                    cursor)
+            if context:
+                context.is_disconnect = self._is_disconnect
+
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = True
+
+        if self._reentrant_error:
+            util.raise_from_cause(
+                exc.DBAPIError.instance(statement,
+                                        parameters,
+                                        e,
+                                        self.dialect.dbapi.Error,
+                                        dialect=self.dialect),
+                exc_info
+            )
+        self._reentrant_error = True
+        try:
+            # non-DBAPI error - if we already got a context,
+            # or there's no string statement, don't wrap it
+            should_wrap = isinstance(e, self.dialect.dbapi.Error) or \
+                (statement is not None and context is None)
+
+            if should_wrap:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    e,
+                    self.dialect.dbapi.Error,
+                    connection_invalidated=self._is_disconnect,
+                    dialect=self.dialect)
+            else:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+            newraise = None
+
+            if (self._has_events or self.engine._has_events) and \
+                not self._execution_options.get(
+                    'skip_user_error_events', False):
+                # legacy dbapi_error event
+                if should_wrap and context:
+                    self.dispatch.dbapi_error(self,
+                                              cursor,
+                                              statement,
+                                              parameters,
+                                              context,
+                                              e)
+
+                # new handle_error event
+                ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                    e, sqlalchemy_exception, self.engine,
+                    self, cursor, statement,
+                    parameters, context, self._is_disconnect)
+
+                for fn in self.dispatch.handle_error:
+                    try:
+                        # handler returns an exception;
+                        # call next handler in a chain
+                        per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                        if per_fn is not None:
+                            ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                    except Exception as _raised:
+                        # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                        newraise = _raised
+                        break
+
+                if sqlalchemy_exception and \
+                        self._is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                    sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = \
+                        self._is_disconnect = ctx.is_disconnect
+
+                # set up potentially user-defined value for
+                # invalidate pool.
+                invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = \
+                    ctx.invalidate_pool_on_disconnect
+
+            if should_wrap and context:
+                context.handle_dbapi_exception(e)
+
+            if not self._is_disconnect:
+                if cursor:
+                    self._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+                self._autorollback()
+
+            if newraise:
+                util.raise_from_cause(newraise, exc_info)
+            elif should_wrap:
+                util.raise_from_cause(
+                    sqlalchemy_exception,
+                    exc_info
+                )
+            else:
+                util.reraise(*exc_info)
+
+        finally:
+            del self._reentrant_error
+            if self._is_disconnect:
+                del self._is_disconnect
+                if not self.invalidated:
+                    dbapi_conn_wrapper = self.__connection
+                    if invalidate_pool_on_disconnect:
+                        self.engine.pool._invalidate(dbapi_conn_wrapper, e)
+                    self.invalidate(e)
+            if self.should_close_with_result:
+                self.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(cls, e, dialect, engine):
+
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        is_disconnect = dialect.is_disconnect(e, None, None)
+
+        should_wrap = isinstance(e, dialect.dbapi.Error)
+
+        if should_wrap:
+            sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                None,
+                None,
+                e,
+                dialect.dbapi.Error,
+                connection_invalidated=is_disconnect)
+        else:
+            sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+        newraise = None
+
+        if engine._has_events:
+            ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                e, sqlalchemy_exception, engine, None, None, None,
+                None, None, is_disconnect)
+            for fn in engine.dispatch.handle_error:
+                try:
+                    # handler returns an exception;
+                    # call next handler in a chain
+                    per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                    if per_fn is not None:
+                        ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                except Exception as _raised:
+                    # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                    newraise = _raised
+                    break
+
+            if sqlalchemy_exception and \
+                    is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = \
+                    is_disconnect = ctx.is_disconnect
+
+        if newraise:
+            util.raise_from_cause(newraise, exc_info)
+        elif should_wrap:
+            util.raise_from_cause(
+                sqlalchemy_exception,
+                exc_info
+            )
+        else:
+            util.reraise(*exc_info)
+
+    def default_schema_name(self):
+        return self.engine.dialect.get_default_schema_name(self)
+
+    def transaction(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Execute the given function within a transaction boundary.
+
+        The function is passed this :class:`.Connection`
+        as the first argument, followed by the given \*args and \**kwargs,
+        e.g.::
+
+            def do_something(conn, x, y):
+                conn.execute("some statement", {'x':x, 'y':y})
+
+            conn.transaction(do_something, 5, 10)
+
+        The operations inside the function are all invoked within the
+        context of a single :class:`.Transaction`.
+        Upon success, the transaction is committed.  If an
+        exception is raised, the transaction is rolled back
+        before propagating the exception.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`.transaction` method is superseded by
+           the usage of the Python ``with:`` statement, which can
+           be used with :meth:`.Connection.begin`::
+
+               with conn.begin():
+                   conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
+
+           As well as with :meth:`.Engine.begin`::
+
+               with engine.begin() as conn:
+                   conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
+
+        See also:
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.begin` - engine-level transactional
+            context
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.transaction` - engine-level version of
+            :meth:`.Connection.transaction`
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self.begin()
+        try:
+            ret = self.run_callable(callable_, *args, **kwargs)
+            trans.commit()
+            return ret
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                trans.rollback()
+
+    def run_callable(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Given a callable object or function, execute it, passing
+        a :class:`.Connection` as the first argument.
+
+        The given \*args and \**kwargs are passed subsequent
+        to the :class:`.Connection` argument.
+
+        This function, along with :meth:`.Engine.run_callable`,
+        allows a function to be run with a :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine` object without the need to know
+        which one is being dealt with.
+
+        """
+        return callable_(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element, **kwargs):
+        visitorcallable(self.dialect, self,
+                        **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+
+class ExceptionContextImpl(ExceptionContext):
+    """Implement the :class:`.ExceptionContext` interface."""
+
+    def __init__(self, exception, sqlalchemy_exception,
+                 engine, connection, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                 context, is_disconnect):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.sqlalchemy_exception = sqlalchemy_exception
+        self.original_exception = exception
+        self.execution_context = context
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.is_disconnect = is_disconnect
+
+
+class Transaction(object):
+    """Represent a database transaction in progress.
+
+    The :class:`.Transaction` object is procured by
+    calling the :meth:`~.Connection.begin` method of
+    :class:`.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+        connection = engine.connect()
+        trans = connection.begin()
+        connection.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)")
+        trans.commit()
+
+    The object provides :meth:`.rollback` and :meth:`.commit`
+    methods in order to control transaction boundaries.  It
+    also implements a context manager interface so that
+    the Python ``with`` statement can be used with the
+    :meth:`.Connection.begin` method::
+
+        with connection.begin():
+            connection.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)")
+
+    The Transaction object is **not** threadsafe.
+
+    See also:  :meth:`.Connection.begin`, :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase`,
+    :meth:`.Connection.begin_nested`.
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Transaction
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, parent):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._actual_parent = parent
+        self.is_active = True
+
+    @property
+    def _parent(self):
+        return self._actual_parent or self
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit
+        nesting, the transaction will rollback().  Otherwise, the
+        method returns.
+
+        This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of
+        an enclosing transaction.
+
+        """
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            return
+        if self._parent is self:
+            self.rollback()
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Roll back this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        """
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            return
+        self._do_rollback()
+        self.is_active = False
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        self._parent.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Commit this :class:`.Transaction`."""
+
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+        self._do_commit()
+        self.is_active = False
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None and self.is_active:
+            try:
+                self.commit()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+        else:
+            self.rollback()
+
+
+class RootTransaction(Transaction):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        super(RootTransaction, self).__init__(connection, None)
+        self.connection._begin_impl(self)
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._rollback_impl()
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._commit_impl()
+
+
+class NestedTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent a 'nested', or SAVEPOINT transaction.
+
+    A new :class:`.NestedTransaction` object may be procured
+    using the :meth:`.Connection.begin_nested` method.
+
+    The interface is the same as that of :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, parent):
+        super(NestedTransaction, self).__init__(connection, parent)
+        self._savepoint = self.connection._savepoint_impl()
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._rollback_to_savepoint_impl(
+                self._savepoint, self._parent)
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        if self.is_active:
+            self.connection._release_savepoint_impl(
+                self._savepoint, self._parent)
+
+
+class TwoPhaseTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent a two-phase transaction.
+
+    A new :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` object may be procured
+    using the :meth:`.Connection.begin_twophase` method.
+
+    The interface is the same as that of :class:`.Transaction`
+    with the addition of the :meth:`prepare` method.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, xid):
+        super(TwoPhaseTransaction, self).__init__(connection, None)
+        self._is_prepared = False
+        self.xid = xid
+        self.connection._begin_twophase_impl(self)
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Prepare this :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`.
+
+        After a PREPARE, the transaction can be committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self._parent.is_active:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+        self.connection._prepare_twophase_impl(self.xid)
+        self._is_prepared = True
+
+    def _do_rollback(self):
+        self.connection._rollback_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+    def _do_commit(self):
+        self.connection._commit_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+
+class Engine(Connectable, log.Identified):
+    """
+    Connects a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` and
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` together to provide a
+    source of database connectivity and behavior.
+
+    An :class:`.Engine` object is instantiated publicly using the
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine` function.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+    :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    _execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+    _has_events = False
+    _connection_cls = Connection
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, dialect, url,
+                 logging_name=None, echo=None, proxy=None,
+                 execution_options=None
+                 ):
+        self.pool = pool
+        self.url = url
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.pool._dialect = dialect
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = logging_name
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.engine = self
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        if proxy:
+            interfaces.ConnectionProxy._adapt_listener(self, proxy)
+        if execution_options:
+            self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt):
+        """Update the default execution_options dictionary
+        of this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        The given keys/values in \**opt are added to the
+        default execution options that will be used for
+        all connections.  The initial contents of this dictionary
+        can be sent via the ``execution_options`` parameter
+        to :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.execution_options`
+
+        """
+        self._execution_options = \
+            self._execution_options.union(opt)
+        self.dispatch.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+        self.dialect.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Engine` that will provide
+        :class:`.Connection` objects with the given execution options.
+
+        The returned :class:`.Engine` remains related to the original
+        :class:`.Engine` in that it shares the same connection pool and
+        other state:
+
+        * The :class:`.Pool` used by the new :class:`.Engine` is the
+          same instance.  The :meth:`.Engine.dispose` method will replace
+          the connection pool instance for the parent engine as well
+          as this one.
+        * Event listeners are "cascaded" - meaning, the new :class:`.Engine`
+          inherits the events of the parent, and new events can be associated
+          with the new :class:`.Engine` individually.
+        * The logging configuration and logging_name is copied from the parent
+          :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        The intent of the :meth:`.Engine.execution_options` method is
+        to implement "sharding" schemes where multiple :class:`.Engine`
+        objects refer to the same connection pool, but are differentiated
+        by options that would be consumed by a custom event::
+
+            primary_engine = create_engine("mysql://")
+            shard1 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard1")
+            shard2 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard2")
+
+        Above, the ``shard1`` engine serves as a factory for
+        :class:`.Connection` objects that will contain the execution option
+        ``shard_id=shard1``, and ``shard2`` will produce :class:`.Connection`
+        objects that contain the execution option ``shard_id=shard2``.
+
+        An event handler can consume the above execution option to perform
+        a schema switch or other operation, given a connection.  Below
+        we emit a MySQL ``use`` statement to switch databases, at the same
+        time keeping track of which database we've established using the
+        :attr:`.Connection.info` dictionary, which gives us a persistent
+        storage space that follows the DBAPI connection::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import event
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+
+            shards = {"default": "base", shard_1: "db1", "shard_2": "db2"}
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute")
+            def _switch_shard(conn, cursor, stmt,
+                    params, context, executemany):
+                shard_id = conn._execution_options.get('shard_id', "default")
+                current_shard = conn.info.get("current_shard", None)
+
+                if current_shard != shard_id:
+                    cursor.execute("use %s" % shards[shard_id])
+                    conn.info["current_shard"] = shard_id
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` - update execution options
+            on a :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.update_execution_options` - update the execution
+            options for a given :class:`.Engine` in place.
+
+        """
+        return OptionEngine(self, opt)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """String name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.name
+
+    @property
+    def driver(self):
+        """Driver name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`."""
+
+        return self.dialect.driver
+
+    echo = log.echo_property()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Engine(%r)' % self.url
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose of the connection pool used by this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        This has the effect of fully closing all **currently checked in**
+        database connections.  Connections that are still checked out
+        will **not** be closed, however they will no longer be associated
+        with this :class:`.Engine`, so when they are closed individually,
+        eventually the :class:`.Pool` which they are associated with will
+        be garbage collected and they will be closed out fully, if
+        not already closed on checkin.
+
+        A new connection pool is created immediately after the old one has
+        been disposed.   This new pool, like all SQLAlchemy connection pools,
+        does not make any actual connections to the database until one is
+        first requested, so as long as the :class:`.Engine` isn't used again,
+        no new connections will be made.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_disposal`
+
+        """
+        self.pool.dispose()
+        self.pool = self.pool.recreate()
+        self.dispatch.engine_disposed(self)
+
+    def _execute_default(self, default):
+        with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+            return conn._execute_default(default, (), {})
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _optional_conn_ctx_manager(self, connection=None):
+        if connection is None:
+            with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+                yield conn
+        else:
+            yield connection
+
+    def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element,
+                     connection=None, **kwargs):
+        with self._optional_conn_ctx_manager(connection) as conn:
+            conn._run_visitor(visitorcallable, element, **kwargs)
+
+    class _trans_ctx(object):
+        def __init__(self, conn, transaction, close_with_result):
+            self.conn = conn
+            self.transaction = transaction
+            self.close_with_result = close_with_result
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.conn
+
+        def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+            if type is not None:
+                self.transaction.rollback()
+            else:
+                self.transaction.commit()
+            if not self.close_with_result:
+                self.conn.close()
+
+    def begin(self, close_with_result=False):
+        """Return a context manager delivering a :class:`.Connection`
+        with a :class:`.Transaction` established.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.begin() as conn:
+                conn.execute("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)")
+                conn.execute("my_special_procedure(5)")
+
+        Upon successful operation, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is committed.  If an error is raised, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is rolled back.
+
+        The ``close_with_result`` flag is normally ``False``, and indicates
+        that the :class:`.Connection` will be closed when the operation
+        is complete.   When set to ``True``, it indicates the
+        :class:`.Connection` is in "single use" mode, where the
+        :class:`.ResultProxy` returned by the first call to
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute` will close the :class:`.Connection` when
+        that :class:`.ResultProxy` has exhausted all result rows.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.Engine.connect` - procure a :class:`.Connection` from
+        an :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        :meth:`.Connection.begin` - start a :class:`.Transaction`
+        for a particular :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+        conn = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=close_with_result)
+        try:
+            trans = conn.begin()
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                conn.close()
+        return Engine._trans_ctx(conn, trans, close_with_result)
+
+    def transaction(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Execute the given function within a transaction boundary.
+
+        The function is passed a :class:`.Connection` newly procured
+        from :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` as the first argument,
+        followed by the given \*args and \**kwargs.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            def do_something(conn, x, y):
+                conn.execute("some statement", {'x':x, 'y':y})
+
+            engine.transaction(do_something, 5, 10)
+
+        The operations inside the function are all invoked within the
+        context of a single :class:`.Transaction`.
+        Upon success, the transaction is committed.  If an
+        exception is raised, the transaction is rolled back
+        before propagating the exception.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`.transaction` method is superseded by
+           the usage of the Python ``with:`` statement, which can
+           be used with :meth:`.Engine.begin`::
+
+               with engine.begin() as conn:
+                   conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
+
+        See also:
+
+            :meth:`.Engine.begin` - engine-level transactional
+            context
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.transaction` - connection-level version of
+            :meth:`.Engine.transaction`
+
+        """
+
+        with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+            return conn.transaction(callable_, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def run_callable(self, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Given a callable object or function, execute it, passing
+        a :class:`.Connection` as the first argument.
+
+        The given \*args and \**kwargs are passed subsequent
+        to the :class:`.Connection` argument.
+
+        This function, along with :meth:`.Connection.run_callable`,
+        allows a function to be run with a :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine` object without the need to know
+        which one is being dealt with.
+
+        """
+        with self.contextual_connect() as conn:
+            return conn.run_callable(callable_, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def execute(self, statement, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes the given construct and returns a :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+
+        The arguments are the same as those used by
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+
+        Here, a :class:`.Connection` is acquired using the
+        :meth:`~.Engine.contextual_connect` method, and the statement executed
+        with that connection. The returned :class:`.ResultProxy` is flagged
+        such that when the :class:`.ResultProxy` is exhausted and its
+        underlying cursor is closed, the :class:`.Connection` created here
+        will also be closed, which allows its associated DBAPI connection
+        resource to be returned to the connection pool.
+
+        """
+
+        connection = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True)
+        return connection.execute(statement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+    def scalar(self, statement, *multiparams, **params):
+        return self.execute(statement, *multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams=None, params=None):
+        connection = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True)
+        return connection._execute_clauseelement(elem, multiparams, params)
+
+    def _execute_compiled(self, compiled, multiparams, params):
+        connection = self.contextual_connect(close_with_result=True)
+        return connection._execute_compiled(compiled, multiparams, params)
+
+    def connect(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+        The :class:`.Connection` object is a facade that uses a DBAPI
+        connection internally in order to communicate with the database.  This
+        connection is procured from the connection-holding :class:`.Pool`
+        referenced by this :class:`.Engine`. When the
+        :meth:`~.Connection.close` method of the :class:`.Connection` object
+        is called, the underlying DBAPI connection is then returned to the
+        connection pool, where it may be used again in a subsequent call to
+        :meth:`~.Engine.connect`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def contextual_connect(self, close_with_result=False, **kwargs):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object which may be part of some
+        ongoing context.
+
+        By default, this method does the same thing as :meth:`.Engine.connect`.
+        Subclasses of :class:`.Engine` may override this method
+        to provide contextual behavior.
+
+        :param close_with_result: When True, the first :class:`.ResultProxy`
+          created by the :class:`.Connection` will call the
+          :meth:`.Connection.close` method of that connection as soon as any
+          pending result rows are exhausted. This is used to supply the
+          "connectionless execution" behavior provided by the
+          :meth:`.Engine.execute` method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(
+            self,
+            self._wrap_pool_connect(self.pool.connect, None),
+            close_with_result=close_with_result,
+            **kwargs)
+
+    def table_names(self, schema=None, connection=None):
+        """Return a list of all table names available in the database.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+
+        :param connection: Optional, use a specified connection. Default is
+          the ``contextual_connect`` for this ``Engine``.
+        """
+
+        with self._optional_conn_ctx_manager(connection) as conn:
+            if not schema:
+                schema = self.dialect.default_schema_name
+            return self.dialect.get_table_names(conn, schema)
+
+    def has_table(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Return True if the given backend has a table of the given name.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_inspector` - detailed schema inspection
+            using the :class:`.Inspector` interface.
+
+            :class:`.quoted_name` - used to pass quoting information along
+            with a schema identifier.
+
+        """
+        return self.run_callable(self.dialect.has_table, table_name, schema)
+
+    def _wrap_pool_connect(self, fn, connection):
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        try:
+            return fn()
+        except dialect.dbapi.Error as e:
+            if connection is None:
+                Connection._handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+                    e, dialect, self)
+            else:
+                util.reraise(*sys.exc_info())
+
+    def raw_connection(self, _connection=None):
+        """Return a "raw" DBAPI connection from the connection pool.
+
+        The returned object is a proxied version of the DBAPI
+        connection object used by the underlying driver in use.
+        The object will have all the same behavior as the real DBAPI
+        connection, except that its ``close()`` method will result in the
+        connection being returned to the pool, rather than being closed
+        for real.
+
+        This method provides direct DBAPI connection access for
+        special situations when the API provided by :class:`.Connection`
+        is not needed.   When a :class:`.Connection` object is already
+        present, the DBAPI connection is available using
+        the :attr:`.Connection.connection` accessor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+        return self._wrap_pool_connect(
+            self.pool.unique_connection, _connection)
+
+
+class OptionEngine(Engine):
+    def __init__(self, proxied, execution_options):
+        self._proxied = proxied
+        self.url = proxied.url
+        self.dialect = proxied.dialect
+        self.logging_name = proxied.logging_name
+        self.echo = proxied.echo
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=self.echo)
+        self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(proxied.dispatch)
+        self._execution_options = proxied._execution_options
+        self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def _get_pool(self):
+        return self._proxied.pool
+
+    def _set_pool(self, pool):
+        self._proxied.pool = pool
+
+    pool = property(_get_pool, _set_pool)
+
+    def _get_has_events(self):
+        return self._proxied._has_events or \
+            self.__dict__.get('_has_events', False)
+
+    def _set_has_events(self, value):
+        self.__dict__['_has_events'] = value
+
+    _has_events = property(_get_has_events, _set_has_events)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9798d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1026 @@
+# engine/default.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Default implementations of per-dialect sqlalchemy.engine classes.
+
+These are semi-private implementation classes which are only of importance
+to database dialect authors; dialects will usually use the classes here
+as the base class for their own corresponding classes.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+import random
+from . import reflection, interfaces, result
+from ..sql import compiler, expression
+from .. import types as sqltypes
+from .. import exc, util, pool, processors
+import codecs
+import weakref
+from .. import event
+
+AUTOCOMMIT_REGEXP = re.compile(
+    r'\s*(?:UPDATE|INSERT|CREATE|DELETE|DROP|ALTER)',
+    re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+class DefaultDialect(interfaces.Dialect):
+    """Default implementation of Dialect"""
+
+    statement_compiler = compiler.SQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = compiler.DDLCompiler
+    type_compiler = compiler.GenericTypeCompiler
+    preparer = compiler.IdentifierPreparer
+    supports_alter = True
+
+    # the first value we'd get for an autoincrement
+    # column.
+    default_sequence_base = 1
+
+    # most DBAPIs happy with this for execute().
+    # not cx_oracle.
+    execute_sequence_format = tuple
+
+    supports_views = True
+    supports_sequences = False
+    sequences_optional = False
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+    implicit_returning = False
+
+    supports_right_nested_joins = True
+
+    supports_native_enum = False
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = True
+
+    engine_config_types = util.immutabledict([
+        ('convert_unicode', util.bool_or_str('force')),
+        ('pool_timeout', util.asint),
+        ('echo', util.bool_or_str('debug')),
+        ('echo_pool', util.bool_or_str('debug')),
+        ('pool_recycle', util.asint),
+        ('pool_size', util.asint),
+        ('max_overflow', util.asint),
+        ('pool_threadlocal', util.asbool),
+    ])
+
+    # if the NUMERIC type
+    # returns decimal.Decimal.
+    # *not* the FLOAT type however.
+    supports_native_decimal = False
+
+    if util.py3k:
+        supports_unicode_statements = True
+        supports_unicode_binds = True
+        returns_unicode_strings = True
+        description_encoding = None
+    else:
+        supports_unicode_statements = False
+        supports_unicode_binds = False
+        returns_unicode_strings = False
+        description_encoding = 'use_encoding'
+
+    name = 'default'
+
+    # length at which to truncate
+    # any identifier.
+    max_identifier_length = 9999
+
+    # length at which to truncate
+    # the name of an index.
+    # Usually None to indicate
+    # 'use max_identifier_length'.
+    # thanks to MySQL, sigh
+    max_index_name_length = None
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    dbapi_type_map = {}
+    colspecs = {}
+    default_paramstyle = 'named'
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_empty_insert = True
+    supports_multivalues_insert = False
+
+    server_version_info = None
+
+    construct_arguments = None
+    """Optional set of argument specifiers for various SQLAlchemy
+    constructs, typically schema items.
+
+    To implement, establish as a series of tuples, as in::
+
+        construct_arguments = [
+            (schema.Index, {
+                "using": False,
+                "where": None,
+                "ops": None
+            })
+        ]
+
+    If the above construct is established on the Postgresql dialect,
+    the :class:`.Index` construct will now accept the keyword arguments
+    ``postgresql_using``, ``postgresql_where``, nad ``postgresql_ops``.
+    Any other argument specified to the constructor of :class:`.Index`
+    which is prefixed with ``postgresql_`` will raise :class:`.ArgumentError`.
+
+    A dialect which does not include a ``construct_arguments`` member will
+    not participate in the argument validation system.  For such a dialect,
+    any argument name is accepted by all participating constructs, within
+    the namespace of arguments prefixed with that dialect name.  The rationale
+    here is so that third-party dialects that haven't yet implemented this
+    feature continue to function in the old way.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DialectKWArgs` - implementing base class which consumes
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+
+    """
+
+    # indicates symbol names are
+    # UPPERCASEd if they are case insensitive
+    # within the database.
+    # if this is True, the methods normalize_name()
+    # and denormalize_name() must be provided.
+    requires_name_normalize = False
+
+    reflection_options = ()
+
+    dbapi_exception_translation_map = util.immutabledict()
+    """mapping used in the extremely unusual case that a DBAPI's
+    published exceptions don't actually have the __name__ that they
+    are linked towards.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.5
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, convert_unicode=False,
+                 encoding='utf-8', paramstyle=None, dbapi=None,
+                 implicit_returning=None,
+                 supports_right_nested_joins=None,
+                 case_sensitive=True,
+                 supports_native_boolean=None,
+                 label_length=None, **kwargs):
+
+        if not getattr(self, 'ported_sqla_06', True):
+            util.warn(
+                "The %s dialect is not yet ported to the 0.6 format" %
+                self.name)
+
+        self.convert_unicode = convert_unicode
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.positional = False
+        self._ischema = None
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        if paramstyle is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = paramstyle
+        elif self.dbapi is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = self.dbapi.paramstyle
+        else:
+            self.paramstyle = self.default_paramstyle
+        if implicit_returning is not None:
+            self.implicit_returning = implicit_returning
+        self.positional = self.paramstyle in ('qmark', 'format', 'numeric')
+        self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(self)
+        self.type_compiler = self.type_compiler(self)
+        if supports_right_nested_joins is not None:
+            self.supports_right_nested_joins = supports_right_nested_joins
+        if supports_native_boolean is not None:
+            self.supports_native_boolean = supports_native_boolean
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+
+        if label_length and label_length > self.max_identifier_length:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Label length of %d is greater than this dialect's"
+                " maximum identifier length of %d" %
+                (label_length, self.max_identifier_length))
+        self.label_length = label_length
+
+        if self.description_encoding == 'use_encoding':
+            self._description_decoder = \
+                processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    encoding
+                )
+        elif self.description_encoding is not None:
+            self._description_decoder = \
+                processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    self.description_encoding
+                )
+        self._encoder = codecs.getencoder(self.encoding)
+        self._decoder = processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(self.encoding)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _type_memos(self):
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @property
+    def dialect_description(self):
+        return self.name + "+" + self.driver
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        return getattr(cls, 'poolclass', pool.QueuePool)
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        try:
+            self.server_version_info = \
+                self._get_server_version_info(connection)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.server_version_info = None
+        try:
+            self.default_schema_name = \
+                self._get_default_schema_name(connection)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_schema_name = None
+
+        try:
+            self.default_isolation_level = \
+                self.get_isolation_level(connection.connection)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_isolation_level = None
+
+        self.returns_unicode_strings = self._check_unicode_returns(connection)
+
+        if self.description_encoding is not None and \
+                self._check_unicode_description(connection):
+            self._description_decoder = self.description_encoding = None
+
+        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, unicode modes, etc.
+
+        If a callable is returned, it will be assembled into a pool listener
+        that receives the direct DBAPI connection, with all wrappers removed.
+
+        If None is returned, no listener will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def _check_unicode_returns(self, connection, additional_tests=None):
+        if util.py2k and not self.supports_unicode_statements:
+            cast_to = util.binary_type
+        else:
+            cast_to = util.text_type
+
+        if self.positional:
+            parameters = self.execute_sequence_format()
+        else:
+            parameters = {}
+
+        def check_unicode(test):
+            statement = cast_to(
+                expression.select([test]).compile(dialect=self))
+            try:
+                cursor = connection.connection.cursor()
+                connection._cursor_execute(cursor, statement, parameters)
+                row = cursor.fetchone()
+                cursor.close()
+            except exc.DBAPIError as de:
+                # note that _cursor_execute() will have closed the cursor
+                # if an exception is thrown.
+                util.warn("Exception attempting to "
+                          "detect unicode returns: %r" % de)
+                return False
+            else:
+                return isinstance(row[0], util.text_type)
+
+        tests = [
+            # detect plain VARCHAR
+            expression.cast(
+                expression.literal_column("'test plain returns'"),
+                sqltypes.VARCHAR(60)
+            ),
+            # detect if there's an NVARCHAR type with different behavior
+            # available
+            expression.cast(
+                expression.literal_column("'test unicode returns'"),
+                sqltypes.Unicode(60)
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        if additional_tests:
+            tests += additional_tests
+
+        results = set([check_unicode(test) for test in tests])
+
+        if results.issuperset([True, False]):
+            return "conditional"
+        else:
+            return results == set([True])
+
+    def _check_unicode_description(self, connection):
+        # all DBAPIs on Py2K return cursor.description as encoded,
+        # until pypy2.1beta2 with sqlite, so let's just check it -
+        # it's likely others will start doing this too in Py2k.
+
+        if util.py2k and not self.supports_unicode_statements:
+            cast_to = util.binary_type
+        else:
+            cast_to = util.text_type
+
+        cursor = connection.connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                cast_to(
+                    expression.select([
+                        expression.literal_column("'x'").label("some_label")
+                    ]).compile(dialect=self)
+                )
+            )
+            return isinstance(cursor.description[0][0], util.text_type)
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def type_descriptor(self, typeobj):
+        """Provide a database-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` object, given
+        the generic object which comes from the types module.
+
+        This method looks for a dictionary called
+        ``colspecs`` as a class or instance-level variable,
+        and passes on to :func:`.types.adapt_type`.
+
+        """
+        return sqltypes.adapt_type(typeobj, self.colspecs)
+
+    def reflecttable(
+            self, connection, table, include_columns, exclude_columns):
+        insp = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(connection)
+        return insp.reflecttable(table, include_columns, exclude_columns)
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, conn, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Compatibility method, adapts the result of get_primary_keys()
+        for those dialects which don't implement get_pk_constraint().
+
+        """
+        return {
+            'constrained_columns':
+            self.get_primary_keys(conn, table_name,
+                                  schema=schema, **kw)
+        }
+
+    def validate_identifier(self, ident):
+        if len(ident) > self.max_identifier_length:
+            raise exc.IdentifierError(
+                "Identifier '%s' exceeds maximum length of %d characters" %
+                (ident, self.max_identifier_length)
+            )
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
+        return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(self, engine, opts):
+        if 'isolation_level' in opts:
+            isolation_level = opts['isolation_level']
+
+            @event.listens_for(engine, "engine_connect")
+            def set_isolation(connection, branch):
+                if not branch:
+                    self._set_connection_isolation(connection, isolation_level)
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(self, connection, opts):
+        if 'isolation_level' in opts:
+            self._set_connection_isolation(connection, opts['isolation_level'])
+
+    def _set_connection_isolation(self, connection, level):
+        if connection.in_transaction():
+            util.warn(
+                "Connection is already established with a Transaction; "
+                "setting isolation_level may implicitly rollback or commit "
+                "the existing transaction, or have no effect until "
+                "next transaction")
+        self.set_isolation_level(connection.connection, level)
+        connection.connection._connection_record.\
+            finalize_callback.append(self.reset_isolation_level)
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
+        pass
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """Create a random two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  Its format is unspecified.
+        """
+
+        return "_sa_%032x" % random.randint(0, 2 ** 128)
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.SavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.RollbackToSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.ReleaseSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return False
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        # default_isolation_level is read from the first connection
+        # after the initial set of 'isolation_level', if any, so is
+        # the configured default of this dialect.
+        self.set_isolation_level(dbapi_conn, self.default_isolation_level)
+
+
+class DefaultExecutionContext(interfaces.ExecutionContext):
+    isinsert = False
+    isupdate = False
+    isdelete = False
+    is_crud = False
+    is_text = False
+    isddl = False
+    executemany = False
+    compiled = None
+    statement = None
+    result_column_struct = None
+    _is_implicit_returning = False
+    _is_explicit_returning = False
+
+    # a hook for SQLite's translation of
+    # result column names
+    _translate_colname = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_ddl(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection, compiled_ddl):
+        """Initialize execution context for a DDLElement construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+
+        self.compiled = compiled = compiled_ddl
+        self.isddl = True
+
+        self.execution_options = compiled.statement._execution_options
+        if connection._execution_options:
+            self.execution_options = dict(self.execution_options)
+            self.execution_options.update(connection._execution_options)
+
+        if not dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            self.unicode_statement = util.text_type(compiled)
+            self.statement = dialect._encoder(self.unicode_statement)[0]
+        else:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement = util.text_type(compiled)
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        self.compiled_parameters = []
+
+        if dialect.positional:
+            self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [{}]
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiled(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection,
+                       compiled, parameters):
+        """Initialize execution context for a Compiled construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+
+        self.compiled = compiled
+
+        if not compiled.can_execute:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Not an executable clause")
+
+        self.execution_options = compiled.statement._execution_options.union(
+            connection._execution_options)
+
+        self.result_column_struct = (
+            compiled._result_columns, compiled._ordered_columns)
+
+        self.unicode_statement = util.text_type(compiled)
+        if not dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement.encode(
+                self.dialect.encoding)
+        else:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement
+
+        self.isinsert = compiled.isinsert
+        self.isupdate = compiled.isupdate
+        self.isdelete = compiled.isdelete
+        self.is_text = compiled.isplaintext
+
+        if not parameters:
+            self.compiled_parameters = [compiled.construct_params()]
+        else:
+            self.compiled_parameters = \
+                [compiled.construct_params(m, _group_number=grp) for
+                 grp, m in enumerate(parameters)]
+
+            self.executemany = len(parameters) > 1
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            self.is_crud = True
+            self._is_explicit_returning = bool(compiled.statement._returning)
+            self._is_implicit_returning = bool(
+                compiled.returning and not compiled.statement._returning)
+
+            if not self.isdelete:
+                if self.compiled.prefetch:
+                    if self.executemany:
+                        self._process_executemany_defaults()
+                    else:
+                        self._process_executesingle_defaults()
+
+        processors = compiled._bind_processors
+
+        # Convert the dictionary of bind parameter values
+        # into a dict or list to be sent to the DBAPI's
+        # execute() or executemany() method.
+        parameters = []
+        if dialect.positional:
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                param = []
+                for key in self.compiled.positiontup:
+                    if key in processors:
+                        param.append(processors[key](compiled_params[key]))
+                    else:
+                        param.append(compiled_params[key])
+                parameters.append(dialect.execute_sequence_format(param))
+        else:
+            encode = not dialect.supports_unicode_statements
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+
+                if encode:
+                    param = dict(
+                        (
+                            dialect._encoder(key)[0],
+                            processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                            if key in processors
+                            else compiled_params[key]
+                        )
+                        for key in compiled_params
+                    )
+                else:
+                    param = dict(
+                        (
+                            key,
+                            processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                            if key in processors
+                            else compiled_params[key]
+                        )
+                        for key in compiled_params
+                    )
+
+                parameters.append(param)
+        self.parameters = dialect.execute_sequence_format(parameters)
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_statement(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection,
+                        statement, parameters):
+        """Initialize execution context for a string SQL statement."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+        self.is_text = True
+
+        # plain text statement
+        self.execution_options = connection._execution_options
+
+        if not parameters:
+            if self.dialect.positional:
+                self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+            else:
+                self.parameters = [{}]
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dialect.execute_sequence_format):
+            self.parameters = parameters
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dict):
+            if dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+                self.parameters = parameters
+            else:
+                self.parameters = [
+                    dict((dialect._encoder(k)[0], d[k]) for k in d)
+                    for d in parameters
+                ] or [{}]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format(p)
+                               for p in parameters]
+
+        self.executemany = len(parameters) > 1
+
+        if not dialect.supports_unicode_statements and \
+                isinstance(statement, util.text_type):
+            self.unicode_statement = statement
+            self.statement = dialect._encoder(statement)[0]
+        else:
+            self.statement = self.unicode_statement = statement
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_default(cls, dialect, connection, dbapi_connection):
+        """Initialize execution context for a ColumnDefault construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+        self.execution_options = connection._execution_options
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def engine(self):
+        return self.root_connection.engine
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def postfetch_cols(self):
+        return self.compiled.postfetch
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def prefetch_cols(self):
+        return self.compiled.prefetch
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def returning_cols(self):
+        self.compiled.returning
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def no_parameters(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get("no_parameters", False)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def should_autocommit(self):
+        autocommit = self.execution_options.get('autocommit',
+                                                not self.compiled and
+                                                self.statement and
+                                                expression.PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT
+                                                or False)
+
+        if autocommit is expression.PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT:
+            return self.should_autocommit_text(self.unicode_statement)
+        else:
+            return autocommit
+
+    def _execute_scalar(self, stmt, type_):
+        """Execute a string statement on the current cursor, returning a
+        scalar result.
+
+        Used to fire off sequences, default phrases, and "select lastrowid"
+        types of statements individually or in the context of a parent INSERT
+        or UPDATE statement.
+
+        """
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+        if isinstance(stmt, util.text_type) and \
+                not self.dialect.supports_unicode_statements:
+            stmt = self.dialect._encoder(stmt)[0]
+
+        if self.dialect.positional:
+            default_params = self.dialect.execute_sequence_format()
+        else:
+            default_params = {}
+
+        conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor, stmt, default_params, context=self)
+        r = self.cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        if type_ is not None:
+            # apply type post processors to the result
+            proc = type_._cached_result_processor(
+                self.dialect,
+                self.cursor.description[0][1]
+            )
+            if proc:
+                return proc(r)
+        return r
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self.root_connection._branch()
+
+    def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
+        return AUTOCOMMIT_REGEXP.match(statement)
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_result_processor(self, type_, colname, coltype):
+        """Return a 'result processor' for a given type as present in
+        cursor.description.
+
+        This has a default implementation that dialects can override
+        for context-sensitive result type handling.
+
+        """
+        return type_._cached_result_processor(self.dialect, coltype)
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        """return self.cursor.lastrowid, or equivalent, after an INSERT.
+
+        This may involve calling special cursor functions,
+        issuing a new SELECT on the cursor (or a new one),
+        or returning a stored value that was
+        calculated within post_exec().
+
+        This function will only be called for dialects
+        which support "implicit" primary key generation,
+        keep preexecute_autoincrement_sequences set to False,
+        and when no explicit id value was bound to the
+        statement.
+
+        The function is called once, directly after
+        post_exec() and before the transaction is committed
+        or ResultProxy is generated.   If the post_exec()
+        method assigns a value to `self._lastrowid`, the
+        value is used in place of calling get_lastrowid().
+
+        Note that this method is *not* equivalent to the
+        ``lastrowid`` method on ``ResultProxy``, which is a
+        direct proxy to the DBAPI ``lastrowid`` accessor
+        in all cases.
+
+        """
+        return self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        pass
+
+    def get_result_proxy(self):
+        return result.ResultProxy(self)
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    def _setup_crud_result_proxy(self):
+        if self.isinsert and \
+                not self.executemany:
+            if not self._is_implicit_returning and \
+                not self.compiled.inline and \
+                    self.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+
+                self._setup_ins_pk_from_lastrowid()
+
+            elif not self._is_implicit_returning:
+                self._setup_ins_pk_from_empty()
+
+        result = self.get_result_proxy()
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if self._is_implicit_returning:
+                row = result.fetchone()
+                self.returned_defaults = row
+                self._setup_ins_pk_from_implicit_returning(row)
+                result._soft_close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+                result._metadata = None
+            elif not self._is_explicit_returning:
+                result._soft_close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+                result._metadata = None
+        elif self.isupdate and self._is_implicit_returning:
+            row = result.fetchone()
+            self.returned_defaults = row
+            result._soft_close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+            result._metadata = None
+
+        elif result._metadata is None:
+            # no results, get rowcount
+            # (which requires open cursor on some drivers
+            # such as kintersbasdb, mxodbc)
+            result.rowcount
+            result._soft_close(_autoclose_connection=False)
+        return result
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_lastrowid(self):
+        key_getter = self.compiled._key_getters_for_crud_column[2]
+        table = self.compiled.statement.table
+        compiled_params = self.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+        lastrowid = self.get_lastrowid()
+        if lastrowid is not None:
+            autoinc_col = table._autoincrement_column
+            if autoinc_col is not None:
+                # apply type post processors to the lastrowid
+                proc = autoinc_col.type._cached_result_processor(
+                    self.dialect, None)
+                if proc is not None:
+                    lastrowid = proc(lastrowid)
+            self.inserted_primary_key = [
+                lastrowid if c is autoinc_col else
+                compiled_params.get(key_getter(c), None)
+                for c in table.primary_key
+            ]
+        else:
+            # don't have a usable lastrowid, so
+            # do the same as _setup_ins_pk_from_empty
+            self.inserted_primary_key = [
+                compiled_params.get(key_getter(c), None)
+                for c in table.primary_key
+            ]
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_empty(self):
+        key_getter = self.compiled._key_getters_for_crud_column[2]
+        table = self.compiled.statement.table
+        compiled_params = self.compiled_parameters[0]
+        self.inserted_primary_key = [
+            compiled_params.get(key_getter(c), None)
+            for c in table.primary_key
+        ]
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_implicit_returning(self, row):
+        key_getter = self.compiled._key_getters_for_crud_column[2]
+        table = self.compiled.statement.table
+        compiled_params = self.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+        self.inserted_primary_key = [
+            row[col] if value is None else value
+            for col, value in [
+                (col, compiled_params.get(key_getter(col), None))
+                for col in table.primary_key
+            ]
+        ]
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        return (self.isinsert or self.isupdate) and \
+            bool(self.compiled.postfetch)
+
+    def set_input_sizes(self, translate=None, exclude_types=None):
+        """Given a cursor and ClauseParameters, call the appropriate
+        style of ``setinputsizes()`` on the cursor, using DB-API types
+        from the bind parameter's ``TypeEngine`` objects.
+
+        This method only called by those dialects which require it,
+        currently cx_oracle.
+
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(self.compiled, 'bind_names'):
+            return
+
+        types = dict(
+            (self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam], bindparam.type)
+            for bindparam in self.compiled.bind_names)
+
+        if self.dialect.positional:
+            inputsizes = []
+            for key in self.compiled.positiontup:
+                typeengine = types[key]
+                dbtype = typeengine.dialect_impl(self.dialect).\
+                    get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+                if dbtype is not None and \
+                        (not exclude_types or dbtype not in exclude_types):
+                    inputsizes.append(dbtype)
+            try:
+                self.cursor.setinputsizes(*inputsizes)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.root_connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                    e, None, None, None, self)
+        else:
+            inputsizes = {}
+            for key in self.compiled.bind_names.values():
+                typeengine = types[key]
+                dbtype = typeengine.dialect_impl(self.dialect).\
+                    get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+                if dbtype is not None and \
+                        (not exclude_types or dbtype not in exclude_types):
+                    if translate:
+                        key = translate.get(key, key)
+                    if not self.dialect.supports_unicode_binds:
+                        key = self.dialect._encoder(key)[0]
+                    inputsizes[key] = dbtype
+            try:
+                self.cursor.setinputsizes(**inputsizes)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self.root_connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                    e, None, None, None, self)
+
+    def _exec_default(self, default, type_):
+        if default.is_sequence:
+            return self.fire_sequence(default, type_)
+        elif default.is_callable:
+            return default.arg(self)
+        elif default.is_clause_element:
+            # TODO: expensive branching here should be
+            # pulled into _exec_scalar()
+            conn = self.connection
+            c = expression.select([default.arg]).compile(bind=conn)
+            return conn._execute_compiled(c, (), {}).scalar()
+        else:
+            return default.arg
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.default is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column.default, column.type)
+
+    def get_update_default(self, column):
+        if column.onupdate is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column.onupdate, column.type)
+
+    def _process_executemany_defaults(self):
+        key_getter = self.compiled._key_getters_for_crud_column[2]
+
+        prefetch = self.compiled.prefetch
+        scalar_defaults = {}
+
+        # pre-determine scalar Python-side defaults
+        # to avoid many calls of get_insert_default()/
+        # get_update_default()
+        for c in prefetch:
+            if self.isinsert and c.default and c.default.is_scalar:
+                scalar_defaults[c] = c.default.arg
+            elif self.isupdate and c.onupdate and c.onupdate.is_scalar:
+                scalar_defaults[c] = c.onupdate.arg
+
+        for param in self.compiled_parameters:
+            self.current_parameters = param
+            for c in prefetch:
+                if c in scalar_defaults:
+                    val = scalar_defaults[c]
+                elif self.isinsert:
+                    val = self.get_insert_default(c)
+                else:
+                    val = self.get_update_default(c)
+                if val is not None:
+                    param[key_getter(c)] = val
+        del self.current_parameters
+
+    def _process_executesingle_defaults(self):
+        key_getter = self.compiled._key_getters_for_crud_column[2]
+        prefetch = self.compiled.prefetch
+        self.current_parameters = compiled_parameters = \
+            self.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+        for c in prefetch:
+            if self.isinsert:
+                if c.default and \
+                        not c.default.is_sequence and c.default.is_scalar:
+                    val = c.default.arg
+                else:
+                    val = self.get_insert_default(c)
+            else:
+                val = self.get_update_default(c)
+
+            if val is not None:
+                compiled_parameters[key_getter(c)] = val
+        del self.current_parameters
+
+
+DefaultDialect.execution_ctx_cls = DefaultExecutionContext
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1948342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1152 @@
+# engine/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define core interfaces used by the engine system."""
+
+from .. import util, event
+
+# backwards compat
+from ..sql.compiler import Compiled, TypeCompiler
+
+
+class Dialect(object):
+    """Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.
+
+    Any aspect of metadata definition, SQL query generation,
+    execution, result-set handling, or anything else which varies
+    between databases is defined under the general category of the
+    Dialect.  The Dialect acts as a factory for other
+    database-specific object implementations including
+    ExecutionContext, Compiled, DefaultGenerator, and TypeEngine.
+
+    All Dialects implement the following attributes:
+
+    name
+      identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view
+      (i.e. 'sqlite')
+
+    driver
+      identifying name for the dialect's DBAPI
+
+    positional
+      True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional.
+
+    paramstyle
+      the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple
+      paramstyles).
+
+    convert_unicode
+      True if Unicode conversion should be applied to all ``str``
+      types.
+
+    encoding
+      type of encoding to use for unicode, usually defaults to
+      'utf-8'.
+
+    statement_compiler
+      a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL statements
+
+    ddl_compiler
+      a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile DDL statements
+
+    server_version_info
+      a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.
+      This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is
+      typically populated during the initial connection to the database.
+
+    default_schema_name
+     the name of the default schema.  This value is only available for
+     supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the
+     initial connection to the database.
+
+    execution_ctx_cls
+      a :class:`.ExecutionContext` class used to handle statement execution
+
+    execute_sequence_format
+      either the 'tuple' or 'list' type, depending on what cursor.execute()
+      accepts for the second argument (they vary).
+
+    preparer
+      a :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.IdentifierPreparer` class used to
+      quote identifiers.
+
+    supports_alter
+      ``True`` if the database supports ``ALTER TABLE``.
+
+    max_identifier_length
+      The maximum length of identifier names.
+
+    supports_unicode_statements
+      Indicate whether the DB-API can receive SQL statements as Python
+      unicode strings
+
+    supports_unicode_binds
+      Indicate whether the DB-API can receive string bind parameters
+      as Python unicode strings
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount
+      Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements.
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+      Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements when executed via
+      executemany.
+
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences
+      True if 'implicit' primary key functions must be executed separately
+      in order to get their value.   This is currently oriented towards
+      Postgresql.
+
+    implicit_returning
+      use RETURNING or equivalent during INSERT execution in order to load
+      newly generated primary keys and other column defaults in one execution,
+      which are then available via inserted_primary_key.
+      If an insert statement has returning() specified explicitly,
+      the "implicit" functionality is not used and inserted_primary_key
+      will not be available.
+
+    dbapi_type_map
+      A mapping of DB-API type objects present in this Dialect's
+      DB-API implementation mapped to TypeEngine implementations used
+      by the dialect.
+
+      This is used to apply types to result sets based on the DB-API
+      types present in cursor.description; it only takes effect for
+      result sets against textual statements where no explicit
+      typemap was present.
+
+    colspecs
+      A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped
+      to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class.  This
+      dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the
+      dialect instance itself.
+
+    supports_default_values
+      Indicates if the construct ``INSERT INTO tablename DEFAULT
+      VALUES`` is supported
+
+    supports_sequences
+      Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar.
+
+    sequences_optional
+      If True, indicates if the "optional" flag on the Sequence() construct
+      should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to
+      dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow Postgresql
+      SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on
+      other backends.
+
+    supports_native_enum
+      Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct.
+      This will prevent types.Enum from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used.
+
+    supports_native_boolean
+      Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct.
+      This will prevent types.Boolean from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used.
+
+    dbapi_exception_translation_map
+       A dictionary of names that will contain as values the names of
+       pep-249 exceptions ("IntegrityError", "OperationalError", etc)
+       keyed to alternate class names, to support the case where a
+       DBAPI has exception classes that aren't named as they are
+       referred to (e.g. IntegrityError = MyException).   In the vast
+       majority of cases this dictionary is empty.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.0.5
+
+    """
+
+    _has_events = False
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        """Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.
+
+        Given a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL` object, returns a tuple
+        consisting of a `*args`/`**kwargs` suitable to send directly
+        to the dbapi's connect function.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def type_descriptor(cls, typeobj):
+        """Transform a generic type to a dialect-specific type.
+
+        Dialect classes will usually use the
+        :func:`.types.adapt_type` function in the types module to
+        accomplish this.
+
+        The returned result is cached *per dialect class* so can
+        contain no dialect-instance state.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        """Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a
+        connection.
+
+        Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or
+        other properties.
+
+        The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object,
+        with full capabilities.
+
+        The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via
+        super().
+
+        """
+
+        pass
+
+    def reflecttable(
+            self, connection, table, include_columns, exclude_columns):
+        """Load table description from the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection` and a
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` object, reflect its columns and
+        properties from the database.
+
+        The implementation of this method is provided by
+        :meth:`.DefaultDialect.reflecttable`, which makes use of
+        :class:`.Inspector` to retrieve column information.
+
+        Dialects should **not** seek to implement this method, and should
+        instead implement individual schema inspection operations such as
+        :meth:`.Dialect.get_columns`, :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint`,
+        etc.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about columns in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return column
+        information as a list of dictionaries with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the column's name
+
+        type
+          [sqlalchemy.types#TypeEngine]
+
+        nullable
+          boolean
+
+        default
+          the column's default value
+
+        autoincrement
+          boolean
+
+        sequence
+          a dictionary of the form
+              {'name' : str, 'start' :int, 'increment': int, 'minvalue': int,
+               'maxvalue': int, 'nominvalue': bool, 'nomaxvalue': bool,
+               'cycle': bool}
+
+        Additional column attributes may be present.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_primary_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about primary keys in `table_name`.
+
+
+        Deprecated.  This method is only called by the default
+        implementation of :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint`.  Dialects should
+        instead implement the :meth:`.Dialect.get_pk_constraint` method
+        directly.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about the primary key constraint on
+        table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return primary
+        key information as a dictionary with these keys:
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the primary key
+
+        name
+          optional name of the primary key constraint.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return foreign
+        key information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the constraint's name
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the foreign key
+
+        referred_schema
+          the name of the referred schema
+
+        referred_table
+          the name of the referred table
+
+        referred_columns
+          a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
+          constrained_columns
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a list of table names for `schema`."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a list of temporary table names on the given connection,
+        if supported by the underlying backend.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a list of all view names available in the database.
+
+        schema:
+          Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a list of temporary view names on the given connection,
+        if supported by the underlying backend.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return view definition.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `view_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return the view
+        definition.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about indexes in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection`, a string
+        `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return index
+        information as a list of dictionaries with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the index's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        unique
+          boolean
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+            self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the unique constraint's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        \**kw
+          other options passed to the dialect's get_unique_constraints()
+          method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        """convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as
+        case insensitive.
+
+        this method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        """convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier
+        for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.
+
+        this method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None):
+        """Check the existence of a particular table in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection` object and a string
+        `table_name`, return True if the given table (possibly within
+        the specified `schema`) exists in the database, False
+        otherwise.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None):
+        """Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`.Connection` object and a string
+        `sequence_name`, return True if the given sequence exists in
+        the database, False otherwise.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        """Retrieve the server version info from the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "server_version_info" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        """Return the string name of the currently selected schema from
+        the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "default_schema_name" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.begin()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        The DBAPI has no dedicated "begin" method and it is expected
+        that transactions are implicit.  This hook is provided for those
+        DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.
+
+        Note that :meth:`.Dialect.do_begin` is not called unless a
+        :class:`.Transaction` object is in use.  The
+        :meth:`.Dialect.do_autocommit`
+        hook is provided for DBAPIs that need some extra commands emitted
+        after a commit in order to enter the next transaction, when the
+        SQLAlchemy :class:`.Connection` is used in its default "autocommit"
+        mode.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+         """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.rollback()``, given
+        a DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+         """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.commit()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()``, given a DBAPI
+        connection.
+
+        This hook is called by the :class:`.Pool` when a connection has been
+        detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal
+        capacity of the pool.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """Create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(),
+        do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase().  Its format is
+        unspecified.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        """Create a savepoint with the given name.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        """Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        """Release the named savepoint on a connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        """Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        """Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                             recover=False):
+        """Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True,
+                           recover=False):
+        """Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        """Recover list of uncommited prepared two phase transaction
+        identifiers on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.executemany(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                             context=None):
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement)``.
+
+        The parameter collection should not be sent.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        """Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid
+        connection"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        The callable accepts a single argument "conn" which is the
+        DBAPI connection itself.  It has no return value.
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, unicode modes, etc.
+
+        If a callable is returned, it will be assembled into a pool listener
+        that receives the direct DBAPI connection, with all wrappers removed.
+
+        If None is returned, no listener will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`.Connection` and
+        :class:`.Engine`
+        isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
+        most typical use cases.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.get_isolation_level` - view current level
+
+            :attr:`.Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`.Engine` isolation level
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn, level):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`.Connection` and
+        :class:`.Engine`
+        isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
+        most typical use cases.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.get_isolation_level` - view current level
+
+            :attr:`.Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`.Engine` isolation level
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level.
+
+        When working with a :class:`.Connection` object, the corresponding
+        DBAPI connection may be procured using the
+        :attr:`.Connection.connection` accessor.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`.Connection` and
+        :class:`.Engine` isolation level facilities;
+        these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.get_isolation_level` - view current level
+
+            :attr:`.Connection.default_isolation_level` - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`.Engine` isolation level
+
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_dialect_cls(cls, url):
+        """Given a URL, return the :class:`.Dialect` that will be used.
+
+        This is a hook that allows an external plugin to provide functionality
+        around an existing dialect, by allowing the plugin to be loaded
+        from the url based on an entrypoint, and then the plugin returns
+        the actual dialect to be used.
+
+        By default this just returns the cls.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        """
+        return cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def engine_created(cls, engine):
+        """A convenience hook called before returning the final :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        If the dialect returned a different class from the
+        :meth:`.get_dialect_cls`
+        method, then the hook is called on both classes, first on
+        the dialect class returned by the :meth:`.get_dialect_cls` method and
+        then on the class on which the method was called.
+
+        The hook should be used by dialects and/or wrappers to apply special
+        events to the engine or its components.   In particular, it allows
+        a dialect-wrapping class to apply dialect-level events.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class ExecutionContext(object):
+    """A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single
+    execution.
+
+    ExecutionContext should have these data members:
+
+    connection
+      Connection object which can be freely used by default value
+      generators to execute SQL.  This Connection should reference the
+      same underlying connection/transactional resources of
+      root_connection.
+
+    root_connection
+      Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext.  This
+      Connection may have close_with_result=True set, in which case it can
+      only be used once.
+
+    dialect
+      dialect which created this ExecutionContext.
+
+    cursor
+      DB-API cursor procured from the connection,
+
+    compiled
+      if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object
+      being executed,
+
+    statement
+      string version of the statement to be executed.  Is either
+      passed to the constructor, or must be created from the
+      sql.Compiled object by the time pre_exec() has completed.
+
+    parameters
+      bind parameters passed to the execute() method.  For compiled
+      statements, this is a dictionary or list of dictionaries.  For
+      textual statements, it should be in a format suitable for the
+      dialect's paramstyle (i.e. dict or list of dicts for non
+      positional, list or list of lists/tuples for positional).
+
+    isinsert
+      True if the statement is an INSERT.
+
+    isupdate
+      True if the statement is an UPDATE.
+
+    should_autocommit
+      True if the statement is a "committable" statement.
+
+    prefetch_cols
+      a list of Column objects for which a client-side default
+      was fired off.  Applies to inserts and updates.
+
+    postfetch_cols
+      a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or
+      inline SQL expression value was fired off.  Applies to inserts
+      and updates.
+    """
+
+    exception = None
+    """A DBAPI-level exception that was caught when this ExecutionContext
+    attempted to execute a statement.
+
+    This attribute is meaningful only within the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error` event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExecutionContext.is_disconnect`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error`
+
+    """
+
+    is_disconnect = None
+    """Boolean flag set to True or False when a DBAPI-level exception
+    is caught when this ExecutionContext attempted to execute a statement.
+
+    This attribute is meaningful only within the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error` event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExecutionContext.exception`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.dbapi_error`
+
+    """
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        """Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext's
+        connection.
+
+        Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of
+        connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG
+        "server side" cursor.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """Called before an execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `statement` and `parameters` datamembers must be
+        initialized after this statement is complete.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        """Called after the execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `last_insert_ids`, `last_inserted_params`, etc.
+        datamembers should be available after this method completes.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def result(self):
+        """Return a result object corresponding to this ExecutionContext.
+
+        Returns a ResultProxy.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        """Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result
+        fetch, etc."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def should_autocommit_text(self, statement):
+        """Parse the given textual statement and return True if it refers to
+        a "committable" statement"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        """Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained
+        inlined or database-side defaults.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_rowcount(self):
+        """Return the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` value, or in some
+        cases an interpreted value.
+
+        See :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` for details on this.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Connectable(object):
+    """Interface for an object which supports execution of SQL constructs.
+
+    The two implementations of :class:`.Connectable` are
+    :class:`.Connection` and :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    Connectable must also implement the 'dialect' member which references a
+    :class:`.Dialect` instance.
+
+    """
+
+    def connect(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+        Depending on context, this may be ``self`` if this object
+        is already an instance of :class:`.Connection`, or a newly
+        procured :class:`.Connection` if this object is an instance
+        of :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+    def contextual_connect(self):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object which may be part of an ongoing
+        context.
+
+        Depending on context, this may be ``self`` if this object
+        is already an instance of :class:`.Connection`, or a newly
+        procured :class:`.Connection` if this object is an instance
+        of :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7",
+                     "Use the create() method on the given schema "
+                     "object directly, i.e. :meth:`.Table.create`, "
+                     ":meth:`.Index.create`, :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`")
+    def create(self, entity, **kwargs):
+        """Emit CREATE statements for the given schema entity.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7",
+                     "Use the drop() method on the given schema "
+                     "object directly, i.e. :meth:`.Table.drop`, "
+                     ":meth:`.Index.drop`, :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`")
+    def drop(self, entity, **kwargs):
+        """Emit DROP statements for the given schema entity.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def execute(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes the given construct and returns a :class:`.ResultProxy`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def scalar(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Executes and returns the first column of the first row.
+
+        The underlying cursor is closed after execution.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element,
+                     **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(self, elem, multiparams=None, params=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ExceptionContext(object):
+    """Encapsulate information about an error condition in progress.
+
+    This object exists solely to be passed to the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` event, supporting an interface that
+    can be extended without backwards-incompatibility.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.7
+
+    """
+
+    connection = None
+    """The :class:`.Connection` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member is present, except in the case of a failure when
+    first connecting.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine`
+
+
+    """
+
+    engine = None
+    """The :class:`.Engine` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member should always be present, even in the case of a failure
+    when first connecting.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    """
+
+    cursor = None
+    """The DBAPI cursor object.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    statement = None
+    """String SQL statement that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    parameters = None
+    """Parameter collection that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    original_exception = None
+    """The exception object which was caught.
+
+    This member is always present.
+
+    """
+
+    sqlalchemy_exception = None
+    """The :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError` which wraps the original,
+    and will be raised if exception handling is not circumvented by the event.
+
+    May be None, as not all exception types are wrapped by SQLAlchemy.
+    For DBAPI-level exceptions that subclass the dbapi's Error class, this
+    field will always be present.
+
+    """
+
+    chained_exception = None
+    """The exception that was returned by the previous handler in the
+    exception chain, if any.
+
+    If present, this exception will be the one ultimately raised by
+    SQLAlchemy unless a subsequent handler replaces it.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    execution_context = None
+    """The :class:`.ExecutionContext` corresponding to the execution
+    operation in progress.
+
+    This is present for statement execution operations, but not for
+    operations such as transaction begin/end.  It also is not present when
+    the exception was raised before the :class:`.ExecutionContext`
+    could be constructed.
+
+    Note that the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.statement` and
+    :attr:`.ExceptionContext.parameters` members may represent a
+    different value than that of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+    potentially in the case where a
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event or similar
+    modified the statement/parameters to be sent.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    is_disconnect = None
+    """Represent whether the exception as occurred represents a "disconnect"
+    condition.
+
+    This flag will always be True or False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` handler.
+
+    SQLAlchemy will defer to this flag in order to determine whether or not
+    the connection should be invalidated subsequently.    That is, by
+    assigning to this flag, a "disconnect" event which then results in
+    a connection and pool invalidation can be invoked or prevented by
+    changing this flag.
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = True
+    """Represent whether all connections in the pool should be invalidated
+    when a "disconnect" condition is in effect.
+
+    Setting this flag to False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` event will have the effect such
+    that the full collection of connections in the pool will not be
+    invalidated during a disconnect; only the current connection that is the
+    subject of the error will actually be invalidated.
+
+    The purpose of this flag is for custom disconnect-handling schemes where
+    the invalidation of other connections in the pool is to be performed
+    based on other conditions, or even on a per-connection basis.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+    """
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98fcfa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+# engine/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.
+
+Usage Notes:
+
+Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
+methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.
+
+1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
+   reasons:
+
+   * They're both standard types that can be serialized.
+   * Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
+   * Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
+     with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).
+
+2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
+   use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
+   'name' attribute..
+"""
+
+from .. import exc, sql
+from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import deprecated
+from ..util import topological
+from .. import inspection
+from .base import Connectable
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def cache(fn, self, con, *args, **kw):
+    info_cache = kw.get('info_cache', None)
+    if info_cache is None:
+        return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+    key = (
+        fn.__name__,
+        tuple(a for a in args if isinstance(a, util.string_types)),
+        tuple((k, v) for k, v in kw.items() if
+              isinstance(v,
+                         util.string_types + util.int_types + (float, )
+                         )
+              )
+    )
+    ret = info_cache.get(key)
+    if ret is None:
+        ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        info_cache[key] = ret
+    return ret
+
+
+class Inspector(object):
+    """Performs database schema inspection.
+
+    The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
+    consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
+    fetched metadata.
+
+    A :class:`.Inspector` object is usually created via the
+    :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
+        engine = create_engine('...')
+        insp = inspect(engine)
+
+    The inspection method above is equivalent to using the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.from_engine` method, i.e.::
+
+        engine = create_engine('...')
+        insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
+
+    Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` may opt
+    to return an :class:`.Inspector` subclass that provides additional
+    methods specific to the dialect's target database.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, bind):
+        """Initialize a new :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`.Inspector`, see
+        :meth:`.Inspector.from_engine`
+
+        """
+        # this might not be a connection, it could be an engine.
+        self.bind = bind
+
+        # set the engine
+        if hasattr(bind, 'engine'):
+            self.engine = bind.engine
+        else:
+            self.engine = bind
+
+        if self.engine is bind:
+            # if engine, ensure initialized
+            bind.connect().close()
+
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_engine(cls, bind):
+        """Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
+        engine or connection.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
+        :class:`.Inspector` in that the
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
+        provide a dialect-specific :class:`.Inspector` instance, which may
+        provide additional methods.
+
+        See the example at :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(bind.dialect, 'inspector'):
+            return bind.dialect.inspector(bind)
+        return Inspector(bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Connectable)
+    def _insp(bind):
+        return Inspector.from_engine(bind)
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name(self):
+        """Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
+        for the current engine's database user.
+
+        E.g. this is typically ``public`` for Postgresql and ``dbo``
+        for SQL Server.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+    def get_schema_names(self):
+        """Return all schema names.
+        """
+
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_schema_names'):
+            return self.dialect.get_schema_names(self.bind,
+                                                 info_cache=self.info_cache)
+        return []
+
+    def get_table_names(self, schema=None, order_by=None):
+        """Return all table names in referred to within a particular schema.
+
+        The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
+        Views are instead returned using the :meth:`.Inspector.get_view_names`
+        method.
+
+
+        :param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
+         database's default schema is
+         used, else the named schema is searched.  If the database does not
+         support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
+         passed as ``None``.  For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param order_by: Optional, may be the string "foreign_key" to sort
+         the result on foreign key dependencies.  Does not automatically
+         resolve cycles, and will raise :class:`.CircularDependencyError`
+         if cycles exist.
+
+         .. deprecated:: 1.0.0 - see
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names` for a version
+            of this which resolves foreign key cycles between tables
+            automatically.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8 the "foreign_key" sorting sorts tables
+            in order of dependee to dependent; that is, in creation
+            order, rather than in drop order.  This is to maintain
+            consistency with similar features such as
+            :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` and :func:`.util.sort_tables`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+            :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+        """
+
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_names'):
+            tnames = self.dialect.get_table_names(
+                self.bind, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+        else:
+            tnames = self.engine.table_names(schema)
+        if order_by == 'foreign_key':
+            tuples = []
+            for tname in tnames:
+                for fkey in self.get_foreign_keys(tname, schema):
+                    if tname != fkey['referred_table']:
+                        tuples.append((fkey['referred_table'], tname))
+            tnames = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        return tnames
+
+    def get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(self, schema=None):
+        """Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names in
+        referred to within a particular schema.
+
+        This will yield 2-tuples of
+        ``(tablename, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ...])``
+        consisting of table names in CREATE order grouped with the foreign key
+        constraint names that are not detected as belonging to a cycle.
+        The final element
+        will be ``(None, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ..])``
+        which will consist of remaining
+        foreign key constraint names that would require a separate CREATE
+        step after-the-fact, based on dependencies between tables.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.-
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints` - similar method which works
+             with an already-given :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_names'):
+            tnames = self.dialect.get_table_names(
+                self.bind, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+        else:
+            tnames = self.engine.table_names(schema)
+
+        tuples = set()
+        remaining_fkcs = set()
+
+        fknames_for_table = {}
+        for tname in tnames:
+            fkeys = self.get_foreign_keys(tname, schema)
+            fknames_for_table[tname] = set(
+                [fk['name'] for fk in fkeys]
+            )
+            for fkey in fkeys:
+                if tname != fkey['referred_table']:
+                    tuples.add((fkey['referred_table'], tname))
+        try:
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+            for edge in err.edges:
+                tuples.remove(edge)
+                remaining_fkcs.update(
+                    (edge[1], fkc)
+                    for fkc in fknames_for_table[edge[1]]
+                )
+
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        return [
+            (tname, fknames_for_table[tname].difference(remaining_fkcs))
+            for tname in candidate_sort
+        ] + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(self):
+        """return a list of temporary table names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only SQLite implements it.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.get_temp_table_names(
+            self.bind, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(self):
+        """return a list of temporary view names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only SQLite implements it.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.get_temp_view_names(
+            self.bind, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_table_options(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
+        given name was created.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL tables.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(self.dialect, 'get_table_options'):
+            return self.dialect.get_table_options(
+                self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
+        return {}
+
+    def get_view_names(self, schema=None):
+        """Return all view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_view_names(self.bind, schema,
+                                           info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_view_definition(self, view_name, schema=None):
+        """Return definition for `view_name`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
+            self.bind, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache)
+
+    def get_columns(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about columns in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        column information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the column's name
+
+        type
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
+
+        nullable
+          boolean
+
+        default
+          the column's default value
+
+        attrs
+          dict containing optional column attributes
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                            info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                            **kw)
+        for col_def in col_defs:
+            # make this easy and only return instances for coltype
+            coltype = col_def['type']
+            if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
+                col_def['type'] = coltype()
+        return col_defs
+
+    @deprecated('0.7', 'Call to deprecated method get_primary_keys.'
+                '  Use get_pk_constraint instead.')
+    def get_primary_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about primary keys in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a list of column names.
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                              info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                              **kw)['constrained_columns']
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about primary key constraint on `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a dictionary with these keys:
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the primary key
+
+        name
+          optional name of the primary key constraint.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                              info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                              **kw)
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        foreign key information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        constrained_columns
+          a list of column names that make up the foreign key
+
+        referred_schema
+          the name of the referred schema
+
+        referred_table
+          the name of the referred table
+
+        referred_columns
+          a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
+          constrained_columns
+
+        name
+          optional name of the foreign key constraint.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(self.bind, table_name, schema,
+                                             info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                                             **kw)
+
+    def get_indexes(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about indexes in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        index information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the index's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        unique
+          boolean
+
+        dialect_options
+          dict of dialect-specific index options.  May not be present
+          for all dialects.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_indexes(self.bind, table_name,
+                                        schema,
+                                        info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.
+
+        Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:
+
+        name
+          the unique constraint's name
+
+        column_names
+          list of column names in order
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
+            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw)
+
+    def reflecttable(self, table, include_columns, exclude_columns=()):
+        """Given a Table object, load its internal constructs based on
+        introspection.
+
+        This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
+        table reflection.  Direct usage is like::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
+
+            engine = create_engine('...')
+            meta = MetaData()
+            user_table = Table('user', meta)
+            insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
+            insp.reflecttable(user_table, None)
+
+        :param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
+        :param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
+          in the reflection process.  If ``None``, all columns are reflected.
+
+        """
+        dialect = self.bind.dialect
+
+        schema = table.schema
+        table_name = table.name
+
+        # get table-level arguments that are specifically
+        # intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
+        # these are unconditionally passed to related Table
+        # objects
+        reflection_options = dict(
+            (k, table.dialect_kwargs.get(k))
+            for k in dialect.reflection_options
+            if k in table.dialect_kwargs
+        )
+
+        # reflect table options, like mysql_engine
+        tbl_opts = self.get_table_options(
+            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
+        if tbl_opts:
+            # add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
+            # returned them
+            table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)
+
+        if util.py2k:
+            if isinstance(schema, str):
+                schema = schema.decode(dialect.encoding)
+            if isinstance(table_name, str):
+                table_name = table_name.decode(dialect.encoding)
+
+        found_table = False
+        cols_by_orig_name = {}
+
+        for col_d in self.get_columns(
+                table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs):
+            found_table = True
+
+            self._reflect_column(
+                table, col_d, include_columns,
+                exclude_columns, cols_by_orig_name)
+
+        if not found_table:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table.name)
+
+        self._reflect_pk(
+            table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns)
+
+        self._reflect_fk(
+            table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name,
+            exclude_columns, reflection_options)
+
+        self._reflect_indexes(
+            table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns, exclude_columns, reflection_options)
+
+        self._reflect_unique_constraints(
+            table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns, exclude_columns, reflection_options)
+
+    def _reflect_column(
+        self, table, col_d, include_columns,
+            exclude_columns, cols_by_orig_name):
+
+        orig_name = col_d['name']
+
+        table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+
+        # fetch name again as column_reflect is allowed to
+        # change it
+        name = col_d['name']
+        if (include_columns and name not in include_columns) \
+                or (exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns):
+            return
+
+        coltype = col_d['type']
+
+        col_kw = dict(
+            (k, col_d[k])
+            for k in ['nullable', 'autoincrement', 'quote', 'info', 'key']
+            if k in col_d
+        )
+
+        colargs = []
+        if col_d.get('default') is not None:
+            # the "default" value is assumed to be a literal SQL
+            # expression, so is wrapped in text() so that no quoting
+            # occurs on re-issuance.
+            colargs.append(
+                sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    sql.text(col_d['default']), _reflected=True
+                )
+            )
+
+        if 'sequence' in col_d:
+            self._reflect_col_sequence(col_d, colargs)
+
+        cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = \
+            sa_schema.Column(name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw)
+
+        if col.key in table.primary_key:
+            col.primary_key = True
+        table.append_column(col)
+
+    def _reflect_col_sequence(self, col_d, colargs):
+        if 'sequence' in col_d:
+            # TODO: mssql and sybase are using this.
+            seq = col_d['sequence']
+            sequence = sa_schema.Sequence(seq['name'], 1, 1)
+            if 'start' in seq:
+                sequence.start = seq['start']
+            if 'increment' in seq:
+                sequence.increment = seq['increment']
+            colargs.append(sequence)
+
+    def _reflect_pk(
+            self, table_name, schema, table,
+            cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns):
+        pk_cons = self.get_pk_constraint(
+            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
+        if pk_cons:
+            pk_cols = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[pk]
+                for pk in pk_cons['constrained_columns']
+                if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
+            ]
+
+            # update pk constraint name
+            table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get('name')
+
+            # tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
+            # its column collection
+            table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)
+
+    def _reflect_fk(
+            self, table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name,
+            exclude_columns, reflection_options):
+        fkeys = self.get_foreign_keys(
+            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs)
+        for fkey_d in fkeys:
+            conname = fkey_d['name']
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_columns = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[c].key
+                if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
+                for c in fkey_d['constrained_columns']
+            ]
+            if exclude_columns and set(constrained_columns).intersection(
+                    exclude_columns):
+                continue
+            referred_schema = fkey_d['referred_schema']
+            referred_table = fkey_d['referred_table']
+            referred_columns = fkey_d['referred_columns']
+            refspec = []
+            if referred_schema is not None:
+                sa_schema.Table(referred_table, table.metadata,
+                                autoload=True, schema=referred_schema,
+                                autoload_with=self.bind,
+                                **reflection_options
+                                )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join(
+                        [referred_schema, referred_table, column]))
+            else:
+                sa_schema.Table(referred_table, table.metadata, autoload=True,
+                                autoload_with=self.bind,
+                                **reflection_options
+                                )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
+            if 'options' in fkey_d:
+                options = fkey_d['options']
+            else:
+                options = {}
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(constrained_columns, refspec,
+                                               conname, link_to_name=True,
+                                               **options))
+
+    def _reflect_indexes(
+        self, table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns, exclude_columns, reflection_options):
+        # Indexes
+        indexes = self.get_indexes(table_name, schema)
+        for index_d in indexes:
+            name = index_d['name']
+            columns = index_d['column_names']
+            unique = index_d['unique']
+            flavor = index_d.get('type', 'index')
+            dialect_options = index_d.get('dialect_options', {})
+
+            duplicates = index_d.get('duplicates_constraint')
+            if include_columns and \
+                    not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Omitting %s key for (%s), key covers omitted columns." %
+                    (flavor, ', '.join(columns)))
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            idx_cols = []
+            for c in columns:
+                try:
+                    idx_col = cols_by_orig_name[c] \
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name else table.c[c]
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "%s key '%s' was not located in "
+                        "columns for table '%s'" % (
+                            flavor, c, table_name
+                        ))
+                else:
+                    idx_cols.append(idx_col)
+
+            sa_schema.Index(
+                name, *idx_cols,
+                **dict(list(dialect_options.items()) + [('unique', unique)])
+            )
+
+    def _reflect_unique_constraints(
+        self, table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns, exclude_columns, reflection_options):
+
+        # Unique Constraints
+        try:
+            constraints = self.get_unique_constraints(table_name, schema)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            # optional dialect feature
+            return
+
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            conname = const_d['name']
+            columns = const_d['column_names']
+            duplicates = const_d.get('duplicates_index')
+            if include_columns and \
+                    not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Omitting unique constraint key for (%s), "
+                    "key covers omitted columns." %
+                    ', '.join(columns))
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_cols = []
+            for c in columns:
+                try:
+                    constrained_col = cols_by_orig_name[c] \
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name else table.c[c]
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "unique constraint key '%s' was not located in "
+                        "columns for table '%s'" % (c, table_name))
+                else:
+                    constrained_cols.append(constrained_col)
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa_schema.UniqueConstraint(*constrained_cols, name=conname))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..689382f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@
+# engine/result.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define result set constructs including :class:`.ResultProxy`
+and :class:`.RowProxy."""
+
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from ..sql import expression, sqltypes
+import collections
+import operator
+
+# This reconstructor is necessary so that pickles with the C extension or
+# without use the same Binary format.
+try:
+    # We need a different reconstructor on the C extension so that we can
+    # add extra checks that fields have correctly been initialized by
+    # __setstate__.
+    from sqlalchemy.cresultproxy import safe_rowproxy_reconstructor
+
+    # The extra function embedding is needed so that the
+    # reconstructor function has the same signature whether or not
+    # the extension is present.
+    def rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state):
+        return safe_rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state)
+except ImportError:
+    def rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state):
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.__setstate__(state)
+        return obj
+
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.cresultproxy import BaseRowProxy
+except ImportError:
+    class BaseRowProxy(object):
+        __slots__ = ('_parent', '_row', '_processors', '_keymap')
+
+        def __init__(self, parent, row, processors, keymap):
+            """RowProxy objects are constructed by ResultProxy objects."""
+
+            self._parent = parent
+            self._row = row
+            self._processors = processors
+            self._keymap = keymap
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return (rowproxy_reconstructor,
+                    (self.__class__, self.__getstate__()))
+
+        def values(self):
+            """Return the values represented by this RowProxy as a list."""
+            return list(self)
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            for processor, value in zip(self._processors, self._row):
+                if processor is None:
+                    yield value
+                else:
+                    yield processor(value)
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(self._row)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            try:
+                processor, obj, index = self._keymap[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                processor, obj, index = self._parent._key_fallback(key)
+            except TypeError:
+                if isinstance(key, slice):
+                    l = []
+                    for processor, value in zip(self._processors[key],
+                                                self._row[key]):
+                        if processor is None:
+                            l.append(value)
+                        else:
+                            l.append(processor(value))
+                    return tuple(l)
+                else:
+                    raise
+            if index is None:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Ambiguous column name '%s' in result set! "
+                    "try 'use_labels' option on select statement." % key)
+            if processor is not None:
+                return processor(self._row[index])
+            else:
+                return self._row[index]
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            try:
+                return self[name]
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise AttributeError(e.args[0])
+
+
+class RowProxy(BaseRowProxy):
+    """Proxy values from a single cursor row.
+
+    Mostly follows "ordered dictionary" behavior, mapping result
+    values to the string-based column name, the integer position of
+    the result in the row, as well as Column instances which can be
+    mapped to the original Columns that produced this result set (for
+    results that correspond to constructed SQL expressions).
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return self._parent._has_key(key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            '_parent': self._parent,
+            '_row': tuple(self)
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self._parent = parent = state['_parent']
+        self._row = state['_row']
+        self._processors = parent._processors
+        self._keymap = parent._keymap
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    def _op(self, other, op):
+        return op(tuple(self), tuple(other)) \
+            if isinstance(other, RowProxy) \
+            else op(tuple(self), other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.lt)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.le)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.ge)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.gt)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.eq)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._op(other, operator.ne)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(tuple(self))
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        """Return True if this RowProxy contains the given key."""
+
+        return self._parent._has_key(key)
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Return a list of tuples, each tuple containing a key/value pair."""
+        # TODO: no coverage here
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return the list of keys as strings represented by this RowProxy."""
+
+        return self._parent.keys
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        return iter(self._parent.keys)
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        return iter(self)
+
+try:
+    # Register RowProxy with Sequence,
+    # so sequence protocol is implemented
+    from collections import Sequence
+    Sequence.register(RowProxy)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class ResultMetaData(object):
+    """Handle cursor.description, applying additional info from an execution
+    context."""
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, metadata):
+        context = parent.context
+        dialect = context.dialect
+        typemap = dialect.dbapi_type_map
+        translate_colname = context._translate_colname
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive = dialect.case_sensitive
+
+        if context.result_column_struct:
+            result_columns, cols_are_ordered = context.result_column_struct
+            num_ctx_cols = len(result_columns)
+        else:
+            num_ctx_cols = None
+
+        if num_ctx_cols and \
+                cols_are_ordered and \
+                num_ctx_cols == len(metadata):
+            # case 1 - SQL expression statement, number of columns
+            # in result matches number of cols in compiled.  This is the
+            # vast majority case for SQL expression constructs.  In this
+            # case we don't bother trying to parse or match up to
+            # the colnames in the result description.
+            raw = [
+                (
+                    idx,
+                    key,
+                    name.lower() if not case_sensitive else name,
+                    context.get_result_processor(
+                        type_, key, metadata[idx][1]
+                    ),
+                    obj,
+                    None
+                ) for idx, (key, name, obj, type_)
+                in enumerate(result_columns)
+            ]
+            self.keys = [
+                elem[0] for elem in result_columns
+            ]
+        else:
+            # case 2 - raw string, or number of columns in result does
+            # not match number of cols in compiled.  The raw string case
+            # is very common.   The latter can happen
+            # when text() is used with only a partial typemap, or
+            # in the extremely unlikely cases where the compiled construct
+            # has a single element with multiple col expressions in it
+            # (e.g. has commas embedded) or there's some kind of statement
+            # that is adding extra columns.
+            # In all these cases we fall back to the "named" approach
+            # that SQLAlchemy has used up through 0.9.
+
+            if num_ctx_cols:
+                result_map = self._create_result_map(
+                    result_columns, case_sensitive)
+
+            raw = []
+            self.keys = []
+            untranslated = None
+            for idx, rec in enumerate(metadata):
+                colname = rec[0]
+                coltype = rec[1]
+
+                if dialect.description_encoding:
+                    colname = dialect._description_decoder(colname)
+
+                if translate_colname:
+                    colname, untranslated = translate_colname(colname)
+
+                if dialect.requires_name_normalize:
+                    colname = dialect.normalize_name(colname)
+
+                self.keys.append(colname)
+                if not case_sensitive:
+                    colname = colname.lower()
+
+                if num_ctx_cols:
+                    try:
+                        ctx_rec = result_map[colname]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        mapped_type = typemap.get(coltype, sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+                        obj = None
+                    else:
+                        obj = ctx_rec[1]
+                        mapped_type = ctx_rec[2]
+                else:
+                    mapped_type = typemap.get(coltype, sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+                    obj = None
+                processor = context.get_result_processor(
+                    mapped_type, colname, coltype)
+
+                raw.append(
+                    (idx, colname, colname, processor, obj, untranslated)
+                )
+
+        # keymap indexes by integer index...
+        self._keymap = dict([
+            (elem[0], (elem[3], elem[4], elem[0]))
+            for elem in raw
+        ])
+
+        # processors in key order for certain per-row
+        # views like __iter__ and slices
+        self._processors = [elem[3] for elem in raw]
+
+        if num_ctx_cols:
+            # keymap by primary string...
+            by_key = dict([
+                (elem[2], (elem[3], elem[4], elem[0]))
+                for elem in raw
+            ])
+
+            # if by-primary-string dictionary smaller (or bigger?!) than
+            # number of columns, assume we have dupes, rewrite
+            # dupe records with "None" for index which results in
+            # ambiguous column exception when accessed.
+            if len(by_key) != num_ctx_cols:
+                seen = set()
+                for rec in raw:
+                    key = rec[1]
+                    if key in seen:
+                        by_key[key] = (None, by_key[key][1], None)
+                    seen.add(key)
+
+            # update keymap with secondary "object"-based keys
+            self._keymap.update([
+                (obj_elem, by_key[elem[2]])
+                for elem in raw if elem[4]
+                for obj_elem in elem[4]
+            ])
+
+            # update keymap with primary string names taking
+            # precedence
+            self._keymap.update(by_key)
+        else:
+            self._keymap.update([
+                (elem[2], (elem[3], elem[4], elem[0]))
+                for elem in raw
+            ])
+            # update keymap with "translated" names (sqlite-only thing)
+            if translate_colname:
+                self._keymap.update([
+                    (elem[5], self._keymap[elem[2]])
+                    for elem in raw if elem[5]
+                ])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_result_map(cls, result_columns, case_sensitive=True):
+        d = {}
+        for elem in result_columns:
+            key, rec = elem[0], elem[1:]
+            if not case_sensitive:
+                key = key.lower()
+            if key in d:
+                # conflicting keyname, just double up the list
+                # of objects.  this will cause an "ambiguous name"
+                # error if an attempt is made by the result set to
+                # access.
+                e_name, e_obj, e_type = d[key]
+                d[key] = e_name, e_obj + rec[1], e_type
+            else:
+                d[key] = rec
+        return d
+
+    @util.pending_deprecation("0.8", "sqlite dialect uses "
+                              "_translate_colname() now")
+    def _set_keymap_synonym(self, name, origname):
+        """Set a synonym for the given name.
+
+        Some dialects (SQLite at the moment) may use this to
+        adjust the column names that are significant within a
+        row.
+
+        """
+        rec = (processor, obj, i) = self._keymap[origname if
+                                                 self.case_sensitive
+                                                 else origname.lower()]
+        if self._keymap.setdefault(name, rec) is not rec:
+            self._keymap[name] = (processor, obj, None)
+
+    def _key_fallback(self, key, raiseerr=True):
+        map = self._keymap
+        result = None
+        if isinstance(key, util.string_types):
+            result = map.get(key if self.case_sensitive else key.lower())
+        # fallback for targeting a ColumnElement to a textual expression
+        # this is a rare use case which only occurs when matching text()
+        # or colummn('name') constructs to ColumnElements, or after a
+        # pickle/unpickle roundtrip
+        elif isinstance(key, expression.ColumnElement):
+            if key._label and (
+                    key._label
+                    if self.case_sensitive
+                    else key._label.lower()) in map:
+                result = map[key._label
+                             if self.case_sensitive
+                             else key._label.lower()]
+            elif hasattr(key, 'name') and (
+                    key.name
+                    if self.case_sensitive
+                    else key.name.lower()) in map:
+                # match is only on name.
+                result = map[key.name
+                             if self.case_sensitive
+                             else key.name.lower()]
+            # search extra hard to make sure this
+            # isn't a column/label name overlap.
+            # this check isn't currently available if the row
+            # was unpickled.
+            if result is not None and \
+                    result[1] is not None:
+                for obj in result[1]:
+                    if key._compare_name_for_result(obj):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    result = None
+        if result is None:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise exc.NoSuchColumnError(
+                    "Could not locate column in row for column '%s'" %
+                    expression._string_or_unprintable(key))
+            else:
+                return None
+        else:
+            map[key] = result
+        return result
+
+    def _has_key(self, key):
+        if key in self._keymap:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return self._key_fallback(key, False) is not None
+
+    def _getter(self, key):
+        if key in self._keymap:
+            processor, obj, index = self._keymap[key]
+        else:
+            ret = self._key_fallback(key, False)
+            if ret is None:
+                return None
+            processor, obj, index = ret
+
+        if index is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Ambiguous column name '%s' in result set! "
+                "try 'use_labels' option on select statement." % key)
+
+        return operator.itemgetter(index)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            '_pickled_keymap': dict(
+                (key, index)
+                for key, (processor, obj, index) in self._keymap.items()
+                if isinstance(key, util.string_types + util.int_types)
+            ),
+            'keys': self.keys,
+            "case_sensitive": self.case_sensitive,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # the row has been processed at pickling time so we don't need any
+        # processor anymore
+        self._processors = [None for _ in range(len(state['keys']))]
+        self._keymap = keymap = {}
+        for key, index in state['_pickled_keymap'].items():
+            # not preserving "obj" here, unfortunately our
+            # proxy comparison fails with the unpickle
+            keymap[key] = (None, None, index)
+        self.keys = state['keys']
+        self.case_sensitive = state['case_sensitive']
+        self._echo = False
+
+
+class ResultProxy(object):
+    """Wraps a DB-API cursor object to provide easier access to row columns.
+
+    Individual columns may be accessed by their integer position,
+    case-insensitive column name, or by ``schema.Column``
+    object. e.g.::
+
+      row = fetchone()
+
+      col1 = row[0]    # access via integer position
+
+      col2 = row['col2']   # access via name
+
+      col3 = row[mytable.c.mycol] # access via Column object.
+
+    ``ResultProxy`` also handles post-processing of result column
+    data using ``TypeEngine`` objects, which are referenced from
+    the originating SQL statement that produced this result set.
+
+    """
+
+    _process_row = RowProxy
+    out_parameters = None
+    _can_close_connection = False
+    _metadata = None
+    _soft_closed = False
+    closed = False
+
+    def __init__(self, context):
+        self.context = context
+        self.dialect = context.dialect
+        self.cursor = self._saved_cursor = context.cursor
+        self.connection = context.root_connection
+        self._echo = self.connection._echo and \
+            context.engine._should_log_debug()
+        self._init_metadata()
+
+    def _getter(self, key):
+        try:
+            getter = self._metadata._getter
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._non_result(None)
+        else:
+            return getter(key)
+
+    def _has_key(self, key):
+        try:
+            has_key = self._metadata._has_key
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._non_result(None)
+        else:
+            return has_key(key)
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        metadata = self._cursor_description()
+        if metadata is not None:
+            if self.context.compiled and \
+                    'compiled_cache' in self.context.execution_options:
+                if self.context.compiled._cached_metadata:
+                    self._metadata = self.context.compiled._cached_metadata
+                else:
+                    self._metadata = self.context.compiled._cached_metadata = \
+                        ResultMetaData(self, metadata)
+            else:
+                self._metadata = ResultMetaData(self, metadata)
+            if self._echo:
+                self.context.engine.logger.debug(
+                    "Col %r", tuple(x[0] for x in metadata))
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return the current set of string keys for rows."""
+        if self._metadata:
+            return self._metadata.keys
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        """Return the 'rowcount' for this result.
+
+        The 'rowcount' reports the number of rows *matched*
+        by the WHERE criterion of an UPDATE or DELETE statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           Notes regarding :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount`:
+
+
+           * This attribute returns the number of rows *matched*,
+             which is not necessarily the same as the number of rows
+             that were actually *modified* - an UPDATE statement, for example,
+             may have no net change on a given row if the SET values
+             given are the same as those present in the row already.
+             Such a row would be matched but not modified.
+             On backends that feature both styles, such as MySQL,
+             rowcount is configured by default to return the match
+             count in all cases.
+
+           * :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` is *only* useful in conjunction
+             with an UPDATE or DELETE statement.  Contrary to what the Python
+             DBAPI says, it does *not* return the
+             number of rows available from the results of a SELECT statement
+             as DBAPIs cannot support this functionality when rows are
+             unbuffered.
+
+           * :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` may not be fully implemented by
+             all dialects.  In particular, most DBAPIs do not support an
+             aggregate rowcount result from an executemany call.
+             The :meth:`.ResultProxy.supports_sane_rowcount` and
+             :meth:`.ResultProxy.supports_sane_multi_rowcount` methods
+             will report from the dialect if each usage is known to be
+             supported.
+
+           * Statements that use RETURNING may not return a correct
+             rowcount.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.context.rowcount
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None, self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        """return the 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI cursor.
+
+        This is a DBAPI specific method and is only functional
+        for those backends which support it, for statements
+        where it is appropriate.  It's behavior is not
+        consistent across backends.
+
+        Usage of this method is normally unnecessary when
+        using insert() expression constructs; the
+        :attr:`~ResultProxy.inserted_primary_key` attribute provides a
+        tuple of primary key values for a newly inserted row,
+        regardless of database backend.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._saved_cursor.lastrowid
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self._saved_cursor, self.context)
+
+    @property
+    def returns_rows(self):
+        """True if this :class:`.ResultProxy` returns rows.
+
+        I.e. if it is legal to call the methods
+        :meth:`~.ResultProxy.fetchone`,
+        :meth:`~.ResultProxy.fetchmany`
+        :meth:`~.ResultProxy.fetchall`.
+
+        """
+        return self._metadata is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self):
+        """True if this :class:`.ResultProxy` is the result
+        of a executing an expression language compiled
+        :func:`.expression.insert` construct.
+
+        When True, this implies that the
+        :attr:`inserted_primary_key` attribute is accessible,
+        assuming the statement did not include
+        a user defined "returning" construct.
+
+        """
+        return self.context.isinsert
+
+    def _cursor_description(self):
+        """May be overridden by subclasses."""
+
+        return self._saved_cursor.description
+
+    def _soft_close(self, _autoclose_connection=True):
+        """Soft close this :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+
+        This releases all DBAPI cursor resources, but leaves the
+        ResultProxy "open" from a semantic perspective, meaning the
+        fetchXXX() methods will continue to return empty results.
+
+        This method is called automatically when:
+
+        * all result rows are exhausted using the fetchXXX() methods.
+        * cursor.description is None.
+
+        This method is **not public**, but is documented in order to clarify
+        the "autoclose" process used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ResultProxy.close`
+
+
+        """
+        if self._soft_closed:
+            return
+        self._soft_closed = True
+        cursor = self.cursor
+        self.connection._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+        if _autoclose_connection and \
+                self.connection.should_close_with_result:
+            self.connection.close()
+        self.cursor = None
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this ResultProxy.
+
+        This closes out the underlying DBAPI cursor corresonding
+        to the statement execution, if one is stil present.  Note that the
+        DBAPI cursor is automatically released when the :class:`.ResultProxy`
+        exhausts all available rows.  :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` is generally
+        an optional method except in the case when discarding a
+        :class:`.ResultProxy` that still has additional rows pending for fetch.
+
+        In the case of a result that is the product of
+        :ref:`connectionless execution <dbengine_implicit>`,
+        the underyling :class:`.Connection` object is also closed, which
+        :term:`releases` DBAPI connection resources.
+
+        After this method is called, it is no longer valid to call upon
+        the fetch methods, which will raise a :class:`.ResourceClosedError`
+        on subsequent use.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method
+           has been separated out from the process that releases the underlying
+           DBAPI cursor resource.   The "auto close" feature of the
+           :class:`.Connection` now performs a so-called "soft close", which
+           releases the underlying DBAPI cursor, but allows the
+           :class:`.ResultProxy` to still behave as an open-but-exhausted
+           result set; the actual :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method is never
+           called.    It is still safe to discard a :class:`.ResultProxy`
+           that has been fully exhausted without calling this method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`.ResultProxy._soft_close`
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.closed:
+            self._soft_close()
+            self.closed = True
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while True:
+            row = self.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                return
+            else:
+                yield row
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def inserted_primary_key(self):
+        """Return the primary key for the row just inserted.
+
+        The return value is a list of scalar values
+        corresponding to the list of primary key columns
+        in the target table.
+
+        This only applies to single row :func:`.insert`
+        constructs which did not explicitly specify
+        :meth:`.Insert.returning`.
+
+        Note that primary key columns which specify a
+        server_default clause,
+        or otherwise do not qualify as "autoincrement"
+        columns (see the notes at :class:`.Column`), and were
+        generated using the database-side default, will
+        appear in this list as ``None`` unless the backend
+        supports "returning" and the insert statement executed
+        with the "implicit returning" enabled.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif self.context._is_explicit_returning:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't call inserted_primary_key "
+                "when returning() "
+                "is used.")
+
+        return self.context.inserted_primary_key
+
+    def last_updated_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of updated parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an update() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an update() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    def last_inserted_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of inserted parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    @property
+    def returned_defaults(self):
+        """Return the values of default columns that were fetched using
+        the :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` feature.
+
+        The value is an instance of :class:`.RowProxy`, or ``None``
+        if :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` was not used or if the
+        backend does not support RETURNING.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults`
+
+        """
+        return self.context.returned_defaults
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        """Return ``lastrow_has_defaults()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.context.lastrow_has_defaults()
+
+    def postfetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``postfetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        return self.context.postfetch_cols
+
+    def prefetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``prefetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled "
+                "expression construct.")
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct.")
+        return self.context.prefetch_cols
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_multi_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`.ResultProxy.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self):
+        try:
+            return self.cursor.fetchone()
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._non_result(None)
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        try:
+            if size is None:
+                return self.cursor.fetchmany()
+            else:
+                return self.cursor.fetchmany(size)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._non_result([])
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        try:
+            return self.cursor.fetchall()
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._non_result([])
+
+    def _non_result(self, default):
+        if self._metadata is None:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError(
+                "This result object does not return rows. "
+                "It has been closed automatically.",
+            )
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This result object is closed.")
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def process_rows(self, rows):
+        process_row = self._process_row
+        metadata = self._metadata
+        keymap = metadata._keymap
+        processors = metadata._processors
+        if self._echo:
+            log = self.context.engine.logger.debug
+            l = []
+            for row in rows:
+                log("Row %r", row)
+                l.append(process_row(metadata, row, processors, keymap))
+            return l
+        else:
+            return [process_row(metadata, row, processors, keymap)
+                    for row in rows]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        """Fetch all rows, just like DB-API ``cursor.fetchall()``.
+
+        After all rows have been exhausted, the underlying DBAPI
+        cursor resource is released, and the object may be safely
+        discarded.
+
+        Subsequent calls to :meth:`.ResultProxy.fetchall` will return
+        an empty list.   After the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method is
+        called, the method will raise :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - Added "soft close" behavior which
+           allows the result to be used in an "exhausted" state prior to
+           calling the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            l = self.process_rows(self._fetchall_impl())
+            self._soft_close()
+            return l
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        """Fetch many rows, just like DB-API
+        ``cursor.fetchmany(size=cursor.arraysize)``.
+
+        After all rows have been exhausted, the underlying DBAPI
+        cursor resource is released, and the object may be safely
+        discarded.
+
+        Calls to :meth:`.ResultProxy.fetchmany` after all rows have been
+        exhuasted will return
+        an empty list.   After the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method is
+        called, the method will raise :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - Added "soft close" behavior which
+           allows the result to be used in an "exhausted" state prior to
+           calling the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            l = self.process_rows(self._fetchmany_impl(size))
+            if len(l) == 0:
+                self._soft_close()
+            return l
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        """Fetch one row, just like DB-API ``cursor.fetchone()``.
+
+        After all rows have been exhausted, the underlying DBAPI
+        cursor resource is released, and the object may be safely
+        discarded.
+
+        Calls to :meth:`.ResultProxy.fetchone` after all rows have
+        been exhausted will return ``None``.
+        After the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method is
+        called, the method will raise :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - Added "soft close" behavior which
+           allows the result to be used in an "exhausted" state prior to
+           calling the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+            if row is not None:
+                return self.process_rows([row])[0]
+            else:
+                self._soft_close()
+                return None
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Fetch the first row and then close the result set unconditionally.
+
+        Returns None if no row is present.
+
+        After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+        e.g. the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method will have been called.
+
+        """
+        if self._metadata is None:
+            return self._non_result(None)
+
+        try:
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, None, None,
+                self.cursor, self.context)
+
+        try:
+            if row is not None:
+                return self.process_rows([row])[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+        finally:
+            self.close()
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result set.
+
+        Returns None if no row is present.
+
+        After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+        e.g. the :meth:`.ResultProxy.close` method will have been called.
+
+        """
+        row = self.first()
+        if row is not None:
+            return row[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class BufferedRowResultProxy(ResultProxy):
+    """A ResultProxy with row buffering behavior.
+
+    ``ResultProxy`` that buffers the contents of a selection of rows
+    before ``fetchone()`` is called.  This is to allow the results of
+    ``cursor.description`` to be available immediately, when
+    interfacing with a DB-API that requires rows to be consumed before
+    this information is available (currently psycopg2, when used with
+    server-side cursors).
+
+    The pre-fetching behavior fetches only one row initially, and then
+    grows its buffer size by a fixed amount with each successive need
+    for additional rows up to a size of 1000.
+
+    The size argument is configurable using the ``max_row_buffer``
+    execution option::
+
+        with psycopg2_engine.connect() as conn:
+
+            result = conn.execution_options(
+                stream_results=True, max_row_buffer=50
+                ).execute("select * from table")
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.6 Added the ``max_row_buffer`` option.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`psycopg2_execution_options`
+    """
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        self._max_row_buffer = self.context.execution_options.get(
+            'max_row_buffer', None)
+        self.__buffer_rows()
+        super(BufferedRowResultProxy, self)._init_metadata()
+
+    # this is a "growth chart" for the buffering of rows.
+    # each successive __buffer_rows call will use the next
+    # value in the list for the buffer size until the max
+    # is reached
+    size_growth = {
+        1: 5,
+        5: 10,
+        10: 20,
+        20: 50,
+        50: 100,
+        100: 250,
+        250: 500,
+        500: 1000
+    }
+
+    def __buffer_rows(self):
+        if self.cursor is None:
+            return
+        size = getattr(self, '_bufsize', 1)
+        self.__rowbuffer = collections.deque(self.cursor.fetchmany(size))
+        self._bufsize = self.size_growth.get(size, size)
+        if self._max_row_buffer is not None:
+            self._bufsize = min(self._max_row_buffer, self._bufsize)
+
+    def _soft_close(self, **kw):
+        self.__rowbuffer.clear()
+        super(BufferedRowResultProxy, self)._soft_close(**kw)
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self):
+        if self.cursor is None:
+            return self._non_result(None)
+        if not self.__rowbuffer:
+            self.__buffer_rows()
+            if not self.__rowbuffer:
+                return None
+        return self.__rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self._fetchall_impl()
+        result = []
+        for x in range(0, size):
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            result.append(row)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        if self.cursor is None:
+            return self._non_result([])
+        self.__rowbuffer.extend(self.cursor.fetchall())
+        ret = self.__rowbuffer
+        self.__rowbuffer = collections.deque()
+        return ret
+
+
+class FullyBufferedResultProxy(ResultProxy):
+    """A result proxy that buffers rows fully upon creation.
+
+    Used for operations where a result is to be delivered
+    after the database conversation can not be continued,
+    such as MSSQL INSERT...OUTPUT after an autocommit.
+
+    """
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        super(FullyBufferedResultProxy, self)._init_metadata()
+        self.__rowbuffer = self._buffer_rows()
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        return collections.deque(self.cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def _soft_close(self, **kw):
+        self.__rowbuffer.clear()
+        super(FullyBufferedResultProxy, self)._soft_close(**kw)
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self):
+        if self.__rowbuffer:
+            return self.__rowbuffer.popleft()
+        else:
+            return self._non_result(None)
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self._fetchall_impl()
+        result = []
+        for x in range(0, size):
+            row = self._fetchone_impl()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            result.append(row)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        if not self.cursor:
+            return self._non_result([])
+        ret = self.__rowbuffer
+        self.__rowbuffer = collections.deque()
+        return ret
+
+
+class BufferedColumnRow(RowProxy):
+    def __init__(self, parent, row, processors, keymap):
+        # preprocess row
+        row = list(row)
+        # this is a tad faster than using enumerate
+        index = 0
+        for processor in parent._orig_processors:
+            if processor is not None:
+                row[index] = processor(row[index])
+            index += 1
+        row = tuple(row)
+        super(BufferedColumnRow, self).__init__(parent, row,
+                                                processors, keymap)
+
+
+class BufferedColumnResultProxy(ResultProxy):
+    """A ResultProxy with column buffering behavior.
+
+    ``ResultProxy`` that loads all columns into memory each time
+    fetchone() is called.  If fetchmany() or fetchall() are called,
+    the full grid of results is fetched.  This is to operate with
+    databases where result rows contain "live" results that fall out
+    of scope unless explicitly fetched.  Currently this includes
+    cx_Oracle LOB objects.
+
+    """
+
+    _process_row = BufferedColumnRow
+
+    def _init_metadata(self):
+        super(BufferedColumnResultProxy, self)._init_metadata()
+        metadata = self._metadata
+        # orig_processors will be used to preprocess each row when they are
+        # constructed.
+        metadata._orig_processors = metadata._processors
+        # replace the all type processors by None processors.
+        metadata._processors = [None for _ in range(len(metadata.keys))]
+        keymap = {}
+        for k, (func, obj, index) in metadata._keymap.items():
+            keymap[k] = (None, obj, index)
+        self._metadata._keymap = keymap
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        # can't call cursor.fetchall(), since rows must be
+        # fully processed before requesting more from the DBAPI.
+        l = []
+        while True:
+            row = self.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            l.append(row)
+        return l
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        # can't call cursor.fetchmany(), since rows must be
+        # fully processed before requesting more from the DBAPI.
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall()
+        l = []
+        for i in range(size):
+            row = self.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            l.append(row)
+        return l
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a018f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+# engine/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Strategies for creating new instances of Engine types.
+
+These are semi-private implementation classes which provide the
+underlying behavior for the "strategy" keyword argument available on
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine`.  Current available options are
+``plain``, ``threadlocal``, and ``mock``.
+
+New strategies can be added via new ``EngineStrategy`` classes.
+"""
+
+from operator import attrgetter
+
+from sqlalchemy.engine import base, threadlocal, url
+from sqlalchemy import util, exc, event
+from sqlalchemy import pool as poollib
+
+strategies = {}
+
+
+class EngineStrategy(object):
+    """An adaptor that processes input arguments and produces an Engine.
+
+    Provides a ``create`` method that receives input arguments and
+    produces an instance of base.Engine or a subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        strategies[self.name] = self
+
+    def create(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Given arguments, returns a new Engine instance."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class DefaultEngineStrategy(EngineStrategy):
+    """Base class for built-in strategies."""
+
+    def create(self, name_or_url, **kwargs):
+        # create url.URL object
+        u = url.make_url(name_or_url)
+
+        entrypoint = u._get_entrypoint()
+        dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_dialect_cls(u)
+
+        if kwargs.pop('_coerce_config', False):
+            def pop_kwarg(key, default=None):
+                value = kwargs.pop(key, default)
+                if key in dialect_cls.engine_config_types:
+                    value = dialect_cls.engine_config_types[key](value)
+                return value
+        else:
+            pop_kwarg = kwargs.pop
+
+        dialect_args = {}
+        # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                dialect_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+        dbapi = kwargs.pop('module', None)
+        if dbapi is None:
+            dbapi_args = {}
+            for k in util.get_func_kwargs(dialect_cls.dbapi):
+                if k in kwargs:
+                    dbapi_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+            dbapi = dialect_cls.dbapi(**dbapi_args)
+
+        dialect_args['dbapi'] = dbapi
+
+        # create dialect
+        dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+        # assemble connection arguments
+        (cargs, cparams) = dialect.create_connect_args(u)
+        cparams.update(pop_kwarg('connect_args', {}))
+        cargs = list(cargs)  # allow mutability
+
+        # look for existing pool or create
+        pool = pop_kwarg('pool', None)
+        if pool is None:
+            def connect(connection_record=None):
+                if dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in dialect.dispatch.do_connect:
+                        connection = fn(
+                            dialect, connection_record, cargs, cparams)
+                        if connection is not None:
+                            return connection
+                return dialect.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+            creator = pop_kwarg('creator', connect)
+
+            poolclass = pop_kwarg('poolclass', None)
+            if poolclass is None:
+                poolclass = dialect_cls.get_pool_class(u)
+            pool_args = {}
+
+            # consume pool arguments from kwargs, translating a few of
+            # the arguments
+            translate = {'logging_name': 'pool_logging_name',
+                         'echo': 'echo_pool',
+                         'timeout': 'pool_timeout',
+                         'recycle': 'pool_recycle',
+                         'events': 'pool_events',
+                         'use_threadlocal': 'pool_threadlocal',
+                         'reset_on_return': 'pool_reset_on_return'}
+            for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(poolclass):
+                tk = translate.get(k, k)
+                if tk in kwargs:
+                    pool_args[k] = pop_kwarg(tk)
+            pool = poolclass(creator, **pool_args)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(pool, poollib._DBProxy):
+                pool = pool.get_pool(*cargs, **cparams)
+            else:
+                pool = pool
+
+        # create engine.
+        engineclass = self.engine_cls
+        engine_args = {}
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(engineclass):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                engine_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+        _initialize = kwargs.pop('_initialize', True)
+
+        # all kwargs should be consumed
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Invalid argument(s) %s sent to create_engine(), "
+                "using configuration %s/%s/%s.  Please check that the "
+                "keyword arguments are appropriate for this combination "
+                "of components." % (','.join("'%s'" % k for k in kwargs),
+                                    dialect.__class__.__name__,
+                                    pool.__class__.__name__,
+                                    engineclass.__name__))
+
+        engine = engineclass(pool, dialect, u, **engine_args)
+
+        if _initialize:
+            do_on_connect = dialect.on_connect()
+            if do_on_connect:
+                def on_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+                    conn = getattr(
+                        dbapi_connection, '_sqla_unwrap', dbapi_connection)
+                    if conn is None:
+                        return
+                    do_on_connect(conn)
+
+                event.listen(pool, 'first_connect', on_connect)
+                event.listen(pool, 'connect', on_connect)
+
+            def first_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+                c = base.Connection(engine, connection=dbapi_connection,
+                                    _has_events=False)
+                c._execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+                dialect.initialize(c)
+            event.listen(pool, 'first_connect', first_connect, once=True)
+
+        dialect_cls.engine_created(engine)
+        if entrypoint is not dialect_cls:
+            entrypoint.engine_created(engine)
+
+        return engine
+
+
+class PlainEngineStrategy(DefaultEngineStrategy):
+    """Strategy for configuring a regular Engine."""
+
+    name = 'plain'
+    engine_cls = base.Engine
+
+PlainEngineStrategy()
+
+
+class ThreadLocalEngineStrategy(DefaultEngineStrategy):
+    """Strategy for configuring an Engine with threadlocal behavior."""
+
+    name = 'threadlocal'
+    engine_cls = threadlocal.TLEngine
+
+ThreadLocalEngineStrategy()
+
+
+class MockEngineStrategy(EngineStrategy):
+    """Strategy for configuring an Engine-like object with mocked execution.
+
+    Produces a single mock Connectable object which dispatches
+    statement execution to a passed-in function.
+
+    """
+
+    name = 'mock'
+
+    def create(self, name_or_url, executor, **kwargs):
+        # create url.URL object
+        u = url.make_url(name_or_url)
+
+        dialect_cls = u.get_dialect()
+
+        dialect_args = {}
+        # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                dialect_args[k] = kwargs.pop(k)
+
+        # create dialect
+        dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+        return MockEngineStrategy.MockConnection(dialect, executor)
+
+    class MockConnection(base.Connectable):
+        def __init__(self, dialect, execute):
+            self._dialect = dialect
+            self.execute = execute
+
+        engine = property(lambda s: s)
+        dialect = property(attrgetter('_dialect'))
+        name = property(lambda s: s._dialect.name)
+
+        def contextual_connect(self, **kwargs):
+            return self
+
+        def execution_options(self, **kw):
+            return self
+
+        def compiler(self, statement, parameters, **kwargs):
+            return self._dialect.compiler(
+                statement, parameters, engine=self, **kwargs)
+
+        def create(self, entity, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['checkfirst'] = False
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import ddl
+
+            ddl.SchemaGenerator(
+                self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(entity)
+
+        def drop(self, entity, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['checkfirst'] = False
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import ddl
+            ddl.SchemaDropper(
+                self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(entity)
+
+        def _run_visitor(self, visitorcallable, element,
+                         connection=None,
+                         **kwargs):
+            kwargs['checkfirst'] = False
+            visitorcallable(self.dialect, self,
+                            **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+        def execute(self, object, *multiparams, **params):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+MockEngineStrategy()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..505d1fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/threadlocal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# engine/threadlocal.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides a thread-local transactional wrapper around the root Engine class.
+
+The ``threadlocal`` module is invoked when using the
+``strategy="threadlocal"`` flag with :func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine`.
+This module is semi-private and is invoked automatically when the threadlocal
+engine strategy is used.
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from . import base
+import weakref
+
+
+class TLConnection(base.Connection):
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super(TLConnection, self).__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self.__opencount = 0
+
+    def _increment_connect(self):
+        self.__opencount += 1
+        return self
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.__opencount == 1:
+            base.Connection.close(self)
+        self.__opencount -= 1
+
+    def _force_close(self):
+        self.__opencount = 0
+        base.Connection.close(self)
+
+
+class TLEngine(base.Engine):
+    """An Engine that includes support for thread-local managed
+    transactions.
+
+    """
+    _tl_connection_cls = TLConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(TLEngine, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self._connections = util.threading.local()
+
+    def contextual_connect(self, **kw):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'conn'):
+            connection = None
+        else:
+            connection = self._connections.conn()
+
+        if connection is None or connection.closed:
+            # guards against pool-level reapers, if desired.
+            # or not connection.connection.is_valid:
+            connection = self._tl_connection_cls(
+                self,
+                self._wrap_pool_connect(
+                    self.pool.connect, connection),
+                **kw)
+            self._connections.conn = weakref.ref(connection)
+
+        return connection._increment_connect()
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, xid=None):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans'):
+            self._connections.trans = []
+        self._connections.trans.append(
+            self.contextual_connect().begin_twophase(xid=xid))
+        return self
+
+    def begin_nested(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans'):
+            self._connections.trans = []
+        self._connections.trans.append(
+            self.contextual_connect().begin_nested())
+        return self
+
+    def begin(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans'):
+            self._connections.trans = []
+        self._connections.trans.append(self.contextual_connect().begin())
+        return self
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None:
+            self.commit()
+        else:
+            self.rollback()
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans') or \
+                not self._connections.trans:
+            return
+        self._connections.trans[-1].prepare()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans') or \
+                not self._connections.trans:
+            return
+        trans = self._connections.trans.pop(-1)
+        trans.commit()
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if not hasattr(self._connections, 'trans') or \
+                not self._connections.trans:
+            return
+        trans = self._connections.trans.pop(-1)
+        trans.rollback()
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        self._connections = util.threading.local()
+        super(TLEngine, self).dispose()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        return not hasattr(self._connections, 'conn') or \
+            self._connections.conn() is None or \
+            self._connections.conn().closed
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.contextual_connect().close()
+            connection = self._connections.conn()
+            connection._force_close()
+            del self._connections.conn
+            self._connections.trans = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'TLEngine(%s)' % str(self.url)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cc2f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+# engine/url.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL` class which encapsulates
+information about a database connection specification.
+
+The URL object is created automatically when
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine` is called with a string
+argument; alternatively, the URL is a public-facing construct which can
+be used directly and is also accepted directly by ``create_engine()``.
+"""
+
+import re
+from .. import exc, util
+from . import Dialect
+from ..dialects import registry
+
+
+class URL(object):
+    """
+    Represent the components of a URL used to connect to a database.
+
+    This object is suitable to be passed directly to a
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine` call.  The fields of the URL are parsed
+    from a string by the :func:`.make_url` function.  the string
+    format of the URL is an RFC-1738-style string.
+
+    All initialization parameters are available as public attributes.
+
+    :param drivername: the name of the database backend.
+      This name will correspond to a module in sqlalchemy/databases
+      or a third party plug-in.
+
+    :param username: The user name.
+
+    :param password: database password.
+
+    :param host: The name of the host.
+
+    :param port: The port number.
+
+    :param database: The database name.
+
+    :param query: A dictionary of options to be passed to the
+      dialect and/or the DBAPI upon connect.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, drivername, username=None, password=None,
+                 host=None, port=None, database=None, query=None):
+        self.drivername = drivername
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.host = host
+        if port is not None:
+            self.port = int(port)
+        else:
+            self.port = None
+        self.database = database
+        self.query = query or {}
+
+    def __to_string__(self, hide_password=True):
+        s = self.drivername + "://"
+        if self.username is not None:
+            s += _rfc_1738_quote(self.username)
+            if self.password is not None:
+                s += ':' + ('***' if hide_password
+                            else _rfc_1738_quote(self.password))
+            s += "@"
+        if self.host is not None:
+            if ':' in self.host:
+                s += "[%s]" % self.host
+            else:
+                s += self.host
+        if self.port is not None:
+            s += ':' + str(self.port)
+        if self.database is not None:
+            s += '/' + self.database
+        if self.query:
+            keys = list(self.query)
+            keys.sort()
+            s += '?' + "&".join("%s=%s" % (k, self.query[k]) for k in keys)
+        return s
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.__to_string__(hide_password=False)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__to_string__()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(str(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return \
+            isinstance(other, URL) and \
+            self.drivername == other.drivername and \
+            self.username == other.username and \
+            self.password == other.password and \
+            self.host == other.host and \
+            self.database == other.database and \
+            self.query == other.query
+
+    def get_backend_name(self):
+        if '+' not in self.drivername:
+            return self.drivername
+        else:
+            return self.drivername.split('+')[0]
+
+    def get_driver_name(self):
+        if '+' not in self.drivername:
+            return self.get_dialect().driver
+        else:
+            return self.drivername.split('+')[1]
+
+    def _get_entrypoint(self):
+        """Return the "entry point" dialect class.
+
+        This is normally the dialect itself except in the case when the
+        returned class implements the get_dialect_cls() method.
+
+        """
+        if '+' not in self.drivername:
+            name = self.drivername
+        else:
+            name = self.drivername.replace('+', '.')
+        cls = registry.load(name)
+        # check for legacy dialects that
+        # would return a module with 'dialect' as the
+        # actual class
+        if hasattr(cls, 'dialect') and \
+                isinstance(cls.dialect, type) and \
+                issubclass(cls.dialect, Dialect):
+            return cls.dialect
+        else:
+            return cls
+
+    def get_dialect(self):
+        """Return the SQLAlchemy database dialect class corresponding
+        to this URL's driver name.
+        """
+        entrypoint = self._get_entrypoint()
+        dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_dialect_cls(self)
+        return dialect_cls
+
+    def translate_connect_args(self, names=[], **kw):
+        """Translate url attributes into a dictionary of connection arguments.
+
+        Returns attributes of this url (`host`, `database`, `username`,
+        `password`, `port`) as a plain dictionary.  The attribute names are
+        used as the keys by default.  Unset or false attributes are omitted
+        from the final dictionary.
+
+        :param \**kw: Optional, alternate key names for url attributes.
+
+        :param names: Deprecated.  Same purpose as the keyword-based alternate
+            names, but correlates the name to the original positionally.
+        """
+
+        translated = {}
+        attribute_names = ['host', 'database', 'username', 'password', 'port']
+        for sname in attribute_names:
+            if names:
+                name = names.pop(0)
+            elif sname in kw:
+                name = kw[sname]
+            else:
+                name = sname
+            if name is not None and getattr(self, sname, False):
+                translated[name] = getattr(self, sname)
+        return translated
+
+
+def make_url(name_or_url):
+    """Given a string or unicode instance, produce a new URL instance.
+
+    The given string is parsed according to the RFC 1738 spec.  If an
+    existing URL object is passed, just returns the object.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(name_or_url, util.string_types):
+        return _parse_rfc1738_args(name_or_url)
+    else:
+        return name_or_url
+
+
+def _parse_rfc1738_args(name):
+    pattern = re.compile(r'''
+            (?P<name>[\w\+]+)://
+            (?:
+                (?P<username>[^:/]*)
+                (?::(?P<password>.*))?
+            @)?
+            (?:
+                (?:
+                    \[(?P<ipv6host>[^/]+)\] |
+                    (?P<ipv4host>[^/:]+)
+                )?
+                (?::(?P<port>[^/]*))?
+            )?
+            (?:/(?P<database>.*))?
+            ''', re.X)
+
+    m = pattern.match(name)
+    if m is not None:
+        components = m.groupdict()
+        if components['database'] is not None:
+            tokens = components['database'].split('?', 2)
+            components['database'] = tokens[0]
+            query = (
+                len(tokens) > 1 and dict(util.parse_qsl(tokens[1]))) or None
+            if util.py2k and query is not None:
+                query = dict((k.encode('ascii'), query[k]) for k in query)
+        else:
+            query = None
+        components['query'] = query
+
+        if components['username'] is not None:
+            components['username'] = _rfc_1738_unquote(components['username'])
+
+        if components['password'] is not None:
+            components['password'] = _rfc_1738_unquote(components['password'])
+
+        ipv4host = components.pop('ipv4host')
+        ipv6host = components.pop('ipv6host')
+        components['host'] = ipv4host or ipv6host
+        name = components.pop('name')
+        return URL(name, **components)
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Could not parse rfc1738 URL from string '%s'" % name)
+
+
+def _rfc_1738_quote(text):
+    return re.sub(r'[:@/]', lambda m: "%%%X" % ord(m.group(0)), text)
+
+
+def _rfc_1738_unquote(text):
+    return util.unquote(text)
+
+
+def _parse_keyvalue_args(name):
+    m = re.match(r'(\w+)://(.*)', name)
+    if m is not None:
+        (name, args) = m.group(1, 2)
+        opts = dict(util.parse_qsl(args))
+        return URL(name, *opts)
+    else:
+        return None
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d28d870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# engine/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+def connection_memoize(key):
+    """Decorator, memoize a function in a connection.info stash.
+
+    Only applicable to functions which take no arguments other than a
+    connection.  The memo will be stored in ``connection.info[key]``.
+    """
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def decorated(fn, self, connection):
+        connection = connection.connect()
+        try:
+            return connection.info[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            connection.info[key] = val = fn(self, connection)
+            return val
+
+    return decorated
+
+
+def py_fallback():
+    def _distill_params(multiparams, params):
+        """Given arguments from the calling form *multiparams, **params,
+        return a list of bind parameter structures, usually a list of
+        dictionaries.
+
+        In the case of 'raw' execution which accepts positional parameters,
+        it may be a list of tuples or lists.
+
+        """
+
+        if not multiparams:
+            if params:
+                return [params]
+            else:
+                return []
+        elif len(multiparams) == 1:
+            zero = multiparams[0]
+            if isinstance(zero, (list, tuple)):
+                if not zero or hasattr(zero[0], '__iter__') and \
+                        not hasattr(zero[0], 'strip'):
+                    # execute(stmt, [{}, {}, {}, ...])
+                    # execute(stmt, [(), (), (), ...])
+                    return zero
+                else:
+                    # execute(stmt, ("value", "value"))
+                    return [zero]
+            elif hasattr(zero, 'keys'):
+                # execute(stmt, {"key":"value"})
+                return [zero]
+            else:
+                # execute(stmt, "value")
+                return [[zero]]
+        else:
+            if hasattr(multiparams[0], '__iter__') and \
+                    not hasattr(multiparams[0], 'strip'):
+                return multiparams
+            else:
+                return [multiparams]
+
+    return locals()
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.cutils import _distill_params
+except ImportError:
+    globals().update(py_fallback())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dddb924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# event/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .api import CANCEL, NO_RETVAL, listen, listens_for, remove, contains
+from .base import Events, dispatcher
+from .attr import RefCollection
+from .legacy import _legacy_signature
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0af48df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# event/api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Public API functions for the event system.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util, exc
+from .base import _registrars
+from .registry import _EventKey
+
+CANCEL = util.symbol('CANCEL')
+NO_RETVAL = util.symbol('NO_RETVAL')
+
+
+def _event_key(target, identifier, fn):
+    for evt_cls in _registrars[identifier]:
+        tgt = evt_cls._accept_with(target)
+        if tgt is not None:
+            return _EventKey(target, identifier, fn, tgt)
+    else:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("No such event '%s' for target '%s'" %
+                                      (identifier, target))
+
+
+def listen(target, identifier, fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Register a listener function for the given target.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (
+                table.name,
+                list(const.columns)[0].name
+            )
+        event.listen(
+                UniqueConstraint,
+                "after_parent_attach",
+                unique_constraint_name)
+
+
+    A given function can also be invoked for only the first invocation
+    of the event using the ``once`` argument::
+
+        def on_config():
+            do_config()
+
+        event.listen(Mapper, "before_configure", on_config, once=True)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added ``once=True`` to :func:`.event.listen`
+       and :func:`.event.listens_for`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :func:`.listen` function cannot be called at the same time
+        that the target event is being run.   This has implications
+        for thread safety, and also means an event cannot be added
+        from inside the listener function for itself.  The list of
+        events to be run are present inside of a mutable collection
+        that can't be changed during iteration.
+
+        Event registration and removal is not intended to be a "high
+        velocity" operation; it is a configurational operation.  For
+        systems that need to quickly associate and deassociate with
+        events at high scale, use a mutable structure that is handled
+        from inside of a single listener.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - a ``collections.deque()`` object is now
+           used as the container for the list of events, which explicitly
+           disallows collection mutation while the collection is being
+           iterated.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listens_for`
+
+        :func:`.remove`
+
+    """
+
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).listen(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def listens_for(target, identifier, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorate a function as a listener for the given target + identifier.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+        @event.listens_for(UniqueConstraint, "after_parent_attach")
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (
+                table.name,
+                list(const.columns)[0].name
+            )
+
+    A given function can also be invoked for only the first invocation
+    of the event using the ``once`` argument::
+
+        @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configure", once=True)
+        def on_config():
+            do_config()
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added ``once=True`` to :func:`.event.listen`
+       and :func:`.event.listens_for`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listen` - general description of event listening
+
+    """
+    def decorate(fn):
+        listen(target, identifier, fn, *args, **kw)
+        return fn
+    return decorate
+
+
+def remove(target, identifier, fn):
+    """Remove an event listener.
+
+    The arguments here should match exactly those which were sent to
+    :func:`.listen`; all the event registration which proceeded as a result
+    of this call will be reverted by calling :func:`.remove` with the same
+    arguments.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        # if a function was registered like this...
+        @event.listens_for(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", propagate=True)
+        def my_listener_function(*arg):
+            pass
+
+        # ... it's removed like this
+        event.remove(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", my_listener_function)
+
+    Above, the listener function associated with ``SomeMappedClass`` was also
+    propagated to subclasses of ``SomeMappedClass``; the :func:`.remove`
+    function will revert all of these operations.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :func:`.remove` function cannot be called at the same time
+        that the target event is being run.   This has implications
+        for thread safety, and also means an event cannot be removed
+        from inside the listener function for itself.  The list of
+        events to be run are present inside of a mutable collection
+        that can't be changed during iteration.
+
+        Event registration and removal is not intended to be a "high
+        velocity" operation; it is a configurational operation.  For
+        systems that need to quickly associate and deassociate with
+        events at high scale, use a mutable structure that is handled
+        from inside of a single listener.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - a ``collections.deque()`` object is now
+           used as the container for the list of events, which explicitly
+           disallows collection mutation while the collection is being
+           iterated.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listen`
+
+    """
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).remove()
+
+
+def contains(target, identifier, fn):
+    """Return True if the given target/ident/fn is set up to listen.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+
+    return _event_key(target, identifier, fn).contains()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1494013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# event/attr.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Attribute implementation for _Dispatch classes.
+
+The various listener targets for a particular event class are represented
+as attributes, which refer to collections of listeners to be fired off.
+These collections can exist at the class level as well as at the instance
+level.  An event is fired off using code like this::
+
+    some_object.dispatch.first_connect(arg1, arg2)
+
+Above, ``some_object.dispatch`` would be an instance of ``_Dispatch`` and
+``first_connect`` is typically an instance of ``_ListenerCollection``
+if event listeners are present, or ``_EmptyListener`` if none are present.
+
+The attribute mechanics here spend effort trying to ensure listener functions
+are available with a minimum of function call overhead, that unnecessary
+objects aren't created (i.e. many empty per-instance listener collections),
+as well as that everything is garbage collectable when owning references are
+lost.  Other features such as "propagation" of listener functions across
+many ``_Dispatch`` instances, "joining" of multiple ``_Dispatch`` instances,
+as well as support for subclass propagation (e.g. events assigned to
+``Pool`` vs. ``QueuePool``) are all implemented here.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, with_statement
+
+from .. import util
+from ..util import threading
+from . import registry
+from . import legacy
+from itertools import chain
+import weakref
+import collections
+
+
+class RefCollection(util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = 'ref',
+
+    def _memoized_attr_ref(self):
+        return weakref.ref(self, registry._collection_gced)
+
+
+class _ClsLevelDispatch(RefCollection):
+    """Class-level events on :class:`._Dispatch` classes."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('name', 'arg_names', 'has_kw',
+                 'legacy_signatures', '_clslevel', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, parent_dispatch_cls, fn):
+        self.name = fn.__name__
+        argspec = util.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+        self.arg_names = argspec.args[1:]
+        self.has_kw = bool(argspec.keywords)
+        self.legacy_signatures = list(reversed(
+            sorted(
+                getattr(fn, '_legacy_signatures', []),
+                key=lambda s: s[0]
+            )
+        ))
+        fn.__doc__ = legacy._augment_fn_docs(self, parent_dispatch_cls, fn)
+
+        self._clslevel = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(self, fn, named):
+        if named:
+            fn = self._wrap_fn_for_kw(fn)
+        if self.legacy_signatures:
+            try:
+                argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                fn = legacy._wrap_fn_for_legacy(self, fn, argspec)
+        return fn
+
+    def _wrap_fn_for_kw(self, fn):
+        def wrap_kw(*args, **kw):
+            argdict = dict(zip(self.arg_names, args))
+            argdict.update(kw)
+            return fn(**argdict)
+        return wrap_kw
+
+    def insert(self, event_key, propagate):
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        assert isinstance(target, type), \
+            "Class-level Event targets must be classes."
+        stack = [target]
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            if cls is not target and cls not in self._clslevel:
+                self.update_subclass(cls)
+            else:
+                if cls not in self._clslevel:
+                    self._clslevel[cls] = collections.deque()
+                self._clslevel[cls].appendleft(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def append(self, event_key, propagate):
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        assert isinstance(target, type), \
+            "Class-level Event targets must be classes."
+
+        stack = [target]
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            if cls is not target and cls not in self._clslevel:
+                self.update_subclass(cls)
+            else:
+                if cls not in self._clslevel:
+                    self._clslevel[cls] = collections.deque()
+                self._clslevel[cls].append(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def update_subclass(self, target):
+        if target not in self._clslevel:
+            self._clslevel[target] = collections.deque()
+        clslevel = self._clslevel[target]
+        for cls in target.__mro__[1:]:
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                clslevel.extend([
+                    fn for fn
+                    in self._clslevel[cls]
+                    if fn not in clslevel
+                ])
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        stack = [target]
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                self._clslevel[cls].remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all class level listeners"""
+
+        to_clear = set()
+        for dispatcher in self._clslevel.values():
+            to_clear.update(dispatcher)
+            dispatcher.clear()
+        registry._clear(self, to_clear)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ClsLevelDispatch at the class level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class _InstanceLevelDispatch(RefCollection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(self, fn, named):
+        return self.parent._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+
+class _EmptyListener(_InstanceLevelDispatch):
+    """Serves as a proxy interface to the events
+    served by a _ClsLevelDispatch, when there are no
+    instance-level events present.
+
+    Is replaced by _ListenerCollection when instance-level
+    events are added.
+
+    """
+
+    propagate = frozenset()
+    listeners = ()
+
+    __slots__ = 'parent', 'parent_listeners', 'name'
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, target_cls):
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self.parent = parent  # _ClsLevelDispatch
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.name = parent.name
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _EmptyListener at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this generates a new
+        _ListenerCollection, applies it to the instance,
+        and returns it.
+
+        """
+        result = _ListenerCollection(self.parent, obj._instance_cls)
+        if getattr(obj, self.name) is self:
+            setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(getattr(obj, self.name), _JoinedListener)
+        return result
+
+    def _needs_modify(self, *args, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError("need to call for_modify()")
+
+    exec_once = insert = append = remove = clear = _needs_modify
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+
+class _CompoundListener(_InstanceLevelDispatch):
+    __slots__ = '_exec_once_mutex', '_exec_once'
+
+    def _memoized_attr__exec_once_mutex(self):
+        return threading.Lock()
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Execute this event, but only if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection."""
+
+        if not self._exec_once:
+            with self._exec_once_mutex:
+                if not self._exec_once:
+                    try:
+                        self(*args, **kw)
+                    finally:
+                        self._exec_once = True
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+        for fn in self.listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.parent_listeners) + len(self.listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return chain(self.parent_listeners, self.listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.listeners or self.parent_listeners)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+
+class _ListenerCollection(_CompoundListener):
+    """Instance-level attributes on instances of :class:`._Dispatch`.
+
+    Represents a collection of listeners.
+
+    As of 0.7.9, _ListenerCollection is only first
+    created via the _EmptyListener.for_modify() method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'parent_listeners', 'parent', 'name', 'listeners',
+        'propagate', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, target_cls):
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self._exec_once = False
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = parent.name
+        self.listeners = collections.deque()
+        self.propagate = set()
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ListenerCollection at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _update(self, other, only_propagate=True):
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+            object."""
+
+        existing_listeners = self.listeners
+        existing_listener_set = set(existing_listeners)
+        self.propagate.update(other.propagate)
+        other_listeners = [l for l
+                           in other.listeners
+                           if l not in existing_listener_set
+                           and not only_propagate or l in self.propagate
+                           ]
+
+        existing_listeners.extend(other_listeners)
+
+        to_associate = other.propagate.union(other_listeners)
+        registry._stored_in_collection_multi(self, other, to_associate)
+
+    def insert(self, event_key, propagate):
+        if event_key.prepend_to_list(self, self.listeners):
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def append(self, event_key, propagate):
+        if event_key.append_to_list(self, self.listeners):
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        self.listeners.remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        self.propagate.discard(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        registry._clear(self, self.listeners)
+        self.propagate.clear()
+        self.listeners.clear()
+
+
+class _JoinedListener(_CompoundListener):
+    __slots__ = 'parent', 'name', 'local', 'parent_listeners'
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, name, local):
+        self._exec_once = False
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent_listeners = self.local
+
+    @property
+    def listeners(self):
+        return getattr(self.parent, self.name)
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(self, fn, named):
+        return self.local._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj):
+        self.local = self.parent_listeners = self.local.for_modify(obj)
+        return self
+
+    def insert(self, event_key, propagate):
+        self.local.insert(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def append(self, event_key, propagate):
+        self.local.append(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        self.local.remove(event_key)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81ef5d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+# event/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base implementation classes.
+
+The public-facing ``Events`` serves as the base class for an event interface;
+its public attributes represent different kinds of events.   These attributes
+are mirrored onto a ``_Dispatch`` class, which serves as a container for
+collections of listener functions.   These collections are represented both
+at the class level of a particular ``_Dispatch`` class as well as within
+instances of ``_Dispatch``.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import weakref
+
+from .. import util
+from .attr import _JoinedListener, \
+    _EmptyListener, _ClsLevelDispatch
+
+_registrars = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+
+def _is_event_name(name):
+    return not name.startswith('_') and name != 'dispatch'
+
+
+class _UnpickleDispatch(object):
+    """Serializable callable that re-generates an instance of
+    :class:`_Dispatch` given a particular :class:`.Events` subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, _instance_cls):
+        for cls in _instance_cls.__mro__:
+            if 'dispatch' in cls.__dict__:
+                return cls.__dict__['dispatch'].\
+                    dispatch_cls._for_class(_instance_cls)
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError("No class with a 'dispatch' member present.")
+
+
+class _Dispatch(object):
+    """Mirror the event listening definitions of an Events class with
+    listener collections.
+
+    Classes which define a "dispatch" member will return a
+    non-instantiated :class:`._Dispatch` subclass when the member
+    is accessed at the class level.  When the "dispatch" member is
+    accessed at the instance level of its owner, an instance
+    of the :class:`._Dispatch` class is returned.
+
+    A :class:`._Dispatch` class is generated for each :class:`.Events`
+    class defined, by the :func:`._create_dispatcher_class` function.
+    The original :class:`.Events` classes remain untouched.
+    This decouples the construction of :class:`.Events` subclasses from
+    the implementation used by the event internals, and allows
+    inspecting tools like Sphinx to work in an unsurprising
+    way against the public API.
+
+    """
+
+    # in one ORM edge case, an attribute is added to _Dispatch,
+    # so __dict__ is used in just that case and potentially others.
+    __slots__ = '_parent', '_instance_cls', '__dict__', '_empty_listeners'
+
+    _empty_listener_reg = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, instance_cls=None):
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._instance_cls = instance_cls
+        if instance_cls:
+            try:
+                self._empty_listeners = self._empty_listener_reg[instance_cls]
+            except KeyError:
+                self._empty_listeners = \
+                    self._empty_listener_reg[instance_cls] = dict(
+                        (ls.name, _EmptyListener(ls, instance_cls))
+                        for ls in parent._event_descriptors
+                    )
+        else:
+            self._empty_listeners = {}
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        # assign EmptyListeners as attributes on demand
+        # to reduce startup time for new dispatch objects
+        try:
+            ls = self._empty_listeners[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        else:
+            setattr(self, ls.name, ls)
+            return ls
+
+    @property
+    def _event_descriptors(self):
+        for k in self._event_names:
+            yield getattr(self, k)
+
+    def _for_class(self, instance_cls):
+        return self.__class__(self, instance_cls)
+
+    def _for_instance(self, instance):
+        instance_cls = instance.__class__
+        return self._for_class(instance_cls)
+
+    @property
+    def _listen(self):
+        return self._events._listen
+
+    def _join(self, other):
+        """Create a 'join' of this :class:`._Dispatch` and another.
+
+        This new dispatcher will dispatch events to both
+        :class:`._Dispatch` objects.
+
+        """
+        if '_joined_dispatch_cls' not in self.__class__.__dict__:
+            cls = type(
+                "Joined%s" % self.__class__.__name__,
+                (_JoinedDispatcher, ), {'__slots__': self._event_names}
+            )
+
+            self.__class__._joined_dispatch_cls = cls
+        return self._joined_dispatch_cls(self, other)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _UnpickleDispatch(), (self._instance_cls, )
+
+    def _update(self, other, only_propagate=True):
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+            object."""
+        for ls in other._event_descriptors:
+            if isinstance(ls, _EmptyListener):
+                continue
+            getattr(self, ls.name).\
+                for_modify(self)._update(ls, only_propagate=only_propagate)
+
+    def _clear(self):
+        for ls in self._event_descriptors:
+            ls.for_modify(self).clear()
+
+
+class _EventMeta(type):
+    """Intercept new Event subclasses and create
+    associated _Dispatch classes."""
+
+    def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+        _create_dispatcher_class(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+        return type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+
+def _create_dispatcher_class(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+    """Create a :class:`._Dispatch` class corresponding to an
+    :class:`.Events` class."""
+
+    # there's all kinds of ways to do this,
+    # i.e. make a Dispatch class that shares the '_listen' method
+    # of the Event class, this is the straight monkeypatch.
+    if hasattr(cls, 'dispatch'):
+        dispatch_base = cls.dispatch.__class__
+    else:
+        dispatch_base = _Dispatch
+
+    event_names = [k for k in dict_ if _is_event_name(k)]
+    dispatch_cls = type("%sDispatch" % classname,
+                        (dispatch_base, ), {'__slots__': event_names})
+
+    dispatch_cls._event_names = event_names
+
+    dispatch_inst = cls._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+    for k in dispatch_cls._event_names:
+        setattr(dispatch_inst, k, _ClsLevelDispatch(cls, dict_[k]))
+        _registrars[k].append(cls)
+
+    for super_ in dispatch_cls.__bases__:
+        if issubclass(super_, _Dispatch) and super_ is not _Dispatch:
+            for ls in super_._events.dispatch._event_descriptors:
+                setattr(dispatch_inst, ls.name, ls)
+                dispatch_cls._event_names.append(ls.name)
+
+    if getattr(cls, '_dispatch_target', None):
+        cls._dispatch_target.dispatch = dispatcher(cls)
+
+
+def _remove_dispatcher(cls):
+    for k in cls.dispatch._event_names:
+        _registrars[k].remove(cls)
+        if not _registrars[k]:
+            del _registrars[k]
+
+
+class Events(util.with_metaclass(_EventMeta, object)):
+    """Define event listening functions for a particular target type."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls):
+        # this allows an Events subclass to define additional utility
+        # methods made available to the target via
+        # "self.dispatch._events.<utilitymethod>"
+        # @staticemethod to allow easy "super" calls while in a metaclass
+        # constructor.
+        cls.dispatch = dispatch_cls(None)
+        dispatch_cls._events = cls
+        return cls.dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        # Mapper, ClassManager, Session override this to
+        # also accept classes, scoped_sessions, sessionmakers, etc.
+        if hasattr(target, 'dispatch') and (
+
+                isinstance(target.dispatch, cls.dispatch.__class__) or
+
+
+                (
+                    isinstance(target.dispatch, type) and
+                    isinstance(target.dispatch, cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                ) or
+
+                (
+                    isinstance(target.dispatch, _JoinedDispatcher) and
+                    isinstance(target.dispatch.parent, cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                )
+
+
+        ):
+            return target
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, propagate=False, insert=False, named=False):
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, insert=insert, named=named)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove(cls, event_key):
+        event_key.remove()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        cls.dispatch._clear()
+
+
+class _JoinedDispatcher(object):
+    """Represent a connection between two _Dispatch objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'local', 'parent', '_instance_cls'
+
+    def __init__(self, local, parent):
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent = parent
+        self._instance_cls = self.local._instance_cls
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        # assign _JoinedListeners as attributes on demand
+        # to reduce startup time for new dispatch objects
+        ls = getattr(self.local, name)
+        jl = _JoinedListener(self.parent, ls.name, ls)
+        setattr(self, ls.name, jl)
+        return jl
+
+    @property
+    def _listen(self):
+        return self.parent._listen
+
+
+class dispatcher(object):
+    """Descriptor used by target classes to
+    deliver the _Dispatch class at the class level
+    and produce new _Dispatch instances for target
+    instances.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, events):
+        self.dispatch_cls = events.dispatch
+        self.events = events
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self.dispatch_cls
+        obj.__dict__['dispatch'] = disp = self.dispatch_cls._for_instance(obj)
+        return disp
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b359bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# event/legacy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to handle adaption of legacy call signatures,
+generation of deprecation notes and docstrings.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+def _legacy_signature(since, argnames, converter=None):
+    def leg(fn):
+        if not hasattr(fn, '_legacy_signatures'):
+            fn._legacy_signatures = []
+        fn._legacy_signatures.append((since, argnames, converter))
+        return fn
+    return leg
+
+
+def _wrap_fn_for_legacy(dispatch_collection, fn, argspec):
+    for since, argnames, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        if argnames[-1] == "**kw":
+            has_kw = True
+            argnames = argnames[0:-1]
+        else:
+            has_kw = False
+
+        if len(argnames) == len(argspec.args) \
+                and has_kw is bool(argspec.keywords):
+
+            if conv:
+                assert not has_kw
+
+                def wrap_leg(*args):
+                    return fn(*conv(*args))
+            else:
+                def wrap_leg(*args, **kw):
+                    argdict = dict(zip(dispatch_collection.arg_names, args))
+                    args = [argdict[name] for name in argnames]
+                    if has_kw:
+                        return fn(*args, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        return fn(*args)
+            return wrap_leg
+    else:
+        return fn
+
+
+def _indent(text, indent):
+    return "\n".join(
+        indent + line
+        for line in text.split("\n")
+    )
+
+
+def _standard_listen_example(dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn):
+    example_kw_arg = _indent(
+        "\n".join(
+            "%(arg)s = kw['%(arg)s']" % {"arg": arg}
+            for arg in dispatch_collection.arg_names[0:2]
+        ),
+        "    ")
+    if dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        current_since = max(since for since, args, conv
+                            in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures)
+    else:
+        current_since = None
+    text = (
+        "from sqlalchemy import event\n\n"
+        "# standard decorator style%(current_since)s\n"
+        "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+        "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+        "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+        "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+        "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+    )
+
+    if len(dispatch_collection.arg_names) > 3:
+        text += (
+
+            "\n# named argument style (new in 0.9)\n"
+            "@event.listens_for("
+            "%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s', named=True)\n"
+            "def receive_%(event_name)s(**kw):\n"
+            "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+            "%(example_kw_arg)s\n"
+            "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+        )
+
+    text %= {
+        "current_since": " (arguments as of %s)" %
+        current_since if current_since else "",
+        "event_name": fn.__name__,
+        "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else "",
+        "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(dispatch_collection.arg_names),
+        "example_kw_arg": example_kw_arg,
+        "sample_target": sample_target
+    }
+    return text
+
+
+def _legacy_listen_examples(dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn):
+    text = ""
+    for since, args, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        text += (
+            "\n# legacy calling style (pre-%(since)s)\n"
+            "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+            "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+            "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+            "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+            "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n" % {
+                "since": since,
+                "event_name": fn.__name__,
+                "has_kw_arguments": " **kw"
+                if dispatch_collection.has_kw else "",
+                "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(args),
+                "sample_target": sample_target
+            }
+        )
+    return text
+
+
+def _version_signature_changes(dispatch_collection):
+    since, args, conv = dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures[0]
+    return (
+        "\n.. versionchanged:: %(since)s\n"
+        "    The ``%(event_name)s`` event now accepts the \n"
+        "    arguments ``%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s``.\n"
+        "    Listener functions which accept the previous argument \n"
+        "    signature(s) listed above will be automatically \n"
+        "    adapted to the new signature." % {
+            "since": since,
+            "event_name": dispatch_collection.name,
+            "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(dispatch_collection.arg_names),
+            "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else ""
+        }
+    )
+
+
+def _augment_fn_docs(dispatch_collection, parent_dispatch_cls, fn):
+    header = ".. container:: event_signatures\n\n"\
+        "     Example argument forms::\n"\
+        "\n"
+
+    sample_target = getattr(parent_dispatch_cls, "_target_class_doc", "obj")
+    text = (
+        header +
+        _indent(
+            _standard_listen_example(
+                dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn),
+            " " * 8)
+    )
+    if dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        text += _indent(
+            _legacy_listen_examples(
+                dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn),
+            " " * 8)
+
+        text += _version_signature_changes(dispatch_collection)
+
+    return util.inject_docstring_text(fn.__doc__,
+                                      text,
+                                      1
+                                      )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1e9262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+# event/registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides managed registration services on behalf of :func:`.listen`
+arguments.
+
+By "managed registration", we mean that event listening functions and
+other objects can be added to various collections in such a way that their
+membership in all those collections can be revoked at once, based on
+an equivalent :class:`._EventKey`.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import weakref
+import collections
+import types
+from .. import exc, util
+
+
+_key_to_collection = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+"""
+Given an original listen() argument, can locate all
+listener collections and the listener fn contained
+
+(target, identifier, fn) -> {
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                        }
+"""
+
+_collection_to_key = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+"""
+Given a _ListenerCollection or _ClsLevelListener, can locate
+all the original listen() arguments and the listener fn contained
+
+ref(listenercollection) -> {
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                        }
+"""
+
+
+def _collection_gced(ref):
+    # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+    if not _collection_to_key or ref not in _collection_to_key:
+        return
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key.pop(ref)
+    for key in listener_to_key.values():
+        if key in _key_to_collection:
+            # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+            dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+            dispatch_reg.pop(ref)
+            if not dispatch_reg:
+                _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection(event_key, owner):
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    if owner_ref in dispatch_reg:
+        return False
+
+    dispatch_reg[owner_ref] = listen_ref
+
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+    listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _removed_from_collection(event_key, owner):
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    dispatch_reg.pop(owner_ref, None)
+    if not dispatch_reg:
+        del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    if owner_ref in _collection_to_key:
+        listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+        listener_to_key.pop(listen_ref)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection_multi(newowner, oldowner, elements):
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    oldowner = oldowner.ref
+    newowner = newowner.ref
+
+    old_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[oldowner]
+    new_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[newowner]
+
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        key = old_listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        if newowner in dispatch_reg:
+            assert dispatch_reg[newowner] == listen_ref
+        else:
+            dispatch_reg[newowner] = listen_ref
+
+        new_listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+
+def _clear(owner, elements):
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    owner = owner.ref
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner]
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        key = listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        dispatch_reg.pop(owner, None)
+
+        if not dispatch_reg:
+            del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+
+class _EventKey(object):
+    """Represent :func:`.listen` arguments.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'target', 'identifier', 'fn', 'fn_key', 'fn_wrap', 'dispatch_target'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, target, identifier,
+                 fn, dispatch_target, _fn_wrap=None):
+        self.target = target
+        self.identifier = identifier
+        self.fn = fn
+        if isinstance(fn, types.MethodType):
+            self.fn_key = id(fn.__func__), id(fn.__self__)
+        else:
+            self.fn_key = id(fn)
+        self.fn_wrap = _fn_wrap
+        self.dispatch_target = dispatch_target
+
+    @property
+    def _key(self):
+        return (id(self.target), self.identifier, self.fn_key)
+
+    def with_wrapper(self, fn_wrap):
+        if fn_wrap is self._listen_fn:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                self.dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=fn_wrap
+            )
+
+    def with_dispatch_target(self, dispatch_target):
+        if dispatch_target is self.dispatch_target:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=self.fn_wrap
+            )
+
+    def listen(self, *args, **kw):
+        once = kw.pop("once", False)
+        named = kw.pop("named", False)
+
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            self.dispatch_target, self.identifier, self._listen_fn
+
+        dispatch_collection = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        adjusted_fn = dispatch_collection._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+        self = self.with_wrapper(adjusted_fn)
+
+        if once:
+            self.with_wrapper(
+                util.only_once(self._listen_fn)).listen(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            self.dispatch_target.dispatch._listen(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self):
+        key = self._key
+
+        if key not in _key_to_collection:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No listeners found for event %s / %r / %s " %
+                (self.target, self.identifier, self.fn)
+            )
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+        for collection_ref, listener_ref in dispatch_reg.items():
+            collection = collection_ref()
+            listener_fn = listener_ref()
+            if collection is not None and listener_fn is not None:
+                collection.remove(self.with_wrapper(listener_fn))
+
+    def contains(self):
+        """Return True if this event key is registered to listen.
+        """
+        return self._key in _key_to_collection
+
+    def base_listen(self, propagate=False, insert=False,
+                    named=False):
+
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            self.dispatch_target, self.identifier, self._listen_fn
+
+        dispatch_collection = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        if insert:
+            dispatch_collection.\
+                for_modify(target.dispatch).insert(self, propagate)
+        else:
+            dispatch_collection.\
+                for_modify(target.dispatch).append(self, propagate)
+
+    @property
+    def _listen_fn(self):
+        return self.fn_wrap or self.fn
+
+    def append_to_list(self, owner, list_):
+        if _stored_in_collection(self, owner):
+            list_.append(self._listen_fn)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def remove_from_list(self, owner, list_):
+        _removed_from_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.remove(self._listen_fn)
+
+    def prepend_to_list(self, owner, list_):
+        if _stored_in_collection(self, owner):
+            list_.appendleft(self._listen_fn)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1abef26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1101 @@
+# sqlalchemy/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Core event interfaces."""
+
+from . import event, exc
+from .pool import Pool
+from .engine import Connectable, Engine, Dialect
+from .sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+
+
+class DDLEvents(event.Events):
+    """
+    Define event listeners for schema objects,
+    that is, :class:`.SchemaItem` and other :class:`.SchemaEventTarget`
+    subclasses, including :class:`.MetaData`, :class:`.Table`,
+    :class:`.Column`.
+
+    :class:`.MetaData` and :class:`.Table` support events
+    specifically regarding when CREATE and DROP
+    DDL is emitted to the database.
+
+    Attachment events are also provided to customize
+    behavior whenever a child schema element is associated
+    with a parent, such as, when a :class:`.Column` is associated
+    with its :class:`.Table`, when a :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    is associated with a :class:`.Table`, etc.
+
+    Example using the ``after_create`` event::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Metadata, Integer
+
+        m = MetaData()
+        some_table = Table('some_table', m, Column('data', Integer))
+
+        def after_create(target, connection, **kw):
+            connection.execute("ALTER TABLE %s SET name=foo_%s" %
+                                    (target.name, target.name))
+
+        event.listen(some_table, "after_create", after_create)
+
+    DDL events integrate closely with the
+    :class:`.DDL` class and the :class:`.DDLElement` hierarchy
+    of DDL clause constructs, which are themselves appropriate
+    as listener callables::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import DDL
+        event.listen(
+            some_table,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET name=foo_%(table)s")
+        )
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well
+    as the names of members that are passed to listener
+    functions.
+
+    See also:
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :class:`.DDLElement`
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSchemaClassOrObject"
+    _dispatch_target = SchemaEventTarget
+
+    def before_create(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called before CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_create(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called after CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_drop(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called before DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_drop(self, target, connection, **kw):
+        """Called after DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.MetaData` or :class:`.Table`
+         object which is the target of the event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_parent_attach(self, target, parent):
+        """Called before a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts a modifier for this event:
+
+        :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+         be established for any copies made of the target object,
+         i.e. those copies that are generated when
+         :meth:`.Table.tometadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_parent_attach(self, target, parent):
+        """Called after a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts a modifier for this event:
+
+        :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+         be established for any copies made of the target object,
+         i.e. those copies that are generated when
+         :meth:`.Table.tometadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def column_reflect(self, inspector, table, column_info):
+        """Called for each unit of 'column info' retrieved when
+        a :class:`.Table` is being reflected.
+
+        The dictionary of column information as returned by the
+        dialect is passed, and can be modified.  The dictionary
+        is that returned in each element of the list returned
+        by :meth:`.reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+        The event is called before any action is taken against
+        this dictionary, and the contents can be modified.
+        The :class:`.Column` specific arguments ``info``, ``key``,
+        and ``quote`` can also be added to the dictionary and
+        will be passed to the constructor of :class:`.Column`.
+
+        Note that this event is only meaningful if either
+        associated with the :class:`.Table` class across the
+        board, e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.schema import Table
+            from sqlalchemy import event
+
+            def listen_for_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                "receive a column_reflect event"
+                # ...
+
+            event.listen(
+                    Table,
+                    'column_reflect',
+                    listen_for_reflect)
+
+        ...or with a specific :class:`.Table` instance using
+        the ``listeners`` argument::
+
+            def listen_for_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                "receive a column_reflect event"
+                # ...
+
+            t = Table(
+                'sometable',
+                autoload=True,
+                listeners=[
+                    ('column_reflect', listen_for_reflect)
+                ])
+
+        This because the reflection process initiated by ``autoload=True``
+        completes within the scope of the constructor for :class:`.Table`.
+
+        """
+
+
+class PoolEvents(event.Events):
+    """Available events for :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well
+    as the names of members that are passed to listener
+    functions.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_on_checkout(dbapi_conn, connection_rec, connection_proxy):
+            "handle an on checkout event"
+
+        event.listen(Pool, 'checkout', my_on_checkout)
+
+    In addition to accepting the :class:`.Pool` class and
+    :class:`.Pool` instances, :class:`.PoolEvents` also accepts
+    :class:`.Engine` objects and the :class:`.Engine` class as
+    targets, which will be resolved to the ``.pool`` attribute of the
+    given engine or the :class:`.Pool` class::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+        # will associate with engine.pool
+        event.listen(engine, 'checkout', my_on_checkout)
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngineOrPool"
+    _dispatch_target = Pool
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Pool
+            elif issubclass(target, Pool):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.pool
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    def connect(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is first
+        created for a given :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        This event allows one to capture the point directly after which
+        the DBAPI module-level ``.connect()`` method has been used in order
+        to produce a new DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def first_connect(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called exactly once for the first time a DBAPI connection is
+        checked out from a particular :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        The rationale for :meth:`.PoolEvents.first_connect` is to determine
+        information about a particular series of database connections based
+        on the settings used for all connections.  Since a particular
+        :class:`.Pool` refers to a single "creator" function (which in terms
+        of a :class:`.Engine` refers to the URL and connection options used),
+        it is typically valid to make observations about a single connection
+        that can be safely assumed to be valid about all subsequent
+        connections, such as the database version, the server and client
+        encoding settings, collation settings, and many others.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkout(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record, connection_proxy):
+        """Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_proxy: the :class:`._ConnectionFairy` object which
+          will proxy the public interface of the DBAPI connection for the
+          lifespan of the checkout.
+
+        If you raise a :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DisconnectionError`, the current
+        connection will be disposed and a fresh connection retrieved.
+        Processing of all checkout listeners will abort and restart
+        using the new connection.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` - a similar event
+           which occurs upon creation of a new :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkin(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called when a connection returns to the pool.
+
+        Note that the connection may be closed, and may be None if the
+        connection has been invalidated.  ``checkin`` will not be called
+        for detached connections.  (They do not return to the pool.)
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def reset(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        """Called before the "reset" action occurs for a pooled connection.
+
+        This event represents
+        when the ``rollback()`` method is called on the DBAPI connection
+        before it is returned to the pool.  The behavior of "reset" can
+        be controlled, including disabled, using the ``reset_on_return``
+        pool argument.
+
+
+        The :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event is usually followed by the
+        :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkin` event is called, except in those
+        cases where the connection is discarded immediately after reset.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.rollback`
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.commit`
+
+        """
+
+    def invalidate(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record, exception):
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate`
+        method is invoked, either from API usage or via "auto-invalidation",
+        without the ``soft`` flag.
+
+        The event occurs before a final attempt to call ``.close()`` on the
+        connection occurs.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` managing the
+         DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param exception: the exception object corresponding to the reason
+         for this invalidation, if any.  May be ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 Added support for connection invalidation
+           listening.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+    def soft_invalidate(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record, exception):
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "soft invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate`
+        method is invoked with the ``soft`` flag.
+
+        Soft invalidation refers to when the connection record that tracks
+        this connection will force a reconnect after the current connection
+        is checked in.   It does not actively close the dbapi_connection
+        at the point at which it is called.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        """
+
+
+class ConnectionEvents(event.Events):
+    """Available events for :class:`.Connectable`, which includes
+    :class:`.Connection` and :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well as the names of
+    members that are passed to listener functions.
+
+    An event listener can be associated with any :class:`.Connectable`
+    class or instance, such as an :class:`.Engine`, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event, create_engine
+
+        def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context,
+                                                        executemany):
+            log.info("Received statement: %s" % statement)
+
+        engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test')
+        event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", before_cursor_execute)
+
+    or with a specific :class:`.Connection`::
+
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            @event.listens_for(conn, 'before_cursor_execute')
+            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                                            context, executemany):
+                log.info("Received statement: %s" % statement)
+
+    When the methods are called with a `statement` parameter, such as in
+    :meth:`.after_cursor_execute`, :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` and
+    :meth:`.dbapi_error`, the statement is the exact SQL string that was
+    prepared for transmission to the DBAPI ``cursor`` in the connection's
+    :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    The :meth:`.before_execute` and :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+    events can also be established with the ``retval=True`` flag, which
+    allows modification of the statement and parameters to be sent
+    to the database.  The :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` event is
+    particularly useful here to add ad-hoc string transformations, such
+    as comments, to all executions::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+        def comment_sql_calls(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                                            context, executemany):
+            statement = statement + " -- some comment"
+            return statement, parameters
+
+    .. note:: :class:`.ConnectionEvents` can be established on any
+       combination of :class:`.Engine`, :class:`.Connection`, as well
+       as instances of each of those classes.  Events across all
+       four scopes will fire off for a given instance of
+       :class:`.Connection`.  However, for performance reasons, the
+       :class:`.Connection` object determines at instantiation time
+       whether or not its parent :class:`.Engine` has event listeners
+       established.   Event listeners added to the :class:`.Engine`
+       class or to an instance of :class:`.Engine` *after* the instantiation
+       of a dependent :class:`.Connection` instance will usually
+       *not* be available on that :class:`.Connection` instance.  The newly
+       added listeners will instead take effect for :class:`.Connection`
+       instances created subsequent to those event listeners being
+       established on the parent :class:`.Engine` class or instance.
+
+    :param retval=False: Applies to the :meth:`.before_execute` and
+      :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` events only.  When True, the
+      user-defined event function must have a return value, which
+      is a tuple of parameters that replace the given statement
+      and parameters.  See those methods for a description of
+      specific return arguments.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 :class:`.ConnectionEvents` can now be associated
+       with any :class:`.Connectable` including :class:`.Connection`,
+       in addition to the existing support for :class:`.Engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = Connectable
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, retval=False):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, \
+            event_key._listen_fn
+
+        target._has_events = True
+
+        if not retval:
+            if identifier == 'before_execute':
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_execute(conn, clauseelement,
+                                        multiparams, params):
+                    orig_fn(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params)
+                    return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+                fn = wrap_before_execute
+            elif identifier == 'before_cursor_execute':
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                                               parameters, context,
+                                               executemany):
+                    orig_fn(conn, cursor, statement,
+                            parameters, context, executemany)
+                    return statement, parameters
+                fn = wrap_before_cursor_execute
+        elif retval and \
+            identifier not in ('before_execute',
+                               'before_cursor_execute', 'handle_error'):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Only the 'before_execute', "
+                "'before_cursor_execute' and 'handle_error' engine "
+                "event listeners accept the 'retval=True' "
+                "argument.")
+        event_key.with_wrapper(fn).base_listen()
+
+    def before_execute(self, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+        """Intercept high level execute() events, receiving uncompiled
+        SQL constructs and other objects prior to rendering into SQL.
+
+        This event is good for debugging SQL compilation issues as well
+        as early manipulation of the parameters being sent to the database,
+        as the parameter lists will be in a consistent format here.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``clauseelement``, ``multiparams``, and ``params``
+        arguments should be returned as a three-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_execute(conn, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+                # do something with clauseelement, multiparams, params
+                return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_execute(self, conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, result):
+        """Intercept high level execute() events after execute.
+
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+        :param result: :class:`.ResultProxy` generated by the execution.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement,
+                              parameters, context, executemany):
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events before execution,
+        receiving the string SQL statement and DBAPI-specific parameter list to
+        be invoked against a cursor.
+
+        This event is a good choice for logging as well as late modifications
+        to the SQL string.  It's less ideal for parameter modifications except
+        for those which are specific to a target backend.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``statement`` and ``parameters`` arguments should be
+        returned as a two-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                            parameters, context, executemany):
+                # do something with statement, parameters
+                return statement, parameters
+
+        See the example at :class:`.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as to be passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :meth:`.before_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_cursor_execute(self, conn, cursor, statement,
+                             parameters, context, executemany):
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events after execution.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object.  Will have results pending
+         if the statement was a SELECT, but these should not be consumed
+         as they will be needed by the :class:`.ResultProxy`.
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        """
+
+    def dbapi_error(self, conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                    context, exception):
+        """Intercept a raw DBAPI error.
+
+        This event is called with the DBAPI exception instance
+        received from the DBAPI itself, *before* SQLAlchemy wraps the
+        exception with it's own exception wrappers, and before any
+        other operations are performed on the DBAPI cursor; the
+        existing transaction remains in effect as well as any state
+        on the cursor.
+
+        The use case here is to inject low-level exception handling
+        into an :class:`.Engine`, typically for logging and
+        debugging purposes.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Code should **not** modify
+            any state or throw any exceptions here as this will
+            interfere with SQLAlchemy's cleanup and error handling
+            routines.  For exception modification, please refer to the
+            new :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` event.
+
+        Subsequent to this hook, SQLAlchemy may attempt any
+        number of operations on the connection/cursor, including
+        closing the cursor, rolling back of the transaction in the
+        case of connectionless execution, and disposing of the entire
+        connection pool if a "disconnect" was detected.   The
+        exception is then wrapped in a SQLAlchemy DBAPI exception
+        wrapper and re-thrown.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param exception: The **unwrapped** exception emitted directly from the
+         DBAPI.  The class here is specific to the DBAPI module in use.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.7 - replaced by
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error`
+
+        """
+
+    def handle_error(self, exception_context):
+        """Intercept all exceptions processed by the :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This includes all exceptions emitted by the DBAPI as well as
+        within SQLAlchemy's statement invocation process, including
+        encoding errors and other statement validation errors.  Other areas
+        in which the event is invoked include transaction begin and end,
+        result row fetching, cursor creation.
+
+        Note that :meth:`.handle_error` may support new kinds of exceptions
+        and new calling scenarios at *any time*.  Code which uses this
+        event must expect new calling patterns to be present in minor
+        releases.
+
+        To support the wide variety of members that correspond to an exception,
+        as well as to allow extensibility of the event without backwards
+        incompatibility, the sole argument received is an instance of
+        :class:`.ExceptionContext`.   This object contains data members
+        representing detail about the exception.
+
+        Use cases supported by this hook include:
+
+        * read-only, low-level exception handling for logging and
+          debugging purposes
+        * exception re-writing
+
+        The hook is called while the cursor from the failed operation
+        (if any) is still open and accessible.   Special cleanup operations
+        can be called on this cursor; SQLAlchemy will attempt to close
+        this cursor subsequent to this hook being invoked.  If the connection
+        is in "autocommit" mode, the transaction also remains open within
+        the scope of this hook; the rollback of the per-statement transaction
+        also occurs after the hook is called.
+
+        The user-defined event handler has two options for replacing
+        the SQLAlchemy-constructed exception into one that is user
+        defined.   It can either raise this new exception directly, in
+        which case all further event listeners are bypassed and the
+        exception will be raised, after appropriate cleanup as taken
+        place::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error")
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if isinstance(context.original_exception,
+                    psycopg2.OperationalError) and \\
+                    "failed" in str(context.original_exception):
+                    raise MySpecialException("failed operation")
+
+        .. warning::  Because the :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error`
+           event specifically provides for exceptions to be re-thrown as
+           the ultimate exception raised by the failed statement,
+           **stack traces will be misleading** if the user-defined event
+           handler itself fails and throws an unexpected exception;
+           the stack trace may not illustrate the actual code line that
+           failed!  It is advised to code carefully here and use
+           logging and/or inline debugging if unexpected exceptions are
+           occurring.
+
+        Alternatively, a "chained" style of event handling can be
+        used, by configuring the handler with the ``retval=True``
+        modifier and returning the new exception instance from the
+        function.  In this case, event handling will continue onto the
+        next handler.   The "chained" exception is available using
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.chained_exception`::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if context.chained_exception is not None and \\
+                    "special" in context.chained_exception.message:
+                    return MySpecialException("failed",
+                        cause=context.chained_exception)
+
+        Handlers that return ``None`` may remain within this chain; the
+        last non-``None`` return value is the one that continues to be
+        passed to the next handler.
+
+        When a custom exception is raised or returned, SQLAlchemy raises
+        this new exception as-is, it is not wrapped by any SQLAlchemy
+        object.  If the exception is not a subclass of
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError`,
+        certain features may not be available; currently this includes
+        the ORM's feature of adding a detail hint about "autoflush" to
+        exceptions raised within the autoflush process.
+
+        :param context: an :class:`.ExceptionContext` object.  See this
+         class for details on all available members.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.7 Added the
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.handle_error` hook.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 The :meth:`.handle_error` event is now
+           invoked when an :class:`.Engine` fails during the initial
+           call to :meth:`.Engine.connect`, as well as when a
+           :class:`.Connection` object encounters an error during a
+           reconnect operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 The :meth:`.handle_error` event is
+           not fired off when a dialect makes use of the
+           ``skip_user_error_events`` execution option.   This is used
+           by dialects which intend to catch SQLAlchemy-specific exceptions
+           within specific operations, such as when the MySQL dialect detects
+           a table not present within the ``has_table()`` dialect method.
+           Prior to 1.0.0, code which implements :meth:`.handle_error` needs
+           to ensure that exceptions thrown in these scenarios are re-raised
+           without modification.
+
+        """
+
+    def engine_connect(self, conn, branch):
+        """Intercept the creation of a new :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        This event is called typically as the direct result of calling
+        the :meth:`.Engine.connect` method.
+
+        It differs from the :meth:`.PoolEvents.connect` method, which
+        refers to the actual connection to a database at the DBAPI level;
+        a DBAPI connection may be pooled and reused for many operations.
+        In contrast, this event refers only to the production of a higher level
+        :class:`.Connection` wrapper around such a DBAPI connection.
+
+        It also differs from the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` event
+        in that it is specific to the :class:`.Connection` object, not the
+        DBAPI connection that :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` deals with, although
+        this DBAPI connection is available here via the
+        :attr:`.Connection.connection` attribute.  But note there can in fact
+        be multiple :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` events within the lifespan
+        of a single :class:`.Connection` object, if that :class:`.Connection`
+        is invalidated and re-established.  There can also be multiple
+        :class:`.Connection` objects generated for the same already-checked-out
+        DBAPI connection, in the case that a "branch" of a :class:`.Connection`
+        is produced.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object.
+        :param branch: if True, this is a "branch" of an existing
+         :class:`.Connection`.  A branch is generated within the course
+         of a statement execution to invoke supplemental statements, most
+         typically to pre-execute a SELECT of a default value for the purposes
+         of an INSERT statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects_pessimistic` - illustrates how to use
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect`
+            to transparently ensure pooled connections are connected to the
+            database.
+
+            :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` the lower-level pool checkout event
+            for an individual DBAPI connection
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.set_connection_execution_options` - a copy
+            of a :class:`.Connection` is also made when the
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` method is called.
+
+        """
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(self, conn, opts):
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        This method is called after the new :class:`.Connection` has been
+        produced, with the newly updated execution options collection, but
+        before the :class:`.Dialect` has acted upon any of those new options.
+
+        Note that this method is not called when a new :class:`.Connection`
+        is produced which is inheriting execution options from its parent
+        :class:`.Engine`; to intercept this condition, use the
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` event.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`.Connection` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.set_engine_execution_options` - event
+            which is called when :meth:`.Engine.execution_options` is called.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(self, engine, opts):
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`.Engine.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`.Engine.execution_options` method produces a shallow
+        copy of the :class:`.Engine` which stores the new options.  That new
+        :class:`.Engine` is passed here.   A particular application of this
+        method is to add a :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` event
+        handler to the given :class:`.Engine` which will perform some per-
+        :class:`.Connection` task specific to these execution options.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`.Engine` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.set_connection_execution_options` - event
+            which is called when :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` is
+            called.
+
+        """
+
+    def engine_disposed(self, engine):
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`.Engine.dispose` method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`.Engine.dispose` method instructs the engine to
+        "dispose" of it's connection pool (e.g. :class:`.Pool`), and
+        replaces it with a new one.  Disposing of the old pool has the
+        effect that existing checked-in connections are closed.  The new
+        pool does not establish any new connections until it is first used.
+
+        This event can be used to indicate that resources related to the
+        :class:`.Engine` should also be cleaned up, keeping in mind that the
+        :class:`.Engine` can still be used for new requests in which case
+        it re-acquires connection resources.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.5
+
+        """
+    def begin(self, conn):
+        """Intercept begin() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback(self, conn):
+        """Intercept rollback() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`.Pool` also "auto-rolls back"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to its default value of ``'rollback'``.
+        To intercept this
+        rollback, use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset`
+
+        """
+
+    def commit(self, conn):
+        """Intercept commit() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`.Pool` may also "auto-commit"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to the value ``'commit'``.  To intercept this
+        commit, use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        """
+
+    def savepoint(self, conn, name):
+        """Intercept savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback_savepoint(self, conn, name, context):
+        """Intercept rollback_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` in use.  May be ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+    def release_savepoint(self, conn, name, context):
+        """Intercept release_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` in use.  May be ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, conn, xid):
+        """Intercept begin_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+
+        """
+
+    def prepare_twophase(self, conn, xid):
+        """Intercept prepare_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        """
+
+    def rollback_twophase(self, conn, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept rollback_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+    def commit_twophase(self, conn, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept commit_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+
+class DialectEvents(event.Events):
+    """event interface for execution-replacement functions.
+
+    These events allow direct instrumentation and replacement
+    of key dialect functions which interact with the DBAPI.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :class:`.DialectEvents` hooks should be considered **semi-public**
+        and experimental.
+        These hooks are not for general use and are only for those situations
+        where intricate re-statement of DBAPI mechanics must be injected onto
+        an existing dialect.  For general-use statement-interception events,
+        please use the :class:`.ConnectionEvents` interface.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.after_execute`
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = Dialect
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, retval=False):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        target._has_events = True
+        event_key.base_listen()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Dialect
+            elif issubclass(target, Dialect):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.dialect
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    def do_connect(self, dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+        """Receive connection arguments before a connection is made.
+
+        Return a DBAPI connection to halt further events from invoking;
+        the returned connection will be used.
+
+        Alternatively, the event can manipulate the cargs and/or cparams
+        collections; cargs will always be a Python list that can be mutated
+        in-place and cparams a Python dictionary.  Return None to
+        allow control to pass to the next event handler and ultimately
+        to allow the dialect to connect normally, given the updated
+        arguments.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        """
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        """Receive a cursor to have executemany() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, context):
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() with no parameters called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2729842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+# sqlalchemy/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Exceptions used with SQLAlchemy.
+
+The base exception class is :exc:`.SQLAlchemyError`.  Exceptions which are
+raised as a result of DBAPI exceptions are all subclasses of
+:exc:`.DBAPIError`.
+
+"""
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyError(Exception):
+    """Generic error class."""
+
+
+class ArgumentError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an invalid or conflicting function argument is supplied.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to construction time state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoSuchModuleError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when a dynamically-loaded module (usually a database dialect)
+    of a particular name cannot be located."""
+
+
+class NoForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when no foreign keys can be located between two selectables
+    during a join."""
+
+
+class AmbiguousForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when more than one foreign key matching can be located
+    between two selectables during a join."""
+
+
+class CircularDependencyError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised by topological sorts when a circular dependency is detected.
+
+    There are two scenarios where this error occurs:
+
+    * In a Session flush operation, if two objects are mutually dependent
+      on each other, they can not be inserted or deleted via INSERT or
+      DELETE statements alone; an UPDATE will be needed to post-associate
+      or pre-deassociate one of the foreign key constrained values.
+      The ``post_update`` flag described at :ref:`post_update` can resolve
+      this cycle.
+    * In a :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` operation, two :class:`.ForeignKey`
+      or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects mutually refer to each
+      other.  Apply the ``use_alter=True`` flag to one or both,
+      see :ref:`use_alter`.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, cycles, edges, msg=None):
+        if msg is None:
+            message += " (%s)" % ", ".join(repr(s) for s in cycles)
+        else:
+            message = msg
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.cycles = cycles
+        self.edges = edges
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.cycles,
+                                self.edges, self.args[0])
+
+
+class CompileError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an error occurs during SQL compilation"""
+
+
+class UnsupportedCompilationError(CompileError):
+    """Raised when an operation is not supported by the given compiler.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, compiler, element_type):
+        super(UnsupportedCompilationError, self).__init__(
+            "Compiler %r can't render element of type %s" %
+            (compiler, element_type))
+
+
+class IdentifierError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when a schema name is beyond the max character limit"""
+
+
+class DisconnectionError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A disconnect is detected on a raw DB-API connection.
+
+    This error is raised and consumed internally by a connection pool.  It can
+    be raised by the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout` event so that the host pool
+    forces a retry; the exception will be caught three times in a row before
+    the pool gives up and raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`
+    regarding the connection attempt.
+
+    """
+
+
+class TimeoutError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when a connection pool times out on getting a connection."""
+
+
+class InvalidRequestError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """SQLAlchemy was asked to do something it can't do.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoInspectionAvailable(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A subject passed to :func:`sqlalchemy.inspection.inspect` produced
+    no context for inspection."""
+
+
+class ResourceClosedError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """An operation was requested from a connection, cursor, or other
+    object that's in a closed state."""
+
+
+class NoSuchColumnError(KeyError, InvalidRequestError):
+    """A nonexistent column is requested from a ``RowProxy``."""
+
+
+class NoReferenceError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` to indicate a reference cannot be resolved."""
+
+
+class NoReferencedTableError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Table`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, tname):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.table_name)
+
+
+class NoReferencedColumnError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Column`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, tname, cname):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+        self.column_name = cname
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.table_name,
+                                self.column_name)
+
+
+class NoSuchTableError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Table does not exist or is not visible to a connection."""
+
+
+class UnboundExecutionError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """SQL was attempted without a database connection to execute it on."""
+
+
+class DontWrapMixin(object):
+    """A mixin class which, when applied to a user-defined Exception class,
+    will not be wrapped inside of :exc:`.StatementError` if the error is
+    emitted within the process of executing a statement.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.exc import DontWrapMixin
+
+        class MyCustomException(Exception, DontWrapMixin):
+            pass
+
+        class MySpecialType(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                if value == 'invalid':
+                    raise MyCustomException("invalid!")
+
+    """
+
+# Moved to orm.exc; compatibility definition installed by orm import until 0.6
+UnmappedColumnError = None
+
+
+class StatementError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An error occurred during execution of a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`StatementError` wraps the exception raised
+    during execution, and features :attr:`.statement`
+    and :attr:`.params` attributes which supply context regarding
+    the specifics of the statement which had an issue.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in
+    the :attr:`.orig` attribute.
+
+    """
+
+    statement = None
+    """The string SQL statement being invoked when this exception occurred."""
+
+    params = None
+    """The parameter list being used when this exception occurred."""
+
+    orig = None
+    """The DBAPI exception object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, statement, params, orig):
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.orig = orig
+        self.detail = []
+
+    def add_detail(self, msg):
+        self.detail.append(msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.statement,
+                                self.params, self.orig)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import util
+
+        details = [SQLAlchemyError.__str__(self)]
+        if self.statement:
+            details.append("[SQL: %r]" % self.statement)
+            if self.params:
+                params_repr = util._repr_params(self.params, 10)
+                details.append("[parameters: %r]" % params_repr)
+        return ' '.join([
+            "(%s)" % det for det in self.detail
+        ] + details)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return self.__str__()
+
+
+class DBAPIError(StatementError):
+    """Raised when the execution of a database operation fails.
+
+    Wraps exceptions raised by the DB-API underlying the
+    database operation.  Driver-specific implementations of the standard
+    DB-API exception types are wrapped by matching sub-types of SQLAlchemy's
+    :class:`DBAPIError` when possible.  DB-API's ``Error`` type maps to
+    :class:`DBAPIError` in SQLAlchemy, otherwise the names are identical.  Note
+    that there is no guarantee that different DB-API implementations will
+    raise the same exception type for any given error condition.
+
+    :class:`DBAPIError` features :attr:`~.StatementError.statement`
+    and :attr:`~.StatementError.params` attributes which supply context
+    regarding the specifics of the statement which had an issue, for the
+    typical case when the error was raised within the context of
+    emitting a SQL statement.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in the
+    :attr:`~.StatementError.orig` attribute. Its type and properties are
+    DB-API implementation specific.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(cls, statement, params,
+                 orig, dbapi_base_err,
+                 connection_invalidated=False,
+                 dialect=None):
+        # Don't ever wrap these, just return them directly as if
+        # DBAPIError didn't exist.
+        if (isinstance(orig, BaseException) and
+                not isinstance(orig, Exception)) or \
+                isinstance(orig, DontWrapMixin):
+            return orig
+
+        if orig is not None:
+            # not a DBAPI error, statement is present.
+            # raise a StatementError
+            if not isinstance(orig, dbapi_base_err) and statement:
+                return StatementError(
+                    "(%s.%s) %s" %
+                    (orig.__class__.__module__, orig.__class__.__name__,
+                     orig),
+                    statement, params, orig
+                )
+
+            glob = globals()
+            for super_ in orig.__class__.__mro__:
+                name = super_.__name__
+                if dialect:
+                    name = dialect.dbapi_exception_translation_map.get(
+                        name, name)
+                if name in glob and issubclass(glob[name], DBAPIError):
+                    cls = glob[name]
+                    break
+
+        return cls(statement, params, orig, connection_invalidated)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.statement, self.params,
+                                self.orig, self.connection_invalidated)
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, params, orig, connection_invalidated=False):
+        try:
+            text = str(orig)
+        except Exception as e:
+            text = 'Error in str() of DB-API-generated exception: ' + str(e)
+        StatementError.__init__(
+            self,
+            '(%s.%s) %s' % (
+                orig.__class__.__module__, orig.__class__.__name__, text, ),
+            statement,
+            params,
+            orig
+        )
+        self.connection_invalidated = connection_invalidated
+
+
+class InterfaceError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InterfaceError."""
+
+
+class DatabaseError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DatabaseError."""
+
+
+class DataError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DataError."""
+
+
+class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API OperationalError."""
+
+
+class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API IntegrityError."""
+
+
+class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InternalError."""
+
+
+class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API ProgrammingError."""
+
+
+class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API NotSupportedError."""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+class SADeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued once per usage of a deprecated API."""
+
+
+class SAPendingDeprecationWarning(PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued once per usage of a deprecated API."""
+
+
+class SAWarning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """Issued at runtime."""
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c8a59a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# ext/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+_sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy.ext")
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdc44f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@
+# ext/associationproxy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Contain the ``AssociationProxy`` class.
+
+The ``AssociationProxy`` is a Python property object which provides
+transparent proxied access to the endpoint of an association object.
+
+See the example ``examples/association/proxied_association.py``.
+
+"""
+import itertools
+import operator
+import weakref
+from .. import exc, orm, util
+from ..orm import collections, interfaces
+from ..sql import not_, or_
+
+
+def association_proxy(target_collection, attr, **kw):
+    """Return a Python property implementing a view of a target
+    attribute which references an attribute on members of the
+    target.
+
+    The returned value is an instance of :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    Implements a Python property representing a relationship as a collection
+    of simpler values, or a scalar value.  The proxied property will mimic
+    the collection type of the target (list, dict or set), or, in the case of
+    a one to one relationship, a simple scalar value.
+
+    :param target_collection: Name of the attribute we'll proxy to.
+      This attribute is typically mapped by
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` to link to a target collection, but
+      can also be a many-to-one or non-scalar relationship.
+
+    :param attr: Attribute on the associated instance or instances we'll
+      proxy for.
+
+      For example, given a target collection of [obj1, obj2], a list created
+      by this proxy property would look like [getattr(obj1, *attr*),
+      getattr(obj2, *attr*)]
+
+      If the relationship is one-to-one or otherwise uselist=False, then
+      simply: getattr(obj, *attr*)
+
+    :param creator: optional.
+
+      When new items are added to this proxied collection, new instances of
+      the class collected by the target collection will be created.  For list
+      and set collections, the target class constructor will be called with
+      the 'value' for the new instance.  For dict types, two arguments are
+      passed: key and value.
+
+      If you want to construct instances differently, supply a *creator*
+      function that takes arguments as above and returns instances.
+
+      For scalar relationships, creator() will be called if the target is None.
+      If the target is present, set operations are proxied to setattr() on the
+      associated object.
+
+      If you have an associated object with multiple attributes, you may set
+      up multiple association proxies mapping to different attributes.  See
+      the unit tests for examples, and for examples of how creator() functions
+      can be used to construct the scalar relationship on-demand in this
+      situation.
+
+    :param \*\*kw: Passes along any other keyword arguments to
+      :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    """
+    return AssociationProxy(target_collection, attr, **kw)
+
+
+ASSOCIATION_PROXY = util.symbol('ASSOCIATION_PROXY')
+"""Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+"""
+
+
+class AssociationProxy(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo):
+    """A descriptor that presents a read/write view of an object attribute."""
+
+    is_attribute = False
+    extension_type = ASSOCIATION_PROXY
+
+    def __init__(self, target_collection, attr, creator=None,
+                 getset_factory=None, proxy_factory=None,
+                 proxy_bulk_set=None, info=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        The :func:`.association_proxy` function is provided as the usual
+        entrypoint here, though :class:`.AssociationProxy` can be instantiated
+        and/or subclassed directly.
+
+        :param target_collection: Name of the collection we'll proxy to,
+          usually created with :func:`.relationship`.
+
+        :param attr: Attribute on the collected instances we'll proxy
+          for.  For example, given a target collection of [obj1, obj2], a
+          list created by this proxy property would look like
+          [getattr(obj1, attr), getattr(obj2, attr)]
+
+        :param creator: Optional. When new items are added to this proxied
+          collection, new instances of the class collected by the target
+          collection will be created.  For list and set collections, the
+          target class constructor will be called with the 'value' for the
+          new instance.  For dict types, two arguments are passed:
+          key and value.
+
+          If you want to construct instances differently, supply a 'creator'
+          function that takes arguments as above and returns instances.
+
+        :param getset_factory: Optional.  Proxied attribute access is
+          automatically handled by routines that get and set values based on
+          the `attr` argument for this proxy.
+
+          If you would like to customize this behavior, you may supply a
+          `getset_factory` callable that produces a tuple of `getter` and
+          `setter` functions.  The factory is called with two arguments, the
+          abstract type of the underlying collection and this proxy instance.
+
+        :param proxy_factory: Optional.  The type of collection to emulate is
+          determined by sniffing the target collection.  If your collection
+          type can't be determined by duck typing or you'd like to use a
+          different collection implementation, you may supply a factory
+          function to produce those collections.  Only applicable to
+          non-scalar relationships.
+
+        :param proxy_bulk_set: Optional, use with proxy_factory.  See
+          the _set() method for details.
+
+        :param info: optional, will be assigned to
+         :attr:`.AssociationProxy.info` if present.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.9
+
+        """
+        self.target_collection = target_collection
+        self.value_attr = attr
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getset_factory = getset_factory
+        self.proxy_factory = proxy_factory
+        self.proxy_bulk_set = proxy_bulk_set
+
+        self.owning_class = None
+        self.key = '_%s_%s_%s' % (
+            type(self).__name__, target_collection, id(self))
+        self.collection_class = None
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+
+    @property
+    def remote_attr(self):
+        """The 'remote' :class:`.MapperProperty` referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        See also:
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.attr`
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.local_attr`
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr)
+
+    @property
+    def local_attr(self):
+        """The 'local' :class:`.MapperProperty` referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        See also:
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.attr`
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self.owning_class, self.target_collection)
+
+    @property
+    def attr(self):
+        """Return a tuple of ``(local_attr, remote_attr)``.
+
+        This attribute is convenient when specifying a join
+        using :meth:`.Query.join` across two relationships::
+
+            sess.query(Parent).join(*Parent.proxied.attr)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        See also:
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.local_attr`
+
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxy.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return (self.local_attr, self.remote_attr)
+
+    def _get_property(self):
+        return (orm.class_mapper(self.owning_class).
+                get_property(self.target_collection))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def target_class(self):
+        """The intermediary class handled by this :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        Intercepted append/set/assignment events will result
+        in the generation of new instances of this class.
+
+        """
+        return self._get_property().mapper.class_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.AssociationProxy` proxies a scalar
+        relationship on the local side."""
+
+        scalar = not self._get_property().uselist
+        if scalar:
+            self._initialize_scalar_accessors()
+        return scalar
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _value_is_scalar(self):
+        return not self._get_property().\
+            mapper.get_property(self.value_attr).uselist
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _target_is_object(self):
+        return getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).impl.uses_objects
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, class_):
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self.owning_class = class_ and class_ or type(obj)
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            return self._scalar_get(target)
+        else:
+            try:
+                # If the owning instance is reborn (orm session resurrect,
+                # etc.), refresh the proxy cache.
+                creator_id, proxy = getattr(obj, self.key)
+                if id(obj) == creator_id:
+                    return proxy
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            proxy = self._new(_lazy_collection(obj, self.target_collection))
+            setattr(obj, self.key, (id(obj), proxy))
+            return proxy
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, values):
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self.owning_class = type(obj)
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            creator = self.creator and self.creator or self.target_class
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            if target is None:
+                setattr(obj, self.target_collection, creator(values))
+            else:
+                self._scalar_set(target, values)
+        else:
+            proxy = self.__get__(obj, None)
+            if proxy is not values:
+                proxy.clear()
+                self._set(proxy, values)
+
+    def __delete__(self, obj):
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self.owning_class = type(obj)
+        delattr(obj, self.key)
+
+    def _initialize_scalar_accessors(self):
+        if self.getset_factory:
+            get, set = self.getset_factory(None, self)
+        else:
+            get, set = self._default_getset(None)
+        self._scalar_get, self._scalar_set = get, set
+
+    def _default_getset(self, collection_class):
+        attr = self.value_attr
+        _getter = operator.attrgetter(attr)
+        getter = lambda target: _getter(target) if target is not None else None
+        if collection_class is dict:
+            setter = lambda o, k, v: setattr(o, attr, v)
+        else:
+            setter = lambda o, v: setattr(o, attr, v)
+        return getter, setter
+
+    def _new(self, lazy_collection):
+        creator = self.creator and self.creator or self.target_class
+        self.collection_class = util.duck_type_collection(lazy_collection())
+
+        if self.proxy_factory:
+            return self.proxy_factory(
+                lazy_collection, creator, self.value_attr, self)
+
+        if self.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.getset_factory(self.collection_class, self)
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self._default_getset(self.collection_class)
+
+        if self.collection_class is list:
+            return _AssociationList(
+                lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self)
+        elif self.collection_class is dict:
+            return _AssociationDict(
+                lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self)
+        elif self.collection_class is set:
+            return _AssociationSet(
+                lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                'could not guess which interface to use for '
+                'collection_class "%s" backing "%s"; specify a '
+                'proxy_factory and proxy_bulk_set manually' %
+                (self.collection_class.__name__, self.target_collection))
+
+    def _inflate(self, proxy):
+        creator = self.creator and self.creator or self.target_class
+
+        if self.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.getset_factory(self.collection_class, self)
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self._default_getset(self.collection_class)
+
+        proxy.creator = creator
+        proxy.getter = getter
+        proxy.setter = setter
+
+    def _set(self, proxy, values):
+        if self.proxy_bulk_set:
+            self.proxy_bulk_set(proxy, values)
+        elif self.collection_class is list:
+            proxy.extend(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is dict:
+            proxy.update(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is set:
+            proxy.update(values)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                'no proxy_bulk_set supplied for custom '
+                'collection_class implementation')
+
+    @property
+    def _comparator(self):
+        return self._get_property().comparator
+
+    def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Produce a proxied 'any' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+        if self._target_is_object:
+            if self._value_is_scalar:
+                value_expr = getattr(
+                    self.target_class, self.value_attr).has(
+                    criterion, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                value_expr = getattr(
+                    self.target_class, self.value_attr).any(
+                    criterion, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            value_expr = criterion
+
+        # check _value_is_scalar here, otherwise
+        # we're scalar->scalar - call .any() so that
+        # the "can't call any() on a scalar" msg is raised.
+        if self.scalar and not self._value_is_scalar:
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                value_expr
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.any(
+                value_expr
+            )
+
+    def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Produce a proxied 'has' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._target_is_object:
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).
+                has(criterion, **kwargs)
+            )
+        else:
+            if criterion is not None or kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Non-empty has() not allowed for "
+                    "column-targeted association proxy; use ==")
+            return self._comparator.has()
+
+    def contains(self, obj):
+        """Produce a proxied 'contains' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`
+        , :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`,
+        and/or :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+        """
+
+        if self.scalar and not self._value_is_scalar:
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).contains(obj)
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.any(**{self.value_attr: obj})
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj):
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        if obj is None:
+            return or_(
+                self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj}),
+                self._comparator == None
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj})
+
+    def __ne__(self, obj):
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        return self._comparator.has(
+            getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr) != obj)
+
+
+class _lazy_collection(object):
+    def __init__(self, obj, target):
+        self.ref = weakref.ref(obj)
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        obj = self.ref()
+        if obj is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "stale association proxy, parent object has gone out of "
+                "scope")
+        return getattr(obj, self.target)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'obj': self.ref(), 'target': self.target}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.ref = weakref.ref(state['obj'])
+        self.target = state['target']
+
+
+class _AssociationCollection(object):
+    def __init__(self, lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, parent):
+        """Constructs an _AssociationCollection.
+
+        This will always be a subclass of either _AssociationList,
+        _AssociationSet, or _AssociationDict.
+
+        lazy_collection
+          A callable returning a list-based collection of entities (usually an
+          object attribute managed by a SQLAlchemy relationship())
+
+        creator
+          A function that creates new target entities.  Given one parameter:
+          value.  This assertion is assumed::
+
+            obj = creator(somevalue)
+            assert getter(obj) == somevalue
+
+        getter
+          A function.  Given an associated object, return the 'value'.
+
+        setter
+          A function.  Given an associated object and a value, store that
+          value on the object.
+
+        """
+        self.lazy_collection = lazy_collection
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getter = getter
+        self.setter = setter
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    col = property(lambda self: self.lazy_collection())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.col)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'parent': self.parent, 'lazy_collection': self.lazy_collection}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.parent = state['parent']
+        self.lazy_collection = state['lazy_collection']
+        self.parent._inflate(self)
+
+
+class _AssociationList(_AssociationCollection):
+    """Generic, converting, list-to-list proxy."""
+
+    def _create(self, value):
+        return self.creator(value)
+
+    def _get(self, object):
+        return self.getter(object)
+
+    def _set(self, object, value):
+        return self.setter(object, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._get(self.col[index])
+        else:
+            return [self._get(member) for member in self.col[index]]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            self._set(self.col[index], value)
+        else:
+            if index.stop is None:
+                stop = len(self)
+            elif index.stop < 0:
+                stop = len(self) + index.stop
+            else:
+                stop = index.stop
+            step = index.step or 1
+
+            start = index.start or 0
+            rng = list(range(index.start or 0, stop, step))
+            if step == 1:
+                for i in rng:
+                    del self[start]
+                i = start
+                for item in value:
+                    self.insert(i, item)
+                    i += 1
+            else:
+                if len(value) != len(rng):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                        "extended slice of size %s" % (len(value),
+                                                       len(rng)))
+                for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                    self._set(self.col[i], item)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        del self.col[index]
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __getslice__(self, start, end):
+        return [self._get(member) for member in self.col[start:end]]
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+        members = [self._create(v) for v in values]
+        self.col[start:end] = members
+
+    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+        del self.col[start:end]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or
+        just use the underlying collection directly from its property
+        on the parent.
+        """
+
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        return
+
+    def append(self, value):
+        item = self._create(value)
+        self.col.append(item)
+
+    def count(self, value):
+        return sum([1 for _ in
+                    util.itertools_filter(lambda v: v == value, iter(self))])
+
+    def extend(self, values):
+        for v in values:
+            self.append(v)
+
+    def insert(self, index, value):
+        self.col[index:index] = [self._create(value)]
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        return self.getter(self.col.pop(index))
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        for i, val in enumerate(self):
+            if val == value:
+                del self.col[i]
+                return
+        raise ValueError("value not in list")
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        """Not supported, use reversed(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def sort(self):
+        """Not supported, use sorted(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def clear(self):
+        del self.col[0:len(self.col)]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return list(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return list(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return list(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return list(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return list(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return list(self) >= other
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        return cmp(list(self), other)
+
+    def __add__(self, iterable):
+        try:
+            other = list(iterable)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) + other
+
+    def __radd__(self, iterable):
+        try:
+            other = list(iterable)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other + list(self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, n):
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) * n
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def __iadd__(self, iterable):
+        self.extend(iterable)
+        return self
+
+    def __imul__(self, n):
+        # unlike a regular list *=, proxied __imul__ will generate unique
+        # backing objects for each copy.  *= on proxied lists is a bit of
+        # a stretch anyhow, and this interpretation of the __imul__ contract
+        # is more plausibly useful than copying the backing objects.
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if n == 0:
+            self.clear()
+        elif n > 1:
+            self.extend(list(self) * (n - 1))
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(list(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(list, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+_NotProvided = util.symbol('_NotProvided')
+
+
+class _AssociationDict(_AssociationCollection):
+    """Generic, converting, dict-to-dict proxy."""
+
+    def _create(self, key, value):
+        return self.creator(key, value)
+
+    def _get(self, object):
+        return self.getter(object)
+
+    def _set(self, object, key, value):
+        return self.setter(object, key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._get(self.col[key])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key in self.col:
+            self._set(self.col[key], key, value)
+        else:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self.col[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        return key in self.col
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        return key in self.col
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.col.keys())
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return dict(self) >= other
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        return cmp(dict(self), other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(dict(self.items()))
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        if key not in self.col:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, default)
+            return default
+        else:
+            return self[key]
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self.col.keys()
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return ((key, self._get(self.col[key])) for key in self.col)
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return (self._get(self.col[key]) for key in self.col)
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            return self.col.iterkeys()
+
+        def values(self):
+            return [self._get(member) for member in self.col.values()]
+
+        def items(self):
+            return [(k, self._get(self.col[k])) for k in self]
+    else:
+        def items(self):
+            return ((key, self._get(self.col[key])) for key in self.col)
+
+        def values(self):
+            return (self._get(self.col[key]) for key in self.col)
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=_NotProvided):
+        if default is _NotProvided:
+            member = self.col.pop(key)
+        else:
+            member = self.col.pop(key, default)
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        item = self.col.popitem()
+        return (item[0], self._get(item[1]))
+
+    def update(self, *a, **kw):
+        if len(a) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('update expected at most 1 arguments, got %i' %
+                            len(a))
+        elif len(a) == 1:
+            seq_or_map = a[0]
+            # discern dict from sequence - took the advice from
+            # http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/duck_typing.shtml
+            # still not perfect :(
+            if hasattr(seq_or_map, 'keys'):
+                for item in seq_or_map:
+                    self[item] = seq_or_map[item]
+            else:
+                try:
+                    for k, v in seq_or_map:
+                        self[k] = v
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "dictionary update sequence "
+                        "requires 2-element tuples")
+
+        for key, value in kw:
+            self[key] = value
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return dict(self.items())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(dict, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(dict, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+class _AssociationSet(_AssociationCollection):
+    """Generic, converting, set-to-set proxy."""
+
+    def _create(self, value):
+        return self.creator(value)
+
+    def _get(self, object):
+        return self.getter(object)
+
+    def _set(self, object, value):
+        return self.setter(object, value)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        if self.col:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or just use
+        the underlying collection directly from its property on the parent.
+
+        """
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        return
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        if value not in self:
+            self.col.add(self._create(value))
+
+    # for discard and remove, choosing a more expensive check strategy rather
+    # than call self.creator()
+    def discard(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                break
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                return
+        raise KeyError(value)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        if not self.col:
+            raise KeyError('pop from an empty set')
+        member = self.col.pop()
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        for value in other:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        for value in other:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def _set(self):
+        return set(iter(self))
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return set(self).union(other)
+
+    __or__ = union
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        return set(self).difference(other)
+
+    __sub__ = difference
+
+    def difference_update(self, other):
+        for value in other:
+            self.discard(value)
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        for value in other:
+            self.discard(value)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        return set(self).intersection(other)
+
+    __and__ = intersection
+
+    def intersection_update(self, other):
+        want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        return set(self).symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    __xor__ = symmetric_difference
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            return NotImplemented
+        want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def issubset(self, other):
+        return set(self).issubset(other)
+
+    def issuperset(self, other):
+        return set(self).issuperset(other)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return set(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return set(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return set(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return set(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return set(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return set(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return set(self) >= other
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(set(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(set, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(set, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..023d11c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+# ext/automap.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define an extension to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` system
+which automatically generates mapped classes and relationships from a database
+schema, typically though not necessarily one which is reflected.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.9.1 Added :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.automap`.
+
+It is hoped that the :class:`.AutomapBase` system provides a quick
+and modernized solution to the problem that the very famous
+`SQLSoup <https://sqlsoup.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_
+also tries to solve, that of generating a quick and rudimentary object
+model from an existing database on the fly.  By addressing the issue strictly
+at the mapper configuration level, and integrating fully with existing
+Declarative class techniques, :class:`.AutomapBase` seeks to provide
+a well-integrated approach to the issue of expediently auto-generating ad-hoc
+mappings.
+
+
+Basic Use
+=========
+
+The simplest usage is to reflect an existing database into a new model.
+We create a new :class:`.AutomapBase` class in a similar manner as to how
+we create a declarative base class, using :func:`.automap_base`.
+We then call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` on the resulting base class,
+asking it to reflect the schema and produce mappings::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    # engine, suppose it has two tables 'user' and 'address' set up
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # reflect the tables
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)
+
+    # mapped classes are now created with names by default
+    # matching that of the table name.
+    User = Base.classes.user
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    session = Session(engine)
+
+    # rudimentary relationships are produced
+    session.add(Address(email_address="foo@bar.com", user=User(name="foo")))
+    session.commit()
+
+    # collection-based relationships are by default named
+    # "<classname>_collection"
+    print (u1.address_collection)
+
+Above, calling :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` while passing along the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` parameter indicates that the
+:meth:`.MetaData.reflect` method will be called on this declarative base
+classes' :class:`.MetaData` collection; then, each **viable**
+:class:`.Table` within the :class:`.MetaData` will get a new mapped class
+generated automatically.  The :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects which
+link the various tables together will be used to produce new, bidirectional
+:func:`.relationship` objects between classes.   The classes and relationships
+follow along a default naming scheme that we can customize.  At this point,
+our basic mapping consisting of related ``User`` and ``Address`` classes is
+ready to use in the traditional way.
+
+.. note:: By **viable**, we mean that for a table to be mapped, it must
+   specify a primary key.  Additionally, if the table is detected as being
+   a pure association table between two other tables, it will not be directly
+   mapped and will instead be configured as a many-to-many table between
+   the mappings for the two referring tables.
+
+Generating Mappings from an Existing MetaData
+=============================================
+
+We can pass a pre-declared :class:`.MetaData` object to :func:`.automap_base`.
+This object can be constructed in any way, including programmatically, from
+a serialized file, or from itself being reflected using
+:meth:`.MetaData.reflect`.  Below we illustrate a combination of reflection and
+explicit table declaration::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, ForeignKey
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # produce our own MetaData object
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    # we can reflect it ourselves from a database, using options
+    # such as 'only' to limit what tables we look at...
+    metadata.reflect(engine, only=['user', 'address'])
+
+    # ... or just define our own Table objects with it (or combine both)
+    Table('user_order', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('user_id', ForeignKey('user.id'))
+                )
+
+    # we can then produce a set of mappings from this MetaData.
+    Base = automap_base(metadata=metadata)
+
+    # calling prepare() just sets up mapped classes and relationships.
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapped classes are ready
+    User, Address, Order = Base.classes.user, Base.classes.address,\
+        Base.classes.user_order
+
+Specifying Classes Explicitly
+=============================
+
+The :mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` extension allows classes to be defined
+explicitly, in a way similar to that of the :class:`.DeferredReflection` class.
+Classes that extend from :class:`.AutomapBase` act like regular declarative
+classes, but are not immediately mapped after their construction, and are
+instead mapped when we call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare`.  The
+:meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method will make use of the classes we've
+established based on the table name we use.  If our schema contains tables
+``user`` and ``address``, we can define one or both of the classes to be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    # pre-declare User for the 'user' table
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+
+        # override schema elements like Columns
+        user_name = Column('name', String)
+
+        # override relationships too, if desired.
+        # we must use the same name that automap would use for the
+        # relationship, and also must refer to the class name that automap will
+        # generate for "address"
+        address_collection = relationship("address", collection_class=set)
+
+    # reflect
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)
+
+    # we still have Address generated from the tablename "address",
+    # but User is the same as Base.classes.User now
+
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    u1 = session.query(User).first()
+    print (u1.address_collection)
+
+    # the backref is still there:
+    a1 = session.query(Address).first()
+    print (a1.user)
+
+Above, one of the more intricate details is that we illustrated overriding
+one of the :func:`.relationship` objects that automap would have created.
+To do this, we needed to make sure the names match up with what automap
+would normally generate, in that the relationship name would be
+``User.address_collection`` and the name of the class referred to, from
+automap's perspective, is called ``address``, even though we are referring to
+it as ``Address`` within our usage of this class.
+
+Overriding Naming Schemes
+=========================
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` is tasked with producing mapped classes and
+relationship names based on a schema, which means it has decision points in how
+these names are determined.  These three decision points are provided using
+functions which can be passed to the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method, and
+are known as :func:`.classname_for_table`,
+:func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.  Any or all of these
+functions are provided as in the example below, where we use a "camel case"
+scheme for class names and a "pluralizer" for collection names using the
+`Inflect <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/inflect>`_ package::
+
+    import re
+    import inflect
+
+    def camelize_classname(base, tablename, table):
+        "Produce a 'camelized' class name, e.g. "
+        "'words_and_underscores' -> 'WordsAndUnderscores'"
+
+        return str(tablename[0].upper() + \\
+                re.sub(r'_([a-z])', lambda m: m.group(1).upper(), tablename[1:]))
+
+    _pluralizer = inflect.engine()
+    def pluralize_collection(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        "Produce an 'uncamelized', 'pluralized' class name, e.g. "
+        "'SomeTerm' -> 'some_terms'"
+
+        referred_name = referred_cls.__name__
+        uncamelized = re.sub(r'[A-Z]',
+                             lambda m: "_%s" % m.group(0).lower(),
+                             referred_name)[1:]
+        pluralized = _pluralizer.plural(uncamelized)
+        return pluralized
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
+                classname_for_table=camelize_classname,
+                name_for_collection_relationship=pluralize_collection
+        )
+
+From the above mapping, we would now have classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+where the collection from ``User`` to ``Address`` is called
+``User.addresses``::
+
+    User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    u1 = User(addresses=[Address(email="foo@bar.com")])
+
+Relationship Detection
+======================
+
+The vast majority of what automap accomplishes is the generation of
+:func:`.relationship` structures based on foreign keys.  The mechanism
+by which this works for many-to-one and one-to-many relationships is as
+follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`.Table`, known to be mapped to a particular class,
+   is examined for :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects.
+
+2. From each :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the remote :class:`.Table`
+   object present is matched up to the class to which it is to be mapped,
+   if any, else it is skipped.
+
+3. As the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` we are examining corresponds to a
+   reference from the immediate mapped class,  the relationship will be set up
+   as a many-to-one referring to the referred class; a corresponding
+   one-to-many backref will be created on the referred class referring
+   to this class.
+
+4. If any of the columns that are part of the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   are not nullable (e.g. ``nullable=False``), a
+   :paramref:`~.relationship.cascade` keyword argument
+   of ``all, delete-orphan`` will be added to the keyword arguments to
+   be passed to the relationship or backref.  If the
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` reports that
+   :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.ondelete`
+   is set to ``CASCADE`` for a not null or ``SET NULL`` for a nullable
+   set of columns, the option :paramref:`~.relationship.passive_deletes`
+   flag is set to ``True`` in the set of relationship keyword arguments.
+   Note that not all backends support reflection of ON DELETE.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 - automap will detect non-nullable foreign key
+      constraints when producing a one-to-many relationship and establish
+      a default cascade of ``all, delete-orphan`` if so; additionally,
+      if the constraint specifies :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.ondelete`
+      of ``CASCADE`` for non-nullable or ``SET NULL`` for nullable columns,
+      the ``passive_deletes=True`` option is also added.
+
+5. The names of the relationships are determined using the
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship` and
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+   callable functions.  It is important to note that the default relationship
+   naming derives the name from the **the actual class name**.  If you've
+   given a particular class an explicit name by declaring it, or specified an
+   alternate class naming scheme, that's the name from which the relationship
+   name will be derived.
+
+6. The classes are inspected for an existing mapped property matching these
+   names.  If one is detected on one side, but none on the other side,
+   :class:`.AutomapBase` attempts to create a relationship on the missing side,
+   then uses the :paramref:`.relationship.back_populates` parameter in order to
+   point the new relationship to the other side.
+
+7. In the usual case where no relationship is on either side,
+   :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` produces a :func:`.relationship` on the
+   "many-to-one" side and matches it to the other using the
+   :paramref:`.relationship.backref` parameter.
+
+8. Production of the :func:`.relationship` and optionally the :func:`.backref`
+   is handed off to the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship`
+   function, which can be supplied by the end-user in order to augment
+   the arguments passed to :func:`.relationship` or :func:`.backref` or to
+   make use of custom implementations of these functions.
+
+Custom Relationship Arguments
+-----------------------------
+
+The :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` hook can be used
+to add parameters to relationships.  For most cases, we can make use of the
+existing :func:`.automap.generate_relationship` function to return
+the object, after augmenting the given keyword dictionary with our own
+arguments.
+
+Below is an illustration of how to send
+:paramref:`.relationship.cascade` and
+:paramref:`.relationship.passive_deletes`
+options along to all one-to-many relationships::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import generate_relationship
+
+    def _gen_relationship(base, direction, return_fn,
+                                    attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw):
+        if direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY:
+            kw['cascade'] = 'all, delete-orphan'
+            kw['passive_deletes'] = True
+        # make use of the built-in function to actually return
+        # the result.
+        return generate_relationship(base, direction, return_fn,
+                                     attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw)
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
+                generate_relationship=_gen_relationship)
+
+Many-to-Many relationships
+--------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will generate many-to-many relationships, e.g.
+those which contain a ``secondary`` argument.  The process for producing these
+is as follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`.Table` is examined for :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, before any mapped class has been assigned to it.
+
+2. If the table contains two and exactly two :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, and all columns within this table are members of these two
+   :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, the table is assumed to be a
+   "secondary" table, and will **not be mapped directly**.
+
+3. The two (or one, for self-referential) external tables to which the
+   :class:`.Table` refers to are matched to the classes to which they will be
+   mapped, if any.
+
+4. If mapped classes for both sides are located, a many-to-many bi-directional
+   :func:`.relationship` / :func:`.backref` pair is created between the two
+   classes.
+
+5. The override logic for many-to-many works the same as that of one-to-many/
+   many-to-one; the :func:`.generate_relationship` function is called upon
+   to generate the strucures and existing attributes will be maintained.
+
+Relationships with Inheritance
+------------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will not generate any relationships between
+two classes that are in an inheritance relationship.   That is, with two
+classes given as follows::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'employee'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+             'polymorphic_identity':'employee', 'polymorphic_on': type
+        }
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'), primary_key=True)
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
+        }
+
+The foreign key from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee`` is used not for a
+relationship, but to establish joined inheritance between the two classes.
+
+Note that this means automap will not generate *any* relationships
+for foreign keys that link from a subclass to a superclass.  If a mapping
+has actual relationships from subclass to superclass as well, those
+need to be explicit.  Below, as we have two separate foreign keys
+from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee``, we need to set up both the relationship
+we want as well as the ``inherit_condition``, as these are not things
+SQLAlchemy can guess::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'employee'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            'polymorphic_identity':'employee', 'polymorphic_on':type
+        }
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = 'engineer'
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'), primary_key=True)
+        favorite_employee_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('employee.id'))
+
+        favorite_employee = relationship(Employee,
+                                         foreign_keys=favorite_employee_id)
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            'polymorphic_identity':'engineer',
+            'inherit_condition': id == Employee.id
+        }
+
+Handling Simple Naming Conflicts
+--------------------------------
+
+In the case of naming conflicts during mapping, override any of
+:func:`.classname_for_table`, :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship` as needed.  For example, if
+automap is attempting to name a many-to-one relationship the same as an
+existing column, an alternate convention can be conditionally selected.  Given
+a schema:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_a (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_b (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+        table_a INTEGER,
+        FOREIGN KEY(table_a) REFERENCES table_a(id)
+    );
+
+The above schema will first automap the ``table_a`` table as a class named
+``table_a``; it will then automap a relationship onto the class for ``table_b``
+with the same name as this related class, e.g. ``table_a``.  This
+relationship name conflicts with the mapping column ``table_b.table_a``,
+and will emit an error on mapping.
+
+We can resolve this conflict by using an underscore as follows::
+
+    def name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        name = referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+        local_table = local_cls.__table__
+        if name in local_table.columns:
+            newname = name + "_"
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Already detected name %s present.  using %s" %
+                (name, newname))
+            return newname
+        return name
+
+
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True,
+        name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship)
+
+Alternatively, we can change the name on the column side.   The columns
+that are mapped can be modified using the technique described at
+:ref:`mapper_column_distinct_names`, by assigning the column explicitly
+to a new name::
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    class TableB(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'table_b'
+        _table_a = Column('table_a', ForeignKey('table_a.id'))
+
+    Base.prepare(engine, reflect=True)
+
+
+Using Automap with Explicit Declarations
+========================================
+
+As noted previously, automap has no dependency on reflection, and can make
+use of any collection of :class:`.Table` objects within a :class:`.MetaData`
+collection.  From this, it follows that automap can also be used
+generate missing relationships given an otherwise complete model that fully
+defines table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'address'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        email = Column(String)
+        user_id = Column(ForeignKey('user.id'))
+
+    # produce relationships
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapping is complete, with "address_collection" and
+    # "user" relationships
+    a1 = Address(email='u1')
+    a2 = Address(email='u2')
+    u1 = User(address_collection=[a1, a2])
+    assert a1.user is u1
+
+Above, given mostly complete ``User`` and ``Address`` mappings, the
+:class:`.ForeignKey` which we defined on ``Address.user_id`` allowed a
+bidirectional relationship pair ``Address.user`` and
+``User.address_collection`` to be generated on the mapped classes.
+
+Note that when subclassing :class:`.AutomapBase`,
+the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method is required; if not called, the classes
+we've declared are in an un-mapped state.
+
+
+"""
+from .declarative import declarative_base as _declarative_base
+from .declarative.base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ..orm import relationship, backref, interfaces
+from .. import util
+
+
+def classname_for_table(base, tablename, table):
+    """Return the class name that should be used, given the name
+    of a table.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return str(tablename)
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param tablename: string name of the :class:`.Table`.
+
+    :param table: the :class:`.Table` object itself.
+
+    :return: a string class name.
+
+     .. note::
+
+        In Python 2, the string used for the class name **must** be a
+        non-Unicode object, e.g. a ``str()`` object.  The ``.name`` attribute
+        of :class:`.Table` is typically a Python unicode subclass, so the
+        ``str()`` function should be applied to this name, after accounting for
+        any non-ASCII characters.
+
+    """
+    return str(tablename)
+
+
+def name_for_scalar_relationship(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a scalar object reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+
+def name_for_collection_relationship(
+        base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a collection reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+    Alternate implementations
+    can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+
+def generate_relationship(
+        base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw):
+    """Generate a :func:`.relationship` or :func:`.backref` on behalf of two
+    mapped classes.
+
+    An alternate implementation of this function can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` parameter.
+
+    The default implementation of this function is as follows::
+
+        if return_fn is backref:
+            return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+        elif return_fn is relationship:
+            return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param direction: indicate the "direction" of the relationship; this will
+     be one of :data:`.ONETOMANY`, :data:`.MANYTOONE`, :data:`.MANYTOMANY`.
+
+    :param return_fn: the function that is used by default to create the
+     relationship.  This will be either :func:`.relationship` or
+     :func:`.backref`.  The :func:`.backref` function's result will be used to
+     produce a new :func:`.relationship` in a second step, so it is critical
+     that user-defined implementations correctly differentiate between the two
+     functions, if a custom relationship function is being used.
+
+    :attrname: the attribute name to which this relationship is being assigned.
+     If the value of :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` is the
+     :func:`.backref` function, then this name is the name that is being
+     assigned to the backref.
+
+    :param local_cls: the "local" class to which this relationship or backref
+     will be locally present.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the "referred" class to which the relationship or
+     backref refers to.
+
+    :param \**kw: all additional keyword arguments are passed along to the
+     function.
+
+    :return: a :func:`.relationship` or :func:`.backref` construct, as dictated
+     by the :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` parameter.
+
+    """
+    if return_fn is backref:
+        return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+    elif return_fn is relationship:
+        return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+
+class AutomapBase(object):
+    """Base class for an "automap" schema.
+
+    The :class:`.AutomapBase` class can be compared to the "declarative base"
+    class that is produced by the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.  In practice, the :class:`.AutomapBase` class is always used
+    as a mixin along with an actual declarative base.
+
+    A new subclassable :class:`.AutomapBase` is typically instantated
+    using the :func:`.automap_base` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`automap_toplevel`
+
+    """
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    classes = None
+    """An instance of :class:`.util.Properties` containing classes.
+
+    This object behaves much like the ``.c`` collection on a table.  Classes
+    are present under the name they were given, e.g.::
+
+        Base = automap_base()
+        Base.prepare(engine=some_engine, reflect=True)
+
+        User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(
+            cls,
+            engine=None,
+            reflect=False,
+            classname_for_table=classname_for_table,
+            collection_class=list,
+            name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship,
+            name_for_collection_relationship=name_for_collection_relationship,
+            generate_relationship=generate_relationship):
+        """Extract mapped classes and relationships from the :class:`.MetaData` and
+        perform mappings.
+
+        :param engine: an :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` with which
+         to perform schema reflection, if specified.
+         If the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` argument is False,
+         this object is not used.
+
+        :param reflect: if True, the :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` method is called
+         on the :class:`.MetaData` associated with this :class:`.AutomapBase`.
+         The :class:`.Engine` passed via
+         :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.engine` will be used to perform the
+         reflection if present; else, the :class:`.MetaData` should already be
+         bound to some engine else the operation will fail.
+
+        :param classname_for_table: callable function which will be used to
+         produce new class names, given a table name.  Defaults to
+         :func:`.classname_for_table`.
+
+        :param name_for_scalar_relationship: callable function which will be
+         used to produce relationship names for scalar relationships.  Defaults
+         to :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`.
+
+        :param name_for_collection_relationship: callable function which will
+         be used to produce relationship names for collection-oriented
+         relationships.  Defaults to :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.
+
+        :param generate_relationship: callable function which will be used to
+         actually generate :func:`.relationship` and :func:`.backref`
+         constructs.  Defaults to :func:`.generate_relationship`.
+
+        :param collection_class: the Python collection class that will be used
+         when a new :func:`.relationship` object is created that represents a
+         collection.  Defaults to ``list``.
+
+        """
+        if reflect:
+            cls.metadata.reflect(
+                engine,
+                extend_existing=True,
+                autoload_replace=False
+            )
+
+        table_to_map_config = dict(
+            (m.local_table, m)
+            for m in _DeferredMapperConfig.
+            classes_for_base(cls, sort=False)
+        )
+
+        many_to_many = []
+
+        for table in cls.metadata.tables.values():
+            lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const = _is_many_to_many(cls, table)
+            if lcl_m2m is not None:
+                many_to_many.append((lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table))
+            elif not table.primary_key:
+                continue
+            elif table not in table_to_map_config:
+                mapped_cls = type(
+                    classname_for_table(cls, table.name, table),
+                    (cls, ),
+                    {"__table__": table}
+                )
+                map_config = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(mapped_cls)
+                cls.classes[map_config.cls.__name__] = mapped_cls
+                table_to_map_config[table] = map_config
+
+        for map_config in table_to_map_config.values():
+            _relationships_for_fks(cls,
+                                   map_config,
+                                   table_to_map_config,
+                                   collection_class,
+                                   name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                                   name_for_collection_relationship,
+                                   generate_relationship)
+
+        for lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table in many_to_many:
+            _m2m_relationship(cls, lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table,
+                              table_to_map_config,
+                              collection_class,
+                              name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                              name_for_collection_relationship,
+                              generate_relationship)
+
+        for map_config in _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(cls):
+            map_config.map()
+
+    _sa_decl_prepare = True
+    """Indicate that the mapping of classes should be deferred.
+
+    The presence of this attribute name indicates to declarative
+    that the call to mapper() should not occur immediately; instead,
+    information about the table and attributes to be mapped are gathered
+    into an internal structure called _DeferredMapperConfig.  These
+    objects can be collected later using classes_for_base(), additional
+    mapping decisions can be made, and then the map() method will actually
+    apply the mapping.
+
+    The only real reason this deferral of the whole
+    thing is needed is to support primary key columns that aren't reflected
+    yet when the class is declared; everything else can theoretically be
+    added to the mapper later.  However, the _DeferredMapperConfig is a
+    nice interface in any case which exists at that not usually exposed point
+    at which declarative has the class and the Table but hasn't called
+    mapper() yet.
+
+    """
+
+
+def automap_base(declarative_base=None, **kw):
+    """Produce a declarative automap base.
+
+    This function produces a new base class that is a product of the
+    :class:`.AutomapBase` class as well a declarative base produced by
+    :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    All parameters other than ``declarative_base`` are keyword arguments
+    that are passed directly to the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.
+
+    :param declarative_base: an existing class produced by
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.  When this is passed, the function
+     no longer invokes :func:`.declarative.declarative_base` itself, and all
+     other keyword arguments are ignored.
+
+    :param \**kw: keyword arguments are passed along to
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    """
+    if declarative_base is None:
+        Base = _declarative_base(**kw)
+    else:
+        Base = declarative_base
+
+    return type(
+        Base.__name__,
+        (AutomapBase, Base,),
+        {"__abstract__": True, "classes": util.Properties({})}
+    )
+
+
+def _is_many_to_many(automap_base, table):
+    fk_constraints = [const for const in table.constraints
+                      if isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)]
+    if len(fk_constraints) != 2:
+        return None, None, None
+
+    cols = sum(
+        [[fk.parent for fk in fk_constraint.elements]
+         for fk_constraint in fk_constraints], [])
+
+    if set(cols) != set(table.c):
+        return None, None, None
+
+    return (
+        fk_constraints[0].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints[1].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints
+    )
+
+
+def _relationships_for_fks(automap_base, map_config, table_to_map_config,
+                           collection_class,
+                           name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                           name_for_collection_relationship,
+                           generate_relationship):
+    local_table = map_config.local_table
+    local_cls = map_config.cls
+
+    if local_table is None:
+        return
+    for constraint in local_table.constraints:
+        if isinstance(constraint, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            fks = constraint.elements
+            referred_table = fks[0].column.table
+            referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(referred_table, None)
+            if referred_cfg is None:
+                continue
+            referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+            if local_cls is not referred_cls and issubclass(
+                    local_cls, referred_cls):
+                continue
+
+            relationship_name = name_for_scalar_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                local_cls,
+                referred_cls, constraint)
+            backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                referred_cls,
+                local_cls,
+                constraint
+            )
+
+            o2m_kws = {}
+            nullable = False not in set([fk.parent.nullable for fk in fks])
+            if not nullable:
+                o2m_kws['cascade'] = "all, delete-orphan"
+
+                if constraint.ondelete and \
+                        constraint.ondelete.lower() == "cascade":
+                    o2m_kws['passive_deletes'] = True
+            else:
+                if constraint.ondelete and \
+                        constraint.ondelete.lower() == "set null":
+                    o2m_kws['passive_deletes'] = True
+
+            create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+            if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+                if create_backref:
+                    backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                        automap_base,
+                        interfaces.ONETOMANY, backref,
+                        backref_name, referred_cls, local_cls,
+                        collection_class=collection_class,
+                        **o2m_kws)
+                else:
+                    backref_obj = None
+                rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                            interfaces.MANYTOONE,
+                                            relationship,
+                                            relationship_name,
+                                            local_cls, referred_cls,
+                                            foreign_keys=[
+                                                fk.parent
+                                                for fk in constraint.elements],
+                                            backref=backref_obj,
+                                            remote_side=[
+                                                fk.column
+                                                for fk in constraint.elements]
+                                            )
+                if rel is not None:
+                    map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+                    if not create_backref:
+                        referred_cfg.properties[
+                            backref_name].back_populates = relationship_name
+            elif create_backref:
+                rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                            interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+                                            relationship,
+                                            backref_name,
+                                            referred_cls, local_cls,
+                                            foreign_keys=[
+                                                fk.parent
+                                                for fk in constraint.elements],
+                                            back_populates=relationship_name,
+                                            collection_class=collection_class,
+                                            **o2m_kws)
+                if rel is not None:
+                    referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+                    map_config.properties[
+                        relationship_name].back_populates = backref_name
+
+
+def _m2m_relationship(automap_base, lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table,
+                      table_to_map_config,
+                      collection_class,
+                      name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                      name_for_collection_relationship,
+                      generate_relationship):
+
+    map_config = table_to_map_config.get(lcl_m2m, None)
+    referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(rem_m2m, None)
+    if map_config is None or referred_cfg is None:
+        return
+
+    local_cls = map_config.cls
+    referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+    relationship_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base,
+        local_cls,
+        referred_cls, m2m_const[0])
+    backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base,
+        referred_cls,
+        local_cls,
+        m2m_const[1]
+    )
+
+    create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+    if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+        if create_backref:
+            backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                backref,
+                backref_name,
+                referred_cls, local_cls,
+                collection_class=collection_class
+            )
+        else:
+            backref_obj = None
+        rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                    interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                                    relationship,
+                                    relationship_name,
+                                    local_cls, referred_cls,
+                                    secondary=table,
+                                    primaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[0].elements),
+                                    secondaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[1].elements),
+                                    backref=backref_obj,
+                                    collection_class=collection_class
+                                    )
+        if rel is not None:
+            map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+
+            if not create_backref:
+                referred_cfg.properties[
+                    backref_name].back_populates = relationship_name
+    elif create_backref:
+        rel = generate_relationship(automap_base,
+                                    interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                                    relationship,
+                                    backref_name,
+                                    referred_cls, local_cls,
+                                    secondary=table,
+                                    primaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[1].elements),
+                                    secondaryjoin=and_(
+                                        fk.column == fk.parent
+                                        for fk in m2m_const[0].elements),
+                                    back_populates=relationship_name,
+                                    collection_class=collection_class)
+        if rel is not None:
+            referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+            map_config.properties[
+                relationship_name].back_populates = backref_name
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2504be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+# sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Baked query extension.
+
+Provides a creational pattern for the :class:`.query.Query` object which
+allows the fully constructed object, Core select statement, and string
+compiled result to be fully cached.
+
+
+"""
+
+from ..orm.query import Query
+from ..orm import strategies, attributes, properties, \
+    strategy_options, util as orm_util, interfaces
+from .. import log as sqla_log
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+
+import copy
+import logging
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BakedQuery(object):
+    """A builder object for :class:`.query.Query` objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'steps', '_bakery', '_cache_key', '_spoiled'
+
+    def __init__(self, bakery, initial_fn, args=()):
+        self._cache_key = ()
+        self._update_cache_key(initial_fn, args)
+        self.steps = [initial_fn]
+        self._spoiled = False
+        self._bakery = bakery
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bakery(cls, size=200):
+        """Construct a new bakery."""
+
+        _bakery = util.LRUCache(size)
+
+        def call(initial_fn, *args):
+            return cls(_bakery, initial_fn, args)
+
+        return call
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        b1 = BakedQuery.__new__(BakedQuery)
+        b1._cache_key = self._cache_key
+        b1.steps = list(self.steps)
+        b1._bakery = self._bakery
+        b1._spoiled = self._spoiled
+        return b1
+
+    def _update_cache_key(self, fn, args=()):
+        self._cache_key += (fn.__code__,) + args
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            self.add_criteria(*other)
+        else:
+            self.add_criteria(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return self.with_criteria(*other)
+        else:
+            return self.with_criteria(other)
+
+    def add_criteria(self, fn, *args):
+        """Add a criteria function to this :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+        This is equivalent to using the ``+=`` operator to
+        modify a :class:`.BakedQuery` in-place.
+
+        """
+        self._update_cache_key(fn, args)
+        self.steps.append(fn)
+        return self
+
+    def with_criteria(self, fn, *args):
+        """Add a criteria function to a :class:`.BakedQuery` cloned from this one.
+
+        This is equivalent to using the ``+`` operator to
+        produce a new :class:`.BakedQuery` with modifications.
+
+        """
+        return self._clone().add_criteria(fn, *args)
+
+    def for_session(self, session):
+        """Return a :class:`.Result` object for this :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling the :class:`.BakedQuery` as a
+        Python callable, e.g. ``result = my_baked_query(session)``.
+
+        """
+        return Result(self, session)
+
+    def __call__(self, session):
+        return self.for_session(session)
+
+    def spoil(self, full=False):
+        """Cancel any query caching that will occur on this BakedQuery object.
+
+        The BakedQuery can continue to be used normally, however additional
+        creational functions will not be cached; they will be called
+        on every invocation.
+
+        This is to support the case where a particular step in constructing
+        a baked query disqualifies the query from being cacheable, such
+        as a variant that relies upon some uncacheable value.
+
+        :param full: if False, only functions added to this
+         :class:`.BakedQuery` object subsequent to the spoil step will be
+         non-cached; the state of the :class:`.BakedQuery` up until
+         this point will be pulled from the cache.   If True, then the
+         entire :class:`.Query` object is built from scratch each
+         time, with all creational functions being called on each
+         invocation.
+
+        """
+        if not full:
+            _spoil_point = self._clone()
+            _spoil_point._cache_key += ('_query_only', )
+            self.steps = [_spoil_point._retrieve_baked_query]
+        self._spoiled = True
+        return self
+
+    def _retrieve_baked_query(self, session):
+        query = self._bakery.get(self._cache_key, None)
+        if query is None:
+            query = self._as_query(session)
+            self._bakery[self._cache_key] = query.with_session(None)
+        return query.with_session(session)
+
+    def _bake(self, session):
+        query = self._as_query(session)
+
+        context = query._compile_context()
+        self._bake_subquery_loaders(session, context)
+        context.session = None
+        context.query = query = context.query.with_session(None)
+        query._execution_options = query._execution_options.union(
+            {"compiled_cache": self._bakery}
+        )
+        # we'll be holding onto the query for some of its state,
+        # so delete some compilation-use-only attributes that can take up
+        # space
+        for attr in (
+                '_correlate', '_from_obj', '_mapper_adapter_map',
+                '_joinpath', '_joinpoint'):
+            query.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        self._bakery[self._cache_key] = context
+        return context
+
+    def _as_query(self, session):
+        query = self.steps[0](session)
+
+        for step in self.steps[1:]:
+            query = step(query)
+        return query
+
+    def _bake_subquery_loaders(self, session, context):
+        """convert subquery eager loaders in the cache into baked queries.
+
+        For subquery eager loading to work, all we need here is that the
+        Query point to the correct session when it is run.  However, since
+        we are "baking" anyway, we may as well also turn the query into
+        a "baked" query so that we save on performance too.
+
+        """
+        context.attributes['baked_queries'] = baked_queries = []
+        for k, v in list(context.attributes.items()):
+            if isinstance(v, Query):
+                if 'subquery' in k:
+                    bk = BakedQuery(self._bakery, lambda *args: v)
+                    bk._cache_key = self._cache_key + k
+                    bk._bake(session)
+                    baked_queries.append((k, bk._cache_key, v))
+                del context.attributes[k]
+
+    def _unbake_subquery_loaders(self, session, context, params):
+        """Retrieve subquery eager loaders stored by _bake_subquery_loaders
+        and turn them back into Result objects that will iterate just
+        like a Query object.
+
+        """
+        for k, cache_key, query in context.attributes["baked_queries"]:
+            bk = BakedQuery(self._bakery, lambda sess: query.with_session(sess))
+            bk._cache_key = cache_key
+            context.attributes[k] = bk.for_session(session).params(**params)
+
+
+class Result(object):
+    """Invokes a :class:`.BakedQuery` against a :class:`.Session`.
+
+    The :class:`.Result` object is where the actual :class:`.query.Query`
+    object gets created, or retrieved from the cache,
+    against a target :class:`.Session`, and is then invoked for results.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = 'bq', 'session', '_params'
+
+    def __init__(self, bq, session):
+        self.bq = bq
+        self.session = session
+        self._params = {}
+
+    def params(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Specify parameters to be replaced into the string SQL statement."""
+
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            kw.update(args[0])
+        elif len(args) > 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional argument, "
+                "which is a dictionary.")
+        self._params.update(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def _as_query(self):
+        return self.bq._as_query(self.session).params(self._params)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._as_query())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        bq = self.bq
+        if bq._spoiled:
+            return iter(self._as_query())
+
+        baked_context = bq._bakery.get(bq._cache_key, None)
+        if baked_context is None:
+            baked_context = bq._bake(self.session)
+
+        context = copy.copy(baked_context)
+        context.session = self.session
+        context.attributes = context.attributes.copy()
+
+        bq._unbake_subquery_loaders(self.session, context, self._params)
+
+        context.statement.use_labels = True
+        if context.autoflush and not context.populate_existing:
+            self.session._autoflush()
+        return context.query.params(self._params).\
+            with_session(self.session)._execute_and_instances(context)
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Return the first row.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`.Query.first`.
+
+        """
+        bq = self.bq.with_criteria(lambda q: q.slice(0, 1))
+        ret = list(bq.for_session(self.session).params(self._params))
+        if len(ret) > 0:
+            return ret[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def one(self):
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`.Query.one`.
+
+        """
+        ret = list(self)
+
+        l = len(ret)
+        if l == 1:
+            return ret[0]
+        elif l == 0:
+            raise orm_exc.NoResultFound("No row was found for one()")
+        else:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                "Multiple rows were found for one()")
+
+    def one_or_none(self):
+        """Return one or zero results, or raise an exception for multiple
+        rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`.Query.one_or_none`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.9
+
+        """
+        ret = list(self)
+
+        l = len(ret)
+        if l == 1:
+            return ret[0]
+        elif l == 0:
+            return None
+        else:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                "Multiple rows were found for one_or_none()")
+
+    def all(self):
+        """Return all rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`.Query.all`.
+
+        """
+        return list(self)
+
+    def get(self, ident):
+        """Retrieve an object based on identity.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`.Query.get`.
+
+        """
+
+        query = self.bq.steps[0](self.session)
+        return query._get_impl(ident, self._load_on_ident)
+
+    def _load_on_ident(self, query, key):
+        """Load the given identity key from the database."""
+
+        ident = key[1]
+
+        mapper = query._mapper_zero()
+
+        _get_clause, _get_params = mapper._get_clause
+
+        def setup(query):
+            _lcl_get_clause = _get_clause
+            q = query._clone()
+            q._get_condition()
+            q._order_by = None
+
+            # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+            # into "IS NULL"
+            if None in ident:
+                nones = set([
+                    _get_params[col].key for col, value in
+                    zip(mapper.primary_key, ident) if value is None
+                ])
+                _lcl_get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                    _lcl_get_clause, nones)
+
+            _lcl_get_clause = q._adapt_clause(_lcl_get_clause, True, False)
+            q._criterion = _lcl_get_clause
+            return q
+
+        # cache the query against a key that includes
+        # which positions in the primary key are NULL
+        # (remember, we can map to an OUTER JOIN)
+        bq = self.bq
+
+        # add the clause we got from mapper._get_clause to the cache
+        # key so that if a race causes multiple calls to _get_clause,
+        # we've cached on ours
+        bq = bq._clone()
+        bq._cache_key += (_get_clause, )
+
+        bq = bq.with_criteria(setup, tuple(elem is None for elem in ident))
+
+        params = dict([
+            (_get_params[primary_key].key, id_val)
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(ident, mapper.primary_key)
+        ])
+
+        result = list(bq.for_session(self.session).params(**params))
+        l = len(result)
+        if l > 1:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound()
+        elif l:
+            return result[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+def bake_lazy_loaders():
+    """Enable the use of baked queries for all lazyloaders systemwide.
+
+    This operation should be safe for all lazy loaders, and will reduce
+    Python overhead for these operations.
+
+    """
+    BakedLazyLoader._strategy_keys[:] = []
+
+    properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(
+        lazy="select")(BakedLazyLoader)
+    properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(
+        lazy=True)(BakedLazyLoader)
+    properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(
+        lazy="baked_select")(BakedLazyLoader)
+
+    strategies.LazyLoader._strategy_keys[:] = BakedLazyLoader._strategy_keys[:]
+
+
+def unbake_lazy_loaders():
+    """Disable the use of baked queries for all lazyloaders systemwide.
+
+    This operation reverts the changes produced by :func:`.bake_lazy_loaders`.
+
+    """
+    strategies.LazyLoader._strategy_keys[:] = []
+    BakedLazyLoader._strategy_keys[:] = []
+
+    properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(
+        lazy="select")(strategies.LazyLoader)
+    properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(
+        lazy=True)(strategies.LazyLoader)
+    properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(
+        lazy="baked_select")(BakedLazyLoader)
+    assert strategies.LazyLoader._strategy_keys
+
+
+@sqla_log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="baked_select")
+class BakedLazyLoader(strategies.LazyLoader):
+
+    def _emit_lazyload(self, session, state, ident_key, passive):
+        q = BakedQuery(
+            self.mapper._compiled_cache,
+            lambda session: session.query(self.mapper))
+        q.add_criteria(
+            lambda q: q._adapt_all_clauses()._with_invoke_all_eagers(False),
+            self.parent_property)
+
+        if not self.parent_property.bake_queries:
+            q.spoil(full=True)
+
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is not None:
+            q.add_criteria(
+                lambda q:
+                q.select_from(self.mapper, self.parent_property.secondary))
+
+        pending = not state.key
+
+        # don't autoflush on pending
+        if pending or passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH:
+            q.add_criteria(lambda q: q.autoflush(False))
+
+        if state.load_path:
+            q.spoil()
+            q.add_criteria(
+                lambda q:
+                q._with_current_path(state.load_path[self.parent_property]))
+
+        if state.load_options:
+            q.spoil()
+            q.add_criteria(
+                lambda q: q._conditional_options(*state.load_options))
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            return q(session)._load_on_ident(
+                session.query(self.mapper), ident_key)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            q.add_criteria(
+                lambda q:
+                q.order_by(*util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)))
+
+        for rev in self.parent_property._reverse_property:
+            # reverse props that are MANYTOONE are loading *this*
+            # object from get(), so don't need to eager out to those.
+            if rev.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE and \
+                rev._use_get and \
+                    not isinstance(rev.strategy, strategies.LazyLoader):
+                q.add_criteria(
+                    lambda q:
+                    q.options(
+                        strategy_options.Load(
+                            rev.parent).baked_lazyload(rev.key)))
+
+        lazy_clause, params = self._generate_lazy_clause(state, passive)
+
+        if pending:
+            if orm_util._none_set.intersection(params.values()):
+                return None
+
+        q.add_criteria(lambda q: q.filter(lazy_clause))
+        result = q(session).params(**params).all()
+        if self.uselist:
+            return result
+        else:
+            l = len(result)
+            if l:
+                if l > 1:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for lazily-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self.parent_property)
+
+                return result[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+
+@strategy_options.loader_option()
+def baked_lazyload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using "lazy"
+    loading with a "baked" query used in the load.
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "baked_select"})
+
+
+@baked_lazyload._add_unbound_fn
+def baked_lazyload(*keys):
+    return strategy_options._UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        strategy_options._UnboundLoad.baked_lazyload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@baked_lazyload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def baked_lazyload_all(*keys):
+    return strategy_options._UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        strategy_options._UnboundLoad.baked_lazyload, keys, True, {})
+
+baked_lazyload = baked_lazyload._unbound_fn
+baked_lazyload_all = baked_lazyload_all._unbound_all_fn
+
+bakery = BakedQuery.bakery
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86156be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+# ext/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an API for creation of custom ClauseElements and compilers.
+
+Synopsis
+========
+
+Usage involves the creation of one or more
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` subclasses and one or
+more callables defining its compilation::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import ColumnClause
+
+    class MyColumn(ColumnClause):
+        pass
+
+    @compiles(MyColumn)
+    def compile_mycolumn(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "[%s]" % element.name
+
+Above, ``MyColumn`` extends :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnClause`,
+the base expression element for named column objects. The ``compiles``
+decorator registers itself with the ``MyColumn`` class so that it is invoked
+when the object is compiled to a string::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select
+
+    s = select([MyColumn('x'), MyColumn('y')])
+    print str(s)
+
+Produces::
+
+    SELECT [x], [y]
+
+Dialect-specific compilation rules
+==================================
+
+Compilers can also be made dialect-specific. The appropriate compiler will be
+invoked for the dialect in use::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import DDLElement
+
+    class AlterColumn(DDLElement):
+
+        def __init__(self, column, cmd):
+            self.column = column
+            self.cmd = cmd
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn)
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % element.column.name
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn, 'postgresql')
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % (element.table.name,
+                                                       element.column.name)
+
+The second ``visit_alter_table`` will be invoked when any ``postgresql``
+dialect is used.
+
+Compiling sub-elements of a custom expression construct
+=======================================================
+
+The ``compiler`` argument is the
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Compiled` object in use. This object
+can be inspected for any information about the in-progress compilation,
+including ``compiler.dialect``, ``compiler.statement`` etc. The
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler` and
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler` both include a ``process()``
+method which can be used for compilation of embedded attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Executable, ClauseElement
+
+    class InsertFromSelect(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        def __init__(self, table, select):
+            self.table = table
+            self.select = select
+
+    @compiles(InsertFromSelect)
+    def visit_insert_from_select(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INSERT INTO %s (%s)" % (
+            compiler.process(element.table, asfrom=True),
+            compiler.process(element.select)
+        )
+
+    insert = InsertFromSelect(t1, select([t1]).where(t1.c.x>5))
+    print insert
+
+Produces::
+
+    "INSERT INTO mytable (SELECT mytable.x, mytable.y, mytable.z
+                          FROM mytable WHERE mytable.x > :x_1)"
+
+.. note::
+
+    The above ``InsertFromSelect`` construct is only an example, this actual
+    functionality is already available using the
+    :meth:`.Insert.from_select` method.
+
+.. note::
+
+   The above ``InsertFromSelect`` construct probably wants to have "autocommit"
+   enabled.  See :ref:`enabling_compiled_autocommit` for this step.
+
+Cross Compiling between SQL and DDL compilers
+---------------------------------------------
+
+SQL and DDL constructs are each compiled using different base compilers -
+``SQLCompiler`` and ``DDLCompiler``.   A common need is to access the
+compilation rules of SQL expressions from within a DDL expression. The
+``DDLCompiler`` includes an accessor ``sql_compiler`` for this reason, such as
+below where we generate a CHECK constraint that embeds a SQL expression::
+
+    @compiles(MyConstraint)
+    def compile_my_constraint(constraint, ddlcompiler, **kw):
+        return "CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (%s)" % (
+            constraint.name,
+            ddlcompiler.sql_compiler.process(
+                constraint.expression, literal_binds=True)
+        )
+
+Above, we add an additional flag to the process step as called by
+:meth:`.SQLCompiler.process`, which is the ``literal_binds`` flag.  This
+indicates that any SQL expression which refers to a :class:`.BindParameter`
+object or other "literal" object such as those which refer to strings or
+integers should be rendered **in-place**, rather than being referred to as
+a bound parameter;  when emitting DDL, bound parameters are typically not
+supported.
+
+
+.. _enabling_compiled_autocommit:
+
+Enabling Autocommit on a Construct
+==================================
+
+Recall from the section :ref:`autocommit` that the :class:`.Engine`, when
+asked to execute a construct in the absence of a user-defined transaction,
+detects if the given construct represents DML or DDL, that is, a data
+modification or data definition statement, which requires (or may require,
+in the case of DDL) that the transaction generated by the DBAPI be committed
+(recall that DBAPI always has a transaction going on regardless of what
+SQLAlchemy does).   Checking for this is actually accomplished by checking for
+the "autocommit" execution option on the construct.    When building a
+construct like an INSERT derivation, a new DDL type, or perhaps a stored
+procedure that alters data, the "autocommit" option needs to be set in order
+for the statement to function with "connectionless" execution
+(as described in :ref:`dbengine_implicit`).
+
+Currently a quick way to do this is to subclass :class:`.Executable`, then
+add the "autocommit" flag to the ``_execution_options`` dictionary (note this
+is a "frozen" dictionary which supplies a generative ``union()`` method)::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Executable, ClauseElement
+
+    class MyInsertThing(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        _execution_options = \\
+            Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+
+More succinctly, if the construct is truly similar to an INSERT, UPDATE, or
+DELETE, :class:`.UpdateBase` can be used, which already is a subclass
+of :class:`.Executable`, :class:`.ClauseElement` and includes the
+``autocommit`` flag::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import UpdateBase
+
+    class MyInsertThing(UpdateBase):
+        def __init__(self, ...):
+            ...
+
+
+
+
+DDL elements that subclass :class:`.DDLElement` already have the
+"autocommit" flag turned on.
+
+
+
+
+Changing the default compilation of existing constructs
+=======================================================
+
+The compiler extension applies just as well to the existing constructs.  When
+overriding the compilation of a built in SQL construct, the @compiles
+decorator is invoked upon the appropriate class (be sure to use the class,
+i.e. ``Insert`` or ``Select``, instead of the creation function such
+as ``insert()`` or ``select()``).
+
+Within the new compilation function, to get at the "original" compilation
+routine, use the appropriate visit_XXX method - this
+because compiler.process() will call upon the overriding routine and cause
+an endless loop.   Such as, to add "prefix" to all insert statements::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Insert
+
+    @compiles(Insert)
+    def prefix_inserts(insert, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_insert(insert.prefix_with("some prefix"), **kw)
+
+The above compiler will prefix all INSERT statements with "some prefix" when
+compiled.
+
+.. _type_compilation_extension:
+
+Changing Compilation of Types
+=============================
+
+``compiler`` works for types, too, such as below where we implement the
+MS-SQL specific 'max' keyword for ``String``/``VARCHAR``::
+
+    @compiles(String, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(VARCHAR, 'mssql')
+    def compile_varchar(element, compiler, **kw):
+        if element.length == 'max':
+            return "VARCHAR('max')"
+        else:
+            return compiler.visit_VARCHAR(element, **kw)
+
+    foo = Table('foo', metadata,
+        Column('data', VARCHAR('max'))
+    )
+
+Subclassing Guidelines
+======================
+
+A big part of using the compiler extension is subclassing SQLAlchemy
+expression constructs. To make this easier, the expression and
+schema packages feature a set of "bases" intended for common tasks.
+A synopsis is as follows:
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` - This is the root
+  expression class. Any SQL expression can be derived from this base, and is
+  probably the best choice for longer constructs such as specialized INSERT
+  statements.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` - The root of all
+  "column-like" elements. Anything that you'd place in the "columns" clause of
+  a SELECT statement (as well as order by and group by) can derive from this -
+  the object will automatically have Python "comparison" behavior.
+
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` classes want to have a
+  ``type`` member which is expression's return type.  This can be established
+  at the instance level in the constructor, or at the class level if its
+  generally constant::
+
+      class timestamp(ColumnElement):
+          type = TIMESTAMP()
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.functions.FunctionElement` - This is a hybrid of a
+  ``ColumnElement`` and a "from clause" like object, and represents a SQL
+  function or stored procedure type of call. Since most databases support
+  statements along the line of "SELECT FROM <some function>"
+  ``FunctionElement`` adds in the ability to be used in the FROM clause of a
+  ``select()`` construct::
+
+      from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import FunctionElement
+
+      class coalesce(FunctionElement):
+          name = 'coalesce'
+
+      @compiles(coalesce)
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          return "coalesce(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses)
+
+      @compiles(coalesce, 'oracle')
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          if len(element.clauses) > 2:
+              raise TypeError("coalesce only supports two arguments on Oracle")
+          return "nvl(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses)
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.DDLElement` - The root of all DDL expressions,
+  like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. Compilation of ``DDLElement``
+  subclasses is issued by a ``DDLCompiler`` instead of a ``SQLCompiler``.
+  ``DDLElement`` also features ``Table`` and ``MetaData`` event hooks via the
+  ``execute_at()`` method, allowing the construct to be invoked during CREATE
+  TABLE and DROP TABLE sequences.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable` - This is a mixin which
+  should be used with any expression class that represents a "standalone"
+  SQL statement that can be passed directly to an ``execute()`` method.  It
+  is already implicit within ``DDLElement`` and ``FunctionElement``.
+
+Further Examples
+================
+
+"UTC timestamp" function
+-------------------------
+
+A function that works like "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" except applies the
+appropriate conversions so that the time is in UTC time.   Timestamps are best
+stored in relational databases as UTC, without time zones.   UTC so that your
+database doesn't think time has gone backwards in the hour when daylight
+savings ends, without timezones because timezones are like character
+encodings - they're best applied only at the endpoints of an application
+(i.e. convert to UTC upon user input, re-apply desired timezone upon display).
+
+For Postgresql and Microsoft SQL Server::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+    class utcnow(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = DateTime()
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, 'postgresql')
+    def pg_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "TIMEZONE('utc', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)"
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, 'mssql')
+    def ms_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "GETUTCDATE()"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import (
+                Table, Column, Integer, String, DateTime, MetaData
+            )
+    metadata = MetaData()
+    event = Table("event", metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("description", String(50), nullable=False),
+        Column("timestamp", DateTime, server_default=utcnow())
+    )
+
+"GREATEST" function
+-------------------
+
+The "GREATEST" function is given any number of arguments and returns the one
+that is of the highest value - its equivalent to Python's ``max``
+function.  A SQL standard version versus a CASE based version which only
+accommodates two arguments::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import Numeric
+
+    class greatest(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = Numeric()
+        name = 'greatest'
+
+    @compiles(greatest)
+    def default_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_function(element)
+
+    @compiles(greatest, 'sqlite')
+    @compiles(greatest, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(greatest, 'oracle')
+    def case_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        arg1, arg2 = list(element.clauses)
+        return "CASE WHEN %s > %s THEN %s ELSE %s END" % (
+            compiler.process(arg1),
+            compiler.process(arg2),
+            compiler.process(arg1),
+            compiler.process(arg2),
+        )
+
+Example usage::
+
+    Session.query(Account).\\
+            filter(
+                greatest(
+                    Account.checking_balance,
+                    Account.savings_balance) > 10000
+            )
+
+"false" expression
+------------------
+
+Render a "false" constant expression, rendering as "0" on platforms that
+don't have a "false" constant::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+    class sql_false(expression.ColumnElement):
+        pass
+
+    @compiles(sql_false)
+    def default_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'mssql')
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'mysql')
+    @compiles(sql_false, 'oracle')
+    def int_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select, union_all
+
+    exp = union_all(
+        select([users.c.name, sql_false().label("enrolled")]),
+        select([customers.c.name, customers.c.enrolled])
+    )
+
+"""
+from .. import exc
+from ..sql import visitors
+
+
+def compiles(class_, *specs):
+    """Register a function as a compiler for a
+    given :class:`.ClauseElement` type."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        existing = class_.__dict__.get('_compiler_dispatcher', None)
+        existing_dispatch = class_.__dict__.get('_compiler_dispatch')
+        if not existing:
+            existing = _dispatcher()
+
+            if existing_dispatch:
+                existing.specs['default'] = existing_dispatch
+
+            # TODO: why is the lambda needed ?
+            setattr(class_, '_compiler_dispatch',
+                    lambda *arg, **kw: existing(*arg, **kw))
+            setattr(class_, '_compiler_dispatcher', existing)
+
+        if specs:
+            for s in specs:
+                existing.specs[s] = fn
+
+        else:
+            existing.specs['default'] = fn
+        return fn
+    return decorate
+
+
+def deregister(class_):
+    """Remove all custom compilers associated with a given
+    :class:`.ClauseElement` type."""
+
+    if hasattr(class_, '_compiler_dispatcher'):
+        # regenerate default _compiler_dispatch
+        visitors._generate_dispatch(class_)
+        # remove custom directive
+        del class_._compiler_dispatcher
+
+
+class _dispatcher(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.specs = {}
+
+    def __call__(self, element, compiler, **kw):
+        # TODO: yes, this could also switch off of DBAPI in use.
+        fn = self.specs.get(compiler.dialect.name, None)
+        if not fn:
+            try:
+                fn = self.specs['default']
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "%s construct has no default "
+                    "compilation handler." % type(element))
+        return fn(element, compiler, **kw)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f96a402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# ext/declarative/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .api import declarative_base, synonym_for, comparable_using, \
+    instrument_declarative, ConcreteBase, AbstractConcreteBase, \
+    DeclarativeMeta, DeferredReflection, has_inherited_table,\
+    declared_attr, as_declarative
+
+
+__all__ = ['declarative_base', 'synonym_for', 'has_inherited_table',
+           'comparable_using', 'instrument_declarative', 'declared_attr',
+           'as_declarative',
+           'ConcreteBase', 'AbstractConcreteBase', 'DeclarativeMeta',
+           'DeferredReflection']
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54e78ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,687 @@
+# ext/declarative/api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Public API functions and helpers for declarative."""
+
+
+from ...schema import Table, MetaData, Column
+from ...orm import synonym as _orm_synonym, \
+    comparable_property,\
+    interfaces, properties, attributes
+from ...orm.util import polymorphic_union
+from ...orm.base import _mapper_or_none
+from ...util import OrderedDict, hybridmethod, hybridproperty
+from ... import util
+from ... import exc
+import weakref
+
+from .base import _as_declarative, \
+    _declarative_constructor,\
+    _DeferredMapperConfig, _add_attribute
+from .clsregistry import _class_resolver
+
+
+def instrument_declarative(cls, registry, metadata):
+    """Given a class, configure the class declaratively,
+    using the given registry, which can be any dictionary, and
+    MetaData object.
+
+    """
+    if '_decl_class_registry' in cls.__dict__:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Class %r already has been "
+            "instrumented declaratively" % cls)
+    cls._decl_class_registry = registry
+    cls.metadata = metadata
+    _as_declarative(cls, cls.__name__, cls.__dict__)
+
+
+def has_inherited_table(cls):
+    """Given a class, return True if any of the classes it inherits from has a
+    mapped table, otherwise return False.
+    """
+    for class_ in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+        if getattr(class_, '__table__', None) is not None:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class DeclarativeMeta(type):
+    def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+        if '_decl_class_registry' not in cls.__dict__:
+            _as_declarative(cls, classname, cls.__dict__)
+        type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+    def __setattr__(cls, key, value):
+        _add_attribute(cls, key, value)
+
+
+def synonym_for(name, map_column=False):
+    """Decorator, make a Python @property a query synonym for a column.
+
+    A decorator version of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.synonym`. The function being
+    decorated is the 'descriptor', otherwise passes its arguments through to
+    synonym()::
+
+      @synonym_for('col')
+      @property
+      def prop(self):
+          return 'special sauce'
+
+    The regular ``synonym()`` is also usable directly in a declarative setting
+    and may be convenient for read/write properties::
+
+      prop = synonym('col', descriptor=property(_read_prop, _write_prop))
+
+    """
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return _orm_synonym(name, map_column=map_column, descriptor=fn)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def comparable_using(comparator_factory):
+    """Decorator, allow a Python @property to be used in query criteria.
+
+    This is a  decorator front end to
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.comparable_property` that passes
+    through the comparator_factory and the function being decorated::
+
+      @comparable_using(MyComparatorType)
+      @property
+      def prop(self):
+          return 'special sauce'
+
+    The regular ``comparable_property()`` is also usable directly in a
+    declarative setting and may be convenient for read/write properties::
+
+      prop = comparable_property(MyComparatorType)
+
+    """
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return comparable_property(comparator_factory, fn)
+    return decorate
+
+
+class declared_attr(interfaces._MappedAttribute, property):
+    """Mark a class-level method as representing the definition of
+    a mapped property or special declarative member name.
+
+    @declared_attr turns the attribute into a scalar-like
+    property that can be invoked from the uninstantiated class.
+    Declarative treats attributes specifically marked with
+    @declared_attr as returning a construct that is specific
+    to mapping or declarative table configuration.  The name
+    of the attribute is that of what the non-dynamic version
+    of the attribute would be.
+
+    @declared_attr is more often than not applicable to mixins,
+    to define relationships that are to be applied to different
+    implementors of the class::
+
+        class ProvidesUser(object):
+            "A mixin that adds a 'user' relationship to classes."
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def user(self):
+                return relationship("User")
+
+    It also can be applied to mapped classes, such as to provide
+    a "polymorphic" scheme for inheritance::
+
+        class Employee(Base):
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            type = Column(String(50), nullable=False)
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def __mapper_args__(cls):
+                if cls.__name__ == 'Employee':
+                    return {
+                            "polymorphic_on":cls.type,
+                            "polymorphic_identity":"Employee"
+                    }
+                else:
+                    return {"polymorphic_identity":cls.__name__}
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 :class:`.declared_attr` can be used with
+       non-ORM or extension attributes, such as user-defined attributes
+       or :func:`.association_proxy` objects, which will be assigned
+       to the class at class construction time.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, cascading=False):
+        super(declared_attr, self).__init__(fget)
+        self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
+        self._cascading = cascading
+
+    def __get__(desc, self, cls):
+        reg = cls.__dict__.get('_sa_declared_attr_reg', None)
+        if reg is None:
+            manager = attributes.manager_of_class(cls)
+            if manager is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Unmanaged access of declarative attribute %s from "
+                    "non-mapped class %s" %
+                    (desc.fget.__name__, cls.__name__))
+            return desc.fget(cls)
+
+        if reg is None:
+            return desc.fget(cls)
+        elif desc in reg:
+            return reg[desc]
+        else:
+            reg[desc] = obj = desc.fget(cls)
+            return obj
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _stateful(cls, **kw):
+        return _stateful_declared_attr(**kw)
+
+    @hybridproperty
+    def cascading(cls):
+        """Mark a :class:`.declared_attr` as cascading.
+
+        This is a special-use modifier which indicates that a column
+        or MapperProperty-based declared attribute should be configured
+        distinctly per mapped subclass, within a mapped-inheritance scenario.
+
+        Below, both MyClass as well as MySubClass will have a distinct
+        ``id`` Column object established::
+
+            class HasSomeAttribute(object):
+                @declared_attr.cascading
+                def some_id(cls):
+                    if has_inherited_table(cls):
+                        return Column(
+                            ForeignKey('myclass.id'), primary_key=True)
+                    else:
+                        return Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+                    return Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+            class MyClass(HasSomeAttribute, Base):
+                ""
+                # ...
+
+            class MySubClass(MyClass):
+                ""
+                # ...
+
+        The behavior of the above configuration is that ``MySubClass``
+        will refer to both its own ``id`` column as well as that of
+        ``MyClass`` underneath the attribute named ``some_id``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`declarative_inheritance`
+
+            :ref:`mixin_inheritance_columns`
+
+
+        """
+        return cls._stateful(cascading=True)
+
+
+class _stateful_declared_attr(declared_attr):
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        self.kw = kw
+
+    def _stateful(self, **kw):
+        new_kw = self.kw.copy()
+        new_kw.update(kw)
+        return _stateful_declared_attr(**new_kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        return declared_attr(fn, **self.kw)
+
+
+def declarative_base(bind=None, metadata=None, mapper=None, cls=object,
+                     name='Base', constructor=_declarative_constructor,
+                     class_registry=None,
+                     metaclass=DeclarativeMeta):
+    """Construct a base class for declarative class definitions.
+
+    The new base class will be given a metaclass that produces
+    appropriate :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects and makes
+    the appropriate :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` calls based on the
+    information provided declaratively in the class and any subclasses
+    of the class.
+
+    :param bind: An optional
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`, will be assigned
+      the ``bind`` attribute on the :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`
+      instance.
+
+    :param metadata:
+      An optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance.  All
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects implicitly declared by
+      subclasses of the base will share this MetaData.  A MetaData instance
+      will be created if none is provided.  The
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance will be available via the
+      `metadata` attribute of the generated declarative base class.
+
+    :param mapper:
+      An optional callable, defaults to :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper`. Will
+      be used to map subclasses to their Tables.
+
+    :param cls:
+      Defaults to :class:`object`. A type to use as the base for the generated
+      declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes.
+
+    :param name:
+      Defaults to ``Base``.  The display name for the generated
+      class.  Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in
+      tracebacks and debugging.
+
+    :param constructor:
+      Defaults to
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative._declarative_constructor`, an
+      __init__ implementation that assigns \**kwargs for declared
+      fields and relationships to an instance.  If ``None`` is supplied,
+      no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to
+      cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics.
+
+    :param class_registry: optional dictionary that will serve as the
+      registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names
+      are used to identify classes inside of :func:`.relationship`
+      and others.  Allows two or more declarative base classes
+      to share the same registry of class names for simplified
+      inter-base relationships.
+
+    :param metaclass:
+      Defaults to :class:`.DeclarativeMeta`.  A metaclass or __metaclass__
+      compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated
+      declarative base class.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.as_declarative`
+
+    """
+    lcl_metadata = metadata or MetaData()
+    if bind:
+        lcl_metadata.bind = bind
+
+    if class_registry is None:
+        class_registry = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+    bases = not isinstance(cls, tuple) and (cls,) or cls
+    class_dict = dict(_decl_class_registry=class_registry,
+                      metadata=lcl_metadata)
+
+    if constructor:
+        class_dict['__init__'] = constructor
+    if mapper:
+        class_dict['__mapper_cls__'] = mapper
+
+    return metaclass(name, bases, class_dict)
+
+
+def as_declarative(**kw):
+    """
+    Class decorator for :func:`.declarative_base`.
+
+    Provides a syntactical shortcut to the ``cls`` argument
+    sent to :func:`.declarative_base`, allowing the base class
+    to be converted in-place to a "declarative" base::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import as_declarative
+
+        @as_declarative()
+        class Base(object):
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        class MyMappedClass(Base):
+            # ...
+
+    All keyword arguments passed to :func:`.as_declarative` are passed
+    along to :func:`.declarative_base`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.3
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.declarative_base`
+
+    """
+    def decorate(cls):
+        kw['cls'] = cls
+        kw['name'] = cls.__name__
+        return declarative_base(**kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+class ConcreteBase(object):
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_last__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.after_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` produces a mapped
+    table for the class itself.  Compare to :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`,
+    which does not.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import ConcreteBase
+
+        class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'employee'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'employee',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                            'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                            'concrete':True}
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`
+
+        :ref:`concrete_inheritance`
+
+        :ref:`inheritance_concrete_helpers`
+
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_polymorphic_union(cls, mappers):
+        return polymorphic_union(OrderedDict(
+            (mp.polymorphic_identity, mp.local_table)
+            for mp in mappers
+        ), 'type', 'pjoin')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        m = cls.__mapper__
+        if m.with_polymorphic:
+            return
+
+        mappers = list(m.self_and_descendants)
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers)
+        m._set_with_polymorphic(("*", pjoin))
+        m._set_polymorphic_on(pjoin.c.type)
+
+
+class AbstractConcreteBase(ConcreteBase):
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_last__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.after_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` does produce a mapped class
+    for the base class, however it is not persisted to any table; it
+    is instead mapped directly to the "polymorphic" selectable directly
+    and is only used for selecting.  Compare to :class:`.ConcreteBase`,
+    which does create a persisted table for the base class.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                'concrete':True}
+
+    The abstract base class is handled by declarative in a special way;
+    at class configuration time, it behaves like a declarative mixin
+    or an ``__abstract__`` base class.   Once classes are configured
+    and mappings are produced, it then gets mapped itself, but
+    after all of its decscendants.  This is a very unique system of mapping
+    not found in any other SQLAlchemy system.
+
+    Using this approach, we can specify columns and properties
+    that will take place on mapped subclasses, in the way that
+    we normally do as in :ref:`declarative_mixins`::
+
+        class Company(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'company'
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def company_id(cls):
+                return Column(ForeignKey('company.id'))
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def company(cls):
+                return relationship("Company")
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = 'manager'
+
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                'polymorphic_identity':'manager',
+                'concrete':True}
+
+    When we make use of our mappings however, both ``Manager`` and
+    ``Employee`` will have an independently usable ``.company`` attribute::
+
+        session.query(Employee).filter(Employee.company.has(id=5))
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - The mechanics of :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`
+       have been reworked to support relationships established directly
+       on the abstract base, without any special configurational steps.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ConcreteBase`
+
+        :ref:`concrete_inheritance`
+
+        :ref:`inheritance_concrete_helpers`
+
+    """
+
+    __no_table__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        cls._sa_decl_prepare_nocascade()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_decl_prepare_nocascade(cls):
+        if getattr(cls, '__mapper__', None):
+            return
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+
+        # can't rely on 'self_and_descendants' here
+        # since technically an immediate subclass
+        # might not be mapped, but a subclass
+        # may be.
+        mappers = []
+        stack = list(cls.__subclasses__())
+        while stack:
+            klass = stack.pop()
+            stack.extend(klass.__subclasses__())
+            mn = _mapper_or_none(klass)
+            if mn is not None:
+                mappers.append(mn)
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers)
+
+        # For columns that were declared on the class, these
+        # are normally ignored with the "__no_table__" mapping,
+        # unless they have a different attribute key vs. col name
+        # and are in the properties argument.
+        # In that case, ensure we update the properties entry
+        # to the correct column from the pjoin target table.
+        declared_cols = set(to_map.declared_columns)
+        for k, v in list(to_map.properties.items()):
+            if v in declared_cols:
+                to_map.properties[k] = pjoin.c[v.key]
+
+        to_map.local_table = pjoin
+
+        m_args = to_map.mapper_args_fn or dict
+
+        def mapper_args():
+            args = m_args()
+            args['polymorphic_on'] = pjoin.c.type
+            return args
+        to_map.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args
+
+        m = to_map.map()
+
+        for scls in cls.__subclasses__():
+            sm = _mapper_or_none(scls)
+            if sm and sm.concrete and cls in scls.__bases__:
+                sm._set_concrete_base(m)
+
+
+class DeferredReflection(object):
+    """A helper class for construction of mappings based on
+    a deferred reflection step.
+
+    Normally, declarative can be used with reflection by
+    setting a :class:`.Table` object using autoload=True
+    as the ``__table__`` attribute on a declarative class.
+    The caveat is that the :class:`.Table` must be fully
+    reflected, or at the very least have a primary key column,
+    at the point at which a normal declarative mapping is
+    constructed, meaning the :class:`.Engine` must be available
+    at class declaration time.
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin moves the construction
+    of mappers to be at a later point, after a specific
+    method is called which first reflects all :class:`.Table`
+    objects created so far.   Classes can define it as such::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import DeferredReflection
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+        class MyClass(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+    Above, ``MyClass`` is not yet mapped.   After a series of
+    classes have been defined in the above fashion, all tables
+    can be reflected and mappings created using
+    :meth:`.prepare`::
+
+        engine = create_engine("someengine://...")
+        DeferredReflection.prepare(engine)
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin can be applied to individual
+    classes, used as the base for the declarative base itself,
+    or used in a custom abstract class.   Using an abstract base
+    allows that only a subset of classes to be prepared for a
+    particular prepare step, which is necessary for applications
+    that use more than one engine.  For example, if an application
+    has two engines, you might use two bases, and prepare each
+    separately, e.g.::
+
+        class ReflectedOne(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+        class ReflectedTwo(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+        class MyClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = 'mytable'
+
+        class MyOtherClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = 'myothertable'
+
+        class YetAnotherClass(ReflectedTwo):
+            __tablename__ = 'yetanothertable'
+
+        # ... etc.
+
+    Above, the class hierarchies for ``ReflectedOne`` and
+    ``ReflectedTwo`` can be configured separately::
+
+        ReflectedOne.prepare(engine_one)
+        ReflectedTwo.prepare(engine_two)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    """
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(cls, engine):
+        """Reflect all :class:`.Table` objects for all current
+        :class:`.DeferredReflection` subclasses"""
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(cls)
+        for thingy in to_map:
+            cls._sa_decl_prepare(thingy.local_table, engine)
+            thingy.map()
+            mapper = thingy.cls.__mapper__
+            metadata = mapper.class_.metadata
+            for rel in mapper._props.values():
+                if isinstance(rel, properties.RelationshipProperty) and \
+                        rel.secondary is not None:
+                    if isinstance(rel.secondary, Table):
+                        cls._reflect_table(rel.secondary, engine)
+                    elif isinstance(rel.secondary, _class_resolver):
+                        rel.secondary._resolvers += (
+                            cls._sa_deferred_table_resolver(engine, metadata),
+                        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_deferred_table_resolver(cls, engine, metadata):
+        def _resolve(key):
+            t1 = Table(key, metadata)
+            cls._reflect_table(t1, engine)
+            return t1
+        return _resolve
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_decl_prepare(cls, local_table, engine):
+        # autoload Table, which is already
+        # present in the metadata.  This
+        # will fill in db-loaded columns
+        # into the existing Table object.
+        if local_table is not None:
+            cls._reflect_table(local_table, engine)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reflect_table(cls, table, engine):
+        Table(table.name,
+              table.metadata,
+              extend_existing=True,
+              autoload_replace=False,
+              autoload=True,
+              autoload_with=engine,
+              schema=table.schema)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59ebe37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+# ext/declarative/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Internal implementation for declarative."""
+
+from ...schema import Table, Column
+from ...orm import mapper, class_mapper, synonym
+from ...orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+from ...orm.properties import ColumnProperty, CompositeProperty
+from ...orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from ...orm.base import _is_mapped_class
+from ... import util, exc
+from ...util import topological
+from ...sql import expression
+from ... import event
+from . import clsregistry
+import collections
+import weakref
+from sqlalchemy.orm import instrumentation
+
+declared_attr = declarative_props = None
+
+
+def _declared_mapping_info(cls):
+    # deferred mapping
+    if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+        return _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+    # regular mapping
+    elif _is_mapped_class(cls):
+        return class_mapper(cls, configure=False)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _resolve_for_abstract(cls):
+    if cls is object:
+        return None
+
+    if _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls, '__abstract__', strict=True):
+        for sup in cls.__bases__:
+            sup = _resolve_for_abstract(sup)
+            if sup is not None:
+                return sup
+        else:
+            return None
+    else:
+        return cls
+
+
+def _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls, attrname, strict=False):
+    """return an attribute of the class that is either present directly
+    on the class, e.g. not on a superclass, or is from a superclass but
+    this superclass is a mixin, that is, not a descendant of
+    the declarative base.
+
+    This is used to detect attributes that indicate something about
+    a mapped class independently from any mapped classes that it may
+    inherit from.
+
+    """
+    if not issubclass(cls, object):
+        return None
+
+    for base in cls.__mro__:
+        _is_declarative_inherits = hasattr(base, '_decl_class_registry')
+        if attrname in base.__dict__ and (
+            base is cls or
+            ((base in cls.__bases__ if strict else True)
+                and not _is_declarative_inherits)
+        ):
+            return getattr(base, attrname)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _as_declarative(cls, classname, dict_):
+    global declared_attr, declarative_props
+    if declared_attr is None:
+        from .api import declared_attr
+        declarative_props = (declared_attr, util.classproperty)
+
+    if _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls, '__abstract__', strict=True):
+        return
+
+    _MapperConfig.setup_mapping(cls, classname, dict_)
+
+
+class _MapperConfig(object):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mapping(cls, cls_, classname, dict_):
+        defer_map = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls_, '_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade', strict=True) or \
+            hasattr(cls_, '_sa_decl_prepare')
+
+        if defer_map:
+            cfg_cls = _DeferredMapperConfig
+        else:
+            cfg_cls = _MapperConfig
+        cfg_cls(cls_, classname, dict_)
+
+    def __init__(self, cls_, classname, dict_):
+
+        self.cls = cls_
+
+        # dict_ will be a dictproxy, which we can't write to, and we need to!
+        self.dict_ = dict(dict_)
+        self.classname = classname
+        self.mapped_table = None
+        self.properties = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.declared_columns = set()
+        self.column_copies = {}
+        self._setup_declared_events()
+
+        # temporary registry.  While early 1.0 versions
+        # set up the ClassManager here, by API contract
+        # we can't do that until there's a mapper.
+        self.cls._sa_declared_attr_reg = {}
+
+        self._scan_attributes()
+
+        clsregistry.add_class(self.classname, self.cls)
+
+        self._extract_mappable_attributes()
+
+        self._extract_declared_columns()
+
+        self._setup_table()
+
+        self._setup_inheritance()
+
+        self._early_mapping()
+
+    def _early_mapping(self):
+        self.map()
+
+    def _setup_declared_events(self):
+        if _get_immediate_cls_attr(self.cls, '__declare_last__'):
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured")
+            def after_configured():
+                self.cls.__declare_last__()
+
+        if _get_immediate_cls_attr(self.cls, '__declare_first__'):
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured")
+            def before_configured():
+                self.cls.__declare_first__()
+
+    def _scan_attributes(self):
+        cls = self.cls
+        dict_ = self.dict_
+        column_copies = self.column_copies
+        mapper_args_fn = None
+        table_args = inherited_table_args = None
+        tablename = None
+
+        for base in cls.__mro__:
+            class_mapped = base is not cls and \
+                _declared_mapping_info(base) is not None and \
+                not _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+                    base, '_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade', strict=True)
+
+            if not class_mapped and base is not cls:
+                self._produce_column_copies(base)
+
+            for name, obj in vars(base).items():
+                if name == '__mapper_args__':
+                    if not mapper_args_fn and (
+                        not class_mapped or
+                        isinstance(obj, declarative_props)
+                    ):
+                        # don't even invoke __mapper_args__ until
+                        # after we've determined everything about the
+                        # mapped table.
+                        # make a copy of it so a class-level dictionary
+                        # is not overwritten when we update column-based
+                        # arguments.
+                        mapper_args_fn = lambda: dict(cls.__mapper_args__)
+                elif name == '__tablename__':
+                    if not tablename and (
+                        not class_mapped or
+                        isinstance(obj, declarative_props)
+                    ):
+                        tablename = cls.__tablename__
+                elif name == '__table_args__':
+                    if not table_args and (
+                        not class_mapped or
+                        isinstance(obj, declarative_props)
+                    ):
+                        table_args = cls.__table_args__
+                        if not isinstance(
+                                table_args, (tuple, dict, type(None))):
+                            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                                "__table_args__ value must be a tuple, "
+                                "dict, or None")
+                        if base is not cls:
+                            inherited_table_args = True
+                elif class_mapped:
+                    if isinstance(obj, declarative_props):
+                        util.warn("Regular (i.e. not __special__) "
+                                  "attribute '%s.%s' uses @declared_attr, "
+                                  "but owning class %s is mapped - "
+                                  "not applying to subclass %s."
+                                  % (base.__name__, name, base, cls))
+                    continue
+                elif base is not cls:
+                    # we're a mixin, abstract base, or something that is
+                    # acting like that for now.
+                    if isinstance(obj, Column):
+                        # already copied columns to the mapped class.
+                        continue
+                    elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty):
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Mapper properties (i.e. deferred,"
+                            "column_property(), relationship(), etc.) must "
+                            "be declared as @declared_attr callables "
+                            "on declarative mixin classes.")
+                    elif isinstance(obj, declarative_props):
+                        oldclassprop = isinstance(obj, util.classproperty)
+                        if not oldclassprop and obj._cascading:
+                            dict_[name] = column_copies[obj] = \
+                                ret = obj.__get__(obj, cls)
+                            setattr(cls, name, ret)
+                        else:
+                            if oldclassprop:
+                                util.warn_deprecated(
+                                    "Use of sqlalchemy.util.classproperty on "
+                                    "declarative classes is deprecated.")
+                            dict_[name] = column_copies[obj] = \
+                                ret = getattr(cls, name)
+                        if isinstance(ret, (Column, MapperProperty)) and \
+                                ret.doc is None:
+                            ret.doc = obj.__doc__
+
+        if inherited_table_args and not tablename:
+            table_args = None
+
+        self.table_args = table_args
+        self.tablename = tablename
+        self.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args_fn
+
+    def _produce_column_copies(self, base):
+        cls = self.cls
+        dict_ = self.dict_
+        column_copies = self.column_copies
+        # copy mixin columns to the mapped class
+        for name, obj in vars(base).items():
+            if isinstance(obj, Column):
+                if getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
+                    # if column has been overridden
+                    # (like by the InstrumentedAttribute of the
+                    # superclass), skip
+                    continue
+                elif obj.foreign_keys:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Columns with foreign keys to other columns "
+                        "must be declared as @declared_attr callables "
+                        "on declarative mixin classes. ")
+                elif name not in dict_ and not (
+                        '__table__' in dict_ and
+                        (obj.name or name) in dict_['__table__'].c
+                ):
+                    column_copies[obj] = copy_ = obj.copy()
+                    copy_._creation_order = obj._creation_order
+                    setattr(cls, name, copy_)
+                    dict_[name] = copy_
+
+    def _extract_mappable_attributes(self):
+        cls = self.cls
+        dict_ = self.dict_
+
+        our_stuff = self.properties
+
+        for k in list(dict_):
+
+            if k in ('__table__', '__tablename__', '__mapper_args__'):
+                continue
+
+            value = dict_[k]
+            if isinstance(value, declarative_props):
+                value = getattr(cls, k)
+
+            elif isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute) and \
+                    value.class_ is not cls and \
+                    value.key != k:
+                # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+                # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+                value = synonym(value.key)
+                setattr(cls, k, value)
+
+            if (isinstance(value, tuple) and len(value) == 1 and
+                    isinstance(value[0], (Column, MapperProperty))):
+                util.warn("Ignoring declarative-like tuple value of attribute "
+                          "%s: possibly a copy-and-paste error with a comma "
+                          "left at the end of the line?" % k)
+                continue
+            elif not isinstance(value, (Column, MapperProperty)):
+                # using @declared_attr for some object that
+                # isn't Column/MapperProperty; remove from the dict_
+                # and place the evaluated value onto the class.
+                if not k.startswith('__'):
+                    dict_.pop(k)
+                    setattr(cls, k, value)
+                continue
+            # we expect to see the name 'metadata' in some valid cases;
+            # however at this point we see it's assigned to something trying
+            # to be mapped, so raise for that.
+            elif k == 'metadata':
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Attribute name 'metadata' is reserved "
+                    "for the MetaData instance when using a "
+                    "declarative base class."
+                )
+            prop = clsregistry._deferred_relationship(cls, value)
+            our_stuff[k] = prop
+
+    def _extract_declared_columns(self):
+        our_stuff = self.properties
+
+        # set up attributes in the order they were created
+        our_stuff.sort(key=lambda key: our_stuff[key]._creation_order)
+
+        # extract columns from the class dict
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+        name_to_prop_key = collections.defaultdict(set)
+        for key, c in list(our_stuff.items()):
+            if isinstance(c, (ColumnProperty, CompositeProperty)):
+                for col in c.columns:
+                    if isinstance(col, Column) and \
+                            col.table is None:
+                        _undefer_column_name(key, col)
+                        if not isinstance(c, CompositeProperty):
+                            name_to_prop_key[col.name].add(key)
+                        declared_columns.add(col)
+            elif isinstance(c, Column):
+                _undefer_column_name(key, c)
+                name_to_prop_key[c.name].add(key)
+                declared_columns.add(c)
+                # if the column is the same name as the key,
+                # remove it from the explicit properties dict.
+                # the normal rules for assigning column-based properties
+                # will take over, including precedence of columns
+                # in multi-column ColumnProperties.
+                if key == c.key:
+                    del our_stuff[key]
+
+        for name, keys in name_to_prop_key.items():
+            if len(keys) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "On class %r, Column object %r named "
+                    "directly multiple times, "
+                    "only one will be used: %s" %
+                    (self.classname, name, (", ".join(sorted(keys))))
+                )
+
+    def _setup_table(self):
+        cls = self.cls
+        tablename = self.tablename
+        table_args = self.table_args
+        dict_ = self.dict_
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns = sorted(
+            declared_columns, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
+        table = None
+
+        if hasattr(cls, '__table_cls__'):
+            table_cls = util.unbound_method_to_callable(cls.__table_cls__)
+        else:
+            table_cls = Table
+
+        if '__table__' not in dict_:
+            if tablename is not None:
+
+                args, table_kw = (), {}
+                if table_args:
+                    if isinstance(table_args, dict):
+                        table_kw = table_args
+                    elif isinstance(table_args, tuple):
+                        if isinstance(table_args[-1], dict):
+                            args, table_kw = table_args[0:-1], table_args[-1]
+                        else:
+                            args = table_args
+
+                autoload = dict_.get('__autoload__')
+                if autoload:
+                    table_kw['autoload'] = True
+
+                cls.__table__ = table = table_cls(
+                    tablename, cls.metadata,
+                    *(tuple(declared_columns) + tuple(args)),
+                    **table_kw)
+        else:
+            table = cls.__table__
+            if declared_columns:
+                for c in declared_columns:
+                    if not table.c.contains_column(c):
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Can't add additional column %r when "
+                            "specifying __table__" % c.key
+                        )
+        self.local_table = table
+
+    def _setup_inheritance(self):
+        table = self.local_table
+        cls = self.cls
+        table_args = self.table_args
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+        for c in cls.__bases__:
+            c = _resolve_for_abstract(c)
+            if c is None:
+                continue
+            if _declared_mapping_info(c) is not None and \
+                    not _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+                        c, '_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade', strict=True):
+                self.inherits = c
+                break
+        else:
+            self.inherits = None
+
+        if table is None and self.inherits is None and \
+                not _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls, '__no_table__'):
+
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Class %r does not have a __table__ or __tablename__ "
+                "specified and does not inherit from an existing "
+                "table-mapped class." % cls
+            )
+        elif self.inherits:
+            inherited_mapper = _declared_mapping_info(self.inherits)
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper.local_table
+            inherited_mapped_table = inherited_mapper.mapped_table
+
+            if table is None:
+                # single table inheritance.
+                # ensure no table args
+                if table_args:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't place __table_args__ on an inherited class "
+                        "with no table."
+                    )
+                # add any columns declared here to the inherited table.
+                for c in declared_columns:
+                    if c.primary_key:
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Can't place primary key columns on an inherited "
+                            "class with no table."
+                        )
+                    if c.name in inherited_table.c:
+                        if inherited_table.c[c.name] is c:
+                            continue
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Column '%s' on class %s conflicts with "
+                            "existing column '%s'" %
+                            (c, cls, inherited_table.c[c.name])
+                        )
+                    inherited_table.append_column(c)
+                    if inherited_mapped_table is not None and \
+                            inherited_mapped_table is not inherited_table:
+                        inherited_mapped_table._refresh_for_new_column(c)
+
+    def _prepare_mapper_arguments(self):
+        properties = self.properties
+        if self.mapper_args_fn:
+            mapper_args = self.mapper_args_fn()
+        else:
+            mapper_args = {}
+
+        # make sure that column copies are used rather
+        # than the original columns from any mixins
+        for k in ('version_id_col', 'polymorphic_on',):
+            if k in mapper_args:
+                v = mapper_args[k]
+                mapper_args[k] = self.column_copies.get(v, v)
+
+        assert 'inherits' not in mapper_args, \
+            "Can't specify 'inherits' explicitly with declarative mappings"
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            mapper_args['inherits'] = self.inherits
+
+        if self.inherits and not mapper_args.get('concrete', False):
+            # single or joined inheritance
+            # exclude any cols on the inherited table which are
+            # not mapped on the parent class, to avoid
+            # mapping columns specific to sibling/nephew classes
+            inherited_mapper = _declared_mapping_info(self.inherits)
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper.local_table
+
+            if 'exclude_properties' not in mapper_args:
+                mapper_args['exclude_properties'] = exclude_properties = \
+                    set([c.key for c in inherited_table.c
+                         if c not in inherited_mapper._columntoproperty])
+                exclude_properties.difference_update(
+                    [c.key for c in self.declared_columns])
+
+            # look through columns in the current mapper that
+            # are keyed to a propname different than the colname
+            # (if names were the same, we'd have popped it out above,
+            # in which case the mapper makes this combination).
+            # See if the superclass has a similar column property.
+            # If so, join them together.
+            for k, col in list(properties.items()):
+                if not isinstance(col, expression.ColumnElement):
+                    continue
+                if k in inherited_mapper._props:
+                    p = inherited_mapper._props[k]
+                    if isinstance(p, ColumnProperty):
+                        # note here we place the subclass column
+                        # first.  See [ticket:1892] for background.
+                        properties[k] = [col] + p.columns
+        result_mapper_args = mapper_args.copy()
+        result_mapper_args['properties'] = properties
+        self.mapper_args = result_mapper_args
+
+    def map(self):
+        self._prepare_mapper_arguments()
+        if hasattr(self.cls, '__mapper_cls__'):
+            mapper_cls = util.unbound_method_to_callable(
+                self.cls.__mapper_cls__)
+        else:
+            mapper_cls = mapper
+
+        self.cls.__mapper__ = mp_ = mapper_cls(
+            self.cls,
+            self.local_table,
+            **self.mapper_args
+        )
+        del self.cls._sa_declared_attr_reg
+        return mp_
+
+
+class _DeferredMapperConfig(_MapperConfig):
+    _configs = util.OrderedDict()
+
+    def _early_mapping(self):
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def cls(self):
+        return self._cls()
+
+    @cls.setter
+    def cls(self, class_):
+        self._cls = weakref.ref(class_, self._remove_config_cls)
+        self._configs[self._cls] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove_config_cls(cls, ref):
+        cls._configs.pop(ref, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_cls(cls, class_):
+        # 2.6 fails on weakref if class_ is an old style class
+        return isinstance(class_, type) and \
+            weakref.ref(class_) in cls._configs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def config_for_cls(cls, class_):
+        return cls._configs[weakref.ref(class_)]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def classes_for_base(cls, base_cls, sort=True):
+        classes_for_base = [m for m in cls._configs.values()
+                            if issubclass(m.cls, base_cls)]
+        if not sort:
+            return classes_for_base
+
+        all_m_by_cls = dict(
+            (m.cls, m)
+            for m in classes_for_base
+        )
+
+        tuples = []
+        for m_cls in all_m_by_cls:
+            tuples.extend(
+                (all_m_by_cls[base_cls], all_m_by_cls[m_cls])
+                for base_cls in m_cls.__bases__
+                if base_cls in all_m_by_cls
+            )
+        return list(
+            topological.sort(
+                tuples,
+                classes_for_base
+            )
+        )
+
+    def map(self):
+        self._configs.pop(self._cls, None)
+        return super(_DeferredMapperConfig, self).map()
+
+
+def _add_attribute(cls, key, value):
+    """add an attribute to an existing declarative class.
+
+    This runs through the logic to determine MapperProperty,
+    adds it to the Mapper, adds a column to the mapped Table, etc.
+
+    """
+
+    if '__mapper__' in cls.__dict__:
+        if isinstance(value, Column):
+            _undefer_column_name(key, value)
+            cls.__table__.append_column(value)
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, ColumnProperty):
+            for col in value.columns:
+                if isinstance(col, Column) and col.table is None:
+                    _undefer_column_name(key, col)
+                    cls.__table__.append_column(col)
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, MapperProperty):
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(
+                key,
+                clsregistry._deferred_relationship(cls, value)
+            )
+        elif isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute) and value.key != key:
+            # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+            # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+            value = synonym(value.key)
+            cls.__mapper__.add_property(
+                key,
+                clsregistry._deferred_relationship(cls, value)
+            )
+        else:
+            type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+    else:
+        type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+
+
+def _declarative_constructor(self, **kwargs):
+    """A simple constructor that allows initialization from kwargs.
+
+    Sets attributes on the constructed instance using the names and
+    values in ``kwargs``.
+
+    Only keys that are present as
+    attributes of the instance's class are allowed. These could be,
+    for example, any mapped columns or relationships.
+    """
+    cls_ = type(self)
+    for k in kwargs:
+        if not hasattr(cls_, k):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%r is an invalid keyword argument for %s" %
+                (k, cls_.__name__))
+        setattr(self, k, kwargs[k])
+_declarative_constructor.__name__ = '__init__'
+
+
+def _undefer_column_name(key, column):
+    if column.key is None:
+        column.key = key
+    if column.name is None:
+        column.name = key
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d62bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/clsregistry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# ext/declarative/clsregistry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Routines to handle the string class registry used by declarative.
+
+This system allows specification of classes and expressions used in
+:func:`.relationship` using strings.
+
+"""
+from ...orm.properties import ColumnProperty, RelationshipProperty, \
+    SynonymProperty
+from ...schema import _get_table_key
+from ...orm import class_mapper, interfaces
+from ... import util
+from ... import inspection
+from ... import exc
+import weakref
+
+# strong references to registries which we place in
+# the _decl_class_registry, which is usually weak referencing.
+# the internal registries here link to classes with weakrefs and remove
+# themselves when all references to contained classes are removed.
+_registries = set()
+
+
+def add_class(classname, cls):
+    """Add a class to the _decl_class_registry associated with the
+    given declarative class.
+
+    """
+    if classname in cls._decl_class_registry:
+        # class already exists.
+        existing = cls._decl_class_registry[classname]
+        if not isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+            existing = \
+                cls._decl_class_registry[classname] = \
+                _MultipleClassMarker([cls, existing])
+    else:
+        cls._decl_class_registry[classname] = cls
+
+    try:
+        root_module = cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry']
+    except KeyError:
+        cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry'] = \
+            root_module = _ModuleMarker('_sa_module_registry', None)
+
+    tokens = cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    # build up a tree like this:
+    # modulename:  myapp.snacks.nuts
+    #
+    # myapp->snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # nuts->(classes)
+    #
+    # this allows partial token paths to be used.
+    while tokens:
+        token = tokens.pop(0)
+        module = root_module.get_module(token)
+        for token in tokens:
+            module = module.get_module(token)
+        module.add_class(classname, cls)
+
+
+class _MultipleClassMarker(object):
+    """refers to multiple classes of the same name
+    within _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'on_remove', 'contents', '__weakref__'
+
+    def __init__(self, classes, on_remove=None):
+        self.on_remove = on_remove
+        self.contents = set([
+            weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item) for item in classes])
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (ref() for ref in self.contents)
+
+    def attempt_get(self, path, key):
+        if len(self.contents) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Multiple classes found for path \"%s\" "
+                "in the registry of this declarative "
+                "base. Please use a fully module-qualified path." %
+                (".".join(path + [key]))
+            )
+        else:
+            ref = list(self.contents)[0]
+            cls = ref()
+            if cls is None:
+                raise NameError(key)
+            return cls
+
+    def _remove_item(self, ref):
+        self.contents.remove(ref)
+        if not self.contents:
+            _registries.discard(self)
+            if self.on_remove:
+                self.on_remove()
+
+    def add_item(self, item):
+        # protect against class registration race condition against
+        # asynchronous garbage collection calling _remove_item,
+        # [ticket:3208]
+        modules = set([
+            cls.__module__ for cls in
+            [ref() for ref in self.contents] if cls is not None])
+        if item.__module__ in modules:
+            util.warn(
+                "This declarative base already contains a class with the "
+                "same class name and module name as %s.%s, and will "
+                "be replaced in the string-lookup table." % (
+                    item.__module__,
+                    item.__name__
+                )
+            )
+        self.contents.add(weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item))
+
+
+class _ModuleMarker(object):
+    """"refers to a module name within
+    _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'parent', 'name', 'contents', 'mod_ns', 'path', '__weakref__'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, parent):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+        self.contents = {}
+        self.mod_ns = _ModNS(self)
+        if self.parent:
+            self.path = self.parent.path + [self.name]
+        else:
+            self.path = []
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return name in self.contents
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.contents[name]
+
+    def _remove_item(self, name):
+        self.contents.pop(name, None)
+        if not self.contents and self.parent is not None:
+            self.parent._remove_item(self.name)
+            _registries.discard(self)
+
+    def resolve_attr(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.mod_ns, key)
+
+    def get_module(self, name):
+        if name not in self.contents:
+            marker = _ModuleMarker(name, self)
+            self.contents[name] = marker
+        else:
+            marker = self.contents[name]
+        return marker
+
+    def add_class(self, name, cls):
+        if name in self.contents:
+            existing = self.contents[name]
+            existing.add_item(cls)
+        else:
+            existing = self.contents[name] = \
+                _MultipleClassMarker([cls],
+                                     on_remove=lambda: self._remove_item(name))
+
+
+class _ModNS(object):
+    __slots__ = '__parent',
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        self.__parent = parent
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            value = self.__parent.contents[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if value is not None:
+                if isinstance(value, _ModuleMarker):
+                    return value.mod_ns
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker)
+                    return value.attempt_get(self.__parent.path, key)
+        raise AttributeError("Module %r has no mapped classes "
+                             "registered under the name %r" % (
+                                 self.__parent.name, key))
+
+
+class _GetColumns(object):
+    __slots__ = 'cls',
+
+    def __init__(self, cls):
+        self.cls = cls
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        mp = class_mapper(self.cls, configure=False)
+        if mp:
+            if key not in mp.all_orm_descriptors:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %r does not have a mapped column named %r"
+                    % (self.cls, key))
+
+            desc = mp.all_orm_descriptors[key]
+            if desc.extension_type is interfaces.NOT_EXTENSION:
+                prop = desc.property
+                if isinstance(prop, SynonymProperty):
+                    key = prop.name
+                elif not isinstance(prop, ColumnProperty):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Property %r is not an instance of"
+                        " ColumnProperty (i.e. does not correspond"
+                        " directly to a Column)." % key)
+        return getattr(self.cls, key)
+
+inspection._inspects(_GetColumns)(
+    lambda target: inspection.inspect(target.cls))
+
+
+class _GetTable(object):
+    __slots__ = 'key', 'metadata'
+
+    def __init__(self, key, metadata):
+        self.key = key
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return self.metadata.tables[
+            _get_table_key(key, self.key)
+        ]
+
+
+def _determine_container(key, value):
+    if isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker):
+        value = value.attempt_get([], key)
+    return _GetColumns(value)
+
+
+class _class_resolver(object):
+    def __init__(self, cls, prop, fallback, arg):
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.arg = self._declarative_arg = arg
+        self.fallback = fallback
+        self._dict = util.PopulateDict(self._access_cls)
+        self._resolvers = ()
+
+    def _access_cls(self, key):
+        cls = self.cls
+        if key in cls._decl_class_registry:
+            return _determine_container(key, cls._decl_class_registry[key])
+        elif key in cls.metadata.tables:
+            return cls.metadata.tables[key]
+        elif key in cls.metadata._schemas:
+            return _GetTable(key, cls.metadata)
+        elif '_sa_module_registry' in cls._decl_class_registry and \
+                key in cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry']:
+            registry = cls._decl_class_registry['_sa_module_registry']
+            return registry.resolve_attr(key)
+        elif self._resolvers:
+            for resolv in self._resolvers:
+                value = resolv(key)
+                if value is not None:
+                    return value
+
+        return self.fallback[key]
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        try:
+            x = eval(self.arg, globals(), self._dict)
+
+            if isinstance(x, _GetColumns):
+                return x.cls
+            else:
+                return x
+        except NameError as n:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When initializing mapper %s, expression %r failed to "
+                "locate a name (%r). If this is a class name, consider "
+                "adding this relationship() to the %r class after "
+                "both dependent classes have been defined." %
+                (self.prop.parent, self.arg, n.args[0], self.cls)
+            )
+
+
+def _resolver(cls, prop):
+    import sqlalchemy
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import foreign, remote
+
+    fallback = sqlalchemy.__dict__.copy()
+    fallback.update({'foreign': foreign, 'remote': remote})
+
+    def resolve_arg(arg):
+        return _class_resolver(cls, prop, fallback, arg)
+    return resolve_arg
+
+
+def _deferred_relationship(cls, prop):
+
+    if isinstance(prop, RelationshipProperty):
+        resolve_arg = _resolver(cls, prop)
+
+        for attr in ('argument', 'order_by', 'primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin',
+                     'secondary', '_user_defined_foreign_keys', 'remote_side'):
+            v = getattr(prop, attr)
+            if isinstance(v, util.string_types):
+                setattr(prop, attr, resolve_arg(v))
+
+        if prop.backref and isinstance(prop.backref, tuple):
+            key, kwargs = prop.backref
+            for attr in ('primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin', 'secondary',
+                         'foreign_keys', 'remote_side', 'order_by'):
+                if attr in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs[attr],
+                                                 util.string_types):
+                    kwargs[attr] = resolve_arg(kwargs[attr])
+
+    return prop
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..996e81f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# ext/horizontal_shard.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Horizontal sharding support.
+
+Defines a rudimental 'horizontal sharding' system which allows a Session to
+distribute queries and persistence operations across multiple databases.
+
+For a usage example, see the :ref:`examples_sharding` example included in
+the source distribution.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..orm.query import Query
+
+__all__ = ['ShardedSession', 'ShardedQuery']
+
+
+class ShardedQuery(Query):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(ShardedQuery, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.id_chooser = self.session.id_chooser
+        self.query_chooser = self.session.query_chooser
+        self._shard_id = None
+
+    def set_shard(self, shard_id):
+        """return a new query, limited to a single shard ID.
+
+        all subsequent operations with the returned query will
+        be against the single shard regardless of other state.
+        """
+
+        q = self._clone()
+        q._shard_id = shard_id
+        return q
+
+    def _execute_and_instances(self, context):
+        def iter_for_shard(shard_id):
+            context.attributes['shard_id'] = shard_id
+            result = self._connection_from_session(
+                mapper=self._mapper_zero(),
+                shard_id=shard_id).execute(
+                context.statement,
+                self._params)
+            return self.instances(result, context)
+
+        if self._shard_id is not None:
+            return iter_for_shard(self._shard_id)
+        else:
+            partial = []
+            for shard_id in self.query_chooser(self):
+                partial.extend(iter_for_shard(shard_id))
+
+            # if some kind of in memory 'sorting'
+            # were done, this is where it would happen
+            return iter(partial)
+
+    def get(self, ident, **kwargs):
+        if self._shard_id is not None:
+            return super(ShardedQuery, self).get(ident)
+        else:
+            ident = util.to_list(ident)
+            for shard_id in self.id_chooser(self, ident):
+                o = self.set_shard(shard_id).get(ident, **kwargs)
+                if o is not None:
+                    return o
+            else:
+                return None
+
+
+class ShardedSession(Session):
+    def __init__(self, shard_chooser, id_chooser, query_chooser, shards=None,
+                 query_cls=ShardedQuery, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a ShardedSession.
+
+        :param shard_chooser: A callable which, passed a Mapper, a mapped
+          instance, and possibly a SQL clause, returns a shard ID.  This id
+          may be based off of the attributes present within the object, or on
+          some round-robin scheme. If the scheme is based on a selection, it
+          should set whatever state on the instance to mark it in the future as
+          participating in that shard.
+
+        :param id_chooser: A callable, passed a query and a tuple of identity
+          values, which should return a list of shard ids where the ID might
+          reside.  The databases will be queried in the order of this listing.
+
+        :param query_chooser: For a given Query, returns the list of shard_ids
+          where the query should be issued.  Results from all shards returned
+          will be combined together into a single listing.
+
+        :param shards: A dictionary of string shard names
+          to :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` objects.
+
+        """
+        super(ShardedSession, self).__init__(query_cls=query_cls, **kwargs)
+        self.shard_chooser = shard_chooser
+        self.id_chooser = id_chooser
+        self.query_chooser = query_chooser
+        self.__binds = {}
+        self.connection_callable = self.connection
+        if shards is not None:
+            for k in shards:
+                self.bind_shard(k, shards[k])
+
+    def connection(self, mapper=None, instance=None, shard_id=None, **kwargs):
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self.shard_chooser(mapper, instance)
+
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            return self.transaction.connection(mapper, shard_id=shard_id)
+        else:
+            return self.get_bind(
+                mapper,
+                shard_id=shard_id,
+                instance=instance
+            ).contextual_connect(**kwargs)
+
+    def get_bind(self, mapper, shard_id=None,
+                 instance=None, clause=None, **kw):
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self.shard_chooser(mapper, instance, clause=clause)
+        return self.__binds[shard_id]
+
+    def bind_shard(self, shard_id, bind):
+        self.__binds[shard_id] = bind
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbf3867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+# ext/hybrid.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define attributes on ORM-mapped classes that have "hybrid" behavior.
+
+"hybrid" means the attribute has distinct behaviors defined at the
+class level and at the instance level.
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension provides a special form of
+method decorator, is around 50 lines of code and has almost no
+dependencies on the rest of SQLAlchemy.  It can, in theory, work with
+any descriptor-based expression system.
+
+Consider a mapping ``Interval``, representing integer ``start`` and ``end``
+values. We can define higher level functions on mapped classes that produce
+SQL expressions at the class level, and Python expression evaluation at the
+instance level.  Below, each function decorated with :class:`.hybrid_method` or
+:class:`.hybrid_property` may receive ``self`` as an instance of the class, or
+as the class itself::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, aliased
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property, hybrid_method
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'interval'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        start = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
+        end = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
+
+        def __init__(self, start, end):
+            self.start = start
+            self.end = end
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self):
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def contains(self, point):
+            return (self.start <= point) & (point <= self.end)
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def intersects(self, other):
+            return self.contains(other.start) | self.contains(other.end)
+
+Above, the ``length`` property returns the difference between the
+``end`` and ``start`` attributes.  With an instance of ``Interval``,
+this subtraction occurs in Python, using normal Python descriptor
+mechanics::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+
+When dealing with the ``Interval`` class itself, the :class:`.hybrid_property`
+descriptor evaluates the function body given the ``Interval`` class as
+the argument, which when evaluated with SQLAlchemy expression mechanics
+returns a new SQL expression::
+
+    >>> print Interval.length
+    interval."end" - interval.start
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter(Interval.length > 10)
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start > :param_1
+
+ORM methods such as :meth:`~.Query.filter_by` generally use ``getattr()`` to
+locate attributes, so can also be used with hybrid attributes::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter_by(length=5)
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start = :param_1
+
+The ``Interval`` class example also illustrates two methods,
+``contains()`` and ``intersects()``, decorated with
+:class:`.hybrid_method`. This decorator applies the same idea to
+methods that :class:`.hybrid_property` applies to attributes.   The
+methods return boolean values, and take advantage of the Python ``|``
+and ``&`` bitwise operators to produce equivalent instance-level and
+SQL expression-level boolean behavior::
+
+    >>> i1.contains(6)
+    True
+    >>> i1.contains(15)
+    False
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(7, 18))
+    True
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(25, 29))
+    False
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter(Interval.contains(15))
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval.start <= :start_1 AND interval."end" > :end_1
+
+    >>> ia = aliased(Interval)
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval, ia).filter(Interval.intersects(ia))
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+    interval."end" AS interval_end, interval_1.id AS interval_1_id,
+    interval_1.start AS interval_1_start, interval_1."end" AS interval_1_end
+    FROM interval, interval AS interval_1
+    WHERE interval.start <= interval_1.start
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1.start
+        OR interval.start <= interval_1."end"
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1."end"
+
+Defining Expression Behavior Distinct from Attribute Behavior
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Our usage of the ``&`` and ``|`` bitwise operators above was
+fortunate, considering our functions operated on two boolean values to
+return a new one.   In many cases, the construction of an in-Python
+function and a SQLAlchemy SQL expression have enough differences that
+two separate Python expressions should be defined.  The
+:mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` decorators define the
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` modifier for this purpose.   As an
+example we'll define the radius of the interval, which requires the
+usage of the absolute value function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+
+    class Interval(object):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self):
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.expression
+        def radius(cls):
+            return func.abs(cls.length) / 2
+
+Above the Python function ``abs()`` is used for instance-level
+operations, the SQL function ``ABS()`` is used via the :data:`.func`
+object for class-level expressions::
+
+    >>> i1.radius
+    2
+
+    >>> print Session().query(Interval).filter(Interval.radius > 5)
+    SELECT interval.id AS interval_id, interval.start AS interval_start,
+        interval."end" AS interval_end
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE abs(interval."end" - interval.start) / :abs_1 > :param_1
+
+Defining Setters
+----------------
+
+Hybrid properties can also define setter methods.  If we wanted
+``length`` above, when set, to modify the endpoint value::
+
+    class Interval(object):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self):
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @length.setter
+        def length(self, value):
+            self.end = self.start + value
+
+The ``length(self, value)`` method is now called upon set::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+    >>> i1.length = 12
+    >>> i1.end
+    17
+
+Working with Relationships
+--------------------------
+
+There's no essential difference when creating hybrids that work with
+related objects as opposed to column-based data. The need for distinct
+expressions tends to be greater.  Two variants of we'll illustrate
+are the "join-dependent" hybrid, and the "correlated subquery" hybrid.
+
+Join-Dependent Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Consider the following declarative
+mapping which relates a ``User`` to a ``SavingsAccount``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, Numeric, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'account'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+        balance = Column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
+
+        accounts = relationship("SavingsAccount", backref="owner")
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self):
+            if self.accounts:
+                return self.accounts[0].balance
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        @balance.setter
+        def balance(self, value):
+            if not self.accounts:
+                account = Account(owner=self)
+            else:
+                account = self.accounts[0]
+            account.balance = value
+
+        @balance.expression
+        def balance(cls):
+            return SavingsAccount.balance
+
+The above hybrid property ``balance`` works with the first
+``SavingsAccount`` entry in the list of accounts for this user.   The
+in-Python getter/setter methods can treat ``accounts`` as a Python
+list available on ``self``.
+
+However, at the expression level, it's expected that the ``User`` class will
+be used in an appropriate context such that an appropriate join to
+``SavingsAccount`` will be present::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(User, User.balance).\\
+    ...     join(User.accounts).filter(User.balance > 5000)
+    SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance > :balance_1
+
+Note however, that while the instance level accessors need to worry
+about whether ``self.accounts`` is even present, this issue expresses
+itself differently at the SQL expression level, where we basically
+would use an outer join::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import or_
+    >>> print (Session().query(User, User.balance).outerjoin(User.accounts).
+    ...         filter(or_(User.balance < 5000, User.balance == None)))
+    SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" LEFT OUTER JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance <  :balance_1 OR account.balance IS NULL
+
+Correlated Subquery Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+We can, of course, forego being dependent on the enclosing query's usage
+of joins in favor of the correlated subquery, which can portably be packed
+into a single column expression. A correlated subquery is more portable, but
+often performs more poorly at the SQL level. Using the same technique
+illustrated at :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions`,
+we can adjust our ``SavingsAccount`` example to aggregate the balances for
+*all* accounts, and use a correlated subquery for the column expression::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey, Numeric, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy import select, func
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'account'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+        balance = Column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'user'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
+
+        accounts = relationship("SavingsAccount", backref="owner")
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self):
+            return sum(acc.balance for acc in self.accounts)
+
+        @balance.expression
+        def balance(cls):
+            return select([func.sum(SavingsAccount.balance)]).\\
+                    where(SavingsAccount.user_id==cls.id).\\
+                    label('total_balance')
+
+The above recipe will give us the ``balance`` column which renders
+a correlated SELECT::
+
+    >>> print s.query(User).filter(User.balance > 400)
+    SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+    FROM "user"
+    WHERE (SELECT sum(account.balance) AS sum_1
+    FROM account
+    WHERE account.user_id = "user".id) > :param_1
+
+.. _hybrid_custom_comparators:
+
+Building Custom Comparators
+---------------------------
+
+The hybrid property also includes a helper that allows construction of
+custom comparators. A comparator object allows one to customize the
+behavior of each SQLAlchemy expression operator individually.  They
+are useful when creating custom types that have some highly
+idiosyncratic behavior on the SQL side.
+
+The example class below allows case-insensitive comparisons on the attribute
+named ``word_insensitive``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import Comparator, hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy import func, Column, Integer, String
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator):
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return func.lower(self.__clause_element__()) == func.lower(other)
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'searchword'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        word = Column(String(255), nullable=False)
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self):
+            return self.word.lower()
+
+        @word_insensitive.comparator
+        def word_insensitive(cls):
+            return CaseInsensitiveComparator(cls.word)
+
+Above, SQL expressions against ``word_insensitive`` will apply the ``LOWER()``
+SQL function to both sides::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks")
+    SELECT searchword.id AS searchword_id, searchword.word AS searchword_word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = lower(:lower_1)
+
+The ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` above implements part of the
+:class:`.ColumnOperators` interface.   A "coercion" operation like
+lowercasing can be applied to all comparison operations (i.e. ``eq``,
+``lt``, ``gt``, etc.) using :meth:`.Operators.operate`::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator):
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            return op(func.lower(self.__clause_element__()), func.lower(other))
+
+Hybrid Value Objects
+--------------------
+
+Note in our previous example, if we were to compare the
+``word_insensitive`` attribute of a ``SearchWord`` instance to a plain
+Python string, the plain Python string would not be coerced to lower
+case - the ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` we built, being returned by
+``@word_insensitive.comparator``, only applies to the SQL side.
+
+A more comprehensive form of the custom comparator is to construct a
+*Hybrid Value Object*. This technique applies the target value or
+expression to a value object which is then returned by the accessor in
+all cases.   The value object allows control of all operations upon
+the value as well as how compared values are treated, both on the SQL
+expression side as well as the Python value side.   Replacing the
+previous ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` class with a new
+``CaseInsensitiveWord`` class::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveWord(Comparator):
+        "Hybrid value representing a lower case representation of a word."
+
+        def __init__(self, word):
+            if isinstance(word, basestring):
+                self.word = word.lower()
+            elif isinstance(word, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                self.word = word.word
+            else:
+                self.word = func.lower(word)
+
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                other = CaseInsensitiveWord(other)
+            return op(self.word, other.word)
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        key = 'word'
+        "Label to apply to Query tuple results"
+
+Above, the ``CaseInsensitiveWord`` object represents ``self.word``,
+which may be a SQL function, or may be a Python native.   By
+overriding ``operate()`` and ``__clause_element__()`` to work in terms
+of ``self.word``, all comparison operations will work against the
+"converted" form of ``word``, whether it be SQL side or Python side.
+Our ``SearchWord`` class can now deliver the ``CaseInsensitiveWord``
+object unconditionally from a single hybrid call::
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'searchword'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        word = Column(String(255), nullable=False)
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self):
+            return CaseInsensitiveWord(self.word)
+
+The ``word_insensitive`` attribute now has case-insensitive comparison
+behavior universally, including SQL expression vs. Python expression
+(note the Python value is converted to lower case on the Python side
+here)::
+
+    >>> print Session().query(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks")
+    SELECT searchword.id AS searchword_id, searchword.word AS searchword_word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = :lower_1
+
+SQL expression versus SQL expression::
+
+    >>> sw1 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> sw2 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> print Session().query(
+    ...                    sw1.word_insensitive,
+    ...                    sw2.word_insensitive).\\
+    ...                        filter(
+    ...                            sw1.word_insensitive > sw2.word_insensitive
+    ...                        )
+    SELECT lower(searchword_1.word) AS lower_1,
+    lower(searchword_2.word) AS lower_2
+    FROM searchword AS searchword_1, searchword AS searchword_2
+    WHERE lower(searchword_1.word) > lower(searchword_2.word)
+
+Python only expression::
+
+    >>> ws1 = SearchWord(word="SomeWord")
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "sOmEwOrD"
+    True
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "XOmEwOrX"
+    False
+    >>> print ws1.word_insensitive
+    someword
+
+The Hybrid Value pattern is very useful for any kind of value that may
+have multiple representations, such as timestamps, time deltas, units
+of measurement, currencies and encrypted passwords.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Hybrids and Value Agnostic Types
+    <http://techspot.zzzeek.org/2011/10/21/hybrids-and-value-agnostic-types/>`_
+    - on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+    `Value Agnostic Types, Part II
+    <http://techspot.zzzeek.org/2011/10/29/value-agnostic-types-part-ii/>`_ -
+    on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+.. _hybrid_transformers:
+
+Building Transformers
+----------------------
+
+A *transformer* is an object which can receive a :class:`.Query`
+object and return a new one.   The :class:`.Query` object includes a
+method :meth:`.with_transformation` that returns a new :class:`.Query`
+transformed by the given function.
+
+We can combine this with the :class:`.Comparator` class to produce one type
+of recipe which can both set up the FROM clause of a query as well as assign
+filtering criterion.
+
+Consider a mapped class ``Node``, which assembles using adjacency list
+into a hierarchical tree pattern::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Node(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'node'
+        id =Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('node.id'))
+        parent = relationship("Node", remote_side=id)
+
+Suppose we wanted to add an accessor ``grandparent``.  This would
+return the ``parent`` of ``Node.parent``.  When we have an instance of
+``Node``, this is simple::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+    class Node(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def grandparent(self):
+            return self.parent.parent
+
+For the expression, things are not so clear.   We'd need to construct
+a :class:`.Query` where we :meth:`~.Query.join` twice along
+``Node.parent`` to get to the ``grandparent``.   We can instead return
+a transforming callable that we'll combine with the
+:class:`.Comparator` class to receive any :class:`.Query` object, and
+return a new one that's joined to the ``Node.parent`` attribute and
+filtered based on the given criterion::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import Comparator
+
+    class GrandparentTransformer(Comparator):
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            def transform(q):
+                cls = self.__clause_element__()
+                parent_alias = aliased(cls)
+                return q.join(parent_alias, cls.parent).\\
+                            filter(op(parent_alias.parent, other))
+            return transform
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Node(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'node'
+        id =Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('node.id'))
+        parent = relationship("Node", remote_side=id)
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def grandparent(self):
+            return self.parent.parent
+
+        @grandparent.comparator
+        def grandparent(cls):
+            return GrandparentTransformer(cls)
+
+The ``GrandparentTransformer`` overrides the core
+:meth:`.Operators.operate` method at the base of the
+:class:`.Comparator` hierarchy to return a query-transforming
+callable, which then runs the given comparison operation in a
+particular context. Such as, in the example above, the ``operate``
+method is called, given the :attr:`.Operators.eq` callable as well as
+the right side of the comparison ``Node(id=5)``.  A function
+``transform`` is then returned which will transform a :class:`.Query`
+first to join to ``Node.parent``, then to compare ``parent_alias``
+using :attr:`.Operators.eq` against the left and right sides, passing
+into :class:`.Query.filter`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    >>> session = Session()
+    {sql}>>> session.query(Node).\\
+    ...        with_transformation(Node.grandparent==Node(id=5)).\\
+    ...        all()
+    SELECT node.id AS node_id, node.parent_id AS node_parent_id
+    FROM node JOIN node AS node_1 ON node_1.id = node.parent_id
+    WHERE :param_1 = node_1.parent_id
+    {stop}
+
+We can modify the pattern to be more verbose but flexible by separating
+the "join" step from the "filter" step.  The tricky part here is ensuring
+that successive instances of ``GrandparentTransformer`` use the same
+:class:`.AliasedClass` object against ``Node``.  Below we use a simple
+memoizing approach that associates a ``GrandparentTransformer``
+with each class::
+
+    class Node(Base):
+
+        # ...
+
+        @grandparent.comparator
+        def grandparent(cls):
+            # memoize a GrandparentTransformer
+            # per class
+            if '_gp' not in cls.__dict__:
+                cls._gp = GrandparentTransformer(cls)
+            return cls._gp
+
+    class GrandparentTransformer(Comparator):
+
+        def __init__(self, cls):
+            self.parent_alias = aliased(cls)
+
+        @property
+        def join(self):
+            def go(q):
+                return q.join(self.parent_alias, Node.parent)
+            return go
+
+        def operate(self, op, other):
+            return op(self.parent_alias.parent, other)
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    {sql}>>> session.query(Node).\\
+    ...            with_transformation(Node.grandparent.join).\\
+    ...            filter(Node.grandparent==Node(id=5))
+    SELECT node.id AS node_id, node.parent_id AS node_parent_id
+    FROM node JOIN node AS node_1 ON node_1.id = node.parent_id
+    WHERE :param_1 = node_1.parent_id
+    {stop}
+
+The "transformer" pattern is an experimental pattern that starts
+to make usage of some functional programming paradigms.
+While it's only recommended for advanced and/or patient developers,
+there's probably a whole lot of amazing things it can be used for.
+
+"""
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import attributes, interfaces
+
+HYBRID_METHOD = util.symbol('HYBRID_METHOD')
+"""Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+   of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+   .. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+"""
+
+HYBRID_PROPERTY = util.symbol('HYBRID_PROPERTY')
+"""Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+   Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+   attibute.
+
+   .. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+"""
+
+
+class hybrid_method(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python object method with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HYBRID_METHOD
+
+    def __init__(self, func, expr=None):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_method
+
+            class SomeClass(object):
+                @hybrid_method
+                def value(self, x, y):
+                    return self._value + x + y
+
+                @value.expression
+                def value(self, x, y):
+                    return func.some_function(self._value, x, y)
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        self.expr = expr or func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.expr.__get__(owner, owner.__class__)
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)
+
+    def expression(self, expr):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a
+        SQL-expression producing method."""
+
+        self.expr = expr
+        return self
+
+
+class hybrid_property(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python descriptor with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HYBRID_PROPERTY
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, fset=None, fdel=None, expr=None):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+            class SomeClass(object):
+                @hybrid_property
+                def value(self):
+                    return self._value
+
+                @value.setter
+                def value(self, value):
+                    self._value = value
+
+        """
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.fset = fset
+        self.fdel = fdel
+        self.expr = expr or fget
+        util.update_wrapper(self, fget)
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.expr(owner)
+        else:
+            return self.fget(instance)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if self.fset is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+        self.fset(instance, value)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance):
+        if self.fdel is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
+        self.fdel(instance)
+
+    def setter(self, fset):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a value-setter method."""
+
+        self.fset = fset
+        return self
+
+    def deleter(self, fdel):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a
+        value-deletion method."""
+
+        self.fdel = fdel
+        return self
+
+    def expression(self, expr):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a SQL-expression
+        producing method."""
+
+        self.expr = expr
+        return self
+
+    def comparator(self, comparator):
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a custom
+        comparator producing method.
+
+        The return value of the decorated method should be an instance of
+        :class:`~.hybrid.Comparator`.
+
+        """
+
+        proxy_attr = attributes.\
+            create_proxied_attribute(self)
+
+        def expr(owner):
+            return proxy_attr(owner, self.__name__, self, comparator(owner))
+        self.expr = expr
+        return self
+
+
+class Comparator(interfaces.PropComparator):
+    """A helper class that allows easy construction of custom
+    :class:`~.orm.interfaces.PropComparator`
+    classes for usage with hybrids."""
+
+    property = None
+
+    def __init__(self, expression):
+        self.expression = expression
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        expr = self.expression
+        while hasattr(expr, '__clause_element__'):
+            expr = expr.__clause_element__()
+        return expr
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+        # interesting....
+        return self
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30a0ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+"""Extensible class instrumentation.
+
+The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` package provides for alternate
+systems of class instrumentation within the ORM.  Class instrumentation
+refers to how the ORM places attributes on the class which maintain
+data and track changes to that data, as well as event hooks installed
+on the class.
+
+.. note::
+    The extension package is provided for the benefit of integration
+    with other object management packages, which already perform
+    their own instrumentation.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+For examples of how the instrumentation extension is used,
+see the example :ref:`examples_instrumentation`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.8
+   The :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm.instrumentation` was split out so
+   that all functionality having to do with non-standard
+   instrumentation was moved out to :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`.
+   When imported, the module installs itself within
+   :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm.instrumentation` so that it
+   takes effect, including recognition of
+   ``__sa_instrumentation_manager__`` on mapped classes, as
+   well :data:`.instrumentation_finders`
+   being used to determine class instrumentation resolution.
+
+"""
+from ..orm import instrumentation as orm_instrumentation
+from ..orm.instrumentation import (
+    ClassManager, InstrumentationFactory, _default_state_getter,
+    _default_dict_getter, _default_manager_getter
+)
+from ..orm import attributes, collections, base as orm_base
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+import weakref
+
+INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER = '__sa_instrumentation_manager__'
+"""Attribute, elects custom instrumentation when present on a mapped class.
+
+Allows a class to specify a slightly or wildly different technique for
+tracking changes made to mapped attributes and collections.
+
+Only one instrumentation implementation is allowed in a given object
+inheritance hierarchy.
+
+The value of this attribute must be a callable and will be passed a class
+object.  The callable must return one of:
+
+  - An instance of an InstrumentationManager or subclass
+  - An object implementing all or some of InstrumentationManager (TODO)
+  - A dictionary of callables, implementing all or some of the above (TODO)
+  - An instance of a ClassManager or subclass
+
+This attribute is consulted by SQLAlchemy instrumentation
+resolution, once the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` module
+has been imported.  If custom finders are installed in the global
+instrumentation_finders list, they may or may not choose to honor this
+attribute.
+
+"""
+
+
+def find_native_user_instrumentation_hook(cls):
+    """Find user-specified instrumentation management for a class."""
+    return getattr(cls, INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER, None)
+
+instrumentation_finders = [find_native_user_instrumentation_hook]
+"""An extensible sequence of callables which return instrumentation
+implementations
+
+When a class is registered, each callable will be passed a class object.
+If None is returned, the
+next finder in the sequence is consulted.  Otherwise the return must be an
+instrumentation factory that follows the same guidelines as
+sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation.INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.
+
+By default, the only finder is find_native_user_instrumentation_hook, which
+searches for INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.  If all finders return None, standard
+ClassManager instrumentation is used.
+
+"""
+
+
+class ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry(InstrumentationFactory):
+    """Extends :class:`.InstrumentationFactory` with additional
+    bookkeeping, to accommodate multiple types of
+    class managers.
+
+    """
+    _manager_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _state_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _dict_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _extended = False
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(self, class_):
+        for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+            factory = finder(class_)
+            if factory is not None:
+                manager = self._extended_class_manager(class_, factory)
+                return manager, factory
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self, class_, factory):
+        existing_factories = self._collect_management_factories_for(class_).\
+            difference([factory])
+        if existing_factories:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "multiple instrumentation implementations specified "
+                "in %s inheritance hierarchy: %r" % (
+                    class_.__name__, list(existing_factories)))
+
+    def _extended_class_manager(self, class_, factory):
+        manager = factory(class_)
+        if not isinstance(manager, ClassManager):
+            manager = _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(class_, manager)
+
+        if factory != ClassManager and not self._extended:
+            # somebody invoked a custom ClassManager.
+            # reinstall global "getter" functions with the more
+            # expensive ones.
+            self._extended = True
+            _install_instrumented_lookups()
+
+        self._manager_finders[class_] = manager.manager_getter()
+        self._state_finders[class_] = manager.state_getter()
+        self._dict_finders[class_] = manager.dict_getter()
+        return manager
+
+    def _collect_management_factories_for(self, cls):
+        """Return a collection of factories in play or specified for a
+        hierarchy.
+
+        Traverses the entire inheritance graph of a cls and returns a
+        collection of instrumentation factories for those classes. Factories
+        are extracted from active ClassManagers, if available, otherwise
+        instrumentation_finders is consulted.
+
+        """
+        hierarchy = util.class_hierarchy(cls)
+        factories = set()
+        for member in hierarchy:
+            manager = self.manager_of_class(member)
+            if manager is not None:
+                factories.add(manager.factory)
+            else:
+                for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+                    factory = finder(member)
+                    if factory is not None:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    factory = None
+                factories.add(factory)
+        factories.discard(None)
+        return factories
+
+    def unregister(self, class_):
+        if class_ in self._manager_finders:
+            del self._manager_finders[class_]
+            del self._state_finders[class_]
+            del self._dict_finders[class_]
+        super(ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry, self).unregister(class_)
+
+    def manager_of_class(self, cls):
+        if cls is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            finder = self._manager_finders.get(cls, _default_manager_getter)
+        except TypeError:
+            # due to weakref lookup on invalid object
+            return None
+        else:
+            return finder(cls)
+
+    def state_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._state_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_state_getter)(instance)
+
+    def dict_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._dict_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_dict_getter)(instance)
+
+
+orm_instrumentation._instrumentation_factory = \
+    _instrumentation_factory = ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry()
+orm_instrumentation.instrumentation_finders = instrumentation_finders
+
+
+class InstrumentationManager(object):
+    """User-defined class instrumentation extension.
+
+    :class:`.InstrumentationManager` can be subclassed in order
+    to change
+    how class instrumentation proceeds. This class exists for
+    the purposes of integration with other object management
+    frameworks which would like to entirely modify the
+    instrumentation methodology of the ORM, and is not intended
+    for regular usage.  For interception of class instrumentation
+    events, see :class:`.InstrumentationEvents`.
+
+    The API for this class should be considered as semi-stable,
+    and may change slightly with new releases.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+       :class:`.InstrumentationManager` was moved from
+       :mod:`sqlalchemy.orm.instrumentation` to
+       :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`.
+
+    """
+
+    # r4361 added a mandatory (cls) constructor to this interface.
+    # given that, perhaps class_ should be dropped from all of these
+    # signatures.
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        pass
+
+    def manage(self, class_, manager):
+        setattr(class_, '_default_class_manager', manager)
+
+    def dispose(self, class_, manager):
+        delattr(class_, '_default_class_manager')
+
+    def manager_getter(self, class_):
+        def get(cls):
+            return cls._default_class_manager
+        return get
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, class_, key, inst):
+        setattr(class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, class_, key, implementation):
+        setattr(class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, class_, key, collection_class):
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def get_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        return instance.__dict__
+
+    def initialize_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        pass
+
+    def install_state(self, class_, instance, state):
+        setattr(instance, '_default_state', state)
+
+    def remove_state(self, class_, instance):
+        delattr(instance, '_default_state')
+
+    def state_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda instance: getattr(instance, '_default_state')
+
+    def dict_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda inst: self.get_instance_dict(class_, inst)
+
+
+class _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(ClassManager):
+    """Adapts a user-defined InstrumentationManager to a ClassManager."""
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, override):
+        self._adapted = override
+        self._get_state = self._adapted.state_getter(class_)
+        self._get_dict = self._adapted.dict_getter(class_)
+
+        ClassManager.__init__(self, class_)
+
+    def manage(self):
+        self._adapted.manage(self.class_, self)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        self._adapted.dispose(self.class_)
+
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return self._adapted.manager_getter(self.class_)
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated=False):
+        ClassManager.instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated)
+        if not propagated:
+            self._adapted.instrument_attribute(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        super(_ClassInstrumentationAdapter, self).post_configure_attribute(key)
+        self._adapted.post_configure_attribute(self.class_, key, self[key])
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, key, inst):
+        self._adapted.install_descriptor(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_descriptor(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key, implementation):
+        self._adapted.install_member(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_member(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, key, collection_class):
+        return self._adapted.instrument_collection_class(
+            self.class_, key, collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(self, key, state, factory):
+        delegate = getattr(self._adapted, 'initialize_collection', None)
+        if delegate:
+            return delegate(key, state, factory)
+        else:
+            return ClassManager.initialize_collection(self, key,
+                                                      state, factory)
+
+    def new_instance(self, state=None):
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        self.setup_instance(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(self, instance):
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+        """
+        if self.has_state(instance):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.setup_instance(instance)
+
+    def setup_instance(self, instance, state=None):
+        self._adapted.initialize_instance_dict(self.class_, instance)
+
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+
+        # the given instance is assumed to have no state
+        self._adapted.install_state(self.class_, instance, state)
+        return state
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance):
+        self._adapted.remove_state(self.class_, instance)
+
+    def has_state(self, instance):
+        try:
+            self._get_state(instance)
+        except orm_exc.NO_STATE:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def state_getter(self):
+        return self._get_state
+
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return self._get_dict
+
+
+def _install_instrumented_lookups():
+    """Replace global class/object management functions
+    with ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry implementations, which
+    allow multiple types of class managers to be present,
+    at the cost of performance.
+
+    This function is called only by ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry
+    and unit tests specific to this behavior.
+
+    The _reinstall_default_lookups() function can be called
+    after this one to re-establish the default functions.
+
+    """
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_instrumentation_factory.state_of,
+            instance_dict=_instrumentation_factory.dict_of,
+            manager_of_class=_instrumentation_factory.manager_of_class
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _reinstall_default_lookups():
+    """Restore simplified lookups."""
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_default_state_getter,
+            instance_dict=_default_dict_getter,
+            manager_of_class=_default_manager_getter
+        )
+    )
+    _instrumentation_factory._extended = False
+
+
+def _install_lookups(lookups):
+    global instance_state, instance_dict, manager_of_class
+    instance_state = lookups['instance_state']
+    instance_dict = lookups['instance_dict']
+    manager_of_class = lookups['manager_of_class']
+    orm_base.instance_state = attributes.instance_state = \
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_state = instance_state
+    orm_base.instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict = \
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_dict = instance_dict
+    orm_base.manager_of_class = attributes.manager_of_class = \
+        orm_instrumentation.manager_of_class = manager_of_class
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97f720c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+# ext/mutable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provide support for tracking of in-place changes to scalar values,
+which are propagated into ORM change events on owning parent objects.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7 :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` replaces SQLAlchemy's
+   legacy approach to in-place mutations of scalar values; see
+   :ref:`07_migration_mutation_extension`.
+
+.. _mutable_scalars:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Scalar Column Values
+===============================================
+
+A typical example of a "mutable" structure is a Python dictionary.
+Following the example introduced in :ref:`types_toplevel`, we
+begin with a custom type that marshals Python dictionaries into
+JSON strings before being persisted::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.types import TypeDecorator, VARCHAR
+    import json
+
+    class JSONEncodedDict(TypeDecorator):
+        "Represents an immutable structure as a json-encoded string."
+
+        impl = VARCHAR
+
+        def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.dumps(value)
+            return value
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.loads(value)
+            return value
+
+The usage of ``json`` is only for the purposes of example. The
+:mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension can be used
+with any type whose target Python type may be mutable, including
+:class:`.PickleType`, :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`, etc.
+
+When using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension, the value itself
+tracks all parents which reference it.  Below, we illustrate the a simple
+version of the :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary object, which applies
+the :class:`.Mutable` mixin to a plain Python dictionary::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import Mutable
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        @classmethod
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            "Convert plain dictionaries to MutableDict."
+
+            if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return MutableDict(value)
+
+                # this call will raise ValueError
+                return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            "Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+            self.changed()
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            "Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+            self.changed()
+
+The above dictionary class takes the approach of subclassing the Python
+built-in ``dict`` to produce a dict
+subclass which routes all mutation events through ``__setitem__``.  There are
+variants on this approach, such as subclassing ``UserDict.UserDict`` or
+``collections.MutableMapping``; the part that's important to this example is
+that the :meth:`.Mutable.changed` method is called whenever an in-place
+change to the datastructure takes place.
+
+We also redefine the :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` method which will be used to
+convert any values that are not instances of ``MutableDict``, such
+as the plain dictionaries returned by the ``json`` module, into the
+appropriate type.  Defining this method is optional; we could just as well
+created our ``JSONEncodedDict`` such that it always returns an instance
+of ``MutableDict``, and additionally ensured that all calling code
+uses ``MutableDict`` explicitly.  When :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` is not
+overridden, any values applied to a parent object which are not instances
+of the mutable type will raise a ``ValueError``.
+
+Our new ``MutableDict`` type offers a class method
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` which we can use within column metadata
+to associate with types. This method grabs the given type object or
+class and associates a listener that will detect all future mappings
+of this type, applying event listening instrumentation to the mapped
+attribute. Such as, with classical table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer
+
+    my_data = Table('my_data', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('data', MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+    )
+
+Above, :meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` returns an instance of ``JSONEncodedDict``
+(if the type object was not an instance already), which will intercept any
+attributes which are mapped against this type.  Below we establish a simple
+mapping against the ``my_data`` table::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import mapper
+
+    class MyDataClass(object):
+        pass
+
+    # associates mutation listeners with MyDataClass.data
+    mapper(MyDataClass, my_data)
+
+The ``MyDataClass.data`` member will now be notified of in place changes
+to its value.
+
+There's no difference in usage when using declarative::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``MyDataClass.data`` member
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+    >>> sess = Session()
+    >>> m1 = MyDataClass(data={'value1':'foo'})
+    >>> sess.add(m1)
+    >>> sess.commit()
+
+    >>> m1.data['value1'] = 'bar'
+    >>> assert m1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+
+The ``MutableDict`` can be associated with all future instances
+of ``JSONEncodedDict`` in one step, using
+:meth:`~.Mutable.associate_with`.  This is similar to
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` except it will intercept all occurrences
+of ``MutableDict`` in all mappings unconditionally, without
+the need to declare it individually::
+
+    MutableDict.associate_with(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'my_data'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+The key to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension relies upon the
+placement of a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` upon the value object, which
+stores a mapping of parent mapped objects keyed to the attribute name under
+which they are associated with this value. ``WeakKeyDictionary`` objects are
+not picklable, due to the fact that they contain weakrefs and function
+callbacks. In our case, this is a good thing, since if this dictionary were
+picklable, it could lead to an excessively large pickle size for our value
+objects that are pickled by themselves outside of the context of the parent.
+The developer responsibility here is only to provide a ``__getstate__`` method
+that excludes the :meth:`~MutableBase._parents` collection from the pickle
+stream::
+
+    class MyMutableType(Mutable):
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            d = self.__dict__.copy()
+            d.pop('_parents', None)
+            return d
+
+With our dictionary example, we need to return the contents of the dict itself
+(and also restore them on __setstate__)::
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        # ....
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return dict(self)
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.update(state)
+
+In the case that our mutable value object is pickled as it is attached to one
+or more parent objects that are also part of the pickle, the :class:`.Mutable`
+mixin will re-establish the :attr:`.Mutable._parents` collection on each value
+object as the owning parents themselves are unpickled.
+
+.. _mutable_composites:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Composites
+=====================================
+
+Composites are a special ORM feature which allow a single scalar attribute to
+be assigned an object value which represents information "composed" from one
+or more columns from the underlying mapped table. The usual example is that of
+a geometric "point", and is introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 0.7
+    The internals of :func:`.orm.composite` have been
+    greatly simplified and in-place mutation detection is no longer enabled by
+    default; instead, the user-defined value must detect changes on its own and
+    propagate them to all owning parents. The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable`
+    extension provides the helper class :class:`.MutableComposite`, which is a
+    slight variant on the :class:`.Mutable` class.
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the user-defined composite class
+subclasses :class:`.MutableComposite` as a mixin, and detects and delivers
+change events to its parents via the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method.
+In the case of a composite class, the detection is usually via the usage of
+Python descriptors (i.e. ``@property``), or alternatively via the special
+Python method ``__setattr__()``. Below we expand upon the ``Point`` class
+introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite` to subclass :class:`.MutableComposite`
+and to also route attribute set events via ``__setattr__`` to the
+:meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableComposite
+
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        def __init__(self, x, y):
+            self.x = x
+            self.y = y
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+            "Intercept set events"
+
+            # set the attribute
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+
+            # alert all parents to the change
+            self.changed()
+
+        def __composite_values__(self):
+            return self.x, self.y
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return isinstance(other, Point) and \\
+                other.x == self.x and \\
+                other.y == self.y
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+The :class:`.MutableComposite` class uses a Python metaclass to automatically
+establish listeners for any usage of :func:`.orm.composite` that specifies our
+``Point`` type. Below, when ``Point`` is mapped to the ``Vertex`` class,
+listeners are established which will route change events from ``Point``
+objects to each of the ``Vertex.start`` and ``Vertex.end`` attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import composite, mapper
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column
+
+    vertices = Table('vertices', metadata,
+        Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column('x1', Integer),
+        Column('y1', Integer),
+        Column('x2', Integer),
+        Column('y2', Integer),
+        )
+
+    class Vertex(object):
+        pass
+
+    mapper(Vertex, vertices, properties={
+        'start': composite(Point, vertices.c.x1, vertices.c.y1),
+        'end': composite(Point, vertices.c.x2, vertices.c.y2)
+    })
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``Vertex.start`` or ``Vertex.end`` members
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+    >>> sess = Session()
+    >>> v1 = Vertex(start=Point(3, 4), end=Point(12, 15))
+    >>> sess.add(v1)
+    >>> sess.commit()
+
+    >>> v1.end.x = 8
+    >>> assert v1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+
+Coercing Mutable Composites
+---------------------------
+
+The :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is also supported on composite types.
+In the case of :class:`.MutableComposite`, the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce`
+method is only called for attribute set operations, not load operations.
+Overriding the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is essentially equivalent
+to using a :func:`.validates` validation routine for all attributes which
+make use of the custom composite type::
+
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # other Point methods
+        # ...
+
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = Point(*value)
+            elif not isinstance(value, Point):
+                raise ValueError("tuple or Point expected")
+            return value
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.7.10,0.8.0b2
+    Support for the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method in conjunction with
+    objects of type :class:`.MutableComposite`.
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` helper
+class uses a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` available via the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` attribute which isn't picklable. If we need to
+pickle instances of ``Point`` or its owning class ``Vertex``, we at least need
+to define a ``__getstate__`` that doesn't include the ``_parents`` dictionary.
+Below we define both a ``__getstate__`` and a ``__setstate__`` that package up
+the minimal form of our ``Point`` class::
+
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # ...
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return self.x, self.y
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.x, self.y = state
+
+As with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` augments the
+pickling process of the parent's object-relational state so that the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` collection is restored to all ``Point`` objects.
+
+"""
+from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
+from .. import event, types
+from ..orm import mapper, object_mapper, Mapper
+from ..util import memoized_property
+import weakref
+
+
+class MutableBase(object):
+    """Common base class to :class:`.Mutable`
+    and :class:`.MutableComposite`.
+
+    """
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _parents(self):
+        """Dictionary of parent object->attribute name on the parent.
+
+        This attribute is a so-called "memoized" property.  It initializes
+        itself with a new ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` the first time
+        it is accessed, returning the same object upon subsequent access.
+
+        """
+
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key, value):
+        """Given a value, coerce it into the target type.
+
+        Can be overridden by custom subclasses to coerce incoming
+        data into a particular type.
+
+        By default, raises ``ValueError``.
+
+        This method is called in different scenarios depending on if
+        the parent class is of type :class:`.Mutable` or of type
+        :class:`.MutableComposite`.  In the case of the former, it is called
+        for both attribute-set operations as well as during ORM loading
+        operations.  For the latter, it is only called during attribute-set
+        operations; the mechanics of the :func:`.composite` construct
+        handle coercion during load operations.
+
+
+        :param key: string name of the ORM-mapped attribute being set.
+        :param value: the incoming value.
+        :return: the method should return the coerced value, or raise
+         ``ValueError`` if the coercion cannot be completed.
+
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        msg = "Attribute '%s' does not accept objects of type %s"
+        raise ValueError(msg % (key, type(value)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_listen_keys(cls, attribute):
+        """Given a descriptor attribute, return a ``set()`` of the attribute
+        keys which indicate a change in the state of this attribute.
+
+        This is normally just ``set([attribute.key])``, but can be overridden
+        to provide for additional keys.  E.g. a :class:`.MutableComposite`
+        augments this set with the attribute keys associated with the columns
+        that comprise the composite value.
+
+        This collection is consulted in the case of intercepting the
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh` and
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh_flush` events, which pass along a list
+        of attribute names that have been refreshed; the list is compared
+        against this set to determine if action needs to be taken.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.5
+
+        """
+        return set([attribute.key])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen_on_attribute(cls, attribute, coerce, parent_cls):
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        key = attribute.key
+        if parent_cls is not attribute.class_:
+            return
+
+        # rely on "propagate" here
+        parent_cls = attribute.class_
+
+        listen_keys = cls._get_listen_keys(attribute)
+
+        def load(state, *args):
+            """Listen for objects loaded or refreshed.
+
+            Wrap the target data member's value with
+            ``Mutable``.
+
+            """
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if coerce:
+                    val = cls.coerce(key, val)
+                    state.dict[key] = val
+                val._parents[state.obj()] = key
+
+        def load_attrs(state, ctx, attrs):
+            if not attrs or listen_keys.intersection(attrs):
+                load(state)
+
+        def set(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            """Listen for set/replace events on the target
+            data member.
+
+            Establish a weak reference to the parent object
+            on the incoming value, remove it for the one
+            outgoing.
+
+            """
+            if value is oldvalue:
+                return value
+
+            if not isinstance(value, cls):
+                value = cls.coerce(key, value)
+            if value is not None:
+                value._parents[target.obj()] = key
+            if isinstance(oldvalue, cls):
+                oldvalue._parents.pop(target.obj(), None)
+            return value
+
+        def pickle(state, state_dict):
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if 'ext.mutable.values' not in state_dict:
+                    state_dict['ext.mutable.values'] = []
+                state_dict['ext.mutable.values'].append(val)
+
+        def unpickle(state, state_dict):
+            if 'ext.mutable.values' in state_dict:
+                for val in state_dict['ext.mutable.values']:
+                    val._parents[state.obj()] = key
+
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'load', load,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'refresh', load_attrs,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'refresh_flush', load_attrs,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(attribute, 'set', set,
+                     raw=True, retval=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'pickle', pickle,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(parent_cls, 'unpickle', unpickle,
+                     raw=True, propagate=True)
+
+
+class Mutable(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events to a parent object.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_scalars` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    def changed(self):
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+            flag_modified(parent, key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with_attribute(cls, attribute):
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        cls._listen_on_attribute(attribute, True, attribute.class_)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with(cls, sqltype):
+        """Associate this wrapper with all future mapped columns
+        of the given type.
+
+        This is a convenience method that calls
+        ``associate_with_attribute`` automatically.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.associate_with` for types that are permanent to an
+           application, not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded
+           growth in memory usage.
+
+        """
+
+        def listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if isinstance(prop.columns[0].type, sqltype):
+                    cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(mapper, 'mapper_configured', listen_for_type)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def as_mutable(cls, sqltype):
+        """Associate a SQL type with this mutable Python type.
+
+        This establishes listeners that will detect ORM mappings against
+        the given type, adding mutation event trackers to those mappings.
+
+        The type is returned, unconditionally as an instance, so that
+        :meth:`.as_mutable` can be used inline::
+
+            Table('mytable', metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('data', MyMutableType.as_mutable(PickleType))
+            )
+
+        Note that the returned type is always an instance, even if a class
+        is given, and that only columns which are declared specifically with
+        that type instance receive additional instrumentation.
+
+        To associate a particular mutable type with all occurrences of a
+        particular type, use the :meth:`.Mutable.associate_with` classmethod
+        of the particular :class:`.Mutable` subclass to establish a global
+        association.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.as_mutable` for types that are permanent to an application,
+           not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded growth
+           in memory usage.
+
+        """
+        sqltype = types.to_instance(sqltype)
+
+        def listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if prop.columns[0].type is sqltype:
+                    cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(mapper, 'mapper_configured', listen_for_type)
+
+        return sqltype
+
+
+class MutableComposite(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events on a SQLAlchemy "composite" object to its
+    owning parent or parents.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_composites` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_listen_keys(cls, attribute):
+        return set([attribute.key]).union(attribute.property._attribute_keys)
+
+    def changed(self):
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+
+            prop = object_mapper(parent).get_property(key)
+            for value, attr_name in zip(
+                    self.__composite_values__(),
+                    prop._attribute_keys):
+                setattr(parent, attr_name, value)
+
+
+def _setup_composite_listener():
+    def _listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
+        for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+            if (hasattr(prop, 'composite_class') and
+                    isinstance(prop.composite_class, type) and
+                    issubclass(prop.composite_class, MutableComposite)):
+                prop.composite_class._listen_on_attribute(
+                    getattr(class_, prop.key), False, class_)
+    if not event.contains(Mapper, "mapper_configured", _listen_for_type):
+        event.listen(Mapper, 'mapper_configured', _listen_for_type)
+_setup_composite_listener()
+
+
+class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+    """A dictionary type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableDict` object implements a dictionary that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the dictionary are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableDict` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the dictionary. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    dictionary structure, such as a JSON structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableDict` that provides appropriate
+    coersion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    """
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."""
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        result = dict.setdefault(self, key, value)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        """Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."""
+        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def update(self, *a, **kw):
+        dict.update(self, *a, **kw)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def pop(self, *arg):
+        result = dict.pop(self, *arg)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        result = dict.popitem(self)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def clear(self):
+        dict.clear(self)
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key, value):
+        """Convert plain dictionary to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.update(state)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d060a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+# ext/orderinglist.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""A custom list that manages index/position information for contained
+elements.
+
+:author: Jason Kirtland
+
+``orderinglist`` is a helper for mutable ordered relationships.  It will
+intercept list operations performed on a :func:`.relationship`-managed
+collection and
+automatically synchronize changes in list position onto a target scalar
+attribute.
+
+Example: A ``slide`` table, where each row refers to zero or more entries
+in a related ``bullet`` table.   The bullets within a slide are
+displayed in order based on the value of the ``position`` column in the
+``bullet`` table.   As entries are reordered in memory, the value of the
+``position`` attribute should be updated to reflect the new sort order::
+
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position")
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bullet'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('slide.id'))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+The standard relationship mapping will produce a list-like attribute on each
+``Slide`` containing all related ``Bullet`` objects,
+but coping with changes in ordering is not handled automatically.
+When appending a ``Bullet`` into ``Slide.bullets``, the ``Bullet.position``
+attribute will remain unset until manually assigned.   When the ``Bullet``
+is inserted into the middle of the list, the following ``Bullet`` objects
+will also need to be renumbered.
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` object automates this task, managing the
+``position`` attribute on all ``Bullet`` objects in the collection.  It is
+constructed using the :func:`.ordering_list` factory::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position",
+                                collection_class=ordering_list('position'))
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = 'bullet'
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('slide.id'))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+With the above mapping the ``Bullet.position`` attribute is managed::
+
+    s = Slide()
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets[1].position
+    >>> 1
+    s.bullets.insert(1, Bullet())
+    s.bullets[2].position
+    >>> 2
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` construct only works with **changes** to a
+collection, and not the initial load from the database, and requires that the
+list be sorted when loaded.  Therefore, be sure to specify ``order_by`` on the
+:func:`.relationship` against the target ordering attribute, so that the
+ordering is correct when first loaded.
+
+.. warning::
+
+  :class:`.OrderingList` only provides limited functionality when a primary
+  key column or unique column is the target of the sort.  Operations
+  that are unsupported or are problematic include:
+
+    * two entries must trade values.  This is not supported directly in the
+      case of a primary key or unique constraint because it means at least
+      one row would need to be temporarily removed first, or changed to
+      a third, neutral value while the switch occurs.
+
+    * an entry must be deleted in order to make room for a new entry.
+      SQLAlchemy's unit of work performs all INSERTs before DELETEs within a
+      single flush.  In the case of a primary key, it will trade
+      an INSERT/DELETE of the same primary key for an UPDATE statement in order
+      to lessen the impact of this limitation, however this does not take place
+      for a UNIQUE column.
+      A future feature will allow the "DELETE before INSERT" behavior to be
+      possible, allevating this limitation, though this feature will require
+      explicit configuration at the mapper level for sets of columns that
+      are to be handled in this way.
+
+:func:`.ordering_list` takes the name of the related object's ordering
+attribute as an argument.  By default, the zero-based integer index of the
+object's position in the :func:`.ordering_list` is synchronized with the
+ordering attribute: index 0 will get position 0, index 1 position 1, etc.  To
+start numbering at 1 or some other integer, provide ``count_from=1``.
+
+
+"""
+from ..orm.collections import collection, collection_adapter
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['ordering_list']
+
+
+def ordering_list(attr, count_from=None, **kw):
+    """Prepares an :class:`OrderingList` factory for use in mapper definitions.
+
+    Returns an object suitable for use as an argument to a Mapper
+    relationship's ``collection_class`` option.  e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+        class Slide(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'slide'
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String)
+
+            bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position",
+                                    collection_class=ordering_list('position'))
+
+    :param attr:
+      Name of the mapped attribute to use for storage and retrieval of
+      ordering information
+
+    :param count_from:
+      Set up an integer-based ordering, starting at ``count_from``.  For
+      example, ``ordering_list('pos', count_from=1)`` would create a 1-based
+      list in SQL, storing the value in the 'pos' column.  Ignored if
+      ``ordering_func`` is supplied.
+
+    Additional arguments are passed to the :class:`.OrderingList` constructor.
+
+    """
+
+    kw = _unsugar_count_from(count_from=count_from, **kw)
+    return lambda: OrderingList(attr, **kw)
+
+
+# Ordering utility functions
+
+
+def count_from_0(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 0."""
+
+    return index
+
+
+def count_from_1(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 1."""
+
+    return index + 1
+
+
+def count_from_n_factory(start):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at arbitrary start."""
+
+    def f(index, collection):
+        return index + start
+    try:
+        f.__name__ = 'count_from_%i' % start
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    return f
+
+
+def _unsugar_count_from(**kw):
+    """Builds counting functions from keyword arguments.
+
+    Keyword argument filter, prepares a simple ``ordering_func`` from a
+    ``count_from`` argument, otherwise passes ``ordering_func`` on unchanged.
+    """
+
+    count_from = kw.pop('count_from', None)
+    if kw.get('ordering_func', None) is None and count_from is not None:
+        if count_from == 0:
+            kw['ordering_func'] = count_from_0
+        elif count_from == 1:
+            kw['ordering_func'] = count_from_1
+        else:
+            kw['ordering_func'] = count_from_n_factory(count_from)
+    return kw
+
+
+class OrderingList(list):
+    """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+    The :class:`.OrderingList` object is normally set up using the
+    :func:`.ordering_list` factory function, used in conjunction with
+    the :func:`.relationship` function.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ordering_attr=None, ordering_func=None,
+                 reorder_on_append=False):
+        """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+        ``OrderingList`` is a ``collection_class`` list implementation that
+        syncs position in a Python list with a position attribute on the
+        mapped objects.
+
+        This implementation relies on the list starting in the proper order,
+        so be **sure** to put an ``order_by`` on your relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_attr:
+          Name of the attribute that stores the object's order in the
+          relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_func: Optional.  A function that maps the position in
+          the Python list to a value to store in the
+          ``ordering_attr``.  Values returned are usually (but need not be!)
+          integers.
+
+          An ``ordering_func`` is called with two positional parameters: the
+          index of the element in the list, and the list itself.
+
+          If omitted, Python list indexes are used for the attribute values.
+          Two basic pre-built numbering functions are provided in this module:
+          ``count_from_0`` and ``count_from_1``.  For more exotic examples
+          like stepped numbering, alphabetical and Fibonacci numbering, see
+          the unit tests.
+
+        :param reorder_on_append:
+          Default False.  When appending an object with an existing (non-None)
+          ordering value, that value will be left untouched unless
+          ``reorder_on_append`` is true.  This is an optimization to avoid a
+          variety of dangerous unexpected database writes.
+
+          SQLAlchemy will add instances to the list via append() when your
+          object loads.  If for some reason the result set from the database
+          skips a step in the ordering (say, row '1' is missing but you get
+          '2', '3', and '4'), reorder_on_append=True would immediately
+          renumber the items to '1', '2', '3'.  If you have multiple sessions
+          making changes, any of whom happen to load this collection even in
+          passing, all of the sessions would try to "clean up" the numbering
+          in their commits, possibly causing all but one to fail with a
+          concurrent modification error.
+
+          Recommend leaving this with the default of False, and just call
+          ``reorder()`` if you're doing ``append()`` operations with
+          previously ordered instances or when doing some housekeeping after
+          manual sql operations.
+
+        """
+        self.ordering_attr = ordering_attr
+        if ordering_func is None:
+            ordering_func = count_from_0
+        self.ordering_func = ordering_func
+        self.reorder_on_append = reorder_on_append
+
+    # More complex serialization schemes (multi column, e.g.) are possible by
+    # subclassing and reimplementing these two methods.
+    def _get_order_value(self, entity):
+        return getattr(entity, self.ordering_attr)
+
+    def _set_order_value(self, entity, value):
+        setattr(entity, self.ordering_attr, value)
+
+    def reorder(self):
+        """Synchronize ordering for the entire collection.
+
+        Sweeps through the list and ensures that each object has accurate
+        ordering information set.
+
+        """
+        for index, entity in enumerate(self):
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+
+    # As of 0.5, _reorder is no longer semi-private
+    _reorder = reorder
+
+    def _order_entity(self, index, entity, reorder=True):
+        have = self._get_order_value(entity)
+
+        # Don't disturb existing ordering if reorder is False
+        if have is not None and not reorder:
+            return
+
+        should_be = self.ordering_func(index, self)
+        if have != should_be:
+            self._set_order_value(entity, should_be)
+
+    def append(self, entity):
+        super(OrderingList, self).append(entity)
+        self._order_entity(len(self) - 1, entity, self.reorder_on_append)
+
+    def _raw_append(self, entity):
+        """Append without any ordering behavior."""
+
+        super(OrderingList, self).append(entity)
+    _raw_append = collection.adds(1)(_raw_append)
+
+    def insert(self, index, entity):
+        super(OrderingList, self).insert(index, entity)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def remove(self, entity):
+        super(OrderingList, self).remove(entity)
+
+        adapter = collection_adapter(self)
+        if adapter and adapter._referenced_by_owner:
+            self._reorder()
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        entity = super(OrderingList, self).pop(index)
+        self._reorder()
+        return entity
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, entity):
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            step = index.step or 1
+            start = index.start or 0
+            if start < 0:
+                start += len(self)
+            stop = index.stop or len(self)
+            if stop < 0:
+                stop += len(self)
+
+            for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                self.__setitem__(i, entity[i])
+        else:
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+            super(OrderingList, self).__setitem__(index, entity)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        super(OrderingList, self).__delitem__(index)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+        super(OrderingList, self).__setslice__(start, end, values)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+        super(OrderingList, self).__delslice__(start, end)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _reconstitute, (self.__class__, self.__dict__, list(self))
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (util.callable(func) and func.__name__ == func_name and
+                not func.__doc__ and hasattr(list, func_name)):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+def _reconstitute(cls, dict_, items):
+    """ Reconstitute an :class:`.OrderingList`.
+
+    This is the adjoint to :meth:`.OrderingList.__reduce__`.  It is used for
+    unpickling :class:`.OrderingList` objects.
+
+    """
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__dict__.update(dict_)
+    list.extend(obj, items)
+    return obj
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..893f7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# ext/serializer.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Serializer/Deserializer objects for usage with SQLAlchemy query structures,
+allowing "contextual" deserialization.
+
+Any SQLAlchemy query structure, either based on sqlalchemy.sql.*
+or sqlalchemy.orm.* can be used.  The mappers, Tables, Columns, Session
+etc. which are referenced by the structure are not persisted in serialized
+form, but are instead re-associated with the query structure
+when it is deserialized.
+
+Usage is nearly the same as that of the standard Python pickle module::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.serializer import loads, dumps
+    metadata = MetaData(bind=some_engine)
+    Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+    # ... define mappers
+
+    query = Session.query(MyClass).
+        filter(MyClass.somedata=='foo').order_by(MyClass.sortkey)
+
+    # pickle the query
+    serialized = dumps(query)
+
+    # unpickle.  Pass in metadata + scoped_session
+    query2 = loads(serialized, metadata, Session)
+
+    print query2.all()
+
+Similar restrictions as when using raw pickle apply; mapped classes must be
+themselves be pickleable, meaning they are importable from a module-level
+namespace.
+
+The serializer module is only appropriate for query structures.  It is not
+needed for:
+
+* instances of user-defined classes.   These contain no references to engines,
+  sessions or expression constructs in the typical case and can be serialized
+  directly.
+
+* Table metadata that is to be loaded entirely from the serialized structure
+  (i.e. is not already declared in the application).   Regular
+  pickle.loads()/dumps() can be used to fully dump any ``MetaData`` object,
+  typically one which was reflected from an existing database at some previous
+  point in time.  The serializer module is specifically for the opposite case,
+  where the Table metadata is already present in memory.
+
+"""
+
+from ..orm import class_mapper
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+from ..orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .. import Table, Column
+from ..engine import Engine
+from ..util import pickle, byte_buffer, b64encode, b64decode, text_type
+import re
+
+
+__all__ = ['Serializer', 'Deserializer', 'dumps', 'loads']
+
+
+def Serializer(*args, **kw):
+    pickler = pickle.Pickler(*args, **kw)
+
+    def persistent_id(obj):
+        # print "serializing:", repr(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, QueryableAttribute):
+            cls = obj.impl.class_
+            key = obj.impl.key
+            id = "attribute:" + key + ":" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(cls))
+        elif isinstance(obj, Mapper) and not obj.non_primary:
+            id = "mapper:" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.class_))
+        elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty) and not obj.parent.non_primary:
+            id = "mapperprop:" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.parent.class_)) + \
+                ":" + obj.key
+        elif isinstance(obj, Table):
+            id = "table:" + text_type(obj.key)
+        elif isinstance(obj, Column) and isinstance(obj.table, Table):
+            id = "column:" + \
+                text_type(obj.table.key) + ":" + text_type(obj.key)
+        elif isinstance(obj, Session):
+            id = "session:"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Engine):
+            id = "engine:"
+        else:
+            return None
+        return id
+
+    pickler.persistent_id = persistent_id
+    return pickler
+
+our_ids = re.compile(
+    r'(mapperprop|mapper|table|column|session|attribute|engine):(.*)')
+
+
+def Deserializer(file, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    unpickler = pickle.Unpickler(file)
+
+    def get_engine():
+        if engine:
+            return engine
+        elif scoped_session and scoped_session().bind:
+            return scoped_session().bind
+        elif metadata and metadata.bind:
+            return metadata.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def persistent_load(id):
+        m = our_ids.match(text_type(id))
+        if not m:
+            return None
+        else:
+            type_, args = m.group(1, 2)
+            if type_ == 'attribute':
+                key, clsarg = args.split(":")
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(clsarg))
+                return getattr(cls, key)
+            elif type_ == "mapper":
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(args))
+                return class_mapper(cls)
+            elif type_ == "mapperprop":
+                mapper, keyname = args.split(':')
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(mapper))
+                return class_mapper(cls).attrs[keyname]
+            elif type_ == "table":
+                return metadata.tables[args]
+            elif type_ == "column":
+                table, colname = args.split(':')
+                return metadata.tables[table].c[colname]
+            elif type_ == "session":
+                return scoped_session()
+            elif type_ == "engine":
+                return get_engine()
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Unknown token: %s" % type_)
+    unpickler.persistent_load = persistent_load
+    return unpickler
+
+
+def dumps(obj, protocol=0):
+    buf = byte_buffer()
+    pickler = Serializer(buf, protocol)
+    pickler.dump(obj)
+    return buf.getvalue()
+
+
+def loads(data, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    buf = byte_buffer(data)
+    unpickler = Deserializer(buf, metadata, scoped_session, engine)
+    return unpickler.load()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c16c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# sqlalchemy/inspect.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The inspection module provides the :func:`.inspect` function,
+which delivers runtime information about a wide variety
+of SQLAlchemy objects, both within the Core as well as the
+ORM.
+
+The :func:`.inspect` function is the entry point to SQLAlchemy's
+public API for viewing the configuration and construction
+of in-memory objects.   Depending on the type of object
+passed to :func:`.inspect`, the return value will either be
+a related object which provides a known interface, or in many
+cases it will return the object itself.
+
+The rationale for :func:`.inspect` is twofold.  One is that
+it replaces the need to be aware of a large variety of "information
+getting" functions in SQLAlchemy, such as :meth:`.Inspector.from_engine`,
+:func:`.orm.attributes.instance_state`, :func:`.orm.class_mapper`,
+and others.    The other is that the return value of :func:`.inspect`
+is guaranteed to obey a documented API, thus allowing third party
+tools which build on top of SQLAlchemy configurations to be constructed
+in a forwards-compatible way.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.8 The :func:`.inspect` system is introduced
+   as of version 0.8.
+
+"""
+
+from . import util, exc
+_registrars = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+
+def inspect(subject, raiseerr=True):
+    """Produce an inspection object for the given target.
+
+    The returned value in some cases may be the
+    same object as the one given, such as if a
+    :class:`.Mapper` object is passed.   In other
+    cases, it will be an instance of the registered
+    inspection type for the given object, such as
+    if an :class:`.engine.Engine` is passed, an
+    :class:`.Inspector` object is returned.
+
+    :param subject: the subject to be inspected.
+    :param raiseerr: When ``True``, if the given subject
+     does not
+     correspond to a known SQLAlchemy inspected type,
+     :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable`
+     is raised.  If ``False``, ``None`` is returned.
+
+     """
+    type_ = type(subject)
+    for cls in type_.__mro__:
+        if cls in _registrars:
+            reg = _registrars[cls]
+            if reg is True:
+                return subject
+            ret = reg(subject)
+            if ret is not None:
+                break
+    else:
+        reg = ret = None
+
+    if raiseerr and (
+            reg is None or ret is None
+            ):
+        raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+            "No inspection system is "
+            "available for object of type %s" %
+            type_)
+    return ret
+
+
+def _inspects(*types):
+    def decorate(fn_or_cls):
+        for type_ in types:
+            if type_ in _registrars:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Type %s is already "
+                    "registered" % type_)
+            _registrars[type_] = fn_or_cls
+        return fn_or_cls
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _self_inspects(cls):
+    _inspects(cls)(True)
+    return cls
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..464ad9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# sqlalchemy/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2007-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Copyright (C) 2007 Jason Kirtland jek@discorporate.us
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Deprecated core event interfaces.
+
+This module is **deprecated** and is superseded by the
+event system.
+
+"""
+
+from . import event, util
+
+
+class PoolListener(object):
+    """Hooks into the lifecycle of connections in a :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.PoolListener` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :class:`.PoolEvents`.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        class MyListener(PoolListener):
+            def connect(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+                '''perform connect operations'''
+            # etc.
+
+        # create a new pool with a listener
+        p = QueuePool(..., listeners=[MyListener()])
+
+        # add a listener after the fact
+        p.add_listener(MyListener())
+
+        # usage with create_engine()
+        e = create_engine("url://", listeners=[MyListener()])
+
+    All of the standard connection :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` types can
+    accept event listeners for key connection lifecycle events:
+    creation, pool check-out and check-in.  There are no events fired
+    when a connection closes.
+
+    For any given DB-API connection, there will be one ``connect``
+    event, `n` number of ``checkout`` events, and either `n` or `n - 1`
+    ``checkin`` events.  (If a ``Connection`` is detached from its
+    pool via the ``detach()`` method, it won't be checked back in.)
+
+    These are low-level events for low-level objects: raw Python
+    DB-API connections, without the conveniences of the SQLAlchemy
+    ``Connection`` wrapper, ``Dialect`` services or ``ClauseElement``
+    execution.  If you execute SQL through the connection, explicitly
+    closing all cursors and other resources is recommended.
+
+    Events also receive a ``_ConnectionRecord``, a long-lived internal
+    ``Pool`` object that basically represents a "slot" in the
+    connection pool.  ``_ConnectionRecord`` objects have one public
+    attribute of note: ``info``, a dictionary whose contents are
+    scoped to the lifetime of the DB-API connection managed by the
+    record.  You can use this shared storage area however you like.
+
+    There is no need to subclass ``PoolListener`` to handle events.
+    Any class that implements one or more of these methods can be used
+    as a pool listener.  The ``Pool`` will inspect the methods
+    provided by a listener object and add the listener to one or more
+    internal event queues based on its capabilities.  In terms of
+    efficiency and function call overhead, you're much better off only
+    providing implementations for the hooks you'll be using.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        """Adapt a :class:`.PoolListener` to individual
+        :class:`event.Dispatch` events.
+
+        """
+
+        listener = util.as_interface(listener,
+                                     methods=('connect', 'first_connect',
+                                              'checkout', 'checkin'))
+        if hasattr(listener, 'connect'):
+            event.listen(self, 'connect', listener.connect)
+        if hasattr(listener, 'first_connect'):
+            event.listen(self, 'first_connect', listener.first_connect)
+        if hasattr(listener, 'checkout'):
+            event.listen(self, 'checkout', listener.checkout)
+        if hasattr(listener, 'checkin'):
+            event.listen(self, 'checkin', listener.checkin)
+
+    def connect(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+        """Called once for each new DB-API connection or Pool's ``creator()``.
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A newly connected raw DB-API connection (not a SQLAlchemy
+          ``Connection`` wrapper).
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        """
+
+    def first_connect(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+        """Called exactly once for the first DB-API connection.
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A newly connected raw DB-API connection (not a SQLAlchemy
+          ``Connection`` wrapper).
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        """
+
+    def checkout(self, dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        """Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A raw DB-API connection
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        con_proxy
+          The ``_ConnectionFairy`` which manages the connection for the span of
+          the current checkout.
+
+        If you raise an ``exc.DisconnectionError``, the current
+        connection will be disposed and a fresh connection retrieved.
+        Processing of all checkout listeners will abort and restart
+        using the new connection.
+        """
+
+    def checkin(self, dbapi_con, con_record):
+        """Called when a connection returns to the pool.
+
+        Note that the connection may be closed, and may be None if the
+        connection has been invalidated.  ``checkin`` will not be called
+        for detached connections.  (They do not return to the pool.)
+
+        dbapi_con
+          A raw DB-API connection
+
+        con_record
+          The ``_ConnectionRecord`` that persistently manages the connection
+
+        """
+
+
+class ConnectionProxy(object):
+    """Allows interception of statement execution by Connections.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.ConnectionProxy` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :class:`.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+    Either or both of the ``execute()`` and ``cursor_execute()``
+    may be implemented to intercept compiled statement and
+    cursor level executions, e.g.::
+
+        class MyProxy(ConnectionProxy):
+            def execute(self, conn, execute, clauseelement,
+                        *multiparams, **params):
+                print "compiled statement:", clauseelement
+                return execute(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+            def cursor_execute(self, execute, cursor, statement,
+                               parameters, context, executemany):
+                print "raw statement:", statement
+                return execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context)
+
+    The ``execute`` argument is a function that will fulfill the default
+    execution behavior for the operation.  The signature illustrated
+    in the example should be used.
+
+    The proxy is installed into an :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` via
+    the ``proxy`` argument::
+
+        e = create_engine('someurl://', proxy=MyProxy())
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+
+        def adapt_execute(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+
+            def execute_wrapper(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+                return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+            return listener.execute(conn, execute_wrapper,
+                                    clauseelement, *multiparams,
+                                    **params)
+
+        event.listen(self, 'before_execute', adapt_execute)
+
+        def adapt_cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement,
+                                 parameters, context, executemany):
+
+            def execute_wrapper(
+                cursor,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                context,
+            ):
+                return statement, parameters
+
+            return listener.cursor_execute(
+                execute_wrapper,
+                cursor,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                context,
+                executemany,
+                )
+
+        event.listen(self, 'before_cursor_execute', adapt_cursor_execute)
+
+        def do_nothing_callback(*arg, **kw):
+            pass
+
+        def adapt_listener(fn):
+
+            def go(conn, *arg, **kw):
+                fn(conn, do_nothing_callback, *arg, **kw)
+
+            return util.update_wrapper(go, fn)
+
+        event.listen(self, 'begin', adapt_listener(listener.begin))
+        event.listen(self, 'rollback',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.rollback))
+        event.listen(self, 'commit', adapt_listener(listener.commit))
+        event.listen(self, 'savepoint',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.savepoint))
+        event.listen(self, 'rollback_savepoint',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.rollback_savepoint))
+        event.listen(self, 'release_savepoint',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.release_savepoint))
+        event.listen(self, 'begin_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.begin_twophase))
+        event.listen(self, 'prepare_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.prepare_twophase))
+        event.listen(self, 'rollback_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.rollback_twophase))
+        event.listen(self, 'commit_twophase',
+                     adapt_listener(listener.commit_twophase))
+
+    def execute(self, conn, execute, clauseelement, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Intercept high level execute() events."""
+
+        return execute(clauseelement, *multiparams, **params)
+
+    def cursor_execute(self, execute, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context, executemany):
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events."""
+
+        return execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context)
+
+    def begin(self, conn, begin):
+        """Intercept begin() events."""
+
+        return begin()
+
+    def rollback(self, conn, rollback):
+        """Intercept rollback() events."""
+
+        return rollback()
+
+    def commit(self, conn, commit):
+        """Intercept commit() events."""
+
+        return commit()
+
+    def savepoint(self, conn, savepoint, name=None):
+        """Intercept savepoint() events."""
+
+        return savepoint(name=name)
+
+    def rollback_savepoint(self, conn, rollback_savepoint, name, context):
+        """Intercept rollback_savepoint() events."""
+
+        return rollback_savepoint(name, context)
+
+    def release_savepoint(self, conn, release_savepoint, name, context):
+        """Intercept release_savepoint() events."""
+
+        return release_savepoint(name, context)
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, conn, begin_twophase, xid):
+        """Intercept begin_twophase() events."""
+
+        return begin_twophase(xid)
+
+    def prepare_twophase(self, conn, prepare_twophase, xid):
+        """Intercept prepare_twophase() events."""
+
+        return prepare_twophase(xid)
+
+    def rollback_twophase(self, conn, rollback_twophase, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept rollback_twophase() events."""
+
+        return rollback_twophase(xid, is_prepared)
+
+    def commit_twophase(self, conn, commit_twophase, xid, is_prepared):
+        """Intercept commit_twophase() events."""
+
+        return commit_twophase(xid, is_prepared)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b23de90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# sqlalchemy/log.py
+# Copyright (C) 2006-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Includes alterations by Vinay Sajip vinay_sajip@yahoo.co.uk
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Logging control and utilities.
+
+Control of logging for SA can be performed from the regular python logging
+module.  The regular dotted module namespace is used, starting at
+'sqlalchemy'.  For class-level logging, the class name is appended.
+
+The "echo" keyword parameter, available on SQLA :class:`.Engine`
+and :class:`.Pool` objects, corresponds to a logger specific to that
+instance only.
+
+"""
+
+import logging
+import sys
+
+# set initial level to WARN.  This so that
+# log statements don't occur in the absence of explicit
+# logging being enabled for 'sqlalchemy'.
+rootlogger = logging.getLogger('sqlalchemy')
+if rootlogger.level == logging.NOTSET:
+    rootlogger.setLevel(logging.WARN)
+
+
+def _add_default_handler(logger):
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(
+        '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s %(message)s'))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+_logged_classes = set()
+
+
+def class_logger(cls):
+    logger = logging.getLogger(cls.__module__ + "." + cls.__name__)
+    cls._should_log_debug = lambda self: logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG)
+    cls._should_log_info = lambda self: logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO)
+    cls.logger = logger
+    _logged_classes.add(cls)
+    return cls
+
+
+class Identified(object):
+    logging_name = None
+
+    def _should_log_debug(self):
+        return self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    def _should_log_info(self):
+        return self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO)
+
+
+class InstanceLogger(object):
+    """A logger adapter (wrapper) for :class:`.Identified` subclasses.
+
+    This allows multiple instances (e.g. Engine or Pool instances)
+    to share a logger, but have its verbosity controlled on a
+    per-instance basis.
+
+    The basic functionality is to return a logging level
+    which is based on an instance's echo setting.
+
+    Default implementation is:
+
+    'debug' -> logging.DEBUG
+    True    -> logging.INFO
+    False   -> Effective level of underlying logger
+               (logging.WARNING by default)
+    None    -> same as False
+    """
+
+    # Map echo settings to logger levels
+    _echo_map = {
+        None: logging.NOTSET,
+        False: logging.NOTSET,
+        True: logging.INFO,
+        'debug': logging.DEBUG,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, echo, name):
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+
+        # if echo flag is enabled and no handlers,
+        # add a handler to the list
+        if self._echo_map[echo] <= logging.INFO \
+           and not self.logger.handlers:
+            _add_default_handler(self.logger)
+
+    #
+    # Boilerplate convenience methods
+    #
+    def debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a debug call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.DEBUG, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def info(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate an info call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def warning(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a warning call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.WARNING, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    warn = warning
+
+    def error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Delegate an error call to the underlying logger.
+        """
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def exception(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate an exception call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        kwargs["exc_info"] = 1
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a critical call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.CRITICAL, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def log(self, level, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Delegate a log call to the underlying logger.
+
+        The level here is determined by the echo
+        flag as well as that of the underlying logger, and
+        logger._log() is called directly.
+
+        """
+
+        # inline the logic from isEnabledFor(),
+        # getEffectiveLevel(), to avoid overhead.
+
+        if self.logger.manager.disable >= level:
+            return
+
+        selected_level = self._echo_map[self.echo]
+        if selected_level == logging.NOTSET:
+            selected_level = self.logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+        if level >= selected_level:
+            self.logger._log(level, msg, args, **kwargs)
+
+    def isEnabledFor(self, level):
+        """Is this logger enabled for level 'level'?"""
+
+        if self.logger.manager.disable >= level:
+            return False
+        return level >= self.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+    def getEffectiveLevel(self):
+        """What's the effective level for this logger?"""
+
+        level = self._echo_map[self.echo]
+        if level == logging.NOTSET:
+            level = self.logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+        return level
+
+
+def instance_logger(instance, echoflag=None):
+    """create a logger for an instance that implements :class:`.Identified`."""
+
+    if instance.logging_name:
+        name = "%s.%s.%s" % (instance.__class__.__module__,
+                             instance.__class__.__name__,
+                             instance.logging_name)
+    else:
+        name = "%s.%s" % (instance.__class__.__module__,
+                          instance.__class__.__name__)
+
+    instance._echo = echoflag
+
+    if echoflag in (False, None):
+        # if no echo setting or False, return a Logger directly,
+        # avoiding overhead of filtering
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+    else:
+        # if a specified echo flag, return an EchoLogger,
+        # which checks the flag, overrides normal log
+        # levels by calling logger._log()
+        logger = InstanceLogger(echoflag, name)
+
+    instance.logger = logger
+
+
+class echo_property(object):
+    __doc__ = """\
+    When ``True``, enable log output for this element.
+
+    This has the effect of setting the Python logging level for the namespace
+    of this element's class and object reference.  A value of boolean ``True``
+    indicates that the loglevel ``logging.INFO`` will be set for the logger,
+    whereas the string value ``debug`` will set the loglevel to
+    ``logging.DEBUG``.
+    """
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return instance._echo
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        instance_logger(instance, echoflag=value)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7425737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# orm/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Functional constructs for ORM configuration.
+
+See the SQLAlchemy object relational tutorial and mapper configuration
+documentation for an overview of how this module is used.
+
+"""
+
+from . import exc
+from .mapper import (
+    Mapper,
+    _mapper_registry,
+    class_mapper,
+    configure_mappers,
+    reconstructor,
+    validates
+)
+from .interfaces import (
+    EXT_CONTINUE,
+    EXT_STOP,
+    PropComparator,
+)
+from .deprecated_interfaces import (
+    MapperExtension,
+    SessionExtension,
+    AttributeExtension,
+)
+from .util import (
+    aliased,
+    join,
+    object_mapper,
+    outerjoin,
+    polymorphic_union,
+    was_deleted,
+    with_parent,
+    with_polymorphic,
+)
+from .properties import ColumnProperty
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .descriptor_props import (
+    ComparableProperty,
+    CompositeProperty,
+    SynonymProperty,
+)
+from .relationships import (
+    foreign,
+    remote,
+)
+from .session import (
+    Session,
+    object_session,
+    sessionmaker,
+    make_transient,
+    make_transient_to_detached
+)
+from .scoping import (
+    scoped_session
+)
+from . import mapper as mapperlib
+from .query import AliasOption, Query, Bundle
+from ..util.langhelpers import public_factory
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+from . import strategies as _strategies
+
+
+def create_session(bind=None, **kwargs):
+    """Create a new :class:`.Session`
+    with no automation enabled by default.
+
+    This function is used primarily for testing.   The usual
+    route to :class:`.Session` creation is via its constructor
+    or the :func:`.sessionmaker` function.
+
+    :param bind: optional, a single Connectable to use for all
+      database access in the created
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`.
+
+    :param \*\*kwargs: optional, passed through to the
+      :class:`.Session` constructor.
+
+    :returns: an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` instance
+
+    The defaults of create_session() are the opposite of that of
+    :func:`sessionmaker`; ``autoflush`` and ``expire_on_commit`` are
+    False, ``autocommit`` is True.  In this sense the session acts
+    more like the "classic" SQLAlchemy 0.3 session with these.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import create_session
+      >>> session = create_session()
+
+    It is recommended to use :func:`sessionmaker` instead of
+    create_session().
+
+    """
+    kwargs.setdefault('autoflush', False)
+    kwargs.setdefault('autocommit', True)
+    kwargs.setdefault('expire_on_commit', False)
+    return Session(bind=bind, **kwargs)
+
+relationship = public_factory(RelationshipProperty, ".orm.relationship")
+
+
+def relation(*arg, **kw):
+    """A synonym for :func:`relationship`."""
+
+    return relationship(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def dynamic_loader(argument, **kw):
+    """Construct a dynamically-loading mapper property.
+
+    This is essentially the same as
+    using the ``lazy='dynamic'`` argument with :func:`relationship`::
+
+        dynamic_loader(SomeClass)
+
+        # is the same as
+
+        relationship(SomeClass, lazy="dynamic")
+
+    See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details
+    on dynamic loading.
+
+    """
+    kw['lazy'] = 'dynamic'
+    return relationship(argument, **kw)
+
+
+column_property = public_factory(ColumnProperty, ".orm.column_property")
+composite = public_factory(CompositeProperty, ".orm.composite")
+
+
+def backref(name, **kwargs):
+    """Create a back reference with explicit keyword arguments, which are the
+    same arguments one can send to :func:`relationship`.
+
+    Used with the ``backref`` keyword argument to :func:`relationship` in
+    place of a string argument, e.g.::
+
+        'items':relationship(
+            SomeItem, backref=backref('parent', lazy='subquery'))
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationships_backref`
+
+    """
+
+    return (name, kwargs)
+
+
+def deferred(*columns, **kw):
+    """Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will
+    not load unless accessed.
+
+    :param \*columns: columns to be mapped.  This is typically a single
+     :class:`.Column` object, however a collection is supported in order
+     to support multiple columns mapped under the same attribute.
+
+    :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments passed to
+     :class:`.ColumnProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnProperty(deferred=True, *columns, **kw)
+
+
+mapper = public_factory(Mapper, ".orm.mapper")
+
+synonym = public_factory(SynonymProperty, ".orm.synonym")
+
+comparable_property = public_factory(ComparableProperty,
+                                     ".orm.comparable_property")
+
+
+@_sa_util.deprecated("0.7", message=":func:`.compile_mappers` "
+                     "is renamed to :func:`.configure_mappers`")
+def compile_mappers():
+    """Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that have
+    been defined.
+
+    """
+    configure_mappers()
+
+
+def clear_mappers():
+    """Remove all mappers from all classes.
+
+    This function removes all instrumentation from classes and disposes
+    of their associated mappers.  Once called, the classes are unmapped
+    and can be later re-mapped with new mappers.
+
+    :func:`.clear_mappers` is *not* for normal use, as there is literally no
+    valid usage for it outside of very specific testing scenarios. Normally,
+    mappers are permanent structural components of user-defined classes, and
+    are never discarded independently of their class.  If a mapped class
+    itself is garbage collected, its mapper is automatically disposed of as
+    well. As such, :func:`.clear_mappers` is only for usage in test suites
+    that re-use the same classes with different mappings, which is itself an
+    extremely rare use case - the only such use case is in fact SQLAlchemy's
+    own test suite, and possibly the test suites of other ORM extension
+    libraries which intend to test various combinations of mapper construction
+    upon a fixed set of classes.
+
+    """
+    mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
+    try:
+        while _mapper_registry:
+            try:
+                # can't even reliably call list(weakdict) in jython
+                mapper, b = _mapper_registry.popitem()
+                mapper.dispose()
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+    finally:
+        mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
+
+from . import strategy_options
+
+joinedload = strategy_options.joinedload._unbound_fn
+joinedload_all = strategy_options.joinedload._unbound_all_fn
+contains_eager = strategy_options.contains_eager._unbound_fn
+defer = strategy_options.defer._unbound_fn
+undefer = strategy_options.undefer._unbound_fn
+undefer_group = strategy_options.undefer_group._unbound_fn
+load_only = strategy_options.load_only._unbound_fn
+lazyload = strategy_options.lazyload._unbound_fn
+lazyload_all = strategy_options.lazyload_all._unbound_all_fn
+subqueryload = strategy_options.subqueryload._unbound_fn
+subqueryload_all = strategy_options.subqueryload_all._unbound_all_fn
+immediateload = strategy_options.immediateload._unbound_fn
+noload = strategy_options.noload._unbound_fn
+defaultload = strategy_options.defaultload._unbound_fn
+
+from .strategy_options import Load
+
+
+def eagerload(*args, **kwargs):
+    """A synonym for :func:`joinedload()`."""
+    return joinedload(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def eagerload_all(*args, **kwargs):
+    """A synonym for :func:`joinedload_all()`"""
+    return joinedload_all(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+contains_alias = public_factory(AliasOption, ".orm.contains_alias")
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global __all__
+    from .. import util as sa_util
+    from . import dynamic
+    from . import events
+    import inspect as _inspect
+
+    __all__ = sorted(name for name, obj in lcls.items()
+                     if not (name.startswith('_') or _inspect.ismodule(obj)))
+
+    _sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy.orm")
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16b3264
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1598 @@
+# orm/attributes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines instrumentation for class attributes and their interaction
+with instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+
+"""
+
+import operator
+from .. import util, event, inspection
+from . import interfaces, collections, exc as orm_exc
+
+from .base import instance_state, instance_dict, manager_of_class
+
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, ATTR_WAS_SET, ATTR_EMPTY, NO_VALUE,\
+    NEVER_SET, NO_CHANGE, CALLABLES_OK, SQL_OK, RELATED_OBJECT_OK,\
+    INIT_OK, NON_PERSISTENT_OK, LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED, PASSIVE_OFF,\
+    PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET, PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE, PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,\
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED, PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT, NO_AUTOFLUSH
+from .base import state_str, instance_str
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class QueryableAttribute(interfaces._MappedAttribute,
+                         interfaces.InspectionAttr,
+                         interfaces.PropComparator):
+    """Base class for :term:`descriptor` objects that intercept
+    attribute events on behalf of a :class:`.MapperProperty`
+    object.  The actual :class:`.MapperProperty` is accessible
+    via the :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property`
+    attribute.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`
+
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`
+
+        :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key, impl=None,
+                 comparator=None, parententity=None,
+                 of_type=None):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+        self.impl = impl
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        self._parententity = parententity
+        self._of_type = of_type
+
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        # manager is None in the case of AliasedClass
+        if manager:
+            # propagate existing event listeners from
+            # immediate superclass
+            for base in manager._bases:
+                if key in base:
+                    self.dispatch._update(base[key].dispatch)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _supports_population(self):
+        return self.impl.supports_population
+
+    def get_history(self, instance, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        return self.impl.get_history(instance_state(instance),
+                                     instance_dict(instance), passive)
+
+    def __selectable__(self):
+        # TODO: conditionally attach this method based on clause_element ?
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Return the 'info' dictionary for the underlying SQL element.
+
+        The behavior here is as follows:
+
+        * If the attribute is a column-mapped property, i.e.
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty`, which is mapped directly
+          to a schema-level :class:`.Column` object, this attribute
+          will return the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` dictionary associated
+          with the core-level :class:`.Column` object.
+
+        * If the attribute is a :class:`.ColumnProperty` but is mapped to
+          any other kind of SQL expression other than a :class:`.Column`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated directly with the :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+          assuming the SQL expression itself does not have its own ``.info``
+          attribute (which should be the case, unless a user-defined SQL
+          construct has defined one).
+
+        * If the attribute refers to any other kind of
+          :class:`.MapperProperty`, including :class:`.RelationshipProperty`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated with that :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        * To access the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` dictionary of the
+          :class:`.MapperProperty` unconditionally, including for a
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty` that's associated directly with a
+          :class:`.schema.Column`, the attribute can be referred to using
+          :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute, as
+          ``MyClass.someattribute.property.info``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+
+        """
+        return self.comparator.info
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def parent(self):
+        """Return an inspection instance representing the parent.
+
+        This will be either an instance of :class:`.Mapper`
+        or :class:`.AliasedInsp`, depending upon the nature
+        of the parent entity which this attribute is associated
+        with.
+
+        """
+        return inspection.inspect(self._parententity)
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self):
+        return self.comparator.__clause_element__()
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        return self.comparator.__clause_element__()
+
+    def _query_clause_element(self):
+        """like __clause_element__(), but called specifically
+        by :class:`.Query` to allow special behavior."""
+
+        return self.comparator._query_clause_element()
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+        assert not self._of_type
+        return self.__class__(adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                              self.key, impl=self.impl,
+                              comparator=self.comparator.adapt_to_entity(
+                                  adapt_to_entity),
+                              parententity=adapt_to_entity)
+
+    def of_type(self, cls):
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self.impl,
+            self.comparator.of_type(cls),
+            self._parententity,
+            of_type=cls)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        return self._query_clause_element().label(name)
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state, optimistic=False):
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic) is not False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                'Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s '
+                'has an attribute %r' % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    self,
+                    key)
+            )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def property(self):
+        """Return the :class:`.MapperProperty` associated with this
+        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`.
+
+
+        Return values here will commonly be instances of
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` or :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.comparator.property
+
+
+class InstrumentedAttribute(QueryableAttribute):
+    """Class bound instrumented attribute which adds basic
+    :term:`descriptor` methods.
+
+    See :class:`.QueryableAttribute` for a description of most features.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        self.impl.set(instance_state(instance),
+                      instance_dict(instance), value, None)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance):
+        self.impl.delete(instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance))
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+        if self._supports_population and self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            return self.impl.get(instance_state(instance), dict_)
+
+
+def create_proxied_attribute(descriptor):
+    """Create an QueryableAttribute / user descriptor hybrid.
+
+    Returns a new QueryableAttribute type that delegates descriptor
+    behavior and getattr() to the given descriptor.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: can move this to descriptor_props if the need for this
+    # function is removed from ext/hybrid.py
+
+    class Proxy(QueryableAttribute):
+        """Presents the :class:`.QueryableAttribute` interface as a
+        proxy on top of a Python descriptor / :class:`.PropComparator`
+        combination.
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, class_, key, descriptor,
+                     comparator,
+                     adapt_to_entity=None, doc=None,
+                     original_property=None):
+            self.class_ = class_
+            self.key = key
+            self.descriptor = descriptor
+            self.original_property = original_property
+            self._comparator = comparator
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            self.__doc__ = doc
+
+        @property
+        def property(self):
+            return self.comparator.property
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def comparator(self):
+            if util.callable(self._comparator):
+                self._comparator = self._comparator()
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                self._comparator = self._comparator.adapt_to_entity(
+                    self._adapt_to_entity)
+            return self._comparator
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+            return self.__class__(adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                                  self.key,
+                                  self.descriptor,
+                                  self._comparator,
+                                  adapt_to_entity)
+
+        def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+            if instance is None:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return self.descriptor.__get__(instance, owner)
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)
+
+        def __getattr__(self, attribute):
+            """Delegate __getattr__ to the original descriptor and/or
+            comparator."""
+
+            try:
+                return getattr(descriptor, attribute)
+            except AttributeError:
+                try:
+                    return getattr(self.comparator, attribute)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise AttributeError(
+                        'Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s '
+                        'has an attribute %r' % (
+                            type(descriptor).__name__,
+                            type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                            self,
+                            attribute)
+                    )
+
+    Proxy.__name__ = type(descriptor).__name__ + 'Proxy'
+
+    util.monkeypatch_proxied_specials(Proxy, type(descriptor),
+                                      name='descriptor',
+                                      from_instance=descriptor)
+    return Proxy
+
+OP_REMOVE = util.symbol("REMOVE")
+OP_APPEND = util.symbol("APPEND")
+OP_REPLACE = util.symbol("REPLACE")
+
+
+class Event(object):
+    """A token propagated throughout the course of a chain of attribute
+    events.
+
+    Serves as an indicator of the source of the event and also provides
+    a means of controlling propagation across a chain of attribute
+    operations.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is sent as the ``initiator`` argument
+    when dealing with the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append`,
+    :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set`,
+    and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.remove` events.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is currently interpreted by the backref
+    event handlers, and is used to control the propagation of operations
+    across two mutually-dependent attributes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    :var impl: The :class:`.AttributeImpl` which is the current event
+     initiator.
+
+    :var op: The symbol :attr:`.OP_APPEND`, :attr:`.OP_REMOVE` or
+     :attr:`.OP_REPLACE`, indicating the source operation.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'impl', 'op', 'parent_token'
+
+    def __init__(self, attribute_impl, op):
+        self.impl = attribute_impl
+        self.op = op
+        self.parent_token = self.impl.parent_token
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, Event) and \
+            other.impl is self.impl and \
+            other.op == self.op
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        return self.impl.key
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state)
+
+
+class AttributeImpl(object):
+    """internal implementation for instrumented attributes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key,
+                 callable_, dispatch, trackparent=False, extension=None,
+                 compare_function=None, active_history=False,
+                 parent_token=None, expire_missing=True,
+                 send_modified_events=True,
+                 **kwargs):
+        """Construct an AttributeImpl.
+
+        \class_
+          associated class
+
+        key
+          string name of the attribute
+
+        \callable_
+          optional function which generates a callable based on a parent
+          instance, which produces the "default" values for a scalar or
+          collection attribute when it's first accessed, if not present
+          already.
+
+        trackparent
+          if True, attempt to track if an instance has a parent attached
+          to it via this attribute.
+
+        extension
+          a single or list of AttributeExtension object(s) which will
+          receive set/delete/append/remove/etc. events.  Deprecated.
+          The event package is now used.
+
+        compare_function
+          a function that compares two values which are normally
+          assignable to this attribute.
+
+        active_history
+          indicates that get_history() should always return the "old" value,
+          even if it means executing a lazy callable upon attribute change.
+
+        parent_token
+          Usually references the MapperProperty, used as a key for
+          the hasparent() function to identify an "owning" attribute.
+          Allows multiple AttributeImpls to all match a single
+          owner attribute.
+
+        expire_missing
+          if False, don't add an "expiry" callable to this attribute
+          during state.expire_attributes(None), if no value is present
+          for this key.
+
+        send_modified_events
+          if False, the InstanceState._modified_event method will have no
+          effect; this means the attribute will never show up as changed in a
+          history entry.
+        """
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+        self.callable_ = callable_
+        self.dispatch = dispatch
+        self.trackparent = trackparent
+        self.parent_token = parent_token or self
+        self.send_modified_events = send_modified_events
+        if compare_function is None:
+            self.is_equal = operator.eq
+        else:
+            self.is_equal = compare_function
+
+        # TODO: pass in the manager here
+        # instead of doing a lookup
+        attr = manager_of_class(class_)[key]
+
+        for ext in util.to_list(extension or []):
+            ext._adapt_listener(attr, ext)
+
+        if active_history:
+            self.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        self.expire_missing = expire_missing
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'class_', 'key', 'callable_', 'dispatch', 'trackparent',
+        'parent_token', 'send_modified_events', 'is_equal', 'expire_missing'
+    )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s.%s" % (self.class_.__name__, self.key)
+
+    def _get_active_history(self):
+        """Backwards compat for impl.active_history"""
+
+        return self.dispatch._active_history
+
+    def _set_active_history(self, value):
+        self.dispatch._active_history = value
+
+    active_history = property(_get_active_history, _set_active_history)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state, optimistic=False):
+        """Return the boolean value of a `hasparent` flag attached to
+        the given state.
+
+        The `optimistic` flag determines what the default return value
+        should be if no `hasparent` flag can be located.
+
+        As this function is used to determine if an instance is an
+        *orphan*, instances that were loaded from storage should be
+        assumed to not be orphans, until a True/False value for this
+        flag is set.
+
+        An instance attribute that is loaded by a callable function
+        will also not have a `hasparent` flag.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        return state.parents.get(id(self.parent_token), optimistic) \
+            is not False
+
+    def sethasparent(self, state, parent_state, value):
+        """Set a boolean flag on the given item corresponding to
+        whether or not it is attached to a parent object via the
+        attribute represented by this ``InstrumentedAttribute``.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        id_ = id(self.parent_token)
+        if value:
+            state.parents[id_] = parent_state
+        else:
+            if id_ in state.parents:
+                last_parent = state.parents[id_]
+
+                if last_parent is not False and \
+                        last_parent.key != parent_state.key:
+
+                    if last_parent.obj() is None:
+                        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                            "Removing state %s from parent "
+                            "state %s along attribute '%s', "
+                            "but the parent record "
+                            "has gone stale, can't be sure this "
+                            "is the most recent parent." %
+                            (state_str(state),
+                             state_str(parent_state),
+                             self.key))
+
+                    return
+
+            state.parents[id_] = False
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        """Return a list of tuples of (state, obj)
+        for all objects in this attribute's current state
+        + history.
+
+        Only applies to object-based attributes.
+
+        This is an inlining of existing functionality
+        which roughly corresponds to:
+
+            get_state_history(
+                        state,
+                        key,
+                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).sum()
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def initialize(self, state, dict_):
+        """Initialize the given state's attribute with an empty value."""
+
+        # As of 1.0, we don't actually set a value in
+        # dict_.  This is so that the state of the object does not get
+        # modified without emitting the appropriate events.
+
+
+        return None
+
+    def get(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Retrieve a value from the given object.
+        If a callable is assembled on this object's attribute, and
+        passive is False, the callable will be executed and the
+        resulting value will be set as the new value for this attribute.
+        """
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            # if history present, don't load
+            key = self.key
+            if key not in state.committed_state or \
+                    state.committed_state[key] is NEVER_SET:
+                if not passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+                    return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+                if key in state.expired_attributes:
+                    value = state._load_expired(state, passive)
+                elif key in state.callables:
+                    callable_ = state.callables[key]
+                    value = callable_(state, passive)
+                elif self.callable_:
+                    value = self.callable_(state, passive)
+                else:
+                    value = ATTR_EMPTY
+
+                if value is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or value is NEVER_SET:
+                    return value
+                elif value is ATTR_WAS_SET:
+                    try:
+                        return dict_[key]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        # TODO: no test coverage here.
+                        raise KeyError(
+                            "Deferred loader for attribute "
+                            "%r failed to populate "
+                            "correctly" % key)
+                elif value is not ATTR_EMPTY:
+                    return self.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+            if not passive & INIT_OK:
+                return NEVER_SET
+            else:
+                # Return a new, empty value
+                return self.initialize(state, dict_)
+
+    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.set(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.set(state, dict_, None, initiator,
+                 passive=passive, check_old=value)
+
+    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.set(state, dict_, None, initiator,
+                 passive=passive, check_old=value, pop=True)
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, check_old=None, pop=False):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_committed_value(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """return the unchanged value of this attribute"""
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            value = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if value in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return value
+        else:
+            return self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        """set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+        return value
+
+
+class ScalarAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
+    """represents a scalar value-holding InstrumentedAttribute."""
+
+    accepts_scalar_loader = True
+    uses_objects = False
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+
+    __slots__ = '_replace_token', '_append_token', '_remove_token'
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super(ScalarAttributeImpl, self).__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._replace_token = self._append_token = None
+        self._remove_token = None
+
+    def _init_append_token(self):
+        self._replace_token = self._append_token = Event(self, OP_REPLACE)
+        return self._replace_token
+
+    _init_append_or_replace_token = _init_append_token
+
+    def _init_remove_token(self):
+        self._remove_token = Event(self, OP_REMOVE)
+        return self._remove_token
+
+    def delete(self, state, dict_):
+
+        # TODO: catch key errors, convert to attributeerror?
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.remove:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+            else:
+                return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, current)
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, check_old=None, pop=False):
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.set:
+            value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_,
+                                            value, old, initiator)
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_replace_event(self, state, dict_, value, previous, initiator):
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous,
+                initiator or self._replace_token or
+                self._init_append_or_replace_token())
+        return value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value,
+               initiator or self._remove_token or self._init_remove_token())
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        self.property.columns[0].type
+
+
+class ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(ScalarAttributeImpl):
+    """represents a scalar-holding InstrumentedAttribute,
+       where the target object is also instrumented.
+
+       Adds events to delete/set operations.
+
+    """
+
+    accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    uses_objects = True
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def delete(self, state, dict_):
+        old = self.get(state, dict_)
+        self.fire_remove_event(
+            state, dict_, old,
+            self._remove_token or self._init_remove_token())
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+            else:
+                return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, current)
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            current = dict_[self.key]
+        elif passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        else:
+            return []
+
+        # can't use __hash__(), can't use __eq__() here
+        if current is not None and \
+                current is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                current is not NEVER_SET:
+            ret = [(instance_state(current), current)]
+        else:
+            ret = [(None, None)]
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if original is not None and \
+                    original is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                    original is not NEVER_SET and \
+                    original is not current:
+
+                ret.append((instance_state(original), original))
+        return ret
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, check_old=None, pop=False):
+        """Set a value on the given InstanceState.
+
+        """
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(
+                state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT | NO_AUTOFLUSH)
+        else:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK)
+
+        if check_old is not None and \
+                old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                check_old is not old:
+            if pop:
+                return
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Object %s not associated with %s on attribute '%s'" % (
+                        instance_str(check_old),
+                        state_str(state),
+                        self.key
+                    ))
+
+        value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_, value, old, initiator)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or
+               self._remove_token or self._init_remove_token())
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, value)
+
+    def fire_replace_event(self, state, dict_, value, previous, initiator):
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if (previous is not value and
+                    previous not in (None, PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, NEVER_SET)):
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(previous), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or
+                self._replace_token or self._init_append_or_replace_token())
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, previous)
+
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if value is not None:
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+
+class CollectionAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
+    """A collection-holding attribute that instruments changes in membership.
+
+    Only handles collections of instrumented objects.
+
+    InstrumentedCollectionAttribute holds an arbitrary, user-specified
+    container object (defaulting to a list) and brokers access to the
+    CollectionAdapter, a "view" onto that object that presents consistent bag
+    semantics to the orm layer independent of the user data implementation.
+
+    """
+    accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    uses_objects = True
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = True
+
+    __slots__ = 'copy', 'collection_factory', '_append_token', '_remove_token'
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key, callable_, dispatch,
+                 typecallable=None, trackparent=False, extension=None,
+                 copy_function=None, compare_function=None, **kwargs):
+        super(CollectionAttributeImpl, self).__init__(
+            class_,
+            key,
+            callable_, dispatch,
+            trackparent=trackparent,
+            extension=extension,
+            compare_function=compare_function,
+            **kwargs)
+
+        if copy_function is None:
+            copy_function = self.__copy
+        self.copy = copy_function
+        self.collection_factory = typecallable
+        self._append_token = None
+        self._remove_token = None
+
+        if getattr(self.collection_factory, "_sa_linker", None):
+
+            @event.listens_for(self, "init_collection")
+            def link(target, collection, collection_adapter):
+                collection._sa_linker(collection_adapter)
+
+            @event.listens_for(self, "dispose_collection")
+            def unlink(target, collection, collection_adapter):
+                collection._sa_linker(None)
+
+    def _init_append_token(self):
+        self._append_token = Event(self, OP_APPEND)
+        return self._append_token
+
+    def _init_remove_token(self):
+        self._remove_token = Event(self, OP_REMOVE)
+        return self._remove_token
+
+    def __copy(self, item):
+        return [y for y in collections.collection_adapter(item)]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            return HISTORY_BLANK
+        else:
+            return History.from_collection(self, state, current)
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        # NOTE: passive is ignored here at the moment
+
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return []
+
+        current = dict_[self.key]
+        current = getattr(current, '_sa_adapter')
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if original not in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                current_states = [((c is not None) and
+                                   instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                                  for c in current]
+                original_states = [((c is not None) and
+                                    instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                                   for c in original]
+
+                current_set = dict(current_states)
+                original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+                return \
+                    [(s, o) for s, o in current_states
+                        if s not in original_set] + \
+                    [(s, o) for s, o in current_states
+                        if s in original_set] + \
+                    [(s, o) for s, o in original_states
+                        if s not in current_set]
+
+        return [(instance_state(o), o) for o in current]
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value,
+                initiator or self._append_token or self._init_append_token())
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, state, dict_, initiator):
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator):
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value,
+               initiator or self._remove_token or self._init_remove_token())
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+    def delete(self, state, dict_):
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET, True)
+
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict)
+        collection.clear_with_event()
+        # TODO: catch key errors, convert to attributeerror?
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def initialize(self, state, dict_):
+        """Initialize this attribute with an empty collection."""
+
+        _, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        dict_[self.key] = user_data
+        return user_data
+
+    def _initialize_collection(self, state):
+
+        adapter, collection = state.manager.initialize_collection(
+            self.key, state, self.collection_factory)
+
+        self.dispatch.init_collection(state, collection, adapter)
+
+        return adapter, collection
+
+    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            value = self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+            assert self.key not in dict_, \
+                "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).append(value)
+        else:
+            collection.append_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict, passive=passive)
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+            assert self.key not in dict_, \
+                "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).remove(value)
+        else:
+            collection.remove_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        try:
+            # TODO: better solution here would be to add
+            # a "popper" role to collections.py to complement
+            # "remover".
+            self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+        except (ValueError, KeyError, IndexError):
+            pass
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=PASSIVE_OFF, pop=False):
+        """Set a value on the given object.
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_iterable(
+            state, dict_, value,
+            lambda adapter, i: adapter.adapt_like_to_iterable(i))
+
+    def _set_iterable(self, state, dict_, iterable, adapter=None):
+        """Set a collection value from an iterable of state-bearers.
+
+        ``adapter`` is an optional callable invoked with a CollectionAdapter
+        and the iterable.  Should return an iterable of state-bearing
+        instances suitable for appending via a CollectionAdapter.  Can be used
+        for, e.g., adapting an incoming dictionary into an iterator of values
+        rather than keys.
+
+        """
+        # pulling a new collection first so that an adaptation exception does
+        # not trigger a lazy load of the old collection.
+        new_collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        if adapter:
+            new_values = list(adapter(new_collection, iterable))
+        else:
+            new_values = list(iterable)
+
+        old = self.get(state, dict_, passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT)
+        if old is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            old = self.initialize(state, dict_)
+        elif old is iterable:
+            # ignore re-assignment of the current collection, as happens
+            # implicitly with in-place operators (foo.collection |= other)
+            return
+
+        # place a copy of "old" in state.committed_state
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old, True)
+
+        old_collection = old._sa_adapter
+
+        dict_[self.key] = user_data
+
+        collections.bulk_replace(new_values, old_collection, new_collection)
+
+        del old._sa_adapter
+        self.dispatch.dispose_collection(state, old, old_collection)
+
+    def _invalidate_collection(self, collection):
+        adapter = getattr(collection, '_sa_adapter')
+        adapter.invalidated = True
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        """Set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+
+        if value:
+            collection.append_multiple_without_event(value)
+
+        state.dict[self.key] = user_data
+
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+
+        if self.key in state._pending_mutations:
+            # pending items exist.  issue a modified event,
+            # add/remove new items.
+            state._modified_event(dict_, self, user_data, True)
+
+            pending = state._pending_mutations.pop(self.key)
+            added = pending.added_items
+            removed = pending.deleted_items
+            for item in added:
+                collection.append_without_event(item)
+            for item in removed:
+                collection.remove_without_event(item)
+
+        return user_data
+
+    def get_collection(self, state, dict_,
+                       user_data=None, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Retrieve the CollectionAdapter associated with the given state.
+
+        Creates a new CollectionAdapter if one does not exist.
+
+        """
+        if user_data is None:
+            user_data = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if user_data is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return user_data
+
+        return getattr(user_data, '_sa_adapter')
+
+
+def backref_listeners(attribute, key, uselist):
+    """Apply listeners to synchronize a two-way relationship."""
+
+    # use easily recognizable names for stack traces
+
+    parent_token = attribute.impl.parent_token
+    parent_impl = attribute.impl
+
+    def _acceptable_key_err(child_state, initiator, child_impl):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Bidirectional attribute conflict detected: "
+            'Passing object %s to attribute "%s" '
+            'triggers a modify event on attribute "%s" '
+            'via the backref "%s".' % (
+                state_str(child_state),
+                initiator.parent_token,
+                child_impl.parent_token,
+                attribute.impl.parent_token
+            )
+        )
+
+    def emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event(state, child, oldchild, initiator):
+        if oldchild is child:
+            return child
+        if oldchild is not None and \
+                oldchild is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                oldchild is not NEVER_SET:
+            # With lazy=None, there's no guarantee that the full collection is
+            # present when updating via a backref.
+            old_state, old_dict = instance_state(oldchild),\
+                instance_dict(oldchild)
+            impl = old_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            if initiator.impl is not impl or \
+                    initiator.op not in (OP_REPLACE, OP_REMOVE):
+                impl.pop(old_state,
+                         old_dict,
+                         state.obj(),
+                         parent_impl._append_token or
+                            parent_impl._init_append_token(),
+                         passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+
+        if child is not None:
+            child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child),\
+                instance_dict(child)
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+            if initiator.parent_token is not parent_token and \
+                    initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token:
+                _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+            elif initiator.impl is not child_impl or \
+                    initiator.op not in (OP_APPEND, OP_REPLACE):
+                child_impl.append(
+                    child_state,
+                    child_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    initiator,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_append_event(state, child, initiator):
+        if child is None:
+            return
+
+        child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child), \
+            instance_dict(child)
+        child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+        if initiator.parent_token is not parent_token and \
+                initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token:
+            _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+        elif initiator.impl is not child_impl or \
+                initiator.op not in (OP_APPEND, OP_REPLACE):
+            child_impl.append(
+                child_state,
+                child_dict,
+                state.obj(),
+                initiator,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event(state, child, initiator):
+        if child is not None:
+            child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child),\
+                instance_dict(child)
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+            if initiator.impl is not child_impl or \
+                    initiator.op not in (OP_REMOVE, OP_REPLACE):
+                child_impl.pop(
+                    child_state,
+                    child_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    initiator,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH)
+
+    if uselist:
+        event.listen(attribute, "append",
+                     emit_backref_from_collection_append_event,
+                     retval=True, raw=True)
+    else:
+        event.listen(attribute, "set",
+                     emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event,
+                     retval=True, raw=True)
+    # TODO: need coverage in test/orm/ of remove event
+    event.listen(attribute, "remove",
+                 emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event,
+                 retval=True, raw=True)
+
+_NO_HISTORY = util.symbol('NO_HISTORY')
+_NO_STATE_SYMBOLS = frozenset([
+    id(PASSIVE_NO_RESULT),
+    id(NO_VALUE),
+    id(NEVER_SET)])
+
+History = util.namedtuple("History", [
+    "added", "unchanged", "deleted"
+])
+
+
+class History(History):
+    """A 3-tuple of added, unchanged and deleted values,
+    representing the changes which have occurred on an instrumented
+    attribute.
+
+    The easiest way to get a :class:`.History` object for a particular
+    attribute on an object is to use the :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        hist = inspect(myobject).attrs.myattribute.history
+
+    Each tuple member is an iterable sequence:
+
+    * ``added`` - the collection of items added to the attribute (the first
+      tuple element).
+
+    * ``unchanged`` - the collection of items that have not changed on the
+      attribute (the second tuple element).
+
+    * ``deleted`` - the collection of items that have been removed from the
+      attribute (the third tuple element).
+
+    """
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self != HISTORY_BLANK
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def empty(self):
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has no changes
+        and no existing, unchanged state.
+
+        """
+
+        return not bool(
+            (self.added or self.deleted)
+            or self.unchanged
+        )
+
+    def sum(self):
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (self.added or []) +\
+            (self.unchanged or []) +\
+            (self.deleted or [])
+
+    def non_deleted(self):
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged."""
+
+        return (self.added or []) +\
+            (self.unchanged or [])
+
+    def non_added(self):
+        """Return a collection of unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (self.unchanged or []) +\
+            (self.deleted or [])
+
+    def has_changes(self):
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has changes."""
+
+        return bool(self.added or self.deleted)
+
+    def as_state(self):
+        return History(
+            [(c is not None)
+             and instance_state(c) or None
+             for c in self.added],
+            [(c is not None)
+             and instance_state(c) or None
+             for c in self.unchanged],
+            [(c is not None)
+             and instance_state(c) or None
+             for c in self.deleted],
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_scalar_attribute(cls, attribute, state, current):
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        # don't let ClauseElement expressions here trip things up
+        elif attribute.is_equal(current, original) is True:
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on native scalars is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", but
+            # we do include None, which helps in some primary
+            # key situations
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                deleted = ()
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_object_attribute(cls, attribute, state, current):
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        elif current is original:
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on related objects is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", and
+            # to also not include None - the dependency.py rules
+            # ignore the None in any case.
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS or original is None:
+                deleted = ()
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_collection(cls, attribute, state, current):
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if current is NO_VALUE or current is NEVER_SET:
+            return cls((), (), ())
+
+        current = getattr(current, '_sa_adapter')
+        if original in (NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+            return cls(list(current), (), ())
+        elif original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            return cls((), list(current), ())
+        else:
+
+            current_states = [((c is not None) and instance_state(c)
+                               or None, c)
+                              for c in current
+                              ]
+            original_states = [((c is not None) and instance_state(c)
+                                or None, c)
+                               for c in original
+                               ]
+
+            current_set = dict(current_states)
+            original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+            return cls(
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s not in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in original_states if s not in current_set]
+            )
+
+HISTORY_BLANK = History(None, None, None)
+
+
+def get_history(obj, key, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+    """Return a :class:`.History` record for the given object
+    and attribute key.
+
+    :param obj: an object whose class is instrumented by the
+      attributes package.
+
+    :param key: string attribute name.
+
+    :param passive: indicates loading behavior for the attribute
+       if the value is not already present.   This is a
+       bitflag attribute, which defaults to the symbol
+       :attr:`.PASSIVE_OFF` indicating all necessary SQL
+       should be emitted.
+
+    """
+    if passive is True:
+        util.warn_deprecated("Passing True for 'passive' is deprecated. "
+                             "Use attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE")
+        passive = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+    elif passive is False:
+        util.warn_deprecated("Passing False for 'passive' is "
+                             "deprecated.  Use attributes.PASSIVE_OFF")
+        passive = PASSIVE_OFF
+
+    return get_state_history(instance_state(obj), key, passive)
+
+
+def get_state_history(state, key, passive=PASSIVE_OFF):
+    return state.get_history(key, passive)
+
+
+def has_parent(cls, obj, key, optimistic=False):
+    """TODO"""
+    manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    return manager.has_parent(state, key, optimistic)
+
+
+def register_attribute(class_, key, **kw):
+    comparator = kw.pop('comparator', None)
+    parententity = kw.pop('parententity', None)
+    doc = kw.pop('doc', None)
+    desc = register_descriptor(class_, key,
+                               comparator, parententity, doc=doc)
+    register_attribute_impl(class_, key, **kw)
+    return desc
+
+
+def register_attribute_impl(class_, key,
+                            uselist=False, callable_=None,
+                            useobject=False,
+                            impl_class=None, backref=None, **kw):
+
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+    if uselist:
+        factory = kw.pop('typecallable', None)
+        typecallable = manager.instrument_collection_class(
+            key, factory or list)
+    else:
+        typecallable = kw.pop('typecallable', None)
+
+    dispatch = manager[key].dispatch
+
+    if impl_class:
+        impl = impl_class(class_, key, typecallable, dispatch, **kw)
+    elif uselist:
+        impl = CollectionAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch,
+                                       typecallable=typecallable, **kw)
+    elif useobject:
+        impl = ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_,
+                                         dispatch, **kw)
+    else:
+        impl = ScalarAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw)
+
+    manager[key].impl = impl
+
+    if backref:
+        backref_listeners(manager[key], backref, uselist)
+
+    manager.post_configure_attribute(key)
+    return manager[key]
+
+
+def register_descriptor(class_, key, comparator=None,
+                        parententity=None, doc=None):
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    descriptor = InstrumentedAttribute(class_, key, comparator=comparator,
+                                       parententity=parententity)
+
+    descriptor.__doc__ = doc
+
+    manager.instrument_attribute(key, descriptor)
+    return descriptor
+
+
+def unregister_attribute(class_, key):
+    manager_of_class(class_).uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+
+def init_collection(obj, key):
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
+
+    This function is used to provide direct access to collection internals
+    for a previously unloaded attribute.  e.g.::
+
+        collection_adapter = init_collection(someobject, 'elements')
+        for elem in values:
+            collection_adapter.append_without_event(elem)
+
+    For an easier way to do the above, see
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.set_committed_value`.
+
+    obj is an instrumented object instance.  An InstanceState
+    is accepted directly for backwards compatibility but
+    this usage is deprecated.
+
+    """
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    dict_ = state.dict
+    return init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)
+
+
+def init_state_collection(state, dict_, key):
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter."""
+
+    attr = state.manager[key].impl
+    user_data = attr.initialize(state, dict_)
+    return attr.get_collection(state, dict_, user_data)
+
+
+def set_committed_value(instance, key, value):
+    """Set the value of an attribute with no history events.
+
+    Cancels any previous history present.  The value should be
+    a scalar value for scalar-holding attributes, or
+    an iterable for any collection-holding attribute.
+
+    This is the same underlying method used when a lazy loader
+    fires off and loads additional data from the database.
+    In particular, this method can be used by application code
+    which has loaded additional attributes or collections through
+    separate queries, which can then be attached to an instance
+    as though it were part of its original loaded state.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+
+def set_attribute(instance, key, value):
+    """Set the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
+
+
+def get_attribute(instance, key):
+    """Get the value of an attribute, firing any callables required.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to make usage of attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    return state.manager[key].impl.get(state, dict_)
+
+
+def del_attribute(instance, key):
+    """Delete the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.delete(state, dict_)
+
+
+def flag_modified(instance, key):
+    """Mark an attribute on an instance as 'modified'.
+
+    This sets the 'modified' flag on the instance and
+    establishes an unconditional change event for the given attribute.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    impl = state.manager[key].impl
+    state._modified_event(dict_, impl, NO_VALUE, force=True)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7947cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+# orm/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Constants and rudimental functions used throughout the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util, inspection, exc as sa_exc
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import exc
+import operator
+
+PASSIVE_NO_RESULT = util.symbol(
+    'PASSIVE_NO_RESULT',
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable or other attribute/history
+    retrieval operation when a value could not be determined, based
+    on loader callable flags.
+    """
+)
+
+ATTR_WAS_SET = util.symbol(
+    'ATTR_WAS_SET',
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable to indicate the
+    retrieved value, or values, were assigned to their attributes
+    on the target object.
+    """
+)
+
+ATTR_EMPTY = util.symbol(
+    'ATTR_EMPTY',
+    """Symbol used internally to indicate an attribute had no callable."""
+)
+
+NO_VALUE = util.symbol(
+    'NO_VALUE',
+    """Symbol which may be placed as the 'previous' value of an attribute,
+    indicating no value was loaded for an attribute when it was modified,
+    and flags indicated we were not to load it.
+    """
+)
+
+NEVER_SET = util.symbol(
+    'NEVER_SET',
+    """Symbol which may be placed as the 'previous' value of an attribute
+    indicating that the attribute had not been assigned to previously.
+    """
+)
+
+NO_CHANGE = util.symbol(
+    "NO_CHANGE",
+    """No callables or SQL should be emitted on attribute access
+    and no state should change
+    """, canonical=0
+)
+
+CALLABLES_OK = util.symbol(
+    "CALLABLES_OK",
+    """Loader callables can be fired off if a value
+    is not present.
+    """, canonical=1
+)
+
+SQL_OK = util.symbol(
+    "SQL_OK",
+    """Loader callables can emit SQL at least on scalar value attributes.""",
+    canonical=2
+)
+
+RELATED_OBJECT_OK = util.symbol(
+    "RELATED_OBJECT_OK",
+    """Callables can use SQL to load related objects as well
+    as scalar value attributes.
+    """, canonical=4
+)
+
+INIT_OK = util.symbol(
+    "INIT_OK",
+    """Attributes should be initialized with a blank
+    value (None or an empty collection) upon get, if no other
+    value can be obtained.
+    """, canonical=8
+)
+
+NON_PERSISTENT_OK = util.symbol(
+    "NON_PERSISTENT_OK",
+    """Callables can be emitted if the parent is not persistent.""",
+    canonical=16
+)
+
+LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED = util.symbol(
+    "LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED",
+    """Callables should use committed values as primary/foreign keys during a
+    load.
+    """, canonical=32
+)
+
+NO_AUTOFLUSH = util.symbol(
+    "NO_AUTOFLUSH",
+    """Loader callables should disable autoflush.""",
+    canonical=64
+)
+
+# pre-packaged sets of flags used as inputs
+PASSIVE_OFF = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_OFF",
+    "Callables can be emitted in all cases.",
+    canonical=(RELATED_OBJECT_OK | NON_PERSISTENT_OK |
+               INIT_OK | CALLABLES_OK | SQL_OK)
+)
+PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET",
+    """PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK""",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE",
+    "PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET ^ CALLABLES_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET ^ CALLABLES_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_NO_FETCH = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_NO_FETCH",
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED",
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+)
+PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT = util.symbol(
+    "PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT",
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK",
+    canonical=PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK
+)
+
+DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR = '_sa_class_manager'
+DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR = '_sa_instance_state'
+_INSTRUMENTOR = ('mapper', 'instrumentor')
+
+EXT_CONTINUE = util.symbol('EXT_CONTINUE')
+EXT_STOP = util.symbol('EXT_STOP')
+
+ONETOMANY = util.symbol(
+    'ONETOMANY',
+    """Indicates the one-to-many direction for a :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """)
+
+MANYTOONE = util.symbol(
+    'MANYTOONE',
+    """Indicates the many-to-one direction for a :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """)
+
+MANYTOMANY = util.symbol(
+    'MANYTOMANY',
+    """Indicates the many-to-many direction for a :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """)
+
+NOT_EXTENSION = util.symbol(
+    'NOT_EXTENSION',
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    not part of sqlalchemy.ext.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attibute.
+
+    """)
+
+_never_set = frozenset([NEVER_SET])
+
+_none_set = frozenset([None, NEVER_SET, PASSIVE_NO_RESULT])
+
+_SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED = util.symbol("SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED")
+
+_DEFER_FOR_STATE = util.symbol("DEFER_FOR_STATE")
+
+
+def _generative(*assertions):
+    """Mark a method as generative, e.g. method-chained."""
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def generate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        self = args[0]._clone()
+        for assertion in assertions:
+            assertion(self, fn.__name__)
+        fn(self, *args[1:], **kw)
+        return self
+    return generate
+
+
+# these can be replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# if augmented class instrumentation is enabled.
+def manager_of_class(cls):
+    return cls.__dict__.get(DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR, None)
+
+instance_state = operator.attrgetter(DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR)
+
+instance_dict = operator.attrgetter('__dict__')
+
+
+def instance_str(instance):
+    """Return a string describing an instance."""
+
+    return state_str(instance_state(instance))
+
+
+def state_str(state):
+    """Return a string describing an instance via its InstanceState."""
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return '<%s at 0x%x>' % (state.class_.__name__, id(state.obj()))
+
+
+def state_class_str(state):
+    """Return a string describing an instance's class via its
+    InstanceState.
+    """
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return '<%s>' % (state.class_.__name__, )
+
+
+def attribute_str(instance, attribute):
+    return instance_str(instance) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def state_attribute_str(state, attribute):
+    return state_str(state) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def object_mapper(instance):
+    """Given an object, return the primary Mapper associated with the object
+    instance.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    This function is available via the inspection system as::
+
+        inspect(instance).mapper
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    return object_state(instance).mapper
+
+
+def object_state(instance):
+    """Given an object, return the :class:`.InstanceState`
+    associated with the object.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(instance)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    state = _inspect_mapped_object(instance)
+    if state is None:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+    else:
+        return state
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(object)
+def _inspect_mapped_object(instance):
+    try:
+        return instance_state(instance)
+        # TODO: whats the py-2/3 syntax to catch two
+        # different kinds of exceptions at once ?
+    except exc.UnmappedClassError:
+        return None
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+
+
+def _class_to_mapper(class_or_mapper):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(class_or_mapper, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper
+    else:
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_or_mapper)
+
+
+def _mapper_or_none(entity):
+    """Return the :class:`.Mapper` for the given class or None if the
+    class is not mapped.
+    """
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_mapped_class(entity):
+    """Return True if the given object is a mapped class,
+    :class:`.Mapper`, or :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    """
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return insp is not None and \
+        not insp.is_clause_element and \
+        (
+            insp.is_mapper or insp.is_aliased_class
+        )
+
+
+def _attr_as_key(attr):
+    if hasattr(attr, 'key'):
+        return attr.key
+    else:
+        return expression._column_as_key(attr)
+
+
+def _orm_columns(entity):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    if hasattr(insp, 'selectable'):
+        return [c for c in insp.selectable.c]
+    else:
+        return [entity]
+
+
+def _is_aliased_class(entity):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return insp is not None and \
+        getattr(insp, "is_aliased_class", False)
+
+
+def _entity_descriptor(entity, key):
+    """Return a class attribute given an entity and string name.
+
+    May return :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute` or user-defined
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity)
+    if insp.is_selectable:
+        description = entity
+        entity = insp.c
+    elif insp.is_aliased_class:
+        entity = insp.entity
+        description = entity
+    elif hasattr(insp, "mapper"):
+        description = entity = insp.mapper.class_
+    else:
+        description = entity
+
+    try:
+        return getattr(entity, key)
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Entity '%s' has no property '%s'" %
+            (description, key)
+        )
+
+_state_mapper = util.dottedgetter('manager.mapper')
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(type)
+def _inspect_mapped_class(class_, configure=False):
+    try:
+        class_manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        if not class_manager.is_mapped:
+            return None
+        mapper = class_manager.mapper
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+    else:
+        if configure and mapper._new_mappers:
+            mapper._configure_all()
+        return mapper
+
+
+def class_mapper(class_, configure=True):
+    """Given a class, return the primary :class:`.Mapper` associated
+    with the key.
+
+    Raises :exc:`.UnmappedClassError` if no mapping is configured
+    on the given class, or :exc:`.ArgumentError` if a non-class
+    object is passed.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(some_mapped_class)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the class is not mapped.
+
+    """
+    mapper = _inspect_mapped_class(class_, configure=configure)
+    if mapper is None:
+        if not isinstance(class_, type):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Class object expected, got '%r'." % (class_, ))
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_)
+    else:
+        return mapper
+
+
+class InspectionAttr(object):
+    """A base class applied to all ORM objects that can be returned
+    by the :func:`.inspect` function.
+
+    The attributes defined here allow the usage of simple boolean
+    checks to test basic facts about the object returned.
+
+    While the boolean checks here are basically the same as using
+    the Python isinstance() function, the flags here can be used without
+    the need to import all of these classes, and also such that
+    the SQLAlchemy class system can change while leaving the flags
+    here intact for forwards-compatibility.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    is_selectable = False
+    """Return True if this object is an instance of :class:`.Selectable`."""
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`."""
+
+    is_instance = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.InstanceState`."""
+
+    is_mapper = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.Mapper`."""
+
+    is_property = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.MapperProperty`."""
+
+    is_attribute = False
+    """True if this object is a Python :term:`descriptor`.
+
+    This can refer to one of many types.   Usually a
+    :class:`.QueryableAttribute` which handles attributes events on behalf
+    of a :class:`.MapperProperty`.   But can also be an extension type
+    such as :class:`.AssociationProxy` or :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+    The :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer to a constant
+    identifying the specific subtype.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+    """
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.ClauseElement`."""
+
+    extension_type = NOT_EXTENSION
+    """The extension type, if any.
+    Defaults to :data:`.interfaces.NOT_EXTENSION`
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :data:`.HYBRID_METHOD`
+
+        :data:`.HYBRID_PROPERTY`
+
+        :data:`.ASSOCIATION_PROXY`
+
+    """
+
+
+class InspectionAttrInfo(InspectionAttr):
+    """Adds the ``.info`` attribute to :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+    The rationale for :class:`.InspectionAttr` vs. :class:`.InspectionAttrInfo`
+    is that the former is compatible as a mixin for classes that specify
+    ``__slots__``; this is essentially an implementation artifact.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`.relationship`, or :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8  Added support for .info to all
+           :class:`.MapperProperty` subclasses.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` is also
+           available on extension types via the
+           :attr:`.InspectionAttrInfo.info` attribute, so that it can apply
+           to a wider variety of ORM and extension constructs.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+
+class _MappedAttribute(object):
+    """Mixin for attributes which should be replaced by mapper-assigned
+    attributes.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3c609f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1580 @@
+# orm/collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Support for collections of mapped entities.
+
+The collections package supplies the machinery used to inform the ORM of
+collection membership changes.  An instrumentation via decoration approach is
+used, allowing arbitrary types (including built-ins) to be used as entity
+collections without requiring inheritance from a base class.
+
+Instrumentation decoration relays membership change events to the
+:class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` that is currently managing the collection.
+The decorators observe function call arguments and return values, tracking
+entities entering or leaving the collection.  Two decorator approaches are
+provided.  One is a bundle of generic decorators that map function arguments
+and return values to events::
+
+  from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import collection
+  class MyClass(object):
+      # ...
+
+      @collection.adds(1)
+      def store(self, item):
+          self.data.append(item)
+
+      @collection.removes_return()
+      def pop(self):
+          return self.data.pop()
+
+
+The second approach is a bundle of targeted decorators that wrap appropriate
+append and remove notifiers around the mutation methods present in the
+standard Python ``list``, ``set`` and ``dict`` interfaces.  These could be
+specified in terms of generic decorator recipes, but are instead hand-tooled
+for increased efficiency.  The targeted decorators occasionally implement
+adapter-like behavior, such as mapping bulk-set methods (``extend``,
+``update``, ``__setslice__``, etc.) into the series of atomic mutation events
+that the ORM requires.
+
+The targeted decorators are used internally for automatic instrumentation of
+entity collection classes.  Every collection class goes through a
+transformation process roughly like so:
+
+1. If the class is a built-in, substitute a trivial sub-class
+2. Is this class already instrumented?
+3. Add in generic decorators
+4. Sniff out the collection interface through duck-typing
+5. Add targeted decoration to any undecorated interface method
+
+This process modifies the class at runtime, decorating methods and adding some
+bookkeeping properties.  This isn't possible (or desirable) for built-in
+classes like ``list``, so trivial sub-classes are substituted to hold
+decoration::
+
+  class InstrumentedList(list):
+      pass
+
+Collection classes can be specified in ``relationship(collection_class=)`` as
+types or a function that returns an instance.  Collection classes are
+inspected and instrumented during the mapper compilation phase.  The
+collection_class callable will be executed once to produce a specimen
+instance, and the type of that specimen will be instrumented.  Functions that
+return built-in types like ``lists`` will be adapted to produce instrumented
+instances.
+
+When extending a known type like ``list``, additional decorations are not
+generally not needed.  Odds are, the extension method will delegate to a
+method that's already instrumented.  For example::
+
+  class QueueIsh(list):
+     def push(self, item):
+         self.append(item)
+     def shift(self):
+         return self.pop(0)
+
+There's no need to decorate these methods.  ``append`` and ``pop`` are already
+instrumented as part of the ``list`` interface.  Decorating them would fire
+duplicate events, which should be avoided.
+
+The targeted decoration tries not to rely on other methods in the underlying
+collection class, but some are unavoidable.  Many depend on 'read' methods
+being present to properly instrument a 'write', for example, ``__setitem__``
+needs ``__getitem__``.  "Bulk" methods like ``update`` and ``extend`` may also
+reimplemented in terms of atomic appends and removes, so the ``extend``
+decoration will actually perform many ``append`` operations and not call the
+underlying method at all.
+
+Tight control over bulk operation and the firing of events is also possible by
+implementing the instrumentation internally in your methods.  The basic
+instrumentation package works under the general assumption that collection
+mutation will not raise unusual exceptions.  If you want to closely
+orchestrate append and remove events with exception management, internal
+instrumentation may be the answer.  Within your method,
+``collection_adapter(self)`` will retrieve an object that you can use for
+explicit control over triggering append and remove events.
+
+The owning object and :class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` are also reachable
+through the adapter, allowing for some very sophisticated behavior.
+
+"""
+
+import inspect
+import operator
+import weakref
+
+from ..sql import expression
+from .. import util, exc as sa_exc
+from . import base
+
+from sqlalchemy.util.compat import inspect_getargspec
+
+__all__ = ['collection', 'collection_adapter',
+           'mapped_collection', 'column_mapped_collection',
+           'attribute_mapped_collection']
+
+__instrumentation_mutex = util.threading.Lock()
+
+
+class _PlainColumnGetter(object):
+    """Plain column getter, stores collection of Column objects
+    directly.
+
+    Serializes to a :class:`._SerializableColumnGetterV2`
+    which has more expensive __call__() performance
+    and some rare caveats.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cols):
+        self.cols = cols
+        self.composite = len(cols) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2._reduce_from_cols(self.cols)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper):
+        return self.cols
+
+    def __call__(self, value):
+        state = base.instance_state(value)
+        m = base._state_mapper(state)
+
+        key = [
+            m._get_state_attr_by_column(state, state.dict, col)
+            for col in self._cols(m)
+        ]
+
+        if self.composite:
+            return tuple(key)
+        else:
+            return key[0]
+
+
+class _SerializableColumnGetter(object):
+    """Column-based getter used in version 0.7.6 only.
+
+    Remains here for pickle compatibility with 0.7.6.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, colkeys):
+        self.colkeys = colkeys
+        self.composite = len(colkeys) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _SerializableColumnGetter, (self.colkeys,)
+
+    def __call__(self, value):
+        state = base.instance_state(value)
+        m = base._state_mapper(state)
+        key = [m._get_state_attr_by_column(
+            state, state.dict,
+            m.mapped_table.columns[k])
+            for k in self.colkeys]
+        if self.composite:
+            return tuple(key)
+        else:
+            return key[0]
+
+
+class _SerializableColumnGetterV2(_PlainColumnGetter):
+    """Updated serializable getter which deals with
+    multi-table mapped classes.
+
+    Two extremely unusual cases are not supported.
+    Mappings which have tables across multiple metadata
+    objects, or which are mapped to non-Table selectables
+    linked across inheriting mappers may fail to function
+    here.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, colkeys):
+        self.colkeys = colkeys
+        self.composite = len(colkeys) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.colkeys,)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reduce_from_cols(cls, cols):
+        def _table_key(c):
+            if not isinstance(c.table, expression.TableClause):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return c.table.key
+        colkeys = [(c.key, _table_key(c)) for c in cols]
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2, (colkeys,)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper):
+        cols = []
+        metadata = getattr(mapper.local_table, 'metadata', None)
+        for (ckey, tkey) in self.colkeys:
+            if tkey is None or \
+                    metadata is None or \
+                    tkey not in metadata:
+                cols.append(mapper.local_table.c[ckey])
+            else:
+                cols.append(metadata.tables[tkey].c[ckey])
+        return cols
+
+
+def column_mapped_collection(mapping_spec):
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with column-based keying.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.MappedCollection` factory with a keying function
+    generated from mapping_spec, which may be a Column or a sequence
+    of Columns.
+
+    The key value must be immutable for the lifetime of the object.  You
+    can not, for example, map on foreign key values if those key values will
+    change during the session, i.e. from None to a database-assigned integer
+    after a session flush.
+
+    """
+    cols = [expression._only_column_elements(q, "mapping_spec")
+            for q in util.to_list(mapping_spec)
+            ]
+    keyfunc = _PlainColumnGetter(cols)
+    return lambda: MappedCollection(keyfunc)
+
+
+class _SerializableAttrGetter(object):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.getter = operator.attrgetter(name)
+
+    def __call__(self, target):
+        return self.getter(target)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _SerializableAttrGetter, (self.name, )
+
+
+def attribute_mapped_collection(attr_name):
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with attribute-based keying.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.MappedCollection` factory with a keying based on the
+    'attr_name' attribute of entities in the collection, where ``attr_name``
+    is the string name of the attribute.
+
+    The key value must be immutable for the lifetime of the object.  You
+    can not, for example, map on foreign key values if those key values will
+    change during the session, i.e. from None to a database-assigned integer
+    after a session flush.
+
+    """
+    getter = _SerializableAttrGetter(attr_name)
+    return lambda: MappedCollection(getter)
+
+
+def mapped_collection(keyfunc):
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with arbitrary keying.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.MappedCollection` factory with a keying function
+    generated from keyfunc, a callable that takes an entity and returns a
+    key value.
+
+    The key value must be immutable for the lifetime of the object.  You
+    can not, for example, map on foreign key values if those key values will
+    change during the session, i.e. from None to a database-assigned integer
+    after a session flush.
+
+    """
+    return lambda: MappedCollection(keyfunc)
+
+
+class collection(object):
+    """Decorators for entity collection classes.
+
+    The decorators fall into two groups: annotations and interception recipes.
+
+    The annotating decorators (appender, remover, iterator, linker, converter,
+    internally_instrumented) indicate the method's purpose and take no
+    arguments.  They are not written with parens::
+
+        @collection.appender
+        def append(self, append): ...
+
+    The recipe decorators all require parens, even those that take no
+    arguments::
+
+        @collection.adds('entity')
+        def insert(self, position, entity): ...
+
+        @collection.removes_return()
+        def popitem(self): ...
+
+    """
+    # Bundled as a class solely for ease of use: packaging, doc strings,
+    # importability.
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def appender(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection appender.
+
+        The appender method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to append. The method will be automatically decorated with 'adds(1)'
+        if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.appender
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+            # for mapping type, an 'append' may kick out a previous value
+            # that occupies that slot.  consider d['a'] = 'foo'- any previous
+            # value in d['a'] is discarded.
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.replaces(1)
+            def add(self, entity):
+                key = some_key_func(entity)
+                previous = None
+                if key in self:
+                    previous = self[key]
+                self[key] = entity
+                return previous
+
+        If the value to append is not allowed in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception.  Something to remember is that the appender
+        will be called for each object mapped by a database query.  If the
+        database contains rows that violate your collection semantics, you
+        will need to get creative to fix the problem, as access via the
+        collection will not work.
+
+        If the appender method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'appender'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def remover(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The remover method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to remove. The method will be automatically decorated with
+        :meth:`removes_return` if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.remover
+            def zap(self, entity): ...
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.remover
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def zap(self, ): ...
+
+        If the value to remove is not present in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception or return None to ignore the error.
+
+        If the remove method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'remover'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iterator(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The iterator method is called with no arguments.  It is expected to
+        return an iterator over all collection members::
+
+            @collection.iterator
+            def __iter__(self): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'iterator'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def internally_instrumented(fn):
+        """Tag the method as instrumented.
+
+        This tag will prevent any decoration from being applied to the
+        method. Use this if you are orchestrating your own calls to
+        :func:`.collection_adapter` in one of the basic SQLAlchemy
+        interface methods, or to prevent an automatic ABC method
+        decoration from wrapping your implementation::
+
+            # normally an 'extend' method on a list-like class would be
+            # automatically intercepted and re-implemented in terms of
+            # SQLAlchemy events and append().  your implementation will
+            # never be called, unless:
+            @collection.internally_instrumented
+            def extend(self, items): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def linker(fn):
+        """Tag the method as a "linked to attribute" event handler.
+
+        This optional event handler will be called when the collection class
+        is linked to or unlinked from the InstrumentedAttribute.  It is
+        invoked immediately after the '_sa_adapter' property is set on
+        the instance.  A single argument is passed: the collection adapter
+        that has been linked, or None if unlinking.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.0.0 - the :meth:`.collection.linker` handler
+           is superseded by the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_collection`
+           and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.dispose_collection` handlers.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'linker'
+        return fn
+
+    link = linker
+    """deprecated; synonym for :meth:`.collection.linker`."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def converter(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection converter.
+
+        This optional method will be called when a collection is being
+        replaced entirely, as in::
+
+            myobj.acollection = [newvalue1, newvalue2]
+
+        The converter method will receive the object being assigned and should
+        return an iterable of values suitable for use by the ``appender``
+        method.  A converter must not assign values or mutate the collection,
+        its sole job is to adapt the value the user provides into an iterable
+        of values for the ORM's use.
+
+        The default converter implementation will use duck-typing to do the
+        conversion.  A dict-like collection will be convert into an iterable
+        of dictionary values, and other types will simply be iterated::
+
+            @collection.converter
+            def convert(self, other): ...
+
+        If the duck-typing of the object does not match the type of this
+        collection, a TypeError is raised.
+
+        Supply an implementation of this method if you want to expand the
+        range of possible types that can be assigned in bulk or perform
+        validation on the values about to be assigned.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = 'converter'
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def adds(arg):
+        """Mark the method as adding an entity to the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value.  Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by
+        name::
+
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def push(self, item): ...
+
+            @collection.adds('entity')
+            def do_stuff(self, thing, entity=None): ...
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ('fire_append_event', arg)
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def replaces(arg):
+        """Mark the method as replacing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" and "remove from collection" handling to
+        the method.  The decorator argument indicates which method argument
+        holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant value to be added, and return value, if
+        any will be considered the value to remove.
+
+        Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.replaces(2)
+            def __setitem__(self, index, item): ...
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ('fire_append_event', arg)
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = 'fire_remove_event'
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes(arg):
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value to be removed. Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e.
+        integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.removes(1)
+            def zap(self, item): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is not known at call-time, use
+        collection.removes_return.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ('fire_remove_event', arg)
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes_return():
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The return
+        value of the method, if any, is considered the value to remove.  The
+        method arguments are not inspected::
+
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def pop(self): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is known at call-time, use
+        collection.remove.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = 'fire_remove_event'
+            return fn
+        return decorator
+
+
+collection_adapter = operator.attrgetter('_sa_adapter')
+"""Fetch the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` for a collection."""
+
+
+class CollectionAdapter(object):
+    """Bridges between the ORM and arbitrary Python collections.
+
+    Proxies base-level collection operations (append, remove, iterate)
+    to the underlying Python collection, and emits add/remove events for
+    entities entering or leaving the collection.
+
+    The ORM uses :class:`.CollectionAdapter` exclusively for interaction with
+    entity collections.
+
+
+    """
+    invalidated = False
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, owner_state, data):
+        self._key = attr.key
+        self._data = weakref.ref(data)
+        self.owner_state = owner_state
+        data._sa_adapter = self
+
+    def _warn_invalidated(self):
+        util.warn("This collection has been invalidated.")
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        "The entity collection being adapted."
+        return self._data()
+
+    @property
+    def _referenced_by_owner(self):
+        """return True if the owner state still refers to this collection.
+
+        This will return False within a bulk replace operation,
+        where this collection is the one being replaced.
+
+        """
+        return self.owner_state.dict[self._key] is self._data()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attr(self):
+        return self.owner_state.manager[self._key].impl
+
+    def adapt_like_to_iterable(self, obj):
+        """Converts collection-compatible objects to an iterable of values.
+
+        Can be passed any type of object, and if the underlying collection
+        determines that it can be adapted into a stream of values it can
+        use, returns an iterable of values suitable for append()ing.
+
+        This method may raise TypeError or any other suitable exception
+        if adaptation fails.
+
+        If a converter implementation is not supplied on the collection,
+        a default duck-typing-based implementation is used.
+
+        """
+        converter = self._data()._sa_converter
+        if converter is not None:
+            return converter(obj)
+
+        setting_type = util.duck_type_collection(obj)
+        receiving_type = util.duck_type_collection(self._data())
+
+        if obj is None or setting_type != receiving_type:
+            given = obj is None and 'None' or obj.__class__.__name__
+            if receiving_type is None:
+                wanted = self._data().__class__.__name__
+            else:
+                wanted = receiving_type.__name__
+
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Incompatible collection type: %s is not %s-like" % (
+                    given, wanted))
+
+        # If the object is an adapted collection, return the (iterable)
+        # adapter.
+        if getattr(obj, '_sa_adapter', None) is not None:
+            return obj._sa_adapter
+        elif setting_type == dict:
+            if util.py3k:
+                return obj.values()
+            else:
+                return getattr(obj, 'itervalues', obj.values)()
+        else:
+            return iter(obj)
+
+    def append_with_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Add an entity to the collection, firing mutation events."""
+
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def append_without_event(self, item):
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def append_multiple_without_event(self, items):
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+        appender = self._data()._sa_appender
+        for item in items:
+            appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def remove_with_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing mutation events."""
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def remove_without_event(self, item):
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing no events."""
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def clear_with_event(self, initiator=None):
+        """Empty the collection, firing a mutation event for each entity."""
+
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def clear_without_event(self):
+        """Empty the collection, firing no events."""
+
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over entities in the collection."""
+
+        return iter(self._data()._sa_iterator())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Count entities in the collection."""
+        return len(list(self._data()._sa_iterator()))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return True
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Notify that a entity has entered the collection.
+
+        Initiator is a token owned by the InstrumentedAttribute that
+        initiated the membership mutation, and should be left as None
+        unless you are passing along an initiator value from a chained
+        operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+            return self.attr.fire_append_event(
+                self.owner_state,
+                self.owner_state.dict,
+                item, initiator)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, item, initiator=None):
+        """Notify that a entity has been removed from the collection.
+
+        Initiator is the InstrumentedAttribute that initiated the membership
+        mutation, and should be left as None unless you are passing along
+        an initiator value from a chained operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+            self.attr.fire_remove_event(
+                self.owner_state,
+                self.owner_state.dict,
+                item, initiator)
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, initiator=None):
+        """Notify that an entity is about to be removed from the collection.
+
+        Only called if the entity cannot be removed after calling
+        fire_remove_event().
+
+        """
+        if self.invalidated:
+            self._warn_invalidated()
+        self.attr.fire_pre_remove_event(
+            self.owner_state,
+            self.owner_state.dict,
+            initiator=initiator)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'key': self._key,
+                'owner_state': self.owner_state,
+                'data': self.data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, d):
+        self._key = d['key']
+        self.owner_state = d['owner_state']
+        self._data = weakref.ref(d['data'])
+
+
+def bulk_replace(values, existing_adapter, new_adapter):
+    """Load a new collection, firing events based on prior like membership.
+
+    Appends instances in ``values`` onto the ``new_adapter``. Events will be
+    fired for any instance not present in the ``existing_adapter``.  Any
+    instances in ``existing_adapter`` not present in ``values`` will have
+    remove events fired upon them.
+
+    :param values: An iterable of collection member instances
+
+    :param existing_adapter: A :class:`.CollectionAdapter` of
+     instances to be replaced
+
+    :param new_adapter: An empty :class:`.CollectionAdapter`
+     to load with ``values``
+
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(values, list):
+        values = list(values)
+
+    idset = util.IdentitySet
+    existing_idset = idset(existing_adapter or ())
+    constants = existing_idset.intersection(values or ())
+    additions = idset(values or ()).difference(constants)
+    removals = existing_idset.difference(constants)
+
+    for member in values or ():
+        if member in additions:
+            new_adapter.append_with_event(member)
+        elif member in constants:
+            new_adapter.append_without_event(member)
+
+    if existing_adapter:
+        for member in removals:
+            existing_adapter.remove_with_event(member)
+
+
+def prepare_instrumentation(factory):
+    """Prepare a callable for future use as a collection class factory.
+
+    Given a collection class factory (either a type or no-arg callable),
+    return another factory that will produce compatible instances when
+    called.
+
+    This function is responsible for converting collection_class=list
+    into the run-time behavior of collection_class=InstrumentedList.
+
+    """
+    # Convert a builtin to 'Instrumented*'
+    if factory in __canned_instrumentation:
+        factory = __canned_instrumentation[factory]
+
+    # Create a specimen
+    cls = type(factory())
+
+    # Did factory callable return a builtin?
+    if cls in __canned_instrumentation:
+        # Wrap it so that it returns our 'Instrumented*'
+        factory = __converting_factory(cls, factory)
+        cls = factory()
+
+    # Instrument the class if needed.
+    if __instrumentation_mutex.acquire():
+        try:
+            if getattr(cls, '_sa_instrumented', None) != id(cls):
+                _instrument_class(cls)
+        finally:
+            __instrumentation_mutex.release()
+
+    return factory
+
+
+def __converting_factory(specimen_cls, original_factory):
+    """Return a wrapper that converts a "canned" collection like
+    set, dict, list into the Instrumented* version.
+
+    """
+
+    instrumented_cls = __canned_instrumentation[specimen_cls]
+
+    def wrapper():
+        collection = original_factory()
+        return instrumented_cls(collection)
+
+    # often flawed but better than nothing
+    wrapper.__name__ = "%sWrapper" % original_factory.__name__
+    wrapper.__doc__ = original_factory.__doc__
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def _instrument_class(cls):
+    """Modify methods in a class and install instrumentation."""
+
+    # In the normal call flow, a request for any of the 3 basic collection
+    # types is transformed into one of our trivial subclasses
+    # (e.g. InstrumentedList).  Catch anything else that sneaks in here...
+    if cls.__module__ == '__builtin__':
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Can not instrument a built-in type. Use a "
+            "subclass, even a trivial one.")
+
+    roles, methods = _locate_roles_and_methods(cls)
+
+    _setup_canned_roles(cls, roles, methods)
+
+    _assert_required_roles(cls, roles, methods)
+
+    _set_collection_attributes(cls, roles, methods)
+
+
+def _locate_roles_and_methods(cls):
+    """search for _sa_instrument_role-decorated methods in
+    method resolution order, assign to roles.
+
+    """
+
+    roles = {}
+    methods = {}
+
+    for supercls in cls.__mro__:
+        for name, method in vars(supercls).items():
+            if not util.callable(method):
+                continue
+
+            # note role declarations
+            if hasattr(method, '_sa_instrument_role'):
+                role = method._sa_instrument_role
+                assert role in ('appender', 'remover', 'iterator',
+                                'linker', 'converter')
+                roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+            # transfer instrumentation requests from decorated function
+            # to the combined queue
+            before, after = None, None
+            if hasattr(method, '_sa_instrument_before'):
+                op, argument = method._sa_instrument_before
+                assert op in ('fire_append_event', 'fire_remove_event')
+                before = op, argument
+            if hasattr(method, '_sa_instrument_after'):
+                op = method._sa_instrument_after
+                assert op in ('fire_append_event', 'fire_remove_event')
+                after = op
+            if before:
+                methods[name] = before + (after, )
+            elif after:
+                methods[name] = None, None, after
+    return roles, methods
+
+
+def _setup_canned_roles(cls, roles, methods):
+    """see if this class has "canned" roles based on a known
+    collection type (dict, set, list).  Apply those roles
+    as needed to the "roles" dictionary, and also
+    prepare "decorator" methods
+
+    """
+    collection_type = util.duck_type_collection(cls)
+    if collection_type in __interfaces:
+        canned_roles, decorators = __interfaces[collection_type]
+        for role, name in canned_roles.items():
+            roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+        # apply ABC auto-decoration to methods that need it
+        for method, decorator in decorators.items():
+            fn = getattr(cls, method, None)
+            if (fn and method not in methods and
+                    not hasattr(fn, '_sa_instrumented')):
+                setattr(cls, method, decorator(fn))
+
+
+def _assert_required_roles(cls, roles, methods):
+    """ensure all roles are present, and apply implicit instrumentation if
+    needed
+
+    """
+    if 'appender' not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles['appender']):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an appender method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__)
+    elif (roles['appender'] not in methods and
+          not hasattr(getattr(cls, roles['appender']), '_sa_instrumented')):
+        methods[roles['appender']] = ('fire_append_event', 1, None)
+
+    if 'remover' not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles['remover']):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect a remover method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__)
+    elif (roles['remover'] not in methods and
+          not hasattr(getattr(cls, roles['remover']), '_sa_instrumented')):
+        methods[roles['remover']] = ('fire_remove_event', 1, None)
+
+    if 'iterator' not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles['iterator']):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an iterator method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__)
+
+
+def _set_collection_attributes(cls, roles, methods):
+    """apply ad-hoc instrumentation from decorators, class-level defaults
+    and implicit role declarations
+
+    """
+    for method_name, (before, argument, after) in methods.items():
+        setattr(cls, method_name,
+                _instrument_membership_mutator(getattr(cls, method_name),
+                                               before, argument, after))
+    # intern the role map
+    for role, method_name in roles.items():
+        setattr(cls, '_sa_%s' % role, getattr(cls, method_name))
+
+    cls._sa_adapter = None
+
+    if not hasattr(cls, '_sa_converter'):
+        cls._sa_converter = None
+    cls._sa_instrumented = id(cls)
+
+
+def _instrument_membership_mutator(method, before, argument, after):
+    """Route method args and/or return value through the collection
+    adapter."""
+    # This isn't smart enough to handle @adds(1) for 'def fn(self, (a, b))'
+    if before:
+        fn_args = list(util.flatten_iterator(inspect_getargspec(method)[0]))
+        if isinstance(argument, int):
+            pos_arg = argument
+            named_arg = len(fn_args) > argument and fn_args[argument] or None
+        else:
+            if argument in fn_args:
+                pos_arg = fn_args.index(argument)
+            else:
+                pos_arg = None
+            named_arg = argument
+        del fn_args
+
+    def wrapper(*args, **kw):
+        if before:
+            if pos_arg is None:
+                if named_arg not in kw:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument)
+                value = kw[named_arg]
+            else:
+                if len(args) > pos_arg:
+                    value = args[pos_arg]
+                elif named_arg in kw:
+                    value = kw[named_arg]
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument)
+
+        initiator = kw.pop('_sa_initiator', None)
+        if initiator is False:
+            executor = None
+        else:
+            executor = args[0]._sa_adapter
+
+        if before and executor:
+            getattr(executor, before)(value, initiator)
+
+        if not after or not executor:
+            return method(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            res = method(*args, **kw)
+            if res is not None:
+                getattr(executor, after)(res, initiator)
+            return res
+
+    wrapper._sa_instrumented = True
+    if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_role"):
+        wrapper._sa_instrument_role = method._sa_instrument_role
+    wrapper.__name__ = method.__name__
+    wrapper.__doc__ = method.__doc__
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def __set(collection, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Run set events, may eventually be inlined into decorators."""
+
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            item = executor.fire_append_event(item, _sa_initiator)
+    return item
+
+
+def __del(collection, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Run del events, may eventually be inlined into decorators."""
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            executor.fire_remove_event(item, _sa_initiator)
+
+
+def __before_delete(collection, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Special method to run 'commit existing value' methods"""
+    executor = collection._sa_adapter
+    if executor:
+        executor.fire_pre_remove_event(_sa_initiator)
+
+
+def _list_decorators():
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any list-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(list, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def append(fn):
+        def append(self, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+            item = __set(self, item, _sa_initiator)
+            fn(self, item)
+        _tidy(append)
+        return append
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            __before_delete(self, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            fn(self, value)
+            __del(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def insert(fn):
+        def insert(self, index, value):
+            value = __set(self, value)
+            fn(self, index, value)
+        _tidy(insert)
+        return insert
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                existing = self[index]
+                if existing is not None:
+                    __del(self, existing)
+                value = __set(self, value)
+                fn(self, index, value)
+            else:
+                # slice assignment requires __delitem__, insert, __len__
+                step = index.step or 1
+                start = index.start or 0
+                if start < 0:
+                    start += len(self)
+                if index.stop is not None:
+                    stop = index.stop
+                else:
+                    stop = len(self)
+                if stop < 0:
+                    stop += len(self)
+
+                if step == 1:
+                    for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                        if len(self) > start:
+                            del self[start]
+
+                    for i, item in enumerate(value):
+                        self.insert(i + start, item)
+                else:
+                    rng = list(range(start, stop, step))
+                    if len(value) != len(rng):
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                            "extended slice of size %s" % (len(value),
+                                                           len(rng)))
+                    for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                        self.__setitem__(i, item)
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, index):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                item = self[index]
+                __del(self, item)
+                fn(self, index)
+            else:
+                # slice deletion requires __getslice__ and a slice-groking
+                # __getitem__ for stepped deletion
+                # note: not breaking this into atomic dels
+                for item in self[index]:
+                    __del(self, item)
+                fn(self, index)
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        def __setslice__(fn):
+            def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+                for value in self[start:end]:
+                    __del(self, value)
+                values = [__set(self, value) for value in values]
+                fn(self, start, end, values)
+            _tidy(__setslice__)
+            return __setslice__
+
+        def __delslice__(fn):
+            def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+                for value in self[start:end]:
+                    __del(self, value)
+                fn(self, start, end)
+            _tidy(__delslice__)
+            return __delslice__
+
+    def extend(fn):
+        def extend(self, iterable):
+            for value in iterable:
+                self.append(value)
+        _tidy(extend)
+        return extend
+
+    def __iadd__(fn):
+        def __iadd__(self, iterable):
+            # list.__iadd__ takes any iterable and seems to let TypeError
+            # raise as-is instead of returning NotImplemented
+            for value in iterable:
+                self.append(value)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__iadd__)
+        return __iadd__
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, index=-1):
+            __before_delete(self)
+            item = fn(self, index)
+            __del(self, item)
+            return item
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    if not util.py2k:
+        def clear(fn):
+            def clear(self, index=-1):
+                for item in self:
+                    __del(self, item)
+                fn(self)
+            _tidy(clear)
+            return clear
+
+    # __imul__ : not wrapping this.  all members of the collection are already
+    # present, so no need to fire appends... wrapping it with an explicit
+    # decorator is still possible, so events on *= can be had if they're
+    # desired.  hard to imagine a use case for __imul__, though.
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop('_tidy')
+    return l
+
+
+def _dict_decorators():
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any dict-like mapping class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(dict, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    Unspecified = util.symbol('Unspecified')
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator)
+            value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            fn(self, key, value)
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, key, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator)
+            fn(self, key)
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key])
+            fn(self)
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, key, default=Unspecified):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key])
+            if default is Unspecified:
+                return fn(self, key)
+            else:
+                return fn(self, key, default)
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def popitem(fn):
+        def popitem(self):
+            __before_delete(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            __del(self, item[1])
+            return item
+        _tidy(popitem)
+        return popitem
+
+    def setdefault(fn):
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            if key not in self:
+                self.__setitem__(key, default)
+                return default
+            else:
+                return self.__getitem__(key)
+        _tidy(setdefault)
+        return setdefault
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, __other=Unspecified, **kw):
+            if __other is not Unspecified:
+                if hasattr(__other, 'keys'):
+                    for key in list(__other):
+                        if (key not in self or
+                                self[key] is not __other[key]):
+                            self[key] = __other[key]
+                else:
+                    for key, value in __other:
+                        if key not in self or self[key] is not value:
+                            self[key] = value
+            for key in kw:
+                if key not in self or self[key] is not kw[key]:
+                    self[key] = kw[key]
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop('_tidy')
+    l.pop('Unspecified')
+    return l
+
+_set_binop_bases = (set, frozenset)
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_strict(self, obj):
+    """Allow only set, frozenset and self.__class__-derived
+    objects in binops."""
+    return isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,))
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_loose(self, obj):
+    """Allow anything set-like to participate in set binops."""
+    return (isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,)) or
+            util.duck_type_collection(obj) == set)
+
+
+def _set_decorators():
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any set-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(set, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    Unspecified = util.symbol('Unspecified')
+
+    def add(fn):
+        def add(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if value not in self:
+                value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+        _tidy(add)
+        return add
+
+    def discard(fn):
+        def discard(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+                # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+        _tidy(discard)
+        return discard
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self):
+            __before_delete(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            __del(self, item)
+            return item
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for item in list(self):
+                self.remove(item)
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    def __ior__(fn):
+        def __ior__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__ior__)
+        return __ior__
+
+    def difference_update(fn):
+        def difference_update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+        _tidy(difference_update)
+        return difference_update
+
+    def __isub__(fn):
+        def __isub__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__isub__)
+        return __isub__
+
+    def intersection_update(fn):
+        def intersection_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+        _tidy(intersection_update)
+        return intersection_update
+
+    def __iand__(fn):
+        def __iand__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__iand__)
+        return __iand__
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(fn):
+        def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+        _tidy(symmetric_difference_update)
+        return symmetric_difference_update
+
+    def __ixor__(fn):
+        def __ixor__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+        _tidy(__ixor__)
+        return __ixor__
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop('_tidy')
+    l.pop('Unspecified')
+    return l
+
+
+class InstrumentedList(list):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in list."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedSet(set):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in set."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedDict(dict):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in dict."""
+
+
+__canned_instrumentation = {
+    list: InstrumentedList,
+    set: InstrumentedSet,
+    dict: InstrumentedDict,
+}
+
+__interfaces = {
+    list: (
+        {'appender': 'append', 'remover': 'remove',
+         'iterator': '__iter__'}, _list_decorators()
+    ),
+
+    set: ({'appender': 'add',
+           'remover': 'remove',
+           'iterator': '__iter__'}, _set_decorators()
+          ),
+
+    # decorators are required for dicts and object collections.
+    dict: ({'iterator': 'values'}, _dict_decorators()) if util.py3k
+    else ({'iterator': 'itervalues'}, _dict_decorators()),
+}
+
+
+class MappedCollection(dict):
+    """A basic dictionary-based collection class.
+
+    Extends dict with the minimal bag semantics that collection
+    classes require. ``set`` and ``remove`` are implemented in terms
+    of a keying function: any callable that takes an object and
+    returns an object for use as a dictionary key.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, keyfunc):
+        """Create a new collection with keying provided by keyfunc.
+
+        keyfunc may be any callable that takes an object and returns an object
+        for use as a dictionary key.
+
+        The keyfunc will be called every time the ORM needs to add a member by
+        value-only (such as when loading instances from the database) or
+        remove a member.  The usual cautions about dictionary keying apply-
+        ``keyfunc(object)`` should return the same output for the life of the
+        collection.  Keying based on mutable properties can result in
+        unreachable instances "lost" in the collection.
+
+        """
+        self.keyfunc = keyfunc
+
+    @collection.appender
+    @collection.internally_instrumented
+    def set(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+        """Add an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+        self.__setitem__(key, value, _sa_initiator)
+
+    @collection.remover
+    @collection.internally_instrumented
+    def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+        """Remove an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+        # Let self[key] raise if key is not in this collection
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__ne__
+        if self[key] != value:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can not remove '%s': collection holds '%s' for key '%s'. "
+                "Possible cause: is the MappedCollection key function "
+                "based on mutable properties or properties that only obtain "
+                "values after flush?" %
+                (value, self[key], key))
+        self.__delitem__(key, _sa_initiator)
+
+    @collection.converter
+    def _convert(self, dictlike):
+        """Validate and convert a dict-like object into values for set()ing.
+
+        This is called behind the scenes when a MappedCollection is replaced
+        entirely by another collection, as in::
+
+          myobj.mappedcollection = {'a':obj1, 'b': obj2} # ...
+
+        Raises a TypeError if the key in any (key, value) pair in the dictlike
+        object does not match the key that this collection's keyfunc would
+        have assigned for that value.
+
+        """
+        for incoming_key, value in util.dictlike_iteritems(dictlike):
+            new_key = self.keyfunc(value)
+            if incoming_key != new_key:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Found incompatible key %r for value %r; this "
+                    "collection's "
+                    "keying function requires a key of %r for this value." % (
+                        incoming_key, value, new_key))
+            yield value
+
+# ensure instrumentation is associated with
+# these built-in classes; if a user-defined class
+# subclasses these and uses @internally_instrumented,
+# the superclass is otherwise not instrumented.
+# see [ticket:2406].
+_instrument_class(MappedCollection)
+_instrument_class(InstrumentedList)
+_instrument_class(InstrumentedSet)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3e5b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1175 @@
+# orm/dependency.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Relationship dependencies.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import sql, util, exc as sa_exc
+from . import attributes, exc, sync, unitofwork, \
+    util as mapperutil
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE, MANYTOMANY
+
+
+class DependencyProcessor(object):
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.cascade = prop.cascade
+        self.mapper = prop.mapper
+        self.parent = prop.parent
+        self.secondary = prop.secondary
+        self.direction = prop.direction
+        self.post_update = prop.post_update
+        self.passive_deletes = prop.passive_deletes
+        self.passive_updates = prop.passive_updates
+        self.enable_typechecks = prop.enable_typechecks
+        if self.passive_deletes:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+        if self.passive_updates:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        self.key = prop.key
+        if not self.prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't build a DependencyProcessor for relationship %s. "
+                "No target attributes to populate between parent and "
+                "child are present" %
+                self.prop)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_relationship(cls, prop):
+        return _direction_to_processor[prop.direction](prop)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        """return True if the given object instance has a parent,
+        according to the ``InstrumentedAttribute`` handled by this
+        ``DependencyProcessor``.
+
+        """
+        return self.parent.class_manager.get_impl(self.key).hasparent(state)
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states in
+        the aggregate.
+
+        """
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, True)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+        before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow,
+            self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow,
+            self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow,
+            self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow,
+            self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        self.per_property_dependencies(uow,
+                                       parent_saves,
+                                       child_saves,
+                                       parent_deletes,
+                                       child_deletes,
+                                       after_save,
+                                       before_delete
+                                       )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states
+        individually.    This occurs only if there are cycles
+        in the 'aggregated' version of events.
+
+        """
+
+        parent_base_mapper = self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        child_base_mapper = self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+
+        # locate and disable the aggregate processors
+        # for this dependency
+
+        if isdelete:
+            before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+            before_delete.disabled = True
+        else:
+            after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+            after_save.disabled = True
+
+        # check if the "child" side is part of the cycle
+
+        if child_saves not in uow.cycles:
+            # based on the current dependencies we use, the saves/
+            # deletes should always be in the 'cycles' collection
+            # together.   if this changes, we will have to break up
+            # this method a bit more.
+            assert child_deletes not in uow.cycles
+
+            # child side is not part of the cycle, so we will link per-state
+            # actions to the aggregate "saves", "deletes" actions
+            child_actions = [
+                (child_saves, False), (child_deletes, True)
+            ]
+            child_in_cycles = False
+        else:
+            child_in_cycles = True
+
+        # check if the "parent" side is part of the cycle
+        if not isdelete:
+            parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.base_mapper)
+            parent_deletes = before_delete = None
+            if parent_saves in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+        else:
+            parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.base_mapper)
+            parent_saves = after_save = None
+            if parent_deletes in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+
+        # now create actions /dependencies for each state.
+
+        for state in states:
+            # detect if there's anything changed or loaded
+            # by a preprocessor on this state/attribute.   In the
+            # case of deletes we may try to load missing items here as well.
+            sum_ = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(
+                state, state.dict,
+                self._passive_delete_flag
+                if isdelete
+                else attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+            if not sum_:
+                continue
+
+            if isdelete:
+                before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow,
+                                                        self, True, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteState(
+                        uow,
+                        state,
+                        parent_base_mapper)
+            else:
+                after_save = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow, self, False, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(
+                        uow,
+                        state,
+                        parent_base_mapper)
+
+            if child_in_cycles:
+                child_actions = []
+                for child_state, child in sum_:
+                    if child_state not in uow.states:
+                        child_action = (None, None)
+                    else:
+                        (deleted, listonly) = uow.states[child_state]
+                        if deleted:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.DeleteState(
+                                    uow, child_state,
+                                    child_base_mapper),
+                                True)
+                        else:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(
+                                    uow, child_state,
+                                    child_base_mapper),
+                                False)
+                    child_actions.append(child_action)
+
+            # establish dependencies between our possibly per-state
+            # parent action and our possibly per-state child action.
+            for child_action, childisdelete in child_actions:
+                self.per_state_dependencies(uow, parent_saves,
+                                            parent_deletes,
+                                            child_action,
+                                            after_save, before_delete,
+                                            isdelete, childisdelete)
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uowcommit, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        elif self.direction is MANYTOONE:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED
+        else:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        for s in states:
+            # TODO: add a high speed method
+            # to InstanceState which returns:  attribute
+            # has a non-None value, or had one
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                s,
+                self.key,
+                passive)
+            if history and not history.empty():
+                return True
+        else:
+            return states and \
+                not self.prop._is_self_referential and \
+                self.mapper in uowcommit.mappers
+
+    def _verify_canload(self, state):
+        if self.prop.uselist and state is None:
+            raise exc.FlushError(
+                "Can't flush None value found in "
+                "collection %s" % (self.prop, ))
+        elif state is not None and \
+            not self.mapper._canload(
+                state, allow_subtypes=not self.enable_typechecks):
+            if self.mapper._canload(state, allow_subtypes=True):
+                raise exc.FlushError('Attempting to flush an item of type '
+                                     '%(x)s as a member of collection '
+                                     '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                                     '%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of '
+                                     'this type. If %(x)s is a subclass of '
+                                     '%(z)s, configure mapper "%(zm)s" to '
+                                     'load this subtype polymorphically, or '
+                                     'set enable_typechecks=False to allow '
+                                     'any subtype to be accepted for flush. '
+                                     % {
+                                         'x': state.class_,
+                                         'y': self.prop,
+                                         'z': self.mapper.class_,
+                                         'zm': self.mapper,
+                                     })
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    'Attempting to flush an item of type '
+                    '%(x)s as a member of collection '
+                    '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                    '%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of '
+                    'this type.' % {
+                        'x': state.class_,
+                        'y': self.prop,
+                        'z': self.mapper.class_,
+                    })
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow,
+                     clearkeys, uowcommit):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_reversed_processed_set(self, uow):
+        if not self.prop._reverse_property:
+            return None
+
+        process_key = tuple(sorted(
+            [self.key] +
+            [p.key for p in self.prop._reverse_property]
+        ))
+        return uow.memo(
+            ('reverse_key', process_key),
+            set
+        )
+
+    def _post_update(self, state, uowcommit, related, is_m2o_delete=False):
+        for x in related:
+            if not is_m2o_delete or x is not None:
+                uowcommit.issue_post_update(
+                    state,
+                    [r for l, r in self.prop.synchronize_pairs]
+                )
+                break
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.prop)
+
+
+class OneToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(self, uow, parent_saves,
+                                  child_saves,
+                                  parent_deletes,
+                                  child_deletes,
+                                  after_save,
+                                  before_delete,
+                                  ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                False)
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                True)
+
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_post_updates),
+
+                (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                (child_pre_updates, parent_deletes),
+                (child_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+
+            ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_saves),
+                (after_save, child_deletes),
+
+                (child_saves, parent_deletes),
+                (child_deletes, parent_deletes),
+
+                (before_delete, child_saves),
+                (before_delete, child_deletes),
+            ])
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(self, uow,
+                               save_parent,
+                               delete_parent,
+                               child_action,
+                               after_save, before_delete,
+                               isdelete, childisdelete):
+
+        if self.post_update:
+
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                False)
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.mapper.primary_base_mapper,
+                True)
+
+            # TODO: this whole block is not covered
+            # by any tests
+            if not isdelete:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (child_action, after_save),
+                        (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                    ])
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (save_parent, after_save),
+                        (child_action, after_save),
+                        (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                    ])
+            else:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                        (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                    ])
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                        (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                    ])
+        elif not isdelete:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (save_parent, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_action),
+                (save_parent, child_action)
+            ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (before_delete, child_action),
+                (child_action, delete_parent)
+            ])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their
+        # foreign key to the parent set to NULL
+        should_null_fks = not self.cascade.delete and \
+            not self.passive_deletes == 'all'
+
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                self._passive_delete_flag)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if child is not None and self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child, isdelete=True)
+                        else:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child)
+
+                if should_null_fks:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child, operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        children_added = uowcommit.memo(('children_added', self), set)
+
+        for state in states:
+            pks_changed = self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state)
+
+            if not pks_changed or self.passive_updates:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            else:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if child is not None:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(child, cancel_delete=True,
+                                                  operation="add",
+                                                  prop=self.prop)
+
+                children_added.update(history.added)
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(child, isdelete=False,
+                                                  operation='delete',
+                                                  prop=self.prop)
+                    elif self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child, isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                                'delete', child):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                st_,
+                                isdelete=True)
+
+            if pks_changed:
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                False,
+                                self.passive_updates,
+                                operation="pk change",
+                                prop=self.prop)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their foreign
+        # key to the parent set to NULL this phase can be called
+        # safely for any cascade but is unnecessary if delete cascade
+        # is on.
+
+        if self.post_update or not self.passive_deletes == 'all':
+            children_added = uowcommit.memo(('children_added', self), set)
+
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if child is not None and \
+                                self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                            self._synchronize(
+                                state,
+                                child,
+                                None, True,
+                                uowcommit, False)
+                            if self.post_update and child:
+                                self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                    if self.post_update or not self.cascade.delete:
+                        for child in set(history.unchanged).\
+                                difference(children_added):
+                            if child is not None:
+                                self._synchronize(
+                                    state,
+                                    child,
+                                    None, True,
+                                    uowcommit, False)
+                                if self.post_update and child:
+                                    self._post_update(child,
+                                                      uowcommit,
+                                                      [state])
+
+                    # technically, we can even remove each child from the
+                    # collection here too.  but this would be a somewhat
+                    # inconsistent behavior since it wouldn't happen
+                    # if the old parent wasn't deleted but child was moved.
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    self._synchronize(state, child, None,
+                                      False, uowcommit, False)
+                    if child is not None and self.post_update:
+                        self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if not self.cascade.delete_orphan and \
+                            not self.hasparent(child):
+                        self._synchronize(state, child, None, True,
+                                          uowcommit, False)
+
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        self._synchronize(state, child, None,
+                                          False, uowcommit, True)
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child,
+                     associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit,
+                     pks_changed):
+        source = state
+        dest = child
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+        if dest is None or \
+                (not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(dest)):
+            return
+        if clearkeys:
+            sync.clear(dest, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            sync.populate(source, self.parent, dest, self.mapper,
+                          self.prop.synchronize_pairs, uowcommit,
+                          self.passive_updates and pks_changed)
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit,
+            state,
+            self.parent,
+            self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+
+
+class ManyToOneDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        DependencyProcessor.__init__(self, prop)
+        self.mapper._dependency_processors.append(DetectKeySwitch(prop))
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(self, uow,
+                                  parent_saves,
+                                  child_saves,
+                                  parent_deletes,
+                                  child_deletes,
+                                  after_save,
+                                  before_delete):
+
+        if self.post_update:
+            parent_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                False)
+            parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                uow,
+                self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                True)
+
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+
+                (after_save, parent_pre_updates),
+                (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+
+                (parent_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+            ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, parent_saves),
+                (parent_saves, child_deletes),
+                (parent_deletes, child_deletes)
+            ])
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(self, uow,
+                               save_parent,
+                               delete_parent,
+                               child_action,
+                               after_save, before_delete,
+                               isdelete, childisdelete):
+
+        if self.post_update:
+
+            if not isdelete:
+                parent_post_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                    uow,
+                    self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                    False)
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                        (parent_post_updates, child_action)
+                    ])
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update([
+                        (save_parent, after_save),
+                        (child_action, after_save),
+
+                        (after_save, parent_post_updates)
+                    ])
+            else:
+                parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.IssuePostUpdate(
+                    uow,
+                    self.parent.primary_base_mapper,
+                    True)
+
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, child_action)
+                ])
+
+        elif not isdelete:
+            if not childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (child_action, after_save),
+                    (after_save, save_parent),
+                ])
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (after_save, save_parent),
+                ])
+
+        else:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (delete_parent, child_action)
+                ])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if self.cascade.delete or self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+                if history:
+                    if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        todelete = history.sum()
+                    else:
+                        todelete = history.non_deleted()
+                    for child in todelete:
+                        if child is None:
+                            continue
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child, isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+                        t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator('delete', child)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            uowcommit.register_object(state, operation="add", prop=self.prop)
+            if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child, isdelete=True,
+                                operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+
+                            t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator('delete', child)
+                            for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                                uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if self.post_update and \
+                not self.cascade.delete_orphan and \
+                not self.passive_deletes == 'all':
+
+            # post_update means we have to update our
+            # row to not reference the child object
+            # before we can DELETE the row
+            for state in states:
+                self._synchronize(state, None, None, True, uowcommit)
+                if state and self.post_update:
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state,
+                        self.key,
+                        self._passive_delete_flag)
+                    if history:
+                        self._post_update(
+                            state, uowcommit, history.sum(),
+                            is_m2o_delete=True)
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+            if history:
+                if history.added:
+                    for child in history.added:
+                        self._synchronize(state, child, None, False,
+                                          uowcommit, "add")
+                if self.post_update:
+                    self._post_update(state, uowcommit, history.sum())
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow,
+                     clearkeys, uowcommit, operation=None):
+        if state is None or \
+                (not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(state)):
+            return
+
+        if operation is not None and \
+                child is not None and \
+                not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child):
+            util.warn(
+                "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                "operation along '%s' won't proceed" %
+                (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop))
+            return
+
+        if clearkeys or child is None:
+            sync.clear(state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            self._verify_canload(child)
+            sync.populate(child, self.mapper, state,
+                          self.parent,
+                          self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                          uowcommit,
+                          False)
+
+
+class DetectKeySwitch(DependencyProcessor):
+    """For many-to-one relationships with no one-to-many backref,
+    searches for parents through the unit of work when a primary
+    key has changed and updates them.
+
+    Theoretically, this approach could be expanded to support transparent
+    deletion of objects referenced via many-to-one as well, although
+    the current attribute system doesn't do enough bookkeeping for this
+    to be efficient.
+
+    """
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        if self.prop._reverse_property:
+            if self.passive_updates:
+                return
+            else:
+                if False in (prop.passive_updates for
+                             prop in self.prop._reverse_property):
+                    return
+
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, False)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow,
+            self.parent.base_mapper)
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, False)
+        uow.dependencies.update([
+            (parent_saves, after_save)
+        ])
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uow, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # for non-passive updates, register in the preprocess stage
+            # so that mapper save_obj() gets a hold of changes
+            self._process_key_switches(states, uow)
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete and self.passive_updates:
+            d = self._key_switchers(uow, states)
+            return bool(d)
+
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        assert False
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # for passive updates, register objects in the process stage
+        # so that we avoid ManyToOneDP's registering the object without
+        # the listonly flag in its own preprocess stage (results in UPDATE)
+        # statements being emitted
+        assert self.passive_updates
+        self._process_key_switches(states, uowcommit)
+
+    def _key_switchers(self, uow, states):
+        switched, notswitched = uow.memo(
+                                        ('pk_switchers', self),
+            lambda: (set(), set())
+        )
+
+        allstates = switched.union(notswitched)
+        for s in states:
+            if s not in allstates:
+                if self._pks_changed(uow, s):
+                    switched.add(s)
+                else:
+                    notswitched.add(s)
+        return switched
+
+    def _process_key_switches(self, deplist, uowcommit):
+        switchers = self._key_switchers(uowcommit, deplist)
+        if switchers:
+            # if primary key values have actually changed somewhere, perform
+            # a linear search through the UOW in search of a parent.
+            for state in uowcommit.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                if not issubclass(state.class_, self.parent.class_):
+                    continue
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                related = state.get_impl(self.key).get(
+                    state, dict_, passive=self._passive_update_flag)
+                if related is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                        related is not None:
+                    related_state = attributes.instance_state(dict_[self.key])
+                    if related_state in switchers:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(state,
+                                                  False,
+                                                  self.passive_updates)
+                        sync.populate(
+                            related_state,
+                            self.mapper, state,
+                            self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                            uowcommit, self.passive_updates)
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return bool(state.key) and sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+
+
+class ManyToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(self, uow, parent_saves,
+                                  child_saves,
+                                  parent_deletes,
+                                  child_deletes,
+                                  after_save,
+                                  before_delete
+                                  ):
+
+        uow.dependencies.update([
+            (parent_saves, after_save),
+            (child_saves, after_save),
+            (after_save, child_deletes),
+
+            # a rowswitch on the parent from  deleted to saved
+            # can make this one occur, as the "save" may remove
+            # an element from the
+            # "deleted" list before we have a chance to
+            # process its child rows
+            (before_delete, parent_saves),
+
+            (before_delete, parent_deletes),
+            (before_delete, child_deletes),
+            (before_delete, child_saves),
+        ])
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(self, uow,
+                               save_parent,
+                               delete_parent,
+                               child_action,
+                               after_save, before_delete,
+                               isdelete, childisdelete):
+        if not isdelete:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (save_parent, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_action),
+                ])
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update([
+                    (save_parent, after_save),
+                    (child_action, after_save),
+                ])
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update([
+                (before_delete, child_action),
+                (before_delete, delete_parent)
+            ])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # TODO: no tests fail if this whole
+        # thing is removed !!!!
+        if not self.passive_deletes:
+            # if no passive deletes, load history on
+            # the collection, so that prop_has_changes()
+            # returns True
+            for state in states:
+                uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state,
+                    self.key,
+                    self._passive_delete_flag)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # if no passive updates, load history on
+            # each collection where parent has changed PK,
+            # so that prop_has_changes() returns True
+            for state in states:
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state,
+                        self.key,
+                        attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+        if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            return
+
+        # check for child items removed from the collection
+        # if delete_orphan check is turned on.
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child, isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete", prop=self.prop)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                                'delete',
+                                child):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+        for state in states:
+            # this history should be cached already, as
+            # we loaded it in preprocess_deletes
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state,
+                self.key,
+                self._passive_delete_flag)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.non_added():
+                    if child is None or \
+                        (processed is not None and
+                            (state, child) in processed):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                            state,
+                            child,
+                            associationrow,
+                            False, uowcommit, "delete"):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state) for c in history.non_added())
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(uowcommit, secondary_insert,
+                       secondary_update, secondary_delete)
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+
+        for state in states:
+            need_cascade_pks = not self.passive_updates and \
+                self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state)
+            if need_cascade_pks:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+            else:
+                passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(state, self.key,
+                                                      passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if (processed is not None and
+                            (state, child) in processed):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(state,
+                                             child,
+                                             associationrow,
+                                             False, uowcommit, "add"):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_insert.append(associationrow)
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if (processed is not None and
+                            (state, child) in processed):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(state,
+                                             child,
+                                             associationrow,
+                                             False, uowcommit, "delete"):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state)
+                           for c in history.added + history.deleted)
+
+                if need_cascade_pks:
+
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        associationrow = {}
+                        sync.update(state,
+                                    self.parent,
+                                    associationrow,
+                                    "old_",
+                                    self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+                        sync.update(child,
+                                    self.mapper,
+                                    associationrow,
+                                    "old_",
+                                    self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+                        secondary_update.append(associationrow)
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(uowcommit, secondary_insert,
+                       secondary_update, secondary_delete)
+
+    def _run_crud(self, uowcommit, secondary_insert,
+                  secondary_update, secondary_delete):
+        connection = uowcommit.transaction.connection(self.mapper)
+
+        if secondary_delete:
+            associationrow = secondary_delete[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.delete(sql.and_(*[
+                c == sql.bindparam(c.key, type_=c.type)
+                for c in self.secondary.c
+                if c.key in associationrow
+            ]))
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_delete)
+
+            if result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount() and \
+                    result.rowcount != len(secondary_delete):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to delete "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched." %
+                    (self.secondary.description, len(secondary_delete),
+                     result.rowcount)
+                )
+
+        if secondary_update:
+            associationrow = secondary_update[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.update(sql.and_(*[
+                c == sql.bindparam("old_" + c.key, type_=c.type)
+                for c in self.secondary.c
+                if c.key in associationrow
+            ]))
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_update)
+
+            if result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount() and \
+                    result.rowcount != len(secondary_update):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to update "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched." %
+                    (self.secondary.description, len(secondary_update),
+                     result.rowcount)
+                )
+
+        if secondary_insert:
+            statement = self.secondary.insert()
+            connection.execute(statement, secondary_insert)
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow,
+                     clearkeys, uowcommit, operation):
+
+        # this checks for None if uselist=True
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+
+        # but if uselist=False we get here.   If child is None,
+        # no association row can be generated, so return.
+        if child is None:
+            return False
+
+        if child is not None and not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child):
+            if not child.deleted:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                    "operation along '%s' won't proceed" %
+                    (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop))
+            return False
+
+        sync.populate_dict(state, self.parent, associationrow,
+                           self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        sync.populate_dict(child, self.mapper, associationrow,
+                           self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+        return True
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit,
+            state,
+            self.parent,
+            self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+
+_direction_to_processor = {
+    ONETOMANY: OneToManyDP,
+    MANYTOONE: ManyToOneDP,
+    MANYTOMANY: ManyToManyDP,
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6477e82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/deprecated_interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# orm/deprecated_interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import event, util
+from .interfaces import EXT_CONTINUE
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces")
+class MapperExtension(object):
+    """Base implementation for :class:`.Mapper` event hooks.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.MapperExtension` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :func:`.event.listen` as well as
+       :class:`.MapperEvents`.
+
+    New extension classes subclass :class:`.MapperExtension` and are specified
+    using the ``extension`` mapper() argument, which is a single
+    :class:`.MapperExtension` or a list of such::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import MapperExtension
+
+        class MyExtension(MapperExtension):
+            def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+                print "instance %s before insert !" % instance
+
+        m = mapper(User, users_table, extension=MyExtension())
+
+    A single mapper can maintain a chain of ``MapperExtension``
+    objects. When a particular mapping event occurs, the
+    corresponding method on each ``MapperExtension`` is invoked
+    serially, and each method has the ability to halt the chain
+    from proceeding further::
+
+        m = mapper(User, users_table, extension=[ext1, ext2, ext3])
+
+    Each ``MapperExtension`` method returns the symbol
+    EXT_CONTINUE by default.   This symbol generally means "move
+    to the next ``MapperExtension`` for processing".  For methods
+    that return objects like translated rows or new object
+    instances, EXT_CONTINUE means the result of the method
+    should be ignored.   In some cases it's required for a
+    default mapper activity to be performed, such as adding a
+    new instance to a result list.
+
+    The symbol EXT_STOP has significance within a chain
+    of ``MapperExtension`` objects that the chain will be stopped
+    when this symbol is returned.  Like EXT_CONTINUE, it also
+    has additional significance in some cases that a default
+    mapper activity will not be performed.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_instrument_class(cls, self, listener):
+        cls._adapt_listener_methods(self, listener, ('instrument_class',))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        cls._adapt_listener_methods(
+            self, listener,
+            (
+                'init_instance',
+                'init_failed',
+                'reconstruct_instance',
+                'before_insert',
+                'after_insert',
+                'before_update',
+                'after_update',
+                'before_delete',
+                'after_delete'
+            ))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener_methods(cls, self, listener, methods):
+
+        for meth in methods:
+            me_meth = getattr(MapperExtension, meth)
+            ls_meth = getattr(listener, meth)
+
+            if not util.methods_equivalent(me_meth, ls_meth):
+                if meth == 'reconstruct_instance':
+                    def go(ls_meth):
+                        def reconstruct(instance, ctx):
+                            ls_meth(self, instance)
+                        return reconstruct
+                    event.listen(self.class_manager, 'load',
+                                 go(ls_meth), raw=False, propagate=True)
+                elif meth == 'init_instance':
+                    def go(ls_meth):
+                        def init_instance(instance, args, kwargs):
+                            ls_meth(self, self.class_,
+                                    self.class_manager.original_init,
+                                    instance, args, kwargs)
+                        return init_instance
+                    event.listen(self.class_manager, 'init',
+                                 go(ls_meth), raw=False, propagate=True)
+                elif meth == 'init_failed':
+                    def go(ls_meth):
+                        def init_failed(instance, args, kwargs):
+                            util.warn_exception(
+                                ls_meth, self, self.class_,
+                                self.class_manager.original_init,
+                                instance, args, kwargs)
+
+                        return init_failed
+                    event.listen(self.class_manager, 'init_failure',
+                                 go(ls_meth), raw=False, propagate=True)
+                else:
+                    event.listen(self, "%s" % meth, ls_meth,
+                                 raw=False, retval=True, propagate=True)
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper, class_):
+        """Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed, and has
+        applied instrumentation to the mapped class.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def init_instance(self, mapper, class_, oldinit, instance, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor is called.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object.  It is not called when an object is loaded from the
+        database.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def init_failed(self, mapper, class_, oldinit, instance, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor has been called,
+        and raised an exception.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object.  It is not called when an object is loaded from the
+        database.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def reconstruct_instance(self, mapper, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after it has been created via
+        ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has
+        occurred.
+
+        This typically occurs when the instance is created based on
+        incoming result rows, and is only called once for that
+        instance's lifetime.
+
+        Note that during a result-row load, this method is called upon
+        the first row received for this instance.  Note that some
+        attributes and collections may or may not be loaded or even
+        initialized, depending on what's present in the result rows.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is inserted
+        into its table.
+
+        This is a good place to set up primary key values and such
+        that aren't handled otherwise.
+
+        Column-based attributes can be modified within this method
+        which will result in the new value being inserted.  However
+        *no* changes to the overall flush plan can be made, and
+        manipulation of the ``Session`` will not have the desired effect.
+        To manipulate the ``Session`` within an extension, use
+        ``SessionExtension``.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def after_insert(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after that instance is inserted.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def before_update(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is updated.
+
+        Note that this method is called for all instances that are marked as
+        "dirty", even those which have no net changes to their column-based
+        attributes. An object is marked as dirty when any of its column-based
+        attributes have a "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no column-based
+        attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE statement will be issued.
+        This means that an instance being sent to before_update is *not* a
+        guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be issued (although you can
+        affect the outcome here).
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        Column-based attributes can be modified within this method
+        which will result in the new value being updated.  However
+        *no* changes to the overall flush plan can be made, and
+        manipulation of the ``Session`` will not have the desired effect.
+        To manipulate the ``Session`` within an extension, use
+        ``SessionExtension``.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def after_update(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after that instance is updated.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def before_delete(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance before that instance is deleted.
+
+        Note that *no* changes to the overall flush plan can be made
+        here; and manipulation of the ``Session`` will not have the
+        desired effect. To manipulate the ``Session`` within an
+        extension, use ``SessionExtension``.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+    def after_delete(self, mapper, connection, instance):
+        """Receive an object instance after that instance is deleted.
+
+        The return value is only significant within the ``MapperExtension``
+        chain; the parent mapper's behavior isn't modified by this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return EXT_CONTINUE
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces")
+class SessionExtension(object):
+
+    """Base implementation for :class:`.Session` event hooks.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.SessionExtension` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :func:`.event.listen` as well as
+       :class:`.SessionEvents`.
+
+    Subclasses may be installed into a :class:`.Session` (or
+    :class:`.sessionmaker`) using the ``extension`` keyword
+    argument::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import SessionExtension
+
+        class MySessionExtension(SessionExtension):
+            def before_commit(self, session):
+                print "before commit!"
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(extension=MySessionExtension())
+
+    The same :class:`.SessionExtension` instance can be used
+    with any number of sessions.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        for meth in [
+            'before_commit',
+            'after_commit',
+            'after_rollback',
+            'before_flush',
+            'after_flush',
+            'after_flush_postexec',
+            'after_begin',
+            'after_attach',
+            'after_bulk_update',
+            'after_bulk_delete',
+        ]:
+            me_meth = getattr(SessionExtension, meth)
+            ls_meth = getattr(listener, meth)
+
+            if not util.methods_equivalent(me_meth, ls_meth):
+                event.listen(self, meth, getattr(listener, meth))
+
+    def before_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute right before commit is called.
+
+        Note that this may not be per-flush if a longer running
+        transaction is ongoing."""
+
+    def after_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute after a commit has occurred.
+
+        Note that this may not be per-flush if a longer running
+        transaction is ongoing."""
+
+    def after_rollback(self, session):
+        """Execute after a rollback has occurred.
+
+        Note that this may not be per-flush if a longer running
+        transaction is ongoing."""
+
+    def before_flush(self, session, flush_context, instances):
+        """Execute before flush process has started.
+
+        `instances` is an optional list of objects which were passed to
+        the ``flush()`` method. """
+
+    def after_flush(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been
+        called.
+
+        Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new',
+        'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well
+        as the history settings on instance attributes."""
+
+    def after_flush_postexec(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec
+        state occurs.
+
+        This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in
+        their final state.  An actual commit() may or may not have
+        occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own
+        transaction or participated in a larger transaction. """
+
+    def after_begin(self, session, transaction, connection):
+        """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection
+
+        `transaction` is the SessionTransaction. This method is called
+        after an engine level transaction is begun on a connection. """
+
+    def after_attach(self, session, instance):
+        """Execute after an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called after an add, delete or merge. """
+
+    def after_bulk_update(self, session, query, query_context, result):
+        """Execute after a bulk update operation to the session.
+
+        This is called after a session.query(...).update()
+
+        `query` is the query object that this update operation was
+        called on. `query_context` was the query context object.
+        `result` is the result object returned from the bulk operation.
+        """
+
+    def after_bulk_delete(self, session, query, query_context, result):
+        """Execute after a bulk delete operation to the session.
+
+        This is called after a session.query(...).delete()
+
+        `query` is the query object that this delete operation was
+        called on. `query_context` was the query context object.
+        `result` is the result object returned from the bulk operation.
+        """
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces")
+class AttributeExtension(object):
+    """Base implementation for :class:`.AttributeImpl` event hooks, events
+    that fire upon attribute mutations in user code.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       :class:`.AttributeExtension` is deprecated.   Please
+       refer to :func:`.event.listen` as well as
+       :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+    :class:`.AttributeExtension` is used to listen for set,
+    remove, and append events on individual mapped attributes.
+    It is established on an individual mapped attribute using
+    the `extension` argument, available on
+    :func:`.column_property`, :func:`.relationship`, and
+    others::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import AttributeExtension
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper, relationship, column_property
+
+        class MyAttrExt(AttributeExtension):
+            def append(self, state, value, initiator):
+                print "append event !"
+                return value
+
+            def set(self, state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+                print "set event !"
+                return value
+
+        mapper(SomeClass, sometable, properties={
+            'foo':column_property(sometable.c.foo, extension=MyAttrExt()),
+            'bar':relationship(Bar, extension=MyAttrExt())
+        })
+
+    Note that the :class:`.AttributeExtension` methods
+    :meth:`~.AttributeExtension.append` and
+    :meth:`~.AttributeExtension.set` need to return the
+    ``value`` parameter. The returned value is used as the
+    effective value, and allows the extension to change what is
+    ultimately persisted.
+
+    AttributeExtension is assembled within the descriptors associated
+    with a mapped class.
+
+    """
+
+    active_history = True
+    """indicates that the set() method would like to receive the 'old' value,
+    even if it means firing lazy callables.
+
+    Note that ``active_history`` can also be set directly via
+    :func:`.column_property` and :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_listener(cls, self, listener):
+        event.listen(self, 'append', listener.append,
+                     active_history=listener.active_history,
+                     raw=True, retval=True)
+        event.listen(self, 'remove', listener.remove,
+                     active_history=listener.active_history,
+                     raw=True, retval=True)
+        event.listen(self, 'set', listener.set,
+                     active_history=listener.active_history,
+                     raw=True, retval=True)
+
+    def append(self, state, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a collection append event.
+
+        The returned value will be used as the actual value to be
+        appended.
+
+        """
+        return value
+
+    def remove(self, state, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a remove event.
+
+        No return value is defined.
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def set(self, state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        """Receive a set event.
+
+        The returned value will be used as the actual value to be
+        set.
+
+        """
+        return value
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c87ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
@@ -0,0 +1,699 @@
+# orm/descriptor_props.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Descriptor properties are more "auxiliary" properties
+that exist as configurational elements, but don't participate
+as actively in the load/persist ORM loop.
+
+"""
+
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty, PropComparator
+from .util import _none_set
+from . import attributes
+from .. import util, sql, exc as sa_exc, event, schema
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import properties
+from . import query
+
+
+class DescriptorProperty(MapperProperty):
+    """:class:`.MapperProperty` which proxies access to a
+        user-defined descriptor."""
+
+    doc = None
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        prop = self
+
+        class _ProxyImpl(object):
+            accepts_scalar_loader = False
+            expire_missing = True
+            collection = False
+
+            def __init__(self, key):
+                self.key = key
+
+            if hasattr(prop, 'get_history'):
+                def get_history(self, state, dict_,
+                                passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+                    return prop.get_history(state, dict_, passive)
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+            desc = getattr(mapper.class_, self.key, None)
+            if mapper._is_userland_descriptor(desc):
+                self.descriptor = desc
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+            def fset(obj, value):
+                setattr(obj, self.name, value)
+
+            def fdel(obj):
+                delattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            def fget(obj):
+                return getattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            self.descriptor = property(
+                fget=fget,
+                fset=fset,
+                fdel=fdel,
+            )
+
+        proxy_attr = attributes.create_proxied_attribute(
+            self.descriptor)(
+                self.parent.class_,
+                self.key,
+                self.descriptor,
+                lambda: self._comparator_factory(mapper),
+                doc=self.doc,
+                original_property=self
+            )
+        proxy_attr.impl = _ProxyImpl(self.key)
+        mapper.class_manager.instrument_attribute(self.key, proxy_attr)
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class CompositeProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+    """Defines a "composite" mapped attribute, representing a collection
+    of columns as one attribute.
+
+    :class:`.CompositeProperty` is constructed using the :func:`.composite`
+    function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_composite`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, *attrs, **kwargs):
+        """Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.
+
+        See the mapping documentation section :ref:`mapper_composite` for a
+        full usage example.
+
+        The :class:`.MapperProperty` returned by :func:`.composite`
+        is the :class:`.CompositeProperty`.
+
+        :param class\_:
+          The "composite type" class.
+
+        :param \*cols:
+          List of Column objects to be mapped.
+
+        :param active_history=False:
+          When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+          scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+          already loaded.  See the same flag on :func:`.column_property`.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+              This flag specifically becomes meaningful
+              - previously it was a placeholder.
+
+        :param group:
+          A group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+        :param deferred:
+          When True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that it does
+          not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is
+          first accessed on an instance.  See also
+          :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+        :param comparator_factory:  a class which extends
+          :class:`.CompositeProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+          clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+        :param doc:
+          optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+          class-bound descriptor.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        :param extension:
+          an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance,
+          or list of extensions, which will be prepended to the list of
+          attribute listeners for the resulting descriptor placed on the
+          class.  **Deprecated.**  Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+        """
+        super(CompositeProperty, self).__init__()
+
+        self.attrs = attrs
+        self.composite_class = class_
+        self.active_history = kwargs.get('active_history', False)
+        self.deferred = kwargs.get('deferred', False)
+        self.group = kwargs.get('group', None)
+        self.comparator_factory = kwargs.pop('comparator_factory',
+                                             self.__class__.Comparator)
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._create_descriptor()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        super(CompositeProperty, self).instrument_class(mapper)
+        self._setup_event_handlers()
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        """Initialization which occurs after the :class:`.CompositeProperty`
+        has been associated with its parent mapper.
+
+        """
+        self._setup_arguments_on_columns()
+
+    def _create_descriptor(self):
+        """Create the Python descriptor that will serve as
+        the access point on instances of the mapped class.
+
+        """
+
+        def fget(instance):
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                # key not present.  Iterate through related
+                # attributes, retrieve their values.  This
+                # ensures they all load.
+                values = [
+                    getattr(instance, key)
+                    for key in self._attribute_keys
+                ]
+
+                # current expected behavior here is that the composite is
+                # created on access if the object is persistent or if
+                # col attributes have non-None.  This would be better
+                # if the composite were created unconditionally,
+                # but that would be a behavioral change.
+                if self.key not in dict_ and (
+                    state.key is not None or
+                    not _none_set.issuperset(values)
+                ):
+                    dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(*values)
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, None, [self.key])
+
+            return dict_.get(self.key, None)
+
+        def fset(instance, value):
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+            previous = dict_.get(self.key, attributes.NO_VALUE)
+            for fn in attr.dispatch.set:
+                value = fn(state, value, previous, attr.impl)
+            dict_[self.key] = value
+            if value is None:
+                for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                    setattr(instance, key, None)
+            else:
+                for key, value in zip(
+                        self._attribute_keys,
+                        value.__composite_values__()):
+                    setattr(instance, key, value)
+
+        def fdel(instance):
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            previous = dict_.pop(self.key, attributes.NO_VALUE)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+            attr.dispatch.remove(state, previous, attr.impl)
+            for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                setattr(instance, key, None)
+
+        self.descriptor = property(fget, fset, fdel)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _comparable_elements(self):
+        return [
+            getattr(self.parent.class_, prop.key)
+            for prop in self.props
+        ]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def props(self):
+        props = []
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            if isinstance(attr, str):
+                prop = self.parent.get_property(
+                    attr, _configure_mappers=False)
+            elif isinstance(attr, schema.Column):
+                prop = self.parent._columntoproperty[attr]
+            elif isinstance(attr, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute):
+                prop = attr.property
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Composite expects Column objects or mapped "
+                    "attributes/attribute names as arguments, got: %r"
+                    % (attr,))
+            props.append(prop)
+        return props
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        return [a for a in self.attrs if isinstance(a, schema.Column)]
+
+    def _setup_arguments_on_columns(self):
+        """Propagate configuration arguments made on this composite
+        to the target columns, for those that apply.
+
+        """
+        for prop in self.props:
+            prop.active_history = self.active_history
+            if self.deferred:
+                prop.deferred = self.deferred
+                prop.strategy_class = prop._strategy_lookup(
+                    ("deferred", True),
+                    ("instrument", True))
+            prop.group = self.group
+
+    def _setup_event_handlers(self):
+        """Establish events that populate/expire the composite attribute."""
+
+        def load_handler(state, *args):
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            if self.key in dict_:
+                return
+
+            # if column elements aren't loaded, skip.
+            # __get__() will initiate a load for those
+            # columns
+            for k in self._attribute_keys:
+                if k not in dict_:
+                    return
+
+            # assert self.key not in dict_
+            dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(
+                *[state.dict[key] for key in
+                  self._attribute_keys]
+            )
+
+        def expire_handler(state, keys):
+            if keys is None or set(self._attribute_keys).intersection(keys):
+                state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        def insert_update_handler(mapper, connection, state):
+            """After an insert or update, some columns may be expired due
+            to server side defaults, or re-populated due to client side
+            defaults.  Pop out the composite value here so that it
+            recreates.
+
+            """
+
+            state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'after_insert',
+                     insert_update_handler, raw=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'after_update',
+                     insert_update_handler, raw=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'load',
+                     load_handler, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'refresh',
+                     load_handler, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(self.parent, 'expire',
+                     expire_handler, raw=True, propagate=True)
+
+        # TODO: need a deserialize hook here
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _attribute_keys(self):
+        return [
+            prop.key for prop in self.props
+        ]
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Provided for userland code that uses attributes.get_history()."""
+
+        added = []
+        deleted = []
+
+        has_history = False
+        for prop in self.props:
+            key = prop.key
+            hist = state.manager[key].impl.get_history(state, dict_)
+            if hist.has_changes():
+                has_history = True
+
+            non_deleted = hist.non_deleted()
+            if non_deleted:
+                added.extend(non_deleted)
+            else:
+                added.append(None)
+            if hist.deleted:
+                deleted.extend(hist.deleted)
+            else:
+                deleted.append(None)
+
+        if has_history:
+            return attributes.History(
+                [self.composite_class(*added)],
+                (),
+                [self.composite_class(*deleted)]
+            )
+        else:
+            return attributes.History(
+                (), [self.composite_class(*added)], ()
+            )
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        return self.comparator_factory(self, mapper)
+
+    class CompositeBundle(query.Bundle):
+        def __init__(self, property, expr):
+            self.property = property
+            super(CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle, self).__init__(
+                property.key, *expr)
+
+        def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
+            def proc(row):
+                return self.property.composite_class(
+                    *[proc(row) for proc in procs])
+            return proc
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.CompositeProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the example in :ref:`composite_operations` for an overview
+        of usage , as well as the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator`.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        __hash__ = None
+
+        @property
+        def clauses(self):
+            return self.__clause_element__()
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            return expression.ClauseList(
+                group=False, *self._comparable_elements)
+
+        def _query_clause_element(self):
+            return CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle(
+                self.prop, self.__clause_element__())
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _comparable_elements(self):
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return [
+                    getattr(
+                        self._adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                        prop.key
+                    ) for prop in self.prop._comparable_elements
+                ]
+            else:
+                return self.prop._comparable_elements
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if other is None:
+                values = [None] * len(self.prop._comparable_elements)
+            else:
+                values = other.__composite_values__()
+            comparisons = [
+                a == b
+                for a, b in zip(self.prop._comparable_elements, values)
+            ]
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                comparisons = [self.adapter(x) for x in comparisons]
+            return sql.and_(*comparisons)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return sql.not_(self.__eq__(other))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class ConcreteInheritedProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+    """A 'do nothing' :class:`.MapperProperty` that disables
+    an attribute on a concrete subclass that is only present
+    on the inherited mapper, not the concrete classes' mapper.
+
+    Cases where this occurs include:
+
+    * When the superclass mapper is mapped against a
+      "polymorphic union", which includes all attributes from
+      all subclasses.
+    * When a relationship() is configured on an inherited mapper,
+      but not on the subclass mapper.  Concrete mappers require
+      that relationship() is configured explicitly on each
+      subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        comparator_callable = None
+
+        for m in self.parent.iterate_to_root():
+            p = m._props[self.key]
+            if not isinstance(p, ConcreteInheritedProperty):
+                comparator_callable = p.comparator_factory
+                break
+        return comparator_callable
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(ConcreteInheritedProperty, self).__init__()
+        def warn():
+            raise AttributeError("Concrete %s does not implement "
+                                 "attribute %r at the instance level.  Add "
+                                 "this property explicitly to %s." %
+                                 (self.parent, self.key, self.parent))
+
+        class NoninheritedConcreteProp(object):
+            def __set__(s, obj, value):
+                warn()
+
+            def __delete__(s, obj):
+                warn()
+
+            def __get__(s, obj, owner):
+                if obj is None:
+                    return self.descriptor
+                warn()
+        self.descriptor = NoninheritedConcreteProp()
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class SynonymProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, map_column=None,
+                 descriptor=None, comparator_factory=None,
+                 doc=None, info=None):
+        """Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property,
+        in that the attribute will mirror the value and expression behavior
+        of another attribute.
+
+        :param name: the name of the existing mapped property.  This
+          can refer to the string name of any :class:`.MapperProperty`
+          configured on the class, including column-bound attributes
+          and relationships.
+
+        :param descriptor: a Python :term:`descriptor` that will be used
+          as a getter (and potentially a setter) when this attribute is
+          accessed at the instance level.
+
+        :param map_column: if ``True``, the :func:`.synonym` construct will
+          locate the existing named :class:`.MapperProperty` based on the
+          attribute name of this :func:`.synonym`, and assign it to a new
+          attribute linked to the name of this :func:`.synonym`.
+          That is, given a mapping like::
+
+                class MyClass(Base):
+                    __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+
+                    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                    job_status = Column(String(50))
+
+                    job_status = synonym("_job_status", map_column=True)
+
+          The above class ``MyClass`` will now have the ``job_status``
+          :class:`.Column` object mapped to the attribute named
+          ``_job_status``, and the attribute named ``job_status`` will refer
+          to the synonym itself.  This feature is typically used in
+          conjunction with the ``descriptor`` argument in order to link a
+          user-defined descriptor as a "wrapper" for an existing column.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.InspectionAttr.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param comparator_factory: A subclass of :class:`.PropComparator`
+          that will provide custom comparison behavior at the SQL expression
+          level.
+
+          .. note::
+
+            For the use case of providing an attribute which redefines both
+            Python-level and SQL-expression level behavior of an attribute,
+            please refer to the Hybrid attribute introduced at
+            :ref:`mapper_hybrids` for a more effective technique.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`synonyms` - examples of functionality.
+
+            :ref:`mapper_hybrids` - Hybrids provide a better approach for
+            more complicated attribute-wrapping schemes than synonyms.
+
+        """
+        super(SynonymProperty, self).__init__()
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.map_column = map_column
+        self.descriptor = descriptor
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory
+        self.doc = doc or (descriptor and descriptor.__doc__) or None
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    # TODO: when initialized, check _proxied_property,
+    # emit a warning if its not a column-based property
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _proxied_property(self):
+        return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name).property
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        prop = self._proxied_property
+
+        if self.comparator_factory:
+            comp = self.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+        else:
+            comp = prop.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+        return comp
+
+    def set_parent(self, parent, init):
+        if self.map_column:
+            # implement the 'map_column' option.
+            if self.key not in parent.mapped_table.c:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't compile synonym '%s': no column on table "
+                    "'%s' named '%s'"
+                    % (self.name, parent.mapped_table.description, self.key))
+            elif parent.mapped_table.c[self.key] in \
+                    parent._columntoproperty and \
+                    parent._columntoproperty[
+                parent.mapped_table.c[self.key]
+            ].key == self.name:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                    "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                    "%r for column %r" %
+                    (self.key, self.name, self.name, self.key)
+                )
+            p = properties.ColumnProperty(parent.mapped_table.c[self.key])
+            parent._configure_property(
+                self.name, p,
+                init=init,
+                setparent=True)
+            p._mapped_by_synonym = self.key
+
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class ComparableProperty(DescriptorProperty):
+    """Instruments a Python property for use in query expressions."""
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, comparator_factory, descriptor=None, doc=None, info=None):
+        """Provides a method of applying a :class:`.PropComparator`
+        to any Python descriptor attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+            :func:`.comparable_property` is superseded by
+            the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension.  See the example
+            at :ref:`hybrid_custom_comparators`.
+
+        Allows any Python descriptor to behave like a SQL-enabled
+        attribute when used at the class level in queries, allowing
+        redefinition of expression operator behavior.
+
+        In the example below we redefine :meth:`.PropComparator.operate`
+        to wrap both sides of an expression in ``func.lower()`` to produce
+        case-insensitive comparison::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import comparable_property
+            from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import PropComparator
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import func
+            from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, Column
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+            class CaseInsensitiveComparator(PropComparator):
+                def __clause_element__(self):
+                    return self.prop
+
+                def operate(self, op, other):
+                    return op(
+                        func.lower(self.__clause_element__()),
+                        func.lower(other)
+                    )
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            class SearchWord(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'search_word'
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                word = Column(String)
+                word_insensitive = comparable_property(lambda prop, mapper:
+                                CaseInsensitiveComparator(
+                                    mapper.c.word, mapper)
+                            )
+
+
+        A mapping like the above allows the ``word_insensitive`` attribute
+        to render an expression like::
+
+            >>> print SearchWord.word_insensitive == "Trucks"
+            lower(search_word.word) = lower(:lower_1)
+
+        :param comparator_factory:
+          A PropComparator subclass or factory that defines operator behavior
+          for this property.
+
+        :param descriptor:
+          Optional when used in a ``properties={}`` declaration.  The Python
+          descriptor or property to layer comparison behavior on top of.
+
+          The like-named descriptor will be automatically retrieved from the
+          mapped class if left blank in a ``properties`` declaration.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.InspectionAttr.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        super(ComparableProperty, self).__init__()
+        self.descriptor = descriptor
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory
+        self.doc = doc or (descriptor and descriptor.__doc__) or None
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper):
+        return self.comparator_factory(self, mapper)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88187cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# orm/dynamic.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Dynamic collection API.
+
+Dynamic collections act like Query() objects for read operations and support
+basic add/delete mutation.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import log, util, exc
+from ..sql import operators
+from . import (
+    attributes, object_session, util as orm_util, strategies,
+    object_mapper, exc as orm_exc, properties
+)
+from .query import Query
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="dynamic")
+class DynaLoader(strategies.AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        if not self.uselist:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "On relationship %s, 'dynamic' loaders cannot be used with "
+                "many-to-one/one-to-one relationships and/or "
+                "uselist=False." % self.parent_property)
+        strategies._register_attribute(
+            self,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            uselist=True,
+            impl_class=DynamicAttributeImpl,
+            target_mapper=self.parent_property.mapper,
+            order_by=self.parent_property.order_by,
+            query_class=self.parent_property.query_class,
+            backref=self.parent_property.back_populates,
+        )
+
+
+class DynamicAttributeImpl(attributes.AttributeImpl):
+    uses_objects = True
+    accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    supports_population = False
+    collection = False
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, key, typecallable,
+                 dispatch,
+                 target_mapper, order_by, query_class=None, **kw):
+        super(DynamicAttributeImpl, self).\
+            __init__(class_, key, typecallable, dispatch, **kw)
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        self.order_by = order_by
+        if not query_class:
+            self.query_class = AppenderQuery
+        elif AppenderMixin in query_class.mro():
+            self.query_class = query_class
+        else:
+            self.query_class = mixin_user_query(query_class)
+
+    def get(self, state, dict_, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(
+                state, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).added_items
+        else:
+            return self.query_class(self, state)
+
+    def get_collection(self, state, dict_, user_data=None,
+                       passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(state,
+                                                passive).added_items
+        else:
+            history = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+            return history.added_plus_unchanged
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(self):
+        return attributes.Event(self, attributes.OP_APPEND)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(self):
+        return attributes.Event(self, attributes.OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+                          collection_history=None):
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_added(value)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+                          collection_history=None):
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_removed(value)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+    def _modified_event(self, state, dict_):
+
+        if self.key not in state.committed_state:
+            state.committed_state[self.key] = CollectionHistory(self, state)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_,
+                              self,
+                              attributes.NEVER_SET)
+
+        # this is a hack to allow the fixtures.ComparableEntity fixture
+        # to work
+        dict_[self.key] = True
+        return state.committed_state[self.key]
+
+    def set(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF,
+            check_old=None, pop=False):
+        if initiator and initiator.parent_token is self.parent_token:
+            return
+
+        if pop and value is None:
+            return
+        self._set_iterable(state, dict_, value)
+
+    def _set_iterable(self, state, dict_, iterable, adapter=None):
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+        if state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = util.IdentitySet(self.get(state, dict_))
+
+        collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+        if not state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = collection_history.added_items
+        else:
+            old_collection = old_collection.union(
+                collection_history.added_items)
+
+        idset = util.IdentitySet
+        constants = old_collection.intersection(new_values)
+        additions = idset(new_values).difference(constants)
+        removals = old_collection.difference(constants)
+
+        for member in new_values:
+            if member in additions:
+                self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, member, None,
+                                       collection_history=collection_history)
+
+        for member in removals:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, member, None,
+                                   collection_history=collection_history)
+
+    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Dynamic attributes don't support "
+                                  "collection population.")
+
+    def get_history(self, state, dict_, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return c.as_history()
+
+    def get_all_pending(self, state, dict_,
+                        passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        c = self._get_collection_history(
+            state, passive)
+        return [
+            (attributes.instance_state(x), x)
+            for x in
+            c.all_items
+        ]
+
+    def _get_collection_history(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            c = state.committed_state[self.key]
+        else:
+            c = CollectionHistory(self, state)
+
+        if state.has_identity and (passive & attributes.INIT_OK):
+            return CollectionHistory(self, state, apply_to=c)
+        else:
+            return c
+
+    def append(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+               passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+               passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(self, state, dict_, value, initiator,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+
+class AppenderMixin(object):
+    query_class = None
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, state):
+        super(AppenderMixin, self).__init__(attr.target_mapper, None)
+        self.instance = instance = state.obj()
+        self.attr = attr
+
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+        self._criterion = prop._with_parent(
+            instance,
+            alias_secondary=False)
+
+        if self.attr.order_by:
+            self._order_by = self.attr.order_by
+
+    def session(self):
+        sess = object_session(self.instance)
+        if sess is not None and self.autoflush and sess.autoflush \
+                and self.instance in sess:
+            sess.flush()
+        if not orm_util.has_identity(self.instance):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sess
+    session = property(session, lambda s, x: None)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return iter(self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).added_items)
+        else:
+            return iter(self._clone(sess))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).indexed(index)
+        else:
+            return self._clone(sess).__getitem__(index)
+
+    def count(self):
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return len(self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).added_items)
+        else:
+            return self._clone(sess).count()
+
+    def _clone(self, sess=None):
+        # note we're returning an entirely new Query class instance
+        # here without any assignment capabilities; the class of this
+        # query is determined by the session.
+        instance = self.instance
+        if sess is None:
+            sess = object_session(instance)
+            if sess is None:
+                raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                    "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session, and no "
+                    "contextual session is established; lazy load operation "
+                    "of attribute '%s' cannot proceed" % (
+                        orm_util.instance_str(instance), self.attr.key))
+
+        if self.query_class:
+            query = self.query_class(self.attr.target_mapper, session=sess)
+        else:
+            query = sess.query(self.attr.target_mapper)
+
+        query._criterion = self._criterion
+        query._order_by = self._order_by
+
+        return query
+
+    def extend(self, iterator):
+        for item in iterator:
+            self.attr.append(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(self.instance), item, None)
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self.attr.append(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance), item, None)
+
+    def remove(self, item):
+        self.attr.remove(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance), item, None)
+
+
+class AppenderQuery(AppenderMixin, Query):
+    """A dynamic query that supports basic collection storage operations."""
+
+
+def mixin_user_query(cls):
+    """Return a new class with AppenderQuery functionality layered over."""
+    name = 'Appender' + cls.__name__
+    return type(name, (AppenderMixin, cls), {'query_class': cls})
+
+
+class CollectionHistory(object):
+    """Overrides AttributeHistory to receive append/remove events directly."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attr, state, apply_to=None):
+        if apply_to:
+            coll = AppenderQuery(attr, state).autoflush(False)
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet(coll)
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = True
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+    @property
+    def added_plus_unchanged(self):
+        return list(self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items))
+
+    @property
+    def all_items(self):
+        return list(self.added_items.union(
+            self.unchanged_items).union(self.deleted_items))
+
+    def as_history(self):
+        if self._reconcile_collection:
+            added = self.added_items.difference(self.unchanged_items)
+            deleted = self.deleted_items.intersection(self.unchanged_items)
+            unchanged = self.unchanged_items.difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            added, unchanged, deleted = self.added_items,\
+                self.unchanged_items,\
+                self.deleted_items
+        return attributes.History(
+            list(added),
+            list(unchanged),
+            list(deleted),
+        )
+
+    def indexed(self, index):
+        return list(self.added_items)[index]
+
+    def add_added(self, value):
+        self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def add_removed(self, value):
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..534e7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# orm/evaluator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import operator
+from ..sql import operators
+
+
+class UnevaluatableError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+_straight_ops = set(getattr(operators, op)
+                    for op in ('add', 'mul', 'sub',
+                               'div',
+                               'mod', 'truediv',
+                               'lt', 'le', 'ne', 'gt', 'ge', 'eq'))
+
+
+_notimplemented_ops = set(getattr(operators, op)
+                          for op in ('like_op', 'notlike_op', 'ilike_op',
+                                     'notilike_op', 'between_op', 'in_op',
+                                     'notin_op', 'endswith_op', 'concat_op'))
+
+
+class EvaluatorCompiler(object):
+    def __init__(self, target_cls=None):
+        self.target_cls = target_cls
+
+    def process(self, clause):
+        meth = getattr(self, "visit_%s" % clause.__visit_name__, None)
+        if not meth:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Cannot evaluate %s" % type(clause).__name__)
+        return meth(clause)
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, clause):
+        return self.process(clause.element)
+
+    def visit_null(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: None
+
+    def visit_false(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: False
+
+    def visit_true(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: True
+
+    def visit_column(self, clause):
+        if 'parentmapper' in clause._annotations:
+            parentmapper = clause._annotations['parentmapper']
+            if self.target_cls and not issubclass(
+                    self.target_cls, parentmapper.class_):
+                raise UnevaluatableError(
+                    "Can't evaluate criteria against alternate class %s" %
+                    parentmapper.class_
+                )
+            key = parentmapper._columntoproperty[clause].key
+        else:
+            key = clause.key
+
+        get_corresponding_attr = operator.attrgetter(key)
+        return lambda obj: get_corresponding_attr(obj)
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clause):
+        evaluators = list(map(self.process, clause.clauses))
+        if clause.operator is operators.or_:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                has_null = False
+                for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                    value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                    if value:
+                        return True
+                    has_null = has_null or value is None
+                if has_null:
+                    return None
+                return False
+        elif clause.operator is operators.and_:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                    value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                    if not value:
+                        if value is None:
+                            return None
+                        return False
+                return True
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Cannot evaluate clauselist with operator %s" %
+                clause.operator)
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_binary(self, clause):
+        eval_left, eval_right = list(map(self.process,
+                                         [clause.left, clause.right]))
+        operator = clause.operator
+        if operator is operators.is_:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                return eval_left(obj) == eval_right(obj)
+        elif operator is operators.isnot:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                return eval_left(obj) != eval_right(obj)
+        elif operator in _straight_ops:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                left_val = eval_left(obj)
+                right_val = eval_right(obj)
+                if left_val is None or right_val is None:
+                    return None
+                return operator(eval_left(obj), eval_right(obj))
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Cannot evaluate %s with operator %s" %
+                (type(clause).__name__, clause.operator))
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_unary(self, clause):
+        eval_inner = self.process(clause.element)
+        if clause.operator is operators.inv:
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                value = eval_inner(obj)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return not value
+            return evaluate
+        raise UnevaluatableError(
+            "Cannot evaluate %s with operator %s" %
+            (type(clause).__name__, clause.operator))
+
+    def visit_bindparam(self, clause):
+        val = clause.value
+        return lambda obj: val
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67ce46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1801 @@
+# orm/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""ORM event interfaces.
+
+"""
+from .. import event, exc, util
+from .base import _mapper_or_none
+import inspect
+import weakref
+from . import interfaces
+from . import mapperlib, instrumentation
+from .session import Session, sessionmaker
+from .scoping import scoped_session
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .query import Query
+from sqlalchemy.util.compat import inspect_getargspec
+
+class InstrumentationEvents(event.Events):
+    """Events related to class instrumentation events.
+
+    The listeners here support being established against
+    any new style class, that is any object that is a subclass
+    of 'type'.  Events will then be fired off for events
+    against that class.  If the "propagate=True" flag is passed
+    to event.listen(), the event will fire off for subclasses
+    of that class as well.
+
+    The Python ``type`` builtin is also accepted as a target,
+    which when used has the effect of events being emitted
+    for all classes.
+
+    Note the "propagate" flag here is defaulted to ``True``,
+    unlike the other class level events where it defaults
+    to ``False``.  This means that new subclasses will also
+    be the subject of these events, when a listener
+    is established on a superclass.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 - events here will emit based
+       on comparing the incoming class to the type of class
+       passed to :func:`.event.listen`.  Previously, the
+       event would fire for any class unconditionally regardless
+       of what class was sent for listening, despite
+       documentation which stated the contrary.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeBaseClass"
+    _dispatch_target = instrumentation.InstrumentationFactory
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            return _InstrumentationEventsHold(target)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, propagate=True, **kw):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, \
+            event_key._listen_fn
+
+        def listen(target_cls, *arg):
+            listen_cls = target()
+            if propagate and issubclass(target_cls, listen_cls):
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+            elif not propagate and target_cls is listen_cls:
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+
+        def remove(ref):
+            key = event.registry._EventKey(
+                None, identifier, listen,
+                instrumentation._instrumentation_factory)
+            getattr(instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch,
+                    identifier).remove(key)
+
+        target = weakref.ref(target.class_, remove)
+
+        event_key.\
+            with_dispatch_target(instrumentation._instrumentation_factory).\
+            with_wrapper(listen).base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        super(InstrumentationEvents, cls)._clear()
+        instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch._clear()
+
+    def class_instrument(self, cls):
+        """Called after the given class is instrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def class_uninstrument(self, cls):
+        """Called before the given class is uninstrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def attribute_instrument(self, cls, key, inst):
+        """Called when an attribute is instrumented."""
+
+
+class _InstrumentationEventsHold(object):
+    """temporary marker object used to transfer from _accept_with() to
+    _listen() on the InstrumentationEvents class.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(InstrumentationEvents)
+
+
+class InstanceEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events specific to object lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_load_listener(target, context):
+            print "on load!"
+
+        event.listen(SomeClass, 'load', my_load_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`.Mapper` class itself and the :func:`.mapper`
+      function indicate listening for all mappers.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 instance events can be associated with
+       unmapped superclasses of mapped classes.
+
+    Instance events are closely related to mapper events, but
+    are more specific to the instance and its instrumentation,
+    rather than its system of persistence.
+
+    When using :class:`.InstanceEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting classes as well as the
+       class which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+
+    _dispatch_target = instrumentation.ClassManager
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_classmanager_instance(cls, class_, classmanager):
+        _InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, classmanager)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(cls, orm, target):
+        if isinstance(target, instrumentation.ClassManager):
+            return target
+        elif isinstance(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+            return target.class_manager
+        elif target is orm.mapper:
+            return instrumentation.ClassManager
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return instrumentation.ClassManager
+            else:
+                manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target)
+                if manager:
+                    return manager
+                else:
+                    return _InstanceEventsHold(target)
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, propagate=False, **kw):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, \
+            event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if not raw:
+            def wrap(state, *arg, **kw):
+                return fn(state.obj(), *arg, **kw)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, **kw)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mgr in target.subclass_managers(True):
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        super(InstanceEvents, cls)._clear()
+        _InstanceEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def first_init(self, manager, cls):
+        """Called when the first instance of a particular mapping is called.
+
+        This event is called when the ``__init__`` method of a class
+        is called the first time for that particular class.    The event
+        invokes before ``__init__`` actually proceeds as well as before
+        the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init` event is invoked.
+
+        """
+
+    def init(self, target, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor is called.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object, in conjunction with the object's constructor, e.g.
+        its ``__init__`` method.  It is not called when an object is
+        loaded from the database; see the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+        event in order to intercept a database load.
+
+        The event is called before the actual ``__init__`` constructor
+        of the object is called.  The ``kwargs`` dictionary may be
+        modified in-place in order to affect what is passed to
+        ``__init__``.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param args: positional arguments passed to the ``__init__`` method.
+         This is passed as a tuple and is currently immutable.
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments passed to the ``__init__`` method.
+         This structure *can* be altered in place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init_failure`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def init_failure(self, target, args, kwargs):
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor has been called,
+        and raised an exception.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object, in conjunction with the object's constructor, e.g.
+        its ``__init__`` method. It is not called when an object is loaded
+        from the database.
+
+        The event is invoked after an exception raised by the ``__init__``
+        method is caught.  After the event
+        is invoked, the original exception is re-raised outwards, so that
+        the construction of the object still raises an exception.   The
+        actual exception and stack trace raised should be present in
+        ``sys.exc_info()``.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param args: positional arguments that were passed to the ``__init__``
+         method.
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments that were passed to the ``__init__``
+         method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def load(self, target, context):
+        """Receive an object instance after it has been created via
+        ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has
+        occurred.
+
+        This typically occurs when the instance is created based on
+        incoming result rows, and is only called once for that
+        instance's lifetime.
+
+        Note that during a result-row load, this method is called upon
+        the first row received for this instance.  Note that some
+        attributes and collections may or may not be loaded or even
+        initialized, depending on what's present in the result rows.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`.Query` in progress.  This argument may be
+         ``None`` if the load does not correspond to a :class:`.Query`,
+         such as during :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh`
+
+        """
+
+    def refresh(self, target, context, attrs):
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes have
+        been refreshed from a query.
+
+        Contrast this to the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` method, which
+        is invoked when the object is first loaded from a query.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`.Query` in progress.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute names which
+         were populated, or None if all column-mapped, non-deferred
+         attributes were populated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def refresh_flush(self, target, flush_context, attrs):
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes have
+        been refreshed within the persistence of the object.
+
+        This event is the same as :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh` except
+        it is invoked within the unit of work flush process, and the values
+        here typically come from the process of handling an INSERT or
+        UPDATE, such as via the RETURNING clause or from Python-side default
+        values.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.5
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute names which
+         were populated.
+
+        """
+
+    def expire(self, target, attrs):
+        """Receive an object instance after its attributes or some subset
+        have been expired.
+
+        'keys' is a list of attribute names.  If None, the entire
+        state was expired.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute
+         names which were expired, or None if all attributes were
+         expired.
+
+        """
+
+    def pickle(self, target, state_dict):
+        """Receive an object instance when its associated state is
+        being pickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary returned by
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__getstate__`, containing the state
+         to be pickled.
+
+        """
+
+    def unpickle(self, target, state_dict):
+        """Receive an object instance after its associated state has
+        been unpickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary sent to
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__setstate__`, containing the state
+         dictionary which was pickled.
+
+        """
+
+
+class _EventsHold(event.RefCollection):
+    """Hold onto listeners against unmapped, uninstrumented classes.
+
+    Establish _listen() for that class' mapper/instrumentation when
+    those objects are created for that class.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        cls.all_holds.clear()
+
+    class HoldEvents(object):
+        _dispatch_target = None
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _listen(cls, event_key, raw=False, propagate=False, **kw):
+            target, identifier, fn = \
+                event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+            if target.class_ in target.all_holds:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            else:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] = {}
+
+            event.registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, target)
+            collection[event_key._key] = (event_key, raw, propagate)
+
+            if propagate:
+                stack = list(target.class_.__subclasses__())
+                while stack:
+                    subclass = stack.pop(0)
+                    stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__())
+                    subject = target.resolve(subclass)
+                    if subject is not None:
+                        # we are already going through __subclasses__()
+                        # so leave generic propagate flag False
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).\
+                            listen(raw=raw, propagate=False, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, event_key.fn
+
+        if isinstance(target, _EventsHold):
+            collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            del collection[event_key._key]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def populate(cls, class_, subject):
+        for subclass in class_.__mro__:
+            if subclass in cls.all_holds:
+                collection = cls.all_holds[subclass]
+                for event_key, raw, propagate in collection.values():
+                    if propagate or subclass is class_:
+                        # since we can't be sure in what order different
+                        # classes in a hierarchy are triggered with
+                        # populate(), we rely upon _EventsHold for all event
+                        # assignment, instead of using the generic propagate
+                        # flag.
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).\
+                            listen(raw=raw, propagate=False)
+
+
+class _InstanceEventsHold(_EventsHold):
+    all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def resolve(self, class_):
+        return instrumentation.manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    class HoldInstanceEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents, InstanceEvents):
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldInstanceEvents)
+
+
+class MapperEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events specific to mappings.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_before_insert_listener(mapper, connection, target):
+            # execute a stored procedure upon INSERT,
+            # apply the value to the row to be inserted
+            target.calculated_value = connection.scalar(
+                                        "select my_special_function(%d)"
+                                        % target.special_number)
+
+        # associate the listener function with SomeClass,
+        # to execute during the "before_insert" hook
+        event.listen(
+            SomeClass, 'before_insert', my_before_insert_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`.Mapper` class itself and the :func:`.mapper`
+      function indicate listening for all mappers.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 mapper events can be associated with
+       unmapped superclasses of mapped classes.
+
+    Mapper events provide hooks into critical sections of the
+    mapper, including those related to object instrumentation,
+    object loading, and object persistence. In particular, the
+    persistence methods :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_insert`,
+    and :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` are popular
+    places to augment the state being persisted - however, these
+    methods operate with several significant restrictions. The
+    user is encouraged to evaluate the
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` and
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` methods as more
+    flexible and user-friendly hooks in which to apply
+    additional database state during a flush.
+
+    When using :class:`.MapperEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting mappers and/or the mappers of
+       inheriting classes, as well as any
+       mapper which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event function
+       must have a return value, the purpose of which is either to
+       control subsequent event propagation, or to otherwise alter
+       the operation in progress by the mapper.   Possible return
+       values are:
+
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE`` - continue event
+         processing normally.
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_STOP`` - cancel all subsequent
+         event handlers in the chain.
+       * other values - the return value specified by specific listeners.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+    _dispatch_target = mapperlib.Mapper
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_mapper_instance(cls, class_, mapper):
+        _MapperEventsHold.populate(class_, mapper)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(cls, orm, target):
+        if target is orm.mapper:
+            return mapperlib.Mapper
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return target
+            else:
+                mapper = _mapper_or_none(target)
+                if mapper is not None:
+                    return mapper
+                else:
+                    return _MapperEventsHold(target)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+            cls, event_key, raw=False, retval=False, propagate=False, **kw):
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, \
+            event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if identifier in ("before_configured", "after_configured") and \
+                target is not mapperlib.Mapper:
+            util.warn(
+                "'before_configured' and 'after_configured' ORM events "
+                "only invoke with the mapper() function or Mapper class "
+                "as the target.")
+
+        if not raw or not retval:
+            if not raw:
+                meth = getattr(cls, identifier)
+                try:
+                    target_index = \
+                        inspect_getargspec(meth)[0].index('target') - 1
+                except ValueError:
+                    target_index = None
+
+            def wrap(*arg, **kw):
+                if not raw and target_index is not None:
+                    arg = list(arg)
+                    arg[target_index] = arg[target_index].obj()
+                if not retval:
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mapper in target.self_and_descendants:
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mapper).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True, **kw)
+        else:
+            event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls):
+        super(MapperEvents, cls)._clear()
+        _MapperEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper, class_):
+        """Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed,
+        before instrumentation is applied to the mapped class.
+
+        This event is the earliest phase of mapper construction.
+        Most attributes of the mapper are not yet initialized.
+
+        This listener can either be applied to the :class:`.Mapper`
+        class overall, or to any un-mapped class which serves as a base
+        for classes that will be mapped (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)::
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            @event.listens_for(Base, "instrument_class", propagate=True)
+            def on_new_class(mapper, cls_):
+                " ... "
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        """
+
+    def mapper_configured(self, mapper, class_):
+        """Called when a specific mapper has completed its own configuration
+        within the scope of the :func:`.configure_mappers` call.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` event is invoked
+        for each mapper that is encountered when the
+        :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` function proceeds through the current
+        list of not-yet-configured mappers.
+        :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        When the event is called, the mapper should be in its final
+        state, but **not including backrefs** that may be invoked from
+        other mappers; they might still be pending within the
+        configuration operation.    Bidirectional relationships that
+        are instead configured via the
+        :paramref:`.orm.relationship.back_populates` argument
+        *will* be fully available, since this style of relationship does not
+        rely upon other possibly-not-configured mappers to know that they
+        exist.
+
+        For an event that is guaranteed to have **all** mappers ready
+        to go including backrefs that are defined only on other
+        mappings, use the :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+        event; this event invokes only after all known mappings have been
+        fully configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` event, unlike
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` or
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`,
+        is called for each mapper/class individually, and the mapper is
+        passed to the event itself.  It also is called exactly once for
+        a particular mapper.  The event is therefore useful for
+        configurational steps that benefit from being invoked just once
+        on a specific mapper basis, which don't require that "backref"
+        configurations are necessarily ready yet.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+        """
+        # TODO: need coverage for this event
+
+    def before_configured(self):
+        """Called before a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` event is invoked
+        each time the :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` function is
+        invoked, before the function has done any of its work.
+        :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class
+        or :func:`.mapper` function, and not to individual mappings or
+        mapped classes.  It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured")
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        Constrast this event to :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`,
+        which is invoked after the series of mappers has been configured,
+        as well as :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`, which is invoked
+        on a per-mapper basis as each one is configured to the extent possible.
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        are to be affected by a :func:`.orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event will likely be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured", once=True)
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.3
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_configured(self):
+        """Called after a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` event is invoked
+        each time the :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` function is
+        invoked, after the function has completed its work.
+        :func:`.orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        Contrast this event to the :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+        event, which is called on a per-mapper basis while the configuration
+        operation proceeds; unlike that event, when this event is invoked,
+        all cross-configurations (e.g. backrefs) will also have been made
+        available for any mappers that were pending.
+        Also constrast to :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`,
+        which is invoked before the series of mappers has been configured.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`.Mapper` class
+        or :func:`.mapper` function, and not to individual mappings or
+        mapped classes.  It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured")
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        have been affected by a :func:`.orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event will likely be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured", once=True)
+            def go():
+                # ...
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_insert(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance before an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their INSERT statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_insert(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance after an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their INSERT statements have been
+        emitted at once in a previous step. In the extremely
+        rare case that this is not desirable, the
+        :func:`.mapper` can be configured with ``batch=False``,
+        which will cause batches of instances to be broken up
+        into individual (and more poorly performing)
+        event->persist->event steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_update(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance before an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be
+        issued, although you can affect the outcome here by
+        modifying attributes so that a net change in value does
+        exist.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their UPDATE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_update(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance after an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*, and for which
+        no UPDATE statement has proceeded. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.after_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement has been
+        issued.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and therefore resulted in an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their UPDATE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :func:`.mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_delete(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance before a DELETE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their DELETE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_delete(self, mapper, connection, target):
+        """Receive an object instance after a DELETE statement
+        has been emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their DELETE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+
+class _MapperEventsHold(_EventsHold):
+    all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def resolve(self, class_):
+        return _mapper_or_none(class_)
+
+    class HoldMapperEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents, MapperEvents):
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldMapperEvents)
+
+
+class SessionEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events specific to :class:`.Session` lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+        def my_before_commit(session):
+            print "before commit!"
+
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        event.listen(Session, "before_commit", my_before_commit)
+
+    The :func:`~.event.listen` function will accept
+    :class:`.Session` objects as well as the return result
+    of :class:`~.sessionmaker()` and :class:`~.scoped_session()`.
+
+    Additionally, it accepts the :class:`.Session` class which
+    will apply listeners to all :class:`.Session` instances
+    globally.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSessionOrFactory"
+
+    _dispatch_target = Session
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        if isinstance(target, scoped_session):
+
+            target = target.session_factory
+            if not isinstance(target, sessionmaker) and \
+                (
+                    not isinstance(target, type) or
+                    not issubclass(target, Session)
+            ):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Session event listen on a scoped_session "
+                    "requires that its creation callable "
+                    "is associated with the Session class.")
+
+        if isinstance(target, sessionmaker):
+            return target.class_
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, scoped_session):
+                return Session
+            elif issubclass(target, Session):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Session):
+            return target
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def after_transaction_create(self, session, transaction):
+        """Execute when a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+        in that it occurs for each :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        overall, as opposed to when transactions are begun
+        on individual database connections.  It is also invoked
+        for nested transactions and subtransactions, and is always
+        matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` event
+        (assuming normal operation of the :class:`.Session`).
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_transaction_end(self, session, transaction):
+        """Execute when the span of a :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+        in that it corresponds to all :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        objects in use, including those for nested transactions
+        and subtransactions, and is always matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` event.
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute before commit is called.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_commit(self, session):
+        """Execute after a commit has occurred.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.Session` is not in an active transaction
+            when the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` event is invoked,
+            and therefore can not emit SQL.  To emit SQL corresponding to
+            every transaction, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+            event.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_rollback(self, session):
+        """Execute after a real DBAPI rollback has occurred.
+
+        Note that this event only fires when the *actual* rollback against
+        the database occurs - it does *not* fire each time the
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback` method is called, if the underlying
+        DBAPI transaction has already been rolled back.  In many
+        cases, the :class:`.Session` will not be in
+        an "active" state during this event, as the current
+        transaction is not valid.   To acquire a :class:`.Session`
+        which is active after the outermost rollback has proceeded,
+        use the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback` event, checking the
+        :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_soft_rollback(self, session, previous_transaction):
+        """Execute after any rollback has occurred, including "soft"
+        rollbacks that don't actually emit at the DBAPI level.
+
+        This corresponds to both nested and outer rollbacks, i.e.
+        the innermost rollback that calls the DBAPI's
+        rollback() method, as well as the enclosing rollback
+        calls that only pop themselves from the transaction stack.
+
+        The given :class:`.Session` can be used to invoke SQL and
+        :meth:`.Session.query` operations after an outermost rollback
+        by first checking the :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Session, "after_soft_rollback")
+            def do_something(session, previous_transaction):
+                if session.is_active:
+                    session.execute("select * from some_table")
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param previous_transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         transactional marker object which was just closed.   The current
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` for the given :class:`.Session` is
+         available via the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        """
+
+    def before_flush(self, session, flush_context, instances):
+        """Execute before flush process has started.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param instances: Usually ``None``, this is the collection of
+         objects which can be passed to the :meth:`.Session.flush` method
+         (note this usage is deprecated).
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been
+        called.
+
+        Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new',
+        'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well
+        as the history settings on instance attributes.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush_postexec(self, session, flush_context):
+        """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec
+        state occurs.
+
+        This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in
+        their final state.  An actual commit() may or may not have
+        occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own
+        transaction or participated in a larger transaction.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_begin(self, session, transaction, connection):
+        """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+        :param connection: The :class:`~.engine.Connection` object
+         which will be used for SQL statements.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_attach(self, session, instance):
+        """Execute before an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called before an add, delete or merge causes
+        the object to be part of the session.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.  Note that :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach`
+           now fires off after the item is part of the session.
+           :meth:`.before_attach` is provided for those cases where
+           the item should not yet be part of the session state.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach`
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_attach(self, session, instance):
+        """Execute after an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called after an add, delete or merge.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           As of 0.8, this event fires off *after* the item
+           has been fully associated with the session, which is
+           different than previous releases.  For event
+           handlers that require the object not yet
+           be part of session state (such as handlers which
+           may autoflush while the target object is not
+           yet complete) consider the
+           new :meth:`.before_attach` event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_attach`
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature("0.9",
+                             ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+                             lambda update_context: (
+                                 update_context.session,
+                                 update_context.query,
+                                 update_context.context,
+                                 update_context.result))
+    def after_bulk_update(self, update_context):
+        """Execute after a bulk update operation to the session.
+
+        This is called as a result of the :meth:`.Query.update` method.
+
+        :param update_context: an "update context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`.Query` object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``context`` The :class:`.QueryContext` object, corresponding
+              to the invocation of an ORM query.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`.ResultProxy` returned as a result of the
+              bulk UPDATE operation.
+
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature("0.9",
+                             ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+                             lambda delete_context: (
+                                 delete_context.session,
+                                 delete_context.query,
+                                 delete_context.context,
+                                 delete_context.result))
+    def after_bulk_delete(self, delete_context):
+        """Execute after a bulk delete operation to the session.
+
+        This is called as a result of the :meth:`.Query.delete` method.
+
+        :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`.Query` object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``context`` The :class:`.QueryContext` object, corresponding
+              to the invocation of an ORM query.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`.ResultProxy` returned as a result of the
+              bulk DELETE operation.
+
+
+        """
+
+
+class AttributeEvents(event.Events):
+    """Define events for object attributes.
+
+    These are typically defined on the class-bound descriptor for the
+    target class.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+        def my_append_listener(target, value, initiator):
+            print "received append event for target: %s" % target
+
+        event.listen(MyClass.collection, 'append', my_append_listener)
+
+    Listeners have the option to return a possibly modified version
+    of the value, when the ``retval=True`` flag is passed
+    to :func:`~.event.listen`::
+
+        def validate_phone(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            "Strip non-numeric characters from a phone number"
+
+            return re.sub(r'(?![0-9])', '', value)
+
+        # setup listener on UserContact.phone attribute, instructing
+        # it to use the return value
+        listen(UserContact.phone, 'set', validate_phone, retval=True)
+
+    A validation function like the above can also raise an exception
+    such as :exc:`ValueError` to halt the operation.
+
+    Several modifiers are available to the :func:`~.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param active_history=False: When True, indicates that the
+      "set" event would like to receive the "old" value being
+      replaced unconditionally, even if this requires firing off
+      database loads. Note that ``active_history`` can also be
+      set directly via :func:`.column_property` and
+      :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+      be established not just for the class attribute given, but
+      for attributes of the same name on all current subclasses
+      of that class, as well as all future subclasses of that
+      class, using an additional listener that listens for
+      instrumentation events.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument to the
+      event will be the :class:`.InstanceState` management
+      object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event
+      listening must return the "value" argument from the
+      function.  This gives the listening function the opportunity
+      to change the value that is ultimately used for a "set"
+      or "append" event.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass.some_attribute"
+    _dispatch_target = QueryableAttribute
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls):
+        dispatch = event.Events._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+        dispatch_cls._active_history = False
+        return dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(cls, target):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        if isinstance(target, interfaces.MapperProperty):
+            return getattr(target.parent.class_, target.key)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(cls, event_key, active_history=False,
+                raw=False, retval=False,
+                propagate=False):
+
+        target, identifier, fn = \
+            event_key.dispatch_target, event_key.identifier, \
+            event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if active_history:
+            target.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        if not raw or not retval:
+            def wrap(target, value, *arg):
+                if not raw:
+                    target = target.obj()
+                if not retval:
+                    fn(target, value, *arg)
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    return fn(target, value, *arg)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate)
+
+        if propagate:
+            manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target.class_)
+
+            for mgr in manager.subclass_managers(True):
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(
+                    mgr[target.key]).base_listen(propagate=True)
+
+    def append(self, target, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a collection append event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being appended.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now
+             passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be
+             modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked
+             events.
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        """
+
+    def remove(self, target, value, initiator):
+        """Receive a collection remove event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being removed.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now
+             passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be
+             modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked
+             events.
+
+        :return: No return value is defined for this event.
+        """
+
+    def set(self, target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        """Receive a scalar set event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being set.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param oldvalue: the previous value being replaced.  This
+          may also be the symbol ``NEVER_SET`` or ``NO_VALUE``.
+          If the listener is registered with ``active_history=True``,
+          the previous value of the attribute will be loaded from
+          the database if the existing value is currently unloaded
+          or expired.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 the ``initiator`` argument is now
+             passed as a :class:`.attributes.Event` object, and may be
+             modified by backref handlers within a chain of backref-linked
+             events.
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        """
+
+    def init_collection(self, target, collection, collection_adapter):
+        """Receive a 'collection init' event.
+
+        This event is triggered for a collection-based attribute, when
+        the initial "empty collection" is first generated for a blank
+        attribute, as well as for when the collection is replaced with
+        a new one, such as via a set event.
+
+        E.g., given that ``User.addresses`` is a relationship-based
+        collection, the event is triggered here::
+
+            u1 = User()
+            u1.addresses.append(a1)  #  <- new collection
+
+        and also during replace operations::
+
+            u1.addresses = [a2, a3]  #  <- new collection
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+         If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+         be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param collection: the new collection.  This will always be generated
+         from what was specified as
+         :paramref:`.RelationshipProperty.collection_class`, and will always
+         be empty.
+        :param collection_adpater: the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` that will
+         mediate internal access to the collection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_collection`
+           and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.dispose_collection` events supersede
+           the :class:`.collection.linker` hook.
+
+        """
+
+    def dispose_collection(self, target, collection, collection_adpater):
+        """Receive a 'collection dispose' event.
+
+        This event is triggered for a collection-based attribute when
+        a collection is replaced, that is::
+
+            u1.addresses.append(a1)
+
+            u1.addresses = [a2, a3]  # <- old collection is disposed
+
+        The mechanics of the event will typically include that the given
+        collection is empty, even if it stored objects while being replaced.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_collection`
+           and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.dispose_collection` events supersede
+           the :class:`.collection.linker` hook.
+
+        """
+
+
+class QueryEvents(event.Events):
+    """Represent events within the construction of a :class:`.Query` object.
+
+    The events here are intended to be used with an as-yet-unreleased
+    inspection system for :class:`.Query`.   Some very basic operations
+    are possible now, however the inspection system is intended to allow
+    complex query manipulations to be automated.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeQuery"
+    _dispatch_target = Query
+
+    def before_compile(self, query):
+        """Receive the :class:`.Query` object before it is composed into a
+        core :class:`.Select` object.
+
+        This event is intended to allow changes to the query given::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc['type'] is User:
+                        entity = desc['entity']
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        The event should normally be listened with the ``retval=True``
+        parameter set, so that the modified query may be returned.
+
+
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+            cls, event_key, retval=False, **kw):
+        fn = event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if not retval:
+            def wrap(*arg, **kw):
+                if not retval:
+                    query = arg[0]
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return query
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db99322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# orm/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQLAlchemy ORM exceptions."""
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, util
+
+NO_STATE = (AttributeError, KeyError)
+"""Exception types that may be raised by instrumentation implementations."""
+
+
+class StaleDataError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation encountered database state that is unaccounted for.
+
+    Conditions which cause this to happen include:
+
+    * A flush may have attempted to update or delete rows
+      and an unexpected number of rows were matched during
+      the UPDATE or DELETE statement.   Note that when
+      version_id_col is used, rows in UPDATE or DELETE statements
+      are also matched against the current known version
+      identifier.
+
+    * A mapped object with version_id_col was refreshed,
+      and the version number coming back from the database does
+      not match that of the object itself.
+
+    * A object is detached from its parent object, however
+      the object was previously attached to a different parent
+      identity which was garbage collected, and a decision
+      cannot be made if the new parent was really the most
+      recent "parent".
+
+      .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+    """
+
+ConcurrentModificationError = StaleDataError
+
+
+class FlushError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A invalid condition was detected during flush()."""
+
+
+class UnmappedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Base for exceptions that involve expected mappings not present."""
+
+
+class ObjectDereferencedError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation cannot complete due to an object being garbage
+    collected.
+
+    """
+
+
+class DetachedInstanceError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An attempt to access unloaded attributes on a
+    mapped instance that is detached."""
+
+
+class UnmappedInstanceError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown instance."""
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, base, obj, msg=None):
+        if not msg:
+            try:
+                base.class_mapper(type(obj))
+                name = _safe_cls_name(type(obj))
+                msg = ("Class %r is mapped, but this instance lacks "
+                       "instrumentation.  This occurs when the instance"
+                       "is created before sqlalchemy.orm.mapper(%s) "
+                       "was called." % (name, name))
+            except UnmappedClassError:
+                msg = _default_unmapped(type(obj))
+                if isinstance(obj, type):
+                    msg += (
+                        '; was a class (%s) supplied where an instance was '
+                        'required?' % _safe_cls_name(obj))
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedClassError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown class."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cls, msg=None):
+        if not msg:
+            msg = _default_unmapped(cls)
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class ObjectDeletedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A refresh operation failed to retrieve the database
+    row corresponding to an object's known primary key identity.
+
+    A refresh operation proceeds when an expired attribute is
+    accessed on an object, or when :meth:`.Query.get` is
+    used to retrieve an object which is, upon retrieval, detected
+    as expired.   A SELECT is emitted for the target row
+    based on primary key; if no row is returned, this
+    exception is raised.
+
+    The true meaning of this exception is simply that
+    no row exists for the primary key identifier associated
+    with a persistent object.   The row may have been
+    deleted, or in some cases the primary key updated
+    to a new value, outside of the ORM's management of the target
+    object.
+
+    """
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, base, state, msg=None):
+        if not msg:
+            msg = "Instance '%s' has been deleted, or its "\
+                "row is otherwise not present." % base.state_str(state)
+
+        sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedColumnError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Mapping operation was requested on an unknown column."""
+
+
+class NoResultFound(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A database result was required but none was found."""
+
+
+class MultipleResultsFound(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A single database result was required but more than one were found."""
+
+
+def _safe_cls_name(cls):
+    try:
+        cls_name = '.'.join((cls.__module__, cls.__name__))
+    except AttributeError:
+        cls_name = getattr(cls, '__name__', None)
+        if cls_name is None:
+            cls_name = repr(cls)
+    return cls_name
+
+
+@util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+def _default_unmapped(base, cls):
+    try:
+        mappers = base.manager_of_class(cls).mappers
+    except NO_STATE:
+        mappers = {}
+    except TypeError:
+        mappers = {}
+    name = _safe_cls_name(cls)
+
+    if not mappers:
+        return "Class '%s' is not mapped" % name
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5646732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# orm/identity.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import weakref
+from . import attributes
+from .. import util
+
+
+class IdentityMap(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._dict = {}
+        self._modified = set()
+        self._wr = weakref.ref(self)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self._dict.keys()
+
+    def replace(self, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def add(self, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _add_unpresent(self, state, key):
+        """optional inlined form of add() which can assume item isn't present
+        in the map"""
+        self.add(state)
+
+    def update(self, dict):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses add() to insert data")
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+    def _manage_incoming_state(self, state):
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.add(state)
+
+    def _manage_removed_state(self, state):
+        del state._instance_dict
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.discard(state)
+
+    def _dirty_states(self):
+        return self._modified
+
+    def check_modified(self):
+        """return True if any InstanceStates present have been marked
+        as 'modified'.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self._modified)
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        return key in self
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+    def pop(self, key, *args):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses add() to insert data")
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._dict)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses add() to insert data")
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise NotImplementedError("IdentityMap uses remove() to remove data")
+
+
+class WeakInstanceDict(IdentityMap):
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        state = self._dict[key]
+        o = state.obj()
+        if o is None:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return o
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        try:
+            if key in self._dict:
+                state = self._dict[key]
+                o = state.obj()
+            else:
+                return False
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return o is not None
+
+    def contains_state(self, state):
+        return state.key in self._dict and self._dict[state.key] is state
+
+    def replace(self, state):
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            existing = self._dict[state.key]
+            if existing is not state:
+                self._manage_removed_state(existing)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        self._dict[state.key] = state
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def add(self, state):
+        key = state.key
+        # inline of self.__contains__
+        if key in self._dict:
+            try:
+                existing_state = self._dict[key]
+                if existing_state is not state:
+                    o = existing_state.obj()
+                    if o is not None:
+                        raise AssertionError(
+                            "A conflicting state is already "
+                            "present in the identity map for key %r"
+                            % (key, ))
+                else:
+                    return
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        self._dict[key] = state
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def _add_unpresent(self, state, key):
+        # inlined form of add() called by loading.py
+        self._dict[key] = state
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        if key not in self._dict:
+            return default
+        state = self._dict[key]
+        o = state.obj()
+        if o is None:
+            return default
+        return o
+
+    def items(self):
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append((state.key, value))
+        return result
+
+    def values(self):
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append(value)
+
+        return result
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    if util.py2k:
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return iter(self.items())
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return iter(self.values())
+
+    def all_states(self):
+        if util.py2k:
+            return self._dict.values()
+        else:
+            return list(self._dict.values())
+
+    def _fast_discard(self, state):
+        self._dict.pop(state.key, None)
+
+    def discard(self, state):
+        st = self._dict.pop(state.key, None)
+        if st:
+            assert st is state
+            self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+    def safe_discard(self, state):
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            st = self._dict[state.key]
+            if st is state:
+                self._dict.pop(state.key, None)
+                self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+    def prune(self):
+        return 0
+
+
+class StrongInstanceDict(IdentityMap):
+    """A 'strong-referencing' version of the identity map.
+
+    .. deprecated:: this object is present in order to fulfill
+       the ``weak_identity_map=False`` option of the Session.
+       This option is present to allow compatibility with older applications,
+       but it is recommended that strong references to objects
+       be maintained by the calling application
+       externally to the :class:`.Session` itself, to the degree
+       that is needed by the application.
+
+    """
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return self._dict.itervalues()
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return self._dict.iteritems()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.dict_)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._dict[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._dict
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self._dict.get(key, default)
+
+    def values(self):
+        return self._dict.values()
+
+    def items(self):
+        return self._dict.items()
+
+    def all_states(self):
+        return [attributes.instance_state(o) for o in self.values()]
+
+    def contains_state(self, state):
+        return (
+            state.key in self and
+            attributes.instance_state(self[state.key]) is state)
+
+    def replace(self, state):
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            existing = self._dict[state.key]
+            existing = attributes.instance_state(existing)
+            if existing is not state:
+                self._manage_removed_state(existing)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        self._dict[state.key] = state.obj()
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def add(self, state):
+        if state.key in self:
+            if attributes.instance_state(self._dict[state.key]) is not state:
+                raise AssertionError('A conflicting state is already '
+                                     'present in the identity map for key %r'
+                                     % (state.key, ))
+        else:
+            self._dict[state.key] = state.obj()
+            self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+
+    def _add_unpresent(self, state, key):
+        # inlined form of add() called by loading.py
+        self._dict[key] = state.obj()
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+    def _fast_discard(self, state):
+        self._dict.pop(state.key, None)
+
+    def discard(self, state):
+        obj = self._dict.pop(state.key, None)
+        if obj is not None:
+            self._manage_removed_state(state)
+            st = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+            assert st is state
+
+    def safe_discard(self, state):
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            obj = self._dict[state.key]
+            st = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+            if st is state:
+                self._dict.pop(state.key, None)
+                self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+    def prune(self):
+        """prune unreferenced, non-dirty states."""
+
+        ref_count = len(self)
+        dirty = [s.obj() for s in self.all_states() if s.modified]
+
+        # work around http://bugs.python.org/issue6149
+        keepers = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+        keepers.update(self)
+
+        self._dict.clear()
+        self._dict.update(keepers)
+        self.modified = bool(dirty)
+        return ref_count - len(self)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d41ee59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+# orm/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines SQLAlchemy's system of class instrumentation.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+instrumentation.py deals with registration of end-user classes
+for state tracking.   It interacts closely with state.py
+and attributes.py which establish per-instance and per-class-attribute
+instrumentation, respectively.
+
+The class instrumentation system can be customized on a per-class
+or global basis using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+module, which provides the means to build and specify
+alternate instrumentation forms.
+
+.. versionchanged: 0.8
+   The instrumentation extension system was moved out of the
+   ORM and into the external :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+   package.  When that package is imported, it installs
+   itself within sqlalchemy.orm so that its more comprehensive
+   resolution mechanics take effect.
+
+"""
+
+
+from . import exc, collections, interfaces, state
+from .. import util
+from . import base
+
+
+_memoized_key_collection = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()
+
+
+class ClassManager(dict):
+    """tracks state information at the class level."""
+
+    MANAGER_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR
+    STATE_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR
+
+    _state_setter = staticmethod(util.attrsetter(STATE_ATTR))
+
+    deferred_scalar_loader = None
+
+    original_init = object.__init__
+
+    factory = None
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.info = {}
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.local_attrs = {}
+        self.originals = {}
+
+        self._bases = [mgr for mgr in [
+            manager_of_class(base)
+            for base in self.class_.__bases__
+            if isinstance(base, type)
+        ] if mgr is not None]
+
+        for base in self._bases:
+            self.update(base)
+
+        self.dispatch._events._new_classmanager_instance(class_, self)
+        # events._InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, self)
+
+        for basecls in class_.__mro__:
+            mgr = manager_of_class(basecls)
+            if mgr is not None:
+                self.dispatch._update(mgr.dispatch)
+        self.manage()
+        self._instrument_init()
+
+        if '__del__' in class_.__dict__:
+            util.warn("__del__() method on class %s will "
+                      "cause unreachable cycles and memory leaks, "
+                      "as SQLAlchemy instrumentation often creates "
+                      "reference cycles.  Please remove this method." %
+                      class_)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other is self
+
+    @property
+    def is_mapped(self):
+        return 'mapper' in self.__dict__
+
+    @_memoized_key_collection
+    def _all_key_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self)
+
+    @_memoized_key_collection
+    def _collection_impl_keys(self):
+        return frozenset([
+            attr.key for attr in self.values() if attr.impl.collection])
+
+    @_memoized_key_collection
+    def _scalar_loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset([
+            attr.impl for attr in
+            self.values() if attr.impl.accepts_scalar_loader])
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self):
+        # raises unless self.mapper has been assigned
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(self.class_)
+
+    def _all_sqla_attributes(self, exclude=None):
+        """return an iterator of all classbound attributes that are
+        implement :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        This includes :class:`.QueryableAttribute` as well as extension
+        types such as :class:`.hybrid_property` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        """
+        if exclude is None:
+            exclude = set()
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__:
+            for key in set(supercls.__dict__).difference(exclude):
+                exclude.add(key)
+                val = supercls.__dict__[key]
+                if isinstance(val, interfaces.InspectionAttr):
+                    yield key, val
+
+    def _attr_has_impl(self, key):
+        """Return True if the given attribute is fully initialized.
+
+        i.e. has an impl.
+        """
+
+        return key in self and self[key].impl is not None
+
+    def _subclass_manager(self, cls):
+        """Create a new ClassManager for a subclass of this ClassManager's
+        class.
+
+        This is called automatically when attributes are instrumented so that
+        the attributes can be propagated to subclasses against their own
+        class-local manager, without the need for mappers etc. to have already
+        pre-configured managers for the full class hierarchy.   Mappers
+        can post-configure the auto-generated ClassManager when needed.
+
+        """
+        manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+        if manager is None:
+            manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(cls)
+        return manager
+
+    def _instrument_init(self):
+        # TODO: self.class_.__init__ is often the already-instrumented
+        # __init__ from an instrumented superclass.  We still need to make
+        # our own wrapper, but it would
+        # be nice to wrap the original __init__ and not our existing wrapper
+        # of such, since this adds method overhead.
+        self.original_init = self.class_.__init__
+        self.new_init = _generate_init(self.class_, self)
+        self.install_member('__init__', self.new_init)
+
+    def _uninstrument_init(self):
+        if self.new_init:
+            self.uninstall_member('__init__')
+            self.new_init = None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _state_constructor(self):
+        self.dispatch.first_init(self, self.class_)
+        return state.InstanceState
+
+    def manage(self):
+        """Mark this instance as the manager for its class."""
+
+        setattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR, self)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dissasociate this manager from its class."""
+
+        delattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return _default_manager_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def state_getter(self):
+        """Return a (instance) -> InstanceState callable.
+
+        "state getter" callables should raise either KeyError or
+        AttributeError if no InstanceState could be found for the
+        instance.
+        """
+
+        return _default_state_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return _default_dict_getter
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated=False):
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't override local attr with inherited attr
+        else:
+            self.local_attrs[key] = inst
+            self.install_descriptor(key, inst)
+        _memoized_key_collection.expire_instance(self)
+        self[key] = inst
+
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = self._subclass_manager(cls)
+            manager.instrument_attribute(key, inst, True)
+
+    def subclass_managers(self, recursive):
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            mgr = manager_of_class(cls)
+            if mgr is not None and mgr is not self:
+                yield mgr
+                if recursive:
+                    for m in mgr.subclass_managers(True):
+                        yield m
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.\
+            attribute_instrument(self.class_, key, self[key])
+
+    def uninstrument_attribute(self, key, propagated=False):
+        if key not in self:
+            return
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't get rid of local attr
+        else:
+            del self.local_attrs[key]
+            self.uninstall_descriptor(key)
+        _memoized_key_collection.expire_instance(self)
+        del self[key]
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+            if manager:
+                manager.uninstrument_attribute(key, True)
+
+    def unregister(self):
+        """remove all instrumentation established by this ClassManager."""
+
+        self._uninstrument_init()
+
+        self.mapper = self.dispatch = None
+        self.info.clear()
+
+        for key in list(self):
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                self.uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, key, inst):
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError("%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                           "instrumentation attribute of the same name." %
+                           key)
+        setattr(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key):
+        delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key, implementation):
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError("%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                           "instrumentation attribute of the same name." %
+                           key)
+        self.originals.setdefault(key, getattr(self.class_, key, None))
+        setattr(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key):
+        original = self.originals.pop(key, None)
+        if original is not None:
+            setattr(self.class_, key, original)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, key, collection_class):
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(self, key, state, factory):
+        user_data = factory()
+        adapter = collections.CollectionAdapter(
+            self.get_impl(key), state, user_data)
+        return adapter, user_data
+
+    def is_instrumented(self, key, search=False):
+        if search:
+            return key in self
+        else:
+            return key in self.local_attrs
+
+    def get_impl(self, key):
+        return self[key].impl
+
+    @property
+    def attributes(self):
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+    # InstanceState management
+
+    def new_instance(self, state=None):
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def setup_instance(self, instance, state=None):
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance):
+        delattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def _serialize(self, state, state_dict):
+        return _SerializeManager(state, state_dict)
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(self, instance):
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR):
+            return False
+        elif self.class_ is not instance.__class__ and \
+                self.is_mapped:
+            # this will create a new ClassManager for the
+            # subclass, without a mapper.  This is likely a
+            # user error situation but allow the object
+            # to be constructed, so that it is usable
+            # in a non-ORM context at least.
+            return self._subclass_manager(instance.__class__).\
+                _new_state_if_none(instance)
+        else:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+            self._state_setter(instance, state)
+            return state
+
+    def has_state(self, instance):
+        return hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def has_parent(self, state, key, optimistic=False):
+        """TODO"""
+        return self.get_impl(key).hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """All ClassManagers are non-zero regardless of attribute state."""
+        return True
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s of %r at %x>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__, self.class_, id(self))
+
+
+class _SerializeManager(object):
+    """Provide serialization of a :class:`.ClassManager`.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` uses ``__init__()`` on serialize
+    and ``__call__()`` on deserialize.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state, d):
+        self.class_ = state.class_
+        manager = state.manager
+        manager.dispatch.pickle(state, d)
+
+    def __call__(self, state, inst, state_dict):
+        state.manager = manager = manager_of_class(self.class_)
+        if manager is None:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(
+                inst,
+                "Cannot deserialize object of type %r - "
+                "no mapper() has "
+                "been configured for this class within the current "
+                "Python process!" %
+                self.class_)
+        elif manager.is_mapped and not manager.mapper.configured:
+            manager.mapper._configure_all()
+
+        # setup _sa_instance_state ahead of time so that
+        # unpickle events can access the object normally.
+        # see [ticket:2362]
+        if inst is not None:
+            manager.setup_instance(inst, state)
+        manager.dispatch.unpickle(state, state_dict)
+
+
+class InstrumentationFactory(object):
+    """Factory for new ClassManager instances."""
+
+    def create_manager_for_cls(self, class_):
+        assert class_ is not None
+        assert manager_of_class(class_) is None
+
+        # give a more complicated subclass
+        # a chance to do what it wants here
+        manager, factory = self._locate_extended_factory(class_)
+
+        if factory is None:
+            factory = ClassManager
+            manager = factory(class_)
+
+        self._check_conflicts(class_, factory)
+
+        manager.factory = factory
+
+        self.dispatch.class_instrument(class_)
+        return manager
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(self, class_):
+        """Overridden by a subclass to do an extended lookup."""
+        return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self, class_, factory):
+        """Overridden by a subclass to test for conflicting factories."""
+        return
+
+    def unregister(self, class_):
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        manager.unregister()
+        manager.dispose()
+        self.dispatch.class_uninstrument(class_)
+        if ClassManager.MANAGER_ATTR in class_.__dict__:
+            delattr(class_, ClassManager.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+# this attribute is replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when importred.
+_instrumentation_factory = InstrumentationFactory()
+
+# these attributes are replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when a non-standard InstrumentationManager class is first
+# used to instrument a class.
+instance_state = _default_state_getter = base.instance_state
+
+instance_dict = _default_dict_getter = base.instance_dict
+
+manager_of_class = _default_manager_getter = base.manager_of_class
+
+
+def register_class(class_):
+    """Register class instrumentation.
+
+    Returns the existing or newly created class manager.
+
+    """
+
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+    if manager is None:
+        manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(class_)
+    return manager
+
+
+def unregister_class(class_):
+    """Unregister class instrumentation."""
+
+    _instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+
+def is_instrumented(instance, key):
+    """Return True if the given attribute on the given instance is
+    instrumented by the attributes package.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+
+    """
+    return manager_of_class(instance.__class__).\
+        is_instrumented(key, search=True)
+
+
+def _generate_init(class_, class_manager):
+    """Build an __init__ decorator that triggers ClassManager events."""
+
+    # TODO: we should use the ClassManager's notion of the
+    # original '__init__' method, once ClassManager is fixed
+    # to always reference that.
+    original__init__ = class_.__init__
+    assert original__init__
+
+    # Go through some effort here and don't change the user's __init__
+    # calling signature, including the unlikely case that it has
+    # a return value.
+    # FIXME: need to juggle local names to avoid constructor argument
+    # clashes.
+    func_body = """\
+def __init__(%(apply_pos)s):
+    new_state = class_manager._new_state_if_none(%(self_arg)s)
+    if new_state:
+        return new_state._initialize_instance(%(apply_kw)s)
+    else:
+        return original__init__(%(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+    func_vars = util.format_argspec_init(original__init__, grouped=False)
+    func_text = func_body % func_vars
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        func = getattr(original__init__, 'im_func', original__init__)
+        func_defaults = getattr(func, 'func_defaults', None)
+    else:
+        func_defaults = getattr(original__init__, '__defaults__', None)
+        func_kw_defaults = getattr(original__init__, '__kwdefaults__', None)
+
+    env = locals().copy()
+    exec(func_text, env)
+    __init__ = env['__init__']
+    __init__.__doc__ = original__init__.__doc__
+
+    if func_defaults:
+        __init__.__defaults__ = func_defaults
+    if not util.py2k and func_kw_defaults:
+        __init__.__kwdefaults__ = func_kw_defaults
+
+    return __init__
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ff00ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+# orm/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+Contains various base classes used throughout the ORM.
+
+Defines some key base classes prominent within the internals,
+as well as the now-deprecated ORM extension classes.
+
+Other than the deprecated extensions, this module and the
+classes within are mostly private, though some attributes
+are exposed when inspecting mappings.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import operators
+from .base import (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE, MANYTOMANY,
+                   EXT_CONTINUE, EXT_STOP, NOT_EXTENSION)
+from .base import (InspectionAttr, InspectionAttr,
+    InspectionAttrInfo, _MappedAttribute)
+import collections
+from .. import inspect
+
+# imported later
+MapperExtension = SessionExtension = AttributeExtension = None
+
+__all__ = (
+    'AttributeExtension',
+    'EXT_CONTINUE',
+    'EXT_STOP',
+    'ONETOMANY',
+    'MANYTOMANY',
+    'MANYTOONE',
+    'NOT_EXTENSION',
+    'LoaderStrategy',
+    'MapperExtension',
+    'MapperOption',
+    'MapperProperty',
+    'PropComparator',
+    'SessionExtension',
+    'StrategizedProperty',
+)
+
+
+class MapperProperty(_MappedAttribute, InspectionAttr, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    """Represent a particular class attribute mapped by :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    The most common occurrences of :class:`.MapperProperty` are the
+    mapped :class:`.Column`, which is represented in a mapping as
+    an instance of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    and a reference to another class produced by :func:`.relationship`,
+    represented in the mapping as an instance of
+    :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        '_configure_started', '_configure_finished', 'parent', 'key',
+        'info'
+    )
+
+    cascade = frozenset()
+    """The set of 'cascade' attribute names.
+
+    This collection is checked before the 'cascade_iterator' method is called.
+
+    The collection typically only applies to a RelationshipProperty.
+
+    """
+
+    is_property = True
+    """Part of the InspectionAttr interface; states this object is a
+    mapper property.
+
+    """
+
+    def _memoized_attr_info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`.relationship`, or :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8  Added support for .info to all
+           :class:`.MapperProperty` subclasses.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` is also
+           available on extension types via the
+           :attr:`.InspectionAttrInfo.info` attribute, so that it can apply
+           to a wider variety of ORM and extension constructs.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def setup(self, context, entity, path, adapter, **kwargs):
+        """Called by Query for the purposes of constructing a SQL statement.
+
+        Each MapperProperty associated with the target mapper processes the
+        statement referenced by the query context, adding columns and/or
+        criterion as appropriate.
+
+        """
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, context, path,
+                             mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+        """Produce row processing functions and append to the given
+        set of populators lists.
+
+        """
+
+    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, visited_instances=None,
+                         halt_on=None):
+        """Iterate through instances related to the given instance for
+        a particular 'cascade', starting with this MapperProperty.
+
+        Return an iterator3-tuples (instance, mapper, state).
+
+        Note that the 'cascade' collection on this MapperProperty is
+        checked first for the given type before cascade_iterator is called.
+
+        This method typically only applies to RelationshipProperty.
+
+        """
+
+        return iter(())
+
+    def set_parent(self, parent, init):
+        """Set the parent mapper that references this MapperProperty.
+
+        This method is overridden by some subclasses to perform extra
+        setup when the mapper is first known.
+
+        """
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        """Hook called by the Mapper to the property to initiate
+        instrumentation of the class attribute managed by this
+        MapperProperty.
+
+        The MapperProperty here will typically call out to the
+        attributes module to set up an InstrumentedAttribute.
+
+        This step is the first of two steps to set up an InstrumentedAttribute,
+        and is called early in the mapper setup process.
+
+        The second step is typically the init_class_attribute step,
+        called from StrategizedProperty via the post_instrument_class()
+        hook.  This step assigns additional state to the InstrumentedAttribute
+        (specifically the "impl") which has been determined after the
+        MapperProperty has determined what kind of persistence
+        management it needs to do (e.g. scalar, object, collection, etc).
+
+        """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._configure_started = False
+        self._configure_finished = False
+
+    def init(self):
+        """Called after all mappers are created to assemble
+        relationships between mappers and perform other post-mapper-creation
+        initialization steps.
+
+        """
+        self._configure_started = True
+        self.do_init()
+        self._configure_finished = True
+
+    @property
+    def class_attribute(self):
+        """Return the class-bound descriptor corresponding to this
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        This is basically a ``getattr()`` call::
+
+            return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)
+
+        I.e. if this :class:`.MapperProperty` were named ``addresses``,
+        and the class to which it is mapped is ``User``, this sequence
+        is possible::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+            >>> mapper = inspect(User)
+            >>> addresses_property = mapper.attrs.addresses
+            >>> addresses_property.class_attribute is User.addresses
+            True
+            >>> User.addresses.property is addresses_property
+            True
+
+
+        """
+
+        return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        """Perform subclass-specific initialization post-mapper-creation
+        steps.
+
+        This is a template method called by the ``MapperProperty``
+        object's init() method.
+
+        """
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        """Perform instrumentation adjustments that need to occur
+        after init() has completed.
+
+        The given Mapper is the Mapper invoking the operation, which
+        may not be the same Mapper as self.parent in an inheritance
+        scenario; however, Mapper will always at least be a sub-mapper of
+        self.parent.
+
+        This method is typically used by StrategizedProperty, which delegates
+        it to LoaderStrategy.init_class_attribute() to perform final setup
+        on the class-bound InstrumentedAttribute.
+
+        """
+
+    def merge(self, session, source_state, source_dict, dest_state,
+              dest_dict, load, _recursive):
+        """Merge the attribute represented by this ``MapperProperty``
+        from source to destination object.
+
+        """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s at 0x%x; %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            id(self), getattr(self, 'key', 'no key'))
+
+
+class PropComparator(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    """Defines SQL operators for :class:`.MapperProperty` objects.
+
+    SQLAlchemy allows for operators to
+    be redefined at both the Core and ORM level.  :class:`.PropComparator`
+    is the base class of operator redefinition for ORM-level operations,
+    including those of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    :class:`.RelationshipProperty`, and :class:`.CompositeProperty`.
+
+    .. note:: With the advent of Hybrid properties introduced in SQLAlchemy
+       0.7, as well as Core-level operator redefinition in
+       SQLAlchemy 0.8, the use case for user-defined :class:`.PropComparator`
+       instances is extremely rare.  See :ref:`hybrids_toplevel` as well
+       as :ref:`types_operators`.
+
+    User-defined subclasses of :class:`.PropComparator` may be created. The
+    built-in Python comparison and math operator methods, such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__lt__`, and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__`, can be overridden to provide
+    new operator behavior. The custom :class:`.PropComparator` is passed to
+    the :class:`.MapperProperty` instance via the ``comparator_factory``
+    argument. In each case,
+    the appropriate subclass of :class:`.PropComparator` should be used::
+
+        # definition of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import \\
+                                ColumnProperty,\\
+                                CompositeProperty,\\
+                                RelationshipProperty
+
+        class MyColumnComparator(ColumnProperty.Comparator):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return self.__clause_element__() == other
+
+        class MyRelationshipComparator(RelationshipProperty.Comparator):
+            def any(self, expression):
+                "define the 'any' operation"
+                # ...
+
+        class MyCompositeComparator(CompositeProperty.Comparator):
+            def __gt__(self, other):
+                "redefine the 'greater than' operation"
+
+                return sql.and_(*[a>b for a, b in
+                                  zip(self.__clause_element__().clauses,
+                                      other.__composite_values__())])
+
+
+        # application of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import column_property, relationship, composite
+        from sqlalchemy import Column, String
+
+        class SomeMappedClass(Base):
+            some_column = column_property(Column("some_column", String),
+                                comparator_factory=MyColumnComparator)
+
+            some_relationship = relationship(SomeOtherClass,
+                                comparator_factory=MyRelationshipComparator)
+
+            some_composite = composite(
+                    Column("a", String), Column("b", String),
+                    comparator_factory=MyCompositeComparator
+                )
+
+    Note that for column-level operator redefinition, it's usually
+    simpler to define the operators at the Core level, using the
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory` attribute.  See
+    :ref:`types_operators` for more detail.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+    :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+
+    :class:`.CompositeProperty.Comparator`
+
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+    :ref:`types_operators`
+
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'prop', 'property', '_parententity', '_adapt_to_entity'
+
+    def __init__(self, prop, parentmapper, adapt_to_entity=None):
+        self.prop = self.property = prop
+        self._parententity = adapt_to_entity or parentmapper
+        self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError("%r" % self)
+
+    def _query_clause_element(self):
+        return self.__clause_element__()
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+        """Return a copy of this PropComparator which will use the given
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp` to produce corresponding expressions.
+        """
+        return self.__class__(self.prop, self._parententity, adapt_to_entity)
+
+    @property
+    def _parentmapper(self):
+        """legacy; this is renamed to _parententity to be
+        compatible with QueryableAttribute."""
+        return inspect(self._parententity).mapper
+
+    @property
+    def adapter(self):
+        """Produce a callable that adapts column expressions
+        to suit an aliased version of this comparator.
+
+        """
+        if self._adapt_to_entity is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._adapt_to_entity._adapt_element
+
+    @property
+    def info(self):
+        return self.property.info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def any_op(a, b, **kwargs):
+        return a.any(b, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def has_op(a, b, **kwargs):
+        return a.has(b, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def of_type_op(a, class_):
+        return a.of_type(class_)
+
+    def of_type(self, class_):
+        """Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass.
+
+        Returns a new PropComparator from which further criterion can be
+        evaluated.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            query.join(Company.employees.of_type(Engineer)).\\
+               filter(Engineer.name=='foo')
+
+        :param \class_: a class or mapper indicating that criterion will be
+            against this specific subclass.
+
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.of_type_op, class_)
+
+    def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Return true if this collection contains any member that meets the
+        given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``any()`` is
+        :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.any_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+    def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+        """Return true if this element references a member which meets the
+        given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``has()`` is
+        :meth:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.has_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+
+class StrategizedProperty(MapperProperty):
+    """A MapperProperty which uses selectable strategies to affect
+    loading behavior.
+
+    There is a single strategy selected by default.  Alternate
+    strategies can be selected at Query time through the usage of
+    ``StrategizedOption`` objects via the Query.options() method.
+
+    The mechanics of StrategizedProperty are used for every Query
+    invocation for every mapped attribute participating in that Query,
+    to determine first how the attribute will be rendered in SQL
+    and secondly how the attribute will retrieve a value from a result
+    row and apply it to a mapped object.  The routines here are very
+    performance-critical.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = '_strategies', 'strategy'
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = None
+
+    def _get_context_loader(self, context, path):
+        load = None
+
+        # use EntityRegistry.__getitem__()->PropRegistry here so
+        # that the path is stated in terms of our base
+        search_path = dict.__getitem__(path, self)
+
+        # search among: exact match, "attr.*", "default" strategy
+        # if any.
+        for path_key in (
+            search_path._loader_key,
+            search_path._wildcard_path_loader_key,
+            search_path._default_path_loader_key
+        ):
+            if path_key in context.attributes:
+                load = context.attributes[path_key]
+                break
+
+        return load
+
+    def _get_strategy(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._strategies[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            cls = self._strategy_lookup(*key)
+            self._strategies[key] = self._strategies[
+                cls] = strategy = cls(self)
+            return strategy
+
+    def _get_strategy_by_cls(self, cls):
+        return self._get_strategy(cls._strategy_keys[0])
+
+    def setup(
+            self, context, entity, path, adapter, **kwargs):
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.setup_query(context, entity, path, loader, adapter, **kwargs)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, mapper,
+            result, adapter, populators):
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.create_row_processor(
+            context, path, loader,
+            mapper, result, adapter, populators)
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        self._strategies = {}
+        self.strategy = self._get_strategy_by_cls(self.strategy_class)
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        if not self.parent.non_primary and \
+                not mapper.class_manager._attr_has_impl(self.key):
+            self.strategy.init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    _all_strategies = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strategy_for(cls, **kw):
+        def decorate(dec_cls):
+            # ensure each subclass of the strategy has its
+            # own _strategy_keys collection
+            if '_strategy_keys' not in dec_cls.__dict__:
+                dec_cls._strategy_keys = []
+            key = tuple(sorted(kw.items()))
+            cls._all_strategies[cls][key] = dec_cls
+            dec_cls._strategy_keys.append(key)
+            return dec_cls
+        return decorate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _strategy_lookup(cls, *key):
+        for prop_cls in cls.__mro__:
+            if prop_cls in cls._all_strategies:
+                strategies = cls._all_strategies[prop_cls]
+                try:
+                    return strategies[key]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+        raise Exception("can't locate strategy for %s %s" % (cls, key))
+
+
+class MapperOption(object):
+    """Describe a modification to a Query."""
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" Query objects produced during lazy loads
+    or refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def process_query(self, query):
+        """Apply a modification to the given :class:`.Query`."""
+
+    def process_query_conditionally(self, query):
+        """same as process_query(), except that this option may not
+        apply to the given query.
+
+        This is typically used during a lazy load or scalar refresh
+        operation to propagate options stated in the original Query to the
+        new Query being used for the load.  It occurs for those options that
+        specify propagate_to_loaders=True.
+
+        """
+
+        self.process_query(query)
+
+
+class LoaderStrategy(object):
+    """Describe the loading behavior of a StrategizedProperty object.
+
+    The ``LoaderStrategy`` interacts with the querying process in three
+    ways:
+
+    * it controls the configuration of the ``InstrumentedAttribute``
+      placed on a class to handle the behavior of the attribute.  this
+      may involve setting up class-level callable functions to fire
+      off a select operation when the attribute is first accessed
+      (i.e. a lazy load)
+
+    * it processes the ``QueryContext`` at statement construction time,
+      where it can modify the SQL statement that is being produced.
+      For example, simple column attributes will add their represented
+      column to the list of selected columns, a joined eager loader
+      may establish join clauses to add to the statement.
+
+    * It produces "row processor" functions at result fetching time.
+      These "row processor" functions populate a particular attribute
+      on a particular mapped instance.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'parent_property', 'is_class_level', 'parent', 'key'
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        self.parent_property = parent
+        self.is_class_level = False
+        self.parent = self.parent_property.parent
+        self.key = self.parent_property.key
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        pass
+
+    def setup_query(self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter, **kwargs):
+        """Establish column and other state for a given QueryContext.
+
+        This method fulfills the contract specified by MapperProperty.setup().
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its setup() method
+        directly to this method.
+
+        """
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, context, path, loadopt, mapper,
+                             result, adapter, populators):
+        """Establish row processing functions for a given QueryContext.
+
+        This method fulfills the contract specified by
+        MapperProperty.create_row_processor().
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its create_row_processor() method
+        directly to this method.
+
+        """
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent_property)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3e719d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,669 @@
+# orm/loading.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""private module containing functions used to convert database
+rows into object instances and associated state.
+
+the functions here are called primarily by Query, Mapper,
+as well as some of the attribute loading strategies.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util
+from . import attributes, exc as orm_exc
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from . import strategy_options
+
+from .util import _none_set, state_str
+from .base import _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED, _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+import collections
+
+_new_runid = util.counter()
+
+
+def instances(query, cursor, context):
+    """Return an ORM result as an iterator."""
+
+    context.runid = _new_runid()
+
+    filter_fns = [ent.filter_fn for ent in query._entities]
+    filtered = id in filter_fns
+
+    single_entity = len(query._entities) == 1 and \
+        query._entities[0].supports_single_entity
+
+    if filtered:
+        if single_entity:
+            filter_fn = id
+        else:
+            def filter_fn(row):
+                return tuple(fn(x) for x, fn in zip(row, filter_fns))
+
+    try:
+        (process, labels) = \
+            list(zip(*[
+                query_entity.row_processor(query,
+                                           context, cursor)
+                for query_entity in query._entities
+            ]))
+
+        if not single_entity:
+            keyed_tuple = util.lightweight_named_tuple('result', labels)
+
+        while True:
+            context.partials = {}
+
+            if query._yield_per:
+                fetch = cursor.fetchmany(query._yield_per)
+                if not fetch:
+                    break
+            else:
+                fetch = cursor.fetchall()
+
+            if single_entity:
+                proc = process[0]
+                rows = [proc(row) for row in fetch]
+            else:
+                rows = [keyed_tuple([proc(row) for proc in process])
+                        for row in fetch]
+
+            if filtered:
+                rows = util.unique_list(rows, filter_fn)
+
+            for row in rows:
+                yield row
+
+            if not query._yield_per:
+                break
+    except Exception as err:
+        cursor.close()
+        util.raise_from_cause(err)
+
+
+@util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.query")
+def merge_result(querylib, query, iterator, load=True):
+    """Merge a result into this :class:`.Query` object's Session."""
+
+    session = query.session
+    if load:
+        # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+        session._autoflush()
+
+    autoflush = session.autoflush
+    try:
+        session.autoflush = False
+        single_entity = len(query._entities) == 1
+        if single_entity:
+            if isinstance(query._entities[0], querylib._MapperEntity):
+                result = [session._merge(
+                    attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                    attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                    load=load, _recursive={})
+                    for instance in iterator]
+            else:
+                result = list(iterator)
+        else:
+            mapped_entities = [i for i, e in enumerate(query._entities)
+                               if isinstance(e, querylib._MapperEntity)]
+            result = []
+            keys = [ent._label_name for ent in query._entities]
+            keyed_tuple = util.lightweight_named_tuple('result', keys)
+            for row in iterator:
+                newrow = list(row)
+                for i in mapped_entities:
+                    if newrow[i] is not None:
+                        newrow[i] = session._merge(
+                            attributes.instance_state(newrow[i]),
+                            attributes.instance_dict(newrow[i]),
+                            load=load, _recursive={})
+                result.append(keyed_tuple(newrow))
+
+        return iter(result)
+    finally:
+        session.autoflush = autoflush
+
+
+def get_from_identity(session, key, passive):
+    """Look up the given key in the given session's identity map,
+    check the object for expired state if found.
+
+    """
+    instance = session.identity_map.get(key)
+    if instance is not None:
+
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+        # expired - ensure it still exists
+        if state.expired:
+            if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+                # TODO: no coverage here
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif not passive & attributes.RELATED_OBJECT_OK:
+                # this mode is used within a flush and the instance's
+                # expired state will be checked soon enough, if necessary
+                return instance
+            try:
+                state._load_expired(state, passive)
+            except orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted([state])
+                return None
+        return instance
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def load_on_ident(query, key,
+                  refresh_state=None, lockmode=None,
+                  only_load_props=None):
+    """Load the given identity key from the database."""
+
+    if key is not None:
+        ident = key[1]
+    else:
+        ident = None
+
+    if refresh_state is None:
+        q = query._clone()
+        q._get_condition()
+    else:
+        q = query._clone()
+
+    if ident is not None:
+        mapper = query._mapper_zero()
+
+        (_get_clause, _get_params) = mapper._get_clause
+
+        # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+        # into "IS NULL"
+        if None in ident:
+            nones = set([
+                        _get_params[col].key for col, value in
+                        zip(mapper.primary_key, ident) if value is None
+                        ])
+            _get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                _get_clause, nones)
+
+        _get_clause = q._adapt_clause(_get_clause, True, False)
+        q._criterion = _get_clause
+
+        params = dict([
+            (_get_params[primary_key].key, id_val)
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(ident, mapper.primary_key)
+        ])
+
+        q._params = params
+
+    if lockmode is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q = q.with_lockmode(lockmode)
+    elif query._for_update_arg is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q._for_update_arg = query._for_update_arg
+    else:
+        version_check = False
+
+    q._get_options(
+        populate_existing=bool(refresh_state),
+        version_check=version_check,
+        only_load_props=only_load_props,
+        refresh_state=refresh_state)
+    q._order_by = None
+
+    try:
+        return q.one()
+    except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+        return None
+
+
+def _setup_entity_query(
+    context, mapper, query_entity,
+        path, adapter, column_collection,
+        with_polymorphic=None, only_load_props=None,
+        polymorphic_discriminator=None, **kw):
+
+    if with_polymorphic:
+        poly_properties = mapper._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+            with_polymorphic)
+    else:
+        poly_properties = mapper._polymorphic_properties
+
+    quick_populators = {}
+
+    path.set(
+        context.attributes,
+        "memoized_setups",
+        quick_populators)
+
+    for value in poly_properties:
+        if only_load_props and \
+                value.key not in only_load_props:
+            continue
+        value.setup(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            adapter,
+            only_load_props=only_load_props,
+            column_collection=column_collection,
+            memoized_populators=quick_populators,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    if polymorphic_discriminator is not None and \
+        polymorphic_discriminator \
+            is not mapper.polymorphic_on:
+
+        if adapter:
+            pd = adapter.columns[polymorphic_discriminator]
+        else:
+            pd = polymorphic_discriminator
+        column_collection.append(pd)
+
+
+def _instance_processor(
+        mapper, context, result, path, adapter,
+        only_load_props=None, refresh_state=None,
+        polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+        _polymorphic_from=None):
+    """Produce a mapper level row processor callable
+       which processes rows into mapped instances."""
+
+    # note that this method, most of which exists in a closure
+    # called _instance(), resists being broken out, as
+    # attempts to do so tend to add significant function
+    # call overhead.  _instance() is the most
+    # performance-critical section in the whole ORM.
+
+    pk_cols = mapper.primary_key
+
+    if adapter:
+        pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+
+    identity_class = mapper._identity_class
+
+    populators = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+    props = mapper._prop_set
+    if only_load_props is not None:
+        props = props.intersection(
+            mapper._props[k] for k in only_load_props)
+
+    quick_populators = path.get(
+        context.attributes, "memoized_setups", _none_set)
+
+    for prop in props:
+        if prop in quick_populators:
+            # this is an inlined path just for column-based attributes.
+            col = quick_populators[prop]
+            if col is _DEFER_FOR_STATE:
+                populators["new"].append(
+                    (prop.key, prop._deferred_column_loader))
+            elif col is _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED:
+                # note that in this path, we are no longer
+                # searching in the result to see if the column might
+                # be present in some unexpected way.
+                populators["expire"].append((prop.key, False))
+            else:
+                if adapter:
+                    col = adapter.columns[col]
+                getter = result._getter(col)
+                if getter:
+                    populators["quick"].append((prop.key, getter))
+                else:
+                    # fall back to the ColumnProperty itself, which
+                    # will iterate through all of its columns
+                    # to see if one fits
+                    prop.create_row_processor(
+                        context, path, mapper, result, adapter, populators)
+        else:
+            prop.create_row_processor(
+                context, path, mapper, result, adapter, populators)
+
+    propagate_options = context.propagate_options
+    if propagate_options:
+        load_path = context.query._current_path + path \
+            if context.query._current_path.path else path
+
+    session_identity_map = context.session.identity_map
+
+    populate_existing = context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh
+    load_evt = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.load)
+    refresh_evt = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh)
+    instance_state = attributes.instance_state
+    instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict
+    session_id = context.session.hash_key
+    version_check = context.version_check
+    runid = context.runid
+
+    if refresh_state:
+        refresh_identity_key = refresh_state.key
+        if refresh_identity_key is None:
+            # super-rare condition; a refresh is being called
+            # on a non-instance-key instance; this is meant to only
+            # occur within a flush()
+            refresh_identity_key = \
+                mapper._identity_key_from_state(refresh_state)
+    else:
+        refresh_identity_key = None
+
+    if mapper.allow_partial_pks:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issuperset
+    else:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.intersection
+
+    def _instance(row):
+
+        # determine the state that we'll be populating
+        if refresh_identity_key:
+            # fixed state that we're refreshing
+            state = refresh_state
+            instance = state.obj()
+            dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+            isnew = state.runid != runid
+            currentload = True
+            loaded_instance = False
+        else:
+            # look at the row, see if that identity is in the
+            # session, or we have to create a new one
+            identitykey = (
+                identity_class,
+                tuple([row[column] for column in pk_cols])
+            )
+
+            instance = session_identity_map.get(identitykey)
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                # existing instance
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+                dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+
+                isnew = state.runid != runid
+                currentload = not isnew
+                loaded_instance = False
+
+                if version_check and not currentload:
+                    _validate_version_id(mapper, state, dict_, row, adapter)
+
+            else:
+                # create a new instance
+
+                # check for non-NULL values in the primary key columns,
+                # else no entity is returned for the row
+                if is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
+                    return None
+
+                isnew = True
+                currentload = True
+                loaded_instance = True
+
+                instance = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+
+                dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+                state.key = identitykey
+
+                # attach instance to session.
+                state.session_id = session_id
+                session_identity_map._add_unpresent(state, identitykey)
+
+        # populate.  this looks at whether this state is new
+        # for this load or was existing, and whether or not this
+        # row is the first row with this identity.
+        if currentload or populate_existing:
+            # full population routines.  Objects here are either
+            # just created, or we are doing a populate_existing
+
+            if isnew and propagate_options:
+                state.load_options = propagate_options
+                state.load_path = load_path
+
+            _populate_full(
+                context, row, state, dict_, isnew,
+                loaded_instance, populate_existing, populators)
+
+            if isnew:
+                if loaded_instance and load_evt:
+                    state.manager.dispatch.load(state, context)
+                elif refresh_evt:
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(
+                        state, context, only_load_props)
+
+                if populate_existing or state.modified:
+                    if refresh_state and only_load_props:
+                        state._commit(dict_, only_load_props)
+                    else:
+                        state._commit_all(dict_, session_identity_map)
+
+        else:
+            # partial population routines, for objects that were already
+            # in the Session, but a row matches them; apply eager loaders
+            # on existing objects, etc.
+            unloaded = state.unloaded
+            isnew = state not in context.partials
+
+            if not isnew or unloaded or populators["eager"]:
+                # state is having a partial set of its attributes
+                # refreshed.  Populate those attributes,
+                # and add to the "context.partials" collection.
+
+                to_load = _populate_partial(
+                    context, row, state, dict_, isnew,
+                    unloaded, populators)
+
+                if isnew:
+                    if refresh_evt:
+                        state.manager.dispatch.refresh(
+                            state, context, to_load)
+
+                    state._commit(dict_, to_load)
+
+        return instance
+
+    if mapper.polymorphic_map and not _polymorphic_from and not refresh_state:
+        # if we are doing polymorphic, dispatch to a different _instance()
+        # method specific to the subclass mapper
+        _instance = _decorate_polymorphic_switch(
+            _instance, context, mapper, result, path,
+            polymorphic_discriminator, adapter)
+
+    return _instance
+
+
+def _populate_full(
+        context, row, state, dict_, isnew,
+        loaded_instance, populate_existing, populators):
+    if isnew:
+        # first time we are seeing a row with this identity.
+        state.runid = context.runid
+
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            dict_[key] = getter(row)
+        if populate_existing:
+            for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+                dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        else:
+            for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        for key, populator in populators["new"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+        for key, populator in populators["delayed"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+    else:
+        # have already seen rows with this identity.
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+
+def _populate_partial(
+        context, row, state, dict_, isnew,
+        unloaded, populators):
+    if not isnew:
+        to_load = context.partials[state]
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+    else:
+        to_load = unloaded
+        context.partials[state] = to_load
+
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                dict_[key] = getter(row)
+        for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        for key, populator in populators["new"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+        for key, populator in populators["delayed"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+    for key, populator in populators["eager"]:
+        if key not in unloaded:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    return to_load
+
+
+def _validate_version_id(mapper, state, dict_, row, adapter):
+
+    version_id_col = mapper.version_id_col
+
+    if version_id_col is None:
+        return
+
+    if adapter:
+        version_id_col = adapter.columns[version_id_col]
+
+    if mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+            state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col) != row[version_id_col]:
+        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+            "Instance '%s' has version id '%s' which "
+            "does not match database-loaded version id '%s'."
+            % (state_str(state), mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+               state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col),
+               row[version_id_col]))
+
+
+def _decorate_polymorphic_switch(
+        instance_fn, context, mapper, result, path,
+        polymorphic_discriminator, adapter):
+    if polymorphic_discriminator is not None:
+        polymorphic_on = polymorphic_discriminator
+    else:
+        polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+    if polymorphic_on is None:
+        return instance_fn
+
+    if adapter:
+        polymorphic_on = adapter.columns[polymorphic_on]
+
+    def configure_subclass_mapper(discriminator):
+        try:
+            sub_mapper = mapper.polymorphic_map[discriminator]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "No such polymorphic_identity %r is defined" %
+                discriminator)
+        else:
+            if sub_mapper is mapper:
+                return None
+
+            return _instance_processor(
+                sub_mapper, context, result,
+                path, adapter, _polymorphic_from=mapper)
+
+    polymorphic_instances = util.PopulateDict(
+        configure_subclass_mapper
+    )
+
+    def polymorphic_instance(row):
+        discriminator = row[polymorphic_on]
+        if discriminator is not None:
+            _instance = polymorphic_instances[discriminator]
+            if _instance:
+                return _instance(row)
+        return instance_fn(row)
+    return polymorphic_instance
+
+
+def load_scalar_attributes(mapper, state, attribute_names):
+    """initiate a column-based attribute refresh operation."""
+
+    # assert mapper is _state_mapper(state)
+    session = state.session
+    if not session:
+        raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+            "Instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+            "attribute refresh operation cannot proceed" %
+            (state_str(state)))
+
+    has_key = bool(state.key)
+
+    result = False
+
+    if mapper.inherits and not mapper.concrete:
+        # because we are using Core to produce a select() that we
+        # pass to the Query, we aren't calling setup() for mapped
+        # attributes; in 1.0 this means deferred attrs won't get loaded
+        # by default
+        statement = mapper._optimized_get_statement(state, attribute_names)
+        if statement is not None:
+            result = load_on_ident(
+                session.query(mapper).
+                options(
+                    strategy_options.Load(mapper).undefer("*")
+                ).from_statement(statement),
+                None,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names,
+                refresh_state=state
+            )
+
+    if result is False:
+        if has_key:
+            identity_key = state.key
+        else:
+            # this codepath is rare - only valid when inside a flush, and the
+            # object is becoming persistent but hasn't yet been assigned
+            # an identity_key.
+            # check here to ensure we have the attrs we need.
+            pk_attrs = [mapper._columntoproperty[col].key
+                        for col in mapper.primary_key]
+            if state.expired_attributes.intersection(pk_attrs):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance %s cannot be refreshed - it's not "
+                    " persistent and does not "
+                    "contain a full primary key." % state_str(state))
+            identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        if (_none_set.issubset(identity_key) and
+                not mapper.allow_partial_pks) or \
+                _none_set.issuperset(identity_key):
+            util.warn_limited(
+                "Instance %s to be refreshed doesn't "
+                "contain a full primary key - can't be refreshed "
+                "(and shouldn't be expired, either).",
+                state_str(state))
+            return
+
+        result = load_on_ident(
+            session.query(mapper),
+            identity_key,
+            refresh_state=state,
+            only_load_props=attribute_names)
+
+    # if instance is pending, a refresh operation
+    # may not complete (even if PK attributes are assigned)
+    if has_key and result is None:
+        raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(state)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97e4638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2909 @@
+# orm/mapper.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Logic to map Python classes to and from selectables.
+
+Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper` class, the central
+configurational unit which associates a class with a database table.
+
+This is a semi-private module; the main configurational API of the ORM is
+available in :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import types
+import weakref
+from itertools import chain
+from collections import deque
+
+from .. import sql, util, log, exc as sa_exc, event, schema, inspection
+from ..sql import expression, visitors, operators, util as sql_util
+from . import instrumentation, attributes, exc as orm_exc, loading
+from . import properties
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty, InspectionAttr, _MappedAttribute
+
+from .base import _class_to_mapper, _state_mapper, class_mapper, \
+    state_str, _INSTRUMENTOR
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+
+import sys
+
+
+_mapper_registry = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+_already_compiling = False
+
+_memoized_configured_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()
+
+
+# a constant returned by _get_attr_by_column to indicate
+# this mapper is not handling an attribute for a particular
+# column
+NO_ATTRIBUTE = util.symbol('NO_ATTRIBUTE')
+
+# lock used to synchronize the "mapper configure" step
+_CONFIGURE_MUTEX = util.threading.RLock()
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Mapper(InspectionAttr):
+    """Define the correlation of class attributes to database table
+    columns.
+
+    The :class:`.Mapper` object is instantiated using the
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper` function.    For information
+    about instantiating new :class:`.Mapper` objects, see
+    that function's documentation.
+
+
+    When :func:`.mapper` is used
+    explicitly to link a user defined class with table
+    metadata, this is referred to as *classical mapping*.
+    Modern SQLAlchemy usage tends to favor the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension for class
+    configuration, which
+    makes usage of :func:`.mapper` behind the scenes.
+
+    Given a particular class known to be mapped by the ORM,
+    the :class:`.Mapper` which maintains it can be acquired
+    using the :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        mapper = inspect(MyClass)
+
+    A class which was mapped by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative`
+    extension will also have its mapper available via the ``__mapper__``
+    attribute.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _new_mappers = False
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 class_,
+                 local_table=None,
+                 properties=None,
+                 primary_key=None,
+                 non_primary=False,
+                 inherits=None,
+                 inherit_condition=None,
+                 inherit_foreign_keys=None,
+                 extension=None,
+                 order_by=False,
+                 always_refresh=False,
+                 version_id_col=None,
+                 version_id_generator=None,
+                 polymorphic_on=None,
+                 _polymorphic_map=None,
+                 polymorphic_identity=None,
+                 concrete=False,
+                 with_polymorphic=None,
+                 allow_partial_pks=True,
+                 batch=True,
+                 column_prefix=None,
+                 include_properties=None,
+                 exclude_properties=None,
+                 passive_updates=True,
+                 confirm_deleted_rows=True,
+                 eager_defaults=False,
+                 legacy_is_orphan=False,
+                 _compiled_cache_size=100,
+                 ):
+        """Return a new :class:`~.Mapper` object.
+
+        This function is typically used behind the scenes
+        via the Declarative extension.   When using Declarative,
+        many of the usual :func:`.mapper` arguments are handled
+        by the Declarative extension itself, including ``class_``,
+        ``local_table``, ``properties``, and  ``inherits``.
+        Other options are passed to :func:`.mapper` using
+        the ``__mapper_args__`` class variable::
+
+           class MyClass(Base):
+               __tablename__ = 'my_table'
+               id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+               type = Column(String(50))
+               alt = Column("some_alt", Integer)
+
+               __mapper_args__ = {
+                   'polymorphic_on' : type
+               }
+
+
+        Explicit use of :func:`.mapper`
+        is often referred to as *classical mapping*.  The above
+        declarative example is equivalent in classical form to::
+
+            my_table = Table("my_table", metadata,
+                Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column('type', String(50)),
+                Column("some_alt", Integer)
+            )
+
+            class MyClass(object):
+                pass
+
+            mapper(MyClass, my_table,
+                polymorphic_on=my_table.c.type,
+                properties={
+                    'alt':my_table.c.some_alt
+                })
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`classical_mapping` - discussion of direct usage of
+            :func:`.mapper`
+
+        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.  When using Declarative,
+          this argument is automatically passed as the declared class
+          itself.
+
+        :param local_table: The :class:`.Table` or other selectable
+           to which the class is mapped.  May be ``None`` if
+           this mapper inherits from another mapper using single-table
+           inheritance.   When using Declarative, this argument is
+           automatically passed by the extension, based on what
+           is configured via the ``__table__`` argument or via the
+           :class:`.Table` produced as a result of the ``__tablename__``
+           and :class:`.Column` arguments present.
+
+        :param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
+           class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
+           exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
+           whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
+           flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
+           :meth:`.Query.populate_existing`.
+
+        :param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True.  Indicates that a
+           composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
+           possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
+           mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
+           as if :meth:`.Session.merge` will check the database first for a
+           particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
+           one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.
+
+        :param batch: Defaults to ``True``, indicating that save operations
+           of multiple entities can be batched together for efficiency.
+           Setting to False indicates
+           that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
+           instance.  This is used in the extremely rare case that a
+           :class:`.MapperEvents` listener requires being called
+           in between individual row persistence operations.
+
+        :param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended
+           to the mapped attribute name when :class:`.Column`
+           objects are automatically assigned as attributes to the
+           mapped class.  Does not affect explicitly specified
+           column-based properties.
+
+           See the section :ref:`column_prefix` for an example.
+
+        :param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
+           table inheritance with its parent mapper.
+
+           See the section :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example.
+
+        :param confirm_deleted_rows: defaults to True; when a DELETE occurs
+          of one more rows based on specific primary keys, a warning is
+          emitted when the number of rows matched does not equal the number
+          of rows expected.  This parameter may be set to False to handle the
+          case where database ON DELETE CASCADE rules may be deleting some of
+          those rows automatically.  The warning may be changed to an
+          exception in a future release.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 - added
+             :paramref:`.mapper.confirm_deleted_rows` as well as conditional
+             matched row checking on delete.
+
+        :param eager_defaults: if True, the ORM will immediately fetch the
+          value of server-generated default values after an INSERT or UPDATE,
+          rather than leaving them as expired to be fetched on next access.
+          This can be used for event schemes where the server-generated values
+          are needed immediately before the flush completes.   By default,
+          this scheme will emit an individual ``SELECT`` statement per row
+          inserted or updated, which note can add significant performance
+          overhead.  However, if the
+          target database supports :term:`RETURNING`, the default values will
+          be returned inline with the INSERT or UPDATE statement, which can
+          greatly enhance performance for an application that needs frequent
+          access to just-generated server defaults.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 The ``eager_defaults`` option can now
+             make use of :term:`RETURNING` for backends which support it.
+
+        :param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to
+          be excluded from mapping.
+
+          See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
+
+        :param extension: A :class:`.MapperExtension` instance or
+           list of :class:`.MapperExtension` instances which will be applied
+           to all operations by this :class:`.Mapper`.  **Deprecated.**
+           Please see :class:`.MapperEvents`.
+
+        :param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
+          names to map.
+
+          See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
+
+        :param inherits: A mapped class or the corresponding :class:`.Mapper`
+          of one indicating a superclass to which this :class:`.Mapper`
+          should *inherit* from.   The mapped class here must be a subclass
+          of the other mapper's class.   When using Declarative, this argument
+          is passed automatically as a result of the natural class
+          hierarchy of the declared classes.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
+           expression which will
+           define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
+           between the two tables.
+
+        :param inherit_foreign_keys: When ``inherit_condition`` is used and
+           the columns present are missing a :class:`.ForeignKey`
+           configuration, this parameter can be used to specify which columns
+           are "foreign".  In most cases can be left as ``None``.
+
+        :param legacy_is_orphan: Boolean, defaults to ``False``.
+          When ``True``, specifies that "legacy" orphan consideration
+          is to be applied to objects mapped by this mapper, which means
+          that a pending (that is, not persistent) object is auto-expunged
+          from an owning :class:`.Session` only when it is de-associated
+          from *all* parents that specify a ``delete-orphan`` cascade towards
+          this mapper.  The new default behavior is that the object is
+          auto-expunged when it is de-associated with *any* of its parents
+          that specify ``delete-orphan`` cascade.  This behavior is more
+          consistent with that of a persistent object, and allows behavior to
+          be consistent in more scenarios independently of whether or not an
+          orphanable object has been flushed yet or not.
+
+          See the change note and example at :ref:`legacy_is_orphan_addition`
+          for more detail on this change.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8 - the consideration of a pending object as
+            an "orphan" has been modified to more closely match the
+            behavior as that of persistent objects, which is that the object
+            is expunged from the :class:`.Session` as soon as it is
+            de-associated from any of its orphan-enabled parents.  Previously,
+            the pending object would be expunged only if de-associated
+            from all of its orphan-enabled parents. The new flag
+            ``legacy_is_orphan`` is added to :func:`.orm.mapper` which
+            re-establishes the legacy behavior.
+
+        :param non_primary: Specify that this :class:`.Mapper` is in addition
+          to the "primary" mapper, that is, the one used for persistence.
+          The :class:`.Mapper` created here may be used for ad-hoc
+          mapping of the class to an alternate selectable, for loading
+          only.
+
+          :paramref:`.Mapper.non_primary` is not an often used option, but
+          is useful in some specific :func:`.relationship` cases.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationship_non_primary_mapper`
+
+        :param order_by: A single :class:`.Column` or list of :class:`.Column`
+           objects for which selection operations should use as the default
+           ordering for entities.  By default mappers have no pre-defined
+           ordering.
+
+        :param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign key
+           columns when a primary key column changes on a joined-table
+           inheritance mapping.   Defaults to ``True``.
+
+           When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
+           the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
+           propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent columns
+           on joined-table rows.
+
+           When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
+           referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
+           operation for an update.  The unit of work process will
+           emit an UPDATE statement for the dependent columns during a
+           primary key change.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`passive_updates` - description of a similar feature as
+               used with :func:`.relationship`
+
+        :param polymorphic_on: Specifies the column, attribute, or
+          SQL expression used to determine the target class for an
+          incoming row, when inheriting classes are present.
+
+          This value is commonly a :class:`.Column` object that's
+          present in the mapped :class:`.Table`::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                discriminator = Column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on":discriminator,
+                    "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                }
+
+          It may also be specified
+          as a SQL expression, as in this example where we
+          use the :func:`.case` construct to provide a conditional
+          approach::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                discriminator = Column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on":case([
+                        (discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
+                        (discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
+                    ], else_="employee"),
+                    "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                }
+
+          It may also refer to any attribute
+          configured with :func:`.column_property`, or to the
+          string name of one::
+
+                class Employee(Base):
+                    __tablename__ = 'employee'
+
+                    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                    discriminator = Column(String(50))
+                    employee_type = column_property(
+                        case([
+                            (discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
+                            (discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
+                        ], else_="employee")
+                    )
+
+                    __mapper_args__ = {
+                        "polymorphic_on":employee_type,
+                        "polymorphic_identity":"employee"
+                    }
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+              ``polymorphic_on`` may be specified as a SQL expression,
+              or refer to any attribute configured with
+              :func:`.column_property`, or to the string name of one.
+
+          When setting ``polymorphic_on`` to reference an
+          attribute or expression that's not present in the
+          locally mapped :class:`.Table`, yet the value
+          of the discriminator should be persisted to the database,
+          the value of the
+          discriminator is not automatically set on new
+          instances; this must be handled by the user,
+          either through manual means or via event listeners.
+          A typical approach to establishing such a listener
+          looks like::
+
+                from sqlalchemy import event
+                from sqlalchemy.orm import object_mapper
+
+                @event.listens_for(Employee, "init", propagate=True)
+                def set_identity(instance, *arg, **kw):
+                    mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+                    instance.discriminator = mapper.polymorphic_identity
+
+          Where above, we assign the value of ``polymorphic_identity``
+          for the mapped class to the ``discriminator`` attribute,
+          thus persisting the value to the ``discriminator`` column
+          in the database.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+             Currently, **only one discriminator column may be set**, typically
+             on the base-most class in the hierarchy. "Cascading" polymorphic
+             columns are not yet supported.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param polymorphic_identity: Specifies the value which
+          identifies this particular class as returned by the
+          column expression referred to by the ``polymorphic_on``
+          setting.  As rows are received, the value corresponding
+          to the ``polymorphic_on`` column expression is compared
+          to this value, indicating which subclass should
+          be used for the newly reconstructed object.
+
+        :param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
+           attributes to :class:`.MapperProperty` instances, which define the
+           persistence behavior of that attribute.  Note that :class:`.Column`
+           objects present in
+           the mapped :class:`.Table` are automatically placed into
+           ``ColumnProperty`` instances upon mapping, unless overridden.
+           When using Declarative, this argument is passed automatically,
+           based on all those :class:`.MapperProperty` instances declared
+           in the declared class body.
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of :class:`.Column` objects which define
+           the primary key to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
+           This is normally simply the primary key of the ``local_table``, but
+           can be overridden here.
+
+        :param version_id_col: A :class:`.Column`
+           that will be used to keep a running version id of rows
+           in the table.  This is used to detect concurrent updates or
+           the presence of stale data in a flush.  The methodology is to
+           detect if an UPDATE statement does not match the last known
+           version id, a
+           :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.StaleDataError` exception is
+           thrown.
+           By default, the column must be of :class:`.Integer` type,
+           unless ``version_id_generator`` specifies an alternative version
+           generator.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`mapper_version_counter` - discussion of version counting
+              and rationale.
+
+        :param version_id_generator: Define how new version ids should
+          be generated.  Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that
+          a simple integer counting scheme be employed.  To provide a custom
+          versioning scheme, provide a callable function of the form::
+
+              def generate_version(version):
+                  return next_version
+
+          Alternatively, server-side versioning functions such as triggers,
+          or programmatic versioning schemes outside of the version id
+          generator may be used, by specifying the value ``False``.
+          Please see :ref:`server_side_version_counter` for a discussion
+          of important points when using this option.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 ``version_id_generator`` supports
+             server-side version number generation.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`custom_version_counter`
+
+             :ref:`server_side_version_counter`
+
+
+        :param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(<classes>,
+            <selectable>)`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
+            loading, that is, which tables are queried at once. <classes> is
+            any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
+            inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
+            ``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
+            loaded immediately. The second tuple argument <selectable>
+            indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
+            classes.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`with_polymorphic` - discussion of polymorphic querying
+              techniques.
+
+        """
+
+        self.class_ = util.assert_arg_type(class_, type, 'class_')
+
+        self.class_manager = None
+
+        self._primary_key_argument = util.to_list(primary_key)
+        self.non_primary = non_primary
+
+        if order_by is not False:
+            self.order_by = util.to_list(order_by)
+        else:
+            self.order_by = order_by
+
+        self.always_refresh = always_refresh
+
+        if isinstance(version_id_col, MapperProperty):
+            self.version_id_prop = version_id_col
+            self.version_id_col = None
+        else:
+            self.version_id_col = version_id_col
+        if version_id_generator is False:
+            self.version_id_generator = False
+        elif version_id_generator is None:
+            self.version_id_generator = lambda x: (x or 0) + 1
+        else:
+            self.version_id_generator = version_id_generator
+
+        self.concrete = concrete
+        self.single = False
+        self.inherits = inherits
+        self.local_table = local_table
+        self.inherit_condition = inherit_condition
+        self.inherit_foreign_keys = inherit_foreign_keys
+        self._init_properties = properties or {}
+        self._delete_orphans = []
+        self.batch = batch
+        self.eager_defaults = eager_defaults
+        self.column_prefix = column_prefix
+        self.polymorphic_on = expression._clause_element_as_expr(
+            polymorphic_on)
+        self._dependency_processors = []
+        self.validators = util.immutabledict()
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.legacy_is_orphan = legacy_is_orphan
+        self._clause_adapter = None
+        self._requires_row_aliasing = False
+        self._inherits_equated_pairs = None
+        self._memoized_values = {}
+        self._compiled_cache_size = _compiled_cache_size
+        self._reconstructor = None
+        self._deprecated_extensions = util.to_list(extension or [])
+        self.allow_partial_pks = allow_partial_pks
+
+        if self.inherits and not self.concrete:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = False
+        else:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = confirm_deleted_rows
+
+        self._set_with_polymorphic(with_polymorphic)
+
+        if isinstance(self.local_table, expression.SelectBase):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
+                "an alias() of the construct instead."
+                "This because several databases don't allow a "
+                "SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
+            )
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic and \
+            isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[1],
+                       expression.SelectBase):
+            self.with_polymorphic = (self.with_polymorphic[0],
+                                     self.with_polymorphic[1].alias())
+
+        # our 'polymorphic identity', a string name that when located in a
+        #  result set row indicates this Mapper should be used to construct
+        # the object instance for that row.
+        self.polymorphic_identity = polymorphic_identity
+
+        # a dictionary of 'polymorphic identity' names, associating those
+        # names with Mappers that will be used to construct object instances
+        # upon a select operation.
+        if _polymorphic_map is None:
+            self.polymorphic_map = {}
+        else:
+            self.polymorphic_map = _polymorphic_map
+
+        if include_properties is not None:
+            self.include_properties = util.to_set(include_properties)
+        else:
+            self.include_properties = None
+        if exclude_properties:
+            self.exclude_properties = util.to_set(exclude_properties)
+        else:
+            self.exclude_properties = None
+
+        self.configured = False
+
+        # prevent this mapper from being constructed
+        # while a configure_mappers() is occurring (and defer a
+        # configure_mappers() until construction succeeds)
+        _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
+        try:
+            self.dispatch._events._new_mapper_instance(class_, self)
+            self._configure_inheritance()
+            self._configure_legacy_instrument_class()
+            self._configure_class_instrumentation()
+            self._configure_listeners()
+            self._configure_properties()
+            self._configure_polymorphic_setter()
+            self._configure_pks()
+            Mapper._new_mappers = True
+            self._log("constructed")
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+        finally:
+            _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
+
+    # major attributes initialized at the classlevel so that
+    # they can be Sphinx-documented.
+
+    is_mapper = True
+    """Part of the inspection API."""
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        """Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self):
+        """Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.class\_.
+
+        """
+        return self.class_
+
+    local_table = None
+    """The :class:`.Selectable` which this :class:`.Mapper` manages.
+
+    Typically is an instance of :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Alias`.
+    May also be ``None``.
+
+    The "local" table is the
+    selectable that the :class:`.Mapper` is directly responsible for
+    managing from an attribute access and flush perspective.   For
+    non-inheriting mappers, the local table is the same as the
+    "mapped" table.   For joined-table inheritance mappers, local_table
+    will be the particular sub-table of the overall "join" which
+    this :class:`.Mapper` represents.  If this mapper is a
+    single-table inheriting mapper, local_table will be ``None``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`~.Mapper.mapped_table`.
+
+    """
+
+    mapped_table = None
+    """The :class:`.Selectable` to which this :class:`.Mapper` is mapped.
+
+    Typically an instance of :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Join`, or
+    :class:`.Alias`.
+
+    The "mapped" table is the selectable that
+    the mapper selects from during queries.   For non-inheriting
+    mappers, the mapped table is the same as the "local" table.
+    For joined-table inheritance mappers, mapped_table references the
+    full :class:`.Join` representing full rows for this particular
+    subclass.  For single-table inheritance mappers, mapped_table
+    references the base table.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`~.Mapper.local_table`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherits = None
+    """References the :class:`.Mapper` which this :class:`.Mapper`
+    inherits from, if any.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    configured = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` has been configured.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.configure_mappers`.
+
+    """
+
+    concrete = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` is a concrete
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    tables = None
+    """An iterable containing the collection of :class:`.Table` objects
+    which this :class:`.Mapper` is aware of.
+
+    If the mapper is mapped to a :class:`.Join`, or an :class:`.Alias`
+    representing a :class:`.Select`, the individual :class:`.Table`
+    objects that comprise the full construct will be represented here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    primary_key = None
+    """An iterable containing the collection of :class:`.Column` objects
+    which comprise the 'primary key' of the mapped table, from the
+    perspective of this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    This list is against the selectable in :attr:`~.Mapper.mapped_table`. In
+    the case of inheriting mappers, some columns may be managed by a
+    superclass mapper.  For example, in the case of a :class:`.Join`, the
+    primary key is determined by all of the primary key columns across all
+    tables referenced by the :class:`.Join`.
+
+    The list is also not necessarily the same as the primary key column
+    collection associated with the underlying tables; the :class:`.Mapper`
+    features a ``primary_key`` argument that can override what the
+    :class:`.Mapper` considers as primary key columns.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    class_ = None
+    """The Python class which this :class:`.Mapper` maps.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    class_manager = None
+    """The :class:`.ClassManager` which maintains event listeners
+    and class-bound descriptors for this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    single = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` is a single table
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    :attr:`~.Mapper.local_table` will be ``None`` if this flag is set.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    non_primary = None
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`.Mapper` is a "non-primary"
+    mapper, e.g. a mapper that is used only to selet rows but not for
+    persistence management.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_on = None
+    """The :class:`.Column` or SQL expression specified as the
+    ``polymorphic_on`` argument
+    for this :class:`.Mapper`, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    This attribute is normally a :class:`.Column` instance but
+    may also be an expression, such as one derived from
+    :func:`.cast`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_map = None
+    """A mapping of "polymorphic identity" identifiers mapped to
+    :class:`.Mapper` instances, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    The identifiers can be of any type which is comparable to the
+    type of column represented by :attr:`~.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    An inheritance chain of mappers will all reference the same
+    polymorphic map object.  The object is used to correlate incoming
+    result rows to target mappers.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_identity = None
+    """Represent an identifier which is matched against the
+    :attr:`~.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column during result row loading.
+
+    Used only with inheritance, this object can be of any type which is
+    comparable to the type of column represented by
+    :attr:`~.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    base_mapper = None
+    """The base-most :class:`.Mapper` in an inheritance chain.
+
+    In a non-inheriting scenario, this attribute will always be this
+    :class:`.Mapper`.   In an inheritance scenario, it references
+    the :class:`.Mapper` which is parent to all other :class:`.Mapper`
+    objects in the inheritance chain.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    columns = None
+    """A collection of :class:`.Column` or other scalar expression
+    objects maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+    The collection behaves the same as that of the ``c`` attribute on
+    any :class:`.Table` object, except that only those columns included in
+    this mapping are present, and are keyed based on the attribute name
+    defined in the mapping, not necessarily the ``key`` attribute of the
+    :class:`.Column` itself.   Additionally, scalar expressions mapped
+    by :func:`.column_property` are also present here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    validators = None
+    """An immutable dictionary of attributes which have been decorated
+    using the :func:`~.orm.validates` decorator.
+
+    The dictionary contains string attribute names as keys
+    mapped to the actual validation method.
+
+    """
+
+    c = None
+    """A synonym for :attr:`~.Mapper.columns`."""
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _path_registry(self):
+        return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def _configure_inheritance(self):
+        """Configure settings related to inherting and/or inherited mappers
+        being present."""
+
+        # a set of all mappers which inherit from this one.
+        self._inheriting_mappers = util.WeakSequence()
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            if isinstance(self.inherits, type):
+                self.inherits = class_mapper(self.inherits, configure=False)
+            if not issubclass(self.class_, self.inherits.class_):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Class '%s' does not inherit from '%s'" %
+                    (self.class_.__name__, self.inherits.class_.__name__))
+            if self.non_primary != self.inherits.non_primary:
+                np = not self.non_primary and "primary" or "non-primary"
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Inheritance of %s mapper for class '%s' is "
+                    "only allowed from a %s mapper" %
+                    (np, self.class_.__name__, np))
+            # inherit_condition is optional.
+            if self.local_table is None:
+                self.local_table = self.inherits.local_table
+                self.mapped_table = self.inherits.mapped_table
+                self.single = True
+            elif self.local_table is not self.inherits.local_table:
+                if self.concrete:
+                    self.mapped_table = self.local_table
+                    for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                        if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                            mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+                else:
+                    if self.inherit_condition is None:
+                        # figure out inherit condition from our table to the
+                        # immediate table of the inherited mapper, not its
+                        # full table which could pull in other stuff we don't
+                        # want (allows test/inheritance.InheritTest4 to pass)
+                        self.inherit_condition = sql_util.join_condition(
+                            self.inherits.local_table,
+                            self.local_table)
+                    self.mapped_table = sql.join(
+                        self.inherits.mapped_table,
+                        self.local_table,
+                        self.inherit_condition)
+
+                    fks = util.to_set(self.inherit_foreign_keys)
+                    self._inherits_equated_pairs = \
+                        sql_util.criterion_as_pairs(
+                            self.mapped_table.onclause,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=fks)
+            else:
+                self.mapped_table = self.local_table
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None and not self.concrete:
+                self._identity_class = self.inherits._identity_class
+            else:
+                self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+            if self.version_id_col is None:
+                self.version_id_col = self.inherits.version_id_col
+                self.version_id_generator = self.inherits.version_id_generator
+            elif self.inherits.version_id_col is not None and \
+                    self.version_id_col is not self.inherits.version_id_col:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Inheriting version_id_col '%s' does not match inherited "
+                    "version_id_col '%s' and will not automatically populate "
+                    "the inherited versioning column. "
+                    "version_id_col should only be specified on "
+                    "the base-most mapper that includes versioning." %
+                    (self.version_id_col.description,
+                     self.inherits.version_id_col.description)
+                )
+
+            if self.order_by is False and \
+                    not self.concrete and \
+                    self.inherits.order_by is not False:
+                self.order_by = self.inherits.order_by
+
+            self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+            self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+            self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+            self.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+            self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+            self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                if self.polymorphic_identity in self.polymorphic_map:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Reassigning polymorphic association for identity %r "
+                        "from %r to %r: Check for duplicate use of %r as "
+                        "value for polymorphic_identity." %
+                        (self.polymorphic_identity,
+                         self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity],
+                         self, self.polymorphic_identity)
+                )
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+
+        else:
+            self._all_tables = set()
+            self.base_mapper = self
+            self.mapped_table = self.local_table
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+            self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+        if self.mapped_table is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper '%s' does not have a mapped_table specified."
+                % self)
+
+    def _set_with_polymorphic(self, with_polymorphic):
+        if with_polymorphic == '*':
+            self.with_polymorphic = ('*', None)
+        elif isinstance(with_polymorphic, (tuple, list)):
+            if isinstance(
+                    with_polymorphic[0], util.string_types + (tuple, list)):
+                self.with_polymorphic = with_polymorphic
+            else:
+                self.with_polymorphic = (with_polymorphic, None)
+        elif with_polymorphic is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("Invalid setting for with_polymorphic")
+        else:
+            self.with_polymorphic = None
+
+        if isinstance(self.local_table, expression.SelectBase):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When mapping against a select() construct, map against "
+                "an alias() of the construct instead."
+                "This because several databases don't allow a "
+                "SELECT from a subquery that does not have an alias."
+            )
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic and \
+            isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[1],
+                       expression.SelectBase):
+            self.with_polymorphic = (self.with_polymorphic[0],
+                                     self.with_polymorphic[1].alias())
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+    def _set_concrete_base(self, mapper):
+        """Set the given :class:`.Mapper` as the 'inherits' for this
+        :class:`.Mapper`, assuming this :class:`.Mapper` is concrete
+        and does not already have an inherits."""
+
+        assert self.concrete
+        assert not self.inherits
+        assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
+        self.inherits = mapper
+        self.inherits.polymorphic_map.update(self.polymorphic_map)
+        self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+        self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+        for mp in self.self_and_descendants:
+            mp.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+        self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+        self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+        self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+        for key, prop in mapper._props.items():
+            if key not in self._props and \
+                not self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False,
+                                         column=None):
+                self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
+
+    def _set_polymorphic_on(self, polymorphic_on):
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._configure_polymorphic_setter(True)
+
+    def _configure_legacy_instrument_class(self):
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            self.dispatch._update(self.inherits.dispatch)
+            super_extensions = set(
+                chain(*[m._deprecated_extensions
+                        for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root()]))
+        else:
+            super_extensions = set()
+
+        for ext in self._deprecated_extensions:
+            if ext not in super_extensions:
+                ext._adapt_instrument_class(self, ext)
+
+    def _configure_listeners(self):
+        if self.inherits:
+            super_extensions = set(
+                chain(*[m._deprecated_extensions
+                        for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root()]))
+        else:
+            super_extensions = set()
+
+        for ext in self._deprecated_extensions:
+            if ext not in super_extensions:
+                ext._adapt_listener(self, ext)
+
+    def _configure_class_instrumentation(self):
+        """If this mapper is to be a primary mapper (i.e. the
+        non_primary flag is not set), associate this Mapper with the
+        given class_ and entity name.
+
+        Subsequent calls to ``class_mapper()`` for the class_/entity
+        name combination will return this mapper.  Also decorate the
+        `__init__` method on the mapped class to include optional
+        auto-session attachment logic.
+
+        """
+
+        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(self.class_)
+
+        if self.non_primary:
+            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
+                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
+                    "Mapper." % self.class_)
+            self.class_manager = manager
+            self._identity_class = manager.mapper._identity_class
+            _mapper_registry[self] = True
+            return
+
+        if manager is not None:
+            assert manager.class_ is self.class_
+            if manager.is_mapped:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Class '%s' already has a primary mapper defined. "
+                    "Use non_primary=True to "
+                    "create a non primary Mapper.  clear_mappers() will "
+                    "remove *all* current mappers from all classes." %
+                    self.class_)
+            # else:
+                # a ClassManager may already exist as
+                # ClassManager.instrument_attribute() creates
+                # new managers for each subclass if they don't yet exist.
+
+        _mapper_registry[self] = True
+
+        # note: this *must be called before instrumentation.register_class*
+        # to maintain the documented behavior of instrument_class
+        self.dispatch.instrument_class(self, self.class_)
+
+        if manager is None:
+            manager = instrumentation.register_class(self.class_)
+
+        self.class_manager = manager
+
+        manager.mapper = self
+        manager.deferred_scalar_loader = util.partial(
+            loading.load_scalar_attributes, self)
+
+        # The remaining members can be added by any mapper,
+        # e_name None or not.
+        if manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR, False):
+            return
+
+        event.listen(manager, 'first_init', _event_on_first_init, raw=True)
+        event.listen(manager, 'init', _event_on_init, raw=True)
+
+        for key, method in util.iterate_attributes(self.class_):
+            if isinstance(method, types.FunctionType):
+                if hasattr(method, '__sa_reconstructor__'):
+                    self._reconstructor = method
+                    event.listen(manager, 'load', _event_on_load, raw=True)
+                elif hasattr(method, '__sa_validators__'):
+                    validation_opts = method.__sa_validation_opts__
+                    for name in method.__sa_validators__:
+                        self.validators = self.validators.union(
+                            {name: (method, validation_opts)}
+                        )
+
+        manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _configure_all(cls):
+        """Class-level path to the :func:`.configure_mappers` call.
+        """
+        configure_mappers()
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Disable any attribute-based compilation.
+        self.configured = True
+
+        if hasattr(self, '_configure_failed'):
+            del self._configure_failed
+
+        if not self.non_primary and \
+            self.class_manager is not None and \
+            self.class_manager.is_mapped and \
+                self.class_manager.mapper is self:
+            instrumentation.unregister_class(self.class_)
+
+    def _configure_pks(self):
+
+        self.tables = sql_util.find_tables(self.mapped_table)
+
+        self._pks_by_table = {}
+        self._cols_by_table = {}
+
+        all_cols = util.column_set(chain(*[
+            col.proxy_set for col in
+            self._columntoproperty]))
+
+        pk_cols = util.column_set(c for c in all_cols if c.primary_key)
+
+        # identify primary key columns which are also mapped by this mapper.
+        tables = set(self.tables + [self.mapped_table])
+        self._all_tables.update(tables)
+        for t in tables:
+            if t.primary_key and pk_cols.issuperset(t.primary_key):
+                # ordering is important since it determines the ordering of
+                # mapper.primary_key (and therefore query.get())
+                self._pks_by_table[t] = \
+                    util.ordered_column_set(t.primary_key).\
+                    intersection(pk_cols)
+            self._cols_by_table[t] = \
+                util.ordered_column_set(t.c).\
+                intersection(all_cols)
+
+        # if explicit PK argument sent, add those columns to the
+        # primary key mappings
+        if self._primary_key_argument:
+            for k in self._primary_key_argument:
+                if k.table not in self._pks_by_table:
+                    self._pks_by_table[k.table] = util.OrderedSet()
+                self._pks_by_table[k.table].add(k)
+
+        # otherwise, see that we got a full PK for the mapped table
+        elif self.mapped_table not in self._pks_by_table or \
+                len(self._pks_by_table[self.mapped_table]) == 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                "key columns for mapped table '%s'" %
+                (self, self.mapped_table.description))
+        elif self.local_table not in self._pks_by_table and \
+                isinstance(self.local_table, schema.Table):
+            util.warn("Could not assemble any primary "
+                      "keys for locally mapped table '%s' - "
+                      "no rows will be persisted in this Table."
+                      % self.local_table.description)
+
+        if self.inherits and \
+                not self.concrete and \
+                not self._primary_key_argument:
+            # if inheriting, the "primary key" for this mapper is
+            # that of the inheriting (unless concrete or explicit)
+            self.primary_key = self.inherits.primary_key
+        else:
+            # determine primary key from argument or mapped_table pks -
+            # reduce to the minimal set of columns
+            if self._primary_key_argument:
+                primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                    [self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c) for c in
+                     self._primary_key_argument],
+                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)
+            else:
+                primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                    self._pks_by_table[self.mapped_table],
+                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True)
+
+            if len(primary_key) == 0:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                    "key columns for mapped table '%s'" %
+                    (self, self.mapped_table.description))
+
+            self.primary_key = tuple(primary_key)
+            self._log("Identified primary key columns: %s", primary_key)
+
+        # determine cols that aren't expressed within our tables; mark these
+        # as "read only" properties which are refreshed upon INSERT/UPDATE
+        self._readonly_props = set(
+            self._columntoproperty[col]
+            for col in self._columntoproperty
+            if self._columntoproperty[col] not in self._identity_key_props and
+            (not hasattr(col, 'table') or
+                col.table not in self._cols_by_table))
+
+    def _configure_properties(self):
+
+        # Column and other ClauseElement objects which are mapped
+        self.columns = self.c = util.OrderedProperties()
+
+        # object attribute names mapped to MapperProperty objects
+        self._props = util.OrderedDict()
+
+        # table columns mapped to lists of MapperProperty objects
+        # using a list allows a single column to be defined as
+        # populating multiple object attributes
+        self._columntoproperty = _ColumnMapping(self)
+
+        # load custom properties
+        if self._init_properties:
+            for key, prop in self._init_properties.items():
+                self._configure_property(key, prop, False)
+
+        # pull properties from the inherited mapper if any.
+        if self.inherits:
+            for key, prop in self.inherits._props.items():
+                if key not in self._props and \
+                    not self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False,
+                                             column=None):
+                    self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
+
+        # create properties for each column in the mapped table,
+        # for those columns which don't already map to a property
+        for column in self.mapped_table.columns:
+            if column in self._columntoproperty:
+                continue
+
+            column_key = (self.column_prefix or '') + column.key
+
+            if self._should_exclude(
+                column.key, column_key,
+                local=self.local_table.c.contains_column(column),
+                column=column
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            # adjust the "key" used for this column to that
+            # of the inheriting mapper
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if column in mapper._columntoproperty:
+                    column_key = mapper._columntoproperty[column].key
+
+            self._configure_property(column_key,
+                                     column,
+                                     init=False,
+                                     setparent=True)
+
+    def _configure_polymorphic_setter(self, init=False):
+        """Configure an attribute on the mapper representing the
+        'polymorphic_on' column, if applicable, and not
+        already generated by _configure_properties (which is typical).
+
+        Also create a setter function which will assign this
+        attribute to the value of the 'polymorphic_identity'
+        upon instance construction, also if applicable.  This
+        routine will run when an instance is created.
+
+        """
+        setter = False
+
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            setter = True
+
+            if isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, util.string_types):
+                # polymorphic_on specified as a string - link
+                # it to mapped ColumnProperty
+                try:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = self._props[self.polymorphic_on]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine polymorphic_on "
+                        "value '%s' - no attribute is "
+                        "mapped to this name." % self.polymorphic_on)
+
+            if self.polymorphic_on in self._columntoproperty:
+                # polymorphic_on is a column that is already mapped
+                # to a ColumnProperty
+                prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
+                polymorphic_key = prop.key
+                self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
+                polymorphic_key = prop.key
+            elif isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, MapperProperty):
+                # polymorphic_on is directly a MapperProperty,
+                # ensure it's a ColumnProperty
+                if not isinstance(self.polymorphic_on,
+                                  properties.ColumnProperty):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Only direct column-mapped "
+                        "property or SQL expression "
+                        "can be passed for polymorphic_on")
+                prop = self.polymorphic_on
+                self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
+                polymorphic_key = prop.key
+            elif not expression._is_column(self.polymorphic_on):
+                # polymorphic_on is not a Column and not a ColumnProperty;
+                # not supported right now.
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only direct column-mapped "
+                    "property or SQL expression "
+                    "can be passed for polymorphic_on"
+                )
+            else:
+                # polymorphic_on is a Column or SQL expression and
+                # doesn't appear to be mapped. this means it can be 1.
+                # only present in the with_polymorphic selectable or
+                # 2. a totally standalone SQL expression which we'd
+                # hope is compatible with this mapper's mapped_table
+                col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
+                    self.polymorphic_on)
+                if col is None:
+                    # polymorphic_on doesn't derive from any
+                    # column/expression isn't present in the mapped
+                    # table. we will make a "hidden" ColumnProperty
+                    # for it. Just check that if it's directly a
+                    # schema.Column and we have with_polymorphic, it's
+                    # likely a user error if the schema.Column isn't
+                    # represented somehow in either mapped_table or
+                    # with_polymorphic.   Otherwise as of 0.7.4 we
+                    # just go with it and assume the user wants it
+                    # that way (i.e. a CASE statement)
+                    setter = False
+                    instrument = False
+                    col = self.polymorphic_on
+                    if isinstance(col, schema.Column) and (
+                            self.with_polymorphic is None or
+                            self.with_polymorphic[1].
+                            corresponding_column(col) is None):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Could not map polymorphic_on column "
+                            "'%s' to the mapped table - polymorphic "
+                            "loads will not function properly"
+                            % col.description)
+                else:
+                    # column/expression that polymorphic_on derives from
+                    # is present in our mapped table
+                    # and is probably mapped, but polymorphic_on itself
+                    # is not.  This happens when
+                    # the polymorphic_on is only directly present in the
+                    # with_polymorphic selectable, as when use
+                    # polymorphic_union.
+                    # we'll make a separate ColumnProperty for it.
+                    instrument = True
+                key = getattr(col, 'key', None)
+                if key:
+                    if self._should_exclude(col.key, col.key, False, col):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Cannot exclude or override the "
+                            "discriminator column %r" %
+                            col.key)
+                else:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = col = \
+                        col.label("_sa_polymorphic_on")
+                    key = col.key
+
+                self._configure_property(
+                    key,
+                    properties.ColumnProperty(col,
+                                              _instrument=instrument),
+                    init=init, setparent=True)
+                polymorphic_key = key
+        else:
+            # no polymorphic_on was set.
+            # check inheriting mappers for one.
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                # determine if polymorphic_on of the parent
+                # should be propagated here.   If the col
+                # is present in our mapped table, or if our mapped
+                # table is the same as the parent (i.e. single table
+                # inheritance), we can use it
+                if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                    if self.mapped_table is mapper.mapped_table:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+                    else:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = \
+                            self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
+                                mapper.polymorphic_on)
+                    # we can use the parent mapper's _set_polymorphic_identity
+                    # directly; it ensures the polymorphic_identity of the
+                    # instance's mapper is used so is portable to subclasses.
+                    if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = \
+                            mapper._set_polymorphic_identity
+                        self._validate_polymorphic_identity = \
+                            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity
+                    else:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+                    return
+
+        if setter:
+            def _set_polymorphic_identity(state):
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                state.get_impl(polymorphic_key).set(
+                    state, dict_,
+                    state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_identity,
+                    None)
+
+            def _validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_):
+                if polymorphic_key in dict_ and \
+                        dict_[polymorphic_key] not in \
+                        mapper._acceptable_polymorphic_identities:
+                    util.warn_limited(
+                        "Flushing object %s with "
+                        "incompatible polymorphic identity %r; the "
+                        "object may not refresh and/or load correctly",
+                        (state_str(state), dict_[polymorphic_key])
+                    )
+
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = _set_polymorphic_identity
+            self._validate_polymorphic_identity = \
+                _validate_polymorphic_identity
+        else:
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    _validate_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _version_id_prop(self):
+        if self.version_id_col is not None:
+            return self._columntoproperty[self.version_id_col]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _acceptable_polymorphic_identities(self):
+        identities = set()
+
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            if item.mapped_table is self.mapped_table:
+                identities.add(item.polymorphic_identity)
+                stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+
+        return identities
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _prop_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self._props.values())
+
+    def _adapt_inherited_property(self, key, prop, init):
+        if not self.concrete:
+            self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False, setparent=False)
+        elif key not in self._props:
+            self._configure_property(
+                key,
+                properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty(),
+                init=init, setparent=True)
+
+    def _configure_property(self, key, prop, init=True, setparent=True):
+        self._log("_configure_property(%s, %s)", key, prop.__class__.__name__)
+
+        if not isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
+            prop = self._property_from_column(key, prop)
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+
+            # if the column is not present in the mapped table,
+            # test if a column has been added after the fact to the
+            # parent table (or their parent, etc.) [ticket:1570]
+            if col is None and self.inherits:
+                path = [self]
+                for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root():
+                    col = m.local_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+                    if col is not None:
+                        for m2 in path:
+                            m2.mapped_table._reset_exported()
+                        col = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(
+                            prop.columns[0])
+                        break
+                    path.append(m)
+
+            # subquery expression, column not present in the mapped
+            # selectable.
+            if col is None:
+                col = prop.columns[0]
+
+                # column is coming in after _readonly_props was
+                # initialized; check for 'readonly'
+                if hasattr(self, '_readonly_props') and \
+                    (not hasattr(col, 'table') or
+                        col.table not in self._cols_by_table):
+                    self._readonly_props.add(prop)
+
+            else:
+                # if column is coming in after _cols_by_table was
+                # initialized, ensure the col is in the right set
+                if hasattr(self, '_cols_by_table') and \
+                        col.table in self._cols_by_table and \
+                        col not in self._cols_by_table[col.table]:
+                    self._cols_by_table[col.table].add(col)
+
+            # if this properties.ColumnProperty represents the "polymorphic
+            # discriminator" column, mark it.  We'll need this when rendering
+            # columns in SELECT statements.
+            if not hasattr(prop, '_is_polymorphic_discriminator'):
+                prop._is_polymorphic_discriminator = \
+                    (col is self.polymorphic_on or
+                     prop.columns[0] is self.polymorphic_on)
+
+            self.columns[key] = col
+            for col in prop.columns + prop._orig_columns:
+                for col in col.proxy_set:
+                    self._columntoproperty[col] = prop
+
+        prop.key = key
+
+        if setparent:
+            prop.set_parent(self, init)
+
+        if key in self._props and \
+                getattr(self._props[key], '_mapped_by_synonym', False):
+            syn = self._props[key]._mapped_by_synonym
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                "%r for column %r" % (syn, key, key, syn)
+            )
+
+        if key in self._props and \
+                not isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty) and \
+                not isinstance(self._props[key], properties.ColumnProperty):
+            util.warn("Property %s on %s being replaced with new "
+                      "property %s; the old property will be discarded" % (
+                          self._props[key],
+                          self,
+                          prop,
+                      ))
+            oldprop = self._props[key]
+            self._path_registry.pop(oldprop, None)
+
+        self._props[key] = prop
+
+        if not self.non_primary:
+            prop.instrument_class(self)
+
+        for mapper in self._inheriting_mappers:
+            mapper._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, init)
+
+        if init:
+            prop.init()
+            prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+    def _property_from_column(self, key, prop):
+        """generate/update a :class:`.ColumnProprerty` given a
+        :class:`.Column` object. """
+
+        # we were passed a Column or a list of Columns;
+        # generate a properties.ColumnProperty
+        columns = util.to_list(prop)
+        column = columns[0]
+        if not expression._is_column(column):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "%s=%r is not an instance of MapperProperty or Column"
+                % (key, prop))
+
+        prop = self._props.get(key, None)
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            if (
+                not self._inherits_equated_pairs or
+                (prop.columns[0], column) not in self._inherits_equated_pairs
+            ) and \
+                    not prop.columns[0].shares_lineage(column) and \
+                    prop.columns[0] is not self.version_id_col and \
+                    column is not self.version_id_col:
+                warn_only = prop.parent is not self
+                msg = ("Implicitly combining column %s with column "
+                       "%s under attribute '%s'.  Please configure one "
+                       "or more attributes for these same-named columns "
+                       "explicitly." % (prop.columns[-1], column, key))
+                if warn_only:
+                    util.warn(msg)
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
+
+            # existing properties.ColumnProperty from an inheriting
+            # mapper. make a copy and append our column to it
+            prop = prop.copy()
+            prop.columns.insert(0, column)
+            self._log("inserting column to existing list "
+                      "in properties.ColumnProperty %s" % (key))
+            return prop
+        elif prop is None or isinstance(prop,
+                                        properties.ConcreteInheritedProperty):
+            mapped_column = []
+            for c in columns:
+                mc = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                if mc is None:
+                    mc = self.local_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                    if mc is not None:
+                        # if the column is in the local table but not the
+                        # mapped table, this corresponds to adding a
+                        # column after the fact to the local table.
+                        # [ticket:1523]
+                        self.mapped_table._reset_exported()
+                    mc = self.mapped_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                    if mc is None:
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "When configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                            "column '%s' is not represented in the mapper's "
+                            "table. Use the `column_property()` function to "
+                            "force this column to be mapped as a read-only "
+                            "attribute." % (key, self, c))
+                mapped_column.append(mc)
+            return properties.ColumnProperty(*mapped_column)
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "WARNING: when configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                "column '%s' conflicts with property '%r'. "
+                "To resolve this, map the column to the class under a "
+                "different name in the 'properties' dictionary.  Or, "
+                "to remove all awareness of the column entirely "
+                "(including its availability as a foreign key), "
+                "use the 'include_properties' or 'exclude_properties' "
+                "mapper arguments to control specifically which table "
+                "columns get mapped." %
+                (key, self, column.key, prop))
+
+    def _post_configure_properties(self):
+        """Call the ``init()`` method on all ``MapperProperties``
+        attached to this mapper.
+
+        This is a deferred configuration step which is intended
+        to execute once all mappers have been constructed.
+
+        """
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() started")
+        l = [(key, prop) for key, prop in self._props.items()]
+        for key, prop in l:
+            self._log("initialize prop %s", key)
+
+            if prop.parent is self and not prop._configure_started:
+                prop.init()
+
+            if prop._configure_finished:
+                prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() complete")
+        self.configured = True
+
+    def add_properties(self, dict_of_properties):
+        """Add the given dictionary of properties to this mapper,
+        using `add_property`.
+
+        """
+        for key, value in dict_of_properties.items():
+            self.add_property(key, value)
+
+    def add_property(self, key, prop):
+        """Add an individual MapperProperty to this mapper.
+
+        If the mapper has not been configured yet, just adds the
+        property to the initial properties dictionary sent to the
+        constructor.  If this Mapper has already been configured, then
+        the given MapperProperty is configured immediately.
+
+        """
+        self._init_properties[key] = prop
+        self._configure_property(key, prop, init=self.configured)
+
+    def _expire_memoizations(self):
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            _memoized_configured_property.expire_instance(mapper)
+
+    @property
+    def _log_desc(self):
+        return "(" + self.class_.__name__ + \
+            "|" + \
+            (self.local_table is not None and
+                self.local_table.description or
+                str(self.local_table)) +\
+            (self.non_primary and
+             "|non-primary" or "") + ")"
+
+    def _log(self, msg, *args):
+        self.logger.info(
+            "%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args)
+        )
+
+    def _log_debug(self, msg, *args):
+        self.logger.debug(
+            "%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args)
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Mapper at 0x%x; %s>' % (
+            id(self), self.class_.__name__)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Mapper|%s|%s%s" % (
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            self.local_table is not None and
+            self.local_table.description or None,
+            self.non_primary and "|non-primary" or ""
+        )
+
+    def _is_orphan(self, state):
+        orphan_possible = False
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            for (key, cls) in mapper._delete_orphans:
+                orphan_possible = True
+
+                has_parent = attributes.manager_of_class(cls).has_parent(
+                    state, key, optimistic=state.has_identity)
+
+                if self.legacy_is_orphan and has_parent:
+                    return False
+                elif not self.legacy_is_orphan and not has_parent:
+                    return True
+
+        if self.legacy_is_orphan:
+            return orphan_possible
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def has_property(self, key):
+        return key in self._props
+
+    def get_property(self, key, _configure_mappers=True):
+        """return a MapperProperty associated with the given key.
+        """
+
+        if _configure_mappers and Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+
+        try:
+            return self._props[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Mapper '%s' has no property '%s'" % (self, key))
+
+    def get_property_by_column(self, column):
+        """Given a :class:`.Column` object, return the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` which maps this column."""
+
+        return self._columntoproperty[column]
+
+    @property
+    def iterate_properties(self):
+        """return an iterator of all MapperProperty objects."""
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        return iter(self._props.values())
+
+    def _mappers_from_spec(self, spec, selectable):
+        """given a with_polymorphic() argument, return the set of mappers it
+        represents.
+
+        Trims the list of mappers to just those represented within the given
+        selectable, if present. This helps some more legacy-ish mappings.
+
+        """
+        if spec == '*':
+            mappers = list(self.self_and_descendants)
+        elif spec:
+            mappers = set()
+            for m in util.to_list(spec):
+                m = _class_to_mapper(m)
+                if not m.isa(self):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "%r does not inherit from %r" %
+                        (m, self))
+
+                if selectable is None:
+                    mappers.update(m.iterate_to_root())
+                else:
+                    mappers.add(m)
+            mappers = [m for m in self.self_and_descendants if m in mappers]
+        else:
+            mappers = []
+
+        if selectable is not None:
+            tables = set(sql_util.find_tables(selectable,
+                                              include_aliases=True))
+            mappers = [m for m in mappers if m.local_table in tables]
+        return mappers
+
+    def _selectable_from_mappers(self, mappers, innerjoin):
+        """given a list of mappers (assumed to be within this mapper's
+        inheritance hierarchy), construct an outerjoin amongst those mapper's
+        mapped tables.
+
+        """
+        from_obj = self.mapped_table
+        for m in mappers:
+            if m is self:
+                continue
+            if m.concrete:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'with_polymorphic()' requires 'selectable' argument "
+                    "when concrete-inheriting mappers are used.")
+            elif not m.single:
+                if innerjoin:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.join(m.local_table,
+                                             m.inherit_condition)
+                else:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.outerjoin(m.local_table,
+                                                  m.inherit_condition)
+
+        return from_obj
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _single_table_criterion(self):
+        if self.single and \
+                self.inherits and \
+                self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            return self.polymorphic_on.in_(
+                m.polymorphic_identity
+                for m in self.self_and_descendants)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _with_polymorphic_mappers(self):
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return []
+        return self._mappers_from_spec(*self.with_polymorphic)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _with_polymorphic_selectable(self):
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return self.mapped_table
+
+        spec, selectable = self.with_polymorphic
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return selectable
+        else:
+            return self._selectable_from_mappers(
+                self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable),
+                False)
+
+    with_polymorphic_mappers = _with_polymorphic_mappers
+    """The list of :class:`.Mapper` objects included in the
+    default "polymorphic" query.
+
+    """
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _insert_cols_as_none(self):
+        return dict(
+            (
+                table,
+                frozenset(
+                    col.key for col in columns
+                    if not col.primary_key and
+                    not col.server_default and not col.default)
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        )
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _propkey_to_col(self):
+        return dict(
+            (
+                table,
+                dict(
+                    (self._columntoproperty[col].key, col)
+                    for col in columns
+                )
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        )
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _pk_keys_by_table(self):
+        return dict(
+            (
+                table,
+                frozenset([col.key for col in pks])
+            )
+            for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
+        )
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _server_default_cols(self):
+        return dict(
+            (
+                table,
+                frozenset([
+                    col.key for col in columns
+                    if col.server_default is not None])
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        )
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _server_onupdate_default_cols(self):
+        return dict(
+            (
+                table,
+                frozenset([
+                    col.key for col in columns
+                    if col.server_onupdate is not None])
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        """The :func:`.select` construct this :class:`.Mapper` selects from
+        by default.
+
+        Normally, this is equivalent to :attr:`.mapped_table`, unless
+        the ``with_polymorphic`` feature is in use, in which case the
+        full "polymorphic" selectable is returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+    def _with_polymorphic_args(self, spec=None, selectable=False,
+                               innerjoin=False):
+        if self.with_polymorphic:
+            if not spec:
+                spec = self.with_polymorphic[0]
+            if selectable is False:
+                selectable = self.with_polymorphic[1]
+        elif selectable is False:
+            selectable = None
+        mappers = self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable)
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return mappers, selectable
+        else:
+            return mappers, self._selectable_from_mappers(mappers,
+                                                          innerjoin)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _polymorphic_properties(self):
+        return list(self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+            self._with_polymorphic_mappers))
+
+    def _iterate_polymorphic_properties(self, mappers=None):
+        """Return an iterator of MapperProperty objects which will render into
+        a SELECT."""
+        if mappers is None:
+            mappers = self._with_polymorphic_mappers
+
+        if not mappers:
+            for c in self.iterate_properties:
+                yield c
+        else:
+            # in the polymorphic case, filter out discriminator columns
+            # from other mappers, as these are sometimes dependent on that
+            # mapper's polymorphic selectable (which we don't want rendered)
+            for c in util.unique_list(
+                chain(*[
+                    list(mapper.iterate_properties) for mapper in
+                    [self] + mappers
+                ])
+            ):
+                if getattr(c, '_is_polymorphic_discriminator', False) and \
+                        (self.polymorphic_on is None or
+                         c.columns[0] is not self.polymorphic_on):
+                    continue
+                yield c
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attrs(self):
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty` objects
+        associated this mapper.
+
+        This is an object that provides each property based on
+        its key name.  For instance, the mapper for a
+        ``User`` class which has ``User.name`` attribute would
+        provide ``mapper.attrs.name``, which would be the
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` representing the ``name``
+        column.   The namespace object can also be iterated,
+        which would yield each :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        :class:`.Mapper` has several pre-filtered views
+        of this attribute which limit the types of properties
+        returned, inclding :attr:`.synonyms`, :attr:`.column_attrs`,
+        :attr:`.relationships`, and :attr:`.composites`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            the :attr:`.Mapper.relationships` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.attrs[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.attrs, somename)`` to avoid name collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        """
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(self._props)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def all_orm_descriptors(self):
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.InspectionAttr` attributes associated
+        with the mapped class.
+
+        These attributes are in all cases Python :term:`descriptors`
+        associated with the mapped class or its superclasses.
+
+        This namespace includes attributes that are mapped to the class
+        as well as attributes declared by extension modules.
+        It includes any Python descriptor type that inherits from
+        :class:`.InspectionAttr`.  This includes
+        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, as well as extension types such as
+        :class:`.hybrid_property`, :class:`.hybrid_method` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        To distinguish between mapped attributes and extension attributes,
+        the attribute :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer
+        to a constant that distinguishes between different extension types.
+
+        When dealing with a :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, the
+        :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute refers to the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` property, which is what you get when
+        referring to the collection of mapped properties via
+        :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            the :attr:`.Mapper.relationships` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.attrs[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.attrs, somename)`` to avoid name collisions.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs`
+
+        """
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(
+            dict(self.class_manager._all_sqla_attributes()))
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def synonyms(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.SynonymProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.SynonymProperty)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def column_attrs(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.ColumnProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.ColumnProperty)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def relationships(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            the :attr:`.Mapper.relationships` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.attrs[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.attrs, somename)`` to avoid name collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.RelationshipProperty)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def composites(self):
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.CompositeProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.CompositeProperty)
+
+    def _filter_properties(self, type_):
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(util.OrderedDict(
+            (k, v) for k, v in self._props.items()
+            if isinstance(v, type_)
+        ))
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _get_clause(self):
+        """create a "get clause" based on the primary key.  this is used
+        by query.get() and many-to-one lazyloads to load this item
+        by primary key.
+
+        """
+        params = [(primary_key, sql.bindparam(None, type_=primary_key.type))
+                  for primary_key in self.primary_key]
+        return sql.and_(*[k == v for (k, v) in params]), \
+            util.column_dict(params)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _equivalent_columns(self):
+        """Create a map of all *equivalent* columns, based on
+        the determination of column pairs that are equated to
+        one another based on inherit condition.  This is designed
+        to work with the queries that util.polymorphic_union
+        comes up with, which often don't include the columns from
+        the base table directly (including the subclass table columns
+        only).
+
+        The resulting structure is a dictionary of columns mapped
+        to lists of equivalent columns, i.e.
+
+        {
+            tablea.col1:
+                set([tableb.col1, tablec.col1]),
+            tablea.col2:
+                set([tabled.col2])
+        }
+
+        """
+        result = util.column_dict()
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                if binary.left in result:
+                    result[binary.left].add(binary.right)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.left] = util.column_set((binary.right,))
+                if binary.right in result:
+                    result[binary.right].add(binary.left)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.right] = util.column_set((binary.left,))
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            if mapper.inherit_condition is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(
+                    mapper.inherit_condition, {},
+                    {'binary': visit_binary})
+
+        return result
+
+    def _is_userland_descriptor(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, (_MappedAttribute,
+                            instrumentation.ClassManager,
+                            expression.ColumnElement)):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _should_exclude(self, name, assigned_name, local, column):
+        """determine whether a particular property should be implicitly
+        present on the class.
+
+        This occurs when properties are propagated from an inherited class, or
+        are applied from the columns present in the mapped table.
+
+        """
+
+        # check for class-bound attributes and/or descriptors,
+        # either local or from an inherited class
+        if local:
+            if self.class_.__dict__.get(assigned_name, None) is not None \
+                    and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                    self.class_.__dict__[assigned_name]):
+                return True
+        else:
+            if getattr(self.class_, assigned_name, None) is not None \
+                    and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                    getattr(self.class_, assigned_name)):
+                return True
+
+        if self.include_properties is not None and \
+                name not in self.include_properties and \
+                (column is None or column not in self.include_properties):
+            self._log("not including property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        if self.exclude_properties is not None and \
+                (
+                    name in self.exclude_properties or
+                    (column is not None and column in self.exclude_properties)
+                ):
+            self._log("excluding property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def common_parent(self, other):
+        """Return true if the given mapper shares a
+        common inherited parent as this mapper."""
+
+        return self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
+
+    def _canload(self, state, allow_subtypes):
+        s = self.primary_mapper()
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None or allow_subtypes:
+            return _state_mapper(state).isa(s)
+        else:
+            return _state_mapper(state) is s
+
+    def isa(self, other):
+        """Return True if the this mapper inherits from the given mapper."""
+
+        m = self
+        while m and m is not other:
+            m = m.inherits
+        return bool(m)
+
+    def iterate_to_root(self):
+        m = self
+        while m:
+            yield m
+            m = m.inherits
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def self_and_descendants(self):
+        """The collection including this mapper and all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        """
+        descendants = []
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            descendants.append(item)
+            stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+        return util.WeakSequence(descendants)
+
+    def polymorphic_iterator(self):
+        """Iterate through the collection including this mapper and
+        all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        To iterate through an entire hierarchy, use
+        ``mapper.base_mapper.polymorphic_iterator()``.
+
+        """
+        return iter(self.self_and_descendants)
+
+    def primary_mapper(self):
+        """Return the primary mapper corresponding to this mapper's class key
+        (class)."""
+
+        return self.class_manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def primary_base_mapper(self):
+        return self.class_manager.mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def _result_has_identity_key(self, result, adapter=None):
+        pk_cols = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+        for col in pk_cols:
+            if not result._has_key(col):
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def identity_key_from_row(self, row, adapter=None):
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from the identity map.
+
+        :param row: A :class:`.RowProxy` instance.  The columns which are
+         mapped by this :class:`.Mapper` should be locatable in the row,
+         preferably via the :class:`.Column` object directly (as is the case
+         when a :func:`.select` construct is executed), or via string names of
+         the form ``<tablename>_<colname>``.
+
+        """
+        pk_cols = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+
+        return self._identity_class, \
+            tuple(row[column] for column in pk_cols)
+
+    def identity_key_from_primary_key(self, primary_key):
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from an identity map.
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of values indicating the identifier.
+
+        """
+        return self._identity_class, tuple(primary_key)
+
+    def identity_key_from_instance(self, instance):
+        """Return the identity key for the given instance, based on
+        its primary key attributes.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        This value is typically also found on the instance state under the
+        attribute name `key`.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+            self.primary_key_from_instance(instance))
+
+    def _identity_key_from_state(self, state):
+        dict_ = state.dict
+        manager = state.manager
+        return self._identity_class, tuple([
+            manager[self._columntoproperty[col].key].
+            impl.get(state, dict_, attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET)
+            for col in self.primary_key
+        ])
+
+    def primary_key_from_instance(self, instance):
+        """Return the list of primary key values for the given
+        instance.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        return self._primary_key_from_state(state, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+    def _primary_key_from_state(
+            self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET):
+        dict_ = state.dict
+        manager = state.manager
+        return [
+            manager[prop.key].
+            impl.get(state, dict_, passive)
+            for prop in self._identity_key_props
+        ]
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _identity_key_props(self):
+        return [self._columntoproperty[col] for col in self.primary_key]
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _all_pk_props(self):
+        collection = set()
+        for table in self.tables:
+            collection.update(self._pks_by_table[table])
+        return collection
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _should_undefer_in_wildcard(self):
+        cols = set(self.primary_key)
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            cols.add(self.polymorphic_on)
+        return cols
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _primary_key_propkeys(self):
+        return set([prop.key for prop in self._all_pk_props])
+
+    def _get_state_attr_by_column(
+            self, state, dict_, column,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def _set_committed_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+    def _set_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
+
+    def _get_committed_attr_by_column(self, obj, column):
+        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(obj)
+        return self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+            state, dict_, column, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+    def _get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+            self, state, dict_, column,
+            passive=attributes.PASSIVE_RETURN_NEVER_SET):
+
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.\
+            get_committed_value(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def _optimized_get_statement(self, state, attribute_names):
+        """assemble a WHERE clause which retrieves a given state by primary
+        key, using a minimized set of tables.
+
+        Applies to a joined-table inheritance mapper where the
+        requested attribute names are only present on joined tables,
+        not the base table.  The WHERE clause attempts to include
+        only those tables to minimize joins.
+
+        """
+        props = self._props
+
+        tables = set(chain(
+            *[sql_util.find_tables(c, check_columns=True)
+              for key in attribute_names
+              for c in props[key].columns]
+        ))
+
+        if self.base_mapper.local_table in tables:
+            return None
+
+        class ColumnsNotAvailable(Exception):
+            pass
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            leftcol = binary.left
+            rightcol = binary.right
+            if leftcol is None or rightcol is None:
+                return
+
+            if leftcol.table not in tables:
+                leftval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state.dict,
+                    leftcol,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if leftval in orm_util._none_set:
+                    raise ColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.left = sql.bindparam(None, leftval,
+                                            type_=binary.right.type)
+            elif rightcol.table not in tables:
+                rightval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state.dict,
+                    rightcol,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if rightval in orm_util._none_set:
+                    raise ColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.right = sql.bindparam(None, rightval,
+                                             type_=binary.right.type)
+
+        allconds = []
+
+        try:
+            start = False
+            for mapper in reversed(list(self.iterate_to_root())):
+                if mapper.local_table in tables:
+                    start = True
+                elif not isinstance(mapper.local_table,
+                                    expression.TableClause):
+                    return None
+                if start and not mapper.single:
+                    allconds.append(visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                        mapper.inherit_condition,
+                        {},
+                        {'binary': visit_binary}
+                    )
+                    )
+        except ColumnsNotAvailable:
+            return None
+
+        cond = sql.and_(*allconds)
+
+        cols = []
+        for key in attribute_names:
+            cols.extend(props[key].columns)
+        return sql.select(cols, cond, use_labels=True)
+
+    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, halt_on=None):
+        """Iterate each element and its mapper in an object graph,
+        for all relationships that meet the given cascade rule.
+
+        :param type_:
+          The name of the cascade rule (i.e. ``"save-update"``, ``"delete"``,
+          etc.).
+
+          .. note::  the ``"all"`` cascade is not accepted here.  For a generic
+             object traversal function, see :ref:`faq_walk_objects`.
+
+        :param state:
+          The lead InstanceState.  child items will be processed per
+          the relationships defined for this object's mapper.
+
+        :return: the method yields individual object instances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades`
+
+            :ref:`faq_walk_objects` - illustrates a generic function to
+            traverse all objects without relying on cascades.
+
+        """
+        visited_states = set()
+        prp, mpp = object(), object()
+
+        visitables = deque([(deque(self._props.values()), prp,
+                             state, state.dict)])
+
+        while visitables:
+            iterator, item_type, parent_state, parent_dict = visitables[-1]
+            if not iterator:
+                visitables.pop()
+                continue
+
+            if item_type is prp:
+                prop = iterator.popleft()
+                if type_ not in prop.cascade:
+                    continue
+                queue = deque(prop.cascade_iterator(
+                    type_, parent_state, parent_dict,
+                    visited_states, halt_on))
+                if queue:
+                    visitables.append((queue, mpp, None, None))
+            elif item_type is mpp:
+                instance, instance_mapper, corresponding_state, \
+                    corresponding_dict = iterator.popleft()
+                yield instance, instance_mapper, \
+                    corresponding_state, corresponding_dict
+                visitables.append((deque(instance_mapper._props.values()),
+                                   prp, corresponding_state,
+                                   corresponding_dict))
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _compiled_cache(self):
+        return util.LRUCache(self._compiled_cache_size)
+
+    @_memoized_configured_property
+    def _sorted_tables(self):
+        table_to_mapper = {}
+
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for t in mapper.tables:
+                table_to_mapper.setdefault(t, mapper)
+
+        extra_dependencies = []
+        for table, mapper in table_to_mapper.items():
+            super_ = mapper.inherits
+            if super_:
+                extra_dependencies.extend([
+                    (super_table, table)
+                    for super_table in super_.tables
+                ])
+
+        def skip(fk):
+            # attempt to skip dependencies that are not
+            # significant to the inheritance chain
+            # for two tables that are related by inheritance.
+            # while that dependency may be important, it's technically
+            # not what we mean to sort on here.
+            parent = table_to_mapper.get(fk.parent.table)
+            dep = table_to_mapper.get(fk.column.table)
+            if parent is not None and \
+                dep is not None and \
+                dep is not parent and \
+                    dep.inherit_condition is not None:
+                cols = set(sql_util._find_columns(dep.inherit_condition))
+                if parent.inherit_condition is not None:
+                    cols = cols.union(sql_util._find_columns(
+                        parent.inherit_condition))
+                    return fk.parent not in cols and fk.column not in cols
+                else:
+                    return fk.parent not in cols
+            return False
+
+        sorted_ = sql_util.sort_tables(table_to_mapper,
+                                       skip_fn=skip,
+                                       extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies)
+
+        ret = util.OrderedDict()
+        for t in sorted_:
+            ret[t] = table_to_mapper[t]
+        return ret
+
+    def _memo(self, key, callable_):
+        if key in self._memoized_values:
+            return self._memoized_values[key]
+        else:
+            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_()
+            return value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _table_to_equated(self):
+        """memoized map of tables to collections of columns to be
+        synchronized upwards to the base mapper."""
+
+        result = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+        for table in self._sorted_tables:
+            cols = set(table.c)
+            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if m._inherits_equated_pairs and \
+                        cols.intersection(
+                            util.reduce(set.union,
+                                        [l.proxy_set for l, r in
+                                         m._inherits_equated_pairs])
+                        ):
+                    result[table].append((m, m._inherits_equated_pairs))
+
+        return result
+
+
+def configure_mappers():
+    """Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that
+    have been constructed thus far.
+
+    This function can be called any number of times, but in
+    most cases is invoked automatically, the first time mappings are used,
+    as well as whenever mappings are used and additional not-yet-configured
+    mappers have been constructed.
+
+    Points at which this occur include when a mapped class is instantiated
+    into an instance, as well as when the :meth:`.Session.query` method
+    is used.
+
+    The :func:`.configure_mappers` function provides several event hooks
+    that can be used to augment its functionality.  These methods include:
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` - called once before
+      :func:`.configure_mappers` does any work; this can be used to establish
+      additional options, properties, or related mappings before the operation
+      proceeds.
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` - called as each indivudal
+      :class:`.Mapper` is configured within the process; will include all
+      mapper state except for backrefs set up by other mappers that are still
+      to be configured.
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` - called once after
+      :func:`.configure_mappers` is complete; at this stage, all
+      :class:`.Mapper` objects that are known  to SQLAlchemy will be fully
+      configured.  Note that the calling application may still have other
+      mappings that haven't been produced yet, such as if they are in modules
+      as yet unimported.
+
+    """
+
+    if not Mapper._new_mappers:
+        return
+
+    _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
+    try:
+        global _already_compiling
+        if _already_compiling:
+            return
+        _already_compiling = True
+        try:
+
+            # double-check inside mutex
+            if not Mapper._new_mappers:
+                return
+
+            Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).before_configured()
+            # initialize properties on all mappers
+            # note that _mapper_registry is unordered, which
+            # may randomly conceal/reveal issues related to
+            # the order of mapper compilation
+
+            for mapper in list(_mapper_registry):
+                if getattr(mapper, '_configure_failed', False):
+                    e = sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "One or more mappers failed to initialize - "
+                        "can't proceed with initialization of other "
+                        "mappers.  Original exception was: %s"
+                        % mapper._configure_failed)
+                    e._configure_failed = mapper._configure_failed
+                    raise e
+                if not mapper.configured:
+                    try:
+                        mapper._post_configure_properties()
+                        mapper._expire_memoizations()
+                        mapper.dispatch.mapper_configured(
+                            mapper, mapper.class_)
+                    except Exception:
+                        exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                        if not hasattr(exc, '_configure_failed'):
+                            mapper._configure_failed = exc
+                        raise
+
+            Mapper._new_mappers = False
+        finally:
+            _already_compiling = False
+    finally:
+        _CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
+    Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).after_configured()
+
+
+def reconstructor(fn):
+    """Decorate a method as the 'reconstructor' hook.
+
+    Designates a method as the "reconstructor", an ``__init__``-like
+    method that will be called by the ORM after the instance has been
+    loaded from the database or otherwise reconstituted.
+
+    The reconstructor will be invoked with no arguments.  Scalar
+    (non-collection) database-mapped attributes of the instance will
+    be available for use within the function.  Eagerly-loaded
+    collections are generally not yet available and will usually only
+    contain the first element.  ORM state changes made to objects at
+    this stage will not be recorded for the next flush() operation, so
+    the activity within a reconstructor should be conservative.
+
+    """
+    fn.__sa_reconstructor__ = True
+    return fn
+
+
+def validates(*names, **kw):
+    """Decorate a method as a 'validator' for one or more named properties.
+
+    Designates a method as a validator, a method which receives the
+    name of the attribute as well as a value to be assigned, or in the
+    case of a collection, the value to be added to the collection.
+    The function can then raise validation exceptions to halt the
+    process from continuing (where Python's built-in ``ValueError``
+    and ``AssertionError`` exceptions are reasonable choices), or can
+    modify or replace the value before proceeding. The function should
+    otherwise return the given value.
+
+    Note that a validator for a collection **cannot** issue a load of that
+    collection within the validation routine - this usage raises
+    an assertion to avoid recursion overflows.  This is a reentrant
+    condition which is not supported.
+
+    :param \*names: list of attribute names to be validated.
+    :param include_removes: if True, "remove" events will be
+     sent as well - the validation function must accept an additional
+     argument "is_remove" which will be a boolean.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.7.7
+    :param include_backrefs: defaults to ``True``; if ``False``, the
+     validation function will not emit if the originator is an attribute
+     event related via a backref.  This can be used for bi-directional
+     :func:`.validates` usage where only one validator should emit per
+     attribute operation.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+      :ref:`simple_validators` - usage examples for :func:`.validates`
+
+    """
+    include_removes = kw.pop('include_removes', False)
+    include_backrefs = kw.pop('include_backrefs', True)
+
+    def wrap(fn):
+        fn.__sa_validators__ = names
+        fn.__sa_validation_opts__ = {
+            "include_removes": include_removes,
+            "include_backrefs": include_backrefs
+        }
+        return fn
+    return wrap
+
+
+def _event_on_load(state, ctx):
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info[_INSTRUMENTOR]
+    if instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor:
+        instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor(state.obj())
+
+
+def _event_on_first_init(manager, cls):
+    """Initial mapper compilation trigger.
+
+    instrumentation calls this one when InstanceState
+    is first generated, and is needed for legacy mutable
+    attributes to work.
+    """
+
+    instrumenting_mapper = manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+
+
+def _event_on_init(state, args, kwargs):
+    """Run init_instance hooks.
+
+    This also includes mapper compilation, normally not needed
+    here but helps with some piecemeal configuration
+    scenarios (such as in the ORM tutorial).
+
+    """
+
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.info.get(_INSTRUMENTOR)
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        if Mapper._new_mappers:
+            configure_mappers()
+        if instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
+            instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity(state)
+
+
+class _ColumnMapping(dict):
+    """Error reporting helper for mapper._columntoproperty."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'mapper',
+
+    def __init__(self, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def __missing__(self, column):
+        prop = self.mapper._props.get(column)
+        if prop:
+            raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+                "Column '%s.%s' is not available, due to "
+                "conflicting property '%s':%r" % (
+                    column.table.name, column.name, column.key, prop))
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "No column %s is configured on mapper %s..." %
+            (column, self.mapper))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf18465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# orm/path_registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Path tracking utilities, representing mapper graph traversals.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+from itertools import chain
+from .base import class_mapper
+import logging
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _unreduce_path(path):
+    return PathRegistry.deserialize(path)
+
+
+_WILDCARD_TOKEN = "*"
+_DEFAULT_TOKEN = "_sa_default"
+
+
+class PathRegistry(object):
+    """Represent query load paths and registry functions.
+
+    Basically represents structures like:
+
+    (<User mapper>, "orders", <Order mapper>, "items", <Item mapper>)
+
+    These structures are generated by things like
+    query options (joinedload(), subqueryload(), etc.) and are
+    used to compose keys stored in the query._attributes dictionary
+    for various options.
+
+    They are then re-composed at query compile/result row time as
+    the query is formed and as rows are fetched, where they again
+    serve to compose keys to look up options in the context.attributes
+    dictionary, which is copied from query._attributes.
+
+    The path structure has a limited amount of caching, where each
+    "root" ultimately pulls from a fixed registry associated with
+    the first mapper, that also contains elements for each of its
+    property keys.  However paths longer than two elements, which
+    are the exception rather than the rule, are generated on an
+    as-needed basis.
+
+    """
+
+    is_token = False
+    is_root = False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other is not None and \
+            self.path == other.path
+
+    def set(self, attributes, key, value):
+        log.debug("set '%s' on path '%s' to '%s'", key, self, value)
+        attributes[(key, self.path)] = value
+
+    def setdefault(self, attributes, key, value):
+        log.debug("setdefault '%s' on path '%s' to '%s'", key, self, value)
+        attributes.setdefault((key, self.path), value)
+
+    def get(self, attributes, key, value=None):
+        key = (key, self.path)
+        if key in attributes:
+            return attributes[key]
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    @property
+    def length(self):
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    def pairs(self):
+        path = self.path
+        for i in range(0, len(path), 2):
+            yield path[i], path[i + 1]
+
+    def contains_mapper(self, mapper):
+        for path_mapper in [
+            self.path[i] for i in range(0, len(self.path), 2)
+        ]:
+            if path_mapper.is_mapper and \
+                    path_mapper.isa(mapper):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def contains(self, attributes, key):
+        return (key, self.path) in attributes
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _unreduce_path, (self.serialize(), )
+
+    def serialize(self):
+        path = self.path
+        return list(zip(
+            [m.class_ for m in [path[i] for i in range(0, len(path), 2)]],
+            [path[i].key for i in range(1, len(path), 2)] + [None]
+        ))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, path):
+        if path is None:
+            return None
+
+        p = tuple(chain(*[(class_mapper(mcls),
+                           class_mapper(mcls).attrs[key]
+                           if key is not None else None)
+                          for mcls, key in path]))
+        if p and p[-1] is None:
+            p = p[0:-1]
+        return cls.coerce(p)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(cls, mapper):
+        return EntityRegistry(
+            cls.root, mapper
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, raw):
+        return util.reduce(lambda prev, next: prev[next], raw, cls.root)
+
+    def token(self, token):
+        if token.endswith(':' + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+            return TokenRegistry(self, token)
+        elif token.endswith(":" + _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            return TokenRegistry(self.root, token)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("invalid token: %s" % token)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return util.reduce(
+            lambda prev, next: prev[next],
+            other.path, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.path, )
+
+
+class RootRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    """Root registry, defers to mappers so that
+    paths are maintained per-root-mapper.
+
+    """
+    path = ()
+    has_entity = False
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    is_root = True
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        return entity._path_registry
+
+PathRegistry.root = RootRegistry()
+
+
+class TokenRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    def __init__(self, parent, token):
+        self.token = token
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (token,)
+
+    has_entity = False
+
+    is_token = True
+
+    def generate_for_superclasses(self):
+        if not self.parent.is_aliased_class and not self.parent.is_root:
+            for ent in self.parent.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+                yield TokenRegistry(self.parent.parent[ent], self.token)
+        else:
+            yield self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class PropRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    def __init__(self, parent, prop):
+        # restate this path in terms of the
+        # given MapperProperty's parent.
+        insp = inspection.inspect(parent[-1])
+        if not insp.is_aliased_class or insp._use_mapper_path:
+            parent = parent.parent[prop.parent]
+        elif insp.is_aliased_class and insp.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            if prop.parent is not insp.mapper and \
+                    prop.parent in insp.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+                subclass_entity = parent[-1]._entity_for_mapper(prop.parent)
+                parent = parent.parent[subclass_entity]
+
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (prop,)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return " -> ".join(
+            str(elem) for elem in self.path
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def has_entity(self):
+        return hasattr(self.prop, "mapper")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def entity(self):
+        return self.prop.mapper
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _wildcard_path_loader_key(self):
+        """Given a path (mapper A, prop X), replace the prop with the wildcard,
+        e.g. (mapper A, 'relationship:.*') or (mapper A, 'column:.*'), then
+        return within the ("loader", path) structure.
+
+        """
+        return ("loader",
+                self.parent.token(
+                    "%s:%s" % (
+                        self.prop.strategy_wildcard_key, _WILDCARD_TOKEN)
+                ).path
+                )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _default_path_loader_key(self):
+        return ("loader",
+                self.parent.token(
+                    "%s:%s" % (self.prop.strategy_wildcard_key,
+                               _DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+                ).path
+                )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _loader_key(self):
+        return ("loader", self.path)
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        return self.entity
+
+    @property
+    def entity_path(self):
+        return self[self.entity]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        else:
+            return EntityRegistry(
+                self, entity
+            )
+
+
+class EntityRegistry(PathRegistry, dict):
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    has_entity = True
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, entity):
+        self.key = entity
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.is_aliased_class = entity.is_aliased_class
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.path = parent.path + (entity,)
+        self.entity_path = self
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        return inspection.inspect(self.entity).mapper
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return True
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __getitem__(self, entity):
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        else:
+            return dict.__getitem__(self, entity)
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        self[key] = item = PropRegistry(self, key)
+        return item
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d69f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1408 @@
+# orm/persistence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""private module containing functions used to emit INSERT, UPDATE
+and DELETE statements on behalf of a :class:`.Mapper` and its descending
+mappers.
+
+The functions here are called only by the unit of work functions
+in unitofwork.py.
+
+"""
+
+import operator
+from itertools import groupby, chain
+from .. import sql, util, exc as sa_exc
+from . import attributes, sync, exc as orm_exc, evaluator
+from .base import state_str, _attr_as_key, _entity_descriptor
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql.base import _from_objects
+from . import loading
+
+
+def _bulk_insert(
+        mapper, mappings, session_transaction, isstates, return_defaults):
+    base_mapper = mapper.base_mapper
+
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    if session_transaction.session.connection_callable:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "connection_callable / per-instance sharding "
+            "not supported in bulk_insert()")
+
+    if isstates:
+        if return_defaults:
+            states = [(state, state.dict) for state in mappings]
+            mappings = [dict_ for (state, dict_) in states]
+        else:
+            mappings = [state.dict for state in mappings]
+    else:
+        mappings = list(mappings)
+
+    connection = session_transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+    for table, super_mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if not mapper.isa(super_mapper):
+            continue
+
+        records = (
+            (None, state_dict, params, mapper,
+                connection, value_params, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults)
+            for
+            state, state_dict, params, mp,
+            conn, value_params, has_all_pks,
+            has_all_defaults in _collect_insert_commands(table, (
+                (None, mapping, mapper, connection)
+                for mapping in mappings),
+                bulk=True, return_defaults=return_defaults
+            )
+        )
+        _emit_insert_statements(base_mapper, None,
+                                cached_connections,
+                                super_mapper, table, records,
+                                bookkeeping=return_defaults)
+
+    if return_defaults and isstates:
+        identity_cls = mapper._identity_class
+        identity_props = [p.key for p in mapper._identity_key_props]
+        for state, dict_ in states:
+            state.key = (
+                identity_cls,
+                tuple([dict_[key] for key in identity_props])
+            )
+
+
+def _bulk_update(mapper, mappings, session_transaction,
+                 isstates, update_changed_only):
+    base_mapper = mapper.base_mapper
+
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    def _changed_dict(mapper, state):
+        return dict(
+            (k, v)
+            for k, v in state.dict.items() if k in state.committed_state or k
+            in mapper._primary_key_propkeys
+        )
+
+    if isstates:
+        if update_changed_only:
+            mappings = [_changed_dict(mapper, state) for state in mappings]
+        else:
+            mappings = [state.dict for state in mappings]
+    else:
+        mappings = list(mappings)
+
+    if session_transaction.session.connection_callable:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "connection_callable / per-instance sharding "
+            "not supported in bulk_update()")
+
+    connection = session_transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+
+    for table, super_mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if not mapper.isa(super_mapper):
+            continue
+
+        records = _collect_update_commands(None, table, (
+            (None, mapping, mapper, connection,
+                (mapping[mapper._version_id_prop.key]
+                    if mapper._version_id_prop else None))
+            for mapping in mappings
+        ), bulk=True)
+
+        _emit_update_statements(base_mapper, None,
+                                cached_connections,
+                                super_mapper, table, records,
+                                bookkeeping=False)
+
+
+def save_obj(
+        base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, single=False):
+    """Issue ``INSERT`` and/or ``UPDATE`` statements for a list
+    of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation, given a list of states to be flushed.  The
+    base mapper in an inheritance hierarchy handles the inserts/
+    updates for all descendant mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    # if batch=false, call _save_obj separately for each object
+    if not single and not base_mapper.batch:
+        for state in _sort_states(states):
+            save_obj(base_mapper, [state], uowtransaction, single=True)
+        return
+
+    states_to_update = []
+    states_to_insert = []
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    for (state, dict_, mapper, connection,
+            has_identity,
+            row_switch, update_version_id) in _organize_states_for_save(
+            base_mapper, states, uowtransaction
+    ):
+        if has_identity or row_switch:
+            states_to_update.append(
+                (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
+            )
+        else:
+            states_to_insert.append(
+                (state, dict_, mapper, connection)
+            )
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+        insert = _collect_insert_commands(table, states_to_insert)
+
+        update = _collect_update_commands(
+            uowtransaction, table, states_to_update)
+
+        _emit_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                cached_connections,
+                                mapper, table, update)
+
+        _emit_insert_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                cached_connections,
+                                mapper, table, insert)
+
+    _finalize_insert_update_commands(
+        base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+        chain(
+            (
+                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, False)
+                for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_insert
+            ),
+            (
+                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, True)
+                for state, state_dict, mapper, connection,
+                update_version_id in states_to_update
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, post_update_cols):
+    """Issue UPDATE statements on behalf of a relationship() which
+    specifies post_update.
+
+    """
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    states_to_update = list(_organize_states_for_post_update(
+        base_mapper,
+        states, uowtransaction))
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        update = (
+            (state, state_dict, sub_mapper, connection)
+            for
+            state, state_dict, sub_mapper, connection in states_to_update
+            if table in sub_mapper._pks_by_table
+        )
+
+        update = _collect_post_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                               table, update,
+                                               post_update_cols)
+
+        _emit_post_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                     cached_connections,
+                                     mapper, table, update)
+
+
+def delete_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Issue ``DELETE`` statements for a list of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation.
+
+    """
+
+    cached_connections = _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper)
+
+    states_to_delete = list(_organize_states_for_delete(
+        base_mapper,
+        states,
+        uowtransaction))
+
+    table_to_mapper = base_mapper._sorted_tables
+
+    for table in reversed(list(table_to_mapper.keys())):
+        mapper = table_to_mapper[table]
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        delete = _collect_delete_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                          table, states_to_delete)
+
+        _emit_delete_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                cached_connections, mapper, table, delete)
+
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, \
+            update_version_id in states_to_delete:
+        mapper.dispatch.after_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for INSERT or
+    UPDATE.
+
+    This includes splitting out into distinct lists for
+    each, calling before_insert/before_update, obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state,
+    and the identity flag.
+
+    """
+
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+            states):
+
+        has_identity = bool(state.key)
+
+        instance_key = state.key or mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        row_switch = update_version_id = None
+
+        # call before_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity:
+            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_)
+
+        # detect if we have a "pending" instance (i.e. has
+        # no instance_key attached to it), and another instance
+        # with the same identity key already exists as persistent.
+        # convert to an UPDATE if so.
+        if not has_identity and \
+                instance_key in uowtransaction.session.identity_map:
+            instance = \
+                uowtransaction.session.identity_map[instance_key]
+            existing = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(existing):
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "New instance %s with identity key %s conflicts "
+                    "with persistent instance %s" %
+                    (state_str(state), instance_key,
+                     state_str(existing)))
+
+            base_mapper._log_debug(
+                "detected row switch for identity %s.  "
+                "will update %s, remove %s from "
+                "transaction", instance_key,
+                state_str(state), state_str(existing))
+
+            # remove the "delete" flag from the existing element
+            uowtransaction.remove_state_actions(existing)
+            row_switch = existing
+
+        if (has_identity or row_switch) and mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                row_switch if row_switch else state,
+                row_switch.dict if row_switch else dict_,
+                mapper.version_id_col)
+
+        yield (state, dict_, mapper, connection,
+               has_identity, row_switch, update_version_id)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states,
+                                     uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for UPDATE
+    corresponding to post_update.
+
+    This includes obtaining key information for each state
+    including its dictionary, mapper, the connection to use for
+    the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    return _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for DELETE.
+
+    This includes calling out before_delete and obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+            states):
+
+        mapper.dispatch.before_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            update_version_id = \
+                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, dict_,
+                    mapper.version_id_col)
+        else:
+            update_version_id = None
+
+        yield (
+            state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
+
+
+def _collect_insert_commands(
+        table, states_to_insert,
+        bulk=False, return_defaults=False):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in INSERT statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_insert:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        value_params = {}
+
+        propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]
+
+        for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(state_dict):
+            value = state_dict[propkey]
+            col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
+            if value is None:
+                continue
+            elif not bulk and isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement):
+                value_params[col.key] = value
+            else:
+                params[col.key] = value
+
+        if not bulk:
+            for colkey in mapper._insert_cols_as_none[table].\
+                    difference(params).difference(value_params):
+                params[colkey] = None
+
+        if not bulk or return_defaults:
+            has_all_pks = mapper._pk_keys_by_table[table].issubset(params)
+
+            if mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+                has_all_defaults = mapper._server_default_cols[table].\
+                    issubset(params)
+            else:
+                has_all_defaults = True
+        else:
+            has_all_defaults = has_all_pks = True
+
+        if mapper.version_id_generator is not False \
+                and mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+                mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = \
+                mapper.version_id_generator(None)
+
+        yield (
+            state, state_dict, params, mapper,
+            connection, value_params, has_all_pks,
+            has_all_defaults)
+
+
+def _collect_update_commands(
+        uowtransaction, table, states_to_update,
+        bulk=False):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    This function works intricately with the history system
+    to determine exactly what values should be updated
+    as well as how the row should be matched within an UPDATE
+    statement.  Includes some tricky scenarios where the primary
+    key of an object might have been changed.
+
+    """
+
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, \
+            update_version_id in states_to_update:
+
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+
+        value_params = {}
+
+        propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]
+
+        if bulk:
+            params = dict(
+                (propkey_to_col[propkey].key, state_dict[propkey])
+                for propkey in
+                set(propkey_to_col).intersection(state_dict).difference(
+                    mapper._pk_keys_by_table[table])
+            )
+            has_all_defaults = True
+        else:
+            params = {}
+            for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
+                    state.committed_state):
+                value = state_dict[propkey]
+                col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
+
+                if isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement):
+                    value_params[col] = value
+                # guard against values that generate non-__nonzero__
+                # objects for __eq__()
+                elif state.manager[propkey].impl.is_equal(
+                        value, state.committed_state[propkey]) is not True:
+                    params[col.key] = value
+
+            if mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+                has_all_defaults = mapper._server_onupdate_default_cols[table].\
+                    issubset(params)
+            else:
+                has_all_defaults = True
+
+        if update_version_id is not None and \
+                mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+
+            if not bulk and not (params or value_params):
+                # HACK: check for history in other tables, in case the
+                # history is only in a different table than the one
+                # where the version_id_col is.  This logic was lost
+                # from 0.9 -> 1.0.0 and restored in 1.0.6.
+                for prop in mapper._columntoproperty.values():
+                    history = (
+                        state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                            state, state_dict,
+                            attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE))
+                    if history.added:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    # no net change, break
+                    continue
+
+            col = mapper.version_id_col
+            params[col._label] = update_version_id
+
+            if (bulk or col.key not in params) and \
+                    mapper.version_id_generator is not False:
+                val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
+                params[col.key] = val
+
+        elif not (params or value_params):
+            continue
+
+        if bulk:
+            pk_params = dict(
+                (propkey_to_col[propkey]._label, state_dict.get(propkey))
+                for propkey in
+                set(propkey_to_col).
+                intersection(mapper._pk_keys_by_table[table])
+            )
+        else:
+            pk_params = {}
+            for col in pks:
+                propkey = mapper._columntoproperty[col].key
+
+                history = state.manager[propkey].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+                if history.added:
+                    if not history.deleted or \
+                            ("pk_cascaded", state, col) in \
+                            uowtransaction.attributes:
+                        pk_params[col._label] = history.added[0]
+                        params.pop(col.key, None)
+                    else:
+                        # else, use the old value to locate the row
+                        pk_params[col._label] = history.deleted[0]
+                        params[col.key] = history.added[0]
+                else:
+                    pk_params[col._label] = history.unchanged[0]
+                if pk_params[col._label] is None:
+                    raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                        "Can't update table %s using NULL for primary "
+                        "key value on column %s" % (table, col))
+
+        if params or value_params:
+            params.update(pk_params)
+            yield (
+                state, state_dict, params, mapper,
+                connection, value_params, has_all_defaults)
+
+
+def _collect_post_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+                                  states_to_update, post_update_cols):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states within a post_update operation.
+
+    """
+
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_update:
+
+        # assert table in mapper._pks_by_table
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+        params = {}
+        hasdata = False
+
+        for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            if col in pks:
+                params[col._label] = \
+                    mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state,
+                        state_dict, col, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+            elif col in post_update_cols:
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict,
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+                if history.added:
+                    value = history.added[0]
+                    params[col.key] = value
+                    hasdata = True
+        if hasdata:
+            yield params, connection
+
+
+def _collect_delete_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+                             states_to_delete):
+    """Identify values to use in DELETE statements for a list of
+    states to be deleted."""
+
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, \
+            update_version_id in states_to_delete:
+
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            params[col.key] = \
+                value = \
+                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state_dict, col)
+            if value is None:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Can't delete from table %s "
+                    "using NULL for primary "
+                    "key value on column %s" % (table, col))
+
+        if update_version_id is not None and \
+                mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = update_version_id
+        yield params, connection
+
+
+def _emit_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                            cached_connections, mapper, table, update,
+                            bookkeeping=True):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_update_commands()."""
+
+    needs_version_id = mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+        mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+
+    def update_stmt():
+        clause = sql.and_()
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clause.clauses.append(col == sql.bindparam(col._label,
+                                                       type_=col.type))
+
+        if needs_version_id:
+            clause.clauses.append(
+                mapper.version_id_col == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type))
+
+        stmt = table.update(clause)
+        return stmt
+
+    cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(('update', table), update_stmt)
+
+    for (connection, paramkeys, hasvalue, has_all_defaults), \
+        records in groupby(
+            update,
+            lambda rec: (
+                rec[4],  # connection
+                set(rec[2]),  # set of parameter keys
+                bool(rec[5]),  # whether or not we have "value" parameters
+                rec[6]  # has_all_defaults
+            )
+    ):
+        rows = 0
+        records = list(records)
+
+        statement = cached_stmt
+
+        # TODO: would be super-nice to not have to determine this boolean
+        # inside the loop here, in the 99.9999% of the time there's only
+        # one connection in use
+        assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+        assert_multirow = assert_singlerow and \
+            connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        allow_multirow = has_all_defaults and not needs_version_id
+
+        if bookkeeping and not has_all_defaults and \
+                mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+            statement = statement.return_defaults()
+        elif mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+        if hasvalue:
+            for state, state_dict, params, mapper, \
+                    connection, value_params, has_all_defaults in records:
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement.values(value_params),
+                    params)
+                if bookkeeping:
+                    _postfetch(
+                        mapper,
+                        uowtransaction,
+                        table,
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        c,
+                        c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                        value_params)
+                rows += c.rowcount
+                check_rowcount = True
+        else:
+            if not allow_multirow:
+                check_rowcount = assert_singlerow
+                for state, state_dict, params, mapper, \
+                        connection, value_params, has_all_defaults in records:
+                    c = cached_connections[connection].\
+                        execute(statement, params)
+
+                    # TODO: why with bookkeeping=False?
+                    _postfetch(
+                        mapper,
+                        uowtransaction,
+                        table,
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        c,
+                        c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                        value_params)
+                    rows += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+                check_rowcount = assert_multirow or (
+                    assert_singlerow and
+                    len(multiparams) == 1
+                )
+
+                c = cached_connections[connection].\
+                    execute(statement, multiparams)
+
+                rows += c.rowcount
+
+                # TODO: why with bookkeeping=False?
+                for state, state_dict, params, mapper, \
+                        connection, value_params, has_all_defaults in records:
+                    _postfetch(
+                        mapper,
+                        uowtransaction,
+                        table,
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        c,
+                        c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                        value_params)
+
+        if check_rowcount:
+            if rows != len(records):
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "update %d row(s); %d were matched." %
+                    (table.description, len(records), rows))
+
+        elif needs_version_id:
+            util.warn("Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
+                      "- versioning cannot be verified." %
+                      c.dialect.dialect_description)
+
+
+def _emit_insert_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                            cached_connections, mapper, table, insert,
+                            bookkeeping=True):
+    """Emit INSERT statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_insert_commands()."""
+
+    cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(('insert', table), table.insert)
+
+    for (connection, pkeys, hasvalue, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults), \
+        records in groupby(
+            insert,
+            lambda rec: (
+                rec[4],  # connection
+                set(rec[2]),  # parameter keys
+                bool(rec[5]),  # whether we have "value" parameters
+                rec[6],
+                rec[7])):
+
+        statement = cached_stmt
+
+        if not bookkeeping or \
+                (
+                    has_all_defaults
+                    or not base_mapper.eager_defaults
+                    or not connection.dialect.implicit_returning
+                ) and has_all_pks and not hasvalue:
+
+            records = list(records)
+            multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+            c = cached_connections[connection].\
+                execute(statement, multiparams)
+
+            if bookkeeping:
+                for (state, state_dict, params, mapper_rec,
+                        conn, value_params, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults), \
+                        last_inserted_params in \
+                        zip(records, c.context.compiled_parameters):
+                    _postfetch(
+                        mapper_rec,
+                        uowtransaction,
+                        table,
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        c,
+                        last_inserted_params,
+                        value_params)
+
+        else:
+            if not has_all_defaults and base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults()
+            elif mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+            for state, state_dict, params, mapper_rec, \
+                    connection, value_params, \
+                    has_all_pks, has_all_defaults in records:
+
+                if value_params:
+                    result = connection.execute(
+                        statement.values(value_params),
+                        params)
+                else:
+                    result = cached_connections[connection].\
+                        execute(statement, params)
+
+                primary_key = result.context.inserted_primary_key
+
+                if primary_key is not None:
+                    # set primary key attributes
+                    for pk, col in zip(primary_key,
+                                       mapper._pks_by_table[table]):
+                        prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
+                        if state_dict.get(prop.key) is None:
+                            state_dict[prop.key] = pk
+                _postfetch(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    result,
+                    result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                    value_params)
+
+
+def _emit_post_update_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction,
+                                 cached_connections, mapper, table, update):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_post_update_commands()."""
+
+    def update_stmt():
+        clause = sql.and_()
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clause.clauses.append(col == sql.bindparam(col._label,
+                                                       type_=col.type))
+
+        return table.update(clause)
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(('post_update', table), update_stmt)
+
+    # execute each UPDATE in the order according to the original
+    # list of states to guarantee row access order, but
+    # also group them into common (connection, cols) sets
+    # to support executemany().
+    for key, grouper in groupby(
+        update, lambda rec: (
+            rec[1],  # connection
+            set(rec[0])  # parameter keys
+        )
+    ):
+        connection = key[0]
+        multiparams = [params for params, conn in grouper]
+        cached_connections[connection].\
+            execute(statement, multiparams)
+
+
+def _emit_delete_statements(base_mapper, uowtransaction, cached_connections,
+                            mapper, table, delete):
+    """Emit DELETE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_delete_commands()."""
+
+    need_version_id = mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+        mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+
+    def delete_stmt():
+        clause = sql.and_()
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clause.clauses.append(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col.key, type_=col.type))
+
+        if need_version_id:
+            clause.clauses.append(
+                mapper.version_id_col ==
+                sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col.key,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type
+                )
+            )
+
+        return table.delete(clause)
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(('delete', table), delete_stmt)
+    for connection, recs in groupby(
+        delete,
+        lambda rec: rec[1]   # connection
+    ):
+        del_objects = [params for params, connection in recs]
+
+        connection = cached_connections[connection]
+
+        expected = len(del_objects)
+        rows_matched = -1
+        only_warn = False
+        if connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount:
+            c = connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
+
+            if not need_version_id:
+                only_warn = True
+
+            rows_matched = c.rowcount
+
+        elif need_version_id:
+            if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
+                rows_matched = 0
+                # execute deletes individually so that versioned
+                # rows can be verified
+                for params in del_objects:
+                    c = connection.execute(statement, params)
+                    rows_matched += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Dialect %s does not support deleted rowcount "
+                    "- versioning cannot be verified." %
+                    connection.dialect.dialect_description,
+                    stacklevel=12)
+                connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
+        else:
+            connection.execute(statement, del_objects)
+
+        if base_mapper.confirm_deleted_rows and \
+                rows_matched > -1 and expected != rows_matched:
+            if only_warn:
+                util.warn(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning." %
+                    (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+            else:
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning." %
+                    (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+
+
+def _finalize_insert_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """finalize state on states that have been inserted or updated,
+    including calling after_insert/after_update events.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity in states:
+
+        if mapper._readonly_props:
+            readonly = state.unmodified_intersection(
+                [p.key for p in mapper._readonly_props
+                    if p.expire_on_flush or p.key not in state.dict]
+            )
+            if readonly:
+                state._expire_attributes(state.dict, readonly)
+
+        # if eager_defaults option is enabled, load
+        # all expired cols.  Else if we have a version_id_col, make sure
+        # it isn't expired.
+        toload_now = []
+
+        if base_mapper.eager_defaults:
+            toload_now.extend(state._unloaded_non_object)
+        elif mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+                mapper.version_id_generator is False:
+            if mapper._version_id_prop.key in state.unloaded:
+                toload_now.extend([mapper._version_id_prop.key])
+
+        if toload_now:
+            state.key = base_mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            loading.load_on_ident(
+                uowtransaction.session.query(base_mapper),
+                state.key, refresh_state=state,
+                only_load_props=toload_now)
+
+        # call after_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+
+def _postfetch(mapper, uowtransaction, table,
+               state, dict_, result, params, value_params, bulk=False):
+    """Expire attributes in need of newly persisted database state,
+    after an INSERT or UPDATE statement has proceeded for that
+    state."""
+
+    # TODO: bulk is never non-False, need to clean this up
+
+    prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
+    postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
+    returning_cols = result.context.compiled.returning
+
+    if mapper.version_id_col is not None and \
+            mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]
+
+    refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
+    if refresh_flush:
+        load_evt_attrs = []
+
+    if returning_cols:
+        row = result.context.returned_defaults
+        if row is not None:
+            for col in returning_cols:
+                if col.primary_key:
+                    continue
+                dict_[mapper._columntoproperty[col].key] = row[col]
+                if refresh_flush:
+                    load_evt_attrs.append(mapper._columntoproperty[col].key)
+
+    for c in prefetch_cols:
+        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
+            dict_[mapper._columntoproperty[c].key] = params[c.key]
+            if refresh_flush:
+                load_evt_attrs.append(mapper._columntoproperty[c].key)
+
+    if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
+        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
+            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs)
+
+    if postfetch_cols and state:
+        state._expire_attributes(state.dict,
+                                 [mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+                                  for c in postfetch_cols if c in
+                                  mapper._columntoproperty]
+                                 )
+
+    # synchronize newly inserted ids from one table to the next
+    # TODO: this still goes a little too often.  would be nice to
+    # have definitive list of "columns that changed" here
+    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+        if state is None:
+            sync.bulk_populate_inherit_keys(dict_, m, equated_pairs)
+        else:
+            sync.populate(state, m, state, m,
+                          equated_pairs,
+                          uowtransaction,
+                          mapper.passive_updates)
+
+
+def _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """Return an iterator of (state, state.dict, mapper, connection).
+
+    The states are sorted according to _sort_states, then paired
+    with the connection they should be using for the given
+    unit of work transaction.
+
+    """
+    # if session has a connection callable,
+    # organize individual states with the connection
+    # to use for update
+    if uowtransaction.session.connection_callable:
+        connection_callable = \
+            uowtransaction.session.connection_callable
+    else:
+        connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+        connection_callable = None
+
+    for state in _sort_states(states):
+        if connection_callable:
+            connection = connection_callable(base_mapper, state.obj())
+
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        yield state, state.dict, mapper, connection
+
+
+def _cached_connection_dict(base_mapper):
+    # dictionary of connection->connection_with_cache_options.
+    return util.PopulateDict(
+        lambda conn: conn.execution_options(
+            compiled_cache=base_mapper._compiled_cache
+        ))
+
+
+def _sort_states(states):
+    pending = set(states)
+    persistent = set(s for s in pending if s.key is not None)
+    pending.difference_update(persistent)
+    return sorted(pending, key=operator.attrgetter("insert_order")) + \
+        sorted(persistent, key=lambda q: q.key[1])
+
+
+class BulkUD(object):
+    """Handle bulk update and deletes via a :class:`.Query`."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query):
+        self.query = query.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        self.mapper = self.query._bind_mapper()
+        self._validate_query_state()
+
+    def _validate_query_state(self):
+        for attr, methname, notset, op in (
+            ('_limit', 'limit()', None, operator.is_),
+            ('_offset', 'offset()', None, operator.is_),
+            ('_order_by', 'order_by()', False, operator.is_),
+            ('_group_by', 'group_by()', False, operator.is_),
+            ('_distinct', 'distinct()', False, operator.is_),
+            (
+                '_from_obj',
+                'join(), outerjoin(), select_from(), or from_self()',
+                (), operator.eq)
+        ):
+            if not op(getattr(self.query, attr), notset):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't call Query.update() or Query.delete() "
+                    "when %s has been called" %
+                    (methname, )
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def session(self):
+        return self.query.session
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(cls, lookup, synchronize_session, *arg):
+        try:
+            klass = lookup[synchronize_session]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for session synchronization "
+                "are %s" % (", ".join(sorted(repr(x)
+                                             for x in lookup))))
+        else:
+            return klass(*arg)
+
+    def exec_(self):
+        self._do_pre()
+        self._do_pre_synchronize()
+        self._do_exec()
+        self._do_post_synchronize()
+        self._do_post()
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.query")
+    def _do_pre(self, querylib):
+        query = self.query
+        self.context = querylib.QueryContext(query)
+
+        if isinstance(query._entities[0], querylib._ColumnEntity):
+            # check for special case of query(table)
+            tables = set()
+            for ent in query._entities:
+                if not isinstance(ent, querylib._ColumnEntity):
+                    tables.clear()
+                    break
+                else:
+                    tables.update(_from_objects(ent.column))
+
+            if len(tables) != 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This operation requires only one Table or "
+                    "entity be specified as the target."
+                )
+            else:
+                self.primary_table = tables.pop()
+
+        else:
+            self.primary_table = query._only_entity_zero(
+                "This operation requires only one Table or "
+                "entity be specified as the target."
+            ).mapper.local_table
+
+        session = query.session
+
+        if query._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+    def _do_pre_synchronize(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class BulkEvaluate(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which does the 'evaluate' method of session state resolution."""
+
+    def _additional_evaluators(self, evaluator_compiler):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_pre_synchronize(self):
+        query = self.query
+        target_cls = query._mapper_zero().class_
+
+        try:
+            evaluator_compiler = evaluator.EvaluatorCompiler(target_cls)
+            if query.whereclause is not None:
+                eval_condition = evaluator_compiler.process(
+                    query.whereclause)
+            else:
+                def eval_condition(obj):
+                    return True
+
+            self._additional_evaluators(evaluator_compiler)
+
+        except evaluator.UnevaluatableError:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not evaluate current criteria in Python. "
+                "Specify 'fetch' or False for the "
+                "synchronize_session parameter.")
+
+        # TODO: detect when the where clause is a trivial primary key match
+        self.matched_objects = [
+            obj for (cls, pk), obj in
+            query.session.identity_map.items()
+            if issubclass(cls, target_cls) and
+            eval_condition(obj)]
+
+
+class BulkFetch(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which does the 'fetch' method of session state resolution."""
+
+    def _do_pre_synchronize(self):
+        query = self.query
+        session = query.session
+        context = query._compile_context()
+        select_stmt = context.statement.with_only_columns(
+            self.primary_table.primary_key)
+        self.matched_rows = session.execute(
+            select_stmt,
+            mapper=self.mapper,
+            params=query._params).fetchall()
+
+
+class BulkUpdate(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query, values, update_kwargs):
+        super(BulkUpdate, self).__init__(query)
+        self.values = values
+        self.update_kwargs = update_kwargs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def factory(cls, query, synchronize_session, values, update_kwargs):
+        return BulkUD._factory({
+            "evaluate": BulkUpdateEvaluate,
+            "fetch": BulkUpdateFetch,
+            False: BulkUpdate
+        }, synchronize_session, query, values, update_kwargs)
+
+    def _resolve_string_to_expr(self, key):
+        if self.mapper and isinstance(key, util.string_types):
+            attr = _entity_descriptor(self.mapper, key)
+            return attr.__clause_element__()
+        else:
+            return key
+
+    def _resolve_key_to_attrname(self, key):
+        if self.mapper and isinstance(key, util.string_types):
+            attr = _entity_descriptor(self.mapper, key)
+            return attr.property.key
+        elif isinstance(key, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute):
+            return key.key
+        elif hasattr(key, '__clause_element__'):
+            key = key.__clause_element__()
+
+        if self.mapper and isinstance(key, expression.ColumnElement):
+            try:
+                attr = self.mapper._columntoproperty[key]
+            except orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return attr.key
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Invalid expression type: %r" % key)
+
+    def _do_exec(self):
+
+        values = [
+            (self._resolve_string_to_expr(k), v)
+            for k, v in (
+                self.values.items() if hasattr(self.values, 'items')
+                else self.values)
+        ]
+        if not self.update_kwargs.get('preserve_parameter_order', False):
+            values = dict(values)
+
+        update_stmt = sql.update(self.primary_table,
+                                 self.context.whereclause, values,
+                                 **self.update_kwargs)
+
+        self.result = self.query.session.execute(
+            update_stmt, params=self.query._params,
+            mapper=self.mapper)
+        self.rowcount = self.result.rowcount
+
+    def _do_post(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        session.dispatch.after_bulk_update(self)
+
+
+class BulkDelete(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query):
+        super(BulkDelete, self).__init__(query)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def factory(cls, query, synchronize_session):
+        return BulkUD._factory({
+            "evaluate": BulkDeleteEvaluate,
+            "fetch": BulkDeleteFetch,
+            False: BulkDelete
+        }, synchronize_session, query)
+
+    def _do_exec(self):
+        delete_stmt = sql.delete(self.primary_table,
+                                 self.context.whereclause)
+
+        self.result = self.query.session.execute(
+            delete_stmt,
+            params=self.query._params,
+            mapper=self.mapper)
+        self.rowcount = self.result.rowcount
+
+    def _do_post(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        session.dispatch.after_bulk_delete(self)
+
+
+class BulkUpdateEvaluate(BulkEvaluate, BulkUpdate):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs using the "evaluate"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _additional_evaluators(self, evaluator_compiler):
+        self.value_evaluators = {}
+        values = (self.values.items() if hasattr(self.values, 'items')
+                  else self.values)
+        for key, value in values:
+            key = self._resolve_key_to_attrname(key)
+            if key is not None:
+                self.value_evaluators[key] = evaluator_compiler.process(
+                    expression._literal_as_binds(value))
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        states = set()
+        evaluated_keys = list(self.value_evaluators.keys())
+        for obj in self.matched_objects:
+            state, dict_ = attributes.instance_state(obj),\
+                attributes.instance_dict(obj)
+
+            # only evaluate unmodified attributes
+            to_evaluate = state.unmodified.intersection(
+                evaluated_keys)
+            for key in to_evaluate:
+                dict_[key] = self.value_evaluators[key](obj)
+
+            state._commit(dict_, list(to_evaluate))
+
+            # expire attributes with pending changes
+            # (there was no autoflush, so they are overwritten)
+            state._expire_attributes(dict_,
+                                     set(evaluated_keys).
+                                     difference(to_evaluate))
+            states.add(state)
+        session._register_altered(states)
+
+
+class BulkDeleteEvaluate(BulkEvaluate, BulkDelete):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs using the "evaluate"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        self.query.session._remove_newly_deleted(
+            [attributes.instance_state(obj)
+             for obj in self.matched_objects])
+
+
+class BulkUpdateFetch(BulkFetch, BulkUpdate):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs using the "fetch"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        target_mapper = self.query._mapper_zero()
+
+        states = set([
+            attributes.instance_state(session.identity_map[identity_key])
+            for identity_key in [
+                target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                    list(primary_key))
+                for primary_key in self.matched_rows
+            ]
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map
+        ])
+        attrib = [_attr_as_key(k) for k in self.values]
+        for state in states:
+            session._expire_state(state, attrib)
+        session._register_altered(states)
+
+
+class BulkDeleteFetch(BulkFetch, BulkDelete):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs using the "fetch"
+    method of session resolution."""
+
+    def _do_post_synchronize(self):
+        session = self.query.session
+        target_mapper = self.query._mapper_zero()
+        for primary_key in self.matched_rows:
+            # TODO: inline this and call remove_newly_deleted
+            # once
+            identity_key = target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                list(primary_key))
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted(
+                    [attributes.instance_state(
+                        session.identity_map[identity_key]
+                    )]
+                )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8a3532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+# orm/properties.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""MapperProperty implementations.
+
+This is a private module which defines the behavior of invidual ORM-
+mapped attributes.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .. import util, log
+from ..sql import expression
+from . import attributes
+from .util import _orm_full_deannotate
+
+from .interfaces import PropComparator, StrategizedProperty
+
+__all__ = ['ColumnProperty', 'CompositeProperty', 'SynonymProperty',
+           'ComparableProperty', 'RelationshipProperty']
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class ColumnProperty(StrategizedProperty):
+    """Describes an object attribute that corresponds to a table column.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`.orm.column_property` function.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = 'column'
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        '_orig_columns', 'columns', 'group', 'deferred',
+        'instrument', 'comparator_factory', 'descriptor', 'extension',
+        'active_history', 'expire_on_flush', 'info', 'doc',
+        'strategy_class', '_creation_order', '_is_polymorphic_discriminator',
+        '_mapped_by_synonym', '_deferred_column_loader')
+
+    def __init__(self, *columns, **kwargs):
+        """Provide a column-level property for use with a Mapper.
+
+        Column-based properties can normally be applied to the mapper's
+        ``properties`` dictionary using the :class:`.Column` element directly.
+        Use this function when the given column is not directly present within
+        the mapper's selectable; examples include SQL expressions, functions,
+        and scalar SELECT queries.
+
+        Columns that aren't present in the mapper's selectable won't be
+        persisted by the mapper and are effectively "read-only" attributes.
+
+        :param \*cols:
+              list of Column objects to be mapped.
+
+        :param active_history=False:
+          When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+          scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+          already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+          simple non-primary-key scalar values only needs to be
+          aware of the "new" value in order to perform a flush. This
+          flag is available for applications that make use of
+          :func:`.attributes.get_history` or :meth:`.Session.is_modified`
+          which also need to know
+          the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.6.6
+
+        :param comparator_factory: a class which extends
+           :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+           clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+        :param group:
+            a group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+        :param deferred:
+              when True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that
+              it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the
+              attribute is first accessed on an instance.  See also
+              :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+        :param doc:
+              optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+              class-bound descriptor.
+
+        :param expire_on_flush=True:
+            Disable expiry on flush.   A column_property() which refers
+            to a SQL expression (and not a single table-bound column)
+            is considered to be a "read only" property; populating it
+            has no effect on the state of data, and it can only return
+            database state.   For this reason a column_property()'s value
+            is expired whenever the parent object is involved in a
+            flush, that is, has any kind of "dirty" state within a flush.
+            Setting this parameter to ``False`` will have the effect of
+            leaving any existing value present after the flush proceeds.
+            Note however that the :class:`.Session` with default expiration
+            settings still expires
+            all attributes after a :meth:`.Session.commit` call, however.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        :param extension:
+            an
+            :class:`.AttributeExtension`
+            instance, or list of extensions, which will be prepended
+            to the list of attribute listeners for the resulting
+            descriptor placed on the class.
+            **Deprecated.** Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+        """
+        super(ColumnProperty, self).__init__()
+        self._orig_columns = [expression._labeled(c) for c in columns]
+        self.columns = [expression._labeled(_orm_full_deannotate(c))
+                        for c in columns]
+        self.group = kwargs.pop('group', None)
+        self.deferred = kwargs.pop('deferred', False)
+        self.instrument = kwargs.pop('_instrument', True)
+        self.comparator_factory = kwargs.pop('comparator_factory',
+                                             self.__class__.Comparator)
+        self.descriptor = kwargs.pop('descriptor', None)
+        self.extension = kwargs.pop('extension', None)
+        self.active_history = kwargs.pop('active_history', False)
+        self.expire_on_flush = kwargs.pop('expire_on_flush', True)
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        if 'doc' in kwargs:
+            self.doc = kwargs.pop('doc')
+        else:
+            for col in reversed(self.columns):
+                doc = getattr(col, 'doc', None)
+                if doc is not None:
+                    self.doc = doc
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.doc = None
+
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%s received unexpected keyword argument(s): %s" % (
+                    self.__class__.__name__,
+                    ', '.join(sorted(kwargs.keys()))))
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        self.strategy_class = self._strategy_lookup(
+            ("deferred", self.deferred),
+            ("instrument", self.instrument)
+        )
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.state", "sqlalchemy.orm.strategies")
+    def _memoized_attr__deferred_column_loader(self, state, strategies):
+        return state.InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor(
+            self.parent.class_manager,
+            strategies.LoadDeferredColumns(self.key), self.key)
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self):
+        """Return the primary column or expression for this ColumnProperty.
+
+        """
+        return self.columns[0]
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc
+        )
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        super(ColumnProperty, self).do_init()
+        if len(self.columns) > 1 and \
+                set(self.parent.primary_key).issuperset(self.columns):
+            util.warn(
+                ("On mapper %s, primary key column '%s' is being combined "
+                 "with distinct primary key column '%s' in attribute '%s'.  "
+                 "Use explicit properties to give each column its own mapped "
+                 "attribute name.") % (self.parent, self.columns[1],
+                                       self.columns[0], self.key))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return ColumnProperty(
+            deferred=self.deferred,
+            group=self.group,
+            active_history=self.active_history,
+            *self.columns)
+
+    def _getcommitted(self, state, dict_, column,
+                      passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        return state.get_impl(self.key).\
+            get_committed_value(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def merge(self, session, source_state, source_dict, dest_state,
+              dest_dict, load, _recursive):
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+        elif self.key in source_dict:
+            value = source_dict[self.key]
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = value
+            else:
+                impl = dest_state.get_impl(self.key)
+                impl.set(dest_state, dest_dict, value, None)
+        elif dest_state.has_identity and self.key not in dest_dict:
+            dest_state._expire_attributes(dest_dict, [self.key])
+
+    class Comparator(util.MemoizedSlots, PropComparator):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = '__clause_element__', 'info'
+
+        def _memoized_method___clause_element__(self):
+            if self.adapter:
+                return self.adapter(self.prop.columns[0])
+            else:
+                # no adapter, so we aren't aliased
+                # assert self._parententity is self._parentmapper
+                return self.prop.columns[0]._annotate({
+                    "parententity": self._parententity,
+                    "parentmapper": self._parententity})
+
+        def _memoized_attr_info(self):
+            ce = self.__clause_element__()
+            try:
+                return ce.info
+            except AttributeError:
+                return self.prop.info
+
+        def _fallback_getattr(self, key):
+            """proxy attribute access down to the mapped column.
+
+            this allows user-defined comparison methods to be accessed.
+            """
+            return getattr(self.__clause_element__(), key)
+
+        def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+            return op(self.__clause_element__(), *other, **kwargs)
+
+        def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            col = self.__clause_element__()
+            return op(col._bind_param(op, other), col, **kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..335832d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4019 @@
+# orm/query.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The Query class and support.
+
+Defines the :class:`.Query` class, the central
+construct used by the ORM to construct database queries.
+
+The :class:`.Query` class should not be confused with the
+:class:`.Select` class, which defines database
+SELECT operations at the SQL (non-ORM) level.  ``Query`` differs from
+``Select`` in that it returns ORM-mapped objects and interacts with an
+ORM session, whereas the ``Select`` construct interacts directly with the
+database to return iterable result sets.
+
+"""
+
+from itertools import chain
+
+from . import (
+    attributes, interfaces, object_mapper, persistence,
+    exc as orm_exc, loading
+)
+from .base import _entity_descriptor, _is_aliased_class, \
+    _is_mapped_class, _orm_columns, _generative, InspectionAttr
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .util import (
+    AliasedClass, ORMAdapter, join as orm_join, with_parent, aliased
+)
+from .. import sql, util, log, exc as sa_exc, inspect, inspection
+from ..sql.expression import _interpret_as_from
+from ..sql import (
+    util as sql_util,
+    expression, visitors
+)
+from ..sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from . import properties
+
+__all__ = ['Query', 'QueryContext', 'aliased']
+
+
+_path_registry = PathRegistry.root
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Query(object):
+    """ORM-level SQL construction object.
+
+    :class:`.Query` is the source of all SELECT statements generated by the
+    ORM, both those formulated by end-user query operations as well as by
+    high level internal operations such as related collection loading.  It
+    features a generative interface whereby successive calls return a new
+    :class:`.Query` object, a copy of the former with additional
+    criteria and options associated with it.
+
+    :class:`.Query` objects are normally initially generated using the
+    :meth:`~.Session.query` method of :class:`.Session`.  For a full
+    walkthrough of :class:`.Query` usage, see the
+    :ref:`ormtutorial_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    _enable_eagerloads = True
+    _enable_assertions = True
+    _with_labels = False
+    _criterion = None
+    _yield_per = None
+    _order_by = False
+    _group_by = False
+    _having = None
+    _distinct = False
+    _prefixes = None
+    _suffixes = None
+    _offset = None
+    _limit = None
+    _for_update_arg = None
+    _statement = None
+    _correlate = frozenset()
+    _populate_existing = False
+    _invoke_all_eagers = True
+    _version_check = False
+    _autoflush = True
+    _only_load_props = None
+    _refresh_state = None
+    _from_obj = ()
+    _join_entities = ()
+    _select_from_entity = None
+    _mapper_adapter_map = {}
+    _filter_aliases = None
+    _from_obj_alias = None
+    _joinpath = _joinpoint = util.immutabledict()
+    _execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+    _params = util.immutabledict()
+    _attributes = util.immutabledict()
+    _with_options = ()
+    _with_hints = ()
+    _enable_single_crit = True
+    _orm_only_adapt = True
+    _orm_only_from_obj_alias = True
+    _current_path = _path_registry
+
+    def __init__(self, entities, session=None):
+        self.session = session
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+
+    def _set_entities(self, entities, entity_wrapper=None):
+        if entity_wrapper is None:
+            entity_wrapper = _QueryEntity
+        self._entities = []
+        self._primary_entity = None
+        for ent in util.to_list(entities):
+            entity_wrapper(self, ent)
+
+        self._set_entity_selectables(self._entities)
+
+    def _set_entity_selectables(self, entities):
+        self._mapper_adapter_map = d = self._mapper_adapter_map.copy()
+
+        for ent in entities:
+            for entity in ent.entities:
+                if entity not in d:
+                    ext_info = inspect(entity)
+                    if not ext_info.is_aliased_class and \
+                            ext_info.mapper.with_polymorphic:
+                        if ext_info.mapper.mapped_table not in \
+                                self._polymorphic_adapters:
+                            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                                ext_info.mapper,
+                                sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                                    ext_info.selectable,
+                                    ext_info.mapper._equivalent_columns
+                                )
+                            )
+                        aliased_adapter = None
+                    elif ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+                        aliased_adapter = ext_info._adapter
+                    else:
+                        aliased_adapter = None
+
+                    d[entity] = (
+                        ext_info,
+                        aliased_adapter
+                    )
+                ent.setup_entity(*d[entity])
+
+    def _mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(self, mapper, adapter):
+        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers or [mapper]:
+            self._polymorphic_adapters[m2] = adapter
+            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
+                self._polymorphic_adapters[m.local_table] = adapter
+
+    def _set_select_from(self, obj, set_base_alias):
+        fa = []
+        select_from_alias = None
+
+        for from_obj in obj:
+            info = inspect(from_obj)
+            if hasattr(info, 'mapper') and \
+                    (info.is_mapper or info.is_aliased_class):
+                self._select_from_entity = from_obj
+                if set_base_alias:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "A selectable (FromClause) instance is "
+                        "expected when the base alias is being set.")
+                fa.append(info.selectable)
+            elif not info.is_selectable:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "argument is not a mapped class, mapper, "
+                    "aliased(), or FromClause instance.")
+            else:
+                if isinstance(from_obj, expression.SelectBase):
+                    from_obj = from_obj.alias()
+                if set_base_alias:
+                    select_from_alias = from_obj
+                fa.append(from_obj)
+
+        self._from_obj = tuple(fa)
+
+        if set_base_alias and \
+                len(self._from_obj) == 1 and \
+                isinstance(select_from_alias, expression.Alias):
+            equivs = self.__all_equivs()
+            self._from_obj_alias = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                self._from_obj[0], equivs)
+
+    def _reset_polymorphic_adapter(self, mapper):
+        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m2, None)
+            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
+                self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m.local_table, None)
+
+    def _adapt_polymorphic_element(self, element):
+        if "parententity" in element._annotations:
+            search = element._annotations['parententity']
+            alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+            if alias:
+                return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+        if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
+            search = element
+        elif hasattr(element, 'table'):
+            search = element.table
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+        if alias:
+            return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+    def _adapt_col_list(self, cols):
+        return [
+            self._adapt_clause(
+                expression._literal_as_label_reference(o),
+                True, True)
+            for o in cols
+        ]
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _adapt_all_clauses(self):
+        self._orm_only_adapt = False
+
+    def _adapt_clause(self, clause, as_filter, orm_only):
+        """Adapt incoming clauses to transformations which
+        have been applied within this query."""
+
+        adapters = []
+        # do we adapt all expression elements or only those
+        # tagged as 'ORM' constructs ?
+        if not self._orm_only_adapt:
+            orm_only = False
+
+        if as_filter and self._filter_aliases:
+            for fa in self._filter_aliases._visitor_iterator:
+                adapters.append(
+                    (
+                        orm_only, fa.replace
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if self._from_obj_alias:
+            # for the "from obj" alias, apply extra rule to the
+            # 'ORM only' check, if this query were generated from a
+            # subquery of itself, i.e. _from_selectable(), apply adaption
+            # to all SQL constructs.
+            adapters.append(
+                (
+                    orm_only if self._orm_only_from_obj_alias else False,
+                    self._from_obj_alias.replace
+                )
+            )
+
+        if self._polymorphic_adapters:
+            adapters.append(
+                (
+                    orm_only, self._adapt_polymorphic_element
+                )
+            )
+
+        if not adapters:
+            return clause
+
+        def replace(elem):
+            for _orm_only, adapter in adapters:
+                # if 'orm only', look for ORM annotations
+                # in the element before adapting.
+                if not _orm_only or \
+                        '_orm_adapt' in elem._annotations or \
+                        "parententity" in elem._annotations:
+
+                    e = adapter(elem)
+                    if e is not None:
+                        return e
+
+        return visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            clause,
+            {},
+            replace
+        )
+
+    def _entity_zero(self):
+        return self._entities[0]
+
+    def _mapper_zero(self):
+        # TODO: self._select_from_entity is not a mapper
+        # so this method is misnamed
+        return self._select_from_entity \
+            if self._select_from_entity is not None \
+            else self._entity_zero().entity_zero
+
+    @property
+    def _mapper_entities(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity):
+                yield ent
+
+    def _joinpoint_zero(self):
+        return self._joinpoint.get(
+            '_joinpoint_entity',
+            self._mapper_zero()
+        )
+
+    def _bind_mapper(self):
+        ezero = self._mapper_zero()
+        if ezero is not None:
+            insp = inspect(ezero)
+            if not insp.is_clause_element:
+                return insp.mapper
+
+        return None
+
+    def _only_mapper_zero(self, rationale=None):
+        if len(self._entities) > 1:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                rationale or
+                "This operation requires a Query "
+                "against a single mapper."
+            )
+        return self._mapper_zero()
+
+    def _only_full_mapper_zero(self, methname):
+        if self._entities != [self._primary_entity]:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "%s() can only be used against "
+                "a single mapped class." % methname)
+        return self._primary_entity.entity_zero
+
+    def _only_entity_zero(self, rationale=None):
+        if len(self._entities) > 1:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                rationale or
+                "This operation requires a Query "
+                "against a single mapper."
+            )
+        return self._entity_zero()
+
+    def __all_equivs(self):
+        equivs = {}
+        for ent in self._mapper_entities:
+            equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+        return equivs
+
+    def _get_condition(self):
+        return self._no_criterion_condition(
+            "get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _get_existing_condition(self):
+        self._no_criterion_assertion("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _no_criterion_assertion(self, meth, order_by=True, distinct=True):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._criterion is not None or \
+                self._statement is not None or self._from_obj or \
+                self._limit is not None or self._offset is not None or \
+                self._group_by or (order_by and self._order_by) or \
+                (distinct and self._distinct):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth)
+
+    def _no_criterion_condition(self, meth, order_by=True, distinct=True):
+        self._no_criterion_assertion(meth, order_by, distinct)
+
+        self._from_obj = ()
+        self._statement = self._criterion = None
+        self._order_by = self._group_by = self._distinct = False
+
+    def _no_clauseelement_condition(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._order_by:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth)
+        self._no_criterion_condition(meth)
+
+    def _no_statement_condition(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                ("Query.%s() being called on a Query with an existing full "
+                 "statement - can't apply criterion.") % meth)
+
+    def _no_limit_offset(self, meth):
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._limit is not None or self._offset is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a Query which already has LIMIT "
+                "or OFFSET applied. To modify the row-limited results of a "
+                " Query, call from_self() first.  "
+                "Otherwise, call %s() before limit() or offset() "
+                "are applied."
+                % (meth, meth)
+            )
+
+    def _get_options(self, populate_existing=None,
+                     version_check=None,
+                     only_load_props=None,
+                     refresh_state=None):
+        if populate_existing:
+            self._populate_existing = populate_existing
+        if version_check:
+            self._version_check = version_check
+        if refresh_state:
+            self._refresh_state = refresh_state
+        if only_load_props:
+            self._only_load_props = set(only_load_props)
+        return self
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        q = cls.__new__(cls)
+        q.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return q
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self):
+        """The full SELECT statement represented by this Query.
+
+        The statement by default will not have disambiguating labels
+        applied to the construct unless with_labels(True) is called
+        first.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = self._compile_context(labels=self._with_labels).\
+            statement
+        if self._params:
+            stmt = stmt.params(self._params)
+
+        # TODO: there's no tests covering effects of
+        # the annotation not being there
+        return stmt._annotate({'no_replacement_traverse': True})
+
+    def subquery(self, name=None, with_labels=False, reduce_columns=False):
+        """return the full SELECT statement represented by
+        this :class:`.Query`, embedded within an :class:`.Alias`.
+
+        Eager JOIN generation within the query is disabled.
+
+        :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias;
+            this is passed through to :meth:`.FromClause.alias`.
+            If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated
+            at compile time.
+
+        :param with_labels: if True, :meth:`.with_labels` will be called
+         on the :class:`.Query` first to apply table-qualified labels
+         to all columns.
+
+        :param reduce_columns: if True, :meth:`.Select.reduce_columns` will
+         be called on the resulting :func:`.select` construct,
+         to remove same-named columns where one also refers to the other
+         via foreign key or WHERE clause equivalence.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8 the ``with_labels`` and ``reduce_columns``
+            keyword arguments were added.
+
+        """
+        q = self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        if with_labels:
+            q = q.with_labels()
+        q = q.statement
+        if reduce_columns:
+            q = q.reduce_columns()
+        return q.alias(name=name)
+
+    def cte(self, name=None, recursive=False):
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`.Query` represented as a common table expression (CTE).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        Parameters and usage are the same as those of the
+        :meth:`.SelectBase.cte` method; see that method for
+        further details.
+
+        Here is the `Postgresql WITH
+        RECURSIVE example
+        <http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/static/queries-with.html>`_.
+        Note that, in this example, the ``included_parts`` cte and the
+        ``incl_alias`` alias of it are Core selectables, which
+        means the columns are accessed via the ``.c.`` attribute.  The
+        ``parts_alias`` object is an :func:`.orm.aliased` instance of the
+        ``Part`` entity, so column-mapped attributes are available
+        directly::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+            class Part(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'part'
+                part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                sub_part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                quantity = Column(Integer)
+
+            included_parts = session.query(
+                            Part.sub_part,
+                            Part.part,
+                            Part.quantity).\\
+                                filter(Part.part=="our part").\\
+                                cte(name="included_parts", recursive=True)
+
+            incl_alias = aliased(included_parts, name="pr")
+            parts_alias = aliased(Part, name="p")
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                session.query(
+                    parts_alias.sub_part,
+                    parts_alias.part,
+                    parts_alias.quantity).\\
+                        filter(parts_alias.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+                )
+
+            q = session.query(
+                    included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                    func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
+                        label('total_quantity')
+                ).\\
+                group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.SelectBase.cte`
+
+        """
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).\
+            statement.cte(name=name, recursive=recursive)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`.Query`, converted
+        to a scalar subquery with a label of the given name.
+
+        Analogous to :meth:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase.label`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6.5
+
+        """
+
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).statement.label(name)
+
+    def as_scalar(self):
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`.Query`, converted to a scalar subquery.
+
+        Analogous to :meth:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase.as_scalar`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6.5
+
+        """
+
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).statement.as_scalar()
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        """Return the :class:`.Select` object emitted by this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        Used for :func:`.inspect` compatibility, this is equivalent to::
+
+            query.enable_eagerloads(False).with_labels().statement
+
+        """
+        return self.__clause_element__()
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).with_labels().statement
+
+    @_generative()
+    def enable_eagerloads(self, value):
+        """Control whether or not eager joins and subqueries are
+        rendered.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will not render
+        eager joins regardless of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.joinedload`,
+        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.subqueryload` options
+        or mapper-level ``lazy='joined'``/``lazy='subquery'``
+        configurations.
+
+        This is used primarily when nesting the Query's
+        statement into a subquery or other
+        selectable, or when using :meth:`.Query.yield_per`.
+
+        """
+        self._enable_eagerloads = value
+
+    def _no_yield_per(self, message):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "The yield_per Query option is currently not "
+            "compatible with %s eager loading.  Please "
+            "specify lazyload('*') or query.enable_eagerloads(False) in "
+            "order to "
+            "proceed with query.yield_per()." % message)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_labels(self):
+        """Apply column labels to the return value of Query.statement.
+
+        Indicates that this Query's `statement` accessor should return
+        a SELECT statement that applies labels to all columns in the
+        form <tablename>_<columnname>; this is commonly used to
+        disambiguate columns from multiple tables which have the same
+        name.
+
+        When the `Query` actually issues SQL to load rows, it always
+        uses column labeling.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`.Query.with_labels` method *only* applies
+           the output of :attr:`.Query.statement`, and *not* to any of
+           the result-row invoking systems of :class:`.Query` itself, e.g.
+           :meth:`.Query.first`, :meth:`.Query.all`, etc.   To execute
+           a query using :meth:`.Query.with_labels`, invoke the
+           :attr:`.Query.statement` using :meth:`.Session.execute`::
+
+                result = session.execute(query.with_labels().statement)
+
+
+        """
+        self._with_labels = True
+
+    @_generative()
+    def enable_assertions(self, value):
+        """Control whether assertions are generated.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will
+        not assert its state before certain operations,
+        including that LIMIT/OFFSET has not been applied
+        when filter() is called, no criterion exists
+        when get() is called, and no "from_statement()"
+        exists when filter()/order_by()/group_by() etc.
+        is called.  This more permissive mode is used by
+        custom Query subclasses to specify criterion or
+        other modifiers outside of the usual usage patterns.
+
+        Care should be taken to ensure that the usage
+        pattern is even possible.  A statement applied
+        by from_statement() will override any criterion
+        set by filter() or order_by(), for example.
+
+        """
+        self._enable_assertions = value
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self):
+        """A readonly attribute which returns the current WHERE criterion for
+        this Query.
+
+        This returned value is a SQL expression construct, or ``None`` if no
+        criterion has been established.
+
+        """
+        return self._criterion
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _with_current_path(self, path):
+        """indicate that this query applies to objects loaded
+        within a certain path.
+
+        Used by deferred loaders (see strategies.py) which transfer
+        query options from an originating query to a newly generated
+        query intended for the deferred load.
+
+        """
+        self._current_path = path
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def with_polymorphic(self,
+                         cls_or_mappers,
+                         selectable=None,
+                         polymorphic_on=None):
+        """Load columns for inheriting classes.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.with_polymorphic` applies transformations
+        to the "main" mapped class represented by this :class:`.Query`.
+        The "main" mapped class here means the :class:`.Query`
+        object's first argument is a full class, i.e.
+        ``session.query(SomeClass)``. These transformations allow additional
+        tables to be present in the FROM clause so that columns for a
+        joined-inheritance subclass are available in the query, both for the
+        purposes of load-time efficiency as well as the ability to use
+        these columns at query time.
+
+        See the documentation section :ref:`with_polymorphic` for
+        details on how this method is used.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+            A new and more flexible function
+            :func:`.orm.with_polymorphic` supersedes
+            :meth:`.Query.with_polymorphic`, as it can apply the equivalent
+            functionality to any set of columns or classes in the
+            :class:`.Query`, not just the "zero mapper".  See that
+            function for a description of arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self._primary_entity:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No primary mapper set up for this Query.")
+        entity = self._entities[0]._clone()
+        self._entities = [entity] + self._entities[1:]
+        entity.set_with_polymorphic(self,
+                                    cls_or_mappers,
+                                    selectable=selectable,
+                                    polymorphic_on=polymorphic_on)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def yield_per(self, count):
+        """Yield only ``count`` rows at a time.
+
+        The purpose of this method is when fetching very large result sets
+        (> 10K rows), to batch results in sub-collections and yield them
+        out partially, so that the Python interpreter doesn't need to declare
+        very large areas of memory which is both time consuming and leads
+        to excessive memory use.   The performance from fetching hundreds of
+        thousands of rows can often double when a suitable yield-per setting
+        (e.g. approximately 1000) is used, even with DBAPIs that buffer
+        rows (which are most).
+
+        The :meth:`.Query.yield_per` method **is not compatible with most
+        eager loading schemes, including subqueryload and joinedload with
+        collections**.  For this reason, it may be helpful to disable
+        eager loads, either unconditionally with
+        :meth:`.Query.enable_eagerloads`::
+
+            q = sess.query(Object).yield_per(100).enable_eagerloads(False)
+
+        Or more selectively using :func:`.lazyload`; such as with
+        an asterisk to specify the default loader scheme::
+
+            q = sess.query(Object).yield_per(100).\\
+                options(lazyload('*'), joinedload(Object.some_related))
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Use this method with caution; if the same instance is
+            present in more than one batch of rows, end-user changes
+            to attributes will be overwritten.
+
+            In particular, it's usually impossible to use this setting
+            with eagerly loaded collections (i.e. any lazy='joined' or
+            'subquery') since those collections will be cleared for a
+            new load when encountered in a subsequent result batch.
+            In the case of 'subquery' loading, the full result for all
+            rows is fetched which generally defeats the purpose of
+            :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per`.
+
+            Also note that while
+            :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per` will set the
+            ``stream_results`` execution option to True, currently
+            this is only understood by
+            :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2` dialect
+            which will stream results using server side cursors
+            instead of pre-buffer all rows for this query. Other
+            DBAPIs **pre-buffer all rows** before making them
+            available.  The memory use of raw database rows is much less
+            than that of an ORM-mapped object, but should still be taken into
+            consideration when benchmarking.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.enable_eagerloads`
+
+        """
+        self._yield_per = count
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(
+            {"stream_results": True,
+             "max_row_buffer": count})
+
+    def get(self, ident):
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.query(User).get(5)
+
+            some_object = session.query(VersionedFoo).get((5, 10))
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the owning :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.get` is only used to return a single
+        mapped instance, not multiple instances or
+        individual column constructs, and strictly
+        on a single primary key value.  The originating
+        :class:`.Query` must be constructed in this way,
+        i.e. against a single mapped entity,
+        with no additional filtering criterion.  Loading
+        options via :meth:`~.Query.options` may be applied
+        however, and will be used if the object is not
+        yet locally present.
+
+        A lazy-loading, many-to-one attribute configured
+        by :func:`.relationship`, using a simple
+        foreign-key-to-primary-key criterion, will also use an
+        operation equivalent to :meth:`~.Query.get` in order to retrieve
+        the target value from the local identity map
+        before querying the database.  See :doc:`/orm/loading_relationships`
+        for further details on relationship loading.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar or tuple value representing
+         the primary key.   For a composite primary key,
+         the order of identifiers corresponds in most cases
+         to that of the mapped :class:`.Table` object's
+         primary key columns.  For a :func:`.mapper` that
+         was given the ``primary key`` argument during
+         construction, the order of identifiers corresponds
+         to the elements present in this collection.
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+        """
+        return self._get_impl(ident, loading.load_on_ident)
+
+    def _get_impl(self, ident, fallback_fn):
+        # convert composite types to individual args
+        if hasattr(ident, '__composite_values__'):
+            ident = ident.__composite_values__()
+
+        ident = util.to_list(ident)
+
+        mapper = self._only_full_mapper_zero("get")
+
+        if len(ident) != len(mapper.primary_key):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Incorrect number of values in identifier to formulate "
+                "primary key for query.get(); primary key columns are %s" %
+                ','.join("'%s'" % c for c in mapper.primary_key))
+
+        key = mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(ident)
+
+        if not self._populate_existing and \
+                not mapper.always_refresh and \
+                self._for_update_arg is None:
+
+            instance = loading.get_from_identity(
+                self.session, key, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+            if instance is not None:
+                self._get_existing_condition()
+                # reject calls for id in identity map but class
+                # mismatch.
+                if not issubclass(instance.__class__, mapper.class_):
+                    return None
+                return instance
+
+        return fallback_fn(self, key)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def correlate(self, *args):
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` construct which will correlate the given
+        FROM clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`.Query` or
+        :func:`~.expression.select`.
+
+        The method here accepts mapped classes, :func:`.aliased` constructs,
+        and :func:`.mapper` constructs as arguments, which are resolved into
+        expression constructs, in addition to appropriate expression
+        constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments are ultimately passed to
+        :meth:`.Select.correlate` after coercion to expression constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments take effect in such cases
+        as when :meth:`.Query.from_self` is used, or when
+        a subquery as returned by :meth:`.Query.subquery` is
+        embedded in another :func:`~.expression.select` construct.
+
+         """
+
+        self._correlate = self._correlate.union(
+            _interpret_as_from(s)
+            if s is not None else None
+            for s in args)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def autoflush(self, setting):
+        """Return a Query with a specific 'autoflush' setting.
+
+        Note that a Session with autoflush=False will
+        not autoflush, even if this flag is set to True at the
+        Query level.  Therefore this flag is usually used only
+        to disable autoflush for a specific Query.
+
+        """
+        self._autoflush = setting
+
+    @_generative()
+    def populate_existing(self):
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` that will expire and refresh all instances
+        as they are loaded, or reused from the current :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :meth:`.populate_existing` does not improve behavior when
+        the ORM is used normally - the :class:`.Session` object's usual
+        behavior of maintaining a transaction and expiring all attributes
+        after rollback or commit handles object state automatically.
+        This method is not intended for general use.
+
+        """
+        self._populate_existing = True
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _with_invoke_all_eagers(self, value):
+        """Set the 'invoke all eagers' flag which causes joined- and
+        subquery loaders to traverse into already-loaded related objects
+        and collections.
+
+        Default is that of :attr:`.Query._invoke_all_eagers`.
+
+        """
+        self._invoke_all_eagers = value
+
+    def with_parent(self, instance, property=None):
+        """Add filtering criterion that relates the given instance
+        to a child object or collection, using its attribute state
+        as well as an established :func:`.relationship()`
+        configuration.
+
+        The method uses the :func:`.with_parent` function to generate
+        the clause, the result of which is passed to :meth:`.Query.filter`.
+
+        Parameters are the same as :func:`.with_parent`, with the exception
+        that the given property can be None, in which case a search is
+        performed against this :class:`.Query` object's target mapper.
+
+        """
+
+        if property is None:
+            mapper_zero = inspect(self._mapper_zero()).mapper
+
+            mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                if isinstance(prop, properties.RelationshipProperty) and \
+                        prop.mapper is mapper_zero:
+                    property = prop
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Could not locate a property which relates instances "
+                    "of class '%s' to instances of class '%s'" %
+                    (
+                        self._mapper_zero().class_.__name__,
+                        instance.__class__.__name__)
+                )
+
+        return self.filter(with_parent(instance, property))
+
+    @_generative()
+    def add_entity(self, entity, alias=None):
+        """add a mapped entity to the list of result columns
+        to be returned."""
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            entity = aliased(entity, alias)
+
+        self._entities = list(self._entities)
+        m = _MapperEntity(self, entity)
+        self._set_entity_selectables([m])
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_session(self, session):
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` that will use the given :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.session = session
+
+    def from_self(self, *entities):
+        """return a Query that selects from this Query's
+        SELECT statement.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.from_self` essentially turns the SELECT statement
+        into a SELECT of itself.  Given a query such as::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('e%'))
+
+        Given the :meth:`.Query.from_self` version::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('e%')).from_self()
+
+        This query renders as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT anon_1.user_id AS anon_1_user_id,
+                   anon_1.user_name AS anon_1_user_name
+            FROM (SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".name LIKE :name_1) AS anon_1
+
+        There are lots of cases where :meth:`.Query.from_self` may be useful.
+        A simple one is where above, we may want to apply a row LIMIT to
+        the set of user objects we query against, and then apply additional
+        joins against that row-limited set::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('e%')).\\
+                limit(5).from_self().\\
+                join(User.addresses).filter(Address.email.like('q%'))
+
+        The above query joins to the ``Address`` entity but only against the
+        first five results of the ``User`` query:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT anon_1.user_id AS anon_1_user_id,
+                   anon_1.user_name AS anon_1_user_name
+            FROM (SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".name LIKE :name_1
+             LIMIT :param_1) AS anon_1
+            JOIN address ON anon_1.user_id = address.user_id
+            WHERE address.email LIKE :email_1
+
+        **Automatic Aliasing**
+
+        Another key behavior of :meth:`.Query.from_self` is that it applies
+        **automatic aliasing** to the entities inside the subquery, when
+        they are referenced on the outside.  Above, if we continue to
+        refer to the ``User`` entity without any additional aliasing applied
+        to it, those references wil be in terms of the subquery::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('e%')).\\
+                limit(5).from_self().\\
+                join(User.addresses).filter(Address.email.like('q%')).\\
+                order_by(User.name)
+
+        The ORDER BY against ``User.name`` is aliased to be in terms of the
+        inner subquery:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT anon_1.user_id AS anon_1_user_id,
+                   anon_1.user_name AS anon_1_user_name
+            FROM (SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".name LIKE :name_1
+             LIMIT :param_1) AS anon_1
+            JOIN address ON anon_1.user_id = address.user_id
+            WHERE address.email LIKE :email_1 ORDER BY anon_1.user_name
+
+        The automatic aliasing feature only works in a **limited** way,
+        for simple filters and orderings.   More ambitious constructions
+        such as referring to the entity in joins should prefer to use
+        explicit subquery objects, typically making use of the
+        :meth:`.Query.subquery` method to produce an explicit subquery object.
+        Always test the structure of queries by viewing the SQL to ensure
+        a particular structure does what's expected!
+
+        **Changing the Entities**
+
+        :meth:`.Query.from_self` also includes the ability to modify what
+        columns are being queried.   In our example, we want ``User.id``
+        to be queried by the inner query, so that we can join to the
+        ``Address`` entity on the outside, but we only wanted the outer
+        query to return the ``Address.email`` column::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name.like('e%')).\\
+                limit(5).from_self(Address.email).\\
+                join(User.addresses).filter(Address.email.like('q%'))
+
+        yielding:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT address.email AS address_email
+            FROM (SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".name LIKE :name_1
+             LIMIT :param_1) AS anon_1
+            JOIN address ON anon_1.user_id = address.user_id
+            WHERE address.email LIKE :email_1
+
+        **Looking out for Inner / Outer Columns**
+
+        Keep in mind that when referring to columns that originate from
+        inside the subquery, we need to ensure they are present in the
+        columns clause of the subquery itself; this is an ordinary aspect of
+        SQL.  For example, if we wanted to load from a joined entity inside
+        the subquery using :func:`.contains_eager`, we need to add those
+        columns.   Below illustrates a join of ``Address`` to ``User``,
+        then a subquery, and then we'd like :func:`.contains_eager` to access
+        the ``User`` columns::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).join(Address.user).\\
+                filter(User.name.like('e%'))
+
+            q = q.add_entity(User).from_self().\\
+                options(contains_eager(Address.user))
+
+        We use :meth:`.Query.add_entity` above **before** we call
+        :meth:`.Query.from_self` so that the ``User`` columns are present
+        in the inner subquery, so that they are available to the
+        :func:`.contains_eager` modifier we are using on the outside,
+        producing:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT anon_1.address_id AS anon_1_address_id,
+                   anon_1.address_email AS anon_1_address_email,
+                   anon_1.address_user_id AS anon_1_address_user_id,
+                   anon_1.user_id AS anon_1_user_id,
+                   anon_1.user_name AS anon_1_user_name
+            FROM (
+                SELECT address.id AS address_id,
+                address.email AS address_email,
+                address.user_id AS address_user_id,
+                "user".id AS user_id,
+                "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM address JOIN "user" ON "user".id = address.user_id
+            WHERE "user".name LIKE :name_1) AS anon_1
+
+        If we didn't call ``add_entity(User)``, but still asked
+        :func:`.contains_eager` to load the ``User`` entity, it would be
+        forced to add the table on the outside without the correct
+        join criteria - note the ``anon1, "user"`` phrase at
+        the end:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            -- incorrect query
+            SELECT anon_1.address_id AS anon_1_address_id,
+                   anon_1.address_email AS anon_1_address_email,
+                   anon_1.address_user_id AS anon_1_address_user_id,
+                   "user".id AS user_id,
+                   "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM (
+                SELECT address.id AS address_id,
+                address.email AS address_email,
+                address.user_id AS address_user_id
+            FROM address JOIN "user" ON "user".id = address.user_id
+            WHERE "user".name LIKE :name_1) AS anon_1, "user"
+
+        :param \*entities: optional list of entities which will replace
+         those being selected.
+
+        """
+        fromclause = self.with_labels().enable_eagerloads(False).\
+            statement.correlate(None)
+        q = self._from_selectable(fromclause)
+        q._enable_single_crit = False
+        q._select_from_entity = self._mapper_zero()
+        if entities:
+            q._set_entities(entities)
+        return q
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _set_enable_single_crit(self, val):
+        self._enable_single_crit = val
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _from_selectable(self, fromclause):
+        for attr in (
+                '_statement', '_criterion',
+                '_order_by', '_group_by',
+                '_limit', '_offset',
+                '_joinpath', '_joinpoint',
+                '_distinct', '_having',
+                '_prefixes', '_suffixes'
+        ):
+            self.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        self._set_select_from([fromclause], True)
+
+        # this enables clause adaptation for non-ORM
+        # expressions.
+        self._orm_only_from_obj_alias = False
+
+        old_entities = self._entities
+        self._entities = []
+        for e in old_entities:
+            e.adapt_to_selectable(self, self._from_obj[0])
+
+    def values(self, *columns):
+        """Return an iterator yielding result tuples corresponding
+        to the given list of columns"""
+
+        if not columns:
+            return iter(())
+        q = self._clone()
+        q._set_entities(columns, entity_wrapper=_ColumnEntity)
+        if not q._yield_per:
+            q._yield_per = 10
+        return iter(q)
+    _values = values
+
+    def value(self, column):
+        """Return a scalar result corresponding to the given
+        column expression."""
+        try:
+            return next(self.values(column))[0]
+        except StopIteration:
+            return None
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_entities(self, *entities):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` replacing the SELECT list with the
+        given entities.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            # Users, filtered on some arbitrary criterion
+            # and then ordered by related email address
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                        join(User.address).\\
+                        filter(User.name.like('%ed%')).\\
+                        order_by(Address.email)
+
+            # given *only* User.id==5, Address.email, and 'q', what
+            # would the *next* User in the result be ?
+            subq = q.with_entities(Address.email).\\
+                        order_by(None).\\
+                        filter(User.id==5).\\
+                        subquery()
+            q = q.join((subq, subq.c.email < Address.email)).\\
+                        limit(1)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6.5
+
+        """
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def add_columns(self, *column):
+        """Add one or more column expressions to the list
+        of result columns to be returned."""
+
+        self._entities = list(self._entities)
+        l = len(self._entities)
+        for c in column:
+            _ColumnEntity(self, c)
+        # _ColumnEntity may add many entities if the
+        # given arg is a FROM clause
+        self._set_entity_selectables(self._entities[l:])
+
+    @util.pending_deprecation("0.7",
+                              ":meth:`.add_column` is superseded "
+                              "by :meth:`.add_columns`",
+                              False)
+    def add_column(self, column):
+        """Add a column expression to the list of result columns to be
+        returned.
+
+        Pending deprecation: :meth:`.add_column` will be superseded by
+        :meth:`.add_columns`.
+
+        """
+        return self.add_columns(column)
+
+    def options(self, *args):
+        """Return a new Query object, applying the given list of
+        mapper options.
+
+        Most supplied options regard changing how column- and
+        relationship-mapped attributes are loaded. See the sections
+        :ref:`deferred` and :doc:`/orm/loading_relationships` for reference
+        documentation.
+
+        """
+        return self._options(False, *args)
+
+    def _conditional_options(self, *args):
+        return self._options(True, *args)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def _options(self, conditional, *args):
+        # most MapperOptions write to the '_attributes' dictionary,
+        # so copy that as well
+        self._attributes = self._attributes.copy()
+        opts = tuple(util.flatten_iterator(args))
+        self._with_options = self._with_options + opts
+        if conditional:
+            for opt in opts:
+                opt.process_query_conditionally(self)
+        else:
+            for opt in opts:
+                opt.process_query(self)
+
+    def with_transformation(self, fn):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` object transformed by
+        the given function.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def filter_something(criterion):
+                def transform(q):
+                    return q.filter(criterion)
+                return transform
+
+            q = q.with_transformation(filter_something(x==5))
+
+        This allows ad-hoc recipes to be created for :class:`.Query`
+        objects.  See the example at :ref:`hybrid_transformers`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+        """
+        return fn(self)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_hint(self, selectable, text, dialect_name='*'):
+        """Add an indexing or other executional context
+        hint for the given entity or selectable to
+        this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        Functionality is passed straight through to
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Select.with_hint`,
+        with the addition that ``selectable`` can be a
+        :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Alias`, or ORM entity / mapped class
+        /etc.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.with_statement_hint`
+
+        """
+        if selectable is not None:
+            selectable = inspect(selectable).selectable
+
+        self._with_hints += ((selectable, text, dialect_name),)
+
+    def with_statement_hint(self, text, dialect_name='*'):
+        """add a statement hint to this :class:`.Select`.
+
+        This method is similar to :meth:`.Select.with_hint` except that
+        it does not require an individual table, and instead applies to the
+        statement as a whole.
+
+        This feature calls down into :meth:`.Select.with_statement_hint`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.with_hint`
+
+        """
+        return self.with_hint(None, text, dialect_name)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def execution_options(self, **kwargs):
+        """ Set non-SQL options which take effect during execution.
+
+        The options are the same as those accepted by
+        :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`.
+
+        Note that the ``stream_results`` execution option is enabled
+        automatically if the :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per()`
+        method is used.
+
+        """
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kwargs)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_lockmode(self, mode):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` object with the specified "locking mode",
+        which essentially refers to the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 superseded by :meth:`.Query.with_for_update`.
+
+        :param mode: a string representing the desired locking mode.
+         Valid values are:
+
+         * ``None`` - translates to no lockmode
+
+         * ``'update'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE``
+           (standard SQL, supported by most dialects)
+
+         * ``'update_nowait'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``
+           (supported by Oracle, PostgreSQL 8.1 upwards)
+
+         * ``'read'`` - translates to ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` (for MySQL),
+           and ``FOR SHARE`` (for PostgreSQL)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.with_for_update` - improved API for
+            specifying the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = LockmodeArg.parse_legacy_query(mode)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def with_for_update(self, read=False, nowait=False, of=None):
+        """return a new :class:`.Query` with the specified options for the
+        ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        The behavior of this method is identical to that of
+        :meth:`.SelectBase.with_for_update`.  When called with no arguments,
+        the resulting ``SELECT`` statement will have a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause
+        appended.  When additional arguments are specified, backend-specific
+        options such as ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` or ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE``
+        can take effect.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            q = sess.query(User).with_for_update(nowait=True, of=User)
+
+        The above query on a Postgresql backend will render like::
+
+            SELECT users.id AS users_id FROM users FOR UPDATE OF users NOWAIT
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 :meth:`.Query.with_for_update` supersedes
+           the :meth:`.Query.with_lockmode` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update` - Core level method with
+            full argument and behavioral description.
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = LockmodeArg(read=read, nowait=nowait, of=of)
+
+    @_generative()
+    def params(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """add values for bind parameters which may have been
+        specified in filter().
+
+        parameters may be specified using \**kwargs, or optionally a single
+        dictionary as the first positional argument. The reason for both is
+        that \**kwargs is convenient, however some parameter dictionaries
+        contain unicode keys in which case \**kwargs cannot be used.
+
+        """
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            kwargs.update(args[0])
+        elif len(args) > 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional argument, "
+                "which is a dictionary.")
+        self._params = self._params.copy()
+        self._params.update(kwargs)
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def filter(self, *criterion):
+        """apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`.Query`, using SQL expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.name == 'some name')
+
+        Multiple criteria may be specified as comma separated; the effect
+        is that they will be joined together using the :func:`.and_`
+        function::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).\\
+                filter(MyClass.name == 'some name', MyClass.id > 5)
+
+        The criterion is any SQL expression object applicable to the
+        WHERE clause of a select.   String expressions are coerced
+        into SQL expression constructs via the :func:`.text` construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.filter_by` - filter on keyword expressions.
+
+        """
+        for criterion in list(criterion):
+            criterion = expression._expression_literal_as_text(criterion)
+
+            criterion = self._adapt_clause(criterion, True, True)
+
+            if self._criterion is not None:
+                self._criterion = self._criterion & criterion
+            else:
+                self._criterion = criterion
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs):
+        """apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`.Query`, using keyword expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter_by(name = 'some name')
+
+        Multiple criteria may be specified as comma separated; the effect
+        is that they will be joined together using the :func:`.and_`
+        function::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).\\
+                filter_by(name = 'some name', id = 5)
+
+        The keyword expressions are extracted from the primary
+        entity of the query, or the last entity that was the
+        target of a call to :meth:`.Query.join`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.filter` - filter on SQL expressions.
+
+        """
+
+        clauses = [_entity_descriptor(self._joinpoint_zero(), key) == value
+                   for key, value in kwargs.items()]
+        return self.filter(sql.and_(*clauses))
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def order_by(self, *criterion):
+        """apply one or more ORDER BY criterion to the query and return
+        the newly resulting ``Query``
+
+        All existing ORDER BY settings can be suppressed by
+        passing ``None`` - this will suppress any ORDER BY configured
+        on mappers as well.
+
+        Alternatively, an existing ORDER BY setting on the Query
+        object can be entirely cancelled by passing ``False``
+        as the value - use this before calling methods where
+        an ORDER BY is invalid.
+
+        """
+
+        if len(criterion) == 1:
+            if criterion[0] is False:
+                if '_order_by' in self.__dict__:
+                    del self._order_by
+                return
+            if criterion[0] is None:
+                self._order_by = None
+                return
+
+        criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
+
+        if self._order_by is False or self._order_by is None:
+            self._order_by = criterion
+        else:
+            self._order_by = self._order_by + criterion
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def group_by(self, *criterion):
+        """apply one or more GROUP BY criterion to the query and return
+        the newly resulting :class:`.Query`"""
+
+        criterion = list(chain(*[_orm_columns(c) for c in criterion]))
+        criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
+
+        if self._group_by is False:
+            self._group_by = criterion
+        else:
+            self._group_by = self._group_by + criterion
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def having(self, criterion):
+        """apply a HAVING criterion to the query and return the
+        newly resulting :class:`.Query`.
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.having` is used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`~.Query.group_by`.
+
+        HAVING criterion makes it possible to use filters on aggregate
+        functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN, eg.::
+
+            q = session.query(User.id).\\
+                        join(User.addresses).\\
+                        group_by(User.id).\\
+                        having(func.count(Address.id) > 2)
+
+        """
+
+        criterion = expression._expression_literal_as_text(criterion)
+
+        if criterion is not None and \
+                not isinstance(criterion, sql.ClauseElement):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "having() argument must be of type "
+                "sqlalchemy.sql.ClauseElement or string")
+
+        criterion = self._adapt_clause(criterion, True, True)
+
+        if self._having is not None:
+            self._having = self._having & criterion
+        else:
+            self._having = criterion
+
+    def union(self, *q):
+        """Produce a UNION of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q1 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.foo=='bar')
+            q2 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.bar=='foo')
+
+            q3 = q1.union(q2)
+
+        The method accepts multiple Query objects so as to control
+        the level of nesting.  A series of ``union()`` calls such as::
+
+            x.union(y).union(z).all()
+
+        will nest on each ``union()``, and produces::
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM y) UNION SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Whereas::
+
+            x.union(y, z).all()
+
+        produces::
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION SELECT * FROM y UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Note that many database backends do not allow ORDER BY to
+        be rendered on a query called within UNION, EXCEPT, etc.
+        To disable all ORDER BY clauses including those configured
+        on mappers, issue ``query.order_by(None)`` - the resulting
+        :class:`.Query` object will not render ORDER BY within
+        its SELECT statement.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.union(*([self] + list(q))))
+
+    def union_all(self, *q):
+        """Produce a UNION ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.union_all(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def intersect(self, *q):
+        """Produce an INTERSECT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.intersect(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def intersect_all(self, *q):
+        """Produce an INTERSECT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.intersect_all(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def except_(self, *q):
+        """Produce an EXCEPT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.except_(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def except_all(self, *q):
+        """Produce an EXCEPT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        """
+        return self._from_selectable(
+            expression.except_all(*([self] + list(q)))
+        )
+
+    def join(self, *props, **kwargs):
+        """Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`.Query` object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting :class:`.Query`.
+
+        **Simple Relationship Joins**
+
+        Consider a mapping between two classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+        with a relationship ``User.addresses`` representing a collection
+        of ``Address`` objects associated with each ``User``.   The most
+        common usage of :meth:`~.Query.join` is to create a JOIN along this
+        relationship, using the ``User.addresses`` attribute as an indicator
+        for how this should occur::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses)
+
+        Where above, the call to :meth:`~.Query.join` along ``User.addresses``
+        will result in SQL equivalent to::
+
+            SELECT user.* FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        In the above example we refer to ``User.addresses`` as passed to
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` as the *on clause*, that is, it indicates
+        how the "ON" portion of the JOIN should be constructed.  For a
+        single-entity query such as the one above (i.e. we start by selecting
+        only from ``User`` and nothing else), the relationship can also be
+        specified by its string name::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join("addresses")
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` can also accommodate multiple
+        "on clause" arguments to produce a chain of joins, such as below
+        where a join across four related entities is constructed::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join("orders", "items", "keywords")
+
+        The above would be shorthand for three separate calls to
+        :meth:`~.Query.join`, each using an explicit attribute to indicate
+        the source entity::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    join(User.orders).\\
+                    join(Order.items).\\
+                    join(Item.keywords)
+
+        **Joins to a Target Entity or Selectable**
+
+        A second form of :meth:`~.Query.join` allows any mapped entity
+        or core selectable construct as a target.   In this usage,
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` will attempt
+        to create a JOIN along the natural foreign key relationship between
+        two entities::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address)
+
+        The above calling form of :meth:`~.Query.join` will raise an error if
+        either there are no foreign keys between the two entities, or if
+        there are multiple foreign key linkages between them.   In the
+        above calling form, :meth:`~.Query.join` is called upon to
+        create the "on clause" automatically for us.  The target can
+        be any mapped entity or selectable, such as a :class:`.Table`::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(addresses_table)
+
+        **Joins to a Target with an ON Clause**
+
+        The third calling form allows both the target entity as well
+        as the ON clause to be passed explicitly.   Suppose for
+        example we wanted to join to ``Address`` twice, using
+        an alias the second time.  We use :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased`
+        to create a distinct alias of ``Address``, and join
+        to it using the ``target, onclause`` form, so that the
+        alias can be specified explicitly as the target along with
+        the relationship to instruct how the ON clause should proceed::
+
+            a_alias = aliased(Address)
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    join(User.addresses).\\
+                    join(a_alias, User.addresses).\\
+                    filter(Address.email_address=='ed@foo.com').\\
+                    filter(a_alias.email_address=='ed@bar.com')
+
+        Where above, the generated SQL would be similar to::
+
+            SELECT user.* FROM user
+                JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+                JOIN address AS address_1 ON user.id=address_1.user_id
+                WHERE address.email_address = :email_address_1
+                AND address_1.email_address = :email_address_2
+
+        The two-argument calling form of :meth:`~.Query.join`
+        also allows us to construct arbitrary joins with SQL-oriented
+        "on clause" expressions, not relying upon configured relationships
+        at all.  Any SQL expression can be passed as the ON clause
+        when using the two-argument form, which should refer to the target
+        entity in some way as well as an applicable source entity::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address, User.id==Address.user_id)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+            In SQLAlchemy 0.6 and earlier, the two argument form of
+            :meth:`~.Query.join` requires the usage of a tuple:
+            ``query(User).join((Address, User.id==Address.user_id))``\ .
+            This calling form is accepted in 0.7 and further, though
+            is not necessary unless multiple join conditions are passed to
+            a single :meth:`~.Query.join` call, which itself is also not
+            generally necessary as it is now equivalent to multiple
+            calls (this wasn't always the case).
+
+        **Advanced Join Targeting and Adaption**
+
+        There is a lot of flexibility in what the "target" can be when using
+        :meth:`~.Query.join`.   As noted previously, it also accepts
+        :class:`.Table` constructs and other selectables such as
+        :func:`.alias` and :func:`.select` constructs, with either the one
+        or two-argument forms::
+
+            addresses_q = select([Address.user_id]).\\
+                        where(Address.email_address.endswith("@bar.com")).\\
+                        alias()
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                        join(addresses_q, addresses_q.c.user_id==User.id)
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` also features the ability to *adapt* a
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` -driven ON clause to the target
+        selectable. Below we construct a JOIN from ``User`` to a subquery
+        against ``Address``, allowing the relationship denoted by
+        ``User.addresses`` to *adapt* itself to the altered target::
+
+            address_subq = session.query(Address).\\
+                            filter(Address.email_address == 'ed@foo.com').\\
+                            subquery()
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(address_subq, User.addresses)
+
+        Producing SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT user.* FROM user
+                JOIN (
+                    SELECT address.id AS id,
+                            address.user_id AS user_id,
+                            address.email_address AS email_address
+                    FROM address
+                    WHERE address.email_address = :email_address_1
+                ) AS anon_1 ON user.id = anon_1.user_id
+
+        The above form allows one to fall back onto an explicit ON
+        clause at any time::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    join(address_subq, User.id==address_subq.c.user_id)
+
+        **Controlling what to Join From**
+
+        While :meth:`~.Query.join` exclusively deals with the "right"
+        side of the JOIN, we can also control the "left" side, in those
+        cases where it's needed, using :meth:`~.Query.select_from`.
+        Below we construct a query against ``Address`` but can still
+        make usage of ``User.addresses`` as our ON clause by instructing
+        the :class:`.Query` to select first from the ``User``
+        entity::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).select_from(User).\\
+                            join(User.addresses).\\
+                            filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Which will produce SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+                JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+                WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        **Constructing Aliases Anonymously**
+
+        :meth:`~.Query.join` can construct anonymous aliases
+        using the ``aliased=True`` flag.  This feature is useful
+        when a query is being joined algorithmically, such as
+        when querying self-referentially to an arbitrary depth::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", "children", aliased=True)
+
+        When ``aliased=True`` is used, the actual "alias" construct
+        is not explicitly available.  To work with it, methods such as
+        :meth:`.Query.filter` will adapt the incoming entity to
+        the last join point::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", "children", aliased=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'grandchild 1')
+
+        When using automatic aliasing, the ``from_joinpoint=True``
+        argument can allow a multi-node join to be broken into
+        multiple calls to :meth:`~.Query.join`, so that
+        each path along the way can be further filtered::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", aliased=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name='child 1').\\
+                    join("children", aliased=True, from_joinpoint=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'grandchild 1')
+
+        The filtering aliases above can then be reset back to the
+        original ``Node`` entity using :meth:`~.Query.reset_joinpoint`::
+
+            q = session.query(Node).\\
+                    join("children", "children", aliased=True).\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'grandchild 1').\\
+                    reset_joinpoint().\\
+                    filter(Node.name == 'parent 1)
+
+        For an example of ``aliased=True``, see the distribution
+        example :ref:`examples_xmlpersistence` which illustrates
+        an XPath-like query system using algorithmic joins.
+
+        :param \*props: A collection of one or more join conditions,
+         each consisting of a relationship-bound attribute or string
+         relationship name representing an "on clause", or a single
+         target entity, or a tuple in the form of ``(target, onclause)``.
+         A special two-argument calling form of the form ``target, onclause``
+         is also accepted.
+        :param aliased=False: If True, indicate that the JOIN target should be
+         anonymously aliased.  Subsequent calls to :meth:`~.Query.filter`
+         and similar will adapt the incoming criterion to the target
+         alias, until :meth:`~.Query.reset_joinpoint` is called.
+        :param isouter=False: If True, the join used will be a left outer join,
+         just as if the :meth:`.Query.outerjoin` method were called.  This
+         flag is here to maintain consistency with the same flag as accepted
+         by :meth:`.FromClause.join` and other Core constructs.
+
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param from_joinpoint=False: When using ``aliased=True``, a setting
+         of True here will cause the join to be from the most recent
+         joined target, rather than starting back from the original
+         FROM clauses of the query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`ormtutorial_joins` in the ORM tutorial.
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel` for details on how
+            :meth:`~.Query.join` is used for inheritance relationships.
+
+            :func:`.orm.join` - a standalone ORM-level join function,
+            used internally by :meth:`.Query.join`, which in previous
+            SQLAlchemy versions was the primary ORM-level joining interface.
+
+        """
+        aliased, from_joinpoint, isouter = kwargs.pop('aliased', False),\
+            kwargs.pop('from_joinpoint', False),\
+            kwargs.pop('isouter', False)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("unknown arguments: %s" %
+                            ', '.join(sorted(kwargs)))
+        return self._join(props,
+                          outerjoin=isouter, create_aliases=aliased,
+                          from_joinpoint=from_joinpoint)
+
+    def outerjoin(self, *props, **kwargs):
+        """Create a left outer join against this ``Query`` object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting ``Query``.
+
+        Usage is the same as the ``join()`` method.
+
+        """
+        aliased, from_joinpoint = kwargs.pop('aliased', False), \
+            kwargs.pop('from_joinpoint', False)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("unknown arguments: %s" %
+                            ', '.join(sorted(kwargs)))
+        return self._join(props,
+                          outerjoin=True, create_aliases=aliased,
+                          from_joinpoint=from_joinpoint)
+
+    def _update_joinpoint(self, jp):
+        self._joinpoint = jp
+        # copy backwards to the root of the _joinpath
+        # dict, so that no existing dict in the path is mutated
+        while 'prev' in jp:
+            f, prev = jp['prev']
+            prev = prev.copy()
+            prev[f] = jp
+            jp['prev'] = (f, prev)
+            jp = prev
+        self._joinpath = jp
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def _join(self, keys, outerjoin, create_aliases, from_joinpoint):
+        """consumes arguments from join() or outerjoin(), places them into a
+        consistent format with which to form the actual JOIN constructs.
+
+        """
+
+        if not from_joinpoint:
+            self._reset_joinpoint()
+
+        if len(keys) == 2 and \
+            isinstance(keys[0], (expression.FromClause,
+                                 type, AliasedClass)) and \
+            isinstance(keys[1], (str, expression.ClauseElement,
+                                 interfaces.PropComparator)):
+            # detect 2-arg form of join and
+            # convert to a tuple.
+            keys = (keys,)
+
+        keylist = util.to_list(keys)
+        for idx, arg1 in enumerate(keylist):
+            if isinstance(arg1, tuple):
+                # "tuple" form of join, multiple
+                # tuples are accepted as well.   The simpler
+                # "2-arg" form is preferred.  May deprecate
+                # the "tuple" usage.
+                arg1, arg2 = arg1
+            else:
+                arg2 = None
+
+            # determine onclause/right_entity.  there
+            # is a little bit of legacy behavior still at work here
+            # which means they might be in either order.  may possibly
+            # lock this down to (right_entity, onclause) in 0.6.
+            if isinstance(
+                    arg1, (interfaces.PropComparator, util.string_types)):
+                right_entity, onclause = arg2, arg1
+            else:
+                right_entity, onclause = arg1, arg2
+
+            left_entity = prop = None
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                of_type = getattr(onclause, '_of_type', None)
+            else:
+                of_type = None
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, util.string_types):
+                left_entity = self._joinpoint_zero()
+
+                descriptor = _entity_descriptor(left_entity, onclause)
+                onclause = descriptor
+
+            # check for q.join(Class.propname, from_joinpoint=True)
+            # and Class is that of the current joinpoint
+            elif from_joinpoint and \
+                    isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                left_entity = onclause._parententity
+
+                info = inspect(self._joinpoint_zero())
+                left_mapper, left_selectable, left_is_aliased = \
+                    getattr(info, 'mapper', None), \
+                    info.selectable, \
+                    getattr(info, 'is_aliased_class', None)
+
+                if left_mapper is left_entity:
+                    left_entity = self._joinpoint_zero()
+                    descriptor = _entity_descriptor(left_entity,
+                                                    onclause.key)
+                    onclause = descriptor
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                if right_entity is None:
+                    if of_type:
+                        right_entity = of_type
+                    else:
+                        right_entity = onclause.property.mapper
+
+                left_entity = onclause._parententity
+
+                prop = onclause.property
+                if not isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+                    onclause = prop
+
+                if not create_aliases:
+                    # check for this path already present.
+                    # don't render in that case.
+                    edge = (left_entity, right_entity, prop.key)
+                    if edge in self._joinpoint:
+                        # The child's prev reference might be stale --
+                        # it could point to a parent older than the
+                        # current joinpoint.  If this is the case,
+                        # then we need to update it and then fix the
+                        # tree's spine with _update_joinpoint.  Copy
+                        # and then mutate the child, which might be
+                        # shared by a different query object.
+                        jp = self._joinpoint[edge].copy()
+                        jp['prev'] = (edge, self._joinpoint)
+                        self._update_joinpoint(jp)
+
+                        if idx == len(keylist) - 1:
+                            util.warn(
+                                "Pathed join target %s has already "
+                                "been joined to; skipping" % prop)
+                        continue
+
+            elif onclause is not None and right_entity is None:
+                # TODO: no coverage here
+                raise NotImplementedError("query.join(a==b) not supported.")
+
+            self._join_left_to_right(
+                left_entity,
+                right_entity, onclause,
+                outerjoin, create_aliases, prop)
+
+    def _join_left_to_right(self, left, right,
+                            onclause, outerjoin, create_aliases, prop):
+        """append a JOIN to the query's from clause."""
+
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = self._polymorphic_adapters.copy()
+
+        if left is None:
+            if self._from_obj:
+                left = self._from_obj[0]
+            elif self._entities:
+                left = self._entities[0].entity_zero_or_selectable
+
+        if left is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Don't know how to join from %s; please use "
+                "select_from() to establish the left "
+                "entity/selectable of this join" % self._entities[0])
+
+        if left is right and \
+                not create_aliases:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't construct a join from %s to %s, they "
+                "are the same entity" %
+                (left, right))
+
+        l_info = inspect(left)
+        r_info = inspect(right)
+
+        overlap = False
+        if not create_aliases:
+            right_mapper = getattr(r_info, "mapper", None)
+            # if the target is a joined inheritance mapping,
+            # be more liberal about auto-aliasing.
+            if right_mapper and (
+                right_mapper.with_polymorphic or
+                isinstance(right_mapper.mapped_table, expression.Join)
+            ):
+                for from_obj in self._from_obj or [l_info.selectable]:
+                    if sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                            l_info.selectable, from_obj) and \
+                            sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                                from_obj, r_info.selectable):
+                        overlap = True
+                        break
+
+        if (overlap or not create_aliases) and \
+                l_info.selectable is r_info.selectable:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't join table/selectable '%s' to itself" %
+                l_info.selectable)
+
+        right, onclause = self._prepare_right_side(
+            r_info, right, onclause,
+            create_aliases,
+            prop, overlap)
+
+        # if joining on a MapperProperty path,
+        # track the path to prevent redundant joins
+        if not create_aliases and prop:
+            self._update_joinpoint({
+                '_joinpoint_entity': right,
+                'prev': ((left, right, prop.key), self._joinpoint)
+            })
+        else:
+            self._joinpoint = {'_joinpoint_entity': right}
+
+        self._join_to_left(l_info, left, right, onclause, outerjoin)
+
+    def _prepare_right_side(self, r_info, right, onclause, create_aliases,
+                            prop, overlap):
+        info = r_info
+
+        right_mapper, right_selectable, right_is_aliased = \
+            getattr(info, 'mapper', None), \
+            info.selectable, \
+            getattr(info, 'is_aliased_class', False)
+
+        if right_mapper:
+            self._join_entities += (info, )
+
+        if right_mapper and prop and \
+                not right_mapper.common_parent(prop.mapper):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Join target %s does not correspond to "
+                "the right side of join condition %s" % (right, onclause)
+            )
+
+        if not right_mapper and prop:
+            right_mapper = prop.mapper
+
+        need_adapter = False
+
+        if right_mapper and right is right_selectable:
+            if not right_selectable.is_derived_from(
+                    right_mapper.mapped_table):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Selectable '%s' is not derived from '%s'" %
+                    (right_selectable.description,
+                     right_mapper.mapped_table.description))
+
+            if isinstance(right_selectable, expression.SelectBase):
+                # TODO: this isn't even covered now!
+                right_selectable = right_selectable.alias()
+                need_adapter = True
+
+            right = aliased(right_mapper, right_selectable)
+
+        aliased_entity = right_mapper and \
+            not right_is_aliased and \
+            (
+                right_mapper.with_polymorphic and isinstance(
+                    right_mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable,
+                    expression.Alias)
+                or
+                overlap  # test for overlap:
+                # orm/inheritance/relationships.py
+                # SelfReferentialM2MTest
+            )
+
+        if not need_adapter and (create_aliases or aliased_entity):
+            right = aliased(right, flat=True)
+            need_adapter = True
+
+        # if an alias() of the right side was generated here,
+        # apply an adapter to all subsequent filter() calls
+        # until reset_joinpoint() is called.
+        if need_adapter:
+            self._filter_aliases = ORMAdapter(
+                right,
+                equivalents=right_mapper and
+                right_mapper._equivalent_columns or {},
+                chain_to=self._filter_aliases)
+
+        # if the onclause is a ClauseElement, adapt it with any
+        # adapters that are in place right now
+        if isinstance(onclause, expression.ClauseElement):
+            onclause = self._adapt_clause(onclause, True, True)
+
+        # if an alias() on the right side was generated,
+        # which is intended to wrap a the right side in a subquery,
+        # ensure that columns retrieved from this target in the result
+        # set are also adapted.
+        if aliased_entity and not create_aliases:
+            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                right_mapper,
+                ORMAdapter(
+                    right,
+                    equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns
+                )
+            )
+
+        return right, onclause
+
+    def _join_to_left(self, l_info, left, right, onclause, outerjoin):
+        info = l_info
+        left_mapper = getattr(info, 'mapper', None)
+        left_selectable = info.selectable
+
+        if self._from_obj:
+            replace_clause_index, clause = sql_util.find_join_source(
+                self._from_obj,
+                left_selectable)
+            if clause is not None:
+                try:
+                    clause = orm_join(clause,
+                                      right,
+                                      onclause, isouter=outerjoin)
+                except sa_exc.ArgumentError as ae:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Could not find a FROM clause to join from.  "
+                        "Tried joining to %s, but got: %s" % (right, ae))
+
+                self._from_obj = \
+                    self._from_obj[:replace_clause_index] + \
+                    (clause, ) + \
+                    self._from_obj[replace_clause_index + 1:]
+                return
+
+        if left_mapper:
+            for ent in self._entities:
+                if ent.corresponds_to(left):
+                    clause = ent.selectable
+                    break
+            else:
+                clause = left
+        else:
+            clause = left_selectable
+
+        assert clause is not None
+        try:
+            clause = orm_join(clause, right, onclause, isouter=outerjoin)
+        except sa_exc.ArgumentError as ae:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not find a FROM clause to join from.  "
+                "Tried joining to %s, but got: %s" % (right, ae))
+        self._from_obj = self._from_obj + (clause,)
+
+    def _reset_joinpoint(self):
+        self._joinpoint = self._joinpath
+        self._filter_aliases = None
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def reset_joinpoint(self):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query`, where the "join point" has
+        been reset back to the base FROM entities of the query.
+
+        This method is usually used in conjunction with the
+        ``aliased=True`` feature of the :meth:`~.Query.join`
+        method.  See the example in :meth:`~.Query.join` for how
+        this is used.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_joinpoint()
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def select_from(self, *from_obj):
+        """Set the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query` explicitly.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.select_from` is often used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`.Query.join` in order to control which entity is selected
+        from on the "left" side of the join.
+
+        The entity or selectable object here effectively replaces the
+        "left edge" of any calls to :meth:`~.Query.join`, when no
+        joinpoint is otherwise established - usually, the default "join
+        point" is the leftmost entity in the :class:`~.Query` object's
+        list of entities to be selected.
+
+        A typical example::
+
+            q = session.query(Address).select_from(User).\\
+                join(User.addresses).\\
+                filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Which produces SQL equivalent to::
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+            WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        :param \*from_obj: collection of one or more entities to apply
+         to the FROM clause.  Entities can be mapped classes,
+         :class:`.AliasedClass` objects, :class:`.Mapper` objects
+         as well as core :class:`.FromClause` elements like subqueries.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+            This method no longer applies the given FROM object
+            to be the selectable from which matching entities
+            select from; the :meth:`.select_entity_from` method
+            now accomplishes this.  See that method for a description
+            of this behavior.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.Query.join`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from`
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_select_from(from_obj, False)
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def select_entity_from(self, from_obj):
+        """Set the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query` to a
+        core selectable, applying it as a replacement FROM clause
+        for corresponding mapped entities.
+
+        This method is similar to the :meth:`.Query.select_from`
+        method, in that it sets the FROM clause of the query.  However,
+        where :meth:`.Query.select_from` only affects what is placed
+        in the FROM, this method also applies the given selectable
+        to replace the FROM which the selected entities would normally
+        select from.
+
+        The given ``from_obj`` must be an instance of a :class:`.FromClause`,
+        e.g. a :func:`.select` or :class:`.Alias` construct.
+
+        An example would be a :class:`.Query` that selects ``User`` entities,
+        but uses :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from` to have the entities
+        selected from a :func:`.select` construct instead of the
+        base ``user`` table::
+
+            select_stmt = select([User]).where(User.id == 7)
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    select_entity_from(select_stmt).\\
+                    filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        The query generated will select ``User`` entities directly
+        from the given :func:`.select` construct, and will be::
+
+            SELECT anon_1.id AS anon_1_id, anon_1.name AS anon_1_name
+            FROM (SELECT "user".id AS id, "user".name AS name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".id = :id_1) AS anon_1
+            WHERE anon_1.name = :name_1
+
+        Notice above that even the WHERE criterion was "adapted" such that
+        the ``anon_1`` subquery effectively replaces all references to the
+        ``user`` table, except for the one that it refers to internally.
+
+        Compare this to :meth:`.Query.select_from`, which as of
+        version 0.9, does not affect existing entities.  The
+        statement below::
+
+            q = session.query(User).\\
+                    select_from(select_stmt).\\
+                    filter(User.name == 'ed')
+
+        Produces SQL where both the ``user`` table as well as the
+        ``select_stmt`` construct are present as separate elements
+        in the FROM clause.  No "adaptation" of the ``user`` table
+        is applied::
+
+            SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name
+            FROM "user", (SELECT "user".id AS id, "user".name AS name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".id = :id_1) AS anon_1
+            WHERE "user".name = :name_1
+
+        :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from` maintains an older
+        behavior of :meth:`.Query.select_from`.  In modern usage,
+        similar results can also be achieved using :func:`.aliased`::
+
+            select_stmt = select([User]).where(User.id == 7)
+            user_from_select = aliased(User, select_stmt.alias())
+
+            q = session.query(user_from_select)
+
+        :param from_obj: a :class:`.FromClause` object that will replace
+         the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.select_from`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+            :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from` was added to specify
+            the specific behavior of entity replacement, however
+            the :meth:`.Query.select_from` maintains this behavior
+            as well until 0.9.
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_select_from([from_obj], True)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, slice):
+            start, stop, step = util.decode_slice(item)
+
+            if isinstance(stop, int) and \
+                    isinstance(start, int) and \
+                    stop - start <= 0:
+                return []
+
+            # perhaps we should execute a count() here so that we
+            # can still use LIMIT/OFFSET ?
+            elif (isinstance(start, int) and start < 0) \
+                    or (isinstance(stop, int) and stop < 0):
+                return list(self)[item]
+
+            res = self.slice(start, stop)
+            if step is not None:
+                return list(res)[None:None:item.step]
+            else:
+                return list(res)
+        else:
+            if item == -1:
+                return list(self)[-1]
+            else:
+                return list(self[item:item + 1])[0]
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def slice(self, start, stop):
+        """apply LIMIT/OFFSET to the ``Query`` based on a "
+        "range and return the newly resulting ``Query``."""
+
+        if start is not None and stop is not None:
+            self._offset = (self._offset or 0) + start
+            self._limit = stop - start
+        elif start is None and stop is not None:
+            self._limit = stop
+        elif start is not None and stop is None:
+            self._offset = (self._offset or 0) + start
+
+        if self._offset == 0:
+            self._offset = None
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def limit(self, limit):
+        """Apply a ``LIMIT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+
+        ``Query``.
+
+        """
+        self._limit = limit
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def offset(self, offset):
+        """Apply an ``OFFSET`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        """
+        self._offset = offset
+
+    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
+    def distinct(self, *criterion):
+        """Apply a ``DISTINCT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`.distinct` call includes logic that will automatically
+            add columns from the ORDER BY of the query to the columns
+            clause of the SELECT statement, to satisfy the common need
+            of the database backend that ORDER BY columns be part of the
+            SELECT list when DISTINCT is used.   These columns *are not*
+            added to the list of columns actually fetched by the
+            :class:`.Query`, however, so would not affect results.
+            The columns are passed through when using the
+            :attr:`.Query.statement` accessor, however.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the Postgresql dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (<expressions>>)``
+         construct.
+
+        """
+        if not criterion:
+            self._distinct = True
+        else:
+            criterion = self._adapt_col_list(criterion)
+            if isinstance(self._distinct, list):
+                self._distinct += criterion
+            else:
+                self._distinct = criterion
+
+    @_generative()
+    def prefix_with(self, *prefixes):
+        """Apply the prefixes to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        :param \*prefixes: optional prefixes, typically strings,
+         not using any commas.   In particular is useful for MySQL keywords.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            query = sess.query(User.name).\\
+                prefix_with('HIGH_PRIORITY').\\
+                prefix_with('SQL_SMALL_RESULT', 'ALL')
+
+        Would render::
+
+            SELECT HIGH_PRIORITY SQL_SMALL_RESULT ALL users.name AS users_name
+            FROM users
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.7
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.HasPrefixes.prefix_with`
+
+        """
+        if self._prefixes:
+            self._prefixes += prefixes
+        else:
+            self._prefixes = prefixes
+
+    @_generative()
+    def suffix_with(self, *suffixes):
+        """Apply the suffix to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        :param \*suffixes: optional suffixes, typically strings,
+         not using any commas.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.prefix_with`
+
+            :meth:`.HasSuffixes.suffix_with`
+
+        """
+        if self._suffixes:
+            self._suffixes += suffixes
+        else:
+            self._suffixes = suffixes
+
+    def all(self):
+        """Return the results represented by this ``Query`` as a list.
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        """
+        return list(self)
+
+    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def from_statement(self, statement):
+        """Execute the given SELECT statement and return results.
+
+        This method bypasses all internal statement compilation, and the
+        statement is executed without modification.
+
+        The statement is typically either a :func:`~.expression.text`
+        or :func:`~.expression.select` construct, and should return the set
+        of columns
+        appropriate to the entity class represented by this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_tutorial_literal_sql` - usage examples in the
+            ORM tutorial
+
+        """
+        statement = expression._expression_literal_as_text(statement)
+
+        if not isinstance(statement,
+                          (expression.TextClause,
+                           expression.SelectBase)):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "from_statement accepts text(), select(), "
+                "and union() objects only.")
+
+        self._statement = statement
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Return the first result of this ``Query`` or
+        None if the result doesn't contain any row.
+
+        first() applies a limit of one within the generated SQL, so that
+        only one primary entity row is generated on the server side
+        (note this may consist of multiple result rows if join-loaded
+        collections are present).
+
+        Calling :meth:`.Query.first` results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        """
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            ret = list(self)[0:1]
+        else:
+            ret = list(self[0:1])
+        if len(ret) > 0:
+            return ret[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def one_or_none(self):
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that returns only scalar values
+        as opposed to full identity-mapped entities.
+
+        Calling :meth:`.Query.one_or_none` results in an execution of the underlying
+        query.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.9
+
+            Added :meth:`.Query.one_or_none`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.first`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.one`
+
+
+        """
+        ret = list(self)
+
+        l = len(ret)
+        if l == 1:
+            return ret[0]
+        elif l == 0:
+            return None
+        else:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                "Multiple rows were found for one_or_none()")
+
+    def one(self):
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that returns only scalar values
+        as opposed to full identity-mapped entities.
+
+        Calling :meth:`.one` results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.first`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.one_or_none`
+
+        """
+        ret = list(self)
+
+        l = len(ret)
+        if l == 1:
+            return ret[0]
+        elif l == 0:
+            raise orm_exc.NoResultFound("No row was found for one()")
+        else:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                "Multiple rows were found for one()")
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Return the first element of the first result or None
+        if no rows present.  If multiple rows are returned,
+        raises MultipleResultsFound.
+
+          >>> session.query(Item).scalar()
+          <Item>
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).filter(Item.id < 0).scalar()
+          None
+          >>> session.query(Item.id, Item.name).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(func.count(Parent.id)).scalar()
+          20
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            ret = self.one()
+            if not isinstance(ret, tuple):
+                return ret
+            return ret[0]
+        except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+            return None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        context = self._compile_context()
+        context.statement.use_labels = True
+        if self._autoflush and not self._populate_existing:
+            self.session._autoflush()
+        return self._execute_and_instances(context)
+
+    def _connection_from_session(self, **kw):
+        conn = self.session.connection(
+            **kw)
+        if self._execution_options:
+            conn = conn.execution_options(**self._execution_options)
+        return conn
+
+    def _execute_and_instances(self, querycontext):
+        conn = self._connection_from_session(
+            mapper=self._bind_mapper(),
+            clause=querycontext.statement,
+            close_with_result=True)
+
+        result = conn.execute(querycontext.statement, self._params)
+        return loading.instances(querycontext.query, result, querycontext)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self):
+        """Return metadata about the columns which would be
+        returned by this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        Format is a list of dictionaries::
+
+            user_alias = aliased(User, name='user2')
+            q = sess.query(User, User.id, user_alias)
+
+            # this expression:
+            q.column_descriptions
+
+            # would return:
+            [
+                {
+                    'name':'User',
+                    'type':User,
+                    'aliased':False,
+                    'expr':User,
+                    'entity': User
+                },
+                {
+                    'name':'id',
+                    'type':Integer(),
+                    'aliased':False,
+                    'expr':User.id,
+                    'entity': User
+                },
+                {
+                    'name':'user2',
+                    'type':User,
+                    'aliased':True,
+                    'expr':user_alias,
+                    'entity': user_alias
+                }
+            ]
+
+        """
+
+        return [
+            {
+                'name': ent._label_name,
+                'type': ent.type,
+                'aliased': getattr(insp_ent, 'is_aliased_class', False),
+                'expr': ent.expr,
+                'entity':
+                    getattr(insp_ent, "entity", None)
+                    if ent.entity_zero is not None
+                    and not insp_ent.is_clause_element
+                    else None
+            }
+            for ent, insp_ent in [
+                (
+                    _ent,
+                    (inspect(_ent.entity_zero)
+                        if _ent.entity_zero is not None else None)
+                )
+                for _ent in self._entities
+            ]
+        ]
+
+    def instances(self, cursor, __context=None):
+        """Given a ResultProxy cursor as returned by connection.execute(),
+        return an ORM result as an iterator.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            result = engine.execute("select * from users")
+            for u in session.query(User).instances(result):
+                print u
+        """
+        context = __context
+        if context is None:
+            context = QueryContext(self)
+
+        return loading.instances(self, cursor, context)
+
+    def merge_result(self, iterator, load=True):
+        """Merge a result into this :class:`.Query` object's Session.
+
+        Given an iterator returned by a :class:`.Query` of the same structure
+        as this one, return an identical iterator of results, with all mapped
+        instances merged into the session using :meth:`.Session.merge`. This
+        is an optimized method which will merge all mapped instances,
+        preserving the structure of the result rows and unmapped columns with
+        less method overhead than that of calling :meth:`.Session.merge`
+        explicitly for each value.
+
+        The structure of the results is determined based on the column list of
+        this :class:`.Query` - if these do not correspond, unchecked errors
+        will occur.
+
+        The 'load' argument is the same as that of :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        For an example of how :meth:`~.Query.merge_result` is used, see
+        the source code for the example :ref:`examples_caching`, where
+        :meth:`~.Query.merge_result` is used to efficiently restore state
+        from a cache back into a target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return loading.merge_result(self, iterator, load)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_args(self):
+        return {
+            'limit': self._limit,
+            'offset': self._offset,
+            'distinct': self._distinct,
+            'prefixes': self._prefixes,
+            'suffixes': self._suffixes,
+            'group_by': self._group_by or None,
+            'having': self._having
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def _should_nest_selectable(self):
+        kwargs = self._select_args
+        return (kwargs.get('limit') is not None or
+                kwargs.get('offset') is not None or
+                kwargs.get('distinct', False))
+
+    def exists(self):
+        """A convenience method that turns a query into an EXISTS subquery
+        of the form EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ... WHERE ...).
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name == 'fred')
+            session.query(q.exists())
+
+        Producing SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE users.name = :name_1
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        The EXISTS construct is usually used in the WHERE clause::
+
+            session.query(User.id).filter(q.exists()).scalar()
+
+        Note that some databases such as SQL Server don't allow an
+        EXISTS expression to be present in the columns clause of a
+        SELECT.    To select a simple boolean value based on the exists
+        as a WHERE, use :func:`.literal`::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import literal
+
+            session.query(literal(True)).filter(q.exists()).scalar()
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.1
+
+        """
+
+        # .add_columns() for the case that we are a query().select_from(X),
+        # so that ".statement" can be produced (#2995) but also without
+        # omitting the FROM clause from a query(X) (#2818);
+        # .with_only_columns() after we have a core select() so that
+        # we get just "SELECT 1" without any entities.
+        return sql.exists(self.add_columns('1').with_labels().
+                          statement.with_only_columns([1]))
+
+    def count(self):
+        """Return a count of rows this Query would return.
+
+        This generates the SQL for this Query as follows::
+
+            SELECT count(1) AS count_1 FROM (
+                SELECT <rest of query follows...>
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+            The above scheme is newly refined as of 0.7b3.
+
+        For fine grained control over specific columns
+        to count, to skip the usage of a subquery or
+        otherwise control of the FROM clause,
+        or to use other aggregate functions,
+        use :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`
+        expressions in conjunction
+        with :meth:`~.Session.query`, i.e.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import func
+
+            # count User records, without
+            # using a subquery.
+            session.query(func.count(User.id))
+
+            # return count of user "id" grouped
+            # by "name"
+            session.query(func.count(User.id)).\\
+                    group_by(User.name)
+
+            from sqlalchemy import distinct
+
+            # count distinct "name" values
+            session.query(func.count(distinct(User.name)))
+
+        """
+        col = sql.func.count(sql.literal_column('*'))
+        return self.from_self(col).scalar()
+
+    def delete(self, synchronize_session='evaluate'):
+        """Perform a bulk delete query.
+
+        Deletes rows matched by this query from the database.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\\
+                delete(synchronize_session=False)
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\\
+                delete(synchronize_session='evaluate')
+
+        .. warning:: The :meth:`.Query.delete` method is a "bulk" operation,
+           which bypasses ORM unit-of-work automation in favor of greater
+           performance.  **Please read all caveats and warnings below.**
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy for the removal of
+            matched objects from the session. Valid values are:
+
+            ``False`` - don't synchronize the session. This option is the most
+            efficient and is reliable once the session is expired, which
+            typically occurs after a commit(), or explicitly using
+            expire_all(). Before the expiration, objects may still remain in
+            the session which were in fact deleted which can lead to confusing
+            results if they are accessed via get() or already loaded
+            collections.
+
+            ``'fetch'`` - performs a select query before the delete to find
+            objects that are matched by the delete query and need to be
+            removed from the session. Matched objects are removed from the
+            session.
+
+            ``'evaluate'`` - Evaluate the query's criteria in Python straight
+            on the objects in the session. If evaluation of the criteria isn't
+            implemented, an error is raised.
+
+            The expression evaluator currently doesn't account for differing
+            string collations between the database and Python.
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+          "row count" feature.
+
+        .. warning:: **Additional Caveats for bulk query deletes**
+
+            * The method does **not** offer in-Python cascading of
+              relationships - it is assumed that ON DELETE CASCADE/SET
+              NULL/etc. is configured for any foreign key references
+              which require it, otherwise the database may emit an
+              integrity violation if foreign key references are being
+              enforced.
+
+              After the DELETE, dependent objects in the
+              :class:`.Session` which were impacted by an ON DELETE
+              may not contain the current state, or may have been
+              deleted. This issue is resolved once the
+              :class:`.Session` is expired, which normally occurs upon
+              :meth:`.Session.commit` or can be forced by using
+              :meth:`.Session.expire_all`.  Accessing an expired
+              object whose row has been deleted will invoke a SELECT
+              to locate the row; when the row is not found, an
+              :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is
+              raised.
+
+            * The ``'fetch'`` strategy results in an additional
+              SELECT statement emitted and will significantly reduce
+              performance.
+
+            * The ``'evaluate'`` strategy performs a scan of
+              all matching objects within the :class:`.Session`; if the
+              contents of the :class:`.Session` are expired, such as
+              via a proceeding :meth:`.Session.commit` call, **this will
+              result in SELECT queries emitted for every matching object**.
+
+            * The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_delete` and
+              :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_delete`
+              events **are not invoked** from this method.  Instead, the
+              :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_delete` method is provided to
+              act upon a mass DELETE of entity rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.update`
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - Core SQL tutorial
+
+        """
+        # TODO: cascades need handling.
+
+        delete_op = persistence.BulkDelete.factory(
+            self, synchronize_session)
+        delete_op.exec_()
+        return delete_op.rowcount
+
+    def update(self, values, synchronize_session='evaluate', update_args=None):
+        """Perform a bulk update query.
+
+        Updates rows matched by this query in the database.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\\
+                update({User.age: User.age - 10}, synchronize_session=False)
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).\\
+                update({"age": User.age - 10}, synchronize_session='evaluate')
+
+
+        .. warning:: The :meth:`.Query.update` method is a "bulk" operation,
+           which bypasses ORM unit-of-work automation in favor of greater
+           performance.  **Please read all caveats and warnings below.**
+
+
+        :param values: a dictionary with attributes names, or alternatively
+         mapped attributes or SQL expressions, as keys, and literal
+         values or sql expressions as values.   If :ref:`parameter-ordered
+         mode <updates_order_parameters>` is desired, the values can be
+         passed as a list of 2-tuples;
+         this requires that the :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+         flag is passed to the :paramref:`.Query.update.update_args` dictionary
+         as well.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - string names in the values dictionary
+             are now resolved against the mapped entity; previously, these
+             strings were passed as literal column names with no mapper-level
+             translation.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy to update the
+         attributes on objects in the session. Valid values are:
+
+            ``False`` - don't synchronize the session. This option is the most
+            efficient and is reliable once the session is expired, which
+            typically occurs after a commit(), or explicitly using
+            expire_all(). Before the expiration, updated objects may still
+            remain in the session with stale values on their attributes, which
+            can lead to confusing results.
+
+            ``'fetch'`` - performs a select query before the update to find
+            objects that are matched by the update query. The updated
+            attributes are expired on matched objects.
+
+            ``'evaluate'`` - Evaluate the Query's criteria in Python straight
+            on the objects in the session. If evaluation of the criteria isn't
+            implemented, an exception is raised.
+
+            The expression evaluator currently doesn't account for differing
+            string collations between the database and Python.
+
+        :param update_args: Optional dictionary, if present will be passed
+         to the underlying :func:`.update` construct as the ``**kw`` for
+         the object.  May be used to pass dialect-specific arguments such
+         as ``mysql_limit``, as well as other special arguments such as
+         :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+         "row count" feature.
+
+        .. warning:: **Additional Caveats for bulk query updates**
+
+            * The method does **not** offer in-Python cascading of
+              relationships - it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is
+              configured for any foreign key references which require
+              it, otherwise the database may emit an integrity
+              violation if foreign key references are being enforced.
+
+              After the UPDATE, dependent objects in the
+              :class:`.Session` which were impacted by an ON UPDATE
+              CASCADE may not contain the current state; this issue is
+              resolved once the :class:`.Session` is expired, which
+              normally occurs upon :meth:`.Session.commit` or can be
+              forced by using :meth:`.Session.expire_all`.
+
+            * The ``'fetch'`` strategy results in an additional
+              SELECT statement emitted and will significantly reduce
+              performance.
+
+            * The ``'evaluate'`` strategy performs a scan of
+              all matching objects within the :class:`.Session`; if the
+              contents of the :class:`.Session` are expired, such as
+              via a proceeding :meth:`.Session.commit` call, **this will
+              result in SELECT queries emitted for every matching object**.
+
+            * The method supports multiple table updates, as detailed
+              in :ref:`multi_table_updates`, and this behavior does
+              extend to support updates of joined-inheritance and
+              other multiple table mappings.  However, the **join
+              condition of an inheritance mapper is not
+              automatically rendered**. Care must be taken in any
+              multiple-table update to explicitly include the joining
+              condition between those tables, even in mappings where
+              this is normally automatic. E.g. if a class ``Engineer``
+              subclasses ``Employee``, an UPDATE of the ``Engineer``
+              local table using criteria against the ``Employee``
+              local table might look like::
+
+                    session.query(Engineer).\\
+                        filter(Engineer.id == Employee.id).\\
+                        filter(Employee.name == 'dilbert').\\
+                        update({"engineer_type": "programmer"})
+
+            * The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_update` and
+              :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_update`
+              events **are not invoked from this method**.  Instead, the
+              :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_update` method is provided to
+              act upon a mass UPDATE of entity rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.delete`
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - Core SQL tutorial
+
+        """
+
+        update_args = update_args or {}
+        update_op = persistence.BulkUpdate.factory(
+            self, synchronize_session, values, update_args)
+        update_op.exec_()
+        return update_op.rowcount
+
+    def _compile_context(self, labels=True):
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile:
+                new_query = fn(self)
+                if new_query is not None:
+                    self = new_query
+
+        context = QueryContext(self)
+
+        if context.statement is not None:
+            return context
+
+        context.labels = labels
+
+        context._for_update_arg = self._for_update_arg
+
+        for entity in self._entities:
+            entity.setup_context(self, context)
+
+        for rec in context.create_eager_joins:
+            strategy = rec[0]
+            strategy(*rec[1:])
+
+        if context.from_clause:
+            # "load from explicit FROMs" mode,
+            # i.e. when select_from() or join() is used
+            context.froms = list(context.from_clause)
+        # else "load from discrete FROMs" mode,
+        # i.e. when each _MappedEntity has its own FROM
+
+        if self._enable_single_crit:
+            self._adjust_for_single_inheritance(context)
+
+        if not context.primary_columns:
+            if self._only_load_props:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "No column-based properties specified for "
+                    "refresh operation. Use session.expire() "
+                    "to reload collections and related items.")
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Query contains no columns with which to "
+                    "SELECT from.")
+
+        if context.multi_row_eager_loaders and self._should_nest_selectable:
+            context.statement = self._compound_eager_statement(context)
+        else:
+            context.statement = self._simple_statement(context)
+
+        return context
+
+    def _compound_eager_statement(self, context):
+        # for eager joins present and LIMIT/OFFSET/DISTINCT,
+        # wrap the query inside a select,
+        # then append eager joins onto that
+
+        if context.order_by:
+            order_by_col_expr = list(
+                chain(*[
+                    sql_util.unwrap_order_by(o)
+                    for o in context.order_by
+                ])
+            )
+        else:
+            context.order_by = None
+            order_by_col_expr = []
+
+        inner = sql.select(
+            context.primary_columns + order_by_col_expr,
+            context.whereclause,
+            from_obj=context.froms,
+            use_labels=context.labels,
+            # TODO: this order_by is only needed if
+            # LIMIT/OFFSET is present in self._select_args,
+            # else the application on the outside is enough
+            order_by=context.order_by,
+            **self._select_args
+        )
+
+        for hint in self._with_hints:
+            inner = inner.with_hint(*hint)
+
+        if self._correlate:
+            inner = inner.correlate(*self._correlate)
+
+        inner = inner.alias()
+
+        equivs = self.__all_equivs()
+
+        context.adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(inner, equivs)
+
+        statement = sql.select(
+            [inner] + context.secondary_columns,
+            use_labels=context.labels)
+
+        statement._for_update_arg = context._for_update_arg
+
+        from_clause = inner
+        for eager_join in context.eager_joins.values():
+            # EagerLoader places a 'stop_on' attribute on the join,
+            # giving us a marker as to where the "splice point" of
+            # the join should be
+            from_clause = sql_util.splice_joins(
+                from_clause,
+                eager_join, eager_join.stop_on)
+
+        statement.append_from(from_clause)
+
+        if context.order_by:
+            statement.append_order_by(
+                *context.adapter.copy_and_process(
+                    context.order_by
+                )
+            )
+
+        statement.append_order_by(*context.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _simple_statement(self, context):
+        if not context.order_by:
+            context.order_by = None
+
+        if self._distinct and context.order_by:
+            order_by_col_expr = list(
+                chain(*[
+                    sql_util.unwrap_order_by(o)
+                    for o in context.order_by
+                ])
+            )
+            context.primary_columns += order_by_col_expr
+
+        context.froms += tuple(context.eager_joins.values())
+
+        statement = sql.select(
+            context.primary_columns +
+            context.secondary_columns,
+            context.whereclause,
+            from_obj=context.froms,
+            use_labels=context.labels,
+            order_by=context.order_by,
+            **self._select_args
+        )
+        statement._for_update_arg = context._for_update_arg
+
+        for hint in self._with_hints:
+            statement = statement.with_hint(*hint)
+
+        if self._correlate:
+            statement = statement.correlate(*self._correlate)
+
+        if context.eager_order_by:
+            statement.append_order_by(*context.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _adjust_for_single_inheritance(self, context):
+        """Apply single-table-inheritance filtering.
+
+        For all distinct single-table-inheritance mappers represented in
+        the columns clause of this query, add criterion to the WHERE
+        clause of the given QueryContext such that only the appropriate
+        subtypes are selected from the total results.
+
+        """
+
+        for (ext_info, adapter) in set(self._mapper_adapter_map.values()):
+            if ext_info in self._join_entities:
+                continue
+            single_crit = ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                if adapter:
+                    single_crit = adapter.traverse(single_crit)
+                single_crit = self._adapt_clause(single_crit, False, False)
+                context.whereclause = sql.and_(
+                    sql.True_._ifnone(context.whereclause),
+                    single_crit)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._compile_context().statement)
+
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+
+
+class LockmodeArg(ForUpdateArg):
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_legacy_query(self, mode):
+        if mode in (None, False):
+            return None
+
+        if mode == "read":
+            read = True
+            nowait = False
+        elif mode == "update":
+            read = nowait = False
+        elif mode == "update_nowait":
+            nowait = True
+            read = False
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Unknown with_lockmode argument: %r" % mode)
+
+        return LockmodeArg(read=read, nowait=nowait)
+
+
+class _QueryEntity(object):
+    """represent an entity column returned within a Query result."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        if cls is _QueryEntity:
+            entity = args[1]
+            if not isinstance(entity, util.string_types) and \
+                    _is_mapped_class(entity):
+                cls = _MapperEntity
+            elif isinstance(entity, Bundle):
+                cls = _BundleEntity
+            else:
+                cls = _ColumnEntity
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        q = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        q.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return q
+
+
+class _MapperEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    """mapper/class/AliasedClass entity"""
+
+    def __init__(self, query, entity):
+        if not query._primary_entity:
+            query._primary_entity = self
+        query._entities.append(self)
+
+        self.entities = [entity]
+        self.expr = entity
+
+    supports_single_entity = True
+
+    def setup_entity(self, ext_info, aliased_adapter):
+        self.mapper = ext_info.mapper
+        self.aliased_adapter = aliased_adapter
+        self.selectable = ext_info.selectable
+        self.is_aliased_class = ext_info.is_aliased_class
+        self._with_polymorphic = ext_info.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        self._polymorphic_discriminator = \
+            ext_info.polymorphic_on
+        self.entity_zero = ext_info
+        if ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+            self._label_name = self.entity_zero.name
+        else:
+            self._label_name = self.mapper.class_.__name__
+        self.path = self.entity_zero._path_registry
+
+    def set_with_polymorphic(self, query, cls_or_mappers,
+                             selectable, polymorphic_on):
+        """Receive an update from a call to query.with_polymorphic().
+
+        Note the newer style of using a free standing with_polymporphic()
+        construct doesn't make use of this method.
+
+
+        """
+        if self.is_aliased_class:
+            # TODO: invalidrequest ?
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't use with_polymorphic() against "
+                "an Aliased object"
+            )
+
+        if cls_or_mappers is None:
+            query._reset_polymorphic_adapter(self.mapper)
+            return
+
+        mappers, from_obj = self.mapper._with_polymorphic_args(
+            cls_or_mappers, selectable)
+        self._with_polymorphic = mappers
+        self._polymorphic_discriminator = polymorphic_on
+
+        self.selectable = from_obj
+        query._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+            self.mapper, sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                from_obj, self.mapper._equivalent_columns))
+
+    filter_fn = id
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        return self.entity_zero
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        if entity.is_aliased_class:
+            if self.is_aliased_class:
+                if entity._base_alias is self.entity_zero._base_alias:
+                    return True
+            return False
+        elif self.is_aliased_class:
+            if self.entity_zero._use_mapper_path:
+                return entity in self._with_polymorphic
+            else:
+                return entity is self.entity_zero
+
+        return entity.common_parent(self.entity_zero)
+
+    def adapt_to_selectable(self, query, sel):
+        query._entities.append(self)
+
+    def _get_entity_clauses(self, query, context):
+
+        adapter = None
+
+        if not self.is_aliased_class:
+            if query._polymorphic_adapters:
+                adapter = query._polymorphic_adapters.get(self.mapper, None)
+        else:
+            adapter = self.aliased_adapter
+
+        if adapter:
+            if query._from_obj_alias:
+                ret = adapter.wrap(query._from_obj_alias)
+            else:
+                ret = adapter
+        else:
+            ret = query._from_obj_alias
+
+        return ret
+
+    def row_processor(self, query, context, result):
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(query, context)
+
+        if context.adapter and adapter:
+            adapter = adapter.wrap(context.adapter)
+        elif not adapter:
+            adapter = context.adapter
+
+        # polymorphic mappers which have concrete tables in
+        # their hierarchy usually
+        # require row aliasing unconditionally.
+        if not adapter and self.mapper._requires_row_aliasing:
+            adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                self.selectable,
+                self.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+
+        if query._primary_entity is self:
+            only_load_props = query._only_load_props
+            refresh_state = context.refresh_state
+        else:
+            only_load_props = refresh_state = None
+
+        _instance = loading._instance_processor(
+            self.mapper,
+            context,
+            result,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            only_load_props=only_load_props,
+            refresh_state=refresh_state,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator
+        )
+
+        return _instance, self._label_name
+
+    def setup_context(self, query, context):
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(query, context)
+
+        # if self._adapted_selectable is None:
+        context.froms += (self.selectable,)
+
+        if context.order_by is False and self.mapper.order_by:
+            context.order_by = self.mapper.order_by
+
+            # apply adaptation to the mapper's order_by if needed.
+            if adapter:
+                context.order_by = adapter.adapt_list(
+                    util.to_list(
+                        context.order_by
+                    )
+                )
+
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            context, self.mapper, self,
+            self.path, adapter, context.primary_columns,
+            with_polymorphic=self._with_polymorphic,
+            only_load_props=query._only_load_props,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.mapper)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Bundle(InspectionAttr):
+    """A grouping of SQL expressions that are returned by a :class:`.Query`
+    under one namespace.
+
+    The :class:`.Bundle` essentially allows nesting of the tuple-based
+    results returned by a column-oriented :class:`.Query` object.  It also
+    is extensible via simple subclassing, where the primary capability
+    to override is that of how the set of expressions should be returned,
+    allowing post-processing as well as custom return types, without
+    involving ORM identity-mapped classes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`bundles`
+
+    """
+
+    single_entity = False
+    """If True, queries for a single Bundle will be returned as a single
+    entity, rather than an element within a keyed tuple."""
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+
+    is_mapper = False
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *exprs, **kw):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            for row in session.query(bn).filter(
+                    bn.c.x == 5).filter(bn.c.y == 4):
+                print(row.mybundle.x, row.mybundle.y)
+
+        :param name: name of the bundle.
+        :param \*exprs: columns or SQL expressions comprising the bundle.
+        :param single_entity=False: if True, rows for this :class:`.Bundle`
+         can be returned as a "single entity" outside of any enclosing tuple
+         in the same manner as a mapped entity.
+
+        """
+        self.name = self._label = name
+        self.exprs = exprs
+        self.c = self.columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.columns.update((getattr(col, "key", col._label), col)
+                            for col in exprs)
+        self.single_entity = kw.pop('single_entity', self.single_entity)
+
+    columns = None
+    """A namespace of SQL expressions referred to by this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            q = sess.query(bn).filter(bn.c.x == 5)
+
+        Nesting of bundles is also supported::
+
+            b1 = Bundle("b1",
+                    Bundle('b2', MyClass.a, MyClass.b),
+                    Bundle('b3', MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+                )
+
+            q = sess.query(b1).filter(
+                b1.c.b2.c.a == 5).filter(b1.c.b3.c.y == 9)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.Bundle.c`
+
+    """
+
+    c = None
+    """An alias for :attr:`.Bundle.columns`."""
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        cloned = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cloned.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return cloned
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        return expression.ClauseList(group=False, *self.c)
+
+    @property
+    def clauses(self):
+        return self.__clause_element__().clauses
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Provide a copy of this :class:`.Bundle` passing a new label."""
+
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.name = name
+        return cloned
+
+    def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
+        """Produce the "row processing" function for this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        May be overridden by subclasses.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`bundles` - includes an example of subclassing.
+
+        """
+        keyed_tuple = util.lightweight_named_tuple('result', labels)
+
+        def proc(row):
+            return keyed_tuple([proc(row) for proc in procs])
+        return proc
+
+
+class _BundleEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    def __init__(self, query, bundle, setup_entities=True):
+        query._entities.append(self)
+        self.bundle = self.expr = bundle
+        self.type = type(bundle)
+        self._label_name = bundle.name
+        self._entities = []
+
+        if setup_entities:
+            for expr in bundle.exprs:
+                if isinstance(expr, Bundle):
+                    _BundleEntity(self, expr)
+                else:
+                    _ColumnEntity(self, expr, namespace=self)
+
+        self.entities = ()
+
+        self.filter_fn = lambda item: item
+
+        self.supports_single_entity = self.bundle.single_entity
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        # TODO: this seems to have no effect for
+        # _ColumnEntity either
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero_or_selectable
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def adapt_to_selectable(self, query, sel):
+        c = _BundleEntity(query, self.bundle, setup_entities=False)
+        # c._label_name = self._label_name
+        # c.entity_zero = self.entity_zero
+        # c.entities = self.entities
+
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.adapt_to_selectable(c, sel)
+
+    def setup_entity(self, ext_info, aliased_adapter):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.setup_entity(ext_info, aliased_adapter)
+
+    def setup_context(self, query, context):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.setup_context(query, context)
+
+    def row_processor(self, query, context, result):
+        procs, labels = zip(
+            *[ent.row_processor(query, context, result)
+              for ent in self._entities]
+        )
+
+        proc = self.bundle.create_row_processor(query, procs, labels)
+
+        return proc, self._label_name
+
+
+class _ColumnEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    """Column/expression based entity."""
+
+    def __init__(self, query, column, namespace=None):
+        self.expr = column
+        self.namespace = namespace
+        search_entities = True
+        check_column = False
+
+        if isinstance(column, util.string_types):
+            column = sql.literal_column(column)
+            self._label_name = column.name
+            search_entities = False
+            check_column = True
+            _entity = None
+        elif isinstance(column, (
+            attributes.QueryableAttribute,
+            interfaces.PropComparator
+        )):
+            _entity = getattr(column, '_parententity', None)
+            if _entity is not None:
+                search_entities = False
+            self._label_name = column.key
+            column = column._query_clause_element()
+            check_column = True
+            if isinstance(column, Bundle):
+                _BundleEntity(query, column)
+                return
+
+        if not isinstance(column, sql.ColumnElement):
+            if hasattr(column, '_select_iterable'):
+                # break out an object like Table into
+                # individual columns
+                for c in column._select_iterable:
+                    if c is column:
+                        break
+                    _ColumnEntity(query, c, namespace=column)
+                else:
+                    return
+
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "SQL expression, column, or mapped entity "
+                "expected - got '%r'" % (column, )
+            )
+        elif not check_column:
+            self._label_name = getattr(column, 'key', None)
+            search_entities = True
+
+        self.type = type_ = column.type
+        if type_.hashable:
+            self.filter_fn = lambda item: item
+        else:
+            counter = util.counter()
+            self.filter_fn = lambda item: counter()
+
+        # If the Column is unnamed, give it a
+        # label() so that mutable column expressions
+        # can be located in the result even
+        # if the expression's identity has been changed
+        # due to adaption.
+
+        if not column._label and not getattr(column, 'is_literal', False):
+            column = column.label(self._label_name)
+
+        query._entities.append(self)
+
+        self.column = column
+        self.froms = set()
+
+        # look for ORM entities represented within the
+        # given expression.  Try to count only entities
+        # for columns whose FROM object is in the actual list
+        # of FROMs for the overall expression - this helps
+        # subqueries which were built from ORM constructs from
+        # leaking out their entities into the main select construct
+        self.actual_froms = actual_froms = set(column._from_objects)
+
+        if not search_entities:
+            self.entity_zero = _entity
+            if _entity:
+                self.entities = [_entity]
+            else:
+                self.entities = []
+            self._from_entities = set(self.entities)
+        else:
+            all_elements = [
+                elem for elem in visitors.iterate(column, {})
+                if 'parententity' in elem._annotations
+            ]
+
+            self.entities = util.unique_list([
+                elem._annotations['parententity']
+                for elem in all_elements
+                if 'parententity' in elem._annotations
+            ])
+
+            self._from_entities = set([
+                elem._annotations['parententity']
+                for elem in all_elements
+                if 'parententity' in elem._annotations
+                and actual_froms.intersection(elem._from_objects)
+            ])
+            if self.entities:
+                self.entity_zero = self.entities[0]
+            elif self.namespace is not None:
+                self.entity_zero = self.namespace
+            else:
+                self.entity_zero = None
+
+    supports_single_entity = False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        if self.entity_zero is not None:
+            return self.entity_zero
+        elif self.actual_froms:
+            return list(self.actual_froms)[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def adapt_to_selectable(self, query, sel):
+        c = _ColumnEntity(query, sel.corresponding_column(self.column))
+        c._label_name = self._label_name
+        c.entity_zero = self.entity_zero
+        c.entities = self.entities
+
+    def setup_entity(self, ext_info, aliased_adapter):
+        if 'selectable' not in self.__dict__:
+            self.selectable = ext_info.selectable
+
+        if self.actual_froms.intersection(ext_info.selectable._from_objects):
+            self.froms.add(ext_info.selectable)
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        # TODO: just returning False here,
+        # no tests fail
+        if self.entity_zero is None:
+            return False
+        elif _is_aliased_class(entity):
+            # TODO: polymorphic subclasses ?
+            return entity is self.entity_zero
+        else:
+            return not _is_aliased_class(self.entity_zero) and \
+                entity.common_parent(self.entity_zero)
+
+    def row_processor(self, query, context, result):
+        if ('fetch_column', self) in context.attributes:
+            column = context.attributes[('fetch_column', self)]
+        else:
+            column = query._adapt_clause(self.column, False, True)
+
+        if context.adapter:
+            column = context.adapter.columns[column]
+
+        getter = result._getter(column)
+        return getter, self._label_name
+
+    def setup_context(self, query, context):
+        column = query._adapt_clause(self.column, False, True)
+        context.froms += tuple(self.froms)
+        context.primary_columns.append(column)
+
+        context.attributes[('fetch_column', self)] = column
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.column)
+
+
+class QueryContext(object):
+    __slots__ = (
+        'multi_row_eager_loaders', 'adapter', 'froms', 'for_update',
+        'query', 'session', 'autoflush', 'populate_existing',
+        'invoke_all_eagers', 'version_check', 'refresh_state',
+        'primary_columns', 'secondary_columns', 'eager_order_by',
+        'eager_joins', 'create_eager_joins', 'propagate_options',
+        'attributes', 'statement', 'from_clause', 'whereclause',
+        'order_by', 'labels', '_for_update_arg', 'runid', 'partials'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, query):
+
+        if query._statement is not None:
+            if isinstance(query._statement, expression.SelectBase) and \
+                    not query._statement._textual and \
+                    not query._statement.use_labels:
+                self.statement = query._statement.apply_labels()
+            else:
+                self.statement = query._statement
+        else:
+            self.statement = None
+            self.from_clause = query._from_obj
+            self.whereclause = query._criterion
+            self.order_by = query._order_by
+
+        self.multi_row_eager_loaders = False
+        self.adapter = None
+        self.froms = ()
+        self.for_update = None
+        self.query = query
+        self.session = query.session
+        self.autoflush = query._autoflush
+        self.populate_existing = query._populate_existing
+        self.invoke_all_eagers = query._invoke_all_eagers
+        self.version_check = query._version_check
+        self.refresh_state = query._refresh_state
+        self.primary_columns = []
+        self.secondary_columns = []
+        self.eager_order_by = []
+        self.eager_joins = {}
+        self.create_eager_joins = []
+        self.propagate_options = set(o for o in query._with_options if
+                                     o.propagate_to_loaders)
+        self.attributes = query._attributes.copy()
+
+
+class AliasOption(interfaces.MapperOption):
+
+    def __init__(self, alias):
+        """Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the :class:`.Query`
+        that the main table has been aliased.
+
+        This is a seldom-used option to suit the
+        very rare case that :func:`.contains_eager`
+        is being used in conjunction with a user-defined SELECT
+        statement that aliases the parent table.  E.g.::
+
+            # define an aliased UNION called 'ulist'
+            ulist = users.select(users.c.user_id==7).\\
+                            union(users.select(users.c.user_id>7)).\\
+                            alias('ulist')
+
+            # add on an eager load of "addresses"
+            statement = ulist.outerjoin(addresses).\\
+                            select().apply_labels()
+
+            # create query, indicating "ulist" will be an
+            # alias for the main table, "addresses"
+            # property should be eager loaded
+            query = session.query(User).options(
+                                    contains_alias(ulist),
+                                    contains_eager(User.addresses))
+
+            # then get results via the statement
+            results = query.from_statement(statement).all()
+
+        :param alias: is the string name of an alias, or a
+         :class:`~.sql.expression.Alias` object representing
+         the alias.
+
+        """
+        self.alias = alias
+
+    def process_query(self, query):
+        if isinstance(self.alias, util.string_types):
+            alias = query._mapper_zero().mapped_table.alias(self.alias)
+        else:
+            alias = self.alias
+        query._from_obj_alias = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(alias)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c58dd98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2861 @@
+# orm/relationships.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Heuristics related to join conditions as used in
+:func:`.relationship`.
+
+Provides the :class:`.JoinCondition` object, which encapsulates
+SQL annotation and aliasing behavior focused on the `primaryjoin`
+and `secondaryjoin` aspects of :func:`.relationship`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from .. import sql, util, exc as sa_exc, schema, log
+
+import weakref
+from .util import CascadeOptions, _orm_annotate, _orm_deannotate
+from . import dependency
+from . import attributes
+from ..sql.util import (
+    ClauseAdapter,
+    join_condition, _shallow_annotate, visit_binary_product,
+    _deep_deannotate, selectables_overlap, adapt_criterion_to_null
+)
+from ..sql import operators, expression, visitors
+from .interfaces import (MANYTOMANY, MANYTOONE, ONETOMANY,
+                         StrategizedProperty, PropComparator)
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from . import mapper as mapperlib
+import collections
+
+
+def remote(expr):
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'remote' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.foreign`
+
+    """
+    return _annotate_columns(expression._clause_element_as_expr(expr),
+                             {"remote": True})
+
+
+def foreign(expr):
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'foreign' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.remote`
+
+    """
+
+    return _annotate_columns(expression._clause_element_as_expr(expr),
+                             {"foreign": True})
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@util.langhelpers.dependency_for("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+class RelationshipProperty(StrategizedProperty):
+    """Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
+    of items that correspond to a related database table.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`.orm.relationship` function.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = 'relationship'
+
+    _dependency_processor = None
+
+    def __init__(self, argument,
+                 secondary=None, primaryjoin=None,
+                 secondaryjoin=None,
+                 foreign_keys=None,
+                 uselist=None,
+                 order_by=False,
+                 backref=None,
+                 back_populates=None,
+                 post_update=False,
+                 cascade=False, extension=None,
+                 viewonly=False, lazy=True,
+                 collection_class=None, passive_deletes=False,
+                 passive_updates=True, remote_side=None,
+                 enable_typechecks=True, join_depth=None,
+                 comparator_factory=None,
+                 single_parent=False, innerjoin=False,
+                 distinct_target_key=None,
+                 doc=None,
+                 active_history=False,
+                 cascade_backrefs=True,
+                 load_on_pending=False,
+                 bake_queries=True,
+                 strategy_class=None, _local_remote_pairs=None,
+                 query_class=None,
+                 info=None):
+        """Provide a relationship between two mapped classes.
+
+        This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship.
+        The constructed class is an instance of
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        A typical :func:`.relationship`, used in a classical mapping::
+
+           mapper(Parent, properties={
+             'children': relationship(Child)
+           })
+
+        Some arguments accepted by :func:`.relationship` optionally accept a
+        callable function, which when called produces the desired value.
+        The callable is invoked by the parent :class:`.Mapper` at "mapper
+        initialization" time, which happens only when mappers are first used,
+        and is assumed to be after all mappings have been constructed.  This
+        can be used to resolve order-of-declaration and other dependency
+        issues, such as if ``Child`` is declared below ``Parent`` in the same
+        file::
+
+            mapper(Parent, properties={
+                "children":relationship(lambda: Child,
+                                    order_by=lambda: Child.id)
+            })
+
+        When using the :ref:`declarative_toplevel` extension, the Declarative
+        initializer allows string arguments to be passed to
+        :func:`.relationship`.  These string arguments are converted into
+        callables that evaluate the string as Python code, using the
+        Declarative class-registry as a namespace.  This allows the lookup of
+        related classes to be automatic via their string name, and removes the
+        need to import related classes at all into the local module space::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            class Parent(Base):
+                __tablename__ = 'parent'
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                children = relationship("Child", order_by="Child.id")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel` - Full introductory and
+          reference documentation for :func:`.relationship`.
+
+          :ref:`orm_tutorial_relationship` - ORM tutorial introduction.
+
+        :param argument:
+          a mapped class, or actual :class:`.Mapper` instance, representing
+          the target of the relationship.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.argument` may also be passed as a callable
+          function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
+          be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`declarative_configuring_relationships` - further detail
+            on relationship configuration when using Declarative.
+
+        :param secondary:
+          for a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
+          table, and is typically an instance of :class:`.Table`.
+          In less common circumstances, the argument may also be specified
+          as an :class:`.Alias` construct, or even a :class:`.Join` construct.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` may
+          also be passed as a callable function which is evaluated at
+          mapper initialization time.  When using Declarative, it may also
+          be a string argument noting the name of a :class:`.Table` that is
+          present in the :class:`.MetaData` collection associated with the
+          parent-mapped :class:`.Table`.
+
+          The :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` keyword argument is
+          typically applied in the case where the intermediary :class:`.Table`
+          is not otherwise expressed in any direct class mapping. If the
+          "secondary" table is also explicitly mapped elsewhere (e.g. as in
+          :ref:`association_pattern`), one should consider applying the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` flag so that this
+          :func:`.relationship` is not used for persistence operations which
+          may conflict with those of the association object pattern.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationships_many_to_many` - Reference example of "many
+              to many".
+
+              :ref:`orm_tutorial_many_to_many` - ORM tutorial introduction to
+              many-to-many relationships.
+
+              :ref:`self_referential_many_to_many` - Specifics on using
+              many-to-many in a self-referential case.
+
+              :ref:`declarative_many_to_many` - Additional options when using
+              Declarative.
+
+              :ref:`association_pattern` - an alternative to
+              :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` when composing association
+              table relationships, allowing additional attributes to be
+              specified on the association table.
+
+              :ref:`composite_secondary_join` - a lesser-used pattern which
+              in some cases can enable complex :func:`.relationship` SQL
+              conditions to be used.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 :paramref:`~.relationship.secondary` works
+             more effectively when referring to a :class:`.Join` instance.
+
+        :param active_history=False:
+          When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+          many-to-one reference should be loaded when replaced, if
+          not already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+          simple many-to-ones only needs to be aware of the "new"
+          value in order to perform a flush. This flag is available
+          for applications that make use of
+          :func:`.attributes.get_history` which also need to know
+          the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+        :param backref:
+          indicates the string name of a property to be placed on the related
+          mapper's class that will handle this relationship in the other
+          direction. The other property will be created automatically
+          when the mappers are configured.  Can also be passed as a
+          :func:`.backref` object to control the configuration of the
+          new relationship.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationships_backref` - Introductory documentation and
+            examples.
+
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.back_populates` - alternative form
+            of backref specification.
+
+            :func:`.backref` - allows control over :func:`.relationship`
+            configuration when using :paramref:`~.relationship.backref`.
+
+
+        :param back_populates:
+          Takes a string name and has the same meaning as
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.backref`, except the complementing
+          property is **not** created automatically, and instead must be
+          configured explicitly on the other mapper.  The complementing
+          property should also indicate
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.back_populates` to this relationship to
+          ensure proper functioning.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationships_backref` - Introductory documentation and
+            examples.
+
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.backref` - alternative form
+            of backref specification.
+
+        :param bake_queries=True:
+          Use the :class:`.BakedQuery` cache to cache the construction of SQL
+          used in lazy loads, when the :func:`.bake_lazy_loaders` function has
+          first been called.  Defaults to True and is intended to provide an
+          "opt out" flag per-relationship when the baked query cache system is
+          in use.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+              This flag **only** has an effect when the application-wide
+              :func:`.bake_lazy_loaders` function has been called.   It
+              defaults to True so is an "opt out" flag.
+
+          Setting this flag to False when baked queries are otherwise in
+          use might be to reduce
+          ORM memory use for this :func:`.relationship`, or to work around
+          unresolved stability issues observed within the baked query
+          cache system.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`baked_toplevel`
+
+        :param cascade:
+          a comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
+          Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
+          This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
+          should be used - this default cascade is ``"save-update, merge"``.
+
+          The available cascades are ``save-update``, ``merge``,
+          ``expunge``, ``delete``, ``delete-orphan``, and ``refresh-expire``.
+          An additional option, ``all`` indicates shorthand for
+          ``"save-update, merge, refresh-expire,
+          expunge, delete"``, and is often used as in ``"all, delete-orphan"``
+          to indicate that related objects should follow along with the
+          parent object in all cases, and be deleted when de-associated.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - Full detail on each of the available
+            cascade options.
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_delete_cascade` - Tutorial example describing
+            a delete cascade.
+
+        :param cascade_backrefs=True:
+          a boolean value indicating if the ``save-update`` cascade should
+          operate along an assignment event intercepted by a backref.
+          When set to ``False``, the attribute managed by this relationship
+          will not cascade an incoming transient object into the session of a
+          persistent parent, if the event is received via backref.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`backref_cascade` - Full discussion and examples on how
+            the :paramref:`~.relationship.cascade_backrefs` option is used.
+
+        :param collection_class:
+          a class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
+          be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`custom_collections` - Introductory documentation and
+            examples.
+
+        :param comparator_factory:
+          a class which extends :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+          which provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison
+          operations.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator` - some detail on redefining comparators
+            at this level.
+
+            :ref:`custom_comparators` - Brief intro to this feature.
+
+
+        :param distinct_target_key=None:
+          Indicate if a "subquery" eager load should apply the DISTINCT
+          keyword to the innermost SELECT statement.  When left as ``None``,
+          the DISTINCT keyword will be applied in those cases when the target
+          columns do not comprise the full primary key of the target table.
+          When set to ``True``, the DISTINCT keyword is applied to the
+          innermost SELECT unconditionally.
+
+          It may be desirable to set this flag to False when the DISTINCT is
+          reducing performance of the innermost subquery beyond that of what
+          duplicate innermost rows may be causing.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8.3 -
+             :paramref:`~.relationship.distinct_target_key` allows the
+             subquery eager loader to apply a DISTINCT modifier to the
+             innermost SELECT.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 -
+             :paramref:`~.relationship.distinct_target_key` now defaults to
+             ``None``, so that the feature enables itself automatically for
+             those cases where the innermost query targets a non-unique
+             key.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel` - includes an introduction to subquery
+            eager loading.
+
+        :param doc:
+          docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
+
+        :param extension:
+          an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance, or list of extensions,
+          which will be prepended to the list of attribute listeners for
+          the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.7 Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
+
+        :param foreign_keys:
+
+          a list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key"
+          columns, or columns which refer to the value in a remote
+          column, within the context of this :func:`.relationship`
+          object's :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
+          That is, if the :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin`
+          condition of this :func:`.relationship` is ``a.id ==
+          b.a_id``, and the values in ``b.a_id`` are required to be
+          present in ``a.id``, then the "foreign key" column of this
+          :func:`.relationship` is ``b.a_id``.
+
+          In normal cases, the :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys`
+          parameter is **not required.** :func:`.relationship` will
+          automatically determine which columns in the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` conditition are to be
+          considered "foreign key" columns based on those
+          :class:`.Column` objects that specify :class:`.ForeignKey`,
+          or are otherwise listed as referencing columns in a
+          :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` construct.
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` is only needed when:
+
+            1. There is more than one way to construct a join from the local
+               table to the remote table, as there are multiple foreign key
+               references present.  Setting ``foreign_keys`` will limit the
+               :func:`.relationship` to consider just those columns specified
+               here as "foreign".
+
+               .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+                    A multiple-foreign key join ambiguity can be resolved by
+                    setting the :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys`
+                    parameter alone, without the need to explicitly set
+                    :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` as well.
+
+            2. The :class:`.Table` being mapped does not actually have
+               :class:`.ForeignKey` or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+               constructs present, often because the table
+               was reflected from a database that does not support foreign key
+               reflection (MySQL MyISAM).
+
+            3. The :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` argument is used to
+               construct a non-standard join condition, which makes use of
+               columns or expressions that do not normally refer to their
+               "parent" column, such as a join condition expressed by a
+               complex comparison using a SQL function.
+
+          The :func:`.relationship` construct will raise informative
+          error messages that suggest the use of the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter when
+          presented with an ambiguous condition.   In typical cases,
+          if :func:`.relationship` doesn't raise any exceptions, the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter is usually
+          not needed.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.foreign_keys` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationship_foreign_keys`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+            :func:`.foreign` - allows direct annotation of the "foreign"
+            columns within a :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8
+              The :func:`.foreign` annotation can also be applied
+              directly to the :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin`
+              expression, which is an alternate, more specific system of
+              describing which columns in a particular
+              :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` should be considered
+              "foreign".
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        :param innerjoin=False:
+          when ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
+          against related tables instead of an outer join.  The purpose
+          of this option is generally one of performance, as inner joins
+          generally perform better than outer joins.
+
+          This flag can be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an
+          object via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not
+          nullable, or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that
+          is guaranteed to have one or at least one entry.
+
+          The option supports the same "nested" and "unnested" options as
+          that of :paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin`.  See that flag
+          for details on nested / unnested behaviors.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin` - the option as specified by
+            loader option, including detail on nesting behavior.
+
+            :ref:`what_kind_of_loading` - Discussion of some details of
+            various loader options.
+
+
+        :param join_depth:
+          when non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
+          deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical
+          relationship.  The number counts how many times the same Mapper
+          shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join
+          branch.  When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
+          will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper
+          which is already higher up in the chain.  This option applies
+          both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`self_referential_eager_loading` - Introductory documentation
+            and examples.
+
+        :param lazy='select': specifies
+          how the related items should be loaded.  Default value is
+          ``select``.  Values include:
+
+          * ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is
+            first accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
+            fetch for simple many-to-one references.
+
+          * ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
+            using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
+            simple many-to-one references.
+
+          * ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
+            that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN.  Whether
+            the join is "outer" or not is determined by the
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.innerjoin` parameter.
+
+          * ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents are
+            loaded, using one additional SQL statement, which issues a JOIN to
+            a subquery of the original statement, for each collection
+            requested.
+
+          * ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time.  This is to
+            support "write-only" attributes, or attributes which are
+            populated in some manner specific to the application.
+
+          * ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
+            :class:`.Query` object for all read
+            operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
+            applied before iterating the results.  See
+            the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details.
+
+          * True - a synonym for 'select'
+
+          * False - a synonym for 'joined'
+
+          * None - a synonym for 'noload'
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`/orm/loading_relationships` - Full documentation on relationship loader
+            configuration.
+
+            :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - detail on the ``dynamic`` option.
+
+        :param load_on_pending=False:
+          Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
+
+          When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
+          issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it
+          has never been flushed.  This may take effect for a pending object
+          when autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
+          "attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
+          collection.
+
+          The :paramref:`~.relationship.load_on_pending` flag does not improve
+          behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+          constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+          that they are present in an ordinary way before a flush proceeds.
+          This flag is not not intended for general use.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` - this method
+              establishes "load on pending" behavior for the whole object, and
+              also allows loading on objects that remain transient or
+              detached.
+
+        :param order_by:
+          indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
+          items.  :paramref:`~.relationship.order_by` is expected to refer to
+          one of the :class:`.Column` objects to which the target class is
+          mapped, or the attribute itself bound to the target class which
+          refers to the column.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.order_by` may also be passed as a callable
+          function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
+          be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
+
+        :param passive_deletes=False:
+           Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.
+
+           A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
+           be loaded during a delete operation on the parent.  Normally,
+           when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
+           that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
+           foreign key to the parent set to NULL.  Marking this flag as
+           True usually implies an ON DELETE <CASCADE|SET NULL> rule is in
+           place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
+           database side.
+
+           Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
+           disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when there
+           is no delete or delete-orphan cascade enabled.  This is
+           typically used when a triggering or error raise scenario is in
+           place on the database side.  Note that the foreign key
+           attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed
+           after a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case
+           setting.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`passive_deletes` - Introductory documentation
+                and examples.
+
+        :param passive_updates=True:
+          Indicates the persistence behavior to take when a referenced
+          primary key value changes in place, indicating that the referencing
+          foreign key columns will also need their value changed.
+
+          When True, it is assumed that ``ON UPDATE CASCADE`` is configured on
+          the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
+          handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
+          dependent rows.  When False, the SQLAlchemy :func:`.relationship`
+          construct will attempt to emit its own UPDATE statements to
+          modify related targets.  However note that SQLAlchemy **cannot**
+          emit an UPDATE for more than one level of cascade.  Also,
+          setting this flag to False is not compatible in the case where
+          the database is in fact enforcing referential integrity, unless
+          those constraints are explicitly "deferred", if the target backend
+          supports it.
+
+          It is highly advised that an application which is employing
+          mutable primary keys keeps ``passive_updates`` set to True,
+          and instead uses the referential integrity features of the database
+          itself in order to handle the change efficiently and fully.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`passive_updates` - Introductory documentation and
+              examples.
+
+              :paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - a similar flag which
+              takes effect for joined-table inheritance mappings.
+
+        :param post_update:
+          this indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
+          second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
+          DELETE. Currently, it also will issue an UPDATE after the
+          instance was UPDATEd as well, although this technically should
+          be improved. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
+          dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
+          references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
+          INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
+          other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
+          incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
+          that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
+          also has a column that references a single child row within that
+          list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
+          a flush operation returns an error that a "cyclical
+          dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
+          use :paramref:`~.relationship.post_update` to "break" the cycle.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`post_update` - Introductory documentation and examples.
+
+        :param primaryjoin:
+          a SQL expression that will be used as the primary
+          join of this child object against the parent object, or in a
+          many-to-many relationship the join of the primary object to the
+          association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
+          foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or
+          association table).
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+        :param remote_side:
+          used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
+          list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.
+
+          :paramref:`.relationship.remote_side` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+              The :func:`.remote` annotation can also be applied
+              directly to the ``primaryjoin`` expression, which is an
+              alternate, more specific system of describing which columns in a
+              particular ``primaryjoin`` should be considered "remote".
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`self_referential` - in-depth explanation of how
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.remote_side`
+            is used to configure self-referential relationships.
+
+            :func:`.remote` - an annotation function that accomplishes the
+            same purpose as :paramref:`~.relationship.remote_side`, typically
+            when a custom :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition
+            is used.
+
+        :param query_class:
+          a :class:`.Query` subclass that will be used as the base of the
+          "appender query" returned by a "dynamic" relationship, that
+          is, a relationship that specifies ``lazy="dynamic"`` or was
+          otherwise constructed using the :func:`.orm.dynamic_loader`
+          function.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - Introduction to "dynamic"
+            relationship loaders.
+
+        :param secondaryjoin:
+          a SQL expression that will be used as the join of
+          an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
+          computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association
+          and child tables.
+
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.secondaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+          callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+          and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+        :param single_parent:
+          when True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
+          from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
+          This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
+          should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many.  Its usage
+          is optional, except for :func:`.relationship` constructs which
+          are many-to-one or many-to-many and also
+          specify the ``delete-orphan`` cascade option.  The
+          :func:`.relationship` construct itself will raise an error
+          instructing when this option is required.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - includes detail on when the
+            :paramref:`~.relationship.single_parent` flag may be appropriate.
+
+        :param uselist:
+          a boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
+          list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
+          automatically by :func:`.relationship` at mapper configuration
+          time, based on the type and direction
+          of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
+          forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
+          where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
+          one-to-one relationship, set :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` to
+          False.
+
+          The :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` flag is also available on an
+          existing :func:`.relationship` construct as a read-only attribute,
+          which can be used to determine if this :func:`.relationship` deals
+          with collections or scalar attributes::
+
+              >>> User.addresses.property.uselist
+              True
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`relationships_one_to_one` - Introduction to the "one to
+              one" relationship pattern, which is typically when the
+              :paramref:`~.relationship.uselist` flag is needed.
+
+        :param viewonly=False:
+          when set to True, the relationship is used only for loading objects,
+          and not for any persistence operation.  A :func:`.relationship`
+          which specifies :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` can work
+          with a wider range of SQL operations within the
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.primaryjoin` condition, including
+          operations that feature the use of a variety of comparison operators
+          as well as SQL functions such as :func:`~.sql.expression.cast`.  The
+          :paramref:`~.relationship.viewonly` flag is also of general use when
+          defining any kind of :func:`~.relationship` that doesn't represent
+          the full set of related objects, to prevent modifications of the
+          collection from resulting in persistence operations.
+
+
+        """
+        super(RelationshipProperty, self).__init__()
+
+        self.uselist = uselist
+        self.argument = argument
+        self.secondary = secondary
+        self.primaryjoin = primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
+        self.post_update = post_update
+        self.direction = None
+        self.viewonly = viewonly
+        self.lazy = lazy
+        self.single_parent = single_parent
+        self._user_defined_foreign_keys = foreign_keys
+        self.collection_class = collection_class
+        self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
+        self.cascade_backrefs = cascade_backrefs
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.remote_side = remote_side
+        self.enable_typechecks = enable_typechecks
+        self.query_class = query_class
+        self.innerjoin = innerjoin
+        self.distinct_target_key = distinct_target_key
+        self.doc = doc
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self.join_depth = join_depth
+        self.local_remote_pairs = _local_remote_pairs
+        self.extension = extension
+        self.bake_queries = bake_queries
+        self.load_on_pending = load_on_pending
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory or \
+            RelationshipProperty.Comparator
+        self.comparator = self.comparator_factory(self, None)
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        if strategy_class:
+            self.strategy_class = strategy_class
+        else:
+            self.strategy_class = self._strategy_lookup(("lazy", self.lazy))
+
+        self._reverse_property = set()
+
+        self.cascade = cascade if cascade is not False \
+            else "save-update, merge"
+
+        self.order_by = order_by
+
+        self.back_populates = back_populates
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            if backref:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "backref and back_populates keyword arguments "
+                    "are mutually exclusive")
+            self.backref = None
+        else:
+            self.backref = backref
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper):
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc,
+        )
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview of ORM level operator definition.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        _of_type = None
+
+        def __init__(
+                self, prop, parentmapper, adapt_to_entity=None, of_type=None):
+            """Construction of :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+            is internal to the ORM's attribute mechanics.
+
+            """
+            self.prop = prop
+            self._parententity = parentmapper
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            if of_type:
+                self._of_type = of_type
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+            return self.__class__(self.property, self._parententity,
+                                  adapt_to_entity=adapt_to_entity,
+                                  of_type=self._of_type)
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def mapper(self):
+            """The target :class:`.Mapper` referred to by this
+            :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
+
+            This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
+            :func:`.relationship`.
+
+            """
+            return self.property.mapper
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _parententity(self):
+            return self.property.parent
+
+        def _source_selectable(self):
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return self._adapt_to_entity.selectable
+            else:
+                return self.property.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            adapt_from = self._source_selectable()
+            if self._of_type:
+                of_type = inspect(self._of_type).mapper
+            else:
+                of_type = None
+
+            pj, sj, source, dest, \
+                secondary, target_adapter = self.property._create_joins(
+                    source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                    source_polymorphic=True,
+                    of_type=of_type)
+            if sj is not None:
+                return pj & sj
+            else:
+                return pj
+
+        def of_type(self, cls):
+            """Produce a construct that represents a particular 'subtype' of
+            attribute for the parent class.
+
+            Currently this is usable in conjunction with :meth:`.Query.join`
+            and :meth:`.Query.outerjoin`.
+
+            """
+            return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
+                self.property,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=cls)
+
+        def in_(self, other):
+            """Produce an IN clause - this is not implemented
+            for :func:`~.orm.relationship`-based attributes at this time.
+
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError('in_() not yet supported for '
+                                      'relationships.  For a simple '
+                                      'many-to-one, use in_() against '
+                                      'the set of foreign key values.')
+
+        __hash__ = None
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as::
+
+              MyClass.some_prop == <some object>
+
+            this will typically produce a
+            clause such as::
+
+              mytable.related_id == <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the given
+            object.
+
+            The ``==`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce a NOT EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if isinstance(other, (util.NoneType, expression.Null)):
+                if self.property.direction in [ONETOMANY, MANYTOMANY]:
+                    return ~self._criterion_exists()
+                else:
+                    return _orm_annotate(self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        None, adapt_source=self.adapter))
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection to an object or collection; "
+                    "use contains() to test for membership.")
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(
+                    self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        other, adapt_source=self.adapter))
+
+        def _criterion_exists(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+            if getattr(self, '_of_type', None):
+                info = inspect(self._of_type)
+                target_mapper, to_selectable, is_aliased_class = \
+                    info.mapper, info.selectable, info.is_aliased_class
+                if self.property._is_self_referential and not \
+                        is_aliased_class:
+                    to_selectable = to_selectable.alias()
+
+                single_crit = target_mapper._single_table_criterion
+                if single_crit is not None:
+                    if criterion is not None:
+                        criterion = single_crit & criterion
+                    else:
+                        criterion = single_crit
+            else:
+                is_aliased_class = False
+                to_selectable = None
+
+            if self.adapter:
+                source_selectable = self._source_selectable()
+            else:
+                source_selectable = None
+
+            pj, sj, source, dest, secondary, target_adapter = \
+                self.property._create_joins(
+                    dest_polymorphic=True,
+                    dest_selectable=to_selectable,
+                    source_selectable=source_selectable)
+
+            for k in kwargs:
+                crit = getattr(self.property.mapper.class_, k) == kwargs[k]
+                if criterion is None:
+                    criterion = crit
+                else:
+                    criterion = criterion & crit
+
+            # annotate the *local* side of the join condition, in the case
+            # of pj + sj this is the full primaryjoin, in the case of just
+            # pj its the local side of the primaryjoin.
+            if sj is not None:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj) & sj
+            else:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj, exclude=self.property.remote_side)
+
+            if criterion is not None and target_adapter and not \
+                    is_aliased_class:
+                # limit this adapter to annotated only?
+                criterion = target_adapter.traverse(criterion)
+
+            # only have the "joined left side" of what we
+            # return be subject to Query adaption.  The right
+            # side of it is used for an exists() subquery and
+            # should not correlate or otherwise reach out
+            # to anything in the enclosing query.
+            if criterion is not None:
+                criterion = criterion._annotate(
+                    {'no_replacement_traverse': True})
+
+            crit = j & sql.True_._ifnone(criterion)
+
+            ex = sql.exists([1], crit, from_obj=dest).correlate_except(dest)
+            if secondary is not None:
+                ex = ex.correlate_except(secondary)
+            return ex
+
+        def any(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+            """Produce an expression that tests a collection against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.any(SomeRelated.x==2)
+                )
+
+
+            Will produce a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE related.my_id=my_table.id
+                AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` is particularly
+            useful for testing for empty collections::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    ~MyClass.somereference.any()
+                )
+
+            will produce::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.my_id=my_table.id)
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` is only
+            valid for collections, i.e. a :func:`.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=True``.  For scalar references,
+            use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has`.
+
+            """
+            if not self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'any()' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes. Use has()."
+                )
+
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def has(self, criterion=None, **kwargs):
+            """Produce an expression that tests a scalar reference against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.has(SomeRelated.x==2)
+                )
+
+
+            Will produce a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.id==my_table.related_id AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` is only
+            valid for scalar references, i.e. a :func:`.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=False``.  For collection references,
+            use :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any`.
+
+            """
+            if self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'has()' not implemented for collections.  "
+                    "Use any().")
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Return a simple expression that tests a collection for
+            containment of a particular item.
+
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains` is
+            only valid for a collection, i.e. a
+            :func:`~.orm.relationship` that implements
+            one-to-many or many-to-many with ``uselist=True``.
+
+            When used in a simple one-to-many context, an
+            expression like::
+
+                MyClass.contains(other)
+
+            Produces a clause like::
+
+                mytable.id == <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the value of the foreign key
+            attribute on ``other`` which refers to the primary
+            key of its parent object. From this it follows that
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains` is
+            very useful when used with simple one-to-many
+            operations.
+
+            For many-to-many operations, the behavior of
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+            has more caveats. The association table will be
+            rendered in the statement, producing an "implicit"
+            join, that is, includes multiple tables in the FROM
+            clause which are equated in the WHERE clause::
+
+                query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.contains(other))
+
+            Produces a query like::
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table, my_association_table AS
+                my_association_table_1 WHERE
+                my_table.id = my_association_table_1.parent_id
+                AND my_association_table_1.child_id = <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` would be the primary key of
+            ``other``. From the above, it is clear that
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+            will **not** work with many-to-many collections when
+            used in queries that move beyond simple AND
+            conjunctions, such as multiple
+            :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+            expressions joined by OR. In such cases subqueries or
+            explicit "outer joins" will need to be used instead.
+            See :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.any` for
+            a less-performant alternative using EXISTS, or refer
+            to :meth:`.Query.outerjoin` as well as :ref:`ormtutorial_joins`
+            for more details on constructing outer joins.
+
+            """
+            if not self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'contains' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes.  Use ==")
+            clause = self.property._optimized_compare(
+                other, adapt_source=self.adapter)
+
+            if self.property.secondaryjoin is not None:
+                clause.negation_clause = \
+                    self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other)
+
+            return clause
+
+        def __negated_contains_or_equals(self, other):
+            if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                state = attributes.instance_state(other)
+
+                def state_bindparam(x, state, col):
+                    dict_ = state.dict
+                    return sql.bindparam(
+                        x, unique=True,
+                        callable_=self.property._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                            col,
+                            self.property.mapper._get_state_attr_by_column,
+                            state, dict_, col, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                def adapt(col):
+                    if self.adapter:
+                        return self.adapter(col)
+                    else:
+                        return col
+
+                if self.property._use_get:
+                    return sql.and_(*[
+                        sql.or_(
+                            adapt(x) != state_bindparam(adapt(x), state, y),
+                            adapt(x) == None)
+                        for (x, y) in self.property.local_remote_pairs])
+
+            criterion = sql.and_(*[
+                x == y for (x, y) in
+                zip(
+                    self.property.mapper.primary_key,
+                    self.property.mapper.primary_key_from_instance(other)
+                )
+            ])
+
+            return ~self._criterion_exists(criterion)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as::
+
+              MyClass.some_prop != <some object>
+
+            This will typically produce a clause such as::
+
+              mytable.related_id != <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the
+            given object.
+
+            The ``!=`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use
+              :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.contains`
+              in conjunction with :func:`~.expression.not_`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.RelationshipProperty.Comparator.has` in
+              conjunction with :func:`~.expression.not_` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce an EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if isinstance(other, (util.NoneType, expression.Null)):
+                if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                    return _orm_annotate(~self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        None, adapt_source=self.adapter))
+
+                else:
+                    return self._criterion_exists()
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection"
+                    " to an object or collection; use "
+                    "contains() to test for membership.")
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other))
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def property(self):
+            if mapperlib.Mapper._new_mappers:
+                mapperlib.Mapper._configure_all()
+            return self.prop
+
+    def _with_parent(self, instance, alias_secondary=True):
+        assert instance is not None
+        return self._optimized_compare(
+            instance, value_is_parent=True, alias_secondary=alias_secondary)
+
+    def _optimized_compare(self, state, value_is_parent=False,
+                           adapt_source=None,
+                           alias_secondary=True):
+        if state is not None:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(state)
+
+        reverse_direction = not value_is_parent
+
+        if state is None:
+            return self._lazy_none_clause(
+                reverse_direction,
+                adapt_source=adapt_source)
+
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere, \
+                self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere, \
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col
+
+        if reverse_direction:
+            mapper = self.mapper
+        else:
+            mapper = self.parent
+
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(state.obj())
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+            if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                bindparam.callable = self._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                    bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                    mapper._get_state_attr_by_column,
+                    state, dict_,
+                    bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+        if self.secondary is not None and alias_secondary:
+            criterion = ClauseAdapter(
+                self.secondary.alias()).\
+                traverse(criterion)
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam})
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def _get_attr_w_warn_on_none(self, column, fn, *arg, **kw):
+        def _go():
+            value = fn(*arg, **kw)
+            if value is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Got None for value of column %s; this is unsupported "
+                    "for a relationship comparison and will not "
+                    "currently produce an IS comparison "
+                    "(but may in a future release)" % column)
+            return value
+        return _go
+
+    def _lazy_none_clause(self, reverse_direction=False, adapt_source=None):
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere, \
+                self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = \
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere, \
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col
+
+        criterion = adapt_criterion_to_null(criterion, bind_to_col)
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+    def merge(self,
+              session,
+              source_state,
+              source_dict,
+              dest_state,
+              dest_dict,
+              load, _recursive):
+
+        if load:
+            for r in self._reverse_property:
+                if (source_state, r) in _recursive:
+                    return
+
+        if "merge" not in self._cascade:
+            return
+
+        if self.key not in source_dict:
+            return
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            instances = source_state.get_impl(self.key).\
+                get(source_state, source_dict)
+            if hasattr(instances, '_sa_adapter'):
+                # convert collections to adapters to get a true iterator
+                instances = instances._sa_adapter
+
+            if load:
+                # for a full merge, pre-load the destination collection,
+                # so that individual _merge of each item pulls from identity
+                # map for those already present.
+                # also assumes CollectionAttrbiuteImpl behavior of loading
+                # "old" list in any case
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).get(dest_state, dest_dict)
+
+            dest_list = []
+            for current in instances:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(current_state, current_dict,
+                                     load=load, _recursive=_recursive)
+                if obj is not None:
+                    dest_list.append(obj)
+
+            if not load:
+                coll = attributes.init_state_collection(dest_state,
+                                                        dest_dict, self.key)
+                for c in dest_list:
+                    coll.append_without_event(c)
+            else:
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key)._set_iterable(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, dest_list)
+        else:
+            current = source_dict[self.key]
+            if current is not None:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(current_state, current_dict,
+                                     load=load, _recursive=_recursive)
+            else:
+                obj = None
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = obj
+            else:
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).set(dest_state,
+                                                  dest_dict, obj, None)
+
+    def _value_as_iterable(self, state, dict_, key,
+                           passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        """Return a list of tuples (state, obj) for the given
+        key.
+
+        returns an empty list if the value is None/empty/PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+        """
+
+        impl = state.manager[key].impl
+        x = impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if x is attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or x is None:
+            return []
+        elif hasattr(impl, 'get_collection'):
+            return [
+                (attributes.instance_state(o), o) for o in
+                impl.get_collection(state, dict_, x, passive=passive)
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x)]
+
+    def cascade_iterator(self, type_, state, dict_,
+                         visited_states, halt_on=None):
+        # assert type_ in self._cascade
+
+        # only actively lazy load on the 'delete' cascade
+        if type_ != 'delete' or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        if type_ == 'save-update':
+            tuples = state.manager[self.key].impl.\
+                get_all_pending(state, dict_)
+
+        else:
+            tuples = self._value_as_iterable(state, dict_, self.key,
+                                             passive=passive)
+
+        skip_pending = type_ == 'refresh-expire' and 'delete-orphan' \
+            not in self._cascade
+
+        for instance_state, c in tuples:
+            if instance_state in visited_states:
+                continue
+
+            if c is None:
+                # would like to emit a warning here, but
+                # would not be consistent with collection.append(None)
+                # current behavior of silently skipping.
+                # see [ticket:2229]
+                continue
+
+            instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict(c)
+
+            if halt_on and halt_on(instance_state):
+                continue
+
+            if skip_pending and not instance_state.key:
+                continue
+
+            instance_mapper = instance_state.manager.mapper
+
+            if not instance_mapper.isa(self.mapper.class_manager.mapper):
+                raise AssertionError("Attribute '%s' on class '%s' "
+                                     "doesn't handle objects "
+                                     "of type '%s'" % (
+                                         self.key,
+                                         self.parent.class_,
+                                         c.__class__
+                                     ))
+
+            visited_states.add(instance_state)
+
+            yield c, instance_mapper, instance_state, instance_dict
+
+    def _add_reverse_property(self, key):
+        other = self.mapper.get_property(key, _configure_mappers=False)
+        self._reverse_property.add(other)
+        other._reverse_property.add(self)
+
+        if not other.mapper.common_parent(self.parent):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                'reverse_property %r on '
+                'relationship %s references relationship %s, which '
+                'does not reference mapper %s' %
+                (key, self, other, self.parent))
+
+        if self.direction in (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE) and self.direction \
+                == other.direction:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                '%s and back-reference %s are '
+                'both of the same direction %r.  Did you mean to '
+                'set remote_side on the many-to-one side ?' %
+                (other, self, self.direction))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self):
+        """Return the targeted :class:`.Mapper` for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        This is a lazy-initializing static attribute.
+
+        """
+        if util.callable(self.argument) and \
+                not isinstance(self.argument, (type, mapperlib.Mapper)):
+            argument = self.argument()
+        else:
+            argument = self.argument
+
+        if isinstance(argument, type):
+            mapper_ = mapperlib.class_mapper(argument,
+                                             configure=False)
+        elif isinstance(self.argument, mapperlib.Mapper):
+            mapper_ = argument
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "relationship '%s' expects "
+                "a class or a mapper argument (received: %s)"
+                % (self.key, type(argument)))
+        return mapper_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", "Use .target")
+    def table(self):
+        """Return the selectable linked to this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty` object's target
+        :class:`.Mapper`.
+        """
+        return self.target
+
+    def do_init(self):
+        self._check_conflicts()
+        self._process_dependent_arguments()
+        self._setup_join_conditions()
+        self._check_cascade_settings(self._cascade)
+        self._post_init()
+        self._generate_backref()
+        self._join_condition._warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets()
+        super(RelationshipProperty, self).do_init()
+        self._lazy_strategy = self._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+
+    def _process_dependent_arguments(self):
+        """Convert incoming configuration arguments to their
+        proper form.
+
+        Callables are resolved, ORM annotations removed.
+
+        """
+        # accept callables for other attributes which may require
+        # deferred initialization.  This technique is used
+        # by declarative "string configs" and some recipes.
+        for attr in (
+            'order_by', 'primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin',
+            'secondary', '_user_defined_foreign_keys', 'remote_side',
+        ):
+            attr_value = getattr(self, attr)
+            if util.callable(attr_value):
+                setattr(self, attr, attr_value())
+
+        # remove "annotations" which are present if mapped class
+        # descriptors are used to create the join expression.
+        for attr in 'primaryjoin', 'secondaryjoin':
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                setattr(self, attr, _orm_deannotate(
+                    expression._only_column_elements(val, attr))
+                )
+
+        # ensure expressions in self.order_by, foreign_keys,
+        # remote_side are all columns, not strings.
+        if self.order_by is not False and self.order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = [
+                expression._only_column_elements(x, "order_by")
+                for x in
+                util.to_list(self.order_by)]
+
+        self._user_defined_foreign_keys = \
+            util.column_set(
+                expression._only_column_elements(x, "foreign_keys")
+                for x in util.to_column_set(
+                    self._user_defined_foreign_keys
+                ))
+
+        self.remote_side = \
+            util.column_set(
+                expression._only_column_elements(x, "remote_side")
+                for x in
+                util.to_column_set(self.remote_side))
+
+        self.target = self.mapper.mapped_table
+
+    def _setup_join_conditions(self):
+        self._join_condition = jc = JoinCondition(
+            parent_selectable=self.parent.mapped_table,
+            child_selectable=self.mapper.mapped_table,
+            parent_local_selectable=self.parent.local_table,
+            child_local_selectable=self.mapper.local_table,
+            primaryjoin=self.primaryjoin,
+            secondary=self.secondary,
+            secondaryjoin=self.secondaryjoin,
+            parent_equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
+            child_equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            consider_as_foreign_keys=self._user_defined_foreign_keys,
+            local_remote_pairs=self.local_remote_pairs,
+            remote_side=self.remote_side,
+            self_referential=self._is_self_referential,
+            prop=self,
+            support_sync=not self.viewonly,
+            can_be_synced_fn=self._columns_are_mapped
+        )
+        self.primaryjoin = jc.deannotated_primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = jc.deannotated_secondaryjoin
+        self.direction = jc.direction
+        self.local_remote_pairs = jc.local_remote_pairs
+        self.remote_side = jc.remote_columns
+        self.local_columns = jc.local_columns
+        self.synchronize_pairs = jc.synchronize_pairs
+        self._calculated_foreign_keys = jc.foreign_key_columns
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = jc.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self):
+        """Test that this relationship is legal, warn about
+        inheritance conflicts."""
+
+        if self.parent.non_primary and not mapperlib.class_mapper(
+                self.parent.class_,
+                configure=False).has_property(self.key):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Attempting to assign a new "
+                "relationship '%s' to a non-primary mapper on "
+                "class '%s'.  New relationships can only be added "
+                "to the primary mapper, i.e. the very first mapper "
+                "created for class '%s' " %
+                (self.key, self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                 self.parent.class_.__name__))
+
+        # check for conflicting relationship() on superclass
+        if not self.parent.concrete:
+            for inheriting in self.parent.iterate_to_root():
+                if inheriting is not self.parent \
+                        and inheriting.has_property(self.key):
+                    util.warn("Warning: relationship '%s' on mapper "
+                              "'%s' supersedes the same relationship "
+                              "on inherited mapper '%s'; this can "
+                              "cause dependency issues during flush"
+                              % (self.key, self.parent, inheriting))
+
+    def _get_cascade(self):
+        """Return the current cascade setting for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+        """
+        return self._cascade
+
+    def _set_cascade(self, cascade):
+        cascade = CascadeOptions(cascade)
+        if 'mapper' in self.__dict__:
+            self._check_cascade_settings(cascade)
+        self._cascade = cascade
+
+        if self._dependency_processor:
+            self._dependency_processor.cascade = cascade
+
+    cascade = property(_get_cascade, _set_cascade)
+
+    def _check_cascade_settings(self, cascade):
+        if cascade.delete_orphan and not self.single_parent \
+            and (self.direction is MANYTOMANY or self.direction
+                 is MANYTOONE):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                'On %s, delete-orphan cascade is not supported '
+                'on a many-to-many or many-to-one relationship '
+                'when single_parent is not set.   Set '
+                'single_parent=True on the relationship().'
+                % self)
+        if self.direction is MANYTOONE and self.passive_deletes:
+            util.warn("On %s, 'passive_deletes' is normally configured "
+                      "on one-to-many, one-to-one, many-to-many "
+                      "relationships only."
+                      % self)
+
+        if self.passive_deletes == 'all' and \
+            ("delete" in cascade or
+             "delete-orphan" in cascade):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "On %s, can't set passive_deletes='all' in conjunction "
+                "with 'delete' or 'delete-orphan' cascade" % self)
+
+        if cascade.delete_orphan:
+            self.mapper.primary_mapper()._delete_orphans.append(
+                (self.key, self.parent.class_)
+            )
+
+    def _columns_are_mapped(self, *cols):
+        """Return True if all columns in the given collection are
+        mapped by the tables referenced by this :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+        """
+        for c in cols:
+            if self.secondary is not None \
+                    and self.secondary.c.contains_column(c):
+                continue
+            if not self.parent.mapped_table.c.contains_column(c) and \
+                    not self.target.c.contains_column(c):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _generate_backref(self):
+        """Interpret the 'backref' instruction to create a
+        :func:`.relationship` complementary to this one."""
+
+        if self.parent.non_primary:
+            return
+        if self.backref is not None and not self.back_populates:
+            if isinstance(self.backref, util.string_types):
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref, {}
+            else:
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref
+            mapper = self.mapper.primary_mapper()
+
+            check = set(mapper.iterate_to_root()).\
+                union(mapper.self_and_descendants)
+            for m in check:
+                if m.has_property(backref_key):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Error creating backref "
+                        "'%s' on relationship '%s': property of that "
+                        "name exists on mapper '%s'" %
+                        (backref_key, self, m))
+
+            # determine primaryjoin/secondaryjoin for the
+            # backref.  Use the one we had, so that
+            # a custom join doesn't have to be specified in
+            # both directions.
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                # for many to many, just switch primaryjoin/
+                # secondaryjoin.   use the annotated
+                # pj/sj on the _join_condition.
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    'primaryjoin',
+                    self._join_condition.secondaryjoin_minus_local)
+                sj = kwargs.pop(
+                    'secondaryjoin',
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_minus_local)
+            else:
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    'primaryjoin',
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_reverse_remote)
+                sj = kwargs.pop('secondaryjoin', None)
+                if sj:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't assign 'secondaryjoin' on a backref "
+                        "against a non-secondary relationship."
+                    )
+
+            foreign_keys = kwargs.pop('foreign_keys',
+                                      self._user_defined_foreign_keys)
+            parent = self.parent.primary_mapper()
+            kwargs.setdefault('viewonly', self.viewonly)
+            kwargs.setdefault('post_update', self.post_update)
+            kwargs.setdefault('passive_updates', self.passive_updates)
+            self.back_populates = backref_key
+            relationship = RelationshipProperty(
+                parent, self.secondary,
+                pj, sj,
+                foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                back_populates=self.key,
+                **kwargs)
+            mapper._configure_property(backref_key, relationship)
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            self._add_reverse_property(self.back_populates)
+
+    def _post_init(self):
+        if self.uselist is None:
+            self.uselist = self.direction is not MANYTOONE
+        if not self.viewonly:
+            self._dependency_processor = \
+                dependency.DependencyProcessor.from_relationship(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _use_get(self):
+        """memoize the 'use_get' attribute of this RelationshipLoader's
+        lazyloader."""
+
+        strategy = self._lazy_strategy
+        return strategy.use_get
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_self_referential(self):
+        return self.mapper.common_parent(self.parent)
+
+    def _create_joins(self, source_polymorphic=False,
+                      source_selectable=None, dest_polymorphic=False,
+                      dest_selectable=None, of_type=None):
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            if source_polymorphic and self.parent.with_polymorphic:
+                source_selectable = self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        aliased = False
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            if dest_polymorphic and self.mapper.with_polymorphic:
+                dest_selectable = self.mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable
+                aliased = True
+            else:
+                dest_selectable = self.mapper.mapped_table
+
+            if self._is_self_referential and source_selectable is None:
+                dest_selectable = dest_selectable.alias()
+                aliased = True
+        else:
+            aliased = True
+
+        dest_mapper = of_type or self.mapper
+
+        single_crit = dest_mapper._single_table_criterion
+        aliased = aliased or (source_selectable is not None)
+
+        primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary, target_adapter, dest_selectable = \
+            self._join_condition.join_targets(
+                source_selectable, dest_selectable, aliased, single_crit
+            )
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            source_selectable = self.parent.local_table
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            dest_selectable = self.mapper.local_table
+        return (primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, source_selectable,
+                dest_selectable, secondary, target_adapter)
+
+
+def _annotate_columns(element, annotations):
+    def clone(elem):
+        if isinstance(elem, expression.ColumnClause):
+            elem = elem._annotate(annotations.copy())
+        elem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+        return elem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    return element
+
+
+class JoinCondition(object):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 parent_selectable,
+                 child_selectable,
+                 parent_local_selectable,
+                 child_local_selectable,
+                 primaryjoin=None,
+                 secondary=None,
+                 secondaryjoin=None,
+                 parent_equivalents=None,
+                 child_equivalents=None,
+                 consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
+                 local_remote_pairs=None,
+                 remote_side=None,
+                 self_referential=False,
+                 prop=None,
+                 support_sync=True,
+                 can_be_synced_fn=lambda *c: True
+                 ):
+        self.parent_selectable = parent_selectable
+        self.parent_local_selectable = parent_local_selectable
+        self.child_selectable = child_selectable
+        self.child_local_selectable = child_local_selectable
+        self.parent_equivalents = parent_equivalents
+        self.child_equivalents = child_equivalents
+        self.primaryjoin = primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
+        self.secondary = secondary
+        self.consider_as_foreign_keys = consider_as_foreign_keys
+        self._local_remote_pairs = local_remote_pairs
+        self._remote_side = remote_side
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.self_referential = self_referential
+        self.support_sync = support_sync
+        self.can_be_synced_fn = can_be_synced_fn
+        self._determine_joins()
+        self._annotate_fks()
+        self._annotate_remote()
+        self._annotate_local()
+        self._setup_pairs()
+        self._check_foreign_cols(self.primaryjoin, True)
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self._check_foreign_cols(self.secondaryjoin, False)
+        self._determine_direction()
+        self._check_remote_side()
+        self._log_joins()
+
+    def _log_joins(self):
+        if self.prop is None:
+            return
+        log = self.prop.logger
+        log.info('%s setup primary join %s', self.prop,
+                 self.primaryjoin)
+        log.info('%s setup secondary join %s', self.prop,
+                 self.secondaryjoin)
+        log.info('%s synchronize pairs [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('(%s => %s)' % (l, r) for (l, r) in
+                          self.synchronize_pairs))
+        log.info('%s secondary synchronize pairs [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('(%s => %s)' % (l, r) for (l, r) in
+                          self.secondary_synchronize_pairs or []))
+        log.info('%s local/remote pairs [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('(%s / %s)' % (l, r) for (l, r) in
+                          self.local_remote_pairs))
+        log.info('%s remote columns [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('%s' % col for col in self.remote_columns)
+                 )
+        log.info('%s local columns [%s]', self.prop,
+                 ','.join('%s' % col for col in self.local_columns)
+                 )
+        log.info('%s relationship direction %s', self.prop,
+                 self.direction)
+
+    def _determine_joins(self):
+        """Determine the 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' attributes,
+        if not passed to the constructor already.
+
+        This is based on analysis of the foreign key relationships
+        between the parent and target mapped selectables.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None and self.secondary is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Property %s specified with secondary "
+                "join condition but "
+                "no secondary argument" % self.prop)
+
+        # find a join between the given mapper's mapped table and
+        # the given table. will try the mapper's local table first
+        # for more specificity, then if not found will try the more
+        # general mapped table, which in the case of inheritance is
+        # a join.
+        try:
+            consider_as_foreign_keys = self.consider_as_foreign_keys or None
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                if self.secondaryjoin is None:
+                    self.secondaryjoin = \
+                        join_condition(
+                            self.child_selectable,
+                            self.secondary,
+                            a_subset=self.child_local_selectable,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys
+                        )
+                if self.primaryjoin is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = \
+                        join_condition(
+                            self.parent_selectable,
+                            self.secondary,
+                            a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys
+                        )
+            else:
+                if self.primaryjoin is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = \
+                        join_condition(
+                            self.parent_selectable,
+                            self.child_selectable,
+                            a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys
+                        )
+        except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' "
+                    "expressions." % (self.prop, self.secondary))
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify a 'primaryjoin' expression." % self.prop)
+        except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Specify the 'foreign_keys' "
+                    "argument, providing a list of those columns which "
+                    "should be counted as containing a foreign key "
+                    "reference from the secondary table to each of the "
+                    "parent and child tables."
+                    % (self.prop, self.secondary))
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables.  Specify the "
+                    "'foreign_keys' argument, providing a list of those "
+                    "columns which should be counted as containing a "
+                    "foreign key reference to the parent table."
+                    % self.prop)
+
+    @property
+    def primaryjoin_minus_local(self):
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @property
+    def secondaryjoin_minus_local(self):
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin,
+                                values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def primaryjoin_reverse_remote(self):
+        """Return the primaryjoin condition suitable for the
+        "reverse" direction.
+
+        If the primaryjoin was delivered here with pre-existing
+        "remote" annotations, the local/remote annotations
+        are reversed.  Otherwise, the local/remote annotations
+        are removed.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+            def replace(element):
+                if "remote" in element._annotations:
+                    v = element._annotations.copy()
+                    del v['remote']
+                    v['local'] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+                elif "local" in element._annotations:
+                    v = element._annotations.copy()
+                    del v['local']
+                    v['remote'] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+            return visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.primaryjoin, {}, replace)
+        else:
+            if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+                # TODO: coverage
+                return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin,
+                                        values=("local", "remote"))
+            else:
+                return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
+
+    def _has_annotation(self, clause, annotation):
+        for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {}):
+            if annotation in col._annotations:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_foreign_annotations(self):
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "foreign")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_remote_annotations(self):
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "remote")
+
+    def _annotate_fks(self):
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'foreign' annotations marking columns
+        considered as foreign.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            self._annotate_from_fk_list()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_present_fks()
+
+    def _annotate_from_fk_list(self):
+        def check_fk(col):
+            if col in self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                return col._annotate({"foreign": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            {},
+            check_fk
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin,
+                {},
+                check_fk
+            )
+
+    def _annotate_present_fks(self):
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            secondarycols = util.column_set(self.secondary.c)
+        else:
+            secondarycols = set()
+
+        def is_foreign(a, b):
+            if isinstance(a, schema.Column) and \
+                    isinstance(b, schema.Column):
+                if a.references(b):
+                    return a
+                elif b.references(a):
+                    return b
+
+            if secondarycols:
+                if a in secondarycols and b not in secondarycols:
+                    return a
+                elif b in secondarycols and a not in secondarycols:
+                    return b
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if not isinstance(binary.left, sql.ColumnElement) or \
+                    not isinstance(binary.right, sql.ColumnElement):
+                return
+
+            if "foreign" not in binary.left._annotations and \
+                    "foreign" not in binary.right._annotations:
+                col = is_foreign(binary.left, binary.right)
+                if col is not None:
+                    if col.compare(binary.left):
+                        binary.left = binary.left._annotate(
+                            {"foreign": True})
+                    elif col.compare(binary.right):
+                        binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
+                            {"foreign": True})
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin,
+                {},
+                {"binary": visit_binary}
+            )
+
+    def _refers_to_parent_table(self):
+        """Return True if the join condition contains column
+        comparisons where both columns are in both tables.
+
+        """
+        pt = self.parent_selectable
+        mt = self.child_selectable
+        result = [False]
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            c, f = binary.left, binary.right
+            if (
+                isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause) and
+                isinstance(f, expression.ColumnClause) and
+                pt.is_derived_from(c.table) and
+                pt.is_derived_from(f.table) and
+                mt.is_derived_from(c.table) and
+                mt.is_derived_from(f.table)
+            ):
+                result[0] = True
+        visitors.traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+        return result[0]
+
+    def _tables_overlap(self):
+        """Return True if parent/child tables have some overlap."""
+
+        return selectables_overlap(
+            self.parent_selectable, self.child_selectable)
+
+    def _annotate_remote(self):
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'remote' annotations marking columns
+        considered as part of the 'remote' side.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            self._annotate_remote_secondary()
+        elif self._local_remote_pairs or self._remote_side:
+            self._annotate_remote_from_args()
+        elif self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: "foreign" in col._annotations, False)
+        elif self._tables_overlap():
+            self._annotate_remote_with_overlap()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_remote_distinct_selectables()
+
+    def _annotate_remote_secondary(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when 'secondary' is present.
+
+        """
+        def repl(element):
+            if self.secondary.c.contains_column(element):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl)
+        self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.secondaryjoin, {}, repl)
+
+    def _annotate_selfref(self, fn, remote_side_given):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the relationship is detected as self-referential.
+
+        """
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            equated = binary.left.compare(binary.right)
+            if isinstance(binary.left, expression.ColumnClause) and \
+                    isinstance(binary.right, expression.ColumnClause):
+                # assume one to many - FKs are "remote"
+                if fn(binary.left):
+                    binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"remote": True})
+                if fn(binary.right) and not equated:
+                    binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
+                        {"remote": True})
+            elif not remote_side_given:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+    def _annotate_remote_from_args(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the 'remote_side' or '_local_remote_pairs'
+        arguments are used.
+
+        """
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            if self._remote_side:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "remote_side argument is redundant "
+                    "against more detailed _local_remote_side "
+                    "argument.")
+
+            remote_side = [r for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
+        else:
+            remote_side = self._remote_side
+
+        if self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: col in remote_side, True)
+        else:
+            def repl(element):
+                if element in remote_side:
+                    return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+            self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.primaryjoin, {}, repl)
+
+    def _annotate_remote_with_overlap(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables have some set of
+        tables in common, though is not a fully self-referential
+        relationship.
+
+        """
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            binary.left, binary.right = proc_left_right(binary.left,
+                                                        binary.right)
+            binary.right, binary.left = proc_left_right(binary.right,
+                                                        binary.left)
+
+        check_entities = self.prop is not None and \
+            self.prop.mapper is not self.prop.parent
+
+        def proc_left_right(left, right):
+            if isinstance(left, expression.ColumnClause) and \
+                    isinstance(right, expression.ColumnClause):
+                if self.child_selectable.c.contains_column(right) and \
+                        self.parent_selectable.c.contains_column(left):
+                    right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif check_entities and \
+                    right._annotations.get('parentmapper') is self.prop.mapper:
+                right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif check_entities and \
+                    left._annotations.get('parentmapper') is self.prop.mapper:
+                left = left._annotate({"remote": True})
+            else:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+            return left, right
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {},
+            {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+    def _annotate_remote_distinct_selectables(self):
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables are entirely
+        separate.
+
+        """
+        def repl(element):
+            if self.child_selectable.c.contains_column(element) and \
+                    (not self.parent_local_selectable.c.
+                        contains_column(element) or
+                        self.child_local_selectable.c.
+                        contains_column(element)):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl)
+
+    def _warn_non_column_elements(self):
+        util.warn(
+            "Non-simple column elements in primary "
+            "join condition for property %s - consider using "
+            "remote() annotations to mark the remote side."
+            % self.prop
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_local(self):
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'local' annotations.
+
+        This annotates all column elements found
+        simultaneously in the parent table
+        and the join condition that don't have a
+        'remote' annotation set up from
+        _annotate_remote() or user-defined.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "local"):
+            return
+
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            local_side = util.column_set([l for (l, r)
+                                          in self._local_remote_pairs])
+        else:
+            local_side = util.column_set(self.parent_selectable.c)
+
+        def locals_(elem):
+            if "remote" not in elem._annotations and \
+                    elem in local_side:
+                return elem._annotate({"local": True})
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, locals_
+        )
+
+    def _check_remote_side(self):
+        if not self.local_remote_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                'Relationship %s could '
+                'not determine any unambiguous local/remote column '
+                'pairs based on join condition and remote_side '
+                'arguments.  '
+                'Consider using the remote() annotation to '
+                'accurately mark those elements of the join '
+                'condition that are on the remote side of '
+                'the relationship.' % (self.prop, ))
+
+    def _check_foreign_cols(self, join_condition, primary):
+        """Check the foreign key columns collected and emit error
+        messages."""
+
+        can_sync = False
+
+        foreign_cols = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+            join_condition, "foreign")
+
+        has_foreign = bool(foreign_cols)
+
+        if primary:
+            can_sync = bool(self.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            can_sync = bool(self.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+        if self.support_sync and can_sync or \
+                (not self.support_sync and has_foreign):
+            return
+
+        # from here below is just determining the best error message
+        # to report.  Check for a join condition using any operator
+        # (not just ==), perhaps they need to turn on "viewonly=True".
+        if self.support_sync and has_foreign and not can_sync:
+            err = "Could not locate any simple equality expressions "\
+                "involving locally mapped foreign key columns for "\
+                "%s join condition "\
+                "'%s' on relationship %s." % (
+                    primary and 'primary' or 'secondary',
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop
+                )
+            err += \
+                "  Ensure that referencing columns are associated "\
+                "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "\
+                "annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "\
+                "annotation. To allow comparison operators other than "\
+                "'==', the relationship can be marked as viewonly=True."
+
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+        else:
+            err = "Could not locate any relevant foreign key columns "\
+                "for %s join condition '%s' on relationship %s." % (
+                    primary and 'primary' or 'secondary',
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop
+                )
+            err += \
+                '  Ensure that referencing columns are associated '\
+                'with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are '\
+                'annotated in the join condition with the foreign() '\
+                'annotation.'
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+
+    def _determine_direction(self):
+        """Determine if this relationship is one to many, many to one,
+        many to many.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.direction = MANYTOMANY
+        else:
+            parentcols = util.column_set(self.parent_selectable.c)
+            targetcols = util.column_set(self.child_selectable.c)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests ONETOMANY.
+            onetomany_fk = targetcols.intersection(
+                self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests MANYTOONE.
+
+            manytoone_fk = parentcols.intersection(
+                self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            if onetomany_fk and manytoone_fk:
+                # fks on both sides.  test for overlap of local/remote
+                # with foreign key.
+                # we will gather columns directly from their annotations
+                # without deannotating, so that we can distinguish on a column
+                # that refers to itself.
+
+                # 1. columns that are both remote and FK suggest
+                # onetomany.
+                onetomany_local = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.primaryjoin, "remote", "foreign")
+
+                # 2. columns that are FK but are not remote (e.g. local)
+                # suggest manytoone.
+                manytoone_local = set([c for c in
+                                       self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                                           self.primaryjoin,
+                                           "foreign")
+                                       if "remote" not in c._annotations])
+
+                # 3. if both collections are present, remove columns that
+                # refer to themselves.  This is for the case of
+                # and_(Me.id == Me.remote_id, Me.version == Me.version)
+                if onetomany_local and manytoone_local:
+                    self_equated = self.remote_columns.intersection(
+                        self.local_columns
+                    )
+                    onetomany_local = onetomany_local.difference(self_equated)
+                    manytoone_local = manytoone_local.difference(self_equated)
+
+                # at this point, if only one or the other collection is
+                # present, we know the direction, otherwise it's still
+                # ambiguous.
+
+                if onetomany_local and not manytoone_local:
+                    self.direction = ONETOMANY
+                elif manytoone_local and not onetomany_local:
+                    self.direction = MANYTOONE
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine relationship"
+                        " direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                        "key columns within the join condition are present "
+                        "in both the parent and the child's mapped tables.  "
+                        "Ensure that only those columns referring "
+                        "to a parent column are marked as foreign, "
+                        "either via the foreign() annotation or "
+                        "via the foreign_keys argument." % self.prop)
+            elif onetomany_fk:
+                self.direction = ONETOMANY
+            elif manytoone_fk:
+                self.direction = MANYTOONE
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't determine relationship "
+                    "direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                    "key columns are present in neither the parent "
+                    "nor the child's mapped tables" % self.prop)
+
+    def _deannotate_pairs(self, collection):
+        """provide deannotation for the various lists of
+        pairs, so that using them in hashes doesn't incur
+        high-overhead __eq__() comparisons against
+        original columns mapped.
+
+        """
+        return [(x._deannotate(), y._deannotate())
+                for x, y in collection]
+
+    def _setup_pairs(self):
+        sync_pairs = []
+        lrp = util.OrderedSet([])
+        secondary_sync_pairs = []
+
+        def go(joincond, collection):
+            def visit_binary(binary, left, right):
+                if "remote" in right._annotations and \
+                    "remote" not in left._annotations and \
+                        self.can_be_synced_fn(left):
+                    lrp.add((left, right))
+                elif "remote" in left._annotations and \
+                    "remote" not in right._annotations and \
+                        self.can_be_synced_fn(right):
+                    lrp.add((right, left))
+                if binary.operator is operators.eq and \
+                        self.can_be_synced_fn(left, right):
+                    if "foreign" in right._annotations:
+                        collection.append((left, right))
+                    elif "foreign" in left._annotations:
+                        collection.append((right, left))
+            visit_binary_product(visit_binary, joincond)
+
+        for joincond, collection in [
+            (self.primaryjoin, sync_pairs),
+            (self.secondaryjoin, secondary_sync_pairs)
+        ]:
+            if joincond is None:
+                continue
+            go(joincond, collection)
+
+        self.local_remote_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(lrp)
+        self.synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(sync_pairs)
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = \
+            self._deannotate_pairs(secondary_sync_pairs)
+
+    _track_overlapping_sync_targets = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets(self):
+        if not self.support_sync:
+            return
+
+        # we would like to detect if we are synchronizing any column
+        # pairs in conflict with another relationship that wishes to sync
+        # an entirely different column to the same target.   This is a
+        # very rare edge case so we will try to minimize the memory/overhead
+        # impact of this check
+        for from_, to_ in [
+            (from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.synchronize_pairs
+        ] + [
+            (from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+        ]:
+            # save ourselves a ton of memory and overhead by only
+            # considering columns that are subject to a overlapping
+            # FK constraints at the core level.   This condition can arise
+            # if multiple relationships overlap foreign() directly, but
+            # we're going to assume it's typically a ForeignKeyConstraint-
+            # level configuration that benefits from this warning.
+            if len(to_.foreign_keys) < 2:
+                continue
+
+            if to_ not in self._track_overlapping_sync_targets:
+                self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_] = \
+                    weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({self.prop: from_})
+            else:
+                other_props = []
+                prop_to_from = self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_]
+                for pr, fr_ in prop_to_from.items():
+                    if pr.mapper in mapperlib._mapper_registry and \
+                        fr_ is not from_ and \
+                            pr not in self.prop._reverse_property:
+                        other_props.append((pr, fr_))
+
+                if other_props:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "relationship '%s' will copy column %s to column %s, "
+                        "which conflicts with relationship(s): %s. "
+                        "Consider applying "
+                        "viewonly=True to read-only relationships, or provide "
+                        "a primaryjoin condition marking writable columns "
+                        "with the foreign() annotation." % (
+                            self.prop,
+                            from_, to_,
+                            ", ".join(
+                                "'%s' (copies %s to %s)" % (pr, fr_, to_)
+                                for (pr, fr_) in other_props)
+                        )
+                    )
+                self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_][self.prop] = from_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def remote_columns(self):
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("remote")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def local_columns(self):
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("local")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def foreign_key_columns(self):
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("foreign")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def deannotated_primaryjoin(self):
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def deannotated_secondaryjoin(self):
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _gather_join_annotations(self, annotation):
+        s = set(
+            self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                self.primaryjoin, annotation)
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            s.update(
+                self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.secondaryjoin, annotation)
+            )
+        return set([x._deannotate() for x in s])
+
+    def _gather_columns_with_annotation(self, clause, *annotation):
+        annotation = set(annotation)
+        return set([
+            col for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {})
+            if annotation.issubset(col._annotations)
+        ])
+
+    def join_targets(self, source_selectable,
+                     dest_selectable,
+                     aliased,
+                     single_crit=None):
+        """Given a source and destination selectable, create a
+        join between them.
+
+        This takes into account aliasing the join clause
+        to reference the appropriate corresponding columns
+        in the target objects, as well as the extra child
+        criterion, equivalent column sets, etc.
+
+        """
+
+        # place a barrier on the destination such that
+        # replacement traversals won't ever dig into it.
+        # its internal structure remains fixed
+        # regardless of context.
+        dest_selectable = _shallow_annotate(
+            dest_selectable,
+            {'no_replacement_traverse': True})
+
+        primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary = self.primaryjoin, \
+            self.secondaryjoin, self.secondary
+
+        # adjust the join condition for single table inheritance,
+        # in the case that the join is to a subclass
+        # this is analogous to the
+        # "_adjust_for_single_table_inheritance()" method in Query.
+
+        if single_crit is not None:
+            if secondaryjoin is not None:
+                secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & single_crit
+            else:
+                primaryjoin = primaryjoin & single_crit
+
+        if aliased:
+            if secondary is not None:
+                secondary = secondary.alias(flat=True)
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(secondary)
+                secondary_aliasizer = \
+                    ClauseAdapter(dest_selectable,
+                                  equivalents=self.child_equivalents).\
+                    chain(primary_aliasizer)
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer = \
+                        ClauseAdapter(secondary).\
+                        chain(ClauseAdapter(
+                            source_selectable,
+                            equivalents=self.parent_equivalents))
+                secondaryjoin = \
+                    secondary_aliasizer.traverse(secondaryjoin)
+            else:
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    dest_selectable,
+                    exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("local"),
+                    equivalents=self.child_equivalents)
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer.chain(
+                        ClauseAdapter(source_selectable,
+                                      exclude_fn=_ColInAnnotations("remote"),
+                                      equivalents=self.parent_equivalents))
+                secondary_aliasizer = None
+
+            primaryjoin = primary_aliasizer.traverse(primaryjoin)
+            target_adapter = secondary_aliasizer or primary_aliasizer
+            target_adapter.exclude_fn = None
+        else:
+            target_adapter = None
+        return primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary, \
+            target_adapter, dest_selectable
+
+    def create_lazy_clause(self, reverse_direction=False):
+        binds = util.column_dict()
+        equated_columns = util.column_dict()
+
+        has_secondary = self.secondaryjoin is not None
+
+        if has_secondary:
+            lookup = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                lookup[l].append((l, r))
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+        elif not reverse_direction:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+        else:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                equated_columns[l] = r
+
+        def col_to_bind(col):
+
+            if (
+                (not reverse_direction and 'local' in col._annotations) or
+                reverse_direction and (
+                    (has_secondary and col in lookup) or
+                    (not has_secondary and 'remote' in col._annotations)
+                )
+            ):
+                if col not in binds:
+                    binds[col] = sql.bindparam(
+                        None, None, type_=col.type, unique=True)
+                return binds[col]
+            return None
+
+        lazywhere = self.primaryjoin
+        if self.secondaryjoin is None or not reverse_direction:
+            lazywhere = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                lazywhere, {}, col_to_bind)
+
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            secondaryjoin = self.secondaryjoin
+            if reverse_direction:
+                secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                    secondaryjoin, {}, col_to_bind)
+            lazywhere = sql.and_(lazywhere, secondaryjoin)
+
+        bind_to_col = dict((binds[col].key, col) for col in binds)
+
+        # this is probably not necessary
+        lazywhere = _deep_deannotate(lazywhere)
+
+        return lazywhere, bind_to_col, equated_columns
+
+
+class _ColInAnnotations(object):
+    """Seralizable equivalent to:
+
+        lambda c: "name" in c._annotations
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __call__(self, c):
+        return self.name in c._annotations
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6306514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# orm/scoping.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from ..util import ScopedRegistry, ThreadLocalRegistry, warn
+from . import class_mapper, exc as orm_exc
+from .session import Session
+
+
+__all__ = ['scoped_session']
+
+
+class scoped_session(object):
+    """Provides scoped management of :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+    See :ref:`unitofwork_contextual` for a tutorial.
+
+    """
+
+    session_factory = None
+    """The `session_factory` provided to `__init__` is stored in this
+    attribute and may be accessed at a later time.  This can be useful when
+    a new non-scoped :class:`.Session` or :class:`.Connection` to the
+    database is needed."""
+
+    def __init__(self, session_factory, scopefunc=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        :param session_factory: a factory to create new :class:`.Session`
+         instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance
+         of :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+        :param scopefunc: optional function which defines
+         the current scope.   If not passed, the :class:`.scoped_session`
+         object assumes "thread-local" scope, and will use
+         a Python ``threading.local()`` in order to maintain the current
+         :class:`.Session`.  If passed, the function should return
+         a hashable token; this token will be used as the key in a
+         dictionary in order to store and retrieve the current
+         :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+        self.session_factory = session_factory
+
+        if scopefunc:
+            self.registry = ScopedRegistry(session_factory, scopefunc)
+        else:
+            self.registry = ThreadLocalRegistry(session_factory)
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw):
+        """Return the current :class:`.Session`, creating it
+        using the :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` if not present.
+
+        :param \**kw: Keyword arguments will be passed to the
+         :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` callable, if an existing
+         :class:`.Session` is not present.  If the :class:`.Session` is present
+         and keyword arguments have been passed,
+         :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if kw:
+            scope = kw.pop('scope', False)
+            if scope is not None:
+                if self.registry.has():
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Scoped session is already present; "
+                        "no new arguments may be specified.")
+                else:
+                    sess = self.session_factory(**kw)
+                    self.registry.set(sess)
+                    return sess
+            else:
+                return self.session_factory(**kw)
+        else:
+            return self.registry()
+
+    def remove(self):
+        """Dispose of the current :class:`.Session`, if present.
+
+        This will first call :meth:`.Session.close` method
+        on the current :class:`.Session`, which releases any existing
+        transactional/connection resources still being held; transactions
+        specifically are rolled back.  The :class:`.Session` is then
+        discarded.   Upon next usage within the same scope,
+        the :class:`.scoped_session` will produce a new
+        :class:`.Session` object.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            self.registry().close()
+        self.registry.clear()
+
+    def configure(self, **kwargs):
+        """reconfigure the :class:`.sessionmaker` used by this
+        :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        See :meth:`.sessionmaker.configure`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            warn('At least one scoped session is already present. '
+                 ' configure() can not affect sessions that have '
+                 'already been created.')
+
+        self.session_factory.configure(**kwargs)
+
+    def query_property(self, query_cls=None):
+        """return a class property which produces a :class:`.Query` object
+        against the class and the current :class:`.Session` when called.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+            class MyClass(object):
+                query = Session.query_property()
+
+            # after mappers are defined
+            result = MyClass.query.filter(MyClass.name=='foo').all()
+
+        Produces instances of the session's configured query class by
+        default.  To override and use a custom implementation, provide
+        a ``query_cls`` callable.  The callable will be invoked with
+        the class's mapper as a positional argument and a session
+        keyword argument.
+
+        There is no limit to the number of query properties placed on
+        a class.
+
+        """
+        class query(object):
+            def __get__(s, instance, owner):
+                try:
+                    mapper = class_mapper(owner)
+                    if mapper:
+                        if query_cls:
+                            # custom query class
+                            return query_cls(mapper, session=self.registry())
+                        else:
+                            # session's configured query class
+                            return self.registry().query(mapper)
+                except orm_exc.UnmappedClassError:
+                    return None
+        return query()
+
+ScopedSession = scoped_session
+"""Old name for backwards compatibility."""
+
+
+def instrument(name):
+    def do(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return getattr(self.registry(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
+    return do
+
+for meth in Session.public_methods:
+    setattr(scoped_session, meth, instrument(meth))
+
+
+def makeprop(name):
+    def set(self, attr):
+        setattr(self.registry(), name, attr)
+
+    def get(self):
+        return getattr(self.registry(), name)
+
+    return property(get, set)
+
+for prop in ('bind', 'dirty', 'deleted', 'new', 'identity_map',
+             'is_active', 'autoflush', 'no_autoflush', 'info'):
+    setattr(scoped_session, prop, makeprop(prop))
+
+
+def clslevel(name):
+    def do(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        return getattr(Session, name)(*args, **kwargs)
+    return classmethod(do)
+
+for prop in ('close_all', 'object_session', 'identity_key'):
+    setattr(scoped_session, prop, clslevel(prop))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..000441f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2820 @@
+# orm/session.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Provides the Session class and related utilities."""
+
+
+import weakref
+from .. import util, sql, engine, exc as sa_exc
+from ..sql import util as sql_util, expression
+from . import (
+    SessionExtension, attributes, exc, query,
+    loading, identity
+)
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from .base import (
+    object_mapper, class_mapper,
+    _class_to_mapper, _state_mapper, object_state,
+    _none_set, state_str, instance_str
+)
+import itertools
+from . import persistence
+from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+from . import state as statelib
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ['Session', 'SessionTransaction',
+           'SessionExtension', 'sessionmaker']
+
+_sessions = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+"""Weak-referencing dictionary of :class:`.Session` objects.
+"""
+
+
+def _state_session(state):
+    """Given an :class:`.InstanceState`, return the :class:`.Session`
+        associated, if any.
+    """
+    if state.session_id:
+        try:
+            return _sessions[state.session_id]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    return None
+
+
+class _SessionClassMethods(object):
+    """Class-level methods for :class:`.Session`, :class:`.sessionmaker`."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def close_all(cls):
+        """Close *all* sessions in memory."""
+
+        for sess in _sessions.values():
+            sess.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.util")
+    def identity_key(cls, orm_util, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Return an identity key.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+        """
+        return orm_util.identity_key(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance):
+        """Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return object_session(instance)
+
+
+ACTIVE = util.symbol('ACTIVE')
+PREPARED = util.symbol('PREPARED')
+COMMITTED = util.symbol('COMMITTED')
+DEACTIVE = util.symbol('DEACTIVE')
+CLOSED = util.symbol('CLOSED')
+
+
+class SessionTransaction(object):
+    """A :class:`.Session`-level transaction.
+
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` is a mostly behind-the-scenes object
+    not normally referenced directly by application code.   It coordinates
+    among multiple :class:`.Connection` objects, maintaining a database
+    transaction for each one individually, committing or rolling them
+    back all at once.   It also provides optional two-phase commit behavior
+    which can augment this coordination operation.
+
+    The :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute of :class:`.Session`
+    refers to the current :class:`.SessionTransaction` object in use, if any.
+
+
+    A :class:`.SessionTransaction` is associated with a :class:`.Session`
+    in its default mode of ``autocommit=False`` immediately, associated
+    with no database connections.  As the :class:`.Session` is called upon
+    to emit SQL on behalf of various :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection`
+    objects, a corresponding :class:`.Connection` and associated
+    :class:`.Transaction` is added to a collection within the
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` object, becoming one of the
+    connection/transaction pairs maintained by the
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    The lifespan of the :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends when the
+    :meth:`.Session.commit`, :meth:`.Session.rollback` or
+    :meth:`.Session.close` methods are called.  At this point, the
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` removes its association with its parent
+    :class:`.Session`.   A :class:`.Session` that is in ``autocommit=False``
+    mode will create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` to replace it
+    immediately, whereas a :class:`.Session` that's in ``autocommit=True``
+    mode will remain without a :class:`.SessionTransaction` until the
+    :meth:`.Session.begin` method is called.
+
+    Another detail of :class:`.SessionTransaction` behavior is that it is
+    capable of "nesting".  This means that the :meth:`.Session.begin` method
+    can be called while an existing :class:`.SessionTransaction` is already
+    present, producing a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` that temporarily
+    replaces the parent :class:`.SessionTransaction`.   When a
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` is produced as nested, it assigns itself to
+    the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.  When it is ended via
+    :meth:`.Session.commit` or :meth:`.Session.rollback`, it restores its
+    parent :class:`.SessionTransaction` back onto the
+    :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.  The behavior is effectively a
+    stack, where :attr:`.Session.transaction` refers to the current head of
+    the stack.
+
+    The purpose of this stack is to allow nesting of
+    :meth:`.Session.rollback` or :meth:`.Session.commit` calls in context
+    with various flavors of :meth:`.Session.begin`. This nesting behavior
+    applies to when :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` is used to emit a
+    SAVEPOINT transaction, and is also used to produce a so-called
+    "subtransaction" which allows a block of code to use a
+    begin/rollback/commit sequence regardless of whether or not its enclosing
+    code block has begun a transaction.  The :meth:`.flush` method, whether
+    called explicitly or via autoflush, is the primary consumer of the
+    "subtransaction" feature, in that it wishes to guarantee that it works
+    within in a transaction block regardless of whether or not the
+    :class:`.Session` is in transactional mode when the method is called.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :meth:`.Session.rollback`
+
+    :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+    :meth:`.Session.begin`
+
+    :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+    :attr:`.Session.is_active`
+
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_rollback`
+
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback`
+
+    """
+
+    _rollback_exception = None
+
+    def __init__(self, session, parent=None, nested=False):
+        self.session = session
+        self._connections = {}
+        self._parent = parent
+        self.nested = nested
+        self._state = ACTIVE
+        if not parent and nested:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't start a SAVEPOINT transaction when no existing "
+                "transaction is in progress")
+
+        if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
+            self._take_snapshot()
+
+        if self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create:
+            self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create(self.session, self)
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self):
+        return self.session is not None and self._state is ACTIVE
+
+    def _assert_active(self, prepared_ok=False,
+                       rollback_ok=False,
+                       deactive_ok=False,
+                       closed_msg="This transaction is closed"):
+        if self._state is COMMITTED:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This session is in 'committed' state; no further "
+                "SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
+            )
+        elif self._state is PREPARED:
+            if not prepared_ok:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This session is in 'prepared' state; no further "
+                    "SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
+                )
+        elif self._state is DEACTIVE:
+            if not deactive_ok and not rollback_ok:
+                if self._rollback_exception:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
+                        "due to a previous exception during flush."
+                        " To begin a new transaction with this Session, "
+                        "first issue Session.rollback()."
+                        " Original exception was: %s"
+                        % self._rollback_exception
+                    )
+                elif not deactive_ok:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
+                        "by a nested rollback() call.  To begin a new "
+                        "transaction, issue Session.rollback() first."
+                    )
+        elif self._state is CLOSED:
+            raise sa_exc.ResourceClosedError(closed_msg)
+
+    @property
+    def _is_transaction_boundary(self):
+        return self.nested or not self._parent
+
+    def connection(self, bindkey, execution_options=None, **kwargs):
+        self._assert_active()
+        bind = self.session.get_bind(bindkey, **kwargs)
+        return self._connection_for_bind(bind, execution_options)
+
+    def _begin(self, nested=False):
+        self._assert_active()
+        return SessionTransaction(
+            self.session, self, nested=nested)
+
+    def _iterate_parents(self, upto=None):
+
+        current = self
+        result = ()
+        while current:
+            result += (current, )
+            if current._parent is upto:
+                break
+            elif current._parent is None:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Transaction %s is not on the active transaction list" % (
+                        upto))
+            else:
+                current = current._parent
+
+        return result
+
+    def _take_snapshot(self):
+        if not self._is_transaction_boundary:
+            self._new = self._parent._new
+            self._deleted = self._parent._deleted
+            self._dirty = self._parent._dirty
+            self._key_switches = self._parent._key_switches
+            return
+
+        if not self.session._flushing:
+            self.session.flush()
+
+        self._new = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._deleted = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._dirty = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._key_switches = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _restore_snapshot(self, dirty_only=False):
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        for s in set(self._new).union(self.session._new):
+            self.session._expunge_state(s)
+            if s.key:
+                del s.key
+
+        for s, (oldkey, newkey) in self._key_switches.items():
+            self.session.identity_map.safe_discard(s)
+            s.key = oldkey
+            self.session.identity_map.replace(s)
+
+        for s in set(self._deleted).union(self.session._deleted):
+            if s.deleted:
+                # assert s in self._deleted
+                del s.deleted
+            self.session._update_impl(s, discard_existing=True)
+
+        assert not self.session._deleted
+
+        for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+            if not dirty_only or s.modified or s in self._dirty:
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def _remove_snapshot(self):
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        if not self.nested and self.session.expire_on_commit:
+            for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+            for s in list(self._deleted):
+                s._detach()
+            self._deleted.clear()
+        elif self.nested:
+            self._parent._new.update(self._new)
+            self._parent._dirty.update(self._dirty)
+            self._parent._deleted.update(self._deleted)
+            self._parent._key_switches.update(self._key_switches)
+
+    def _connection_for_bind(self, bind, execution_options):
+        self._assert_active()
+
+        if bind in self._connections:
+            if execution_options:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Connection is already established for the "
+                    "given bind; execution_options ignored")
+            return self._connections[bind][0]
+
+        if self._parent:
+            conn = self._parent._connection_for_bind(bind, execution_options)
+            if not self.nested:
+                return conn
+        else:
+            if isinstance(bind, engine.Connection):
+                conn = bind
+                if conn.engine in self._connections:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Session already has a Connection associated for the "
+                        "given Connection's Engine")
+            else:
+                conn = bind.contextual_connect()
+
+        if execution_options:
+            conn = conn.execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+        if self.session.twophase and self._parent is None:
+            transaction = conn.begin_twophase()
+        elif self.nested:
+            transaction = conn.begin_nested()
+        else:
+            transaction = conn.begin()
+
+        self._connections[conn] = self._connections[conn.engine] = \
+            (conn, transaction, conn is not bind)
+        self.session.dispatch.after_begin(self.session, self, conn)
+        return conn
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        if self._parent is not None or not self.session.twophase:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'twophase' mode not enabled, or not root transaction; "
+                "can't prepare.")
+        self._prepare_impl()
+
+    def _prepare_impl(self):
+        self._assert_active()
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            self.session.dispatch.before_commit(self.session)
+
+        stx = self.session.transaction
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.commit()
+
+        if not self.session._flushing:
+            for _flush_guard in range(100):
+                if self.session._is_clean():
+                    break
+                self.session.flush()
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Over 100 subsequent flushes have occurred within "
+                    "session.commit() - is an after_flush() hook "
+                    "creating new objects?")
+
+        if self._parent is None and self.session.twophase:
+            try:
+                for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+                    t[1].prepare()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+
+        self._state = PREPARED
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self._assert_active(prepared_ok=True)
+        if self._state is not PREPARED:
+            self._prepare_impl()
+
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+                t[1].commit()
+
+            self._state = COMMITTED
+            self.session.dispatch.after_commit(self.session)
+
+            if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
+                self._remove_snapshot()
+
+        self.close()
+        return self._parent
+
+    def rollback(self, _capture_exception=False):
+        self._assert_active(prepared_ok=True, rollback_ok=True)
+
+        stx = self.session.transaction
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.close()
+
+        boundary = self
+        if self._state in (ACTIVE, PREPARED):
+            for transaction in self._iterate_parents():
+                if transaction._parent is None or transaction.nested:
+                    transaction._rollback_impl()
+                    transaction._state = DEACTIVE
+                    boundary = transaction
+                    break
+                else:
+                    transaction._state = DEACTIVE
+
+        sess = self.session
+
+        if sess._enable_transaction_accounting and \
+                not sess._is_clean():
+
+            # if items were added, deleted, or mutated
+            # here, we need to re-restore the snapshot
+            util.warn(
+                "Session's state has been changed on "
+                "a non-active transaction - this state "
+                "will be discarded.")
+            boundary._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=boundary.nested)
+
+        self.close()
+        if self._parent and _capture_exception:
+            self._parent._rollback_exception = sys.exc_info()[1]
+
+        sess.dispatch.after_soft_rollback(sess, self)
+
+        return self._parent
+
+    def _rollback_impl(self):
+        for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+            t[1].rollback()
+
+        if self.session._enable_transaction_accounting:
+            self._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=self.nested)
+
+        self.session.dispatch.after_rollback(self.session)
+
+    def close(self, invalidate=False):
+        self.session.transaction = self._parent
+        if self._parent is None:
+            for connection, transaction, autoclose in \
+                    set(self._connections.values()):
+                if invalidate:
+                    connection.invalidate()
+                if autoclose:
+                    connection.close()
+                else:
+                    transaction.close()
+
+        self._state = CLOSED
+        if self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_end:
+            self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_end(self.session, self)
+
+        if self._parent is None:
+            if not self.session.autocommit:
+                self.session.begin()
+        self.session = None
+        self._connections = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self._assert_active(deactive_ok=True, prepared_ok=True)
+        if self.session.transaction is None:
+            return
+        if type is None:
+            try:
+                self.commit()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+        else:
+            self.rollback()
+
+
+class Session(_SessionClassMethods):
+    """Manages persistence operations for ORM-mapped objects.
+
+    The Session's usage paradigm is described at :doc:`/orm/session`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    public_methods = (
+        '__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested',
+        'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire',
+        'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind',
+        'is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings',
+        'bulk_update_mappings',
+        'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback',
+        'scalar')
+
+    def __init__(self, bind=None, autoflush=True, expire_on_commit=True,
+                 _enable_transaction_accounting=True,
+                 autocommit=False, twophase=False,
+                 weak_identity_map=True, binds=None, extension=None,
+                 info=None,
+                 query_cls=query.Query):
+        """Construct a new Session.
+
+        See also the :class:`.sessionmaker` function which is used to
+        generate a :class:`.Session`-producing callable with a given
+        set of arguments.
+
+        :param autocommit:
+
+          .. warning::
+
+             The autocommit flag is **not for general use**, and if it is
+             used, queries should only be invoked within the span of a
+             :meth:`.Session.begin` / :meth:`.Session.commit` pair.  Executing
+             queries outside of a demarcated transaction is a legacy mode
+             of usage, and can in some cases lead to concurrent connection
+             checkouts.
+
+          Defaults to ``False``. When ``True``, the
+          :class:`.Session` does not keep a persistent transaction running,
+          and will acquire connections from the engine on an as-needed basis,
+          returning them immediately after their use. Flushes will begin and
+          commit (or possibly rollback) their own transaction if no
+          transaction is present. When using this mode, the
+          :meth:`.Session.begin` method is used to explicitly start
+          transactions.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_autocommit`
+
+        :param autoflush: When ``True``, all query operations will issue a
+           :meth:`~.Session.flush` call to this ``Session`` before proceeding.
+           This is a convenience feature so that :meth:`~.Session.flush` need
+           not be called repeatedly in order for database queries to retrieve
+           results. It's typical that ``autoflush`` is used in conjunction
+           with ``autocommit=False``. In this scenario, explicit calls to
+           :meth:`~.Session.flush` are rarely needed; you usually only need to
+           call :meth:`~.Session.commit` (which flushes) to finalize changes.
+
+        :param bind: An optional :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` to
+           which this ``Session`` should be bound. When specified, all SQL
+           operations performed by this session will execute via this
+           connectable.
+
+        :param binds: An optional dictionary which contains more granular
+           "bind" information than the ``bind`` parameter provides. This
+           dictionary can map individual :class`.Table`
+           instances as well as :class:`~.Mapper` instances to individual
+           :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` objects. Operations which
+           proceed relative to a particular :class:`.Mapper` will consult this
+           dictionary for the direct :class:`.Mapper` instance as
+           well as the mapper's ``mapped_table`` attribute in order to locate
+           a connectable to use. The full resolution is described in the
+           :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.
+           Usage looks like::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(binds={
+                SomeMappedClass: create_engine('postgresql://engine1'),
+                somemapper: create_engine('postgresql://engine2'),
+                some_table: create_engine('postgresql://engine3'),
+                })
+
+          Also see the :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+          and :meth:`.Session.bind_table` methods.
+
+        :param \class_: Specify an alternate class other than
+           ``sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`` which should be used by the
+           returned class. This is the only argument that is local to the
+           :class:`.sessionmaker` function, and is not sent directly to the
+           constructor for ``Session``.
+
+        :param _enable_transaction_accounting:  Defaults to ``True``.  A
+           legacy-only flag which when ``False`` disables *all* 0.5-style
+           object accounting on transaction boundaries, including auto-expiry
+           of instances on rollback and commit, maintenance of the "new" and
+           "deleted" lists upon rollback, and autoflush of pending changes
+           upon :meth:`~.Session.begin`, all of which are interdependent.
+
+        :param expire_on_commit:  Defaults to ``True``. When ``True``, all
+           instances will be fully expired after each :meth:`~.commit`,
+           so that all attribute/object access subsequent to a completed
+           transaction will load from the most recent database state.
+
+        :param extension: An optional
+           :class:`~.SessionExtension` instance, or a list
+           of such instances, which will receive pre- and post- commit and
+           flush events, as well as a post-rollback event. **Deprecated.**
+           Please see :class:`.SessionEvents`.
+
+        :param info: optional dictionary of arbitrary data to be associated
+           with this :class:`.Session`.  Is available via the
+           :attr:`.Session.info` attribute.  Note the dictionary is copied at
+           construction time so that modifications to the per-
+           :class:`.Session` dictionary will be local to that
+           :class:`.Session`.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param query_cls:  Class which should be used to create new Query
+          objects, as returned by the :meth:`~.Session.query` method.
+          Defaults to :class:`.Query`.
+
+        :param twophase:  When ``True``, all transactions will be started as
+            a "two phase" transaction, i.e. using the "two phase" semantics
+            of the database in use along with an XID.  During a
+            :meth:`~.commit`, after :meth:`~.flush` has been issued for all
+            attached databases, the :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare`
+            method on each database's :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` will be
+            called. This allows each database to roll back the entire
+            transaction, before each transaction is committed.
+
+        :param weak_identity_map:  Defaults to ``True`` - when set to
+           ``False``, objects placed in the :class:`.Session` will be
+           strongly referenced until explicitly removed or the
+           :class:`.Session` is closed.  **Deprecated** - this option
+           is present to allow compatibility with older applications, but
+           it is recommended that strong references to objects
+           be maintained by the calling application
+           externally to the :class:`.Session` itself,
+           to the extent that is required by the application.
+
+        """
+
+        if weak_identity_map:
+            self._identity_cls = identity.WeakInstanceDict
+        else:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "weak_identity_map=False is deprecated.  "
+                "It is present to allow compatibility with older "
+                "applications, but "
+                "it is recommended that strong references to "
+                "objects be maintained by the calling application "
+                "externally to the :class:`.Session` itself, "
+                "to the extent that is required by the application.")
+
+            self._identity_cls = identity.StrongInstanceDict
+        self.identity_map = self._identity_cls()
+
+        self._new = {}   # InstanceState->object, strong refs object
+        self._deleted = {}  # same
+        self.bind = bind
+        self.__binds = {}
+        self._flushing = False
+        self._warn_on_events = False
+        self.transaction = None
+        self.hash_key = _new_sessionid()
+        self.autoflush = autoflush
+        self.autocommit = autocommit
+        self.expire_on_commit = expire_on_commit
+        self._enable_transaction_accounting = _enable_transaction_accounting
+        self.twophase = twophase
+        self._query_cls = query_cls
+        if info:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        if extension:
+            for ext in util.to_list(extension):
+                SessionExtension._adapt_listener(self, ext)
+
+        if binds is not None:
+            for key, bind in binds.items():
+                self._add_bind(key, bind)
+
+        if not self.autocommit:
+            self.begin()
+        _sessions[self.hash_key] = self
+
+    connection_callable = None
+
+    transaction = None
+    """The current active or inactive :class:`.SessionTransaction`."""
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def begin(self, subtransactions=False, nested=False):
+        """Begin a transaction on this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        If this Session is already within a transaction, either a plain
+        transaction or nested transaction, an error is raised, unless
+        ``subtransactions=True`` or ``nested=True`` is specified.
+
+        The ``subtransactions=True`` flag indicates that this
+        :meth:`~.Session.begin` can create a subtransaction if a transaction
+        is already in progress. For documentation on subtransactions, please
+        see :ref:`session_subtransactions`.
+
+        The ``nested`` flag begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is equivalent
+        to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For documentation on
+        SAVEPOINT transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            if subtransactions or nested:
+                self.transaction = self.transaction._begin(
+                    nested=nested)
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "A transaction is already begun.  Use "
+                    "subtransactions=True to allow subtransactions.")
+        else:
+            self.transaction = SessionTransaction(
+                self, nested=nested)
+        return self.transaction  # needed for __enter__/__exit__ hook
+
+    def begin_nested(self):
+        """Begin a `nested` transaction on this Session.
+
+        The target database(s) must support SQL SAVEPOINTs or a
+        SQLAlchemy-supported vendor implementation of the idea.
+
+        For documentation on SAVEPOINT
+        transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        """
+        return self.begin(nested=True)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
+
+        This method rolls back the current transaction or nested transaction
+        regardless of subtransactions being in effect.  All subtransactions up
+        to the first real transaction are closed.  Subtransactions occur when
+        :meth:`.begin` is called multiple times.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_rollback`
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is None:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.transaction.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+
+        By default, the :class:`.Session` also expires all database
+        loaded state on all ORM-managed attributes after transaction commit.
+        This so that subsequent operations load the most recent
+        data from the database.   This behavior can be disabled using
+        the ``expire_on_commit=False`` option to :class:`.sessionmaker` or
+        the :class:`.Session` constructor.
+
+        If a subtransaction is in effect (which occurs when begin() is called
+        multiple times), the subtransaction will be closed, and the next call
+        to ``commit()`` will operate on the enclosing transaction.
+
+        When using the :class:`.Session` in its default mode of
+        ``autocommit=False``, a new transaction will
+        be begun immediately after the commit, but note that the newly begun
+        transaction does *not* use any connection resources until the first
+        SQL is actually emitted.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_committing`
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is None:
+            if not self.autocommit:
+                self.begin()
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No transaction is begun.")
+
+        self.transaction.commit()
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Prepare the current transaction in progress for two phase commit.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+
+        Only root transactions of two phase sessions can be prepared. If the
+        current transaction is not such, an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if self.transaction is None:
+            if not self.autocommit:
+                self.begin()
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No transaction is begun.")
+
+        self.transaction.prepare()
+
+    def connection(self, mapper=None, clause=None,
+                   bind=None,
+                   close_with_result=False,
+                   execution_options=None,
+                   **kw):
+        """Return a :class:`.Connection` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        If this :class:`.Session` is configured with ``autocommit=False``,
+        either the :class:`.Connection` corresponding to the current
+        transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
+        one is begun and the :class:`.Connection` returned (note that no
+        transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
+        SQL statement is emitted).
+
+        Alternatively, if this :class:`.Session` is configured with
+        ``autocommit=True``, an ad-hoc :class:`.Connection` is returned
+        using :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` on the underlying
+        :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
+        resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments.   This
+        ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional :class:`.Engine` to be used as the bind.  If
+          this engine is already involved in an ongoing transaction,
+          that connection will be used.  This argument takes precedence
+          over ``mapper``, ``clause``.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional :func:`.mapper` mapped class, used to identify
+          the appropriate bind.  This argument takes precedence over
+          ``clause``.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`.ClauseElement` (i.e. :func:`~.sql.expression.select`,
+            :func:`~.sql.expression.text`,
+            etc.) which will be used to locate a bind, if a bind
+            cannot otherwise be identified.
+
+        :param close_with_result: Passed to :meth:`.Engine.connect`,
+          indicating the :class:`.Connection` should be considered
+          "single use", automatically closing when the first result set is
+          closed.  This flag only has an effect if this :class:`.Session` is
+          configured with ``autocommit=True`` and does not already have a
+          transaction in progress.
+
+        :param execution_options: a dictionary of execution options that will
+         be passed to :meth:`.Connection.execution_options`, **when the
+         connection is first procured only**.   If the connection is already
+         present within the :class:`.Session`, a warning is emitted and
+         the arguments are ignored.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_transaction_isolation`
+
+        :param \**kw:
+          Additional keyword arguments are sent to :meth:`get_bind()`,
+          allowing additional arguments to be passed to custom
+          implementations of :meth:`get_bind`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = self.get_bind(mapper, clause=clause, **kw)
+
+        return self._connection_for_bind(bind,
+                                         close_with_result=close_with_result,
+                                         execution_options=execution_options)
+
+    def _connection_for_bind(self, engine, execution_options=None, **kw):
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            return self.transaction._connection_for_bind(
+                engine, execution_options)
+        else:
+            conn = engine.contextual_connect(**kw)
+            if execution_options:
+                conn = conn.execution_options(**execution_options)
+            return conn
+
+    def execute(self, clause, params=None, mapper=None, bind=None, **kw):
+        """Execute a SQL expression construct or string statement within
+        the current transaction.
+
+        Returns a :class:`.ResultProxy` representing
+        results of the statement execution, in the same manner as that of an
+        :class:`.Engine` or
+        :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            result = session.execute(
+                        user_table.select().where(user_table.c.id == 5)
+                    )
+
+        :meth:`~.Session.execute` accepts any executable clause construct,
+        such as :func:`~.sql.expression.select`,
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.insert`,
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.update`,
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.delete`, and
+        :func:`~.sql.expression.text`.  Plain SQL strings can be passed
+        as well, which in the case of :meth:`.Session.execute` only
+        will be interpreted the same as if it were passed via a
+        :func:`~.expression.text` construct.  That is, the following usage::
+
+            result = session.execute(
+                        "SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param",
+                        {"param":5}
+                    )
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+            result = session.execute(
+                        text("SELECT * FROM user WHERE id=:param"),
+                        {"param":5}
+                    )
+
+        The second positional argument to :meth:`.Session.execute` is an
+        optional parameter set.  Similar to that of
+        :meth:`.Connection.execute`, whether this is passed as a single
+        dictionary, or a list of dictionaries, determines whether the DBAPI
+        cursor's ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` is used to execute the
+        statement.   An INSERT construct may be invoked for a single row::
+
+            result = session.execute(
+                users.insert(), {"id": 7, "name": "somename"})
+
+        or for multiple rows::
+
+            result = session.execute(users.insert(), [
+                                    {"id": 7, "name": "somename7"},
+                                    {"id": 8, "name": "somename8"},
+                                    {"id": 9, "name": "somename9"}
+                                ])
+
+        The statement is executed within the current transactional context of
+        this :class:`.Session`.   The :class:`.Connection` which is used
+        to execute the statement can also be acquired directly by
+        calling the :meth:`.Session.connection` method.  Both methods use
+        a rule-based resolution scheme in order to determine the
+        :class:`.Connection`, which in the average case is derived directly
+        from the "bind" of the :class:`.Session` itself, and in other cases
+        can be based on the :func:`.mapper`
+        and :class:`.Table` objects passed to the method; see the
+        documentation for :meth:`.Session.get_bind` for a full description of
+        this scheme.
+
+        The :meth:`.Session.execute` method does *not* invoke autoflush.
+
+        The :class:`.ResultProxy` returned by the :meth:`.Session.execute`
+        method is returned with the "close_with_result" flag set to true;
+        the significance of this flag is that if this :class:`.Session` is
+        autocommitting and does not have a transaction-dedicated
+        :class:`.Connection` available, a temporary :class:`.Connection` is
+        established for the statement execution, which is closed (meaning,
+        returned to the connection pool) when the :class:`.ResultProxy` has
+        consumed all available data. This applies *only* when the
+        :class:`.Session` is configured with autocommit=True and no
+        transaction has been started.
+
+        :param clause:
+            An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
+            such as :func:`.expression.select`) or string SQL statement
+            to be executed.
+
+        :param params:
+            Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
+            bound parameter values.   If a single dictionary, single-row
+            execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
+            "executemany" will be invoked.  The keys in each dictionary
+            must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional :func:`.mapper` or mapped class, used to identify
+          the appropriate bind.  This argument takes precedence over
+          ``clause`` when locating a bind.   See :meth:`.Session.get_bind`
+          for more details.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional :class:`.Engine` to be used as the bind.  If
+          this engine is already involved in an ongoing transaction,
+          that connection will be used.  This argument takes
+          precedence over ``mapper`` and ``clause`` when locating
+          a bind.
+
+        :param \**kw:
+          Additional keyword arguments are sent to :meth:`.Session.get_bind()`
+          to allow extensibility of "bind" schemes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`sqlexpression_toplevel` - Tutorial on using Core SQL
+            constructs.
+
+            :ref:`connections_toplevel` - Further information on direct
+            statement execution.
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execute` - core level statement execution
+            method, which is :meth:`.Session.execute` ultimately uses
+            in order to execute the statement.
+
+        """
+        clause = expression._literal_as_text(clause)
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = self.get_bind(mapper, clause=clause, **kw)
+
+        return self._connection_for_bind(
+            bind, close_with_result=True).execute(clause, params or {})
+
+    def scalar(self, clause, params=None, mapper=None, bind=None, **kw):
+        """Like :meth:`~.Session.execute` but return a scalar result."""
+
+        return self.execute(
+            clause, params=params, mapper=mapper, bind=bind, **kw).scalar()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close this Session.
+
+        This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
+
+        If this session were created with ``autocommit=False``, a new
+        transaction is immediately begun.  Note that this new transaction does
+        not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
+
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=False)
+
+    def invalidate(self):
+        """Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        This is a variant of :meth:`.Session.close` that will additionally
+        ensure that the :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method will be called
+        on all :class:`.Connection` objects.  This can be called when
+        the database is known to be in a state where the connections are
+        no longer safe to be used.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            try:
+                sess = Session()
+                sess.add(User())
+                sess.commit()
+            except gevent.Timeout:
+                sess.invalidate()
+                raise
+            except:
+                sess.rollback()
+                raise
+
+        This clears all items and ends any transaction in progress.
+
+        If this session were created with ``autocommit=False``, a new
+        transaction is immediately begun.  Note that this new transaction does
+        not use any connection resources until they are first needed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.9
+
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=True)
+
+    def _close_impl(self, invalidate):
+        self.expunge_all()
+        if self.transaction is not None:
+            for transaction in self.transaction._iterate_parents():
+                transaction.close(invalidate)
+
+    def expunge_all(self):
+        """Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+        """
+        for state in self.identity_map.all_states() + list(self._new):
+            state._detach()
+
+        self.identity_map = self._identity_cls()
+        self._new = {}
+        self._deleted = {}
+
+    # TODO: need much more test coverage for bind_mapper() and similar !
+    # TODO: + crystallize + document resolution order
+    #       vis. bind_mapper/bind_table
+
+    def _add_bind(self, key, bind):
+        try:
+            insp = inspect(key)
+        except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+            if not isinstance(key, type):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Not acceptable bind target: %s" %
+                            key)
+            else:
+                self.__binds[key] = bind
+        else:
+            if insp.is_selectable:
+                self.__binds[insp] = bind
+            elif insp.is_mapper:
+                self.__binds[insp.class_] = bind
+                for selectable in insp._all_tables:
+                    self.__binds[selectable] = bind
+            else:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Not acceptable bind target: %s" %
+                            key)
+
+    def bind_mapper(self, mapper, bind):
+        """Associate a :class:`.Mapper` with a "bind", e.g. a :class:`.Engine`
+        or :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The given mapper is added to a lookup used by the
+        :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        """
+        self._add_bind(mapper, bind)
+
+    def bind_table(self, table, bind):
+        """Associate a :class:`.Table` with a "bind", e.g. a :class:`.Engine`
+        or :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        The given mapper is added to a lookup used by the
+        :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        """
+        self._add_bind(table, bind)
+
+    def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None):
+        """Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
+
+        The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`.Engine`,
+        except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
+        explicitly bound directly to a :class:`.Connection`.
+
+        For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
+        ``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
+        appropriate bind to return.
+
+        Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
+        when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
+        operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
+        individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
+        :meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
+
+        The order of resolution is:
+
+        1. if mapper given and session.binds is present,
+           locate a bind based on mapper.
+        2. if clause given and session.binds is present,
+           locate a bind based on :class:`.Table` objects
+           found in the given clause present in session.binds.
+        3. if session.bind is present, return that.
+        4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the clause.
+        5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the :class:`.Table` or other
+           selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
+        6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
+           is raised.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional :func:`.mapper` mapped class or instance of
+          :class:`.Mapper`.   The bind can be derived from a :class:`.Mapper`
+          first by consulting the "binds" map associated with this
+          :class:`.Session`, and secondly by consulting the :class:`.MetaData`
+          associated with the :class:`.Table` to which the :class:`.Mapper`
+          is mapped for a bind.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`.ClauseElement` (i.e. :func:`~.sql.expression.select`,
+            :func:`~.sql.expression.text`,
+            etc.).  If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
+            produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
+            for a bound element, typically a :class:`.Table` associated with
+            bound :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        """
+
+        if mapper is clause is None:
+            if self.bind:
+                return self.bind
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+                    "This session is not bound to a single Engine or "
+                    "Connection, and no context was provided to locate "
+                    "a binding.")
+
+        if mapper is not None:
+            try:
+                mapper = inspect(mapper)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                if isinstance(mapper, type):
+                    raise exc.UnmappedClassError(mapper)
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+        if self.__binds:
+            if mapper:
+                for cls in mapper.class_.__mro__:
+                    if cls in self.__binds:
+                        return self.__binds[cls]
+                if clause is None:
+                    clause = mapper.mapped_table
+
+            if clause is not None:
+                for t in sql_util.find_tables(clause, include_crud=True):
+                    if t in self.__binds:
+                        return self.__binds[t]
+
+        if self.bind:
+            return self.bind
+
+        if isinstance(clause, sql.expression.ClauseElement) and clause.bind:
+            return clause.bind
+
+        if mapper and mapper.mapped_table.bind:
+            return mapper.mapped_table.bind
+
+        context = []
+        if mapper is not None:
+            context.append('mapper %s' % mapper)
+        if clause is not None:
+            context.append('SQL expression')
+
+        raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+            "Could not locate a bind configured on %s or this Session" % (
+                ', '.join(context)))
+
+    def query(self, *entities, **kwargs):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session`."""
+
+        return self._query_cls(entities, self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    @util.contextmanager
+    def no_autoflush(self):
+        """Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        """
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        self.autoflush = False
+        yield self
+        self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    def _autoflush(self):
+        if self.autoflush and not self._flushing:
+            try:
+                self.flush()
+            except sa_exc.StatementError as e:
+                # note we are reraising StatementError as opposed to
+                # raising FlushError with "chaining" to remain compatible
+                # with code that catches StatementError, IntegrityError,
+                # etc.
+                e.add_detail(
+                    "raised as a result of Query-invoked autoflush; "
+                    "consider using a session.no_autoflush block if this "
+                    "flush is occurring prematurely")
+                util.raise_from_cause(e)
+
+    def refresh(self, instance, attribute_names=None, lockmode=None):
+        """Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
+
+        A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
+        refreshed with their current database value.
+
+        Lazy-loaded relational attributes will remain lazily loaded, so that
+        the instance-wide refresh operation will be followed immediately by
+        the lazy load of that attribute.
+
+        Eagerly-loaded relational attributes will eagerly load within the
+        single refresh operation.
+
+        Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
+        were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction - usage of
+        :meth:`~Session.refresh` usually only makes sense if non-ORM SQL
+        statement were emitted in the ongoing transaction, or if autocommit
+        mode is turned on.
+
+        :param attribute_names: optional.  An iterable collection of
+          string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
+          be refreshed.
+
+        :param lockmode: Passed to the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query`
+          as used by :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.with_lockmode`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire_all`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+        if loading.load_on_ident(
+                self.query(object_mapper(instance)),
+                state.key, refresh_state=state,
+                lockmode=lockmode,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names) is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not refresh instance '%s'" %
+                instance_str(instance))
+
+    def expire_all(self):
+        """Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` should not be needed when
+        autocommit is ``False``, assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+        """
+        for state in self.identity_map.all_states():
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def expire(self, instance, attribute_names=None):
+        """Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+    def _expire_state(self, state, attribute_names):
+        self._validate_persistent(state)
+        if attribute_names:
+            state._expire_attributes(state.dict, attribute_names)
+        else:
+            # pre-fetch the full cascade since the expire is going to
+            # remove associations
+            cascaded = list(state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                'refresh-expire', state))
+            self._conditional_expire(state)
+            for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
+                self._conditional_expire(st_)
+
+    def _conditional_expire(self, state):
+        """Expire a state if persistent, else expunge if pending"""
+
+        if state.key:
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+        elif state in self._new:
+            self._new.pop(state)
+            state._detach()
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", "The non-weak-referencing identity map "
+                     "feature is no longer needed.")
+    def prune(self):
+        """Remove unreferenced instances cached in the identity map.
+
+        Note that this method is only meaningful if "weak_identity_map" is set
+        to False.  The default weak identity map is self-pruning.
+
+        Removes any object in this Session's identity map that is not
+        referenced in user code, modified, new or scheduled for deletion.
+        Returns the number of objects pruned.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_map.prune()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance):
+        """Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+        if state.session_id is not self.hash_key:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance %s is not present in this Session" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+        cascaded = list(state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+            'expunge', state))
+        self._expunge_state(state)
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
+            self._expunge_state(st_)
+
+    def _expunge_state(self, state):
+        if state in self._new:
+            self._new.pop(state)
+            state._detach()
+        elif self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+            self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state._detach()
+        elif self.transaction:
+            self.transaction._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state._detach()
+
+    def _register_newly_persistent(self, states):
+        for state in states:
+            mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+
+            # prevent against last minute dereferences of the object
+            obj = state.obj()
+            if obj is not None:
+
+                instance_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+                if _none_set.intersection(instance_key[1]) and \
+                        not mapper.allow_partial_pks or \
+                        _none_set.issuperset(instance_key[1]):
+                    raise exc.FlushError(
+                        "Instance %s has a NULL identity key.  If this is an "
+                        "auto-generated value, check that the database table "
+                        "allows generation of new primary key values, and "
+                        "that the mapped Column object is configured to "
+                        "expect these generated values.  Ensure also that "
+                        "this flush() is not occurring at an inappropriate "
+                        "time, such aswithin a load() event."
+                        % state_str(state)
+                    )
+
+                if state.key is None:
+                    state.key = instance_key
+                elif state.key != instance_key:
+                    # primary key switch. use safe_discard() in case another
+                    # state has already replaced this one in the identity
+                    # map (see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py ReversePKsTest)
+                    self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+                    if state in self.transaction._key_switches:
+                        orig_key = self.transaction._key_switches[state][0]
+                    else:
+                        orig_key = state.key
+                    self.transaction._key_switches[state] = (
+                        orig_key, instance_key)
+                    state.key = instance_key
+
+                self.identity_map.replace(state)
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+            ((state, state.dict) for state in states),
+            self.identity_map
+        )
+
+        self._register_altered(states)
+        # remove from new last, might be the last strong ref
+        for state in set(states).intersection(self._new):
+            self._new.pop(state)
+
+    def _register_altered(self, states):
+        if self._enable_transaction_accounting and self.transaction:
+            for state in states:
+                if state in self._new:
+                    self.transaction._new[state] = True
+                else:
+                    self.transaction._dirty[state] = True
+
+    def _remove_newly_deleted(self, states):
+        for state in states:
+            if self._enable_transaction_accounting and self.transaction:
+                self.transaction._deleted[state] = True
+
+            self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+            self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state.deleted = True
+
+    def add(self, instance, _warn=True):
+        """Place an object in the ``Session``.
+
+        Its state will be persisted to the database on the next flush
+        operation.
+
+        Repeated calls to ``add()`` will be ignored. The opposite of ``add()``
+        is ``expunge()``.
+
+        """
+        if _warn and self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+        self._save_or_update_state(state)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances):
+        """Add the given collection of instances to this ``Session``."""
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add_all()")
+
+        for instance in instances:
+            self.add(instance, _warn=False)
+
+    def _save_or_update_state(self, state):
+        self._save_or_update_impl(state)
+
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                'save-update',
+                state,
+                halt_on=self._contains_state):
+            self._save_or_update_impl(st_)
+
+    def delete(self, instance):
+        """Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
+
+        """
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.delete()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+
+        if state.key is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persisted" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+        if state in self._deleted:
+            return
+
+        # ensure object is attached to allow the
+        # cascade operation to load deferred attributes
+        # and collections
+        self._attach(state, include_before=True)
+
+        # grab the cascades before adding the item to the deleted list
+        # so that autoflush does not delete the item
+        # the strong reference to the instance itself is significant here
+        cascade_states = list(state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+            'delete', state))
+
+        self._deleted[state] = state.obj()
+        self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascade_states:
+            self._delete_impl(st_)
+
+    def merge(self, instance, load=True):
+        """Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
+        source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
+        same primary key in the session.   If not found locally, it attempts
+        to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
+        none can be located, creates a new instance.  The state of each
+        attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
+        instance.  The resulting target instance is then returned by the
+        method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
+        un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
+
+        This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
+        mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
+
+        See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
+
+        :param instance: Instance to be merged.
+        :param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
+         a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
+         events as well as all database access.  This flag is used for
+         cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
+         from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
+         into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
+         without re-querying the database.
+
+         The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
+         object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
+         to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
+         :class:`.Session`.   This is so that when
+         the merge operation populates local attributes and
+         cascades to related objects and
+         collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
+         target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
+         events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
+         any existing related objects or collections that might not
+         be loaded.  The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
+         produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
+         should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
+         method.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.merge()")
+
+        _recursive = {}
+
+        if load:
+            # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+            self._autoflush()
+
+        object_mapper(instance)  # verify mapped
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        try:
+            self.autoflush = False
+            return self._merge(
+                attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                load=load, _recursive=_recursive)
+        finally:
+            self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    def _merge(self, state, state_dict, load=True, _recursive=None):
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+        if state in _recursive:
+            return _recursive[state]
+
+        new_instance = False
+        key = state.key
+
+        if key is None:
+            if not load:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                    "objects transient (i.e. unpersisted) objects.  flush() "
+                    "all changes on mapped instances before merging with "
+                    "load=False.")
+            key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            key_is_persistent = attributes.NEVER_SET not in key[1]
+        else:
+            key_is_persistent = True
+
+        if key in self.identity_map:
+            merged = self.identity_map[key]
+
+        elif not load:
+            if state.modified:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                    "objects marked as 'dirty'.  flush() all changes on "
+                    "mapped instances before merging with load=False.")
+            merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_state.key = key
+            self._update_impl(merged_state)
+            new_instance = True
+
+        elif key_is_persistent and (
+            not _none_set.intersection(key[1]) or
+            (mapper.allow_partial_pks and
+             not _none_set.issuperset(key[1]))):
+            merged = self.query(mapper.class_).get(key[1])
+        else:
+            merged = None
+
+        if merged is None:
+            merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+            new_instance = True
+            self._save_or_update_state(merged_state)
+        else:
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+
+        _recursive[state] = merged
+
+        # check that we didn't just pull the exact same
+        # state out.
+        if state is not merged_state:
+            # version check if applicable
+            if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                existing_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+                merged_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    merged_state,
+                    merged_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+                if existing_version is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                        merged_version is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                        existing_version != merged_version:
+                    raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                        "Version id '%s' on merged state %s "
+                        "does not match existing version '%s'. "
+                        "Leave the version attribute unset when "
+                        "merging to update the most recent version."
+                        % (
+                            existing_version,
+                            state_str(merged_state),
+                            merged_version
+                        ))
+
+            merged_state.load_path = state.load_path
+            merged_state.load_options = state.load_options
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                prop.merge(self, state, state_dict,
+                           merged_state, merged_dict,
+                           load, _recursive)
+
+        if not load:
+            # remove any history
+            merged_state._commit_all(merged_dict, self.identity_map)
+
+        if new_instance:
+            merged_state.manager.dispatch.load(merged_state, None)
+        return merged
+
+    def _validate_persistent(self, state):
+        if not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persistent within this Session" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+    def _save_impl(self, state):
+        if state.key is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' already has an identity - "
+                "it can't be registered as pending" % state_str(state))
+
+        self._before_attach(state)
+        if state not in self._new:
+            self._new[state] = state.obj()
+            state.insert_order = len(self._new)
+        self._attach(state)
+
+    def _update_impl(self, state, discard_existing=False):
+        if (self.identity_map.contains_state(state) and
+                state not in self._deleted):
+            return
+
+        if state.key is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persisted" %
+                state_str(state))
+
+        if state.deleted:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' has been deleted.  Use the make_transient() "
+                "function to send this object back to the transient state." %
+                state_str(state)
+            )
+        self._before_attach(state, check_identity_map=False)
+        self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+        if discard_existing:
+            self.identity_map.replace(state)
+        else:
+            self.identity_map.add(state)
+        self._attach(state)
+
+    def _save_or_update_impl(self, state):
+        if state.key is None:
+            self._save_impl(state)
+        else:
+            self._update_impl(state)
+
+    def _delete_impl(self, state):
+        if state in self._deleted:
+            return
+
+        if state.key is None:
+            return
+
+        self._attach(state, include_before=True)
+        self._deleted[state] = state.obj()
+        self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+    def enable_relationship_loading(self, obj):
+        """Associate an object with this :class:`.Session` for related
+        object loading.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            :meth:`.enable_relationship_loading` exists to serve special
+            use cases and is not recommended for general use.
+
+        Accesses of attributes mapped with :func:`.relationship`
+        will attempt to load a value from the database using this
+        :class:`.Session` as the source of connectivity.  The values
+        will be loaded based on foreign key values present on this
+        object - it follows that this functionality
+        generally only works for many-to-one-relationships.
+
+        The object will be attached to this session, but will
+        **not** participate in any persistence operations; its state
+        for almost all purposes will remain either "transient" or
+        "detached", except for the case of relationship loading.
+
+        Also note that backrefs will often not work as expected.
+        Altering a relationship-bound attribute on the target object
+        may not fire off a backref event, if the effective value
+        is what was already loaded from a foreign-key-holding value.
+
+        The :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` method is
+        similar to the ``load_on_pending`` flag on :func:`.relationship`.
+        Unlike that flag, :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` allows
+        an object to remain transient while still being able to load
+        related items.
+
+        To make a transient object associated with a :class:`.Session`
+        via :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` pending, add
+        it to the :class:`.Session` using :meth:`.Session.add` normally.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` does not improve
+        behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+        constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+        that they are present in an ordinary way before flush()
+        proceeds.  This method is not intended for general use.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            ``load_on_pending`` at :func:`.relationship` - this flag
+            allows per-relationship loading of many-to-ones on items that
+            are pending.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        self._attach(state, include_before=True)
+        state._load_pending = True
+
+    def _before_attach(self, state, check_identity_map=True):
+        if state.session_id != self.hash_key and \
+                self.dispatch.before_attach:
+            self.dispatch.before_attach(self, state.obj())
+
+        if check_identity_map and state.key and \
+            state.key in self.identity_map and \
+                not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't attach instance "
+                "%s; another instance with key %s is already "
+                "present in this session." % (state_str(state), state.key))
+
+        if state.session_id and \
+                state.session_id is not self.hash_key and \
+                state.session_id in _sessions:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' is already attached to session '%s' "
+                "(this is '%s')" % (state_str(state),
+                                    state.session_id, self.hash_key))
+
+    def _attach(self, state, include_before=False):
+
+        if state.session_id != self.hash_key:
+            if include_before:
+                self._before_attach(state)
+            state.session_id = self.hash_key
+            if state.modified and state._strong_obj is None:
+                state._strong_obj = state.obj()
+            if self.dispatch.after_attach:
+                self.dispatch.after_attach(self, state.obj())
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance):
+        """Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+        return self._contains_state(state)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        """
+        return iter(
+            list(self._new.values()) + list(self.identity_map.values()))
+
+    def _contains_state(self, state):
+        return state in self._new or self.identity_map.contains_state(state)
+
+    def flush(self, objects=None):
+        """Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
+        to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc.  Operations are
+        automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
+        solver.
+
+        Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
+        context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
+        error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
+        You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
+        changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
+
+        For ``autocommit`` Sessions with no active manual transaction, flush()
+        will create a transaction on the fly that surrounds the entire set of
+        operations into the flush.
+
+        :param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
+          only on elements that are in the given collection.
+
+          This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
+          particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
+          full flush() occurs.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._flushing:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Session is already flushing")
+
+        if self._is_clean():
+            return
+        try:
+            self._flushing = True
+            self._flush(objects)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def _flush_warning(self, method):
+        util.warn(
+            "Usage of the '%s' operation is not currently supported "
+            "within the execution stage of the flush process. "
+            "Results may not be consistent.  Consider using alternative "
+            "event listeners or connection-level operations instead."
+            % method)
+
+    def _is_clean(self):
+        return not self.identity_map.check_modified() and \
+            not self._deleted and \
+            not self._new
+
+    def _flush(self, objects=None):
+
+        dirty = self._dirty_states
+        if not dirty and not self._deleted and not self._new:
+            self.identity_map._modified.clear()
+            return
+
+        flush_context = UOWTransaction(self)
+
+        if self.dispatch.before_flush:
+            self.dispatch.before_flush(self, flush_context, objects)
+            # re-establish "dirty states" in case the listeners
+            # added
+            dirty = self._dirty_states
+
+        deleted = set(self._deleted)
+        new = set(self._new)
+
+        dirty = set(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        # create the set of all objects we want to operate upon
+        if objects:
+            # specific list passed in
+            objset = set()
+            for o in objects:
+                try:
+                    state = attributes.instance_state(o)
+                except exc.NO_STATE:
+                    raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(o)
+                objset.add(state)
+        else:
+            objset = None
+
+        # store objects whose fate has been decided
+        processed = set()
+
+        # put all saves/updates into the flush context.  detect top-level
+        # orphans and throw them into deleted.
+        if objset:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).intersection(objset).difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        for state in proc:
+            is_orphan = (
+                _state_mapper(state)._is_orphan(state) and state.has_identity)
+            flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=is_orphan)
+            processed.add(state)
+
+        # put all remaining deletes into the flush context.
+        if objset:
+            proc = deleted.intersection(objset).difference(processed)
+        else:
+            proc = deleted.difference(processed)
+        for state in proc:
+            flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=True)
+
+        if not flush_context.has_work:
+            return
+
+        flush_context.transaction = transaction = self.begin(
+            subtransactions=True)
+        try:
+            self._warn_on_events = True
+            try:
+                flush_context.execute()
+            finally:
+                self._warn_on_events = False
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush(self, flush_context)
+
+            flush_context.finalize_flush_changes()
+
+            if not objects and self.identity_map._modified:
+                len_ = len(self.identity_map._modified)
+
+                statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+                    [(state, state.dict) for state in
+                     self.identity_map._modified],
+                    instance_dict=self.identity_map)
+                util.warn("Attribute history events accumulated on %d "
+                          "previously clean instances "
+                          "within inner-flush event handlers have been "
+                          "reset, and will not result in database updates. "
+                          "Consider using set_committed_value() within "
+                          "inner-flush event handlers to avoid this warning."
+                          % len_)
+
+            # useful assertions:
+            # if not objects:
+            #    assert not self.identity_map._modified
+            # else:
+            #    assert self.identity_map._modified == \
+            #            self.identity_map._modified.difference(objects)
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush_postexec(self, flush_context)
+
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+
+    def bulk_save_objects(
+            self, objects, return_defaults=False, update_changed_only=True):
+        """Perform a bulk save of the given list of objects.
+
+        The bulk save feature allows mapped objects to be used as the
+        source of simple INSERT and UPDATE operations which can be more easily
+        grouped together into higher performing "executemany"
+        operations; the extraction of data from the objects is also performed
+        using a lower-latency process that ignores whether or not attributes
+        have actually been modified in the case of UPDATEs, and also ignores
+        SQL expressions.
+
+        The objects as given are not added to the session and no additional
+        state is established on them, unless the ``return_defaults`` flag
+        is also set, in which case primary key attributes and server-side
+        default values will be populated.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The bulk save feature allows for a lower-latency INSERT/UPDATE
+            of rows at the expense of most other unit-of-work features.
+            Features such as object management, relationship handling,
+            and SQL clause support are **silently omitted** in favor of raw
+            INSERT/UPDATES of records.
+
+            **Please read the list of caveats at** :ref:`bulk_operations`
+            **before using this method, and fully test and confirm the
+            functionality of all code developed using these systems.**
+
+        :param objects: a list of mapped object instances.  The mapped
+         objects are persisted as is, and are **not** associated with the
+         :class:`.Session` afterwards.
+
+         For each object, whether the object is sent as an INSERT or an
+         UPDATE is dependent on the same rules used by the :class:`.Session`
+         in traditional operation; if the object has the
+         :attr:`.InstanceState.key`
+         attribute set, then the object is assumed to be "detached" and
+         will result in an UPDATE.  Otherwise, an INSERT is used.
+
+         In the case of an UPDATE, statements are grouped based on which
+         attributes have changed, and are thus to be the subject of each
+         SET clause.  If ``update_changed_only`` is False, then all
+         attributes present within each object are applied to the UPDATE
+         statement, which may help in allowing the statements to be grouped
+         together into a larger executemany(), and will also reduce the
+         overhead of checking history on attributes.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
+         generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
+         will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
+         is available.  In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
+         and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
+         to provide primary key values ahead of time; however,
+         :paramref:`.Session.bulk_save_objects.return_defaults` **greatly
+         reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.
+
+        :param update_changed_only: when True, UPDATE statements are rendered
+         based on those attributes in each state that have logged changes.
+         When False, all attributes present are rendered into the SET clause
+         with the exception of primary key attributes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`bulk_operations`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+        """
+        for (mapper, isupdate), states in itertools.groupby(
+            (attributes.instance_state(obj) for obj in objects),
+            lambda state: (state.mapper, state.key is not None)
+        ):
+            self._bulk_save_mappings(
+                mapper, states, isupdate, True,
+                return_defaults, update_changed_only)
+
+    def bulk_insert_mappings(self, mapper, mappings, return_defaults=False):
+        """Perform a bulk insert of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        The bulk insert feature allows plain Python dictionaries to be used as
+        the source of simple INSERT operations which can be more easily
+        grouped together into higher performing "executemany"
+        operations.  Using dictionaries, there is no "history" or session
+        state management features in use, reducing latency when inserting
+        large numbers of simple rows.
+
+        The values within the dictionaries as given are typically passed
+        without modification into Core :meth:`.Insert` constructs, after
+        organizing the values within them across the tables to which
+        the given mapper is mapped.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The bulk insert feature allows for a lower-latency INSERT
+            of rows at the expense of most other unit-of-work features.
+            Features such as object management, relationship handling,
+            and SQL clause support are **silently omitted** in favor of raw
+            INSERT of records.
+
+            **Please read the list of caveats at** :ref:`bulk_operations`
+            **before using this method, and fully test and confirm the
+            functionality of all code developed using these systems.**
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`.Mapper` object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a list of dictionaries, each one containing the state
+         of the mapped row to be inserted, in terms of the attribute names
+         on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
+         such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary must contain
+         all keys to be populated into all tables.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
+         generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
+         will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
+         is available.  In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
+         and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
+         to provide primary
+         key values ahead of time; however,
+         :paramref:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings.return_defaults`
+         **greatly reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.
+         If the rows
+         to be inserted only refer to a single table, then there is no
+         reason this flag should be set as the returned default information
+         is not used.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`bulk_operations`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+        """
+        self._bulk_save_mappings(
+            mapper, mappings, False, False, return_defaults, False)
+
+    def bulk_update_mappings(self, mapper, mappings):
+        """Perform a bulk update of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        The bulk update feature allows plain Python dictionaries to be used as
+        the source of simple UPDATE operations which can be more easily
+        grouped together into higher performing "executemany"
+        operations.  Using dictionaries, there is no "history" or session
+        state management features in use, reducing latency when updating
+        large numbers of simple rows.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The bulk update feature allows for a lower-latency UPDATE
+            of rows at the expense of most other unit-of-work features.
+            Features such as object management, relationship handling,
+            and SQL clause support are **silently omitted** in favor of raw
+            UPDATES of records.
+
+            **Please read the list of caveats at** :ref:`bulk_operations`
+            **before using this method, and fully test and confirm the
+            functionality of all code developed using these systems.**
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`.Mapper` object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a list of dictionaries, each one containing the state
+         of the mapped row to be updated, in terms of the attribute names
+         on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
+         such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary may contain
+         keys corresponding to all tables.   All those keys which are present
+         and are not part of the primary key are applied to the SET clause
+         of the UPDATE statement; the primary key values, which are required,
+         are applied to the WHERE clause.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`bulk_operations`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+        """
+        self._bulk_save_mappings(mapper, mappings, True, False, False, False)
+
+    def _bulk_save_mappings(
+            self, mapper, mappings, isupdate, isstates,
+            return_defaults, update_changed_only):
+        mapper = _class_to_mapper(mapper)
+        self._flushing = True
+
+        transaction = self.begin(
+            subtransactions=True)
+        try:
+            if isupdate:
+                persistence._bulk_update(
+                    mapper, mappings, transaction,
+                    isstates, update_changed_only)
+            else:
+                persistence._bulk_insert(
+                    mapper, mappings, transaction, isstates, return_defaults)
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def is_modified(self, instance, include_collections=True,
+                    passive=True):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+            When using SQLAlchemy 0.7 and earlier, the ``passive``
+            flag should **always** be explicitly set to ``True``,
+            else SQL loads/autoflushes may proceed which can affect
+            the modified state itself:
+            ``session.is_modified(someobject, passive=True)``\ .
+            In 0.8 and above, the behavior is corrected and
+            this flag is ignored.
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+        :param passive:
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+             Ignored for backwards compatibility.
+             When using SQLAlchemy 0.7 and earlier, this flag should always
+             be set to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        state = object_state(instance)
+
+        if not state.modified:
+            return False
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        for attr in state.manager.attributes:
+            if \
+                    (
+                        not include_collections and
+                        hasattr(attr.impl, 'get_collection')
+                    ) or not hasattr(attr.impl, 'get_history'):
+                continue
+
+            (added, unchanged, deleted) = \
+                attr.impl.get_history(state, dict_,
+                                      passive=attributes.NO_CHANGE)
+
+            if added or deleted:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self):
+        """True if this :class:`.Session` is in "transaction mode" and
+        is not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` in its default mode of ``autocommit=False``
+        is essentially always in "transaction mode", in that a
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` is associated with it as soon as
+        it is instantiated.  This :class:`.SessionTransaction` is immediately
+        replaced with a new one as soon as it is ended, due to a rollback,
+        commit, or close operation.
+
+        "Transaction mode" does *not* indicate whether
+        or not actual database connection resources are in use;  the
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` object coordinates among zero or more
+        actual database transactions, and starts out with none, accumulating
+        individual DBAPI connections as different data sources are used
+        within its scope.   The best way to track when a particular
+        :class:`.Session` has actually begun to use DBAPI resources is to
+        implement a listener using the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+        method, which will deliver both the :class:`.Session` as well as the
+        target :class:`.Connection` to a user-defined event listener.
+
+        The "partial rollback" state refers to when an "inner" transaction,
+        typically used during a flush, encounters an error and emits a
+        rollback of the DBAPI connection.  At this point, the
+        :class:`.Session` is in "partial rollback" and awaits for the user to
+        call :meth:`.Session.rollback`, in order to close out the
+        transaction stack.  It is in this "partial rollback" period that the
+        :attr:`.is_active` flag returns False.  After the call to
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback`, the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is
+        replaced with a new one and :attr:`.is_active` returns ``True`` again.
+
+        When a :class:`.Session` is used in ``autocommit=True`` mode, the
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` is only instantiated within the scope
+        of a flush call, or when :meth:`.Session.begin` is called.  So
+        :attr:`.is_active` will always be ``False`` outside of a flush or
+        :meth:`.Session.begin` block in this mode, and will be ``True``
+        within the :meth:`.Session.begin` block as long as it doesn't enter
+        "partial rollback" state.
+
+        From all the above, it follows that the only purpose to this flag is
+        for application frameworks that wish to detect is a "rollback" is
+        necessary within a generic error handling routine, for
+        :class:`.Session` objects that would otherwise be in
+        "partial rollback" mode.  In a typical integration case, this is also
+        not necessary as it is standard practice to emit
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback` unconditionally within the outermost
+        exception catch.
+
+        To track the transactional state of a :class:`.Session` fully,
+        use event listeners, primarily the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_begin`,
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_commit`,
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_rollback` and related events.
+
+        """
+        return self.transaction and self.transaction.is_active
+
+    identity_map = None
+    """A mapping of object identities to objects themselves.
+
+    Iterating through ``Session.identity_map.values()`` provides
+    access to the full set of persistent objects (i.e., those
+    that have row identity) currently in the session.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.identity_key` - helper function to produce the keys used
+        in this dictionary.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _dirty_states(self):
+        """The set of all persistent states considered dirty.
+
+        This method returns all states that were modified including
+        those that were possibly deleted.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_map._dirty_states()
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self):
+        """The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+        """
+        return util.IdentitySet(
+            [state.obj()
+             for state in self._dirty_states
+             if state not in self._deleted])
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self):
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``"
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._deleted.values()))
+
+    @property
+    def new(self):
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``."
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._new.values()))
+
+
+class sessionmaker(_SessionClassMethods):
+    """A configurable :class:`.Session` factory.
+
+    The :class:`.sessionmaker` factory generates new
+    :class:`.Session` objects when called, creating them given
+    the configurational arguments established here.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        # global scope
+        Session = sessionmaker(autoflush=False)
+
+        # later, in a local scope, create and use a session:
+        sess = Session()
+
+    Any keyword arguments sent to the constructor itself will override the
+    "configured" keywords::
+
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        # bind an individual session to a connection
+        sess = Session(bind=connection)
+
+    The class also includes a method :meth:`.configure`, which can
+    be used to specify additional keyword arguments to the factory, which
+    will take effect for subsequent :class:`.Session` objects generated.
+    This is usually used to associate one or more :class:`.Engine` objects
+    with an existing :class:`.sessionmaker` factory before it is first
+    used::
+
+        # application starts
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        # ... later
+        engine = create_engine('sqlite:///foo.db')
+        Session.configure(bind=engine)
+
+        sess = Session()
+
+    .. seealso:
+
+        :ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
+        sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, bind=None, class_=Session, autoflush=True,
+                 autocommit=False,
+                 expire_on_commit=True,
+                 info=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
+        accepted by :class:`.Session` directly.  See the
+        :meth:`.Session.__init__` docstring for more details on parameters.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`.Engine` or other :class:`.Connectable` with
+         which newly created :class:`.Session` objects will be associated.
+        :param class_: class to use in order to create new :class:`.Session`
+         objects.  Defaults to :class:`.Session`.
+        :param autoflush: The autoflush setting to use with newly created
+         :class:`.Session` objects.
+        :param autocommit: The autocommit setting to use with newly created
+         :class:`.Session` objects.
+        :param expire_on_commit=True: the expire_on_commit setting to use
+         with newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+        :param info: optional dictionary of information that will be available
+         via :attr:`.Session.info`.  Note this dictionary is *updated*, not
+         replaced, when the ``info`` parameter is specified to the specific
+         :class:`.Session` construction operation.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
+         constructor of newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        """
+        kw['bind'] = bind
+        kw['autoflush'] = autoflush
+        kw['autocommit'] = autocommit
+        kw['expire_on_commit'] = expire_on_commit
+        if info is not None:
+            kw['info'] = info
+        self.kw = kw
+        # make our own subclass of the given class, so that
+        # events can be associated with it specifically.
+        self.class_ = type(class_.__name__, (class_,), {})
+
+    def __call__(self, **local_kw):
+        """Produce a new :class:`.Session` object using the configuration
+        established in this :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
+        it is "called" in the same way as a function::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker()
+            session = Session()  # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
+
+        """
+        for k, v in self.kw.items():
+            if k == 'info' and 'info' in local_kw:
+                d = v.copy()
+                d.update(local_kw['info'])
+                local_kw['info'] = d
+            else:
+                local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
+        return self.class_(**local_kw)
+
+    def configure(self, **new_kw):
+        """(Re)configure the arguments for this sessionmaker.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker()
+
+            Session.configure(bind=create_engine('sqlite://'))
+        """
+        self.kw.update(new_kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(class_=%r,%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items())
+        )
+
+
+def make_transient(instance):
+    """Alter the state of the given instance so that it is :term:`transient`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient` is a special-case function for
+        advanced use cases only.
+
+    The given mapped instance is assumed to be in the :term:`persistent` or
+    :term:`detached` state.   The function will remove its association with any
+    :class:`.Session` as well as its :attr:`.InstanceState.identity`. The
+    effect is that the object will behave as though it were newly constructed,
+    except retaining any attribute / collection values that were loaded at the
+    time of the call.   The :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` flag is also reset
+    if this object had been deleted as a result of using
+    :meth:`.Session.delete`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient` does **not** "unexpire" or otherwise eagerly
+        load ORM-mapped attributes that are not currently loaded at the time
+        the function is called.   This includes attributes which:
+
+        * were expired via :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+        * were expired as the natural effect of committing a session
+          transaction, e.g. :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+        * are normally :term:`lazy loaded` but are not currently loaded
+
+        * are "deferred" via :ref:`deferred` and are not yet loaded
+
+        * were not present in the query which loaded this object, such as that
+          which is common in joined table inheritance and other scenarios.
+
+        After :func:`.make_transient` is called, unloaded attributes such
+        as those above will normally resolve to the value ``None`` when
+        accessed, or an empty collection for a collection-oriented attribute.
+        As the object is transient and un-associated with any database
+        identity, it will no longer retrieve these values.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient_to_detached`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    s = _state_session(state)
+    if s:
+        s._expunge_state(state)
+
+    # remove expired state
+    state.expired_attributes.clear()
+
+    # remove deferred callables
+    if state.callables:
+        del state.callables
+
+    if state.key:
+        del state.key
+    if state.deleted:
+        del state.deleted
+
+
+def make_transient_to_detached(instance):
+    """Make the given transient instance :term:`detached`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` is a special-case function for
+        advanced use cases only.
+
+    All attribute history on the given instance
+    will be reset as though the instance were freshly loaded
+    from a query.  Missing attributes will be marked as expired.
+    The primary key attributes of the object, which are required, will be made
+    into the "key" of the instance.
+
+    The object can then be added to a session, or merged
+    possibly with the load=False flag, at which point it will look
+    as if it were loaded that way, without emitting SQL.
+
+    This is a special use case function that differs from a normal
+    call to :meth:`.Session.merge` in that a given persistent state
+    can be manufactured without any SQL calls.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    if state.session_id or state.key:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Given object must be transient")
+    state.key = state.mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+    if state.deleted:
+        del state.deleted
+    state._commit_all(state.dict)
+    state._expire_attributes(state.dict, state.unloaded)
+
+
+def object_session(instance):
+    """Return the :class:`.Session` to which the given instance belongs.
+
+    This is essentially the same as the :attr:`.InstanceState.session`
+    accessor.  See that attribute for details.
+
+    """
+
+    try:
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+    else:
+        return _state_session(state)
+
+
+_new_sessionid = util.counter()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c66507d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
@@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
+# orm/state.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines instrumentation of instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+"""
+
+import weakref
+from .. import util
+from . import exc as orm_exc, interfaces
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, SQL_OK, NEVER_SET, ATTR_WAS_SET, \
+    NO_VALUE, PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE, INIT_OK, PASSIVE_OFF
+from . import base
+
+
+class InstanceState(interfaces.InspectionAttr):
+    """tracks state information at the instance level.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` is a key object used by the
+    SQLAlchemy ORM in order to track the state of an object;
+    it is created the moment an object is instantiated, typically
+    as a result of :term:`instrumentation` which SQLAlchemy applies
+    to the ``__init__()`` method of the class.
+
+    :class:`.InstanceState` is also a semi-public object,
+    available for runtime inspection as to the state of a
+    mapped instance, including information such as its current
+    status within a particular :class:`.Session` and details
+    about data on individual attributes.  The public API
+    in order to acquire a :class:`.InstanceState` object
+    is to use the :func:`.inspect` system::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        >>> insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`core_inspection_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    session_id = None
+    key = None
+    runid = None
+    load_options = util.EMPTY_SET
+    load_path = ()
+    insert_order = None
+    _strong_obj = None
+    modified = False
+    expired = False
+    deleted = False
+    _load_pending = False
+    is_instance = True
+
+    callables = ()
+    """A namespace where a per-state loader callable can be associated.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy 1.0, this is only used for lazy loaders / deferred
+    loaders that were set up via query option.
+
+    Previously, callables was used also to indicate expired attributes
+    by storing a link to the InstanceState itself in this dictionary.
+    This role is now handled by the expired_attributes set.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obj, manager):
+        self.class_ = obj.__class__
+        self.manager = manager
+        self.obj = weakref.ref(obj, self._cleanup)
+        self.committed_state = {}
+        self.expired_attributes = set()
+
+    expired_attributes = None
+    """The set of keys which are 'expired' to be loaded by
+       the manager's deferred scalar loader, assuming no pending
+       changes.
+
+       see also the ``unmodified`` collection which is intersected
+       against this set when a refresh operation occurs."""
+
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attrs(self):
+        """Return a namespace representing each attribute on
+        the mapped object, including its current value
+        and history.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.AttributeState`.
+        This object allows inspection of the current data
+        within an attribute as well as attribute history
+        since the last flush.
+
+        """
+        return util.ImmutableProperties(
+            dict(
+                (key, AttributeState(self, key))
+                for key in self.manager
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def transient(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`transient`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and \
+            not self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def pending(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`pending`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and \
+            self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def persistent(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`persistent`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+            """
+        return self.key is not None and \
+            self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def detached(self):
+        """Return true if the object is :term:`detached`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and \
+            not self._attached
+
+    @property
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.session")
+    def _attached(self, sessionlib):
+        return self.session_id is not None and \
+            self.session_id in sessionlib._sessions
+
+    @property
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.session")
+    def session(self, sessionlib):
+        """Return the owning :class:`.Session` for this instance,
+        or ``None`` if none available.
+
+        Note that the result here can in some cases be *different*
+        from that of ``obj in session``; an object that's been deleted
+        will report as not ``in session``, however if the transaction is
+        still in progress, this attribute will still refer to that session.
+        Only when the transaction is completed does the object become
+        fully detached under normal circumstances.
+
+        """
+        return sessionlib._state_session(self)
+
+    @property
+    def object(self):
+        """Return the mapped object represented by this
+        :class:`.InstanceState`."""
+        return self.obj()
+
+    @property
+    def identity(self):
+        """Return the mapped identity of the mapped object.
+        This is the primary key identity as persisted by the ORM
+        which can always be passed directly to
+        :meth:`.Query.get`.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the object has no primary key identity.
+
+        .. note::
+            An object which is :term:`transient` or :term:`pending`
+            does **not** have a mapped identity until it is flushed,
+            even if its attributes include primary key values.
+
+        """
+        if self.key is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.key[1]
+
+    @property
+    def identity_key(self):
+        """Return the identity key for the mapped object.
+
+        This is the key used to locate the object within
+        the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` mapping.   It contains
+        the identity as returned by :attr:`.identity` within it.
+
+
+        """
+        # TODO: just change .key to .identity_key across
+        # the board ?  probably
+        return self.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def parents(self):
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _pending_mutations(self):
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self):
+        """Return the :class:`.Mapper` used for this mapepd object."""
+        return self.manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def has_identity(self):
+        """Return ``True`` if this object has an identity key.
+
+        This should always have the same value as the
+        expression ``state.persistent or state.detached``.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.key)
+
+    def _detach(self):
+        self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+
+    def _dispose(self):
+        self._detach()
+        del self.obj
+
+    def _cleanup(self, ref):
+        """Weakref callback cleanup.
+
+        This callable cleans out the state when it is being garbage
+        collected.
+
+        this _cleanup **assumes** that there are no strong refs to us!
+        Will not work otherwise!
+
+        """
+        instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+        if instance_dict is not None:
+            instance_dict._fast_discard(self)
+            del self._instance_dict
+
+            # we can't possibly be in instance_dict._modified
+            # b.c. this is weakref cleanup only, that set
+            # is strong referencing!
+            # assert self not in instance_dict._modified
+
+        self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+        del self.obj
+
+    def obj(self):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def dict(self):
+        """Return the instance dict used by the object.
+
+        Under normal circumstances, this is always synonymous
+        with the ``__dict__`` attribute of the mapped object,
+        unless an alternative instrumentation system has been
+        configured.
+
+        In the case that the actual object has been garbage
+        collected, this accessor returns a blank dictionary.
+
+        """
+        o = self.obj()
+        if o is not None:
+            return base.instance_dict(o)
+        else:
+            return {}
+
+    def _initialize_instance(*mixed, **kwargs):
+        self, instance, args = mixed[0], mixed[1], mixed[2:]  # noqa
+        manager = self.manager
+
+        manager.dispatch.init(self, args, kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            return manager.original_init(*mixed[1:], **kwargs)
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                manager.dispatch.init_failure(self, args, kwargs)
+
+    def get_history(self, key, passive):
+        return self.manager[key].impl.get_history(self, self.dict, passive)
+
+    def get_impl(self, key):
+        return self.manager[key].impl
+
+    def _get_pending_mutation(self, key):
+        if key not in self._pending_mutations:
+            self._pending_mutations[key] = PendingCollection()
+        return self._pending_mutations[key]
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state_dict = {'instance': self.obj()}
+        state_dict.update(
+            (k, self.__dict__[k]) for k in (
+                'committed_state', '_pending_mutations', 'modified',
+                'expired', 'callables', 'key', 'parents', 'load_options',
+                'class_', 'expired_attributes'
+            ) if k in self.__dict__
+        )
+        if self.load_path:
+            state_dict['load_path'] = self.load_path.serialize()
+
+        state_dict['manager'] = self.manager._serialize(self, state_dict)
+
+        return state_dict
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state_dict):
+        inst = state_dict['instance']
+        if inst is not None:
+            self.obj = weakref.ref(inst, self._cleanup)
+            self.class_ = inst.__class__
+        else:
+            # None being possible here generally new as of 0.7.4
+            # due to storage of state in "parents".  "class_"
+            # also new.
+            self.obj = None
+            self.class_ = state_dict['class_']
+
+        self.committed_state = state_dict.get('committed_state', {})
+        self._pending_mutations = state_dict.get('_pending_mutations', {})
+        self.parents = state_dict.get('parents', {})
+        self.modified = state_dict.get('modified', False)
+        self.expired = state_dict.get('expired', False)
+        if 'callables' in state_dict:
+            self.callables = state_dict['callables']
+
+        try:
+            self.expired_attributes = state_dict['expired_attributes']
+        except KeyError:
+            self.expired_attributes = set()
+            # 0.9 and earlier compat
+            for k in list(self.callables):
+                if self.callables[k] is self:
+                    self.expired_attributes.add(k)
+                    del self.callables[k]
+
+        self.__dict__.update([
+            (k, state_dict[k]) for k in (
+                'key', 'load_options',
+            ) if k in state_dict
+        ])
+
+        if 'load_path' in state_dict:
+            self.load_path = PathRegistry.\
+                deserialize(state_dict['load_path'])
+
+        state_dict['manager'](self, inst, state_dict)
+
+    def _reset(self, dict_, key):
+        """Remove the given attribute and any
+           callables associated with it."""
+
+        old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+        if old is not None and self.manager[key].impl.collection:
+            self.manager[key].impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+        self.expired_attributes.discard(key)
+        if self.callables:
+            self.callables.pop(key, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance_level_callable_processor(cls, manager, fn, key):
+        impl = manager[key].impl
+        if impl.collection:
+            def _set_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                if 'callables' not in state.__dict__:
+                    state.callables = {}
+                old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if old is not None:
+                    impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+        else:
+            def _set_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                if 'callables' not in state.__dict__:
+                    state.callables = {}
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+        return _set_callable
+
+    def _expire(self, dict_, modified_set):
+        self.expired = True
+
+        if self.modified:
+            modified_set.discard(self)
+            self.committed_state.clear()
+            self.modified = False
+
+        self._strong_obj = None
+
+        if '_pending_mutations' in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__['_pending_mutations']
+
+        if 'parents' in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__['parents']
+
+        self.expired_attributes.update(
+            [impl.key for impl in self.manager._scalar_loader_impls
+             if impl.expire_missing or impl.key in dict_]
+        )
+
+        if self.callables:
+            for k in self.expired_attributes.intersection(self.callables):
+                del self.callables[k]
+
+        for k in self.manager._collection_impl_keys.intersection(dict_):
+            collection = dict_.pop(k)
+            collection._sa_adapter.invalidated = True
+
+        for key in self.manager._all_key_set.intersection(dict_):
+            del dict_[key]
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, None)
+
+    def _expire_attributes(self, dict_, attribute_names):
+        pending = self.__dict__.get('_pending_mutations', None)
+
+        callables = self.callables
+
+        for key in attribute_names:
+            impl = self.manager[key].impl
+            if impl.accepts_scalar_loader:
+                self.expired_attributes.add(key)
+                if callables and key in callables:
+                    del callables[key]
+            old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+            if impl.collection and old is not None:
+                impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+            if pending:
+                pending.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, attribute_names)
+
+    def _load_expired(self, state, passive):
+        """__call__ allows the InstanceState to act as a deferred
+        callable for loading expired attributes, which is also
+        serializable (picklable).
+
+        """
+
+        if not passive & SQL_OK:
+            return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        toload = self.expired_attributes.\
+            intersection(self.unmodified)
+
+        self.manager.deferred_scalar_loader(self, toload)
+
+        # if the loader failed, or this
+        # instance state didn't have an identity,
+        # the attributes still might be in the callables
+        # dict.  ensure they are removed.
+        self.expired_attributes.clear()
+
+        return ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+    @property
+    def unmodified(self):
+        """Return the set of keys which have no uncommitted changes"""
+
+        return set(self.manager).difference(self.committed_state)
+
+    def unmodified_intersection(self, keys):
+        """Return self.unmodified.intersection(keys)."""
+
+        return set(keys).intersection(self.manager).\
+            difference(self.committed_state)
+
+    @property
+    def unloaded(self):
+        """Return the set of keys which do not have a loaded value.
+
+        This includes expired attributes and any other attribute that
+        was never populated or modified.
+
+        """
+        return set(self.manager).\
+            difference(self.committed_state).\
+            difference(self.dict)
+
+    @property
+    def _unloaded_non_object(self):
+        return self.unloaded.intersection(
+            attr for attr in self.manager
+            if self.manager[attr].impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+        )
+
+    def _instance_dict(self):
+        return None
+
+    def _modified_event(
+            self, dict_, attr, previous, collection=False, force=False):
+        if not attr.send_modified_events:
+            return
+        if attr.key not in self.committed_state or force:
+            if collection:
+                if previous is NEVER_SET:
+                    if attr.key in dict_:
+                        previous = dict_[attr.key]
+
+                if previous not in (None, NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                    previous = attr.copy(previous)
+
+            self.committed_state[attr.key] = previous
+
+        # assert self._strong_obj is None or self.modified
+
+        if (self.session_id and self._strong_obj is None) \
+                or not self.modified:
+            self.modified = True
+            instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+            if instance_dict:
+                instance_dict._modified.add(self)
+
+            # only create _strong_obj link if attached
+            # to a session
+
+            inst = self.obj()
+            if self.session_id:
+                self._strong_obj = inst
+
+            if inst is None:
+                raise orm_exc.ObjectDereferencedError(
+                    "Can't emit change event for attribute '%s' - "
+                    "parent object of type %s has been garbage "
+                    "collected."
+                    % (
+                        self.manager[attr.key],
+                        base.state_class_str(self)
+                    ))
+
+    def _commit(self, dict_, keys):
+        """Commit attributes.
+
+        This is used by a partial-attribute load operation to mark committed
+        those attributes which were refreshed from the database.
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain "expired" after
+        this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.expired = False
+
+        self.expired_attributes.difference_update(
+            set(keys).intersection(dict_))
+
+        # the per-keys commit removes object-level callables,
+        # while that of commit_all does not.  it's not clear
+        # if this behavior has a clear rationale, however tests do
+        # ensure this is what it does.
+        if self.callables:
+            for key in set(self.callables).\
+                intersection(keys).\
+                    intersection(dict_):
+                    del self.callables[key]
+
+    def _commit_all(self, dict_, instance_dict=None):
+        """commit all attributes unconditionally.
+
+        This is used after a flush() or a full load/refresh
+        to remove all pending state from the instance.
+
+         - all attributes are marked as "committed"
+         - the "strong dirty reference" is removed
+         - the "modified" flag is set to False
+         - any "expired" markers for scalar attributes loaded are removed.
+         - lazy load callables for objects / collections *stay*
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain
+        "expired" after this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        self._commit_all_states([(self, dict_)], instance_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _commit_all_states(self, iter, instance_dict=None):
+        """Mass / highly inlined version of commit_all()."""
+
+        for state, dict_ in iter:
+            state_dict = state.__dict__
+
+            state.committed_state.clear()
+
+            if '_pending_mutations' in state_dict:
+                del state_dict['_pending_mutations']
+
+            state.expired_attributes.difference_update(dict_)
+
+            if instance_dict and state.modified:
+                instance_dict._modified.discard(state)
+
+            state.modified = state.expired = False
+            state._strong_obj = None
+
+
+class AttributeState(object):
+    """Provide an inspection interface corresponding
+    to a particular attribute on a particular mapped object.
+
+    The :class:`.AttributeState` object is accessed
+    via the :attr:`.InstanceState.attrs` collection
+    of a particular :class:`.InstanceState`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+        attr_state = insp.attrs.some_attribute
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state, key):
+        self.state = state
+        self.key = key
+
+    @property
+    def loaded_value(self):
+        """The current value of this attribute as loaded from the database.
+
+        If the value has not been loaded, or is otherwise not present
+        in the object's dictionary, returns NO_VALUE.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.dict.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        """Return the value of this attribute.
+
+        This operation is equivalent to accessing the object's
+        attribute directly or via ``getattr()``, and will fire
+        off any pending loader callables if needed.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.manager[self.key].__get__(
+            self.state.obj(), self.state.class_)
+
+    @property
+    def history(self):
+        """Return the current pre-flush change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method will **not** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
+            using loader callables if the value is not locally present.
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key,
+                                      PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+    def load_history(self):
+        """Return the current pre-flush change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method **will** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AttributeState.history`
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key,
+                                      PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK)
+
+
+class PendingCollection(object):
+    """A writable placeholder for an unloaded collection.
+
+    Stores items appended to and removed from a collection that has not yet
+    been loaded. When the collection is loaded, the changes stored in
+    PendingCollection are applied to it to produce the final result.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.deleted_items = util.IdentitySet()
+        self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+
+    def append(self, value):
+        if value in self.deleted_items:
+            self.deleted_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7942b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1618 @@
+# orm/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.LoaderStrategy
+   implementations, and related MapperOptions."""
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, inspect
+from .. import util, log, event
+from ..sql import util as sql_util, visitors
+from .. import sql
+from . import (
+    attributes, interfaces, exc as orm_exc, loading,
+    unitofwork, util as orm_util
+)
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .util import _none_set
+from . import properties
+from .interfaces import (
+    LoaderStrategy, StrategizedProperty
+)
+from .base import _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED, _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+from .session import _state_session
+import itertools
+
+
+def _register_attribute(
+    strategy, mapper, useobject,
+    compare_function=None,
+    typecallable=None,
+    uselist=False,
+    callable_=None,
+    proxy_property=None,
+    active_history=False,
+    impl_class=None,
+    **kw
+):
+
+    prop = strategy.parent_property
+
+    attribute_ext = list(util.to_list(prop.extension, default=[]))
+
+    listen_hooks = []
+
+    if useobject and prop.single_parent:
+        listen_hooks.append(single_parent_validator)
+
+    if prop.key in prop.parent.validators:
+        fn, opts = prop.parent.validators[prop.key]
+        listen_hooks.append(
+            lambda desc, prop: orm_util._validator_events(
+                desc,
+                prop.key, fn, **opts)
+        )
+
+    if useobject:
+        listen_hooks.append(unitofwork.track_cascade_events)
+
+    # need to assemble backref listeners
+    # after the singleparentvalidator, mapper validator
+    backref = kw.pop('backref', None)
+    if backref:
+        listen_hooks.append(
+            lambda desc, prop: attributes.backref_listeners(
+                desc,
+                backref,
+                uselist
+            )
+        )
+
+    for m in mapper.self_and_descendants:
+        if prop is m._props.get(prop.key):
+
+            desc = attributes.register_attribute_impl(
+                m.class_,
+                prop.key,
+                parent_token=prop,
+                uselist=uselist,
+                compare_function=compare_function,
+                useobject=useobject,
+                extension=attribute_ext,
+                trackparent=useobject and (
+                    prop.single_parent
+                    or prop.direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY),
+                typecallable=typecallable,
+                callable_=callable_,
+                active_history=active_history,
+                impl_class=impl_class,
+                send_modified_events=not useobject or not prop.viewonly,
+                doc=prop.doc,
+                **kw
+            )
+
+            for hook in listen_hooks:
+                hook(desc, prop)
+
+
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=False, deferred=False)
+class UninstrumentedColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Represent the a non-instrumented MapperProperty.
+
+    The polymorphic_on argument of mapper() often results in this,
+    if the argument is against the with_polymorphic selectable.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = 'columns',
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(UninstrumentedColumnLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection=None, **kwargs):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            column_collection.append(c)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+        pass
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=True, deferred=False)
+class ColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'columns', 'is_composite'
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(ColumnLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.is_composite = hasattr(self.parent_property, 'composite_class')
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt,
+            adapter, column_collection, memoized_populators, **kwargs):
+
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            column_collection.append(c)
+
+        fetch = self.columns[0]
+        if adapter:
+            fetch = adapter.columns[fetch]
+        memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = fetch
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        coltype = self.columns[0].type
+        # TODO: check all columns ?  check for foreign key as well?
+        active_history = self.parent_property.active_history or \
+            self.columns[0].primary_key or \
+            mapper.version_id_col in set(self.columns)
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self, mapper, useobject=False,
+            compare_function=coltype.compare_values,
+            active_history=active_history
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path,
+            loadopt, mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+        # look through list of columns represented here
+        # to see which, if any, is present in the row.
+        for col in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                col = adapter.columns[col]
+            getter = result._getter(col)
+            if getter:
+                populators["quick"].append((self.key, getter))
+                break
+        else:
+            populators["expire"].append((self.key, True))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(deferred=True, instrument=True)
+class DeferredColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a deferred :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'columns', 'group'
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(DeferredColumnLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        if hasattr(self.parent_property, 'composite_class'):
+            raise NotImplementedError("Deferred loading for composite "
+                                      "types not implemented yet")
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.group = self.parent_property.group
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+
+        # this path currently does not check the result
+        # for the column; this is because in most cases we are
+        # working just with the setup_query() directive which does
+        # not support this, and the behavior here should be consistent.
+        if not self.is_class_level:
+            set_deferred_for_local_state = \
+                self.parent_property._deferred_column_loader
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, set_deferred_for_local_state))
+        else:
+            populators["expire"].append((self.key, False))
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self, mapper, useobject=False,
+            compare_function=self.columns[0].type.compare_values,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            expire_missing=False
+        )
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt,
+            adapter, column_collection, memoized_populators,
+            only_load_props=None, **kw):
+
+        if (
+            (
+                loadopt and
+                'undefer_pks' in loadopt.local_opts and
+                set(self.columns).intersection(
+                    self.parent._should_undefer_in_wildcard)
+            )
+            or
+            (
+                loadopt and
+                self.group and
+                loadopt.local_opts.get('undefer_group_%s' % self.group, False)
+            )
+            or
+            (
+                only_load_props and self.key in only_load_props
+            )
+        ):
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy_by_cls(ColumnLoader).\
+                setup_query(context, entity,
+                            path, loadopt, adapter,
+                            column_collection, memoized_populators, **kw)
+        elif self.is_class_level:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+        else:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+
+    def _load_for_state(self, state, passive):
+        if not state.key:
+            return attributes.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+            return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if self.group:
+            toload = [
+                p.key for p in
+                localparent.iterate_properties
+                if isinstance(p, StrategizedProperty) and
+                isinstance(p.strategy, DeferredColumnLoader) and
+                p.group == self.group
+            ]
+        else:
+            toload = [self.key]
+
+        # narrow the keys down to just those which have no history
+        group = [k for k in toload if k in state.unmodified]
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if session is None:
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "deferred load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed" %
+                (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        query = session.query(localparent)
+        if loading.load_on_ident(
+                query, state.key,
+                only_load_props=group, refresh_state=state) is None:
+            raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(state)
+
+        return attributes.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+
+class LoadDeferredColumns(object):
+    """serializable loader object used by DeferredColumnLoader"""
+
+    def __init__(self, key):
+        self.key = key
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = localparent._props[key]
+        strategy = prop._strategies[DeferredColumnLoader]
+        return strategy._load_for_state(state, passive)
+
+
+class AbstractRelationshipLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """LoaderStratgies which deal with related objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'mapper', 'target', 'uselist'
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(AbstractRelationshipLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.mapper = self.parent_property.mapper
+        self.target = self.parent_property.target
+        self.uselist = self.parent_property.uselist
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="noload")
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=None)
+class NoLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+    with "lazy=None".
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self, mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            uselist=self.parent_property.uselist,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt, mapper,
+            result, adapter, populators):
+        def invoke_no_load(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.uselist:
+                state.manager.get_impl(self.key).initialize(state, dict_)
+            else:
+                dict_[self.key] = None
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, invoke_no_load))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=True)
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="select")
+class LazyLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+    with "lazy=True", that is loads when first accessed.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        '_lazywhere', '_rev_lazywhere', 'use_get', '_bind_to_col',
+        '_equated_columns', '_rev_bind_to_col', '_rev_equated_columns',
+        '_simple_lazy_clause')
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(LazyLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        join_condition = self.parent_property._join_condition
+        self._lazywhere, \
+            self._bind_to_col, \
+            self._equated_columns = join_condition.create_lazy_clause()
+
+        self._rev_lazywhere, \
+            self._rev_bind_to_col, \
+            self._rev_equated_columns = join_condition.create_lazy_clause(
+                reverse_direction=True)
+
+        self.logger.info("%s lazy loading clause %s", self, self._lazywhere)
+
+        # determine if our "lazywhere" clause is the same as the mapper's
+        # get() clause.  then we can just use mapper.get()
+        self.use_get = not self.uselist and \
+            self.mapper._get_clause[0].compare(
+                self._lazywhere,
+                use_proxies=True,
+                equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns
+            )
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            for col in list(self._equated_columns):
+                if col in self.mapper._equivalent_columns:
+                    for c in self.mapper._equivalent_columns[col]:
+                        self._equated_columns[c] = self._equated_columns[col]
+
+            self.logger.info("%s will use query.get() to "
+                             "optimize instance loads", self)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        active_history = (
+            self.parent_property.active_history or
+            self.parent_property.direction is not interfaces.MANYTOONE or
+            not self.use_get
+        )
+
+        # MANYTOONE currently only needs the
+        # "old" value for delete-orphan
+        # cascades.  the required _SingleParentValidator
+        # will enable active_history
+        # in that case.  otherwise we don't need the
+        # "old" value during backref operations.
+        _register_attribute(
+            self,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            uselist=self.parent_property.uselist,
+            backref=self.parent_property.back_populates,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+            active_history=active_history
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__simple_lazy_clause(self):
+        criterion, bind_to_col = (
+            self._lazywhere,
+            self._bind_to_col
+        )
+
+        params = []
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+            bindparam.unique = False
+            if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                params.append((
+                    bindparam.key, bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                    None))
+            else:
+                params.append((bindparam.key, None, bindparam.value))
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam}
+        )
+
+        return criterion, params
+
+    def _generate_lazy_clause(self, state, passive):
+        criterion, param_keys = self._simple_lazy_clause
+
+        if state is None:
+            return sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                criterion, [key for key, ident, value in param_keys])
+
+        mapper = self.parent_property.parent
+
+        o = state.obj()  # strong ref
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(o)
+
+        if passive & attributes.INIT_OK:
+            passive ^= attributes.INIT_OK
+
+        params = {}
+        for key, ident, value in param_keys:
+            if ident is not None:
+                if passive and passive & attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+                    value = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_, ident, passive)
+                else:
+                    value = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_, ident, passive)
+
+            params[key] = value
+
+        return criterion, params
+
+    def _load_for_state(self, state, passive):
+        if not state.key and (
+                (
+                    not self.parent_property.load_on_pending
+                    and not state._load_pending
+                )
+                or not state.session_id
+        ):
+            return attributes.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        pending = not state.key
+        ident_key = None
+
+        if (
+            (not passive & attributes.SQL_OK and not self.use_get)
+            or
+            (not passive & attributes.NON_PERSISTENT_OK and pending)
+        ):
+            return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if not session:
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "lazy load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed" %
+                (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        # if we have a simple primary key load, check the
+        # identity map without generating a Query at all
+        if self.use_get:
+            ident = self._get_ident_for_use_get(
+                session,
+                state,
+                passive
+            )
+            if attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT in ident:
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif attributes.NEVER_SET in ident:
+                return attributes.NEVER_SET
+
+            if _none_set.issuperset(ident):
+                return None
+
+            ident_key = self.mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(ident)
+            instance = loading.get_from_identity(session, ident_key, passive)
+            if instance is not None:
+                return instance
+            elif not passive & attributes.SQL_OK or \
+                    not passive & attributes.RELATED_OBJECT_OK:
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        return self._emit_lazyload(session, state, ident_key, passive)
+
+    def _get_ident_for_use_get(self, session, state, passive):
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if passive & attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column
+        else:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        return [
+            get_attr(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                self._equated_columns[pk],
+                passive=passive)
+            for pk in self.mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options")
+    def _emit_lazyload(
+            self, strategy_options, session, state, ident_key, passive):
+
+        q = session.query(self.mapper)._adapt_all_clauses()
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is not None:
+            q = q.select_from(self.mapper, self.parent_property.secondary)
+
+        q = q._with_invoke_all_eagers(False)
+
+        pending = not state.key
+
+        # don't autoflush on pending
+        if pending or passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH:
+            q = q.autoflush(False)
+
+        if state.load_path:
+            q = q._with_current_path(state.load_path[self.parent_property])
+
+        if state.load_options:
+            q = q._conditional_options(*state.load_options)
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            return loading.load_on_ident(q, ident_key)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            q = q.order_by(*util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by))
+
+        for rev in self.parent_property._reverse_property:
+            # reverse props that are MANYTOONE are loading *this*
+            # object from get(), so don't need to eager out to those.
+            if rev.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE and \
+                rev._use_get and \
+                    not isinstance(rev.strategy, LazyLoader):
+                q = q.options(
+                    strategy_options.Load(rev.parent).lazyload(rev.key))
+
+        lazy_clause, params = self._generate_lazy_clause(
+            state, passive=passive)
+
+        if pending:
+            if util.has_intersection(
+                    orm_util._none_set, params.values()):
+                return None
+        elif util.has_intersection(orm_util._never_set, params.values()):
+            return None
+
+        q = q.filter(lazy_clause).params(params)
+
+        result = q.all()
+        if self.uselist:
+            return result
+        else:
+            l = len(result)
+            if l:
+                if l > 1:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for lazily-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self.parent_property)
+
+                return result[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+        key = self.key
+        if not self.is_class_level:
+            # we are not the primary manager for this attribute
+            # on this class - set up a
+            # per-instance lazyloader, which will override the
+            # class-level behavior.
+            # this currently only happens when using a
+            # "lazyload" option on a "no load"
+            # attribute - "eager" attributes always have a
+            # class-level lazyloader installed.
+            set_lazy_callable = InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor(
+                mapper.class_manager,
+                LoadLazyAttribute(key, self._strategy_keys[0]), key)
+
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, set_lazy_callable))
+        elif context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh:
+            def reset_for_lazy_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                # we are the primary manager for this attribute on
+                # this class - reset its
+                # per-instance attribute state, so that the class-level
+                # lazy loader is
+                # executed when next referenced on this instance.
+                # this is needed in
+                # populate_existing() types of scenarios to reset
+                # any existing state.
+                state._reset(dict_, key)
+
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, reset_for_lazy_callable))
+
+
+class LoadLazyAttribute(object):
+    """serializable loader object used by LazyLoader"""
+
+    def __init__(self, key, strategy_key=(('lazy', 'select'),)):
+        self.key = key
+        self.strategy_key = strategy_key
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = instance_mapper._props[key]
+        strategy = prop._strategies[self.strategy_key]
+
+        return strategy._load_for_state(state, passive)
+
+
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="immediate")
+class ImmediateLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property.\
+            _get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).\
+            init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, loadopt, adapter, column_collection=None,
+            parentmapper=None, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+        def load_immediate(state, dict_, row):
+            state.get_impl(self.key).get(state, dict_)
+
+        populators["delayed"].append((self.key, load_immediate))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="subquery")
+class SubqueryLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    __slots__ = 'join_depth',
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(SubqueryLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property.\
+            _get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).\
+            init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection=None,
+            parentmapper=None, **kwargs):
+
+        if not context.query._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+        elif context.query._yield_per:
+            context.query._no_yield_per("subquery")
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        # build up a path indicating the path from the leftmost
+        # entity to the thing we're subquery loading.
+        with_poly_info = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "path_with_polymorphic", None)
+        if with_poly_info is not None:
+            effective_entity = with_poly_info.entity
+        else:
+            effective_entity = self.mapper
+
+        subq_path = context.attributes.get(
+            ('subquery_path', None),
+            orm_util.PathRegistry.root)
+
+        subq_path = subq_path + path
+
+        # if not via query option, check for
+        # a cycle
+        if not path.contains(context.attributes, "loader"):
+            if self.join_depth:
+                if path.length / 2 > self.join_depth:
+                    return
+            elif subq_path.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                return
+
+        leftmost_mapper, leftmost_attr, leftmost_relationship = \
+            self._get_leftmost(subq_path)
+
+        orig_query = context.attributes.get(
+            ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader),
+            context.query)
+
+        # generate a new Query from the original, then
+        # produce a subquery from it.
+        left_alias = self._generate_from_original_query(
+            orig_query, leftmost_mapper,
+            leftmost_attr, leftmost_relationship,
+            entity.entity_zero
+        )
+
+        # generate another Query that will join the
+        # left alias to the target relationships.
+        # basically doing a longhand
+        # "from_self()".  (from_self() itself not quite industrial
+        # strength enough for all contingencies...but very close)
+        q = orig_query.session.query(effective_entity)
+        q._attributes = {
+            ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader): orig_query,
+            ('subquery_path', None): subq_path
+        }
+
+        q = q._set_enable_single_crit(False)
+        to_join, local_attr, parent_alias = \
+            self._prep_for_joins(left_alias, subq_path)
+        q = q.order_by(*local_attr)
+        q = q.add_columns(*local_attr)
+        q = self._apply_joins(
+            q, to_join, left_alias,
+            parent_alias, effective_entity)
+
+        q = self._setup_options(q, subq_path, orig_query, effective_entity)
+        q = self._setup_outermost_orderby(q)
+
+        # add new query to attributes to be picked up
+        # by create_row_processor
+        path.set(context.attributes, "subquery", q)
+
+    def _get_leftmost(self, subq_path):
+        subq_path = subq_path.path
+        subq_mapper = orm_util._class_to_mapper(subq_path[0])
+
+        # determine attributes of the leftmost mapper
+        if self.parent.isa(subq_mapper) and \
+                self.parent_property is subq_path[1]:
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = \
+                self.parent, self.parent_property
+        else:
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = \
+                subq_mapper, \
+                subq_path[1]
+
+        leftmost_cols = leftmost_prop.local_columns
+
+        leftmost_attr = [
+            getattr(
+                subq_path[0].entity,
+                leftmost_mapper._columntoproperty[c].key)
+            for c in leftmost_cols
+        ]
+
+        return leftmost_mapper, leftmost_attr, leftmost_prop
+
+    def _generate_from_original_query(
+        self,
+        orig_query, leftmost_mapper,
+        leftmost_attr, leftmost_relationship, orig_entity
+    ):
+        # reformat the original query
+        # to look only for significant columns
+        q = orig_query._clone().correlate(None)
+
+        # set a real "from" if not present, as this is more
+        # accurate than just going off of the column expression
+        if not q._from_obj and orig_entity.mapper.isa(leftmost_mapper):
+            q._set_select_from([orig_entity], False)
+        target_cols = q._adapt_col_list(leftmost_attr)
+
+        # select from the identity columns of the outer
+        q._set_entities(target_cols)
+
+        distinct_target_key = leftmost_relationship.distinct_target_key
+
+        if distinct_target_key is True:
+            q._distinct = True
+        elif distinct_target_key is None:
+            # if target_cols refer to a non-primary key or only
+            # part of a composite primary key, set the q as distinct
+            for t in set(c.table for c in target_cols):
+                if not set(target_cols).issuperset(t.primary_key):
+                    q._distinct = True
+                    break
+
+        if q._order_by is False:
+            q._order_by = leftmost_mapper.order_by
+
+        # don't need ORDER BY if no limit/offset
+        if q._limit is None and q._offset is None:
+            q._order_by = None
+
+        # the original query now becomes a subquery
+        # which we'll join onto.
+
+        embed_q = q.with_labels().subquery()
+        left_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+            leftmost_mapper, embed_q,
+            use_mapper_path=True)
+        return left_alias
+
+    def _prep_for_joins(self, left_alias, subq_path):
+        # figure out what's being joined.  a.k.a. the fun part
+        to_join = []
+        pairs = list(subq_path.pairs())
+
+        for i, (mapper, prop) in enumerate(pairs):
+            if i > 0:
+                # look at the previous mapper in the chain -
+                # if it is as or more specific than this prop's
+                # mapper, use that instead.
+                # note we have an assumption here that
+                # the non-first element is always going to be a mapper,
+                # not an AliasedClass
+
+                prev_mapper = pairs[i - 1][1].mapper
+                to_append = prev_mapper if prev_mapper.isa(mapper) else mapper
+            else:
+                to_append = mapper
+
+            to_join.append((to_append, prop.key))
+
+        # determine the immediate parent class we are joining from,
+        # which needs to be aliased.
+        if len(to_join) > 1:
+            info = inspect(to_join[-1][0])
+
+        if len(to_join) < 2:
+            # in the case of a one level eager load, this is the
+            # leftmost "left_alias".
+            parent_alias = left_alias
+        elif info.mapper.isa(self.parent):
+            # In the case of multiple levels, retrieve
+            # it from subq_path[-2]. This is the same as self.parent
+            # in the vast majority of cases, and [ticket:2014]
+            # illustrates a case where sub_path[-2] is a subclass
+            # of self.parent
+            parent_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                to_join[-1][0],
+                use_mapper_path=True)
+        else:
+            # if of_type() were used leading to this relationship,
+            # self.parent is more specific than subq_path[-2]
+            parent_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                self.parent,
+                use_mapper_path=True)
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        local_attr = [
+            getattr(parent_alias, self.parent._columntoproperty[c].key)
+            for c in local_cols
+        ]
+        return to_join, local_attr, parent_alias
+
+    def _apply_joins(
+            self, q, to_join, left_alias, parent_alias,
+            effective_entity):
+        for i, (mapper, key) in enumerate(to_join):
+
+            # we need to use query.join() as opposed to
+            # orm.join() here because of the
+            # rich behavior it brings when dealing with
+            # "with_polymorphic" mappers.  "aliased"
+            # and "from_joinpoint" take care of most of
+            # the chaining and aliasing for us.
+
+            first = i == 0
+            middle = i < len(to_join) - 1
+            second_to_last = i == len(to_join) - 2
+            last = i == len(to_join) - 1
+
+            if first:
+                attr = getattr(left_alias, key)
+                if last and effective_entity is not self.mapper:
+                    attr = attr.of_type(effective_entity)
+            else:
+                if last and effective_entity is not self.mapper:
+                    attr = getattr(parent_alias, key).\
+                        of_type(effective_entity)
+                else:
+                    attr = getattr(mapper.entity, key)
+
+            if second_to_last:
+                q = q.join(parent_alias, attr, from_joinpoint=True)
+            else:
+                q = q.join(attr, aliased=middle, from_joinpoint=True)
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_options(self, q, subq_path, orig_query, effective_entity):
+        # propagate loader options etc. to the new query.
+        # these will fire relative to subq_path.
+        q = q._with_current_path(subq_path)
+        q = q._conditional_options(*orig_query._with_options)
+        if orig_query._populate_existing:
+            q._populate_existing = orig_query._populate_existing
+
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_outermost_orderby(self, q):
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            # if there's an ORDER BY, alias it the same
+            # way joinedloader does, but we have to pull out
+            # the "eagerjoin" from the query.
+            # this really only picks up the "secondary" table
+            # right now.
+            eagerjoin = q._from_obj[0]
+            eager_order_by = \
+                eagerjoin._target_adapter.\
+                copy_and_process(
+                    util.to_list(
+                        self.parent_property.order_by
+                    )
+                )
+            q = q.order_by(*eager_order_by)
+        return q
+
+    class _SubqCollections(object):
+        """Given a :class:`.Query` used to emit the "subquery load",
+        provide a load interface that executes the query at the
+        first moment a value is needed.
+
+        """
+        _data = None
+
+        def __init__(self, subq):
+            self.subq = subq
+
+        def get(self, key, default):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+            return self._data.get(key, default)
+
+        def _load(self):
+            self._data = dict(
+                (k, [vv[0] for vv in v])
+                for k, v in itertools.groupby(
+                    self.subq,
+                    lambda x: x[1:]
+                )
+            )
+
+        def loader(self, state, dict_, row):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt,
+            mapper, result, adapter, populators):
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." %
+                self)
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        subq = path.get(context.attributes, 'subquery')
+
+        if subq is None:
+            return
+
+        assert subq.session is context.session, (
+            "Subquery session doesn't refer to that of "
+            "our context.  Are there broken context caching "
+            "schemes being used?"
+        )
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        # cache the loaded collections in the context
+        # so that inheriting mappers don't re-load when they
+        # call upon create_row_processor again
+        collections = path.get(context.attributes, "collections")
+        if collections is None:
+            collections = self._SubqCollections(subq)
+            path.set(context.attributes, 'collections', collections)
+
+        if adapter:
+            local_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in local_cols]
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            self._create_collection_loader(
+                context, collections, local_cols, populators)
+        else:
+            self._create_scalar_loader(
+                context, collections, local_cols, populators)
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(
+            self, context, collections, local_cols, populators):
+        def load_collection_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(
+                tuple([row[col] for col in local_cols]),
+                ()
+            )
+            state.get_impl(self.key).\
+                set_committed_value(state, dict_, collection)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_collection_from_subq))
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, collections.loader))
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(
+            self, context, collections, local_cols, populators):
+        def load_scalar_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(
+                tuple([row[col] for col in local_cols]),
+                (None,)
+            )
+            if len(collection) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Multiple rows returned with "
+                    "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                    % self)
+
+            scalar = collection[0]
+            state.get_impl(self.key).\
+                set_committed_value(state, dict_, scalar)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_subq))
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, collections.loader))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="joined")
+@properties.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=False)
+class JoinedLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.RelationshipProperty`
+    using joined eager loading.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'join_depth',
+
+    def __init__(self, parent):
+        super(JoinedLoader, self).__init__(parent)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property.\
+            _get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+            self, context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection=None, parentmapper=None,
+            chained_from_outerjoin=False,
+            **kwargs):
+        """Add a left outer join to the statement that's being constructed."""
+
+        if not context.query._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+        elif context.query._yield_per and self.uselist:
+            context.query._no_yield_per("joined collection")
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        with_polymorphic = None
+
+        user_defined_adapter = self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+            loadopt, context) if loadopt else False
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            clauses, adapter, add_to_collection = \
+                self._setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+                    context, entity, path, adapter,
+                    user_defined_adapter
+                )
+        else:
+            # if not via query option, check for
+            # a cycle
+            if not path.contains(context.attributes, "loader"):
+                if self.join_depth:
+                    if path.length / 2 > self.join_depth:
+                        return
+                elif path.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                    return
+
+            clauses, adapter, add_to_collection, chained_from_outerjoin = \
+                self._generate_row_adapter(
+                    context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+                    column_collection, parentmapper, chained_from_outerjoin
+                )
+
+        with_poly_info = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "path_with_polymorphic",
+            None
+        )
+        if with_poly_info is not None:
+            with_polymorphic = with_poly_info.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        else:
+            with_polymorphic = None
+
+        path = path[self.mapper]
+
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            context, self.mapper, entity,
+            path, clauses, add_to_collection,
+            with_polymorphic=with_polymorphic,
+            parentmapper=self.mapper,
+            chained_from_outerjoin=chained_from_outerjoin)
+
+        if with_poly_info is not None and \
+                None in set(context.secondary_columns):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Detected unaliased columns when generating joined "
+                "load.  Make sure to use aliased=True or flat=True "
+                "when using joined loading with with_polymorphic()."
+            )
+
+    def _init_user_defined_eager_proc(self, loadopt, context):
+
+        # check if the opt applies at all
+        if "eager_from_alias" not in loadopt.local_opts:
+            # nope
+            return False
+
+        path = loadopt.path.parent
+
+        # the option applies.  check if the "user_defined_eager_row_processor"
+        # has been built up.
+        adapter = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "user_defined_eager_row_processor", False)
+        if adapter is not False:
+            # just return it
+            return adapter
+
+        # otherwise figure it out.
+        alias = loadopt.local_opts["eager_from_alias"]
+
+        root_mapper, prop = path[-2:]
+
+        #from .mapper import Mapper
+        #from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+        #assert isinstance(root_mapper, Mapper)
+        #assert isinstance(prop, MapperProperty)
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            if isinstance(alias, str):
+                alias = prop.target.alias(alias)
+            adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+                alias,
+                equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+        else:
+            if path.contains(context.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic"):
+                with_poly_info = path.get(
+                    context.attributes,
+                    "path_with_polymorphic")
+                adapter = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                    with_poly_info.entity,
+                    equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+            else:
+                adapter = context.query._polymorphic_adapters.get(
+                    prop.mapper, None)
+        path.set(
+            context.attributes,
+            "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+            adapter)
+
+        return adapter
+
+    def _setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, adapter, user_defined_adapter):
+
+        # apply some more wrapping to the "user defined adapter"
+        # if we are setting up the query for SQL render.
+        adapter = entity._get_entity_clauses(context.query, context)
+
+        if adapter and user_defined_adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = user_defined_adapter.wrap(adapter)
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes, "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter)
+        elif adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = adapter
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes, "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter)
+
+        add_to_collection = context.primary_columns
+        return user_defined_adapter, adapter, add_to_collection
+
+    def _generate_row_adapter(
+            self,
+            context, entity, path, loadopt, adapter,
+            column_collection, parentmapper, chained_from_outerjoin):
+        with_poly_info = path.get(
+            context.attributes,
+            "path_with_polymorphic",
+            None
+        )
+        if with_poly_info:
+            to_adapt = with_poly_info.entity
+        else:
+            to_adapt = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                self.mapper,
+                flat=True,
+                use_mapper_path=True)
+        clauses = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+            to_adapt,
+            equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_required=True, allow_label_resolve=False,
+            anonymize_labels=True)
+        assert clauses.aliased_class is not None
+
+        if self.parent_property.uselist:
+            context.multi_row_eager_loaders = True
+
+        innerjoin = (
+            loadopt.local_opts.get(
+                'innerjoin', self.parent_property.innerjoin)
+            if loadopt is not None
+            else self.parent_property.innerjoin
+        )
+
+        if not innerjoin:
+            # if this is an outer join, all non-nested eager joins from
+            # this path must also be outer joins
+            chained_from_outerjoin = True
+
+        context.create_eager_joins.append(
+            (
+                self._create_eager_join, context,
+                entity, path, adapter,
+                parentmapper, clauses, innerjoin, chained_from_outerjoin
+            )
+        )
+
+        add_to_collection = context.secondary_columns
+        path.set(context.attributes, "eager_row_processor", clauses)
+
+        return clauses, adapter, add_to_collection, chained_from_outerjoin
+
+    def _create_eager_join(
+            self, context, entity,
+            path, adapter, parentmapper,
+            clauses, innerjoin, chained_from_outerjoin):
+
+        if parentmapper is None:
+            localparent = entity.mapper
+        else:
+            localparent = parentmapper
+
+        # whether or not the Query will wrap the selectable in a subquery,
+        # and then attach eager load joins to that (i.e., in the case of
+        # LIMIT/OFFSET etc.)
+        should_nest_selectable = context.multi_row_eager_loaders and \
+            context.query._should_nest_selectable
+
+        entity_key = None
+
+        if entity not in context.eager_joins and \
+            not should_nest_selectable and \
+                context.from_clause:
+            index, clause = sql_util.find_join_source(
+                context.from_clause, entity.selectable)
+            if clause is not None:
+                # join to an existing FROM clause on the query.
+                # key it to its list index in the eager_joins dict.
+                # Query._compile_context will adapt as needed and
+                # append to the FROM clause of the select().
+                entity_key, default_towrap = index, clause
+
+        if entity_key is None:
+            entity_key, default_towrap = entity, entity.selectable
+
+        towrap = context.eager_joins.setdefault(entity_key, default_towrap)
+
+        if adapter:
+            if getattr(adapter, 'aliased_class', None):
+                # joining from an adapted entity.  The adapted entity
+                # might be a "with_polymorphic", so resolve that to our
+                # specific mapper's entity before looking for our attribute
+                # name on it.
+                efm = inspect(adapter.aliased_class).\
+                    _entity_for_mapper(
+                        parentmapper
+                        if parentmapper.isa(self.parent) else self.parent)
+
+                # look for our attribute on the adapted entity, else fall back
+                # to our straight property
+                onclause = getattr(
+                    efm.entity, self.key,
+                    self.parent_property)
+            else:
+                onclause = getattr(
+                    orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                        self.parent,
+                        adapter.selectable,
+                        use_mapper_path=True
+                    ),
+                    self.key, self.parent_property
+                )
+
+        else:
+            onclause = self.parent_property
+
+        assert clauses.aliased_class is not None
+
+        attach_on_outside = (
+            not chained_from_outerjoin or
+            not innerjoin or innerjoin == 'unnested')
+
+        if attach_on_outside:
+            # this is the "classic" eager join case.
+            eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                towrap,
+                clauses.aliased_class,
+                onclause,
+                isouter=not innerjoin or (
+                    chained_from_outerjoin and isinstance(towrap, sql.Join)
+                ), _left_memo=self.parent, _right_memo=self.mapper
+            )
+        else:
+            # all other cases are innerjoin=='nested' approach
+            eagerjoin = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path, towrap, clauses, onclause)
+
+        context.eager_joins[entity_key] = eagerjoin
+
+        # send a hint to the Query as to where it may "splice" this join
+        eagerjoin.stop_on = entity.selectable
+
+        if not parentmapper:
+            # for parentclause that is the non-eager end of the join,
+            # ensure all the parent cols in the primaryjoin are actually
+            # in the
+            # columns clause (i.e. are not deferred), so that aliasing applied
+            # by the Query propagates those columns outward.
+            # This has the effect
+            # of "undefering" those columns.
+            for col in sql_util._find_columns(
+                    self.parent_property.primaryjoin):
+                if localparent.mapped_table.c.contains_column(col):
+                    if adapter:
+                        col = adapter.columns[col]
+                    context.primary_columns.append(col)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            context.eager_order_by += eagerjoin._target_adapter.\
+                copy_and_process(
+                    util.to_list(
+                        self.parent_property.order_by
+                    )
+                )
+
+    def _splice_nested_inner_join(
+            self, path, join_obj, clauses, onclause, splicing=False):
+
+        if splicing is False:
+            # first call is always handed a join object
+            # from the outside
+            assert isinstance(join_obj, orm_util._ORMJoin)
+        elif isinstance(join_obj, sql.selectable.FromGrouping):
+            return self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path, join_obj.element, clauses, onclause, splicing
+            )
+        elif not isinstance(join_obj, orm_util._ORMJoin):
+            if path[-2] is splicing:
+                return orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                    join_obj, clauses.aliased_class,
+                    onclause, isouter=False,
+                    _left_memo=splicing,
+                    _right_memo=path[-1].mapper
+                )
+            else:
+                # only here if splicing == True
+                return None
+
+        target_join = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+            path, join_obj.right, clauses,
+            onclause, join_obj._right_memo)
+        if target_join is None:
+            right_splice = False
+            target_join = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path, join_obj.left, clauses,
+                onclause, join_obj._left_memo)
+            if target_join is None:
+                # should only return None when recursively called,
+                # e.g. splicing==True
+                assert splicing is not False, \
+                    "assertion failed attempting to produce joined eager loads"
+                return None
+        else:
+            right_splice = True
+
+        if right_splice:
+            # for a right splice, attempt to flatten out
+            # a JOIN b JOIN c JOIN .. to avoid needless
+            # parenthesis nesting
+            if not join_obj.isouter and not target_join.isouter:
+                eagerjoin = join_obj._splice_into_center(target_join)
+            else:
+                eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                    join_obj.left, target_join,
+                    join_obj.onclause, isouter=join_obj.isouter,
+                    _left_memo=join_obj._left_memo)
+        else:
+            eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                target_join, join_obj.right,
+                join_obj.onclause, isouter=join_obj.isouter,
+                _right_memo=join_obj._right_memo)
+
+        eagerjoin._target_adapter = target_join._target_adapter
+        return eagerjoin
+
+    def _create_eager_adapter(self, context, result, adapter, path, loadopt):
+        user_defined_adapter = self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+            loadopt, context) if loadopt else False
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            decorator = user_defined_adapter
+            # user defined eagerloads are part of the "primary"
+            # portion of the load.
+            # the adapters applied to the Query should be honored.
+            if context.adapter and decorator:
+                decorator = decorator.wrap(context.adapter)
+            elif context.adapter:
+                decorator = context.adapter
+        else:
+            decorator = path.get(context.attributes, "eager_row_processor")
+            if decorator is None:
+                return False
+
+        if self.mapper._result_has_identity_key(result, decorator):
+            return decorator
+        else:
+            # no identity key - don't return a row
+            # processor, will cause a degrade to lazy
+            return False
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+            self, context, path, loadopt, mapper,
+            result, adapter, populators):
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." %
+                self
+            )
+
+        our_path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        eager_adapter = self._create_eager_adapter(
+            context,
+            result,
+            adapter, our_path, loadopt)
+
+        if eager_adapter is not False:
+            key = self.key
+
+            _instance = loading._instance_processor(
+                self.mapper,
+                context,
+                result,
+                our_path[self.mapper],
+                eager_adapter)
+
+            if not self.uselist:
+                self._create_scalar_loader(context, key, _instance, populators)
+            else:
+                self._create_collection_loader(
+                    context, key, _instance, populators)
+        else:
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy_by_cls(LazyLoader).\
+                create_row_processor(
+                    context, path, loadopt,
+                    mapper, result, adapter, populators)
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(self, context, key, _instance, populators):
+        def load_collection_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                state, dict_, key)
+            result_list = util.UniqueAppender(collection,
+                                              'append_without_event')
+            context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            inst = _instance(row)
+            if inst is not None:
+                result_list.append(inst)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if (state, key) in context.attributes:
+                result_list = context.attributes[(state, key)]
+            else:
+                # appender_key can be absent from context.attributes
+                # with isnew=False when self-referential eager loading
+                # is used; the same instance may be present in two
+                # distinct sets of result columns
+                collection = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                    state, dict_, key)
+                result_list = util.UniqueAppender(
+                    collection,
+                    'append_without_event')
+                context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            inst = _instance(row)
+            if inst is not None:
+                result_list.append(inst)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_collection_from_joined_new_row))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_existing_row))
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append(
+                (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_exec))
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(self, context, key, _instance, populators):
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # set a scalar object instance directly on the parent
+            # object, bypassing InstrumentedAttribute event handlers.
+            dict_[key] = _instance(row)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # call _instance on the row, even though the object has
+            # been created, so that we further descend into properties
+            existing = _instance(row)
+            if existing is not None \
+                and key in dict_ \
+                    and existing is not dict_[key]:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Multiple rows returned with "
+                    "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                    % self)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_new_row))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row))
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_exec))
+
+
+def single_parent_validator(desc, prop):
+    def _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        if value is not None and initiator.key == prop.key:
+            hasparent = initiator.hasparent(attributes.instance_state(value))
+            if hasparent and oldvalue is not value:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance %s is already associated with an instance "
+                    "of %s via its %s attribute, and is only allowed a "
+                    "single parent." %
+                    (orm_util.instance_str(value), state.class_, prop)
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def append(state, value, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, None, initiator)
+
+    def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator)
+
+    event.listen(
+        desc, 'append', append, raw=True, retval=True,
+        active_history=True)
+    event.listen(
+        desc, 'set', set_, raw=True, retval=True,
+        active_history=True)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..141f867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1056 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+"""
+
+from .interfaces import MapperOption, PropComparator
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.base import _generative, Generative
+from .. import exc as sa_exc, inspect
+from .base import _is_aliased_class, _class_to_mapper
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry, TokenRegistry, \
+    _WILDCARD_TOKEN, _DEFAULT_TOKEN
+
+
+class Load(Generative, MapperOption):
+    """Represents loader options which modify the state of a
+    :class:`.Query` in order to affect how various mapped attributes are
+    loaded.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 The :meth:`.Load` system is a new foundation for
+       the existing system of loader options, including options such as
+       :func:`.orm.joinedload`, :func:`.orm.defer`, and others.   In
+       particular, it introduces a new method-chained system that replaces the
+       need for dot-separated paths as well as "_all()" options such as
+       :func:`.orm.joinedload_all`.
+
+    A :class:`.Load` object can be used directly or indirectly.  To use one
+    directly, instantiate given the parent class.  This style of usage is
+    useful when dealing with a :class:`.Query` that has multiple entities,
+    or when producing a loader option that can be applied generically to
+    any style of query::
+
+        myopt = Load(MyClass).joinedload("widgets")
+
+    The above ``myopt`` can now be used with :meth:`.Query.options`::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(myopt)
+
+    The :class:`.Load` construct is invoked indirectly whenever one makes use
+    of the various loader options that are present in ``sqlalchemy.orm``,
+    including options such as :func:`.orm.joinedload`, :func:`.orm.defer`,
+    :func:`.orm.subqueryload`, and all the rest.  These constructs produce an
+    "anonymous" form of the :class:`.Load` object which tracks attributes and
+    options, but is not linked to a parent class until it is associated with a
+    parent :class:`.Query`::
+
+        # produce "unbound" Load object
+        myopt = joinedload("widgets")
+
+        # when applied using options(), the option is "bound" to the
+        # class observed in the given query, e.g. MyClass
+        session.query(MyClass).options(myopt)
+
+    Whether the direct or indirect style is used, the :class:`.Load` object
+    returned now represents a specific "path" along the entities of a
+    :class:`.Query`.  This path can be traversed using a standard
+    method-chaining approach.  Supposing a class hierarchy such as ``User``,
+    ``User.addresses -> Address``, ``User.orders -> Order`` and
+    ``Order.items -> Item``, we can specify a variety of loader options along
+    each element in the "path"::
+
+        session.query(User).options(
+                    joinedload("addresses"),
+                    subqueryload("orders").joinedload("items")
+                )
+
+    Where above, the ``addresses`` collection will be joined-loaded, the
+    ``orders`` collection will be subquery-loaded, and within that subquery
+    load the ``items`` collection will be joined-loaded.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entity):
+        insp = inspect(entity)
+        self.path = insp._path_registry
+        self.context = {}
+        self.local_opts = {}
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        cloned = super(Load, self)._generate()
+        cloned.local_opts = {}
+        return cloned
+
+    _merge_into_path = False
+    strategy = None
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+
+    def process_query(self, query):
+        self._process(query, True)
+
+    def process_query_conditionally(self, query):
+        self._process(query, False)
+
+    def _process(self, query, raiseerr):
+        current_path = query._current_path
+        if current_path:
+            for (token, start_path), loader in self.context.items():
+                chopped_start_path = self._chop_path(start_path, current_path)
+                if chopped_start_path is not None:
+                    query._attributes[(token, chopped_start_path)] = loader
+        else:
+            query._attributes.update(self.context)
+
+    def _generate_path(self, path, attr, wildcard_key, raiseerr=True):
+        if raiseerr and not path.has_entity:
+            if isinstance(path, TokenRegistry):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Wildcard token cannot be followed by another entity")
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Attribute '%s' of entity '%s' does not "
+                    "refer to a mapped entity" %
+                    (path.prop.key, path.parent.entity)
+                )
+
+        if isinstance(attr, util.string_types):
+            default_token = attr.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+            if attr.endswith(_WILDCARD_TOKEN) or default_token:
+                if default_token:
+                    self.propagate_to_loaders = False
+                if wildcard_key:
+                    attr = "%s:%s" % (wildcard_key, attr)
+                return path.token(attr)
+
+            try:
+                # use getattr on the class to work around
+                # synonyms, hybrids, etc.
+                attr = getattr(path.entity.class_, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't find property named '%s' on the "
+                        "mapped entity %s in this Query. " % (
+                            attr, path.entity)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                attr = attr.property
+
+            path = path[attr]
+        else:
+            prop = attr.property
+
+            if not prop.parent.common_parent(path.mapper):
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Attribute '%s' does not "
+                        "link from element '%s'" % (attr, path.entity))
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+            if getattr(attr, '_of_type', None):
+                ac = attr._of_type
+                ext_info = inspect(ac)
+
+                path_element = ext_info.mapper
+                existing = path.entity_path[prop].get(
+                    self.context, "path_with_polymorphic")
+                if not ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+                    ac = orm_util.with_polymorphic(
+                        ext_info.mapper.base_mapper,
+                        ext_info.mapper, aliased=True,
+                        _use_mapper_path=True,
+                        _existing_alias=existing)
+                path.entity_path[prop].set(
+                    self.context, "path_with_polymorphic", inspect(ac))
+                path = path[prop][path_element]
+            else:
+                path = path[prop]
+
+        if path.has_entity:
+            path = path.entity_path
+        return path
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Load(strategy=%r)" % (self.strategy, )
+
+    def _coerce_strat(self, strategy):
+        if strategy is not None:
+            strategy = tuple(sorted(strategy.items()))
+        return strategy
+
+    @_generative
+    def set_relationship_strategy(
+            self, attr, strategy, propagate_to_loaders=True):
+        strategy = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+        # if the path is a wildcard, this will set propagate_to_loaders=False
+        self.path = self._generate_path(self.path, attr, "relationship")
+        self.strategy = strategy
+        if strategy is not None:
+            self._set_path_strategy()
+
+    @_generative
+    def set_column_strategy(self, attrs, strategy, opts=None):
+        strategy = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            path = self._generate_path(self.path, attr, "column")
+            cloned = self._generate()
+            cloned.strategy = strategy
+            cloned.path = path
+            cloned.propagate_to_loaders = True
+            if opts:
+                cloned.local_opts.update(opts)
+            cloned._set_path_strategy()
+
+    def _set_path_strategy(self):
+        if self._merge_into_path:
+            # special helper for undefer_group
+            existing = self.path.get(self.context, "loader")
+            if existing:
+                existing.local_opts.update(self.local_opts)
+            else:
+                self.path.set(self.context, "loader", self)
+
+        elif self.path.has_entity:
+            self.path.parent.set(self.context, "loader", self)
+        else:
+            self.path.set(self.context, "loader", self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d["path"] = self.path.serialize()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        self.path = PathRegistry.deserialize(self.path)
+
+    def _chop_path(self, to_chop, path):
+        i = -1
+
+        for i, (c_token, p_token) in enumerate(zip(to_chop, path.path)):
+            if isinstance(c_token, util.string_types):
+                # TODO: this is approximated from the _UnboundLoad
+                # version and probably has issues, not fully covered.
+
+                if i == 0 and c_token.endswith(':' + _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+                    return to_chop
+                elif c_token != 'relationship:%s' % (_WILDCARD_TOKEN,) and \
+                        c_token != p_token.key:
+                    return None
+
+            if c_token is p_token:
+                continue
+            else:
+                return None
+        return to_chop[i + 1:]
+
+
+class _UnboundLoad(Load):
+    """Represent a loader option that isn't tied to a root entity.
+
+    The loader option will produce an entity-linked :class:`.Load`
+    object when it is passed :meth:`.Query.options`.
+
+    This provides compatibility with the traditional system
+    of freestanding options, e.g. ``joinedload('x.y.z')``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.path = ()
+        self._to_bind = set()
+        self.local_opts = {}
+
+    _is_chain_link = False
+
+    def _set_path_strategy(self):
+        self._to_bind.add(self)
+
+    def _generate_path(self, path, attr, wildcard_key):
+        if wildcard_key and isinstance(attr, util.string_types) and \
+                attr in (_WILDCARD_TOKEN, _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            if attr == _DEFAULT_TOKEN:
+                self.propagate_to_loaders = False
+            attr = "%s:%s" % (wildcard_key, attr)
+
+        return path + (attr, )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d['path'] = ret = []
+        for token in util.to_list(self.path):
+            if isinstance(token, PropComparator):
+                ret.append((token._parentmapper.class_, token.key))
+            else:
+                ret.append(token)
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        ret = []
+        for key in state['path']:
+            if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                cls, propkey = key
+                ret.append(getattr(cls, propkey))
+            else:
+                ret.append(key)
+        state['path'] = tuple(ret)
+        self.__dict__ = state
+
+    def _process(self, query, raiseerr):
+        for val in self._to_bind:
+            val._bind_loader(query, query._attributes, raiseerr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_keys(self, meth, keys, chained, kw):
+        opt = _UnboundLoad()
+
+        def _split_key(key):
+            if isinstance(key, util.string_types):
+                # coerce fooload('*') into "default loader strategy"
+                if key == _WILDCARD_TOKEN:
+                    return (_DEFAULT_TOKEN, )
+                # coerce fooload(".*") into "wildcard on default entity"
+                elif key.startswith("." + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+                    key = key[1:]
+                return key.split(".")
+            else:
+                return (key,)
+        all_tokens = [token for key in keys for token in _split_key(key)]
+
+        for token in all_tokens[0:-1]:
+            if chained:
+                opt = meth(opt, token, **kw)
+            else:
+                opt = opt.defaultload(token)
+            opt._is_chain_link = True
+
+        opt = meth(opt, all_tokens[-1], **kw)
+        opt._is_chain_link = False
+
+        return opt
+
+    def _chop_path(self, to_chop, path):
+        i = -1
+        for i, (c_token, (p_mapper, p_prop)) in enumerate(
+                zip(to_chop, path.pairs())):
+            if isinstance(c_token, util.string_types):
+                if i == 0 and c_token.endswith(':' + _DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+                    return to_chop
+                elif c_token != 'relationship:%s' % (
+                        _WILDCARD_TOKEN,) and c_token != p_prop.key:
+                    return None
+            elif isinstance(c_token, PropComparator):
+                if c_token.property is not p_prop:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            i += 1
+
+        return to_chop[i:]
+
+    def _bind_loader(self, query, context, raiseerr):
+        start_path = self.path
+        # _current_path implies we're in a
+        # secondary load with an existing path
+
+        current_path = query._current_path
+        if current_path:
+            start_path = self._chop_path(start_path, current_path)
+
+        if not start_path:
+            return None
+
+        token = start_path[0]
+
+        if isinstance(token, util.string_types):
+            entity = self._find_entity_basestring(query, token, raiseerr)
+        elif isinstance(token, PropComparator):
+            prop = token.property
+            entity = self._find_entity_prop_comparator(
+                query,
+                prop.key,
+                token._parententity,
+                raiseerr)
+
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "mapper option expects "
+                "string key or list of attributes")
+
+        if not entity:
+            return
+
+        path_element = entity.entity_zero
+
+        # transfer our entity-less state into a Load() object
+        # with a real entity path.
+        loader = Load(path_element)
+        loader.context = context
+        loader.strategy = self.strategy
+
+        path = loader.path
+        for token in start_path:
+            loader.path = path = loader._generate_path(
+                loader.path, token, None, raiseerr)
+            if path is None:
+                return
+
+        loader.local_opts.update(self.local_opts)
+
+        if loader.path.has_entity:
+            effective_path = loader.path.parent
+        else:
+            effective_path = loader.path
+
+        # prioritize "first class" options over those
+        # that were "links in the chain", e.g. "x" and "y" in
+        # someload("x.y.z") versus someload("x") / someload("x.y")
+
+        if effective_path.is_token:
+            for path in effective_path.generate_for_superclasses():
+                if self._merge_into_path:
+                    # special helper for undefer_group
+                    existing = path.get(context, "loader")
+                    if existing:
+                        existing.local_opts.update(self.local_opts)
+                    else:
+                        path.set(context, "loader", loader)
+                elif self._is_chain_link:
+                    path.setdefault(context, "loader", loader)
+                else:
+                    path.set(context, "loader", loader)
+        else:
+            # only supported for the undefer_group() wildcard opt
+            assert not self._merge_into_path
+            if self._is_chain_link:
+                effective_path.setdefault(context, "loader", loader)
+            else:
+                effective_path.set(context, "loader", loader)
+
+    def _find_entity_prop_comparator(self, query, token, mapper, raiseerr):
+        if _is_aliased_class(mapper):
+            searchfor = mapper
+        else:
+            searchfor = _class_to_mapper(mapper)
+        for ent in query._mapper_entities:
+            if ent.corresponds_to(searchfor):
+                return ent
+        else:
+            if raiseerr:
+                if not list(query._mapper_entities):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Query has only expression-based entities - "
+                        "can't find property named '%s'."
+                        % (token, )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't find property '%s' on any entity "
+                        "specified in this Query.  Note the full path "
+                        "from root (%s) to target entity must be specified."
+                        % (token, ",".join(str(x) for
+                                           x in query._mapper_entities))
+                    )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def _find_entity_basestring(self, query, token, raiseerr):
+        if token.endswith(':' + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+            if len(list(query._mapper_entities)) != 1:
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Wildcard loader can only be used with exactly "
+                        "one entity.  Use Load(ent) to specify "
+                        "specific entities.")
+        elif token.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            raiseerr = False
+
+        for ent in query._mapper_entities:
+            # return only the first _MapperEntity when searching
+            # based on string prop name.   Ideally object
+            # attributes are used to specify more exactly.
+            return ent
+        else:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Query has only expression-based entities - "
+                    "can't find property named '%s'."
+                    % (token, )
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+
+class loader_option(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        self.name = name = fn.__name__
+        self.fn = fn
+        if hasattr(Load, name):
+            raise TypeError("Load class already has a %s method." % (name))
+        setattr(Load, name, fn)
+
+        return self
+
+    def _add_unbound_fn(self, fn):
+        self._unbound_fn = fn
+        fn_doc = self.fn.__doc__
+        self.fn.__doc__ = """Produce a new :class:`.Load` object with the
+:func:`.orm.%(name)s` option applied.
+
+See :func:`.orm.%(name)s` for usage examples.
+
+""" % {"name": self.name}
+
+        fn.__doc__ = fn_doc
+        return self
+
+    def _add_unbound_all_fn(self, fn):
+        self._unbound_all_fn = fn
+        fn.__doc__ = """Produce a standalone "all" option for :func:`.orm.%(name)s`.
+
+.. deprecated:: 0.9.0
+
+    The "_all()" style is replaced by method chaining, e.g.::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+            %(name)s("someattribute").%(name)s("anotherattribute")
+        )
+
+""" % {"name": self.name}
+        return self
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def contains_eager(loadopt, attr, alias=None):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from
+    columns stated manually in the query.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads
+    the desired rows, i.e.::
+
+        sess.query(Order).\\
+                join(Order.user).\\
+                options(contains_eager(Order.user))
+
+    The above query would join from the ``Order`` entity to its related
+    ``User`` entity, and the returned ``Order`` objects would have the
+    ``Order.user`` attribute pre-populated.
+
+    :func:`contains_eager` also accepts an `alias` argument, which is the
+    string name of an alias, an :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
+    construct, or an :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased` construct. Use this when
+    the eagerly-loaded rows are to come from an aliased table::
+
+        user_alias = aliased(User)
+        sess.query(Order).\\
+                join((user_alias, Order.user)).\\
+                options(contains_eager(Order.user, alias=user_alias))
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`contains_eager`
+
+    """
+    if alias is not None:
+        if not isinstance(alias, str):
+            info = inspect(alias)
+            alias = info.selectable
+
+    cloned = loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(
+        attr,
+        {"lazy": "joined"},
+        propagate_to_loaders=False
+    )
+    cloned.local_opts['eager_from_alias'] = alias
+    return cloned
+
+
+@contains_eager._add_unbound_fn
+def contains_eager(*keys, **kw):
+    return _UnboundLoad()._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.contains_eager, keys, True, kw)
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def load_only(loadopt, *attrs):
+    """Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list
+    of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be
+    deferred.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    Example - given a class ``User``, load only the ``name`` and ``fullname``
+    attributes::
+
+        session.query(User).options(load_only("name", "fullname"))
+
+    Example - given a relationship ``User.addresses -> Address``, specify
+    subquery loading for the ``User.addresses`` collection, but on each
+    ``Address`` object load only the ``email_address`` attribute::
+
+        session.query(User).options(
+                subqueryload("addreses").load_only("email_address")
+        )
+
+    For a :class:`.Query` that has multiple entities, the lead entity can be
+    specifically referred to using the :class:`.Load` constructor::
+
+        session.query(User, Address).join(User.addresses).options(
+                    Load(User).load_only("name", "fullname"),
+                    Load(Address).load_only("email_addres")
+                )
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+    cloned = loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        attrs,
+        {"deferred": False, "instrument": True}
+    )
+    cloned.set_column_strategy("*",
+                               {"deferred": True, "instrument": True},
+                               {"undefer_pks": True})
+    return cloned
+
+
+@load_only._add_unbound_fn
+def load_only(*attrs):
+    return _UnboundLoad().load_only(*attrs)
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def joinedload(loadopt, attr, innerjoin=None):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using joined
+    eager loading.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    examples::
+
+        # joined-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+        query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))
+
+        # joined-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))
+
+        # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+        # joined-load the keywords collection
+        query(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))
+
+    :param innerjoin: if ``True``, indicates that the joined eager load should
+     use an inner join instead of the default of left outer join::
+
+        query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))
+
+     In order to chain multiple eager joins together where some may be
+     OUTER and others INNER, right-nested joins are used to link them::
+
+        query(A).options(
+            joinedload(A.bs, innerjoin=False).
+                joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin=True)
+        )
+
+     The above query, linking A.bs via "outer" join and B.cs via "inner" join
+     would render the joins as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)".   When using
+     SQLite, this form of JOIN is translated to use full subqueries as this
+     syntax is otherwise not directly supported.
+
+     The ``innerjoin`` flag can also be stated with the term ``"unnested"``.
+     This will prevent joins from being right-nested, and will instead
+     link an "innerjoin" eagerload to an "outerjoin" eagerload by bypassing
+     the "inner" join.   Using this form as follows::
+
+        query(A).options(
+            joinedload(A.bs, innerjoin=False).
+                joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin="unnested")
+        )
+
+     Joins will be rendered as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN b LEFT OUTER JOIN c", so that
+     all of "a" is matched rather than being incorrectly limited by a "b" that
+     does not contain a "c".
+
+     .. note:: The "unnested" flag does **not** affect the JOIN rendered
+        from a many-to-many association table, e.g. a table configured
+        as :paramref:`.relationship.secondary`, to the target table; for
+        correctness of results, these joins are always INNER and are
+        therefore right-nested if linked to an OUTER join.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.4 Added support for "nesting" of eager "inner"
+        joins.  See :ref:`feature_2976`.
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 ``innerjoin=True`` now implies
+        ``innerjoin="nested"``, whereas in 0.9 it implied
+        ``innerjoin="unnested"``.  In order to achieve the pre-1.0 "unnested"
+        inner join behavior, use the value ``innerjoin="unnested"``.
+        See :ref:`migration_3008`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The joins produced by :func:`.orm.joinedload` are **anonymously
+        aliased**.  The criteria by which the join proceeds cannot be
+        modified, nor can the :class:`.Query` refer to these joins in any way,
+        including ordering.
+
+        To produce a specific SQL JOIN which is explicitly available, use
+        :meth:`.Query.join`.   To combine explicit JOINs with eager loading
+        of collections, use :func:`.orm.contains_eager`; see
+        :ref:`contains_eager`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`contains_eager`
+
+        :func:`.orm.subqueryload`
+
+        :func:`.orm.lazyload`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.innerjoin` - :func:`.relationship`-level
+        version of the :paramref:`.joinedload.innerjoin` option.
+
+    """
+    loader = loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "joined"})
+    if innerjoin is not None:
+        loader.local_opts['innerjoin'] = innerjoin
+    return loader
+
+
+@joinedload._add_unbound_fn
+def joinedload(*keys, **kw):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.joinedload, keys, False, kw)
+
+
+@joinedload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def joinedload_all(*keys, **kw):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.joinedload, keys, True, kw)
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def subqueryload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+    subquery eager loading.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    examples::
+
+        # subquery-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+        query(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))
+
+        # subquery-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+        query(Order).options(subqueryload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))
+
+        # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+        # subquery-load the keywords collection
+        query(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        :func:`.orm.joinedload`
+
+        :func:`.orm.lazyload`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "subquery"})
+
+
+@subqueryload._add_unbound_fn
+def subqueryload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.subqueryload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@subqueryload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def subqueryload_all(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.subqueryload, keys, True, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def lazyload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using "lazy"
+    loading.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "select"})
+
+
+@lazyload._add_unbound_fn
+def lazyload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.lazyload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@lazyload._add_unbound_all_fn
+def lazyload_all(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.lazyload, keys, True, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def immediateload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+    an immediate load with a per-attribute SELECT statement.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        :func:`.orm.joinedload`
+
+        :func:`.orm.lazyload`
+
+        :paramref:`.relationship.lazy`
+
+    """
+    loader = loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "immediate"})
+    return loader
+
+
+@immediateload._add_unbound_fn
+def immediateload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.immediateload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def noload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate that the given relationship attribute should remain unloaded.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    :func:`.orm.noload` applies to :func:`.relationship` attributes; for
+    column-based attributes, see :func:`.orm.defer`.
+
+    """
+
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "noload"})
+
+
+@noload._add_unbound_fn
+def noload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.noload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def defaultload(loadopt, attr):
+    """Indicate an attribute should load using its default loader style.
+
+    This method is used to link to other loader options, such as
+    to set the :func:`.orm.defer` option on a class that is linked to
+    a relationship of the parent class being loaded, :func:`.orm.defaultload`
+    can be used to navigate this path without changing the loading style
+    of the relationship::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(defaultload("someattr").defer("some_column"))
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.orm.defer`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_relationship_strategy(
+        attr,
+        None
+    )
+
+
+@defaultload._add_unbound_fn
+def defaultload(*keys):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(_UnboundLoad.defaultload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def defer(loadopt, key):
+    """Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be deferred, e.g.
+    not loaded until accessed.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+                            defer("attribute_one"),
+                            defer("attribute_two"))
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+                            defer(MyClass.attribute_one),
+                            defer(MyClass.attribute_two))
+
+    To specify a deferred load of an attribute on a related class,
+    the path can be specified one token at a time, specifying the loading
+    style for each link along the chain.  To leave the loading style
+    for a link unchanged, use :func:`.orm.defaultload`::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(defaultload("someattr").defer("some_column"))
+
+    A :class:`.Load` object that is present on a certain path can have
+    :meth:`.Load.defer` called multiple times, each will operate on the same
+    parent entity::
+
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+                        defaultload("someattr").
+                            defer("some_column").
+                            defer("some_other_column").
+                            defer("another_column")
+            )
+
+    :param key: Attribute to be deferred.
+
+    :param \*addl_attrs: Deprecated; this option supports the old 0.8 style
+     of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded
+     by the method-chained style.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        (key, ),
+        {"deferred": True, "instrument": True}
+    )
+
+
+@defer._add_unbound_fn
+def defer(key, *addl_attrs):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.defer, (key, ) + addl_attrs, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def undefer(loadopt, key):
+    """Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be undeferred,
+    e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity as a whole.
+
+    The column being undeferred is typically set up on the mapping as a
+    :func:`.deferred` attribute.
+
+    This function is part of the :class:`.Load` interface and supports
+    both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        # undefer two columns
+        session.query(MyClass).options(undefer("col1"), undefer("col2"))
+
+        # undefer all columns specific to a single class using Load + *
+        session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(
+            Load(MyClass).undefer("*"))
+
+    :param key: Attribute to be undeferred.
+
+    :param \*addl_attrs: Deprecated; this option supports the old 0.8 style
+     of specifying a path as a series of attributes, which is now superseded
+     by the method-chained style.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+        :func:`.orm.defer`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer_group`
+
+    """
+    return loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        (key, ),
+        {"deferred": False, "instrument": True}
+    )
+
+
+@undefer._add_unbound_fn
+def undefer(key, *addl_attrs):
+    return _UnboundLoad._from_keys(
+        _UnboundLoad.undefer, (key, ) + addl_attrs, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_option()
+def undefer_group(loadopt, name):
+    """Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be
+    undeferred.
+
+    The columns being undeferred are set up on the mapping as
+    :func:`.deferred` attributes and include a "group" name.
+
+    E.g::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(undefer_group("large_attrs"))
+
+    To undefer a group of attributes on a related entity, the path can be
+    spelled out using relationship loader options, such as
+    :func:`.orm.defaultload`::
+
+        session.query(MyClass).options(
+            defaultload("someattr").undefer_group("large_attrs"))
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 :func:`.orm.undefer_group` is now specific to a
+       particiular entity load path.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`deferred`
+
+        :func:`.orm.defer`
+
+        :func:`.orm.undefer`
+
+    """
+    loadopt._merge_into_path = True
+    return loadopt.set_column_strategy(
+        "*",
+        None,
+        {"undefer_group_%s" % name: True}
+    )
+
+
+@undefer_group._add_unbound_fn
+def undefer_group(name):
+    return _UnboundLoad().undefer_group(name)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccca508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# orm/sync.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""private module containing functions used for copying data
+between instances based on join conditions.
+
+"""
+
+from . import exc, util as orm_util, attributes
+
+
+def populate(source, source_mapper, dest, dest_mapper,
+             synchronize_pairs, uowcommit, flag_cascaded_pks):
+    source_dict = source.dict
+    dest_dict = dest.dict
+
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            # inline of source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source.manager[prop.key].impl.get(source, source_dict,
+                                                      attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r)
+
+        try:
+            # inline of dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = dest_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            dest.manager[prop.key].impl.set(dest, dest_dict, value, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r)
+
+        # technically the "r.primary_key" check isn't
+        # needed here, but we check for this condition to limit
+        # how often this logic is invoked for memory/performance
+        # reasons, since we only need this info for a primary key
+        # destination.
+        if flag_cascaded_pks and l.primary_key and \
+                r.primary_key and \
+                r.references(l):
+            uowcommit.attributes[("pk_cascaded", dest, r)] = True
+
+
+def bulk_populate_inherit_keys(
+        source_dict, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    # a simplified version of populate() used by bulk insert mode
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source_dict[prop.key]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, source_mapper, r)
+
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            source_dict[prop.key] = value
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, source_mapper, r)
+
+
+def clear(dest, dest_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        if r.primary_key and \
+            dest_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                dest, dest.dict, r) not in orm_util._none_set:
+
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Dependency rule tried to blank-out primary key "
+                "column '%s' on instance '%s'" %
+                (r, orm_util.state_str(dest))
+            )
+        try:
+            dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(dest, dest.dict, r, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, None, l, dest_mapper, r)
+
+
+def update(source, source_mapper, dest, old_prefix, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            oldvalue = source_mapper._get_committed_attr_by_column(
+                source.obj(), l)
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r)
+        dest[r.key] = value
+        dest[old_prefix + r.key] = oldvalue
+
+
+def populate_dict(source, source_mapper, dict_, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r)
+
+        dict_[r.key] = value
+
+
+def source_modified(uowcommit, source, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    """return true if the source object has changes from an old to a
+    new value on the given synchronize pairs
+
+    """
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r)
+        history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+            source, prop.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+        if bool(history.deleted):
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _raise_col_to_prop(isdest, source_mapper, source_column,
+                       dest_mapper, dest_column):
+    if isdest:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "destination column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map "
+            "this column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include this column (or use "
+            "a viewonly=True relation)." % (dest_column, dest_mapper))
+    else:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "source column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map this "
+            "column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include destination column "
+            "'%s' (or use a viewonly=True relation)." %
+            (source_column, source_mapper, dest_column))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b4ae64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# orm/unitofwork.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The internals for the unit of work system.
+
+The session's flush() process passes objects to a contextual object
+here, which assembles flush tasks based on mappers and their properties,
+organizes them in order of dependency, and executes.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util, event
+from ..util import topological
+from . import attributes, persistence, util as orm_util
+import itertools
+
+
+def track_cascade_events(descriptor, prop):
+    """Establish event listeners on object attributes which handle
+    cascade-on-set/append.
+
+    """
+    key = prop.key
+
+    def append(state, item, initiator):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when
+        # an instance is appended to the list of another instance
+
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("collection append")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+            if prop._cascade.save_update and \
+                (prop.cascade_backrefs or key == initiator.key) and \
+                    not sess._contains_state(item_state):
+                sess._save_or_update_state(item_state)
+        return item
+
+    def remove(state, item, initiator):
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning(
+                    "collection remove"
+                    if prop.uselist
+                    else "related attribute delete")
+
+            # expunge pending orphans
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+            if prop._cascade.delete_orphan and \
+                item_state in sess._new and \
+                    prop.mapper._is_orphan(item_state):
+                sess.expunge(item)
+
+    def set_(state, newvalue, oldvalue, initiator):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when an instance
+        # is attached to another instance
+        if oldvalue is newvalue:
+            return newvalue
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("related attribute set")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            if newvalue is not None:
+                newvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(newvalue)
+                if prop._cascade.save_update and \
+                        (prop.cascade_backrefs or key == initiator.key) and \
+                        not sess._contains_state(newvalue_state):
+                    sess._save_or_update_state(newvalue_state)
+
+            if oldvalue is not None and \
+                oldvalue is not attributes.NEVER_SET and \
+                oldvalue is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and \
+                    prop._cascade.delete_orphan:
+                # possible to reach here with attributes.NEVER_SET ?
+                oldvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(oldvalue)
+
+                if oldvalue_state in sess._new and \
+                        prop.mapper._is_orphan(oldvalue_state):
+                    sess.expunge(oldvalue)
+        return newvalue
+
+    event.listen(descriptor, 'append', append, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(descriptor, 'remove', remove, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(descriptor, 'set', set_, raw=True, retval=True)
+
+
+class UOWTransaction(object):
+    def __init__(self, session):
+        self.session = session
+
+        # dictionary used by external actors to
+        # store arbitrary state information.
+        self.attributes = {}
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of
+        # DependencyProcessors, which are also
+        # set to be part of the sorted flush actions,
+        # which have that mapper as a parent.
+        self.deps = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of InstanceState
+        # items pending for flush which have that mapper
+        # as a parent.
+        self.mappers = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # a dictionary of Preprocess objects, which gather
+        # additional states impacted by the flush
+        # and determine if a flush action is needed
+        self.presort_actions = {}
+
+        # dictionary of PostSortRec objects, each
+        # one issues work during the flush within
+        # a certain ordering.
+        self.postsort_actions = {}
+
+        # a set of 2-tuples, each containing two
+        # PostSortRec objects where the second
+        # is dependent on the first being executed
+        # first
+        self.dependencies = set()
+
+        # dictionary of InstanceState-> (isdelete, listonly)
+        # tuples, indicating if this state is to be deleted
+        # or insert/updated, or just refreshed
+        self.states = {}
+
+        # tracks InstanceStates which will be receiving
+        # a "post update" call.  Keys are mappers,
+        # values are a set of states and a set of the
+        # columns which should be included in the update.
+        self.post_update_states = util.defaultdict(lambda: (set(), set()))
+
+    @property
+    def has_work(self):
+        return bool(self.states)
+
+    def is_deleted(self, state):
+        """return true if the given state is marked as deleted
+        within this uowtransaction."""
+
+        return state in self.states and self.states[state][0]
+
+    def memo(self, key, callable_):
+        if key in self.attributes:
+            return self.attributes[key]
+        else:
+            self.attributes[key] = ret = callable_()
+            return ret
+
+    def remove_state_actions(self, state):
+        """remove pending actions for a state from the uowtransaction."""
+
+        isdelete = self.states[state][0]
+
+        self.states[state] = (isdelete, True)
+
+    def get_attribute_history(self, state, key,
+                              passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE):
+        """facade to attributes.get_state_history(), including
+        caching of results."""
+
+        hashkey = ("history", state, key)
+
+        # cache the objects, not the states; the strong reference here
+        # prevents newly loaded objects from being dereferenced during the
+        # flush process
+
+        if hashkey in self.attributes:
+            history, state_history, cached_passive = self.attributes[hashkey]
+            # if the cached lookup was "passive" and now
+            # we want non-passive, do a non-passive lookup and re-cache
+
+            if not cached_passive & attributes.SQL_OK \
+                    and passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+                impl = state.manager[key].impl
+                history = impl.get_history(state, state.dict,
+                                           attributes.PASSIVE_OFF |
+                                           attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED)
+                if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                    state_history = history.as_state()
+                else:
+                    state_history = history
+                self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history, passive)
+        else:
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            # TODO: store the history as (state, object) tuples
+            # so we don't have to keep converting here
+            history = impl.get_history(state, state.dict, passive |
+                                       attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED)
+            if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                state_history = history.as_state()
+            else:
+                state_history = history
+            self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history,
+                                        passive)
+
+        return state_history
+
+    def has_dep(self, processor):
+        return (processor, True) in self.presort_actions
+
+    def register_preprocessor(self, processor, fromparent):
+        key = (processor, fromparent)
+        if key not in self.presort_actions:
+            self.presort_actions[key] = Preprocess(processor, fromparent)
+
+    def register_object(self, state, isdelete=False,
+                        listonly=False, cancel_delete=False,
+                        operation=None, prop=None):
+        if not self.session._contains_state(state):
+            if not state.deleted and operation is not None:
+                util.warn("Object of type %s not in session, %s operation "
+                          "along '%s' will not proceed" %
+                          (orm_util.state_class_str(state), operation, prop))
+            return False
+
+        if state not in self.states:
+            mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+            if mapper not in self.mappers:
+                self._per_mapper_flush_actions(mapper)
+
+            self.mappers[mapper].add(state)
+            self.states[state] = (isdelete, listonly)
+        else:
+            if not listonly and (isdelete or cancel_delete):
+                self.states[state] = (isdelete, False)
+        return True
+
+    def issue_post_update(self, state, post_update_cols):
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper.base_mapper
+        states, cols = self.post_update_states[mapper]
+        states.add(state)
+        cols.update(post_update_cols)
+
+    def _per_mapper_flush_actions(self, mapper):
+        saves = SaveUpdateAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        deletes = DeleteAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        self.dependencies.add((saves, deletes))
+
+        for dep in mapper._dependency_processors:
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+        for prop in mapper.relationships:
+            if prop.viewonly:
+                continue
+            dep = prop._dependency_processor
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mapper_for_dep(self):
+        """return a dynamic mapping of (Mapper, DependencyProcessor) to
+        True or False, indicating if the DependencyProcessor operates
+        on objects of that Mapper.
+
+        The result is stored in the dictionary persistently once
+        calculated.
+
+        """
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            lambda tup: tup[0]._props.get(tup[1].key) is tup[1].prop
+        )
+
+    def filter_states_for_dep(self, dep, states):
+        """Filter the given list of InstanceStates to those relevant to the
+        given DependencyProcessor.
+
+        """
+        mapper_for_dep = self._mapper_for_dep
+        return [s for s in states if mapper_for_dep[(s.manager.mapper, dep)]]
+
+    def states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self, mapper, isdelete, listonly):
+        checktup = (isdelete, listonly)
+        for mapper in mapper.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for state in self.mappers[mapper]:
+                if self.states[state] == checktup:
+                    yield state
+
+    def _generate_actions(self):
+        """Generate the full, unsorted collection of PostSortRecs as
+        well as dependency pairs for this UOWTransaction.
+
+        """
+        # execute presort_actions, until all states
+        # have been processed.   a presort_action might
+        # add new states to the uow.
+        while True:
+            ret = False
+            for action in list(self.presort_actions.values()):
+                if action.execute(self):
+                    ret = True
+            if not ret:
+                break
+
+        # see if the graph of mapper dependencies has cycles.
+        self.cycles = cycles = topological.find_cycles(
+            self.dependencies,
+            list(self.postsort_actions.values()))
+
+        if cycles:
+            # if yes, break the per-mapper actions into
+            # per-state actions
+            convert = dict(
+                (rec, set(rec.per_state_flush_actions(self)))
+                for rec in cycles
+            )
+
+            # rewrite the existing dependencies to point to
+            # the per-state actions for those per-mapper actions
+            # that were broken up.
+            for edge in list(self.dependencies):
+                if None in edge or \
+                        edge[0].disabled or edge[1].disabled or \
+                        cycles.issuperset(edge):
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                elif edge[0] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[0]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((dep, edge[1]))
+                elif edge[1] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[1]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((edge[0], dep))
+
+        return set([a for a in self.postsort_actions.values()
+                    if not a.disabled
+                    ]
+                   ).difference(cycles)
+
+    def execute(self):
+        postsort_actions = self._generate_actions()
+
+        # sort = topological.sort(self.dependencies, postsort_actions)
+        # print "--------------"
+        # print "\ndependencies:", self.dependencies
+        # print "\ncycles:", self.cycles
+        # print "\nsort:", list(sort)
+        # print "\nCOUNT OF POSTSORT ACTIONS", len(postsort_actions)
+
+        # execute
+        if self.cycles:
+            for set_ in topological.sort_as_subsets(
+                    self.dependencies,
+                    postsort_actions):
+                while set_:
+                    n = set_.pop()
+                    n.execute_aggregate(self, set_)
+        else:
+            for rec in topological.sort(
+                    self.dependencies,
+                    postsort_actions):
+                rec.execute(self)
+
+    def finalize_flush_changes(self):
+        """mark processed objects as clean / deleted after a successful
+        flush().
+
+        this method is called within the flush() method after the
+        execute() method has succeeded and the transaction has been committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self.states:
+            return
+
+        states = set(self.states)
+        isdel = set(
+            s for (s, (isdelete, listonly)) in self.states.items()
+            if isdelete
+        )
+        other = states.difference(isdel)
+        if isdel:
+            self.session._remove_newly_deleted(isdel)
+        if other:
+            self.session._register_newly_persistent(other)
+
+
+class IterateMappersMixin(object):
+    def _mappers(self, uow):
+        if self.fromparent:
+            return iter(
+                m for m in
+                self.dependency_processor.parent.self_and_descendants
+                if uow._mapper_for_dep[(m, self.dependency_processor)]
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.dependency_processor.mapper.self_and_descendants
+
+
+class Preprocess(IterateMappersMixin):
+    def __init__(self, dependency_processor, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        self.processed = set()
+        self.setup_flush_actions = False
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        delete_states = set()
+        save_states = set()
+
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper].difference(self.processed):
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if not listonly:
+                    if isdelete:
+                        delete_states.add(state)
+                    else:
+                        save_states.add(state)
+
+        if delete_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_deletes(uow, delete_states)
+            self.processed.update(delete_states)
+        if save_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_saves(uow, save_states)
+            self.processed.update(save_states)
+
+        if (delete_states or save_states):
+            if not self.setup_flush_actions and (
+                    self.dependency_processor.
+                    prop_has_changes(uow, delete_states, True) or
+                    self.dependency_processor.
+                    prop_has_changes(uow, save_states, False)
+            ):
+                self.dependency_processor.per_property_flush_actions(uow)
+                self.setup_flush_actions = True
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class PostSortRec(object):
+    disabled = False
+
+    def __new__(cls, uow, *args):
+        key = (cls, ) + args
+        if key in uow.postsort_actions:
+            return uow.postsort_actions[key]
+        else:
+            uow.postsort_actions[key] = \
+                ret = \
+                object.__new__(cls)
+            return ret
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        self.execute(uow)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ",".join(str(x) for x in self.__dict__.values())
+        )
+
+
+class ProcessAll(IterateMappersMixin, PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, delete, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.delete = delete
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        uow.deps[dependency_processor.parent.base_mapper].\
+            add(dependency_processor)
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        states = self._elements(uow)
+        if self.delete:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        # this is handled by SaveUpdateAll and DeleteAll,
+        # since a ProcessAll should unconditionally be pulled
+        # into per-state if either the parent/child mappers
+        # are part of a cycle
+        return iter([])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, delete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            self.delete
+        )
+
+    def _elements(self, uow):
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper]:
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if isdelete == self.delete and not listonly:
+                    yield state
+
+
+class IssuePostUpdate(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper, isdelete):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        states, cols = uow.post_update_states[self.mapper]
+        states = [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0] == self.isdelete]
+
+        persistence.post_update(self.mapper, states, uow, cols)
+
+
+class SaveUpdateAll(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        persistence.save_obj(self.mapper,
+                             uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+                                 self.mapper, False, False),
+                             uow
+                             )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+            self.mapper, False, False))
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        delete_all = DeleteAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = SaveUpdateState(uow, state, base_mapper)
+            uow.dependencies.add((action, delete_all))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, False)
+
+
+class DeleteAll(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        persistence.delete_obj(self.mapper,
+                               uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+                                   self.mapper, True, False),
+                               uow
+                               )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(
+            self.mapper, True, False))
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        save_all = SaveUpdateAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = DeleteState(uow, state, base_mapper)
+            uow.dependencies.add((save_all, action))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, True)
+
+
+class ProcessState(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, delete, state):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.delete = delete
+        self.state = state
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        dependency_processor = self.dependency_processor
+        delete = self.delete
+        our_recs = [r for r in recs
+                    if r.__class__ is cls_ and
+                    r.dependency_processor is dependency_processor and
+                    r.delete is delete]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        if delete:
+            dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, %s, delete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+            self.delete
+        )
+
+
+class SaveUpdateState(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, state, mapper):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [r for r in recs
+                    if r.__class__ is cls_ and
+                    r.mapper is mapper]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        persistence.save_obj(mapper,
+                             [self.state] +
+                             [r.state for r in our_recs],
+                             uow)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state)
+        )
+
+
+class DeleteState(PostSortRec):
+    def __init__(self, uow, state, mapper):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [r for r in recs
+                    if r.__class__ is cls_ and
+                    r.mapper is mapper]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        persistence.delete_obj(mapper,
+                               [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0]],
+                               uow)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state)
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42fadca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1034 @@
+# orm/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from .. import sql, util, event, exc as sa_exc, inspection
+from ..sql import expression, util as sql_util, operators
+from .interfaces import PropComparator, MapperProperty
+from . import attributes
+import re
+
+from .base import instance_str, state_str, state_class_str, attribute_str, \
+    state_attribute_str, object_mapper, object_state, _none_set, _never_set
+from .base import class_mapper, _class_to_mapper
+from .base import InspectionAttr
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+
+all_cascades = frozenset(("delete", "delete-orphan", "all", "merge",
+                          "expunge", "save-update", "refresh-expire",
+                          "none"))
+
+
+class CascadeOptions(frozenset):
+    """Keeps track of the options sent to relationship().cascade"""
+
+    _add_w_all_cascades = all_cascades.difference([
+        'all', 'none', 'delete-orphan'])
+    _allowed_cascades = all_cascades
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'save_update', 'delete', 'refresh_expire', 'merge',
+        'expunge', 'delete_orphan')
+
+    def __new__(cls, value_list):
+        if isinstance(value_list, util.string_types) or value_list is None:
+            return cls.from_string(value_list)
+        values = set(value_list)
+        if values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid cascade option(s): %s" %
+                ", ".join([repr(x) for x in
+                           sorted(values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades))]))
+
+        if "all" in values:
+            values.update(cls._add_w_all_cascades)
+        if "none" in values:
+            values.clear()
+        values.discard('all')
+
+        self = frozenset.__new__(CascadeOptions, values)
+        self.save_update = 'save-update' in values
+        self.delete = 'delete' in values
+        self.refresh_expire = 'refresh-expire' in values
+        self.merge = 'merge' in values
+        self.expunge = 'expunge' in values
+        self.delete_orphan = "delete-orphan" in values
+
+        if self.delete_orphan and not self.delete:
+            util.warn("The 'delete-orphan' cascade "
+                      "option requires 'delete'.")
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "CascadeOptions(%r)" % (
+            ",".join([x for x in sorted(self)])
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, arg):
+        values = [
+            c for c
+            in re.split('\s*,\s*', arg or "")
+            if c
+        ]
+        return cls(values)
+
+
+def _validator_events(
+        desc, key, validator, include_removes, include_backrefs):
+    """Runs a validation method on an attribute value to be set or
+    appended.
+    """
+
+    if not include_backrefs:
+        def detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            return initiator.impl is not impl
+
+    if include_removes:
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def remove(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                validator(state.obj(), key, value, True)
+
+    else:
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+    event.listen(desc, 'append', append, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(desc, 'set', set_, raw=True, retval=True)
+    if include_removes:
+        event.listen(desc, "remove", remove, raw=True, retval=True)
+
+
+def polymorphic_union(table_map, typecolname,
+                      aliasname='p_union', cast_nulls=True):
+    """Create a ``UNION`` statement used by a polymorphic mapper.
+
+    See  :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example of how
+    this is used.
+
+    :param table_map: mapping of polymorphic identities to
+     :class:`.Table` objects.
+    :param typecolname: string name of a "discriminator" column, which will be
+     derived from the query, producing the polymorphic identity for
+     each row.  If ``None``, no polymorphic discriminator is generated.
+    :param aliasname: name of the :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias()`
+     construct generated.
+    :param cast_nulls: if True, non-existent columns, which are represented
+     as labeled NULLs, will be passed into CAST.   This is a legacy behavior
+     that is problematic on some backends such as Oracle - in which case it
+     can be set to False.
+
+    """
+
+    colnames = util.OrderedSet()
+    colnamemaps = {}
+    types = {}
+    for key in table_map:
+        table = table_map[key]
+
+        # mysql doesn't like selecting from a select;
+        # make it an alias of the select
+        if isinstance(table, sql.Select):
+            table = table.alias()
+            table_map[key] = table
+
+        m = {}
+        for c in table.c:
+            colnames.add(c.key)
+            m[c.key] = c
+            types[c.key] = c.type
+        colnamemaps[table] = m
+
+    def col(name, table):
+        try:
+            return colnamemaps[table][name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if cast_nulls:
+                return sql.cast(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+            else:
+                return sql.type_coerce(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+
+    result = []
+    for type, table in table_map.items():
+        if typecolname is not None:
+            result.append(
+                sql.select([col(name, table) for name in colnames] +
+                           [sql.literal_column(
+                               sql_util._quote_ddl_expr(type)).
+                               label(typecolname)],
+                           from_obj=[table]))
+        else:
+            result.append(sql.select([col(name, table) for name in colnames],
+                                     from_obj=[table]))
+    return sql.union_all(*result).alias(aliasname)
+
+
+def identity_key(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Generate "identity key" tuples, as are used as keys in the
+    :attr:`.Session.identity_map` dictionary.
+
+    This function has several call styles:
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, ident)``
+
+      This form receives a mapped class and a primary key scalar or
+      tuple as an argument.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, (1, 2))
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2))
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param ident: primary key, may be a scalar or tuple argument.
+
+
+    * ``identity_key(instance=instance)``
+
+      This form will produce the identity key for a given instance.  The
+      instance need not be persistent, only that its primary key attributes
+      are populated (else the key will contain ``None`` for those missing
+      values).
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> instance = MyClass(1, 2)
+        >>> identity_key(instance=instance)
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2))
+
+      In this form, the given instance is ultimately run though
+      :meth:`.Mapper.identity_key_from_instance`, which will have the
+      effect of performing a database check for the corresponding row
+      if the object is expired.
+
+      :param instance: object instance (must be given as a keyword arg)
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, row=row)``
+
+      This form is similar to the class/tuple form, except is passed a
+      database result row as a :class:`.RowProxy` object.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> row = engine.execute("select * from table where a=1 and b=2").\
+first()
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, row=row)
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2))
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param row: :class:`.RowProxy` row returned by a :class:`.ResultProxy`
+       (must be given as a keyword arg)
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            class_ = args[0]
+            try:
+                row = kwargs.pop("row")
+            except KeyError:
+                ident = kwargs.pop("ident")
+        elif len(args) == 2:
+            class_, ident = args
+        elif len(args) == 3:
+            class_, ident = args
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "expected up to three positional arguments, "
+                "got %s" % len(args))
+        if kwargs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("unknown keyword arguments: %s"
+                                       % ", ".join(kwargs))
+        mapper = class_mapper(class_)
+        if "ident" in locals():
+            return mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(util.to_list(ident))
+        return mapper.identity_key_from_row(row)
+    instance = kwargs.pop("instance")
+    if kwargs:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("unknown keyword arguments: %s"
+                                   % ", ".join(kwargs.keys))
+    mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+    return mapper.identity_key_from_instance(instance)
+
+
+class ORMAdapter(sql_util.ColumnAdapter):
+    """ColumnAdapter subclass which excludes adaptation of entities from
+    non-matching mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entity, equivalents=None, adapt_required=False,
+                 chain_to=None, allow_label_resolve=True,
+                 anonymize_labels=False):
+        info = inspection.inspect(entity)
+
+        self.mapper = info.mapper
+        selectable = info.selectable
+        is_aliased_class = info.is_aliased_class
+        if is_aliased_class:
+            self.aliased_class = entity
+        else:
+            self.aliased_class = None
+
+        sql_util.ColumnAdapter.__init__(
+            self, selectable, equivalents, chain_to,
+            adapt_required=adapt_required,
+            allow_label_resolve=allow_label_resolve,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            include_fn=self._include_fn
+        )
+
+    def _include_fn(self, elem):
+        entity = elem._annotations.get('parentmapper', None)
+        return not entity or entity.isa(self.mapper)
+
+
+class AliasedClass(object):
+    """Represents an "aliased" form of a mapped class for usage with Query.
+
+    The ORM equivalent of a :func:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
+    construct, this object mimics the mapped class using a
+    __getattr__ scheme and maintains a reference to a
+    real :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias` object.
+
+    Usage is via the :func:`.orm.aliased` function, or alternatively
+    via the :func:`.orm.with_polymorphic` function.
+
+    Usage example::
+
+        # find all pairs of users with the same name
+        user_alias = aliased(User)
+        session.query(User, user_alias).\\
+                        join((user_alias, User.id > user_alias.id)).\\
+                        filter(User.name==user_alias.name)
+
+    The resulting object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    This object implements an attribute scheme which produces the
+    same attribute and method interface as the original mapped
+    class, allowing :class:`.AliasedClass` to be compatible
+    with any attribute technique which works on the original class,
+    including hybrid attributes (see :ref:`hybrids_toplevel`).
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedClass` can be inspected for its underlying
+    :class:`.Mapper`, aliased selectable, and other information
+    using :func:`.inspect`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    The resulting inspection object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedInsp`.
+
+    See :func:`.aliased` and :func:`.with_polymorphic` for construction
+    argument descriptions.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cls, alias=None,
+                 name=None,
+                 flat=False,
+                 adapt_on_names=False,
+                 #  TODO: None for default here?
+                 with_polymorphic_mappers=(),
+                 with_polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+                 base_alias=None,
+                 use_mapper_path=False):
+        mapper = _class_to_mapper(cls)
+        if alias is None:
+            alias = mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable.alias(
+                name=name, flat=flat)
+
+        self._aliased_insp = AliasedInsp(
+            self,
+            mapper,
+            alias,
+            name,
+            with_polymorphic_mappers
+            if with_polymorphic_mappers
+            else mapper.with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            with_polymorphic_discriminator
+            if with_polymorphic_discriminator is not None
+            else mapper.polymorphic_on,
+            base_alias,
+            use_mapper_path,
+            adapt_on_names
+        )
+
+        self.__name__ = 'AliasedClass_%s' % mapper.class_.__name__
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            _aliased_insp = self.__dict__['_aliased_insp']
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError()
+        else:
+            for base in _aliased_insp._target.__mro__:
+                try:
+                    attr = object.__getattribute__(base, key)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise AttributeError(key)
+
+        if isinstance(attr, PropComparator):
+            ret = attr.adapt_to_entity(_aliased_insp)
+            setattr(self, key, ret)
+            return ret
+        elif hasattr(attr, 'func_code'):
+            is_method = getattr(_aliased_insp._target, key, None)
+            if is_method and is_method.__self__ is not None:
+                return util.types.MethodType(attr.__func__, self, self)
+            else:
+                return None
+        elif hasattr(attr, '__get__'):
+            ret = attr.__get__(None, self)
+            if isinstance(ret, PropComparator):
+                return ret.adapt_to_entity(_aliased_insp)
+            else:
+                return ret
+        else:
+            return attr
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<AliasedClass at 0x%x; %s>' % (
+            id(self), self._aliased_insp._target.__name__)
+
+
+class AliasedInsp(InspectionAttr):
+    """Provide an inspection interface for an
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` object.
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedInsp` object is returned
+    given an :class:`.AliasedClass` using the
+    :func:`.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyMappedClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    Attributes on :class:`.AliasedInsp`
+    include:
+
+    * ``entity`` - the :class:`.AliasedClass` represented.
+    * ``mapper`` - the :class:`.Mapper` mapping the underlying class.
+    * ``selectable`` - the :class:`.Alias` construct which ultimately
+      represents an aliased :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Select`
+      construct.
+    * ``name`` - the name of the alias.  Also is used as the attribute
+      name when returned in a result tuple from :class:`.Query`.
+    * ``with_polymorphic_mappers`` - collection of :class:`.Mapper` objects
+      indicating all those mappers expressed in the select construct
+      for the :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    * ``polymorphic_on`` - an alternate column or SQL expression which
+      will be used as the "discriminator" for a polymorphic load.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`inspection_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entity, mapper, selectable, name,
+                 with_polymorphic_mappers, polymorphic_on,
+                 _base_alias, _use_mapper_path, adapt_on_names):
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.selectable = selectable
+        self.name = name
+        self.with_polymorphic_mappers = with_polymorphic_mappers
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._base_alias = _base_alias or self
+        self._use_mapper_path = _use_mapper_path
+
+        self._adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
+            selectable, equivalents=mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names, anonymize_labels=True)
+
+        self._adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+        self._target = mapper.class_
+
+        for poly in self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            if poly is not mapper:
+                setattr(self.entity, poly.class_.__name__,
+                        AliasedClass(poly.class_, selectable, base_alias=self,
+                                     adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+                                     use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path))
+
+    is_aliased_class = True
+    "always returns True"
+
+    @property
+    def class_(self):
+        """Return the mapped class ultimately represented by this
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp`."""
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _path_registry(self):
+        if self._use_mapper_path:
+            return self.mapper._path_registry
+        else:
+            return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            'entity': self.entity,
+            'mapper': self.mapper,
+            'alias': self.selectable,
+            'name': self.name,
+            'adapt_on_names': self._adapt_on_names,
+            'with_polymorphic_mappers':
+                self.with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            'with_polymorphic_discriminator':
+                self.polymorphic_on,
+            'base_alias': self._base_alias,
+            'use_mapper_path': self._use_mapper_path
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(
+            state['entity'],
+            state['mapper'],
+            state['alias'],
+            state['name'],
+            state['with_polymorphic_mappers'],
+            state['with_polymorphic_discriminator'],
+            state['base_alias'],
+            state['use_mapper_path'],
+            state['adapt_on_names']
+        )
+
+    def _adapt_element(self, elem):
+        return self._adapter.traverse(elem).\
+            _annotate({
+                'parententity': self,
+                'parentmapper': self.mapper}
+        )
+
+    def _entity_for_mapper(self, mapper):
+        self_poly = self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        if mapper in self_poly:
+            if mapper is self.mapper:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return getattr(
+                    self.entity, mapper.class_.__name__)._aliased_insp
+        elif mapper.isa(self.mapper):
+            return self
+        else:
+            assert False, "mapper %s doesn't correspond to %s" % (
+                mapper, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            with_poly = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                mp.class_.__name__ for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers)
+        else:
+            with_poly = ""
+        return '<AliasedInsp at 0x%x; %s%s>' % (
+            id(self), self.class_.__name__, with_poly)
+
+
+inspection._inspects(AliasedClass)(lambda target: target._aliased_insp)
+inspection._inspects(AliasedInsp)(lambda target: target)
+
+
+def aliased(element, alias=None, name=None, flat=False, adapt_on_names=False):
+    """Produce an alias of the given element, usually an :class:`.AliasedClass`
+    instance.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+
+        session.query(MyClass, my_alias).filter(MyClass.id > my_alias.id)
+
+    The :func:`.aliased` function is used to create an ad-hoc mapping
+    of a mapped class to a new selectable.  By default, a selectable
+    is generated from the normally mapped selectable (typically a
+    :class:`.Table`) using the :meth:`.FromClause.alias` method.
+    However, :func:`.aliased` can also be used to link the class to
+    a new :func:`.select` statement.   Also, the :func:`.with_polymorphic`
+    function is a variant of :func:`.aliased` that is intended to specify
+    a so-called "polymorphic selectable", that corresponds to the union
+    of several joined-inheritance subclasses at once.
+
+    For convenience, the :func:`.aliased` function also accepts plain
+    :class:`.FromClause` constructs, such as a :class:`.Table` or
+    :func:`.select` construct.   In those cases, the :meth:`.FromClause.alias`
+    method is called on the object and the new :class:`.Alias` object
+    returned.  The returned :class:`.Alias` is not ORM-mapped in this case.
+
+    :param element: element to be aliased.  Is normally a mapped class,
+     but for convenience can also be a :class:`.FromClause` element.
+
+    :param alias: Optional selectable unit to map the element to.  This should
+     normally be a :class:`.Alias` object corresponding to the :class:`.Table`
+     to which the class is mapped, or to a :func:`.select` construct that
+     is compatible with the mapping.   By default, a simple anonymous
+     alias of the mapped table is generated.
+
+    :param name: optional string name to use for the alias, if not specified
+     by the ``alias`` parameter.  The name, among other things, forms the
+     attribute name that will be accessible via tuples returned by a
+     :class:`.Query` object.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+     :meth:`.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of :class:`.Join` objects
+     don't include an enclosing SELECT.  This can lead to more efficient
+     queries in many circumstances.  A JOIN against a nested JOIN will be
+     rewritten as a JOIN against an aliased SELECT subquery on backends that
+     don't support this syntax.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+     .. seealso:: :meth:`.Join.alias`
+
+    :param adapt_on_names: if True, more liberal "matching" will be used when
+     mapping the mapped columns of the ORM entity to those of the
+     given selectable - a name-based match will be performed if the
+     given selectable doesn't otherwise have a column that corresponds
+     to one on the entity.  The use case for this is when associating
+     an entity with some derived selectable such as one that uses
+     aggregate functions::
+
+        class UnitPrice(Base):
+            __tablename__ = 'unit_price'
+            ...
+            unit_id = Column(Integer)
+            price = Column(Numeric)
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = Session.query(
+                                    func.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')
+                                ).group_by(UnitPrice.unit_id).subquery()
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = aliased(UnitPrice,
+                    alias=aggregated_unit_price, adapt_on_names=True)
+
+     Above, functions on ``aggregated_unit_price`` which refer to
+     ``.price`` will return the
+     ``fund.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')`` column, as it is
+     matched on the name "price".  Ordinarily, the "price" function
+     wouldn't have any "column correspondence" to the actual
+     ``UnitPrice.price`` column as it is not a proxy of the original.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.7.3
+
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
+        if adapt_on_names:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "adapt_on_names only applies to ORM elements"
+            )
+        return element.alias(name, flat=flat)
+    else:
+        return AliasedClass(element, alias=alias, flat=flat,
+                            name=name, adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names)
+
+
+def with_polymorphic(base, classes, selectable=False,
+                     flat=False,
+                     polymorphic_on=None, aliased=False,
+                     innerjoin=False, _use_mapper_path=False,
+                     _existing_alias=None):
+    """Produce an :class:`.AliasedClass` construct which specifies
+    columns for descendant mappers of the given base.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        :func:`.orm.with_polymorphic` is in addition to the existing
+        :class:`.Query` method :meth:`.Query.with_polymorphic`,
+        which has the same purpose but is not as flexible in its usage.
+
+    Using this method will ensure that each descendant mapper's
+    tables are included in the FROM clause, and will allow filter()
+    criterion to be used against those tables.  The resulting
+    instances will also have those columns already loaded so that
+    no "post fetch" of those columns will be required.
+
+    See the examples at :ref:`with_polymorphic`.
+
+    :param base: Base class to be aliased.
+
+    :param classes: a single class or mapper, or list of
+        class/mappers, which inherit from the base class.
+        Alternatively, it may also be the string ``'*'``, in which case
+        all descending mapped classes will be added to the FROM clause.
+
+    :param aliased: when True, the selectable will be wrapped in an
+        alias, that is ``(SELECT * FROM <fromclauses>) AS anon_1``.
+        This can be important when using the with_polymorphic()
+        to create the target of a JOIN on a backend that does not
+        support parenthesized joins, such as SQLite and older
+        versions of MySQL.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+        :meth:`.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of :class:`.Join`
+        objects don't include an enclosing SELECT.  This can lead to more
+        efficient queries in many circumstances.  A JOIN against a nested JOIN
+        will be rewritten as a JOIN against an aliased SELECT subquery on
+        backends that don't support this syntax.
+
+     Setting ``flat`` to ``True`` implies the ``aliased`` flag is
+     also ``True``.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+     .. seealso:: :meth:`.Join.alias`
+
+    :param selectable: a table or select() statement that will
+        be used in place of the generated FROM clause. This argument is
+        required if any of the desired classes use concrete table
+        inheritance, since SQLAlchemy currently cannot generate UNIONs
+        among tables automatically. If used, the ``selectable`` argument
+        must represent the full set of tables and columns mapped by every
+        mapped class. Otherwise, the unaccounted mapped columns will
+        result in their table being appended directly to the FROM clause
+        which will usually lead to incorrect results.
+
+    :param polymorphic_on: a column to be used as the "discriminator"
+        column for the given selectable. If not given, the polymorphic_on
+        attribute of the base classes' mapper will be used, if any. This
+        is useful for mappings that don't have polymorphic loading
+        behavior by default.
+
+    :param innerjoin: if True, an INNER JOIN will be used.  This should
+       only be specified if querying for one specific subtype only
+    """
+    primary_mapper = _class_to_mapper(base)
+    if _existing_alias:
+        assert _existing_alias.mapper is primary_mapper
+        classes = util.to_set(classes)
+        new_classes = set([
+            mp.class_ for mp in
+            _existing_alias.with_polymorphic_mappers])
+        if classes == new_classes:
+            return _existing_alias
+        else:
+            classes = classes.union(new_classes)
+    mappers, selectable = primary_mapper.\
+        _with_polymorphic_args(classes, selectable,
+                               innerjoin=innerjoin)
+    if aliased or flat:
+        selectable = selectable.alias(flat=flat)
+    return AliasedClass(base,
+                        selectable,
+                        with_polymorphic_mappers=mappers,
+                        with_polymorphic_discriminator=polymorphic_on,
+                        use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path)
+
+
+def _orm_annotate(element, exclude=None):
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element with the
+    "_orm_adapt" flag.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+    return sql_util._deep_annotate(element, {'_orm_adapt': True}, exclude)
+
+
+def _orm_deannotate(element):
+    """Remove annotations that link a column to a particular mapping.
+
+    Note this doesn't affect "remote" and "foreign" annotations
+    passed by the :func:`.orm.foreign` and :func:`.orm.remote`
+    annotators.
+
+    """
+
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(element,
+                                     values=("_orm_adapt", "parententity")
+                                     )
+
+
+def _orm_full_deannotate(element):
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(element)
+
+
+class _ORMJoin(expression.Join):
+    """Extend Join to support ORM constructs as input."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = expression.Join.__visit_name__
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False,
+            _left_memo=None, _right_memo=None):
+
+        left_info = inspection.inspect(left)
+        left_orm_info = getattr(left, '_joined_from_info', left_info)
+
+        right_info = inspection.inspect(right)
+        adapt_to = right_info.selectable
+
+        self._joined_from_info = right_info
+
+        self._left_memo = _left_memo
+        self._right_memo = _right_memo
+
+        if isinstance(onclause, util.string_types):
+            onclause = getattr(left_orm_info.entity, onclause)
+
+        if isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+            on_selectable = onclause.comparator._source_selectable()
+            prop = onclause.property
+        elif isinstance(onclause, MapperProperty):
+            prop = onclause
+            on_selectable = prop.parent.selectable
+        else:
+            prop = None
+
+        if prop:
+            if sql_util.clause_is_present(
+                    on_selectable, left_info.selectable):
+                adapt_from = on_selectable
+            else:
+                adapt_from = left_info.selectable
+
+            pj, sj, source, dest, \
+                secondary, target_adapter = prop._create_joins(
+                    source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                    dest_selectable=adapt_to,
+                    source_polymorphic=True,
+                    dest_polymorphic=True,
+                    of_type=right_info.mapper)
+
+            if sj is not None:
+                if isouter:
+                    # note this is an inner join from secondary->right
+                    right = sql.join(secondary, right, sj)
+                    onclause = pj
+                else:
+                    left = sql.join(left, secondary, pj, isouter)
+                    onclause = sj
+            else:
+                onclause = pj
+            self._target_adapter = target_adapter
+
+        expression.Join.__init__(self, left, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+        if not prop and getattr(right_info, 'mapper', None) \
+                and right_info.mapper.single:
+            # if single inheritance target and we are using a manual
+            # or implicit ON clause, augment it the same way we'd augment the
+            # WHERE.
+            single_crit = right_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                if right_info.is_aliased_class:
+                    single_crit = right_info._adapter.traverse(single_crit)
+                self.onclause = self.onclause & single_crit
+
+    def _splice_into_center(self, other):
+        """Splice a join into the center.
+
+        Given join(a, b) and join(b, c), return join(a, b).join(c)
+
+        """
+        leftmost = other
+        while isinstance(leftmost, sql.Join):
+            leftmost = leftmost.left
+
+        assert self.right is leftmost
+
+        left = _ORMJoin(
+            self.left, other.left,
+            self.onclause, isouter=self.isouter,
+            _left_memo=self._left_memo,
+            _right_memo=other._left_memo
+        )
+
+        return _ORMJoin(
+            left,
+            other.right,
+            other.onclause, isouter=other.isouter,
+            _right_memo=other._right_memo
+        )
+
+    def join(self, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, join_to_left=None):
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    def outerjoin(self, right, onclause=None, join_to_left=None):
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, True)
+
+
+def join(left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False, join_to_left=None):
+    """Produce an inner join between left and right clauses.
+
+    :func:`.orm.join` is an extension to the core join interface
+    provided by :func:`.sql.expression.join()`, where the
+    left and right selectables may be not only core selectable
+    objects such as :class:`.Table`, but also mapped classes or
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` instances.   The "on" clause can
+    be a SQL expression, or an attribute or string name
+    referencing a configured :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    :func:`.orm.join` is not commonly needed in modern usage,
+    as its functionality is encapsulated within that of the
+    :meth:`.Query.join` method, which features a
+    significant amount of automation beyond :func:`.orm.join`
+    by itself.  Explicit usage of :func:`.orm.join`
+    with :class:`.Query` involves usage of the
+    :meth:`.Query.select_from` method, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import join
+        session.query(User).\\
+            select_from(join(User, Address, User.addresses)).\\
+            filter(Address.email_address=='foo@bar.com')
+
+    In modern SQLAlchemy the above join can be written more
+    succinctly as::
+
+        session.query(User).\\
+                join(User.addresses).\\
+                filter(Address.email_address=='foo@bar.com')
+
+    See :meth:`.Query.join` for information on modern usage
+    of ORM level joins.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.1 - the ``join_to_left`` parameter
+       is no longer used, and is deprecated.
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+
+def outerjoin(left, right, onclause=None, join_to_left=None):
+    """Produce a left outer join between left and right clauses.
+
+    This is the "outer join" version of the :func:`.orm.join` function,
+    featuring the same behavior except that an OUTER JOIN is generated.
+    See that function's documentation for other usage details.
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, True)
+
+
+def with_parent(instance, prop):
+    """Create filtering criterion that relates this query's primary entity
+    to the given related instance, using established :func:`.relationship()`
+    configuration.
+
+    The SQL rendered is the same as that rendered when a lazy loader
+    would fire off from the given parent on that attribute, meaning
+    that the appropriate state is taken from the parent object in
+    Python without the need to render joins to the parent table
+    in the rendered statement.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.6.4
+        This method accepts parent instances in all
+        persistence states, including transient, persistent, and detached.
+        Only the requisite primary key/foreign key attributes need to
+        be populated.  Previous versions didn't work with transient
+        instances.
+
+    :param instance:
+      An instance which has some :func:`.relationship`.
+
+    :param property:
+      String property name, or class-bound attribute, which indicates
+      what relationship from the instance should be used to reconcile the
+      parent/child relationship.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(prop, util.string_types):
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = getattr(mapper.class_, prop).property
+    elif isinstance(prop, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+        prop = prop.property
+
+    return prop._with_parent(instance)
+
+
+def has_identity(object):
+    """Return True if the given object has a database
+    identity.
+
+    This typically corresponds to the object being
+    in either the persistent or detached state.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.was_deleted`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object)
+    return state.has_identity
+
+
+def was_deleted(object):
+    """Return True if the given object was deleted
+    within a session flush.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.0
+
+    """
+
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object)
+    return state.deleted
+
+
+def randomize_unitofwork():
+    """Use random-ordering sets within the unit of work in order
+    to detect unit of work sorting issues.
+
+    This is a utility function that can be used to help reproduce
+    inconsistent unit of work sorting issues.   For example,
+    if two kinds of objects A and B are being inserted, and
+    B has a foreign key reference to A - the A must be inserted first.
+    However, if there is no relationship between A and B, the unit of work
+    won't know to perform this sorting, and an operation may or may not
+    fail, depending on how the ordering works out.   Since Python sets
+    and dictionaries have non-deterministic ordering, such an issue may
+    occur on some runs and not on others, and in practice it tends to
+    have a great dependence on the state of the interpreter.  This leads
+    to so-called "heisenbugs" where changing entirely irrelevant aspects
+    of the test program still cause the failure behavior to change.
+
+    By calling ``randomize_unitofwork()`` when a script first runs, the
+    ordering of a key series of sets within the unit of work implementation
+    are randomized, so that the script can be minimized down to the
+    fundamental mapping and operation that's failing, while still reproducing
+    the issue on at least some runs.
+
+    This utility is also available when running the test suite via the
+    ``--reversetop`` flag.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.1 created a standalone version of the
+       ``--reversetop`` feature.
+
+    """
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import unitofwork, session, mapper, dependency
+    from sqlalchemy.util import topological
+    from sqlalchemy.testing.util import RandomSet
+    topological.set = unitofwork.set = session.set = mapper.set = \
+        dependency.set = RandomSet
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32b4736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1367 @@
+# sqlalchemy/pool.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Connection pooling for DB-API connections.
+
+Provides a number of connection pool implementations for a variety of
+usage scenarios and thread behavior requirements imposed by the
+application, DB-API or database itself.
+
+Also provides a DB-API 2.0 connection proxying mechanism allowing
+regular DB-API connect() methods to be transparently managed by a
+SQLAlchemy connection pool.
+"""
+
+import time
+import traceback
+import weakref
+
+from . import exc, log, event, interfaces, util
+from .util import queue as sqla_queue
+from .util import threading, memoized_property, \
+    chop_traceback
+
+from collections import deque
+proxies = {}
+
+
+def manage(module, **params):
+    """Return a proxy for a DB-API module that automatically
+    pools connections.
+
+    Given a DB-API 2.0 module and pool management parameters, returns
+    a proxy for the module that will automatically pool connections,
+    creating new connection pools for each distinct set of connection
+    arguments sent to the decorated module's connect() function.
+
+    :param module: a DB-API 2.0 database module
+
+    :param poolclass: the class used by the pool module to provide
+      pooling.  Defaults to :class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param \*\*params: will be passed through to *poolclass*
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return proxies[module]
+    except KeyError:
+        return proxies.setdefault(module, _DBProxy(module, **params))
+
+
+def clear_managers():
+    """Remove all current DB-API 2.0 managers.
+
+    All pools and connections are disposed.
+    """
+
+    for manager in proxies.values():
+        manager.close()
+    proxies.clear()
+
+reset_rollback = util.symbol('reset_rollback')
+reset_commit = util.symbol('reset_commit')
+reset_none = util.symbol('reset_none')
+
+
+class _ConnDialect(object):
+
+    """partial implementation of :class:`.Dialect`
+    which provides DBAPI connection methods.
+
+    When a :class:`.Pool` is combined with an :class:`.Engine`,
+    the :class:`.Engine` replaces this with its own
+    :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    """
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+
+class Pool(log.Identified):
+
+    """Abstract base class for connection pools."""
+
+    _dialect = _ConnDialect()
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 creator, recycle=-1, echo=None,
+                 use_threadlocal=False,
+                 logging_name=None,
+                 reset_on_return=True,
+                 listeners=None,
+                 events=None,
+                 _dispatch=None,
+                 _dialect=None):
+        """
+        Construct a Pool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object.  The function will be called with
+          parameters.
+
+        :param recycle: If set to non -1, number of seconds between
+          connection recycling, which means upon checkout, if this
+          timeout is surpassed the connection will be closed and
+          replaced with a newly opened connection. Defaults to -1.
+
+        :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+          the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+          "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+          id.
+
+        :param echo: If True, connections being pulled and retrieved
+          from the pool will be logged to the standard output, as well
+          as pool sizing information.  Echoing can also be achieved by
+          enabling logging for the "sqlalchemy.pool"
+          namespace. Defaults to False.
+
+        :param use_threadlocal: If set to True, repeated calls to
+          :meth:`connect` within the same application thread will be
+          guaranteed to return the same connection object, if one has
+          already been retrieved from the pool and has not been
+          returned yet.  Offers a slight performance advantage at the
+          cost of individual transactions by default.  The
+          :meth:`.Pool.unique_connection` method is provided to return
+          a consistenty unique connection to bypass this behavior
+          when the flag is set.
+
+          .. warning::  The :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` flag
+             **does not affect the behavior** of :meth:`.Engine.connect`.
+             :meth:`.Engine.connect` makes use of the
+             :meth:`.Pool.unique_connection` method which **does not use thread
+             local context**.  To produce a :class:`.Connection` which refers
+             to the :meth:`.Pool.connect` method, use
+             :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect`.
+
+             Note that other SQLAlchemy connectivity systems such as
+             :meth:`.Engine.execute` as well as the orm
+             :class:`.Session` make use of
+             :meth:`.Engine.contextual_connect` internally, so these functions
+             are compatible with the :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` setting.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`threadlocal_strategy` - contains detail on the
+            "threadlocal" engine strategy, which provides a more comprehensive
+            approach to "threadlocal" connectivity for the specific
+            use case of using :class:`.Engine` and :class:`.Connection` objects
+            directly.
+
+        :param reset_on_return: Determine steps to take on
+          connections as they are returned to the pool.
+          reset_on_return can have any of these values:
+
+          * ``"rollback"`` - call rollback() on the connection,
+            to release locks and transaction resources.
+            This is the default value.  The vast majority
+            of use cases should leave this value set.
+          * ``True`` - same as 'rollback', this is here for
+            backwards compatibility.
+          * ``"commit"`` - call commit() on the connection,
+            to release locks and transaction resources.
+            A commit here may be desirable for databases that
+            cache query plans if a commit is emitted,
+            such as Microsoft SQL Server.  However, this
+            value is more dangerous than 'rollback' because
+            any data changes present on the transaction
+            are committed unconditionally.
+          * ``None`` - don't do anything on the connection.
+            This setting should only be made on a database
+            that has no transaction support at all,
+            namely MySQL MyISAM.   By not doing anything,
+            performance can be improved.   This
+            setting should **never be selected** for a
+            database that supports transactions,
+            as it will lead to deadlocks and stale
+            state.
+          * ``"none"`` - same as ``None``
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.10
+
+          * ``False`` - same as None, this is here for
+            backwards compatibility.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7.6
+              :paramref:`.Pool.reset_on_return` accepts ``"rollback"``
+              and ``"commit"`` arguments.
+
+        :param events: a list of 2-tuples, each of the form
+         ``(callable, target)`` which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen`
+         upon construction.   Provided here so that event listeners
+         can be assigned via :func:`.create_engine` before dialect-level
+         listeners are applied.
+
+        :param listeners: Deprecated.  A list of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.interfaces.PoolListener`-like objects or
+          dictionaries of callables that receive events when DB-API
+          connections are created, checked out and checked in to the
+          pool.  This has been superseded by
+          :func:`~sqlalchemy.event.listen`.
+
+        """
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = self._orig_logging_name = logging_name
+        else:
+            self._orig_logging_name = None
+
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        self._threadconns = threading.local()
+        self._creator = creator
+        self._recycle = recycle
+        self._invalidate_time = 0
+        self._use_threadlocal = use_threadlocal
+        if reset_on_return in ('rollback', True, reset_rollback):
+            self._reset_on_return = reset_rollback
+        elif reset_on_return in ('none', None, False, reset_none):
+            self._reset_on_return = reset_none
+        elif reset_on_return in ('commit', reset_commit):
+            self._reset_on_return = reset_commit
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid value for 'reset_on_return': %r"
+                % reset_on_return)
+
+        self.echo = echo
+
+        if _dispatch:
+            self.dispatch._update(_dispatch, only_propagate=False)
+        if _dialect:
+            self._dialect = _dialect
+        if events:
+            for fn, target in events:
+                event.listen(self, target, fn)
+        if listeners:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The 'listeners' argument to Pool (and "
+                "create_engine()) is deprecated.  Use event.listen().")
+            for l in listeners:
+                self.add_listener(l)
+
+    @property
+    def _creator(self):
+        return self.__dict__['_creator']
+
+    @_creator.setter
+    def _creator(self, creator):
+        self.__dict__['_creator'] = creator
+        self._invoke_creator = self._should_wrap_creator(creator)
+
+    def _should_wrap_creator(self, creator):
+        """Detect if creator accepts a single argument, or is sent
+        as a legacy style no-arg function.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(self._creator, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            return lambda crec: creator()
+
+        defaulted = argspec[3] is not None and len(argspec[3]) or 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        # look for the exact arg signature that DefaultStrategy
+        # sends us
+        if (argspec[0], argspec[3]) == (['connection_record'], (None,)):
+            return creator
+        # or just a single positional
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return creator
+        # all other cases, just wrap and assume legacy "creator" callable
+        # thing
+        else:
+            return lambda crec: creator()
+
+    def _close_connection(self, connection):
+        self.logger.debug("Closing connection %r", connection)
+        try:
+            self._dialect.do_close(connection)
+        except Exception:
+            self.logger.error("Exception closing connection %r",
+                              connection, exc_info=True)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        2.7, "Pool.add_listener is deprecated.  Use event.listen()")
+    def add_listener(self, listener):
+        """Add a :class:`.PoolListener`-like object to this pool.
+
+        ``listener`` may be an object that implements some or all of
+        PoolListener, or a dictionary of callables containing implementations
+        of some or all of the named methods in PoolListener.
+
+        """
+        interfaces.PoolListener._adapt_listener(self, listener)
+
+    def unique_connection(self):
+        """Produce a DBAPI connection that is not referenced by any
+        thread-local context.
+
+        This method is equivalent to :meth:`.Pool.connect` when the
+        :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` flag is not set to True.
+        When :paramref:`.Pool.use_threadlocal` is True, the
+        :meth:`.Pool.unique_connection` method provides a means of bypassing
+        the threadlocal context.
+
+        """
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self)
+
+    def _create_connection(self):
+        """Called by subclasses to create a new ConnectionRecord."""
+
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def _invalidate(self, connection, exception=None):
+        """Mark all connections established within the generation
+        of the given connection as invalidated.
+
+        If this pool's last invalidate time is before when the given
+        connection was created, update the timestamp til now.  Otherwise,
+        no action is performed.
+
+        Connections with a start time prior to this pool's invalidation
+        time will be recycled upon next checkout.
+        """
+        rec = getattr(connection, "_connection_record", None)
+        if not rec or self._invalidate_time < rec.starttime:
+            self._invalidate_time = time.time()
+        if getattr(connection, 'is_valid', False):
+            connection.invalidate(exception)
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Pool`, of the same class as this one
+        and configured with identical creation arguments.
+
+        This method is used in conjunction with :meth:`dispose`
+        to close out an entire :class:`.Pool` and create a new one in
+        its place.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose of this pool.
+
+        This method leaves the possibility of checked-out connections
+        remaining open, as it only affects connections that are
+        idle in the pool.
+
+        See also the :meth:`Pool.recreate` method.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """Return a DBAPI connection from the pool.
+
+        The connection is instrumented such that when its
+        ``close()`` method is called, the connection will be returned to
+        the pool.
+
+        """
+        if not self._use_threadlocal:
+            return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self)
+
+        try:
+            rec = self._threadconns.current()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if rec is not None:
+                return rec._checkout_existing()
+
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self, self._threadconns)
+
+    def _return_conn(self, record):
+        """Given a _ConnectionRecord, return it to the :class:`.Pool`.
+
+        This method is called when an instrumented DBAPI connection
+        has its ``close()`` method called.
+
+        """
+        if self._use_threadlocal:
+            try:
+                del self._threadconns.current
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+        self._do_return_conn(record)
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        """Implementation for :meth:`get`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        """Implementation for :meth:`return_conn`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def status(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _ConnectionRecord(object):
+
+    """Internal object which maintains an individual DBAPI connection
+    referenced by a :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    The :class:`._ConnectionRecord` object always exists for any particular
+    DBAPI connection whether or not that DBAPI connection has been
+    "checked out".  This is in contrast to the :class:`._ConnectionFairy`
+    which is only a public facade to the DBAPI connection while it is checked
+    out.
+
+    A :class:`._ConnectionRecord` may exist for a span longer than that
+    of a single DBAPI connection.  For example, if the
+    :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate`
+    method is called, the DBAPI connection associated with this
+    :class:`._ConnectionRecord`
+    will be discarded, but the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` may be used again,
+    in which case a new DBAPI connection is produced when the :class:`.Pool`
+    next uses this record.
+
+    The :class:`._ConnectionRecord` is delivered along with connection
+    pool events, including :meth:`.PoolEvents.connect` and
+    :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkout`, however :class:`._ConnectionRecord` still
+    remains an internal object whose API and internals may change.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`._ConnectionFairy`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pool):
+        self.__pool = pool
+        self.connection = self.__connect()
+        self.finalize_callback = deque()
+
+        pool.dispatch.first_connect.\
+            for_modify(pool.dispatch).\
+            exec_once(self.connection, self)
+        pool.dispatch.connect(self.connection, self)
+
+    connection = None
+    """A reference to the actual DBAPI connection being tracked.
+
+    May be ``None`` if this :class:`._ConnectionRecord` has been marked
+    as invalidated; a new DBAPI connection may replace it if the owning
+    pool calls upon this :class:`._ConnectionRecord` to reconnect.
+
+    """
+
+    _soft_invalidate_time = 0
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """The ``.info`` dictionary associated with the DBAPI connection.
+
+        This dictionary is shared among the :attr:`._ConnectionFairy.info`
+        and :attr:`.Connection.info` accessors.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def checkout(cls, pool):
+        rec = pool._do_get()
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection = rec.get_connection()
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                rec.checkin()
+        echo = pool._should_log_debug()
+        fairy = _ConnectionFairy(dbapi_connection, rec, echo)
+        rec.fairy_ref = weakref.ref(
+            fairy,
+            lambda ref: _finalize_fairy and
+            _finalize_fairy(
+                dbapi_connection,
+                rec, pool, ref, echo)
+        )
+        _refs.add(rec)
+        if echo:
+            pool.logger.debug("Connection %r checked out from pool",
+                              dbapi_connection)
+        return fairy
+
+    def checkin(self):
+        self.fairy_ref = None
+        connection = self.connection
+        pool = self.__pool
+        while self.finalize_callback:
+            finalizer = self.finalize_callback.pop()
+            finalizer(connection)
+        if pool.dispatch.checkin:
+            pool.dispatch.checkin(connection, self)
+        pool._return_conn(self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.connection is not None:
+            self.__close()
+
+    def invalidate(self, e=None, soft=False):
+        """Invalidate the DBAPI connection held by this :class:`._ConnectionRecord`.
+
+        This method is called for all connection invalidations, including
+        when the :meth:`._ConnectionFairy.invalidate` or
+        :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` methods are called, as well as when any
+        so-called "automatic invalidation" condition occurs.
+
+        :param e: an exception object indicating a reason for the invalidation.
+
+        :param soft: if True, the connection isn't closed; instead, this
+         connection will be recycled on next checkout.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+        # already invalidated
+        if self.connection is None:
+            return
+        if soft:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.soft_invalidate(self.connection, self, e)
+        else:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.invalidate(self.connection, self, e)
+        if e is not None:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "%sInvalidate connection %r (reason: %s:%s)",
+                "Soft " if soft else "",
+                self.connection, e.__class__.__name__, e)
+        else:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "%sInvalidate connection %r",
+                "Soft " if soft else "",
+                self.connection)
+        if soft:
+            self._soft_invalidate_time = time.time()
+        else:
+            self.__close()
+            self.connection = None
+
+    def get_connection(self):
+        recycle = False
+        if self.connection is None:
+            self.info.clear()
+            self.connection = self.__connect()
+            if self.__pool.dispatch.connect:
+                self.__pool.dispatch.connect(self.connection, self)
+        elif self.__pool._recycle > -1 and \
+                time.time() - self.starttime > self.__pool._recycle:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r exceeded timeout; recycling",
+                self.connection)
+            recycle = True
+        elif self.__pool._invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to pool invalidation; " +
+                "recycling",
+                self.connection
+            )
+            recycle = True
+        elif self._soft_invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to local soft invalidation; " +
+                "recycling",
+                self.connection
+            )
+            recycle = True
+
+        if recycle:
+            self.__close()
+            self.info.clear()
+
+            # ensure that if self.__connect() fails,
+            # we are not referring to the previous stale connection here
+            self.connection = None
+            self.connection = self.__connect()
+
+            if self.__pool.dispatch.connect:
+                self.__pool.dispatch.connect(self.connection, self)
+        return self.connection
+
+    def __close(self):
+        self.finalize_callback.clear()
+        self.__pool._close_connection(self.connection)
+
+    def __connect(self):
+        try:
+            self.starttime = time.time()
+            connection = self.__pool._invoke_creator(self)
+            self.__pool.logger.debug("Created new connection %r", connection)
+            return connection
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.__pool.logger.debug("Error on connect(): %s", e)
+            raise
+
+
+def _finalize_fairy(connection, connection_record,
+                    pool, ref, echo, fairy=None):
+    """Cleanup for a :class:`._ConnectionFairy` whether or not it's already
+    been garbage collected.
+
+    """
+    _refs.discard(connection_record)
+
+    if ref is not None and \
+            connection_record.fairy_ref is not ref:
+        return
+
+    if connection is not None:
+        if connection_record and echo:
+            pool.logger.debug("Connection %r being returned to pool",
+                              connection)
+
+        try:
+            fairy = fairy or _ConnectionFairy(
+                connection, connection_record, echo)
+            assert fairy.connection is connection
+            fairy._reset(pool)
+
+            # Immediately close detached instances
+            if not connection_record:
+                pool._close_connection(connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            pool.logger.error(
+                "Exception during reset or similar", exc_info=True)
+            if connection_record:
+                connection_record.invalidate(e=e)
+            if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                raise
+
+    if connection_record:
+        connection_record.checkin()
+
+
+_refs = set()
+
+
+class _ConnectionFairy(object):
+
+    """Proxies a DBAPI connection and provides return-on-dereference
+    support.
+
+    This is an internal object used by the :class:`.Pool` implementation
+    to provide context management to a DBAPI connection delivered by
+    that :class:`.Pool`.
+
+    The name "fairy" is inspired by the fact that the
+    :class:`._ConnectionFairy` object's lifespan is transitory, as it lasts
+    only for the length of a specific DBAPI connection being checked out from
+    the pool, and additionally that as a transparent proxy, it is mostly
+    invisible.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`._ConnectionRecord`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi_connection, connection_record, echo):
+        self.connection = dbapi_connection
+        self._connection_record = connection_record
+        self._echo = echo
+
+    connection = None
+    """A reference to the actual DBAPI connection being tracked."""
+
+    _connection_record = None
+    """A reference to the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` object associated
+    with the DBAPI connection.
+
+    This is currently an internal accessor which is subject to change.
+
+    """
+
+    _reset_agent = None
+    """Refer to an object with a ``.commit()`` and ``.rollback()`` method;
+    if non-None, the "reset-on-return" feature will call upon this object
+    rather than directly against the dialect-level do_rollback() and
+    do_commit() methods.
+
+    In practice, a :class:`.Connection` assigns a :class:`.Transaction` object
+    to this variable when one is in scope so that the :class:`.Transaction`
+    takes the job of committing or rolling back on return if
+    :meth:`.Connection.close` is called while the :class:`.Transaction`
+    still exists.
+
+    This is essentially an "event handler" of sorts but is simplified as an
+    instance variable both for performance/simplicity as well as that there
+    can only be one "reset agent" at a time.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _checkout(cls, pool, threadconns=None, fairy=None):
+        if not fairy:
+            fairy = _ConnectionRecord.checkout(pool)
+
+            fairy._pool = pool
+            fairy._counter = 0
+
+            if threadconns is not None:
+                threadconns.current = weakref.ref(fairy)
+
+        if fairy.connection is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This connection is closed")
+        fairy._counter += 1
+
+        if not pool.dispatch.checkout or fairy._counter != 1:
+            return fairy
+
+        # Pool listeners can trigger a reconnection on checkout
+        attempts = 2
+        while attempts > 0:
+            try:
+                pool.dispatch.checkout(fairy.connection,
+                                       fairy._connection_record,
+                                       fairy)
+                return fairy
+            except exc.DisconnectionError as e:
+                pool.logger.info(
+                    "Disconnection detected on checkout: %s", e)
+                fairy._connection_record.invalidate(e)
+                try:
+                    fairy.connection = \
+                        fairy._connection_record.get_connection()
+                except:
+                    with util.safe_reraise():
+                        fairy._connection_record.checkin()
+
+                attempts -= 1
+
+        pool.logger.info("Reconnection attempts exhausted on checkout")
+        fairy.invalidate()
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This connection is closed")
+
+    def _checkout_existing(self):
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self._pool, fairy=self)
+
+    def _checkin(self):
+        _finalize_fairy(self.connection, self._connection_record,
+                        self._pool, None, self._echo, fairy=self)
+        self.connection = None
+        self._connection_record = None
+
+    _close = _checkin
+
+    def _reset(self, pool):
+        if pool.dispatch.reset:
+            pool.dispatch.reset(self, self._connection_record)
+        if pool._reset_on_return is reset_rollback:
+            if self._echo:
+                pool.logger.debug("Connection %s rollback-on-return%s",
+                                  self.connection,
+                                  ", via agent"
+                                  if self._reset_agent else "")
+            if self._reset_agent:
+                self._reset_agent.rollback()
+            else:
+                pool._dialect.do_rollback(self)
+        elif pool._reset_on_return is reset_commit:
+            if self._echo:
+                pool.logger.debug("Connection %s commit-on-return%s",
+                                  self.connection,
+                                  ", via agent"
+                                  if self._reset_agent else "")
+            if self._reset_agent:
+                self._reset_agent.commit()
+            else:
+                pool._dialect.do_commit(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _logger(self):
+        return self._pool.logger
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self):
+        """Return True if this :class:`._ConnectionFairy` still refers
+        to an active DBAPI connection."""
+
+        return self.connection is not None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`.ConnectionFairy`, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data here will follow along with the DBAPI connection including
+        after it is returned to the connection pool and used again
+        in subsequent instances of :class:`._ConnectionFairy`.  It is shared
+        with the :attr:`._ConnectionRecord.info` and :attr:`.Connection.info`
+        accessors.
+
+        """
+        return self._connection_record.info
+
+    def invalidate(self, e=None, soft=False):
+        """Mark this connection as invalidated.
+
+        This method can be called directly, and is also called as a result
+        of the :meth:`.Connection.invalidate` method.   When invoked,
+        the DBAPI connection is immediately closed and discarded from
+        further use by the pool.  The invalidation mechanism proceeds
+        via the :meth:`._ConnectionRecord.invalidate` internal method.
+
+        :param e: an exception object indicating a reason for the invalidation.
+
+        :param soft: if True, the connection isn't closed; instead, this
+         connection will be recycled on next checkout.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.connection is None:
+            util.warn("Can't invalidate an already-closed connection.")
+            return
+        if self._connection_record:
+            self._connection_record.invalidate(e=e, soft=soft)
+        if not soft:
+            self.connection = None
+            self._checkin()
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Return a new DBAPI cursor for the underlying connection.
+
+        This method is a proxy for the ``connection.cursor()`` DBAPI
+        method.
+
+        """
+        return self.connection.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.connection, key)
+
+    def detach(self):
+        """Separate this connection from its Pool.
+
+        This means that the connection will no longer be returned to the
+        pool when closed, and will instead be literally closed.  The
+        containing ConnectionRecord is separated from the DB-API connection,
+        and will create a new connection when next used.
+
+        Note that any overall connection limiting constraints imposed by a
+        Pool implementation may be violated after a detach, as the detached
+        connection is removed from the pool's knowledge and control.
+        """
+
+        if self._connection_record is not None:
+            _refs.remove(self._connection_record)
+            self._connection_record.fairy_ref = None
+            self._connection_record.connection = None
+            # TODO: should this be _return_conn?
+            self._pool._do_return_conn(self._connection_record)
+            self.info = self.info.copy()
+            self._connection_record = None
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._counter -= 1
+        if self._counter == 0:
+            self._checkin()
+
+
+class SingletonThreadPool(Pool):
+
+    """A Pool that maintains one connection per thread.
+
+    Maintains one connection per each thread, never moving a connection to a
+    thread other than the one which it was created in.
+
+    .. warning::  the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` will call ``.close()``
+       on arbitrary connections that exist beyond the size setting of
+       ``pool_size``, e.g. if more unique **thread identities**
+       than what ``pool_size`` states are used.   This cleanup is
+       non-deterministic and not sensitive to whether or not the connections
+       linked to those thread identities are currently in use.
+
+       :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` may be improved in a future release,
+       however in its current status it is generally used only for test
+       scenarios using a SQLite ``:memory:`` database and is not recommended
+       for production use.
+
+
+    Options are the same as those of :class:`.Pool`, as well as:
+
+    :param pool_size: The number of threads in which to maintain connections
+        at once.  Defaults to five.
+
+    :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` is used by the SQLite dialect
+    automatically when a memory-based database is used.
+    See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator, pool_size=5, **kw):
+        kw['use_threadlocal'] = True
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._conn = threading.local()
+        self._all_conns = set()
+        self.size = pool_size
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(self._creator,
+                              pool_size=self.size,
+                              recycle=self._recycle,
+                              echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose of this pool."""
+
+        for conn in self._all_conns:
+            try:
+                conn.close()
+            except Exception:
+                # pysqlite won't even let you close a conn from a thread
+                # that didn't create it
+                pass
+
+        self._all_conns.clear()
+
+    def _cleanup(self):
+        while len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            c = self._all_conns.pop()
+            c.close()
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "SingletonThreadPool id:%d size: %d" % \
+            (id(self), len(self._all_conns))
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        try:
+            c = self._conn.current()
+            if c:
+                return c
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        c = self._create_connection()
+        self._conn.current = weakref.ref(c)
+        if len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            self._cleanup()
+        self._all_conns.add(c)
+        return c
+
+
+class QueuePool(Pool):
+
+    """A :class:`.Pool` that imposes a limit on the number of open connections.
+
+    :class:`.QueuePool` is the default pooling implementation used for
+    all :class:`.Engine` objects, unless the SQLite dialect is in use.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator, pool_size=5, max_overflow=10, timeout=30,
+                 **kw):
+        """
+        Construct a QueuePool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object, same as that of :paramref:`.Pool.creator`.
+
+        :param pool_size: The size of the pool to be maintained,
+          defaults to 5. This is the largest number of connections that
+          will be kept persistently in the pool. Note that the pool
+          begins with no connections; once this number of connections
+          is requested, that number of connections will remain.
+          ``pool_size`` can be set to 0 to indicate no size limit; to
+          disable pooling, use a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool`
+          instead.
+
+        :param max_overflow: The maximum overflow size of the
+          pool. When the number of checked-out connections reaches the
+          size set in pool_size, additional connections will be
+          returned up to this limit. When those additional connections
+          are returned to the pool, they are disconnected and
+          discarded. It follows then that the total number of
+          simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size +
+          `max_overflow`, and the total number of "sleeping"
+          connections the pool will allow is pool_size. `max_overflow`
+          can be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit; no limit
+          will be placed on the total number of concurrent
+          connections. Defaults to 10.
+
+        :param timeout: The number of seconds to wait before giving up
+          on returning a connection. Defaults to 30.
+
+        :param \**kw: Other keyword arguments including
+          :paramref:`.Pool.recycle`, :paramref:`.Pool.echo`,
+          :paramref:`.Pool.reset_on_return` and others are passed to the
+          :class:`.Pool` constructor.
+
+        """
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._pool = sqla_queue.Queue(pool_size)
+        self._overflow = 0 - pool_size
+        self._max_overflow = max_overflow
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._overflow_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        try:
+            self._pool.put(conn, False)
+        except sqla_queue.Full:
+            try:
+                conn.close()
+            finally:
+                self._dec_overflow()
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        use_overflow = self._max_overflow > -1
+
+        try:
+            wait = use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow
+            return self._pool.get(wait, self._timeout)
+        except sqla_queue.Empty:
+            if use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow:
+                if not wait:
+                    return self._do_get()
+                else:
+                    raise exc.TimeoutError(
+                        "QueuePool limit of size %d overflow %d reached, "
+                        "connection timed out, timeout %d" %
+                        (self.size(), self.overflow(), self._timeout))
+
+            if self._inc_overflow():
+                try:
+                    return self._create_connection()
+                except:
+                    with util.safe_reraise():
+                        self._dec_overflow()
+            else:
+                return self._do_get()
+
+    def _inc_overflow(self):
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow += 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            if self._overflow < self._max_overflow:
+                self._overflow += 1
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+
+    def _dec_overflow(self):
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(self._creator, pool_size=self._pool.maxsize,
+                              max_overflow=self._max_overflow,
+                              timeout=self._timeout,
+                              recycle=self._recycle, echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                conn = self._pool.get(False)
+                conn.close()
+            except sqla_queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+        self._overflow = 0 - self.size()
+        self.logger.info("Pool disposed. %s", self.status())
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "Pool size: %d  Connections in pool: %d "\
+            "Current Overflow: %d Current Checked out "\
+            "connections: %d" % (self.size(),
+                                 self.checkedin(),
+                                 self.overflow(),
+                                 self.checkedout())
+
+    def size(self):
+        return self._pool.maxsize
+
+    def checkedin(self):
+        return self._pool.qsize()
+
+    def overflow(self):
+        return self._overflow
+
+    def checkedout(self):
+        return self._pool.maxsize - self._pool.qsize() + self._overflow
+
+
+class NullPool(Pool):
+
+    """A Pool which does not pool connections.
+
+    Instead it literally opens and closes the underlying DB-API connection
+    per each connection open/close.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation are not supported by this Pool implementation, since
+    no connections are held persistently.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+        :class:`.NullPool` is used by the SQlite dialect automatically
+        when a file-based database is used. See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "NullPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        conn.close()
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        return self._create_connection()
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+
+        return self.__class__(self._creator,
+                              recycle=self._recycle,
+                              echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class StaticPool(Pool):
+
+    """A Pool of exactly one connection, used for all requests.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation (which is also used to support auto-reconnect) are not
+    currently supported by this Pool implementation but may be implemented
+    in a future release.
+
+    """
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _conn(self):
+        return self._creator()
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def connection(self):
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "StaticPool"
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        if '_conn' in self.__dict__:
+            self._conn.close()
+            self._conn = None
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(creator=self._creator,
+                              recycle=self._recycle,
+                              use_threadlocal=self._use_threadlocal,
+                              reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+                              echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def _create_connection(self):
+        return self._conn
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        return self.connection
+
+
+class AssertionPool(Pool):
+
+    """A :class:`.Pool` that allows at most one checked out connection at
+    any given time.
+
+    This will raise an exception if more than one connection is checked out
+    at a time.  Useful for debugging code that is using more connections
+    than desired.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+        :class:`.AssertionPool` also logs a traceback of where
+        the original connection was checked out, and reports
+        this in the assertion error raised.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        self._conn = None
+        self._checked_out = False
+        self._store_traceback = kw.pop('store_traceback', True)
+        self._checkout_traceback = None
+        Pool.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def status(self):
+        return "AssertionPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, conn):
+        if not self._checked_out:
+            raise AssertionError("connection is not checked out")
+        self._checked_out = False
+        assert conn is self._conn
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        self._checked_out = False
+        if self._conn:
+            self._conn.close()
+
+    def recreate(self):
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(self._creator, echo=self.echo,
+                              logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+                              _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+                              _dialect=self._dialect)
+
+    def _do_get(self):
+        if self._checked_out:
+            if self._checkout_traceback:
+                suffix = ' at:\n%s' % ''.join(
+                    chop_traceback(self._checkout_traceback))
+            else:
+                suffix = ''
+            raise AssertionError("connection is already checked out" + suffix)
+
+        if not self._conn:
+            self._conn = self._create_connection()
+
+        self._checked_out = True
+        if self._store_traceback:
+            self._checkout_traceback = traceback.format_stack()
+        return self._conn
+
+
+class _DBProxy(object):
+
+    """Layers connection pooling behavior on top of a standard DB-API module.
+
+    Proxies a DB-API 2.0 connect() call to a connection pool keyed to the
+    specific connect parameters. Other functions and attributes are delegated
+    to the underlying DB-API module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, module, poolclass=QueuePool, **kw):
+        """Initializes a new proxy.
+
+        module
+          a DB-API 2.0 module
+
+        poolclass
+          a Pool class, defaulting to QueuePool
+
+        Other parameters are sent to the Pool object's constructor.
+
+        """
+
+        self.module = module
+        self.kw = kw
+        self.poolclass = poolclass
+        self.pools = {}
+        self._create_pool_mutex = threading.Lock()
+
+    def close(self):
+        for key in list(self.pools):
+            del self.pools[key]
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.module, key)
+
+    def get_pool(self, *args, **kw):
+        key = self._serialize(*args, **kw)
+        try:
+            return self.pools[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            self._create_pool_mutex.acquire()
+            try:
+                if key not in self.pools:
+                    kw.pop('sa_pool_key', None)
+                    pool = self.poolclass(
+                        lambda: self.module.connect(*args, **kw), **self.kw)
+                    self.pools[key] = pool
+                    return pool
+                else:
+                    return self.pools[key]
+            finally:
+                self._create_pool_mutex.release()
+
+    def connect(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Activate a connection to the database.
+
+        Connect to the database using this DBProxy's module and the given
+        connect arguments.  If the arguments match an existing pool, the
+        connection will be returned from the pool's current thread-local
+        connection instance, or if there is no thread-local connection
+        instance it will be checked out from the set of pooled connections.
+
+        If the pool has no available connections and allows new connections
+        to be created, a new database connection will be made.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.get_pool(*args, **kw).connect()
+
+    def dispose(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Dispose the pool referenced by the given connect arguments."""
+
+        key = self._serialize(*args, **kw)
+        try:
+            del self.pools[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def _serialize(self, *args, **kw):
+        if "sa_pool_key" in kw:
+            return kw['sa_pool_key']
+
+        return tuple(
+            list(args) +
+            [(k, kw[k]) for k in sorted(kw)]
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b57e674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/processors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# sqlalchemy/processors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Gaetan de Menten gdementen@gmail.com
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""defines generic type conversion functions, as used in bind and result
+processors.
+
+They all share one common characteristic: None is passed through unchanged.
+
+"""
+
+import codecs
+import re
+import datetime
+from . import util
+
+
+def str_to_datetime_processor_factory(regexp, type_):
+    rmatch = regexp.match
+    # Even on python2.6 datetime.strptime is both slower than this code
+    # and it does not support microseconds.
+    has_named_groups = bool(regexp.groupindex)
+
+    def process(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            try:
+                m = rmatch(value)
+            except TypeError:
+                raise ValueError("Couldn't parse %s string '%r' "
+                                 "- value is not a string." %
+                                 (type_.__name__, value))
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError("Couldn't parse %s string: "
+                                 "'%s'" % (type_.__name__, value))
+            if has_named_groups:
+                groups = m.groupdict(0)
+                return type_(**dict(list(zip(
+                    iter(groups.keys()),
+                    list(map(int, iter(groups.values())))
+                ))))
+            else:
+                return type_(*list(map(int, m.groups(0))))
+    return process
+
+
+def boolean_to_int(value):
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return int(value)
+
+
+def py_fallback():
+    def to_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        decoder = codecs.getdecoder(encoding)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                # decoder returns a tuple: (value, len). Simply dropping the
+                # len part is safe: it is done that way in the normal
+                # 'xx'.decode(encoding) code path.
+                return decoder(value, errors)[0]
+        return process
+
+    def to_conditional_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        decoder = codecs.getdecoder(encoding)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, util.text_type):
+                return value
+            else:
+                # decoder returns a tuple: (value, len). Simply dropping the
+                # len part is safe: it is done that way in the normal
+                # 'xx'.decode(encoding) code path.
+                return decoder(value, errors)[0]
+        return process
+
+    def to_decimal_processor_factory(target_class, scale):
+        fstring = "%%.%df" % scale
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return target_class(fstring % value)
+        return process
+
+    def to_float(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return float(value)
+
+    def to_str(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return str(value)
+
+    def int_to_boolean(value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return value and True or False
+
+    DATETIME_RE = re.compile(
+        "(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+) (\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?")
+    TIME_RE = re.compile("(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?")
+    DATE_RE = re.compile("(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
+
+    str_to_datetime = str_to_datetime_processor_factory(DATETIME_RE,
+                                                        datetime.datetime)
+    str_to_time = str_to_datetime_processor_factory(TIME_RE, datetime.time)
+    str_to_date = str_to_datetime_processor_factory(DATE_RE, datetime.date)
+    return locals()
+
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.cprocessors import UnicodeResultProcessor, \
+        DecimalResultProcessor, \
+        to_float, to_str, int_to_boolean, \
+        str_to_datetime, str_to_time, \
+        str_to_date
+
+    def to_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        if errors is not None:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding, errors).process
+        else:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding).process
+
+    def to_conditional_unicode_processor_factory(encoding, errors=None):
+        if errors is not None:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding, errors).conditional_process
+        else:
+            return UnicodeResultProcessor(encoding).conditional_process
+
+    def to_decimal_processor_factory(target_class, scale):
+        # Note that the scale argument is not taken into account for integer
+        # values in the C implementation while it is in the Python one.
+        # For example, the Python implementation might return
+        # Decimal('5.00000') whereas the C implementation will
+        # return Decimal('5'). These are equivalent of course.
+        return DecimalResultProcessor(target_class, "%%.%df" % scale).process
+
+except ImportError:
+    globals().update(py_fallback())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b703f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Compatibility namespace for sqlalchemy.sql.schema and related.
+
+"""
+
+from .sql.base import (
+    SchemaVisitor
+    )
+
+
+from .sql.schema import (
+    CheckConstraint,
+    Column,
+    ColumnDefault,
+    Constraint,
+    DefaultClause,
+    DefaultGenerator,
+    FetchedValue,
+    ForeignKey,
+    ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    Index,
+    MetaData,
+    PassiveDefault,
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint,
+    SchemaItem,
+    Sequence,
+    Table,
+    ThreadLocalMetaData,
+    UniqueConstraint,
+    _get_table_key,
+    ColumnCollectionConstraint,
+    ColumnCollectionMixin
+    )
+
+
+from .sql.naming import conv
+
+
+from .sql.ddl import (
+    DDL,
+    CreateTable,
+    DropTable,
+    CreateSequence,
+    DropSequence,
+    CreateIndex,
+    DropIndex,
+    CreateSchema,
+    DropSchema,
+    _DropView,
+    CreateColumn,
+    AddConstraint,
+    DropConstraint,
+    DDLBase,
+    DDLElement,
+    _CreateDropBase,
+    _DDLCompiles,
+    sort_tables,
+    sort_tables_and_constraints
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb305a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# sql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .expression import (
+    Alias,
+    ClauseElement,
+    ColumnCollection,
+    ColumnElement,
+    CompoundSelect,
+    Delete,
+    FromClause,
+    Insert,
+    Join,
+    Select,
+    Selectable,
+    TableClause,
+    Update,
+    alias,
+    and_,
+    asc,
+    between,
+    bindparam,
+    case,
+    cast,
+    collate,
+    column,
+    delete,
+    desc,
+    distinct,
+    except_,
+    except_all,
+    exists,
+    extract,
+    false,
+    False_,
+    func,
+    funcfilter,
+    insert,
+    intersect,
+    intersect_all,
+    join,
+    label,
+    literal,
+    literal_column,
+    modifier,
+    not_,
+    null,
+    or_,
+    outerjoin,
+    outparam,
+    over,
+    select,
+    subquery,
+    table,
+    text,
+    true,
+    True_,
+    tuple_,
+    type_coerce,
+    union,
+    union_all,
+    update,
+)
+
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global __all__
+    from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+    import inspect as _inspect
+
+    __all__ = sorted(name for name, obj in lcls.items()
+                     if not (name.startswith('_') or _inspect.ismodule(obj)))
+
+    from .annotation import _prepare_annotations, Annotated
+    from .elements import AnnotatedColumnElement, ClauseList
+    from .selectable import AnnotatedFromClause
+    _prepare_annotations(ColumnElement, AnnotatedColumnElement)
+    _prepare_annotations(FromClause, AnnotatedFromClause)
+    _prepare_annotations(ClauseList, Annotated)
+
+    _sa_util.dependencies.resolve_all("sqlalchemy.sql")
+
+    from . import naming
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ad25ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# sql/annotation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`.Annotated` class and related routines; creates hash-equivalent
+copies of SQL constructs which contain context-specific markers and
+associations.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from . import operators
+
+
+class Annotated(object):
+    """clones a ClauseElement and applies an 'annotations' dictionary.
+
+    Unlike regular clones, this clone also mimics __hash__() and
+    __cmp__() of the original element so that it takes its place
+    in hashed collections.
+
+    A reference to the original element is maintained, for the important
+    reason of keeping its hash value current.  When GC'ed, the
+    hash value may be reused, causing conflicts.
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        if not args:
+            # clone constructor
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+        else:
+            element, values = args
+            # pull appropriate subclass from registry of annotated
+            # classes
+            try:
+                cls = annotated_classes[element.__class__]
+            except KeyError:
+                cls = _new_annotation_type(element.__class__, cls)
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        self.__dict__ = element.__dict__.copy()
+        self.__element = element
+        self._annotations = values
+        self._hash = hash(element)
+
+    def _annotate(self, values):
+        _values = self._annotations.copy()
+        _values.update(values)
+        return self._with_annotations(_values)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        clone = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        clone.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        clone._annotations = values
+        return clone
+
+    def _deannotate(self, values=None, clone=True):
+        if values is None:
+            return self.__element
+        else:
+            _values = self._annotations.copy()
+            for v in values:
+                _values.pop(v, None)
+            return self._with_annotations(_values)
+
+    def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor, **kw):
+        return self.__element.__class__._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, visitor, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _constructor(self):
+        return self.__element._constructor
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        clone = self.__element._clone()
+        if clone is self.__element:
+            # detect immutable, don't change anything
+            return self
+        else:
+            # update the clone with any changes that have occurred
+            # to this object's __dict__.
+            clone.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+            return self.__class__(clone, self._annotations)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(self.__element, operators.ColumnOperators):
+            return self.__element.__class__.__eq__(self, other)
+        else:
+            return hash(other) == hash(self)
+
+
+# hard-generate Annotated subclasses.  this technique
+# is used instead of on-the-fly types (i.e. type.__new__())
+# so that the resulting objects are pickleable.
+annotated_classes = {}
+
+
+def _deep_annotate(element, annotations, exclude=None):
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element
+    with the given annotations dictionary.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+    def clone(elem):
+        if exclude and \
+                hasattr(elem, 'proxy_set') and \
+                elem.proxy_set.intersection(exclude):
+            newelem = elem._clone()
+        elif annotations != elem._annotations:
+            newelem = elem._annotate(annotations)
+        else:
+            newelem = elem
+        newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+        return newelem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    return element
+
+
+def _deep_deannotate(element, values=None):
+    """Deep copy the given element, removing annotations."""
+
+    cloned = util.column_dict()
+
+    def clone(elem):
+        # if a values dict is given,
+        # the elem must be cloned each time it appears,
+        # as there may be different annotations in source
+        # elements that are remaining.  if totally
+        # removing all annotations, can assume the same
+        # slate...
+        if values or elem not in cloned:
+            newelem = elem._deannotate(values=values, clone=True)
+            newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+            if not values:
+                cloned[elem] = newelem
+            return newelem
+        else:
+            return cloned[elem]
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    return element
+
+
+def _shallow_annotate(element, annotations):
+    """Annotate the given ClauseElement and copy its internals so that
+    internal objects refer to the new annotated object.
+
+    Basically used to apply a "dont traverse" annotation to a
+    selectable, without digging throughout the whole
+    structure wasting time.
+    """
+    element = element._annotate(annotations)
+    element._copy_internals()
+    return element
+
+
+def _new_annotation_type(cls, base_cls):
+    if issubclass(cls, Annotated):
+        return cls
+    elif cls in annotated_classes:
+        return annotated_classes[cls]
+
+    for super_ in cls.__mro__:
+        # check if an Annotated subclass more specific than
+        # the given base_cls is already registered, such
+        # as AnnotatedColumnElement.
+        if super_ in annotated_classes:
+            base_cls = annotated_classes[super_]
+            break
+
+    annotated_classes[cls] = anno_cls = type(
+        "Annotated%s" % cls.__name__,
+        (base_cls, cls), {})
+    globals()["Annotated%s" % cls.__name__] = anno_cls
+    return anno_cls
+
+
+def _prepare_annotations(target_hierarchy, base_cls):
+    stack = [target_hierarchy]
+    while stack:
+        cls = stack.pop()
+        stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+
+        _new_annotation_type(cls, base_cls)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf7dcfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+# sql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Foundational utilities common to many sql modules.
+
+"""
+
+
+from .. import util, exc
+import itertools
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor
+import re
+import collections
+
+PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT = util.symbol('PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT')
+NO_ARG = util.symbol('NO_ARG')
+
+
+class Immutable(object):
+    """mark a ClauseElement as 'immutable' when expressions are cloned."""
+
+    def unique_params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        return self
+
+
+def _from_objects(*elements):
+    return itertools.chain(*[element._from_objects for element in elements])
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def _generative(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Mark a method as generative."""
+
+    self = args[0]._generate()
+    fn(self, *args[1:], **kw)
+    return self
+
+
+class _DialectArgView(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments in the form
+    <dialectname>_<argument_name>.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obj):
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def _key(self, key):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = key.split("_", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        else:
+            return dialect, value_key
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+
+        try:
+            opt = self.obj.dialect_options[dialect]
+        except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        else:
+            return opt[value_key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Keys must be of the form <dialectname>_<argname>")
+        else:
+            self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        del self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return sum(len(args._non_defaults) for args in
+                   self.obj.dialect_options.values())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (
+            util.safe_kwarg("%s_%s" % (dialect_name, value_name))
+            for dialect_name in self.obj.dialect_options
+            for value_name in
+            self.obj.dialect_options[dialect_name]._non_defaults
+        )
+
+
+class _DialectArgDict(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments for a specific
+    dialect.
+
+    Maintains a separate collection of user-specified arguments
+    and dialect-specified default arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._non_defaults = {}
+        self._defaults = {}
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self._non_defaults:
+            return self._non_defaults[key]
+        else:
+            return self._defaults[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._non_defaults[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._non_defaults[key]
+
+
+class DialectKWArgs(object):
+    """Establish the ability for a class to have dialect-specific arguments
+    with defaults and constructor validation.
+
+    The :class:`.DialectKWArgs` interacts with the
+    :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` present on a dialect.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def argument_for(cls, dialect_name, argument_name, default):
+        """Add a new kind of dialect-specific keyword argument for this class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            Index.argument_for("mydialect", "length", None)
+
+            some_index = Index('a', 'b', mydialect_length=5)
+
+        The :meth:`.DialectKWArgs.argument_for` method is a per-argument
+        way adding extra arguments to the
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` dictionary. This
+        dictionary provides a list of argument names accepted by various
+        schema-level constructs on behalf of a dialect.
+
+        New dialects should typically specify this dictionary all at once as a
+        data member of the dialect class.  The use case for ad-hoc addition of
+        argument names is typically for end-user code that is also using
+        a custom compilation scheme which consumes the additional arguments.
+
+        :param dialect_name: name of a dialect.  The dialect must be
+         locatable, else a :class:`.NoSuchModuleError` is raised.   The
+         dialect must also include an existing
+         :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` collection, indicating
+         that it participates in the keyword-argument validation and default
+         system, else :class:`.ArgumentError` is raised.  If the dialect does
+         not include this collection, then any keyword argument can be
+         specified on behalf of this dialect already.  All dialects packaged
+         within SQLAlchemy include this collection, however for third party
+         dialects, support may vary.
+
+        :param argument_name: name of the parameter.
+
+        :param default: default value of the parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+        """
+
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Dialect '%s' does have keyword-argument "
+                "validation and defaults enabled configured" %
+                dialect_name)
+        if cls not in construct_arg_dictionary:
+            construct_arg_dictionary[cls] = {}
+        construct_arg_dictionary[cls][argument_name] = default
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_kwargs(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        The arguments are present here in their original ``<dialect>_<kwarg>``
+        format.  Only arguments that were actually passed are included;
+        unlike the :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` collection, which
+        contains all options known by this dialect including defaults.
+
+        The collection is also writable; keys are accepted of the
+        form ``<dialect>_<kwarg>`` where the value will be assembled
+        into the list of options.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9.4 The :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs`
+           collection is now writable.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` - nested dictionary form
+
+        """
+        return _DialectArgView(self)
+
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self):
+        """A synonym for :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs`."""
+        return self.dialect_kwargs
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.dialects")
+    def _kw_reg_for_dialect(dialects, dialect_name):
+        dialect_cls = dialects.registry.load(dialect_name)
+        if dialect_cls.construct_arguments is None:
+            return None
+        return dict(dialect_cls.construct_arguments)
+    _kw_registry = util.PopulateDict(_kw_reg_for_dialect)
+
+    def _kw_reg_for_dialect_cls(self, dialect_name):
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        d = _DialectArgDict()
+
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+        else:
+            for cls in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
+                if cls in construct_arg_dictionary:
+                    d._defaults.update(construct_arg_dictionary[cls])
+        return d
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_options(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        This is a two-level nested registry, keyed to ``<dialect_name>``
+        and ``<argument_name>``.  For example, the ``postgresql_where``
+        argument would be locatable as::
+
+            arg = my_object.dialect_options['postgresql']['where']
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs` - flat dictionary form
+
+        """
+
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            util.portable_instancemethod(self._kw_reg_for_dialect_cls)
+        )
+
+    def _validate_dialect_kwargs(self, kwargs):
+        # validate remaining kwargs that they all specify DB prefixes
+
+        if not kwargs:
+            return
+
+        for k in kwargs:
+            m = re.match('^(.+?)_(.+)$', k)
+            if not m:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Additional arguments should be "
+                    "named <dialectname>_<argument>, got '%s'" % k)
+            dialect_name, arg_name = m.group(1, 2)
+
+            try:
+                construct_arg_dictionary = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]
+            except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't validate argument %r; can't "
+                    "locate any SQLAlchemy dialect named %r" %
+                    (k, dialect_name))
+                self.dialect_options[dialect_name] = d = _DialectArgDict()
+                d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+                d._non_defaults[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+            else:
+                if "*" not in construct_arg_dictionary and \
+                        arg_name not in construct_arg_dictionary:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Argument %r is not accepted by "
+                        "dialect %r on behalf of %r" % (
+                            k,
+                            dialect_name, self.__class__
+                        ))
+                else:
+                    construct_arg_dictionary[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+
+
+class Generative(object):
+    """Allow a ClauseElement to generate itself via the
+    @_generative decorator.
+
+    """
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+class Executable(Generative):
+    """Mark a ClauseElement as supporting execution.
+
+    :class:`.Executable` is a superclass for all "statement" types
+    of objects, including :func:`select`, :func:`delete`, :func:`update`,
+    :func:`insert`, :func:`text`.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_execution = True
+    _execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+    _bind = None
+
+    @_generative
+    def execution_options(self, **kw):
+        """ Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during
+        execution.
+
+        Execution options can be set on a per-statement or
+        per :class:`.Connection` basis.   Additionally, the
+        :class:`.Engine` and ORM :class:`~.orm.query.Query` objects provide
+        access to execution options which they in turn configure upon
+        connections.
+
+        The :meth:`execution_options` method is generative.  A new
+        instance of this statement is returned that contains the options::
+
+            statement = select([table.c.x, table.c.y])
+            statement = statement.execution_options(autocommit=True)
+
+        Note that only a subset of possible execution options can be applied
+        to a statement - these include "autocommit" and "stream_results",
+        but not "isolation_level" or "compiled_cache".
+        See :meth:`.Connection.execution_options` for a full list of
+        possible options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Connection.execution_options()`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.execution_options()`
+
+        """
+        if 'isolation_level' in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'isolation_level' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), or "
+                "per-engine using the isolation_level "
+                "argument to create_engine()."
+            )
+        if 'compiled_cache' in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'compiled_cache' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), not per statement."
+            )
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kw)
+
+    def execute(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Compile and execute this :class:`.Executable`."""
+        e = self.bind
+        if e is None:
+            label = getattr(self, 'description', self.__class__.__name__)
+            msg = ('This %s is not directly bound to a Connection or Engine.'
+                   'Use the .execute() method of a Connection or Engine '
+                   'to execute this construct.' % label)
+            raise exc.UnboundExecutionError(msg)
+        return e._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def scalar(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Compile and execute this :class:`.Executable`, returning the
+        result's scalar representation.
+
+        """
+        return self.execute(*multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Returns the :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` to
+        which this :class:`.Executable` is bound, or None if none found.
+
+        This is a traversal which checks locally, then
+        checks among the "from" clauses of associated objects
+        until a bound engine or connection is found.
+
+        """
+        if self._bind is not None:
+            return self._bind
+
+        for f in _from_objects(self):
+            if f is self:
+                continue
+            engine = f.bind
+            if engine is not None:
+                return engine
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class SchemaEventTarget(object):
+    """Base class for elements that are the targets of :class:`.DDLEvents`
+    events.
+
+    This includes :class:`.SchemaItem` as well as :class:`.SchemaType`.
+
+    """
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent):
+        """Associate with this SchemaEvent's parent object."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(self, parent):
+        self.dispatch.before_parent_attach(self, parent)
+        self._set_parent(parent)
+        self.dispatch.after_parent_attach(self, parent)
+
+
+class SchemaVisitor(ClauseVisitor):
+    """Define the visiting for ``SchemaItem`` objects."""
+
+    __traverse_options__ = {'schema_visitor': True}
+
+
+class ColumnCollection(util.OrderedProperties):
+    """An ordered dictionary that stores a list of ColumnElement
+    instances.
+
+    Overrides the ``__eq__()`` method to produce SQL clauses between
+    sets of correlated columns.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = '_all_columns'
+
+    def __init__(self, *columns):
+        super(ColumnCollection, self).__init__()
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_all_columns', [])
+        for c in columns:
+            self.add(c)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr([str(c) for c in self])
+
+    def replace(self, column):
+        """add the given column to this collection, removing unaliased
+           versions of this column  as well as existing columns with the
+           same key.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                t = Table('sometable', metadata, Column('col1', Integer))
+                t.columns.replace(Column('col1', Integer, key='columnone'))
+
+            will remove the original 'col1' from the collection, and add
+            the new column under the name 'columnname'.
+
+           Used by schema.Column to override columns during table reflection.
+
+        """
+        remove_col = None
+        if column.name in self and column.key != column.name:
+            other = self[column.name]
+            if other.name == other.key:
+                remove_col = other
+                del self._data[other.key]
+
+        if column.key in self._data:
+            remove_col = self._data[column.key]
+
+        self._data[column.key] = column
+        if remove_col is not None:
+            self._all_columns[:] = [column if c is remove_col
+                                    else c for c in self._all_columns]
+        else:
+            self._all_columns.append(column)
+
+    def add(self, column):
+        """Add a column to this collection.
+
+        The key attribute of the column will be used as the hash key
+        for this dictionary.
+
+        """
+        if not column.key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't add unnamed column to column collection")
+        self[column.key] = column
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, object):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key in self:
+
+            # this warning is primarily to catch select() statements
+            # which have conflicting column names in their exported
+            # columns collection
+
+            existing = self[key]
+            if not existing.shares_lineage(value):
+                util.warn('Column %r on table %r being replaced by '
+                          '%r, which has the same key.  Consider '
+                          'use_labels for select() statements.' %
+                          (key, getattr(existing, 'table', None), value))
+
+            # pop out memoized proxy_set as this
+            # operation may very well be occurring
+            # in a _make_proxy operation
+            util.memoized_property.reset(value, "proxy_set")
+
+        self._all_columns.append(value)
+        self._data[key] = value
+
+    def clear(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def remove(self, column):
+        del self._data[column.key]
+        self._all_columns[:] = [
+            c for c in self._all_columns if c is not column]
+
+    def update(self, iter):
+        cols = list(iter)
+        all_col_set = set(self._all_columns)
+        self._all_columns.extend(
+            c for label, c in cols if c not in all_col_set)
+        self._data.update((label, c) for label, c in cols)
+
+    def extend(self, iter):
+        cols = list(iter)
+        all_col_set = set(self._all_columns)
+        self._all_columns.extend(c for c in cols if c not in all_col_set)
+        self._data.update((c.key, c) for c in cols)
+
+    __hash__ = None
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def __eq__(self, elements, other):
+        l = []
+        for c in getattr(other, "_all_columns", other):
+            for local in self._all_columns:
+                if c.shares_lineage(local):
+                    l.append(c == local)
+        return elements.and_(*l)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, util.string_types):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("__contains__ requires a string argument")
+        return util.OrderedProperties.__contains__(self, other)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'_data': self._data,
+                '_all_columns': self._all_columns}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_data', state['_data'])
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_all_columns', state['_all_columns'])
+
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        return col in set(self._all_columns)
+
+    def as_immutable(self):
+        return ImmutableColumnCollection(self._data, self._all_columns)
+
+
+class ImmutableColumnCollection(util.ImmutableProperties, ColumnCollection):
+    def __init__(self, data, all_columns):
+        util.ImmutableProperties.__init__(self, data)
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_all_columns', all_columns)
+
+    extend = remove = util.ImmutableProperties._immutable
+
+
+class ColumnSet(util.ordered_column_set):
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        return col in self
+
+    def extend(self, cols):
+        for col in cols:
+            self.add(col)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return list(self) + list(other)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def __eq__(self, elements, other):
+        l = []
+        for c in other:
+            for local in self:
+                if c.shares_lineage(local):
+                    l.append(c == local)
+        return elements.and_(*l)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(tuple(x for x in self))
+
+
+def _bind_or_error(schemaitem, msg=None):
+    bind = schemaitem.bind
+    if not bind:
+        name = schemaitem.__class__.__name__
+        label = getattr(schemaitem, 'fullname',
+                        getattr(schemaitem, 'name', None))
+        if label:
+            item = '%s object %r' % (name, label)
+        else:
+            item = '%s object' % name
+        if msg is None:
+            msg = "%s is not bound to an Engine or Connection.  "\
+                "Execution can not proceed without a database to execute "\
+                "against." % item
+        raise exc.UnboundExecutionError(msg)
+    return bind
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..722beb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2822 @@
+# sql/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base SQL and DDL compiler implementations.
+
+Classes provided include:
+
+:class:`.compiler.SQLCompiler` - renders SQL
+strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.DDLCompiler` - renders DDL
+(data definition language) strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler` - renders
+type specification strings.
+
+To generate user-defined SQL strings, see
+:doc:`/ext/compiler`.
+
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import re
+from . import schema, sqltypes, operators, functions, visitors, \
+    elements, selectable, crud
+from .. import util, exc
+import itertools
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set([
+    'all', 'analyse', 'analyze', 'and', 'any', 'array',
+    'as', 'asc', 'asymmetric', 'authorization', 'between',
+    'binary', 'both', 'case', 'cast', 'check', 'collate',
+    'column', 'constraint', 'create', 'cross', 'current_date',
+    'current_role', 'current_time', 'current_timestamp',
+    'current_user', 'default', 'deferrable', 'desc',
+    'distinct', 'do', 'else', 'end', 'except', 'false',
+    'for', 'foreign', 'freeze', 'from', 'full', 'grant',
+    'group', 'having', 'ilike', 'in', 'initially', 'inner',
+    'intersect', 'into', 'is', 'isnull', 'join', 'leading',
+    'left', 'like', 'limit', 'localtime', 'localtimestamp',
+    'natural', 'new', 'not', 'notnull', 'null', 'off', 'offset',
+    'old', 'on', 'only', 'or', 'order', 'outer', 'overlaps',
+    'placing', 'primary', 'references', 'right', 'select',
+    'session_user', 'set', 'similar', 'some', 'symmetric', 'table',
+    'then', 'to', 'trailing', 'true', 'union', 'unique', 'user',
+    'using', 'verbose', 'when', 'where'])
+
+LEGAL_CHARACTERS = re.compile(r'^[A-Z0-9_$]+$', re.I)
+ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS = set([str(x) for x in range(0, 10)]).union(['$'])
+
+BIND_PARAMS = re.compile(r'(?<![:\w\$\x5c]):([\w\$]+)(?![:\w\$])', re.UNICODE)
+BIND_PARAMS_ESC = re.compile(r'\x5c(:[\w\$]*)(?![:\w\$])', re.UNICODE)
+
+BIND_TEMPLATES = {
+    'pyformat': "%%(%(name)s)s",
+    'qmark': "?",
+    'format': "%%s",
+    'numeric': ":[_POSITION]",
+    'named': ":%(name)s"
+}
+
+
+OPERATORS = {
+    # binary
+    operators.and_: ' AND ',
+    operators.or_: ' OR ',
+    operators.add: ' + ',
+    operators.mul: ' * ',
+    operators.sub: ' - ',
+    operators.div: ' / ',
+    operators.mod: ' % ',
+    operators.truediv: ' / ',
+    operators.neg: '-',
+    operators.lt: ' < ',
+    operators.le: ' <= ',
+    operators.ne: ' != ',
+    operators.gt: ' > ',
+    operators.ge: ' >= ',
+    operators.eq: ' = ',
+    operators.concat_op: ' || ',
+    operators.match_op: ' MATCH ',
+    operators.notmatch_op: ' NOT MATCH ',
+    operators.in_op: ' IN ',
+    operators.notin_op: ' NOT IN ',
+    operators.comma_op: ', ',
+    operators.from_: ' FROM ',
+    operators.as_: ' AS ',
+    operators.is_: ' IS ',
+    operators.isnot: ' IS NOT ',
+    operators.collate: ' COLLATE ',
+
+    # unary
+    operators.exists: 'EXISTS ',
+    operators.distinct_op: 'DISTINCT ',
+    operators.inv: 'NOT ',
+
+    # modifiers
+    operators.desc_op: ' DESC',
+    operators.asc_op: ' ASC',
+    operators.nullsfirst_op: ' NULLS FIRST',
+    operators.nullslast_op: ' NULLS LAST',
+
+}
+
+FUNCTIONS = {
+    functions.coalesce: 'coalesce%(expr)s',
+    functions.current_date: 'CURRENT_DATE',
+    functions.current_time: 'CURRENT_TIME',
+    functions.current_timestamp: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP',
+    functions.current_user: 'CURRENT_USER',
+    functions.localtime: 'LOCALTIME',
+    functions.localtimestamp: 'LOCALTIMESTAMP',
+    functions.random: 'random%(expr)s',
+    functions.sysdate: 'sysdate',
+    functions.session_user: 'SESSION_USER',
+    functions.user: 'USER'
+}
+
+EXTRACT_MAP = {
+    'month': 'month',
+    'day': 'day',
+    'year': 'year',
+    'second': 'second',
+    'hour': 'hour',
+    'doy': 'doy',
+    'minute': 'minute',
+    'quarter': 'quarter',
+    'dow': 'dow',
+    'week': 'week',
+    'epoch': 'epoch',
+    'milliseconds': 'milliseconds',
+    'microseconds': 'microseconds',
+    'timezone_hour': 'timezone_hour',
+    'timezone_minute': 'timezone_minute'
+}
+
+COMPOUND_KEYWORDS = {
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.UNION: 'UNION',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.UNION_ALL: 'UNION ALL',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT_ALL: 'EXCEPT ALL',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT',
+    selectable.CompoundSelect.INTERSECT_ALL: 'INTERSECT ALL'
+}
+
+
+class Compiled(object):
+
+    """Represent a compiled SQL or DDL expression.
+
+    The ``__str__`` method of the ``Compiled`` object should produce
+    the actual text of the statement.  ``Compiled`` objects are
+    specific to their underlying database dialect, and also may
+    or may not be specific to the columns referenced within a
+    particular set of bind parameters.  In no case should the
+    ``Compiled`` object be dependent on the actual values of those
+    bind parameters, even though it may reference those values as
+    defaults.
+    """
+
+    _cached_metadata = None
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, statement, bind=None,
+                 compile_kwargs=util.immutabledict()):
+        """Construct a new ``Compiled`` object.
+
+        :param dialect: ``Dialect`` to compile against.
+
+        :param statement: ``ClauseElement`` to be compiled.
+
+        :param bind: Optional Engine or Connection to compile this
+          statement against.
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: additional kwargs that will be
+         passed to the initial call to :meth:`.Compiled.process`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.bind = bind
+        if statement is not None:
+            self.statement = statement
+            self.can_execute = statement.supports_execution
+            self.string = self.process(self.statement, **compile_kwargs)
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", ":class:`.Compiled` objects now compile "
+                     "within the constructor.")
+    def compile(self):
+        """Produce the internal string representation of this element.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_compiled(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        """Return a Compiled that is capable of processing SQL expressions.
+
+        If this compiler is one, it would likely just return 'self'.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process(self, obj, **kwargs):
+        return obj._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return the string text of the generated SQL or DDL."""
+
+        return self.string or ''
+
+    def construct_params(self, params=None):
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object.
+
+        :param params: a dict of string/object pairs whose values will
+                       override bind values compiled in to the
+                       statement.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object."""
+        return self.construct_params()
+
+    def execute(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Execute this compiled object."""
+
+        e = self.bind
+        if e is None:
+            raise exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+                "This Compiled object is not bound to any Engine "
+                "or Connection.")
+        return e._execute_compiled(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def scalar(self, *multiparams, **params):
+        """Execute this compiled object and return the result's
+        scalar value."""
+
+        return self.execute(*multiparams, **params).scalar()
+
+
+class TypeCompiler(util.with_metaclass(util.EnsureKWArgType, object)):
+    """Produces DDL specification for TypeEngine objects."""
+
+    ensure_kwarg = 'visit_\w+'
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+
+    def process(self, type_, **kw):
+        return type_._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+
+class _CompileLabel(visitors.Visitable):
+
+    """lightweight label object which acts as an expression.Label."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'label'
+    __slots__ = 'element', 'name'
+
+    def __init__(self, col, name, alt_names=()):
+        self.element = col
+        self.name = name
+        self._alt_names = (col,) + alt_names
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        return self.element.proxy_set
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.element.type
+
+
+
+class SQLCompiler(Compiled):
+
+    """Default implementation of Compiled.
+
+    Compiles ClauseElements into SQL strings.   Uses a similar visit
+    paradigm as visitors.ClauseVisitor but implements its own traversal.
+
+    """
+
+    extract_map = EXTRACT_MAP
+
+    compound_keywords = COMPOUND_KEYWORDS
+
+    isdelete = isinsert = isupdate = False
+    """class-level defaults which can be set at the instance
+    level to define if this Compiled instance represents
+    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+    """
+
+    isplaintext = False
+
+    returning = None
+    """holds the "returning" collection of columns if
+    the statement is CRUD and defines returning columns
+    either implicitly or explicitly
+    """
+
+    returning_precedes_values = False
+    """set to True classwide to generate RETURNING
+    clauses before the VALUES or WHERE clause (i.e. MSSQL)
+    """
+
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from = False
+    """set to True classwide to indicate the SET clause
+    in a multi-table UPDATE statement should qualify
+    columns with the table name (i.e. MySQL only)
+    """
+
+    ansi_bind_rules = False
+    """SQL 92 doesn't allow bind parameters to be used
+    in the columns clause of a SELECT, nor does it allow
+    ambiguous expressions like "? = ?".  A compiler
+    subclass can set this flag to False if the target
+    driver/DB enforces this
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, statement, column_keys=None,
+                 inline=False, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a new ``DefaultCompiler`` object.
+
+        dialect
+          Dialect to be used
+
+        statement
+          ClauseElement to be compiled
+
+        column_keys
+          a list of column names to be compiled into an INSERT or UPDATE
+          statement.
+
+        """
+        self.column_keys = column_keys
+
+        # compile INSERT/UPDATE defaults/sequences inlined (no pre-
+        # execute)
+        self.inline = inline or getattr(statement, 'inline', False)
+
+        # a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter
+        # instances.
+        self.binds = {}
+
+        # a dictionary of BindParameter instances to "compiled" names
+        # that are actually present in the generated SQL
+        self.bind_names = util.column_dict()
+
+        # stack which keeps track of nested SELECT statements
+        self.stack = []
+
+        # relates label names in the final SQL to a tuple of local
+        # column/label name, ColumnElement object (if any) and
+        # TypeEngine. ResultProxy uses this for type processing and
+        # column targeting
+        self._result_columns = []
+
+        # if False, means we can't be sure the list of entries
+        # in _result_columns is actually the rendered order.   This
+        # gets flipped when we use TextAsFrom, for example.
+        self._ordered_columns = True
+
+        # true if the paramstyle is positional
+        self.positional = dialect.positional
+        if self.positional:
+            self.positiontup = []
+        self.bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[dialect.paramstyle]
+
+        self.ctes = None
+
+        # an IdentifierPreparer that formats the quoting of identifiers
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.label_length = dialect.label_length \
+            or dialect.max_identifier_length
+
+        # a map which tracks "anonymous" identifiers that are created on
+        # the fly here
+        self.anon_map = util.PopulateDict(self._process_anon)
+
+        # a map which tracks "truncated" names based on
+        # dialect.label_length or dialect.max_identifier_length
+        self.truncated_names = {}
+        Compiled.__init__(self, dialect, statement, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.positional and dialect.paramstyle == 'numeric':
+            self._apply_numbered_params()
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _init_cte_state(self):
+        """Initialize collections related to CTEs only if
+        a CTE is located, to save on the overhead of
+        these collections otherwise.
+
+        """
+        # collect CTEs to tack on top of a SELECT
+        self.ctes = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.ctes_by_name = {}
+        self.ctes_recursive = False
+        if self.positional:
+            self.cte_positional = {}
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _nested_result(self):
+        """special API to support the use case of 'nested result sets'"""
+        result_columns, ordered_columns = (
+            self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns)
+        self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns = [], False
+
+        try:
+            if self.stack:
+                entry = self.stack[-1]
+                entry['need_result_map_for_nested'] = True
+            else:
+                entry = None
+            yield self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns
+        finally:
+            if entry:
+                entry.pop('need_result_map_for_nested')
+            self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns = (
+                result_columns, ordered_columns)
+
+    def _apply_numbered_params(self):
+        poscount = itertools.count(1)
+        self.string = re.sub(
+            r'\[_POSITION\]',
+            lambda m: str(util.next(poscount)),
+            self.string)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _bind_processors(self):
+        return dict(
+            (key, value) for key, value in
+            ((self.bind_names[bindparam],
+              bindparam.type._cached_bind_processor(self.dialect))
+             for bindparam in self.bind_names)
+            if value is not None
+        )
+
+    def is_subquery(self):
+        return len(self.stack) > 1
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        return self
+
+    def construct_params(self, params=None, _group_number=None, _check=True):
+        """return a dictionary of bind parameter keys and values"""
+
+        if params:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam in self.bind_names:
+                name = self.bind_names[bindparam]
+                if bindparam.key in params:
+                    pd[name] = params[bindparam.key]
+                elif name in params:
+                    pd[name] = params[name]
+
+                elif _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d" %
+                            (bindparam.key, _group_number))
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key)
+
+                elif bindparam.callable:
+                    pd[name] = bindparam.effective_value
+                else:
+                    pd[name] = bindparam.value
+            return pd
+        else:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam in self.bind_names:
+                if _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d" %
+                            (bindparam.key, _group_number))
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key)
+
+                if bindparam.callable:
+                    pd[self.bind_names[bindparam]] = bindparam.effective_value
+                else:
+                    pd[self.bind_names[bindparam]] = bindparam.value
+            return pd
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind param dictionary embedded into this
+        compiled object, for those values that are present."""
+        return self.construct_params(_check=False)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.result")
+    def _create_result_map(self, result):
+        """utility method used for unit tests only."""
+        return result.ResultMetaData._create_result_map(self._result_columns)
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a SELECT statement has no froms, and no FROM clause is
+        to be appended.
+
+        Gives Oracle a chance to tack on a ``FROM DUAL`` to the string output.
+
+        """
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, grouping, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
+
+    def visit_label_reference(
+            self, element, within_columns_clause=False, **kwargs):
+        if self.stack and self.dialect.supports_simple_order_by_label:
+            selectable = self.stack[-1]['selectable']
+
+            with_cols, only_froms = selectable._label_resolve_dict
+            if within_columns_clause:
+                resolve_dict = only_froms
+            else:
+                resolve_dict = with_cols
+
+            # this can be None in the case that a _label_reference()
+            # were subject to a replacement operation, in which case
+            # the replacement of the Label element may have changed
+            # to something else like a ColumnClause expression.
+            order_by_elem = element.element._order_by_label_element
+
+            if order_by_elem is not None and order_by_elem.name in \
+                    resolve_dict:
+
+                kwargs['render_label_as_label'] = \
+                    element.element._order_by_label_element
+
+        return self.process(
+            element.element, within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_textual_label_reference(
+            self, element, within_columns_clause=False, **kwargs):
+        if not self.stack:
+            # compiling the element outside of the context of a SELECT
+            return self.process(
+                element._text_clause
+            )
+
+        selectable = self.stack[-1]['selectable']
+        with_cols, only_froms = selectable._label_resolve_dict
+        try:
+            if within_columns_clause:
+                col = only_froms[element.element]
+            else:
+                col = with_cols[element.element]
+        except KeyError:
+            # treat it like text()
+            util.warn_limited(
+                "Can't resolve label reference %r; converting to text()",
+                util.ellipses_string(element.element))
+            return self.process(
+                element._text_clause
+            )
+        else:
+            kwargs['render_label_as_label'] = col
+            return self.process(
+                col, within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_label(self, label,
+                    add_to_result_map=None,
+                    within_label_clause=False,
+                    within_columns_clause=False,
+                    render_label_as_label=None,
+                    **kw):
+        # only render labels within the columns clause
+        # or ORDER BY clause of a select.  dialect-specific compilers
+        # can modify this behavior.
+        render_label_with_as = (within_columns_clause and not
+                                within_label_clause)
+        render_label_only = render_label_as_label is label
+
+        if render_label_only or render_label_with_as:
+            if isinstance(label.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                labelname = self._truncated_identifier("colident", label.name)
+            else:
+                labelname = label.name
+
+        if render_label_with_as:
+            if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                add_to_result_map(
+                    labelname,
+                    label.name,
+                    (label, labelname, ) + label._alt_names,
+                    label.type
+                )
+
+            return label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, within_columns_clause=True,
+                within_label_clause=True, **kw) + \
+                OPERATORS[operators.as_] + \
+                self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+        elif render_label_only:
+            return self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+        else:
+            return label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, within_columns_clause=False, **kw)
+
+    def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None,
+                     include_table=True, **kwargs):
+        name = orig_name = column.name
+        if name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError("Cannot compile Column object until "
+                                   "its 'name' is assigned.")
+
+        is_literal = column.is_literal
+        if not is_literal and isinstance(name, elements._truncated_label):
+            name = self._truncated_identifier("colident", name)
+
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            add_to_result_map(
+                name,
+                orig_name,
+                (column, name, column.key),
+                column.type
+            )
+
+        if is_literal:
+            name = self.escape_literal_column(name)
+        else:
+            name = self.preparer.quote(name)
+
+        table = column.table
+        if table is None or not include_table or not table.named_with_column:
+            return name
+        else:
+            if table.schema:
+                schema_prefix = self.preparer.quote_schema(table.schema) + '.'
+            else:
+                schema_prefix = ''
+            tablename = table.name
+            if isinstance(tablename, elements._truncated_label):
+                tablename = self._truncated_identifier("alias", tablename)
+
+            return schema_prefix + \
+                self.preparer.quote(tablename) + \
+                "." + name
+
+    def escape_literal_column(self, text):
+        """provide escaping for the literal_column() construct."""
+
+        # TODO: some dialects might need different behavior here
+        return text.replace('%', '%%')
+
+    def visit_fromclause(self, fromclause, **kwargs):
+        return fromclause.name
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, **kwargs):
+        return index.name
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, **kw):
+        kw['type_expression'] = typeclause
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler.process(typeclause.type, **kw)
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        return text
+
+    def visit_textclause(self, textclause, **kw):
+        def do_bindparam(m):
+            name = m.group(1)
+            if name in textclause._bindparams:
+                return self.process(textclause._bindparams[name], **kw)
+            else:
+                return self.bindparam_string(name, **kw)
+
+        if not self.stack:
+            self.isplaintext = True
+
+        # un-escape any \:params
+        return BIND_PARAMS_ESC.sub(
+            lambda m: m.group(1),
+            BIND_PARAMS.sub(
+                do_bindparam,
+                self.post_process_text(textclause.text))
+        )
+
+    def visit_text_as_from(self, taf,
+                           compound_index=None,
+                           asfrom=False,
+                           parens=True, **kw):
+
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        populate_result_map = toplevel or \
+            (
+                compound_index == 0 and entry.get(
+                    'need_result_map_for_compound', False)
+            ) or entry.get('need_result_map_for_nested', False)
+
+        if populate_result_map:
+            self._ordered_columns = False
+            for c in taf.column_args:
+                self.process(c, within_columns_clause=True,
+                             add_to_result_map=self._add_to_result_map)
+
+        text = self.process(taf.element, **kw)
+        if asfrom and parens:
+            text = "(%s)" % text
+        return text
+
+    def visit_null(self, expr, **kw):
+        return 'NULL'
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return 'true'
+        else:
+            return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return 'false'
+        else:
+            return "0"
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        sep = clauselist.operator
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = " "
+        else:
+            sep = OPERATORS[clauselist.operator]
+        return sep.join(
+            s for s in
+            (
+                c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+                for c in clauselist.clauses)
+            if s)
+
+    def visit_case(self, clause, **kwargs):
+        x = "CASE "
+        if clause.value is not None:
+            x += clause.value._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + " "
+        for cond, result in clause.whens:
+            x += "WHEN " + cond._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs
+            ) + " THEN " + result._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs) + " "
+        if clause.else_ is not None:
+            x += "ELSE " + clause.else_._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs
+            ) + " "
+        x += "END"
+        return x
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        return "CAST(%s AS %s)" % \
+            (cast.clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+             cast.typeclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+
+    def visit_over(self, over, **kwargs):
+        return "%s OVER (%s)" % (
+            over.func._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            ' '.join(
+                '%s BY %s' % (word, clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+                for word, clause in (
+                    ('PARTITION', over.partition_by),
+                    ('ORDER', over.order_by)
+                )
+                if clause is not None and len(clause)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_funcfilter(self, funcfilter, **kwargs):
+        return "%s FILTER (WHERE %s)" % (
+            funcfilter.func._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            funcfilter.criterion._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        )
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kwargs):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return "EXTRACT(%s FROM %s)" % (
+            field, extract.expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+
+    def visit_function(self, func, add_to_result_map=None, **kwargs):
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            add_to_result_map(
+                func.name, func.name, (), func.type
+            )
+
+        disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_func" % func.name.lower(), None)
+        if disp:
+            return disp(func, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            name = FUNCTIONS.get(func.__class__, func.name + "%(expr)s")
+            return ".".join(list(func.packagenames) + [name]) % \
+                {'expr': self.function_argspec(func, **kwargs)}
+
+    def visit_next_value_func(self, next_value, **kw):
+        return self.visit_sequence(next_value.sequence)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dialect '%s' does not support sequence increments." %
+            self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def function_argspec(self, func, **kwargs):
+        return func.clause_expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_compound_select(self, cs, asfrom=False,
+                              parens=True, compound_index=0, **kwargs):
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+        need_result_map = toplevel or \
+            (compound_index == 0
+                and entry.get('need_result_map_for_compound', False))
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                'correlate_froms': entry['correlate_froms'],
+                'asfrom_froms': entry['asfrom_froms'],
+                'selectable': cs,
+                'need_result_map_for_compound': need_result_map
+            })
+
+        keyword = self.compound_keywords.get(cs.keyword)
+
+        text = (" " + keyword + " ").join(
+            (c._compiler_dispatch(self,
+                                  asfrom=asfrom, parens=False,
+                                  compound_index=i, **kwargs)
+             for i, c in enumerate(cs.selects))
+        )
+
+        group_by = cs._group_by_clause._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs)
+        if group_by:
+            text += " GROUP BY " + group_by
+
+        text += self.order_by_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+        text += (cs._limit_clause is not None
+                 or cs._offset_clause is not None) and \
+            self.limit_clause(cs, **kwargs) or ""
+
+        if self.ctes and toplevel:
+            text = self._render_cte_clause() + text
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+        if asfrom and parens:
+            return "(" + text + ")"
+        else:
+            return text
+
+    def visit_unary(self, unary, **kw):
+        if unary.operator:
+            if unary.modifier:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Unary expression does not support operator "
+                    "and modifier simultaneously")
+            disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_unary_operator" %
+                           unary.operator.__name__, None)
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.operator, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.operator], **kw)
+        elif unary.modifier:
+            disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_unary_modifier" %
+                           unary.modifier.__name__, None)
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.modifier, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.modifier], **kw)
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unary expression has no operator or modifier")
+
+    def visit_istrue_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 1" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_isfalse_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return "NOT %s" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 0" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notmatch_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT %s" % self.visit_binary(
+            binary, override_operator=operators.match_op)
+
+    def visit_binary(self, binary, override_operator=None, **kw):
+        # don't allow "? = ?" to render
+        if self.ansi_bind_rules and \
+                isinstance(binary.left, elements.BindParameter) and \
+                isinstance(binary.right, elements.BindParameter):
+            kw['literal_binds'] = True
+
+        operator_ = override_operator or binary.operator
+        disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_binary" % operator_.__name__, None)
+        if disp:
+            return disp(binary, operator_, **kw)
+        else:
+            try:
+                opstring = OPERATORS[operator_]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, operator_)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, opstring, **kw)
+
+    def visit_custom_op_binary(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            element, " " + operator.opstring + " ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+            element, operator.opstring + " ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_modifier(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+            element, " " + operator.opstring, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_binary(self, binary, opstring, **kw):
+        return binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) + \
+            opstring + \
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_operator(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return opstring + unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_modifier(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) + opstring
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _like_percent_literal(self):
+        return elements.literal_column("'%'", type_=sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+
+    def visit_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right).__add__(percent)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notcontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right).__add__(percent)
+        return self.visit_notlike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__radd__(
+            binary.right
+        )
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notstartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__radd__(
+            binary.right
+        )
+        return self.visit_notlike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_endswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_notendswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.__add__(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_notlike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_like_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        # TODO: use ternary here, not "and"/ "or"
+        return '%s LIKE %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def visit_notlike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return '%s NOT LIKE %s' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return 'lower(%s) LIKE lower(%s)' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def visit_notilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return 'lower(%s) NOT LIKE lower(%s)' % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)) \
+            + (
+                ' ESCAPE ' +
+                self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+                if escape else ''
+            )
+
+    def visit_between_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC "
+            if symmetric else " BETWEEN ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_notbetween_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC "
+            if symmetric else " NOT BETWEEN ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_bindparam(self, bindparam, within_columns_clause=False,
+                        literal_binds=False,
+                        skip_bind_expression=False,
+                        **kwargs):
+        if not skip_bind_expression and bindparam.type._has_bind_expression:
+            bind_expression = bindparam.type.bind_expression(bindparam)
+            return self.process(bind_expression,
+                                skip_bind_expression=True)
+
+        if literal_binds or \
+            (within_columns_clause and
+                self.ansi_bind_rules):
+            if bindparam.value is None and bindparam.callable is None:
+                raise exc.CompileError("Bind parameter '%s' without a "
+                                       "renderable value not allowed here."
+                                       % bindparam.key)
+            return self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                bindparam, within_columns_clause=True, **kwargs)
+
+        name = self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)
+
+        if name in self.binds:
+            existing = self.binds[name]
+            if existing is not bindparam:
+                if (existing.unique or bindparam.unique) and \
+                    not existing.proxy_set.intersection(
+                        bindparam.proxy_set):
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Bind parameter '%s' conflicts with "
+                        "unique bind parameter of the same name" %
+                        bindparam.key
+                    )
+                elif existing._is_crud or bindparam._is_crud:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "bindparam() name '%s' is reserved "
+                        "for automatic usage in the VALUES or SET "
+                        "clause of this "
+                        "insert/update statement.   Please use a "
+                        "name other than column name when using bindparam() "
+                        "with insert() or update() (for example, 'b_%s')." %
+                        (bindparam.key, bindparam.key)
+                    )
+
+        self.binds[bindparam.key] = self.binds[name] = bindparam
+
+        return self.bindparam_string(name, **kwargs)
+
+    def render_literal_bindparam(self, bindparam, **kw):
+        value = bindparam.effective_value
+        return self.render_literal_value(value, bindparam.type)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """Render the value of a bind parameter as a quoted literal.
+
+        This is used for statement sections that do not accept bind parameters
+        on the target driver/database.
+
+        This should be implemented by subclasses using the quoting services
+        of the DBAPI.
+
+        """
+
+        processor = type_._cached_literal_processor(self.dialect)
+        if processor:
+            return processor(value)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Don't know how to literal-quote value %r" % value)
+
+    def _truncate_bindparam(self, bindparam):
+        if bindparam in self.bind_names:
+            return self.bind_names[bindparam]
+
+        bind_name = bindparam.key
+        if isinstance(bind_name, elements._truncated_label):
+            bind_name = self._truncated_identifier("bindparam", bind_name)
+
+        # add to bind_names for translation
+        self.bind_names[bindparam] = bind_name
+
+        return bind_name
+
+    def _truncated_identifier(self, ident_class, name):
+        if (ident_class, name) in self.truncated_names:
+            return self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)]
+
+        anonname = name.apply_map(self.anon_map)
+
+        if len(anonname) > self.label_length - 6:
+            counter = self.truncated_names.get(ident_class, 1)
+            truncname = anonname[0:max(self.label_length - 6, 0)] + \
+                "_" + hex(counter)[2:]
+            self.truncated_names[ident_class] = counter + 1
+        else:
+            truncname = anonname
+        self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)] = truncname
+        return truncname
+
+    def _anonymize(self, name):
+        return name % self.anon_map
+
+    def _process_anon(self, key):
+        (ident, derived) = key.split(' ', 1)
+        anonymous_counter = self.anon_map.get(derived, 1)
+        self.anon_map[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1
+        return derived + "_" + str(anonymous_counter)
+
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, positional_names=None, **kw):
+        if self.positional:
+            if positional_names is not None:
+                positional_names.append(name)
+            else:
+                self.positiontup.append(name)
+        return self.bindtemplate % {'name': name}
+
+    def visit_cte(self, cte, asfrom=False, ashint=False,
+                  fromhints=None,
+                  **kwargs):
+        self._init_cte_state()
+
+        if isinstance(cte.name, elements._truncated_label):
+            cte_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", cte.name)
+        else:
+            cte_name = cte.name
+
+        if cte_name in self.ctes_by_name:
+            existing_cte = self.ctes_by_name[cte_name]
+            # we've generated a same-named CTE that we are enclosed in,
+            # or this is the same CTE.  just return the name.
+            if cte in existing_cte._restates or cte is existing_cte:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+            elif existing_cte in cte._restates:
+                # we've generated a same-named CTE that is
+                # enclosed in us - we take precedence, so
+                # discard the text for the "inner".
+                del self.ctes[existing_cte]
+            else:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Multiple, unrelated CTEs found with "
+                    "the same name: %r" %
+                    cte_name)
+
+        self.ctes_by_name[cte_name] = cte
+
+        if cte._cte_alias is not None:
+            orig_cte = cte._cte_alias
+            if orig_cte not in self.ctes:
+                self.visit_cte(orig_cte, **kwargs)
+            cte_alias_name = cte._cte_alias.name
+            if isinstance(cte_alias_name, elements._truncated_label):
+                cte_alias_name = self._truncated_identifier(
+                    "alias", cte_alias_name)
+        else:
+            orig_cte = cte
+            cte_alias_name = None
+        if not cte_alias_name and cte not in self.ctes:
+            if cte.recursive:
+                self.ctes_recursive = True
+            text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+            if cte.recursive:
+                if isinstance(cte.original, selectable.Select):
+                    col_source = cte.original
+                elif isinstance(cte.original, selectable.CompoundSelect):
+                    col_source = cte.original.selects[0]
+                else:
+                    assert False
+                recur_cols = [c for c in
+                              util.unique_list(col_source.inner_columns)
+                              if c is not None]
+
+                text += "(%s)" % (", ".join(
+                    self.preparer.format_column(ident)
+                    for ident in recur_cols))
+
+            if self.positional:
+                kwargs['positional_names'] = self.cte_positional[cte] = []
+
+            text += " AS \n" + \
+                cte.original._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self, asfrom=True, **kwargs
+                )
+
+            if cte._suffixes:
+                text += " " + self._generate_prefixes(
+                    cte, cte._suffixes, **kwargs)
+
+            self.ctes[cte] = text
+
+        if asfrom:
+            if cte_alias_name:
+                text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_alias_name)
+                text += self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(cte_name)
+            else:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+            return text
+
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, asfrom=False, ashint=False,
+                    iscrud=False,
+                    fromhints=None, **kwargs):
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            if isinstance(alias.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                alias_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name)
+            else:
+                alias_name = alias.name
+
+        if ashint:
+            return self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+        elif asfrom:
+            ret = alias.original._compiler_dispatch(self,
+                                                    asfrom=True, **kwargs) + \
+                self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(
+                    self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name))
+
+            if fromhints and alias in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(ret, alias,
+                                                 fromhints[alias], iscrud)
+
+            return ret
+        else:
+            return alias.original._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_render_as_alias_suffix(self, alias_name_text):
+        return " AS " + alias_name_text
+
+    def _add_to_result_map(self, keyname, name, objects, type_):
+        self._result_columns.append((keyname, name, objects, type_))
+
+    def _label_select_column(self, select, column,
+                             populate_result_map,
+                             asfrom, column_clause_args,
+                             name=None,
+                             within_columns_clause=True):
+        """produce labeled columns present in a select()."""
+
+        if column.type._has_column_expression and \
+                populate_result_map:
+            col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
+            add_to_result_map = lambda keyname, name, objects, type_: \
+                self._add_to_result_map(
+                    keyname, name,
+                    objects + (column,), type_)
+        else:
+            col_expr = column
+            if populate_result_map:
+                add_to_result_map = self._add_to_result_map
+            else:
+                add_to_result_map = None
+
+        if not within_columns_clause:
+            result_expr = col_expr
+        elif isinstance(column, elements.Label):
+            if col_expr is not column:
+                result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                    col_expr,
+                    column.name,
+                    alt_names=(column.element,)
+                )
+            else:
+                result_expr = col_expr
+
+        elif select is not None and name:
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                col_expr,
+                name,
+                alt_names=(column._key_label,)
+            )
+
+        elif \
+            asfrom and \
+            isinstance(column, elements.ColumnClause) and \
+            not column.is_literal and \
+            column.table is not None and \
+                not isinstance(column.table, selectable.Select):
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(col_expr,
+                                        elements._as_truncated(column.name),
+                                        alt_names=(column.key,))
+        elif (
+            not isinstance(column, elements.TextClause) and
+            (
+                not isinstance(column, elements.UnaryExpression) or
+                column.wraps_column_expression
+            ) and
+            (
+                not hasattr(column, 'name') or
+                isinstance(column, functions.Function)
+            )
+        ):
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(col_expr, column.anon_label)
+        elif col_expr is not column:
+            # TODO: are we sure "column" has a .name and .key here ?
+            # assert isinstance(column, elements.ColumnClause)
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(col_expr,
+                                        elements._as_truncated(column.name),
+                                        alt_names=(column.key,))
+        else:
+            result_expr = col_expr
+
+        column_clause_args.update(
+            within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map
+        )
+        return result_expr._compiler_dispatch(
+            self,
+            **column_clause_args
+        )
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        hinttext = self.get_from_hint_text(table, hint)
+        if hinttext:
+            sqltext += " " + hinttext
+        return sqltext
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return None
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def get_statement_hint_text(self, hint_texts):
+        return " ".join(hint_texts)
+
+    def _transform_select_for_nested_joins(self, select):
+        """Rewrite any "a JOIN (b JOIN c)" expression as
+        "a JOIN (select * from b JOIN c) AS anon", to support
+        databases that can't parse a parenthesized join correctly
+        (i.e. sqlite the main one).
+
+        """
+        cloned = {}
+        column_translate = [{}]
+
+        def visit(element, **kw):
+            if element in column_translate[-1]:
+                return column_translate[-1][element]
+
+            elif element in cloned:
+                return cloned[element]
+
+            newelem = cloned[element] = element._clone()
+
+            if newelem.is_selectable and newelem._is_join and \
+                    isinstance(newelem.right, selectable.FromGrouping):
+
+                newelem._reset_exported()
+                newelem.left = visit(newelem.left, **kw)
+
+                right = visit(newelem.right, **kw)
+
+                selectable_ = selectable.Select(
+                    [right.element],
+                    use_labels=True).alias()
+
+                for c in selectable_.c:
+                    c._key_label = c.key
+                    c._label = c.name
+
+                translate_dict = dict(
+                    zip(newelem.right.element.c, selectable_.c)
+                )
+
+                # translating from both the old and the new
+                # because different select() structures will lead us
+                # to traverse differently
+                translate_dict[right.element.left] = selectable_
+                translate_dict[right.element.right] = selectable_
+                translate_dict[newelem.right.element.left] = selectable_
+                translate_dict[newelem.right.element.right] = selectable_
+
+                # propagate translations that we've gained
+                # from nested visit(newelem.right) outwards
+                # to the enclosing select here.  this happens
+                # only when we have more than one level of right
+                # join nesting, i.e. "a JOIN (b JOIN (c JOIN d))"
+                for k, v in list(column_translate[-1].items()):
+                    if v in translate_dict:
+                        # remarkably, no current ORM tests (May 2013)
+                        # hit this condition, only test_join_rewriting
+                        # does.
+                        column_translate[-1][k] = translate_dict[v]
+
+                column_translate[-1].update(translate_dict)
+
+                newelem.right = selectable_
+
+                newelem.onclause = visit(newelem.onclause, **kw)
+
+            elif newelem._is_from_container:
+                # if we hit an Alias, CompoundSelect or ScalarSelect, put a
+                # marker in the stack.
+                kw['transform_clue'] = 'select_container'
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=visit, **kw)
+            elif newelem.is_selectable and newelem._is_select:
+                barrier_select = kw.get('transform_clue', None) == \
+                    'select_container'
+                # if we're still descended from an
+                # Alias/CompoundSelect/ScalarSelect, we're
+                # in a FROM clause, so start with a new translate collection
+                if barrier_select:
+                    column_translate.append({})
+                kw['transform_clue'] = 'inside_select'
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=visit, **kw)
+                if barrier_select:
+                    del column_translate[-1]
+            else:
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=visit, **kw)
+
+            return newelem
+
+        return visit(select)
+
+    def _transform_result_map_for_nested_joins(
+            self, select, transformed_select):
+        inner_col = dict((c._key_label, c) for
+                         c in transformed_select.inner_columns)
+
+        d = dict(
+            (inner_col[c._key_label], c)
+            for c in select.inner_columns
+        )
+
+        self._result_columns = [
+            (key, name, tuple([d.get(col, col) for col in objs]), typ)
+            for key, name, objs, typ in self._result_columns
+        ]
+
+    _default_stack_entry = util.immutabledict([
+        ('correlate_froms', frozenset()),
+        ('asfrom_froms', frozenset())
+    ])
+
+    def _display_froms_for_select(self, select, asfrom):
+        # utility method to help external dialects
+        # get the correct from list for a select.
+        # specifically the oracle dialect needs this feature
+        # right now.
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        correlate_froms = entry['correlate_froms']
+        asfrom_froms = entry['asfrom_froms']
+
+        if asfrom:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=())
+        else:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms)
+        return froms
+
+    def visit_select(self, select, asfrom=False, parens=True,
+                     fromhints=None,
+                     compound_index=0,
+                     nested_join_translation=False,
+                     select_wraps_for=None,
+                     **kwargs):
+
+        needs_nested_translation = \
+            select.use_labels and \
+            not nested_join_translation and \
+            not self.stack and \
+            not self.dialect.supports_right_nested_joins
+
+        if needs_nested_translation:
+            transformed_select = self._transform_select_for_nested_joins(
+                select)
+            text = self.visit_select(
+                transformed_select, asfrom=asfrom, parens=parens,
+                fromhints=fromhints,
+                compound_index=compound_index,
+                nested_join_translation=True, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        populate_result_map = toplevel or \
+            (
+                compound_index == 0 and entry.get(
+                    'need_result_map_for_compound', False)
+            ) or entry.get('need_result_map_for_nested', False)
+
+        # this was first proposed as part of #3372; however, it is not
+        # reached in current tests and could possibly be an assertion
+        # instead.
+        if not populate_result_map and 'add_to_result_map' in kwargs:
+            del kwargs['add_to_result_map']
+
+        if needs_nested_translation:
+            if populate_result_map:
+                self._transform_result_map_for_nested_joins(
+                    select, transformed_select)
+            return text
+
+        froms = self._setup_select_stack(select, entry, asfrom)
+
+        column_clause_args = kwargs.copy()
+        column_clause_args.update({
+            'within_label_clause': False,
+            'within_columns_clause': False
+        })
+
+        text = "SELECT "  # we're off to a good start !
+
+        if select._hints:
+            hint_text, byfrom = self._setup_select_hints(select)
+            if hint_text:
+                text += hint_text + " "
+        else:
+            byfrom = None
+
+        if select._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                select, select._prefixes, **kwargs)
+
+        text += self.get_select_precolumns(select, **kwargs)
+
+        # the actual list of columns to print in the SELECT column list.
+        inner_columns = [
+            c for c in [
+                self._label_select_column(
+                    select,
+                    column,
+                    populate_result_map, asfrom,
+                    column_clause_args,
+                    name=name)
+                for name, column in select._columns_plus_names
+            ]
+            if c is not None
+        ]
+
+        if populate_result_map and select_wraps_for is not None:
+            # if this select is a compiler-generated wrapper,
+            # rewrite the targeted columns in the result map
+            wrapped_inner_columns = set(select_wraps_for.inner_columns)
+            translate = dict(
+                (outer, inner.pop()) for outer, inner in [
+                    (
+                        outer,
+                        outer.proxy_set.intersection(wrapped_inner_columns))
+                    for outer in select.inner_columns
+                ] if inner
+            )
+            self._result_columns = [
+                (key, name, tuple(translate.get(o, o) for o in obj), type_)
+                for key, name, obj, type_ in self._result_columns
+            ]
+
+        text = self._compose_select_body(
+            text, select, inner_columns, froms, byfrom, kwargs)
+
+        if select._statement_hints:
+            per_dialect = [
+                ht for (dialect_name, ht)
+                in select._statement_hints
+                if dialect_name in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ]
+            if per_dialect:
+                text += " " + self.get_statement_hint_text(per_dialect)
+
+        if self.ctes and self._is_toplevel_select(select):
+            text = self._render_cte_clause() + text
+
+        if select._suffixes:
+            text += " " + self._generate_prefixes(
+                select, select._suffixes, **kwargs)
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        if asfrom and parens:
+            return "(" + text + ")"
+        else:
+            return text
+
+    def _is_toplevel_select(self, select):
+        """Return True if the stack is placed at the given select, and
+        is also the outermost SELECT, meaning there is either no stack
+        before this one, or the enclosing stack is a topmost INSERT.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            self.stack[-1]['selectable'] is select and
+            (
+                len(self.stack) == 1 or self.isinsert and len(self.stack) == 2
+                and self.statement is self.stack[0]['selectable']
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _setup_select_hints(self, select):
+        byfrom = dict([
+            (from_, hinttext % {
+                'name': from_._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self, ashint=True)
+            })
+            for (from_, dialect), hinttext in
+            select._hints.items()
+            if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+        ])
+        hint_text = self.get_select_hint_text(byfrom)
+        return hint_text, byfrom
+
+    def _setup_select_stack(self, select, entry, asfrom):
+        correlate_froms = entry['correlate_froms']
+        asfrom_froms = entry['asfrom_froms']
+
+        if asfrom:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=())
+        else:
+            froms = select._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms)
+
+        new_correlate_froms = set(selectable._from_objects(*froms))
+        all_correlate_froms = new_correlate_froms.union(correlate_froms)
+
+        new_entry = {
+            'asfrom_froms': new_correlate_froms,
+            'correlate_froms': all_correlate_froms,
+            'selectable': select,
+        }
+        self.stack.append(new_entry)
+        return froms
+
+    def _compose_select_body(
+            self, text, select, inner_columns, froms, byfrom, kwargs):
+        text += ', '.join(inner_columns)
+
+        if froms:
+            text += " \nFROM "
+
+            if select._hints:
+                text += ', '.join(
+                    [f._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                          fromhints=byfrom, **kwargs)
+                     for f in froms])
+            else:
+                text += ', '.join(
+                    [f._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kwargs)
+                     for f in froms])
+        else:
+            text += self.default_from()
+
+        if select._whereclause is not None:
+            t = select._whereclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+            if t:
+                text += " \nWHERE " + t
+
+        if select._group_by_clause.clauses:
+            group_by = select._group_by_clause._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, **kwargs)
+            if group_by:
+                text += " GROUP BY " + group_by
+
+        if select._having is not None:
+            t = select._having._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+            if t:
+                text += " \nHAVING " + t
+
+        if select._order_by_clause.clauses:
+            text += self.order_by_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if (select._limit_clause is not None or
+                select._offset_clause is not None):
+            text += self.limit_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._for_update_arg is not None:
+            text += self.for_update_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _generate_prefixes(self, stmt, prefixes, **kw):
+        clause = " ".join(
+            prefix._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            for prefix, dialect_name in prefixes
+            if dialect_name is None or
+            dialect_name == self.dialect.name
+        )
+        if clause:
+            clause += " "
+        return clause
+
+    def _render_cte_clause(self):
+        if self.positional:
+            self.positiontup = sum([
+                self.cte_positional[cte]
+                for cte in self.ctes], []) + \
+                self.positiontup
+        cte_text = self.get_cte_preamble(self.ctes_recursive) + " "
+        cte_text += ", \n".join(
+            [txt for txt in self.ctes.values()]
+        )
+        cte_text += "\n "
+        return cte_text
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        if recursive:
+            return "WITH RECURSIVE"
+        else:
+            return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just
+        before column list.
+
+        """
+        return select._distinct and "DISTINCT " or ""
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        order_by = select._order_by_clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        if order_by:
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        return " FOR UPDATE"
+
+    def returning_clause(self, stmt, returning_cols):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "RETURNING is not supported by this "
+            "dialect's statement compiler.")
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT -1"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_table(self, table, asfrom=False, iscrud=False, ashint=False,
+                    fromhints=None, use_schema=True, **kwargs):
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            if use_schema and getattr(table, "schema", None):
+                ret = self.preparer.quote_schema(table.schema) + \
+                    "." + self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+            else:
+                ret = self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+            if fromhints and table in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(ret, table,
+                                                 fromhints[table], iscrud)
+            return ret
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return (
+            join.left._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kwargs) +
+            (join.isouter and " LEFT OUTER JOIN " or " JOIN ") +
+            join.right._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, **kwargs) +
+            " ON " +
+            join.onclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        )
+
+    def visit_insert(self, insert_stmt, **kw):
+        self.stack.append(
+            {'correlate_froms': set(),
+             "asfrom_froms": set(),
+             "selectable": insert_stmt})
+
+        self.isinsert = True
+        crud_params = crud._get_crud_params(self, insert_stmt, **kw)
+
+        if not crud_params and \
+                not self.dialect.supports_default_values and \
+                not self.dialect.supports_empty_insert:
+            raise exc.CompileError("The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                                   "version settings does not support empty "
+                                   "inserts." %
+                                   self.dialect.name)
+
+        if insert_stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                    "version settings does not support "
+                    "in-place multirow inserts." %
+                    self.dialect.name)
+            crud_params_single = crud_params[0]
+        else:
+            crud_params_single = crud_params
+
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        supports_default_values = self.dialect.supports_default_values
+
+        text = "INSERT "
+
+        if insert_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(insert_stmt,
+                                            insert_stmt._prefixes, **kw)
+
+        text += "INTO "
+        table_text = preparer.format_table(insert_stmt.table)
+
+        if insert_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints = dict([
+                (table, hint_text)
+                for (table, dialect), hint_text in
+                insert_stmt._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            if insert_stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+                table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    table_text,
+                    insert_stmt.table,
+                    dialect_hints[insert_stmt.table],
+                    True
+                )
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if crud_params_single or not supports_default_values:
+            text += " (%s)" % ', '.join([preparer.format_column(c[0])
+                                         for c in crud_params_single])
+
+        if self.returning or insert_stmt._returning:
+            self.returning = self.returning or insert_stmt._returning
+            returning_clause = self.returning_clause(
+                insert_stmt, self.returning)
+
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        if insert_stmt.select is not None:
+            text += " %s" % self.process(self._insert_from_select, **kw)
+        elif not crud_params and supports_default_values:
+            text += " DEFAULT VALUES"
+        elif insert_stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+            text += " VALUES %s" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    "(%s)" % (
+                        ', '.join(c[1] for c in crud_param_set)
+                    )
+                    for crud_param_set in crud_params
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            text += " VALUES (%s)" % \
+                ', '.join([c[1] for c in crud_params])
+
+        if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        """Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the UPDATE"""
+        return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table,
+                             extra_froms, **kw):
+        """Provide a hook to override the initial table clause
+        in an UPDATE statement.
+
+        MySQL overrides this.
+
+        """
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                             iscrud=True, **kw)
+
+    def update_from_clause(self, update_stmt,
+                           from_table, extra_froms,
+                           from_hints,
+                           **kw):
+        """Provide a hook to override the generation of an
+        UPDATE..FROM clause.
+
+        MySQL and MSSQL override this.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ', '.join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True,
+                                 fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms)
+
+    def visit_update(self, update_stmt, **kw):
+        self.stack.append(
+            {'correlate_froms': set([update_stmt.table]),
+             "asfrom_froms": set([update_stmt.table]),
+             "selectable": update_stmt})
+
+        self.isupdate = True
+
+        extra_froms = update_stmt._extra_froms
+
+        text = "UPDATE "
+
+        if update_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(update_stmt,
+                                            update_stmt._prefixes, **kw)
+
+        table_text = self.update_tables_clause(update_stmt, update_stmt.table,
+                                               extra_froms, **kw)
+
+        crud_params = crud._get_crud_params(self, update_stmt, **kw)
+
+        if update_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints = dict([
+                (table, hint_text)
+                for (table, dialect), hint_text in
+                update_stmt._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            if update_stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+                table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    table_text,
+                    update_stmt.table,
+                    dialect_hints[update_stmt.table],
+                    True
+                )
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        text += ' SET '
+        include_table = extra_froms and \
+            self.render_table_with_column_in_update_from
+        text += ', '.join(
+            c[0]._compiler_dispatch(self,
+                                    include_table=include_table) +
+            '=' + c[1] for c in crud_params
+        )
+
+        if self.returning or update_stmt._returning:
+            if not self.returning:
+                self.returning = update_stmt._returning
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                    update_stmt, self.returning)
+
+        if extra_froms:
+            extra_from_text = self.update_from_clause(
+                update_stmt,
+                update_stmt.table,
+                extra_froms,
+                dialect_hints, **kw)
+            if extra_from_text:
+                text += " " + extra_from_text
+
+        if update_stmt._whereclause is not None:
+            t = self.process(update_stmt._whereclause, **kw)
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        limit_clause = self.update_limit_clause(update_stmt)
+        if limit_clause:
+            text += " " + limit_clause
+
+        if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                update_stmt, self.returning)
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _key_getters_for_crud_column(self):
+        return crud._key_getters_for_crud_column(self)
+
+    def visit_delete(self, delete_stmt, **kw):
+        self.stack.append({'correlate_froms': set([delete_stmt.table]),
+                           "asfrom_froms": set([delete_stmt.table]),
+                           "selectable": delete_stmt})
+        self.isdelete = True
+
+        text = "DELETE "
+
+        if delete_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(delete_stmt,
+                                            delete_stmt._prefixes, **kw)
+
+        text += "FROM "
+        table_text = delete_stmt.table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True)
+
+        if delete_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints = dict([
+                (table, hint_text)
+                for (table, dialect), hint_text in
+                delete_stmt._hints.items()
+                if dialect in ('*', self.dialect.name)
+            ])
+            if delete_stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+                table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    table_text,
+                    delete_stmt.table,
+                    dialect_hints[delete_stmt.table],
+                    True
+                )
+
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if delete_stmt._returning:
+            self.returning = delete_stmt._returning
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                    delete_stmt, delete_stmt._returning)
+
+        if delete_stmt._whereclause is not None:
+            t = delete_stmt._whereclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        if self.returning and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                delete_stmt, delete_stmt._returning)
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_release_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt):
+        return "RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+
+class DDLCompiler(Compiled):
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def sql_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.statement_compiler(self.dialect, None)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler
+
+    @property
+    def preparer(self):
+        return self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+
+    def construct_params(self, params=None):
+        return None
+
+    def visit_ddl(self, ddl, **kwargs):
+        # table events can substitute table and schema name
+        context = ddl.context
+        if isinstance(ddl.target, schema.Table):
+            context = context.copy()
+
+            preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+            path = preparer.format_table_seq(ddl.target)
+            if len(path) == 1:
+                table, sch = path[0], ''
+            else:
+                table, sch = path[-1], path[0]
+
+            context.setdefault('table', table)
+            context.setdefault('schema', sch)
+            context.setdefault('fullname', preparer.format_table(ddl.target))
+
+        return self.sql_compiler.post_process_text(ddl.statement % context)
+
+    def visit_create_schema(self, create):
+        schema = self.preparer.format_schema(create.element)
+        return "CREATE SCHEMA " + schema
+
+    def visit_drop_schema(self, drop):
+        schema = self.preparer.format_schema(drop.element)
+        text = "DROP SCHEMA " + schema
+        if drop.cascade:
+            text += " CASCADE"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_table(self, create):
+        table = create.element
+        preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+
+        text = "\n" + " ".join(['CREATE'] +
+                               table._prefixes +
+                               ['TABLE',
+                                preparer.format_table(table),
+                                "("])
+        separator = "\n"
+
+        # if only one primary key, specify it along with the column
+        first_pk = False
+        for create_column in create.columns:
+            column = create_column.element
+            try:
+                processed = self.process(create_column,
+                                         first_pk=column.primary_key
+                                         and not first_pk)
+                if processed is not None:
+                    text += separator
+                    separator = ", \n"
+                    text += "\t" + processed
+                if column.primary_key:
+                    first_pk = True
+            except exc.CompileError as ce:
+                util.raise_from_cause(
+                    exc.CompileError(
+                        util.u("(in table '%s', column '%s'): %s") %
+                        (table.description, column.name, ce.args[0])
+                    ))
+
+        const = self.create_table_constraints(
+            table, _include_foreign_key_constraints=
+            create.include_foreign_key_constraints)
+        if const:
+            text += separator + "\t" + const
+
+        text += "\n)%s\n\n" % self.post_create_table(table)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_column(self, create, first_pk=False):
+        column = create.element
+
+        if column.system:
+            return None
+
+        text = self.get_column_specification(
+            column,
+            first_pk=first_pk
+        )
+        const = " ".join(self.process(constraint)
+                         for constraint in column.constraints)
+        if const:
+            text += " " + const
+
+        return text
+
+    def create_table_constraints(
+        self, table,
+            _include_foreign_key_constraints=None):
+
+        # On some DB order is significant: visit PK first, then the
+        # other constraints (engine.ReflectionTest.testbasic failed on FB2)
+        constraints = []
+        if table.primary_key:
+            constraints.append(table.primary_key)
+
+        all_fkcs = table.foreign_key_constraints
+        if _include_foreign_key_constraints is not None:
+            omit_fkcs = all_fkcs.difference(_include_foreign_key_constraints)
+        else:
+            omit_fkcs = set()
+
+        constraints.extend([c for c in table._sorted_constraints
+                            if c is not table.primary_key and
+                            c not in omit_fkcs])
+
+        return ", \n\t".join(
+            p for p in
+            (self.process(constraint)
+                for constraint in constraints
+                if (
+                    constraint._create_rule is None or
+                    constraint._create_rule(self))
+                and (
+                    not self.dialect.supports_alter or
+                    not getattr(constraint, 'use_alter', False)
+                )) if p is not None
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table(self, drop):
+        return "\nDROP TABLE " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_view(self, drop):
+        return "\nDROP VIEW " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def _verify_index_table(self, index):
+        if index.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError("Index '%s' is not associated "
+                                   "with any table." % index.name)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False,
+                           include_table_schema=True):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" \
+            % (
+                self._prepared_index_name(index,
+                                          include_schema=include_schema),
+                preparer.format_table(index.table,
+                                      use_schema=include_table_schema),
+                ', '.join(
+                    self.sql_compiler.process(
+                        expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True) for
+                    expr in index.expressions)
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop):
+        index = drop.element
+        return "\nDROP INDEX " + self._prepared_index_name(
+            index, include_schema=True)
+
+    def _prepared_index_name(self, index, include_schema=False):
+        if include_schema and index.table is not None and index.table.schema:
+            schema = index.table.schema
+            schema_name = self.preparer.quote_schema(schema)
+        else:
+            schema_name = None
+
+        ident = index.name
+        if isinstance(ident, elements._truncated_label):
+            max_ = self.dialect.max_index_name_length or \
+                self.dialect.max_identifier_length
+            if len(ident) > max_:
+                ident = ident[0:max_ - 8] + \
+                    "_" + util.md5_hex(ident)[-4:]
+        else:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(ident)
+
+        index_name = self.preparer.quote(ident)
+
+        if schema_name:
+            index_name = schema_name + "." + index_name
+        return index_name
+
+    def visit_add_constraint(self, create):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.process(create.element)
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create):
+        text = "CREATE SEQUENCE %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+        if create.element.increment is not None:
+            text += " INCREMENT BY %d" % create.element.increment
+        if create.element.start is not None:
+            text += " START WITH %d" % create.element.start
+        if create.element.minvalue is not None:
+            text += " MINVALUE %d" % create.element.minvalue
+        if create.element.maxvalue is not None:
+            text += " MAXVALUE %d" % create.element.maxvalue
+        if create.element.nominvalue is not None:
+            text += " NO MINVALUE"
+        if create.element.nomaxvalue is not None:
+            text += " NO MAXVALUE"
+        if create.element.cycle is not None:
+            text += " CYCLE"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop):
+        return "DROP SEQUENCE %s" % \
+            self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            formatted_name = None
+
+        if formatted_name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't emit DROP CONSTRAINT for constraint %r; "
+                "it has no name" % drop.element)
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s%s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+            formatted_name,
+            drop.cascade and " CASCADE" or ""
+        )
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + \
+            self.dialect.type_compiler.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column)
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        return ''
+
+    def get_column_default_string(self, column):
+        if isinstance(column.server_default, schema.DefaultClause):
+            if isinstance(column.server_default.arg, util.string_types):
+                return "'%s'" % column.server_default.arg
+            else:
+                return self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    column.server_default.arg, literal_binds=True)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(constraint.sqltext,
+                                                         include_table=False,
+                                                         literal_binds=True)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % constraint.sqltext
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+        text += "(%s)" % ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                                   for c in constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        remote_table = list(constraint.elements)[0].column.table
+        text += "FOREIGN KEY(%s) REFERENCES %s (%s)" % (
+            ', '.join(preparer.quote(f.parent.name)
+                      for f in constraint.elements),
+            self.define_constraint_remote_table(
+                constraint, remote_table, preparer),
+            ', '.join(preparer.quote(f.column.name)
+                      for f in constraint.elements)
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_match(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_cascades(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table)
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ''
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "UNIQUE (%s)" % (
+                ', '.join(self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+                          for c in constraint))
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            text += " ON UPDATE %s" % constraint.onupdate
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_deferrability(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.deferrable is not None:
+            if constraint.deferrable:
+                text += " DEFERRABLE"
+            else:
+                text += " NOT DEFERRABLE"
+        if constraint.initially is not None:
+            text += " INITIALLY %s" % constraint.initially
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            text += " MATCH %s" % constraint.match
+        return text
+
+
+class GenericTypeCompiler(TypeCompiler):
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "FLOAT"
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "REAL"
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "NUMERIC"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision,
+                 'scale': type_.scale}
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "DECIMAL"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % \
+                {'precision': type_.precision,
+                 'scale': type_.scale}
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLINT"
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_CLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CLOB"
+
+    def visit_NCLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NCLOB"
+
+    def _render_string_type(self, type_, name):
+
+        text = name
+        if type_.length:
+            text += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        if type_.collation:
+            text += ' COLLATE "%s"' % type_.collation
+        return text
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "NCHAR")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "VARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "NVARCHAR")
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._render_string_type(type_, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_BINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "VARBINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BOOLEAN"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BOOLEAN(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BIGINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_small_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_INTEGER(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_real(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_REAL(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_numeric(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NUMERIC(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_null(self, type_, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError("Can't generate DDL for %r; "
+                               "did you forget to specify a "
+                               "type on this Column?" % type_)
+
+    def visit_type_decorator(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.process(type_.type_engine(self.dialect), **kw)
+
+    def visit_user_defined(self, type_, **kw):
+        return type_.get_col_spec(**kw)
+
+
+class IdentifierPreparer(object):
+
+    """Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options."""
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    legal_characters = LEGAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    illegal_initial_characters = ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, initial_quote='"',
+                 final_quote=None, escape_quote='"', omit_schema=False):
+        """Construct a new ``IdentifierPreparer`` object.
+
+        initial_quote
+          Character that begins a delimited identifier.
+
+        final_quote
+          Character that ends a delimited identifier. Defaults to
+          `initial_quote`.
+
+        omit_schema
+          Prevent prepending schema name. Useful for databases that do
+          not support schemae.
+        """
+
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.initial_quote = initial_quote
+        self.final_quote = final_quote or self.initial_quote
+        self.escape_quote = escape_quote
+        self.escape_to_quote = self.escape_quote * 2
+        self.omit_schema = omit_schema
+        self._strings = {}
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        """Escape an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        escaping behavior.
+        """
+
+        return value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+
+    def _unescape_identifier(self, value):
+        """Canonicalize an escaped identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        unescaping behavior that reverses _escape_identifier.
+        """
+
+        return value.replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote)
+
+    def quote_identifier(self, value):
+        """Quote an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior.
+        """
+
+        return self.initial_quote + \
+            self._escape_identifier(value) + \
+            self.final_quote
+
+    def _requires_quotes(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (lc_value in self.reserved_words
+                or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+                or not self.legal_characters.match(util.text_type(value))
+                or (lc_value != value))
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
+        """Conditionally quote a schema.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior for schema names.
+
+        the 'force' flag should be considered deprecated.
+
+        """
+        return self.quote(schema, force)
+
+    def quote(self, ident, force=None):
+        """Conditionally quote an identifier.
+
+        the 'force' flag should be considered deprecated.
+        """
+
+        force = getattr(ident, "quote", None)
+
+        if force is None:
+            if ident in self._strings:
+                return self._strings[ident]
+            else:
+                if self._requires_quotes(ident):
+                    self._strings[ident] = self.quote_identifier(ident)
+                else:
+                    self._strings[ident] = ident
+                return self._strings[ident]
+        elif force:
+            return self.quote_identifier(ident)
+        else:
+            return ident
+
+    def format_sequence(self, sequence, use_schema=True):
+        name = self.quote(sequence.name)
+        if (not self.omit_schema and use_schema and
+                sequence.schema is not None):
+            name = self.quote_schema(sequence.schema) + "." + name
+        return name
+
+    def format_label(self, label, name=None):
+        return self.quote(name or label.name)
+
+    def format_alias(self, alias, name=None):
+        return self.quote(name or alias.name)
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint, name=None):
+        return self.quote(name or savepoint.ident)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.naming")
+    def format_constraint(self, naming, constraint):
+        if isinstance(constraint.name, elements._defer_name):
+            name = naming._constraint_name_for_table(
+                constraint, constraint.table)
+            if name:
+                return self.quote(name)
+            elif isinstance(constraint.name, elements._defer_none_name):
+                return None
+        return self.quote(constraint.name)
+
+    def format_table(self, table, use_schema=True, name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = table.name
+        result = self.quote(name)
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema \
+                and getattr(table, "schema", None):
+            result = self.quote_schema(table.schema) + "." + result
+        return result
+
+    def format_schema(self, name, quote=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted schema name."""
+
+        return self.quote(name, quote)
+
+    def format_column(self, column, use_table=False,
+                      name=None, table_name=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted column name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = column.name
+        if not getattr(column, 'is_literal', False):
+            if use_table:
+                return self.format_table(
+                    column.table, use_schema=False,
+                    name=table_name) + "." + self.quote(name)
+            else:
+                return self.quote(name)
+        else:
+            # literal textual elements get stuck into ColumnClause a lot,
+            # which shouldn't get quoted
+
+            if use_table:
+                return self.format_table(
+                    column.table, use_schema=False,
+                    name=table_name) + '.' + name
+            else:
+                return name
+
+    def format_table_seq(self, table, use_schema=True):
+        """Format table name and schema as a tuple."""
+
+        # Dialects with more levels in their fully qualified references
+        # ('database', 'owner', etc.) could override this and return
+        # a longer sequence.
+
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and \
+                getattr(table, 'schema', None):
+            return (self.quote_schema(table.schema),
+                    self.format_table(table, use_schema=False))
+        else:
+            return (self.format_table(table, use_schema=False), )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _r_identifiers(self):
+        initial, final, escaped_final = \
+            [re.escape(s) for s in
+             (self.initial_quote, self.final_quote,
+              self._escape_identifier(self.final_quote))]
+        r = re.compile(
+            r'(?:'
+            r'(?:%(initial)s((?:%(escaped)s|[^%(final)s])+)%(final)s'
+            r'|([^\.]+))(?=\.|$))+' %
+            {'initial': initial,
+             'final': final,
+             'escaped': escaped_final})
+        return r
+
+    def unformat_identifiers(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack 'schema.table.column'-like strings into components."""
+
+        r = self._r_identifiers
+        return [self._unescape_identifier(i)
+                for i in [a or b for a, b in r.findall(identifiers)]]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..273cc7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+# sql/crud.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Functions used by compiler.py to determine the parameters rendered
+within INSERT and UPDATE statements.
+
+"""
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+from . import elements
+import operator
+
+REQUIRED = util.symbol('REQUIRED', """
+Placeholder for the value within a :class:`.BindParameter`
+which is required to be present when the statement is passed
+to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+
+This symbol is typically used when a :func:`.expression.insert`
+or :func:`.expression.update` statement is compiled without parameter
+values present.
+
+""")
+
+
+def _get_crud_params(compiler, stmt, **kw):
+    """create a set of tuples representing column/string pairs for use
+    in an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+    Also generates the Compiled object's postfetch, prefetch, and
+    returning column collections, used for default handling and ultimately
+    populating the ResultProxy's prefetch_cols() and postfetch_cols()
+    collections.
+
+    """
+
+    compiler.postfetch = []
+    compiler.prefetch = []
+    compiler.returning = []
+
+    # no parameters in the statement, no parameters in the
+    # compiled params - return binds for all columns
+    if compiler.column_keys is None and stmt.parameters is None:
+        return [
+            (c, _create_bind_param(
+                compiler, c, None, required=True))
+            for c in stmt.table.columns
+        ]
+
+    if stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+        stmt_parameters = stmt.parameters[0]
+    else:
+        stmt_parameters = stmt.parameters
+
+    # getters - these are normally just column.key,
+    # but in the case of mysql multi-table update, the rules for
+    # .key must conditionally take tablename into account
+    _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name = \
+        _key_getters_for_crud_column(compiler)
+
+    # if we have statement parameters - set defaults in the
+    # compiled params
+    if compiler.column_keys is None:
+        parameters = {}
+    else:
+        parameters = dict((_column_as_key(key), REQUIRED)
+                          for key in compiler.column_keys
+                          if not stmt_parameters or
+                          key not in stmt_parameters)
+
+    # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+    values = []
+
+    if stmt_parameters is not None:
+        _get_stmt_parameters_params(
+            compiler,
+            parameters, stmt_parameters, _column_as_key, values, kw)
+
+    check_columns = {}
+
+    # special logic that only occurs for multi-table UPDATE
+    # statements
+    if compiler.isupdate and stmt._extra_froms and stmt_parameters:
+        _get_multitable_params(
+            compiler, stmt, stmt_parameters, check_columns,
+            _col_bind_name, _getattr_col_key, values, kw)
+
+    if compiler.isinsert and stmt.select_names:
+        _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+            compiler, stmt, parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key, _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name, check_columns, values, kw)
+    else:
+        _scan_cols(
+            compiler, stmt, parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key, _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name, check_columns, values, kw)
+
+    if parameters and stmt_parameters:
+        check = set(parameters).intersection(
+            _column_as_key(k) for k in stmt.parameters
+        ).difference(check_columns)
+        if check:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unconsumed column names: %s" %
+                (", ".join("%s" % c for c in check))
+            )
+
+    if stmt._has_multi_parameters:
+        values = _extend_values_for_multiparams(compiler, stmt, values, kw)
+
+    return values
+
+
+def _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, col, value, process=True,
+        required=False, name=None, **kw):
+    if name is None:
+        name = col.key
+    bindparam = elements.BindParameter(
+        name, value, type_=col.type, required=required)
+    bindparam._is_crud = True
+    if process:
+        bindparam = bindparam._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+    return bindparam
+
+
+def _key_getters_for_crud_column(compiler):
+    if compiler.isupdate and compiler.statement._extra_froms:
+        # when extra tables are present, refer to the columns
+        # in those extra tables as table-qualified, including in
+        # dictionaries and when rendering bind param names.
+        # the "main" table of the statement remains unqualified,
+        # allowing the most compatibility with a non-multi-table
+        # statement.
+        _et = set(compiler.statement._extra_froms)
+
+        def _column_as_key(key):
+            str_key = elements._column_as_key(key)
+            if hasattr(key, 'table') and key.table in _et:
+                return (key.table.name, str_key)
+            else:
+                return str_key
+
+        def _getattr_col_key(col):
+            if col.table in _et:
+                return (col.table.name, col.key)
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+        def _col_bind_name(col):
+            if col.table in _et:
+                return "%s_%s" % (col.table.name, col.key)
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+    else:
+        _column_as_key = elements._column_as_key
+        _getattr_col_key = _col_bind_name = operator.attrgetter("key")
+
+    return _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name
+
+
+def _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+    compiler, stmt, parameters, _getattr_col_key,
+        _column_as_key, _col_bind_name, check_columns, values, kw):
+
+    need_pks, implicit_returning, \
+        implicit_return_defaults, postfetch_lastrowid = \
+        _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt)
+
+    cols = [stmt.table.c[_column_as_key(name)]
+            for name in stmt.select_names]
+
+    compiler._insert_from_select = stmt.select
+
+    add_select_cols = []
+    if stmt.include_insert_from_select_defaults:
+        col_set = set(cols)
+        for col in stmt.table.columns:
+            if col not in col_set and col.default:
+                cols.append(col)
+
+    for c in cols:
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            parameters.pop(col_key)
+            values.append((c, None))
+        else:
+            _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+                compiler, stmt, c, add_select_cols, kw)
+
+    if add_select_cols:
+        values.extend(add_select_cols)
+        compiler._insert_from_select = compiler._insert_from_select._generate()
+        compiler._insert_from_select._raw_columns = \
+            tuple(compiler._insert_from_select._raw_columns) + tuple(
+                expr for col, expr in add_select_cols)
+
+
+def _scan_cols(
+    compiler, stmt, parameters, _getattr_col_key,
+        _column_as_key, _col_bind_name, check_columns, values, kw):
+
+    need_pks, implicit_returning, \
+        implicit_return_defaults, postfetch_lastrowid = \
+        _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt)
+
+    if stmt._parameter_ordering:
+        parameter_ordering = [
+            _column_as_key(key) for key in stmt._parameter_ordering
+        ]
+        ordered_keys = set(parameter_ordering)
+        cols = [
+            stmt.table.c[key] for key in parameter_ordering
+        ] + [
+            c for c in stmt.table.c if c.key not in ordered_keys
+        ]
+    else:
+        cols = stmt.table.columns
+
+    for c in cols:
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+
+            _append_param_parameter(
+                compiler, stmt, c, col_key, parameters, _col_bind_name,
+                implicit_returning, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw)
+
+        elif compiler.isinsert:
+            if c.primary_key and \
+                    need_pks and \
+                    (
+                        implicit_returning or
+                        not postfetch_lastrowid or
+                        c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+                    ):
+
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw)
+                else:
+                    _append_param_insert_pk(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw)
+
+            elif c.default is not None:
+
+                _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+                    compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults,
+                    values, kw)
+
+            elif c.server_default is not None:
+                if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                        c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                    compiler.returning.append(c)
+                elif not c.primary_key:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and \
+                    c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+
+        elif compiler.isupdate:
+            _append_param_update(
+                compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw)
+
+
+def _append_param_parameter(
+        compiler, stmt, c, col_key, parameters, _col_bind_name,
+        implicit_returning, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw):
+    value = parameters.pop(col_key)
+    if elements._is_literal(value):
+        value = _create_bind_param(
+            compiler, c, value, required=value is REQUIRED,
+            name=_col_bind_name(c)
+            if not stmt._has_multi_parameters
+            else "%s_0" % _col_bind_name(c),
+            **kw
+        )
+    else:
+        if isinstance(value, elements.BindParameter) and \
+                value.type._isnull:
+            value = value._clone()
+            value.type = c.type
+
+        if c.primary_key and implicit_returning:
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+            value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+        elif implicit_return_defaults and \
+                c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+            value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+        else:
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+            value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+    values.append((c, value))
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    if c.default is not None:
+        if c.default.is_sequence:
+            if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+                (not c.default.optional or
+                 not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional):
+                proc = compiler.process(c.default, **kw)
+                values.append((c, proc))
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+            values.append(
+                (c, compiler.process(
+                    c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw))
+            )
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            values.append(
+                (c, _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c))
+            )
+
+    else:
+        compiler.returning.append(c)
+
+
+def _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, process=True, name=None):
+    param = _create_bind_param(compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name)
+    compiler.prefetch.append(c)
+    return param
+
+
+class _multiparam_column(elements.ColumnElement):
+    def __init__(self, original, index):
+        self.key = "%s_%d" % (original.key, index + 1)
+        self.original = original
+        self.default = original.default
+        self.type = original.type
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, _multiparam_column) and \
+            other.key == self.key and \
+            other.original == self.original
+
+
+def _process_multiparam_default_bind(compiler, c, index, kw):
+
+    if not c.default:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "INSERT value for column %s is explicitly rendered as a bound"
+            "parameter in the VALUES clause; "
+            "a Python-side value or SQL expression is required" % c)
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        return compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw)
+    else:
+        col = _multiparam_column(c, index)
+        return _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, col)
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    if (
+            (c.default is not None and
+             (not c.default.is_sequence or
+                 compiler.dialect.supports_sequences)) or
+            c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column and
+            (compiler.dialect.supports_sequences or
+             compiler.dialect.
+             preexecute_autoincrement_sequences)
+    ):
+        values.append(
+            (c, _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c))
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+        compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw):
+
+    if c.default.is_sequence:
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+            (not c.default.optional or
+             not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional):
+            proc = compiler.process(c.default, **kw)
+            values.append((c, proc))
+            if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                    c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+            elif not c.primary_key:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        proc = compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw)
+        values.append((c, proc))
+
+        if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        elif not c.primary_key:
+            # don't add primary key column to postfetch
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (c, _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c))
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+
+    if c.default.is_sequence:
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+            (not c.default.optional or
+             not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional):
+            proc = c.default
+            values.append((c, proc))
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        proc = c.default.arg.self_group()
+        values.append((c, proc))
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (c, _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, process=False))
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_update(
+        compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw):
+
+    if c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+        if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+            values.append(
+                (c, compiler.process(
+                    c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw))
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                    c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.returning.append(c)
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            values.append(
+                (c, _create_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c))
+            )
+    elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+        if implicit_return_defaults and \
+                c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif implicit_return_defaults and \
+            stmt._return_defaults is not True and \
+            c in implicit_return_defaults:
+        compiler.returning.append(c)
+
+
+def _get_multitable_params(
+        compiler, stmt, stmt_parameters, check_columns,
+        _col_bind_name, _getattr_col_key, values, kw):
+
+    normalized_params = dict(
+        (elements._clause_element_as_expr(c), param)
+        for c, param in stmt_parameters.items()
+    )
+    affected_tables = set()
+    for t in stmt._extra_froms:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                affected_tables.add(t)
+                check_columns[_getattr_col_key(c)] = c
+                value = normalized_params[c]
+                if elements._is_literal(value):
+                    value = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler, c, value, required=value is REQUIRED,
+                        name=_col_bind_name(c))
+                else:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                    value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                values.append((c, value))
+    # determine tables which are actually to be updated - process onupdate
+    # and server_onupdate for these
+    for t in affected_tables:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                continue
+            elif (c.onupdate is not None and not
+                  c.onupdate.is_sequence):
+                if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+                    values.append(
+                        (c, compiler.process(
+                            c.onupdate.arg.self_group(),
+                            **kw)
+                         )
+                    )
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                else:
+                    values.append(
+                        (c, _create_prefetch_bind_param(
+                            compiler, c, name=_col_bind_name(c)))
+                    )
+            elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+
+def _extend_values_for_multiparams(compiler, stmt, values, kw):
+    values_0 = values
+    values = [values]
+
+    values.extend(
+        [
+            (
+                c,
+                (_create_bind_param(
+                    compiler, c, row[c.key],
+                    name="%s_%d" % (c.key, i + 1)
+                ) if elements._is_literal(row[c.key])
+                    else compiler.process(
+                        row[c.key].self_group(), **kw))
+                if c.key in row else
+                _process_multiparam_default_bind(compiler, c, i, kw)
+            )
+            for (c, param) in values_0
+        ]
+        for i, row in enumerate(stmt.parameters[1:])
+    )
+    return values
+
+
+def _get_stmt_parameters_params(
+        compiler, parameters, stmt_parameters, _column_as_key, values, kw):
+    for k, v in stmt_parameters.items():
+        colkey = _column_as_key(k)
+        if colkey is not None:
+            parameters.setdefault(colkey, v)
+        else:
+            # a non-Column expression on the left side;
+            # add it to values() in an "as-is" state,
+            # coercing right side to bound param
+            if elements._is_literal(v):
+                v = compiler.process(
+                    elements.BindParameter(None, v, type_=k.type),
+                    **kw)
+            else:
+                v = compiler.process(v.self_group(), **kw)
+
+            values.append((k, v))
+
+
+def _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt):
+    need_pks = compiler.isinsert and \
+        not compiler.inline and \
+        not stmt._returning and \
+        not stmt._has_multi_parameters
+
+    implicit_returning = need_pks and \
+        compiler.dialect.implicit_returning and \
+        stmt.table.implicit_returning
+
+    if compiler.isinsert:
+        implicit_return_defaults = (implicit_returning and
+                                    stmt._return_defaults)
+    elif compiler.isupdate:
+        implicit_return_defaults = (compiler.dialect.implicit_returning and
+                                    stmt.table.implicit_returning and
+                                    stmt._return_defaults)
+    else:
+        implicit_return_defaults = False
+
+    if implicit_return_defaults:
+        if stmt._return_defaults is True:
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt.table.c)
+        else:
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt._return_defaults)
+
+    postfetch_lastrowid = need_pks and compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+
+    return need_pks, implicit_returning, \
+        implicit_return_defaults, postfetch_lastrowid
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cb9eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@
+# sql/ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Provides the hierarchy of DDL-defining schema items as well as routines
+to invoke them for a create/drop call.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import util
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .base import Executable, _generative, SchemaVisitor, _bind_or_error
+from ..util import topological
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+
+
+class _DDLCompiles(ClauseElement):
+    def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        return dialect.ddl_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+
+class DDLElement(Executable, _DDLCompiles):
+    """Base class for DDL expression constructs.
+
+    This class is the base for the general purpose :class:`.DDL` class,
+    as well as the various create/drop clause constructs such as
+    :class:`.CreateTable`, :class:`.DropTable`, :class:`.AddConstraint`,
+    etc.
+
+    :class:`.DDLElement` integrates closely with SQLAlchemy events,
+    introduced in :ref:`event_toplevel`.  An instance of one is
+    itself an event receiving callable::
+
+        event.listen(
+            users,
+            'after_create',
+            AddConstraint(constraint).execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _execution_options = Executable.\
+        _execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+
+    target = None
+    on = None
+    dialect = None
+    callable_ = None
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_ddl(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def execute(self, bind=None, target=None):
+        """Execute this DDL immediately.
+
+        Executes the DDL statement in isolation using the supplied
+        :class:`.Connectable` or
+        :class:`.Connectable` assigned to the ``.bind``
+        property, if not supplied. If the DDL has a conditional ``on``
+        criteria, it will be invoked with None as the event.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional, an ``Engine`` or ``Connection``. If not supplied, a valid
+          :class:`.Connectable` must be present in the
+          ``.bind`` property.
+
+        :param target:
+          Optional, defaults to None.  The target SchemaItem for the
+          execute call.  Will be passed to the ``on`` callable if any,
+          and may also provide string expansion data for the
+          statement. See ``execute_at`` for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+
+        if self._should_execute(target, bind):
+            return bind.execute(self.against(target))
+        else:
+            bind.engine.logger.info(
+                "DDL execution skipped, criteria not met.")
+
+    @util.deprecated("0.7", "See :class:`.DDLEvents`, as well as "
+                     ":meth:`.DDLElement.execute_if`.")
+    def execute_at(self, event_name, target):
+        """Link execution of this DDL to the DDL lifecycle of a SchemaItem.
+
+        Links this ``DDLElement`` to a ``Table`` or ``MetaData`` instance,
+        executing it when that schema item is created or dropped. The DDL
+        statement will be executed using the same Connection and transactional
+        context as the Table create/drop itself. The ``.bind`` property of
+        this statement is ignored.
+
+        :param event:
+          One of the events defined in the schema item's ``.ddl_events``;
+          e.g. 'before-create', 'after-create', 'before-drop' or 'after-drop'
+
+        :param target:
+          The Table or MetaData instance for which this DDLElement will
+          be associated with.
+
+        A DDLElement instance can be linked to any number of schema items.
+
+        ``execute_at`` builds on the ``append_ddl_listener`` interface of
+        :class:`.MetaData` and :class:`.Table` objects.
+
+        Caveat: Creating or dropping a Table in isolation will also trigger
+        any DDL set to ``execute_at`` that Table's MetaData.  This may change
+        in a future release.
+
+        """
+
+        def call_event(target, connection, **kw):
+            if self._should_execute_deprecated(event_name,
+                                               target, connection, **kw):
+                return connection.execute(self.against(target))
+
+        event.listen(target, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), call_event)
+
+    @_generative
+    def against(self, target):
+        """Return a copy of this DDL against a specific schema item."""
+
+        self.target = target
+
+    @_generative
+    def execute_if(self, dialect=None, callable_=None, state=None):
+        """Return a callable that will execute this
+        DDLElement conditionally.
+
+        Used to provide a wrapper for event listening::
+
+            event.listen(
+                        metadata,
+                        'before_create',
+                        DDL("my_ddl").execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+                    )
+
+        :param dialect: May be a string, tuple or a callable
+          predicate.  If a string, it will be compared to the name of the
+          executing database dialect::
+
+            DDL('something').execute_if(dialect='postgresql')
+
+          If a tuple, specifies multiple dialect names::
+
+            DDL('something').execute_if(dialect=('postgresql', 'mysql'))
+
+        :param callable_: A callable, which will be invoked with
+          four positional arguments as well as optional keyword
+          arguments:
+
+            :ddl:
+              This DDL element.
+
+            :target:
+              The :class:`.Table` or :class:`.MetaData` object which is the
+              target of this event. May be None if the DDL is executed
+              explicitly.
+
+            :bind:
+              The :class:`.Connection` being used for DDL execution
+
+            :tables:
+              Optional keyword argument - a list of Table objects which are to
+              be created/ dropped within a MetaData.create_all() or drop_all()
+              method call.
+
+            :state:
+              Optional keyword argument - will be the ``state`` argument
+              passed to this function.
+
+            :checkfirst:
+             Keyword argument, will be True if the 'checkfirst' flag was
+             set during the call to ``create()``, ``create_all()``,
+             ``drop()``, ``drop_all()``.
+
+          If the callable returns a true value, the DDL statement will be
+          executed.
+
+        :param state: any value which will be passed to the callable\_
+          as the ``state`` keyword argument.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.callable_ = callable_
+        self.state = state
+
+    def _should_execute(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if self.on is not None and \
+                not self._should_execute_deprecated(None, target, bind, **kw):
+            return False
+
+        if isinstance(self.dialect, util.string_types):
+            if self.dialect != bind.engine.name:
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(self.dialect, (tuple, list, set)):
+            if bind.engine.name not in self.dialect:
+                return False
+        if (self.callable_ is not None and
+                not self.callable_(self, target, bind,
+                                   state=self.state, **kw)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _should_execute_deprecated(self, event, target, bind, **kw):
+        if self.on is None:
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(self.on, util.string_types):
+            return self.on == bind.engine.name
+        elif isinstance(self.on, (tuple, list, set)):
+            return bind.engine.name in self.on
+        else:
+            return self.on(self, event, target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        """Execute the DDL as a ddl_listener."""
+
+        if self._should_execute(target, bind, **kw):
+            return bind.execute(self.against(target))
+
+    def _check_ddl_on(self, on):
+        if (on is not None and
+            (not isinstance(on, util.string_types + (tuple, list, set)) and
+             not util.callable(on))):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected the name of a database dialect, a tuple "
+                "of names, or a callable for "
+                "'on' criteria, got type '%s'." % type(on).__name__)
+
+    def bind(self):
+        if self._bind:
+            return self._bind
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+class DDL(DDLElement):
+    """A literal DDL statement.
+
+    Specifies literal SQL DDL to be executed by the database.  DDL objects
+    function as DDL event listeners, and can be subscribed to those events
+    listed in :class:`.DDLEvents`, using either :class:`.Table` or
+    :class:`.MetaData` objects as targets.   Basic templating support allows
+    a single DDL instance to handle repetitive tasks for multiple tables.
+
+    Examples::
+
+      from sqlalchemy import event, DDL
+
+      tbl = Table('users', metadata, Column('uid', Integer))
+      event.listen(tbl, 'before_create', DDL('DROP TRIGGER users_trigger'))
+
+      spow = DDL('ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET secretpowers TRUE')
+      event.listen(tbl, 'after_create', spow.execute_if(dialect='somedb'))
+
+      drop_spow = DDL('ALTER TABLE users SET secretpowers FALSE')
+      connection.execute(drop_spow)
+
+    When operating on Table events, the following ``statement``
+    string substitions are available::
+
+      %(table)s  - the Table name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(schema)s - the schema name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(fullname)s - the Table name including schema, quoted if needed
+
+    The DDL's "context", if any, will be combined with the standard
+    substitutions noted above.  Keys present in the context will override
+    the standard substitutions.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ddl"
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, on=None, context=None, bind=None):
+        """Create a DDL statement.
+
+        :param statement:
+          A string or unicode string to be executed.  Statements will be
+          processed with Python's string formatting operator.  See the
+          ``context`` argument and the ``execute_at`` method.
+
+          A literal '%' in a statement must be escaped as '%%'.
+
+          SQL bind parameters are not available in DDL statements.
+
+        :param on:
+          .. deprecated:: 0.7
+            See :meth:`.DDLElement.execute_if`.
+
+          Optional filtering criteria.  May be a string, tuple or a callable
+          predicate.  If a string, it will be compared to the name of the
+          executing database dialect::
+
+            DDL('something', on='postgresql')
+
+          If a tuple, specifies multiple dialect names::
+
+            DDL('something', on=('postgresql', 'mysql'))
+
+          If a callable, it will be invoked with four positional arguments
+          as well as optional keyword arguments:
+
+            :ddl:
+              This DDL element.
+
+            :event:
+              The name of the event that has triggered this DDL, such as
+              'after-create' Will be None if the DDL is executed explicitly.
+
+            :target:
+              The ``Table`` or ``MetaData`` object which is the target of
+              this event. May be None if the DDL is executed explicitly.
+
+            :connection:
+              The ``Connection`` being used for DDL execution
+
+            :tables:
+              Optional keyword argument - a list of Table objects which are to
+              be created/ dropped within a MetaData.create_all() or drop_all()
+              method call.
+
+
+          If the callable returns a true value, the DDL statement will be
+          executed.
+
+        :param context:
+          Optional dictionary, defaults to None.  These values will be
+          available for use in string substitutions on the DDL statement.
+
+        :param bind:
+          Optional. A :class:`.Connectable`, used by
+          default when ``execute()`` is invoked without a bind argument.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(statement, util.string_types):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected a string or unicode SQL statement, got '%r'" %
+                statement)
+
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.context = context or {}
+
+        self._check_ddl_on(on)
+        self.on = on
+        self._bind = bind
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s@%s; %s>' % (
+            type(self).__name__, id(self),
+            ', '.join([repr(self.statement)] +
+                      ['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                       for key in ('on', 'context')
+                       if getattr(self, key)]))
+
+
+class _CreateDropBase(DDLElement):
+    """Base class for DDL constructs that represent CREATE and DROP or
+    equivalents.
+
+    The common theme of _CreateDropBase is a single
+    ``element`` attribute which refers to the element
+    to be created or dropped.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, element, on=None, bind=None):
+        self.element = element
+        self._check_ddl_on(on)
+        self.on = on
+        self.bind = bind
+
+    def _create_rule_disable(self, compiler):
+        """Allow disable of _create_rule using a callable.
+
+        Pass to _create_rule using
+        util.portable_instancemethod(self._create_rule_disable)
+        to retain serializability.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class CreateSchema(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE SCHEMA statement.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_schema"
+
+    def __init__(self, name, quote=None, **kw):
+        """Create a new :class:`.CreateSchema` construct."""
+
+        self.quote = quote
+        super(CreateSchema, self).__init__(name, **kw)
+
+
+class DropSchema(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP SCHEMA statement.
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_schema"
+
+    def __init__(self, name, quote=None, cascade=False, **kw):
+        """Create a new :class:`.DropSchema` construct."""
+
+        self.quote = quote
+        self.cascade = cascade
+        super(DropSchema, self).__init__(name, **kw)
+
+
+class CreateTable(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_table"
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, element, on=None, bind=None,
+            include_foreign_key_constraints=None):
+        """Create a :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`.Table` that's the subject
+         of the CREATE
+        :param on: See the description for 'on' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param bind: See the description for 'bind' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param include_foreign_key_constraints: optional sequence of
+         :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects that will be included
+         inline within the CREATE construct; if omitted, all foreign key
+         constraints that do not specify use_alter=True are included.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        super(CreateTable, self).__init__(element, on=on, bind=bind)
+        self.columns = [CreateColumn(column)
+                        for column in element.columns
+                        ]
+        self.include_foreign_key_constraints = include_foreign_key_constraints
+
+
+class _DropView(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Semi-public 'DROP VIEW' construct.
+
+    Used by the test suite for dialect-agnostic drops of views.
+    This object will eventually be part of a public "view" API.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_view"
+
+
+class CreateColumn(_DDLCompiles):
+    """Represent a :class:`.Column` as rendered in a CREATE TABLE statement,
+    via the :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+    This is provided to support custom column DDL within the generation
+    of CREATE TABLE statements, by using the
+    compiler extension documented in :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+    to extend :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+    Typical integration is to examine the incoming :class:`.Column`
+    object, and to redirect compilation if a particular flag or condition
+    is found::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+        @compiles(schema.CreateColumn)
+        def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+            column = element.element
+
+            if "special" not in column.info:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+            text = "%s SPECIAL DIRECTIVE %s" % (
+                    column.name,
+                    compiler.type_compiler.process(column.type)
+                )
+            default = compiler.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                text += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+            if not column.nullable:
+                text += " NOT NULL"
+
+            if column.constraints:
+                text += " ".join(
+                            compiler.process(const)
+                            for const in column.constraints)
+            return text
+
+    The above construct can be applied to a :class:`.Table` as follows::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Metadata, Column, Integer, String
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+
+        metadata = MetaData()
+
+        table = Table('mytable', MetaData(),
+                Column('x', Integer, info={"special":True}, primary_key=True),
+                Column('y', String(50)),
+                Column('z', String(20), info={"special":True})
+            )
+
+        metadata.create_all(conn)
+
+    Above, the directives we've added to the :attr:`.Column.info` collection
+    will be detected by our custom compilation scheme::
+
+        CREATE TABLE mytable (
+                x SPECIAL DIRECTIVE INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                y VARCHAR(50),
+                z SPECIAL DIRECTIVE VARCHAR(20),
+            PRIMARY KEY (x)
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct can also be used to skip certain
+    columns when producing a ``CREATE TABLE``.  This is accomplished by
+    creating a compilation rule that conditionally returns ``None``.
+    This is essentially how to produce the same effect as using the
+    ``system=True`` argument on :class:`.Column`, which marks a column
+    as an implicitly-present "system" column.
+
+    For example, suppose we wish to produce a :class:`.Table` which skips
+    rendering of the Postgresql ``xmin`` column against the Postgresql
+    backend, but on other backends does render it, in anticipation of a
+    triggered rule.  A conditional compilation rule could skip this name only
+    on Postgresql::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateColumn
+
+        @compiles(CreateColumn, "postgresql")
+        def skip_xmin(element, compiler, **kw):
+            if element.element.name == 'xmin':
+                return None
+            else:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('xmin', Integer)
+                )
+
+    Above, a :class:`.CreateTable` construct will generate a ``CREATE TABLE``
+    which only includes the ``id`` column in the string; the ``xmin`` column
+    will be omitted, but only against the Postgresql backend.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8.3 The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct supports
+       skipping of columns by returning ``None`` from a custom compilation
+       rule.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct was added
+       to support custom column creation styles.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'create_column'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+
+class DropTable(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_table"
+
+
+class CreateSequence(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_sequence"
+
+
+class DropSequence(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_sequence"
+
+
+class CreateIndex(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_index"
+
+
+class DropIndex(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_index"
+
+
+class AddConstraint(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "add_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, *args, **kw):
+        super(AddConstraint, self).__init__(element, *args, **kw)
+        element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+            self._create_rule_disable)
+
+
+class DropConstraint(_CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(self, element, cascade=False, **kw):
+        self.cascade = cascade
+        super(DropConstraint, self).__init__(element, **kw)
+        element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+            self._create_rule_disable)
+
+
+class DDLBase(SchemaVisitor):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+
+
+class SchemaGenerator(DDLBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False,
+                 tables=None, **kwargs):
+        super(SchemaGenerator, self).__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def _can_create_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        if table.schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or \
+            not self.dialect.has_table(self.connection,
+                                       table.name, schema=table.schema)
+
+    def _can_create_sequence(self, sequence):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+            (
+                (not self.dialect.sequences_optional or
+                 not sequence.optional) and
+                (
+                    not self.checkfirst or
+                    not self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                        self.connection,
+                        sequence.name,
+                        schema=sequence.schema)
+                )
+            )
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        collection = sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            [t for t in tables if self._can_create_table(t)])
+
+        seq_coll = [s for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+                    if s.column is None and self._can_create_sequence(s)]
+
+        event_collection = [
+            t for (t, fks) in collection if t is not None
+        ]
+        metadata.dispatch.before_create(metadata, self.connection,
+                                        tables=event_collection,
+                                        checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                        _ddl_runner=self)
+
+        for seq in seq_coll:
+            self.traverse_single(seq, create_ok=True)
+
+        for table, fkcs in collection:
+            if table is not None:
+                self.traverse_single(
+                    table, create_ok=True,
+                    include_foreign_key_constraints=fkcs,
+                    _is_metadata_operation=True)
+            else:
+                for fkc in fkcs:
+                    self.traverse_single(fkc)
+
+        metadata.dispatch.after_create(metadata, self.connection,
+                                       tables=event_collection,
+                                       checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+                                       _ddl_runner=self)
+
+    def visit_table(
+            self, table, create_ok=False,
+            include_foreign_key_constraints=None,
+            _is_metadata_operation=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_table(table):
+            return
+
+        table.dispatch.before_create(
+            table, self.connection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _ddl_runner=self,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation)
+
+        for column in table.columns:
+            if column.default is not None:
+                self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            # e.g., don't omit any foreign key constraints
+            include_foreign_key_constraints = None
+
+        self.connection.execute(
+            CreateTable(
+                table,
+                include_foreign_key_constraints=include_foreign_key_constraints
+            ))
+
+        if hasattr(table, 'indexes'):
+            for index in table.indexes:
+                self.traverse_single(index)
+
+        table.dispatch.after_create(
+            table, self.connection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _ddl_runner=self,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            return
+        self.connection.execute(AddConstraint(constraint))
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        self.connection.execute(CreateSequence(sequence))
+
+    def visit_index(self, index):
+        self.connection.execute(CreateIndex(index))
+
+
+class SchemaDropper(DDLBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False,
+                 tables=None, **kwargs):
+        super(SchemaDropper, self).__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        try:
+            unsorted_tables = [t for t in tables if self._can_drop_table(t)]
+            collection = list(reversed(
+                sort_tables_and_constraints(
+                    unsorted_tables,
+                    filter_fn=lambda constraint: False
+                    if not self.dialect.supports_alter
+                    or constraint.name is None
+                    else None
+                )
+            ))
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err2:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't sort tables for DROP; an "
+                    "unresolvable foreign key "
+                    "dependency exists between tables: %s, and backend does "
+                    "not support ALTER.  To restore at least a partial sort, "
+                    "apply use_alter=True to ForeignKey and "
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint "
+                    "objects involved in the cycle to mark these as known "
+                    "cycles that will be ignored."
+                    % (
+                        ", ".join(sorted([t.fullname for t in err2.cycles]))
+                    )
+                )
+                collection = [(t, ()) for t in unsorted_tables]
+            else:
+                util.raise_from_cause(
+                    exc.CircularDependencyError(
+                        err2.args[0],
+                        err2.cycles, err2.edges,
+                        msg="Can't sort tables for DROP; an "
+                        "unresolvable foreign key "
+                        "dependency exists between tables: %s.  Please ensure "
+                        "that the ForeignKey and ForeignKeyConstraint objects "
+                        "involved in the cycle have "
+                        "names so that they can be dropped using "
+                        "DROP CONSTRAINT."
+                        % (
+                            ", ".join(sorted([t.fullname for t in err2.cycles]))
+                        )
+
+                    )
+                )
+
+        seq_coll = [
+            s
+            for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+            if s.column is None and self._can_drop_sequence(s)
+        ]
+
+        event_collection = [
+            t for (t, fks) in collection if t is not None
+        ]
+
+        metadata.dispatch.before_drop(
+            metadata, self.connection, tables=event_collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst, _ddl_runner=self)
+
+        for table, fkcs in collection:
+            if table is not None:
+                self.traverse_single(
+                    table, drop_ok=True, _is_metadata_operation=True)
+            else:
+                for fkc in fkcs:
+                    self.traverse_single(fkc)
+
+        for seq in seq_coll:
+            self.traverse_single(seq, drop_ok=True)
+
+        metadata.dispatch.after_drop(
+            metadata, self.connection, tables=event_collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst, _ddl_runner=self)
+
+    def _can_drop_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        if table.schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or self.dialect.has_table(
+            self.connection, table.name, schema=table.schema)
+
+    def _can_drop_sequence(self, sequence):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and \
+            ((not self.dialect.sequences_optional or
+              not sequence.optional) and
+                (not self.checkfirst or
+                 self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                     self.connection,
+                     sequence.name,
+                     schema=sequence.schema))
+             )
+
+    def visit_index(self, index):
+        self.connection.execute(DropIndex(index))
+
+    def visit_table(self, table, drop_ok=False, _is_metadata_operation=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_table(table):
+            return
+
+        table.dispatch.before_drop(
+            table, self.connection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _ddl_runner=self,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation)
+
+        for column in table.columns:
+            if column.default is not None:
+                self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+        self.connection.execute(DropTable(table))
+
+        table.dispatch.after_drop(
+            table, self.connection,
+           checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+           _ddl_runner=self,
+           _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            return
+        self.connection.execute(DropConstraint(constraint))
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        self.connection.execute(DropSequence(sequence))
+
+
+def sort_tables(tables, skip_fn=None, extra_dependencies=None):
+    """sort a collection of :class:`.Table` objects based on dependency.
+
+    This is a dependency-ordered sort which will emit :class:`.Table`
+    objects such that they will follow their dependent :class:`.Table` objects.
+    Tables are dependent on another based on the presence of
+    :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects as well as explicit dependencies
+    added by :meth:`.Table.add_is_dependent_on`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        The :func:`.sort_tables` function cannot by itself accommodate
+        automatic resolution of dependency cycles between tables, which
+        are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key constraints.
+        To resolve these cycles, either the
+        :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be appled
+        to those constraints, or use the
+        :func:`.sql.sort_tables_and_constraints` function which will break
+        out foreign key constraints involved in cycles separately.
+
+    :param tables: a sequence of :class:`.Table` objects.
+
+    :param skip_fn: optional callable which will be passed a
+     :class:`.ForeignKey` object; if it returns True, this
+     constraint will not be considered as a dependency.  Note this is
+     **different** from the same parameter in
+     :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints`, which is
+     instead passed the owning :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object.
+
+    :param extra_dependencies: a sequence of 2-tuples of tables which will
+     also be considered as dependent on each other.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints`
+
+        :meth:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` - uses this function to sort
+
+
+    """
+
+    if skip_fn is not None:
+        def _skip_fn(fkc):
+            for fk in fkc.elements:
+                if skip_fn(fk):
+                    return True
+            else:
+                return None
+    else:
+        _skip_fn = None
+
+    return [
+        t for (t, fkcs) in
+        sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            tables, filter_fn=_skip_fn, extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies)
+        if t is not None
+    ]
+
+
+def sort_tables_and_constraints(
+        tables, filter_fn=None, extra_dependencies=None):
+    """sort a collection of :class:`.Table`  / :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects.
+
+    This is a dependency-ordered sort which will emit tuples of
+    ``(Table, [ForeignKeyConstraint, ...])`` such that each
+    :class:`.Table` follows its dependent :class:`.Table` objects.
+    Remaining :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects that are separate due to
+    dependency rules not satisifed by the sort are emitted afterwards
+    as ``(None, [ForeignKeyConstraint ...])``.
+
+    Tables are dependent on another based on the presence of
+    :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, explicit dependencies
+    added by :meth:`.Table.add_is_dependent_on`, as well as dependencies
+    stated here using the :paramref:`~.sort_tables_and_constraints.skip_fn`
+    and/or :paramref:`~.sort_tables_and_constraints.extra_dependencies`
+    parameters.
+
+    :param tables: a sequence of :class:`.Table` objects.
+
+    :param filter_fn: optional callable which will be passed a
+     :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and returns a value based on
+     whether this constraint should definitely be included or excluded as
+     an inline constraint, or neither.   If it returns False, the constraint
+     will definitely be included as a dependency that cannot be subject
+     to ALTER; if True, it will **only** be included as an ALTER result at
+     the end.   Returning None means the constraint is included in the
+     table-based result unless it is detected as part of a dependency cycle.
+
+    :param extra_dependencies: a sequence of 2-tuples of tables which will
+     also be considered as dependent on each other.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.sort_tables`
+
+
+    """
+
+    fixed_dependencies = set()
+    mutable_dependencies = set()
+
+    if extra_dependencies is not None:
+        fixed_dependencies.update(extra_dependencies)
+
+    remaining_fkcs = set()
+    for table in tables:
+        for fkc in table.foreign_key_constraints:
+            if fkc.use_alter is True:
+                remaining_fkcs.add(fkc)
+                continue
+
+            if filter_fn:
+                filtered = filter_fn(fkc)
+
+                if filtered is True:
+                    remaining_fkcs.add(fkc)
+                    continue
+
+            dependent_on = fkc.referred_table
+            if dependent_on is not table:
+                mutable_dependencies.add((dependent_on, table))
+
+        fixed_dependencies.update(
+            (parent, table) for parent in table._extra_dependencies
+        )
+
+    try:
+        candidate_sort = list(
+            topological.sort(
+                fixed_dependencies.union(mutable_dependencies), tables,
+                deterministic_order=True
+            )
+        )
+    except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+        for edge in err.edges:
+            if edge in mutable_dependencies:
+                table = edge[1]
+                can_remove = [
+                    fkc for fkc in table.foreign_key_constraints
+                    if filter_fn is None or filter_fn(fkc) is not False]
+                remaining_fkcs.update(can_remove)
+                for fkc in can_remove:
+                    dependent_on = fkc.referred_table
+                    if dependent_on is not table:
+                        mutable_dependencies.discard((dependent_on, table))
+        candidate_sort = list(
+            topological.sort(
+                fixed_dependencies.union(mutable_dependencies), tables,
+                deterministic_order=True
+            )
+        )
+
+    return [
+        (table, table.foreign_key_constraints.difference(remaining_fkcs))
+        for table in candidate_sort
+    ] + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d180dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# sql/default_comparator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Default implementation of SQL comparison operations.
+"""
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from . import type_api
+from . import operators
+from .elements import BindParameter, True_, False_, BinaryExpression, \
+    Null, _const_expr, _clause_element_as_expr, \
+    ClauseList, ColumnElement, TextClause, UnaryExpression, \
+    collate, _is_literal, _literal_as_text, ClauseElement, and_, or_
+from .selectable import SelectBase, Alias, Selectable, ScalarSelect
+
+
+def _boolean_compare(expr, op, obj, negate=None, reverse=False,
+                     _python_is_types=(util.NoneType, bool),
+                     result_type = None,
+                     **kwargs):
+
+    if result_type is None:
+        result_type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    if isinstance(obj, _python_is_types + (Null, True_, False_)):
+
+        # allow x ==/!= True/False to be treated as a literal.
+        # this comes out to "== / != true/false" or "1/0" if those
+        # constants aren't supported and works on all platforms
+        if op in (operators.eq, operators.ne) and \
+                isinstance(obj, (bool, True_, False_)):
+            return BinaryExpression(expr,
+                                    _literal_as_text(obj),
+                                    op,
+                                    type_=result_type,
+                                    negate=negate, modifiers=kwargs)
+        else:
+            # all other None/True/False uses IS, IS NOT
+            if op in (operators.eq, operators.is_):
+                return BinaryExpression(expr, _const_expr(obj),
+                                        operators.is_,
+                                        negate=operators.isnot)
+            elif op in (operators.ne, operators.isnot):
+                return BinaryExpression(expr, _const_expr(obj),
+                                        operators.isnot,
+                                        negate=operators.is_)
+            else:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only '=', '!=', 'is_()', 'isnot()' operators can "
+                    "be used with None/True/False")
+    else:
+        obj = _check_literal(expr, op, obj)
+
+    if reverse:
+        return BinaryExpression(obj,
+                                expr,
+                                op,
+                                type_=result_type,
+                                negate=negate, modifiers=kwargs)
+    else:
+        return BinaryExpression(expr,
+                                obj,
+                                op,
+                                type_=result_type,
+                                negate=negate, modifiers=kwargs)
+
+
+def _binary_operate(expr, op, obj, reverse=False, result_type=None,
+                    **kw):
+    obj = _check_literal(expr, op, obj)
+
+    if reverse:
+        left, right = obj, expr
+    else:
+        left, right = expr, obj
+
+    if result_type is None:
+        op, result_type = left.comparator._adapt_expression(
+            op, right.comparator)
+
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        left, right, op, type_=result_type, modifiers=kw)
+
+
+def _conjunction_operate(expr, op, other, **kw):
+    if op is operators.and_:
+        return and_(expr, other)
+    elif op is operators.or_:
+        return or_(expr, other)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _scalar(expr, op, fn, **kw):
+    return fn(expr)
+
+
+def _in_impl(expr, op, seq_or_selectable, negate_op, **kw):
+    seq_or_selectable = _clause_element_as_expr(seq_or_selectable)
+
+    if isinstance(seq_or_selectable, ScalarSelect):
+        return _boolean_compare(expr, op, seq_or_selectable,
+                                negate=negate_op)
+    elif isinstance(seq_or_selectable, SelectBase):
+
+        # TODO: if we ever want to support (x, y, z) IN (select x,
+        # y, z from table), we would need a multi-column version of
+        # as_scalar() to produce a multi- column selectable that
+        # does not export itself as a FROM clause
+
+        return _boolean_compare(
+            expr, op, seq_or_selectable.as_scalar(),
+            negate=negate_op, **kw)
+    elif isinstance(seq_or_selectable, (Selectable, TextClause)):
+        return _boolean_compare(expr, op, seq_or_selectable,
+                                negate=negate_op, **kw)
+    elif isinstance(seq_or_selectable, ClauseElement):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            'in_() accepts'
+            ' either a list of expressions '
+            'or a selectable: %r' % seq_or_selectable)
+
+    # Handle non selectable arguments as sequences
+    args = []
+    for o in seq_or_selectable:
+        if not _is_literal(o):
+            if not isinstance(o, operators.ColumnOperators):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    'in_() accepts'
+                    ' either a list of expressions '
+                    'or a selectable: %r' % o)
+        elif o is None:
+            o = Null()
+        else:
+            o = expr._bind_param(op, o)
+        args.append(o)
+    if len(args) == 0:
+
+        # Special case handling for empty IN's, behave like
+        # comparison against zero row selectable.  We use != to
+        # build the contradiction as it handles NULL values
+        # appropriately, i.e. "not (x IN ())" should not return NULL
+        # values for x.
+
+        util.warn('The IN-predicate on "%s" was invoked with an '
+                  'empty sequence. This results in a '
+                  'contradiction, which nonetheless can be '
+                  'expensive to evaluate.  Consider alternative '
+                  'strategies for improved performance.' % expr)
+        if op is operators.in_op:
+            return expr != expr
+        else:
+            return expr == expr
+
+    return _boolean_compare(expr, op,
+                            ClauseList(*args).self_group(against=op),
+                            negate=negate_op)
+
+
+def _unsupported_impl(expr, op, *arg, **kw):
+    raise NotImplementedError("Operator '%s' is not supported on "
+                              "this expression" % op.__name__)
+
+
+def _inv_impl(expr, op, **kw):
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__inv__`."""
+    if hasattr(expr, 'negation_clause'):
+        return expr.negation_clause
+    else:
+        return expr._negate()
+
+
+def _neg_impl(expr, op, **kw):
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__neg__`."""
+    return UnaryExpression(expr, operator=operators.neg)
+
+
+def _match_impl(expr, op, other, **kw):
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match`."""
+
+    return _boolean_compare(
+        expr, operators.match_op,
+        _check_literal(
+            expr, operators.match_op, other),
+        result_type=type_api.MATCHTYPE,
+        negate=operators.notmatch_op
+        if op is operators.match_op else operators.match_op,
+        **kw
+    )
+
+
+def _distinct_impl(expr, op, **kw):
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.distinct`."""
+    return UnaryExpression(expr, operator=operators.distinct_op,
+                           type_=expr.type)
+
+
+def _between_impl(expr, op, cleft, cright, **kw):
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.between`."""
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        ClauseList(
+            _check_literal(expr, operators.and_, cleft),
+            _check_literal(expr, operators.and_, cright),
+            operator=operators.and_,
+            group=False, group_contents=False),
+        op,
+        negate=operators.notbetween_op
+        if op is operators.between_op
+        else operators.between_op,
+        modifiers=kw)
+
+
+def _collate_impl(expr, op, other, **kw):
+    return collate(expr, other)
+
+# a mapping of operators with the method they use, along with
+# their negated operator for comparison operators
+operator_lookup = {
+    "and_": (_conjunction_operate,),
+    "or_": (_conjunction_operate,),
+    "inv": (_inv_impl,),
+    "add": (_binary_operate,),
+    "mul": (_binary_operate,),
+    "sub": (_binary_operate,),
+    "div": (_binary_operate,),
+    "mod": (_binary_operate,),
+    "truediv": (_binary_operate,),
+    "custom_op": (_binary_operate,),
+    "concat_op": (_binary_operate,),
+    "lt": (_boolean_compare, operators.ge),
+    "le": (_boolean_compare, operators.gt),
+    "ne": (_boolean_compare, operators.eq),
+    "gt": (_boolean_compare, operators.le),
+    "ge": (_boolean_compare, operators.lt),
+    "eq": (_boolean_compare, operators.ne),
+    "like_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notlike_op),
+    "ilike_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notilike_op),
+    "notlike_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.like_op),
+    "notilike_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.ilike_op),
+    "contains_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notcontains_op),
+    "startswith_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notstartswith_op),
+    "endswith_op": (_boolean_compare, operators.notendswith_op),
+    "desc_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_desc),
+    "asc_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_asc),
+    "nullsfirst_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_nullsfirst),
+    "nullslast_op": (_scalar, UnaryExpression._create_nullslast),
+    "in_op": (_in_impl, operators.notin_op),
+    "notin_op": (_in_impl, operators.in_op),
+    "is_": (_boolean_compare, operators.is_),
+    "isnot": (_boolean_compare, operators.isnot),
+    "collate": (_collate_impl,),
+    "match_op": (_match_impl,),
+    "notmatch_op": (_match_impl,),
+    "distinct_op": (_distinct_impl,),
+    "between_op": (_between_impl, ),
+    "notbetween_op": (_between_impl, ),
+    "neg": (_neg_impl,),
+    "getitem": (_unsupported_impl,),
+    "lshift": (_unsupported_impl,),
+    "rshift": (_unsupported_impl,),
+    "contains": (_unsupported_impl,),
+}
+
+
+def _check_literal(expr, operator, other):
+    if isinstance(other, (ColumnElement, TextClause)):
+        if isinstance(other, BindParameter) and \
+                other.type._isnull:
+            other = other._clone()
+            other.type = expr.type
+        return other
+    elif hasattr(other, '__clause_element__'):
+        other = other.__clause_element__()
+    elif isinstance(other, type_api.TypeEngine.Comparator):
+        other = other.expr
+
+    if isinstance(other, (SelectBase, Alias)):
+        return other.as_scalar()
+    elif not isinstance(other, (ColumnElement, TextClause)):
+        return expr._bind_param(operator, other)
+    else:
+        return other
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b506f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
+# sql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Provide :class:`.Insert`, :class:`.Update` and :class:`.Delete`.
+
+"""
+
+from .base import Executable, _generative, _from_objects, DialectKWArgs
+from .elements import ClauseElement, _literal_as_text, Null, and_, _clone, \
+    _column_as_key
+from .selectable import _interpret_as_from, _interpret_as_select, HasPrefixes
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+
+
+class UpdateBase(DialectKWArgs, HasPrefixes, Executable, ClauseElement):
+    """Form the base for ``INSERT``, ``UPDATE``, and ``DELETE`` statements.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'update_base'
+
+    _execution_options = \
+        Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+    _hints = util.immutabledict()
+    _parameter_ordering = None
+    _prefixes = ()
+
+    def _process_colparams(self, parameters):
+        def process_single(p):
+            if isinstance(p, (list, tuple)):
+                return dict(
+                    (c.key, pval)
+                    for c, pval in zip(self.table.c, p)
+                )
+            else:
+                return p
+
+        if self._preserve_parameter_order and parameters is not None:
+            if not isinstance(parameters, list) or \
+                    (parameters and not isinstance(parameters[0], tuple)):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "When preserve_parameter_order is True, "
+                    "values() only accepts a list of 2-tuples")
+            self._parameter_ordering = [key for key, value in parameters]
+
+            return dict(parameters), False
+
+        if (isinstance(parameters, (list, tuple)) and parameters and
+                isinstance(parameters[0], (list, tuple, dict))):
+
+            if not self._supports_multi_parameters:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This construct does not support "
+                    "multiple parameter sets.")
+
+            return [process_single(p) for p in parameters], True
+        else:
+            return process_single(parameters), False
+
+    def params(self, *arg, **kw):
+        """Set the parameters for the statement.
+
+        This method raises ``NotImplementedError`` on the base class,
+        and is overridden by :class:`.ValuesBase` to provide the
+        SET/VALUES clause of UPDATE and INSERT.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "params() is not supported for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements."
+            " To set the values for an INSERT or UPDATE statement, use"
+            " stmt.values(**parameters).")
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return a 'bind' linked to this :class:`.UpdateBase`
+        or a :class:`.Table` associated with it.
+
+        """
+        return self._bind or self.table.bind
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+    @_generative
+    def returning(self, *cols):
+        """Add a :term:`RETURNING` or equivalent clause to this statement.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.update().\\
+                      where(table.c.data == 'value').\\
+                      values(status='X').\\
+                      returning(table.c.server_flag,
+                                table.c.updated_timestamp)
+
+            for server_flag, updated_timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(server_flag, updated_timestamp)
+
+        The given collection of column expressions should be derived from
+        the table that is
+        the target of the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.  While :class:`.Column`
+        objects are typical, the elements can also be expressions::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().returning(
+                (table.c.first_name + " " + table.c.last_name).
+                label('fullname'))
+
+        Upon compilation, a RETURNING clause, or database equivalent,
+        will be rendered within the statement.   For INSERT and UPDATE,
+        the values are the newly inserted/updated values.  For DELETE,
+        the values are those of the rows which were deleted.
+
+        Upon execution, the values of the columns to be returned are made
+        available via the result set and can be iterated using
+        :meth:`.ResultProxy.fetchone` and similar.   For DBAPIs which do not
+        natively support returning values (i.e. cx_oracle), SQLAlchemy will
+        approximate this behavior at the result level so that a reasonable
+        amount of behavioral neutrality is provided.
+
+        Note that not all databases/DBAPIs
+        support RETURNING.   For those backends with no support,
+        an exception is raised upon compilation and/or execution.
+        For those who do support it, the functionality across backends
+        varies greatly, including restrictions on executemany()
+        and other statements which return multiple rows. Please
+        read the documentation notes for the database in use in
+        order to determine the availability of RETURNING.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+          :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` - an alternative method tailored
+          towards efficient fetching of server-side defaults and triggers
+          for single-row INSERTs or UPDATEs.
+
+
+        """
+        self._returning = cols
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(self, text, selectable=None, dialect_name="*"):
+        """Add a table hint for a single table to this
+        INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.with_hint` currently applies only to
+         Microsoft SQL Server.  For MySQL INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE hints, use
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.prefix_with`.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the :class:`.Table` that is the subject of this
+        statement, or optionally to that of the given
+        :class:`.Table` passed as the ``selectable`` argument.
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add a hint
+        that only takes effect for SQL Server::
+
+            mytable.insert().with_hint("WITH (PAGLOCK)", dialect_name="mssql")
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        :param text: Text of the hint.
+        :param selectable: optional :class:`.Table` that specifies
+         an element of the FROM clause within an UPDATE or DELETE
+         to be the subject of the hint - applies only to certain backends.
+        :param dialect_name: defaults to ``*``, if specified as the name
+         of a particular dialect, will apply these hints only when
+         that dialect is in use.
+         """
+        if selectable is None:
+            selectable = self.table
+
+        self._hints = self._hints.union(
+            {(selectable, dialect_name): text})
+
+
+class ValuesBase(UpdateBase):
+    """Supplies support for :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` to
+    INSERT and UPDATE constructs."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'values_base'
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = False
+    _has_multi_parameters = False
+    _preserve_parameter_order = False
+    select = None
+
+    def __init__(self, table, values, prefixes):
+        self.table = _interpret_as_from(table)
+        self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
+            self._process_colparams(values)
+        if prefixes:
+            self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
+
+    @_generative
+    def values(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """specify a fixed VALUES clause for an INSERT statement, or the SET
+        clause for an UPDATE.
+
+        Note that the :class:`.Insert` and :class:`.Update` constructs support
+        per-execution time formatting of the VALUES and/or SET clauses,
+        based on the arguments passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+        However, the :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` method can be used to "fix" a
+        particular set of parameters into the statement.
+
+        Multiple calls to :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` will produce a new
+        construct, each one with the parameter list modified to include
+        the new parameters sent.  In the typical case of a single
+        dictionary of parameters, the newly passed keys will replace
+        the same keys in the previous construct.  In the case of a list-based
+        "multiple values" construct, each new list of values is extended
+        onto the existing list of values.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key value pairs representing the string key
+          of a :class:`.Column` mapped to the value to be rendered into the
+          VALUES or SET clause::
+
+                users.insert().values(name="some name")
+
+                users.update().where(users.c.id==5).values(name="some name")
+
+        :param \*args: As an alternative to passing key/value parameters,
+         a dictionary, tuple, or list of dictionaries or tuples can be passed
+         as a single positional argument in order to form the VALUES or
+         SET clause of the statement.  The forms that are accepted vary
+         based on whether this is an :class:`.Insert` or an :class:`.Update`
+         construct.
+
+         For either an :class:`.Insert` or :class:`.Update` construct, a
+         single dictionary can be passed, which works the same as that of
+         the kwargs form::
+
+            users.insert().values({"name": "some name"})
+
+            users.update().values({"name": "some new name"})
+
+         Also for either form but more typically for the :class:`.Insert`
+         construct, a tuple that contains an entry for every column in the
+         table is also accepted::
+
+            users.insert().values((5, "some name"))
+
+         The :class:`.Insert` construct also supports being passed a list
+         of dictionaries or full-table-tuples, which on the server will
+         render the less common SQL syntax of "multiple values" - this
+         syntax is supported on backends such as SQLite, Postgresql, MySQL,
+         but not necessarily others::
+
+            users.insert().values([
+                                {"name": "some name"},
+                                {"name": "some other name"},
+                                {"name": "yet another name"},
+                            ])
+
+         The above form would render a multiple VALUES statement similar to::
+
+                INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES
+                                (:name_1),
+                                (:name_2),
+                                (:name_3)
+
+         It is essential to note that **passing multiple values is
+         NOT the same as using traditional executemany() form**.  The above
+         syntax is a **special** syntax not typically used.  To emit an
+         INSERT statement against multiple rows, the normal method is
+         to pass a multiple values list to the :meth:`.Connection.execute`
+         method, which is supported by all database backends and is generally
+         more efficient for a very large number of parameters.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`execute_multiple` - an introduction to
+               the traditional Core method of multiple parameter set
+               invocation for INSERTs and other statements.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 an INSERT that uses a multiple-VALUES
+              clause, even a list of length one,
+              implies that the :paramref:`.Insert.inline` flag is set to
+              True, indicating that the statement will not attempt to fetch
+              the "last inserted primary key" or other defaults.  The
+              statement deals with an arbitrary number of rows, so the
+              :attr:`.ResultProxy.inserted_primary_key` accessor does not
+              apply.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 A multiple-VALUES INSERT now supports
+              columns with Python side default values and callables in the
+              same way as that of an "executemany" style of invocation; the
+              callable is invoked for each row.   See :ref:`bug_3288`
+              for other details.
+
+         The :class:`.Update` construct supports a special form which is a
+         list of 2-tuples, which when provided must be passed in conjunction
+         with the
+         :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+         parameter.
+         This form causes the UPDATE statement to render the SET clauses
+         using the order of parameters given to :meth:`.Update.values`, rather
+         than the ordering of columns given in the :class:`.Table`.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.0.10 - added support for parameter-ordered
+              UPDATE statements via the
+              :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+              flag.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`updates_order_parameters` - full example of the
+              :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+              flag
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression
+            Language Tutorial
+
+            :func:`~.expression.insert` - produce an ``INSERT`` statement
+
+            :func:`~.expression.update` - produce an ``UPDATE`` statement
+
+        """
+        if self.select is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already inserts from a SELECT")
+        if self._has_multi_parameters and kwargs:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already has multiple parameter sets.")
+
+        if args:
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
+                    "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally.")
+            v = args[0]
+        else:
+            v = {}
+
+        if self.parameters is None:
+            self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
+                self._process_colparams(v)
+        else:
+            if self._has_multi_parameters:
+                self.parameters = list(self.parameters)
+                p, self._has_multi_parameters = self._process_colparams(v)
+                if not self._has_multi_parameters:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
+                        "formats in one statement")
+
+                self.parameters.extend(p)
+            else:
+                self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
+                p, self._has_multi_parameters = self._process_colparams(v)
+                if self._has_multi_parameters:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
+                        "formats in one statement")
+                self.parameters.update(p)
+
+        if kwargs:
+            if self._has_multi_parameters:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't pass kwargs and multiple parameter sets "
+                    "simultaenously")
+            else:
+                self.parameters.update(kwargs)
+
+    @_generative
+    def return_defaults(self, *cols):
+        """Make use of a :term:`RETURNING` clause for the purpose
+        of fetching server-side expressions and defaults.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().values(data='newdata').return_defaults()
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+            server_created_at = result.returned_defaults['created_at']
+
+        When used against a backend that supports RETURNING, all column
+        values generated by SQL expression or server-side-default will be
+        added to any existing RETURNING clause, provided that
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` is not used simultaneously.  The column
+        values will then be available on the result using the
+        :attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults` accessor as a dictionary,
+        referring to values keyed to the :class:`.Column` object as well as
+        its ``.key``.
+
+        This method differs from :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in these ways:
+
+        1. :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is only intended for use with
+           an INSERT or an UPDATE statement that matches exactly one row.
+           While the RETURNING construct in the general sense supports
+           multiple rows for a multi-row UPDATE or DELETE statement, or for
+           special cases of INSERT that return multiple rows (e.g. INSERT from
+           SELECT, multi-valued VALUES clause),
+           :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is intended only for an
+           "ORM-style" single-row INSERT/UPDATE statement.  The row returned
+           by the statement is also consumed implicitly when
+           :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is used.  By contrast,
+           :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` leaves the RETURNING result-set
+           intact with a collection of any number of rows.
+
+        2. It is compatible with the existing logic to fetch auto-generated
+           primary key values, also known as "implicit returning".  Backends
+           that support RETURNING will automatically make use of RETURNING in
+           order to fetch the value of newly generated primary keys; while the
+           :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method circumvents this behavior,
+           :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` leaves it intact.
+
+        3. It can be called against any backend.  Backends that don't support
+           RETURNING will skip the usage of the feature, rather than raising
+           an exception.  The return value of
+           :attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults` will be ``None``
+
+        :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` is used by the ORM to provide
+        an efficient implementation for the ``eager_defaults`` feature of
+        :func:`.mapper`.
+
+        :param cols: optional list of column key names or :class:`.Column`
+         objects.  If omitted, all column expressions evaluated on the server
+         are added to the returning list.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+
+            :attr:`.ResultProxy.returned_defaults`
+
+        """
+        self._return_defaults = cols or True
+
+
+class Insert(ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an INSERT construct.
+
+    The :class:`.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`~.expression.insert()` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'insert'
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = True
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 table,
+                 values=None,
+                 inline=False,
+                 bind=None,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 returning=None,
+                 return_defaults=False,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct an :class:`.Insert` object.
+
+        Similar functionality is available via the
+        :meth:`~.TableClause.insert` method on
+        :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        :param table: :class:`.TableClause` which is the subject of the
+         insert.
+
+        :param values: collection of values to be inserted; see
+         :meth:`.Insert.values` for a description of allowed formats here.
+         Can be omitted entirely; a :class:`.Insert` construct will also
+         dynamically render the VALUES clause at execution time based on
+         the parameters passed to :meth:`.Connection.execute`.
+
+        :param inline: if True, no attempt will be made to retrieve the
+         SQL-generated default values to be provided within the statement;
+         in particular,
+         this allows SQL expressions to be rendered 'inline' within the
+         statement without the need to pre-execute them beforehand; for
+         backends that support "returning", this turns off the "implicit
+         returning" feature for the statement.
+
+        If both `values` and compile-time bind parameters are present, the
+        compile-time bind parameters override the information specified
+        within `values` on a per-key basis.
+
+        The keys within `values` can be either
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects or their string
+        identifiers. Each key may reference one of:
+
+        * a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.);
+        * a Column object;
+        * a SELECT statement.
+
+        If a ``SELECT`` statement is specified which references this
+        ``INSERT`` statement's table, the statement will be correlated
+        against the ``INSERT`` statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions` - SQL Expression Tutorial
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression Tutorial
+
+        """
+        ValuesBase.__init__(self, table, values, prefixes)
+        self._bind = bind
+        self.select = self.select_names = None
+        self.include_insert_from_select_defaults = False
+        self.inline = inline
+        self._returning = returning
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+        self._return_defaults = return_defaults
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self.select is not None:
+            return self.select,
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def from_select(self, names, select, include_defaults=True):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Insert` construct which represents
+        an ``INSERT...FROM SELECT`` statement.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            sel = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).where(table1.c.c > 5)
+            ins = table2.insert().from_select(['a', 'b'], sel)
+
+        :param names: a sequence of string column names or :class:`.Column`
+         objects representing the target columns.
+        :param select: a :func:`.select` construct, :class:`.FromClause`
+         or other construct which resolves into a :class:`.FromClause`,
+         such as an ORM :class:`.Query` object, etc.  The order of
+         columns returned from this FROM clause should correspond to the
+         order of columns sent as the ``names`` parameter;  while this
+         is not checked before passing along to the database, the database
+         would normally raise an exception if these column lists don't
+         correspond.
+        :param include_defaults: if True, non-server default values and
+         SQL expressions as specified on :class:`.Column` objects
+         (as documented in :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`) not
+         otherwise specified in the list of names will be rendered
+         into the INSERT and SELECT statements, so that these values are also
+         included in the data to be inserted.
+
+         .. note:: A Python-side default that uses a Python callable function
+            will only be invoked **once** for the whole statement, and **not
+            per row**.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 - :meth:`.Insert.from_select` now renders
+            Python-side and SQL expression column defaults into the
+            SELECT statement for columns otherwise not included in the
+            list of column names.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 an INSERT that uses FROM SELECT
+           implies that the :paramref:`.insert.inline` flag is set to
+           True, indicating that the statement will not attempt to fetch
+           the "last inserted primary key" or other defaults.  The statement
+           deals with an arbitrary number of rows, so the
+           :attr:`.ResultProxy.inserted_primary_key` accessor does not apply.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8.3
+
+        """
+        if self.parameters:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already inserts value expressions")
+
+        self.parameters, self._has_multi_parameters = \
+            self._process_colparams(
+                dict((_column_as_key(n), Null()) for n in names))
+
+        self.select_names = names
+        self.inline = True
+        self.include_insert_from_select_defaults = include_defaults
+        self.select = _interpret_as_select(select)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
+        if self.select is not None:
+            self.select = _clone(self.select)
+
+
+class Update(ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an Update construct.
+
+    The :class:`.Update` object is created using the :func:`update()`
+    function.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'update'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 table,
+                 whereclause=None,
+                 values=None,
+                 inline=False,
+                 bind=None,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 returning=None,
+                 return_defaults=False,
+                 preserve_parameter_order=False,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct an :class:`.Update` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import update
+
+            stmt = update(users).where(users.c.id==5).\\
+                    values(name='user #5')
+
+        Similar functionality is available via the
+        :meth:`~.TableClause.update` method on
+        :class:`.Table`::
+
+            stmt = users.update().\\
+                        where(users.c.id==5).\\
+                        values(name='user #5')
+
+        :param table: A :class:`.Table` object representing the database
+         table to be updated.
+
+        :param whereclause: Optional SQL expression describing the ``WHERE``
+         condition of the ``UPDATE`` statement.   Modern applications
+         may prefer to use the generative :meth:`~Update.where()`
+         method to specify the ``WHERE`` clause.
+
+         The WHERE clause can refer to multiple tables.
+         For databases which support this, an ``UPDATE FROM`` clause will
+         be generated, or on MySQL, a multi-table update.  The statement
+         will fail on databases that don't have support for multi-table
+         update statements.  A SQL-standard method of referring to
+         additional tables in the WHERE clause is to use a correlated
+         subquery::
+
+            users.update().values(name='ed').where(
+                    users.c.name==select([addresses.c.email_address]).\\
+                                where(addresses.c.user_id==users.c.id).\\
+                                as_scalar()
+                    )
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+             The WHERE clause can refer to multiple tables.
+
+        :param values:
+          Optional dictionary which specifies the ``SET`` conditions of the
+          ``UPDATE``.  If left as ``None``, the ``SET``
+          conditions are determined from those parameters passed to the
+          statement during the execution and/or compilation of the
+          statement.   When compiled standalone without any parameters,
+          the ``SET`` clause generates for all columns.
+
+          Modern applications may prefer to use the generative
+          :meth:`.Update.values` method to set the values of the
+          UPDATE statement.
+
+        :param inline:
+          if True, SQL defaults present on :class:`.Column` objects via
+          the ``default`` keyword will be compiled 'inline' into the statement
+          and not pre-executed.  This means that their values will not
+          be available in the dictionary returned from
+          :meth:`.ResultProxy.last_updated_params`.
+
+        :param preserve_parameter_order: if True, the update statement is
+          expected to receive parameters **only** via the :meth:`.Update.values`
+          method, and they must be passed as a Python ``list`` of 2-tuples.
+          The rendered UPDATE statement will emit the SET clause for each
+          referenced column maintaining this order.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.0.10
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`updates_order_parameters` - full example of the
+            :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order` flag
+
+        If both ``values`` and compile-time bind parameters are present, the
+        compile-time bind parameters override the information specified
+        within ``values`` on a per-key basis.
+
+        The keys within ``values`` can be either :class:`.Column`
+        objects or their string identifiers (specifically the "key" of the
+        :class:`.Column`, normally but not necessarily equivalent to
+        its "name").  Normally, the
+        :class:`.Column` objects used here are expected to be
+        part of the target :class:`.Table` that is the table
+        to be updated.  However when using MySQL, a multiple-table
+        UPDATE statement can refer to columns from any of
+        the tables referred to in the WHERE clause.
+
+        The values referred to in ``values`` are typically:
+
+        * a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.)
+        * a SQL expression, such as a related :class:`.Column`,
+          a scalar-returning :func:`.select` construct,
+          etc.
+
+        When combining :func:`.select` constructs within the values
+        clause of an :func:`.update` construct,
+        the subquery represented by the :func:`.select` should be
+        *correlated* to the parent table, that is, providing criterion
+        which links the table inside the subquery to the outer table
+        being updated::
+
+            users.update().values(
+                    name=select([addresses.c.email_address]).\\
+                            where(addresses.c.user_id==users.c.id).\\
+                            as_scalar()
+                )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inserts_and_updates` - SQL Expression
+            Language Tutorial
+
+
+        """
+        self._preserve_parameter_order = preserve_parameter_order
+        ValuesBase.__init__(self, table, values, prefixes)
+        self._bind = bind
+        self._returning = returning
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = None
+        self.inline = inline
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+        self._return_defaults = return_defaults
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            return self._whereclause,
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        self._whereclause = clone(self._whereclause, **kw)
+        self.parameters = self.parameters.copy()
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, whereclause):
+        """return a new update() construct with the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = and_(self._whereclause,
+                                     _literal_as_text(whereclause))
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+
+    @property
+    def _extra_froms(self):
+        # TODO: this could be made memoized
+        # if the memoization is reset on each generative call.
+        froms = []
+        seen = set([self.table])
+
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            for item in _from_objects(self._whereclause):
+                if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                    froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        return froms
+
+
+class Delete(UpdateBase):
+    """Represent a DELETE construct.
+
+    The :class:`.Delete` object is created using the :func:`delete()`
+    function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'delete'
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 table,
+                 whereclause=None,
+                 bind=None,
+                 returning=None,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct :class:`.Delete` object.
+
+        Similar functionality is available via the
+        :meth:`~.TableClause.delete` method on
+        :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        :param table: The table to delete rows from.
+
+        :param whereclause: A :class:`.ClauseElement` describing the ``WHERE``
+          condition of the ``DELETE`` statement. Note that the
+          :meth:`~Delete.where()` generative method may be used instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`deletes` - SQL Expression Tutorial
+
+        """
+        self._bind = bind
+        self.table = _interpret_as_from(table)
+        self._returning = returning
+
+        if prefixes:
+            self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = None
+
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            return self._whereclause,
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, whereclause):
+        """Add the given WHERE clause to a newly returned delete construct."""
+
+        if self._whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = and_(self._whereclause,
+                                     _literal_as_text(whereclause))
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(whereclause)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # TODO: coverage
+        self._whereclause = clone(self._whereclause, **kw)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67957a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3951 @@
+# sql/elements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Core SQL expression elements, including :class:`.ClauseElement`,
+:class:`.ColumnElement`, and derived classes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from .. import util, exc, inspection
+from . import type_api
+from . import operators
+from .visitors import Visitable, cloned_traverse, traverse
+from .annotation import Annotated
+import itertools
+from .base import Executable, PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT, Immutable, NO_ARG
+from .base import _generative
+import numbers
+
+import re
+import operator
+
+
+def _clone(element, **kw):
+    return element._clone()
+
+
+def collate(expression, collation):
+    """Return the clause ``expression COLLATE collation``.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        collate(mycolumn, 'utf8_bin')
+
+    produces::
+
+        mycolumn COLLATE utf8_bin
+
+    """
+
+    expr = _literal_as_binds(expression)
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        _literal_as_text(collation),
+        operators.collate, type_=expr.type)
+
+
+def between(expr, lower_bound, upper_bound, symmetric=False):
+    """Produce a ``BETWEEN`` predicate clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import between
+        stmt = select([users_table]).where(between(users_table.c.id, 5, 7))
+
+    Would produce SQL resembling::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE id BETWEEN :id_1 AND :id_2
+
+    The :func:`.between` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`.ColumnElement.between` method available on all
+    SQL expressions, as in::
+
+        stmt = select([users_table]).where(users_table.c.id.between(5, 7))
+
+    All arguments passed to :func:`.between`, including the left side
+    column expression, are coerced from Python scalar values if a
+    the value is not a :class:`.ColumnElement` subclass.   For example,
+    three fixed values can be compared as in::
+
+        print(between(5, 3, 7))
+
+    Which would produce::
+
+        :param_1 BETWEEN :param_2 AND :param_3
+
+    :param expr: a column expression, typically a :class:`.ColumnElement`
+     instance or alternatively a Python scalar expression to be coerced
+     into a column expression, serving as the left side of the ``BETWEEN``
+     expression.
+
+    :param lower_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     lower bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param upper_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     upper bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param symmetric: if True, will render " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC ". Note
+     that not all databases support this syntax.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.5
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.between`
+
+    """
+    expr = _literal_as_binds(expr)
+    return expr.between(lower_bound, upper_bound, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def literal(value, type_=None):
+    """Return a literal clause, bound to a bind parameter.
+
+    Literal clauses are created automatically when non-
+    :class:`.ClauseElement` objects (such as strings, ints, dates, etc.) are
+    used in a comparison operation with a :class:`.ColumnElement` subclass,
+    such as a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` object.  Use this function
+    to force the generation of a literal clause, which will be created as a
+    :class:`BindParameter` with a bound value.
+
+    :param value: the value to be bound. Can be any Python object supported by
+        the underlying DB-API, or is translatable via the given type argument.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine` which
+        will provide bind-parameter translation for this literal.
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(None, value, type_=type_, unique=True)
+
+
+def type_coerce(expression, type_):
+    """Associate a SQL expression with a particular type, without rendering
+    ``CAST``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
+
+        stmt = select([type_coerce(log_table.date_string, StringDateTime())])
+
+    The above construct will produce SQL that is usually otherwise unaffected
+    by the :func:`.type_coerce` call::
+
+        SELECT date_string FROM log
+
+    However, when result rows are fetched, the ``StringDateTime`` type
+    will be applied to result rows on behalf of the ``date_string`` column.
+
+    A type that features bound-value handling will also have that behavior
+    take effect when literal values or :func:`.bindparam` constructs are
+    passed to :func:`.type_coerce` as targets.
+    For example, if a type implements the :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_expression`
+    method or :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method or equivalent,
+    these functions will take effect at statement compilation/execution time
+    when a literal value is passed, as in::
+
+        # bound-value handling of MyStringType will be applied to the
+        # literal value "some string"
+        stmt = select([type_coerce("some string", MyStringType)])
+
+    :func:`.type_coerce` is similar to the :func:`.cast` function,
+    except that it does not render the ``CAST`` expression in the resulting
+    statement.
+
+    :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a :class:`.ColumnElement`
+     expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound literal
+     value.
+
+    :param type_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+     the type to which the expression is coerced.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """
+    type_ = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+
+    if hasattr(expression, '__clause_element__'):
+        return type_coerce(expression.__clause_element__(), type_)
+    elif isinstance(expression, BindParameter):
+        bp = expression._clone()
+        bp.type = type_
+        return bp
+    elif not isinstance(expression, Visitable):
+        if expression is None:
+            return Null()
+        else:
+            return literal(expression, type_=type_)
+    else:
+        return Label(None, expression, type_=type_)
+
+
+def outparam(key, type_=None):
+    """Create an 'OUT' parameter for usage in functions (stored procedures),
+    for databases which support them.
+
+    The ``outparam`` can be used like a regular function parameter.
+    The "output" value will be available from the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.ResultProxy` object via its ``out_parameters``
+    attribute, which returns a dictionary containing the values.
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(
+        key, None, type_=type_, unique=False, isoutparam=True)
+
+
+def not_(clause):
+    """Return a negation of the given clause, i.e. ``NOT(clause)``.
+
+    The ``~`` operator is also overloaded on all
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` subclasses to produce the
+    same result.
+
+    """
+    return operators.inv(_literal_as_binds(clause))
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class ClauseElement(Visitable):
+    """Base class for elements of a programmatically constructed SQL
+    expression.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'clause'
+
+    _annotations = {}
+    supports_execution = False
+    _from_objects = []
+    bind = None
+    _is_clone_of = None
+    is_selectable = False
+    is_clause_element = True
+
+    description = None
+    _order_by_label_element = None
+    _is_from_container = False
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        """Create a shallow copy of this ClauseElement.
+
+        This method may be used by a generative API.  Its also used as
+        part of the "deep" copy afforded by a traversal that combines
+        the _copy_internals() method.
+
+        """
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        ClauseElement._cloned_set._reset(c)
+        ColumnElement.comparator._reset(c)
+
+        # this is a marker that helps to "equate" clauses to each other
+        # when a Select returns its list of FROM clauses.  the cloning
+        # process leaves around a lot of remnants of the previous clause
+        # typically in the form of column expressions still attached to the
+        # old table.
+        c._is_clone_of = self
+
+        return c
+
+    @property
+    def _constructor(self):
+        """return the 'constructor' for this ClauseElement.
+
+        This is for the purposes for creating a new object of
+        this type.   Usually, its just the element's __class__.
+        However, the "Annotated" version of the object overrides
+        to return the class of its proxied element.
+
+        """
+        return self.__class__
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _cloned_set(self):
+        """Return the set consisting all cloned ancestors of this
+        ClauseElement.
+
+        Includes this ClauseElement.  This accessor tends to be used for
+        FromClause objects to identify 'equivalent' FROM clauses, regardless
+        of transformative operations.
+
+        """
+        s = util.column_set()
+        f = self
+        while f is not None:
+            s.add(f)
+            f = f._is_clone_of
+        return s
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d.pop('_is_clone_of', None)
+        return d
+
+    def _annotate(self, values):
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        updated by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated(self, values)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        replaced by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated(self, values)
+
+    def _deannotate(self, values=None, clone=False):
+        """return a copy of this :class:`.ClauseElement` with annotations
+        removed.
+
+        :param values: optional tuple of individual values
+         to remove.
+
+        """
+        if clone:
+            # clone is used when we are also copying
+            # the expression for a deep deannotation
+            return self._clone()
+        else:
+            # if no clone, since we have no annotations we return
+            # self
+            return self
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def unique_params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        """Return a copy with :func:`bindparam()` elements replaced.
+
+        Same functionality as ``params()``, except adds `unique=True`
+        to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be
+        used.
+
+        """
+        return self._params(True, optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        """Return a copy with :func:`bindparam()` elements replaced.
+
+        Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with :func:`bindparam()`
+        elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary::
+
+          >>> clause = column('x') + bindparam('foo')
+          >>> print clause.compile().params
+          {'foo':None}
+          >>> print clause.params({'foo':7}).compile().params
+          {'foo':7}
+
+        """
+        return self._params(False, optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def _params(self, unique, optionaldict, kwargs):
+        if len(optionaldict) == 1:
+            kwargs.update(optionaldict[0])
+        elif len(optionaldict) > 1:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional dictionary argument")
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bind):
+            if bind.key in kwargs:
+                bind.value = kwargs[bind.key]
+                bind.required = False
+            if unique:
+                bind._convert_to_unique()
+        return cloned_traverse(self, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam})
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this ClauseElement to the given ClauseElement.
+
+        Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a
+        straight identity comparison.
+
+        \**kw are arguments consumed by subclass compare() methods and
+        may be used to modify the criteria for comparison.
+        (see :class:`.ColumnElement`)
+
+        """
+        return self is other
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        """Reassign internal elements to be clones of themselves.
+
+        Called during a copy-and-traverse operation on newly
+        shallow-copied elements to create a deep copy.
+
+        The given clone function should be used, which may be applying
+        additional transformations to the element (i.e. replacement
+        traversal, cloned traversal, annotations).
+
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return immediate child elements of this :class:`.ClauseElement`.
+
+        This is used for visit traversal.
+
+        \**kwargs may contain flags that change the collection that is
+        returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to
+        cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a
+        different context (such as schema-level collections instead of
+        clause-level).
+
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        """Apply a 'grouping' to this :class:`.ClauseElement`.
+
+        This method is overridden by subclasses to return a
+        "grouping" construct, i.e. parenthesis.   In particular
+        it's used by "binary" expressions to provide a grouping
+        around themselves when placed into a larger expression,
+        as well as by :func:`.select` constructs when placed into
+        the FROM clause of another :func:`.select`.  (Note that
+        subqueries should be normally created using the
+        :meth:`.Select.alias` method, as many platforms require
+        nested SELECT statements to be named).
+
+        As expressions are composed together, the application of
+        :meth:`self_group` is automatic - end-user code should never
+        need to use this method directly.  Note that SQLAlchemy's
+        clause constructs take operator precedence into account -
+        so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in
+        an expression like ``x OR (y AND z)`` - AND takes precedence
+        over OR.
+
+        The base :meth:`self_group` method of :class:`.ClauseElement`
+        just returns self.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    def compile(self, default, bind=None, dialect=None, **kw):
+        """Compile this SQL expression.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`~.Compiled` object.
+        Calling ``str()`` or ``unicode()`` on the returned value will yield a
+        string representation of the result. The
+        :class:`~.Compiled` object also can return a
+        dictionary of bind parameter names and values
+        using the ``params`` accessor.
+
+        :param bind: An ``Engine`` or ``Connection`` from which a
+            ``Compiled`` will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over
+            this :class:`.ClauseElement`'s bound engine, if any.
+
+        :param column_keys: Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of
+            column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the
+            compiled statement. If ``None``, all columns from the target table
+            object are rendered.
+
+        :param dialect: A ``Dialect`` instance from which a ``Compiled``
+            will be acquired. This argument takes precedence over the `bind`
+            argument as well as this :class:`.ClauseElement`'s bound engine,
+            if any.
+
+        :param inline: Used for INSERT statements, for a dialect which does
+            not support inline retrieval of newly generated primary key
+            columns, will force the expression used to create the new primary
+            key value to be rendered inline within the INSERT statement's
+            VALUES clause. This typically refers to Sequence execution but may
+            also refer to any server-side default generation function
+            associated with a primary key `Column`.
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: optional dictionary of additional parameters
+            that will be passed through to the compiler within all "visit"
+            methods.  This allows any custom flag to be passed through to
+            a custom compilation construct, for example.  It is also used
+            for the case of passing the ``literal_binds`` flag through::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select
+
+                t = table('t', column('x'))
+
+                s = select([t]).where(t.c.x == 5)
+
+                print s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True})
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+        """
+
+        if not dialect:
+            if bind:
+                dialect = bind.dialect
+            elif self.bind:
+                dialect = self.bind.dialect
+                bind = self.bind
+            else:
+                dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+        return self._compiler(dialect, bind=bind, **kw)
+
+    def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        return dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return str(self.compile())
+        else:
+            return unicode(self.compile()).encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        """'and' at the ClauseElement level.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.5 - conjunctions are intended to be
+           at the :class:`.ColumnElement`. level
+
+        """
+        return and_(self, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        """'or' at the ClauseElement level.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.9.5 - conjunctions are intended to be
+           at the :class:`.ColumnElement`. level
+
+        """
+        return or_(self, other)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'negation_clause'):
+            return self.negation_clause
+        else:
+            return self._negate()
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            self.self_group(against=operators.inv),
+            operator=operators.inv,
+            negate=None)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        friendly = self.description
+        if friendly is None:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        else:
+            return '<%s.%s at 0x%x; %s>' % (
+                self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, id(self), friendly)
+
+
+class ColumnElement(operators.ColumnOperators, ClauseElement):
+    """Represent a column-oriented SQL expression suitable for usage in the
+    "columns" clause, WHERE clause etc. of a statement.
+
+    While the most familiar kind of :class:`.ColumnElement` is the
+    :class:`.Column` object, :class:`.ColumnElement` serves as the basis
+    for any unit that may be present in a SQL expression, including
+    the expressions themselves, SQL functions, bound parameters,
+    literal expressions, keywords such as ``NULL``, etc.
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` is the ultimate base class for all such elements.
+
+    A wide variety of SQLAlchemy Core functions work at the SQL expression
+    level, and are intended to accept instances of :class:`.ColumnElement` as
+    arguments.  These functions will typically document that they accept a
+    "SQL expression" as an argument.  What this means in terms of SQLAlchemy
+    usually refers to an input which is either already in the form of a
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` object, or a value which can be **coerced** into
+    one.  The coercion rules followed by most, but not all, SQLAlchemy Core
+    functions with regards to SQL expressions are as follows:
+
+        * a literal Python value, such as a string, integer or floating
+          point value, boolean, datetime, ``Decimal`` object, or virtually
+          any other Python object, will be coerced into a "literal bound
+          value".  This generally means that a :func:`.bindparam` will be
+          produced featuring the given value embedded into the construct; the
+          resulting :class:`.BindParameter` object is an instance of
+          :class:`.ColumnElement`.  The Python value will ultimately be sent
+          to the DBAPI at execution time as a paramterized argument to the
+          ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` methods, after SQLAlchemy
+          type-specific converters (e.g. those provided by any associated
+          :class:`.TypeEngine` objects) are applied to the value.
+
+        * any special object value, typically ORM-level constructs, which
+          feature a method called ``__clause_element__()``.  The Core
+          expression system looks for this method when an object of otherwise
+          unknown type is passed to a function that is looking to coerce the
+          argument into a :class:`.ColumnElement` expression.  The
+          ``__clause_element__()`` method, if present, should return a
+          :class:`.ColumnElement` instance.  The primary use of
+          ``__clause_element__()`` within SQLAlchemy is that of class-bound
+          attributes on ORM-mapped classes; a ``User`` class which contains a
+          mapped attribute named ``.name`` will have a method
+          ``User.name.__clause_element__()`` which when invoked returns the
+          :class:`.Column` called ``name`` associated with the mapped table.
+
+        * The Python ``None`` value is typically interpreted as ``NULL``,
+          which in SQLAlchemy Core produces an instance of :func:`.null`.
+
+    A :class:`.ColumnElement` provides the ability to generate new
+    :class:`.ColumnElement`
+    objects using Python expressions.  This means that Python operators
+    such as ``==``, ``!=`` and ``<`` are overloaded to mimic SQL operations,
+    and allow the instantiation of further :class:`.ColumnElement` instances
+    which are composed from other, more fundamental :class:`.ColumnElement`
+    objects.  For example, two :class:`.ColumnClause` objects can be added
+    together with the addition operator ``+`` to produce
+    a :class:`.BinaryExpression`.
+    Both :class:`.ColumnClause` and :class:`.BinaryExpression` are subclasses
+    of :class:`.ColumnElement`::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column('a') + column('b')
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression object at 0x101029dd0>
+        >>> print column('a') + column('b')
+        a + b
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Column`
+
+        :func:`.expression.column`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'column'
+    primary_key = False
+    foreign_keys = []
+
+    _label = None
+    """The named label that can be used to target
+    this column in a result set.
+
+    This label is almost always the label used when
+    rendering <expr> AS <label> in a SELECT statement.  It also
+    refers to a name that this column expression can be located from
+    in a result set.
+
+    For a regular Column bound to a Table, this is typically the label
+    <tablename>_<columnname>.  For other constructs, different rules
+    may apply, such as anonymized labels and others.
+
+    """
+
+    key = None
+    """the 'key' that in some circumstances refers to this object in a
+    Python namespace.
+
+    This typically refers to the "key" of the column as present in the
+    ``.c`` collection of a selectable, e.g. sometable.c["somekey"] would
+    return a Column with a .key of "somekey".
+
+    """
+
+    _key_label = None
+    """A label-based version of 'key' that in some circumstances refers
+    to this object in a Python namespace.
+
+
+    _key_label comes into play when a select() statement is constructed with
+    apply_labels(); in this case, all Column objects in the ``.c`` collection
+    are rendered as <tablename>_<columnname> in SQL; this is essentially the
+    value of ._label.  But to locate those columns in the ``.c`` collection,
+    the name is along the lines of <tablename>_<key>; that's the typical
+    value of .key_label.
+
+    """
+
+    _render_label_in_columns_clause = True
+    """A flag used by select._columns_plus_names that helps to determine
+    we are actually going to render in terms of "SELECT <col> AS <label>".
+    This flag can be returned as False for some Column objects that want
+    to be rendered as simple "SELECT <col>"; typically columns that don't have
+    any parent table and are named the same as what the label would be
+    in any case.
+
+    """
+
+    _resolve_label = None
+    """The name that should be used to identify this ColumnElement in a
+    select() object when "label resolution" logic is used; this refers
+    to using a string name in an expression like order_by() or group_by()
+    that wishes to target a labeled expression in the columns clause.
+
+    The name is distinct from that of .name or ._label to account for the case
+    where anonymizing logic may be used to change the name that's actually
+    rendered at compile time; this attribute should hold onto the original
+    name that was user-assigned when producing a .label() construct.
+
+    """
+
+    _allow_label_resolve = True
+    """A flag that can be flipped to prevent a column from being resolvable
+    by string label name."""
+
+    _alt_names = ()
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if (against in (operators.and_, operators.or_, operators._asbool) and
+                self.type._type_affinity
+                is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity):
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.istrue, operators.isfalse)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity:
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.isfalse, operators.istrue)
+        else:
+            return super(ColumnElement, self)._negate()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def comparator(self):
+        try:
+            comparator_factory = self.type.comparator_factory
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Object %r associated with '.type' attribute "
+                "is not a TypeEngine class or object" % self.type)
+        else:
+            return comparator_factory(self)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                'Neither %r object nor %r object has an attribute %r' % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    key)
+            )
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(None, obj,
+                             _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type, unique=True)
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self):
+        """Return a column expression.
+
+        Part of the inspection interface; returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self, )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def base_columns(self):
+        return util.column_set(c for c in self.proxy_set
+                               if not hasattr(c, '_proxies'))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        s = util.column_set([self])
+        if hasattr(self, '_proxies'):
+            for c in self._proxies:
+                s.update(c.proxy_set)
+        return s
+
+    def shares_lineage(self, othercolumn):
+        """Return True if the given :class:`.ColumnElement`
+        has a common ancestor to this :class:`.ColumnElement`."""
+
+        return bool(self.proxy_set.intersection(othercolumn.proxy_set))
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        """Return True if the given column element compares to this one
+        when targeting within a result row."""
+
+        return hasattr(other, 'name') and hasattr(self, 'name') and \
+            other.name == self.name
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+            self, selectable, name=None, name_is_truncatable=False, **kw):
+        """Create a new :class:`.ColumnElement` representing this
+        :class:`.ColumnElement` as it appears in the select list of a
+        descending selectable.
+
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.anon_label
+            if self.key:
+                key = self.key
+            else:
+                try:
+                    key = str(self)
+                except exc.UnsupportedCompilationError:
+                    key = self.anon_label
+
+        else:
+            key = name
+        co = ColumnClause(
+            _as_truncated(name) if name_is_truncatable else name,
+            type_=getattr(self, 'type', None),
+            _selectable=selectable
+        )
+        co._proxies = [self]
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            co._is_clone_of = \
+                selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(key)
+        selectable._columns[key] = co
+        return co
+
+    def compare(self, other, use_proxies=False, equivalents=None, **kw):
+        """Compare this ColumnElement to another.
+
+        Special arguments understood:
+
+        :param use_proxies: when True, consider two columns that
+          share a common base column as equivalent (i.e. shares_lineage())
+
+        :param equivalents: a dictionary of columns as keys mapped to sets
+          of columns. If the given "other" column is present in this
+          dictionary, if any of the columns in the corresponding set() pass
+          the comparison test, the result is True. This is used to expand the
+          comparison to other columns that may be known to be equivalent to
+          this one via foreign key or other criterion.
+
+        """
+        to_compare = (other, )
+        if equivalents and other in equivalents:
+            to_compare = equivalents[other].union(to_compare)
+
+        for oth in to_compare:
+            if use_proxies and self.shares_lineage(oth):
+                return True
+            elif hash(oth) == hash(self):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def cast(self, type_):
+        """Produce a type cast, i.e. ``CAST(<expression> AS <type>)``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`~.expression.cast` function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.7
+
+        """
+        return Cast(self, type_)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Produce a column label, i.e. ``<columnname> AS <name>``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`~.expression.label` function.
+
+        if 'name' is None, an anonymous label name will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return Label(name, self, self.type)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def anon_label(self):
+        """provides a constant 'anonymous label' for this ColumnElement.
+
+        This is a label() expression which will be named at compile time.
+        The same label() is returned each time anon_label is called so
+        that expressions can reference anon_label multiple times, producing
+        the same label name at compile time.
+
+        the compiler uses this function automatically at compile time
+        for expressions that are known to be 'unnamed' like binary
+        expressions and function calls.
+
+        """
+        while self._is_clone_of is not None:
+            self = self._is_clone_of
+
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            '%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), getattr(self, 'name', 'anon'))
+        )
+
+
+class BindParameter(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a "bound expression".
+
+    :class:`.BindParameter` is invoked explicitly using the
+    :func:`.bindparam` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+        stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                    where(users_table.c.name == bindparam('username'))
+
+    Detailed discussion of how :class:`.BindParameter` is used is
+    at :func:`.bindparam`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.bindparam`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'bindparam'
+
+    _is_crud = False
+
+    def __init__(self, key, value=NO_ARG, type_=None,
+                 unique=False, required=NO_ARG,
+                 quote=None, callable_=None,
+                 isoutparam=False,
+                 _compared_to_operator=None,
+                 _compared_to_type=None):
+        """Produce a "bound expression".
+
+        The return value is an instance of :class:`.BindParameter`; this
+        is a :class:`.ColumnElement` subclass which represents a so-called
+        "placeholder" value in a SQL expression, the value of which is
+        supplied at the point at which the statement in executed against a
+        database connection.
+
+        In SQLAlchemy, the :func:`.bindparam` construct has
+        the ability to carry along the actual value that will be ultimately
+        used at expression time.  In this way, it serves not just as
+        a "placeholder" for eventual population, but also as a means of
+        representing so-called "unsafe" values which should not be rendered
+        directly in a SQL statement, but rather should be passed along
+        to the :term:`DBAPI` as values which need to be correctly escaped
+        and potentially handled for type-safety.
+
+        When using :func:`.bindparam` explicitly, the use case is typically
+        one of traditional deferment of parameters; the :func:`.bindparam`
+        construct accepts a name which can then be referred to at execution
+        time::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(users_table.c.name == bindparam('username'))
+
+        The above statement, when rendered, will produce SQL similar to::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name = :username
+
+        In order to populate the value of ``:username`` above, the value
+        would typically be applied at execution time to a method
+        like :meth:`.Connection.execute`::
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt, username='wendy')
+
+        Explicit use of :func:`.bindparam` is also common when producing
+        UPDATE or DELETE statements that are to be invoked multiple times,
+        where the WHERE criterion of the statement is to change on each
+        invocation, such as::
+
+            stmt = (users_table.update().
+                    where(user_table.c.name == bindparam('username')).
+                    values(fullname=bindparam('fullname'))
+                    )
+
+            connection.execute(
+                stmt, [{"username": "wendy", "fullname": "Wendy Smith"},
+                       {"username": "jack", "fullname": "Jack Jones"},
+                       ]
+            )
+
+        SQLAlchemy's Core expression system makes wide use of
+        :func:`.bindparam` in an implicit sense.   It is typical that Python
+        literal values passed to virtually all SQL expression functions are
+        coerced into fixed :func:`.bindparam` constructs.  For example, given
+        a comparison operation such as::
+
+            expr = users_table.c.name == 'Wendy'
+
+        The above expression will produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression`
+        construct, where the left side is the :class:`.Column` object
+        representing the ``name`` column, and the right side is a
+        :class:`.BindParameter` representing the literal value::
+
+            print(repr(expr.right))
+            BindParameter('%(4327771088 name)s', 'Wendy', type_=String())
+
+        The expression above will render SQL such as::
+
+            user.name = :name_1
+
+        Where the ``:name_1`` parameter name is an anonymous name.  The
+        actual string ``Wendy`` is not in the rendered string, but is carried
+        along where it is later used within statement execution.  If we
+        invoke a statement like the following::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(users_table.c.name == 'Wendy')
+            result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+        We would see SQL logging output as::
+
+            SELECT "user".id, "user".name
+            FROM "user"
+            WHERE "user".name = %(name_1)s
+            {'name_1': 'Wendy'}
+
+        Above, we see that ``Wendy`` is passed as a parameter to the database,
+        while the placeholder ``:name_1`` is rendered in the appropriate form
+        for the target database, in this case the Postgresql database.
+
+        Similarly, :func:`.bindparam` is invoked automatically
+        when working with :term:`CRUD` statements as far as the "VALUES"
+        portion is concerned.   The :func:`.insert` construct produces an
+        ``INSERT`` expression which will, at statement execution time,
+        generate bound placeholders based on the arguments passed, as in::
+
+            stmt = users_table.insert()
+            result = connection.execute(stmt, name='Wendy')
+
+        The above will produce SQL output as::
+
+            INSERT INTO "user" (name) VALUES (%(name)s)
+            {'name': 'Wendy'}
+
+        The :class:`.Insert` construct, at compilation/execution time,
+        rendered a single :func:`.bindparam` mirroring the column
+        name ``name`` as a result of the single ``name`` parameter
+        we passed to the :meth:`.Connection.execute` method.
+
+        :param key:
+          the key (e.g. the name) for this bind param.
+          Will be used in the generated
+          SQL statement for dialects that use named parameters.  This
+          value may be modified when part of a compilation operation,
+          if other :class:`BindParameter` objects exist with the same
+          key, or if its length is too long and truncation is
+          required.
+
+        :param value:
+          Initial value for this bind param.  Will be used at statement
+          execution time as the value for this parameter passed to the
+          DBAPI, if no other value is indicated to the statement execution
+          method for this particular parameter name.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+        :param callable\_:
+          A callable function that takes the place of "value".  The function
+          will be called at statement execution time to determine the
+          ultimate value.   Used for scenarios where the actual bind
+          value cannot be determined at the point at which the clause
+          construct is created, but embedded bind values are still desirable.
+
+        :param type\_:
+          A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance representing an optional
+          datatype for this :func:`.bindparam`.  If not passed, a type
+          may be determined automatically for the bind, based on the given
+          value; for example, trivial Python types such as ``str``,
+          ``int``, ``bool``
+          may result in the :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer` or
+          :class:`.Boolean` types being autoamtically selected.
+
+          The type of a :func:`.bindparam` is significant especially in that
+          the type will apply pre-processing to the value before it is
+          passed to the database.  For example, a :func:`.bindparam` which
+          refers to a datetime value, and is specified as holding the
+          :class:`.DateTime` type, may apply conversion needed to the
+          value (such as stringification on SQLite) before passing the value
+          to the database.
+
+        :param unique:
+          if True, the key name of this :class:`.BindParameter` will be
+          modified if another :class:`.BindParameter` of the same name
+          already has been located within the containing
+          expression.  This flag is used generally by the internals
+          when producing so-called "anonymous" bound expressions, it
+          isn't generally applicable to explicitly-named :func:`.bindparam`
+          constructs.
+
+        :param required:
+          If ``True``, a value is required at execution time.  If not passed,
+          it defaults to ``True`` if neither :paramref:`.bindparam.value`
+          or :paramref:`.bindparam.callable` were passed.  If either of these
+          parameters are present, then :paramref:`.bindparam.required`
+          defaults to ``False``.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.8 If the ``required`` flag is not specified,
+             it will be set automatically to ``True`` or ``False`` depending
+             on whether or not the ``value`` or ``callable`` parameters
+             were specified.
+
+        :param quote:
+          True if this parameter name requires quoting and is not
+          currently known as a SQLAlchemy reserved word; this currently
+          only applies to the Oracle backend, where bound names must
+          sometimes be quoted.
+
+        :param isoutparam:
+          if True, the parameter should be treated like a stored procedure
+          "OUT" parameter.  This applies to backends such as Oracle which
+          support OUT parameters.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_bind_param`
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_insert_expressions`
+
+            :func:`.outparam`
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(key, ColumnClause):
+            type_ = key.type
+            key = key.key
+        if required is NO_ARG:
+            required = (value is NO_ARG and callable_ is None)
+        if value is NO_ARG:
+            value = None
+
+        if quote is not None:
+            key = quoted_name(key, quote)
+
+        if unique:
+            self.key = _anonymous_label('%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), key
+                                                        or 'param'))
+        else:
+            self.key = key or _anonymous_label('%%(%d param)s'
+                                               % id(self))
+
+        # identifying key that won't change across
+        # clones, used to identify the bind's logical
+        # identity
+        self._identifying_key = self.key
+
+        # key that was passed in the first place, used to
+        # generate new keys
+        self._orig_key = key or 'param'
+
+        self.unique = unique
+        self.value = value
+        self.callable = callable_
+        self.isoutparam = isoutparam
+        self.required = required
+        if type_ is None:
+            if _compared_to_type is not None:
+                self.type = \
+                    _compared_to_type.coerce_compared_value(
+                        _compared_to_operator, value)
+            else:
+                self.type = type_api._type_map.get(type(value),
+                                                   type_api.NULLTYPE)
+        elif isinstance(type_, type):
+            self.type = type_()
+        else:
+            self.type = type_
+
+    def _with_value(self, value):
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`.BindParameter` with the given value
+        set.
+        """
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.value = value
+        cloned.callable = None
+        cloned.required = False
+        if cloned.type is type_api.NULLTYPE:
+            cloned.type = type_api._type_map.get(type(value),
+                                                 type_api.NULLTYPE)
+        return cloned
+
+    @property
+    def effective_value(self):
+        """Return the value of this bound parameter,
+        taking into account if the ``callable`` parameter
+        was set.
+
+        The ``callable`` value will be evaluated
+        and returned if present, else ``value``.
+
+        """
+        if self.callable:
+            return self.callable()
+        else:
+            return self.value
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self)
+        if self.unique:
+            c.key = _anonymous_label('%%(%d %s)s' % (id(c), c._orig_key
+                                                     or 'param'))
+        return c
+
+    def _convert_to_unique(self):
+        if not self.unique:
+            self.unique = True
+            self.key = _anonymous_label(
+                '%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), self._orig_key or 'param'))
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`BindParameter` to the given
+        clause."""
+
+        return isinstance(other, BindParameter) \
+            and self.type._compare_type_affinity(other.type) \
+            and self.value == other.value
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """execute a deferred value for serialization purposes."""
+
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        v = self.value
+        if self.callable:
+            v = self.callable()
+            d['callable'] = None
+        d['value'] = v
+        return d
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'BindParameter(%r, %r, type_=%r)' % (self.key,
+                                                    self.value, self.type)
+
+
+class TypeClause(ClauseElement):
+    """Handle a type keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    Used by the ``Case`` statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'typeclause'
+
+    def __init__(self, type):
+        self.type = type
+
+
+class TextClause(Executable, ClauseElement):
+    """Represent a literal SQL text fragment.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+        result = connection.execute(t)
+
+
+    The :class:`.Text` construct is produced using the :func:`.text`
+    function; see that function for full documentation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.text`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'textclause'
+
+    _bind_params_regex = re.compile(r'(?<![:\w\x5c]):(\w+)(?!:)', re.UNICODE)
+    _execution_options = \
+        Executable._execution_options.union(
+            {'autocommit': PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT})
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self,)
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        return self
+
+    _hide_froms = []
+
+    # help in those cases where text() is
+    # interpreted in a column expression situation
+    key = _label = _resolve_label = None
+
+    _allow_label_resolve = False
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            text,
+            bind=None):
+        self._bind = bind
+        self._bindparams = {}
+
+        def repl(m):
+            self._bindparams[m.group(1)] = BindParameter(m.group(1))
+            return ':%s' % m.group(1)
+
+        # scan the string and search for bind parameter names, add them
+        # to the list of bindparams
+        self.text = self._bind_params_regex.sub(repl, text)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_text(self, text, bind=None, bindparams=None,
+                     typemap=None, autocommit=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.TextClause` clause, representing
+        a textual SQL string directly.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+
+            t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+            result = connection.execute(t)
+
+        The advantages :func:`.text` provides over a plain string are
+        backend-neutral support for bind parameters, per-statement
+        execution options, as well as
+        bind parameter and result-column typing behavior, allowing
+        SQLAlchemy type constructs to play a role when executing
+        a statement that is specified literally.  The construct can also
+        be provided with a ``.c`` collection of column elements, allowing
+        it to be embedded in other SQL expression constructs as a subquery.
+
+        Bind parameters are specified by name, using the format ``:name``.
+        E.g.::
+
+            t = text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:user_id")
+            result = connection.execute(t, user_id=12)
+
+        For SQL statements where a colon is required verbatim, as within
+        an inline string, use a backslash to escape::
+
+            t = text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name='\\:username'")
+
+        The :class:`.TextClause` construct includes methods which can
+        provide information about the bound parameters as well as the column
+        values which would be returned from the textual statement, assuming
+        it's an executable SELECT type of statement.  The
+        :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method is used to provide bound
+        parameter detail, and :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method allows
+        specification of return columns including names and types::
+
+            t = text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:user_id").\\
+                    bindparams(user_id=7).\\
+                    columns(id=Integer, name=String)
+
+            for id, name in connection.execute(t):
+                print(id, name)
+
+        The :func:`.text` construct is used in cases when
+        a literal string SQL fragment is specified as part of a larger query,
+        such as for the WHERE clause of a SELECT statement::
+
+            s = select([users.c.id, users.c.name]).where(text("id=:user_id"))
+            result = connection.execute(s, user_id=12)
+
+        :func:`.text` is also used for the construction
+        of a full, standalone statement using plain text.
+        As such, SQLAlchemy refers
+        to it as an :class:`.Executable` object, and it supports
+        the :meth:`Executable.execution_options` method.  For example,
+        a :func:`.text` construct that should be subject to "autocommit"
+        can be set explicitly so using the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.autocommit` option::
+
+            t = text("EXEC my_procedural_thing()").\\
+                    execution_options(autocommit=True)
+
+        Note that SQLAlchemy's usual "autocommit" behavior applies to
+        :func:`.text` constructs implicitly - that is, statements which begin
+        with a phrase such as ``INSERT``, ``UPDATE``, ``DELETE``,
+        or a variety of other phrases specific to certain backends, will
+        be eligible for autocommit if no transaction is in progress.
+
+        :param text:
+          the text of the SQL statement to be created.  use ``:<param>``
+          to specify bind parameters; they will be compiled to their
+          engine-specific format.
+
+        :param autocommit:
+          Deprecated.  Use .execution_options(autocommit=<True|False>)
+          to set the autocommit option.
+
+        :param bind:
+          an optional connection or engine to be used for this text query.
+
+        :param bindparams:
+          Deprecated.  A list of :func:`.bindparam` instances used to
+          provide information about parameters embedded in the statement.
+          This argument now invokes the :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams`
+          method on the construct before returning it.  E.g.::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id",
+                        bindparams=[bindparam('id', value=5, type_=Integer)])
+
+          Is equivalent to::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id=:id").\\
+                        bindparams(bindparam('id', value=5, type_=Integer))
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 the :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method
+             supersedes the ``bindparams`` argument to :func:`.text`.
+
+        :param typemap:
+          Deprecated.  A dictionary mapping the names of columns
+          represented in the columns clause of a ``SELECT`` statement
+          to type objects,
+          which will be used to perform post-processing on columns within
+          the result set.  This parameter now invokes the
+          :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method, which returns a
+          :class:`.TextAsFrom` construct that gains a ``.c`` collection and
+          can be embedded in other expressions.  E.g.::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table",
+                            typemap={'id': Integer, 'name': String},
+                        )
+
+          Is equivalent to::
+
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table").columns(id=Integer,
+                                                         name=String)
+
+          Or alternatively::
+
+              from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+              stmt = text("SELECT * FROM table").columns(
+                                    column('id', Integer),
+                                    column('name', String)
+                                )
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 the :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method
+             supersedes the ``typemap`` argument to :func:`.text`.
+
+        """
+        stmt = TextClause(text, bind=bind)
+        if bindparams:
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(*bindparams)
+        if typemap:
+            stmt = stmt.columns(**typemap)
+        if autocommit is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated('autocommit on text() is deprecated.  '
+                                 'Use .execution_options(autocommit=True)')
+            stmt = stmt.execution_options(autocommit=autocommit)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(self, *binds, **names_to_values):
+        """Establish the values and/or types of bound parameters within
+        this :class:`.TextClause` construct.
+
+        Given a text construct such as::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                        "AND timestamp=:timestamp")
+
+        the :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method can be used to establish
+        the initial value of ``:name`` and ``:timestamp``,
+        using simple keyword arguments::
+
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(name='jack',
+                        timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5))
+
+        Where above, new :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        will be generated with the names ``name`` and ``timestamp``, and
+        values of ``jack`` and ``datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)``,
+        respectively.  The types will be
+        inferred from the values given, in this case :class:`.String` and
+        :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        When specific typing behavior is needed, the positional ``*binds``
+        argument can be used in which to specify :func:`.bindparam` constructs
+        directly.  These constructs must include at least the ``key``
+        argument, then an optional value and type::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                            bindparam('name', value='jack', type_=String),
+                            bindparam('timestamp', type_=DateTime)
+                        )
+
+        Above, we specified the type of :class:`.DateTime` for the
+        ``timestamp`` bind, and the type of :class:`.String` for the ``name``
+        bind.  In the case of ``name`` we also set the default value of
+        ``"jack"``.
+
+        Additional bound parameters can be supplied at statement execution
+        time, e.g.::
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt,
+                        timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5))
+
+        The :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method can be called repeatedly,
+        where it will re-use existing :class:`.BindParameter` objects to add
+        new information.  For example, we can call
+        :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` first with typing information, and a
+        second time with value information, and it will be combined::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                        "AND timestamp=:timestamp")
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                bindparam('name', type_=String),
+                bindparam('timestamp', type_=DateTime)
+            )
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                name='jack',
+                timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)
+            )
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 The :meth:`.TextClause.bindparams` method
+           supersedes the argument ``bindparams`` passed to
+           :func:`~.expression.text`.
+
+
+        """
+        self._bindparams = new_params = self._bindparams.copy()
+
+        for bind in binds:
+            try:
+                existing = new_params[bind.key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % bind.key)
+            else:
+                new_params[existing.key] = bind
+
+        for key, value in names_to_values.items():
+            try:
+                existing = new_params[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % key)
+            else:
+                new_params[key] = existing._with_value(value)
+
+    @util.dependencies('sqlalchemy.sql.selectable')
+    def columns(self, selectable, *cols, **types):
+        """Turn this :class:`.TextClause` object into a :class:`.TextAsFrom`
+        object that can be embedded into another statement.
+
+        This function essentially bridges the gap between an entirely
+        textual SELECT statement and the SQL expression language concept
+        of a "selectable"::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column, text
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(column('id'), column('name')).alias('st')
+
+            stmt = select([mytable]).\\
+                    select_from(
+                        mytable.join(stmt, mytable.c.name == stmt.c.name)
+                    ).where(stmt.c.id > 5)
+
+        Above, we used untyped :func:`.column` elements.  These can also have
+        types specified, which will impact how the column behaves in
+        expressions as well as determining result set behavior::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                        column('id', Integer),
+                        column('name', Unicode),
+                        column('timestamp', DateTime)
+                    )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        Keyword arguments allow just the names and types of columns to be
+        specified, where the :func:`.column` elements will be generated
+        automatically::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                        id=Integer,
+                        name=Unicode,
+                        timestamp=DateTime
+                    )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        The :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method provides a direct
+        route to calling :meth:`.FromClause.alias` as well as
+        :meth:`.SelectBase.cte` against a textual SELECT statement::
+
+            stmt = stmt.columns(id=Integer, name=String).cte('st')
+
+            stmt = select([sometable]).where(sometable.c.id == stmt.c.id)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 :func:`.text` can now be converted into a
+           fully featured "selectable" construct using the
+           :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method.  This method supersedes the
+           ``typemap`` argument to :func:`.text`.
+
+        """
+
+        input_cols = [
+            ColumnClause(col.key, types.pop(col.key))
+            if col.key in types
+            else col
+            for col in cols
+        ] + [ColumnClause(key, type_) for key, type_ in types.items()]
+        return selectable.TextAsFrom(self, input_cols)
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @property
+    def comparator(self):
+        return self.type.comparator_factory(self)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if against is operators.in_op:
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._bindparams = dict((b.key, clone(b, **kw))
+                                for b in self._bindparams.values())
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return list(self._bindparams.values())
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, TextClause) and other.text == self.text
+
+
+class Null(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent the NULL keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.Null` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.null` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'null'
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls):
+        """Return a constant :class:`.Null` construct."""
+
+        return Null()
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, Null)
+
+
+class False_(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent the ``false`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.False_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.false` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'false'
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return True_()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls):
+        """Return a :class:`.False_` construct.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import false
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(false())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+        A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+        an expression against 1 or 0::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(false())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE 0 = 1
+
+        The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+        "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+        conjunction::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9 :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` feature
+           better integrated behavior within conjunctions and on dialects
+           that don't support true/false constants.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.true`
+
+        """
+
+        return False_()
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, False_)
+
+
+class True_(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent the ``true`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.True_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.true` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'true'
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return False_()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ifnone(cls, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return cls._instance()
+        else:
+            return other
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls):
+        """Return a constant :class:`.True_` construct.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import true
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(true())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+        A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+        an expression against 1 or 0::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(true())
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE 1 = 1
+
+        The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+        "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+        conjunction::
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+            >>> print select([t.c.x]).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false()))
+            SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9 :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` feature
+           better integrated behavior within conjunctions and on dialects
+           that don't support true/false constants.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.false`
+
+        """
+
+        return True_()
+
+    def compare(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, True_)
+
+
+class ClauseList(ClauseElement):
+    """Describe a list of clauses, separated by an operator.
+
+    By default, is comma-separated, such as a column listing.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'clauselist'
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses, **kwargs):
+        self.operator = kwargs.pop('operator', operators.comma_op)
+        self.group = kwargs.pop('group', True)
+        self.group_contents = kwargs.pop('group_contents', True)
+        text_converter = kwargs.pop(
+            '_literal_as_text',
+            _expression_literal_as_text)
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses = [
+                text_converter(clause).self_group(against=self.operator)
+                for clause in clauses]
+        else:
+            self.clauses = [
+                text_converter(clause)
+                for clause in clauses]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.clauses)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return iter(self)
+
+    def append(self, clause):
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses.append(_literal_as_text(clause).
+                                self_group(against=self.operator))
+        else:
+            self.clauses.append(_literal_as_text(clause))
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.clauses = [clone(clause, **kw) for clause in self.clauses]
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.clauses
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[c._from_objects for c in self.clauses]))
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if self.group and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`.ClauseList` to the given :class:`.ClauseList`,
+        including a comparison of all the clause items.
+
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, ClauseList) and len(self.clauses) == 1:
+            return self.clauses[0].compare(other, **kw)
+        elif isinstance(other, ClauseList) and \
+                len(self.clauses) == len(other.clauses):
+            for i in range(0, len(self.clauses)):
+                if not self.clauses[i].compare(other.clauses[i], **kw):
+                    return False
+            else:
+                return self.operator == other.operator
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class BooleanClauseList(ClauseList, ColumnElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'clauselist'
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "BooleanClauseList has a private constructor")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(cls, operator, continue_on, skip_on, *clauses, **kw):
+        convert_clauses = []
+
+        clauses = [
+            _expression_literal_as_text(clause)
+            for clause in
+            util.coerce_generator_arg(clauses)
+        ]
+        for clause in clauses:
+
+            if isinstance(clause, continue_on):
+                continue
+            elif isinstance(clause, skip_on):
+                return clause.self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+
+            convert_clauses.append(clause)
+
+        if len(convert_clauses) == 1:
+            return convert_clauses[0].self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+        elif not convert_clauses and clauses:
+            return clauses[0].self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+
+        convert_clauses = [c.self_group(against=operator)
+                           for c in convert_clauses]
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.clauses = convert_clauses
+        self.group = True
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.group_contents = True
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_(cls, *clauses):
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            and_(
+                                users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                                users_table.c.enrolled == True
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``&`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') &
+                            (users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` operation is also implicit in some cases;
+        the :meth:`.Select.where` method for example can be invoked multiple
+        times against a statement, which will have the effect of each
+        clause being combined using :func:`.and_`::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(users_table.c.name == 'wendy').\\
+                        where(users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.or_`
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(operators.and_, True_, False_, *clauses)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def or_(cls, *clauses):
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            or_(
+                                users_table.c.name == 'wendy',
+                                users_table.c.name == 'jack'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The :func:`.or_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``|`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).where(
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'wendy') |
+                            (users_table.c.name == 'jack')
+                        )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.and_`
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(operators.or_, False_, True_, *clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self, )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if not self.clauses:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super(BooleanClauseList, self).self_group(against=against)
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return ClauseList._negate(self)
+
+
+and_ = BooleanClauseList.and_
+or_ = BooleanClauseList.or_
+
+
+class Tuple(ClauseList, ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a SQL tuple."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses, **kw):
+        """Return a :class:`.Tuple`.
+
+        Main usage is to produce a composite IN construct::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+            tuple_(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).in_(
+                [(1, 2), (5, 12), (10, 19)]
+            )
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The composite IN construct is not supported by all backends,
+            and is currently known to work on Postgresql and MySQL,
+            but not SQLite.   Unsupported backends will raise
+            a subclass of :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DBAPIError` when such
+            an expression is invoked.
+
+        """
+
+        clauses = [_literal_as_binds(c) for c in clauses]
+        self._type_tuple = [arg.type for arg in clauses]
+        self.type = kw.pop('type_', self._type_tuple[0]
+                           if self._type_tuple else type_api.NULLTYPE)
+
+        super(Tuple, self).__init__(*clauses, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        return (self, )
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return Tuple(*[
+            BindParameter(None, o, _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                          _compared_to_type=type_, unique=True)
+            for o, type_ in zip(obj, self._type_tuple)
+        ]).self_group()
+
+
+class Case(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Case` is produced using the :func:`.case` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                    where(
+                        case(
+                            [
+                                (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                                (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+                            ],
+                            else_='E'
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    Details on :class:`.Case` usage is at :func:`.case`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.case`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'case'
+
+    def __init__(self, whens, value=None, else_=None):
+        """Produce a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+        The ``CASE`` construct in SQL is a conditional object that
+        acts somewhat analogously to an "if/then" construct in other
+        languages.  It returns an instance of :class:`.Case`.
+
+        :func:`.case` in its usual form is passed a list of "when"
+        constructs, that is, a list of conditions and results as tuples::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import case
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(
+                            case(
+                                [
+                                    (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                                    (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+                                ],
+                                else_='E'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The above statement will produce SQL resembling::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user
+            WHERE CASE
+                WHEN (name = :name_1) THEN :param_1
+                WHEN (name = :name_2) THEN :param_2
+                ELSE :param_3
+            END
+
+        When simple equality expressions of several values against a single
+        parent column are needed, :func:`.case` also has a "shorthand" format
+        used via the
+        :paramref:`.case.value` parameter, which is passed a column
+        expression to be compared.  In this form, the :paramref:`.case.whens`
+        parameter is passed as a dictionary containing expressions to be
+        compared against keyed to result expressions.  The statement below is
+        equivalent to the preceding statement::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        where(
+                            case(
+                                {"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"},
+                                value=users_table.c.name,
+                                else_='E'
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        The values which are accepted as result values in
+        :paramref:`.case.whens` as well as with :paramref:`.case.else_` are
+        coerced from Python literals into :func:`.bindparam` constructs.
+        SQL expressions, e.g. :class:`.ColumnElement` constructs, are accepted
+        as well.  To coerce a literal string expression into a constant
+        expression rendered inline, use the :func:`.literal_column` construct,
+        as in::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import case, literal_column
+
+            case(
+                [
+                    (
+                        orderline.c.qty > 100,
+                        literal_column("'greaterthan100'")
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        orderline.c.qty > 10,
+                        literal_column("'greaterthan10'")
+                    )
+                ],
+                else_=literal_column("'lessthan10'")
+            )
+
+        The above will render the given constants without using bound
+        parameters for the result values (but still for the comparison
+        values), as in::
+
+            CASE
+                WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_1) THEN 'greaterthan100'
+                WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_2) THEN 'greaterthan10'
+                ELSE 'lessthan10'
+            END
+
+        :param whens: The criteria to be compared against,
+         :paramref:`.case.whens` accepts two different forms, based on
+         whether or not :paramref:`.case.value` is used.
+
+         In the first form, it accepts a list of 2-tuples; each 2-tuple
+         consists of ``(<sql expression>, <value>)``, where the SQL
+         expression is a boolean expression and "value" is a resulting value,
+         e.g.::
+
+            case([
+                (users_table.c.name == 'wendy', 'W'),
+                (users_table.c.name == 'jack', 'J')
+            ])
+
+         In the second form, it accepts a Python dictionary of comparison
+         values mapped to a resulting value; this form requires
+         :paramref:`.case.value` to be present, and values will be compared
+         using the ``==`` operator, e.g.::
+
+            case(
+                {"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"},
+                value=users_table.c.name
+            )
+
+        :param value: An optional SQL expression which will be used as a
+          fixed "comparison point" for candidate values within a dictionary
+          passed to :paramref:`.case.whens`.
+
+        :param else\_: An optional SQL expression which will be the evaluated
+          result of the ``CASE`` construct if all expressions within
+          :paramref:`.case.whens` evaluate to false.  When omitted, most
+          databases will produce a result of NULL if none of the "when"
+          expressions evaluate to true.
+
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            whens = util.dictlike_iteritems(whens)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        if value is not None:
+            whenlist = [
+                (_literal_as_binds(c).self_group(),
+                 _literal_as_binds(r)) for (c, r) in whens
+            ]
+        else:
+            whenlist = [
+                (_no_literals(c).self_group(),
+                 _literal_as_binds(r)) for (c, r) in whens
+            ]
+
+        if whenlist:
+            type_ = list(whenlist[-1])[-1].type
+        else:
+            type_ = None
+
+        if value is None:
+            self.value = None
+        else:
+            self.value = _literal_as_binds(value)
+
+        self.type = type_
+        self.whens = whenlist
+        if else_ is not None:
+            self.else_ = _literal_as_binds(else_)
+        else:
+            self.else_ = None
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        if self.value is not None:
+            self.value = clone(self.value, **kw)
+        self.whens = [(clone(x, **kw), clone(y, **kw))
+                      for x, y in self.whens]
+        if self.else_ is not None:
+            self.else_ = clone(self.else_, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        if self.value is not None:
+            yield self.value
+        for x, y in self.whens:
+            yield x
+            yield y
+        if self.else_ is not None:
+            yield self.else_
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[x._from_objects for x in
+                                      self.get_children()]))
+
+
+def literal_column(text, type_=None):
+    """Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object that has the
+    :paramref:`.column.is_literal` flag set to True.
+
+    :func:`.literal_column` is similar to :func:`.column`, except that
+    it is more often used as a "standalone" column expression that renders
+    exactly as stated; while :func:`.column` stores a string name that
+    will be assumed to be part of a table and may be quoted as such,
+    :func:`.literal_column` can be that, or any other arbitrary column-oriented
+    expression.
+
+    :param text: the text of the expression; can be any SQL expression.
+      Quoting rules will not be applied. To specify a column-name expression
+      which should be subject to quoting rules, use the :func:`column`
+      function.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
+      object which will
+      provide result-set translation and additional expression semantics for
+      this column. If left as None the type will be NullType.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.column`
+
+        :func:`.text`
+
+        :ref:`sqlexpression_literal_column`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnClause(text, type_=type_, is_literal=True)
+
+
+class Cast(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Cast` is produced using the :func:`.cast` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select([
+                    cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4))
+                ])
+
+    Details on :class:`.Cast` usage is at :func:`.cast`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'cast'
+
+    def __init__(self, expression, type_):
+        """Produce a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+        :func:`.cast` returns an instance of :class:`.Cast`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+            stmt = select([
+                        cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4))
+                    ])
+
+        The above statement will produce SQL resembling::
+
+            SELECT CAST(unit_price AS NUMERIC(10, 4)) FROM product
+
+        The :func:`.cast` function performs two distinct functions when
+        used.  The first is that it renders the ``CAST`` expression within
+        the resulting SQL string.  The second is that it associates the given
+        type (e.g. :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance) with the column
+        expression on the Python side, which means the expression will take
+        on the expression operator behavior associated with that type,
+        as well as the bound-value handling and result-row-handling behavior
+        of the type.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0 :func:`.cast` now applies the given type
+           to the expression such that it takes effect on the bound-value,
+           e.g. the Python-to-database direction, in addition to the
+           result handling, e.g. database-to-Python, direction.
+
+        An alternative to :func:`.cast` is the :func:`.type_coerce` function.
+        This function performs the second task of associating an expression
+        with a specific type, but does not render the ``CAST`` expression
+        in SQL.
+
+        :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a :class:`.ColumnElement`
+         expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound
+         literal value.
+
+        :param type_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+         the type to which the ``CAST`` should apply.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.type_coerce` - Python-side type coercion without emitting
+            CAST.
+
+        """
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.clause = _literal_as_binds(expression, type_=self.type)
+        self.typeclause = TypeClause(self.type)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.clause = clone(self.clause, **kw)
+        self.typeclause = clone(self.typeclause, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.clause, self.typeclause
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.clause._from_objects
+
+
+class Extract(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a SQL EXTRACT clause, ``extract(field FROM expr)``."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'extract'
+
+    def __init__(self, field, expr, **kwargs):
+        """Return a :class:`.Extract` construct.
+
+        This is typically available as :func:`.extract`
+        as well as ``func.extract`` from the
+        :data:`.func` namespace.
+
+        """
+        self.type = type_api.INTEGERTYPE
+        self.field = field
+        self.expr = _literal_as_binds(expr, None)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.expr = clone(self.expr, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.expr,
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.expr._from_objects
+
+
+class _label_reference(ColumnElement):
+    """Wrap a column expression as it appears in a 'reference' context.
+
+    This expression is any that inclues an _order_by_label_element,
+    which is a Label, or a DESC / ASC construct wrapping a Label.
+
+    The production of _label_reference() should occur when an expression
+    is added to this context; this includes the ORDER BY or GROUP BY of a
+    SELECT statement, as well as a few other places, such as the ORDER BY
+    within an OVER clause.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'label_reference'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return ()
+
+
+class _textual_label_reference(ColumnElement):
+    __visit_name__ = 'textual_label_reference'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _text_clause(self):
+        return TextClause._create_text(self.element)
+
+
+class UnaryExpression(ColumnElement):
+    """Define a 'unary' expression.
+
+    A unary expression has a single column expression
+    and an operator.  The operator can be placed on the left
+    (where it is called the 'operator') or right (where it is called the
+    'modifier') of the column expression.
+
+    :class:`.UnaryExpression` is the basis for several unary operators
+    including those used by :func:`.desc`, :func:`.asc`, :func:`.distinct`,
+    :func:`.nullsfirst` and :func:`.nullslast`.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'unary'
+
+    def __init__(self, element, operator=None, modifier=None,
+                 type_=None, negate=None, wraps_column_expression=False):
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.modifier = modifier
+        self.element = element.self_group(
+            against=self.operator or self.modifier)
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.negate = negate
+        self.wraps_column_expression = wraps_column_expression
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nullsfirst(cls, column):
+        """Produce the ``NULLS FIRST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+        :func:`.nullsfirst` is intended to modify the expression produced
+        by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+        should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+            from sqlalchemy import desc, nullsfirst
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        order_by(nullsfirst(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+        The SQL expression from the above would resemble::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS FIRST
+
+        Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nullsfirst` is typically
+        invoked from the column expression itself using
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.nullsfirst`, rather than as its standalone
+        function version, as in::
+
+            stmt = (select([users_table]).
+                    order_by(users_table.c.name.desc().nullsfirst())
+                    )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.asc`
+
+            :func:`.desc`
+
+            :func:`.nullslast`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_label_reference(column),
+            modifier=operators.nullsfirst_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nullslast(cls, column):
+        """Produce the ``NULLS LAST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+        :func:`.nullslast` is intended to modify the expression produced
+        by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+        should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+            from sqlalchemy import desc, nullslast
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        order_by(nullslast(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+        The SQL expression from the above would resemble::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS LAST
+
+        Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nullslast` is typically
+        invoked from the column expression itself using
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.nullslast`, rather than as its standalone
+        function version, as in::
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).\\
+                        order_by(users_table.c.name.desc().nullslast())
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.asc`
+
+            :func:`.desc`
+
+            :func:`.nullsfirst`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_label_reference(column),
+            modifier=operators.nullslast_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_desc(cls, column):
+        """Produce a descending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import desc
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(desc(users_table.c.name))
+
+        will produce SQL as::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC
+
+        The :func:`.desc` function is a standalone version of the
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.desc` method available on all SQL expressions,
+        e.g.::
+
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(users_table.c.name.desc())
+
+        :param column: A :class:`.ColumnElement` (e.g. scalar SQL expression)
+         with which to apply the :func:`.desc` operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.asc`
+
+            :func:`.nullsfirst`
+
+            :func:`.nullslast`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_label_reference(column),
+            modifier=operators.desc_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_asc(cls, column):
+        """Produce an ascending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import asc
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(asc(users_table.c.name))
+
+        will produce SQL as::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name ASC
+
+        The :func:`.asc` function is a standalone version of the
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.asc` method available on all SQL expressions,
+        e.g.::
+
+
+            stmt = select([users_table]).order_by(users_table.c.name.asc())
+
+        :param column: A :class:`.ColumnElement` (e.g. scalar SQL expression)
+         with which to apply the :func:`.asc` operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.desc`
+
+            :func:`.nullsfirst`
+
+            :func:`.nullslast`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        """
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            _literal_as_label_reference(column),
+            modifier=operators.asc_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_distinct(cls, expr):
+        """Produce an column-expression-level unary ``DISTINCT`` clause.
+
+        This applies the ``DISTINCT`` keyword to an individual column
+        expression, and is typically contained within an aggregate function,
+        as in::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import distinct, func
+            stmt = select([func.count(distinct(users_table.c.name))])
+
+        The above would produce an expression resembling::
+
+            SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT name) FROM user
+
+        The :func:`.distinct` function is also available as a column-level
+        method, e.g. :meth:`.ColumnElement.distinct`, as in::
+
+            stmt = select([func.count(users_table.c.name.distinct())])
+
+        The :func:`.distinct` operator is different from the
+        :meth:`.Select.distinct` method of :class:`.Select`,
+        which produces a ``SELECT`` statement
+        with ``DISTINCT`` applied to the result set as a whole,
+        e.g. a ``SELECT DISTINCT`` expression.  See that method for further
+        information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnElement.distinct`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.distinct`
+
+            :data:`.func`
+
+        """
+        expr = _literal_as_binds(expr)
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            expr, operator=operators.distinct_op,
+            type_=expr.type, wraps_column_expression=False)
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self):
+        if self.modifier in (operators.desc_op, operators.asc_op):
+            return self.element._order_by_label_element
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`UnaryExpression` against the given
+        :class:`.ClauseElement`."""
+
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, UnaryExpression) and
+            self.operator == other.operator and
+            self.modifier == other.modifier and
+            self.element.compare(other.element, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.negate is not None:
+            return UnaryExpression(
+                self.element,
+                operator=self.negate,
+                negate=self.operator,
+                modifier=self.modifier,
+                type_=self.type,
+                wraps_column_expression=self.wraps_column_expression)
+        else:
+            return ClauseElement._negate(self)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if self.operator and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class AsBoolean(UnaryExpression):
+
+    def __init__(self, element, operator, negate):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.negate = negate
+        self.modifier = None
+        self.wraps_column_expression = True
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return self.element._negate()
+
+
+class BinaryExpression(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent an expression that is ``LEFT <operator> RIGHT``.
+
+    A :class:`.BinaryExpression` is generated automatically
+    whenever two column expressions are used in a Python binary expression::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column('a') + column('b')
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression object at 0x101029dd0>
+        >>> print column('a') + column('b')
+        a + b
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'binary'
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, operator, type_=None,
+                 negate=None, modifiers=None):
+        # allow compatibility with libraries that
+        # refer to BinaryExpression directly and pass strings
+        if isinstance(operator, util.string_types):
+            operator = operators.custom_op(operator)
+        self._orig = (left, right)
+        self.left = left.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.right = right.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.negate = negate
+
+        if modifiers is None:
+            self.modifiers = {}
+        else:
+            self.modifiers = modifiers
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        if self.operator in (operator.eq, operator.ne):
+            return self.operator(hash(self._orig[0]), hash(self._orig[1]))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    @property
+    def is_comparison(self):
+        return operators.is_comparison(self.operator)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.left._from_objects + self.right._from_objects
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.left = clone(self.left, **kw)
+        self.right = clone(self.right, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.left, self.right
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        """Compare this :class:`BinaryExpression` against the
+        given :class:`BinaryExpression`."""
+
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, BinaryExpression) and
+            self.operator == other.operator and
+            (
+                self.left.compare(other.left, **kw) and
+                self.right.compare(other.right, **kw) or
+                (
+                    operators.is_commutative(self.operator) and
+                    self.left.compare(other.right, **kw) and
+                    self.right.compare(other.left, **kw)
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        if operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.negate is not None:
+            return BinaryExpression(
+                self.left,
+                self.right,
+                self.negate,
+                negate=self.operator,
+                type_=self.type,
+                modifiers=self.modifiers)
+        else:
+            return super(BinaryExpression, self)._negate()
+
+
+class Grouping(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a grouping within a column expression"""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'grouping'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = getattr(element, 'type', type_api.NULLTYPE)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _key_label(self):
+        return self._label
+
+    @property
+    def _label(self):
+        return getattr(self.element, '_label', None) or self.anon_label
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'element': self.element, 'type': self.type}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.element = state['element']
+        self.type = state['type']
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        return isinstance(other, Grouping) and \
+            self.element.compare(other.element)
+
+
+class Over(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent an OVER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against a so-called
+    "window" function, as well as any aggregate function,
+    which produces results relative to the result set
+    itself.  It's supported only by certain database
+    backends.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'over'
+
+    order_by = None
+    partition_by = None
+
+    def __init__(self, func, partition_by=None, order_by=None):
+        """Produce an :class:`.Over` object against a function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over
+            over(func.row_number(), order_by='x')
+
+        Would produce "ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY x)".
+
+        :param func: a :class:`.FunctionElement` construct, typically
+         generated by :data:`~.expression.func`.
+        :param partition_by: a column element or string, or a list
+         of such, that will be used as the PARTITION BY clause
+         of the OVER construct.
+        :param order_by: a column element or string, or a list
+         of such, that will be used as the ORDER BY clause
+         of the OVER construct.
+
+        This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+        construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.over` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(order_by),
+                _literal_as_text=_literal_as_label_reference)
+        if partition_by is not None:
+            self.partition_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(partition_by),
+                _literal_as_text=_literal_as_label_reference)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.func.type
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return [c for c in
+                (self.func, self.partition_by, self.order_by)
+                if c is not None]
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.func = clone(self.func, **kw)
+        if self.partition_by is not None:
+            self.partition_by = clone(self.partition_by, **kw)
+        if self.order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = clone(self.order_by, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(
+            *[c._from_objects for c in
+                (self.func, self.partition_by, self.order_by)
+              if c is not None]
+        ))
+
+
+class FunctionFilter(ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a function FILTER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against aggregate and window functions,
+    which controls which rows are passed to it.
+    It's supported only by certain database backends.
+
+    Invocation of :class:`.FunctionFilter` is via
+    :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`::
+
+        func.count(1).filter(True)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'funcfilter'
+
+    criterion = None
+
+    def __init__(self, func, *criterion):
+        """Produce a :class:`.FunctionFilter` object against a function.
+
+        Used against aggregate and window functions,
+        for database backends that support the "FILTER" clause.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
+            funcfilter(func.count(1), MyClass.name == 'some name')
+
+        Would produce "COUNT(1) FILTER (WHERE myclass.name = 'some name')".
+
+        This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+        construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`
+
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        self.filter(*criterion)
+
+    def filter(self, *criterion):
+        """Produce an additional FILTER against the function.
+
+        This method adds additional criteria to the initial criteria
+        set up by :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`.
+
+        Multiple criteria are joined together at SQL render time
+        via ``AND``.
+
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in list(criterion):
+            criterion = _expression_literal_as_text(criterion)
+
+            if self.criterion is not None:
+                self.criterion = self.criterion & criterion
+            else:
+                self.criterion = criterion
+
+        return self
+
+    def over(self, partition_by=None, order_by=None):
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this filtered function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.rank().filter(MyClass.y > 5).over(order_by='x')
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over, funcfilter
+            over(funcfilter(func.rank(), MyClass.y > 5), order_by='x')
+
+        See :func:`~.expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        """
+        return Over(self, partition_by=partition_by, order_by=order_by)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.func.type
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return [c for c in
+                (self.func, self.criterion)
+                if c is not None]
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.func = clone(self.func, **kw)
+        if self.criterion is not None:
+            self.criterion = clone(self.criterion, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return list(itertools.chain(
+            *[c._from_objects for c in (self.func, self.criterion)
+              if c is not None]
+        ))
+
+
+class Label(ColumnElement):
+    """Represents a column label (AS).
+
+    Represent a label, as typically applied to any column-level
+    element using the ``AS`` sql keyword.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'label'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, element, type_=None):
+        """Return a :class:`Label` object for the
+        given :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        A label changes the name of an element in the columns clause of a
+        ``SELECT`` statement, typically via the ``AS`` SQL keyword.
+
+        This functionality is more conveniently available via the
+        :meth:`.ColumnElement.label` method on :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        :param name: label name
+
+        :param obj: a :class:`.ColumnElement`.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(element, Label):
+            self._resolve_label = element._label
+
+        while isinstance(element, Label):
+            element = element.element
+
+        if name:
+            self.name = name
+            self._resolve_label = self.name
+        else:
+            self.name = _anonymous_label(
+                '%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), getattr(element, 'name', 'anon'))
+            )
+
+        self.key = self._label = self._key_label = self.name
+        self._element = element
+        self._type = type_
+        self._proxies = [element]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.name, self._element, self._type)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _allow_label_resolve(self):
+        return self.element._allow_label_resolve
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self):
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type(self):
+        return type_api.to_instance(
+            self._type or getattr(self._element, 'type', None)
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def element(self):
+        return self._element.self_group(against=operators.as_)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        sub_element = self._element.self_group(against=against)
+        if sub_element is not self._element:
+            return Label(self.name,
+                         sub_element,
+                         type_=self._type)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, anonymize_labels=False, **kw):
+        self._element = clone(self._element, **kw)
+        self.__dict__.pop('element', None)
+        self.__dict__.pop('_allow_label_resolve', None)
+        if anonymize_labels:
+            self.name = self._resolve_label = _anonymous_label(
+                '%%(%d %s)s' % (
+                    id(self), getattr(self.element, 'name', 'anon'))
+            )
+            self.key = self._label = self._key_label = self.name
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _make_proxy(self, selectable, name=None, **kw):
+        e = self.element._make_proxy(selectable,
+                                     name=name if name else self.name)
+        e._proxies.append(self)
+        if self._type is not None:
+            e.type = self._type
+        return e
+
+
+class ColumnClause(Immutable, ColumnElement):
+    """Represents a column expression from any textual string.
+
+    The :class:`.ColumnClause`, a lightweight analogue to the
+    :class:`.Column` class, is typically invoked using the
+    :func:`.column` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select([id, name]).select_from("user")
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL like::
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+    :class:`.ColumnClause` is the immediate superclass of the schema-specific
+    :class:`.Column` object.  While the :class:`.Column` class has all the
+    same capabilities as :class:`.ColumnClause`, the :class:`.ColumnClause`
+    class is usable by itself in those cases where behavioral requirements
+    are limited to simple SQL expression generation.  The object has none of
+    the associations with schema-level metadata or with execution-time
+    behavior that :class:`.Column` does, so in that sense is a "lightweight"
+    version of :class:`.Column`.
+
+    Full details on :class:`.ColumnClause` usage is at :func:`.column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.column`
+
+        :class:`.Column`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'column'
+
+    onupdate = default = server_default = server_onupdate = None
+
+    _memoized_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property()
+
+    def __init__(self, text, type_=None, is_literal=False, _selectable=None):
+        """Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object.
+
+        The :class:`.ColumnClause` is a lightweight analogue to the
+        :class:`.Column` class.  The :func:`.column` function can
+        be invoked with just a name alone, as in::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import column
+
+            id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+            stmt = select([id, name]).select_from("user")
+
+        The above statement would produce SQL like::
+
+            SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+        Once constructed, :func:`.column` may be used like any other SQL
+        expression element such as within :func:`.select` constructs::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+            id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+            stmt = select([id, name]).select_from("user")
+
+        The text handled by :func:`.column` is assumed to be handled
+        like the name of a database column; if the string contains mixed case,
+        special characters, or matches a known reserved word on the target
+        backend, the column expression will render using the quoting
+        behavior determined by the backend.  To produce a textual SQL
+        expression that is rendered exactly without any quoting,
+        use :func:`.literal_column` instead, or pass ``True`` as the
+        value of :paramref:`.column.is_literal`.   Additionally, full SQL
+        statements are best handled using the :func:`.text` construct.
+
+        :func:`.column` can be used in a table-like
+        fashion by combining it with the :func:`.table` function
+        (which is the lightweight analogue to :class:`.Table`) to produce
+        a working table construct with minimal boilerplate::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import table, column, select
+
+            user = table("user",
+                    column("id"),
+                    column("name"),
+                    column("description"),
+            )
+
+            stmt = select([user.c.description]).where(user.c.name == 'wendy')
+
+        A :func:`.column` / :func:`.table` construct like that illustrated
+        above can be created in an
+        ad-hoc fashion and is not associated with any
+        :class:`.schema.MetaData`, DDL, or events, unlike its
+        :class:`.Table` counterpart.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 :func:`.expression.column` can now
+           be imported from the plain ``sqlalchemy`` namespace like any
+           other SQL element.
+
+        :param text: the text of the element.
+
+        :param type: :class:`.types.TypeEngine` object which can associate
+          this :class:`.ColumnClause` with a type.
+
+        :param is_literal: if True, the :class:`.ColumnClause` is assumed to
+          be an exact expression that will be delivered to the output with no
+          quoting rules applied regardless of case sensitive settings. the
+          :func:`.literal_column()` function essentially invokes
+          :func:`.column` while passing ``is_literal=True``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.Column`
+
+            :func:`.literal_column`
+
+            :func:`.table`
+
+            :func:`.text`
+
+            :ref:`sqlexpression_literal_column`
+
+        """
+
+        self.key = self.name = text
+        self.table = _selectable
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.is_literal = is_literal
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        if self.is_literal or \
+                self.table is None or self.table._textual or \
+                not hasattr(other, 'proxy_set') or (
+                    isinstance(other, ColumnClause) and
+                    (other.is_literal or
+                     other.table is None or
+                     other.table._textual)
+                ):
+            return (hasattr(other, 'name') and self.name == other.name) or \
+                (hasattr(other, '_label') and self._label == other._label)
+        else:
+            return other.proxy_set.intersection(self.proxy_set)
+
+    def _get_table(self):
+        return self.__dict__['table']
+
+    def _set_table(self, table):
+        self._memoized_property.expire_instance(self)
+        self.__dict__['table'] = table
+    table = property(_get_table, _set_table)
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        t = self.table
+        if t is not None:
+            return [t]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def description(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _key_label(self):
+        if self.key != self.name:
+            return self._gen_label(self.key)
+        else:
+            return self._label
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _label(self):
+        return self._gen_label(self.name)
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return self.table is not None
+
+    def _gen_label(self, name):
+        t = self.table
+
+        if self.is_literal:
+            return None
+
+        elif t is not None and t.named_with_column:
+            if getattr(t, 'schema', None):
+                label = t.schema.replace('.', '_') + "_" + \
+                    t.name + "_" + name
+            else:
+                label = t.name + "_" + name
+
+            # propagate name quoting rules for labels.
+            if getattr(name, "quote", None) is not None:
+                if isinstance(label, quoted_name):
+                    label.quote = name.quote
+                else:
+                    label = quoted_name(label, name.quote)
+            elif getattr(t.name, "quote", None) is not None:
+                # can't get this situation to occur, so let's
+                # assert false on it for now
+                assert not isinstance(label, quoted_name)
+                label = quoted_name(label, t.name.quote)
+
+            # ensure the label name doesn't conflict with that
+            # of an existing column
+            if label in t.c:
+                _label = label
+                counter = 1
+                while _label in t.c:
+                    _label = label + "_" + str(counter)
+                    counter += 1
+                label = _label
+
+            return _as_truncated(label)
+
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(self.key, obj,
+                             _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type,
+                             unique=True)
+
+    def _make_proxy(self, selectable, name=None, attach=True,
+                    name_is_truncatable=False, **kw):
+        # propagate the "is_literal" flag only if we are keeping our name,
+        # otherwise its considered to be a label
+        is_literal = self.is_literal and (name is None or name == self.name)
+        c = self._constructor(
+            _as_truncated(name or self.name) if
+            name_is_truncatable else
+            (name or self.name),
+            type_=self.type,
+            _selectable=selectable,
+            is_literal=is_literal
+        )
+        if name is None:
+            c.key = self.key
+        c._proxies = [self]
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = \
+                selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+
+        if attach:
+            selectable._columns[c.key] = c
+        return c
+
+
+class _IdentifiedClause(Executable, ClauseElement):
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'identified'
+    _execution_options = \
+        Executable._execution_options.union({'autocommit': False})
+
+    def __init__(self, ident):
+        self.ident = ident
+
+
+class SavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = 'savepoint'
+
+
+class RollbackToSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = 'rollback_to_savepoint'
+
+
+class ReleaseSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = 'release_savepoint'
+
+
+class quoted_name(util.MemoizedSlots, util.text_type):
+    """Represent a SQL identifier combined with quoting preferences.
+
+    :class:`.quoted_name` is a Python unicode/str subclass which
+    represents a particular identifier name along with a
+    ``quote`` flag.  This ``quote`` flag, when set to
+    ``True`` or ``False``, overrides automatic quoting behavior
+    for this identifier in order to either unconditionally quote
+    or to not quote the name.  If left at its default of ``None``,
+    quoting behavior is applied to the identifier on a per-backend basis
+    based on an examination of the token itself.
+
+    A :class:`.quoted_name` object with ``quote=True`` is also
+    prevented from being modified in the case of a so-called
+    "name normalize" option.  Certain database backends, such as
+    Oracle, Firebird, and DB2 "normalize" case-insensitive names
+    as uppercase.  The SQLAlchemy dialects for these backends
+    convert from SQLAlchemy's lower-case-means-insensitive convention
+    to the upper-case-means-insensitive conventions of those backends.
+    The ``quote=True`` flag here will prevent this conversion from occurring
+    to support an identifier that's quoted as all lower case against
+    such a backend.
+
+    The :class:`.quoted_name` object is normally created automatically
+    when specifying the name for key schema constructs such as
+    :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Column`, and others.  The class can also be
+    passed explicitly as the name to any function that receives a name which
+    can be quoted.  Such as to use the :meth:`.Engine.has_table` method with
+    an unconditionally quoted name::
+
+        from sqlaclchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy.sql.elements import quoted_name
+
+        engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://some_dsn")
+        engine.has_table(quoted_name("some_table", True))
+
+    The above logic will run the "has table" logic against the Oracle backend,
+    passing the name exactly as ``"some_table"`` without converting to
+    upper case.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'quote', 'lower', 'upper'
+
+    def __new__(cls, value, quote):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        # experimental - don't bother with quoted_name
+        # if quote flag is None.  doesn't seem to make any dent
+        # in performance however
+        # elif not sprcls and quote is None:
+        #   return value
+        elif isinstance(value, cls) and (
+            quote is None or value.quote == quote
+        ):
+            return value
+        self = super(quoted_name, cls).__new__(cls, value)
+        self.quote = quote
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return quoted_name, (util.text_type(self), self.quote)
+
+    def _memoized_method_lower(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return util.text_type(self).lower()
+
+    def _memoized_method_upper(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return util.text_type(self).upper()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        backslashed = self.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+        if not util.py2k:
+            backslashed = backslashed.decode('ascii')
+        return "'%s'" % backslashed
+
+
+class _truncated_label(quoted_name):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify symbolic "
+    "names that may require truncation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, value, quote=None):
+        quote = getattr(value, "quote", quote)
+        # return super(_truncated_label, cls).__new__(cls, value, quote, True)
+        return super(_truncated_label, cls).__new__(cls, value, quote)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (util.text_type(self), self.quote)
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_):
+        return self
+
+
+class conv(_truncated_label):
+    """Mark a string indicating that a name has already been converted
+    by a naming convention.
+
+    This is a string subclass that indicates a name that should not be
+    subject to any further naming conventions.
+
+    E.g. when we create a :class:`.Constraint` using a naming convention
+    as follows::
+
+        m = MetaData(naming_convention={
+            "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"
+        })
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('x', Integer),
+                        CheckConstraint('x > 5', name='x5'))
+
+    The name of the above constraint will be rendered as ``"ck_t_x5"``.
+    That is, the existing name ``x5`` is used in the naming convention as the
+    ``constraint_name`` token.
+
+    In some situations, such as in migration scripts, we may be rendering
+    the above :class:`.CheckConstraint` with a name that's already been
+    converted.  In order to make sure the name isn't double-modified, the
+    new name is applied using the :func:`.schema.conv` marker.  We can
+    use this explicitly as follows::
+
+
+        m = MetaData(naming_convention={
+            "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"
+        })
+        t = Table('t', m, Column('x', Integer),
+                        CheckConstraint('x > 5', name=conv('ck_t_x5')))
+
+    Where above, the :func:`.schema.conv` marker indicates that the constraint
+    name here is final, and the name will render as ``"ck_t_x5"`` and not
+    ``"ck_t_ck_t_x5"``
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class _defer_name(_truncated_label):
+    """mark a name as 'deferred' for the purposes of automated name
+    generation.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, value):
+        if value is None:
+            return _NONE_NAME
+        elif isinstance(value, conv):
+            return value
+        else:
+            return super(_defer_name, cls).__new__(cls, value)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (util.text_type(self), )
+
+
+class _defer_none_name(_defer_name):
+    """indicate a 'deferred' name that was ultimately the value None."""
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+_NONE_NAME = _defer_none_name("_unnamed_")
+
+# for backwards compatibility in case
+# someone is re-implementing the
+# _truncated_identifier() sequence in a custom
+# compiler
+_generated_label = _truncated_label
+
+
+class _anonymous_label(_truncated_label):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify anonymously
+    generated names."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                util.text_type.__add__(self, util.text_type(other)),
+                self.quote)
+        )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                util.text_type.__add__(util.text_type(other), self),
+                self.quote)
+        )
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_):
+        if self.quote is not None:
+            # preserve quoting only if necessary
+            return quoted_name(self % map_, self.quote)
+        else:
+            # else skip the constructor call
+            return self % map_
+
+
+def _as_truncated(value):
+    """coerce the given value to :class:`._truncated_label`.
+
+    Existing :class:`._truncated_label` and
+    :class:`._anonymous_label` objects are passed
+    unchanged.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(value, _truncated_label):
+        return value
+    else:
+        return _truncated_label(value)
+
+
+def _string_or_unprintable(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return element
+    else:
+        try:
+            return str(element)
+        except Exception:
+            return "unprintable element %r" % element
+
+
+def _expand_cloned(elements):
+    """expand the given set of ClauseElements to be the set of all 'cloned'
+    predecessors.
+
+    """
+    return itertools.chain(*[x._cloned_set for x in elements])
+
+
+def _select_iterables(elements):
+    """expand tables into individual columns in the
+    given list of column expressions.
+
+    """
+    return itertools.chain(*[c._select_iterable for c in elements])
+
+
+def _cloned_intersection(a, b):
+    """return the intersection of sets a and b, counting
+    any overlap between 'cloned' predecessors.
+
+    The returned set is in terms of the entities present within 'a'.
+
+    """
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return set(elem for elem in a
+               if all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set))
+
+
+def _cloned_difference(a, b):
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return set(elem for elem in a
+               if not all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set))
+
+
+def _labeled(element):
+    if not hasattr(element, 'name'):
+        return element.label(None)
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _is_column(col):
+    """True if ``col`` is an instance of :class:`.ColumnElement`."""
+
+    return isinstance(col, ColumnElement)
+
+
+def _find_columns(clause):
+    """locate Column objects within the given expression."""
+
+    cols = util.column_set()
+    traverse(clause, {}, {'column': cols.add})
+    return cols
+
+
+# there is some inconsistency here between the usage of
+# inspect() vs. checking for Visitable and __clause_element__.
+# Ideally all functions here would derive from inspect(),
+# however the inspect() versions add significant callcount
+# overhead for critical functions like _interpret_as_column_or_from().
+# Generally, the column-based functions are more performance critical
+# and are fine just checking for __clause_element__().  It is only
+# _interpret_as_from() where we'd like to be able to receive ORM entities
+# that have no defined namespace, hence inspect() is needed there.
+
+
+def _column_as_key(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return element
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    try:
+        return element.key
+    except AttributeError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _clause_element_as_expr(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _literal_as_label_reference(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return _textual_label_reference(element)
+
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+
+    return _literal_as_text(element)
+
+
+def _literal_and_labels_as_label_reference(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        return _textual_label_reference(element)
+
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+
+    if isinstance(element, ColumnElement) and \
+            element._order_by_label_element is not None:
+        return _label_reference(element)
+    else:
+        return _literal_as_text(element)
+
+
+def _expression_literal_as_text(element):
+    return _literal_as_text(element, warn=True)
+
+
+def _literal_as_text(element, warn=False):
+    if isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        return element
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        if warn:
+            util.warn_limited(
+                "Textual SQL expression %(expr)r should be "
+                "explicitly declared as text(%(expr)r)",
+                {"expr": util.ellipses_string(element)})
+
+        return TextClause(util.text_type(element))
+    elif isinstance(element, (util.NoneType, bool)):
+        return _const_expr(element)
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "SQL expression object or string expected, got object of type %r "
+            "instead" % type(element)
+        )
+
+
+def _no_literals(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif not isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("Ambiguous literal: %r.  Use the 'text()' "
+                                "function to indicate a SQL expression "
+                                "literal, or 'literal()' to indicate a "
+                                "bound value." % element)
+    else:
+        return element
+
+
+def _is_literal(element):
+    return not isinstance(element, Visitable) and \
+        not hasattr(element, '__clause_element__')
+
+
+def _only_column_elements_or_none(element, name):
+    if element is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return _only_column_elements(element, name)
+
+
+def _only_column_elements(element, name):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    if not isinstance(element, ColumnElement):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Column-based expression object expected for argument "
+            "'%s'; got: '%s', type %s" % (name, element, type(element)))
+    return element
+
+
+def _literal_as_binds(element, name=None, type_=None):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif not isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        if element is None:
+            return Null()
+        else:
+            return BindParameter(name, element, type_=type_, unique=True)
+    else:
+        return element
+
+_guess_straight_column = re.compile(r'^\w\S*$', re.I)
+
+
+def _interpret_as_column_or_from(element):
+    if isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        return element
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+    if insp is None:
+        if isinstance(element, (util.NoneType, bool)):
+            return _const_expr(element)
+    elif hasattr(insp, "selectable"):
+        return insp.selectable
+
+    # be forgiving as this is an extremely common
+    # and known expression
+    if element == "*":
+        guess_is_literal = True
+    elif isinstance(element, (numbers.Number)):
+        return ColumnClause(str(element), is_literal=True)
+    else:
+        element = str(element)
+        # give into temptation, as this fact we are guessing about
+        # is not one we've previously ever needed our users tell us;
+        # but let them know we are not happy about it
+        guess_is_literal = not _guess_straight_column.match(element)
+        util.warn_limited(
+            "Textual column expression %(column)r should be "
+            "explicitly declared with text(%(column)r), "
+            "or use %(literal_column)s(%(column)r) "
+            "for more specificity",
+            {
+                "column": util.ellipses_string(element),
+                "literal_column": "literal_column"
+                if guess_is_literal else "column"
+            })
+    return ColumnClause(
+        element,
+        is_literal=guess_is_literal)
+
+
+def _const_expr(element):
+    if isinstance(element, (Null, False_, True_)):
+        return element
+    elif element is None:
+        return Null()
+    elif element is False:
+        return False_()
+    elif element is True:
+        return True_()
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Expected None, False, or True"
+        )
+
+
+def _type_from_args(args):
+    for a in args:
+        if not a.type._isnull:
+            return a.type
+    else:
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+
+def _corresponding_column_or_error(fromclause, column,
+                                   require_embedded=False):
+    c = fromclause.corresponding_column(column,
+                                        require_embedded=require_embedded)
+    if c is None:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Given column '%s', attached to table '%s', "
+            "failed to locate a corresponding column from table '%s'"
+            %
+            (column,
+             getattr(column, 'table', None),
+             fromclause.description)
+        )
+    return c
+
+
+class AnnotatedColumnElement(Annotated):
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        Annotated.__init__(self, element, values)
+        ColumnElement.comparator._reset(self)
+        for attr in ('name', 'key', 'table'):
+            if self.__dict__.get(attr, False) is None:
+                self.__dict__.pop(attr)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        clone = super(AnnotatedColumnElement, self)._with_annotations(values)
+        ColumnElement.comparator._reset(clone)
+        return clone
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def name(self):
+        """pull 'name' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.name
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def table(self):
+        """pull 'table' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.table
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def key(self):
+        """pull 'key' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        return self._Annotated__element.info
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def anon_label(self):
+        return self._Annotated__element.anon_label
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..832779c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# sql/expression.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines the public namespace for SQL expression constructs.
+
+Prior to version 0.9, this module contained all of "elements", "dml",
+"default_comparator" and "selectable".   The module was broken up
+and most "factory" functions were moved to be grouped with their associated
+class.
+
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Alias', 'ClauseElement', 'ColumnCollection', 'ColumnElement',
+    'CompoundSelect', 'Delete', 'FromClause', 'Insert', 'Join', 'Select',
+    'Selectable', 'TableClause', 'Update', 'alias', 'and_', 'asc', 'between',
+    'bindparam', 'case', 'cast', 'column', 'delete', 'desc', 'distinct',
+    'except_', 'except_all', 'exists', 'extract', 'func', 'modifier',
+    'collate', 'insert', 'intersect', 'intersect_all', 'join', 'label',
+    'literal', 'literal_column', 'not_', 'null', 'nullsfirst', 'nullslast',
+    'or_', 'outparam', 'outerjoin', 'over', 'select', 'subquery',
+    'table', 'text',
+    'tuple_', 'type_coerce', 'union', 'union_all', 'update']
+
+
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .functions import func, modifier, FunctionElement, Function
+from ..util.langhelpers import public_factory
+from .elements import ClauseElement, ColumnElement,\
+    BindParameter, UnaryExpression, BooleanClauseList, \
+    Label, Cast, Case, ColumnClause, TextClause, Over, Null, \
+    True_, False_, BinaryExpression, Tuple, TypeClause, Extract, \
+    Grouping, not_, \
+    collate, literal_column, between,\
+    literal, outparam, type_coerce, ClauseList, FunctionFilter
+
+from .elements import SavepointClause, RollbackToSavepointClause, \
+    ReleaseSavepointClause
+
+from .base import ColumnCollection, Generative, Executable, \
+    PARSE_AUTOCOMMIT
+
+from .selectable import Alias, Join, Select, Selectable, TableClause, \
+    CompoundSelect, CTE, FromClause, FromGrouping, SelectBase, \
+    alias, GenerativeSelect, \
+    subquery, HasPrefixes, HasSuffixes, Exists, ScalarSelect, TextAsFrom
+
+
+from .dml import Insert, Update, Delete, UpdateBase, ValuesBase
+
+# factory functions - these pull class-bound constructors and classmethods
+# from SQL elements and selectables into public functions.  This allows
+# the functions to be available in the sqlalchemy.sql.* namespace and
+# to be auto-cross-documenting from the function to the class itself.
+
+and_ = public_factory(BooleanClauseList.and_, ".expression.and_")
+or_ = public_factory(BooleanClauseList.or_, ".expression.or_")
+bindparam = public_factory(BindParameter, ".expression.bindparam")
+select = public_factory(Select, ".expression.select")
+text = public_factory(TextClause._create_text, ".expression.text")
+table = public_factory(TableClause, ".expression.table")
+column = public_factory(ColumnClause, ".expression.column")
+over = public_factory(Over, ".expression.over")
+label = public_factory(Label, ".expression.label")
+case = public_factory(Case, ".expression.case")
+cast = public_factory(Cast, ".expression.cast")
+extract = public_factory(Extract, ".expression.extract")
+tuple_ = public_factory(Tuple, ".expression.tuple_")
+except_ = public_factory(CompoundSelect._create_except, ".expression.except_")
+except_all = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_except_all, ".expression.except_all")
+intersect = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_intersect, ".expression.intersect")
+intersect_all = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all, ".expression.intersect_all")
+union = public_factory(CompoundSelect._create_union, ".expression.union")
+union_all = public_factory(
+    CompoundSelect._create_union_all, ".expression.union_all")
+exists = public_factory(Exists, ".expression.exists")
+nullsfirst = public_factory(
+    UnaryExpression._create_nullsfirst, ".expression.nullsfirst")
+nullslast = public_factory(
+    UnaryExpression._create_nullslast, ".expression.nullslast")
+asc = public_factory(UnaryExpression._create_asc, ".expression.asc")
+desc = public_factory(UnaryExpression._create_desc, ".expression.desc")
+distinct = public_factory(
+    UnaryExpression._create_distinct, ".expression.distinct")
+true = public_factory(True_._instance, ".expression.true")
+false = public_factory(False_._instance, ".expression.false")
+null = public_factory(Null._instance, ".expression.null")
+join = public_factory(Join._create_join, ".expression.join")
+outerjoin = public_factory(Join._create_outerjoin, ".expression.outerjoin")
+insert = public_factory(Insert, ".expression.insert")
+update = public_factory(Update, ".expression.update")
+delete = public_factory(Delete, ".expression.delete")
+funcfilter = public_factory(
+    FunctionFilter, ".expression.funcfilter")
+
+
+# internal functions still being called from tests and the ORM,
+# these might be better off in some other namespace
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .elements import _literal_as_text, _clause_element_as_expr,\
+    _is_column, _labeled, _only_column_elements, _string_or_unprintable, \
+    _truncated_label, _clone, _cloned_difference, _cloned_intersection,\
+    _column_as_key, _literal_as_binds, _select_iterables, \
+    _corresponding_column_or_error, _literal_as_label_reference, \
+    _expression_literal_as_text
+from .selectable import _interpret_as_from
+
+
+# old names for compatibility
+_Executable = Executable
+_BindParamClause = BindParameter
+_Label = Label
+_SelectBase = SelectBase
+_BinaryExpression = BinaryExpression
+_Cast = Cast
+_Null = Null
+_False = False_
+_True = True_
+_TextClause = TextClause
+_UnaryExpression = UnaryExpression
+_Case = Case
+_Tuple = Tuple
+_Over = Over
+_Generative = Generative
+_TypeClause = TypeClause
+_Extract = Extract
+_Exists = Exists
+_Grouping = Grouping
+_FromGrouping = FromGrouping
+_ScalarSelect = ScalarSelect
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50c1ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+# sql/functions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL function API, factories, and built-in functions.
+
+"""
+from . import sqltypes, schema
+from .base import Executable, ColumnCollection
+from .elements import ClauseList, Cast, Extract, _literal_as_binds, \
+    literal_column, _type_from_args, ColumnElement, _clone,\
+    Over, BindParameter, FunctionFilter
+from .selectable import FromClause, Select, Alias
+
+from . import operators
+from .visitors import VisitableType
+from .. import util
+from . import annotation
+
+_registry = util.defaultdict(dict)
+
+
+def register_function(identifier, fn, package="_default"):
+    """Associate a callable with a particular func. name.
+
+    This is normally called by _GenericMeta, but is also
+    available by itself so that a non-Function construct
+    can be associated with the :data:`.func` accessor (i.e.
+    CAST, EXTRACT).
+
+    """
+    reg = _registry[package]
+    reg[identifier] = fn
+
+
+class FunctionElement(Executable, ColumnElement, FromClause):
+    """Base for SQL function-oriented constructs.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Function` - named SQL function.
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    packagenames = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+        """
+        args = [_literal_as_binds(c, self.name) for c in clauses]
+        self.clause_expr = ClauseList(
+            operator=operators.comma_op,
+            group_contents=True, *args).\
+            self_group()
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_function(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        """The set of columns exported by this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        Function objects currently have no result column names built in;
+        this method returns a single-element column collection with
+        an anonymously named column.
+
+        An interim approach to providing named columns for a function
+        as a FROM clause is to build a :func:`.select` with the
+        desired columns::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+            stmt = select([column('x'), column('y')]).\
+                select_from(func.myfunction())
+
+
+        """
+        return ColumnCollection(self.label(None))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def clauses(self):
+        """Return the underlying :class:`.ClauseList` which contains
+        the arguments for this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        """
+        return self.clause_expr.element
+
+    def over(self, partition_by=None, order_by=None):
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.row_number().over(order_by='x')
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over
+            over(func.row_number(), order_by='x')
+
+        See :func:`~.expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+        """
+        return Over(self, partition_by=partition_by, order_by=order_by)
+
+    def filter(self, *criterion):
+        """Produce a FILTER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate and window functions,
+        for database backends that support the "FILTER" clause.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.count(1).filter(True)
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
+            funcfilter(func.count(1), True)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.FunctionFilter`
+
+            :func:`.funcfilter`
+
+
+        """
+        if not criterion:
+            return self
+        return FunctionFilter(self, *criterion)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.clauses._from_objects
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.clause_expr,
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.clause_expr = clone(self.clause_expr, **kw)
+        self._reset_exported()
+        FunctionElement.clauses._reset(self)
+
+    def alias(self, name=None, flat=False):
+        """Produce a :class:`.Alias` construct against this
+        :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This construct wraps the function in a named alias which
+        is suitable for the FROM clause.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+            stmt = select([column('data')]).select_from(
+                func.unnest(Table.data).alias('data_view')
+            )
+
+        Would produce:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT data
+            FROM unnest(sometable.data) AS data_view
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.8 The :meth:`.FunctionElement.alias` method
+           is now supported.  Previously, this method's behavior was
+           undefined and did not behave consistently across versions.
+
+        """
+
+        return Alias(self, name)
+
+    def select(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.select` construct
+        against this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This is shorthand for::
+
+            s = select([function_element])
+
+        """
+        s = Select([self])
+        if self._execution_options:
+            s = s.execution_options(**self._execution_options)
+        return s
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Execute this :class:`.FunctionElement` against an embedded
+        'bind' and return a scalar value.
+
+        This first calls :meth:`~.FunctionElement.select` to
+        produce a SELECT construct.
+
+        Note that :class:`.FunctionElement` can be passed to
+        the :meth:`.Connectable.scalar` method of :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+        return self.select().execute().scalar()
+
+    def execute(self):
+        """Execute this :class:`.FunctionElement` against an embedded
+        'bind'.
+
+        This first calls :meth:`~.FunctionElement.select` to
+        produce a SELECT construct.
+
+        Note that :class:`.FunctionElement` can be passed to
+        the :meth:`.Connectable.execute` method of :class:`.Connection`
+        or :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        """
+        return self.select().execute()
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(None, obj, _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type, unique=True)
+
+
+class _FunctionGenerator(object):
+    """Generate :class:`.Function` objects based on getattr calls."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **opts):
+        self.__names = []
+        self.opts = opts
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        # passthru __ attributes; fixes pydoc
+        if name.startswith('__'):
+            try:
+                return self.__dict__[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+
+        elif name.endswith('_'):
+            name = name[0:-1]
+        f = _FunctionGenerator(**self.opts)
+        f.__names = list(self.__names) + [name]
+        return f
+
+    def __call__(self, *c, **kwargs):
+        o = self.opts.copy()
+        o.update(kwargs)
+
+        tokens = len(self.__names)
+
+        if tokens == 2:
+            package, fname = self.__names
+        elif tokens == 1:
+            package, fname = "_default", self.__names[0]
+        else:
+            package = None
+
+        if package is not None:
+            func = _registry[package].get(fname)
+            if func is not None:
+                return func(*c, **o)
+
+        return Function(self.__names[-1],
+                        packagenames=self.__names[0:-1], *c, **o)
+
+
+func = _FunctionGenerator()
+"""Generate SQL function expressions.
+
+   :data:`.func` is a special object instance which generates SQL
+   functions based on name-based attributes, e.g.::
+
+        >>> print func.count(1)
+        count(:param_1)
+
+   The element is a column-oriented SQL element like any other, and is
+   used in that way::
+
+        >>> print select([func.count(table.c.id)])
+        SELECT count(sometable.id) FROM sometable
+
+   Any name can be given to :data:`.func`. If the function name is unknown to
+   SQLAlchemy, it will be rendered exactly as is. For common SQL functions
+   which SQLAlchemy is aware of, the name may be interpreted as a *generic
+   function* which will be compiled appropriately to the target database::
+
+        >>> print func.current_timestamp()
+        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+   To call functions which are present in dot-separated packages,
+   specify them in the same manner::
+
+        >>> print func.stats.yield_curve(5, 10)
+        stats.yield_curve(:yield_curve_1, :yield_curve_2)
+
+   SQLAlchemy can be made aware of the return type of functions to enable
+   type-specific lexical and result-based behavior. For example, to ensure
+   that a string-based function returns a Unicode value and is similarly
+   treated as a string in expressions, specify
+   :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` as the type:
+
+        >>> print func.my_string(u'hi', type_=Unicode) + ' ' + \
+        ... func.my_string(u'there', type_=Unicode)
+        my_string(:my_string_1) || :my_string_2 || my_string(:my_string_3)
+
+   The object returned by a :data:`.func` call is usually an instance of
+   :class:`.Function`.
+   This object meets the "column" interface, including comparison and labeling
+   functions.  The object can also be passed the :meth:`~.Connectable.execute`
+   method of a :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`, where it will be
+   wrapped inside of a SELECT statement first::
+
+        print connection.execute(func.current_timestamp()).scalar()
+
+   In a few exception cases, the :data:`.func` accessor
+   will redirect a name to a built-in expression such as :func:`.cast`
+   or :func:`.extract`, as these names have well-known meaning
+   but are not exactly the same as "functions" from a SQLAlchemy
+   perspective.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 0.8 :data:`.func` can return non-function expression
+      constructs for common quasi-functional names like :func:`.cast`
+      and :func:`.extract`.
+
+   Functions which are interpreted as "generic" functions know how to
+   calculate their return type automatically. For a listing of known generic
+   functions, see :ref:`generic_functions`.
+
+   .. note::
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct has only limited support for calling
+        standalone "stored procedures", especially those with special
+        parameterization concerns.
+
+        See the section :ref:`stored_procedures` for details on how to use
+        the DBAPI-level ``callproc()`` method for fully traditional stored
+        procedures.
+
+"""
+
+modifier = _FunctionGenerator(group=False)
+
+
+class Function(FunctionElement):
+    """Describe a named SQL function.
+
+    See the superclass :class:`.FunctionElement` for a description
+    of public methods.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'function'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *clauses, **kw):
+        """Construct a :class:`.Function`.
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct is normally used to construct
+        new :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        """
+        self.packagenames = kw.pop('packagenames', None) or []
+        self.name = name
+        self._bind = kw.get('bind', None)
+        self.type = sqltypes.to_instance(kw.get('type_', None))
+
+        FunctionElement.__init__(self, *clauses, **kw)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj):
+        return BindParameter(self.name, obj,
+                             _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                             _compared_to_type=self.type,
+                             unique=True)
+
+
+class _GenericMeta(VisitableType):
+    def __init__(cls, clsname, bases, clsdict):
+        if annotation.Annotated not in cls.__mro__:
+            cls.name = name = clsdict.get('name', clsname)
+            cls.identifier = identifier = clsdict.get('identifier', name)
+            package = clsdict.pop('package', '_default')
+            # legacy
+            if '__return_type__' in clsdict:
+                cls.type = clsdict['__return_type__']
+            register_function(identifier, cls, package)
+        super(_GenericMeta, cls).__init__(clsname, bases, clsdict)
+
+
+class GenericFunction(util.with_metaclass(_GenericMeta, Function)):
+    """Define a 'generic' function.
+
+    A generic function is a pre-established :class:`.Function`
+    class that is instantiated automatically when called
+    by name from the :data:`.func` attribute.    Note that
+    calling any name from :data:`.func` has the effect that
+    a new :class:`.Function` instance is created automatically,
+    given that name.  The primary use case for defining
+    a :class:`.GenericFunction` class is so that a function
+    of a particular name may be given a fixed return type.
+    It can also include custom argument parsing schemes as well
+    as additional methods.
+
+    Subclasses of :class:`.GenericFunction` are automatically
+    registered under the name of the class.  For
+    example, a user-defined function ``as_utc()`` would
+    be available immediately::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql.functions import GenericFunction
+        from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime
+
+        print select([func.as_utc()])
+
+    User-defined generic functions can be organized into
+    packages by specifying the "package" attribute when defining
+    :class:`.GenericFunction`.   Third party libraries
+    containing many functions may want to use this in order
+    to avoid name conflicts with other systems.   For example,
+    if our ``as_utc()`` function were part of a package
+    "time"::
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime
+            package = "time"
+
+    The above function would be available from :data:`.func`
+    using the package name ``time``::
+
+        print select([func.time.as_utc()])
+
+    A final option is to allow the function to be accessed
+    from one name in :data:`.func` but to render as a different name.
+    The ``identifier`` attribute will override the name used to
+    access the function as loaded from :data:`.func`, but will retain
+    the usage of ``name`` as the rendered name::
+
+        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
+            type = Geometry
+            package = "geo"
+            name = "ST_Buffer"
+            identifier = "buffer"
+
+    The above function will render as follows::
+
+        >>> print func.geo.buffer()
+        ST_Buffer()
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 :class:`.GenericFunction` now supports
+       automatic registration of new functions as well as package
+       and custom naming support.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8 The attribute name ``type`` is used
+       to specify the function's return type at the class level.
+       Previously, the name ``__return_type__`` was used.  This
+       name is still recognized for backwards-compatibility.
+
+    """
+
+    coerce_arguments = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        parsed_args = kwargs.pop('_parsed_args', None)
+        if parsed_args is None:
+            parsed_args = [_literal_as_binds(c) for c in args]
+        self.packagenames = []
+        self._bind = kwargs.get('bind', None)
+        self.clause_expr = ClauseList(
+            operator=operators.comma_op,
+            group_contents=True, *parsed_args).self_group()
+        self.type = sqltypes.to_instance(
+            kwargs.pop("type_", None) or getattr(self, 'type', None))
+
+register_function("cast", Cast)
+register_function("extract", Extract)
+
+
+class next_value(GenericFunction):
+    """Represent the 'next value', given a :class:`.Sequence`
+    as its single argument.
+
+    Compiles into the appropriate function on each backend,
+    or will raise NotImplementedError if used on a backend
+    that does not provide support for sequences.
+
+    """
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    name = "next_value"
+
+    def __init__(self, seq, **kw):
+        assert isinstance(seq, schema.Sequence), \
+            "next_value() accepts a Sequence object as input."
+        self._bind = kw.get('bind', None)
+        self.sequence = seq
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return []
+
+
+class AnsiFunction(GenericFunction):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ReturnTypeFromArgs(GenericFunction):
+    """Define a function whose return type is the same as its arguments."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        args = [_literal_as_binds(c) for c in args]
+        kwargs.setdefault('type_', _type_from_args(args))
+        kwargs['_parsed_args'] = args
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class coalesce(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class max(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class min(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class sum(ReturnTypeFromArgs):
+    pass
+
+
+class now(GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class concat(GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
+
+
+class char_length(GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Integer
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, **kwargs):
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, arg, **kwargs)
+
+
+class random(GenericFunction):
+    pass
+
+
+class count(GenericFunction):
+    """The ANSI COUNT aggregate function.  With no arguments,
+    emits COUNT \*.
+
+    """
+    type = sqltypes.Integer
+
+    def __init__(self, expression=None, **kwargs):
+        if expression is None:
+            expression = literal_column('*')
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, expression, **kwargs)
+
+
+class current_date(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Date
+
+
+class current_time(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Time
+
+
+class current_timestamp(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class current_user(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
+
+
+class localtime(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class localtimestamp(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class session_user(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
+
+
+class sysdate(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime
+
+
+class user(AnsiFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.String
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a1a832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# sqlalchemy/naming.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Establish constraint and index naming conventions.
+
+
+"""
+
+from .schema import Constraint, ForeignKeyConstraint, PrimaryKeyConstraint, \
+    UniqueConstraint, CheckConstraint, Index, Table, Column
+from .. import event, events
+from .. import exc
+from .elements import _truncated_label, _defer_name, _defer_none_name, conv
+import re
+
+
+class ConventionDict(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, const, table, convention):
+        self.const = const
+        self._is_fk = isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)
+        self.table = table
+        self.convention = convention
+        self._const_name = const.name
+
+    def _key_table_name(self):
+        return self.table.name
+
+    def _column_X(self, idx):
+        if self._is_fk:
+            fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+            return fk.parent
+        else:
+            return list(self.const.columns)[idx]
+
+    def _key_constraint_name(self):
+        if isinstance(self._const_name, (type(None), _defer_none_name)):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Naming convention including "
+                "%(constraint_name)s token requires that "
+                "constraint is explicitly named."
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self._const_name, conv):
+            self.const.name = None
+        return self._const_name
+
+    def _key_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx).name
+
+    def _key_column_X_label(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx)._label
+
+    def _key_referred_table_name(self):
+        fk = self.const.elements[0]
+        refs = fk.target_fullname.split(".")
+        if len(refs) == 3:
+            refschema, reftable, refcol = refs
+        else:
+            reftable, refcol = refs
+        return reftable
+
+    def _key_referred_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+        refs = fk.target_fullname.split(".")
+        if len(refs) == 3:
+            refschema, reftable, refcol = refs
+        else:
+            reftable, refcol = refs
+        return refcol
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self.convention:
+            return self.convention[key](self.const, self.table)
+        elif hasattr(self, '_key_%s' % key):
+            return getattr(self, '_key_%s' % key)()
+        else:
+            col_template = re.match(r".*_?column_(\d+)_.+", key)
+            if col_template:
+                idx = col_template.group(1)
+                attr = "_key_" + key.replace(idx, "X")
+                idx = int(idx)
+                if hasattr(self, attr):
+                    return getattr(self, attr)(idx)
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+_prefix_dict = {
+    Index: "ix",
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint: "pk",
+    CheckConstraint: "ck",
+    UniqueConstraint: "uq",
+    ForeignKeyConstraint: "fk"
+}
+
+
+def _get_convention(dict_, key):
+
+    for super_ in key.__mro__:
+        if super_ in _prefix_dict and _prefix_dict[super_] in dict_:
+            return dict_[_prefix_dict[super_]]
+        elif super_ in dict_:
+            return dict_[super_]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _constraint_name_for_table(const, table):
+    metadata = table.metadata
+    convention = _get_convention(metadata.naming_convention, type(const))
+
+    if isinstance(const.name, conv):
+        return const.name
+    elif convention is not None and \
+        not isinstance(const.name, conv) and \
+            (
+            const.name is None or
+            "constraint_name" in convention or
+            isinstance(const.name, _defer_name)):
+        return conv(
+            convention % ConventionDict(const, table,
+                                        metadata.naming_convention)
+        )
+    elif isinstance(convention, _defer_none_name):
+        return None
+
+
+@event.listens_for(Constraint, "after_parent_attach")
+@event.listens_for(Index, "after_parent_attach")
+def _constraint_name(const, table):
+    if isinstance(table, Column):
+        # for column-attached constraint, set another event
+        # to link the column attached to the table as this constraint
+        # associated with the table.
+        event.listen(table, "after_parent_attach",
+                     lambda col, table: _constraint_name(const, table)
+                     )
+    elif isinstance(table, Table):
+        if isinstance(const.name, (conv, _defer_name)):
+            return
+
+        newname = _constraint_name_for_table(const, table)
+        if newname is not None:
+            const.name = newname
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e2900d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,905 @@
+# sql/operators.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines operators used in SQL expressions."""
+
+from .. import util
+
+
+from operator import (
+    and_, or_, inv, add, mul, sub, mod, truediv, lt, le, ne, gt, ge, eq, neg,
+    getitem, lshift, rshift, contains
+)
+
+if util.py2k:
+    from operator import div
+else:
+    div = truediv
+
+
+class Operators(object):
+    """Base of comparison and logical operators.
+
+    Implements base methods
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.operate` and
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.reverse_operate`, as well as
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__and__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__or__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__invert__`.
+
+    Usually is used via its most common subclass
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`.
+
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``&`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        AND operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`~.expression.and_`, that is::
+
+            a & b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+            and_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``&`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``&`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) & (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(and_, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``|`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        OR operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`~.expression.or_`, that is::
+
+            a | b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+            or_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``|`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``|`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) | (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(or_, other)
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        """Implement the ``~`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in a
+        NOT operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`~.expression.not_`, that is::
+
+            ~a
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import not_
+            not_(a)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(inv)
+
+    def op(self, opstring, precedence=0, is_comparison=False):
+        """produce a generic operator function.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+          somecolumn.op("*")(5)
+
+        produces::
+
+          somecolumn * 5
+
+        This function can also be used to make bitwise operators explicit. For
+        example::
+
+          somecolumn.op('&')(0xff)
+
+        is a bitwise AND of the value in ``somecolumn``.
+
+        :param operator: a string which will be output as the infix operator
+          between this element and the expression passed to the
+          generated function.
+
+        :param precedence: precedence to apply to the operator, when
+         parenthesizing expressions.  A lower number will cause the expression
+         to be parenthesized when applied against another operator with
+         higher precedence.  The default value of ``0`` is lower than all
+         operators except for the comma (``,``) and ``AS`` operators.
+         A value of 100 will be higher or equal to all operators, and -100
+         will be lower than or equal to all operators.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.8 - added the 'precedence' argument.
+
+        :param is_comparison: if True, the operator will be considered as a
+         "comparison" operator, that is which evaluates to a boolean
+         true/false value, like ``==``, ``>``, etc.  This flag should be set
+         so that ORM relationships can establish that the operator is a
+         comparison operator when used in a custom join condition.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 - added the
+            :paramref:`.Operators.op.is_comparison` flag.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator`
+
+        """
+        operator = custom_op(opstring, precedence, is_comparison)
+
+        def against(other):
+            return operator(self, other)
+        return against
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        """Operate on an argument.
+
+        This is the lowest level of operation, raises
+        :class:`NotImplementedError` by default.
+
+        Overriding this on a subclass can allow common
+        behavior to be applied to all operations.
+        For example, overriding :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+        to apply ``func.lower()`` to the left and right
+        side::
+
+            class MyComparator(ColumnOperators):
+                def operate(self, op, other):
+                    return op(func.lower(self), func.lower(other))
+
+        :param op:  Operator callable.
+        :param \*other: the 'other' side of the operation. Will
+         be a single scalar for most operations.
+        :param \**kwargs: modifiers.  These may be passed by special
+         operators such as :meth:`ColumnOperators.contains`.
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        """Reverse operate on an argument.
+
+        Usage is the same as :meth:`operate`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+
+class custom_op(object):
+    """Represent a 'custom' operator.
+
+    :class:`.custom_op` is normally instantitated when the
+    :meth:`.ColumnOperators.op` method is used to create a
+    custom operator callable.  The class can also be used directly
+    when programmatically constructing expressions.   E.g.
+    to represent the "factorial" operation::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import UnaryExpression
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+        from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+
+        unary = UnaryExpression(table.c.somecolumn,
+                modifier=operators.custom_op("!"),
+                type_=Numeric)
+
+    """
+    __name__ = 'custom_op'
+
+    def __init__(self, opstring, precedence=0, is_comparison=False):
+        self.opstring = opstring
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self.is_comparison = is_comparison
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, custom_op) and \
+            other.opstring == self.opstring
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __call__(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return left.operate(self, right, **kw)
+
+
+class ColumnOperators(Operators):
+    """Defines boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+    :class:`.ColumnElement` expressions.
+
+    By default, all methods call down to
+    :meth:`.operate` or :meth:`.reverse_operate`,
+    passing in the appropriate operator function from the
+    Python builtin ``operator`` module or
+    a SQLAlchemy-specific operator function from
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.expression.operators`.   For example
+    the ``__eq__`` function::
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self.operate(operators.eq, other)
+
+    Where ``operators.eq`` is essentially::
+
+        def eq(a, b):
+            return a == b
+
+    The core column expression unit :class:`.ColumnElement`
+    overrides :meth:`.Operators.operate` and others
+    to return further :class:`.ColumnElement` constructs,
+    so that the ``==`` operation above is replaced by a clause
+    construct.
+
+    See also:
+
+    :ref:`types_operators`
+
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+    :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    timetuple = None
+    """Hack, allows datetime objects to be compared on the LHS."""
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``<`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a < b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(lt, other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``<=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a <= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(le, other)
+
+    __hash__ = Operators.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a = b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(eq, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a != b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NOT NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ne, other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``>`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a > b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(gt, other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``>=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a >= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ge, other)
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``-a``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(neg)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        return self.operate(contains, other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        """Implement the [] operator.
+
+        This can be used by some database-specific types
+        such as Postgresql ARRAY and HSTORE.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(getitem, index)
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other):
+        """implement the << operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        << as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(lshift, other)
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other):
+        """implement the >> operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        >> as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(rshift, other)
+
+    def concat(self, other):
+        """Implement the 'concat' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a || b``,
+        or uses the ``concat()`` operator on MySQL.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(concat_op, other)
+
+    def like(self, other, escape=None):
+        """Implement the ``like`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a LIKE other``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([sometable]).where(sometable.c.column.like("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.like("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(like_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def ilike(self, other, escape=None):
+        """Implement the ``ilike`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a ILIKE other``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            select([sometable]).where(sometable.c.column.ilike("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.ilike("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def in_(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``in`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a IN other``.
+        "other" may be a tuple/list of column expressions,
+        or a :func:`~.expression.select` construct.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(in_op, other)
+
+    def notin_(self, other):
+        """implement the ``NOT IN`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`, i.e. ``~x.in_(y)``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(notin_op, other)
+
+    def notlike(self, other, escape=None):
+        """implement the ``NOT LIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`, i.e. ``~x.like(y)``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(notlike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def notilike(self, other, escape=None):
+        """implement the ``NOT ILIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`, i.e. ``~x.ilike(y)``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(notilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def is_(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``IS`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.9
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.isnot`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_, other)
+
+    def isnot(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``IS NOT`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS NOT`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS NOT`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.9
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(isnot, other)
+
+    def startswith(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implement the ``startwith`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``LIKE '<other>%'``
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(startswith_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def endswith(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implement the 'endswith' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``LIKE '%<other>'``
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(endswith_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implement the 'contains' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``LIKE '%<other>%'``
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(contains_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def match(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """Implements a database-specific 'match' operator.
+
+        :meth:`~.ColumnOperators.match` attempts to resolve to
+        a MATCH-like function or operator provided by the backend.
+        Examples include:
+
+        * Postgresql - renders ``x @@ to_tsquery(y)``
+        * MySQL - renders ``MATCH (x) AGAINST (y IN BOOLEAN MODE)``
+        * Oracle - renders ``CONTAINS(x, y)``
+        * other backends may provide special implementations.
+        * Backends without any special implementation will emit
+          the operator as "MATCH".  This is compatible with SQlite, for
+          example.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(match_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def desc(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.desc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(desc_op)
+
+    def asc(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.asc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(asc_op)
+
+    def nullsfirst(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.nullsfirst` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(nullsfirst_op)
+
+    def nullslast(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.nullslast` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(nullslast_op)
+
+    def collate(self, collation):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.collate` clause against
+        the parent object, given the collation string."""
+        return self.operate(collate, collation)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__add__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(add, other)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__sub__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mul__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __rdiv__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__div__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(div, other)
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mod__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mod, other)
+
+    def between(self, cleft, cright, symmetric=False):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.between` clause against
+        the parent object, given the lower and upper range.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(between_op, cleft, cright, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+    def distinct(self):
+        """Produce a :func:`~.expression.distinct` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(distinct_op)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a + b``
+        if the parent object has non-string affinity.
+        If the parent object has a string affinity,
+        produces the concatenation operator, ``a || b`` -
+        see :meth:`.ColumnOperators.concat`.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(add, other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a - b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a * b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __div__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(div, other)
+
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a % b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mod, other)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(truediv, other)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__truediv__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(truediv, other)
+
+
+def from_():
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def as_():
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def exists():
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def istrue(a):
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def isfalse(a):
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def is_(a, b):
+    return a.is_(b)
+
+
+def isnot(a, b):
+    return a.isnot(b)
+
+
+def collate(a, b):
+    return a.collate(b)
+
+
+def op(a, opstring, b):
+    return a.op(opstring)(b)
+
+
+def like_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.like(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notlike_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.notlike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def ilike_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.ilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notilike_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.notilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def between_op(a, b, c, symmetric=False):
+    return a.between(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def notbetween_op(a, b, c, symmetric=False):
+    return a.notbetween(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def in_op(a, b):
+    return a.in_(b)
+
+
+def notin_op(a, b):
+    return a.notin_(b)
+
+
+def distinct_op(a):
+    return a.distinct()
+
+
+def startswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.startswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notstartswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return ~a.startswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def endswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.endswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notendswith_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return ~a.endswith(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def contains_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return a.contains(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def notcontains_op(a, b, escape=None):
+    return ~a.contains(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+def match_op(a, b, **kw):
+    return a.match(b, **kw)
+
+
+def notmatch_op(a, b, **kw):
+    return a.notmatch(b, **kw)
+
+
+def comma_op(a, b):
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def concat_op(a, b):
+    return a.concat(b)
+
+
+def desc_op(a):
+    return a.desc()
+
+
+def asc_op(a):
+    return a.asc()
+
+
+def nullsfirst_op(a):
+    return a.nullsfirst()
+
+
+def nullslast_op(a):
+    return a.nullslast()
+
+
+_commutative = set([eq, ne, add, mul])
+
+_comparison = set([eq, ne, lt, gt, ge, le, between_op, like_op])
+
+
+def is_comparison(op):
+    return op in _comparison or \
+        isinstance(op, custom_op) and op.is_comparison
+
+
+def is_commutative(op):
+    return op in _commutative
+
+
+def is_ordering_modifier(op):
+    return op in (asc_op, desc_op,
+                  nullsfirst_op, nullslast_op)
+
+_associative = _commutative.union([concat_op, and_, or_])
+
+_natural_self_precedent = _associative.union([getitem])
+"""Operators where if we have (a op b) op c, we don't want to
+parenthesize (a op b).
+
+"""
+
+_asbool = util.symbol('_asbool', canonical=-10)
+_smallest = util.symbol('_smallest', canonical=-100)
+_largest = util.symbol('_largest', canonical=100)
+
+_PRECEDENCE = {
+    from_: 15,
+    getitem: 15,
+    mul: 8,
+    truediv: 8,
+    div: 8,
+    mod: 8,
+    neg: 8,
+    add: 7,
+    sub: 7,
+
+    concat_op: 6,
+    match_op: 6,
+    notmatch_op: 6,
+
+    ilike_op: 6,
+    notilike_op: 6,
+    like_op: 6,
+    notlike_op: 6,
+    in_op: 6,
+    notin_op: 6,
+
+    is_: 6,
+    isnot: 6,
+
+    eq: 5,
+    ne: 5,
+    gt: 5,
+    lt: 5,
+    ge: 5,
+    le: 5,
+
+    between_op: 5,
+    notbetween_op: 5,
+    distinct_op: 5,
+    inv: 5,
+    istrue: 5,
+    isfalse: 5,
+    and_: 3,
+    or_: 2,
+    comma_op: -1,
+
+    desc_op: 3,
+    asc_op: 3,
+    collate: 4,
+
+    as_: -1,
+    exists: 0,
+    _asbool: -10,
+    _smallest: _smallest,
+    _largest: _largest
+}
+
+
+def is_precedent(operator, against):
+    if operator is against and operator in _natural_self_precedent:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return (_PRECEDENCE.get(operator,
+                                getattr(operator, 'precedence', _smallest)) <=
+                _PRECEDENCE.get(against,
+                                getattr(against, 'precedence', _largest)))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c122ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3787 @@
+# sql/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The schema module provides the building blocks for database metadata.
+
+Each element within this module describes a database entity which can be
+created and dropped, or is otherwise part of such an entity.  Examples include
+tables, columns, sequences, and indexes.
+
+All entities are subclasses of :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.SchemaItem`, and as
+defined in this module they are intended to be agnostic of any vendor-specific
+constructs.
+
+A collection of entities are grouped into a unit called
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`. MetaData serves as a logical grouping of
+schema elements, and can also be associated with an actual database connection
+such that operations involving the contained elements can contact the database
+as needed.
+
+Two of the elements here also build upon their "syntactic" counterparts, which
+are defined in :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.`, specifically
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`.
+Since these objects are part of the SQL expression language, they are usable
+as components in SQL expressions.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import inspect
+from .. import exc, util, event, inspection
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget, DialectKWArgs
+from . import visitors
+from . import type_api
+from .base import _bind_or_error, ColumnCollection
+from .elements import ClauseElement, ColumnClause, _truncated_label, \
+    _as_truncated, TextClause, _literal_as_text,\
+    ColumnElement, _find_columns, quoted_name
+from .selectable import TableClause
+import collections
+import sqlalchemy
+from . import ddl
+import types
+
+RETAIN_SCHEMA = util.symbol('retain_schema')
+
+
+def _get_table_key(name, schema):
+    if schema is None:
+        return name
+    else:
+        return schema + "." + name
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class SchemaItem(SchemaEventTarget, visitors.Visitable):
+    """Base class for items that define a database schema."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'schema_item'
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(self, connection, multiparams, params):
+        return connection._execute_default(self, multiparams, params)
+
+    def _init_items(self, *args):
+        """Initialize the list of child items for this SchemaItem."""
+
+        for item in args:
+            if item is not None:
+                item._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        """used to allow SchemaVisitor access"""
+        return []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, omit_kwarg=['info'])
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated('0.9', 'Use ``<obj>.name.quote``')
+    def quote(self):
+        """Return the value of the ``quote`` flag passed
+        to this schema object, for those schema items which
+        have a ``name`` field.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.name.quote
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self):
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        The dictionary is automatically generated when first accessed.
+        It can also be specified in the constructor of some objects,
+        such as :class:`.Table` and :class:`.Column`.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def _schema_item_copy(self, schema_item):
+        if 'info' in self.__dict__:
+            schema_item.info = self.info.copy()
+        schema_item.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return schema_item
+
+
+class Table(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem, TableClause):
+    """Represent a table in a database.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
+                        Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                        Column('value', String(50))
+                   )
+
+    The :class:`.Table` object constructs a unique instance of itself based
+    on its name and optional schema name within the given
+    :class:`.MetaData` object. Calling the :class:`.Table`
+    constructor with the same name and same :class:`.MetaData` argument
+    a second time will return the *same* :class:`.Table` object - in this way
+    the :class:`.Table` constructor acts as a registry function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    Constructor arguments are as follows:
+
+    :param name: The name of this table as represented in the database.
+
+        The table name, along with the value of the ``schema`` parameter,
+        forms a key which uniquely identifies this :class:`.Table` within
+        the owning :class:`.MetaData` collection.
+        Additional calls to :class:`.Table` with the same name, metadata,
+        and schema name will return the same :class:`.Table` object.
+
+        Names which contain no upper case characters
+        will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+        unless they are a reserved word or contain special characters.
+        A name with any number of upper case characters is considered
+        to be case sensitive, and will be sent as quoted.
+
+        To enable unconditional quoting for the table name, specify the flag
+        ``quote=True`` to the constructor, or use the :class:`.quoted_name`
+        construct to specify the name.
+
+    :param metadata: a :class:`.MetaData` object which will contain this
+        table.  The metadata is used as a point of association of this table
+        with other tables which are referenced via foreign key.  It also
+        may be used to associate this table with a particular
+        :class:`.Connectable`.
+
+    :param \*args: Additional positional arguments are used primarily
+        to add the list of :class:`.Column` objects contained within this
+        table. Similar to the style of a CREATE TABLE statement, other
+        :class:`.SchemaItem` constructs may be added here, including
+        :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, and :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    :param autoload: Defaults to False, unless :paramref:`.Table.autoload_with`
+        is set in which case it defaults to True; :class:`.Column` objects
+        for this table should be reflected from the database, possibly
+        augmenting or replacing existing :class:`.Column` objects that were
+        expicitly specified.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 setting the :paramref:`.Table.autoload_with`
+           parameter implies that :paramref:`.Table.autoload` will default
+           to True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
+
+    :param autoload_replace: Defaults to ``True``; when using
+        :paramref:`.Table.autoload`
+        in conjunction with :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`, indicates
+        that :class:`.Column` objects present in the already-existing
+        :class:`.Table` object should be replaced with columns of the same
+        name retrieved from the autoload process.   When ``False``, columns
+        already present under existing names will be omitted from the
+        reflection process.
+
+        Note that this setting does not impact :class:`.Column` objects
+        specified programmatically within the call to :class:`.Table` that
+        also is autoloading; those :class:`.Column` objects will always
+        replace existing columns of the same name when
+        :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` is ``True``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.5
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.autoload`
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`
+
+    :param autoload_with: An :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` object
+        with which this :class:`.Table` object will be reflected; when
+        set to a non-None value, it implies that :paramref:`.Table.autoload`
+        is ``True``.   If left unset, but :paramref:`.Table.autoload` is
+        explicitly set to ``True``, an autoload operation will attempt to
+        proceed by locating an :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` bound
+        to the underlying :class:`.MetaData` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.autoload`
+
+    :param extend_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this
+        :class:`.Table` is already present in the given :class:`.MetaData`,
+        apply further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+        :class:`.Table`.
+
+        If :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` or
+        :paramref:`.Table.keep_existing` are not set, and the given name
+        of the new :class:`.Table` refers to a :class:`.Table` that is
+        already present in the target :class:`.MetaData` collection, and
+        this :class:`.Table` specifies additional columns or other constructs
+        or flags that modify the table's state, an
+        error is raised.  The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
+        is to specify what action should be taken when a :class:`.Table`
+        is specified that matches an existing :class:`.Table`, yet specifies
+        additional constructs.
+
+        :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` will also work in conjunction
+        with :paramref:`.Table.autoload` to run a new reflection
+        operation against the database, even if a :class:`.Table`
+        of the same name is already present in the target
+        :class:`.MetaData`; newly reflected :class:`.Column` objects
+        and other options will be added into the state of the
+        :class:`.Table`, potentially overwriting existing columns
+        and options of the same name.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4 :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` will
+           invoke a new reflection operation when combined with
+           :paramref:`.Table.autoload` set to True.
+
+        As is always the case with :paramref:`.Table.autoload`,
+        :class:`.Column` objects can be specified in the same :class:`.Table`
+        constructor, which will take precedence.  Below, the existing
+        table ``mytable`` will be augmented with :class:`.Column` objects
+        both reflected from the database, as well as the given :class:`.Column`
+        named "y"::
+
+            Table("mytable", metadata,
+                        Column('y', Integer),
+                        extend_existing=True,
+                        autoload=True,
+                        autoload_with=engine
+                    )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.autoload`
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.autoload_replace`
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.keep_existing`
+
+
+    :param implicit_returning: True by default - indicates that
+        RETURNING can be used by default to fetch newly inserted primary key
+        values, for backends which support this.  Note that
+        create_engine() also provides an implicit_returning flag.
+
+    :param include_columns: A list of strings indicating a subset of
+        columns to be loaded via the ``autoload`` operation; table columns who
+        aren't present in this list will not be represented on the resulting
+        ``Table`` object. Defaults to ``None`` which indicates all columns
+        should be reflected.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param keep_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this Table
+        is already present in the given :class:`.MetaData`, ignore
+        further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+        :class:`.Table`, and return the :class:`.Table` object as
+        originally created. This is to allow a function that wishes
+        to define a new :class:`.Table` on first call, but on
+        subsequent calls will return the same :class:`.Table`,
+        without any of the declarations (particularly constraints)
+        being applied a second time.
+
+        If :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` or
+        :paramref:`.Table.keep_existing` are not set, and the given name
+        of the new :class:`.Table` refers to a :class:`.Table` that is
+        already present in the target :class:`.MetaData` collection, and
+        this :class:`.Table` specifies additional columns or other constructs
+        or flags that modify the table's state, an
+        error is raised.  The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
+        is to specify what action should be taken when a :class:`.Table`
+        is specified that matches an existing :class:`.Table`, yet specifies
+        additional constructs.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`
+
+    :param listeners: A list of tuples of the form ``(<eventname>, <fn>)``
+        which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen` upon construction.
+        This alternate hook to :func:`.event.listen` allows the establishment
+        of a listener function specific to this :class:`.Table` before
+        the "autoload" process begins.  Particularly useful for
+        the :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event::
+
+            def listen_for_reflect(table, column_info):
+                "handle the column reflection event"
+                # ...
+
+            t = Table(
+                'sometable',
+                autoload=True,
+                listeners=[
+                    ('column_reflect', listen_for_reflect)
+                ])
+
+    :param mustexist: When ``True``, indicates that this Table must already
+        be present in the given :class:`.MetaData` collection, else
+        an exception is raised.
+
+    :param prefixes:
+        A list of strings to insert after CREATE in the CREATE TABLE
+        statement.  They will be separated by spaces.
+
+    :param quote: Force quoting of this table's name on or off, corresponding
+        to ``True`` or ``False``.  When left at its default of ``None``,
+        the column identifier will be quoted according to whether the name is
+        case sensitive (identifiers with at least one upper case character are
+        treated as case sensitive), or if it's a reserved word.  This flag
+        is only needed to force quoting of a reserved word which is not known
+        by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+    :param quote_schema: same as 'quote' but applies to the schema identifier.
+
+    :param schema: The schema name for this table, which is required if
+        the table resides in a schema other than the default selected schema
+        for the engine's database connection.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+        The quoting rules for the schema name are the same as those for the
+        ``name`` parameter, in that quoting is applied for reserved words or
+        case-sensitive names; to enable unconditional quoting for the
+        schema name, specify the flag
+        ``quote_schema=True`` to the constructor, or use the
+        :class:`.quoted_name` construct to specify the name.
+
+    :param useexisting: Deprecated.  Use :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`.
+
+    :param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
+        dialect specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.
+        See the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+        :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'table'
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
+        if not args:
+            # python3k pickle seems to call this
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+
+        try:
+            name, metadata, args = args[0], args[1], args[2:]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise TypeError("Table() takes at least two arguments")
+
+        schema = kw.get('schema', None)
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = metadata.schema
+        keep_existing = kw.pop('keep_existing', False)
+        extend_existing = kw.pop('extend_existing', False)
+        if 'useexisting' in kw:
+            msg = "useexisting is deprecated.  Use extend_existing."
+            util.warn_deprecated(msg)
+            if extend_existing:
+                msg = "useexisting is synonymous with extend_existing."
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
+            extend_existing = kw.pop('useexisting', False)
+
+        if keep_existing and extend_existing:
+            msg = "keep_existing and extend_existing are mutually exclusive."
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
+
+        mustexist = kw.pop('mustexist', False)
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            if not keep_existing and not extend_existing and bool(args):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Table '%s' is already defined for this MetaData "
+                    "instance.  Specify 'extend_existing=True' "
+                    "to redefine "
+                    "options and columns on an "
+                    "existing Table object." % key)
+            table = metadata.tables[key]
+            if extend_existing:
+                table._init_existing(*args, **kw)
+            return table
+        else:
+            if mustexist:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Table '%s' not defined" % (key))
+            table = object.__new__(cls)
+            table.dispatch.before_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+            metadata._add_table(name, schema, table)
+            try:
+                table._init(name, metadata, *args, **kw)
+                table.dispatch.after_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+                return table
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    metadata._remove_table(name, schema)
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated('0.9', 'Use ``table.schema.quote``')
+    def quote_schema(self):
+        """Return the value of the ``quote_schema`` flag passed
+        to this :class:`.Table`.
+        """
+
+        return self.schema.quote
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Constructor for :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        This method is a no-op.   See the top-level
+        documentation for :class:`~.schema.Table`
+        for constructor arguments.
+
+        """
+        # __init__ is overridden to prevent __new__ from
+        # calling the superclass constructor.
+
+    def _init(self, name, metadata, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Table, self).__init__(
+            quoted_name(name, kwargs.pop('quote', None)))
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+        self.schema = kwargs.pop('schema', None)
+        if self.schema is None:
+            self.schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            quote_schema = kwargs.pop('quote_schema', None)
+            self.schema = quoted_name(self.schema, quote_schema)
+
+        self.indexes = set()
+        self.constraints = set()
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint()._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+        self._extra_dependencies = set()
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
+        else:
+            self.fullname = self.name
+
+        autoload_with = kwargs.pop('autoload_with', None)
+        autoload = kwargs.pop('autoload', autoload_with is not None)
+        # this argument is only used with _init_existing()
+        kwargs.pop('autoload_replace', True)
+        include_columns = kwargs.pop('include_columns', None)
+
+        self.implicit_returning = kwargs.pop('implicit_returning', True)
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+        if 'listeners' in kwargs:
+            listeners = kwargs.pop('listeners')
+            for evt, fn in listeners:
+                event.listen(self, evt, fn)
+
+        self._prefixes = kwargs.pop('prefixes', [])
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
+
+        # load column definitions from the database if 'autoload' is defined
+        # we do it after the table is in the singleton dictionary to support
+        # circular foreign keys
+        if autoload:
+            self._autoload(metadata, autoload_with, include_columns)
+
+        # initialize all the column, etc. objects.  done after reflection to
+        # allow user-overrides
+        self._init_items(*args)
+
+    def _autoload(self, metadata, autoload_with, include_columns,
+                  exclude_columns=()):
+
+        if autoload_with:
+            autoload_with.run_callable(
+                autoload_with.dialect.reflecttable,
+                self, include_columns, exclude_columns
+            )
+        else:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(
+                metadata,
+                msg="No engine is bound to this Table's MetaData. "
+                "Pass an engine to the Table via "
+                "autoload_with=<someengine>, "
+                "or associate the MetaData with an engine via "
+                "metadata.bind=<someengine>")
+            bind.run_callable(
+                bind.dialect.reflecttable,
+                self, include_columns, exclude_columns
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _sorted_constraints(self):
+        """Return the set of constraints as a list, sorted by creation
+        order.
+
+        """
+        return sorted(self.constraints, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraints(self):
+        """:class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects referred to by this
+        :class:`.Table`.
+
+        This list is produced from the collection of :class:`.ForeignKey`
+        objects currently associated.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        return set(fkc.constraint for fkc in self.foreign_keys)
+
+    def _init_existing(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        autoload_with = kwargs.pop('autoload_with', None)
+        autoload = kwargs.pop('autoload', autoload_with is not None)
+        autoload_replace = kwargs.pop('autoload_replace', True)
+        schema = kwargs.pop('schema', None)
+        if schema and schema != self.schema:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't change schema of existing table from '%s' to '%s'",
+                (self.schema, schema))
+
+        include_columns = kwargs.pop('include_columns', None)
+
+        if include_columns is not None:
+            for c in self.c:
+                if c.name not in include_columns:
+                    self._columns.remove(c)
+
+        for key in ('quote', 'quote_schema'):
+            if key in kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't redefine 'quote' or 'quote_schema' arguments")
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        if autoload:
+            if not autoload_replace:
+                exclude_columns = [c.name for c in self.c]
+            else:
+                exclude_columns = ()
+            self._autoload(
+                self.metadata, autoload_with,
+                include_columns, exclude_columns)
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
+        self._init_items(*args)
+
+    def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs):
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        pass
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self):
+        for col in self.primary_key:
+            if (col.autoincrement and col.type._type_affinity is not None and
+                    issubclass(col.type._type_affinity,
+                               type_api.INTEGERTYPE._type_affinity) and
+                    (not col.foreign_keys or
+                     col.autoincrement == 'ignore_fk') and
+                    isinstance(col.default, (type(None), Sequence)) and
+                    (col.server_default is None or
+                     col.server_default.reflected)):
+                return col
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        """Return the 'key' for this :class:`.Table`.
+
+        This value is used as the dictionary key within the
+        :attr:`.MetaData.tables` collection.   It is typically the same
+        as that of :attr:`.Table.name` for a table with no
+        :attr:`.Table.schema` set; otherwise it is typically of the form
+        ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+        """
+        return _get_table_key(self.name, self.schema)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Table(%s)" % ', '.join(
+            [repr(self.name)] + [repr(self.metadata)] +
+            [repr(x) for x in self.columns] +
+            ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in ['schema']])
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return _get_table_key(self.description, self.schema)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return the connectable associated with this Table."""
+
+        return self.metadata and self.metadata.bind or None
+
+    def add_is_dependent_on(self, table):
+        """Add a 'dependency' for this Table.
+
+        This is another Table object which must be created
+        first before this one can, or dropped after this one.
+
+        Usually, dependencies between tables are determined via
+        ForeignKey objects.   However, for other situations that
+        create dependencies outside of foreign keys (rules, inheriting),
+        this method can manually establish such a link.
+
+        """
+        self._extra_dependencies.add(table)
+
+    def append_column(self, column):
+        """Append a :class:`~.schema.Column` to this :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        The "key" of the newly added :class:`~.schema.Column`, i.e. the
+        value of its ``.key`` attribute, will then be available
+        in the ``.c`` collection of this :class:`~.schema.Table`, and the
+        column definition will be included in any CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
+        UPDATE, etc. statements generated from this :class:`~.schema.Table`
+        construct.
+
+        Note that this does **not** change the definition of the table
+        as it exists within any underlying database, assuming that
+        table has already been created in the database.   Relational
+        databases support the addition of columns to existing tables
+        using the SQL ALTER command, which would need to be
+        emitted for an already-existing table that doesn't contain
+        the newly added column.
+
+        """
+
+        column._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def append_constraint(self, constraint):
+        """Append a :class:`~.schema.Constraint` to this
+        :class:`~.schema.Table`.
+
+        This has the effect of the constraint being included in any
+        future CREATE TABLE statement, assuming specific DDL creation
+        events have not been associated with the given
+        :class:`~.schema.Constraint` object.
+
+        Note that this does **not** produce the constraint within the
+        relational database automatically, for a table that already exists
+        in the database.   To add a constraint to an
+        existing relational database table, the SQL ALTER command must
+        be used.  SQLAlchemy also provides the
+        :class:`.AddConstraint` construct which can produce this SQL when
+        invoked as an executable clause.
+
+        """
+
+        constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def append_ddl_listener(self, event_name, listener):
+        """Append a DDL event listener to this ``Table``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.7
+            See :class:`.DDLEvents`.
+
+        """
+
+        def adapt_listener(target, connection, **kw):
+            listener(event_name, target, connection)
+
+        event.listen(self, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), adapt_listener)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, metadata):
+        metadata._add_table(self.name, self.schema, self)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True,
+                     schema_visitor=False, **kw):
+        if not schema_visitor:
+            return TableClause.get_children(
+                self, column_collections=column_collections, **kw)
+        else:
+            if column_collections:
+                return list(self.columns)
+            else:
+                return []
+
+    def exists(self, bind=None):
+        """Return True if this table exists."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+
+        return bind.run_callable(bind.dialect.has_table,
+                                 self.name, schema=self.schema)
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Table`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Table`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def tometadata(self, metadata, schema=RETAIN_SCHEMA,
+                   referred_schema_fn=None, name=None):
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`.Table` associated with a different
+        :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            m1 = MetaData()
+
+            user = Table('user', m1, Column('id', Integer, priamry_key=True))
+
+            m2 = MetaData()
+            user_copy = user.tometadata(m2)
+
+        :param metadata: Target :class:`.MetaData` object, into which the
+         new :class:`.Table` object will be created.
+
+        :param schema: optional string name indicating the target schema.
+         Defaults to the special symbol :attr:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA` which indicates
+         that no change to the schema name should be made in the new
+         :class:`.Table`.  If set to a string name, the new :class:`.Table`
+         will have this new name as the ``.schema``.  If set to ``None``, the
+         schema will be set to that of the schema set on the target
+         :class:`.MetaData`, which is typically ``None`` as well, unless
+         set explicitly::
+
+            m2 = MetaData(schema='newschema')
+
+            # user_copy_one will have "newschema" as the schema name
+            user_copy_one = user.tometadata(m2, schema=None)
+
+            m3 = MetaData()  # schema defaults to None
+
+            # user_copy_two will have None as the schema name
+            user_copy_two = user.tometadata(m3, schema=None)
+
+        :param referred_schema_fn: optional callable which can be supplied
+         in order to provide for the schema name that should be assigned
+         to the referenced table of a :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+         The callable accepts this parent :class:`.Table`, the
+         target schema that we are changing to, the
+         :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and the existing
+         "target schema" of that constraint.  The function should return the
+         string schema name that should be applied.
+         E.g.::
+
+                def referred_schema_fn(table, to_schema,
+                                                constraint, referred_schema):
+                    if referred_schema == 'base_tables':
+                        return referred_schema
+                    else:
+                        return to_schema
+
+                new_table = table.tometadata(m2, schema="alt_schema",
+                                        referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn)
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        :param name: optional string name indicating the target table name.
+         If not specified or None, the table name is retained.  This allows
+         a :class:`.Table` to be copied to the same :class:`.MetaData` target
+         with a new name.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.name
+        if schema is RETAIN_SCHEMA:
+            schema = self.schema
+        elif schema is None:
+            schema = metadata.schema
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            util.warn("Table '%s' already exists within the given "
+                      "MetaData - not copying." % self.description)
+            return metadata.tables[key]
+
+        args = []
+        for c in self.columns:
+            args.append(c.copy(schema=schema))
+        table = Table(
+            name, metadata, schema=schema,
+            *args, **self.kwargs
+        )
+        for c in self.constraints:
+            if isinstance(c, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+                referred_schema = c._referred_schema
+                if referred_schema_fn:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = referred_schema_fn(
+                        self, schema, c, referred_schema)
+                else:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = (
+                        schema if referred_schema == self.schema else None)
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    c.copy(schema=fk_constraint_schema, target_table=table))
+
+            elif not c._type_bound:
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    c.copy(schema=schema, target_table=table))
+        for index in self.indexes:
+            # skip indexes that would be generated
+            # by the 'index' flag on Column
+            if len(index.columns) == 1 and \
+                    list(index.columns)[0].index:
+                continue
+            Index(index.name,
+                  unique=index.unique,
+                  *[table.c[col] for col in index.columns.keys()],
+                  **index.kwargs)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(table)
+
+
+class Column(SchemaItem, ColumnClause):
+    """Represents a column in a database table."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'column'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a new ``Column`` object.
+
+        :param name: The name of this column as represented in the database.
+          This argument may be the first positional argument, or specified
+          via keyword.
+
+          Names which contain no upper case characters
+          will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+          unless they are a reserved word.  Names with any number of upper
+          case characters will be quoted and sent exactly.  Note that this
+          behavior applies even for databases which standardize upper
+          case names as case insensitive such as Oracle.
+
+          The name field may be omitted at construction time and applied
+          later, at any time before the Column is associated with a
+          :class:`.Table`.  This is to support convenient
+          usage within the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension.
+
+        :param type\_: The column's type, indicated using an instance which
+          subclasses :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`.  If no arguments
+          are required for the type, the class of the type can be sent
+          as well, e.g.::
+
+            # use a type with arguments
+            Column('data', String(50))
+
+            # use no arguments
+            Column('level', Integer)
+
+          The ``type`` argument may be the second positional argument
+          or specified by keyword.
+
+          If the ``type`` is ``None`` or is omitted, it will first default to
+          the special type :class:`.NullType`.  If and when this
+          :class:`.Column` is made to refer to another column using
+          :class:`.ForeignKey` and/or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the type
+          of the remote-referenced column will be copied to this column as
+          well, at the moment that the foreign key is resolved against that
+          remote :class:`.Column` object.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0
+            Support for propagation of type to a :class:`.Column` from its
+            :class:`.ForeignKey` object has been improved and should be
+            more reliable and timely.
+
+        :param \*args: Additional positional arguments include various
+          :class:`.SchemaItem` derived constructs which will be applied
+          as options to the column.  These include instances of
+          :class:`.Constraint`, :class:`.ForeignKey`, :class:`.ColumnDefault`,
+          and :class:`.Sequence`.  In some cases an equivalent keyword
+          argument is available such as ``server_default``, ``default``
+          and ``unique``.
+
+        :param autoincrement: This flag may be set to ``False`` to
+          indicate an integer primary key column that should not be
+          considered to be the "autoincrement" column, that is
+          the integer primary key column which generates values
+          implicitly upon INSERT and whose value is usually returned
+          via the DBAPI cursor.lastrowid attribute.   It defaults
+          to ``True`` to satisfy the common use case of a table
+          with a single integer primary key column.  If the table
+          has a composite primary key consisting of more than one
+          integer column, set this flag to True only on the
+          column that should be considered "autoincrement".
+
+          The setting *only* has an effect for columns which are:
+
+          * Integer derived (i.e. INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT).
+
+          * Part of the primary key
+
+          * Not refering to another column via :class:`.ForeignKey`, unless
+            the value is specified as ``'ignore_fk'``::
+
+                # turn on autoincrement for this column despite
+                # the ForeignKey()
+                Column('id', ForeignKey('other.id'),
+                            primary_key=True, autoincrement='ignore_fk')
+
+            It is typically not desirable to have "autoincrement" enabled
+            on such a column as its value intends to mirror that of a
+            primary key column elsewhere.
+
+          * have no server side or client side defaults (with the exception
+            of Postgresql SERIAL).
+
+          The setting has these two effects on columns that meet the
+          above criteria:
+
+          * DDL issued for the column will include database-specific
+            keywords intended to signify this column as an
+            "autoincrement" column, such as AUTO INCREMENT on MySQL,
+            SERIAL on Postgresql, and IDENTITY on MS-SQL.  It does
+            *not* issue AUTOINCREMENT for SQLite since this is a
+            special SQLite flag that is not required for autoincrementing
+            behavior.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`sqlite_autoincrement`
+
+          * The column will be considered to be available as
+            cursor.lastrowid or equivalent, for those dialects which
+            "post fetch" newly inserted identifiers after a row has
+            been inserted (SQLite, MySQL, MS-SQL).  It does not have
+            any effect in this regard for databases that use sequences
+            to generate primary key identifiers (i.e. Firebird, Postgresql,
+            Oracle).
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
+              ``autoincrement`` accepts a special value ``'ignore_fk'``
+              to indicate that autoincrementing status regardless of foreign
+              key references.  This applies to certain composite foreign key
+              setups, such as the one demonstrated in the ORM documentation
+              at :ref:`post_update`.
+
+        :param default: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`.ColumnElement` expression representing the
+            *default value* for this column, which will be invoked upon insert
+            if this column is otherwise not specified in the VALUES clause of
+            the insert. This is a shortcut to using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as
+            a positional argument; see that class for full detail on the
+            structure of the argument.
+
+            Contrast this argument to :paramref:`.Column.server_default`
+            which creates a default generator on the database side.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`
+
+        :param doc: optional String that can be used by the ORM or similar
+            to document attributes.   This attribute does not render SQL
+            comments (a future attribute 'comment' will achieve that).
+
+        :param key: An optional string identifier which will identify this
+            ``Column`` object on the :class:`.Table`. When a key is provided,
+            this is the only identifier referencing the ``Column`` within the
+            application, including ORM attribute mapping; the ``name`` field
+            is used only when rendering SQL.
+
+        :param index: When ``True``, indicates that the column is indexed.
+            This is a shortcut for using a :class:`.Index` construct on the
+            table. To specify indexes with explicit names or indexes that
+            contain multiple columns, use the :class:`.Index` construct
+            instead.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param nullable: If set to the default of ``True``, indicates the
+            column will be rendered as allowing NULL, else it's rendered as
+            NOT NULL. This parameter is only used when issuing CREATE TABLE
+            statements.
+
+        :param onupdate: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` representing a
+            default value to be applied to the column within UPDATE
+            statements, which wil be invoked upon update if this column is not
+            present in the SET clause of the update. This is a shortcut to
+            using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as a positional argument with
+            ``for_update=True``.
+
+        :param primary_key: If ``True``, marks this column as a primary key
+            column. Multiple columns can have this flag set to specify
+            composite primary keys. As an alternative, the primary key of a
+            :class:`.Table` can be specified via an explicit
+            :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object.
+
+        :param server_default: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance, str, Unicode
+            or :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` construct representing
+            the DDL DEFAULT value for the column.
+
+            String types will be emitted as-is, surrounded by single quotes::
+
+                Column('x', Text, server_default="val")
+
+                x TEXT DEFAULT 'val'
+
+            A :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` expression will be
+            rendered as-is, without quotes::
+
+                Column('y', DateTime, server_default=text('NOW()'))
+
+                y DATETIME DEFAULT NOW()
+
+            Strings and text() will be converted into a
+            :class:`.DefaultClause` object upon initialization.
+
+            Use :class:`.FetchedValue` to indicate that an already-existing
+            column will generate a default value on the database side which
+            will be available to SQLAlchemy for post-fetch after inserts. This
+            construct does not specify any DDL and the implementation is left
+            to the database, such as via a trigger.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`server_defaults`
+
+        :param server_onupdate:   A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance
+             representing a database-side default generation function. This
+             indicates to SQLAlchemy that a newly generated value will be
+             available after updates. This construct does not specify any DDL
+             and the implementation is left to the database, such as via a
+             trigger.
+
+        :param quote: Force quoting of this column's name on or off,
+             corresponding to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default
+             of ``None``, the column identifier will be quoted according to
+             whether the name is case sensitive (identifiers with at least one
+             upper case character are treated as case sensitive), or if it's a
+             reserved word. This flag is only needed to force quoting of a
+             reserved word which is not known by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+        :param unique: When ``True``, indicates that this column contains a
+             unique constraint, or if ``index`` is ``True`` as well, indicates
+             that the :class:`.Index` should be created with the unique flag.
+             To specify multiple columns in the constraint/index or to specify
+             an explicit name, use the :class:`.UniqueConstraint` or
+             :class:`.Index` constructs explicitly.
+
+        :param system: When ``True``, indicates this is a "system" column,
+             that is a column which is automatically made available by the
+             database, and should not be included in the columns list for a
+             ``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
+
+             For more elaborate scenarios where columns should be
+             conditionally rendered differently on different backends,
+             consider custom compilation rules for :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+             .. versionadded:: 0.8.3 Added the ``system=True`` parameter to
+                :class:`.Column`.
+
+        """
+
+        name = kwargs.pop('name', None)
+        type_ = kwargs.pop('type_', None)
+        args = list(args)
+        if args:
+            if isinstance(args[0], util.string_types):
+                if name is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass name positionally and as a keyword.")
+                name = args.pop(0)
+        if args:
+            coltype = args[0]
+
+            if hasattr(coltype, "_sqla_type"):
+                if type_ is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass type_ positionally and as a keyword.")
+                type_ = args.pop(0)
+
+        if name is not None:
+            name = quoted_name(name, kwargs.pop('quote', None))
+        elif "quote" in kwargs:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Explicit 'name' is required when "
+                                    "sending 'quote' argument")
+
+        super(Column, self).__init__(name, type_)
+        self.key = kwargs.pop('key', name)
+        self.primary_key = kwargs.pop('primary_key', False)
+        self.nullable = kwargs.pop('nullable', not self.primary_key)
+        self.default = kwargs.pop('default', None)
+        self.server_default = kwargs.pop('server_default', None)
+        self.server_onupdate = kwargs.pop('server_onupdate', None)
+
+        # these default to None because .index and .unique is *not*
+        # an informational flag about Column - there can still be an
+        # Index or UniqueConstraint referring to this Column.
+        self.index = kwargs.pop('index', None)
+        self.unique = kwargs.pop('unique', None)
+
+        self.system = kwargs.pop('system', False)
+        self.doc = kwargs.pop('doc', None)
+        self.onupdate = kwargs.pop('onupdate', None)
+        self.autoincrement = kwargs.pop('autoincrement', True)
+        self.constraints = set()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+
+        # check if this Column is proxying another column
+        if '_proxies' in kwargs:
+            self._proxies = kwargs.pop('_proxies')
+        # otherwise, add DDL-related events
+        elif isinstance(self.type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.type._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+        if self.default is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.default, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                args.append(self.default)
+            else:
+                if getattr(self.type, '_warn_on_bytestring', False):
+                    if isinstance(self.default, util.binary_type):
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Unicode column '%s' has non-unicode "
+                            "default value %r specified." % (
+                                self.key,
+                                self.default
+                            ))
+                args.append(ColumnDefault(self.default))
+
+        if self.server_default is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.server_default, FetchedValue):
+                args.append(self.server_default._as_for_update(False))
+            else:
+                args.append(DefaultClause(self.server_default))
+
+        if self.onupdate is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.onupdate, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                args.append(self.onupdate)
+            else:
+                args.append(ColumnDefault(self.onupdate, for_update=True))
+
+        if self.server_onupdate is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.server_onupdate, FetchedValue):
+                args.append(self.server_onupdate._as_for_update(True))
+            else:
+                args.append(DefaultClause(self.server_onupdate,
+                                          for_update=True))
+        self._init_items(*args)
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if 'info' in kwargs:
+            self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
+
+        if kwargs:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Unknown arguments passed to Column: " + repr(list(kwargs)))
+
+#    @property
+#    def quote(self):
+#        return getattr(self.name, "quote", None)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.name is None:
+            return "(no name)"
+        elif self.table is not None:
+            if self.table.named_with_column:
+                return (self.table.description + "." + self.description)
+            else:
+                return self.description
+        else:
+            return self.description
+
+    def references(self, column):
+        """Return True if this Column references the given column via foreign
+        key."""
+
+        for fk in self.foreign_keys:
+            if fk.column.proxy_set.intersection(column.proxy_set):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def append_foreign_key(self, fk):
+        fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        kwarg = []
+        if self.key != self.name:
+            kwarg.append('key')
+        if self.primary_key:
+            kwarg.append('primary_key')
+        if not self.nullable:
+            kwarg.append('nullable')
+        if self.onupdate:
+            kwarg.append('onupdate')
+        if self.default:
+            kwarg.append('default')
+        if self.server_default:
+            kwarg.append('server_default')
+        return "Column(%s)" % ', '.join(
+            [repr(self.name)] + [repr(self.type)] +
+            [repr(x) for x in self.foreign_keys if x is not None] +
+            [repr(x) for x in self.constraints] +
+            [(self.table is not None and "table=<%s>" %
+              self.table.description or "table=None")] +
+            ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in kwarg])
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        if not self.name:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Column must be constructed with a non-blank name or "
+                "assign a non-blank .name before adding to a Table.")
+        if self.key is None:
+            self.key = self.name
+
+        existing = getattr(self, 'table', None)
+        if existing is not None and existing is not table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Column object '%s' already assigned to Table '%s'" % (
+                    self.key,
+                    existing.description
+                ))
+
+        if self.key in table._columns:
+            col = table._columns.get(self.key)
+            if col is not self:
+                for fk in col.foreign_keys:
+                    table.foreign_keys.remove(fk)
+                    if fk.constraint in table.constraints:
+                        # this might have been removed
+                        # already, if it's a composite constraint
+                        # and more than one col being replaced
+                        table.constraints.remove(fk.constraint)
+
+        table._columns.replace(self)
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            table.primary_key._replace(self)
+            Table._autoincrement_column._reset(table)
+        elif self.key in table.primary_key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Trying to redefine primary-key column '%s' as a "
+                "non-primary-key column on table '%s'" % (
+                    self.key, table.fullname))
+        self.table = table
+
+        if self.index:
+            if isinstance(self.index, util.string_types):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'index' keyword argument on Column is boolean only. "
+                    "To create indexes with a specific name, create an "
+                    "explicit Index object external to the Table.")
+            Index(None, self, unique=bool(self.unique))
+        elif self.unique:
+            if isinstance(self.unique, util.string_types):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'unique' keyword argument on Column is boolean "
+                    "only. To create unique constraints or indexes with a "
+                    "specific name, append an explicit UniqueConstraint to "
+                    "the Table's list of elements, or create an explicit "
+                    "Index object external to the Table.")
+            table.append_constraint(UniqueConstraint(self.key))
+
+        self._setup_on_memoized_fks(lambda fk: fk._set_remote_table(table))
+
+    def _setup_on_memoized_fks(self, fn):
+        fk_keys = [
+            ((self.table.key, self.key), False),
+            ((self.table.key, self.name), True),
+        ]
+        for fk_key, link_to_name in fk_keys:
+            if fk_key in self.table.metadata._fk_memos:
+                for fk in self.table.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+                    if fk.link_to_name is link_to_name:
+                        fn(fk)
+
+    def _on_table_attach(self, fn):
+        if self.table is not None:
+            fn(self, self.table)
+        else:
+            event.listen(self, 'after_parent_attach', fn)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        """Create a copy of this ``Column``, unitialized.
+
+        This is used in ``Table.tometadata``.
+
+        """
+
+        # Constraint objects plus non-constraint-bound ForeignKey objects
+        args = \
+            [c.copy(**kw) for c in self.constraints if not c._type_bound] + \
+            [c.copy(**kw) for c in self.foreign_keys if not c.constraint]
+
+        type_ = self.type
+        if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+            type_ = type_.copy(**kw)
+
+        c = self._constructor(
+            name=self.name,
+            type_=type_,
+            key=self.key,
+            primary_key=self.primary_key,
+            nullable=self.nullable,
+            unique=self.unique,
+            system=self.system,
+            # quote=self.quote,
+            index=self.index,
+            autoincrement=self.autoincrement,
+            default=self.default,
+            server_default=self.server_default,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            server_onupdate=self.server_onupdate,
+            doc=self.doc,
+            *args
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def _make_proxy(self, selectable, name=None, key=None,
+                    name_is_truncatable=False, **kw):
+        """Create a *proxy* for this column.
+
+        This is a copy of this ``Column`` referenced by a different parent
+        (such as an alias or select statement).  The column should
+        be used only in select scenarios, as its full DDL/default
+        information is not transferred.
+
+        """
+        fk = [ForeignKey(f.column, _constraint=f.constraint)
+              for f in self.foreign_keys]
+        if name is None and self.name is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot initialize a sub-selectable"
+                " with this Column object until its 'name' has "
+                "been assigned.")
+        try:
+            c = self._constructor(
+                _as_truncated(name or self.name) if
+                name_is_truncatable else (name or self.name),
+                self.type,
+                key=key if key else name if name else self.key,
+                primary_key=self.primary_key,
+                nullable=self.nullable,
+                _proxies=[self], *fk)
+        except TypeError:
+            util.raise_from_cause(
+                TypeError(
+                    "Could not create a copy of this %r object.  "
+                    "Ensure the class includes a _constructor() "
+                    "attribute or method which accepts the "
+                    "standard Column constructor arguments, or "
+                    "references the Column class itself." % self.__class__)
+            )
+
+        c.table = selectable
+        selectable._columns.add(c)
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns[c.key]
+        if self.primary_key:
+            selectable.primary_key.add(c)
+        c.dispatch.after_parent_attach(c, selectable)
+        return c
+
+    def get_children(self, schema_visitor=False, **kwargs):
+        if schema_visitor:
+            return [x for x in (self.default, self.onupdate)
+                    if x is not None] + \
+                list(self.foreign_keys) + list(self.constraints)
+        else:
+            return ColumnClause.get_children(self, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ForeignKey(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines a dependency between two columns.
+
+    ``ForeignKey`` is specified as an argument to a :class:`.Column` object,
+    e.g.::
+
+        t = Table("remote_table", metadata,
+            Column("remote_id", ForeignKey("main_table.id"))
+        )
+
+    Note that ``ForeignKey`` is only a marker object that defines
+    a dependency between two columns.   The actual constraint
+    is in all cases represented by the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    object.   This object will be generated automatically when
+    a ``ForeignKey`` is associated with a :class:`.Column` which
+    in turn is associated with a :class:`.Table`.   Conversely,
+    when :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` is applied to a :class:`.Table`,
+    ``ForeignKey`` markers are automatically generated to be
+    present on each associated :class:`.Column`, which are also
+    associated with the constraint object.
+
+    Note that you cannot define a "composite" foreign key constraint,
+    that is a constraint between a grouping of multiple parent/child
+    columns, using ``ForeignKey`` objects.   To define this grouping,
+    the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object must be used, and applied
+    to the :class:`.Table`.   The associated ``ForeignKey`` objects
+    are created automatically.
+
+    The ``ForeignKey`` objects associated with an individual
+    :class:`.Column` object are available in the `foreign_keys` collection
+    of that column.
+
+    Further examples of foreign key configuration are in
+    :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'foreign_key'
+
+    def __init__(self, column, _constraint=None, use_alter=False, name=None,
+                 onupdate=None, ondelete=None, deferrable=None,
+                 initially=None, link_to_name=False, match=None,
+                 info=None,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """
+        Construct a column-level FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        The :class:`.ForeignKey` object when constructed generates a
+        :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` which is associated with the parent
+        :class:`.Table` object's collection of constraints.
+
+        :param column: A single target column for the key relationship. A
+            :class:`.Column` object or a column name as a string:
+            ``tablename.columnkey`` or ``schema.tablename.columnkey``.
+            ``columnkey`` is the ``key`` which has been assigned to the column
+            (defaults to the column name itself), unless ``link_to_name`` is
+            ``True`` in which case the rendered name of the column is used.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.7.4
+                Note that if the schema name is not included, and the
+                underlying :class:`.MetaData` has a "schema", that value will
+                be used.
+
+        :param name: Optional string. An in-database name for the key if
+            `constraint` is not provided.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+            DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+            the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally
+            assigned ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: passed to the underlying
+            :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` to indicate the constraint should
+            be generated/dropped externally from the CREATE TABLE/ DROP TABLE
+            statement.  See :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
+            for further description.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
+
+                :ref:`use_alter`
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
+            DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+            and FULL.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  The
+            arguments are ultimately handled by a corresponding
+            :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.  See the documentation regarding
+            an individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        """
+
+        self._colspec = column
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, util.string_types):
+            self._table_column = None
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self._colspec, '__clause_element__'):
+                self._table_column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            else:
+                self._table_column = self._colspec
+
+            if not isinstance(self._table_column, ColumnClause):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "String, Column, or Column-bound argument "
+                    "expected, got %r" % self._table_column)
+            elif not isinstance(
+                    self._table_column.table, (util.NoneType, TableClause)):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKey received Column not bound "
+                    "to a Table, got: %r" % self._table_column.table
+                )
+
+        # the linked ForeignKeyConstraint.
+        # ForeignKey will create this when parent Column
+        # is attached to a Table, *or* ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # object passes itself in when creating ForeignKey
+        # markers.
+        self.constraint = _constraint
+        self.parent = None
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.name = name
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.match = match
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._unvalidated_dialect_kw = dialect_kw
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "ForeignKey(%r)" % self._get_colspec()
+
+    def copy(self, schema=None):
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`.ForeignKey` object.
+
+        The new :class:`.ForeignKey` will not be bound
+        to any :class:`.Column`.
+
+        This method is usually used by the internal
+        copy procedures of :class:`.Column`, :class:`.Table`,
+        and :class:`.MetaData`.
+
+        :param schema: The returned :class:`.ForeignKey` will
+          reference the original table and column name, qualified
+          by the given string schema name.
+
+        """
+
+        fk = ForeignKey(
+            self._get_colspec(schema=schema),
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match,
+            **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fk)
+
+    def _get_colspec(self, schema=None, table_name=None):
+        """Return a string based 'column specification' for this
+        :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+        This is usually the equivalent of the string-based "tablename.colname"
+        argument first passed to the object's constructor.
+
+        """
+        if schema:
+            _schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            if table_name is not None:
+                tname = table_name
+            return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, tname, colname)
+        elif table_name:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            if schema:
+                return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, table_name, colname)
+            else:
+                return "%s.%s" % (table_name, colname)
+        elif self._table_column is not None:
+            return "%s.%s" % (
+                self._table_column.table.fullname, self._table_column.key)
+        else:
+            return self._colspec
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self):
+        return self._column_tokens[0]
+
+    def _table_key(self):
+        if self._table_column is not None:
+            if self._table_column.table is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return self._table_column.table.key
+        else:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            return _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+
+    target_fullname = property(_get_colspec)
+
+    def references(self, table):
+        """Return True if the given :class:`.Table` is referenced by this
+        :class:`.ForeignKey`."""
+
+        return table.corresponding_column(self.column) is not None
+
+    def get_referent(self, table):
+        """Return the :class:`.Column` in the given :class:`.Table`
+        referenced by this :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+        Returns None if this :class:`.ForeignKey` does not reference the given
+        :class:`.Table`.
+
+        """
+
+        return table.corresponding_column(self.column)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _column_tokens(self):
+        """parse a string-based _colspec into its component parts."""
+
+        m = self._get_colspec().split('.')
+        if m is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid foreign key column specification: %s" %
+                self._colspec)
+        if (len(m) == 1):
+            tname = m.pop()
+            colname = None
+        else:
+            colname = m.pop()
+            tname = m.pop()
+
+        # A FK between column 'bar' and table 'foo' can be
+        # specified as 'foo', 'foo.bar', 'dbo.foo.bar',
+        # 'otherdb.dbo.foo.bar'. Once we have the column name and
+        # the table name, treat everything else as the schema
+        # name. Some databases (e.g. Sybase) support
+        # inter-database foreign keys. See tickets#1341 and --
+        # indirectly related -- Ticket #594. This assumes that '.'
+        # will never appear *within* any component of the FK.
+
+        if (len(m) > 0):
+            schema = '.'.join(m)
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        return schema, tname, colname
+
+    def _resolve_col_tokens(self):
+        if self.parent is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey object does not yet have a "
+                "parent Column associated with it.")
+
+        elif self.parent.table is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey's parent column is not yet associated "
+                "with a Table.")
+
+        parenttable = self.parent.table
+
+        # assertion, can be commented out.
+        # basically Column._make_proxy() sends the actual
+        # target Column to the ForeignKey object, so the
+        # string resolution here is never called.
+        for c in self.parent.base_columns:
+            if isinstance(c, Column):
+                assert c.table is parenttable
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False
+        ######################
+
+        schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+
+        if schema is None and parenttable.metadata.schema is not None:
+            schema = parenttable.metadata.schema
+
+        tablekey = _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+        return parenttable, tablekey, colname
+
+    def _link_to_col_by_colstring(self, parenttable, table, colname):
+        if not hasattr(self.constraint, '_referred_table'):
+            self.constraint._referred_table = table
+        else:
+            assert self.constraint._referred_table is table
+
+        _column = None
+        if colname is None:
+            # colname is None in the case that ForeignKey argument
+            # was specified as table name only, in which case we
+            # match the column name to the same column on the
+            # parent.
+            key = self.parent
+            _column = table.c.get(self.parent.key, None)
+        elif self.link_to_name:
+            key = colname
+            for c in table.c:
+                if c.name == colname:
+                    _column = c
+        else:
+            key = colname
+            _column = table.c.get(colname, None)
+
+        if _column is None:
+            raise exc.NoReferencedColumnError(
+                "Could not initialize target column "
+                "for ForeignKey '%s' on table '%s': "
+                "table '%s' has no column named '%s'" %
+                (self._colspec, parenttable.name, table.name, key),
+                table.name, key)
+
+        self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+    def _set_target_column(self, column):
+        # propagate TypeEngine to parent if it didn't have one
+        if self.parent.type._isnull:
+            self.parent.type = column.type
+
+        # super-edgy case, if other FKs point to our column,
+        # they'd get the type propagated out also.
+        if isinstance(self.parent.table, Table):
+
+            def set_type(fk):
+                if fk.parent.type._isnull:
+                    fk.parent.type = column.type
+            self.parent._setup_on_memoized_fks(set_type)
+
+        self.column = column
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def column(self):
+        """Return the target :class:`.Column` referenced by this
+        :class:`.ForeignKey`.
+
+        If no target column has been established, an exception
+        is raised.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9.0
+            Foreign key target column resolution now occurs as soon as both
+            the ForeignKey object and the remote Column to which it refers
+            are both associated with the same MetaData object.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, util.string_types):
+
+            parenttable, tablekey, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+
+            if tablekey not in parenttable.metadata:
+                raise exc.NoReferencedTableError(
+                    "Foreign key associated with column '%s' could not find "
+                    "table '%s' with which to generate a "
+                    "foreign key to target column '%s'" %
+                    (self.parent, tablekey, colname),
+                    tablekey)
+            elif parenttable.key not in parenttable.metadata:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Table %s is no longer associated with its "
+                    "parent MetaData" % parenttable)
+            else:
+                raise exc.NoReferencedColumnError(
+                    "Could not initialize target column for "
+                    "ForeignKey '%s' on table '%s': "
+                    "table '%s' has no column named '%s'" % (
+                        self._colspec, parenttable.name, tablekey, colname),
+                    tablekey, colname)
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, '__clause_element__'):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            return _column
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            return _column
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        if self.parent is not None and self.parent is not column:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ForeignKey already has a parent !")
+        self.parent = column
+        self.parent.foreign_keys.add(self)
+        self.parent._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _set_remote_table(self, table):
+        parenttable, tablekey, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        self._link_to_col_by_colstring(parenttable, table, colname)
+        self.constraint._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    def _remove_from_metadata(self, metadata):
+        parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+
+        if self in metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+            # TODO: no test coverage for self not in memos
+            metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].remove(self)
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        # standalone ForeignKey - create ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # on the hosting Table when attached to the Table.
+        if self.constraint is None and isinstance(table, Table):
+            self.constraint = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                [], [], use_alter=self.use_alter, name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate, ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable, initially=self.initially,
+                match=self.match,
+                **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw
+            )
+            self.constraint._append_element(column, self)
+            self.constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+        table.foreign_keys.add(self)
+
+        # set up remote ".column" attribute, or a note to pick it
+        # up when the other Table/Column shows up
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, util.string_types):
+            parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+            fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+            if table_key in parenttable.metadata.tables:
+                table = parenttable.metadata.tables[table_key]
+                try:
+                    self._link_to_col_by_colstring(
+                        parenttable, table, colname)
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # this is OK, we'll try later
+                    pass
+            parenttable.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].append(self)
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, '__clause_element__'):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+
+class _NotAColumnExpr(object):
+    def _not_a_column_expr(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This %s cannot be used directly "
+            "as a column expression." % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    __clause_element__ = self_group = lambda self: self._not_a_column_expr()
+    _from_objects = property(lambda self: self._not_a_column_expr())
+
+
+class DefaultGenerator(_NotAColumnExpr, SchemaItem):
+    """Base class for column *default* values."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'default_generator'
+
+    is_sequence = False
+    is_server_default = False
+    column = None
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update=False):
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        self.column = column
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.default = self
+
+    def execute(self, bind=None, **kwargs):
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        return bind._execute_default(self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return the connectable associated with this default."""
+        if getattr(self, 'column', None) is not None:
+            return self.column.table.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class ColumnDefault(DefaultGenerator):
+    """A plain default value on a column.
+
+    This could correspond to a constant, a callable function,
+    or a SQL clause.
+
+    :class:`.ColumnDefault` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``default``, ``onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`.Column` are used.  A :class:`.ColumnDefault`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, default=50)
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, ColumnDefault(50))
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, **kwargs):
+        """"Construct a new :class:`.ColumnDefault`.
+
+
+        :param arg: argument representing the default value.
+         May be one of the following:
+
+         * a plain non-callable Python value, such as a
+           string, integer, boolean, or other simple type.
+           The default value will be used as is each time.
+         * a SQL expression, that is one which derives from
+           :class:`.ColumnElement`.  The SQL expression will
+           be rendered into the INSERT or UPDATE statement,
+           or in the case of a primary key column when
+           RETURNING is not used may be
+           pre-executed before an INSERT within a SELECT.
+         * A Python callable.  The function will be invoked for each
+           new row subject to an INSERT or UPDATE.
+           The callable must accept exactly
+           zero or one positional arguments.  The one-argument form
+           will receive an instance of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+           which provides contextual information as to the current
+           :class:`.Connection` in use as well as the current
+           statement and parameters.
+
+        """
+        super(ColumnDefault, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if isinstance(arg, FetchedValue):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault may not be a server-side default type.")
+        if util.callable(arg):
+            arg = self._maybe_wrap_callable(arg)
+        self.arg = arg
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_callable(self):
+        return util.callable(self.arg)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_clause_element(self):
+        return isinstance(self.arg, ClauseElement)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_scalar(self):
+        return not self.is_callable and \
+            not self.is_clause_element and \
+            not self.is_sequence
+
+    def _maybe_wrap_callable(self, fn):
+        """Wrap callables that don't accept a context.
+
+        This is to allow easy compatibility with default callables
+        that aren't specific to accepting of a context.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            return lambda ctx: fn()
+
+        defaulted = argspec[3] is not None and len(argspec[3]) or 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        if positionals == 0:
+            return lambda ctx: fn()
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return fn
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault Python function takes zero or one "
+                "positional arguments")
+
+    def _visit_name(self):
+        if self.for_update:
+            return "column_onupdate"
+        else:
+            return "column_default"
+    __visit_name__ = property(_visit_name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "ColumnDefault(%r)" % self.arg
+
+
+class Sequence(DefaultGenerator):
+    """Represents a named database sequence.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` object represents the name and configurational
+    parameters of a database sequence.   It also represents
+    a construct that can be "executed" by a SQLAlchemy :class:`.Engine`
+    or :class:`.Connection`, rendering the appropriate "next value" function
+    for the target database and returning a result.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` is typically associated with a primary key column::
+
+        some_table = Table(
+            'some_table', metadata,
+            Column('id', Integer, Sequence('some_table_seq'),
+            primary_key=True)
+        )
+
+    When CREATE TABLE is emitted for the above :class:`.Table`, if the
+    target platform supports sequences, a CREATE SEQUENCE statement will
+    be emitted as well.   For platforms that don't support sequences,
+    the :class:`.Sequence` construct is ignored.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.CreateSequence`
+
+        :class:`.DropSequence`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'sequence'
+
+    is_sequence = True
+
+    def __init__(self, name, start=None, increment=None, minvalue=None,
+                 maxvalue=None, nominvalue=None, nomaxvalue=None, cycle=None,
+                 schema=None, optional=False, quote=None, metadata=None,
+                 quote_schema=None,
+                 for_update=False):
+        """Construct a :class:`.Sequence` object.
+
+        :param name: The name of the sequence.
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.  This value is
+         used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to the database
+         as the value of the "START WITH" clause.   If ``None``, the
+         clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a starting
+         value of 1.
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "INCREMENT BY" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates an
+         increment of 1.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "MINVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.7
+
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "MAXVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.7
+
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "NO MINVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.7
+
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "NO MAXVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.7
+
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached by an ascending or descending sequence
+         respectively.  This value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command
+         is emitted to the database as the "CYCLE" clause.  If the limit is
+         reached, the next number generated will be the minvalue or maxvalue,
+         respectively.  If cycle=False (the default) any calls to nextval
+         after the sequence has reached its maximum value will return an
+         error.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.0.7
+
+        :param schema: Optional schema name for the sequence, if located
+         in a schema other than the default.
+        :param optional: boolean value, when ``True``, indicates that this
+         :class:`.Sequence` object only needs to be explicitly generated
+         on backends that don't provide another way to generate primary
+         key identifiers.  Currently, it essentially means, "don't create
+         this sequence on the Postgresql backend, where the SERIAL keyword
+         creates a sequence for us automatically".
+        :param quote: boolean value, when ``True`` or ``False``, explicitly
+         forces quoting of the schema name on or off.  When left at its
+         default of ``None``, normal quoting rules based on casing and
+         reserved words take place.
+        :param quote_schema: set the quoting preferences for the ``schema``
+         name.
+        :param metadata: optional :class:`.MetaData` object which will be
+         associated with this :class:`.Sequence`.  A :class:`.Sequence`
+         that is associated with a :class:`.MetaData` gains access to the
+         ``bind`` of that :class:`.MetaData`, meaning the
+         :meth:`.Sequence.create` and :meth:`.Sequence.drop` methods will
+         make usage of that engine automatically.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+             Additionally, the appropriate CREATE SEQUENCE/
+             DROP SEQUENCE DDL commands will be emitted corresponding to this
+             :class:`.Sequence` when :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and
+             :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all` are invoked.
+
+         Note that when a :class:`.Sequence` is applied to a :class:`.Column`,
+         the :class:`.Sequence` is automatically associated with the
+         :class:`.MetaData` object of that column's parent :class:`.Table`,
+         when that association is made.   The :class:`.Sequence` will then
+         be subject to automatic CREATE SEQUENCE/DROP SEQUENCE corresponding
+         to when the :class:`.Table` object itself is created or dropped,
+         rather than that of the :class:`.MetaData` object overall.
+        :param for_update: Indicates this :class:`.Sequence`, when associated
+         with a :class:`.Column`, should be invoked for UPDATE statements
+         on that column's table, rather than for INSERT statements, when
+         no value is otherwise present for that column in the statement.
+
+        """
+        super(Sequence, self).__init__(for_update=for_update)
+        self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        self.start = start
+        self.increment = increment
+        self.minvalue = minvalue
+        self.maxvalue = maxvalue
+        self.nominvalue = nominvalue
+        self.nomaxvalue = nomaxvalue
+        self.cycle = cycle
+        self.optional = optional
+        if metadata is not None and schema is None and metadata.schema:
+            self.schema = schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            self.schema = quoted_name(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self._key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if metadata:
+            self._set_metadata(metadata)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_callable(self):
+        return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def is_clause_element(self):
+        return False
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.functions.func")
+    def next_value(self, func):
+        """Return a :class:`.next_value` function element
+        which will render the appropriate increment function
+        for this :class:`.Sequence` within any SQL expression.
+
+        """
+        return func.next_value(self, bind=self.bind)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        super(Sequence, self)._set_parent(column)
+        column._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        self._set_metadata(table.metadata)
+
+    def _set_metadata(self, metadata):
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.metadata._sequences[self._key] = self
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        if self.metadata:
+            return self.metadata.bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Creates this sequence in the database."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Drops this sequence from the database."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _not_a_column_expr(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This %s cannot be used directly "
+            "as a column expression.  Use func.next_value(sequence) "
+            "to produce a 'next value' function that's usable "
+            "as a column element."
+            % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class FetchedValue(_NotAColumnExpr, SchemaEventTarget):
+    """A marker for a transparent database-side default.
+
+    Use :class:`.FetchedValue` when the database is configured
+    to provide some automatic default for a column.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, FetchedValue())
+
+    Would indicate that some trigger or default generator
+    will create a new value for the ``foo`` column during an
+    INSERT.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`triggered_columns`
+
+    """
+    is_server_default = True
+    reflected = False
+    has_argument = False
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update=False):
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update):
+        if for_update == self.for_update:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self._clone(for_update)
+
+    def _clone(self, for_update):
+        n = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        n.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        n.__dict__.pop('column', None)
+        n.for_update = for_update
+        return n
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        self.column = column
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.server_onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.server_default = self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class DefaultClause(FetchedValue):
+    """A DDL-specified DEFAULT column value.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is a :class:`.FetchedValue`
+    that also generates a "DEFAULT" clause when
+    "CREATE TABLE" is emitted.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``server_default``, ``server_onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`.Column` are used.  A :class:`.DefaultClause`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, server_default="50")
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column('foo', Integer, DefaultClause("50"))
+
+    """
+
+    has_argument = True
+
+    def __init__(self, arg, for_update=False, _reflected=False):
+        util.assert_arg_type(arg, (util.string_types[0],
+                                   ClauseElement,
+                                   TextClause), 'arg')
+        super(DefaultClause, self).__init__(for_update)
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.reflected = _reflected
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "DefaultClause(%r, for_update=%r)" % \
+            (self.arg, self.for_update)
+
+
+class PassiveDefault(DefaultClause):
+    """A DDL-specified DEFAULT column value.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 0.6
+        :class:`.PassiveDefault` is deprecated.
+        Use :class:`.DefaultClause`.
+    """
+    @util.deprecated("0.6",
+                     ":class:`.PassiveDefault` is deprecated.  "
+                     "Use :class:`.DefaultClause`.",
+                     False)
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        DefaultClause.__init__(self, *arg, **kw)
+
+
+class Constraint(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem):
+    """A table-level SQL constraint."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'constraint'
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, deferrable=None, initially=None,
+                 _create_rule=None, info=None, _type_bound=False,
+                 **dialect_kw):
+        """Create a SQL constraint.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this ``Constraint``.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param _create_rule:
+          a callable which is passed the DDLCompiler object during
+          compilation. Returns True or False to signal inline generation of
+          this Constraint.
+
+          The AddConstraint and DropConstraint DDL constructs provide
+          DDLElement's more comprehensive "conditional DDL" approach that is
+          passed a database connection when DDL is being issued. _create_rule
+          is instead called during any CREATE TABLE compilation, where there
+          may not be any transaction/connection in progress. However, it
+          allows conditional compilation of the constraint even for backends
+          which do not support addition of constraints through ALTER TABLE,
+          which currently includes SQLite.
+
+          _create_rule is used by some types to create constraints.
+          Currently, its call signature is subject to change at any time.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See
+            the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+            :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._create_rule = _create_rule
+        self._type_bound = _type_bound
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+
+    @property
+    def table(self):
+        try:
+            if isinstance(self.parent, Table):
+                return self.parent
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This constraint is not bound to a table.  Did you "
+            "mean to call table.append_constraint(constraint) ?")
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent):
+        self.parent = parent
+        parent.constraints.add(self)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _to_schema_column(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    if not isinstance(element, Column):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("schema.Column object expected")
+    return element
+
+
+def _to_schema_column_or_string(element):
+    if hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+    if not isinstance(element, util.string_types + (ColumnElement, )):
+        msg = "Element %r is not a string name or column element"
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(msg % element)
+    return element
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionMixin(object):
+
+    columns = None
+    """A :class:`.ColumnCollection` of :class:`.Column` objects.
+
+    This collection represents the columns which are referred to by
+    this object.
+
+    """
+
+    _allow_multiple_tables = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *columns, **kw):
+        _autoattach = kw.pop('_autoattach', True)
+        self.columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self._pending_colargs = [_to_schema_column_or_string(c)
+                                 for c in columns]
+        if _autoattach and self._pending_colargs:
+            self._check_attach()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _extract_col_expression_collection(cls, expressions):
+        for expr in expressions:
+            strname = None
+            column = None
+            if not isinstance(expr, ClauseElement):
+                # this assumes a string
+                strname = expr
+            else:
+                cols = []
+                visitors.traverse(expr, {}, {'column': cols.append})
+                if cols:
+                    column = cols[0]
+            add_element = column if column is not None else strname
+            yield expr, column, strname, add_element
+
+    def _check_attach(self, evt=False):
+        col_objs = [
+            c for c in self._pending_colargs
+            if isinstance(c, Column)
+        ]
+
+        cols_w_table = [
+            c for c in col_objs if isinstance(c.table, Table)
+        ]
+
+        cols_wo_table = set(col_objs).difference(cols_w_table)
+
+        if cols_wo_table:
+            # feature #3341 - place event listeners for Column objects
+            # such that when all those cols are attached, we autoattach.
+            assert not evt, "Should not reach here on event call"
+
+            # issue #3411 - don't do the per-column auto-attach if some of the
+            # columns are specified as strings.
+            has_string_cols = set(self._pending_colargs).difference(col_objs)
+            if not has_string_cols:
+                def _col_attached(column, table):
+                    cols_wo_table.discard(column)
+                    if not cols_wo_table:
+                        self._check_attach(evt=True)
+                self._cols_wo_table = cols_wo_table
+                for col in cols_wo_table:
+                    col._on_table_attach(_col_attached)
+                return
+
+        columns = cols_w_table
+
+        tables = set([c.table for c in columns])
+        if len(tables) == 1:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(tables.pop())
+        elif len(tables) > 1 and not self._allow_multiple_tables:
+            table = columns[0].table
+            others = [c for c in columns[1:] if c.table is not table]
+            if others:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Column(s) %s are not part of table '%s'." %
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in others),
+                        table.description)
+                )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        for col in self._pending_colargs:
+            if isinstance(col, util.string_types):
+                col = table.c[col]
+            self.columns.add(col)
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionConstraint(ColumnCollectionMixin, Constraint):
+    """A constraint that proxies a ColumnCollection."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *columns, **kw):
+        """
+        :param \*columns:
+          A sequence of column names or Column objects.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param \**kw: other keyword arguments including dialect-specific
+          arguments are propagated to the :class:`.Constraint` superclass.
+
+        """
+        _autoattach = kw.pop('_autoattach', True)
+        Constraint.__init__(self, **kw)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns, _autoattach=_autoattach)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, table)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, table)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x):
+        return x in self.columns
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        c = self.__class__(name=self.name, deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                           initially=self.initially, *self.columns.keys())
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        """Return True if this constraint contains the given column.
+
+        Note that this object also contains an attribute ``.columns``
+        which is a :class:`.ColumnCollection` of :class:`.Column` objects.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.columns.contains_column(col)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # inlining of
+        # return iter(self.columns)
+        # ColumnCollection->OrderedProperties->OrderedDict
+        ordered_dict = self.columns._data
+        return (ordered_dict[key] for key in ordered_dict._list)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.columns._data)
+
+
+class CheckConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table- or column-level CHECK constraint.
+
+    Can be included in the definition of a Table or Column.
+    """
+
+    _allow_multiple_tables = True
+
+    def __init__(self, sqltext, name=None, deferrable=None,
+                 initially=None, table=None, info=None, _create_rule=None,
+                 _autoattach=True, _type_bound=False):
+        """Construct a CHECK constraint.
+
+        :param sqltext:
+          A string containing the constraint definition, which will be used
+          verbatim, or a SQL expression construct.   If given as a string,
+          the object is converted to a :class:`.Text` object.   If the textual
+          string includes a colon character, escape this using a backslash::
+
+            CheckConstraint(r"foo ~ E'a(?\:b|c)d")
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of the constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+
+        self.sqltext = _literal_as_text(sqltext, warn=False)
+
+        columns = []
+        visitors.traverse(self.sqltext, {}, {'column': columns.append})
+
+        super(CheckConstraint, self).\
+            __init__(
+                name=name, deferrable=deferrable,
+                initially=initially, _create_rule=_create_rule, info=info,
+                _type_bound=_type_bound, _autoattach=_autoattach,
+                *columns)
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+
+    def __visit_name__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.parent, Table):
+            return "check_constraint"
+        else:
+            return "column_check_constraint"
+    __visit_name__ = property(__visit_name__)
+
+    def copy(self, target_table=None, **kw):
+        if target_table is not None:
+            def replace(col):
+                if self.table.c.contains_column(col):
+                    return target_table.c[col.key]
+                else:
+                    return None
+            sqltext = visitors.replacement_traverse(self.sqltext, {}, replace)
+        else:
+            sqltext = self.sqltext
+        c = CheckConstraint(sqltext,
+                            name=self.name,
+                            initially=self.initially,
+                            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                            _create_rule=self._create_rule,
+                            table=target_table,
+                            _autoattach=False,
+                            _type_bound=self._type_bound)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+
+class ForeignKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level FOREIGN KEY constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite FOREIGN KEY ... REFERENCES
+    constraint. For a no-frills, single column foreign key, adding a
+    :class:`.ForeignKey` to the definition of a :class:`.Column` is a
+    shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    Examples of foreign key configuration are in :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'foreign_key_constraint'
+
+    def __init__(self, columns, refcolumns, name=None, onupdate=None,
+                 ondelete=None, deferrable=None, initially=None,
+                 use_alter=False, link_to_name=False, match=None,
+                 table=None, info=None, **dialect_kw):
+        """Construct a composite-capable FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of local column names. The named columns
+          must be defined and present in the parent Table. The names should
+          match the ``key`` given to each column (defaults to the name) unless
+          ``link_to_name`` is True.
+
+        :param refcolumns: A sequence of foreign column names or Column
+          objects. The columns must all be located within the same Table.
+
+        :param name: Optional, the in-database name of the key.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+          DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+          DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+          DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+          the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally assigned
+          ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: If True, do not emit the DDL for this constraint as
+          part of the CREATE TABLE definition. Instead, generate it via an
+          ALTER TABLE statement issued after the full collection of tables
+          have been created, and drop it via an ALTER TABLE statement before
+          the full collection of tables are dropped.
+
+          The use of :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` is
+          particularly geared towards the case where two or more tables
+          are established within a mutually-dependent foreign key constraint
+          relationship; however, the :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and
+          :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all` methods will perform this resolution
+          automatically, so the flag is normally not needed.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0  Automatic resolution of foreign key
+             cycles has been added, removing the need to use the
+             :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` in typical use
+             cases.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`use_alter`
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
+          DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+          and FULL.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+          specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See
+          the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+          :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        """
+
+        Constraint.__init__(
+            self, name=name, deferrable=deferrable, initially=initially,
+            info=info, **dialect_kw)
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.match = match
+
+        # standalone ForeignKeyConstraint - create
+        # associated ForeignKey objects which will be applied to hosted
+        # Column objects (in col.foreign_keys), either now or when attached
+        # to the Table for string-specified names
+        self.elements = [
+            ForeignKey(
+                refcol,
+                _constraint=self,
+                name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate,
+                ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                use_alter=self.use_alter,
+                link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+                match=self.match,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                initially=self.initially,
+                **self.dialect_kwargs
+            ) for refcol in refcolumns
+        ]
+
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns)
+        if table is not None:
+            if hasattr(self, "parent"):
+                assert table is self.parent
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+
+    def _append_element(self, column, fk):
+        self.columns.add(column)
+        self.elements.append(fk)
+
+    @property
+    def _elements(self):
+        # legacy - provide a dictionary view of (column_key, fk)
+        return util.OrderedDict(
+            zip(self.column_keys, self.elements)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self):
+        for elem in self.elements:
+            return elem._referred_schema
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def referred_table(self):
+        """The :class:`.Table` object to which this
+        :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` references.
+
+        This is a dynamically calculated attribute which may not be available
+        if the constraint and/or parent table is not yet associated with
+        a metadata collection that contains the referred table.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        return self.elements[0].column.table
+
+    def _validate_dest_table(self, table):
+        table_keys = set([elem._table_key()
+                          for elem in self.elements])
+        if None not in table_keys and len(table_keys) > 1:
+            elem0, elem1 = sorted(table_keys)[0:2]
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                'ForeignKeyConstraint on %s(%s) refers to '
+                'multiple remote tables: %s and %s' % (
+                    table.fullname,
+                    self._col_description,
+                    elem0,
+                    elem1
+                ))
+
+    @property
+    def column_keys(self):
+        """Return a list of string keys representing the local
+        columns in this :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        This list is either the original string arguments sent
+        to the constructor of the :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`,
+        or if the constraint has been initialized with :class:`.Column`
+        objects, is the string .key of each element.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "parent"):
+            return self.columns.keys()
+        else:
+            return [
+                col.key if isinstance(col, ColumnElement)
+                else str(col) for col in self._pending_colargs
+            ]
+
+    @property
+    def _col_description(self):
+        return ", ".join(self.column_keys)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        try:
+            ColumnCollectionConstraint._set_parent(self, table)
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't create ForeignKeyConstraint "
+                "on table '%s': no column "
+                "named '%s' is present." % (table.description, ke.args[0]))
+
+        for col, fk in zip(self.columns, self.elements):
+            if not hasattr(fk, 'parent') or \
+                    fk.parent is not col:
+                fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(col)
+
+        self._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    def copy(self, schema=None, target_table=None, **kw):
+        fkc = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+            [x.parent.key for x in self.elements],
+            [x._get_colspec(
+                schema=schema,
+                table_name=target_table.name
+                if target_table is not None
+                and x._table_key() == x.parent.table.key
+                else None)
+             for x in self.elements],
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match
+        )
+        for self_fk, other_fk in zip(
+                self.elements,
+                fkc.elements):
+            self_fk._schema_item_copy(other_fk)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fkc)
+
+
+class PrimaryKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint.
+
+    The :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object is present automatically
+    on any :class:`.Table` object; it is assigned a set of
+    :class:`.Column` objects corresponding to those marked with
+    the :paramref:`.Column.primary_key` flag::
+
+        >>> my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+        ...                 Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...                 Column('version_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...                 Column('data', String(50))
+        ...     )
+        >>> my_table.primary_key
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            Column('id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False),
+            Column('version_id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False)
+        )
+
+    The primary key of a :class:`.Table` can also be specified by using
+    a :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object explicitly; in this mode of usage,
+    the "name" of the constraint can also be specified, as well as other
+    options which may be recognized by dialects::
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer),
+                    Column('version_id', Integer),
+                    Column('data', String(50)),
+                    PrimaryKeyConstraint('id', 'version_id',
+                                         name='mytable_pk')
+                )
+
+    The two styles of column-specification should generally not be mixed.
+    An warning is emitted if the columns present in the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`
+    don't match the columns that were marked as ``primary_key=True``, if both
+    are present; in this case, the columns are taken strictly from the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` declaration, and those columns otherwise
+    marked as ``primary_key=True`` are ignored.  This behavior is intended to
+    be backwards compatible with previous behavior.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9.2  Using a mixture of columns within a
+       :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` in addition to columns marked as
+       ``primary_key=True`` now emits a warning if the lists don't match.
+       The ultimate behavior of ignoring those columns marked with the flag
+       only is currently maintained for backwards compatibility; this warning
+       may raise an exception in a future release.
+
+    For the use case where specific options are to be specified on the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, but the usual style of using
+    ``primary_key=True`` flags is still desirable, an empty
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may be specified, which will take on the
+    primary key column collection from the :class:`.Table` based on the
+    flags::
+
+        my_table = Table('mytable', metadata,
+                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('version_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column('data', String(50)),
+                    PrimaryKeyConstraint(name='mytable_pk',
+                                         mssql_clustered=True)
+                )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 an empty :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may now
+       be specified for the purposes of establishing keyword arguments with
+       the constraint, independently of the specification of "primary key"
+       columns within the :class:`.Table` itself; columns marked as
+       ``primary_key=True`` will be gathered into the empty constraint's
+       column collection.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'primary_key_constraint'
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        super(PrimaryKeyConstraint, self)._set_parent(table)
+
+        if table.primary_key is not self:
+            table.constraints.discard(table.primary_key)
+            table.primary_key = self
+            table.constraints.add(self)
+
+        table_pks = [c for c in table.c if c.primary_key]
+        if self.columns and table_pks and \
+                set(table_pks) != set(self.columns.values()):
+            util.warn(
+                "Table '%s' specifies columns %s as primary_key=True, "
+                "not matching locally specified columns %s; setting the "
+                "current primary key columns to %s. This warning "
+                "may become an exception in a future release" %
+                (
+                    table.name,
+                    ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in table_pks),
+                    ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in self.columns),
+                    ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in self.columns)
+                )
+            )
+            table_pks[:] = []
+
+        for c in self.columns:
+            c.primary_key = True
+            c.nullable = False
+        self.columns.extend(table_pks)
+
+    def _reload(self, columns):
+        """repopulate this :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` given
+        a set of columns.
+
+        Existing columns in the table that are marked as primary_key=True
+        are maintained.
+
+        Also fires a new event.
+
+        This is basically like putting a whole new
+        :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object on the parent
+        :class:`.Table` object without actually replacing the object.
+
+        The ordering of the given list of columns is also maintained; these
+        columns will be appended to the list of columns after any which
+        are already present.
+
+        """
+
+        # set the primary key flag on new columns.
+        # note any existing PK cols on the table also have their
+        # flag still set.
+        for col in columns:
+            col.primary_key = True
+
+        self.columns.extend(columns)
+
+        self._set_parent_with_dispatch(self.table)
+
+    def _replace(self, col):
+        self.columns.replace(col)
+
+
+class UniqueConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level UNIQUE constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite UNIQUE constraint. For a no-frills,
+    single column constraint, adding ``unique=True`` to the ``Column``
+    definition is a shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    UniqueConstraint.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'unique_constraint'
+
+
+class Index(DialectKWArgs, ColumnCollectionMixin, SchemaItem):
+    """A table-level INDEX.
+
+    Defines a composite (one or more column) INDEX.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        sometable = Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100))
+                    )
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name)
+
+    For a no-frills, single column index, adding
+    :class:`.Column` also supports ``index=True``::
+
+        sometable = Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50), index=True)
+                    )
+
+    For a composite index, multiple columns can be specified::
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name, sometable.c.address)
+
+    Functional indexes are supported as well, typically by using the
+    :data:`.func` construct in conjunction with table-bound
+    :class:`.Column` objects::
+
+        Index("some_index", func.lower(sometable.c.name))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8 support for functional and expression-based indexes.
+
+    An :class:`.Index` can also be manually associated with a :class:`.Table`,
+    either through inline declaration or using
+    :meth:`.Table.append_constraint`.  When this approach is used, the names
+    of the indexed columns can be specified as strings::
+
+        Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100)),
+                        Index("some_index", "name", "address")
+                )
+
+    To support functional or expression-based indexes in this form, the
+    :func:`.text` construct may be used::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        Table("sometable", metadata,
+                        Column("name", String(50)),
+                        Column("address", String(100)),
+                        Index("some_index", text("lower(name)"))
+                )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.5 the :func:`.text` construct may be used to
+       specify :class:`.Index` expressions, provided the :class:`.Index`
+       is explicitly associated with the :class:`.Table`.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`schema_indexes` - General information on :class:`.Index`.
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_indexes` - PostgreSQL-specific options available for
+        the :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mysql_indexes` - MySQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mssql_indexes` - MSSQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'index'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *expressions, **kw):
+        """Construct an index object.
+
+        :param name:
+          The name of the index
+
+        :param \*expressions:
+          Column expressions to include in the index.   The expressions
+          are normally instances of :class:`.Column`, but may also
+          be arbitrary SQL expressions which ultimately refer to a
+          :class:`.Column`.
+
+        :param unique=False:
+            Keyword only argument; if True, create a unique index.
+
+        :param quote=None:
+            Keyword only argument; whether to apply quoting to the name of
+            the index.  Works in the same manner as that of
+            :paramref:`.Column.quote`.
+
+        :param info=None: Optional data dictionary which will be populated
+            into the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
+            dialect specific, and passed in the form
+            ``<dialectname>_<argname>``. See the documentation regarding an
+            individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+        """
+        self.table = None
+
+        columns = []
+        for expr, column, strname, add_element in self.\
+                _extract_col_expression_collection(expressions):
+            if add_element is not None:
+                columns.append(add_element)
+
+        self.expressions = expressions
+        self.name = quoted_name(name, kw.pop("quote", None))
+        self.unique = kw.pop('unique', False)
+        if 'info' in kw:
+            self.info = kw.pop('info')
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kw)
+
+        # will call _set_parent() if table-bound column
+        # objects are present
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table):
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        if self.table is not None and table is not self.table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Index '%s' is against table '%s', and "
+                "cannot be associated with table '%s'." % (
+                    self.name,
+                    self.table.description,
+                    table.description
+                )
+            )
+        self.table = table
+        table.indexes.add(self)
+
+        self.expressions = [
+            expr if isinstance(expr, ClauseElement)
+            else colexpr
+            for expr, colexpr in util.zip_longest(self.expressions,
+                                                  self.columns)
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        """Return the connectable associated with this Index."""
+
+        return self.table.bind
+
+    def create(self, bind=None):
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self)
+        return self
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None):
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Index(%s)' % (
+            ", ".join(
+                [repr(self.name)] +
+                [repr(e) for e in self.expressions] +
+                (self.unique and ["unique=True"] or [])
+            ))
+
+
+DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION = util.immutabledict({
+    "ix": 'ix_%(column_0_label)s'
+})
+
+
+class MetaData(SchemaItem):
+    """A collection of :class:`.Table` objects and their associated schema
+    constructs.
+
+    Holds a collection of :class:`.Table` objects as well as
+    an optional binding to an :class:`.Engine` or
+    :class:`.Connection`.  If bound, the :class:`.Table` objects
+    in the collection and their columns may participate in implicit SQL
+    execution.
+
+    The :class:`.Table` objects themselves are stored in the
+    :attr:`.MetaData.tables` dictionary.
+
+    :class:`.MetaData` is a thread-safe object for read operations.
+    Construction of new tables within a single :class:`.MetaData` object,
+    either explicitly or via reflection, may not be completely thread-safe.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'metadata'
+
+    def __init__(self, bind=None, reflect=False, schema=None,
+                 quote_schema=None,
+                 naming_convention=DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION,
+                 info=None
+                 ):
+        """Create a new MetaData object.
+
+        :param bind:
+          An Engine or Connection to bind to.  May also be a string or URL
+          instance, these are passed to create_engine() and this MetaData will
+          be bound to the resulting engine.
+
+        :param reflect:
+          Optional, automatically load all tables from the bound database.
+          Defaults to False. ``bind`` is required when this option is set.
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.8
+                Please use the :meth:`.MetaData.reflect` method.
+
+        :param schema:
+           The default schema to use for the :class:`.Table`,
+           :class:`.Sequence`, and other objects associated with this
+           :class:`.MetaData`. Defaults to ``None``.
+
+        :param quote_schema:
+            Sets the ``quote_schema`` flag for those :class:`.Table`,
+            :class:`.Sequence`, and other objects which make usage of the
+            local ``schema`` name.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        :param naming_convention: a dictionary referring to values which
+          will establish default naming conventions for :class:`.Constraint`
+          and :class:`.Index` objects, for those objects which are not given
+          a name explicitly.
+
+          The keys of this dictionary may be:
+
+          * a constraint or Index class, e.g. the :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
+            :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` class, the :class:`.Index` class
+
+          * a string mnemonic for one of the known constraint classes;
+            ``"fk"``, ``"pk"``, ``"ix"``, ``"ck"``, ``"uq"`` for foreign key,
+            primary key, index, check, and unique constraint, respectively.
+
+          * the string name of a user-defined "token" that can be used
+            to define new naming tokens.
+
+          The values associated with each "constraint class" or "constraint
+          mnemonic" key are string naming templates, such as
+          ``"uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s"``,
+          which describe how the name should be composed.  The values
+          associated with user-defined "token" keys should be callables of the
+          form ``fn(constraint, table)``, which accepts the constraint/index
+          object and :class:`.Table` as arguments, returning a string
+          result.
+
+          The built-in names are as follows, some of which may only be
+          available for certain types of constraint:
+
+            * ``%(table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`.Table` object
+              associated with the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(referred_table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`.Table`
+              object associated with the referencing target of a
+              :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`.Column` at
+              index position "0" within the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_label)s`` - the label of the :class:`.Column` at
+              index position "0", e.g. :attr:`.Column.label`
+
+            * ``%(column_0_key)s`` - the key of the :class:`.Column` at
+              index position "0", e.g. :attr:`.Column.key`
+
+            * ``%(referred_column_0_name)s`` - the name of a :class:`.Column`
+              at index position "0" referenced by a
+              :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(constraint_name)s`` - a special key that refers to the
+              existing name given to the constraint.  When this key is
+              present, the :class:`.Constraint` object's existing name will be
+              replaced with one that is composed from template string that
+              uses this token. When this token is present, it is required that
+              the :class:`.Constraint` is given an expicit name ahead of time.
+
+            * user-defined: any additional token may be implemented by passing
+              it along with a ``fn(constraint, table)`` callable to the
+              naming_convention dictionary.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` - for detailed usage
+                examples.
+
+        """
+        self.tables = util.immutabledict()
+        self.schema = quoted_name(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.naming_convention = naming_convention
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._schemas = set()
+        self._sequences = {}
+        self._fk_memos = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        self.bind = bind
+        if reflect:
+            util.warn_deprecated("reflect=True is deprecate; please "
+                                 "use the reflect() method.")
+            if not bind:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "A bind must be supplied in conjunction "
+                    "with reflect=True")
+            self.reflect()
+
+    tables = None
+    """A dictionary of :class:`.Table` objects keyed to their name or "table key".
+
+    The exact key is that determined by the :attr:`.Table.key` attribute;
+    for a table with no :attr:`.Table.schema` attribute, this is the same
+    as :attr:`.Table.name`.  For a table with a schema, it is typically of the
+    form ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'MetaData(bind=%r)' % self.bind
+
+    def __contains__(self, table_or_key):
+        if not isinstance(table_or_key, util.string_types):
+            table_or_key = table_or_key.key
+        return table_or_key in self.tables
+
+    def _add_table(self, name, schema, table):
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        dict.__setitem__(self.tables, key, table)
+        if schema:
+            self._schemas.add(schema)
+
+    def _remove_table(self, name, schema):
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        removed = dict.pop(self.tables, key, None)
+        if removed is not None:
+            for fk in removed.foreign_keys:
+                fk._remove_from_metadata(self)
+        if self._schemas:
+            self._schemas = set([t.schema
+                                 for t in self.tables.values()
+                                 if t.schema is not None])
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'tables': self.tables,
+                'schema': self.schema,
+                'schemas': self._schemas,
+                'sequences': self._sequences,
+                'fk_memos': self._fk_memos,
+                'naming_convention': self.naming_convention
+                }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.tables = state['tables']
+        self.schema = state['schema']
+        self.naming_convention = state['naming_convention']
+        self._bind = None
+        self._sequences = state['sequences']
+        self._schemas = state['schemas']
+        self._fk_memos = state['fk_memos']
+
+    def is_bound(self):
+        """True if this MetaData is bound to an Engine or Connection."""
+
+        return self._bind is not None
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """An :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` to which this
+        :class:`.MetaData` is bound.
+
+        Typically, a :class:`.Engine` is assigned to this attribute
+        so that "implicit execution" may be used, or alternatively
+        as a means of providing engine binding information to an
+        ORM :class:`.Session` object::
+
+            engine = create_engine("someurl://")
+            metadata.bind = engine
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :ref:`dbengine_implicit` - background on "bound metadata"
+
+        """
+        return self._bind
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def _bind_to(self, url, bind):
+        """Bind this MetaData to an Engine, Connection, string or URL."""
+
+        if isinstance(bind, util.string_types + (url.URL, )):
+            self._bind = sqlalchemy.create_engine(bind)
+        else:
+            self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _bind_to)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all Table objects from this MetaData."""
+
+        dict.clear(self.tables)
+        self._schemas.clear()
+        self._fk_memos.clear()
+
+    def remove(self, table):
+        """Remove the given Table object from this MetaData."""
+
+        self._remove_table(table.name, table.schema)
+
+    @property
+    def sorted_tables(self):
+        """Returns a list of :class:`.Table` objects sorted in order of
+        foreign key dependency.
+
+        The sorting will place :class:`.Table` objects that have dependencies
+        first, before the dependencies themselves, representing the
+        order in which they can be created.   To get the order in which
+        the tables would be dropped, use the ``reversed()`` Python built-in.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`.sorted_tables` accessor cannot by itself accommodate
+            automatic resolution of dependency cycles between tables, which
+            are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key constraints.
+            To resolve these cycles, either the
+            :paramref:`.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be appled
+            to those constraints, or use the
+            :func:`.schema.sort_tables_and_constraints` function which will break
+            out foreign key constraints involved in cycles separately.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.schema.sort_tables`
+
+            :func:`.schema.sort_tables_and_constraints`
+
+            :attr:`.MetaData.tables`
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+
+        """
+        return ddl.sort_tables(sorted(self.tables.values(), key=lambda t: t.key))
+
+    def reflect(self, bind=None, schema=None, views=False, only=None,
+                extend_existing=False,
+                autoload_replace=True,
+                **dialect_kwargs):
+        """Load all available table definitions from the database.
+
+        Automatically creates ``Table`` entries in this ``MetaData`` for any
+        table available in the database but not yet present in the
+        ``MetaData``.  May be called multiple times to pick up tables recently
+        added to the database, however no special action is taken if a table
+        in this ``MetaData`` no longer exists in the database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connectable` used to access the database; if None, uses
+          the existing bind on this ``MetaData``, if any.
+
+        :param schema:
+          Optional, query and reflect tables from an alterate schema.
+          If None, the schema associated with this :class:`.MetaData`
+          is used, if any.
+
+        :param views:
+          If True, also reflect views.
+
+        :param only:
+          Optional.  Load only a sub-set of available named tables.  May be
+          specified as a sequence of names or a callable.
+
+          If a sequence of names is provided, only those tables will be
+          reflected.  An error is raised if a table is requested but not
+          available.  Named tables already present in this ``MetaData`` are
+          ignored.
+
+          If a callable is provided, it will be used as a boolean predicate to
+          filter the list of potential table names.  The callable is called
+          with a table name and this ``MetaData`` instance as positional
+          arguments and should return a true value for any table to reflect.
+
+        :param extend_existing: Passed along to each :class:`.Table` as
+          :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.1
+
+        :param autoload_replace: Passed along to each :class:`.Table` as
+          :paramref:`.Table.autoload_replace`.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.1
+
+        :param \**dialect_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned
+         above are dialect specific, and passed in the form
+         ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See the documentation regarding an
+         individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+         documented arguments.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.9.2 - Added
+             :paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.**dialect_kwargs` to support
+             dialect-level reflection options for all :class:`.Table`
+             objects reflected.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+
+        with bind.connect() as conn:
+
+            reflect_opts = {
+                'autoload': True,
+                'autoload_with': conn,
+                'extend_existing': extend_existing,
+                'autoload_replace': autoload_replace
+            }
+
+            reflect_opts.update(dialect_kwargs)
+
+            if schema is None:
+                schema = self.schema
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                reflect_opts['schema'] = schema
+
+            available = util.OrderedSet(
+                bind.engine.table_names(schema, connection=conn))
+            if views:
+                available.update(
+                    bind.dialect.get_view_names(conn, schema)
+                )
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                available_w_schema = util.OrderedSet(["%s.%s" % (schema, name)
+                                                      for name in available])
+            else:
+                available_w_schema = available
+
+            current = set(self.tables)
+
+            if only is None:
+                load = [name for name, schname in
+                        zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                        if extend_existing or schname not in current]
+            elif util.callable(only):
+                load = [name for name, schname in
+                        zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                        if (extend_existing or schname not in current)
+                        and only(name, self)]
+            else:
+                missing = [name for name in only if name not in available]
+                if missing:
+                    s = schema and (" schema '%s'" % schema) or ''
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        'Could not reflect: requested table(s) not available '
+                        'in %s%s: (%s)' %
+                        (bind.engine.url, s, ', '.join(missing)))
+                load = [name for name in only if extend_existing or
+                        name not in current]
+
+            for name in load:
+                Table(name, self, **reflect_opts)
+
+    def append_ddl_listener(self, event_name, listener):
+        """Append a DDL event listener to this ``MetaData``.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.7
+            See :class:`.DDLEvents`.
+
+        """
+        def adapt_listener(target, connection, **kw):
+            tables = kw['tables']
+            listener(event, target, connection, tables=tables)
+
+        event.listen(self, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), adapt_listener)
+
+    def create_all(self, bind=None, tables=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Create all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to recreate tables already
+        present in the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connectable` used to access the
+          database; if None, uses the existing bind on this ``MetaData``, if
+          any.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the total
+          tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, don't issue CREATEs for tables already present
+          in the target database.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst,
+                          tables=tables)
+
+    def drop_all(self, bind=None, tables=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Drop all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to drop tables not present in
+        the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connectable` used to access the
+          database; if None, uses the existing bind on this ``MetaData``, if
+          any.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the
+          total tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, only issue DROPs for tables confirmed to be
+          present in the target database.
+
+        """
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
+                          self,
+                          checkfirst=checkfirst,
+                          tables=tables)
+
+
+class ThreadLocalMetaData(MetaData):
+    """A MetaData variant that presents a different ``bind`` in every thread.
+
+    Makes the ``bind`` property of the MetaData a thread-local value, allowing
+    this collection of tables to be bound to different ``Engine``
+    implementations or connections in each thread.
+
+    The ThreadLocalMetaData starts off bound to None in each thread.  Binds
+    must be made explicitly by assigning to the ``bind`` property or using
+    ``connect()``.  You can also re-bind dynamically multiple times per
+    thread, just like a regular ``MetaData``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'metadata'
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Construct a ThreadLocalMetaData."""
+
+        self.context = util.threading.local()
+        self.__engines = {}
+        super(ThreadLocalMetaData, self).__init__()
+
+    def bind(self):
+        """The bound Engine or Connection for this thread.
+
+        This property may be assigned an Engine or Connection, or assigned a
+        string or URL to automatically create a basic Engine for this bind
+        with ``create_engine()``."""
+
+        return getattr(self.context, '_engine', None)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def _bind_to(self, url, bind):
+        """Bind to a Connectable in the caller's thread."""
+
+        if isinstance(bind, util.string_types + (url.URL, )):
+            try:
+                self.context._engine = self.__engines[bind]
+            except KeyError:
+                e = sqlalchemy.create_engine(bind)
+                self.__engines[bind] = e
+                self.context._engine = e
+        else:
+            # TODO: this is squirrely.  we shouldn't have to hold onto engines
+            # in a case like this
+            if bind not in self.__engines:
+                self.__engines[bind] = bind
+            self.context._engine = bind
+
+    bind = property(bind, _bind_to)
+
+    def is_bound(self):
+        """True if there is a bind for this thread."""
+        return (hasattr(self.context, '_engine') and
+                self.context._engine is not None)
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        """Dispose all bound engines, in all thread contexts."""
+
+        for e in self.__engines.values():
+            if hasattr(e, 'dispose'):
+                e.dispose()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b986fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3436 @@
+# sql/selectable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`.FromClause` class of SQL expression elements, representing
+SQL tables and derived rowsets.
+
+"""
+
+from .elements import ClauseElement, TextClause, ClauseList, \
+    and_, Grouping, UnaryExpression, literal_column, BindParameter
+from .elements import _clone, \
+    _literal_as_text, _interpret_as_column_or_from, _expand_cloned,\
+    _select_iterables, _anonymous_label, _clause_element_as_expr,\
+    _cloned_intersection, _cloned_difference, True_, \
+    _literal_as_label_reference, _literal_and_labels_as_label_reference
+from .base import Immutable, Executable, _generative, \
+    ColumnCollection, ColumnSet, _from_objects, Generative
+from . import type_api
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from .. import exc
+from operator import attrgetter
+from . import operators
+import operator
+import collections
+from .annotation import Annotated
+import itertools
+from sqlalchemy.sql.visitors import Visitable
+
+
+def _interpret_as_from(element):
+    insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+    if insp is None:
+        if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+            util.warn_limited(
+                "Textual SQL FROM expression %(expr)r should be "
+                "explicitly declared as text(%(expr)r), "
+                "or use table(%(expr)r) for more specificity",
+                {"expr": util.ellipses_string(element)})
+
+            return TextClause(util.text_type(element))
+    try:
+        return insp.selectable
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("FROM expression expected")
+
+
+def _interpret_as_select(element):
+    element = _interpret_as_from(element)
+    if isinstance(element, Alias):
+        element = element.original
+    if not isinstance(element, SelectBase):
+        element = element.select()
+    return element
+
+
+class _OffsetLimitParam(BindParameter):
+    @property
+    def _limit_offset_value(self):
+        return self.effective_value
+
+
+def _offset_or_limit_clause(element, name=None, type_=None):
+    """Convert the given value to an "offset or limit" clause.
+
+    This handles incoming integers and converts to an expression; if
+    an expression is already given, it is passed through.
+
+    """
+    if element is None:
+        return None
+    elif hasattr(element, '__clause_element__'):
+        return element.__clause_element__()
+    elif isinstance(element, Visitable):
+        return element
+    else:
+        value = util.asint(element)
+        return _OffsetLimitParam(name, value, type_=type_, unique=True)
+
+
+def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(clause, attrname):
+    """Convert the "offset or limit" clause of a select construct to an
+    integer.
+
+    This is only possible if the value is stored as a simple bound parameter.
+    Otherwise, a compilation error is raised.
+
+    """
+    if clause is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        value = clause._limit_offset_value
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "This SELECT structure does not use a simple "
+            "integer value for %s" % attrname)
+    else:
+        return util.asint(value)
+
+
+def subquery(alias, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Return an :class:`.Alias` object derived
+    from a :class:`.Select`.
+
+    name
+      alias name
+
+    \*args, \**kwargs
+
+      all other arguments are delivered to the
+      :func:`select` function.
+
+    """
+    return Select(*args, **kwargs).alias(alias)
+
+
+def alias(selectable, name=None, flat=False):
+    """Return an :class:`.Alias` object.
+
+    An :class:`.Alias` represents any :class:`.FromClause`
+    with an alternate name assigned within SQL, typically using the ``AS``
+    clause when generated, e.g. ``SELECT * FROM table AS aliasname``.
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`~.FromClause.alias` method
+    available on all :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    When an :class:`.Alias` is created from a :class:`.Table` object,
+    this has the effect of the table being rendered
+    as ``tablename AS aliasname`` in a SELECT statement.
+
+    For :func:`.select` objects, the effect is that of creating a named
+    subquery, i.e. ``(select ...) AS aliasname``.
+
+    The ``name`` parameter is optional, and provides the name
+    to use in the rendered SQL.  If blank, an "anonymous" name
+    will be deterministically generated at compile time.
+    Deterministic means the name is guaranteed to be unique against
+    other constructs used in the same statement, and will also be the
+    same name for each successive compilation of the same statement
+    object.
+
+    :param selectable: any :class:`.FromClause` subclass,
+        such as a table, select statement, etc.
+
+    :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias.
+        If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated
+        at compile time.
+
+    :param flat: Will be passed through to if the given selectable
+     is an instance of :class:`.Join` - see :meth:`.Join.alias`
+     for details.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    """
+    return selectable.alias(name=name, flat=flat)
+
+
+class Selectable(ClauseElement):
+    """mark a class as being selectable"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'selectable'
+
+    is_selectable = True
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class HasPrefixes(object):
+    _prefixes = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def prefix_with(self, *expr, **kw):
+        """Add one or more expressions following the statement keyword, i.e.
+        SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Generative.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific prefix keywords such as those
+        provided by MySQL.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().prefix_with("LOW_PRIORITY", dialect="mysql")
+
+        Multiple prefixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`.prefix_with`.
+
+        :param \*expr: textual or :class:`.ClauseElement` construct which
+         will be rendered following the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+         keyword.
+        :param \**kw: A single keyword 'dialect' is accepted.  This is an
+         optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this prefix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        dialect = kw.pop('dialect', None)
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unsupported argument(s): %s" %
+                                    ",".join(kw))
+        self._setup_prefixes(expr, dialect)
+
+    def _setup_prefixes(self, prefixes, dialect=None):
+        self._prefixes = self._prefixes + tuple(
+            [(_literal_as_text(p, warn=False), dialect) for p in prefixes])
+
+
+class HasSuffixes(object):
+    _suffixes = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def suffix_with(self, *expr, **kw):
+        """Add one or more expressions following the statement as a whole.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific suffix keywords on
+        certain constructs.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select([col1, col2]).cte().suffix_with(
+                "cycle empno set y_cycle to 1 default 0", dialect="oracle")
+
+        Multiple suffixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`.suffix_with`.
+
+        :param \*expr: textual or :class:`.ClauseElement` construct which
+         will be rendered following the target clause.
+        :param \**kw: A single keyword 'dialect' is accepted.  This is an
+         optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this suffix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        dialect = kw.pop('dialect', None)
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unsupported argument(s): %s" %
+                                    ",".join(kw))
+        self._setup_suffixes(expr, dialect)
+
+    def _setup_suffixes(self, suffixes, dialect=None):
+        self._suffixes = self._suffixes + tuple(
+            [(_literal_as_text(p, warn=False), dialect) for p in suffixes])
+
+
+class FromClause(Selectable):
+    """Represent an element that can be used within the ``FROM``
+    clause of a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The most common forms of :class:`.FromClause` are the
+    :class:`.Table` and the :func:`.select` constructs.  Key
+    features common to all :class:`.FromClause` objects include:
+
+    * a :attr:`.c` collection, which provides per-name access to a collection
+      of :class:`.ColumnElement` objects.
+    * a :attr:`.primary_key` attribute, which is a collection of all those
+      :class:`.ColumnElement` objects that indicate the ``primary_key`` flag.
+    * Methods to generate various derivations of a "from" clause, including
+      :meth:`.FromClause.alias`, :meth:`.FromClause.join`,
+      :meth:`.FromClause.select`.
+
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'fromclause'
+    named_with_column = False
+    _hide_froms = []
+
+    _is_join = False
+    _is_select = False
+    _is_from_container = False
+
+    _textual = False
+    """a marker that allows us to easily distinguish a :class:`.TextAsFrom`
+    or similar object from other kinds of :class:`.FromClause` objects."""
+
+    schema = None
+    """Define the 'schema' attribute for this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    This is typically ``None`` for most objects except that of
+    :class:`.Table`, where it is taken as the value of the
+    :paramref:`.Table.schema` argument.
+
+    """
+
+    _memoized_property = util.group_expirable_memoized_property(["_columns"])
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def count(self, functions, whereclause=None, **params):
+        """return a SELECT COUNT generated against this
+        :class:`.FromClause`."""
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            col = list(self.primary_key)[0]
+        else:
+            col = list(self.columns)[0]
+        return Select(
+            [functions.func.count(col).label('tbl_row_count')],
+            whereclause,
+            from_obj=[self],
+            **params)
+
+    def select(self, whereclause=None, **params):
+        """return a SELECT of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`~.sql.expression.select` - general purpose
+            method which allows for arbitrary column lists.
+
+        """
+
+        return Select([self], whereclause, **params)
+
+    def join(self, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+        """Return a :class:`.Join` from this :class:`.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import join
+
+            j = user_table.join(address_table,
+                            user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+            stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)
+
+        would emit SQL along the lines of::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`.FromClause` object such as a :class:`.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`.FromClause.join` will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.join` - standalone function
+
+            :class:`.Join` - the type of object produced
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    def outerjoin(self, right, onclause=None):
+        """Return a :class:`.Join` from this :class:`.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`, with the "isouter" flag set to
+        True.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import outerjoin
+
+            j = user_table.outerjoin(address_table,
+                            user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+
+        The above is equivalent to::
+
+            j = user_table.join(
+                address_table,
+                user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id,
+                isouter=True)
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`.FromClause` object such as a :class:`.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`.FromClause.join` will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.FromClause.join`
+
+            :class:`.Join`
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, True)
+
+    def alias(self, name=None, flat=False):
+        """return an alias of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        This is shorthand for calling::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import alias
+            a = alias(self, name=name)
+
+        See :func:`~.expression.alias` for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return Alias(self, name)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        """Return True if this FromClause is 'derived' from the given
+        FromClause.
+
+        An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.
+
+        """
+        # this is essentially an "identity" check in the base class.
+        # Other constructs override this to traverse through
+        # contained elements.
+        return fromclause in self._cloned_set
+
+    def _is_lexical_equivalent(self, other):
+        """Return True if this FromClause and the other represent
+        the same lexical identity.
+
+        This tests if either one is a copy of the other, or
+        if they are the same via annotation identity.
+
+        """
+        return self._cloned_set.intersection(other._cloned_set)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def replace_selectable(self, sqlutil, old, alias):
+        """replace all occurrences of FromClause 'old' with the given Alias
+        object, returning a copy of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        """
+
+        return sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(alias).traverse(self)
+
+    def correspond_on_equivalents(self, column, equivalents):
+        """Return corresponding_column for the given column, or if None
+        search for a match in the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        col = self.corresponding_column(column, require_embedded=True)
+        if col is None and col in equivalents:
+            for equiv in equivalents[col]:
+                nc = self.corresponding_column(equiv, require_embedded=True)
+                if nc:
+                    return nc
+        return col
+
+    def corresponding_column(self, column, require_embedded=False):
+        """Given a :class:`.ColumnElement`, return the exported
+        :class:`.ColumnElement` object from this :class:`.Selectable`
+        which corresponds to that original
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` via a common ancestor
+        column.
+
+        :param column: the target :class:`.ColumnElement` to be matched
+
+        :param require_embedded: only return corresponding columns for
+         the given :class:`.ColumnElement`, if the given
+         :class:`.ColumnElement` is actually present within a sub-element
+         of this :class:`.FromClause`.  Normally the column will match if
+         it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported
+         columns of this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        """
+
+        def embedded(expanded_proxy_set, target_set):
+            for t in target_set.difference(expanded_proxy_set):
+                if not set(_expand_cloned([t])
+                           ).intersection(expanded_proxy_set):
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        # don't dig around if the column is locally present
+        if self.c.contains_column(column):
+            return column
+        col, intersect = None, None
+        target_set = column.proxy_set
+        cols = self.c._all_columns
+        for c in cols:
+            expanded_proxy_set = set(_expand_cloned(c.proxy_set))
+            i = target_set.intersection(expanded_proxy_set)
+            if i and (not require_embedded
+                      or embedded(expanded_proxy_set, target_set)):
+                if col is None:
+
+                    # no corresponding column yet, pick this one.
+
+                    col, intersect = c, i
+                elif len(i) > len(intersect):
+
+                    # 'c' has a larger field of correspondence than
+                    # 'col'. i.e. selectable.c.a1_x->a1.c.x->table.c.x
+                    # matches a1.c.x->table.c.x better than
+                    # selectable.c.x->table.c.x does.
+
+                    col, intersect = c, i
+                elif i == intersect:
+
+                    # they have the same field of correspondence. see
+                    # which proxy_set has fewer columns in it, which
+                    # indicates a closer relationship with the root
+                    # column. Also take into account the "weight"
+                    # attribute which CompoundSelect() uses to give
+                    # higher precedence to columns based on vertical
+                    # position in the compound statement, and discard
+                    # columns that have no reference to the target
+                    # column (also occurs with CompoundSelect)
+
+                    col_distance = util.reduce(
+                        operator.add,
+                        [sc._annotations.get('weight', 1) for sc in
+                         col.proxy_set if sc.shares_lineage(column)])
+                    c_distance = util.reduce(
+                        operator.add,
+                        [sc._annotations.get('weight', 1) for sc in
+                         c.proxy_set if sc.shares_lineage(column)])
+                    if c_distance < col_distance:
+                        col, intersect = c, i
+        return col
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        """a brief description of this FromClause.
+
+        Used primarily for error message formatting.
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self, 'name', self.__class__.__name__ + " object")
+
+    def _reset_exported(self):
+        """delete memoized collections when a FromClause is cloned."""
+
+        self._memoized_property.expire_instance(self)
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def columns(self):
+        """A named-based collection of :class:`.ColumnElement` objects
+        maintained by this :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        The :attr:`.columns`, or :attr:`.c` collection, is the gateway
+        to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or
+        other selectable-bound columns::
+
+            select([mytable]).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)
+
+        """
+
+        if '_columns' not in self.__dict__:
+            self._init_collections()
+            self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self._columns.as_immutable()
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        """Return the collection of Column objects which comprise the
+        primary key of this FromClause."""
+
+        self._init_collections()
+        self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self.primary_key
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        """Return the collection of ForeignKey objects which this
+        FromClause references."""
+
+        self._init_collections()
+        self._populate_column_collection()
+        return self.foreign_keys
+
+    c = property(attrgetter('columns'),
+                 doc="An alias for the :attr:`.columns` attribute.")
+    _select_iterable = property(attrgetter('columns'))
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        assert '_columns' not in self.__dict__
+        assert 'primary_key' not in self.__dict__
+        assert 'foreign_keys' not in self.__dict__
+
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+
+    @property
+    def _cols_populated(self):
+        return '_columns' in self.__dict__
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        """Called on subclasses to establish the .c collection.
+
+        Each implementation has a different way of establishing
+        this collection.
+
+        """
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        """Given a column added to the .c collection of an underlying
+        selectable, produce the local version of that column, assuming this
+        selectable ultimately should proxy this column.
+
+        this is used to "ping" a derived selectable to add a new column
+        to its .c. collection when a Column has been added to one of the
+        Table objects it ultimtely derives from.
+
+        If the given selectable hasn't populated its .c. collection yet,
+        it should at least pass on the message to the contained selectables,
+        but it will return None.
+
+        This method is currently used by Declarative to allow Table
+        columns to be added to a partially constructed inheritance
+        mapping that may have already produced joins.  The method
+        isn't public right now, as the full span of implications
+        and/or caveats aren't yet clear.
+
+        It's also possible that this functionality could be invoked by
+        default via an event, which would require that
+        selectables maintain a weak referencing collection of all
+        derivations.
+
+        """
+        if not self._cols_populated:
+            return None
+        elif (column.key in self.columns and
+              self.columns[column.key] is column):
+            return column
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class Join(FromClause):
+    """represent a ``JOIN`` construct between two :class:`.FromClause`
+    elements.
+
+    The public constructor function for :class:`.Join` is the module-level
+    :func:`.join()` function, as well as the :meth:`.FromClause.join` method
+    of any :class:`.FromClause` (e.g. such as :class:`.Table`).
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.join`
+
+        :meth:`.FromClause.join`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'join'
+
+    _is_join = True
+
+    def __init__(self, left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Join`.
+
+        The usual entrypoint here is the :func:`~.expression.join`
+        function or the :meth:`.FromClause.join` method of any
+        :class:`.FromClause` object.
+
+        """
+        self.left = _interpret_as_from(left)
+        self.right = _interpret_as_from(right).self_group()
+
+        if onclause is None:
+            self.onclause = self._match_primaries(self.left, self.right)
+        else:
+            self.onclause = onclause
+
+        self.isouter = isouter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_outerjoin(cls, left, right, onclause=None):
+        """Return an ``OUTER JOIN`` clause element.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Join`.
+
+        Similar functionality is also available via the
+        :meth:`~.FromClause.outerjoin()` method on any
+        :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+        :param right: The right side of the join.
+
+        :param onclause:  Optional criterion for the ``ON`` clause, is
+          derived from foreign key relationships established between
+          left and right otherwise.
+
+        To chain joins together, use the :meth:`.FromClause.join` or
+        :meth:`.FromClause.outerjoin` methods on the resulting
+        :class:`.Join` object.
+
+        """
+        return cls(left, right, onclause, isouter=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_join(cls, left, right, onclause=None, isouter=False):
+        """Produce a :class:`.Join` object, given two :class:`.FromClause`
+        expressions.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            j = join(user_table, address_table,
+                     user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id)
+            stmt = select([user_table]).select_from(j)
+
+        would emit SQL along the lines of::
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        Similar functionality is available given any
+        :class:`.FromClause` object (e.g. such as a :class:`.Table`) using
+        the :meth:`.FromClause.join` method.
+
+        :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`.FromClause` object such as a :class:`.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`.FromClause.join` will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.FromClause.join` - method form, based on a given left side
+
+            :class:`.Join` - the type of object produced
+
+        """
+
+        return cls(left, right, onclause, isouter)
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return "Join object on %s(%d) and %s(%d)" % (
+            self.left.description,
+            id(self.left),
+            self.right.description,
+            id(self.right))
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        return fromclause is self or \
+            self.left.is_derived_from(fromclause) or \
+            self.right.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _populate_column_collection(self, sqlutil):
+        columns = [c for c in self.left.columns] + \
+            [c for c in self.right.columns]
+
+        self.primary_key.extend(sqlutil.reduce_columns(
+            (c for c in columns if c.primary_key), self.onclause))
+        self._columns.update((col._label, col) for col in columns)
+        self.foreign_keys.update(itertools.chain(
+            *[col.foreign_keys for col in columns]))
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        col = self.left._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        if col is None:
+            col = self.right._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        if col is not None:
+            if self._cols_populated:
+                self._columns[col._label] = col
+                self.foreign_keys.add(col)
+                if col.primary_key:
+                    self.primary_key.add(col)
+                return col
+        return None
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.left = clone(self.left, **kw)
+        self.right = clone(self.right, **kw)
+        self.onclause = clone(self.onclause, **kw)
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.left, self.right, self.onclause
+
+    def _match_primaries(self, left, right):
+        if isinstance(left, Join):
+            left_right = left.right
+        else:
+            left_right = None
+        return self._join_condition(left, right, a_subset=left_right)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _join_condition(cls, a, b, ignore_nonexistent_tables=False,
+                                a_subset=None,
+                                consider_as_foreign_keys=None):
+        """create a join condition between two tables or selectables.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            join_condition(tablea, tableb)
+
+        would produce an expression along the lines of::
+
+            tablea.c.id==tableb.c.tablea_id
+
+        The join is determined based on the foreign key relationships
+        between the two selectables.   If there are multiple ways
+        to join, or no way to join, an error is raised.
+
+        :param ignore_nonexistent_tables:  Deprecated - this
+        flag is no longer used.  Only resolution errors regarding
+        the two given tables are propagated.
+
+        :param a_subset: An optional expression that is a sub-component
+        of ``a``.  An attempt will be made to join to just this sub-component
+        first before looking at the full ``a`` construct, and if found
+        will be successful even if there are other ways to join to ``a``.
+        This allows the "right side" of a join to be passed thereby
+        providing a "natural join".
+
+        """
+        constraints = cls._joincond_scan_left_right(
+            a, a_subset, b, consider_as_foreign_keys)
+
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            cls._joincond_trim_constraints(
+                a, b, constraints, consider_as_foreign_keys)
+
+        if len(constraints) == 0:
+            if isinstance(b, FromGrouping):
+                hint = " Perhaps you meant to convert the right side to a "\
+                    "subquery using alias()?"
+            else:
+                hint = ""
+            raise exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't find any foreign key relationships "
+                "between '%s' and '%s'.%s" %
+                (a.description, b.description, hint))
+
+        crit = [(x == y) for x, y in list(constraints.values())[0]]
+        if len(crit) == 1:
+            return (crit[0])
+        else:
+            return and_(*crit)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _joincond_scan_left_right(
+            cls, a, a_subset, b, consider_as_foreign_keys):
+        constraints = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        for left in (a_subset, a):
+            if left is None:
+                continue
+            for fk in sorted(
+                    b.foreign_keys,
+                    key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order):
+                if consider_as_foreign_keys is not None and \
+                        fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    col = fk.get_referent(left)
+                except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                    if nrte.table_name == left.name:
+                        raise
+                    else:
+                        continue
+
+                if col is not None:
+                    constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if left is not b:
+                for fk in sorted(
+                        left.foreign_keys,
+                        key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order):
+                    if consider_as_foreign_keys is not None and \
+                            fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        col = fk.get_referent(b)
+                    except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                        if nrte.table_name == b.name:
+                            raise
+                        else:
+                            continue
+
+                    if col is not None:
+                        constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if constraints:
+                break
+        return constraints
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _joincond_trim_constraints(
+            cls, a, b, constraints, consider_as_foreign_keys):
+        # more than one constraint matched.  narrow down the list
+        # to include just those FKCs that match exactly to
+        # "consider_as_foreign_keys".
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            for const in list(constraints):
+                if set(f.parent for f in const.elements) != set(
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys):
+                    del constraints[const]
+
+        # if still multiple constraints, but
+        # they all refer to the exact same end result, use it.
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            dedupe = set(tuple(crit) for crit in constraints.values())
+            if len(dedupe) == 1:
+                key = list(constraints)[0]
+                constraints = {key: constraints[key]}
+
+        if len(constraints) != 1:
+            raise exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't determine join between '%s' and '%s'; "
+                "tables have more than one foreign key "
+                "constraint relationship between them. "
+                "Please specify the 'onclause' of this "
+                "join explicitly." % (a.description, b.description))
+
+    def select(self, whereclause=None, **kwargs):
+        """Create a :class:`.Select` from this :class:`.Join`.
+
+        The equivalent long-hand form, given a :class:`.Join` object
+        ``j``, is::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+            j = select([j.left, j.right], **kw).\\
+                        where(whereclause).\\
+                        select_from(j)
+
+        :param whereclause: the WHERE criterion that will be sent to
+          the :func:`select()` function
+
+        :param \**kwargs: all other kwargs are sent to the
+          underlying :func:`select()` function.
+
+        """
+        collist = [self.left, self.right]
+
+        return Select(collist, whereclause, from_obj=[self], **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        return self.left.bind or self.right.bind
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def alias(self, sqlutil, name=None, flat=False):
+        """return an alias of this :class:`.Join`.
+
+        The default behavior here is to first produce a SELECT
+        construct from this :class:`.Join`, then to produce an
+        :class:`.Alias` from that.  So given a join of the form::
+
+            j = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
+
+        The JOIN by itself would look like::
+
+            table_a JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id
+
+        Whereas the alias of the above, ``j.alias()``, would in a
+        SELECT context look like::
+
+            (SELECT table_a.id AS table_a_id, table_b.id AS table_b_id,
+                table_b.a_id AS table_b_a_id
+                FROM table_a
+                JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id) AS anon_1
+
+        The equivalent long-hand form, given a :class:`.Join` object
+        ``j``, is::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select, alias
+            j = alias(
+                select([j.left, j.right]).\\
+                    select_from(j).\\
+                    with_labels(True).\\
+                    correlate(False),
+                name=name
+            )
+
+        The selectable produced by :meth:`.Join.alias` features the same
+        columns as that of the two individual selectables presented under
+        a single name - the individual columns are "auto-labeled", meaning
+        the ``.c.`` collection of the resulting :class:`.Alias` represents
+        the names of the individual columns using a
+        ``<tablename>_<columname>`` scheme::
+
+            j.c.table_a_id
+            j.c.table_b_a_id
+
+        :meth:`.Join.alias` also features an alternate
+        option for aliasing joins which produces no enclosing SELECT and
+        does not normally apply labels to the column names.  The
+        ``flat=True`` option will call :meth:`.FromClause.alias`
+        against the left and right sides individually.
+        Using this option, no new ``SELECT`` is produced;
+        we instead, from a construct as below::
+
+            j = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
+            j = j.alias(flat=True)
+
+        we get a result like this::
+
+            table_a AS table_a_1 JOIN table_b AS table_b_1 ON
+            table_a_1.id = table_b_1.a_id
+
+        The ``flat=True`` argument is also propagated to the contained
+        selectables, so that a composite join such as::
+
+            j = table_a.join(
+                    table_b.join(table_c,
+                            table_b.c.id == table_c.c.b_id),
+                    table_b.c.a_id == table_a.c.id
+                ).alias(flat=True)
+
+        Will produce an expression like::
+
+            table_a AS table_a_1 JOIN (
+                    table_b AS table_b_1 JOIN table_c AS table_c_1
+                    ON table_b_1.id = table_c_1.b_id
+            ) ON table_a_1.id = table_b_1.a_id
+
+        The standalone :func:`~.expression.alias` function as well as the
+        base :meth:`.FromClause.alias` method also support the ``flat=True``
+        argument as a no-op, so that the argument can be passed to the
+        ``alias()`` method of any selectable.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 Added the ``flat=True`` option to create
+          "aliases" of joins without enclosing inside of a SELECT
+          subquery.
+
+        :param name: name given to the alias.
+
+        :param flat: if True, produce an alias of the left and right
+         sides of this :class:`.Join` and return the join of those
+         two selectables.   This produces join expression that does not
+         include an enclosing SELECT.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`~.expression.alias`
+
+        """
+        if flat:
+            assert name is None, "Can't send name argument with flat"
+            left_a, right_a = self.left.alias(flat=True), \
+                self.right.alias(flat=True)
+            adapter = sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(left_a).\
+                chain(sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(right_a))
+
+            return left_a.join(right_a, adapter.traverse(self.onclause),
+                               isouter=self.isouter)
+        else:
+            return self.select(use_labels=True, correlate=False).alias(name)
+
+    @property
+    def _hide_froms(self):
+        return itertools.chain(*[_from_objects(x.left, x.right)
+                                 for x in self._cloned_set])
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self] + \
+            self.onclause._from_objects + \
+            self.left._from_objects + \
+            self.right._from_objects
+
+
+class Alias(FromClause):
+    """Represents an table or selectable alias (AS).
+
+    Represents an alias, as typically applied to any table or
+    sub-select within a SQL statement using the ``AS`` keyword (or
+    without the keyword on certain databases such as Oracle).
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`~.expression.alias` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`.FromClause.alias` method available
+    on all :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'alias'
+    named_with_column = True
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable, name=None):
+        baseselectable = selectable
+        while isinstance(baseselectable, Alias):
+            baseselectable = baseselectable.element
+        self.original = baseselectable
+        self.supports_execution = baseselectable.supports_execution
+        if self.supports_execution:
+            self._execution_options = baseselectable._execution_options
+        self.element = selectable
+        if name is None:
+            if self.original.named_with_column:
+                name = getattr(self.original, 'name', None)
+            name = _anonymous_label('%%(%d %s)s' % (id(self), name
+                                                    or 'anon'))
+        self.name = name
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    def as_scalar(self):
+        try:
+            return self.element.as_scalar()
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise AttributeError("Element %s does not support "
+                                 "'as_scalar()'" % self.element)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        if fromclause in self._cloned_set:
+            return True
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for col in self.element.columns._all_columns:
+            col._make_proxy(self)
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        col = self.element._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        if col is not None:
+            if not self._cols_populated:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return col._make_proxy(self)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        # don't apply anything to an aliased Table
+        # for now.   May want to drive this from
+        # the given **kw.
+        if isinstance(self.element, TableClause):
+            return
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+        baseselectable = self.element
+        while isinstance(baseselectable, Alias):
+            baseselectable = baseselectable.element
+        self.original = baseselectable
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kw):
+        if column_collections:
+            for c in self.c:
+                yield c
+        yield self.element
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self]
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        return self.element.bind
+
+
+class CTE(Generative, HasSuffixes, Alias):
+    """Represent a Common Table Expression.
+
+    The :class:`.CTE` object is obtained using the
+    :meth:`.SelectBase.cte` method from any selectable.
+    See that method for complete examples.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'cte'
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable,
+                 name=None,
+                 recursive=False,
+                 _cte_alias=None,
+                 _restates=frozenset(),
+                 _suffixes=None):
+        self.recursive = recursive
+        self._cte_alias = _cte_alias
+        self._restates = _restates
+        if _suffixes:
+            self._suffixes = _suffixes
+        super(CTE, self).__init__(selectable, name=name)
+
+    def alias(self, name=None, flat=False):
+        return CTE(
+            self.original,
+            name=name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            _cte_alias=self,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes
+        )
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return CTE(
+            self.original.union(other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            _restates=self._restates.union([self]),
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes
+        )
+
+    def union_all(self, other):
+        return CTE(
+            self.original.union_all(other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            _restates=self._restates.union([self]),
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes
+        )
+
+
+class FromGrouping(FromClause):
+    """Represent a grouping of a FROM clause"""
+    __visit_name__ = 'grouping'
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        return self.element.columns
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, element):
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(element)
+
+    def alias(self, **kw):
+        return FromGrouping(self.element.alias(**kw))
+
+    @property
+    def _hide_froms(self):
+        return self.element._hide_froms
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.element,
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'element': self.element}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.element = state['element']
+
+
+class TableClause(Immutable, FromClause):
+    """Represents a minimal "table" construct.
+
+    This is a lightweight table object that has only a name and a
+    collection of columns, which are typically produced
+    by the :func:`.expression.column` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        user = table("user",
+                column("id"),
+                column("name"),
+                column("description"),
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.TableClause` construct serves as the base for
+    the more commonly used :class:`~.schema.Table` object, providing
+    the usual set of :class:`~.expression.FromClause` services including
+    the ``.c.`` collection and statement generation methods.
+
+    It does **not** provide all the additional schema-level services
+    of :class:`~.schema.Table`, including constraints, references to other
+    tables, or support for :class:`.MetaData`-level services.  It's useful
+    on its own as an ad-hoc construct used to generate quick SQL
+    statements when a more fully fledged :class:`~.schema.Table`
+    is not on hand.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'table'
+
+    named_with_column = True
+
+    implicit_returning = False
+    """:class:`.TableClause` doesn't support having a primary key or column
+    -level defaults, so implicit returning doesn't apply."""
+
+    _autoincrement_column = None
+    """No PK or default support so no autoincrement column."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, *columns):
+        """Produce a new :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        The object returned is an instance of :class:`.TableClause`, which
+        represents the "syntactical" portion of the schema-level
+        :class:`~.schema.Table` object.
+        It may be used to construct lightweight table constructs.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 :func:`.expression.table` can now
+           be imported from the plain ``sqlalchemy`` namespace like any
+           other SQL element.
+
+        :param name: Name of the table.
+
+        :param columns: A collection of :func:`.expression.column` constructs.
+
+        """
+
+        super(TableClause, self).__init__()
+        self.name = self.fullname = name
+        self._columns = ColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+        for c in columns:
+            self.append_column(c)
+
+    def _init_collections(self):
+        pass
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def description(self):
+        if util.py3k:
+            return self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+
+    def append_column(self, c):
+        self._columns[c.key] = c
+        c.table = self
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kwargs):
+        if column_collections:
+            return [c for c in self.c]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def count(self, functions, whereclause=None, **params):
+        """return a SELECT COUNT generated against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`."""
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            col = list(self.primary_key)[0]
+        else:
+            col = list(self.columns)[0]
+        return Select(
+            [functions.func.count(col).label('tbl_row_count')],
+            whereclause,
+            from_obj=[self],
+            **params)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def insert(self, dml, values=None, inline=False, **kwargs):
+        """Generate an :func:`.insert` construct against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.insert().values(name='foo')
+
+        See :func:`.insert` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return dml.Insert(self, values=values, inline=inline, **kwargs)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def update(
+            self, dml, whereclause=None, values=None, inline=False, **kwargs):
+        """Generate an :func:`.update` construct against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.update().where(table.c.id==7).values(name='foo')
+
+        See :func:`.update` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return dml.Update(self, whereclause=whereclause,
+                          values=values, inline=inline, **kwargs)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def delete(self, dml, whereclause=None, **kwargs):
+        """Generate a :func:`.delete` construct against this
+        :class:`.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.delete().where(table.c.id==7)
+
+        See :func:`.delete` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return dml.Delete(self, whereclause, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self]
+
+
+class ForUpdateArg(ClauseElement):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_legacy_select(self, arg):
+        """Parse the for_update arugment of :func:`.select`.
+
+        :param mode: Defines the lockmode to use.
+
+            ``None`` - translates to no lockmode
+
+            ``'update'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE``
+            (standard SQL, supported by most dialects)
+
+            ``'nowait'`` - translates to ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``
+            (supported by Oracle, PostgreSQL 8.1 upwards)
+
+            ``'read'`` - translates to ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` (for MySQL),
+            and ``FOR SHARE`` (for PostgreSQL)
+
+            ``'read_nowait'`` - translates to ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``
+            (supported by PostgreSQL). ``FOR SHARE`` and
+            ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT`` (PostgreSQL).
+
+        """
+        if arg in (None, False):
+            return None
+
+        nowait = read = False
+        if arg == 'nowait':
+            nowait = True
+        elif arg == 'read':
+            read = True
+        elif arg == 'read_nowait':
+            read = nowait = True
+        elif arg is not True:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unknown for_update argument: %r" % arg)
+
+        return ForUpdateArg(read=read, nowait=nowait)
+
+    @property
+    def legacy_for_update_value(self):
+        if self.read and not self.nowait:
+            return "read"
+        elif self.read and self.nowait:
+            return "read_nowait"
+        elif self.nowait:
+            return "nowait"
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        if self.of is not None:
+            self.of = [clone(col, **kw) for col in self.of]
+
+    def __init__(self, nowait=False, read=False, of=None):
+        """Represents arguments specified to :meth:`.Select.for_update`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+        """
+
+        self.nowait = nowait
+        self.read = read
+        if of is not None:
+            self.of = [_interpret_as_column_or_from(elem)
+                       for elem in util.to_list(of)]
+        else:
+            self.of = None
+
+
+class SelectBase(Executable, FromClause):
+    """Base class for SELECT statements.
+
+
+    This includes :class:`.Select`, :class:`.CompoundSelect` and
+    :class:`.TextAsFrom`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def as_scalar(self):
+        """return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, which can be
+        used as a column expression.
+
+        Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns
+        clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`ScalarSelect`.
+
+        """
+        return ScalarSelect(self)
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, embedded as a
+        subquery with a label.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SelectBase.as_scalar`.
+
+        """
+        return self.as_scalar().label(name)
+
+    def cte(self, name=None, recursive=False):
+        """Return a new :class:`.CTE`, or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+        Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT
+        statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along
+        with the primary statement, using a clause called "WITH".
+        Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to
+        allow "recursive" queries, where a SELECT statement can draw
+        upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.
+
+        SQLAlchemy detects :class:`.CTE` objects, which are treated
+        similarly to :class:`.Alias` objects, as special elements
+        to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well
+        as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.6
+
+        :param name: name given to the common table expression.  Like
+         :meth:`._FromClause.alias`, the name can be left as ``None``
+         in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query
+         compile time.
+        :param recursive: if ``True``, will render ``WITH RECURSIVE``.
+         A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in
+         conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows
+         from those already selected.
+
+        The following examples illustrate two examples from
+        Postgresql's documentation at
+        http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/static/queries-with.html.
+
+        Example 1, non recursive::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
+                                    MetaData, select, func)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            orders = Table('orders', metadata,
+                Column('region', String),
+                Column('amount', Integer),
+                Column('product', String),
+                Column('quantity', Integer)
+            )
+
+            regional_sales = select([
+                                orders.c.region,
+                                func.sum(orders.c.amount).label('total_sales')
+                            ]).group_by(orders.c.region).cte("regional_sales")
+
+
+            top_regions = select([regional_sales.c.region]).\\
+                    where(
+                        regional_sales.c.total_sales >
+                        select([
+                            func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales)/10
+                        ])
+                    ).cte("top_regions")
+
+            statement = select([
+                        orders.c.region,
+                        orders.c.product,
+                        func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
+                        func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales")
+                ]).where(orders.c.region.in_(
+                    select([top_regions.c.region])
+                )).group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+        Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (Table, Column, String, Integer,
+                                    MetaData, select, func)
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            parts = Table('parts', metadata,
+                Column('part', String),
+                Column('sub_part', String),
+                Column('quantity', Integer),
+            )
+
+            included_parts = select([
+                                parts.c.sub_part,
+                                parts.c.part,
+                                parts.c.quantity]).\\
+                                where(parts.c.part=='our part').\\
+                                cte(recursive=True)
+
+
+            incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
+            parts_alias = parts.alias()
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                select([
+                    parts_alias.c.sub_part,
+                    parts_alias.c.part,
+                    parts_alias.c.quantity
+                ]).
+                    where(parts_alias.c.part==incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+            )
+
+            statement = select([
+                        included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                        func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).
+                          label('total_quantity')
+                    ]).\\
+                    group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.orm.query.Query.cte` - ORM version of
+            :meth:`.SelectBase.cte`.
+
+        """
+        return CTE(self, name=name, recursive=recursive)
+
+    @_generative
+    @util.deprecated('0.6',
+                     message="``autocommit()`` is deprecated. Use "
+                     ":meth:`.Executable.execution_options` with the "
+                     "'autocommit' flag.")
+    def autocommit(self):
+        """return a new selectable with the 'autocommit' flag set to
+        True.
+        """
+
+        self._execution_options = \
+            self._execution_options.union({'autocommit': True})
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        """Override the default _generate() method to also clear out
+        exported collections."""
+
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        s._reset_exported()
+        return s
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return [self]
+
+
+class GenerativeSelect(SelectBase):
+    """Base class for SELECT statements where additional elements can be
+    added.
+
+    This serves as the base for :class:`.Select` and :class:`.CompoundSelect`
+    where elements such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY can be added and column
+    rendering can be controlled.  Compare to :class:`.TextAsFrom`, which,
+    while it subclasses :class:`.SelectBase` and is also a SELECT construct,
+    represents a fixed textual string which cannot be altered at this level,
+    only wrapped as a subquery.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0 :class:`.GenerativeSelect` was added to
+       provide functionality specific to :class:`.Select` and
+       :class:`.CompoundSelect` while allowing :class:`.SelectBase` to be
+       used for other SELECT-like objects, e.g. :class:`.TextAsFrom`.
+
+    """
+    _order_by_clause = ClauseList()
+    _group_by_clause = ClauseList()
+    _limit_clause = None
+    _offset_clause = None
+    _for_update_arg = None
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 use_labels=False,
+                 for_update=False,
+                 limit=None,
+                 offset=None,
+                 order_by=None,
+                 group_by=None,
+                 bind=None,
+                 autocommit=None):
+        self.use_labels = use_labels
+
+        if for_update is not False:
+            self._for_update_arg = (ForUpdateArg.
+                                    parse_legacy_select(for_update))
+
+        if autocommit is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated('autocommit on select() is '
+                                 'deprecated.  Use .execution_options(a'
+                                 'utocommit=True)')
+            self._execution_options = \
+                self._execution_options.union(
+                    {'autocommit': autocommit})
+        if limit is not None:
+            self._limit_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(limit)
+        if offset is not None:
+            self._offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(offset)
+        self._bind = bind
+
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self._order_by_clause = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(order_by),
+                _literal_as_text=_literal_and_labels_as_label_reference)
+        if group_by is not None:
+            self._group_by_clause = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(group_by),
+                _literal_as_text=_literal_as_label_reference)
+
+    @property
+    def for_update(self):
+        """Provide legacy dialect support for the ``for_update`` attribute.
+        """
+        if self._for_update_arg is not None:
+            return self._for_update_arg.legacy_for_update_value
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @for_update.setter
+    def for_update(self, value):
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg.parse_legacy_select(value)
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_for_update(self, nowait=False, read=False, of=None):
+        """Specify a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause for this :class:`.GenerativeSelect`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select([table]).with_for_update(nowait=True)
+
+        On a database like Postgresql or Oracle, the above would render a
+        statement like::
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT
+
+        on other backends, the ``nowait`` option is ignored and instead
+        would produce::
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE
+
+        When called with no arguments, the statement will render with
+        the suffix ``FOR UPDATE``.   Additional arguments can then be
+        provided which allow for common database-specific
+        variants.
+
+        :param nowait: boolean; will render ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` on Oracle
+         and Postgresql dialects.
+
+        :param read: boolean; will render ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` on MySQL,
+         ``FOR SHARE`` on Postgresql.  On Postgresql, when combined with
+         ``nowait``, will render ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``.
+
+        :param of: SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements
+         (typically :class:`.Column` objects or a compatible expression) which
+         will render into a ``FOR UPDATE OF`` clause; supported by PostgreSQL
+         and Oracle.  May render as a table or as a column depending on
+         backend.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg(nowait=nowait, read=read, of=of)
+
+    @_generative
+    def apply_labels(self):
+        """return a new selectable with the 'use_labels' flag set to True.
+
+        This will result in column expressions being generated using labels
+        against their table name, such as "SELECT somecolumn AS
+        tablename_somecolumn". This allows selectables which contain multiple
+        FROM clauses to produce a unique set of column names regardless of
+        name conflicts among the individual FROM clauses.
+
+        """
+        self.use_labels = True
+
+    @property
+    def _limit(self):
+        """Get an integer value for the limit.  This should only be used
+        by code that cannot support a limit as a BindParameter or
+        other custom clause as it will throw an exception if the limit
+        isn't currently set to an integer.
+
+        """
+        return _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(self._limit_clause, "limit")
+
+    @property
+    def _simple_int_limit(self):
+        """True if the LIMIT clause is a simple integer, False
+        if it is not present or is a SQL expression.
+        """
+        return isinstance(self._limit_clause, _OffsetLimitParam)
+
+    @property
+    def _simple_int_offset(self):
+        """True if the OFFSET clause is a simple integer, False
+        if it is not present or is a SQL expression.
+        """
+        return isinstance(self._offset_clause, _OffsetLimitParam)
+
+    @property
+    def _offset(self):
+        """Get an integer value for the offset.  This should only be used
+        by code that cannot support an offset as a BindParameter or
+        other custom clause as it will throw an exception if the
+        offset isn't currently set to an integer.
+
+        """
+        return _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(self._offset_clause, "offset")
+
+    @_generative
+    def limit(self, limit):
+        """return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion
+        applied.
+
+        This is a numerical value which usually renders as a ``LIMIT``
+        expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+        support ``LIMIT`` will attempt to provide similar
+        functionality.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - :meth:`.Select.limit` can now
+           accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.
+
+        :param limit: an integer LIMIT parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result.
+
+        """
+
+        self._limit_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(limit)
+
+    @_generative
+    def offset(self, offset):
+        """return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion
+        applied.
+
+
+        This is a numeric value which usually renders as an ``OFFSET``
+        expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+        support ``OFFSET`` will attempt to provide similar
+        functionality.
+
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 - :meth:`.Select.offset` can now
+           accept arbitrary SQL expressions as well as integer values.
+
+        :param offset: an integer OFFSET parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result.
+
+        """
+
+        self._offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(offset)
+
+    @_generative
+    def order_by(self, *clauses):
+        """return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY
+        criterion applied.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY
+        criterion.
+
+        """
+
+        self.append_order_by(*clauses)
+
+    @_generative
+    def group_by(self, *clauses):
+        """return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY
+        criterion applied.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY
+        criterion.
+
+        """
+
+        self.append_group_by(*clauses)
+
+    def append_order_by(self, *clauses):
+        """Append the given ORDER BY criterion applied to this selectable.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing ORDER BY criterion.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.GenerativeSelect.order_by` method is preferred, as it
+        provides standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        if len(clauses) == 1 and clauses[0] is None:
+            self._order_by_clause = ClauseList()
+        else:
+            if getattr(self, '_order_by_clause', None) is not None:
+                clauses = list(self._order_by_clause) + list(clauses)
+            self._order_by_clause = ClauseList(
+                *clauses,
+                _literal_as_text=_literal_and_labels_as_label_reference)
+
+    def append_group_by(self, *clauses):
+        """Append the given GROUP BY criterion applied to this selectable.
+
+        The criterion will be appended to any pre-existing GROUP BY criterion.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.GenerativeSelect.group_by` method is preferred, as it
+        provides standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        if len(clauses) == 1 and clauses[0] is None:
+            self._group_by_clause = ClauseList()
+        else:
+            if getattr(self, '_group_by_clause', None) is not None:
+                clauses = list(self._group_by_clause) + list(clauses)
+            self._group_by_clause = ClauseList(
+                *clauses, _literal_as_text=_literal_as_label_reference)
+
+    @property
+    def _label_resolve_dict(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        if self._limit_clause is not None:
+            self._limit_clause = clone(self._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if self._offset_clause is not None:
+            self._offset_clause = clone(self._offset_clause, **kw)
+
+
+class CompoundSelect(GenerativeSelect):
+    """Forms the basis of ``UNION``, ``UNION ALL``, and other
+        SELECT-based set operations.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.union`
+
+        :func:`.union_all`
+
+        :func:`.intersect`
+
+        :func:`.intersect_all`
+
+        :func:`.except`
+
+        :func:`.except_all`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'compound_select'
+
+    UNION = util.symbol('UNION')
+    UNION_ALL = util.symbol('UNION ALL')
+    EXCEPT = util.symbol('EXCEPT')
+    EXCEPT_ALL = util.symbol('EXCEPT ALL')
+    INTERSECT = util.symbol('INTERSECT')
+    INTERSECT_ALL = util.symbol('INTERSECT ALL')
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    def __init__(self, keyword, *selects, **kwargs):
+        self._auto_correlate = kwargs.pop('correlate', False)
+        self.keyword = keyword
+        self.selects = []
+
+        numcols = None
+
+        # some DBs do not like ORDER BY in the inner queries of a UNION, etc.
+        for n, s in enumerate(selects):
+            s = _clause_element_as_expr(s)
+
+            if not numcols:
+                numcols = len(s.c._all_columns)
+            elif len(s.c._all_columns) != numcols:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    'All selectables passed to '
+                    'CompoundSelect must have identical numbers of '
+                    'columns; select #%d has %d columns, select '
+                    '#%d has %d' %
+                    (1, len(self.selects[0].c._all_columns),
+                     n + 1, len(s.c._all_columns))
+                )
+
+            self.selects.append(s.self_group(self))
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _label_resolve_dict(self):
+        d = dict(
+            (c.key, c) for c in self.c
+        )
+        return d, d
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return a ``UNION`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        A similar :func:`union()` method is available on all
+        :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+           available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+           :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.UNION, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union_all(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return a ``UNION ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        A similar :func:`union_all()` method is available on all
+        :class:`.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.UNION_ALL, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``EXCEPT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.EXCEPT, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except_all(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``EXCEPT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.EXCEPT_ALL, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``INTERSECT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(CompoundSelect.INTERSECT, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect_all(cls, *selects, **kwargs):
+        """Return an ``INTERSECT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`.CompoundSelect`.
+
+        \*selects
+          a list of :class:`.Select` instances.
+
+        \**kwargs
+          available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+          :func:`select`.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect(
+            CompoundSelect.INTERSECT_ALL, *selects, **kwargs)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self):
+        return self.selects[0]._scalar_type()
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        for s in self.selects:
+            if s.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for cols in zip(*[s.c._all_columns for s in self.selects]):
+
+            # this is a slightly hacky thing - the union exports a
+            # column that resembles just that of the *first* selectable.
+            # to get at a "composite" column, particularly foreign keys,
+            # you have to dig through the proxies collection which we
+            # generate below.  We may want to improve upon this, such as
+            # perhaps _make_proxy can accept a list of other columns
+            # that are "shared" - schema.column can then copy all the
+            # ForeignKeys in. this would allow the union() to have all
+            # those fks too.
+
+            proxy = cols[0]._make_proxy(
+                self, name=cols[0]._label if self.use_labels else None,
+                key=cols[0]._key_label if self.use_labels else None)
+
+            # hand-construct the "_proxies" collection to include all
+            # derived columns place a 'weight' annotation corresponding
+            # to how low in the list of select()s the column occurs, so
+            # that the corresponding_column() operation can resolve
+            # conflicts
+
+            proxy._proxies = [
+                c._annotate({'weight': i + 1}) for (i, c) in enumerate(cols)]
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        for s in self.selects:
+            s._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+        if not self._cols_populated:
+            return None
+
+        raise NotImplementedError("CompoundSelect constructs don't support "
+                                  "addition of columns to underlying "
+                                  "selectables")
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        super(CompoundSelect, self)._copy_internals(clone, **kw)
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.selects = [clone(s, **kw) for s in self.selects]
+        if hasattr(self, '_col_map'):
+            del self._col_map
+        for attr in (
+                '_order_by_clause', '_group_by_clause', '_for_update_arg'):
+            if getattr(self, attr) is not None:
+                setattr(self, attr, clone(getattr(self, attr), **kw))
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kwargs):
+        return (column_collections and list(self.c) or []) \
+            + [self._order_by_clause, self._group_by_clause] \
+            + list(self.selects)
+
+    def bind(self):
+        if self._bind:
+            return self._bind
+        for s in self.selects:
+            e = s.bind
+            if e:
+                return e
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+
+class Select(HasPrefixes, HasSuffixes, GenerativeSelect):
+    """Represents a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'select'
+
+    _prefixes = ()
+    _suffixes = ()
+    _hints = util.immutabledict()
+    _statement_hints = ()
+    _distinct = False
+    _from_cloned = None
+    _correlate = ()
+    _correlate_except = None
+    _memoized_property = SelectBase._memoized_property
+    _is_select = True
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 columns=None,
+                 whereclause=None,
+                 from_obj=None,
+                 distinct=False,
+                 having=None,
+                 correlate=True,
+                 prefixes=None,
+                 suffixes=None,
+                 **kwargs):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Select`.
+
+        Similar functionality is also available via the
+        :meth:`.FromClause.select` method on any :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        All arguments which accept :class:`.ClauseElement` arguments also
+        accept string arguments, which will be converted as appropriate into
+        either :func:`text()` or :func:`literal_column()` constructs.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`coretutorial_selecting` - Core Tutorial description of
+            :func:`.select`.
+
+        :param columns:
+          A list of :class:`.ColumnElement` or :class:`.FromClause`
+          objects which will form the columns clause of the resulting
+          statement.   For those objects that are instances of
+          :class:`.FromClause` (typically :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Alias`
+          objects), the :attr:`.FromClause.c` collection is extracted
+          to form a collection of :class:`.ColumnElement` objects.
+
+          This parameter will also accept :class:`.Text` constructs as
+          given, as well as ORM-mapped classes.
+
+          .. note::
+
+            The :paramref:`.select.columns` parameter is not available
+            in the method form of :func:`.select`, e.g.
+            :meth:`.FromClause.select`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.column`
+
+            :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns`
+
+        :param whereclause:
+          A :class:`.ClauseElement` expression which will be used to form the
+          ``WHERE`` clause.   It is typically preferable to add WHERE
+          criterion to an existing :class:`.Select` using method chaining
+          with :meth:`.Select.where`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.where`
+
+        :param from_obj:
+          A list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects which will be added to the
+          ``FROM`` clause of the resulting statement.  This is equivalent
+          to calling :meth:`.Select.select_from` using method chaining on
+          an existing :class:`.Select` object.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.select_from` - full description of explicit
+            FROM clause specification.
+
+        :param autocommit:
+          Deprecated.  Use ``.execution_options(autocommit=<True|False>)``
+          to set the autocommit option.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`
+
+        :param bind=None:
+          an :class:`~.Engine` or :class:`~.Connection` instance
+          to which the
+          resulting :class:`.Select` object will be bound.  The
+          :class:`.Select` object will otherwise automatically bind to
+          whatever :class:`~.base.Connectable` instances can be located within
+          its contained :class:`.ClauseElement` members.
+
+        :param correlate=True:
+          indicates that this :class:`.Select` object should have its
+          contained :class:`.FromClause` elements "correlated" to an enclosing
+          :class:`.Select` object.  It is typically preferable to specify
+          correlations on an existing :class:`.Select` construct using
+          :meth:`.Select.correlate`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate` - full description of correlation.
+
+        :param distinct=False:
+          when ``True``, applies a ``DISTINCT`` qualifier to the columns
+          clause of the resulting statement.
+
+          The boolean argument may also be a column expression or list
+          of column expressions - this is a special calling form which
+          is understood by the Postgresql dialect to render the
+          ``DISTINCT ON (<columns>)`` syntax.
+
+          ``distinct`` is also available on an existing :class:`.Select`
+          object via the :meth:`~.Select.distinct` method.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.distinct`
+
+        :param for_update=False:
+          when ``True``, applies ``FOR UPDATE`` to the end of the
+          resulting statement.
+
+          .. deprecated:: 0.9.0 - use
+             :meth:`.Select.with_for_update` to specify the
+             structure of the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+          ``for_update`` accepts various string values interpreted by
+          specific backends, including:
+
+          * ``"read"`` - on MySQL, translates to ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE``;
+            on Postgresql, translates to ``FOR SHARE``.
+          * ``"nowait"`` - on Postgresql and Oracle, translates to
+            ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT``.
+          * ``"read_nowait"`` - on Postgresql, translates to
+            ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.with_for_update` - improved API for
+            specifying the ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        :param group_by:
+          a list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects which will comprise the
+          ``GROUP BY`` clause of the resulting select.  This parameter
+          is typically specified more naturally using the
+          :meth:`.Select.group_by` method on an existing :class:`.Select`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.group_by`
+
+        :param having:
+          a :class:`.ClauseElement` that will comprise the ``HAVING`` clause
+          of the resulting select when ``GROUP BY`` is used.  This parameter
+          is typically specified more naturally using the
+          :meth:`.Select.having` method on an existing :class:`.Select`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.having`
+
+        :param limit=None:
+          a numerical value which usually renders as a ``LIMIT``
+          expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+          support ``LIMIT`` will attempt to provide similar
+          functionality.    This parameter is typically specified more naturally
+          using the :meth:`.Select.limit` method on an existing
+          :class:`.Select`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.limit`
+
+        :param offset=None:
+          a numeric value which usually renders as an ``OFFSET``
+          expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+          support ``OFFSET`` will attempt to provide similar
+          functionality.  This parameter is typically specified more naturally
+          using the :meth:`.Select.offset` method on an existing
+          :class:`.Select`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.offset`
+
+        :param order_by:
+          a scalar or list of :class:`.ClauseElement` objects which will
+          comprise the ``ORDER BY`` clause of the resulting select.
+          This parameter is typically specified more naturally using the
+          :meth:`.Select.order_by` method on an existing :class:`.Select`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.order_by`
+
+        :param use_labels=False:
+          when ``True``, the statement will be generated using labels
+          for each column in the columns clause, which qualify each
+          column with its parent table's (or aliases) name so that name
+          conflicts between columns in different tables don't occur.
+          The format of the label is <tablename>_<column>.  The "c"
+          collection of the resulting :class:`.Select` object will use these
+          names as well for targeting column members.
+
+          This parameter can also be specified on an existing
+          :class:`.Select` object using the :meth:`.Select.apply_labels`
+          method.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.apply_labels`
+
+        """
+        self._auto_correlate = correlate
+        if distinct is not False:
+            if distinct is True:
+                self._distinct = True
+            else:
+                self._distinct = [
+                    _literal_as_text(e)
+                    for e in util.to_list(distinct)
+                ]
+
+        if from_obj is not None:
+            self._from_obj = util.OrderedSet(
+                _interpret_as_from(f)
+                for f in util.to_list(from_obj))
+        else:
+            self._from_obj = util.OrderedSet()
+
+        try:
+            cols_present = bool(columns)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("columns argument to select() must "
+                                    "be a Python list or other iterable")
+
+        if cols_present:
+            self._raw_columns = []
+            for c in columns:
+                c = _interpret_as_column_or_from(c)
+                if isinstance(c, ScalarSelect):
+                    c = c.self_group(against=operators.comma_op)
+                self._raw_columns.append(c)
+        else:
+            self._raw_columns = []
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            self._whereclause = _literal_as_text(
+                whereclause).self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+        else:
+            self._whereclause = None
+
+        if having is not None:
+            self._having = _literal_as_text(
+                having).self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+        else:
+            self._having = None
+
+        if prefixes:
+            self._setup_prefixes(prefixes)
+
+        if suffixes:
+            self._setup_suffixes(suffixes)
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _froms(self):
+        # would love to cache this,
+        # but there's just enough edge cases, particularly now that
+        # declarative encourages construction of SQL expressions
+        # without tables present, to just regen this each time.
+        froms = []
+        seen = set()
+        translate = self._from_cloned
+
+        for item in itertools.chain(
+            _from_objects(*self._raw_columns),
+            _from_objects(self._whereclause)
+            if self._whereclause is not None else (),
+            self._from_obj
+        ):
+            if item is self:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "select() construct refers to itself as a FROM")
+            if translate and item in translate:
+                item = translate[item]
+            if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                froms.append(item)
+            seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _get_display_froms(self, explicit_correlate_froms=None,
+                           implicit_correlate_froms=None):
+        """Return the full list of 'from' clauses to be displayed.
+
+        Takes into account a set of existing froms which may be
+        rendered in the FROM clause of enclosing selects; this Select
+        may want to leave those absent if it is automatically
+        correlating.
+
+        """
+        froms = self._froms
+
+        toremove = set(itertools.chain(*[
+            _expand_cloned(f._hide_froms)
+            for f in froms]))
+        if toremove:
+            # if we're maintaining clones of froms,
+            # add the copies out to the toremove list.  only include
+            # clones that are lexical equivalents.
+            if self._from_cloned:
+                toremove.update(
+                    self._from_cloned[f] for f in
+                    toremove.intersection(self._from_cloned)
+                    if self._from_cloned[f]._is_lexical_equivalent(f)
+                )
+            # filter out to FROM clauses not in the list,
+            # using a list to maintain ordering
+            froms = [f for f in froms if f not in toremove]
+
+        if self._correlate:
+            to_correlate = self._correlate
+            if to_correlate:
+                froms = [
+                    f for f in froms if f not in
+                    _cloned_intersection(
+                        _cloned_intersection(
+                            froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()),
+                        to_correlate
+                    )
+                ]
+
+        if self._correlate_except is not None:
+
+            froms = [
+                f for f in froms if f not in
+                _cloned_difference(
+                    _cloned_intersection(
+                        froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()),
+                    self._correlate_except
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if self._auto_correlate and \
+                implicit_correlate_froms and \
+                len(froms) > 1:
+
+            froms = [
+                f for f in froms if f not in
+                _cloned_intersection(froms, implicit_correlate_froms)
+            ]
+
+            if not len(froms):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError("Select statement '%s"
+                                              "' returned no FROM clauses "
+                                              "due to auto-correlation; "
+                                              "specify correlate(<tables>) "
+                                              "to control correlation "
+                                              "manually." % self)
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _scalar_type(self):
+        elem = self._raw_columns[0]
+        cols = list(elem._select_iterable)
+        return cols[0].type
+
+    @property
+    def froms(self):
+        """Return the displayed list of FromClause elements."""
+
+        return self._get_display_froms()
+
+    def with_statement_hint(self, text, dialect_name='*'):
+        """add a statement hint to this :class:`.Select`.
+
+        This method is similar to :meth:`.Select.with_hint` except that
+        it does not require an individual table, and instead applies to the
+        statement as a whole.
+
+        Hints here are specific to the backend database and may include
+        directives such as isolation levels, file directives, fetch directives,
+        etc.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.with_hint`
+
+        """
+        return self.with_hint(None, text, dialect_name)
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(self, selectable, text, dialect_name='*'):
+        """Add an indexing or other executional context hint for the given
+        selectable to this :class:`.Select`.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the given :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Alias` passed as the
+        ``selectable`` argument. The dialect implementation
+        typically uses Python string substitution syntax
+        with the token ``%(name)s`` to render the name of
+        the table or alias. E.g. when using Oracle, the
+        following::
+
+            select([mytable]).\\
+                with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)")
+
+        Would render SQL as::
+
+            select /*+ index(mytable ix_mytable) */ ... from mytable
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add hints for both Oracle
+        and Sybase simultaneously::
+
+            select([mytable]).\\
+                with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)", 'oracle').\\
+                with_hint(mytable, "WITH INDEX ix_mytable", 'sybase')
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.with_statement_hint`
+
+        """
+        if selectable is None:
+            self._statement_hints += ((dialect_name, text), )
+        else:
+            self._hints = self._hints.union(
+                {(selectable, dialect_name): text})
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("Select objects don't have a type.  "
+                                      "Call as_scalar() on this Select "
+                                      "object to return a 'scalar' version "
+                                      "of this Select.")
+
+    @_memoized_property.method
+    def locate_all_froms(self):
+        """return a Set of all FromClause elements referenced by this Select.
+
+        This set is a superset of that returned by the ``froms`` property,
+        which is specifically for those FromClause elements that would
+        actually be rendered.
+
+        """
+        froms = self._froms
+        return froms + list(_from_objects(*froms))
+
+    @property
+    def inner_columns(self):
+        """an iterator of all ColumnElement expressions which would
+        be rendered into the columns clause of the resulting SELECT statement.
+
+        """
+        return _select_iterables(self._raw_columns)
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _label_resolve_dict(self):
+        with_cols = dict(
+            (c._resolve_label or c._label or c.key, c)
+            for c in _select_iterables(self._raw_columns)
+            if c._allow_label_resolve)
+        only_froms = dict(
+            (c.key, c) for c in
+            _select_iterables(self.froms) if c._allow_label_resolve)
+        for key, value in only_froms.items():
+            with_cols.setdefault(key, value)
+
+        return with_cols, only_froms
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause):
+        if self in fromclause._cloned_set:
+            return True
+
+        for f in self.locate_all_froms():
+            if f.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        super(Select, self)._copy_internals(clone, **kw)
+
+        # Select() object has been cloned and probably adapted by the
+        # given clone function.  Apply the cloning function to internal
+        # objects
+
+        # 1. keep a dictionary of the froms we've cloned, and what
+        # they've become.  This is consulted later when we derive
+        # additional froms from "whereclause" and the columns clause,
+        # which may still reference the uncloned parent table.
+        # as of 0.7.4 we also put the current version of _froms, which
+        # gets cleared on each generation.  previously we were "baking"
+        # _froms into self._from_obj.
+        self._from_cloned = from_cloned = dict(
+            (f, clone(f, **kw)) for f in self._from_obj.union(self._froms))
+
+        # 3. update persistent _from_obj with the cloned versions.
+        self._from_obj = util.OrderedSet(from_cloned[f] for f in
+                                         self._from_obj)
+
+        # the _correlate collection is done separately, what can happen
+        # here is the same item is _correlate as in _from_obj but the
+        # _correlate version has an annotation on it - (specifically
+        # RelationshipProperty.Comparator._criterion_exists() does
+        # this). Also keep _correlate liberally open with its previous
+        # contents, as this set is used for matching, not rendering.
+        self._correlate = set(clone(f) for f in
+                              self._correlate).union(self._correlate)
+
+        # 4. clone other things.   The difficulty here is that Column
+        # objects are not actually cloned, and refer to their original
+        # .table, resulting in the wrong "from" parent after a clone
+        # operation.  Hence _from_cloned and _from_obj supersede what is
+        # present here.
+        self._raw_columns = [clone(c, **kw) for c in self._raw_columns]
+        for attr in '_whereclause', '_having', '_order_by_clause', \
+                '_group_by_clause', '_for_update_arg':
+            if getattr(self, attr) is not None:
+                setattr(self, attr, clone(getattr(self, attr), **kw))
+
+        # erase exported column list, _froms collection,
+        # etc.
+        self._reset_exported()
+
+    def get_children(self, column_collections=True, **kwargs):
+        """return child elements as per the ClauseElement specification."""
+
+        return (column_collections and list(self.columns) or []) + \
+            self._raw_columns + list(self._froms) + \
+            [x for x in
+                (self._whereclause, self._having,
+                    self._order_by_clause, self._group_by_clause)
+             if x is not None]
+
+    @_generative
+    def column(self, column):
+        """return a new select() construct with the given column expression
+            added to its columns clause.
+
+        """
+        self.append_column(column)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def reduce_columns(self, sqlutil, only_synonyms=True):
+        """Return a new :func`.select` construct with redundantly
+        named, equivalently-valued columns removed from the columns clause.
+
+        "Redundant" here means two columns where one refers to the
+        other either based on foreign key, or via a simple equality
+        comparison in the WHERE clause of the statement.   The primary purpose
+        of this method is to automatically construct a select statement
+        with all uniquely-named columns, without the need to use
+        table-qualified labels as :meth:`.apply_labels` does.
+
+        When columns are omitted based on foreign key, the referred-to
+        column is the one that's kept.  When columns are omitted based on
+        WHERE eqivalence, the first column in the columns clause is the
+        one that's kept.
+
+        :param only_synonyms: when True, limit the removal of columns
+         to those which have the same name as the equivalent.   Otherwise,
+         all columns that are equivalent to another are removed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+        return self.with_only_columns(
+            sqlutil.reduce_columns(
+                self.inner_columns,
+                only_synonyms=only_synonyms,
+                *(self._whereclause, ) + tuple(self._from_obj)
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_only_columns(self, columns):
+        """Return a new :func:`.select` construct with its columns
+        clause replaced with the given columns.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7.3
+            Due to a bug fix, this method has a slight
+            behavioral change as of version 0.7.3.
+            Prior to version 0.7.3, the FROM clause of
+            a :func:`.select` was calculated upfront and as new columns
+            were added; in 0.7.3 and later it's calculated
+            at compile time, fixing an issue regarding late binding
+            of columns to parent tables.  This changes the behavior of
+            :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns` in that FROM clauses no
+            longer represented in the new list are dropped,
+            but this behavior is more consistent in
+            that the FROM clauses are consistently derived from the
+            current columns clause.  The original intent of this method
+            is to allow trimming of the existing columns list to be fewer
+            columns than originally present; the use case of replacing
+            the columns list with an entirely different one hadn't
+            been anticipated until 0.7.3 was released; the usage
+            guidelines below illustrate how this should be done.
+
+        This method is exactly equivalent to as if the original
+        :func:`.select` had been called with the given columns
+        clause.   I.e. a statement::
+
+            s = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b])
+            s = s.with_only_columns([table1.c.b])
+
+        should be exactly equivalent to::
+
+            s = select([table1.c.b])
+
+        This means that FROM clauses which are only derived
+        from the column list will be discarded if the new column
+        list no longer contains that FROM::
+
+            >>> table1 = table('t1', column('a'), column('b'))
+            >>> table2 = table('t2', column('a'), column('b'))
+            >>> s1 = select([table1.c.a, table2.c.b])
+            >>> print s1
+            SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM t1, t2
+            >>> s2 = s1.with_only_columns([table2.c.b])
+            >>> print s2
+            SELECT t2.b FROM t1
+
+        The preferred way to maintain a specific FROM clause
+        in the construct, assuming it won't be represented anywhere
+        else (i.e. not in the WHERE clause, etc.) is to set it using
+        :meth:`.Select.select_from`::
+
+            >>> s1 = select([table1.c.a, table2.c.b]).\\
+            ...         select_from(table1.join(table2,
+            ...                 table1.c.a==table2.c.a))
+            >>> s2 = s1.with_only_columns([table2.c.b])
+            >>> print s2
+            SELECT t2.b FROM t1 JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.a
+
+        Care should also be taken to use the correct
+        set of column objects passed to :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns`.
+        Since the method is essentially equivalent to calling the
+        :func:`.select` construct in the first place with the given
+        columns, the columns passed to :meth:`.Select.with_only_columns`
+        should usually be a subset of those which were passed
+        to the :func:`.select` construct, not those which are available
+        from the ``.c`` collection of that :func:`.select`.  That
+        is::
+
+            s = select([table1.c.a, table1.c.b]).select_from(table1)
+            s = s.with_only_columns([table1.c.b])
+
+        and **not**::
+
+            # usually incorrect
+            s = s.with_only_columns([s.c.b])
+
+        The latter would produce the SQL::
+
+            SELECT b
+            FROM (SELECT t1.a AS a, t1.b AS b
+            FROM t1), t1
+
+        Since the :func:`.select` construct is essentially being
+        asked to select both from ``table1`` as well as itself.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        rc = []
+        for c in columns:
+            c = _interpret_as_column_or_from(c)
+            if isinstance(c, ScalarSelect):
+                c = c.self_group(against=operators.comma_op)
+            rc.append(c)
+        self._raw_columns = rc
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, whereclause):
+        """return a new select() construct with the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+
+        self.append_whereclause(whereclause)
+
+    @_generative
+    def having(self, having):
+        """return a new select() construct with the given expression added to
+        its HAVING clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+        self.append_having(having)
+
+    @_generative
+    def distinct(self, *expr):
+        """Return a new select() construct which will apply DISTINCT to its
+        columns clause.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the Postgresql dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (<expressions>>)``
+         construct.
+
+        """
+        if expr:
+            expr = [_literal_as_label_reference(e) for e in expr]
+            if isinstance(self._distinct, list):
+                self._distinct = self._distinct + expr
+            else:
+                self._distinct = expr
+        else:
+            self._distinct = True
+
+    @_generative
+    def select_from(self, fromclause):
+        """return a new :func:`.select` construct with the
+        given FROM expression
+        merged into its list of FROM objects.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table1 = table('t1', column('a'))
+            table2 = table('t2', column('b'))
+            s = select([table1.c.a]).\\
+                select_from(
+                    table1.join(table2, table1.c.a==table2.c.b)
+                )
+
+        The "from" list is a unique set on the identity of each element,
+        so adding an already present :class:`.Table` or other selectable
+        will have no effect.   Passing a :class:`.Join` that refers
+        to an already present :class:`.Table` or other selectable will have
+        the effect of concealing the presence of that selectable as
+        an individual element in the rendered FROM list, instead
+        rendering it into a JOIN clause.
+
+        While the typical purpose of :meth:`.Select.select_from` is to
+        replace the default, derived FROM clause with a join, it can
+        also be called with individual table elements, multiple times
+        if desired, in the case that the FROM clause cannot be fully
+        derived from the columns clause::
+
+            select([func.count('*')]).select_from(table1)
+
+        """
+        self.append_from(fromclause)
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(self, *fromclauses):
+        """return a new :class:`.Select` which will correlate the given FROM
+        clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`.Select`.
+
+        Calling this method turns off the :class:`.Select` object's
+        default behavior of "auto-correlation".  Normally, FROM elements
+        which appear in a :class:`.Select` that encloses this one via
+        its :term:`WHERE clause`, ORDER BY, HAVING or
+        :term:`columns clause` will be omitted from this :class:`.Select`
+        object's :term:`FROM clause`.
+        Setting an explicit correlation collection using the
+        :meth:`.Select.correlate` method provides a fixed list of FROM objects
+        that can potentially take place in this process.
+
+        When :meth:`.Select.correlate` is used to apply specific FROM clauses
+        for correlation, the FROM elements become candidates for
+        correlation regardless of how deeply nested this :class:`.Select`
+        object is, relative to an enclosing :class:`.Select` which refers to
+        the same FROM object.  This is in contrast to the behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" which only correlates to an immediate enclosing
+        :class:`.Select`.   Multi-level correlation ensures that the link
+        between enclosed and enclosing :class:`.Select` is always via
+        at least one WHERE/ORDER BY/HAVING/columns clause in order for
+        correlation to take place.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, the :class:`.Select` object will correlate
+        none of its FROM entries, and all will render unconditionally
+        in the local FROM clause.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more :class:`.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate collection.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 ORM-mapped classes are accepted by
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.0 The :meth:`.Select.correlate` method no
+           longer unconditionally removes entries from the FROM clause;
+           instead, the candidate FROM entries must also be matched by a FROM
+           entry located in an enclosing :class:`.Select`, which ultimately
+           encloses this one as present in the WHERE clause, ORDER BY clause,
+           HAVING clause, or columns clause of an enclosing :meth:`.Select`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.2 explicit correlation takes place
+           via any level of nesting of :class:`.Select` objects; in previous
+           0.8 versions, correlation would only occur relative to the
+           immediate enclosing :class:`.Select` construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate_except`
+
+            :ref:`correlated_subqueries`
+
+        """
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if fromclauses and fromclauses[0] is None:
+            self._correlate = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate = set(self._correlate).union(
+                _interpret_as_from(f) for f in fromclauses)
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate_except(self, *fromclauses):
+        """return a new :class:`.Select` which will omit the given FROM
+        clauses from the auto-correlation process.
+
+        Calling :meth:`.Select.correlate_except` turns off the
+        :class:`.Select` object's default behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" for the given FROM elements.  An element
+        specified here will unconditionally appear in the FROM list, while
+        all other FROM elements remain subject to normal auto-correlation
+        behaviors.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.2 The :meth:`.Select.correlate_except`
+           method was improved to fully prevent FROM clauses specified here
+           from being omitted from the immediate FROM clause of this
+           :class:`.Select`.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, the :class:`.Select` object will correlate
+        all of its FROM entries.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8.2 calling ``correlate_except(None)`` will
+           correctly auto-correlate all FROM clauses.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more :class:`.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Select.correlate`
+
+            :ref:`correlated_subqueries`
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if fromclauses and fromclauses[0] is None:
+            self._correlate_except = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate_except = set(self._correlate_except or ()).union(
+                _interpret_as_from(f) for f in fromclauses)
+
+    def append_correlation(self, fromclause):
+        """append the given correlation expression to this select()
+        construct.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.correlate` method is preferred, as it provides
+        standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        self._correlate = set(self._correlate).union(
+            _interpret_as_from(f) for f in fromclause)
+
+    def append_column(self, column):
+        """append the given column expression to the columns clause of this
+        select() construct.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.column` method is preferred, as it provides standard
+        :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        column = _interpret_as_column_or_from(column)
+
+        if isinstance(column, ScalarSelect):
+            column = column.self_group(against=operators.comma_op)
+
+        self._raw_columns = self._raw_columns + [column]
+
+    def append_prefix(self, clause):
+        """append the given columns clause prefix expression to this select()
+        construct.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.prefix_with` method is preferred, as it provides
+        standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        clause = _literal_as_text(clause)
+        self._prefixes = self._prefixes + (clause,)
+
+    def append_whereclause(self, whereclause):
+        """append the given expression to this select() construct's WHERE
+        criterion.
+
+        The expression will be joined to existing WHERE criterion via AND.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.where` method is preferred, as it provides standard
+        :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self._whereclause = and_(
+            True_._ifnone(self._whereclause), whereclause)
+
+    def append_having(self, having):
+        """append the given expression to this select() construct's HAVING
+        criterion.
+
+        The expression will be joined to existing HAVING criterion via AND.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.having` method is preferred, as it provides standard
+        :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self._having = and_(True_._ifnone(self._having), having)
+
+    def append_from(self, fromclause):
+        """append the given FromClause expression to this select() construct's
+        FROM clause.
+
+        This is an **in-place** mutation method; the
+        :meth:`~.Select.select_from` method is preferred, as it provides
+        standard :term:`method chaining`.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_exported()
+        fromclause = _interpret_as_from(fromclause)
+        self._from_obj = self._from_obj.union([fromclause])
+
+    @_memoized_property
+    def _columns_plus_names(self):
+        if self.use_labels:
+            names = set()
+
+            def name_for_col(c):
+                if c._label is None or not c._render_label_in_columns_clause:
+                    return (None, c)
+
+                name = c._label
+                if name in names:
+                    name = c.anon_label
+                else:
+                    names.add(name)
+                return name, c
+
+            return [
+                name_for_col(c)
+                for c in util.unique_list(
+                    _select_iterables(self._raw_columns))
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [
+                (None, c)
+                for c in util.unique_list(
+                    _select_iterables(self._raw_columns))
+            ]
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for name, c in self._columns_plus_names:
+            if not hasattr(c, '_make_proxy'):
+                continue
+            if name is None:
+                key = None
+            elif self.use_labels:
+                key = c._key_label
+                if key is not None and key in self.c:
+                    key = c.anon_label
+            else:
+                key = None
+
+            c._make_proxy(self, key=key,
+                          name=name,
+                          name_is_truncatable=True)
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column):
+        for fromclause in self._froms:
+            col = fromclause._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+            if col is not None:
+                if col in self.inner_columns and self._cols_populated:
+                    our_label = col._key_label if self.use_labels else col.key
+                    if our_label not in self.c:
+                        return col._make_proxy(
+                            self,
+                            name=col._label if self.use_labels else None,
+                            key=col._key_label if self.use_labels else None,
+                            name_is_truncatable=True)
+                return None
+        return None
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        """return a 'grouping' construct as per the ClauseElement
+        specification.
+
+        This produces an element that can be embedded in an expression. Note
+        that this method is called automatically as needed when constructing
+        expressions and should not require explicit use.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(against, CompoundSelect):
+            return self
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    def union(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL UNION of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable."""
+
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def union_all(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL UNION ALL of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union_all(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def except_(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL EXCEPT of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable."""
+
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def except_all(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL EXCEPT ALL of this select() construct against the
+        given selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except_all(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def intersect(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL INTERSECT of this select() construct against the given
+        selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def intersect_all(self, other, **kwargs):
+        """return a SQL INTERSECT ALL of this select() construct against the
+        given selectable.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all(self, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def bind(self):
+        if self._bind:
+            return self._bind
+        froms = self._froms
+        if not froms:
+            for c in self._raw_columns:
+                e = c.bind
+                if e:
+                    self._bind = e
+                    return e
+        else:
+            e = list(froms)[0].bind
+            if e:
+                self._bind = e
+                return e
+
+        return None
+
+    def _set_bind(self, bind):
+        self._bind = bind
+    bind = property(bind, _set_bind)
+
+
+class ScalarSelect(Generative, Grouping):
+    _from_objects = []
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = element._scalar_type()
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError('Scalar Select expression has no '
+                                      'columns; use this object directly '
+                                      'within a column-level expression.')
+    c = columns
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, crit):
+        """Apply a WHERE clause to the SELECT statement referred to
+        by this :class:`.ScalarSelect`.
+
+        """
+        self.element = self.element.where(crit)
+
+    def self_group(self, **kwargs):
+        return self
+
+
+class Exists(UnaryExpression):
+    """Represent an ``EXISTS`` clause.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = UnaryExpression.__visit_name__
+    _from_objects = []
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Exists` against an existing
+        :class:`.Select` object.
+
+        Calling styles are of the following forms::
+
+            # use on an existing select()
+            s = select([table.c.col1]).where(table.c.col2==5)
+            s = exists(s)
+
+            # construct a select() at once
+            exists(['*'], **select_arguments).where(criterion)
+
+            # columns argument is optional, generates "EXISTS (SELECT *)"
+            # by default.
+            exists().where(table.c.col2==5)
+
+        """
+        if args and isinstance(args[0], (SelectBase, ScalarSelect)):
+            s = args[0]
+        else:
+            if not args:
+                args = ([literal_column('*')],)
+            s = Select(*args, **kwargs).as_scalar().self_group()
+
+        UnaryExpression.__init__(self, s, operator=operators.exists,
+                                 type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                                 wraps_column_expression=True)
+
+    def select(self, whereclause=None, **params):
+        return Select([self], whereclause, **params)
+
+    def correlate(self, *fromclause):
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.correlate(*fromclause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+    def correlate_except(self, *fromclause):
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.correlate_except(*fromclause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+    def select_from(self, clause):
+        """return a new :class:`.Exists` construct, applying the given
+        expression to the :meth:`.Select.select_from` method of the select
+        statement contained.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.select_from(clause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+    def where(self, clause):
+        """return a new exists() construct with the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self.element.where(clause).self_group()
+        return e
+
+
+class TextAsFrom(SelectBase):
+    """Wrap a :class:`.TextClause` construct within a :class:`.SelectBase`
+    interface.
+
+    This allows the :class:`.TextClause` object to gain a ``.c`` collection
+    and other FROM-like capabilities such as :meth:`.FromClause.alias`,
+    :meth:`.SelectBase.cte`, etc.
+
+    The :class:`.TextAsFrom` construct is produced via the
+    :meth:`.TextClause.columns` method - see that method for details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.text`
+
+        :meth:`.TextClause.columns`
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "text_as_from"
+
+    _textual = True
+
+    def __init__(self, text, columns):
+        self.element = text
+        self.column_args = columns
+
+    @property
+    def _bind(self):
+        return self.element._bind
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(self, *binds, **bind_as_values):
+        self.element = self.element.bindparams(*binds, **bind_as_values)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(self):
+        for c in self.column_args:
+            c._make_proxy(self)
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        self._reset_exported()
+        self.element = clone(self.element, **kw)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self):
+        return self.column_args[0].type
+
+
+class AnnotatedFromClause(Annotated):
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        # force FromClause to generate their internal
+        # collections into __dict__
+        element.c
+        Annotated.__init__(self, element, values)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20a9b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1709 @@
+# sql/sqltypes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL specific types.
+
+"""
+
+import datetime as dt
+import codecs
+
+from .type_api import TypeEngine, TypeDecorator, to_instance
+from .elements import quoted_name, type_coerce, _defer_name
+from .. import exc, util, processors
+from .base import _bind_or_error, SchemaEventTarget
+from . import operators
+from .. import event
+from ..util import pickle
+import decimal
+
+if util.jython:
+    import array
+
+
+class _DateAffinity(object):
+
+    """Mixin date/time specific expression adaptations.
+
+    Rules are implemented within Date,Time,Interval,DateTime, Numeric,
+    Integer. Based on http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static
+    /functions-datetime.html.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+        _blank_dict = util.immutabledict()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            othertype = other_comparator.type._type_affinity
+            return (
+                op, to_instance(
+                    self.type._expression_adaptations.
+                    get(op, self._blank_dict).
+                    get(othertype, NULLTYPE))
+            )
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class Concatenable(object):
+
+    """A mixin that marks a type as supporting 'concatenation',
+    typically strings."""
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if (op is operators.add and
+                    isinstance(
+                        other_comparator,
+                        (Concatenable.Comparator, NullType.Comparator)
+                    )):
+                return operators.concat_op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return op, self.expr.type
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class String(Concatenable, TypeEngine):
+
+    """The base for all string and character types.
+
+    In SQL, corresponds to VARCHAR.  Can also take Python unicode objects
+    and encode to the database's encoding in bind params (and the reverse for
+    result sets.)
+
+    The `length` field is usually required when the `String` type is
+    used within a CREATE TABLE statement, as VARCHAR requires a length
+    on most databases.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'string'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, collation=None,
+                 convert_unicode=False,
+                 unicode_error=None,
+                 _warn_on_bytestring=False
+                 ):
+        """
+        Create a string-holding type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL and CAST expressions.  May be safely omitted if no ``CREATE
+          TABLE`` will be issued.  Certain databases may require a
+          ``length`` for use in DDL, and will raise an exception when
+          the ``CREATE TABLE`` DDL is issued if a ``VARCHAR``
+          with no length is included.  Whether the value is
+          interpreted as bytes or characters is database specific.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for
+          use in DDL and CAST expressions.  Renders using the
+          COLLATE keyword supported by SQLite, MySQL, and Postgresql.
+          E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import cast, select, String
+            >>> print select([cast('some string', String(collation='utf8'))])
+            SELECT CAST(:param_1 AS VARCHAR COLLATE utf8) AS anon_1
+
+          .. versionadded:: 0.8 Added support for COLLATE to all
+             string types.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: When set to ``True``, the
+          :class:`.String` type will assume that
+          input is to be passed as Python ``unicode`` objects,
+          and results returned as Python ``unicode`` objects.
+          If the DBAPI in use does not support Python unicode
+          (which is fewer and fewer these days), SQLAlchemy
+          will encode/decode the value, using the
+          value of the ``encoding`` parameter passed to
+          :func:`.create_engine` as the encoding.
+
+          When using a DBAPI that natively supports Python
+          unicode objects, this flag generally does not
+          need to be set.  For columns that are explicitly
+          intended to store non-ASCII data, the :class:`.Unicode`
+          or :class:`.UnicodeText`
+          types should be used regardless, which feature
+          the same behavior of ``convert_unicode`` but
+          also indicate an underlying column type that
+          directly supports unicode, such as ``NVARCHAR``.
+
+          For the extremely rare case that Python ``unicode``
+          is to be encoded/decoded by SQLAlchemy on a backend
+          that does natively support Python ``unicode``,
+          the value ``force`` can be passed here which will
+          cause SQLAlchemy's encode/decode services to be
+          used unconditionally.
+
+        :param unicode_error: Optional, a method to use to handle Unicode
+          conversion errors. Behaves like the ``errors`` keyword argument to
+          the standard library's ``string.decode()`` functions.   This flag
+          requires that ``convert_unicode`` is set to ``force`` - otherwise,
+          SQLAlchemy is not guaranteed to handle the task of unicode
+          conversion.   Note that this flag adds significant performance
+          overhead to row-fetching operations for backends that already
+          return unicode objects natively (which most DBAPIs do).  This
+          flag should only be used as a last resort for reading
+          strings from a column with varied or corrupted encodings.
+
+        """
+        if unicode_error is not None and convert_unicode != 'force':
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("convert_unicode must be 'force' "
+                                    "when unicode_error is set.")
+
+        self.length = length
+        self.collation = collation
+        self.convert_unicode = convert_unicode
+        self.unicode_error = unicode_error
+        self._warn_on_bytestring = _warn_on_bytestring
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.replace("'", "''")
+            return "'%s'" % value
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.convert_unicode or dialect.convert_unicode:
+            if dialect.supports_unicode_binds and \
+                    self.convert_unicode != 'force':
+                if self._warn_on_bytestring:
+                    def process(value):
+                        if isinstance(value, util.binary_type):
+                            util.warn_limited(
+                                "Unicode type received non-unicode "
+                                "bind param value %r.",
+                                (util.ellipses_string(value),))
+                        return value
+                    return process
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                encoder = codecs.getencoder(dialect.encoding)
+                warn_on_bytestring = self._warn_on_bytestring
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if isinstance(value, util.text_type):
+                        return encoder(value, self.unicode_error)[0]
+                    elif warn_on_bytestring and value is not None:
+                        util.warn_limited(
+                            "Unicode type received non-unicode bind "
+                            "param value %r.",
+                            (util.ellipses_string(value),))
+                    return value
+            return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        wants_unicode = self.convert_unicode or dialect.convert_unicode
+        needs_convert = wants_unicode and \
+            (dialect.returns_unicode_strings is not True or
+             self.convert_unicode in ('force', 'force_nocheck'))
+        needs_isinstance = (
+            needs_convert and
+            dialect.returns_unicode_strings and
+            self.convert_unicode != 'force_nocheck'
+        )
+        if needs_convert:
+            if needs_isinstance:
+                return processors.to_conditional_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    dialect.encoding, self.unicode_error)
+            else:
+                return processors.to_unicode_processor_factory(
+                    dialect.encoding, self.unicode_error)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.convert_unicode:
+            return util.text_type
+        else:
+            return str
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.STRING
+
+
+class Text(String):
+
+    """A variably sized string type.
+
+    In SQL, usually corresponds to CLOB or TEXT. Can also take Python
+    unicode objects and encode to the database's encoding in bind
+    params (and the reverse for result sets.)  In general, TEXT objects
+    do not have a length; while some databases will accept a length
+    argument here, it will be rejected by others.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'text'
+
+
+class Unicode(String):
+
+    """A variable length Unicode string type.
+
+    The :class:`.Unicode` type is a :class:`.String` subclass
+    that assumes input and output as Python ``unicode`` data,
+    and in that regard is equivalent to the usage of the
+    ``convert_unicode`` flag with the :class:`.String` type.
+    However, unlike plain :class:`.String`, it also implies an
+    underlying column type that is explicitly supporting of non-ASCII
+    data, such as ``NVARCHAR`` on Oracle and SQL Server.
+    This can impact the output of ``CREATE TABLE`` statements
+    and ``CAST`` functions at the dialect level, and can
+    also affect the handling of bound parameters in some
+    specific DBAPI scenarios.
+
+    The encoding used by the :class:`.Unicode` type is usually
+    determined by the DBAPI itself; most modern DBAPIs
+    feature support for Python ``unicode`` objects as bound
+    values and result set values, and the encoding should
+    be configured as detailed in the notes for the target
+    DBAPI in the :ref:`dialect_toplevel` section.
+
+    For those DBAPIs which do not support, or are not configured
+    to accommodate Python ``unicode`` objects
+    directly, SQLAlchemy does the encoding and decoding
+    outside of the DBAPI.   The encoding in this scenario
+    is determined by the ``encoding`` flag passed to
+    :func:`.create_engine`.
+
+    When using the :class:`.Unicode` type, it is only appropriate
+    to pass Python ``unicode`` objects, and not plain ``str``.
+    If a plain ``str`` is passed under Python 2, a warning
+    is emitted.  If you notice your application emitting these warnings but
+    you're not sure of the source of them, the Python
+    ``warnings`` filter, documented at
+    http://docs.python.org/library/warnings.html,
+    can be used to turn these warnings into exceptions
+    which will illustrate a stack trace::
+
+      import warnings
+      warnings.simplefilter('error')
+
+    For an application that wishes to pass plain bytestrings
+    and Python ``unicode`` objects to the ``Unicode`` type
+    equally, the bytestrings must first be decoded into
+    unicode.  The recipe at :ref:`coerce_to_unicode` illustrates
+    how this is done.
+
+    See also:
+
+        :class:`.UnicodeText` - unlengthed textual counterpart
+        to :class:`.Unicode`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'unicode'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Create a :class:`.Unicode` object.
+
+        Parameters are the same as that of :class:`.String`,
+        with the exception that ``convert_unicode``
+        defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        kwargs.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault('_warn_on_bytestring', True)
+        super(Unicode, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class UnicodeText(Text):
+
+    """An unbounded-length Unicode string type.
+
+    See :class:`.Unicode` for details on the unicode
+    behavior of this object.
+
+    Like :class:`.Unicode`, usage the :class:`.UnicodeText` type implies a
+    unicode-capable type being used on the backend, such as
+    ``NCLOB``, ``NTEXT``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'unicode_text'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Create a Unicode-converting Text type.
+
+        Parameters are the same as that of :class:`.Text`,
+        with the exception that ``convert_unicode``
+        defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        kwargs.setdefault('convert_unicode', True)
+        kwargs.setdefault('_warn_on_bytestring', True)
+        super(UnicodeText, self).__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class Integer(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``int`` integers."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'integer'
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return int
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(value)
+        return process
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # TODO: need a dictionary object that will
+        # handle operators generically here, this is incomplete
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: Date,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class SmallInteger(Integer):
+
+    """A type for smaller ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``SMALLINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'small_integer'
+
+
+class BigInteger(Integer):
+
+    """A type for bigger ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``BIGINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'big_integer'
+
+
+class Numeric(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for fixed precision numbers, such as ``NUMERIC`` or ``DECIMAL``.
+
+    This type returns Python ``decimal.Decimal`` objects by default, unless
+    the :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` flag is set to False, in which case
+    they are coerced to Python ``float`` objects.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :class:`.Numeric` type is designed to receive data from a database
+        type that is explicitly known to be a decimal type
+        (e.g. ``DECIMAL``, ``NUMERIC``, others) and not a floating point
+        type (e.g. ``FLOAT``, ``REAL``, others).
+        If the database column on the server is in fact a floating-point type
+        type, such as ``FLOAT`` or ``REAL``, use the :class:`.Float`
+        type or a subclass, otherwise numeric coercion between
+        ``float``/``Decimal`` may or may not function as expected.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       The Python ``decimal.Decimal`` class is generally slow
+       performing; cPython 3.3 has now switched to use the `cdecimal
+       <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/cdecimal/>`_ library natively. For
+       older Python versions, the ``cdecimal`` library can be patched
+       into any application where it will replace the ``decimal``
+       library fully, however this needs to be applied globally and
+       before any other modules have been imported, as follows::
+
+           import sys
+           import cdecimal
+           sys.modules["decimal"] = cdecimal
+
+       Note that the ``cdecimal`` and ``decimal`` libraries are **not
+       compatible with each other**, so patching ``cdecimal`` at the
+       global level is the only way it can be used effectively with
+       various DBAPIs that hardcode to import the ``decimal`` library.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'numeric'
+
+    _default_decimal_return_scale = 10
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None,
+                 decimal_return_scale=None, asdecimal=True):
+        """
+        Construct a Numeric.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+          TABLE``.
+
+        :param scale: the numeric scale for use in DDL ``CREATE TABLE``.
+
+        :param asdecimal: default True.  Return whether or not
+          values should be sent as Python Decimal objects, or
+          as floats.   Different DBAPIs send one or the other based on
+          datatypes - the Numeric type will ensure that return values
+          are one or the other across DBAPIs consistently.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specfiying this value will override that length.  Types which
+         do include an explicit ".scale" value, such as the base
+         :class:`.Numeric` as well as the MySQL float types, will use the
+         value of ".scale" as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not
+         otherwise specified.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        When using the ``Numeric`` type, care should be taken to ensure
+        that the asdecimal setting is apppropriate for the DBAPI in use -
+        when Numeric applies a conversion from Decimal->float or float->
+        Decimal, this conversion incurs an additional performance overhead
+        for all result columns received.
+
+        DBAPIs that return Decimal natively (e.g. psycopg2) will have
+        better accuracy and higher performance with a setting of ``True``,
+        as the native translation to Decimal reduces the amount of floating-
+        point issues at play, and the Numeric type itself doesn't need
+        to apply any further conversions.  However, another DBAPI which
+        returns floats natively *will* incur an additional conversion
+        overhead, and is still subject to floating point data loss - in
+        which case ``asdecimal=False`` will at least remove the extra
+        conversion overhead.
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_decimal_return_scale(self):
+        if self.decimal_return_scale is not None:
+            return self.decimal_return_scale
+        elif getattr(self, "scale", None) is not None:
+            return self.scale
+        else:
+            return self._default_decimal_return_scale
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(value)
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return decimal.Decimal
+        else:
+            return float
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI will give us Decimal directly
+                return None
+            else:
+                util.warn('Dialect %s+%s does *not* support Decimal '
+                          'objects natively, and SQLAlchemy must '
+                          'convert from floating point - rounding '
+                          'errors and other issues may occur. Please '
+                          'consider storing Decimal numbers as strings '
+                          'or integers on this platform for lossless '
+                          'storage.' % (dialect.name, dialect.driver))
+
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI returns floats, convert.
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal,
+                    self.scale if self.scale is not None
+                    else self._default_decimal_return_scale)
+        else:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.add: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            }
+        }
+
+
+class Float(Numeric):
+
+    """Type representing floating point types, such as ``FLOAT`` or ``REAL``.
+
+    This type returns Python ``float`` objects by default, unless the
+    :paramref:`.Float.asdecimal` flag is set to True, in which case they
+    are coerced to ``decimal.Decimal`` objects.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :class:`.Float` type is designed to receive data from a database
+        type that is explicitly known to be a floating point type
+        (e.g. ``FLOAT``, ``REAL``, others)
+        and not a decimal type (e.g. ``DECIMAL``, ``NUMERIC``, others).
+        If the database column on the server is in fact a Numeric
+        type, such as ``DECIMAL`` or ``NUMERIC``, use the :class:`.Numeric`
+        type or a subclass, otherwise numeric coercion between
+        ``float``/``Decimal`` may or may not function as expected.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'float'
+
+    scale = None
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, asdecimal=False,
+                 decimal_return_scale=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a Float.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+           TABLE``.
+
+        :param asdecimal: the same flag as that of :class:`.Numeric`, but
+          defaults to ``False``.   Note that setting this flag to ``True``
+          results in floating point conversion.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specfiying this value will override that length.  Note that the
+         MySQL float types, which do include "scale", will use "scale"
+         as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not otherwise specified.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        :param \**kwargs: deprecated.  Additional arguments here are ignored
+         by the default :class:`.Float` type.  For database specific
+         floats that support additional arguments, see that dialect's
+         documentation for details, such as
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.FLOAT`.
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+        if kwargs:
+            util.warn_deprecated("Additional keyword arguments "
+                                 "passed to Float ignored.")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                decimal.Decimal,
+                self._effective_decimal_return_scale)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.add: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+            }
+        }
+
+
+class DateTime(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.datetime()`` objects.
+
+    Date and time types return objects from the Python ``datetime``
+    module.  Most DBAPIs have built in support for the datetime
+    module, with the noted exception of SQLite.  In the case of
+    SQLite, date and time types are stored as strings which are then
+    converted back to datetime objects when rows are returned.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'datetime'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  If True, and supported by the
+         backend, will produce 'TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE'. For backends
+         that don't support timezone aware timestamps, has no
+         effect.
+
+        """
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.datetime
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+                DateTime: Interval,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class Date(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.date()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'date'
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.date
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Interval: DateTime,
+                Time: DateTime,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                # date - integer = date
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+
+                # date - date = integer.
+                Date: Integer,
+
+                Interval: DateTime,
+
+                # date - datetime = interval,
+                # this one is not in the PG docs
+                # but works
+                DateTime: Interval,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class Time(_DateAffinity, TypeEngine):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.time()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'time'
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False):
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.time
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: DateTime,
+                Interval: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Time: Interval,
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class _Binary(TypeEngine):
+
+    """Define base behavior for binary types."""
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        self.length = length
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.decode(dialect.encoding).replace("'", "''")
+            return "'%s'" % value
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return util.binary_type
+
+    # Python 3 - sqlite3 doesn't need the `Binary` conversion
+    # here, though pg8000 does to indicate "bytea"
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                return None
+        return process
+
+    # Python 3 has native bytes() type
+    # both sqlite3 and pg8000 seem to return it,
+    # psycopg2 as of 2.5 returns 'memoryview'
+    if util.py2k:
+        def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+            if util.jython:
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        if isinstance(value, array.array):
+                            return value.tostring()
+                        return str(value)
+                    else:
+                        return None
+            else:
+                process = processors.to_str
+            return process
+    else:
+        def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = bytes(value)
+                return value
+            return process
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        if isinstance(value, util.string_types):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super(_Binary, self).coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.BINARY
+
+
+class LargeBinary(_Binary):
+
+    """A type for large binary byte data.
+
+    The :class:`.LargeBinary` type corresponds to a large and/or unlengthed
+    binary type for the target platform, such as BLOB on MySQL and BYTEA for
+    Postgresql.  It also handles the necessary conversions for the DBAPI.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'large_binary'
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        """
+        Construct a LargeBinary type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL statements, for those binary types that accept a length,
+          such as the MySQL BLOB type.
+
+        """
+        _Binary.__init__(self, length=length)
+
+
+class Binary(LargeBinary):
+
+    """Deprecated.  Renamed to LargeBinary."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        util.warn_deprecated('The Binary type has been renamed to '
+                             'LargeBinary.')
+        LargeBinary.__init__(self, *arg, **kw)
+
+
+class SchemaType(SchemaEventTarget):
+
+    """Mark a type as possibly requiring schema-level DDL for usage.
+
+    Supports types that must be explicitly created/dropped (i.e. PG ENUM type)
+    as well as types that are complimented by table or schema level
+    constraints, triggers, and other rules.
+
+    :class:`.SchemaType` classes can also be targets for the
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_parent_attach` and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach` events, where the events fire off
+    surrounding the association of the type object with a parent
+    :class:`.Column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Enum`
+
+        :class:`.Boolean`
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, schema=None, metadata=None,
+                 inherit_schema=False, quote=None, _create_events=True):
+        if name is not None:
+            self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        else:
+            self.name = None
+        self.schema = schema
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.inherit_schema = inherit_schema
+        self._create_events = _create_events
+
+        if _create_events and self.metadata:
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_create)
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_drop)
+            )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, column):
+        column._on_table_attach(util.portable_instancemethod(self._set_table))
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        if self.inherit_schema:
+            self.schema = table.schema
+
+        if not self._create_events:
+            return
+
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "before_create",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._on_table_create)
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "after_drop",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_table_drop)
+        )
+        if self.metadata is None:
+            # TODO: what's the difference between self.metadata
+            # and table.metadata here ?
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_create)
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_drop)
+            )
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        return self.adapt(self.__class__, _create_events=True)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        schema = kw.pop('schema', self.schema)
+        metadata = kw.pop('metadata', self.metadata)
+        _create_events = kw.pop('_create_events', False)
+
+        return impltype(name=self.name,
+                        schema=schema,
+                        inherit_schema=self.inherit_schema,
+                        metadata=metadata,
+                        _create_events=_create_events,
+                        **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self):
+        return self.metadata and self.metadata.bind or None
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue CREATE ddl for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue DROP ddl for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        if bind is None:
+            bind = _bind_or_error(self)
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_table_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_table_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_metadata_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if t.__class__ is not self.__class__ and isinstance(t, SchemaType):
+            t._on_metadata_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+
+class Enum(String, SchemaType):
+
+    """Generic Enum Type.
+
+    The Enum type provides a set of possible string values which the
+    column is constrained towards.
+
+    By default, uses the backend's native ENUM type if available,
+    else uses VARCHAR + a CHECK constraint.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`~.postgresql.ENUM` - PostgreSQL-specific type,
+        which has additional functionality.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'enum'
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an enum.
+
+        Keyword arguments which don't apply to a specific backend are ignored
+        by that backend.
+
+        :param \*enums: string or unicode enumeration labels. If unicode
+           labels are present, the `convert_unicode` flag is auto-enabled.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: Enable unicode-aware bind parameter and
+           result-set processing for this Enum's data. This is set
+           automatically based on the presence of unicode label strings.
+
+        :param metadata: Associate this type directly with a ``MetaData``
+           object. For types that exist on the target database as an
+           independent schema construct (Postgresql), this type will be
+           created and dropped within ``create_all()`` and ``drop_all()``
+           operations. If the type is not associated with any ``MetaData``
+           object, it will associate itself with each ``Table`` in which it is
+           used, and will be created when any of those individual tables are
+           created, after a check is performed for its existence. The type is
+           only dropped when ``drop_all()`` is called for that ``Table``
+           object's metadata, however.
+
+        :param name: The name of this type. This is required for Postgresql
+           and any future supported database which requires an explicitly
+           named type, or an explicitly named constraint in order to generate
+           the type and/or a table that uses it.
+
+        :param native_enum: Use the database's native ENUM type when
+           available. Defaults to True. When False, uses VARCHAR + check
+           constraint for all backends.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name of this type. For types that exist on the
+           target database as an independent schema construct (Postgresql),
+           this parameter specifies the named schema in which the type is
+           present.
+
+           .. note::
+
+                The ``schema`` of the :class:`.Enum` type does not
+                by default make use of the ``schema`` established on the
+                owning :class:`.Table`.  If this behavior is desired,
+                set the ``inherit_schema`` flag to ``True``.
+
+        :param quote: Set explicit quoting preferences for the type's name.
+
+        :param inherit_schema: When ``True``, the "schema" from the owning
+           :class:`.Table` will be copied to the "schema" attribute of this
+           :class:`.Enum`, replacing whatever value was passed for the
+           ``schema`` attribute.   This also takes effect when using the
+           :meth:`.Table.tometadata` operation.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+        self.enums = enums
+        self.native_enum = kw.pop('native_enum', True)
+        convert_unicode = kw.pop('convert_unicode', None)
+        if convert_unicode is None:
+            for e in enums:
+                if isinstance(e, util.text_type):
+                    convert_unicode = True
+                    break
+            else:
+                convert_unicode = False
+
+        if self.enums:
+            length = max(len(x) for x in self.enums)
+        else:
+            length = 0
+        String.__init__(self,
+                        length=length,
+                        convert_unicode=convert_unicode,
+                        )
+        SchemaType.__init__(self, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self,
+                                 additional_kw=[('native_enum', True)],
+                                 to_inspect=[Enum, SchemaType],
+                                 )
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler):
+        return not self.native_enum or \
+            not compiler.dialect.supports_native_enum
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, schema, column, table):
+        if self.native_enum:
+            SchemaType._set_table(self, column, table)
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, self).in_(self.enums),
+            name=_defer_name(self.name),
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint),
+            _type_bound=True
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        schema = kw.pop('schema', self.schema)
+        metadata = kw.pop('metadata', self.metadata)
+        _create_events = kw.pop('_create_events', False)
+        if issubclass(impltype, Enum):
+            return impltype(name=self.name,
+                            schema=schema,
+                            metadata=metadata,
+                            convert_unicode=self.convert_unicode,
+                            native_enum=self.native_enum,
+                            inherit_schema=self.inherit_schema,
+                            _create_events=_create_events,
+                            *self.enums,
+                            **kw)
+        else:
+            # TODO: why would we be here?
+            return super(Enum, self).adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+
+class PickleType(TypeDecorator):
+
+    """Holds Python objects, which are serialized using pickle.
+
+    PickleType builds upon the Binary type to apply Python's
+    ``pickle.dumps()`` to incoming objects, and ``pickle.loads()`` on
+    the way out, allowing any pickleable Python object to be stored as
+    a serialized binary field.
+
+    To allow ORM change events to propagate for elements associated
+    with :class:`.PickleType`, see :ref:`mutable_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    impl = LargeBinary
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
+                 pickler=None, comparator=None):
+        """
+        Construct a PickleType.
+
+        :param protocol: defaults to ``pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL``.
+
+        :param pickler: defaults to cPickle.pickle or pickle.pickle if
+          cPickle is not available.  May be any object with
+          pickle-compatible ``dumps` and ``loads`` methods.
+
+        :param comparator: a 2-arg callable predicate used
+          to compare values of this type.  If left as ``None``,
+          the Python "equals" operator is used to compare values.
+
+        """
+        self.protocol = protocol
+        self.pickler = pickler or pickle
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        super(PickleType, self).__init__()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return PickleType, (self.protocol,
+                            None,
+                            self.comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+        dumps = self.pickler.dumps
+        protocol = self.protocol
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return impl_processor(value)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        loads = self.pickler.loads
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                value = impl_processor(value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+        return process
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        if self.comparator:
+            return self.comparator(x, y)
+        else:
+            return x == y
+
+
+class Boolean(TypeEngine, SchemaType):
+
+    """A bool datatype.
+
+    Boolean typically uses BOOLEAN or SMALLINT on the DDL side, and on
+    the Python side deals in ``True`` or ``False``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'boolean'
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, create_constraint=True, name=None, _create_events=True):
+        """Construct a Boolean.
+
+        :param create_constraint: defaults to True.  If the boolean
+          is generated as an int/smallint, also create a CHECK constraint
+          on the table that ensures 1 or 0 as a value.
+
+        :param name: if a CHECK constraint is generated, specify
+          the name of the constraint.
+
+        """
+        self.create_constraint = create_constraint
+        self.name = name
+        self._create_events = _create_events
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler):
+        return not compiler.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, schema, column, table):
+        if not self.create_constraint:
+            return
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, self).in_([0, 1]),
+            name=_defer_name(self.name),
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint),
+            _type_bound=True
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return bool
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            def process(value):
+                return "true" if value else "false"
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                return str(1 if value else 0)
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.boolean_to_int
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.int_to_boolean
+
+
+class Interval(_DateAffinity, TypeDecorator):
+
+    """A type for ``datetime.timedelta()`` objects.
+
+    The Interval type deals with ``datetime.timedelta`` objects.  In
+    PostgreSQL, the native ``INTERVAL`` type is used; for others, the
+    value is stored as a date which is relative to the "epoch"
+    (Jan. 1, 1970).
+
+    Note that the ``Interval`` type does not currently provide date arithmetic
+    operations on platforms which do not support interval types natively. Such
+    operations usually require transformation of both sides of the expression
+    (such as, conversion of both sides into integer epoch values first) which
+    currently is a manual procedure (such as via
+    :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`).
+
+    """
+
+    impl = DateTime
+    epoch = dt.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(0)
+
+    def __init__(self, native=True,
+                 second_precision=None,
+                 day_precision=None):
+        """Construct an Interval object.
+
+        :param native: when True, use the actual
+          INTERVAL type provided by the database, if
+          supported (currently Postgresql, Oracle).
+          Otherwise, represent the interval data as
+          an epoch value regardless.
+
+        :param second_precision: For native interval types
+          which support a "fractional seconds precision" parameter,
+          i.e. Oracle and Postgresql
+
+        :param day_precision: for native interval types which
+          support a "day precision" parameter, i.e. Oracle.
+
+        """
+        super(Interval, self).__init__()
+        self.native = native
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if self.native and hasattr(cls, '_adapt_from_generic_interval'):
+            return cls._adapt_from_generic_interval(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.__class__(
+                native=self.native,
+                second_precision=self.second_precision,
+                day_precision=self.day_precision,
+                **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = epoch + value
+                return impl_processor(value)
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = epoch + value
+                return value
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        impl_processor = self.impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            def process(value):
+                value = impl_processor(value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return value - epoch
+        else:
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return value - epoch
+        return process
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: DateTime,
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+                DateTime: DateTime,
+                Time: Time,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                Interval: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.mul: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__
+            },
+            operators.div: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__
+            }
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return Interval
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+
+class REAL(Float):
+
+    """The SQL REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'REAL'
+
+
+class FLOAT(Float):
+
+    """The SQL FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'FLOAT'
+
+
+class NUMERIC(Numeric):
+
+    """The SQL NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NUMERIC'
+
+
+class DECIMAL(Numeric):
+
+    """The SQL DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DECIMAL'
+
+
+class INTEGER(Integer):
+
+    """The SQL INT or INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'INTEGER'
+INT = INTEGER
+
+
+class SMALLINT(SmallInteger):
+
+    """The SQL SMALLINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'SMALLINT'
+
+
+class BIGINT(BigInteger):
+
+    """The SQL BIGINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BIGINT'
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(DateTime):
+
+    """The SQL TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIMESTAMP'
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.TIMESTAMP
+
+
+class DATETIME(DateTime):
+
+    """The SQL DATETIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATETIME'
+
+
+class DATE(Date):
+
+    """The SQL DATE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'DATE'
+
+
+class TIME(Time):
+
+    """The SQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TIME'
+
+
+class TEXT(Text):
+
+    """The SQL TEXT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'TEXT'
+
+
+class CLOB(Text):
+
+    """The CLOB type.
+
+    This type is found in Oracle and Informix.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CLOB'
+
+
+class VARCHAR(String):
+
+    """The SQL VARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARCHAR'
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(Unicode):
+
+    """The SQL NVARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NVARCHAR'
+
+
+class CHAR(String):
+
+    """The SQL CHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'CHAR'
+
+
+class NCHAR(Unicode):
+
+    """The SQL NCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'NCHAR'
+
+
+class BLOB(LargeBinary):
+
+    """The SQL BLOB type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BLOB'
+
+
+class BINARY(_Binary):
+
+    """The SQL BINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BINARY'
+
+
+class VARBINARY(_Binary):
+
+    """The SQL VARBINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'VARBINARY'
+
+
+class BOOLEAN(Boolean):
+
+    """The SQL BOOLEAN type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = 'BOOLEAN'
+
+
+class NullType(TypeEngine):
+
+    """An unknown type.
+
+    :class:`.NullType` is used as a default type for those cases where
+    a type cannot be determined, including:
+
+    * During table reflection, when the type of a column is not recognized
+      by the :class:`.Dialect`
+    * When constructing SQL expressions using plain Python objects of
+      unknown types (e.g. ``somecolumn == my_special_object``)
+    * When a new :class:`.Column` is created, and the given type is passed
+      as ``None`` or is not passed at all.
+
+    The :class:`.NullType` can be used within SQL expression invocation
+    without issue, it just has no behavior either at the expression
+    construction level or at the bind-parameter/result processing level.
+    :class:`.NullType` will result in a :exc:`.CompileError` if the compiler
+    is asked to render the type itself, such as if it is used in a
+    :func:`.cast` operation or within a schema creation operation such as that
+    invoked by :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` or the :class:`.CreateTable`
+    construct.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = 'null'
+
+    _isnull = True
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return "NULL"
+        return process
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if isinstance(other_comparator, NullType.Comparator) or \
+                    not operators.is_commutative(op):
+                return op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return other_comparator._adapt_expression(op, self)
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class MatchType(Boolean):
+    """Refers to the return type of the MATCH operator.
+
+    As the :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match` is probably the most open-ended
+    operator in generic SQLAlchemy Core, we can't assume the return type
+    at SQL evaluation time, as MySQL returns a floating point, not a boolean,
+    and other backends might do something different.    So this type
+    acts as a placeholder, currently subclassing :class:`.Boolean`.
+    The type allows dialects to inject result-processing functionality
+    if needed, and on MySQL will return floating-point values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0
+
+    """
+
+NULLTYPE = NullType()
+BOOLEANTYPE = Boolean()
+STRINGTYPE = String()
+INTEGERTYPE = Integer()
+MATCHTYPE = MatchType()
+
+_type_map = {
+    int: Integer(),
+    float: Numeric(),
+    bool: BOOLEANTYPE,
+    decimal.Decimal: Numeric(),
+    dt.date: Date(),
+    dt.datetime: DateTime(),
+    dt.time: Time(),
+    dt.timedelta: Interval(),
+    util.NoneType: NULLTYPE
+}
+
+if util.py3k:
+    _type_map[bytes] = LargeBinary()
+    _type_map[str] = Unicode()
+else:
+    _type_map[unicode] = Unicode()
+    _type_map[str] = String()
+
+
+# back-assign to type_api
+from . import type_api
+type_api.BOOLEANTYPE = BOOLEANTYPE
+type_api.STRINGTYPE = STRINGTYPE
+type_api.INTEGERTYPE = INTEGERTYPE
+type_api.NULLTYPE = NULLTYPE
+type_api.MATCHTYPE = MATCHTYPE
+type_api._type_map = _type_map
+
+TypeEngine.Comparator.BOOLEANTYPE = BOOLEANTYPE
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2997a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1186 @@
+# sql/types_api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base types API.
+
+"""
+
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from . import operators
+from .visitors import Visitable, VisitableType
+
+# these are back-assigned by sqltypes.
+BOOLEANTYPE = None
+INTEGERTYPE = None
+NULLTYPE = None
+STRINGTYPE = None
+MATCHTYPE = None
+
+
+class TypeEngine(Visitable):
+    """The ultimate base class for all SQL datatypes.
+
+    Common subclasses of :class:`.TypeEngine` include
+    :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer`, and :class:`.Boolean`.
+
+    For an overview of the SQLAlchemy typing system, see
+    :ref:`types_toplevel`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`types_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    _sqla_type = True
+    _isnull = False
+
+    class Comparator(operators.ColumnOperators):
+        """Base class for custom comparison operations defined at the
+        type level.  See :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`.
+
+
+        """
+        __slots__ = 'expr', 'type'
+
+        default_comparator = None
+
+        def __init__(self, expr):
+            self.expr = expr
+            self.type = expr.type
+
+        @util.dependencies('sqlalchemy.sql.default_comparator')
+        def operate(self, default_comparator, op, *other, **kwargs):
+            o = default_comparator.operator_lookup[op.__name__]
+            return o[0](self.expr, op, *(other + o[1:]), **kwargs)
+
+        @util.dependencies('sqlalchemy.sql.default_comparator')
+        def reverse_operate(self, default_comparator, op, other, **kwargs):
+            o = default_comparator.operator_lookup[op.__name__]
+            return o[0](self.expr, op, other,
+                        reverse=True, *o[1:], **kwargs)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            """evaluate the return type of <self> <op> <othertype>,
+            and apply any adaptations to the given operator.
+
+            This method determines the type of a resulting binary expression
+            given two source types and an operator.   For example, two
+            :class:`.Column` objects, both of the type :class:`.Integer`, will
+            produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that also has the type
+            :class:`.Integer` when compared via the addition (``+``) operator.
+            However, using the addition operator with an :class:`.Integer`
+            and a :class:`.Date` object will produce a :class:`.Date`, assuming
+            "days delta" behavior by the database (in reality, most databases
+            other than Postgresql don't accept this particular operation).
+
+            The method returns a tuple of the form <operator>, <type>.
+            The resulting operator and type will be those applied to the
+            resulting :class:`.BinaryExpression` as the final operator and the
+            right-hand side of the expression.
+
+            Note that only a subset of operators make usage of
+            :meth:`._adapt_expression`,
+            including math operators and user-defined operators, but not
+            boolean comparison or special SQL keywords like MATCH or BETWEEN.
+
+            """
+            return op, other_comparator.type
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return _reconstitute_comparator, (self.expr, )
+
+    hashable = True
+    """Flag, if False, means values from this type aren't hashable.
+
+    Used by the ORM when uniquing result lists.
+
+    """
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+    """A :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class which will apply
+    to operations performed by owning :class:`.ColumnElement` objects.
+
+    The :attr:`.comparator_factory` attribute is a hook consulted by
+    the core expression system when column and SQL expression operations
+    are performed.   When a :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class is
+    associated with this attribute, it allows custom re-definition of
+    all existing operators, as well as definition of new operators.
+    Existing operators include those provided by Python operator overloading
+    such as :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__` and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    those provided as standard
+    attributes of :class:`.operators.ColumnOperators` such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.like`
+    and :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.in_`.
+
+    Rudimentary usage of this hook is allowed through simple subclassing
+    of existing types, or alternatively by using :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+    See the documentation section :ref:`types_operators` for examples.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8  The expression system was enhanced to support
+      customization of operators on a per-type level.
+
+    """
+
+    def compare_against_backend(self, dialect, conn_type):
+        """Compare this type against the given backend type.
+
+        This function is currently not implemented for SQLAlchemy
+        types, and for all built in types will return ``None``.  However,
+        it can be implemented by a user-defined type
+        where it can be consumed by schema comparison tools such as
+        Alembic autogenerate.
+
+        A future release of SQLAlchemy will potentially impement this method
+        for builtin types as well.
+
+        The function should return True if this type is equivalent to the
+        given type; the type is typically reflected from the database
+        so should be database specific.  The dialect in use is also
+        passed.   It can also return False to assert that the type is
+        not equivalent.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` that is involved in the comparison.
+
+        :param conn_type: the type object reflected from the backend.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0.3
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def copy_value(self, value):
+        return value
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a conversion function for processing literal values that are
+        to be rendered directly without using binds.
+
+        This function is used when the compiler makes use of the
+        "literal_binds" flag, typically used in DDL generation as well
+        as in certain scenarios where backends don't accept bound parameters.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a conversion function for processing bind values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a bind parameter value
+        as the sole positional argument and will return a value to
+        send to the DB-API.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Return a conversion function for processing result row values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a result row column
+        value as the sole positional argument and will return a value
+        to return to the user.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        :param coltype: DBAPI coltype argument received in cursor.description.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        """Given a SELECT column expression, return a wrapping SQL expression.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps a column expression
+        as rendered in the columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+        It is used for special data types that require
+        columns to be wrapped in some special database function in order
+        to coerce the value before being sent back to the application.
+        It is the SQL analogue of the :meth:`.TypeEngine.result_processor`
+        method.
+
+        The method is evaluated at statement compile time, as opposed
+        to statement construction time.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_column_expression(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if column_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.column_expression.__code__ \
+            is not TypeEngine.column_expression.__code__
+
+    def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+        """"Given a bind value (i.e. a :class:`.BindParameter` instance),
+        return a SQL expression in its place.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps the existing bound
+        parameter within the statement.  It is used for special data types
+        that require literals being wrapped in some special database function
+        in order to coerce an application-level value into a database-specific
+        format.  It is the SQL analogue of the
+        :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method.
+
+        The method is evaluated at statement compile time, as opposed
+        to statement construction time.
+
+        Note that this method, when implemented, should always return
+        the exact same structure, without any conditional logic, as it
+        may be used in an executemany() call against an arbitrary number
+        of bound parameter sets.
+
+        See also:
+
+        :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_expression(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if bind_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.bind_expression.__code__ \
+            is not TypeEngine.bind_expression.__code__
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        """Compare two values for equality."""
+
+        return x == y
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        """Return the corresponding type object from the underlying DB-API, if
+        any.
+
+         This can be useful for calling ``setinputsizes()``, for example.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        """Return the Python type object expected to be returned
+        by instances of this type, if known.
+
+        Basically, for those types which enforce a return type,
+        or are known across the board to do such for all common
+        DBAPIs (like ``int`` for example), will return that type.
+
+        If a return type is not defined, raises
+        ``NotImplementedError``.
+
+        Note that any type also accommodates NULL in SQL which
+        means you can also get back ``None`` from any type
+        in practice.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def with_variant(self, type_, dialect_name):
+        """Produce a new type object that will utilize the given
+        type when applied to the dialect of the given name.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.types import String
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects import mysql
+
+            s = String()
+
+            s = s.with_variant(mysql.VARCHAR(collation='foo'), 'mysql')
+
+        The construction of :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` is always
+        from the "fallback" type to that which is dialect specific.
+        The returned type is an instance of :class:`.Variant`, which
+        itself provides a :meth:`.Variant.with_variant`
+        that can be called repeatedly.
+
+        :param type_: a :class:`.TypeEngine` that will be selected
+         as a variant from the originating type, when a dialect
+         of the given name is in use.
+        :param dialect_name: base name of the dialect which uses
+         this type. (i.e. ``'postgresql'``, ``'mysql'``, etc.)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7.2
+
+        """
+        return Variant(self, {dialect_name: to_instance(type_)})
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        """Return a rudimental 'affinity' value expressing the general class
+        of type."""
+
+        typ = None
+        for t in self.__class__.__mro__:
+            if t in (TypeEngine, UserDefinedType):
+                return typ
+            elif issubclass(t, (TypeEngine, UserDefinedType)):
+                typ = t
+        else:
+            return self.__class__
+
+    def dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific implementation for this
+        :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]['impl']
+        except KeyError:
+            return self._dialect_info(dialect)['impl']
+
+    def _cached_literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific literal processor for this type."""
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]['literal']
+        except KeyError:
+            d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+            d['literal'] = lp = d['impl'].literal_processor(dialect)
+            return lp
+
+    def _cached_bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific bind processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]['bind']
+        except KeyError:
+            d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+            d['bind'] = bp = d['impl'].bind_processor(dialect)
+            return bp
+
+    def _cached_result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Return a dialect-specific result processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self][coltype]
+        except KeyError:
+            d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+            # key assumption: DBAPI type codes are
+            # constants.  Else this dictionary would
+            # grow unbounded.
+            d[coltype] = rp = d['impl'].result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+            return rp
+
+    def _dialect_info(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific registry which
+        caches a dialect-specific implementation, bind processing
+        function, and one or more result processing functions."""
+
+        if self in dialect._type_memos:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]
+        else:
+            impl = self._gen_dialect_impl(dialect)
+            if impl is self:
+                impl = self.adapt(type(self))
+            # this can't be self, else we create a cycle
+            assert impl is not self
+            dialect._type_memos[self] = d = {'impl': impl}
+            return d
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        return dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        """Produce an "adapted" form of this type, given an "impl" class
+        to work with.
+
+        This method is used internally to associate generic
+        types with "implementation" types that are specific to a particular
+        dialect.
+        """
+        return util.constructor_copy(self, cls, **kw)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Given an operator and value, gives the type a chance
+        to return a type which the value should be coerced into.
+
+        The default behavior here is conservative; if the right-hand
+        side is already coerced into a SQL type based on its
+        Python type, it is usually left alone.
+
+        End-user functionality extension here should generally be via
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`, which provides more liberal behavior in that
+        it defaults to coercing the other side of the expression into this
+        type, thus applying special Python conversions above and beyond those
+        needed by the DBAPI to both ides. It also provides the public method
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` which is intended for
+        end-user customization of this behavior.
+
+        """
+        _coerced_type = _type_map.get(type(value), NULLTYPE)
+        if _coerced_type is NULLTYPE or _coerced_type._type_affinity \
+                is self._type_affinity:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _coerced_type
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
+        return self._type_affinity is other._type_affinity
+
+    def compile(self, dialect=None):
+        """Produce a string-compiled form of this :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        When called with no arguments, uses a "default" dialect
+        to produce a string result.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` instance.
+
+        """
+        # arg, return value is inconsistent with
+        # ClauseElement.compile()....this is a mistake.
+
+        if not dialect:
+            dialect = self._default_dialect()
+
+        return dialect.type_compiler.process(self)
+
+    @util.dependencies("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    def _default_dialect(self, default):
+        if self.__class__.__module__.startswith("sqlalchemy.dialects"):
+            tokens = self.__class__.__module__.split(".")[0:3]
+            mod = ".".join(tokens)
+            return getattr(__import__(mod).dialects, tokens[-1]).dialect()
+        else:
+            return default.DefaultDialect()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if util.py2k:
+            return unicode(self.compile()).\
+                encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
+        else:
+            return str(self.compile())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class VisitableCheckKWArg(util.EnsureKWArgType, VisitableType):
+    pass
+
+
+class UserDefinedType(util.with_metaclass(VisitableCheckKWArg, TypeEngine)):
+    """Base for user defined types.
+
+    This should be the base of new types.  Note that
+    for most cases, :class:`.TypeDecorator` is probably
+    more appropriate::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+      class MyType(types.UserDefinedType):
+          def __init__(self, precision = 8):
+              self.precision = precision
+
+          def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+              return "MYTYPE(%s)" % self.precision
+
+          def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+              return process
+
+          def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+              return process
+
+    Once the type is made, it's immediately usable::
+
+      table = Table('foo', meta,
+          Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+          Column('data', MyType(16))
+          )
+
+    The ``get_col_spec()`` method will in most cases receive a keyword
+    argument ``type_expression`` which refers to the owning expression
+    of the type as being compiled, such as a :class:`.Column` or
+    :func:`.cast` construct.  This keyword is only sent if the method
+    accepts keyword arguments (e.g. ``**kw``) in its argument signature;
+    introspection is used to check for this in order to support legacy
+    forms of this function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0.0 the owning expression is passed to
+       the ``get_col_spec()`` method via the keyword argument
+       ``type_expression``, if it receives ``**kw`` in its signature.
+
+    """
+    __visit_name__ = "user_defined"
+
+    ensure_kwarg = 'get_col_spec'
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(self, op, other_comparator):
+            if hasattr(self.type, 'adapt_operator'):
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "UserDefinedType.adapt_operator is deprecated.  Create "
+                    "a UserDefinedType.Comparator subclass instead which "
+                    "generates the desired expression constructs, given a "
+                    "particular operator."
+                )
+                return self.type.adapt_operator(op), self.type
+            else:
+                return op, self.type
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Default behavior for :class:`.UserDefinedType` is the
+        same as that of :class:`.TypeDecorator`; by default it returns
+        ``self``, assuming the compared value should be coerced into
+        the same type as this one.  See
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` for more detail.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8 :meth:`.UserDefinedType.coerce_compared_value`
+           now returns ``self`` by default, rather than falling onto the
+           more fundamental behavior of
+           :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+
+class TypeDecorator(TypeEngine):
+    """Allows the creation of types which add additional functionality
+    to an existing type.
+
+    This method is preferred to direct subclassing of SQLAlchemy's
+    built-in types as it ensures that all required functionality of
+    the underlying type is kept in place.
+
+    Typical usage::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+      class MyType(types.TypeDecorator):
+          '''Prefixes Unicode values with "PREFIX:" on the way in and
+          strips it off on the way out.
+          '''
+
+          impl = types.Unicode
+
+          def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+              return "PREFIX:" + value
+
+          def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+              return value[7:]
+
+          def copy(self):
+              return MyType(self.impl.length)
+
+    The class-level "impl" attribute is required, and can reference any
+    TypeEngine class.  Alternatively, the load_dialect_impl() method
+    can be used to provide different type classes based on the dialect
+    given; in this case, the "impl" variable can reference
+    ``TypeEngine`` as a placeholder.
+
+    Types that receive a Python type that isn't similar to the ultimate type
+    used may want to define the :meth:`TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value`
+    method. This is used to give the expression system a hint when coercing
+    Python objects into bind parameters within expressions. Consider this
+    expression::
+
+        mytable.c.somecol + datetime.date(2009, 5, 15)
+
+    Above, if "somecol" is an ``Integer`` variant, it makes sense that
+    we're doing date arithmetic, where above is usually interpreted
+    by databases as adding a number of days to the given date.
+    The expression system does the right thing by not attempting to
+    coerce the "date()" value into an integer-oriented bind parameter.
+
+    However, in the case of ``TypeDecorator``, we are usually changing an
+    incoming Python type to something new - ``TypeDecorator`` by default will
+    "coerce" the non-typed side to be the same type as itself. Such as below,
+    we define an "epoch" type that stores a date value as an integer::
+
+        class MyEpochType(types.TypeDecorator):
+            impl = types.Integer
+
+            epoch = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                return (value - self.epoch).days
+
+            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+                return self.epoch + timedelta(days=value)
+
+    Our expression of ``somecol + date`` with the above type will coerce the
+    "date" on the right side to also be treated as ``MyEpochType``.
+
+    This behavior can be overridden via the
+    :meth:`~TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` method, which returns a type
+    that should be used for the value of the expression. Below we set it such
+    that an integer value will be treated as an ``Integer``, and any other
+    value is assumed to be a date and will be treated as a ``MyEpochType``::
+
+        def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+            if isinstance(value, int):
+                return Integer()
+            else:
+                return self
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       Note that the **behavior of coerce_compared_value is not inherited
+       by default from that of the base type**.
+       If the :class:`.TypeDecorator` is augmenting a
+       type that requires special logic for certain types of operators,
+       this method **must** be overridden.  A key example is when decorating
+       the :class:`.postgresql.JSON` and :class:`.postgresql.JSONB` types;
+       the default rules of :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` should
+       be used in order to deal with operators like index operations::
+
+            class MyJsonType(TypeDecorator):
+                impl = postgresql.JSON
+
+                def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+                    return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+       Without the above step, index operations such as ``mycol['foo']``
+       will cause the index value ``'foo'`` to be JSON encoded.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "type_decorator"
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        Arguments sent here are passed to the constructor
+        of the class assigned to the ``impl`` class level attribute,
+        assuming the ``impl`` is a callable, and the resulting
+        object is assigned to the ``self.impl`` instance attribute
+        (thus overriding the class attribute of the same name).
+
+        If the class level ``impl`` is not a callable (the unusual case),
+        it will be assigned to the same instance attribute 'as-is',
+        ignoring those arguments passed to the constructor.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to customize the generation
+        of ``self.impl`` entirely.
+
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(self.__class__, 'impl'):
+            raise AssertionError("TypeDecorator implementations "
+                                 "require a class-level variable "
+                                 "'impl' which refers to the class of "
+                                 "type being decorated")
+        self.impl = to_instance(self.__class__.impl, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    coerce_to_is_types = (util.NoneType, )
+    """Specify those Python types which should be coerced at the expression
+    level to "IS <constant>" when compared using ``==`` (and same for
+    ``IS NOT`` in conjunction with ``!=``.
+
+    For most SQLAlchemy types, this includes ``NoneType``, as well as
+    ``bool``.
+
+    :class:`.TypeDecorator` modifies this list to only include ``NoneType``,
+    as typedecorator implementations that deal with boolean types are common.
+
+    Custom :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes can override this attribute to
+    return an empty tuple, in which case no values will be coerced to
+    constants.
+
+    ..versionadded:: 0.8.2
+        Added :attr:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_to_is_types` to allow for easier
+        control of ``__eq__()`` ``__ne__()`` operations.
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['_python_is_types'] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super(TypeDecorator.Comparator, self).operate(
+                op, *other, **kwargs)
+
+        def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['_python_is_types'] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super(TypeDecorator.Comparator, self).reverse_operate(
+                op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def comparator_factory(self):
+        if TypeDecorator.Comparator in self.impl.comparator_factory.__mro__:
+            return self.impl.comparator_factory
+        else:
+            return type("TDComparator",
+                        (TypeDecorator.Comparator,
+                         self.impl.comparator_factory),
+                        {})
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        """
+        #todo
+        """
+        adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if adapted is not self:
+            return adapted
+
+        # otherwise adapt the impl type, link
+        # to a copy of this TypeDecorator and return
+        # that.
+        typedesc = self.load_dialect_impl(dialect).dialect_impl(dialect)
+        tt = self.copy()
+        if not isinstance(tt, self.__class__):
+            raise AssertionError('Type object %s does not properly '
+                                 'implement the copy() method, it must '
+                                 'return an object of type %s' %
+                                 (self, self.__class__))
+        tt.impl = typedesc
+        return tt
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        """
+        #todo
+        """
+        return self.impl._type_affinity
+
+    def type_engine(self, dialect):
+        """Return a dialect-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` instance
+        for this :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        In most cases this returns a dialect-adapted form of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` type represented by ``self.impl``.
+        Makes usage of :meth:`dialect_impl` but also traverses
+        into wrapped :class:`.TypeDecorator` instances.
+        Behavior can be customized here by overriding
+        :meth:`load_dialect_impl`.
+
+        """
+        adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if not isinstance(adapted, type(self)):
+            return adapted
+        elif isinstance(self.impl, TypeDecorator):
+            return self.impl.type_engine(dialect)
+        else:
+            return self.load_dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+    def load_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        """Return a :class:`.TypeEngine` object corresponding to a dialect.
+
+        This is an end-user override hook that can be used to provide
+        differing types depending on the given dialect.  It is used
+        by the :class:`.TypeDecorator` implementation of :meth:`type_engine`
+        to help determine what type should ultimately be returned
+        for a given :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default returns ``self.impl``.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        """Proxy all other undefined accessors to the underlying
+        implementation."""
+        return getattr(self.impl, key)
+
+    def process_literal_param(self, value, dialect):
+        """Receive a literal parameter value to be rendered inline within
+        a statement.
+
+        This method is used when the compiler renders a
+        literal value without using binds, typically within DDL
+        such as in the "server default" of a column or an expression
+        within a CHECK constraint.
+
+        The returned string will be rendered into the output string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+        """Receive a bound parameter value to be converted.
+
+        Subclasses override this method to return the
+        value that should be passed along to the underlying
+        :class:`.TypeEngine` object, and from there to the
+        DBAPI ``execute()`` method.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or serializing data.
+        This could also be used as a hook for validating logic.
+
+        This operation should be designed with the reverse operation
+        in mind, which would be the process_result_value method of
+        this class.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+        """Receive a result-row column value to be converted.
+
+        Subclasses should implement this method to operate on data
+        fetched from the database.
+
+        Subclasses override this method to return the
+        value that should be passed back to the application,
+        given a value that is already processed by
+        the underlying :class:`.TypeEngine` object, originally
+        from the DBAPI cursor method ``fetchone()`` or similar.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or serializing data.
+        This could also be used as a hook for validating logic.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        This operation should be designed to be reversible by
+        the "process_bind_param" method of this class.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_processor(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_bind_param is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_bind_param to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.process_bind_param.__code__ \
+            is not TypeDecorator.process_bind_param.__code__
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_literal_processor(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_literal_param is implemented.
+
+
+        """
+
+        return self.__class__.process_literal_param.__code__ \
+            is not TypeDecorator.process_literal_param.__code__
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Provide a literal processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        Subclasses here will typically override
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param` instead of this method
+        directly.
+
+        By default, this method makes use of
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` if that method is
+        implemented, where :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param` is
+        not.  The rationale here is that :class:`.TypeDecorator` typically
+        deals with Python conversions of data that are above the layer of
+        database presentation.  With the value converted by
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param`, the underlying type will
+        then handle whether it needs to be presented to the DBAPI as a bound
+        parameter or to the database as an inline SQL value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.0
+
+        """
+        if self._has_literal_processor:
+            process_param = self.process_literal_param
+        elif self._has_bind_processor:
+            # the bind processor should normally be OK
+            # for TypeDecorator since it isn't doing DB-level
+            # handling, the handling here won't be different for bound vs.
+            # literals.
+            process_param = self.process_bind_param
+        else:
+            process_param = None
+
+        if process_param:
+            impl_processor = self.impl.literal_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                def process(value):
+                    return impl_processor(process_param(value, dialect))
+            else:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl.literal_processor(dialect)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        """Provide a bound value processing function for the
+        given :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for bound value conversion.   :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        will wrap a user-defined implementation of
+        :meth:`process_bind_param` here.
+
+        User-defined code can override this method directly,
+        though its likely best to use :meth:`process_bind_param` so that
+        the processing provided by ``self.impl`` is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        This method is the reverse counterpart to the
+        :meth:`result_processor` method of this class.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_bind_processor:
+            process_param = self.process_bind_param
+            impl_processor = self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                def process(value):
+                    return impl_processor(process_param(value, dialect))
+
+            else:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_result_processor(self):
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_result_value is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_result_value to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+        return self.__class__.process_result_value.__code__ \
+            is not TypeDecorator.process_result_value.__code__
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Provide a result value processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for result value conversion.   :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        will wrap a user-defined implementation of
+        :meth:`process_result_value` here.
+
+        User-defined code can override this method directly,
+        though its likely best to use :meth:`process_result_value` so that
+        the processing provided by ``self.impl`` is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+        :param coltype: An SQLAlchemy data type
+
+        This method is the reverse counterpart to the
+        :meth:`bind_processor` method of this class.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_result_processor:
+            process_value = self.process_result_value
+            impl_processor = self.impl.result_processor(dialect,
+                                                        coltype)
+            if impl_processor:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_value(impl_processor(value), dialect)
+
+            else:
+                def process(value):
+                    return process_value(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        By default, returns self.   This method is called by
+        the expression system when an object using this type is
+        on the left or right side of an expression against a plain Python
+        object which does not yet have a SQLAlchemy type assigned::
+
+            expr = table.c.somecolumn + 35
+
+        Where above, if ``somecolumn`` uses this type, this method will
+        be called with the value ``operator.add``
+        and ``35``.  The return value is whatever SQLAlchemy type should
+        be used for ``35`` for this particular operation.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`.TypeDecorator` instance.
+
+        This is a shallow copy and is provided to fulfill part of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` contract.  It usually does not
+        need to be overridden unless the user-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        has local state that should be deep-copied.
+
+        """
+
+        instance = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        instance.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return instance
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        """Return the DBAPI type object represented by this
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.get_dbapi_type` of the
+        underlying "impl".
+        """
+        return self.impl.get_dbapi_type(dbapi)
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        """Given two values, compare them for equality.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.compare_values`
+        of the underlying "impl", which in turn usually
+        uses the Python equals operator ``==``.
+
+        This function is used by the ORM to compare
+        an original-loaded value with an intercepted
+        "changed" value, to determine if a net change
+        has occurred.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl.compare_values(x, y)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=self.impl)
+
+
+class Variant(TypeDecorator):
+    """A wrapping type that selects among a variety of
+    implementations based on dialect in use.
+
+    The :class:`.Variant` type is typically constructed
+    using the :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7.2
+
+    .. seealso:: :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` for an example of use.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base, mapping):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Variant`.
+
+        :param base: the base 'fallback' type
+        :param mapping: dictionary of string dialect names to
+          :class:`.TypeEngine` instances.
+
+        """
+        self.impl = base
+        self.mapping = mapping
+
+    def load_dialect_impl(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.name in self.mapping:
+            return self.mapping[dialect.name]
+        else:
+            return self.impl
+
+    def with_variant(self, type_, dialect_name):
+        """Return a new :class:`.Variant` which adds the given
+        type + dialect name to the mapping, in addition to the
+        mapping present in this :class:`.Variant`.
+
+        :param type_: a :class:`.TypeEngine` that will be selected
+         as a variant from the originating type, when a dialect
+         of the given name is in use.
+        :param dialect_name: base name of the dialect which uses
+         this type. (i.e. ``'postgresql'``, ``'mysql'``, etc.)
+
+        """
+
+        if dialect_name in self.mapping:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Dialect '%s' is already present in "
+                "the mapping for this Variant" % dialect_name)
+        mapping = self.mapping.copy()
+        mapping[dialect_name] = type_
+        return Variant(self.impl, mapping)
+
+    @property
+    def comparator_factory(self):
+        """express comparison behavior in terms of the base type"""
+        return self.impl.comparator_factory
+
+
+def _reconstitute_comparator(expression):
+    return expression.comparator
+
+
+def to_instance(typeobj, *arg, **kw):
+    if typeobj is None:
+        return NULLTYPE
+
+    if util.callable(typeobj):
+        return typeobj(*arg, **kw)
+    else:
+        return typeobj
+
+
+def adapt_type(typeobj, colspecs):
+    if isinstance(typeobj, type):
+        typeobj = typeobj()
+    for t in typeobj.__class__.__mro__[0:-1]:
+        try:
+            impltype = colspecs[t]
+            break
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    else:
+        # couldn't adapt - so just return the type itself
+        # (it may be a user-defined type)
+        return typeobj
+    # if we adapted the given generic type to a database-specific type,
+    # but it turns out the originally given "generic" type
+    # is actually a subclass of our resulting type, then we were already
+    # given a more specific type than that required; so use that.
+    if (issubclass(typeobj.__class__, impltype)):
+        return typeobj
+    return typeobj.adapt(impltype)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16a1421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+# sql/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""High level utilities which build upon other modules here.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import exc, util
+from .base import _from_objects, ColumnSet
+from . import operators, visitors
+from itertools import chain
+from collections import deque
+
+from .elements import BindParameter, ColumnClause, ColumnElement, \
+    Null, UnaryExpression, literal_column, Label, _label_reference, \
+    _textual_label_reference
+from .selectable import ScalarSelect, Join, FromClause, FromGrouping
+from .schema import Column
+
+join_condition = util.langhelpers.public_factory(
+    Join._join_condition,
+    ".sql.util.join_condition")
+
+# names that are still being imported from the outside
+from .annotation import _shallow_annotate, _deep_annotate, _deep_deannotate
+from .elements import _find_columns
+from .ddl import sort_tables
+
+
+def find_join_source(clauses, join_to):
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses and a selectable,
+    return the first index and element from the list of
+    clauses which can be joined against the selectable.  returns
+    None, None if no match is found.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        clause1 = table1.join(table2)
+        clause2 = table4.join(table5)
+
+        join_to = table2.join(table3)
+
+        find_join_source([clause1, clause2], join_to) == clause1
+
+    """
+
+    selectables = list(_from_objects(join_to))
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables:
+            if f.is_derived_from(s):
+                return i, f
+    else:
+        return None, None
+
+
+def visit_binary_product(fn, expr):
+    """Produce a traversal of the given expression, delivering
+    column comparisons to the given function.
+
+    The function is of the form::
+
+        def my_fn(binary, left, right)
+
+    For each binary expression located which has a
+    comparison operator, the product of "left" and
+    "right" will be delivered to that function,
+    in terms of that binary.
+
+    Hence an expression like::
+
+        and_(
+            (a + b) == q + func.sum(e + f),
+            j == r
+        )
+
+    would have the traversal::
+
+        a <eq> q
+        a <eq> e
+        a <eq> f
+        b <eq> q
+        b <eq> e
+        b <eq> f
+        j <eq> r
+
+    That is, every combination of "left" and
+    "right" that doesn't further contain
+    a binary comparison is passed as pairs.
+
+    """
+    stack = []
+
+    def visit(element):
+        if isinstance(element, ScalarSelect):
+            # we don't want to dig into correlated subqueries,
+            # those are just column elements by themselves
+            yield element
+        elif element.__visit_name__ == 'binary' and \
+                operators.is_comparison(element.operator):
+            stack.insert(0, element)
+            for l in visit(element.left):
+                for r in visit(element.right):
+                    fn(stack[0], l, r)
+            stack.pop(0)
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                visit(elem)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(element, ColumnClause):
+                yield element
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                for e in visit(elem):
+                    yield e
+    list(visit(expr))
+
+
+def find_tables(clause, check_columns=False,
+                include_aliases=False, include_joins=False,
+                include_selects=False, include_crud=False):
+    """locate Table objects within the given expression."""
+
+    tables = []
+    _visitors = {}
+
+    if include_selects:
+        _visitors['select'] = _visitors['compound_select'] = tables.append
+
+    if include_joins:
+        _visitors['join'] = tables.append
+
+    if include_aliases:
+        _visitors['alias'] = tables.append
+
+    if include_crud:
+        _visitors['insert'] = _visitors['update'] = \
+            _visitors['delete'] = lambda ent: tables.append(ent.table)
+
+    if check_columns:
+        def visit_column(column):
+            tables.append(column.table)
+        _visitors['column'] = visit_column
+
+    _visitors['table'] = tables.append
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {'column_collections': False}, _visitors)
+    return tables
+
+
+def unwrap_order_by(clause):
+    """Break up an 'order by' expression into individual column-expressions,
+    without DESC/ASC/NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST"""
+
+    cols = util.column_set()
+    stack = deque([clause])
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.popleft()
+        if isinstance(t, ColumnElement) and \
+            (
+                not isinstance(t, UnaryExpression) or
+                not operators.is_ordering_modifier(t.modifier)
+        ):
+            if isinstance(t, _label_reference):
+                t = t.element
+            if isinstance(t, (_textual_label_reference)):
+                continue
+            cols.add(t)
+        else:
+            for c in t.get_children():
+                stack.append(c)
+    return cols
+
+
+def clause_is_present(clause, search):
+    """Given a target clause and a second to search within, return True
+    if the target is plainly present in the search without any
+    subqueries or aliases involved.
+
+    Basically descends through Joins.
+
+    """
+
+    for elem in surface_selectables(search):
+        if clause == elem:  # use == here so that Annotated's compare
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def surface_selectables(clause):
+    stack = [clause]
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop()
+        yield elem
+        if isinstance(elem, Join):
+            stack.extend((elem.left, elem.right))
+        elif isinstance(elem, FromGrouping):
+            stack.append(elem.element)
+
+
+def selectables_overlap(left, right):
+    """Return True if left/right have some overlapping selectable"""
+
+    return bool(
+        set(surface_selectables(left)).intersection(
+            surface_selectables(right)
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def bind_values(clause):
+    """Return an ordered list of "bound" values in the given clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> expr = and_(
+        ...    table.c.foo==5, table.c.foo==7
+        ... )
+        >>> bind_values(expr)
+        [5, 7]
+    """
+
+    v = []
+
+    def visit_bindparam(bind):
+        v.append(bind.effective_value)
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {'bindparam': visit_bindparam})
+    return v
+
+
+def _quote_ddl_expr(element):
+    if isinstance(element, util.string_types):
+        element = element.replace("'", "''")
+        return "'%s'" % element
+    else:
+        return repr(element)
+
+
+class _repr_params(object):
+    """A string view of bound parameters, truncating
+    display to the given number of 'multi' parameter sets.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, params, batches):
+        self.params = params
+        self.batches = batches
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.params, (list, tuple)) and \
+                len(self.params) > self.batches and \
+                isinstance(self.params[0], (list, dict, tuple)):
+            msg = " ... displaying %i of %i total bound parameter sets ... "
+            return ' '.join((
+                repr(self.params[:self.batches - 2])[0:-1],
+                msg % (self.batches, len(self.params)),
+                repr(self.params[-2:])[1:]
+            ))
+        else:
+            return repr(self.params)
+
+
+def adapt_criterion_to_null(crit, nulls):
+    """given criterion containing bind params, convert selected elements
+    to IS NULL.
+
+    """
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if isinstance(binary.left, BindParameter) \
+                and binary.left._identifying_key in nulls:
+            # reverse order if the NULL is on the left side
+            binary.left = binary.right
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.isnot
+        elif isinstance(binary.right, BindParameter) \
+                and binary.right._identifying_key in nulls:
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.isnot
+
+    return visitors.cloned_traverse(crit, {}, {'binary': visit_binary})
+
+
+def splice_joins(left, right, stop_on=None):
+    if left is None:
+        return right
+
+    stack = [(right, None)]
+
+    adapter = ClauseAdapter(left)
+    ret = None
+    while stack:
+        (right, prevright) = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(right, Join) and right is not stop_on:
+            right = right._clone()
+            right._reset_exported()
+            right.onclause = adapter.traverse(right.onclause)
+            stack.append((right.left, right))
+        else:
+            right = adapter.traverse(right)
+        if prevright is not None:
+            prevright.left = right
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = right
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def reduce_columns(columns, *clauses, **kw):
+    """given a list of columns, return a 'reduced' set based on natural
+    equivalents.
+
+    the set is reduced to the smallest list of columns which have no natural
+    equivalent present in the list.  A "natural equivalent" means that two
+    columns will ultimately represent the same value because they are related
+    by a foreign key.
+
+    \*clauses is an optional list of join clauses which will be traversed
+    to further identify columns that are "equivalent".
+
+    \**kw may specify 'ignore_nonexistent_tables' to ignore foreign keys
+    whose tables are not yet configured, or columns that aren't yet present.
+
+    This function is primarily used to determine the most minimal "primary
+    key" from a selectable, by reducing the set of primary key columns present
+    in the selectable to just those that are not repeated.
+
+    """
+    ignore_nonexistent_tables = kw.pop('ignore_nonexistent_tables', False)
+    only_synonyms = kw.pop('only_synonyms', False)
+
+    columns = util.ordered_column_set(columns)
+
+    omit = util.column_set()
+    for col in columns:
+        for fk in chain(*[c.foreign_keys for c in col.proxy_set]):
+            for c in columns:
+                if c is col:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    fk_col = fk.column
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                except exc.NoReferencedTableError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                if fk_col.shares_lineage(c) and \
+                    (not only_synonyms or
+                     c.name == col.name):
+                    omit.add(col)
+                    break
+
+    if clauses:
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                cols = util.column_set(
+                    chain(*[c.proxy_set for c in columns.difference(omit)]))
+                if binary.left in cols and binary.right in cols:
+                    for c in reversed(columns):
+                        if c.shares_lineage(binary.right) and \
+                            (not only_synonyms or
+                             c.name == binary.left.name):
+                            omit.add(c)
+                            break
+        for clause in clauses:
+            if clause is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {'binary': visit_binary})
+
+    return ColumnSet(columns.difference(omit))
+
+
+def criterion_as_pairs(expression, consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
+                       consider_as_referenced_keys=None, any_operator=False):
+    """traverse an expression and locate binary criterion pairs."""
+
+    if consider_as_foreign_keys and consider_as_referenced_keys:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("Can only specify one of "
+                                "'consider_as_foreign_keys' or "
+                                "'consider_as_referenced_keys'")
+
+    def col_is(a, b):
+        # return a is b
+        return a.compare(b)
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if not any_operator and binary.operator is not operators.eq:
+            return
+        if not isinstance(binary.left, ColumnElement) or \
+                not isinstance(binary.right, ColumnElement):
+            return
+
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_foreign_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.right, binary.left) or
+                 binary.right not in consider_as_foreign_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_foreign_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.left, binary.right) or
+                 binary.left not in consider_as_foreign_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+        elif consider_as_referenced_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_referenced_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.right, binary.left) or
+                 binary.right not in consider_as_referenced_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_referenced_keys and \
+                (col_is(binary.left, binary.right) or
+                 binary.left not in consider_as_referenced_keys):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+        else:
+            if isinstance(binary.left, Column) and \
+                    isinstance(binary.right, Column):
+                if binary.left.references(binary.right):
+                    pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+                elif binary.right.references(binary.left):
+                    pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+    pairs = []
+    visitors.traverse(expression, {}, {'binary': visit_binary})
+    return pairs
+
+
+class ClauseAdapter(visitors.ReplacingCloningVisitor):
+    """Clones and modifies clauses based on column correspondence.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+      table1 = Table('sometable', metadata,
+          Column('col1', Integer),
+          Column('col2', Integer)
+          )
+      table2 = Table('someothertable', metadata,
+          Column('col1', Integer),
+          Column('col2', Integer)
+          )
+
+      condition = table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    make an alias of table1::
+
+      s = table1.alias('foo')
+
+    calling ``ClauseAdapter(s).traverse(condition)`` converts
+    condition to read::
+
+      s.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable, equivalents=None,
+                 include_fn=None, exclude_fn=None,
+                 adapt_on_names=False, anonymize_labels=False):
+        self.__traverse_options__ = {
+            'stop_on': [selectable],
+            'anonymize_labels': anonymize_labels}
+        self.selectable = selectable
+        self.include_fn = include_fn
+        self.exclude_fn = exclude_fn
+        self.equivalents = util.column_dict(equivalents or {})
+        self.adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+
+    def _corresponding_column(self, col, require_embedded,
+                              _seen=util.EMPTY_SET):
+        newcol = self.selectable.corresponding_column(
+            col,
+            require_embedded=require_embedded)
+        if newcol is None and col in self.equivalents and col not in _seen:
+            for equiv in self.equivalents[col]:
+                newcol = self._corresponding_column(
+                    equiv, require_embedded=require_embedded,
+                    _seen=_seen.union([col]))
+                if newcol is not None:
+                    return newcol
+        if self.adapt_on_names and newcol is None:
+            newcol = self.selectable.c.get(col.name)
+        return newcol
+
+    def replace(self, col):
+        if isinstance(col, FromClause) and \
+                self.selectable.is_derived_from(col):
+            return self.selectable
+        elif not isinstance(col, ColumnElement):
+            return None
+        elif self.include_fn and not self.include_fn(col):
+            return None
+        elif self.exclude_fn and self.exclude_fn(col):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._corresponding_column(col, True)
+
+
+class ColumnAdapter(ClauseAdapter):
+    """Extends ClauseAdapter with extra utility functions.
+
+    Key aspects of ColumnAdapter include:
+
+    * Expressions that are adapted are stored in a persistent
+      .columns collection; so that an expression E adapted into
+      an expression E1, will return the same object E1 when adapted
+      a second time.   This is important in particular for things like
+      Label objects that are anonymized, so that the ColumnAdapter can
+      be used to present a consistent "adapted" view of things.
+
+    * Exclusion of items from the persistent collection based on
+      include/exclude rules, but also independent of hash identity.
+      This because "annotated" items all have the same hash identity as their
+      parent.
+
+    * "wrapping" capability is added, so that the replacement of an expression
+      E can proceed through a series of adapters.  This differs from the
+      visitor's "chaining" feature in that the resulting object is passed
+      through all replacing functions unconditionally, rather than stopping
+      at the first one that returns non-None.
+
+    * An adapt_required option, used by eager loading to indicate that
+      We don't trust a result row column that is not translated.
+      This is to prevent a column from being interpreted as that
+      of the child row in a self-referential scenario, see
+      inheritance/test_basic.py->EagerTargetingTest.test_adapt_stringency
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, selectable, equivalents=None,
+                 chain_to=None, adapt_required=False,
+                 include_fn=None, exclude_fn=None,
+                 adapt_on_names=False,
+                 allow_label_resolve=True,
+                 anonymize_labels=False):
+        ClauseAdapter.__init__(self, selectable, equivalents,
+                               include_fn=include_fn, exclude_fn=exclude_fn,
+                               adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+                               anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels)
+
+        if chain_to:
+            self.chain(chain_to)
+        self.columns = util.populate_column_dict(self._locate_col)
+        if self.include_fn or self.exclude_fn:
+            self.columns = self._IncludeExcludeMapping(self, self.columns)
+        self.adapt_required = adapt_required
+        self.allow_label_resolve = allow_label_resolve
+        self._wrap = None
+
+    class _IncludeExcludeMapping(object):
+        def __init__(self, parent, columns):
+            self.parent = parent
+            self.columns = columns
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            if (
+                self.parent.include_fn and not self.parent.include_fn(key)
+            ) or (
+                self.parent.exclude_fn and self.parent.exclude_fn(key)
+            ):
+                if self.parent._wrap:
+                    return self.parent._wrap.columns[key]
+                else:
+                    return key
+            return self.columns[key]
+
+    def wrap(self, adapter):
+        ac = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        ac.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        ac._wrap = adapter
+        ac.columns = util.populate_column_dict(ac._locate_col)
+        if ac.include_fn or ac.exclude_fn:
+            ac.columns = self._IncludeExcludeMapping(ac, ac.columns)
+
+        return ac
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        return self.columns[obj]
+
+    adapt_clause = traverse
+    adapt_list = ClauseAdapter.copy_and_process
+
+    def _locate_col(self, col):
+
+        c = ClauseAdapter.traverse(self, col)
+
+        if self._wrap:
+            c2 = self._wrap._locate_col(c)
+            if c2 is not None:
+                c = c2
+
+        if self.adapt_required and c is col:
+            return None
+
+        c._allow_label_resolve = self.allow_label_resolve
+
+        return c
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        del d['columns']
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        self.columns = util.PopulateDict(self._locate_col)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d12213e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# sql/visitors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Visitor/traversal interface and library functions.
+
+SQLAlchemy schema and expression constructs rely on a Python-centric
+version of the classic "visitor" pattern as the primary way in which
+they apply functionality.  The most common use of this pattern
+is statement compilation, where individual expression classes match
+up to rendering methods that produce a string result.   Beyond this,
+the visitor system is also used to inspect expressions for various
+information and patterns, as well as for usage in
+some kinds of expression transformation.  Other kinds of transformation
+use a non-visitor traversal system.
+
+For many examples of how the visit system is used, see the
+sqlalchemy.sql.util and the sqlalchemy.sql.compiler modules.
+For an introduction to clause adaption, see
+http://techspot.zzzeek.org/2008/01/23/expression-transformations/
+
+"""
+
+from collections import deque
+from .. import util
+import operator
+from .. import exc
+
+__all__ = ['VisitableType', 'Visitable', 'ClauseVisitor',
+           'CloningVisitor', 'ReplacingCloningVisitor', 'iterate',
+           'iterate_depthfirst', 'traverse_using', 'traverse',
+           'traverse_depthfirst',
+           'cloned_traverse', 'replacement_traverse']
+
+
+class VisitableType(type):
+    """Metaclass which assigns a `_compiler_dispatch` method to classes
+    having a `__visit_name__` attribute.
+
+    The _compiler_dispatch attribute becomes an instance method which
+    looks approximately like the following::
+
+        def _compiler_dispatch (self, visitor, **kw):
+            '''Look for an attribute named "visit_" + self.__visit_name__
+            on the visitor, and call it with the same kw params.'''
+            visit_attr = 'visit_%s' % self.__visit_name__
+            return getattr(visitor, visit_attr)(self, **kw)
+
+    Classes having no __visit_name__ attribute will remain unaffected.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(cls, clsname, bases, clsdict):
+        if clsname != 'Visitable' and \
+                hasattr(cls, '__visit_name__'):
+            _generate_dispatch(cls)
+
+        super(VisitableType, cls).__init__(clsname, bases, clsdict)
+
+
+def _generate_dispatch(cls):
+    """Return an optimized visit dispatch function for the cls
+    for use by the compiler.
+    """
+    if '__visit_name__' in cls.__dict__:
+        visit_name = cls.__visit_name__
+        if isinstance(visit_name, str):
+            # There is an optimization opportunity here because the
+            # the string name of the class's __visit_name__ is known at
+            # this early stage (import time) so it can be pre-constructed.
+            getter = operator.attrgetter("visit_%s" % visit_name)
+
+            def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor, **kw):
+                try:
+                    meth = getter(visitor)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(visitor, cls)
+                else:
+                    return meth(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            # The optimization opportunity is lost for this case because the
+            # __visit_name__ is not yet a string. As a result, the visit
+            # string has to be recalculated with each compilation.
+            def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor, **kw):
+                visit_attr = 'visit_%s' % self.__visit_name__
+                try:
+                    meth = getattr(visitor, visit_attr)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(visitor, cls)
+                else:
+                    return meth(self, **kw)
+
+        _compiler_dispatch.__doc__ = \
+            """Look for an attribute named "visit_" + self.__visit_name__
+            on the visitor, and call it with the same kw params.
+            """
+        cls._compiler_dispatch = _compiler_dispatch
+
+
+class Visitable(util.with_metaclass(VisitableType, object)):
+    """Base class for visitable objects, applies the
+    ``VisitableType`` metaclass.
+
+    """
+
+
+class ClauseVisitor(object):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the traverse() function.
+
+    """
+
+    __traverse_options__ = {}
+
+    def traverse_single(self, obj, **kw):
+        for v in self._visitor_iterator:
+            meth = getattr(v, "visit_%s" % obj.__visit_name__, None)
+            if meth:
+                return meth(obj, **kw)
+
+    def iterate(self, obj):
+        """traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator
+        of all elements.
+
+        """
+        return iterate(obj, self.__traverse_options__)
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        """traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _visitor_dict(self):
+        visitors = {}
+
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if name.startswith('visit_'):
+                visitors[name[6:]] = getattr(self, name)
+        return visitors
+
+    @property
+    def _visitor_iterator(self):
+        """iterate through this visitor and each 'chained' visitor."""
+
+        v = self
+        while v:
+            yield v
+            v = getattr(v, '_next', None)
+
+    def chain(self, visitor):
+        """'chain' an additional ClauseVisitor onto this ClauseVisitor.
+
+        the chained visitor will receive all visit events after this one.
+
+        """
+        tail = list(self._visitor_iterator)[-1]
+        tail._next = visitor
+        return self
+
+
+class CloningVisitor(ClauseVisitor):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the cloned_traverse() function.
+
+    """
+
+    def copy_and_process(self, list_):
+        """Apply cloned traversal to the given list of elements, and return
+        the new list.
+
+        """
+        return [self.traverse(x) for x in list_]
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        """traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return cloned_traverse(
+            obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict)
+
+
+class ReplacingCloningVisitor(CloningVisitor):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the replacement_traverse() function.
+
+    """
+
+    def replace(self, elem):
+        """receive pre-copied elements during a cloning traversal.
+
+        If the method returns a new element, the element is used
+        instead of creating a simple copy of the element.  Traversal
+        will halt on the newly returned element if it is re-encountered.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def traverse(self, obj):
+        """traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        def replace(elem):
+            for v in self._visitor_iterator:
+                e = v.replace(elem)
+                if e is not None:
+                    return e
+        return replacement_traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, replace)
+
+
+def iterate(obj, opts):
+    """traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator.
+
+    traversal is configured to be breadth-first.
+
+    """
+    # fasttrack for atomic elements like columns
+    children = obj.get_children(**opts)
+    if not children:
+        return [obj]
+
+    traversal = deque()
+    stack = deque([obj])
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.popleft()
+        traversal.append(t)
+        for c in t.get_children(**opts):
+            stack.append(c)
+    return iter(traversal)
+
+
+def iterate_depthfirst(obj, opts):
+    """traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator.
+
+    traversal is configured to be depth-first.
+
+    """
+    # fasttrack for atomic elements like columns
+    children = obj.get_children(**opts)
+    if not children:
+        return [obj]
+
+    stack = deque([obj])
+    traversal = deque()
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.pop()
+        traversal.appendleft(t)
+        for c in t.get_children(**opts):
+            stack.append(c)
+    return iter(traversal)
+
+
+def traverse_using(iterator, obj, visitors):
+    """visit the given expression structure using the given iterator of
+    objects.
+
+    """
+    for target in iterator:
+        meth = visitors.get(target.__visit_name__, None)
+        if meth:
+            meth(target)
+    return obj
+
+
+def traverse(obj, opts, visitors):
+    """traverse and visit the given expression structure using the default
+     iterator.
+
+    """
+    return traverse_using(iterate(obj, opts), obj, visitors)
+
+
+def traverse_depthfirst(obj, opts, visitors):
+    """traverse and visit the given expression structure using the
+    depth-first iterator.
+
+    """
+    return traverse_using(iterate_depthfirst(obj, opts), obj, visitors)
+
+
+def cloned_traverse(obj, opts, visitors):
+    """clone the given expression structure, allowing
+    modifications by visitors."""
+
+    cloned = {}
+    stop_on = set(opts.get('stop_on', []))
+
+    def clone(elem):
+        if elem in stop_on:
+            return elem
+        else:
+            if id(elem) not in cloned:
+                cloned[id(elem)] = newelem = elem._clone()
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+                meth = visitors.get(newelem.__visit_name__, None)
+                if meth:
+                    meth(newelem)
+            return cloned[id(elem)]
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(obj)
+    return obj
+
+
+def replacement_traverse(obj, opts, replace):
+    """clone the given expression structure, allowing element
+    replacement by a given replacement function."""
+
+    cloned = {}
+    stop_on = set([id(x) for x in opts.get('stop_on', [])])
+
+    def clone(elem, **kw):
+        if id(elem) in stop_on or \
+                'no_replacement_traverse' in elem._annotations:
+            return elem
+        else:
+            newelem = replace(elem)
+            if newelem is not None:
+                stop_on.add(id(newelem))
+                return newelem
+            else:
+                if elem not in cloned:
+                    cloned[elem] = newelem = elem._clone()
+                    newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+                return cloned[elem]
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(obj, **opts)
+    return obj
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e02227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# testing/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from .warnings import assert_warnings
+
+from . import config
+
+from .exclusions import db_spec, _is_excluded, fails_if, skip_if, future,\
+    fails_on, fails_on_everything_except, skip, only_on, exclude, \
+    against as _against, _server_version, only_if, fails
+
+
+def against(*queries):
+    return _against(config._current, *queries)
+
+from .assertions import emits_warning, emits_warning_on, uses_deprecated, \
+    eq_, ne_, le_, is_, is_not_, startswith_, assert_raises, \
+    assert_raises_message, AssertsCompiledSQL, ComparesTables, \
+    AssertsExecutionResults, expect_deprecated, expect_warnings, \
+    in_, not_in_
+
+from .util import run_as_contextmanager, rowset, fail, \
+    provide_metadata, adict, force_drop_names, \
+    teardown_events
+
+crashes = skip
+
+from .config import db
+from .config import requirements as requires
+
+from . import mock
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..492adcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# testing/assertions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from . import util as testutil
+from sqlalchemy import pool, orm, util
+from sqlalchemy.engine import default, url
+from sqlalchemy.util import decorator
+from sqlalchemy import types as sqltypes, schema, exc as sa_exc
+import warnings
+import re
+from .exclusions import db_spec, _is_excluded
+from . import assertsql
+from . import config
+from .util import fail
+import contextlib
+from . import mock
+
+
+def expect_warnings(*messages, **kw):
+    """Context manager which expects one or more warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarnings emitted via
+    sqlalchemy.util.warn and sqlalchemy.util.warn_limited.   Otherwise
+    pass string expressions that will match selected warnings via regex;
+    all non-matching warnings are sent through.
+
+    The expect version **asserts** that the warnings were in fact seen.
+
+    Note that the test suite sets SAWarning warnings to raise exceptions.
+
+    """
+    return _expect_warnings(sa_exc.SAWarning, messages, **kw)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def expect_warnings_on(db, *messages, **kw):
+    """Context manager which expects one or more warnings on specific
+    dialects.
+
+    The expect version **asserts** that the warnings were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+    spec = db_spec(db)
+
+    if isinstance(db, util.string_types) and not spec(config._current):
+        yield
+    else:
+        with expect_warnings(*messages, **kw):
+            yield
+
+
+def emits_warning(*messages):
+    """Decorator form of expect_warnings().
+
+    Note that emits_warning does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_warnings(assert_=False, *messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def expect_deprecated(*messages, **kw):
+    return _expect_warnings(sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning, messages, **kw)
+
+
+def emits_warning_on(db, *messages):
+    """Mark a test as emitting a warning on a specific dialect.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning failures.  Or pass one or more
+    strings; these will be matched to the root of the warning description by
+    warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    Note that emits_warning_on does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_warnings_on(db, assert_=False, *messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def uses_deprecated(*messages):
+    """Mark a test as immune from fatal deprecation warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SADeprecationWarning failures.
+    Or pass one or more strings; these will be matched to the root
+    of the warning description by warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    As a special case, you may pass a function name prefixed with //
+    and it will be re-written as needed to match the standard warning
+    verbiage emitted by the sqlalchemy.util.deprecated decorator.
+
+    Note that uses_deprecated does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_deprecated(*messages, assert_=False):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+    return decorate
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _expect_warnings(exc_cls, messages, regex=True, assert_=True):
+
+    if regex:
+        filters = [re.compile(msg, re.I | re.S) for msg in messages]
+    else:
+        filters = messages
+
+    seen = set(filters)
+
+    real_warn = warnings.warn
+
+    def our_warn(msg, exception, *arg, **kw):
+        if not issubclass(exception, exc_cls):
+            return real_warn(msg, exception, *arg, **kw)
+
+        if not filters:
+            return
+
+        for filter_ in filters:
+            if (regex and filter_.match(msg)) or \
+                    (not regex and filter_ == msg):
+                seen.discard(filter_)
+                break
+        else:
+            real_warn(msg, exception, *arg, **kw)
+
+    with mock.patch("warnings.warn", our_warn):
+        yield
+
+    if assert_:
+        assert not seen, "Warnings were not seen: %s" % \
+            ", ".join("%r" % (s.pattern if regex else s) for s in seen)
+
+
+def global_cleanup_assertions():
+    """Check things that have to be finalized at the end of a test suite.
+
+    Hardcoded at the moment, a modular system can be built here
+    to support things like PG prepared transactions, tables all
+    dropped, etc.
+
+    """
+    _assert_no_stray_pool_connections()
+
+_STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES = 0
+
+
+def _assert_no_stray_pool_connections():
+    global _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES
+
+    # lazy gc on cPython means "do nothing."  pool connections
+    # shouldn't be in cycles, should go away.
+    testutil.lazy_gc()
+
+    # however, once in awhile, on an EC2 machine usually,
+    # there's a ref in there.  usually just one.
+    if pool._refs:
+
+        # OK, let's be somewhat forgiving.
+        _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES += 1
+
+        print("Encountered a stray connection in test cleanup: %s"
+              % str(pool._refs))
+        # then do a real GC sweep.   We shouldn't even be here
+        # so a single sweep should really be doing it, otherwise
+        # there's probably a real unreachable cycle somewhere.
+        testutil.gc_collect()
+
+    # if we've already had two of these occurrences, or
+    # after a hard gc sweep we still have pool._refs?!
+    # now we have to raise.
+    if pool._refs:
+        err = str(pool._refs)
+
+        # but clean out the pool refs collection directly,
+        # reset the counter,
+        # so the error doesn't at least keep happening.
+        pool._refs.clear()
+        _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES = 0
+        assert False, "Stray connection refused to leave "\
+            "after gc.collect(): %s" % err
+    elif _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES > 10:
+        assert False, "Encountered more than 10 stray connections"
+        _STRAY_CONNECTION_FAILURES = 0
+
+
+def eq_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a == b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a == b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def ne_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a != b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a != b, msg or "%r == %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def le_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a <= b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a <= b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is b, msg or "%r is not %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_not_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is not b, msg or "%r is %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def in_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a in b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a in b, msg or "%r not in %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def not_in_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a in not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a not in b, msg or "%r is in %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def startswith_(a, fragment, msg=None):
+    """Assert a.startswith(fragment), with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a.startswith(fragment), msg or "%r does not start with %r" % (
+        a, fragment)
+
+
+def assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kw):
+    try:
+        callable_(*args, **kw)
+        success = False
+    except except_cls:
+        success = True
+
+    # assert outside the block so it works for AssertionError too !
+    assert success, "Callable did not raise an exception"
+
+
+def assert_raises_message(except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+        assert False, "Callable did not raise an exception"
+    except except_cls as e:
+        assert re.search(
+            msg, util.text_type(e), re.UNICODE), "%r !~ %s" % (msg, e)
+        print(util.text_type(e).encode('utf-8'))
+
+
+class AssertsCompiledSQL(object):
+    def assert_compile(self, clause, result, params=None,
+                       checkparams=None, dialect=None,
+                       checkpositional=None,
+                       check_prefetch=None,
+                       use_default_dialect=False,
+                       allow_dialect_select=False,
+                       literal_binds=False):
+        if use_default_dialect:
+            dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+        elif allow_dialect_select:
+            dialect = None
+        else:
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = getattr(self, '__dialect__', None)
+
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = config.db.dialect
+            elif dialect == 'default':
+                dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+            elif isinstance(dialect, util.string_types):
+                dialect = url.URL(dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+        kw = {}
+        compile_kwargs = {}
+
+        if params is not None:
+            kw['column_keys'] = list(params)
+
+        if literal_binds:
+            compile_kwargs['literal_binds'] = True
+
+        if isinstance(clause, orm.Query):
+            context = clause._compile_context()
+            context.statement.use_labels = True
+            clause = context.statement
+
+        if compile_kwargs:
+            kw['compile_kwargs'] = compile_kwargs
+
+        c = clause.compile(dialect=dialect, **kw)
+
+        param_str = repr(getattr(c, 'params', {}))
+
+        if util.py3k:
+            param_str = param_str.encode('utf-8').decode('ascii', 'ignore')
+            print(
+                ("\nSQL String:\n" +
+                 util.text_type(c) +
+                 param_str).encode('utf-8'))
+        else:
+            print(
+                "\nSQL String:\n" +
+                util.text_type(c).encode('utf-8') +
+                param_str)
+
+        cc = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', util.text_type(c))
+
+        eq_(cc, result, "%r != %r on dialect %r" % (cc, result, dialect))
+
+        if checkparams is not None:
+            eq_(c.construct_params(params), checkparams)
+        if checkpositional is not None:
+            p = c.construct_params(params)
+            eq_(tuple([p[x] for x in c.positiontup]), checkpositional)
+        if check_prefetch is not None:
+            eq_(c.prefetch, check_prefetch)
+
+
+class ComparesTables(object):
+
+    def assert_tables_equal(self, table, reflected_table, strict_types=False):
+        assert len(table.c) == len(reflected_table.c)
+        for c, reflected_c in zip(table.c, reflected_table.c):
+            eq_(c.name, reflected_c.name)
+            assert reflected_c is reflected_table.c[c.name]
+            eq_(c.primary_key, reflected_c.primary_key)
+            eq_(c.nullable, reflected_c.nullable)
+
+            if strict_types:
+                msg = "Type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'"
+                assert isinstance(reflected_c.type, type(c.type)), \
+                    msg % (reflected_c.type, c.type)
+            else:
+                self.assert_types_base(reflected_c, c)
+
+            if isinstance(c.type, sqltypes.String):
+                eq_(c.type.length, reflected_c.type.length)
+
+            eq_(
+                set([f.column.name for f in c.foreign_keys]),
+                set([f.column.name for f in reflected_c.foreign_keys])
+            )
+            if c.server_default:
+                assert isinstance(reflected_c.server_default,
+                                  schema.FetchedValue)
+
+        assert len(table.primary_key) == len(reflected_table.primary_key)
+        for c in table.primary_key:
+            assert reflected_table.primary_key.columns[c.name] is not None
+
+    def assert_types_base(self, c1, c2):
+        assert c1.type._compare_type_affinity(c2.type),\
+            "On column %r, type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'" % \
+            (c1.name, c1.type, c2.type)
+
+
+class AssertsExecutionResults(object):
+    def assert_result(self, result, class_, *objects):
+        result = list(result)
+        print(repr(result))
+        self.assert_list(result, class_, objects)
+
+    def assert_list(self, result, class_, list):
+        self.assert_(len(result) == len(list),
+                     "result list is not the same size as test list, " +
+                     "for class " + class_.__name__)
+        for i in range(0, len(list)):
+            self.assert_row(class_, result[i], list[i])
+
+    def assert_row(self, class_, rowobj, desc):
+        self.assert_(rowobj.__class__ is class_,
+                     "item class is not " + repr(class_))
+        for key, value in desc.items():
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                if isinstance(value[1], list):
+                    self.assert_list(getattr(rowobj, key), value[0], value[1])
+                else:
+                    self.assert_row(value[0], getattr(rowobj, key), value[1])
+            else:
+                self.assert_(getattr(rowobj, key) == value,
+                             "attribute %s value %s does not match %s" % (
+                             key, getattr(rowobj, key), value))
+
+    def assert_unordered_result(self, result, cls, *expected):
+        """As assert_result, but the order of objects is not considered.
+
+        The algorithm is very expensive but not a big deal for the small
+        numbers of rows that the test suite manipulates.
+        """
+
+        class immutabledict(dict):
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return id(self)
+
+        found = util.IdentitySet(result)
+        expected = set([immutabledict(e) for e in expected])
+
+        for wrong in util.itertools_filterfalse(lambda o:
+                                                isinstance(o, cls), found):
+            fail('Unexpected type "%s", expected "%s"' % (
+                type(wrong).__name__, cls.__name__))
+
+        if len(found) != len(expected):
+            fail('Unexpected object count "%s", expected "%s"' % (
+                len(found), len(expected)))
+
+        NOVALUE = object()
+
+        def _compare_item(obj, spec):
+            for key, value in spec.items():
+                if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                    try:
+                        self.assert_unordered_result(
+                            getattr(obj, key), value[0], *value[1])
+                    except AssertionError:
+                        return False
+                else:
+                    if getattr(obj, key, NOVALUE) != value:
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        for expected_item in expected:
+            for found_item in found:
+                if _compare_item(found_item, expected_item):
+                    found.remove(found_item)
+                    break
+            else:
+                fail(
+                    "Expected %s instance with attributes %s not found." % (
+                        cls.__name__, repr(expected_item)))
+        return True
+
+    def sql_execution_asserter(self, db=None):
+        if db is None:
+            from . import db as db
+
+        return assertsql.assert_engine(db)
+
+    def assert_sql_execution(self, db, callable_, *rules):
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter(db) as asserter:
+            callable_()
+        asserter.assert_(*rules)
+
+    def assert_sql(self, db, callable_, rules):
+
+        newrules = []
+        for rule in rules:
+            if isinstance(rule, dict):
+                newrule = assertsql.AllOf(*[
+                    assertsql.CompiledSQL(k, v) for k, v in rule.items()
+                ])
+            else:
+                newrule = assertsql.CompiledSQL(*rule)
+            newrules.append(newrule)
+
+        self.assert_sql_execution(db, callable_, *newrules)
+
+    def assert_sql_count(self, db, callable_, count):
+        self.assert_sql_execution(
+            db, callable_, assertsql.CountStatements(count))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assert_execution(self, *rules):
+        assertsql.asserter.add_rules(rules)
+        try:
+            yield
+            assertsql.asserter.statement_complete()
+        finally:
+            assertsql.asserter.clear_rules()
+
+    def assert_statement_count(self, count):
+        return self.assert_execution(assertsql.CountStatements(count))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10f7ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# testing/assertsql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from ..engine.default import DefaultDialect
+from .. import util
+import re
+import collections
+import contextlib
+from .. import event
+from sqlalchemy.schema import _DDLCompiles
+from sqlalchemy.engine.util import _distill_params
+from sqlalchemy.engine import url
+
+
+class AssertRule(object):
+
+    is_consumed = False
+    errormessage = None
+    consume_statement = True
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        pass
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        assert False, 'All statements are complete, but pending '\
+            'assertion rules remain'
+
+
+class SQLMatchRule(AssertRule):
+    pass
+
+
+class CursorSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+    consume_statement = False
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, params=None):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        stmt = execute_observed.statements[0]
+        if self.statement != stmt.statement or (
+                self.params is not None and self.params != stmt.parameters):
+            self.errormessage = \
+                "Testing for exact SQL %s parameters %s received %s %s" % (
+                    self.statement, self.params,
+                    stmt.statement, stmt.parameters
+                )
+        else:
+            execute_observed.statements.pop(0)
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            if not execute_observed.statements:
+                self.consume_statement = True
+
+
+class CompiledSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, params=None, dialect='default'):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.dialect = dialect
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        stmt = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', self.statement)
+        return received_statement == stmt
+
+    def _compile_dialect(self, execute_observed):
+        if self.dialect == 'default':
+            return DefaultDialect()
+        else:
+            # ugh
+            if self.dialect == 'postgresql':
+                params = {'implicit_returning': True}
+            else:
+                params = {}
+            return url.URL(self.dialect).get_dialect()(**params)
+
+    def _received_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        """reconstruct the statement and params in terms
+        of a target dialect, which for CompiledSQL is just DefaultDialect."""
+
+        context = execute_observed.context
+        compare_dialect = self._compile_dialect(execute_observed)
+        if isinstance(context.compiled.statement, _DDLCompiles):
+            compiled = \
+                context.compiled.statement.compile(dialect=compare_dialect)
+        else:
+            compiled = (
+                context.compiled.statement.compile(
+                    dialect=compare_dialect,
+                    column_keys=context.compiled.column_keys,
+                    inline=context.compiled.inline)
+            )
+        _received_statement = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', util.text_type(compiled))
+        parameters = execute_observed.parameters
+
+        if not parameters:
+            _received_parameters = [compiled.construct_params()]
+        else:
+            _received_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(m) for m in parameters]
+
+        return _received_statement, _received_parameters
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        context = execute_observed.context
+
+        _received_statement, _received_parameters = \
+            self._received_statement(execute_observed)
+        params = self._all_params(context)
+
+        equivalent = self._compare_sql(execute_observed, _received_statement)
+
+        if equivalent:
+            if params is not None:
+                all_params = list(params)
+                all_received = list(_received_parameters)
+                while all_params and all_received:
+                    param = dict(all_params.pop(0))
+
+                    for idx, received in enumerate(list(all_received)):
+                        # do a positive compare only
+                        for param_key in param:
+                            # a key in param did not match current
+                            # 'received'
+                            if param_key not in received or \
+                                    received[param_key] != param[param_key]:
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            # all keys in param matched 'received';
+                            # onto next param
+                            del all_received[idx]
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        # param did not match any entry
+                        # in all_received
+                        equivalent = False
+                        break
+                if all_params or all_received:
+                    equivalent = False
+
+        if equivalent:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            self.errormessage = None
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = self._failure_message(params) % {
+                'received_statement': _received_statement,
+                'received_parameters': _received_parameters
+            }
+
+    def _all_params(self, context):
+        if self.params:
+            if util.callable(self.params):
+                params = self.params(context)
+            else:
+                params = self.params
+            if not isinstance(params, list):
+                params = [params]
+            return params
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _failure_message(self, expected_params):
+        return (
+            'Testing for compiled statement %r partial params %r, '
+            'received %%(received_statement)r with params '
+            '%%(received_parameters)r' % (
+                self.statement.replace('%', '%%'), expected_params
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RegexSQL(CompiledSQL):
+    def __init__(self, regex, params=None):
+        SQLMatchRule.__init__(self)
+        self.regex = re.compile(regex)
+        self.orig_regex = regex
+        self.params = params
+        self.dialect = 'default'
+
+    def _failure_message(self, expected_params):
+        return (
+            'Testing for compiled statement ~%r partial params %r, '
+            'received %%(received_statement)r with params '
+            '%%(received_parameters)r' % (
+                self.orig_regex, expected_params
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        return bool(self.regex.match(received_statement))
+
+
+class DialectSQL(CompiledSQL):
+    def _compile_dialect(self, execute_observed):
+        return execute_observed.context.dialect
+
+    def _compare_no_space(self, real_stmt, received_stmt):
+        stmt = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', real_stmt)
+        return received_stmt == stmt
+
+    def _received_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        received_stmt, received_params = super(DialectSQL, self).\
+            _received_statement(execute_observed)
+
+        # TODO: why do we need this part?
+        for real_stmt in execute_observed.statements:
+            if self._compare_no_space(real_stmt.statement, received_stmt):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Can't locate compiled statement %r in list of "
+                "statements actually invoked" % received_stmt)
+
+        return received_stmt, execute_observed.context.compiled_parameters
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        stmt = re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', self.statement)
+        # convert our comparison statement to have the
+        # paramstyle of the received
+        paramstyle = execute_observed.context.dialect.paramstyle
+        if paramstyle == 'pyformat':
+            stmt = re.sub(
+                r':([\w_]+)', r"%(\1)s", stmt)
+        else:
+            # positional params
+            repl = None
+            if paramstyle == 'qmark':
+                repl = "?"
+            elif paramstyle == 'format':
+                repl = r"%s"
+            elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
+                repl = None
+            stmt = re.sub(r':([\w_]+)', repl, stmt)
+
+        return received_statement == stmt
+
+
+class CountStatements(AssertRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, count):
+        self.count = count
+        self._statement_count = 0
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        self._statement_count += 1
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        if self.count != self._statement_count:
+            assert False, 'desired statement count %d does not match %d' \
+                % (self.count, self._statement_count)
+
+
+class AllOf(AssertRule):
+
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = set(rules)
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        for rule in list(self.rules):
+            rule.errormessage = None
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.rules.discard(rule)
+                if not self.rules:
+                    self.is_consumed = True
+                break
+            elif not rule.errormessage:
+                # rule is not done yet
+                self.errormessage = None
+                break
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = list(self.rules)[0].errormessage
+
+
+class Or(AllOf):
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.is_consumed = True
+                break
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = list(self.rules)[0].errormessage
+
+
+class SQLExecuteObserved(object):
+    def __init__(self, context, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+        self.context = context
+        self.clauseelement = clauseelement
+        self.parameters = _distill_params(multiparams, params)
+        self.statements = []
+
+
+class SQLCursorExecuteObserved(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "SQLCursorExecuteObserved",
+        ["statement", "parameters", "context", "executemany"])
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLAsserter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.accumulated = []
+
+    def _close(self):
+        self._final = self.accumulated
+        del self.accumulated
+
+    def assert_(self, *rules):
+        rules = list(rules)
+        observed = list(self._final)
+
+        while observed and rules:
+            rule = rules[0]
+            rule.process_statement(observed[0])
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                rules.pop(0)
+            elif rule.errormessage:
+                assert False, rule.errormessage
+
+            if rule.consume_statement:
+                observed.pop(0)
+
+        if not observed and rules:
+            rules[0].no_more_statements()
+        elif not rules and observed:
+            assert False, "Additional SQL statements remain"
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def assert_engine(engine):
+    asserter = SQLAsserter()
+
+    orig = []
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "before_execute")
+    def connection_execute(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+        # grab the original statement + params before any cursor
+        # execution
+        orig[:] = clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "after_cursor_execute")
+    def cursor_execute(conn, cursor, statement, parameters,
+                       context, executemany):
+        if not context:
+            return
+        # then grab real cursor statements and associate them all
+        # around a single context
+        if asserter.accumulated and \
+                asserter.accumulated[-1].context is context:
+            obs = asserter.accumulated[-1]
+        else:
+            obs = SQLExecuteObserved(context, orig[0], orig[1], orig[2])
+            asserter.accumulated.append(obs)
+        obs.statements.append(
+            SQLCursorExecuteObserved(
+                statement, parameters, context, executemany)
+        )
+
+    try:
+        yield asserter
+    finally:
+        event.remove(engine, "after_cursor_execute", cursor_execute)
+        event.remove(engine, "before_execute", connection_execute)
+        asserter._close()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da59976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# testing/config.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import collections
+
+requirements = None
+db = None
+db_url = None
+db_opts = None
+file_config = None
+test_schema = None
+test_schema_2 = None
+_current = None
+_skip_test_exception = None
+
+
+class Config(object):
+    def __init__(self, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        self.db = db
+        self.db_opts = db_opts
+        self.options = options
+        self.file_config = file_config
+        self.test_schema = "test_schema"
+        self.test_schema_2 = "test_schema_2"
+
+    _stack = collections.deque()
+    _configs = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        """add a config as one of the global configs.
+
+        If there are no configs set up yet, this config also
+        gets set as the "_current".
+        """
+        cfg = Config(db, db_opts, options, file_config)
+
+        cls._configs[cfg.db.name] = cfg
+        cls._configs[(cfg.db.name, cfg.db.dialect)] = cfg
+        cls._configs[cfg.db] = cfg
+        return cfg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_as_current(cls, config, namespace):
+        global db, _current, db_url, test_schema, test_schema_2, db_opts
+        _current = config
+        db_url = config.db.url
+        db_opts = config.db_opts
+        test_schema = config.test_schema
+        test_schema_2 = config.test_schema_2
+        namespace.db = db = config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push_engine(cls, db, namespace):
+        assert _current, "Can't push without a default Config set up"
+        cls.push(
+            Config(
+                db, _current.db_opts, _current.options, _current.file_config),
+            namespace
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push(cls, config, namespace):
+        cls._stack.append(_current)
+        cls.set_as_current(config, namespace)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, namespace):
+        if cls._stack:
+            cls.set_as_current(cls._stack[0], namespace)
+            cls._stack.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_configs(cls):
+        for cfg in set(cls._configs.values()):
+            yield cfg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_dbs(cls):
+        for cfg in cls.all_configs():
+            yield cfg.db
+
+    def skip_test(self, msg):
+        skip_test(msg)
+
+
+def skip_test(msg):
+    raise _skip_test_exception(msg)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38de887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/distutils_run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""Quick and easy way to get setup.py test to run py.test without any
+custom setuptools/distutils code.
+
+"""
+import unittest
+import pytest
+
+
+class TestSuite(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_sqlalchemy(self):
+        pytest.main(["-n", "4", "-q"])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..def9f3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+# testing/engines.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import weakref
+from . import config
+from .util import decorator
+from .. import event, pool
+import re
+import warnings
+
+
+class ConnectionKiller(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.proxy_refs = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.testing_engines = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.conns = set()
+
+    def add_engine(self, engine):
+        self.testing_engines[engine] = True
+
+    def connect(self, dbapi_conn, con_record):
+        self.conns.add((dbapi_conn, con_record))
+
+    def checkout(self, dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        self.proxy_refs[con_proxy] = True
+
+    def invalidate(self, dbapi_con, con_record, exception):
+        self.conns.discard((dbapi_con, con_record))
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "testing_reaper couldn't "
+                "rollback/close connection: %s" % e)
+
+    def rollback_all(self):
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self._safe(rec.rollback)
+
+    def close_all(self):
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self._safe(rec._close)
+
+    def _after_test_ctx(self):
+        # this can cause a deadlock with pg8000 - pg8000 acquires
+        # prepared statement lock inside of rollback() - if async gc
+        # is collecting in finalize_fairy, deadlock.
+        # not sure if this should be if pypy/jython only.
+        # note that firebird/fdb definitely needs this though
+        for conn, rec in list(self.conns):
+            self._safe(conn.rollback)
+
+    def _stop_test_ctx(self):
+        if config.options.low_connections:
+            self._stop_test_ctx_minimal()
+        else:
+            self._stop_test_ctx_aggressive()
+
+    def _stop_test_ctx_minimal(self):
+        self.close_all()
+
+        self.conns = set()
+
+        for rec in list(self.testing_engines):
+            if rec is not config.db:
+                rec.dispose()
+
+    def _stop_test_ctx_aggressive(self):
+        self.close_all()
+        for conn, rec in list(self.conns):
+            self._safe(conn.close)
+            rec.connection = None
+
+        self.conns = set()
+        for rec in list(self.testing_engines):
+            rec.dispose()
+
+    def assert_all_closed(self):
+        for rec in self.proxy_refs:
+            if rec.is_valid:
+                assert False
+
+testing_reaper = ConnectionKiller()
+
+
+def drop_all_tables(metadata, bind):
+    testing_reaper.close_all()
+    if hasattr(bind, 'close'):
+        bind.close()
+
+    if not config.db.dialect.supports_alter:
+        from . import assertions
+        with assertions.expect_warnings(
+                "Can't sort tables", assert_=False):
+            metadata.drop_all(bind)
+    else:
+        metadata.drop_all(bind)
+
+
+@decorator
+def assert_conns_closed(fn, *args, **kw):
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.assert_all_closed()
+
+
+@decorator
+def rollback_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that rolls back all open connections after fn execution."""
+
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.rollback_all()
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_first(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections before fn execution."""
+
+    testing_reaper.close_all()
+    fn(*args, **kw)
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections after fn execution."""
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.close_all()
+
+
+def all_dialects(exclude=None):
+    import sqlalchemy.databases as d
+    for name in d.__all__:
+        # TEMPORARY
+        if exclude and name in exclude:
+            continue
+        mod = getattr(d, name, None)
+        if not mod:
+            mod = getattr(__import__(
+                'sqlalchemy.databases.%s' % name).databases, name)
+        yield mod.dialect()
+
+
+class ReconnectFixture(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self.connections = []
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.dbapi, key)
+
+    def connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        conn = self.dbapi.connect(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.connections.append(conn)
+        return conn
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "ReconnectFixture couldn't "
+                "close connection: %s" % e)
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # TODO: this doesn't cover all cases
+        # as nicely as we'd like, namely MySQLdb.
+        # would need to implement R. Brewer's
+        # proxy server idea to get better
+        # coverage.
+        for c in list(self.connections):
+            self._safe(c.close)
+        self.connections = []
+
+
+def reconnecting_engine(url=None, options=None):
+    url = url or config.db.url
+    dbapi = config.db.dialect.dbapi
+    if not options:
+        options = {}
+    options['module'] = ReconnectFixture(dbapi)
+    engine = testing_engine(url, options)
+    _dispose = engine.dispose
+
+    def dispose():
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown()
+        _dispose()
+
+    engine.test_shutdown = engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown
+    engine.dispose = dispose
+    return engine
+
+
+def testing_engine(url=None, options=None):
+    """Produce an engine configured by --options with optional overrides."""
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.engine.url import make_url
+
+    if not options:
+        use_reaper = True
+    else:
+        use_reaper = options.pop('use_reaper', True)
+
+    url = url or config.db.url
+
+    url = make_url(url)
+    if options is None:
+        if config.db is None or url.drivername == config.db.url.drivername:
+            options = config.db_opts
+        else:
+            options = {}
+
+    engine = create_engine(url, **options)
+    engine._has_events = True   # enable event blocks, helps with profiling
+
+    if isinstance(engine.pool, pool.QueuePool):
+        engine.pool._timeout = 0
+        engine.pool._max_overflow = 0
+    if use_reaper:
+        event.listen(engine.pool, 'connect', testing_reaper.connect)
+        event.listen(engine.pool, 'checkout', testing_reaper.checkout)
+        event.listen(engine.pool, 'invalidate', testing_reaper.invalidate)
+        testing_reaper.add_engine(engine)
+
+    return engine
+
+
+def mock_engine(dialect_name=None):
+    """Provides a mocking engine based on the current testing.db.
+
+    This is normally used to test DDL generation flow as emitted
+    by an Engine.
+
+    It should not be used in other cases, as assert_compile() and
+    assert_sql_execution() are much better choices with fewer
+    moving parts.
+
+    """
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    if not dialect_name:
+        dialect_name = config.db.name
+
+    buffer = []
+
+    def executor(sql, *a, **kw):
+        buffer.append(sql)
+
+    def assert_sql(stmts):
+        recv = [re.sub(r'[\n\t]', '', str(s)) for s in buffer]
+        assert recv == stmts, recv
+
+    def print_sql():
+        d = engine.dialect
+        return "\n".join(
+            str(s.compile(dialect=d))
+            for s in engine.mock
+        )
+
+    engine = create_engine(dialect_name + '://',
+                           strategy='mock', executor=executor)
+    assert not hasattr(engine, 'mock')
+    engine.mock = buffer
+    engine.assert_sql = assert_sql
+    engine.print_sql = print_sql
+    return engine
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyCursor(object):
+    """Proxy a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level cursor operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, conn, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.connection = conn
+        self.cursor = conn.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def execute(self, stmt, parameters=None, **kw):
+        if parameters:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, parameters, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, **kw)
+
+    def executemany(self, stmt, params, **kw):
+        return self.cursor.executemany(stmt, params, **kw)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.cursor, key)
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyConnection(object):
+    """Proxy a DBAPI connection.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level connection operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, cursor_cls):
+        self.conn = self._sqla_unwrap = engine.pool._creator()
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.cursor_cls = cursor_cls
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.cursor_cls(self.engine, self.conn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.conn.close()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.conn, key)
+
+
+def proxying_engine(conn_cls=DBAPIProxyConnection,
+                    cursor_cls=DBAPIProxyCursor):
+    """Produce an engine that provides proxy hooks for
+    common methods.
+
+    """
+    def mock_conn():
+        return conn_cls(config.db, cursor_cls)
+    return testing_engine(options={'creator': mock_conn})
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5d04de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# testing/entities.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
+
+_repr_stack = set()
+
+
+class BasicEntity(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        for key, value in kw.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if id(self) in _repr_stack:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        _repr_stack.add(id(self))
+        try:
+            return "%s(%s)" % (
+                (self.__class__.__name__),
+                ', '.join(["%s=%r" % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                           for key in sorted(self.__dict__.keys())
+                           if not key.startswith('_')]))
+        finally:
+            _repr_stack.remove(id(self))
+
+_recursion_stack = set()
+
+
+class ComparableEntity(BasicEntity):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """'Deep, sparse compare.
+
+        Deeply compare two entities, following the non-None attributes of the
+        non-persisted object, if possible.
+
+        """
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        elif not self.__class__ == other.__class__:
+            return False
+
+        if id(self) in _recursion_stack:
+            return True
+        _recursion_stack.add(id(self))
+
+        try:
+            # pick the entity that's not SA persisted as the source
+            try:
+                self_key = sa.orm.attributes.instance_state(self).key
+            except sa.orm.exc.NO_STATE:
+                self_key = None
+
+            if other is None:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+            elif self_key is not None:
+                a = other
+                b = self
+            else:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+
+            for attr in list(a.__dict__):
+                if attr.startswith('_'):
+                    continue
+                value = getattr(a, attr)
+
+                try:
+                    # handle lazy loader errors
+                    battr = getattr(b, attr)
+                except (AttributeError, sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError):
+                    return False
+
+                if hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
+                    if hasattr(value, '__getitem__') and not hasattr(
+                            value, 'keys'):
+                        if list(value) != list(battr):
+                            return False
+                    else:
+                        if set(value) != set(battr):
+                            return False
+                else:
+                    if value is not None and value != battr:
+                        return False
+            return True
+        finally:
+            _recursion_stack.remove(id(self))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11c9e1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+# testing/exclusions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+import operator
+from ..util import decorator
+from . import config
+from .. import util
+import inspect
+import contextlib
+from sqlalchemy.util.compat import inspect_getargspec
+
+
+def skip_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    rule = compound()
+    pred = _as_predicate(predicate, reason)
+    rule.skips.add(pred)
+    return rule
+
+
+def fails_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    rule = compound()
+    pred = _as_predicate(predicate, reason)
+    rule.fails.add(pred)
+    return rule
+
+
+class compound(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.fails = set()
+        self.skips = set()
+        self.tags = set()
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.add(other)
+
+    def add(self, *others):
+        copy = compound()
+        copy.fails.update(self.fails)
+        copy.skips.update(self.skips)
+        copy.tags.update(self.tags)
+        for other in others:
+            copy.fails.update(other.fails)
+            copy.skips.update(other.skips)
+            copy.tags.update(other.tags)
+        return copy
+
+    def not_(self):
+        copy = compound()
+        copy.fails.update(NotPredicate(fail) for fail in self.fails)
+        copy.skips.update(NotPredicate(skip) for skip in self.skips)
+        copy.tags.update(self.tags)
+        return copy
+
+    @property
+    def enabled(self):
+        return self.enabled_for_config(config._current)
+
+    def enabled_for_config(self, config):
+        for predicate in self.skips.union(self.fails):
+            if predicate(config):
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def matching_config_reasons(self, config):
+        return [
+            predicate._as_string(config) for predicate
+            in self.skips.union(self.fails)
+            if predicate(config)
+        ]
+
+    def include_test(self, include_tags, exclude_tags):
+        return bool(
+            not self.tags.intersection(exclude_tags) and
+            (not include_tags or self.tags.intersection(include_tags))
+        )
+
+    def _extend(self, other):
+        self.skips.update(other.skips)
+        self.fails.update(other.fails)
+        self.tags.update(other.tags)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        if hasattr(fn, '_sa_exclusion_extend'):
+            fn._sa_exclusion_extend._extend(self)
+            return fn
+
+        @decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+            return self._do(config._current, fn, *args, **kw)
+        decorated = decorate(fn)
+        decorated._sa_exclusion_extend = self
+        return decorated
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def fail_if(self):
+        all_fails = compound()
+        all_fails.fails.update(self.skips.union(self.fails))
+
+        try:
+            yield
+        except Exception as ex:
+            all_fails._expect_failure(config._current, ex)
+        else:
+            all_fails._expect_success(config._current)
+
+    def _do(self, config, fn, *args, **kw):
+        for skip in self.skips:
+            if skip(config):
+                msg = "'%s' : %s" % (
+                    fn.__name__,
+                    skip._as_string(config)
+                )
+                config.skip_test(msg)
+
+        try:
+            return_value = fn(*args, **kw)
+        except Exception as ex:
+            self._expect_failure(config, ex, name=fn.__name__)
+        else:
+            self._expect_success(config, name=fn.__name__)
+            return return_value
+
+    def _expect_failure(self, config, ex, name='block'):
+        for fail in self.fails:
+            if fail(config):
+                print(("%s failed as expected (%s): %s " % (
+                    name, fail._as_string(config), str(ex))))
+                break
+        else:
+            util.raise_from_cause(ex)
+
+    def _expect_success(self, config, name='block'):
+        if not self.fails:
+            return
+        for fail in self.fails:
+            if not fail(config):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Unexpected success for '%s' (%s)" %
+                (
+                    name,
+                    " and ".join(
+                        fail._as_string(config)
+                        for fail in self.fails
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+
+def requires_tag(tagname):
+    return tags([tagname])
+
+
+def tags(tagnames):
+    comp = compound()
+    comp.tags.update(tagnames)
+    return comp
+
+
+def only_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return skip_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+def succeeds_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return fails_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+class Predicate(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def as_predicate(cls, predicate, description=None):
+        if isinstance(predicate, compound):
+            return cls.as_predicate(predicate.enabled_for_config, description)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, Predicate):
+            if description and predicate.description is None:
+                predicate.description = description
+            return predicate
+        elif isinstance(predicate, (list, set)):
+            return OrPredicate(
+                [cls.as_predicate(pred) for pred in predicate],
+                description)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, tuple):
+            return SpecPredicate(*predicate)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, util.string_types):
+            tokens = predicate.split(" ", 2)
+            op = spec = None
+            db = tokens.pop(0)
+            if tokens:
+                op = tokens.pop(0)
+            if tokens:
+                spec = tuple(int(d) for d in tokens.pop(0).split("."))
+            return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec, description=description)
+        elif util.callable(predicate):
+            return LambdaPredicate(predicate, description)
+        else:
+            assert False, "unknown predicate type: %s" % predicate
+
+    def _format_description(self, config, negate=False):
+        bool_ = self(config)
+        if negate:
+            bool_ = not negate
+        return self.description % {
+            "driver": config.db.url.get_driver_name(),
+            "database": config.db.url.get_backend_name(),
+            "doesnt_support": "doesn't support" if bool_ else "does support",
+            "does_support": "does support" if bool_ else "doesn't support"
+        }
+
+    def _as_string(self, config=None, negate=False):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class BooleanPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, value, description=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.description = description or "boolean %s" % value
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.value
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        return self._format_description(config, negate=negate)
+
+
+class SpecPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, db, op=None, spec=None, description=None):
+        self.db = db
+        self.op = op
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.description = description
+
+    _ops = {
+        '<': operator.lt,
+        '>': operator.gt,
+        '==': operator.eq,
+        '!=': operator.ne,
+        '<=': operator.le,
+        '>=': operator.ge,
+        'in': operator.contains,
+        'between': lambda val, pair: val >= pair[0] and val <= pair[1],
+    }
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        engine = config.db
+
+        if "+" in self.db:
+            dialect, driver = self.db.split('+')
+        else:
+            dialect, driver = self.db, None
+
+        if dialect and engine.name != dialect:
+            return False
+        if driver is not None and engine.driver != driver:
+            return False
+
+        if self.op is not None:
+            assert driver is None, "DBAPI version specs not supported yet"
+
+            version = _server_version(engine)
+            oper = hasattr(self.op, '__call__') and self.op \
+                or self._ops[self.op]
+            return oper(version, self.spec)
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return self._format_description(config)
+        elif self.op is None:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s" % self.db
+            else:
+                return "%s" % self.db
+        else:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s %s %s" % (
+                    self.db,
+                    self.op,
+                    self.spec
+                )
+            else:
+                return "%s %s %s" % (
+                    self.db,
+                    self.op,
+                    self.spec
+                )
+
+
+class LambdaPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, lambda_, description=None, args=None, kw=None):
+        spec = inspect_getargspec(lambda_)
+        if not spec[0]:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda db: lambda_()
+        else:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda_
+        self.args = args or ()
+        self.kw = kw or {}
+        if description:
+            self.description = description
+        elif lambda_.__doc__:
+            self.description = lambda_.__doc__
+        else:
+            self.description = "custom function"
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.lambda_(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        return self._format_description(config)
+
+
+class NotPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicate, description=None):
+        self.predicate = predicate
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return not self.predicate(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if self.description:
+            return self._format_description(config, not negate)
+        else:
+            return self.predicate._as_string(config, not negate)
+
+
+class OrPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicates, description=None):
+        self.predicates = predicates
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        for pred in self.predicates:
+            if pred(config):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _eval_str(self, config, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            conjunction = " and "
+        else:
+            conjunction = " or "
+        return conjunction.join(p._as_string(config, negate=negate)
+                                for p in self.predicates)
+
+    def _negation_str(self, config):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return "Not " + self._format_description(config)
+        else:
+            return self._eval_str(config, negate=True)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            return self._negation_str(config)
+        else:
+            if self.description is not None:
+                return self._format_description(config)
+            else:
+                return self._eval_str(config)
+
+
+_as_predicate = Predicate.as_predicate
+
+
+def _is_excluded(db, op, spec):
+    return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec)(config._current)
+
+
+def _server_version(engine):
+    """Return a server_version_info tuple."""
+
+    # force metadata to be retrieved
+    conn = engine.connect()
+    version = getattr(engine.dialect, 'server_version_info', ())
+    conn.close()
+    return version
+
+
+def db_spec(*dbs):
+    return OrPredicate(
+        [Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in dbs]
+    )
+
+
+def open():
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(False, "mark as execute"))
+
+
+def closed():
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "marked as skip"))
+
+
+def fails(reason=None):
+    return fails_if(BooleanPredicate(True, reason or "expected to fail"))
+
+
+@decorator
+def future(fn, *arg):
+    return fails_if(LambdaPredicate(fn), "Future feature")
+
+
+def fails_on(db, reason=None):
+    return fails_if(SpecPredicate(db), reason)
+
+
+def fails_on_everything_except(*dbs):
+    return succeeds_if(
+        OrPredicate([
+            SpecPredicate(db) for db in dbs
+        ])
+    )
+
+
+def skip(db, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(SpecPredicate(db), reason)
+
+
+def only_on(dbs, reason=None):
+    return only_if(
+        OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in util.to_list(dbs)])
+    )
+
+
+def exclude(db, op, spec, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(SpecPredicate(db, op, spec), reason)
+
+
+def against(config, *queries):
+    assert queries, "no queries sent!"
+    return OrPredicate([
+        Predicate.as_predicate(query)
+        for query in queries
+    ])(config)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6712b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# testing/fixtures.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import config
+from . import assertions, schema
+from .util import adict
+from .. import util
+from .engines import drop_all_tables
+from .entities import BasicEntity, ComparableEntity
+import sys
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, DeclarativeMeta
+
+# whether or not we use unittest changes things dramatically,
+# as far as how py.test collection works.
+
+
+class TestBase(object):
+    # A sequence of database names to always run, regardless of the
+    # constraints below.
+    __whitelist__ = ()
+
+    # A sequence of requirement names matching testing.requires decorators
+    __requires__ = ()
+
+    # A sequence of dialect names to exclude from the test class.
+    __unsupported_on__ = ()
+
+    # If present, test class is only runnable for the *single* specified
+    # dialect.  If you need multiple, use __unsupported_on__ and invert.
+    __only_on__ = None
+
+    # A sequence of no-arg callables. If any are True, the entire testcase is
+    # skipped.
+    __skip_if__ = None
+
+    def assert_(self, val, msg=None):
+        assert val, msg
+
+    # apparently a handful of tests are doing this....OK
+    def setup(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "setUp"):
+            self.setUp()
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "tearDown"):
+            self.tearDown()
+
+
+class TablesTest(TestBase):
+
+    # 'once', None
+    run_setup_bind = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_define_tables = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_create_tables = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_inserts = 'each'
+
+    # 'each', None
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+
+    # 'once', None
+    run_dispose_bind = None
+
+    bind = None
+    metadata = None
+    tables = None
+    other = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_class(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == 'each':
+            if cls.run_create_tables == 'once':
+                cls.run_create_tables = 'each'
+            assert cls.run_inserts in ('each', None)
+
+        cls.other = adict()
+        cls.tables = adict()
+
+        cls.bind = cls.setup_bind()
+        cls.metadata = sa.MetaData()
+        cls.metadata.bind = cls.bind
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_inserts(cls):
+        if cls.run_inserts == 'once':
+            cls._load_fixtures()
+            cls.insert_data()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == 'once':
+            cls.define_tables(cls.metadata)
+            if cls.run_create_tables == 'once':
+                cls.metadata.create_all(cls.bind)
+            cls.tables.update(cls.metadata.tables)
+
+    def _setup_each_tables(self):
+        if self.run_define_tables == 'each':
+            self.tables.clear()
+            if self.run_create_tables == 'each':
+                drop_all_tables(self.metadata, self.bind)
+            self.metadata.clear()
+            self.define_tables(self.metadata)
+            if self.run_create_tables == 'each':
+                self.metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+            self.tables.update(self.metadata.tables)
+        elif self.run_create_tables == 'each':
+            drop_all_tables(self.metadata, self.bind)
+            self.metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+
+    def _setup_each_inserts(self):
+        if self.run_inserts == 'each':
+            self._load_fixtures()
+            self.insert_data()
+
+    def _teardown_each_tables(self):
+        # no need to run deletes if tables are recreated on setup
+        if self.run_define_tables != 'each' and self.run_deletes == 'each':
+            with self.bind.connect() as conn:
+                for table in reversed(self.metadata.sorted_tables):
+                    try:
+                        conn.execute(table.delete())
+                    except sa.exc.DBAPIError as ex:
+                        util.print_(
+                            ("Error emptying table %s: %r" % (table, ex)),
+                            file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_metadata_bind(cls):
+        if cls.run_create_tables:
+            drop_all_tables(cls.metadata, cls.bind)
+
+        if cls.run_dispose_bind == 'once':
+            cls.dispose_bind(cls.bind)
+
+        cls.metadata.bind = None
+
+        if cls.run_setup_bind is not None:
+            cls.bind = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        return config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dispose_bind(cls, bind):
+        if hasattr(bind, 'dispose'):
+            bind.dispose()
+        elif hasattr(bind, 'close'):
+            bind.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fixtures(cls):
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        pass
+
+    def sql_count_(self, count, fn):
+        self.assert_sql_count(self.bind, fn, count)
+
+    def sql_eq_(self, callable_, statements):
+        self.assert_sql(self.bind, callable_, statements)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_fixtures(cls):
+        """Insert rows as represented by the fixtures() method."""
+        headers, rows = {}, {}
+        for table, data in cls.fixtures().items():
+            if len(data) < 2:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(table, util.string_types):
+                table = cls.tables[table]
+            headers[table] = data[0]
+            rows[table] = data[1:]
+        for table in cls.metadata.sorted_tables:
+            if table not in headers:
+                continue
+            cls.bind.execute(
+                table.insert(),
+                [dict(zip(headers[table], column_values))
+                 for column_values in rows[table]])
+
+from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+class RemovesEvents(object):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _event_fns(self):
+        return set()
+
+    def event_listen(self, target, name, fn):
+        self._event_fns.add((target, name, fn))
+        event.listen(target, name, fn)
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        for key in self._event_fns:
+            event.remove(*key)
+        super_ = super(RemovesEvents, self)
+        if hasattr(super_, "teardown"):
+            super_.teardown()
+
+
+class _ORMTest(object):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        sa.orm.session.Session.close_all()
+        sa.orm.clear_mappers()
+
+
+class ORMTest(_ORMTest, TestBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class MappedTest(_ORMTest, TablesTest, assertions.AssertsExecutionResults):
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_classes = 'once'
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_mappers = 'each'
+
+    classes = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        if cls.classes is None:
+            cls.classes = adict()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+        cls._setup_once_classes()
+        cls._setup_once_mappers()
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        cls._teardown_once_class()
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_classes()
+        self._setup_each_mappers()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        sa.orm.session.Session.close_all()
+        self._teardown_each_mappers()
+        self._teardown_each_classes()
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_class(cls):
+        cls.classes.clear()
+        _ORMTest.teardown_class()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_classes(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_classes == 'once':
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_mappers(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_mappers == 'once':
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_mappers(self):
+        if self.run_setup_mappers == 'each':
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_classes(self):
+        if self.run_setup_classes == 'each':
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        """Run a setup method, framing the operation with a Base class
+        that will catch new subclasses to be established within
+        the "classes" registry.
+
+        """
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class FindFixture(type):
+            def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+                cls_registry[classname] = cls
+                return type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+        class _Base(util.with_metaclass(FindFixture, object)):
+            pass
+
+        class Basic(BasicEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Comparable(ComparableEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        cls.Basic = Basic
+        cls.Comparable = Comparable
+        fn()
+
+    def _teardown_each_mappers(self):
+        # some tests create mappers in the test bodies
+        # and will define setup_mappers as None -
+        # clear mappers in any case
+        if self.run_setup_mappers != 'once':
+            sa.orm.clear_mappers()
+
+    def _teardown_each_classes(self):
+        if self.run_setup_classes != 'once':
+            self.classes.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_classes(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mappers(cls):
+        pass
+
+
+class DeclarativeMappedTest(MappedTest):
+    run_setup_classes = 'once'
+    run_setup_mappers = 'once'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class FindFixtureDeclarative(DeclarativeMeta):
+            def __init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_):
+                cls_registry[classname] = cls
+                return DeclarativeMeta.__init__(
+                    cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+        class DeclarativeBasic(object):
+            __table_cls__ = schema.Table
+
+        _DeclBase = declarative_base(metadata=cls.metadata,
+                                     metaclass=FindFixtureDeclarative,
+                                     cls=DeclarativeBasic)
+        cls.DeclarativeBasic = _DeclBase
+        fn()
+
+        if cls.metadata.tables and cls.run_create_tables:
+            cls.metadata.create_all(config.db)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..674f085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/mock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# testing/mock.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Import stub for mock library.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from ..util import py33
+
+if py33:
+    from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, call, patch, ANY
+else:
+    try:
+        from mock import MagicMock, Mock, call, patch, ANY
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "SQLAlchemy's test suite requires the "
+            "'mock' library as of 0.8.2.")
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6814a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# testing/pickleable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Classes used in pickling tests, need to be at the module level for
+unpickling.
+"""
+
+from . import fixtures
+
+
+class User(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Order(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Dingaling(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class EmailUser(User):
+    pass
+
+
+class Address(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: these are kind of arbitrary....
+class Child1(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Child2(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Parent(fixtures.ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Screen(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, obj, parent=None):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+class Foo(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, moredata):
+        self.data = 'im data'
+        self.stuff = 'im stuff'
+        self.moredata = moredata
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.data == self.data and \
+            other.stuff == self.stuff and \
+            other.moredata == self.moredata
+
+
+class Bar(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.__class__ is self.__class__ and \
+            other.x == self.x and \
+            other.y == self.y
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class OldSchool:
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.__class__ is self.__class__ and \
+            other.x == self.x and \
+            other.y == self.y
+
+
+class OldSchoolWithoutCompare:
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+
+class BarWithoutCompare(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class NotComparable(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+
+class BrokenComparable(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..497fcb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""
+Bootstrapper for nose/pytest plugins.
+
+The entire rationale for this system is to get the modules in plugin/
+imported without importing all of the supporting library, so that we can
+set up things for testing before coverage starts.
+
+The rationale for all of plugin/ being *in* the supporting library in the
+first place is so that the testing and plugin suite is available to other
+libraries, mainly external SQLAlchemy and Alembic dialects, to make use
+of the same test environment and standard suites available to
+SQLAlchemy/Alembic themselves without the need to ship/install a separate
+package outside of SQLAlchemy.
+
+NOTE:  copied/adapted from SQLAlchemy master for backwards compatibility;
+this should be removable when Alembic targets SQLAlchemy 1.0.0.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+bootstrap_file = locals()['bootstrap_file']
+to_bootstrap = locals()['to_bootstrap']
+
+
+def load_file_as_module(name):
+    path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bootstrap_file), "%s.py" % name)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+        from importlib import machinery
+        mod = machinery.SourceFileLoader(name, path).load_module()
+    else:
+        import imp
+        mod = imp.load_source(name, path)
+    return mod
+
+if to_bootstrap == "pytest":
+    sys.modules["sqla_plugin_base"] = load_file_as_module("plugin_base")
+    sys.modules["sqla_pytestplugin"] = load_file_as_module("pytestplugin")
+elif to_bootstrap == "nose":
+    sys.modules["sqla_plugin_base"] = load_file_as_module("plugin_base")
+    sys.modules["sqla_noseplugin"] = load_file_as_module("noseplugin")
+else:
+    raise Exception("unknown bootstrap: %s" % to_bootstrap)  # noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fc5848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/noseplugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# plugin/noseplugin.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Enhance nose with extra options and behaviors for running SQLAlchemy tests.
+
+Must be run via ./sqla_nose.py so that it is imported in the expected
+way (e.g. as a package-less import).
+
+"""
+
+try:
+    # installed by bootstrap.py
+    import sqla_plugin_base as plugin_base
+except ImportError:
+    # assume we're a package, use traditional import
+    from . import plugin_base
+
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from nose.plugins import Plugin
+import nose
+fixtures = None
+
+py3k = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)
+
+
+class NoseSQLAlchemy(Plugin):
+    enabled = True
+
+    name = 'sqla_testing'
+    score = 100
+
+    def options(self, parser, env=os.environ):
+        Plugin.options(self, parser, env)
+        opt = parser.add_option
+
+        def make_option(name, **kw):
+            callback_ = kw.pop("callback", None)
+            if callback_:
+                def wrap_(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+                    callback_(opt_str, value, parser)
+                kw["callback"] = wrap_
+            opt(name, **kw)
+
+        plugin_base.setup_options(make_option)
+        plugin_base.read_config()
+
+    def configure(self, options, conf):
+        super(NoseSQLAlchemy, self).configure(options, conf)
+        plugin_base.pre_begin(options)
+
+        plugin_base.set_coverage_flag(options.enable_plugin_coverage)
+
+        plugin_base.set_skip_test(nose.SkipTest)
+
+    def begin(self):
+        global fixtures
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures  # noqa
+
+        plugin_base.post_begin()
+
+    def describeTest(self, test):
+        return ""
+
+    def wantFunction(self, fn):
+        return False
+
+    def wantMethod(self, fn):
+        if py3k:
+            if not hasattr(fn.__self__, 'cls'):
+                return False
+            cls = fn.__self__.cls
+        else:
+            cls = fn.im_class
+        return plugin_base.want_method(cls, fn)
+
+    def wantClass(self, cls):
+        return plugin_base.want_class(cls)
+
+    def beforeTest(self, test):
+        if not hasattr(test.test, 'cls'):
+            return
+        plugin_base.before_test(
+            test,
+            test.test.cls.__module__,
+            test.test.cls, test.test.method.__name__)
+
+    def afterTest(self, test):
+        plugin_base.after_test(test)
+
+    def startContext(self, ctx):
+        if not isinstance(ctx, type) \
+                or not issubclass(ctx, fixtures.TestBase):
+            return
+        plugin_base.start_test_class(ctx)
+
+    def stopContext(self, ctx):
+        if not isinstance(ctx, type) \
+                or not issubclass(ctx, fixtures.TestBase):
+            return
+        plugin_base.stop_test_class(ctx)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84258df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+# plugin/plugin_base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Testing extensions.
+
+this module is designed to work as a testing-framework-agnostic library,
+so that we can continue to support nose and also begin adding new
+functionality via py.test.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+py3k = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)
+
+if py3k:
+    import configparser
+else:
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+
+# late imports
+fixtures = None
+engines = None
+exclusions = None
+warnings = None
+profiling = None
+assertions = None
+requirements = None
+config = None
+testing = None
+util = None
+file_config = None
+
+
+logging = None
+include_tags = set()
+exclude_tags = set()
+options = None
+
+
+def setup_options(make_option):
+    make_option("--log-info", action="callback", type="string", callback=_log,
+                help="turn on info logging for <LOG> (multiple OK)")
+    make_option("--log-debug", action="callback",
+                type="string", callback=_log,
+                help="turn on debug logging for <LOG> (multiple OK)")
+    make_option("--db", action="append", type="string", dest="db",
+                help="Use prefab database uri. Multiple OK, "
+                "first one is run by default.")
+    make_option('--dbs', action='callback', callback=_list_dbs,
+                help="List available prefab dbs")
+    make_option("--dburi", action="append", type="string", dest="dburi",
+                help="Database uri.  Multiple OK, "
+                "first one is run by default.")
+    make_option("--dropfirst", action="store_true", dest="dropfirst",
+                help="Drop all tables in the target database first")
+    make_option("--backend-only", action="store_true", dest="backend_only",
+                help="Run only tests marked with __backend__")
+    make_option("--low-connections", action="store_true",
+                dest="low_connections",
+                help="Use a low number of distinct connections - "
+                "i.e. for Oracle TNS")
+    make_option("--reversetop", action="store_true",
+                dest="reversetop", default=False,
+                help="Use a random-ordering set implementation in the ORM "
+                "(helps reveal dependency issues)")
+    make_option("--requirements", action="callback", type="string",
+                callback=_requirements_opt,
+                help="requirements class for testing, overrides setup.cfg")
+    make_option("--with-cdecimal", action="store_true",
+                dest="cdecimal", default=False,
+                help="Monkeypatch the cdecimal library into Python 'decimal' "
+                "for all tests")
+    make_option("--include-tag", action="callback", callback=_include_tag,
+                type="string",
+                help="Include tests with tag <tag>")
+    make_option("--exclude-tag", action="callback", callback=_exclude_tag,
+                type="string",
+                help="Exclude tests with tag <tag>")
+    make_option("--write-profiles", action="store_true",
+                dest="write_profiles", default=False,
+                help="Write/update failing profiling data.")
+    make_option("--force-write-profiles", action="store_true",
+                dest="force_write_profiles", default=False,
+                help="Unconditionally write/update profiling data.")
+
+
+def configure_follower(follower_ident):
+    """Configure required state for a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the parent process and typically includes
+    database creation.
+
+    """
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+    provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT = follower_ident
+
+
+def memoize_important_follower_config(dict_):
+    """Store important configuration we will need to send to a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the parent process after normal config is set up.
+
+    This is necessary as py.test seems to not be using forking, so we
+    start with nothing in memory, *but* it isn't running our argparse
+    callables, so we have to just copy all of that over.
+
+    """
+    dict_['memoized_config'] = {
+        'include_tags': include_tags,
+        'exclude_tags': exclude_tags
+    }
+
+
+def restore_important_follower_config(dict_):
+    """Restore important configuration needed by a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the follower process.
+
+    """
+    global include_tags, exclude_tags
+    include_tags.update(dict_['memoized_config']['include_tags'])
+    exclude_tags.update(dict_['memoized_config']['exclude_tags'])
+
+
+def read_config():
+    global file_config
+    file_config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    file_config.read(['setup.cfg', 'test.cfg'])
+
+
+def pre_begin(opt):
+    """things to set up early, before coverage might be setup."""
+    global options
+    options = opt
+    for fn in pre_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+
+def set_coverage_flag(value):
+    options.has_coverage = value
+
+_skip_test_exception = None
+
+
+def set_skip_test(exc):
+    global _skip_test_exception
+    _skip_test_exception = exc
+
+
+def post_begin():
+    """things to set up later, once we know coverage is running."""
+    # Lazy setup of other options (post coverage)
+    for fn in post_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+    # late imports, has to happen after config as well
+    # as nose plugins like coverage
+    global util, fixtures, engines, exclusions, \
+        assertions, warnings, profiling,\
+        config, testing
+    from sqlalchemy import testing # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures, engines, exclusions  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import assertions, warnings, profiling # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy import util  # noqa
+    warnings.setup_filters()
+
+
+def _log(opt_str, value, parser):
+    global logging
+    if not logging:
+        import logging
+        logging.basicConfig()
+
+    if opt_str.endswith('-info'):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    elif opt_str.endswith('-debug'):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+
+def _list_dbs(*args):
+    print("Available --db options (use --dburi to override)")
+    for macro in sorted(file_config.options('db')):
+        print("%20s\t%s" % (macro, file_config.get('db', macro)))
+    sys.exit(0)
+
+
+def _requirements_opt(opt_str, value, parser):
+    _setup_requirements(value)
+
+
+def _exclude_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+    exclude_tags.add(value.replace('-', '_'))
+
+
+def _include_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+    include_tags.add(value.replace('-', '_'))
+
+pre_configure = []
+post_configure = []
+
+
+def pre(fn):
+    pre_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+def post(fn):
+    post_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+@pre
+def _setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    global options
+    options = opt
+
+
+@pre
+def _monkeypatch_cdecimal(options, file_config):
+    if options.cdecimal:
+        import cdecimal
+        sys.modules['decimal'] = cdecimal
+
+
+@post
+def _init_skiptest(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    config._skip_test_exception = _skip_test_exception
+
+
+@post
+def _engine_uri(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+
+    if options.dburi:
+        db_urls = list(options.dburi)
+    else:
+        db_urls = []
+
+    if options.db:
+        for db_token in options.db:
+            for db in re.split(r'[,\s]+', db_token):
+                if db not in file_config.options('db'):
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Unknown URI specifier '%s'.  "
+                        "Specify --dbs for known uris."
+                        % db)
+                else:
+                    db_urls.append(file_config.get('db', db))
+
+    if not db_urls:
+        db_urls.append(file_config.get('db', 'default'))
+
+    for db_url in db_urls:
+        cfg = provision.setup_config(
+            db_url, options, file_config, provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT)
+
+        if not config._current:
+            cfg.set_as_current(cfg, testing)
+
+
+@post
+def _requirements(options, file_config):
+
+    requirement_cls = file_config.get('sqla_testing', "requirement_cls")
+    _setup_requirements(requirement_cls)
+
+
+def _setup_requirements(argument):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+
+    if config.requirements is not None:
+        return
+
+    modname, clsname = argument.split(":")
+
+    # importlib.import_module() only introduced in 2.7, a little
+    # late
+    mod = __import__(modname)
+    for component in modname.split(".")[1:]:
+        mod = getattr(mod, component)
+    req_cls = getattr(mod, clsname)
+
+    config.requirements = testing.requires = req_cls()
+
+
+@post
+def _prep_testing_database(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config, util
+    from sqlalchemy.testing.exclusions import against
+    from sqlalchemy import schema, inspect
+
+    if options.dropfirst:
+        for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+            e = cfg.db
+            inspector = inspect(e)
+            try:
+                view_names = inspector.get_view_names()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                for vname in view_names:
+                    e.execute(schema._DropView(
+                        schema.Table(vname, schema.MetaData())
+                    ))
+
+            if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+                try:
+                    view_names = inspector.get_view_names(
+                        schema="test_schema")
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    for vname in view_names:
+                        e.execute(schema._DropView(
+                            schema.Table(vname, schema.MetaData(),
+                                         schema="test_schema")
+                        ))
+
+            util.drop_all_tables(e, inspector)
+
+            if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+                util.drop_all_tables(e, inspector, schema=cfg.test_schema)
+
+            if against(cfg, "postgresql"):
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+                for enum in inspector.get_enums("*"):
+                    e.execute(postgresql.DropEnumType(
+                        postgresql.ENUM(
+                            name=enum['name'],
+                            schema=enum['schema'])))
+
+
+@post
+def _reverse_topological(options, file_config):
+    if options.reversetop:
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.util import randomize_unitofwork
+        randomize_unitofwork()
+
+
+@post
+def _post_setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    config.options = options
+    config.file_config = file_config
+
+
+@post
+def _setup_profiling(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import profiling
+    profiling._profile_stats = profiling.ProfileStatsFile(
+        file_config.get('sqla_testing', 'profile_file'))
+
+
+def want_class(cls):
+    if not issubclass(cls, fixtures.TestBase):
+        return False
+    elif cls.__name__.startswith('_'):
+        return False
+    elif config.options.backend_only and not getattr(cls, '__backend__',
+                                                     False):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def want_method(cls, fn):
+    if not fn.__name__.startswith("test_"):
+        return False
+    elif fn.__module__ is None:
+        return False
+    elif include_tags:
+        return (
+            hasattr(cls, '__tags__') and
+            exclusions.tags(cls.__tags__).include_test(
+                include_tags, exclude_tags)
+        ) or (
+            hasattr(fn, '_sa_exclusion_extend') and
+            fn._sa_exclusion_extend.include_test(
+                include_tags, exclude_tags)
+        )
+    elif exclude_tags and hasattr(cls, '__tags__'):
+        return exclusions.tags(cls.__tags__).include_test(
+            include_tags, exclude_tags)
+    elif exclude_tags and hasattr(fn, '_sa_exclusion_extend'):
+        return fn._sa_exclusion_extend.include_test(include_tags, exclude_tags)
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def generate_sub_tests(cls, module):
+    if getattr(cls, '__backend__', False):
+        for cfg in _possible_configs_for_cls(cls):
+            name = "%s_%s_%s" % (cls.__name__, cfg.db.name, cfg.db.driver)
+            subcls = type(
+                name,
+                (cls, ),
+                {
+                    "__only_on__": ("%s+%s" % (cfg.db.name, cfg.db.driver)),
+                }
+            )
+            setattr(module, name, subcls)
+            yield subcls
+    else:
+        yield cls
+
+
+def start_test_class(cls):
+    _do_skips(cls)
+    _setup_engine(cls)
+
+
+def stop_test_class(cls):
+    #from sqlalchemy import inspect
+    #assert not inspect(testing.db).get_table_names()
+    engines.testing_reaper._stop_test_ctx()
+    if not options.low_connections:
+        assertions.global_cleanup_assertions()
+    _restore_engine()
+
+
+def _restore_engine():
+    config._current.reset(testing)
+
+
+def _setup_engine(cls):
+    if getattr(cls, '__engine_options__', None):
+        eng = engines.testing_engine(options=cls.__engine_options__)
+        config._current.push_engine(eng, testing)
+
+
+def before_test(test, test_module_name, test_class, test_name):
+
+    # like a nose id, e.g.:
+    # "test.aaa_profiling.test_compiler.CompileTest.test_update_whereclause"
+    name = test_class.__name__
+
+    suffix = "_%s_%s" % (config.db.name, config.db.driver)
+    if name.endswith(suffix):
+        name = name[0:-(len(suffix))]
+
+    id_ = "%s.%s.%s" % (test_module_name, name, test_name)
+
+    profiling._current_test = id_
+
+
+def after_test(test):
+    engines.testing_reaper._after_test_ctx()
+
+
+def _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, reasons=None):
+    all_configs = set(config.Config.all_configs())
+
+    if cls.__unsupported_on__:
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*cls.__unsupported_on__)
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+
+    if getattr(cls, '__only_on__', None):
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__only_on__))
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__requires__'):
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                skip_reasons = check.matching_config_reasons(config_obj)
+                if skip_reasons:
+                    all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+                    if reasons is not None:
+                        reasons.extend(skip_reasons)
+                    break
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__prefer_requires__'):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__prefer_requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                if not check.enabled_for_config(config_obj):
+                    non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    return all_configs
+
+
+def _do_skips(cls):
+    reasons = []
+    all_configs = _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, reasons)
+
+    if getattr(cls, '__skip_if__', False):
+        for c in getattr(cls, '__skip_if__'):
+            if c():
+                config.skip_test("'%s' skipped by %s" % (
+                    cls.__name__, c.__name__)
+                )
+
+    if not all_configs:
+        if getattr(cls, '__backend__', False):
+            msg = "'%s' unsupported for implementation '%s'" % (
+                cls.__name__, cls.__only_on__)
+        else:
+            msg = "'%s' unsupported on any DB implementation %s%s" % (
+                cls.__name__,
+                ", ".join(
+                    "'%s(%s)+%s'" % (
+                        config_obj.db.name,
+                        ".".join(
+                            str(dig) for dig in
+                            config_obj.db.dialect.server_version_info),
+                        config_obj.db.driver
+                    )
+                  for config_obj in config.Config.all_configs()
+                ),
+                ", ".join(reasons)
+            )
+        config.skip_test(msg)
+    elif hasattr(cls, '__prefer_backends__'):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__prefer_backends__))
+        for config_obj in all_configs:
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if config._current not in all_configs:
+        _setup_config(all_configs.pop(), cls)
+
+
+def _setup_config(config_obj, ctx):
+    config._current.push(config_obj, testing)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bb6b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+try:
+    # installed by bootstrap.py
+    import sqla_plugin_base as plugin_base
+except ImportError:
+    # assume we're a package, use traditional import
+    from . import plugin_base
+
+import pytest
+import argparse
+import inspect
+import collections
+import itertools
+
+try:
+    import xdist  # noqa
+    has_xdist = True
+except ImportError:
+    has_xdist = False
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("sqlalchemy")
+
+    def make_option(name, **kw):
+        callback_ = kw.pop("callback", None)
+        if callback_:
+            class CallableAction(argparse.Action):
+                def __call__(self, parser, namespace,
+                             values, option_string=None):
+                    callback_(option_string, values, parser)
+            kw["action"] = CallableAction
+
+        group.addoption(name, **kw)
+
+    plugin_base.setup_options(make_option)
+    plugin_base.read_config()
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    if hasattr(config, "slaveinput"):
+        plugin_base.restore_important_follower_config(config.slaveinput)
+        plugin_base.configure_follower(
+            config.slaveinput["follower_ident"]
+        )
+
+    plugin_base.pre_begin(config.option)
+
+    plugin_base.set_coverage_flag(bool(getattr(config.option,
+                                               "cov_source", False)))
+
+    plugin_base.set_skip_test(pytest.skip.Exception)
+
+
+def pytest_sessionstart(session):
+    plugin_base.post_begin()
+
+if has_xdist:
+    import uuid
+
+    def pytest_configure_node(node):
+        # the master for each node fills slaveinput dictionary
+        # which pytest-xdist will transfer to the subprocess
+
+        plugin_base.memoize_important_follower_config(node.slaveinput)
+
+        node.slaveinput["follower_ident"] = "test_%s" % uuid.uuid4().hex[0:12]
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+        provision.create_follower_db(node.slaveinput["follower_ident"])
+
+    def pytest_testnodedown(node, error):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+        provision.drop_follower_db(node.slaveinput["follower_ident"])
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items):
+    # look for all those classes that specify __backend__ and
+    # expand them out into per-database test cases.
+
+    # this is much easier to do within pytest_pycollect_makeitem, however
+    # pytest is iterating through cls.__dict__ as makeitem is
+    # called which causes a "dictionary changed size" error on py3k.
+    # I'd submit a pullreq for them to turn it into a list first, but
+    # it's to suit the rather odd use case here which is that we are adding
+    # new classes to a module on the fly.
+
+    rebuilt_items = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    items[:] = [
+        item for item in
+        items if isinstance(item.parent, pytest.Instance)
+        and not item.parent.parent.name.startswith("_")]
+    test_classes = set(item.parent for item in items)
+    for test_class in test_classes:
+        for sub_cls in plugin_base.generate_sub_tests(
+                test_class.cls, test_class.parent.module):
+            if sub_cls is not test_class.cls:
+                list_ = rebuilt_items[test_class.cls]
+
+                for inst in pytest.Class(
+                        sub_cls.__name__,
+                        parent=test_class.parent.parent).collect():
+                    list_.extend(inst.collect())
+
+    newitems = []
+    for item in items:
+        if item.parent.cls in rebuilt_items:
+            newitems.extend(rebuilt_items[item.parent.cls])
+            rebuilt_items[item.parent.cls][:] = []
+        else:
+            newitems.append(item)
+
+    # seems like the functions attached to a test class aren't sorted already?
+    # is that true and why's that? (when using unittest, they're sorted)
+    items[:] = sorted(newitems, key=lambda item: (
+        item.parent.parent.parent.name,
+        item.parent.parent.name,
+        item.name
+    ))
+
+
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+    if inspect.isclass(obj) and plugin_base.want_class(obj):
+        return pytest.Class(name, parent=collector)
+    elif inspect.isfunction(obj) and \
+            isinstance(collector, pytest.Instance) and \
+            plugin_base.want_method(collector.cls, obj):
+        return pytest.Function(name, parent=collector)
+    else:
+        return []
+
+_current_class = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    # here we seem to get called only based on what we collected
+    # in pytest_collection_modifyitems.   So to do class-based stuff
+    # we have to tear that out.
+    global _current_class
+
+    if not isinstance(item, pytest.Function):
+        return
+
+    # ... so we're doing a little dance here to figure it out...
+    if _current_class is None:
+        class_setup(item.parent.parent)
+        _current_class = item.parent.parent
+
+        # this is needed for the class-level, to ensure that the
+        # teardown runs after the class is completed with its own
+        # class-level teardown...
+        def finalize():
+            global _current_class
+            class_teardown(item.parent.parent)
+            _current_class = None
+        item.parent.parent.addfinalizer(finalize)
+
+    test_setup(item)
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item):
+    # ...but this works better as the hook here rather than
+    # using a finalizer, as the finalizer seems to get in the way
+    # of the test reporting failures correctly (you get a bunch of
+    # py.test assertion stuff instead)
+    test_teardown(item)
+
+
+def test_setup(item):
+    plugin_base.before_test(item, item.parent.module.__name__,
+                            item.parent.cls, item.name)
+
+
+def test_teardown(item):
+    plugin_base.after_test(item)
+
+
+def class_setup(item):
+    plugin_base.start_test_class(item.cls)
+
+
+def class_teardown(item):
+    plugin_base.stop_test_class(item.cls)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a88cd21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# testing/profiling.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Profiling support for unit and performance tests.
+
+These are special purpose profiling methods which operate
+in a more fine-grained way than nose's profiling plugin.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+from .util import gc_collect
+from . import config
+import pstats
+import collections
+import contextlib
+
+try:
+    import cProfile
+except ImportError:
+    cProfile = None
+from ..util import jython, pypy, win32, update_wrapper
+
+_current_test = None
+
+# ProfileStatsFile instance, set up in plugin_base
+_profile_stats = None
+
+
+class ProfileStatsFile(object):
+    """"Store per-platform/fn profiling results in a file.
+
+    We're still targeting Py2.5, 2.4 on 0.7 with no dependencies,
+    so no json lib :(  need to roll something silly
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename):
+        self.force_write = (
+            config.options is not None and
+            config.options.force_write_profiles
+        )
+        self.write = self.force_write or (
+            config.options is not None and
+            config.options.write_profiles
+        )
+        self.fname = os.path.abspath(filename)
+        self.short_fname = os.path.split(self.fname)[-1]
+        self.data = collections.defaultdict(
+            lambda: collections.defaultdict(dict))
+        self._read()
+        if self.write:
+            # rewrite for the case where features changed,
+            # etc.
+            self._write()
+
+    @property
+    def platform_key(self):
+
+        dbapi_key = config.db.name + "_" + config.db.driver
+
+        # keep it at 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, etc. for now.
+        py_version = '.'.join([str(v) for v in sys.version_info[0:2]])
+
+        platform_tokens = [py_version]
+        platform_tokens.append(dbapi_key)
+        if jython:
+            platform_tokens.append("jython")
+        if pypy:
+            platform_tokens.append("pypy")
+        if win32:
+            platform_tokens.append("win")
+        platform_tokens.append(
+            "nativeunicode"
+            if config.db.dialect.convert_unicode
+            else "dbapiunicode"
+        )
+        _has_cext = config.requirements._has_cextensions()
+        platform_tokens.append(_has_cext and "cextensions" or "nocextensions")
+        return "_".join(platform_tokens)
+
+    def has_stats(self):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        return (
+            test_key in self.data and
+            self.platform_key in self.data[test_key]
+        )
+
+    def result(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+
+        if 'counts' not in per_platform:
+            per_platform['counts'] = counts = []
+        else:
+            counts = per_platform['counts']
+
+        if 'current_count' not in per_platform:
+            per_platform['current_count'] = current_count = 0
+        else:
+            current_count = per_platform['current_count']
+
+        has_count = len(counts) > current_count
+
+        if not has_count:
+            counts.append(callcount)
+            if self.write:
+                self._write()
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = per_platform['lineno'], counts[current_count]
+        per_platform['current_count'] += 1
+        return result
+
+    def replace(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+        counts = per_platform['counts']
+        current_count = per_platform['current_count']
+        if current_count < len(counts):
+            counts[current_count - 1] = callcount
+        else:
+            counts[-1] = callcount
+        if self.write:
+            self._write()
+
+    def _header(self):
+        return (
+            "# %s\n"
+            "# This file is written out on a per-environment basis.\n"
+            "# For each test in aaa_profiling, the corresponding "
+            "function and \n"
+            "# environment is located within this file.  "
+            "If it doesn't exist,\n"
+            "# the test is skipped.\n"
+            "# If a callcount does exist, it is compared "
+            "to what we received. \n"
+            "# assertions are raised if the counts do not match.\n"
+            "# \n"
+            "# To add a new callcount test, apply the function_call_count \n"
+            "# decorator and re-run the tests using the --write-profiles \n"
+            "# option - this file will be rewritten including the new count.\n"
+            "# \n"
+        ) % (self.fname)
+
+    def _read(self):
+        try:
+            profile_f = open(self.fname)
+        except IOError:
+            return
+        for lineno, line in enumerate(profile_f):
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+
+            test_key, platform_key, counts = line.split()
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+            c = [int(count) for count in counts.split(",")]
+            per_platform['counts'] = c
+            per_platform['lineno'] = lineno + 1
+            per_platform['current_count'] = 0
+        profile_f.close()
+
+    def _write(self):
+        print(("Writing profile file %s" % self.fname))
+        profile_f = open(self.fname, "w")
+        profile_f.write(self._header())
+        for test_key in sorted(self.data):
+
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            profile_f.write("\n# TEST: %s\n\n" % test_key)
+            for platform_key in sorted(per_fn):
+                per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+                c = ",".join(str(count) for count in per_platform['counts'])
+                profile_f.write("%s %s %s\n" % (test_key, platform_key, c))
+        profile_f.close()
+
+
+def function_call_count(variance=0.05):
+    """Assert a target for a test case's function call count.
+
+    The main purpose of this assertion is to detect changes in
+    callcounts for various functions - the actual number is not as important.
+    Callcounts are stored in a file keyed to Python version and OS platform
+    information.  This file is generated automatically for new tests,
+    and versioned so that unexpected changes in callcounts will be detected.
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        def wrap(*args, **kw):
+            with count_functions(variance=variance):
+                return fn(*args, **kw)
+        return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+    return decorate
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def count_functions(variance=0.05):
+    if cProfile is None:
+        raise SkipTest("cProfile is not installed")
+
+    if not _profile_stats.has_stats() and not _profile_stats.write:
+        config.skip_test(
+            "No profiling stats available on this "
+            "platform for this function.  Run tests with "
+            "--write-profiles to add statistics to %s for "
+            "this platform." % _profile_stats.short_fname)
+
+    gc_collect()
+
+    pr = cProfile.Profile()
+    pr.enable()
+    #began = time.time()
+    yield
+    #ended = time.time()
+    pr.disable()
+
+    #s = compat.StringIO()
+    stats = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=sys.stdout)
+
+    #timespent = ended - began
+    callcount = stats.total_calls
+
+    expected = _profile_stats.result(callcount)
+
+    if expected is None:
+        expected_count = None
+    else:
+        line_no, expected_count = expected
+
+    print(("Pstats calls: %d Expected %s" % (
+        callcount,
+        expected_count
+    )
+    ))
+    stats.sort_stats("cumulative")
+    stats.print_stats()
+
+    if expected_count:
+        deviance = int(callcount * variance)
+        failed = abs(callcount - expected_count) > deviance
+
+        if failed or _profile_stats.force_write:
+            if _profile_stats.write:
+                _profile_stats.replace(callcount)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Adjusted function call count %s not within %s%% "
+                    "of expected %s, platform %s. Rerun with "
+                    "--write-profiles to "
+                    "regenerate this callcount."
+                    % (
+                        callcount, (variance * 100),
+                        expected_count, _profile_stats.platform_key))
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2797411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from sqlalchemy.engine import url as sa_url
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy import exc
+from sqlalchemy.util import compat
+from . import config, engines
+import time
+import logging
+import os
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+FOLLOWER_IDENT = None
+
+
+class register(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.fns = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init(cls, fn):
+        return register().for_db("*")(fn)
+
+    def for_db(self, dbname):
+        def decorate(fn):
+            self.fns[dbname] = fn
+            return self
+        return decorate
+
+    def __call__(self, cfg, *arg):
+        if isinstance(cfg, compat.string_types):
+            url = sa_url.make_url(cfg)
+        elif isinstance(cfg, sa_url.URL):
+            url = cfg
+        else:
+            url = cfg.db.url
+        backend = url.get_backend_name()
+        if backend in self.fns:
+            return self.fns[backend](cfg, *arg)
+        else:
+            return self.fns['*'](cfg, *arg)
+
+
+def create_follower_db(follower_ident):
+
+    for cfg in _configs_for_db_operation():
+        _create_db(cfg, cfg.db, follower_ident)
+
+
+def configure_follower(follower_ident):
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        _configure_follower(cfg, follower_ident)
+
+
+def setup_config(db_url, options, file_config, follower_ident):
+    if follower_ident:
+        db_url = _follower_url_from_main(db_url, follower_ident)
+    db_opts = {}
+    _update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts)
+    eng = engines.testing_engine(db_url, db_opts)
+    _post_configure_engine(db_url, eng, follower_ident)
+    eng.connect().close()
+    cfg = config.Config.register(eng, db_opts, options, file_config)
+    if follower_ident:
+        _configure_follower(cfg, follower_ident)
+    return cfg
+
+
+def drop_follower_db(follower_ident):
+    for cfg in _configs_for_db_operation():
+        _drop_db(cfg, cfg.db, follower_ident)
+
+
+def _configs_for_db_operation():
+    hosts = set()
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        cfg.db.dispose()
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        url = cfg.db.url
+        backend = url.get_backend_name()
+        host_conf = (
+            backend,
+            url.username, url.host, url.database)
+
+        if host_conf not in hosts:
+            yield cfg
+            hosts.add(host_conf)
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        cfg.db.dispose()
+
+
+@register.init
+def _create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    raise NotImplementedError("no DB creation routine for cfg: %s" % eng.url)
+
+
+@register.init
+def _drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    raise NotImplementedError("no DB drop routine for cfg: %s" % eng.url)
+
+
+@register.init
+def _update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def _configure_follower(cfg, ident):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def _post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def _follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    url.database = ident
+    return url
+
+
+@_update_db_opts.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts):
+    db_opts['legacy_schema_aliasing'] = False
+
+
+@_follower_url_from_main.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    if not url.database or url.database == ':memory:':
+        return url
+    else:
+        return sa_url.make_url("sqlite:///%s.db" % ident)
+
+
+@_post_configure_engine.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # use file DBs in all cases, memory acts kind of strangely
+        # as an attached
+        if not follower_ident:
+            dbapi_connection.execute(
+                'ATTACH DATABASE "test_schema.db" AS test_schema')
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.execute(
+                'ATTACH DATABASE "%s_test_schema.db" AS test_schema'
+                % follower_ident)
+
+
+@_create_db.for_db("postgresql")
+def _pg_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(
+            isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        try:
+            _pg_drop_db(cfg, conn, ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        currentdb = conn.scalar("select current_database()")
+        for attempt in range(3):
+            try:
+                conn.execute(
+                    "CREATE DATABASE %s TEMPLATE %s" % (ident, currentdb))
+            except exc.OperationalError as err:
+                if attempt != 2 and "accessed by other users" in str(err):
+                    time.sleep(.2)
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                break
+
+
+@_create_db.for_db("mysql")
+def _mysql_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect() as conn:
+        try:
+            _mysql_drop_db(cfg, conn, ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        conn.execute("CREATE DATABASE %s" % ident)
+        conn.execute("CREATE DATABASE %s_test_schema" % ident)
+        conn.execute("CREATE DATABASE %s_test_schema_2" % ident)
+
+
+@_configure_follower.for_db("mysql")
+def _mysql_configure_follower(config, ident):
+    config.test_schema = "%s_test_schema" % ident
+    config.test_schema_2 = "%s_test_schema_2" % ident
+
+
+@_create_db.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    pass
+
+
+@_drop_db.for_db("postgresql")
+def _pg_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(
+            isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        conn.execute(
+            text(
+                "select pg_terminate_backend(pid) from pg_stat_activity "
+                "where usename=current_user and pid != pg_backend_pid() "
+                "and datname=:dname"
+            ), dname=ident)
+        conn.execute("DROP DATABASE %s" % ident)
+
+
+@_drop_db.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    if ident:
+        os.remove("%s_test_schema.db" % ident)
+    else:
+        os.remove("%s.db" % ident)
+
+
+@_drop_db.for_db("mysql")
+def _mysql_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect() as conn:
+        try:
+            conn.execute("DROP DATABASE %s_test_schema" % ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            conn.execute("DROP DATABASE %s_test_schema_2" % ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            conn.execute("DROP DATABASE %s" % ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+@_create_db.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    # NOTE: make sure you've run "ALTER DATABASE default tablespace users" or
+    # similar, so that the default tablespace is not "system"; reflection will
+    # fail otherwise
+    with eng.connect() as conn:
+        conn.execute("create user %s identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.execute("create user %s_ts1 identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.execute("create user %s_ts2 identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.execute("grant dba to %s" % (ident, ))
+        conn.execute("grant unlimited tablespace to %s" % ident)
+        conn.execute("grant unlimited tablespace to %s_ts1" % ident)
+        conn.execute("grant unlimited tablespace to %s_ts2" % ident)
+
+@_configure_follower.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_configure_follower(config, ident):
+    config.test_schema = "%s_ts1" % ident
+    config.test_schema_2 = "%s_ts2" % ident
+
+
+def _ora_drop_ignore(conn, dbname):
+    try:
+        conn.execute("drop user %s cascade" % dbname)
+        log.info("Reaped db: %s" % dbname)
+        return True
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warn("couldn't drop db: %s" % err)
+        return False
+
+
+@_drop_db.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect() as conn:
+        # cx_Oracle seems to occasionally leak open connections when a large
+        # suite it run, even if we confirm we have zero references to
+        # connection objects.
+        # while there is a "kill session" command in Oracle,
+        # it unfortunately does not release the connection sufficiently.
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, ident)
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, "%s_ts1" % ident)
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, "%s_ts2" % ident)
+
+
+def reap_oracle_dbs(eng):
+    log.info("Reaping Oracle dbs...")
+    with eng.connect() as conn:
+        to_reap = conn.execute(
+            "select u.username from all_users u where username "
+            "like 'TEST_%' and not exists (select username "
+            "from v$session where username=u.username)")
+        all_names = set([username.lower() for (username, ) in to_reap])
+        to_drop = set()
+        for name in all_names:
+            if name.endswith("_ts1") or name.endswith("_ts2"):
+                continue
+            else:
+                to_drop.add(name)
+                if "%s_ts1" % name in all_names:
+                    to_drop.add("%s_ts1" % name)
+                if "%s_ts2" % name in all_names:
+                    to_drop.add("%s_ts2" % name)
+
+        dropped = total = 0
+        for total, username in enumerate(to_drop, 1):
+            if _ora_drop_ignore(conn, username):
+                dropped += 1
+        log.info(
+            "Dropped %d out of %d stale databases detected", dropped, total)
+
+
+@_follower_url_from_main.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    url.username = ident
+    url.password = 'xe'
+    return url
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/replay_fixture.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/replay_fixture.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b50f52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/replay_fixture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+from . import fixtures
+from . import profiling
+from .. import util
+import types
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+from . import config
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+
+class ReplayFixtureTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _dummy_ctx(self, *arg, **kw):
+        yield
+
+    def test_invocation(self):
+
+        dbapi_session = ReplayableSession()
+        creator = config.db.pool._creator
+        recorder = lambda: dbapi_session.recorder(creator())
+        engine = create_engine(
+            config.db.url, creator=recorder,
+            use_native_hstore=False)
+        self.metadata = MetaData(engine)
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.session = Session(engine)
+
+        self.setup_engine()
+        try:
+            self._run_steps(ctx=self._dummy_ctx)
+        finally:
+            self.teardown_engine()
+            engine.dispose()
+
+        player = lambda: dbapi_session.player()
+        engine = create_engine(
+            config.db.url, creator=player,
+            use_native_hstore=False)
+
+        self.metadata = MetaData(engine)
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.session = Session(engine)
+
+        self.setup_engine()
+        try:
+            self._run_steps(ctx=profiling.count_functions)
+        finally:
+            self.session.close()
+            engine.dispose()
+
+    def setup_engine(self):
+        pass
+
+    def teardown_engine(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _run_steps(self, ctx):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ReplayableSession(object):
+    """A simple record/playback tool.
+
+    This is *not* a mock testing class.  It only records a session for later
+    playback and makes no assertions on call consistency whatsoever.  It's
+    unlikely to be suitable for anything other than DB-API recording.
+
+    """
+
+    Callable = object()
+    NoAttribute = object()
+
+    if util.py2k:
+        Natives = set([getattr(types, t)
+                       for t in dir(types) if not t.startswith('_')]).\
+            difference([getattr(types, t)
+                        for t in ('FunctionType', 'BuiltinFunctionType',
+                                  'MethodType', 'BuiltinMethodType',
+                                  'LambdaType', 'UnboundMethodType',)])
+    else:
+        Natives = set([getattr(types, t)
+                       for t in dir(types) if not t.startswith('_')]).\
+            union([type(t) if not isinstance(t, type)
+                   else t for t in __builtins__.values()]).\
+            difference([getattr(types, t)
+                        for t in ('FunctionType', 'BuiltinFunctionType',
+                                  'MethodType', 'BuiltinMethodType',
+                                  'LambdaType', )])
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.buffer = deque()
+
+    def recorder(self, base):
+        return self.Recorder(self.buffer, base)
+
+    def player(self):
+        return self.Player(self.buffer)
+
+    class Recorder(object):
+        def __init__(self, buffer, subject):
+            self._buffer = buffer
+            self._subject = subject
+
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+            subject, buffer = [object.__getattribute__(self, x)
+                               for x in ('_subject', '_buffer')]
+
+            result = subject(*args, **kw)
+            if type(result) not in ReplayableSession.Natives:
+                buffer.append(ReplayableSession.Callable)
+                return type(self)(buffer, result)
+            else:
+                buffer.append(result)
+                return result
+
+        @property
+        def _sqla_unwrap(self):
+            return self._subject
+
+        def __getattribute__(self, key):
+            try:
+                return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+            subject, buffer = [object.__getattribute__(self, x)
+                               for x in ('_subject', '_buffer')]
+            try:
+                result = type(subject).__getattribute__(subject, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                buffer.append(ReplayableSession.NoAttribute)
+                raise
+            else:
+                if type(result) not in ReplayableSession.Natives:
+                    buffer.append(ReplayableSession.Callable)
+                    return type(self)(buffer, result)
+                else:
+                    buffer.append(result)
+                    return result
+
+    class Player(object):
+        def __init__(self, buffer):
+            self._buffer = buffer
+
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
+            buffer = object.__getattribute__(self, '_buffer')
+            result = buffer.popleft()
+            if result is ReplayableSession.Callable:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return result
+
+        @property
+        def _sqla_unwrap(self):
+            return None
+
+        def __getattribute__(self, key):
+            try:
+                return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            buffer = object.__getattribute__(self, '_buffer')
+            result = buffer.popleft()
+            if result is ReplayableSession.Callable:
+                return self
+            elif result is ReplayableSession.NoAttribute:
+                raise AttributeError(key)
+            else:
+                return result
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d31c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+# testing/requirements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Global database feature support policy.
+
+Provides decorators to mark tests requiring specific feature support from the
+target database.
+
+External dialect test suites should subclass SuiteRequirements
+to provide specific inclusion/exclusions.
+
+"""
+
+from . import exclusions
+from .. import util
+
+
+class Requirements(object):
+    pass
+
+
+class SuiteRequirements(Requirements):
+
+    @property
+    def create_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic CreateTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def drop_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic DropTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_cascade(self):
+        """"target database must support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def non_updating_cascade(self):
+        """target database must *not* support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def deferrable_fks(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_or_deferrable_fks(self):
+        # TODO: exclusions should be composable,
+        # somehow only_if([x, y]) isn't working here, negation/conjunctions
+        # getting confused.
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: self.on_update_cascade.enabled or
+            self.deferrable_fks.enabled
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def self_referential_foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support self-referential foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_ddl(self):
+        """Target database must support the DDL phrases for FOREIGN KEY."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def named_constraints(self):
+        """target database must support names for constraints."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def subqueries(self):
+        """Target database must support subqueries."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def offset(self):
+        """target database can render OFFSET, or an equivalent, in a
+        SELECT.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def bound_limit_offset(self):
+        """target database can render LIMIT and/or OFFSET using a bound
+        parameter
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def boolean_col_expressions(self):
+        """Target database must support boolean expressions as columns"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def nullsordering(self):
+        """Target backends that support nulls ordering."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def standalone_binds(self):
+        """target database/driver supports bound parameters as column expressions
+        without being in the context of a typed column.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def intersect(self):
+        """Target database must support INTERSECT or equivalent."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def except_(self):
+        """Target database must support EXCEPT or equivalent (i.e. MINUS)."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def window_functions(self):
+        """Target database must support window functions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_insert(self):
+        """target platform generates new surrogate integer primary key values
+        when insert() is executed, excluding the pk column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_rows_post_commit(self):
+        """target platform will allow cursor.fetchone() to proceed after a
+        COMMIT.
+
+        Typically this refers to an INSERT statement with RETURNING which
+        is invoked within "autocommit".   If the row can be returned
+        after the autocommit, then this rule can be open.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_inserts(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT with no values, i.e.
+        INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or equivalent."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_empty_insert or
+            config.db.dialect.supports_default_values,
+            "empty inserts not supported"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_from_select(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT from a SELECT."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def returning(self):
+        """target platform supports RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.implicit_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'returning'"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_names_in_cursor_description(self):
+        """target platform supports a SELECT statement that has
+        the same name repeated more than once in the columns list."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def denormalized_names(self):
+        """Target database must have 'denormalized', i.e.
+        UPPERCASE as case insensitive names."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.requires_name_normalize,
+            "Backend does not require denormalized names."
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def multivalues_inserts(self):
+        """target database must support multiple VALUES clauses in an
+        INSERT statement."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert,
+            "Backend does not support multirow inserts."
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def implements_get_lastrowid(self):
+        """"target dialect implements the executioncontext.get_lastrowid()
+        method without reliance on RETURNING.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def emulated_lastrowid(self):
+        """"target dialect retrieves cursor.lastrowid, or fetches
+        from a database-side function after an insert() construct executes,
+        within the get_lastrowid() method.
+
+        Only dialects that "pre-execute", or need RETURNING to get last
+        inserted id, would return closed/fail/skip for this.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def dbapi_lastrowid(self):
+        """"target platform includes a 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI
+        cursor object.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def views(self):
+        """Target database must support VIEWs."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def schemas(self):
+        """Target database must support external schemas, and have one
+        named 'test_schema'."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def sequences(self):
+        """Target database must support SEQUENCEs."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if([
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences
+        ], "no sequence support")
+
+    @property
+    def sequences_optional(self):
+        """Target database supports sequences, but also optionally
+        as a means of generating new PK values."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if([
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences and
+            config.db.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ], "no sequence support, or sequences not optional")
+
+    @property
+    def reflects_pk_names(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def table_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def view_column_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support retrieval of the columns in a view,
+        similarly to how a table is inspected.
+
+        This does not include the full CREATE VIEW definition.
+
+        """
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def view_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support inspection of the full CREATE VIEW definition.
+        """
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def schema_reflection(self):
+        return self.schemas
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_names(self):
+        """target dialect supports listing of temporary table names"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def temporary_tables(self):
+        """target database supports temporary tables"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temporary_views(self):
+        """target database supports temporary views"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def index_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of unique constraints"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_key_raises_integrity_error(self):
+        """target dialect raises IntegrityError when reporting an INSERT
+        with a primary key violation.  (hint: it should)
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unbounded_varchar(self):
+        """Target database must support VARCHAR with no length"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_data(self):
+        """Target database/dialect must support Python unicode objects with
+        non-ASCII characters represented, delivered as bound parameters
+        as well as in result rows.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_ddl(self):
+        """Target driver must support some degree of non-ascii symbol
+        names.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_literals(self):
+        """target dialect supports rendering of a date, time, or datetime as a
+        literal string, e.g. via the TypeEngine.literal_processor() method.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def date(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.date() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_coerces_from_datetime(self):
+        """target dialect accepts a datetime object as the target
+        of a date column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def time(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def time_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_comparisons(self):
+        """target database/driver can allow BLOB/BINARY fields to be compared
+        against a bound parameter value.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_literals(self):
+        """target backend supports simple binary literals, e.g. an
+        expression like::
+
+            SELECT CAST('foo' AS BINARY)
+
+        Where ``BINARY`` is the type emitted from :class:`.LargeBinary`,
+        e.g. it could be ``BLOB`` or similar.
+
+        Basically fails on Oracle.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_general(self):
+        """target backend has general support for moderately high-precision
+        numerics."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_small(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very small values."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_large(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very large values."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_many_significant_digits(self):
+        """target backend supports values with many digits on both sides,
+        such as 319438950232418390.273596, 87673.594069654243
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits(self):
+        """A precision numeric type will return empty significant digits,
+        i.e. a value such as 10.000 will come back in Decimal form with
+        the .000 maintained."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_generic_float_type(self):
+        """target backend will return native floating point numbers with at
+        least seven decimal places when using the generic Float type.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def floats_to_four_decimals(self):
+        """target backend can return a floating-point number with four
+        significant digits (such as 15.7563) accurately
+        (i.e. without FP inaccuracies, such as 15.75629997253418).
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_null_from_numeric(self):
+        """target backend doesn't crash when you try to select a NUMERIC
+        value that has a value of NULL.
+
+        Added to support Pyodbc bug #351.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def text_type(self):
+        """Target database must support an unbounded Text() "
+        "type such as TEXT or CLOB"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_varchar(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with a
+        varchar.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_text(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with an
+        unbounded text."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def selectone(self):
+        """target driver must support the literal statement 'select 1'"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def savepoints(self):
+        """Target database must support savepoints."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def two_phase_transactions(self):
+        """Target database must support two-phase transactions."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_from(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE..FROM syntax"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_where_target_in_subquery(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE where the same table is present in a
+        subquery in the WHERE clause.
+
+        This is an ANSI-standard syntax that apparently MySQL can't handle,
+        such as:
+
+        UPDATE documents SET flag=1 WHERE documents.title IN
+            (SELECT max(documents.title) AS title
+                FROM documents GROUP BY documents.user_id
+            )
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def mod_operator_as_percent_sign(self):
+        """target database must use a plain percent '%' as the 'modulus'
+        operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def percent_schema_names(self):
+        """target backend supports weird identifiers with percent signs
+        in them, e.g. 'some % column'.
+
+        this is a very weird use case but often has problems because of
+        DBAPIs that use python formatting.  It's not a critical use
+        case either.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_label_with_expression(self):
+        """target backend supports ORDER BY a column label within an
+        expression.
+
+        Basically this::
+
+            select data as foo from test order by foo || 'bar'
+
+        Lots of databases including Postgresql don't support this,
+        so this is off by default.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_connections(self):
+        """Target driver must support non-ASCII characters being passed at
+        all.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def graceful_disconnects(self):
+        """Target driver must raise a DBAPI-level exception, such as
+        InterfaceError, when the underlying connection has been closed
+        and the execute() method is called.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def skip_mysql_on_windows(self):
+        """Catchall for a large variety of MySQL on Windows failures"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def ad_hoc_engines(self):
+        """Test environment must allow ad-hoc engine/connection creation.
+
+        DBs that scale poorly for many connections, even when closed, i.e.
+        Oracle, may use the "--low-connections" option which flags this
+        requirement as not present.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.low_connections)
+
+    @property
+    def timing_intensive(self):
+        return exclusions.requires_tag("timing_intensive")
+
+    @property
+    def memory_intensive(self):
+        return exclusions.requires_tag("memory_intensive")
+
+    @property
+    def threading_with_mock(self):
+        """Mark tests that use threading and mock at the same time - stability
+        issues have been observed with coverage + python 3.3
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: util.py3k and config.options.has_coverage,
+            "Stability issues with coverage + py3k"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_coverage(self):
+        """Test should be skipped if coverage is enabled.
+
+        This is to block tests that exercise libraries that seem to be
+        sensitive to coverage, such as Postgresql notice logging.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.has_coverage,
+            "Issues observed when coverage is enabled"
+        )
+
+    def _has_mysql_on_windows(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    def _has_mysql_fully_case_sensitive(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def sqlite(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(lambda: not self._has_sqlite())
+
+    @property
+    def cextensions(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda: not self._has_cextensions(), "C extensions not installed"
+        )
+
+    def _has_sqlite(self):
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        try:
+            create_engine('sqlite://')
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+    def _has_cextensions(self):
+        try:
+            from sqlalchemy import cresultproxy, cprocessors
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b58aa01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# testing/runner.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Nose test runner module.
+
+This script is a front-end to "nosetests" which
+installs SQLAlchemy's testing plugin into the local environment.
+
+The script is intended to be used by third-party dialects and extensions
+that run within SQLAlchemy's testing framework.    The runner can
+be invoked via::
+
+    python -m sqlalchemy.testing.runner
+
+The script is then essentially the same as the "nosetests" script, including
+all of the usual Nose options.   The test environment requires that a
+setup.cfg is locally present including various required options.
+
+Note that when using this runner, Nose's "coverage" plugin will not be
+able to provide coverage for SQLAlchemy itself, since SQLAlchemy is
+imported into sys.modules before coverage is started.   The special
+script sqla_nose.py is provided as a top-level script which loads the
+plugin in a special (somewhat hacky) way so that coverage against
+SQLAlchemy itself is possible.
+
+"""
+
+from .plugin.noseplugin import NoseSQLAlchemy
+
+import nose
+
+
+def main():
+    nose.main(addplugins=[NoseSQLAlchemy()])
+
+
+def setup_py_test():
+    """Runner to use for the 'test_suite' entry of your setup.py.
+
+    Prevents any name clash shenanigans from the command line
+    argument "test" that the "setup.py test" command sends
+    to nose.
+
+    """
+    nose.main(addplugins=[NoseSQLAlchemy()], argv=['runner'])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cd6e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# testing/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from . import exclusions
+from .. import schema, event
+from . import config
+
+__all__ = 'Table', 'Column',
+
+table_options = {}
+
+
+def Table(*args, **kw):
+    """A schema.Table wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    test_opts = dict([(k, kw.pop(k)) for k in list(kw)
+                      if k.startswith('test_')])
+
+    kw.update(table_options)
+
+    if exclusions.against(config._current, 'mysql'):
+        if 'mysql_engine' not in kw and 'mysql_type' not in kw:
+            if 'test_needs_fk' in test_opts or 'test_needs_acid' in test_opts:
+                kw['mysql_engine'] = 'InnoDB'
+            else:
+                kw['mysql_engine'] = 'MyISAM'
+
+    # Apply some default cascading rules for self-referential foreign keys.
+    # MySQL InnoDB has some issues around seleting self-refs too.
+    if exclusions.against(config._current, 'firebird'):
+        table_name = args[0]
+        unpack = (config.db.dialect.
+                  identifier_preparer.unformat_identifiers)
+
+        # Only going after ForeignKeys in Columns.  May need to
+        # expand to ForeignKeyConstraint too.
+        fks = [fk
+               for col in args if isinstance(col, schema.Column)
+               for fk in col.foreign_keys]
+
+        for fk in fks:
+            # root around in raw spec
+            ref = fk._colspec
+            if isinstance(ref, schema.Column):
+                name = ref.table.name
+            else:
+                # take just the table name: on FB there cannot be
+                # a schema, so the first element is always the
+                # table name, possibly followed by the field name
+                name = unpack(ref)[0]
+            if name == table_name:
+                if fk.ondelete is None:
+                    fk.ondelete = 'CASCADE'
+                if fk.onupdate is None:
+                    fk.onupdate = 'CASCADE'
+
+    return schema.Table(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def Column(*args, **kw):
+    """A schema.Column wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    test_opts = dict([(k, kw.pop(k)) for k in list(kw)
+                      if k.startswith('test_')])
+
+    if not config.requirements.foreign_key_ddl.enabled_for_config(config):
+        args = [arg for arg in args if not isinstance(arg, schema.ForeignKey)]
+
+    col = schema.Column(*args, **kw)
+    if 'test_needs_autoincrement' in test_opts and \
+            kw.get('primary_key', False):
+
+        # allow any test suite to pick up on this
+        col.info['test_needs_autoincrement'] = True
+
+        # hardcoded rule for firebird, oracle; this should
+        # be moved out
+        if exclusions.against(config._current, 'firebird', 'oracle'):
+            def add_seq(c, tbl):
+                c._init_items(
+                    schema.Sequence(_truncate_name(
+                        config.db.dialect, tbl.name + '_' + c.name + '_seq'),
+                        optional=True)
+                )
+            event.listen(col, 'after_parent_attach', add_seq, propagate=True)
+    return col
+
+
+def _truncate_name(dialect, name):
+    if len(name) > dialect.max_identifier_length:
+        return name[0:max(dialect.max_identifier_length - 6, 0)] + \
+            "_" + hex(hash(name) % 64)[2:]
+    else:
+        return name
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eeffd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_dialect import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_ddl import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_insert import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_sequence import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_select import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_results import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_update_delete import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_reflection import *
+from sqlalchemy.testing.suite.test_types import *
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d8010c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+
+
+from .. import fixtures, config, util
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..assertions import eq_
+
+from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer, String
+
+
+class TableDDLTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _simple_fixture(self):
+        return Table('test_table', self.metadata,
+                     Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                            autoincrement=False),
+                     Column('data', String(50))
+                     )
+
+    def _underscore_fixture(self):
+        return Table('_test_table', self.metadata,
+                     Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                            autoincrement=False),
+                     Column('_data', String(50))
+                     )
+
+    def _simple_roundtrip(self, table):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(table.insert().values((1, 'some data')))
+            result = conn.execute(table.select())
+            eq_(
+                result.first(),
+                (1, 'some data')
+            )
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.drop_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+        table.drop(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_underscore_names(self):
+        table = self._underscore_fixture()
+        table.create(
+            config.db, checkfirst=False
+        )
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+__all__ = ('TableDDLTest', )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00884a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from sqlalchemy import exc
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String
+from .. import assert_raises
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class ExceptionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Test basic exception wrapping.
+
+    DBAPIs vary a lot in exception behavior so to actually anticipate
+    specific exceptions from real round trips, we need to be conservative.
+
+    """
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('manual_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_key_raises_integrity_error
+    def test_integrity_error(self):
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.manual_pk.insert(),
+                {'id': 1, 'data': 'd1'}
+            )
+
+            assert_raises(
+                exc.IntegrityError,
+                conn.execute,
+                self.tables.manual_pk.insert(),
+                {'id': 1, 'data': 'd1'}
+            )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70e8a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from .. import exclusions
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from .. import engines
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, select, literal_column, literal
+
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class LastrowidTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = 'implements_get_lastrowid', 'autoincrement_insert'
+
+    __engine_options__ = {"implicit_returning": False}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('autoinc_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+        Table('manual_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (config.db.dialect.default_sequence_base, "some data")
+        )
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert(self):
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, config.db)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id(self):
+
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        pk = config.db.scalar(select([self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id]))
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [pk]
+        )
+
+    # failed on pypy1.9 but seems to be OK on pypy 2.1
+    # @exclusions.fails_if(lambda: util.pypy,
+    #                      "lastrowid not maintained after "
+    #                      "connection close")
+    @requirements.dbapi_lastrowid
+    def test_native_lastrowid_autoinc(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        lastrowid = r.lastrowid
+        pk = config.db.scalar(select([self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id]))
+        eq_(
+            lastrowid, pk
+        )
+
+
+class InsertBehaviorTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('autoinc_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+        Table('manual_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+        Table('includes_defaults', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50)),
+              Column('x', Integer, default=5),
+              Column('y', Integer,
+                     default=literal_column("2", type_=Integer) + literal(2)))
+
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert(self):
+        if requirements.returning.enabled:
+            engine = engines.testing_engine(
+                options={'implicit_returning': False})
+        else:
+            engine = config.db
+
+        r = engine.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+    @requirements.returning
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert_implicit_returning(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+    @requirements.empty_inserts
+    def test_empty_insert(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.select().
+            where(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id != None)
+        )
+
+        assert len(r.fetchall())
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select(self):
+        table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        config.db.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            table.insert(inline=True).
+            from_select(("id", "data",),
+                        select([table.c.id + 5, table.c.data]).
+                        where(table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"]))
+                        ),
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(
+                select([table.c.data]).order_by(table.c.data)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [("data1", ), ("data2", ), ("data2", ),
+                ("data3", ), ("data3", )]
+        )
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_with_defaults(self):
+        table = self.tables.includes_defaults
+        config.db.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            table.insert(inline=True).
+            from_select(("id", "data",),
+                        select([table.c.id + 5, table.c.data]).
+                        where(table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"]))
+                        ),
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(
+                select([table]).order_by(table.c.data, table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1, 'data1', 5, 4), (2, 'data2', 5, 4),
+                (7, 'data2', 5, 4), (3, 'data3', 5, 4), (8, 'data3', 5, 4)]
+        )
+
+
+class ReturningTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_create_tables = 'each'
+    __requires__ = 'returning', 'autoincrement_insert'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __engine_options__ = {"implicit_returning": True}
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (config.db.dialect.default_sequence_base, "some data")
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('autoinc_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @requirements.fetch_rows_post_commit
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_autocommit(self):
+        engine = config.db
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        r = engine.execute(
+            table.insert().returning(
+                table.c.id),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = config.db.scalar(select([table.c.id]))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_no_autocommit(self):
+        engine = config.db
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            r = conn.execute(
+                table.insert().returning(
+                    table.c.id),
+                data="some data"
+            )
+            pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = config.db.scalar(select([table.c.id]))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert_implcit_returning(self):
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, config.db)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id_implicit_returning(self):
+
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        pk = config.db.scalar(select([self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id]))
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [pk]
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ('LastrowidTest', 'InsertBehaviorTest', 'ReturningTest')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1874f62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
+from sqlalchemy import types as sql_types
+from sqlalchemy import inspect
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Integer, String
+from sqlalchemy.engine.reflection import Inspector
+from sqlalchemy.testing import engines, fixtures
+from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table, Column
+from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_, assert_raises_message
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+from .. import config
+import operator
+from sqlalchemy.schema import DDL, Index
+from sqlalchemy import event
+
+metadata, users = None, None
+
+
+class HasTableTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('test_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def test_has_table(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            assert config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "test_table")
+            assert not config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "nonexistent_table")
+
+
+class ComponentReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        if config.requirements.independent_connections.enabled:
+            from sqlalchemy import pool
+            return engines.testing_engine(
+                options=dict(poolclass=pool.StaticPool))
+        else:
+            return config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, None)
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_reflected_tables(cls, metadata, schema):
+        if schema:
+            schema_prefix = schema + "."
+        else:
+            schema_prefix = ""
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            users = Table('users', metadata,
+                          Column('user_id', sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+                          Column('test1', sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
+                          Column('test2', sa.Float(5), nullable=False),
+                          Column('parent_user_id', sa.Integer,
+                                 sa.ForeignKey('%susers.user_id' %
+                                               schema_prefix)),
+                          schema=schema,
+                          test_needs_fk=True,
+                          )
+        else:
+            users = Table('users', metadata,
+                          Column('user_id', sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+                          Column('test1', sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
+                          Column('test2', sa.Float(5), nullable=False),
+                          schema=schema,
+                          test_needs_fk=True,
+                          )
+
+        Table("dingalings", metadata,
+              Column('dingaling_id', sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('address_id', sa.Integer,
+                     sa.ForeignKey('%semail_addresses.address_id' %
+                                   schema_prefix)),
+              Column('data', sa.String(30)),
+              schema=schema,
+              test_needs_fk=True,
+              )
+        Table('email_addresses', metadata,
+              Column('address_id', sa.Integer),
+              Column('remote_user_id', sa.Integer,
+                     sa.ForeignKey(users.c.user_id)),
+              Column('email_address', sa.String(20)),
+              sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('address_id', name='email_ad_pk'),
+              schema=schema,
+              test_needs_fk=True,
+              )
+
+        if testing.requires.index_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_index(metadata, users)
+        if testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_views(metadata, schema)
+        if not schema and testing.requires.temp_table_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_temp_tables(metadata)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_temp_tables(cls, metadata):
+        # cheat a bit, we should fix this with some dialect-level
+        # temp table fixture
+        if testing.against("oracle"):
+            kw = {
+                'prefixes': ["GLOBAL TEMPORARY"],
+                'oracle_on_commit': 'PRESERVE ROWS'
+            }
+        else:
+            kw = {
+                'prefixes': ["TEMPORARY"],
+            }
+
+        user_tmp = Table(
+            "user_tmp", metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column('name', sa.VARCHAR(50)),
+            Column('foo', sa.INT),
+            sa.UniqueConstraint('name', name='user_tmp_uq'),
+            sa.Index("user_tmp_ix", "foo"),
+            **kw
+        )
+        if testing.requires.view_reflection.enabled and \
+                testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled:
+            event.listen(
+                user_tmp, "after_create",
+                DDL("create temporary view user_tmp_v as "
+                    "select * from user_tmp")
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                user_tmp, "before_drop",
+                DDL("drop view user_tmp_v")
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_index(cls, metadata, users):
+        Index("users_t_idx", users.c.test1, users.c.test2)
+        Index("users_all_idx", users.c.user_id, users.c.test2, users.c.test1)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_views(cls, metadata, schema):
+        for table_name in ('users', 'email_addresses'):
+            fullname = table_name
+            if schema:
+                fullname = "%s.%s" % (schema, table_name)
+            view_name = fullname + '_v'
+            query = "CREATE VIEW %s AS SELECT * FROM %s" % (
+                view_name, fullname)
+
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "after_create",
+                DDL(query)
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "before_drop",
+                DDL("DROP VIEW %s" % view_name)
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_schema_names(self):
+        insp = inspect(testing.db)
+
+        self.assert_(testing.config.test_schema in insp.get_schema_names())
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_dialect_initialize(self):
+        engine = engines.testing_engine()
+        assert not hasattr(engine.dialect, 'default_schema_name')
+        inspect(engine)
+        assert hasattr(engine.dialect, 'default_schema_name')
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_default_schema_name(self):
+        insp = inspect(testing.db)
+        eq_(insp.default_schema_name, testing.db.dialect.default_schema_name)
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_table_names(self, schema=None, table_type='table',
+                              order_by=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+
+        if table_type == 'view':
+            table_names = insp.get_view_names(schema)
+            table_names.sort()
+            answer = ['email_addresses_v', 'users_v']
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+        else:
+            table_names = insp.get_table_names(schema,
+                                               order_by=order_by)
+            if order_by == 'foreign_key':
+                answer = ['users', 'email_addresses', 'dingalings']
+                eq_(table_names, answer)
+            else:
+                answer = ['dingalings', 'email_addresses', 'users']
+                eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_names
+    def test_get_temp_table_names(self):
+        insp = inspect(self.bind)
+        temp_table_names = insp.get_temp_table_names()
+        eq_(sorted(temp_table_names), ['user_tmp'])
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_names
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_get_temp_view_names(self):
+        insp = inspect(self.bind)
+        temp_table_names = insp.get_temp_view_names()
+        eq_(sorted(temp_table_names), ['user_tmp_v'])
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_get_table_names(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names()
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_table_names_fks(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names(order_by='foreign_key')
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_table_names_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names(testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_view_names(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names(table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_view_names_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names(
+            testing.config.test_schema, table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_tables_and_views(self):
+        self._test_get_table_names()
+        self._test_get_table_names(table_type='view')
+
+    def _test_get_columns(self, schema=None, table_type='table'):
+        meta = MetaData(testing.db)
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        table_names = ['users', 'email_addresses']
+        if table_type == 'view':
+            table_names = ['users_v', 'email_addresses_v']
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        for table_name, table in zip(table_names, (users,
+                                                   addresses)):
+            schema_name = schema
+            cols = insp.get_columns(table_name, schema=schema_name)
+            self.assert_(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+            # should be in order
+
+            for i, col in enumerate(table.columns):
+                eq_(col.name, cols[i]['name'])
+                ctype = cols[i]['type'].__class__
+                ctype_def = col.type
+                if isinstance(ctype_def, sa.types.TypeEngine):
+                    ctype_def = ctype_def.__class__
+
+                # Oracle returns Date for DateTime.
+
+                if testing.against('oracle') and ctype_def \
+                        in (sql_types.Date, sql_types.DateTime):
+                    ctype_def = sql_types.Date
+
+                # assert that the desired type and return type share
+                # a base within one of the generic types.
+
+                self.assert_(len(set(ctype.__mro__).
+                                 intersection(ctype_def.__mro__).
+                                 intersection([
+                                     sql_types.Integer,
+                                     sql_types.Numeric,
+                                     sql_types.DateTime,
+                                     sql_types.Date,
+                                     sql_types.Time,
+                                     sql_types.String,
+                                     sql_types._Binary,
+                                 ])) > 0, '%s(%s), %s(%s)' %
+                             (col.name, col.type, cols[i]['name'], ctype))
+
+                if not col.primary_key:
+                    assert cols[i]['default'] is None
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_get_columns(self):
+        self._test_get_columns()
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _type_round_trip(self, *types):
+        t = Table('t', self.metadata,
+                  *[
+                      Column('t%d' % i, type_)
+                      for i, type_ in enumerate(types)
+                  ]
+                  )
+        t.create()
+
+        return [
+            c['type'] for c in
+            inspect(self.metadata.bind).get_columns('t')
+        ]
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_numeric_reflection(self):
+        for typ in self._type_round_trip(
+            sql_types.Numeric(18, 5),
+        ):
+            assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.Numeric)
+            eq_(typ.precision, 18)
+            eq_(typ.scale, 5)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_varchar_reflection(self):
+        typ = self._type_round_trip(sql_types.String(52))[0]
+        assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.String)
+        eq_(typ.length, 52)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def test_nullable_reflection(self):
+        t = Table('t', self.metadata,
+                  Column('a', Integer, nullable=True),
+                  Column('b', Integer, nullable=False))
+        t.create()
+        eq_(
+            dict(
+                (col['name'], col['nullable'])
+                for col in inspect(self.metadata.bind).get_columns('t')
+            ),
+            {"a": True, "b": False}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_columns_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_columns(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_columns(self):
+        meta = MetaData(self.bind)
+        user_tmp = self.tables.user_tmp
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        cols = insp.get_columns('user_tmp')
+        self.assert_(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+        for i, col in enumerate(user_tmp.columns):
+            eq_(col.name, cols[i]['name'])
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_get_temp_view_columns(self):
+        insp = inspect(self.bind)
+        cols = insp.get_columns('user_tmp_v')
+        eq_(
+            [col['name'] for col in cols],
+            ['id', 'name', 'foo']
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_view_columns(self):
+        self._test_get_columns(table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_view_columns_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_columns(
+            schema=testing.config.test_schema, table_type='view')
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_pk_constraint(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses = self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+
+        users_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(users.name, schema=schema)
+        users_pkeys = users_cons['constrained_columns']
+        eq_(users_pkeys, ['user_id'])
+
+        addr_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(addresses.name, schema=schema)
+        addr_pkeys = addr_cons['constrained_columns']
+        eq_(addr_pkeys, ['address_id'])
+
+        with testing.requires.reflects_pk_names.fail_if():
+            eq_(addr_cons['name'], 'email_ad_pk')
+
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_pk_constraint(self):
+        self._test_get_pk_constraint()
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_pk_constraint_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_pk_constraint(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def test_deprecated_get_primary_keys(self):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users = self.tables.users
+        insp = Inspector(meta.bind)
+        assert_raises_message(
+            sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning,
+            "Call to deprecated method get_primary_keys."
+            "  Use get_pk_constraint instead.",
+            insp.get_primary_keys, users.name
+        )
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_foreign_keys(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        expected_schema = schema
+        # users
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            users_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(users.name,
+                                                schema=schema)
+            fkey1 = users_fkeys[0]
+
+            with testing.requires.named_constraints.fail_if():
+                self.assert_(fkey1['name'] is not None)
+
+            eq_(fkey1['referred_schema'], expected_schema)
+            eq_(fkey1['referred_table'], users.name)
+            eq_(fkey1['referred_columns'], ['user_id', ])
+            if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+                eq_(fkey1['constrained_columns'], ['parent_user_id'])
+
+        # addresses
+        addr_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(addresses.name,
+                                           schema=schema)
+        fkey1 = addr_fkeys[0]
+
+        with testing.requires.named_constraints.fail_if():
+            self.assert_(fkey1['name'] is not None)
+
+        eq_(fkey1['referred_schema'], expected_schema)
+        eq_(fkey1['referred_table'], users.name)
+        eq_(fkey1['referred_columns'], ['user_id', ])
+        eq_(fkey1['constrained_columns'], ['remote_user_id'])
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_foreign_keys(self):
+        self._test_get_foreign_keys()
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_foreign_keys_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_foreign_keys(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_indexes(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        # The database may decide to create indexes for foreign keys, etc.
+        # so there may be more indexes than expected.
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes('users', schema=schema)
+        expected_indexes = [
+            {'unique': False,
+             'column_names': ['test1', 'test2'],
+             'name': 'users_t_idx'},
+            {'unique': False,
+             'column_names': ['user_id', 'test2', 'test1'],
+             'name': 'users_all_idx'}
+        ]
+        index_names = [d['name'] for d in indexes]
+        for e_index in expected_indexes:
+            assert e_index['name'] in index_names
+            index = indexes[index_names.index(e_index['name'])]
+            for key in e_index:
+                eq_(e_index[key], index[key])
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    def test_get_indexes(self):
+        self._test_get_indexes()
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_indexes_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_indexes(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_unique_constraints(self):
+        self._test_get_unique_constraints()
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_unique_constraints(self):
+        insp = inspect(self.bind)
+        reflected = insp.get_unique_constraints('user_tmp')
+        for refl in reflected:
+            # Different dialects handle duplicate index and constraints
+            # differently, so ignore this flag
+            refl.pop('duplicates_index', None)
+        eq_(reflected, [{'column_names': ['name'], 'name': 'user_tmp_uq'}])
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_indexes(self):
+        insp = inspect(self.bind)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes('user_tmp')
+        for ind in indexes:
+            ind.pop('dialect_options', None)
+        eq_(
+            # TODO: we need to add better filtering for indexes/uq constraints
+            # that are doubled up
+            [idx for idx in indexes if idx['name'] == 'user_tmp_ix'],
+            [{'unique': False, 'column_names': ['foo'], 'name': 'user_tmp_ix'}]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_unique_constraints_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_unique_constraints(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_unique_constraints(self, schema=None):
+        # SQLite dialect needs to parse the names of the constraints
+        # separately from what it gets from PRAGMA index_list(), and
+        # then matches them up.  so same set of column_names in two
+        # constraints will confuse it.    Perhaps we should no longer
+        # bother with index_list() here since we have the whole
+        # CREATE TABLE?
+        uniques = sorted(
+            [
+                {'name': 'unique_a', 'column_names': ['a']},
+                {'name': 'unique_a_b_c', 'column_names': ['a', 'b', 'c']},
+                {'name': 'unique_c_a_b', 'column_names': ['c', 'a', 'b']},
+                {'name': 'unique_asc_key', 'column_names': ['asc', 'key']},
+                {'name': 'i.have.dots', 'column_names': ['b']},
+                {'name': 'i have spaces', 'column_names': ['c']},
+            ],
+            key=operator.itemgetter('name')
+        )
+        orig_meta = self.metadata
+        table = Table(
+            'testtbl', orig_meta,
+            Column('a', sa.String(20)),
+            Column('b', sa.String(30)),
+            Column('c', sa.Integer),
+            # reserved identifiers
+            Column('asc', sa.String(30)),
+            Column('key', sa.String(30)),
+            schema=schema
+        )
+        for uc in uniques:
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa.UniqueConstraint(*uc['column_names'], name=uc['name'])
+            )
+        orig_meta.create_all()
+
+        inspector = inspect(orig_meta.bind)
+        reflected = sorted(
+            inspector.get_unique_constraints('testtbl', schema=schema),
+            key=operator.itemgetter('name')
+        )
+
+        for orig, refl in zip(uniques, reflected):
+            # Different dialects handle duplicate index and constraints
+            # differently, so ignore this flag
+            refl.pop('duplicates_index', None)
+            eq_(orig, refl)
+
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_view_definition(self, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        view_name1 = 'users_v'
+        view_name2 = 'email_addresses_v'
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        v1 = insp.get_view_definition(view_name1, schema=schema)
+        self.assert_(v1)
+        v2 = insp.get_view_definition(view_name2, schema=schema)
+        self.assert_(v2)
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    def test_get_view_definition(self):
+        self._test_get_view_definition()
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_view_definition_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_view_definition(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.only_on("postgresql", "PG specific feature")
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _test_get_table_oid(self, table_name, schema=None):
+        meta = self.metadata
+        users, addresses, dingalings = self.tables.users, \
+            self.tables.email_addresses, self.tables.dingalings
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+        oid = insp.get_table_oid(table_name, schema)
+        self.assert_(isinstance(oid, int))
+
+    def test_get_table_oid(self):
+        self._test_get_table_oid('users')
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_table_oid_with_schema(self):
+        self._test_get_table_oid('users', schema=testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def test_autoincrement_col(self):
+        """test that 'autoincrement' is reflected according to sqla's policy.
+
+        Don't mark this test as unsupported for any backend !
+
+        (technically it fails with MySQL InnoDB since "id" comes before "id2")
+
+        A backend is better off not returning "autoincrement" at all,
+        instead of potentially returning "False" for an auto-incrementing
+        primary key column.
+
+        """
+
+        meta = self.metadata
+        insp = inspect(meta.bind)
+
+        for tname, cname in [
+            ('users', 'user_id'),
+            ('email_addresses', 'address_id'),
+            ('dingalings', 'dingaling_id'),
+        ]:
+            cols = insp.get_columns(tname)
+            id_ = dict((c['name'], c) for c in cols)[cname]
+            assert id_.get('autoincrement', True)
+
+
+__all__ = ('ComponentReflectionTest', 'HasTableTest')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ffaa6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from .. import exclusions
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from .. import engines
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, select, util, sql, DateTime
+import datetime
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class RowFetchTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('plain_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+        Table('has_dates', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('today', DateTime)
+              )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ]
+        )
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.has_dates.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "today": datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0)}
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_via_string(self):
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row['id'], 1
+        )
+        eq_(
+            row['data'], "d1"
+        )
+
+    def test_via_int(self):
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row[0], 1
+        )
+        eq_(
+            row[1], "d1"
+        )
+
+    def test_via_col_object(self):
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row[self.tables.plain_pk.c.id], 1
+        )
+        eq_(
+            row[self.tables.plain_pk.c.data], "d1"
+        )
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
+    def test_row_with_dupe_names(self):
+        result = config.db.execute(
+            select([self.tables.plain_pk.c.data,
+                    self.tables.plain_pk.c.data.label('data')]).
+            order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        )
+        row = result.first()
+        eq_(result.keys(), ['data', 'data'])
+        eq_(row, ('d1', 'd1'))
+
+    def test_row_w_scalar_select(self):
+        """test that a scalar select as a column is returned as such
+        and that type conversion works OK.
+
+        (this is half a SQLAlchemy Core test and half to catch database
+        backends that may have unusual behavior with scalar selects.)
+
+        """
+        datetable = self.tables.has_dates
+        s = select([datetable.alias('x').c.today]).as_scalar()
+        s2 = select([datetable.c.id, s.label('somelabel')])
+        row = config.db.execute(s2).first()
+
+        eq_(row['somelabel'], datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0))
+
+
+class PercentSchemaNamesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """tests using percent signs, spaces in table and column names.
+
+    This is a very fringe use case, doesn't work for MySQL
+    or Postgresql.  the requirement, "percent_schema_names",
+    is marked "skip" by default.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ('percent_schema_names', )
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.tables.percent_table = Table('percent%table', metadata,
+                                         Column("percent%", Integer),
+                                         Column(
+                                             "spaces % more spaces", Integer),
+                                         )
+        cls.tables.lightweight_percent_table = sql.table(
+            'percent%table', sql.column("percent%"),
+            sql.column("spaces % more spaces")
+        )
+
+    def test_single_roundtrip(self):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        for params in [
+            {'percent%': 5, 'spaces % more spaces': 12},
+            {'percent%': 7, 'spaces % more spaces': 11},
+            {'percent%': 9, 'spaces % more spaces': 10},
+            {'percent%': 11, 'spaces % more spaces': 9}
+        ]:
+            config.db.execute(percent_table.insert(), params)
+        self._assert_table()
+
+    def test_executemany_roundtrip(self):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        config.db.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(),
+            {'percent%': 5, 'spaces % more spaces': 12}
+        )
+        config.db.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(),
+            [{'percent%': 7, 'spaces % more spaces': 11},
+             {'percent%': 9, 'spaces % more spaces': 10},
+             {'percent%': 11, 'spaces % more spaces': 9}]
+        )
+        self._assert_table()
+
+    def _assert_table(self):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        lightweight_percent_table = self.tables.lightweight_percent_table
+
+        for table in (
+                percent_table,
+                percent_table.alias(),
+                lightweight_percent_table,
+                lightweight_percent_table.alias()):
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    config.db.execute(
+                        table.select().order_by(table.c['percent%'])
+                    )
+                ),
+                [
+                    (5, 12),
+                    (7, 11),
+                    (9, 10),
+                    (11, 9)
+                ]
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    config.db.execute(
+                        table.select().
+                        where(table.c['spaces % more spaces'].in_([9, 10])).
+                        order_by(table.c['percent%']),
+                    )
+                ),
+                [
+                    (9, 10),
+                    (11, 9)
+                ]
+            )
+
+            row = config.db.execute(table.select().
+                                    order_by(table.c['percent%'])).first()
+            eq_(row['percent%'], 5)
+            eq_(row['spaces % more spaces'], 12)
+
+            eq_(row[table.c['percent%']], 5)
+            eq_(row[table.c['spaces % more spaces']], 12)
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            percent_table.update().values(
+                {percent_table.c['spaces % more spaces']: 15}
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            list(
+                config.db.execute(
+                    percent_table.
+                    select().
+                    order_by(percent_table.c['percent%'])
+                )
+            ),
+            [(5, 15), (7, 15), (9, 15), (11, 15)]
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4bf63b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+
+from sqlalchemy import util
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, select, func, bindparam
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class OrderByLabelTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Test the dialect sends appropriate ORDER BY expressions when
+    labels are used.
+
+    This essentially exercises the "supports_simple_order_by_label"
+    setting.
+
+    """
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table("some_table", metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('x', Integer),
+              Column('y', Integer),
+              Column('q', String(50)),
+              Column('p', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "q": "q1", "p": "p3"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "q": "q2", "p": "p2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "q": "q3", "p": "p1"},
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result):
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(select).fetchall(),
+            result
+        )
+
+    def test_plain(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx),
+            [(1, ), (2, ), (3, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_composed_int(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx),
+            [(3, ), (5, ), (7, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_composed_multiple(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        ly = (func.lower(table.c.q) + table.c.p).label('ly')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx, ly]).order_by(lx, ly.desc()),
+            [(3, util.u('q1p3')), (5, util.u('q2p2')), (7, util.u('q3p1'))]
+        )
+
+    def test_plain_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx.desc()),
+            [(3, ), (2, ), (1, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_composed_int_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([lx]).order_by(lx.desc()),
+            [(7, ), (5, ), (3, )]
+        )
+
+    def test_group_by_composed(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        expr = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label('lx')
+        stmt = select([func.count(table.c.id), expr]).group_by(expr).order_by(expr)
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7)]
+        )
+
+
+class LimitOffsetTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table("some_table", metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('x', Integer),
+              Column('y', Integer))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(select, params).fetchall(),
+            result
+        )
+
+    def test_simple_limit(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).limit(2),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_offset(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_limit_offset(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).limit(2).offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+    
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_limit_offset_nobinds(self):
+        """test that 'literal binds' mode works - no bound params."""
+
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).limit(2).offset(1)
+        sql = stmt.compile(
+            dialect=config.db.dialect,
+            compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True})
+        sql = str(sql)
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            sql,
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_limit(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).limit(bindparam('l')),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+            params={"l": 2}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_offset(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).offset(bindparam('o')),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+            params={"o": 2}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_limit_offset(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            select([table]).order_by(table.c.id).
+            limit(bindparam("l")).offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"l": 2, "o": 1}
+        )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2d52f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ... import testing
+
+from ... import Integer, String, Sequence, schema
+
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class SequenceTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ('sequences',)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    run_create_tables = 'each'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('seq_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, Sequence('tab_id_seq'), primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+        Table('seq_opt_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, Sequence('tab_id_seq', optional=True),
+                     primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    def test_insert_roundtrip(self):
+        config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.seq_pk, config.db)
+
+    def test_insert_lastrowid(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [1]
+        )
+
+    def test_nextval_direct(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.c.id.default
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r, 1
+        )
+
+    @requirements.sequences_optional
+    def test_optional_seq(self):
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_opt_pk.insert(),
+            data="some data"
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key,
+            [1]
+        )
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (1, "some data")
+        )
+
+
+class HasSequenceTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = 'sequences',
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_has_sequence(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq')
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db,
+                                                'user_id_seq'), True)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schema(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq', schema=config.test_schema)
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(
+                testing.db, 'user_id_seq', schema=config.test_schema), True)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
+
+    def test_has_sequence_neg(self):
+        eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq'),
+            False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schemas_neg(self):
+        eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq',
+                                            schema=config.test_schema),
+            False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_default_not_in_remote(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq')
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq',
+                                                schema=config.test_schema),
+                False)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_remote_not_in_default(self):
+        s1 = Sequence('user_id_seq', schema=config.test_schema)
+        testing.db.execute(schema.CreateSequence(s1))
+        try:
+            eq_(testing.db.dialect.has_sequence(testing.db, 'user_id_seq'),
+                False)
+        finally:
+            testing.db.execute(schema.DropSequence(s1))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..230aeb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..config import requirements
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, Unicode, UnicodeText, select
+from sqlalchemy import Date, DateTime, Time, MetaData, String, \
+    Text, Numeric, Float, literal, Boolean
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+from ... import testing
+import decimal
+import datetime
+from ...util import u
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _LiteralRoundTripFixture(object):
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _literal_round_trip(self, type_, input_, output, filter_=None):
+        """test literal rendering """
+
+        # for literal, we test the literal render in an INSERT
+        # into a typed column.  we can then SELECT it back as its
+        # official type; ideally we'd be able to use CAST here
+        # but MySQL in particular can't CAST fully
+        t = Table('t', self.metadata, Column('x', type_))
+        t.create()
+
+        for value in input_:
+            ins = t.insert().values(x=literal(value)).compile(
+                dialect=testing.db.dialect,
+                compile_kwargs=dict(literal_binds=True)
+            )
+            testing.db.execute(ins)
+
+        for row in t.select().execute():
+            value = row[0]
+            if filter_ is not None:
+                value = filter_(value)
+            assert value in output
+
+
+class _UnicodeFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture):
+    __requires__ = 'unicode_data',
+
+    data = u("Alors vous imaginez ma surprise, au lever du jour, "
+             "quand une drôle de petite voix m’a réveillé. Elle "
+             "disait: « S’il vous plaît… dessine-moi un mouton! »")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('unicode_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('unicode_data', cls.datatype),
+              )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            {
+                'unicode_data': self.data,
+            }
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                unicode_table.c.unicode_data,
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (self.data, )
+        )
+        assert isinstance(row[0], util.text_type)
+
+    def test_round_trip_executemany(self):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {
+                    'unicode_data': self.data,
+                }
+                for i in range(3)
+            ]
+        )
+
+        rows = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                unicode_table.c.unicode_data,
+            ])
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(
+            rows,
+            [(self.data, ) for i in range(3)]
+        )
+        for row in rows:
+            assert isinstance(row[0], util.text_type)
+
+    def _test_empty_strings(self):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            {"unicode_data": u('')}
+        )
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([unicode_table.c.unicode_data])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, (u(''),))
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [self.data])
+
+
+class UnicodeVarcharTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'unicode_data',
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Unicode(255)
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_varchar
+    def test_empty_strings_varchar(self):
+        self._test_empty_strings()
+
+
+class UnicodeTextTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'unicode_data', 'text_type'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = UnicodeText()
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_text
+    def test_empty_strings_text(self):
+        self._test_empty_strings()
+
+
+class TextTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'text_type',
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('text_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('text_data', Text),
+              )
+
+    def test_text_roundtrip(self):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            text_table.insert(),
+            {"text_data": 'some text'}
+        )
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([text_table.c.text_data])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, ('some text',))
+
+    def test_text_empty_strings(self):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            text_table.insert(),
+            {"text_data": ''}
+        )
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([text_table.c.text_data])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, ('',))
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(Text, ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self):
+        data = '''some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text'''
+        self._literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self):
+        data = r'backslash one \ backslash two \\ end'
+        self._literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+
+class StringTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @requirements.unbounded_varchar
+    def test_nolength_string(self):
+        metadata = MetaData()
+        foo = Table('foo', metadata,
+                    Column('one', String)
+                    )
+
+        foo.create(config.db)
+        foo.drop(config.db)
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(String(40), ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self):
+        data = '''some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text'''
+        self._literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self):
+        data = r'backslash one \ backslash two \\ end'
+        self._literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+
+class _DateFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture):
+    compare = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('date_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True,
+                     test_needs_autoincrement=True),
+              Column('date_data', cls.datatype),
+              )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            date_table.insert(),
+            {'date_data': self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                date_table.c.date_data,
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        eq_(row,
+            (compare, ))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], type(compare))
+
+    def test_null(self):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            date_table.insert(),
+            {'date_data': None}
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                date_table.c.date_data,
+            ])
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_literals
+    def test_literal(self):
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        self._literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [compare])
+
+
+class DateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'datetime',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+
+
+class DateTimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'datetime_microseconds',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+
+class TimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'time',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18)
+
+
+class TimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'time_microseconds',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+
+class DateTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'date',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+
+class DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'date', 'date_coerces_from_datetime'
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+    compare = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+
+class DateTimeHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'datetime_historic',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(1850, 11, 10, 11, 52, 35)
+
+
+class DateHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = 'date_historic',
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(1727, 4, 1)
+
+
+class IntegerTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_literal(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(Integer, [5], [5])
+
+
+class NumericTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.emits_warning(r".*does \*not\* support Decimal objects natively")
+    @testing.provide_metadata
+    def _do_test(self, type_, input_, output,
+                 filter_=None, check_scale=False):
+        metadata = self.metadata
+        t = Table('t', metadata, Column('x', type_))
+        t.create()
+        t.insert().execute([{'x': x} for x in input_])
+
+        result = set([row[0] for row in t.select().execute()])
+        output = set(output)
+        if filter_:
+            result = set(filter_(x) for x in result)
+            output = set(filter_(x) for x in output)
+        eq_(result, output)
+        if check_scale:
+            eq_(
+                [str(x) for x in result],
+                [str(x) for x in output],
+            )
+
+    @testing.emits_warning(r".*does \*not\* support Decimal objects natively")
+    def test_render_literal_numeric(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    @testing.emits_warning(r".*does \*not\* support Decimal objects natively")
+    def test_render_literal_numeric_asfloat(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_float(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Float(4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563, ],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_generic_float_type
+    def test_float_custom_scale(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Float(None, decimal_return_scale=7, asdecimal=True),
+            [15.7563827, decimal.Decimal("15.7563827")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563827"), ],
+            check_scale=True
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_decimal(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_float(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_decimal(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [None],
+            [None],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_float(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [None],
+            [None],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.floats_to_four_decimals
+    def test_float_as_decimal(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Float(precision=8, asdecimal=True),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563"), None],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563"), None],
+        )
+
+    def test_float_as_float(self):
+        self._do_test(
+            Float(precision=8),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_general
+    def test_precision_decimal(self):
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal("54.234246451650"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.004354"),
+            decimal.Decimal("900.0"),
+        ])
+
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=18, scale=12),
+            numbers,
+            numbers,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal(self):
+        """test exceedingly small decimals.
+
+        Decimal reports values with E notation when the exponent
+        is greater than 6.
+
+        """
+
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-2'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-3'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-4'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-5'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-6'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-7'),
+            decimal.Decimal('1E-8'),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.01000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.70000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("696E-12"),
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=18, scale=14),
+            numbers,
+            numbers
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal_large(self):
+        """test exceedingly large decimals.
+
+        """
+
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal('4E+8'),
+            decimal.Decimal("5748E+15"),
+            decimal.Decimal('1.521E+15'),
+            decimal.Decimal('00000000000000.1E+12'),
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=25, scale=2),
+            numbers,
+            numbers
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_many_significant_digits
+    def test_many_significant_digits(self):
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal("31943874831932418390.01"),
+            decimal.Decimal("319438950232418390.273596"),
+            decimal.Decimal("87673.594069654243"),
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=38, scale=12),
+            numbers,
+            numbers
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits
+    def test_numeric_no_decimal(self):
+        numbers = set([
+            decimal.Decimal("1.000")
+        ])
+        self._do_test(
+            Numeric(precision=5, scale=3),
+            numbers,
+            numbers,
+            check_scale=True
+        )
+
+
+class BooleanTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('boolean_table', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+              Column('value', Boolean),
+              Column('unconstrained_value', Boolean(create_constraint=False)),
+              )
+
+    def test_render_literal_bool(self):
+        self._literal_round_trip(
+            Boolean(),
+            [True, False],
+            [True, False]
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {
+                'id': 1,
+                'value': True,
+                'unconstrained_value': False
+            }
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                boolean_table.c.value,
+                boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (True, False)
+        )
+        assert isinstance(row[0], bool)
+
+    def test_null(self):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        config.db.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {
+                'id': 1,
+                'value': None,
+                'unconstrained_value': None
+            }
+        )
+
+        row = config.db.execute(
+            select([
+                boolean_table.c.value,
+                boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+            ])
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (None, None)
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ('UnicodeVarcharTest', 'UnicodeTextTest',
+           'DateTest', 'DateTimeTest', 'TextTest',
+           'NumericTest', 'IntegerTest',
+           'DateTimeHistoricTest', 'DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest',
+           'TimeMicrosecondsTest', 'TimeTest', 'DateTimeMicrosecondsTest',
+           'DateHistoricTest', 'StringTest', 'BooleanTest')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4c61e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from .. import fixtures, config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+
+from sqlalchemy import Integer, String
+from ..schema import Table, Column
+
+
+class SimpleUpdateDeleteTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = 'each'
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table('plain_pk', metadata,
+              Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
+              Column('data', String(50))
+              )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls):
+        config.db.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            t.update().where(t.c.id == 2),
+            data="d2_new"
+        )
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "d1"),
+                (2, "d2_new"),
+                (3, "d3")
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_delete(self):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = config.db.execute(
+            t.delete().where(t.c.id == 2)
+        )
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+        eq_(
+            config.db.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "d1"),
+                (3, "d3")
+            ]
+        )
+
+__all__ = ('SimpleUpdateDeleteTest', )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..754e2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+# testing/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from ..util import jython, pypy, defaultdict, decorator, py2k
+import decimal
+import gc
+import time
+import random
+import sys
+import types
+
+if jython:
+    def jython_gc_collect(*args):
+        """aggressive gc.collect for tests."""
+        gc.collect()
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
+        return 0
+
+    # "lazy" gc, for VM's that don't GC on refcount == 0
+    gc_collect = lazy_gc = jython_gc_collect
+elif pypy:
+    def pypy_gc_collect(*args):
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
+    gc_collect = lazy_gc = pypy_gc_collect
+else:
+    # assume CPython - straight gc.collect, lazy_gc() is a pass
+    gc_collect = gc.collect
+
+    def lazy_gc():
+        pass
+
+
+def picklers():
+    picklers = set()
+    if py2k:
+        try:
+            import cPickle
+            picklers.add(cPickle)
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+    import pickle
+    picklers.add(pickle)
+
+    # yes, this thing needs this much testing
+    for pickle_ in picklers:
+        for protocol in -1, 0, 1, 2:
+            yield pickle_.loads, lambda d: pickle_.dumps(d, protocol)
+
+
+def round_decimal(value, prec):
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return round(value, prec)
+
+    # can also use shift() here but that is 2.6 only
+    return (value * decimal.Decimal("1" + "0" * prec)
+            ).to_integral(decimal.ROUND_FLOOR) / \
+        pow(10, prec)
+
+
+class RandomSet(set):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        l = list(set.__iter__(self))
+        random.shuffle(l)
+        return iter(l)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        index = random.randint(0, len(self) - 1)
+        item = list(set.__iter__(self))[index]
+        self.remove(item)
+        return item
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.union(self, other))
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.difference(self, other))
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.intersection(self, other))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return RandomSet(self)
+
+
+def conforms_partial_ordering(tuples, sorted_elements):
+    """True if the given sorting conforms to the given partial ordering."""
+
+    deps = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        deps[parent].add(child)
+    for i, node in enumerate(sorted_elements):
+        for n in sorted_elements[i:]:
+            if node in deps[n]:
+                return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def all_partial_orderings(tuples, elements):
+    edges = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    def _all_orderings(elements):
+
+        if len(elements) == 1:
+            yield list(elements)
+        else:
+            for elem in elements:
+                subset = set(elements).difference([elem])
+                if not subset.intersection(edges[elem]):
+                    for sub_ordering in _all_orderings(subset):
+                        yield [elem] + sub_ordering
+
+    return iter(_all_orderings(elements))
+
+
+def function_named(fn, name):
+    """Return a function with a given __name__.
+
+    Will assign to __name__ and return the original function if possible on
+    the Python implementation, otherwise a new function will be constructed.
+
+    This function should be phased out as much as possible
+    in favor of @decorator.   Tests that "generate" many named tests
+    should be modernized.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        fn.__name__ = name
+    except TypeError:
+        fn = types.FunctionType(fn.__code__, fn.__globals__, name,
+                                fn.__defaults__, fn.__closure__)
+    return fn
+
+
+def run_as_contextmanager(ctx, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    """Run the given function under the given contextmanager,
+    simulating the behavior of 'with' to support older
+    Python versions.
+
+    This is not necessary anymore as we have placed 2.6
+    as minimum Python version, however some tests are still using
+    this structure.
+
+    """
+
+    obj = ctx.__enter__()
+    try:
+        result = fn(obj, *arg, **kw)
+        ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+        return result
+    except:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        raise_ = ctx.__exit__(*exc_info)
+        if raise_ is None:
+            raise
+        else:
+            return raise_
+
+
+def rowset(results):
+    """Converts the results of sql execution into a plain set of column tuples.
+
+    Useful for asserting the results of an unordered query.
+    """
+
+    return set([tuple(row) for row in results])
+
+
+def fail(msg):
+    assert False, msg
+
+
+@decorator
+def provide_metadata(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Provide bound MetaData for a single test, dropping afterwards."""
+
+    from . import config
+    from . import engines
+    from sqlalchemy import schema
+
+    metadata = schema.MetaData(config.db)
+    self = args[0]
+    prev_meta = getattr(self, 'metadata', None)
+    self.metadata = metadata
+    try:
+        return fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        engines.drop_all_tables(metadata, config.db)
+        self.metadata = prev_meta
+
+
+def force_drop_names(*names):
+    """Force the given table names to be dropped after test complete,
+    isolating for foreign key cycles
+
+    """
+    from . import config
+    from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+    @decorator
+    def go(fn, *args, **kw):
+
+        try:
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+        finally:
+            drop_all_tables(
+                config.db, inspect(config.db), include_names=names)
+    return go
+
+
+class adict(dict):
+    """Dict keys available as attributes.  Shadows."""
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return dict.__getattribute__(self, key)
+
+    def __call__(self, *keys):
+        return tuple([self[key] for key in keys])
+
+    get_all = __call__
+
+
+def drop_all_tables(engine, inspector, schema=None, include_names=None):
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Table, Integer, MetaData, \
+        ForeignKeyConstraint
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import DropTable, DropConstraint
+
+    if include_names is not None:
+        include_names = set(include_names)
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        for tname, fkcs in reversed(
+                inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(schema=schema)):
+            if tname:
+                if include_names is not None and tname not in include_names:
+                    continue
+                conn.execute(DropTable(
+                    Table(tname, MetaData(), schema=schema)
+                ))
+            elif fkcs:
+                if not engine.dialect.supports_alter:
+                    continue
+                for tname, fkc in fkcs:
+                    if include_names is not None and \
+                            tname not in include_names:
+                        continue
+                    tb = Table(
+                        tname, MetaData(),
+                        Column('x', Integer),
+                        Column('y', Integer),
+                        schema=schema
+                    )
+                    conn.execute(DropConstraint(
+                        ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                            [tb.c.x], [tb.c.y], name=fkc)
+                    ))
+
+
+def teardown_events(event_cls):
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *arg, **kw):
+        try:
+            return fn(*arg, **kw)
+        finally:
+            event_cls._clear()
+    return decorate
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de372dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# testing/warnings.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import warnings
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from . import assertions
+
+
+def setup_filters():
+    """Set global warning behavior for the test suite."""
+
+    warnings.filterwarnings('ignore',
+                            category=sa_exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings('error', category=sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings('error', category=sa_exc.SAWarning)
+
+
+def assert_warnings(fn, warning_msgs, regex=False):
+    """Assert that each of the given warnings are emitted by fn.
+
+    Deprecated.  Please use assertions.expect_warnings().
+
+    """
+
+    with assertions._expect_warnings(
+            sa_exc.SAWarning, warning_msgs, regex=regex):
+        return fn()
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44ed696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Compatibility namespace for sqlalchemy.sql.types.
+
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['TypeEngine', 'TypeDecorator', 'UserDefinedType',
+           'INT', 'CHAR', 'VARCHAR', 'NCHAR', 'NVARCHAR', 'TEXT', 'Text',
+           'FLOAT', 'NUMERIC', 'REAL', 'DECIMAL', 'TIMESTAMP', 'DATETIME',
+           'CLOB', 'BLOB', 'BINARY', 'VARBINARY', 'BOOLEAN', 'BIGINT',
+           'SMALLINT', 'INTEGER', 'DATE', 'TIME', 'String', 'Integer',
+           'SmallInteger', 'BigInteger', 'Numeric', 'Float', 'DateTime',
+           'Date', 'Time', 'LargeBinary', 'Binary', 'Boolean', 'Unicode',
+           'Concatenable', 'UnicodeText', 'PickleType', 'Interval', 'Enum']
+
+from .sql.type_api import (
+    adapt_type,
+    TypeEngine,
+    TypeDecorator,
+    Variant,
+    to_instance,
+    UserDefinedType
+)
+from .sql.sqltypes import (
+    BIGINT,
+    BINARY,
+    BLOB,
+    BOOLEAN,
+    BigInteger,
+    Binary,
+    _Binary,
+    Boolean,
+    CHAR,
+    CLOB,
+    Concatenable,
+    DATE,
+    DATETIME,
+    DECIMAL,
+    Date,
+    DateTime,
+    Enum,
+    FLOAT,
+    Float,
+    INT,
+    INTEGER,
+    Integer,
+    Interval,
+    LargeBinary,
+    MatchType,
+    NCHAR,
+    NVARCHAR,
+    NullType,
+    NULLTYPE,
+    NUMERIC,
+    Numeric,
+    PickleType,
+    REAL,
+    SchemaType,
+    SMALLINT,
+    SmallInteger,
+    String,
+    STRINGTYPE,
+    TEXT,
+    TIME,
+    TIMESTAMP,
+    Text,
+    Time,
+    Unicode,
+    UnicodeText,
+    VARBINARY,
+    VARCHAR,
+    _type_map
+    )
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8dcec48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# util/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .compat import callable, cmp, reduce,  \
+    threading, py3k, py33, py36, py2k, jython, pypy, cpython, win32, \
+    pickle, dottedgetter, parse_qsl, namedtuple, next, reraise, \
+    raise_from_cause, text_type, safe_kwarg, string_types, int_types, \
+    binary_type, nested, \
+    quote_plus, with_metaclass, print_, itertools_filterfalse, u, ue, b,\
+    unquote_plus, unquote, b64decode, b64encode, byte_buffer, itertools_filter,\
+    iterbytes, StringIO, inspect_getargspec, zip_longest
+
+from ._collections import KeyedTuple, ImmutableContainer, immutabledict, \
+    Properties, OrderedProperties, ImmutableProperties, OrderedDict, \
+    OrderedSet, IdentitySet, OrderedIdentitySet, column_set, \
+    column_dict, ordered_column_set, populate_column_dict, unique_list, \
+    UniqueAppender, PopulateDict, EMPTY_SET, to_list, to_set, \
+    to_column_set, update_copy, flatten_iterator, has_intersection, \
+    LRUCache, ScopedRegistry, ThreadLocalRegistry, WeakSequence, \
+    coerce_generator_arg, lightweight_named_tuple
+
+from .langhelpers import iterate_attributes, class_hierarchy, \
+    portable_instancemethod, unbound_method_to_callable, \
+    getargspec_init, format_argspec_init, format_argspec_plus, \
+    get_func_kwargs, get_cls_kwargs, decorator, as_interface, \
+    memoized_property, memoized_instancemethod, md5_hex, \
+    group_expirable_memoized_property, dependencies, decode_slice, \
+    monkeypatch_proxied_specials, asbool, bool_or_str, coerce_kw_type,\
+    duck_type_collection, assert_arg_type, symbol, dictlike_iteritems,\
+    classproperty, set_creation_order, warn_exception, warn, NoneType,\
+    constructor_copy, methods_equivalent, chop_traceback, asint,\
+    generic_repr, counter, PluginLoader, hybridproperty, hybridmethod, \
+    safe_reraise,\
+    get_callable_argspec, only_once, attrsetter, ellipses_string, \
+    warn_limited, map_bits, MemoizedSlots, EnsureKWArgType
+
+from .deprecations import warn_deprecated, warn_pending_deprecation, \
+    deprecated, pending_deprecation, inject_docstring_text
+
+# things that used to be not always available,
+# but are now as of current support Python versions
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import partial
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from contextlib import contextmanager
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed1a3e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@
+# util/_collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Collection classes and helpers."""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import weakref
+import operator
+from .compat import threading, itertools_filterfalse, string_types
+from . import py2k
+import types
+import collections
+
+EMPTY_SET = frozenset()
+
+
+class AbstractKeyedTuple(tuple):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return a list of string key names for this :class:`.KeyedTuple`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.KeyedTuple._fields`
+
+        """
+
+        return list(self._fields)
+
+
+class KeyedTuple(AbstractKeyedTuple):
+    """``tuple`` subclass that adds labeled names.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> k = KeyedTuple([1, 2, 3], labels=["one", "two", "three"])
+        >>> k.one
+        1
+        >>> k.two
+        2
+
+    Result rows returned by :class:`.Query` that contain multiple
+    ORM entities and/or column expressions make use of this
+    class to return rows.
+
+    The :class:`.KeyedTuple` exhibits similar behavior to the
+    ``collections.namedtuple()`` construct provided in the Python
+    standard library, however is architected very differently.
+    Unlike ``collections.namedtuple()``, :class:`.KeyedTuple` is
+    does not rely on creation of custom subtypes in order to represent
+    a new series of keys, instead each :class:`.KeyedTuple` instance
+    receives its list of keys in place.   The subtype approach
+    of ``collections.namedtuple()`` introduces significant complexity
+    and performance overhead, which is not necessary for the
+    :class:`.Query` object's use case.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+        Compatibility methods with ``collections.namedtuple()`` have been
+        added including :attr:`.KeyedTuple._fields` and
+        :meth:`.KeyedTuple._asdict`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`ormtutorial_querying`
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, vals, labels=None):
+        t = tuple.__new__(cls, vals)
+        if labels:
+            t.__dict__.update(zip(labels, vals))
+        else:
+            labels = []
+        t.__dict__['_labels'] = labels
+        return t
+
+    @property
+    def _fields(self):
+        """Return a tuple of string key names for this :class:`.KeyedTuple`.
+
+        This method provides compatibility with ``collections.namedtuple()``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.KeyedTuple.keys`
+
+        """
+        return tuple([l for l in self._labels if l is not None])
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        raise AttributeError("Can't set attribute: %s" % key)
+
+    def _asdict(self):
+        """Return the contents of this :class:`.KeyedTuple` as a dictionary.
+
+        This method provides compatibility with ``collections.namedtuple()``,
+        with the exception that the dictionary returned is **not** ordered.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+        """
+        return dict((key, self.__dict__[key]) for key in self.keys())
+
+
+class _LW(AbstractKeyedTuple):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, vals):
+        return tuple.__new__(cls, vals)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # for pickling, degrade down to the regular
+        # KeyedTuple, thus avoiding anonymous class pickling
+        # difficulties
+        return KeyedTuple, (list(self), self._real_fields)
+
+    def _asdict(self):
+        """Return the contents of this :class:`.KeyedTuple` as a dictionary."""
+
+        d = dict(zip(self._real_fields, self))
+        d.pop(None, None)
+        return d
+
+
+class ImmutableContainer(object):
+    def _immutable(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise TypeError("%s object is immutable" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    __delitem__ = __setitem__ = __setattr__ = _immutable
+
+
+class immutabledict(ImmutableContainer, dict):
+
+    clear = pop = popitem = setdefault = \
+        update = ImmutableContainer._immutable
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        new = dict.__new__(cls)
+        dict.__init__(new, *args)
+        return new
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return immutabledict, (dict(self), )
+
+    def union(self, d):
+        if not d:
+            return self
+        elif not self:
+            if isinstance(d, immutabledict):
+                return d
+            else:
+                return immutabledict(d)
+        else:
+            d2 = immutabledict(self)
+            dict.update(d2, d)
+            return d2
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "immutabledict(%s)" % dict.__repr__(self)
+
+
+class Properties(object):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface over a dict."""
+
+    __slots__ = '_data',
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_data', data)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(list(self._data.values()))
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return list(self) + list(other)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, object):
+        self._data[key] = object
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._data[key]
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, obj):
+        self._data[key] = obj
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'_data': self.__dict__['_data']}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__['_data'] = state['_data']
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._data[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def as_immutable(self):
+        """Return an immutable proxy for this :class:`.Properties`."""
+
+        return ImmutableProperties(self._data)
+
+    def update(self, value):
+        self._data.update(value)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(self._data)
+
+    def values(self):
+        return list(self._data.values())
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self._data.items())
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._data.clear()
+
+
+class OrderedProperties(Properties):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface with an OrderedDict
+    as backing store."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Properties.__init__(self, OrderedDict())
+
+
+class ImmutableProperties(ImmutableContainer, Properties):
+    """Provide immutable dict/object attribute to an underlying dictionary."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class OrderedDict(dict):
+    """A dict that returns keys/values/items in the order they were added."""
+
+    __slots__ = '_list',
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return OrderedDict, (self.items(),)
+
+    def __init__(self, ____sequence=None, **kwargs):
+        self._list = []
+        if ____sequence is None:
+            if kwargs:
+                self.update(**kwargs)
+        else:
+            self.update(____sequence, **kwargs)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._list = []
+        dict.clear(self)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self.__copy__()
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return OrderedDict(self)
+
+    def sort(self, *arg, **kw):
+        self._list.sort(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def update(self, ____sequence=None, **kwargs):
+        if ____sequence is not None:
+            if hasattr(____sequence, 'keys'):
+                for key in ____sequence.keys():
+                    self.__setitem__(key, ____sequence[key])
+            else:
+                for key, value in ____sequence:
+                    self[key] = value
+        if kwargs:
+            self.update(kwargs)
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        if key not in self:
+            self.__setitem__(key, value)
+            return value
+        else:
+            return self.__getitem__(key)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(self)
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [self[key] for key in self._list]
+
+    def items(self):
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self._list]
+
+    if py2k:
+        def itervalues(self):
+            return iter(self.values())
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            return iter(self)
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            return iter(self.items())
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, object):
+        if key not in self:
+            try:
+                self._list.append(key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # work around Python pickle loads() with
+                # dict subclass (seems to ignore __setstate__?)
+                self._list = [key]
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, object)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+        self._list.remove(key)
+
+    def pop(self, key, *default):
+        present = key in self
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, *default)
+        if present:
+            self._list.remove(key)
+        return value
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        item = dict.popitem(self)
+        self._list.remove(item[0])
+        return item
+
+
+class OrderedSet(set):
+    def __init__(self, d=None):
+        set.__init__(self)
+        self._list = []
+        if d is not None:
+            self._list = unique_list(d)
+            set.update(self, self._list)
+        else:
+            self._list = []
+
+    def add(self, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.append(element)
+        set.add(self, element)
+
+    def remove(self, element):
+        set.remove(self, element)
+        self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def insert(self, pos, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.insert(pos, element)
+        set.add(self, element)
+
+    def discard(self, element):
+        if element in self:
+            self._list.remove(element)
+            set.remove(self, element)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        set.clear(self)
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._list[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    def update(self, iterable):
+        for e in iterable:
+            if e not in self:
+                self._list.append(e)
+                set.add(self, e)
+        return self
+
+    __ior__ = update
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        result = self.__class__(self)
+        result.update(other)
+        return result
+
+    __or__ = union
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self if a in other)
+
+    __and__ = intersection
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        result = self.__class__(a for a in self if a not in other)
+        result.update(a for a in other if a not in self)
+        return result
+
+    __xor__ = symmetric_difference
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self if a not in other)
+
+    __sub__ = difference
+
+    def intersection_update(self, other):
+        other = set(other)
+        set.intersection_update(self, other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in other]
+        return self
+
+    __iand__ = intersection_update
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        set.symmetric_difference_update(self, other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        self._list += [a for a in other._list if a in self]
+        return self
+
+    __ixor__ = symmetric_difference_update
+
+    def difference_update(self, other):
+        set.difference_update(self, other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        return self
+
+    __isub__ = difference_update
+
+
+class IdentitySet(object):
+    """A set that considers only object id() for uniqueness.
+
+    This strategy has edge cases for builtin types- it's possible to have
+    two 'foo' strings in one of these sets, for example.  Use sparingly.
+
+    """
+
+    _working_set = set
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        self._members = dict()
+        if iterable:
+            for o in iterable:
+                self.add(o)
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        self._members[id(value)] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        return id(value) in self._members
+
+    def remove(self, value):
+        del self._members[id(value)]
+
+    def discard(self, value):
+        try:
+            self.remove(value)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def pop(self):
+        try:
+            pair = self._members.popitem()
+            return pair[1]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError('pop from an empty set')
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._members.clear()
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        raise TypeError('cannot compare sets using cmp()')
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members == other._members
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members != other._members
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def issubset(self, iterable):
+        other = type(self)(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) > len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in itertools_filterfalse(other._members.__contains__,
+                                       iter(self._members.keys())):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issubset(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) < len(other) and self.issubset(other)
+
+    def issuperset(self, iterable):
+        other = type(self)(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) < len(other):
+            return False
+
+        for m in itertools_filterfalse(self._members.__contains__,
+                                       iter(other._members.keys())):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) > len(other) and self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def union(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(self._working_set(members).union(other))
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.union(iterable)._members
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def difference(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(self._working_set(members).difference(other))
+        return result
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def difference_update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(self._working_set(members).intersection(other))
+        return result
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.intersection(iterable)._members
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, iterable):
+        result = type(self)()
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+        members = self._member_id_tuples()
+        other = _iter_id(iterable)
+        result._members.update(
+            self._working_set(members).symmetric_difference(other))
+        return result
+
+    def _member_id_tuples(self):
+        return ((id(v), v) for v in self._members.values())
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, iterable):
+        self._members = self.symmetric_difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.symmetric_difference(other)
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return type(self)(iter(self._members.values()))
+
+    __copy__ = copy
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._members)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._members.values())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError('set objects are unhashable')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (type(self).__name__, list(self._members.values()))
+
+
+class WeakSequence(object):
+    def __init__(self, __elements=()):
+        self._storage = [
+            weakref.ref(element, self._remove) for element in __elements
+        ]
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self._storage.append(weakref.ref(item, self._remove))
+
+    def _remove(self, ref):
+        self._storage.remove(ref)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._storage)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (obj for obj in
+                (ref() for ref in self._storage) if obj is not None)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        try:
+            obj = self._storage[index]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise IndexError("Index %s out of range" % index)
+        else:
+            return obj()
+
+
+class OrderedIdentitySet(IdentitySet):
+    class _working_set(OrderedSet):
+        # a testing pragma: exempt the OIDS working set from the test suite's
+        # "never call the user's __hash__" assertions.  this is a big hammer,
+        # but it's safe here: IDS operates on (id, instance) tuples in the
+        # working set.
+        __sa_hash_exempt__ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        IdentitySet.__init__(self)
+        self._members = OrderedDict()
+        if iterable:
+            for o in iterable:
+                self.add(o)
+
+
+class PopulateDict(dict):
+    """A dict which populates missing values via a creation function.
+
+    Note the creation function takes a key, unlike
+    collections.defaultdict.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator):
+        self.creator = creator
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        self[key] = val = self.creator(key)
+        return val
+
+# Define collections that are capable of storing
+# ColumnElement objects as hashable keys/elements.
+# At this point, these are mostly historical, things
+# used to be more complicated.
+column_set = set
+column_dict = dict
+ordered_column_set = OrderedSet
+populate_column_dict = PopulateDict
+
+
+_getters = PopulateDict(operator.itemgetter)
+
+_property_getters = PopulateDict(
+    lambda idx: property(operator.itemgetter(idx)))
+
+
+def unique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
+    seen = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if not hashfunc:
+        return [x for x in seq
+                if x not in seen
+                and not seen_add(x)]
+    else:
+        return [x for x in seq
+                if hashfunc(x) not in seen
+                and not seen_add(hashfunc(x))]
+
+
+class UniqueAppender(object):
+    """Appends items to a collection ensuring uniqueness.
+
+    Additional appends() of the same object are ignored.  Membership is
+    determined by identity (``is a``) not equality (``==``).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data, via=None):
+        self.data = data
+        self._unique = {}
+        if via:
+            self._data_appender = getattr(data, via)
+        elif hasattr(data, 'append'):
+            self._data_appender = data.append
+        elif hasattr(data, 'add'):
+            self._data_appender = data.add
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        id_ = id(item)
+        if id_ not in self._unique:
+            self._data_appender(item)
+            self._unique[id_] = True
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+
+def coerce_generator_arg(arg):
+    if len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], types.GeneratorType):
+        return list(arg[0])
+    else:
+        return arg
+
+
+def to_list(x, default=None):
+    if x is None:
+        return default
+    if not isinstance(x, collections.Iterable) or isinstance(x, string_types):
+        return [x]
+    elif isinstance(x, list):
+        return x
+    else:
+        return list(x)
+
+
+def has_intersection(set_, iterable):
+    """return True if any items of set_ are present in iterable.
+
+    Goes through special effort to ensure __hash__ is not called
+    on items in iterable that don't support it.
+
+    """
+    # TODO: optimize, write in C, etc.
+    return bool(
+        set_.intersection([i for i in iterable if i.__hash__])
+    )
+
+
+def to_set(x):
+    if x is None:
+        return set()
+    if not isinstance(x, set):
+        return set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def to_column_set(x):
+    if x is None:
+        return column_set()
+    if not isinstance(x, column_set):
+        return column_set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def update_copy(d, _new=None, **kw):
+    """Copy the given dict and update with the given values."""
+
+    d = d.copy()
+    if _new:
+        d.update(_new)
+    d.update(**kw)
+    return d
+
+
+def flatten_iterator(x):
+    """Given an iterator of which further sub-elements may also be
+    iterators, flatten the sub-elements into a single iterator.
+
+    """
+    for elem in x:
+        if not isinstance(elem, str) and hasattr(elem, '__iter__'):
+            for y in flatten_iterator(elem):
+                yield y
+        else:
+            yield elem
+
+
+class LRUCache(dict):
+    """Dictionary with 'squishy' removal of least
+    recently used items.
+
+    Note that either get() or [] should be used here, but
+    generally its not safe to do an "in" check first as the dictionary
+    can change subsequent to that call.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, capacity=100, threshold=.5):
+        self.capacity = capacity
+        self.threshold = threshold
+        self._counter = 0
+        self._mutex = threading.Lock()
+
+    def _inc_counter(self):
+        self._counter += 1
+        return self._counter
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        item = dict.get(self, key, default)
+        if item is not default:
+            item[2] = self._inc_counter()
+            return item[1]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        item = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        item[2] = self._inc_counter()
+        return item[1]
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [i[1] for i in dict.values(self)]
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            self[key] = value
+            return value
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        item = dict.get(self, key)
+        if item is None:
+            item = [key, value, self._inc_counter()]
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, item)
+        else:
+            item[1] = value
+        self._manage_size()
+
+    def _manage_size(self):
+        if not self._mutex.acquire(False):
+            return
+        try:
+            while len(self) > self.capacity + self.capacity * self.threshold:
+                by_counter = sorted(dict.values(self),
+                                    key=operator.itemgetter(2),
+                                    reverse=True)
+                for item in by_counter[self.capacity:]:
+                    try:
+                        del self[item[0]]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        # deleted elsewhere; skip
+                        continue
+        finally:
+            self._mutex.release()
+
+
+_lw_tuples = LRUCache(100)
+
+
+def lightweight_named_tuple(name, fields):
+    hash_ = (name, ) + tuple(fields)
+    tp_cls = _lw_tuples.get(hash_)
+    if tp_cls:
+        return tp_cls
+
+    tp_cls = type(
+        name, (_LW,),
+        dict([
+            (field, _property_getters[idx])
+            for idx, field in enumerate(fields) if field is not None
+        ] + [('__slots__', ())])
+    )
+
+    tp_cls._real_fields = fields
+    tp_cls._fields = tuple([f for f in fields if f is not None])
+
+    _lw_tuples[hash_] = tp_cls
+    return tp_cls
+
+
+class ScopedRegistry(object):
+    """A Registry that can store one or multiple instances of a single
+    class on the basis of a "scope" function.
+
+    The object implements ``__call__`` as the "getter", so by
+    calling ``myregistry()`` the contained object is returned
+    for the current scope.
+
+    :param createfunc:
+      a callable that returns a new object to be placed in the registry
+
+    :param scopefunc:
+      a callable that will return a key to store/retrieve an object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, createfunc, scopefunc):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.ScopedRegistry`.
+
+        :param createfunc:  A creation function that will generate
+          a new value for the current scope, if none is present.
+
+        :param scopefunc:  A function that returns a hashable
+          token representing the current scope (such as, current
+          thread identifier).
+
+        """
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.scopefunc = scopefunc
+        self.registry = {}
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        key = self.scopefunc()
+        try:
+            return self.registry[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return self.registry.setdefault(key, self.createfunc())
+
+    def has(self):
+        """Return True if an object is present in the current scope."""
+
+        return self.scopefunc() in self.registry
+
+    def set(self, obj):
+        """Set the value for the current scope."""
+
+        self.registry[self.scopefunc()] = obj
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear the current scope, if any."""
+
+        try:
+            del self.registry[self.scopefunc()]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+
+class ThreadLocalRegistry(ScopedRegistry):
+    """A :class:`.ScopedRegistry` that uses a ``threading.local()``
+    variable for storage.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, createfunc):
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.registry = threading.local()
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        try:
+            return self.registry.value
+        except AttributeError:
+            val = self.registry.value = self.createfunc()
+            return val
+
+    def has(self):
+        return hasattr(self.registry, "value")
+
+    def set(self, obj):
+        self.registry.value = obj
+
+    def clear(self):
+        try:
+            del self.registry.value
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def _iter_id(iterable):
+    """Generator: ((id(o), o) for o in iterable)."""
+
+    for item in iterable:
+        yield id(item), item
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99b5177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# util/compat.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Handle Python version/platform incompatibilities."""
+
+import sys
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+py36 = sys.version_info >= (3, 6)
+py33 = sys.version_info >= (3, 3)
+py32 = sys.version_info >= (3, 2)
+py3k = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)
+py2k = sys.version_info < (3, 0)
+py265 = sys.version_info >= (2, 6, 5)
+jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
+pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+win32 = sys.platform.startswith('win')
+cpython = not pypy and not jython  # TODO: something better for this ?
+
+import collections
+next = next
+
+if py3k:
+    import pickle
+else:
+    try:
+        import cPickle as pickle
+    except ImportError:
+        import pickle
+
+# work around http://bugs.python.org/issue2646
+if py265:
+    safe_kwarg = lambda arg: arg
+else:
+    safe_kwarg = str
+
+ArgSpec = collections.namedtuple("ArgSpec",
+                                 ["args", "varargs", "keywords", "defaults"])
+
+if py3k:
+    import builtins
+
+    from inspect import getfullargspec as inspect_getfullargspec
+    from urllib.parse import (quote_plus, unquote_plus,
+                              parse_qsl, quote, unquote)
+    import configparser
+    from io import StringIO
+
+    from io import BytesIO as byte_buffer
+
+    def inspect_getargspec(func):
+        return ArgSpec(
+            *inspect_getfullargspec(func)[0:4]
+        )
+
+    string_types = str,
+    binary_type = bytes
+    text_type = str
+    int_types = int,
+    iterbytes = iter
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+
+    def ue(s):
+        return s
+
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    if py32:
+        callable = callable
+    else:
+        def callable(fn):
+            return hasattr(fn, '__call__')
+
+    def cmp(a, b):
+        return (a > b) - (a < b)
+
+    from functools import reduce
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+
+    import_ = getattr(builtins, '__import__')
+
+    import itertools
+    itertools_filterfalse = itertools.filterfalse
+    itertools_filter = filter
+    itertools_imap = map
+    from itertools import zip_longest
+
+    import base64
+
+    def b64encode(x):
+        return base64.b64encode(x).decode('ascii')
+
+    def b64decode(x):
+        return base64.b64decode(x.encode('ascii'))
+
+else:
+    from inspect import getargspec as inspect_getfullargspec
+    inspect_getargspec = inspect_getfullargspec
+    from urllib import quote_plus, unquote_plus, quote, unquote
+    from urlparse import parse_qsl
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    from cStringIO import StringIO as byte_buffer
+
+    string_types = basestring,
+    binary_type = str
+    text_type = unicode
+    int_types = int, long
+
+    def iterbytes(buf):
+        return (ord(byte) for byte in buf)
+
+    def u(s):
+        # this differs from what six does, which doesn't support non-ASCII
+        # strings - we only use u() with
+        # literal source strings, and all our source files with non-ascii
+        # in them (all are tests) are utf-8 encoded.
+        return unicode(s, "utf-8")
+
+    def ue(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+
+    def import_(*args):
+        if len(args) == 4:
+            args = args[0:3] + ([str(arg) for arg in args[3]],)
+        return __import__(*args)
+
+    callable = callable
+    cmp = cmp
+    reduce = reduce
+
+    import base64
+    b64encode = base64.b64encode
+    b64decode = base64.b64decode
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        for arg in enumerate(args):
+            if not isinstance(arg, basestring):
+                arg = str(arg)
+            fp.write(arg)
+
+    import itertools
+    itertools_filterfalse = itertools.ifilterfalse
+    itertools_filter = itertools.ifilter
+    itertools_imap = itertools.imap
+    from itertools import izip_longest as zip_longest
+
+
+import time
+if win32 or jython:
+    time_func = time.clock
+else:
+    time_func = time.time
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from operator import attrgetter as dottedgetter
+
+
+if py3k:
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None, cause=None):
+        if cause is not None:
+            assert cause is not value, "Same cause emitted"
+            value.__cause__ = cause
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+else:
+    # not as nice as that of Py3K, but at least preserves
+    # the code line where the issue occurred
+    exec("def reraise(tp, value, tb=None, cause=None):\n"
+         "    if cause is not None:\n"
+         "        assert cause is not value, 'Same cause emitted'\n"
+         "    raise tp, value, tb\n")
+
+
+def raise_from_cause(exception, exc_info=None):
+    if exc_info is None:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+    exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = exc_info
+    cause = exc_value if exc_value is not exception else None
+    reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=cause)
+
+if py3k:
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, 'exec')
+else:
+    def exec_(func_text, globals_, lcl=None):
+        if lcl is None:
+            exec('exec func_text in globals_')
+        else:
+            exec('exec func_text in globals_, lcl')
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass.
+
+    Drops the middle class upon creation.
+
+    Source: http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2013/5/21/porting-to-python-3-redux/
+
+    """
+
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        __call__ = type.__call__
+        __init__ = type.__init__
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if this_bases is None:
+                return type.__new__(cls, name, (), d)
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return metaclass('temporary_class', None, {})
+
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import nested
+except ImportError:
+    # removed in py3k, credit to mitsuhiko for
+    # workaround
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def nested(*managers):
+        exits = []
+        vars = []
+        exc = (None, None, None)
+        try:
+            for mgr in managers:
+                exit = mgr.__exit__
+                enter = mgr.__enter__
+                vars.append(enter())
+                exits.append(exit)
+            yield vars
+        except:
+            exc = sys.exc_info()
+        finally:
+            while exits:
+                exit = exits.pop()
+                try:
+                    if exit(*exc):
+                        exc = (None, None, None)
+                except:
+                    exc = sys.exc_info()
+            if exc != (None, None, None):
+                reraise(exc[0], exc[1], exc[2])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12fa636
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# util/deprecations.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Helpers related to deprecation of functions, methods, classes, other
+functionality."""
+
+from .. import exc
+import warnings
+import re
+from .langhelpers import decorator
+
+
+def warn_deprecated(msg, stacklevel=3):
+    warnings.warn(msg, exc.SADeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def warn_pending_deprecation(msg, stacklevel=3):
+    warnings.warn(msg, exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def deprecated(version, message=None, add_deprecation_to_docstring=True):
+    """Decorates a function and issues a deprecation warning on use.
+
+    :param message:
+      If provided, issue message in the warning.  A sensible default
+      is used if not provided.
+
+    :param add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+      Default True.  If False, the wrapped function's __doc__ is left
+      as-is.  If True, the 'message' is prepended to the docs if
+      provided, or sensible default if message is omitted.
+
+    """
+
+    if add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+        header = ".. deprecated:: %s %s" % \
+            (version, (message or ''))
+    else:
+        header = None
+
+    if message is None:
+        message = "Call to deprecated function %(func)s"
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return _decorate_with_warning(
+            fn, exc.SADeprecationWarning,
+            message % dict(func=fn.__name__), header)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def pending_deprecation(version, message=None,
+                        add_deprecation_to_docstring=True):
+    """Decorates a function and issues a pending deprecation warning on use.
+
+    :param version:
+      An approximate future version at which point the pending deprecation
+      will become deprecated.  Not used in messaging.
+
+    :param message:
+      If provided, issue message in the warning.  A sensible default
+      is used if not provided.
+
+    :param add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+      Default True.  If False, the wrapped function's __doc__ is left
+      as-is.  If True, the 'message' is prepended to the docs if
+      provided, or sensible default if message is omitted.
+    """
+
+    if add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+        header = ".. deprecated:: %s (pending) %s" % \
+            (version, (message or ''))
+    else:
+        header = None
+
+    if message is None:
+        message = "Call to deprecated function %(func)s"
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        return _decorate_with_warning(
+            fn, exc.SAPendingDeprecationWarning,
+            message % dict(func=fn.__name__), header)
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _sanitize_restructured_text(text):
+    def repl(m):
+        type_, name = m.group(1, 2)
+        if type_ in ("func", "meth"):
+            name += "()"
+        return name
+    return re.sub(r'\:(\w+)\:`~?\.?(.+?)`', repl, text)
+
+
+def _decorate_with_warning(func, wtype, message, docstring_header=None):
+    """Wrap a function with a warnings.warn and augmented docstring."""
+
+    message = _sanitize_restructured_text(message)
+
+    @decorator
+    def warned(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn(message, wtype, stacklevel=3)
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    doc = func.__doc__ is not None and func.__doc__ or ''
+    if docstring_header is not None:
+        docstring_header %= dict(func=func.__name__)
+
+        doc = inject_docstring_text(doc, docstring_header, 1)
+
+    decorated = warned(func)
+    decorated.__doc__ = doc
+    return decorated
+
+import textwrap
+
+
+def _dedent_docstring(text):
+    split_text = text.split("\n", 1)
+    if len(split_text) == 1:
+        return text
+    else:
+        firstline, remaining = split_text
+    if not firstline.startswith(" "):
+        return firstline + "\n" + textwrap.dedent(remaining)
+    else:
+        return textwrap.dedent(text)
+
+
+def inject_docstring_text(doctext, injecttext, pos):
+    doctext = _dedent_docstring(doctext or "")
+    lines = doctext.split('\n')
+    injectlines = textwrap.dedent(injecttext).split("\n")
+    if injectlines[0]:
+        injectlines.insert(0, "")
+
+    blanks = [num for num, line in enumerate(lines) if not line.strip()]
+    blanks.insert(0, 0)
+
+    inject_pos = blanks[min(pos, len(blanks) - 1)]
+
+    lines = lines[0:inject_pos] + injectlines + lines[inject_pos:]
+    return "\n".join(lines)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0318d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1384 @@
+# util/langhelpers.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to help with the creation, loading and introspection of
+modules, classes, hierarchies, attributes, functions, and methods.
+
+"""
+import itertools
+import inspect
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+import warnings
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from .. import exc
+import hashlib
+from . import compat
+from . import _collections
+
+
+def md5_hex(x):
+    if compat.py3k:
+        x = x.encode('utf-8')
+    m = hashlib.md5()
+    m.update(x)
+    return m.hexdigest()
+
+
+class safe_reraise(object):
+    """Reraise an exception after invoking some
+    handler code.
+
+    Stores the existing exception info before
+    invoking so that it is maintained across a potential
+    coroutine context switch.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        try:
+            sess.commit()
+        except:
+            with safe_reraise():
+                sess.rollback()
+
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_, value, traceback):
+        # see #2703 for notes
+        if type_ is None:
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = self._exc_info
+            self._exc_info = None   # remove potential circular references
+            compat.reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
+        else:
+            if not compat.py3k and self._exc_info and self._exc_info[1]:
+                # emulate Py3K's behavior of telling us when an exception
+                # occurs in an exception handler.
+                warn(
+                    "An exception has occurred during handling of a "
+                    "previous exception.  The previous exception "
+                    "is:\n %s %s\n" % (self._exc_info[0], self._exc_info[1]))
+            self._exc_info = None   # remove potential circular references
+            compat.reraise(type_, value, traceback)
+
+
+def decode_slice(slc):
+    """decode a slice object as sent to __getitem__.
+
+    takes into account the 2.5 __index__() method, basically.
+
+    """
+    ret = []
+    for x in slc.start, slc.stop, slc.step:
+        if hasattr(x, '__index__'):
+            x = x.__index__()
+        ret.append(x)
+    return tuple(ret)
+
+
+def _unique_symbols(used, *bases):
+    used = set(used)
+    for base in bases:
+        pool = itertools.chain((base,),
+                               compat.itertools_imap(lambda i: base + str(i),
+                                                     range(1000)))
+        for sym in pool:
+            if sym not in used:
+                used.add(sym)
+                yield sym
+                break
+        else:
+            raise NameError("exhausted namespace for symbol base %s" % base)
+
+
+def map_bits(fn, n):
+    """Call the given function given each nonzero bit from n."""
+
+    while n:
+        b = n & (~n + 1)
+        yield fn(b)
+        n ^= b
+
+
+def decorator(target):
+    """A signature-matching decorator factory."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        if not inspect.isfunction(fn):
+            raise Exception("not a decoratable function")
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        names = tuple(spec[0]) + spec[1:3] + (fn.__name__,)
+        targ_name, fn_name = _unique_symbols(names, 'target', 'fn')
+
+        metadata = dict(target=targ_name, fn=fn_name)
+        metadata.update(format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False))
+        metadata['name'] = fn.__name__
+        code = """\
+def %(name)s(%(args)s):
+    return %(target)s(%(fn)s, %(apply_kw)s)
+""" % metadata
+        decorated = _exec_code_in_env(code,
+                                      {targ_name: target, fn_name: fn},
+                                      fn.__name__)
+        decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, 'im_func', fn).__defaults__
+        decorated.__wrapped__ = fn
+        return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)
+    return update_wrapper(decorate, target)
+
+
+def _exec_code_in_env(code, env, fn_name):
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env[fn_name]
+
+
+def public_factory(target, location):
+    """Produce a wrapping function for the given cls or classmethod.
+
+    Rationale here is so that the __init__ method of the
+    class can serve as documentation for the function.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(target, type):
+        fn = target.__init__
+        callable_ = target
+        doc = "Construct a new :class:`.%s` object. \n\n"\
+            "This constructor is mirrored as a public API function; "\
+            "see :func:`~%s` "\
+            "for a full usage and argument description." % (
+                target.__name__, location, )
+    else:
+        fn = callable_ = target
+        doc = "This function is mirrored; see :func:`~%s` "\
+            "for a description of arguments." % location
+
+    location_name = location.split(".")[-1]
+    spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    del spec[0][0]
+    metadata = format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False)
+    metadata['name'] = location_name
+    code = """\
+def %(name)s(%(args)s):
+    return cls(%(apply_kw)s)
+""" % metadata
+    env = {'cls': callable_, 'symbol': symbol}
+    exec(code, env)
+    decorated = env[location_name]
+    decorated.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+    decorated.__module__ = "sqlalchemy" + location.rsplit(".", 1)[0]
+    if compat.py2k or hasattr(fn, '__func__'):
+        fn.__func__.__doc__ = doc
+    else:
+        fn.__doc__ = doc
+    return decorated
+
+
+class PluginLoader(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, group, auto_fn=None):
+        self.group = group
+        self.impls = {}
+        self.auto_fn = auto_fn
+
+    def load(self, name):
+        if name in self.impls:
+            return self.impls[name]()
+
+        if self.auto_fn:
+            loader = self.auto_fn(name)
+            if loader:
+                self.impls[name] = loader
+                return loader()
+
+        try:
+            import pkg_resources
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            for impl in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points(
+                    self.group, name):
+                self.impls[name] = impl.load
+                return impl.load()
+
+        raise exc.NoSuchModuleError(
+            "Can't load plugin: %s:%s" %
+            (self.group, name))
+
+    def register(self, name, modulepath, objname):
+        def load():
+            mod = compat.import_(modulepath)
+            for token in modulepath.split(".")[1:]:
+                mod = getattr(mod, token)
+            return getattr(mod, objname)
+        self.impls[name] = load
+
+
+def get_cls_kwargs(cls, _set=None):
+    """Return the full set of inherited kwargs for the given `cls`.
+
+    Probes a class's __init__ method, collecting all named arguments.  If the
+    __init__ defines a \**kwargs catch-all, then the constructor is presumed
+    to pass along unrecognized keywords to its base classes, and the
+    collection process is repeated recursively on each of the bases.
+
+    Uses a subset of inspect.getargspec() to cut down on method overhead.
+    No anonymous tuple arguments please !
+
+    """
+    toplevel = _set is None
+    if toplevel:
+        _set = set()
+
+    ctr = cls.__dict__.get('__init__', False)
+
+    has_init = ctr and isinstance(ctr, types.FunctionType) and \
+        isinstance(ctr.__code__, types.CodeType)
+
+    if has_init:
+        names, has_kw = inspect_func_args(ctr)
+        _set.update(names)
+
+        if not has_kw and not toplevel:
+            return None
+
+    if not has_init or has_kw:
+        for c in cls.__bases__:
+            if get_cls_kwargs(c, _set) is None:
+                break
+
+    _set.discard('self')
+    return _set
+
+
+try:
+    # TODO: who doesn't have this constant?
+    from inspect import CO_VARKEYWORDS
+
+    def inspect_func_args(fn):
+        co = fn.__code__
+        nargs = co.co_argcount
+        names = co.co_varnames
+        args = list(names[:nargs])
+        has_kw = bool(co.co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS)
+        return args, has_kw
+
+except ImportError:
+    def inspect_func_args(fn):
+        names, _, has_kw, _ = inspect.getargspec(fn)
+        return names, bool(has_kw)
+
+
+def get_func_kwargs(func):
+    """Return the set of legal kwargs for the given `func`.
+
+    Uses getargspec so is safe to call for methods, functions,
+    etc.
+
+    """
+
+    return compat.inspect_getargspec(func)[0]
+
+
+def get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=False, _is_init=False):
+    """Return the argument signature for any callable.
+
+    All pure-Python callables are accepted, including
+    functions, methods, classes, objects with __call__;
+    builtins and other edge cases like functools.partial() objects
+    raise a TypeError.
+
+    """
+    if inspect.isbuiltin(fn):
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect builtin: %s" % fn)
+    elif inspect.isfunction(fn):
+        if _is_init and no_self:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+            return compat.ArgSpec(spec.args[1:], spec.varargs,
+                                  spec.keywords, spec.defaults)
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+    elif inspect.ismethod(fn):
+        if no_self and (_is_init or fn.__self__):
+            spec = compat.inspect_getargspec(fn.__func__)
+            return compat.ArgSpec(spec.args[1:], spec.varargs,
+                                  spec.keywords, spec.defaults)
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif inspect.isclass(fn):
+        return get_callable_argspec(
+            fn.__init__, no_self=no_self, _is_init=True)
+    elif hasattr(fn, '__func__'):
+        return compat.inspect_getargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif hasattr(fn, '__call__'):
+        if inspect.ismethod(fn.__call__):
+            return get_callable_argspec(fn.__call__, no_self=no_self)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+
+
+def format_argspec_plus(fn, grouped=True):
+    """Returns a dictionary of formatted, introspected function arguments.
+
+    A enhanced variant of inspect.formatargspec to support code generation.
+
+    fn
+       An inspectable callable or tuple of inspect getargspec() results.
+    grouped
+      Defaults to True; include (parens, around, argument) lists
+
+    Returns:
+
+    args
+      Full inspect.formatargspec for fn
+    self_arg
+      The name of the first positional argument, varargs[0], or None
+      if the function defines no positional arguments.
+    apply_pos
+      args, re-written in calling rather than receiving syntax.  Arguments are
+      passed positionally.
+    apply_kw
+      Like apply_pos, except keyword-ish args are passed as keywords.
+
+    Example::
+
+      >>> format_argspec_plus(lambda self, a, b, c=3, **d: 123)
+      {'args': '(self, a, b, c=3, **d)',
+       'self_arg': 'self',
+       'apply_kw': '(self, a, b, c=c, **d)',
+       'apply_pos': '(self, a, b, c, **d)'}
+
+    """
+    if compat.callable(fn):
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    else:
+        # we accept an existing argspec...
+        spec = fn
+    args = inspect.formatargspec(*spec)
+    if spec[0]:
+        self_arg = spec[0][0]
+    elif spec[1]:
+        self_arg = '%s[0]' % spec[1]
+    else:
+        self_arg = None
+
+    if compat.py3k:
+        apply_pos = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0], spec[1],
+                                          spec[2], None, spec[4])
+        num_defaults = 0
+        if spec[3]:
+            num_defaults += len(spec[3])
+        if spec[4]:
+            num_defaults += len(spec[4])
+        name_args = spec[0] + spec[4]
+    else:
+        apply_pos = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0], spec[1], spec[2])
+        num_defaults = 0
+        if spec[3]:
+            num_defaults += len(spec[3])
+        name_args = spec[0]
+
+    if num_defaults:
+        defaulted_vals = name_args[0 - num_defaults:]
+    else:
+        defaulted_vals = ()
+
+    apply_kw = inspect.formatargspec(name_args, spec[1], spec[2],
+                                     defaulted_vals,
+                                     formatvalue=lambda x: '=' + x)
+    if grouped:
+        return dict(args=args, self_arg=self_arg,
+                    apply_pos=apply_pos, apply_kw=apply_kw)
+    else:
+        return dict(args=args[1:-1], self_arg=self_arg,
+                    apply_pos=apply_pos[1:-1], apply_kw=apply_kw[1:-1])
+
+
+def format_argspec_init(method, grouped=True):
+    """format_argspec_plus with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps format_argspec_plus with error handling strategies for typical
+    __init__ cases::
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    if method is object.__init__:
+        args = grouped and '(self)' or 'self'
+    else:
+        try:
+            return format_argspec_plus(method, grouped=grouped)
+        except TypeError:
+            args = (grouped and '(self, *args, **kwargs)'
+                    or 'self, *args, **kwargs')
+    return dict(self_arg='self', args=args, apply_pos=args, apply_kw=args)
+
+
+def getargspec_init(method):
+    """inspect.getargspec with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps inspect.getargspec with error handling for typical __init__ cases::
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return compat.inspect_getargspec(method)
+    except TypeError:
+        if method is object.__init__:
+            return (['self'], None, None, None)
+        else:
+            return (['self'], 'args', 'kwargs', None)
+
+
+def unbound_method_to_callable(func_or_cls):
+    """Adjust the incoming callable such that a 'self' argument is not
+    required.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(func_or_cls, types.MethodType) and not func_or_cls.__self__:
+        return func_or_cls.__func__
+    else:
+        return func_or_cls
+
+
+def generic_repr(obj, additional_kw=(), to_inspect=None, omit_kwarg=()):
+    """Produce a __repr__() based on direct association of the __init__()
+    specification vs. same-named attributes present.
+
+    """
+    if to_inspect is None:
+        to_inspect = [obj]
+    else:
+        to_inspect = _collections.to_list(to_inspect)
+
+    missing = object()
+
+    pos_args = []
+    kw_args = _collections.OrderedDict()
+    vargs = None
+    for i, insp in enumerate(to_inspect):
+        try:
+            (_args, _vargs, vkw, defaults) = \
+                compat.inspect_getargspec(insp.__init__)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+        else:
+            default_len = defaults and len(defaults) or 0
+            if i == 0:
+                if _vargs:
+                    vargs = _vargs
+                if default_len:
+                    pos_args.extend(_args[1:-default_len])
+                else:
+                    pos_args.extend(_args[1:])
+            else:
+                kw_args.update([
+                    (arg, missing) for arg in _args[1:-default_len]
+                ])
+
+            if default_len:
+                kw_args.update([
+                    (arg, default)
+                    for arg, default
+                    in zip(_args[-default_len:], defaults)
+                ])
+    output = []
+
+    output.extend(repr(getattr(obj, arg, None)) for arg in pos_args)
+
+    if vargs is not None and hasattr(obj, vargs):
+        output.extend([repr(val) for val in getattr(obj, vargs)])
+
+    for arg, defval in kw_args.items():
+        if arg in omit_kwarg:
+            continue
+        try:
+            val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+            if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                output.append('%s=%r' % (arg, val))
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    if additional_kw:
+        for arg, defval in additional_kw:
+            try:
+                val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+                if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                    output.append('%s=%r' % (arg, val))
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    return "%s(%s)" % (obj.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(output))
+
+
+class portable_instancemethod(object):
+    """Turn an instancemethod into a (parent, name) pair
+    to produce a serializable callable.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'target', 'name', '__weakref__'
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {'target': self.target, 'name': self.name}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.target = state['target']
+        self.name = state['name']
+
+    def __init__(self, meth):
+        self.target = meth.__self__
+        self.name = meth.__name__
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return getattr(self.target, self.name)(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def class_hierarchy(cls):
+    """Return an unordered sequence of all classes related to cls.
+
+    Traverses diamond hierarchies.
+
+    Fibs slightly: subclasses of builtin types are not returned.  Thus
+    class_hierarchy(class A(object)) returns (A, object), not A plus every
+    class systemwide that derives from object.
+
+    Old-style classes are discarded and hierarchies rooted on them
+    will not be descended.
+
+    """
+    if compat.py2k:
+        if isinstance(cls, types.ClassType):
+            return list()
+
+    hier = set([cls])
+    process = list(cls.__mro__)
+    while process:
+        c = process.pop()
+        if compat.py2k:
+            if isinstance(c, types.ClassType):
+                continue
+            bases = (_ for _ in c.__bases__
+                     if _ not in hier and not isinstance(_, types.ClassType))
+        else:
+            bases = (_ for _ in c.__bases__ if _ not in hier)
+
+        for b in bases:
+            process.append(b)
+            hier.add(b)
+
+        if compat.py3k:
+            if c.__module__ == 'builtins' or not hasattr(c, '__subclasses__'):
+                continue
+        else:
+            if c.__module__ == '__builtin__' or not hasattr(
+                    c, '__subclasses__'):
+                continue
+
+        for s in [_ for _ in c.__subclasses__() if _ not in hier]:
+            process.append(s)
+            hier.add(s)
+    return list(hier)
+
+
+def iterate_attributes(cls):
+    """iterate all the keys and attributes associated
+       with a class, without using getattr().
+
+       Does not use getattr() so that class-sensitive
+       descriptors (i.e. property.__get__()) are not called.
+
+    """
+    keys = dir(cls)
+    for key in keys:
+        for c in cls.__mro__:
+            if key in c.__dict__:
+                yield (key, c.__dict__[key])
+                break
+
+
+def monkeypatch_proxied_specials(into_cls, from_cls, skip=None, only=None,
+                                 name='self.proxy', from_instance=None):
+    """Automates delegation of __specials__ for a proxying type."""
+
+    if only:
+        dunders = only
+    else:
+        if skip is None:
+            skip = ('__slots__', '__del__', '__getattribute__',
+                    '__metaclass__', '__getstate__', '__setstate__')
+        dunders = [m for m in dir(from_cls)
+                   if (m.startswith('__') and m.endswith('__') and
+                       not hasattr(into_cls, m) and m not in skip)]
+
+    for method in dunders:
+        try:
+            fn = getattr(from_cls, method)
+            if not hasattr(fn, '__call__'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(fn, 'im_func', fn)
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+        try:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+            fn_args = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0])
+            d_args = inspect.formatargspec(spec[0][1:])
+        except TypeError:
+            fn_args = '(self, *args, **kw)'
+            d_args = '(*args, **kw)'
+
+        py = ("def %(method)s%(fn_args)s: "
+              "return %(name)s.%(method)s%(d_args)s" % locals())
+
+        env = from_instance is not None and {name: from_instance} or {}
+        compat.exec_(py, env)
+        try:
+            env[method].__defaults__ = fn.__defaults__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        setattr(into_cls, method, env[method])
+
+
+def methods_equivalent(meth1, meth2):
+    """Return True if the two methods are the same implementation."""
+
+    return getattr(meth1, '__func__', meth1) is getattr(
+        meth2, '__func__', meth2)
+
+
+def as_interface(obj, cls=None, methods=None, required=None):
+    """Ensure basic interface compliance for an instance or dict of callables.
+
+    Checks that ``obj`` implements public methods of ``cls`` or has members
+    listed in ``methods``. If ``required`` is not supplied, implementing at
+    least one interface method is sufficient. Methods present on ``obj`` that
+    are not in the interface are ignored.
+
+    If ``obj`` is a dict and ``dict`` does not meet the interface
+    requirements, the keys of the dictionary are inspected. Keys present in
+    ``obj`` that are not in the interface will raise TypeErrors.
+
+    Raises TypeError if ``obj`` does not meet the interface criteria.
+
+    In all passing cases, an object with callable members is returned.  In the
+    simple case, ``obj`` is returned as-is; if dict processing kicks in then
+    an anonymous class is returned.
+
+    obj
+      A type, instance, or dictionary of callables.
+    cls
+      Optional, a type.  All public methods of cls are considered the
+      interface.  An ``obj`` instance of cls will always pass, ignoring
+      ``required``..
+    methods
+      Optional, a sequence of method names to consider as the interface.
+    required
+      Optional, a sequence of mandatory implementations. If omitted, an
+      ``obj`` that provides at least one interface method is considered
+      sufficient.  As a convenience, required may be a type, in which case
+      all public methods of the type are required.
+
+    """
+    if not cls and not methods:
+        raise TypeError('a class or collection of method names are required')
+
+    if isinstance(cls, type) and isinstance(obj, cls):
+        return obj
+
+    interface = set(methods or [m for m in dir(cls) if not m.startswith('_')])
+    implemented = set(dir(obj))
+
+    complies = operator.ge
+    if isinstance(required, type):
+        required = interface
+    elif not required:
+        required = set()
+        complies = operator.gt
+    else:
+        required = set(required)
+
+    if complies(implemented.intersection(interface), required):
+        return obj
+
+    # No dict duck typing here.
+    if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+        qualifier = complies is operator.gt and 'any of' or 'all of'
+        raise TypeError("%r does not implement %s: %s" % (
+            obj, qualifier, ', '.join(interface)))
+
+    class AnonymousInterface(object):
+        """A callable-holding shell."""
+
+    if cls:
+        AnonymousInterface.__name__ = 'Anonymous' + cls.__name__
+    found = set()
+
+    for method, impl in dictlike_iteritems(obj):
+        if method not in interface:
+            raise TypeError("%r: unknown in this interface" % method)
+        if not compat.callable(impl):
+            raise TypeError("%r=%r is not callable" % (method, impl))
+        setattr(AnonymousInterface, method, staticmethod(impl))
+        found.add(method)
+
+    if complies(found, required):
+        return AnonymousInterface
+
+    raise TypeError("dictionary does not contain required keys %s" %
+                    ', '.join(required - found))
+
+
+class memoized_property(object):
+    """A read-only @property that is only evaluated once."""
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, doc=None):
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+        self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result = self.fget(obj)
+        return result
+
+    def _reset(self, obj):
+        memoized_property.reset(obj, self.__name__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, obj, name):
+        obj.__dict__.pop(name, None)
+
+
+def memoized_instancemethod(fn):
+    """Decorate a method memoize its return value.
+
+    Best applied to no-arg methods: memoization is not sensitive to
+    argument values, and will always return the same value even when
+    called with different arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def oneshot(self, *args, **kw):
+        result = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+        memo = lambda *a, **kw: result
+        memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+        memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+        self.__dict__[fn.__name__] = memo
+        return result
+    return update_wrapper(oneshot, fn)
+
+
+class group_expirable_memoized_property(object):
+    """A family of @memoized_properties that can be expired in tandem."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attributes=()):
+        self.attributes = []
+        if attributes:
+            self.attributes.extend(attributes)
+
+    def expire_instance(self, instance):
+        """Expire all memoized properties for *instance*."""
+        stash = instance.__dict__
+        for attribute in self.attributes:
+            stash.pop(attribute, None)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        self.attributes.append(fn.__name__)
+        return memoized_property(fn)
+
+    def method(self, fn):
+        self.attributes.append(fn.__name__)
+        return memoized_instancemethod(fn)
+
+
+class MemoizedSlots(object):
+    """Apply memoized items to an object using a __getattr__ scheme.
+
+    This allows the functionality of memoized_property and
+    memoized_instancemethod to be available to a class using __slots__.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _fallback_getattr(self, key):
+        raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith('_memoized'):
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+        elif hasattr(self, '_memoized_attr_%s' % key):
+            value = getattr(self, '_memoized_attr_%s' % key)()
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+            return value
+        elif hasattr(self, '_memoized_method_%s' % key):
+            fn = getattr(self, '_memoized_method_%s' % key)
+
+            def oneshot(*args, **kw):
+                result = fn(*args, **kw)
+                memo = lambda *a, **kw: result
+                memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+                memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+                setattr(self, key, memo)
+                return result
+            oneshot.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+            return oneshot
+        else:
+            return self._fallback_getattr(key)
+
+
+def dependency_for(modulename):
+    def decorate(obj):
+        # TODO: would be nice to improve on this import silliness,
+        # unfortunately importlib doesn't work that great either
+        tokens = modulename.split(".")
+        mod = compat.import_(
+            ".".join(tokens[0:-1]), globals(), locals(), tokens[-1])
+        mod = getattr(mod, tokens[-1])
+        setattr(mod, obj.__name__, obj)
+        return obj
+    return decorate
+
+
+class dependencies(object):
+    """Apply imported dependencies as arguments to a function.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @util.dependencies(
+            "sqlalchemy.sql.widget",
+            "sqlalchemy.engine.default"
+        );
+        def some_func(self, widget, default, arg1, arg2, **kw):
+            # ...
+
+    Rationale is so that the impact of a dependency cycle can be
+    associated directly with the few functions that cause the cycle,
+    and not pollute the module-level namespace.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *deps):
+        self.import_deps = []
+        for dep in deps:
+            tokens = dep.split(".")
+            self.import_deps.append(
+                dependencies._importlater(
+                    ".".join(tokens[0:-1]),
+                    tokens[-1]
+                )
+            )
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        import_deps = self.import_deps
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+
+        spec_zero = list(spec[0])
+        hasself = spec_zero[0] in ('self', 'cls')
+
+        for i in range(len(import_deps)):
+            spec[0][i + (1 if hasself else 0)] = "import_deps[%r]" % i
+
+        inner_spec = format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False)
+
+        for impname in import_deps:
+            del spec_zero[1 if hasself else 0]
+        spec[0][:] = spec_zero
+
+        outer_spec = format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False)
+
+        code = 'lambda %(args)s: fn(%(apply_kw)s)' % {
+            "args": outer_spec['args'],
+            "apply_kw": inner_spec['apply_kw']
+        }
+
+        decorated = eval(code, locals())
+        decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, 'im_func', fn).__defaults__
+        return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def resolve_all(cls, path):
+        for m in list(dependencies._unresolved):
+            if m._full_path.startswith(path):
+                m._resolve()
+
+    _unresolved = set()
+    _by_key = {}
+
+    class _importlater(object):
+        _unresolved = set()
+
+        _by_key = {}
+
+        def __new__(cls, path, addtl):
+            key = path + "." + addtl
+            if key in dependencies._by_key:
+                return dependencies._by_key[key]
+            else:
+                dependencies._by_key[key] = imp = object.__new__(cls)
+                return imp
+
+        def __init__(self, path, addtl):
+            self._il_path = path
+            self._il_addtl = addtl
+            dependencies._unresolved.add(self)
+
+        @property
+        def _full_path(self):
+            return self._il_path + "." + self._il_addtl
+
+        @memoized_property
+        def module(self):
+            if self in dependencies._unresolved:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "importlater.resolve_all() hasn't "
+                    "been called (this is %s %s)"
+                    % (self._il_path, self._il_addtl))
+
+            return getattr(self._initial_import, self._il_addtl)
+
+        def _resolve(self):
+            dependencies._unresolved.discard(self)
+            self._initial_import = compat.import_(
+                self._il_path, globals(), locals(),
+                [self._il_addtl])
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key):
+            if key == 'module':
+                raise ImportError("Could not resolve module %s"
+                                  % self._full_path)
+            try:
+                attr = getattr(self.module, key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "Module %s has no attribute '%s'" %
+                    (self._full_path, key)
+                )
+            self.__dict__[key] = attr
+            return attr
+
+
+# from paste.deploy.converters
+def asbool(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, compat.string_types):
+        obj = obj.strip().lower()
+        if obj in ['true', 'yes', 'on', 'y', 't', '1']:
+            return True
+        elif obj in ['false', 'no', 'off', 'n', 'f', '0']:
+            return False
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("String is not true/false: %r" % obj)
+    return bool(obj)
+
+
+def bool_or_str(*text):
+    """Return a callable that will evaluate a string as
+    boolean, or one of a set of "alternate" string values.
+
+    """
+    def bool_or_value(obj):
+        if obj in text:
+            return obj
+        else:
+            return asbool(obj)
+    return bool_or_value
+
+
+def asint(value):
+    """Coerce to integer."""
+
+    if value is None:
+        return value
+    return int(value)
+
+
+def coerce_kw_type(kw, key, type_, flexi_bool=True):
+    """If 'key' is present in dict 'kw', coerce its value to type 'type\_' if
+    necessary.  If 'flexi_bool' is True, the string '0' is considered false
+    when coercing to boolean.
+    """
+
+    if key in kw and not isinstance(kw[key], type_) and kw[key] is not None:
+        if type_ is bool and flexi_bool:
+            kw[key] = asbool(kw[key])
+        else:
+            kw[key] = type_(kw[key])
+
+
+def constructor_copy(obj, cls, *args, **kw):
+    """Instantiate cls using the __dict__ of obj as constructor arguments.
+
+    Uses inspect to match the named arguments of ``cls``.
+
+    """
+
+    names = get_cls_kwargs(cls)
+    kw.update((k, obj.__dict__[k]) for k in names if k in obj.__dict__)
+    return cls(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def counter():
+    """Return a threadsafe counter function."""
+
+    lock = compat.threading.Lock()
+    counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+    # avoid the 2to3 "next" transformation...
+    def _next():
+        lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            return next(counter)
+        finally:
+            lock.release()
+
+    return _next
+
+
+def duck_type_collection(specimen, default=None):
+    """Given an instance or class, guess if it is or is acting as one of
+    the basic collection types: list, set and dict.  If the __emulates__
+    property is present, return that preferentially.
+    """
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, '__emulates__'):
+        # canonicalize set vs sets.Set to a standard: the builtin set
+        if (specimen.__emulates__ is not None and
+                issubclass(specimen.__emulates__, set)):
+            return set
+        else:
+            return specimen.__emulates__
+
+    isa = isinstance(specimen, type) and issubclass or isinstance
+    if isa(specimen, list):
+        return list
+    elif isa(specimen, set):
+        return set
+    elif isa(specimen, dict):
+        return dict
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, 'append'):
+        return list
+    elif hasattr(specimen, 'add'):
+        return set
+    elif hasattr(specimen, 'set'):
+        return dict
+    else:
+        return default
+
+
+def assert_arg_type(arg, argtype, name):
+    if isinstance(arg, argtype):
+        return arg
+    else:
+        if isinstance(argtype, tuple):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be one of type %s, got '%s'" %
+                (name, ' or '.join("'%s'" % a for a in argtype), type(arg)))
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be of type '%s', got '%s'" %
+                (name, argtype, type(arg)))
+
+
+def dictlike_iteritems(dictlike):
+    """Return a (key, value) iterator for almost any dict-like object."""
+
+    if compat.py3k:
+        if hasattr(dictlike, 'items'):
+            return list(dictlike.items())
+    else:
+        if hasattr(dictlike, 'iteritems'):
+            return dictlike.iteritems()
+        elif hasattr(dictlike, 'items'):
+            return iter(dictlike.items())
+
+    getter = getattr(dictlike, '__getitem__', getattr(dictlike, 'get', None))
+    if getter is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+    if hasattr(dictlike, 'iterkeys'):
+        def iterator():
+            for key in dictlike.iterkeys():
+                yield key, getter(key)
+        return iterator()
+    elif hasattr(dictlike, 'keys'):
+        return iter((key, getter(key)) for key in dictlike.keys())
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+
+class classproperty(property):
+    """A decorator that behaves like @property except that operates
+    on classes rather than instances.
+
+    The decorator is currently special when using the declarative
+    module, but note that the
+    :class:`~.sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr`
+    decorator should be used for this purpose with declarative.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fget, *arg, **kw):
+        super(classproperty, self).__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
+        self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(desc, self, cls):
+        return desc.fget(cls)
+
+
+class hybridproperty(object):
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            clsval = self.func(owner)
+            clsval.__doc__ = self.func.__doc__
+            return clsval
+        else:
+            return self.func(instance)
+
+
+class hybridmethod(object):
+    """Decorate a function as cls- or instance- level."""
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.func.__get__(owner, owner.__class__)
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)
+
+
+class _symbol(int):
+    def __new__(self, name, doc=None, canonical=None):
+        """Construct a new named symbol."""
+        assert isinstance(name, compat.string_types)
+        if canonical is None:
+            canonical = hash(name)
+        v = int.__new__(_symbol, canonical)
+        v.name = name
+        if doc:
+            v.__doc__ = doc
+        return v
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return symbol, (self.name, "x", int(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "symbol(%r)" % self.name
+
+_symbol.__name__ = 'symbol'
+
+
+class symbol(object):
+    """A constant symbol.
+
+    >>> symbol('foo') is symbol('foo')
+    True
+    >>> symbol('foo')
+    <symbol 'foo>
+
+    A slight refinement of the MAGICCOOKIE=object() pattern.  The primary
+    advantage of symbol() is its repr().  They are also singletons.
+
+    Repeated calls of symbol('name') will all return the same instance.
+
+    The optional ``doc`` argument assigns to ``__doc__``.  This
+    is strictly so that Sphinx autoattr picks up the docstring we want
+    (it doesn't appear to pick up the in-module docstring if the datamember
+    is in a different module - autoattribute also blows up completely).
+    If Sphinx fixes/improves this then we would no longer need
+    ``doc`` here.
+
+    """
+    symbols = {}
+    _lock = compat.threading.Lock()
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, doc=None, canonical=None):
+        cls._lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            sym = cls.symbols.get(name)
+            if sym is None:
+                cls.symbols[name] = sym = _symbol(name, doc, canonical)
+            return sym
+        finally:
+            symbol._lock.release()
+
+
+_creation_order = 1
+
+
+def set_creation_order(instance):
+    """Assign a '_creation_order' sequence to the given instance.
+
+    This allows multiple instances to be sorted in order of creation
+    (typically within a single thread; the counter is not particularly
+    threadsafe).
+
+    """
+    global _creation_order
+    instance._creation_order = _creation_order
+    _creation_order += 1
+
+
+def warn_exception(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    """executes the given function, catches all exceptions and converts to
+    a warning.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+    except Exception:
+        warn("%s('%s') ignored" % sys.exc_info()[0:2])
+
+
+def ellipses_string(value, len_=25):
+    try:
+        if len(value) > len_:
+            return "%s..." % value[0:len_]
+        else:
+            return value
+    except TypeError:
+        return value
+
+
+class _hash_limit_string(compat.text_type):
+    """A string subclass that can only be hashed on a maximum amount
+    of unique values.
+
+    This is used for warnings so that we can send out parameterized warnings
+    without the __warningregistry__ of the module,  or the non-overridable
+    "once" registry within warnings.py, overloading memory,
+
+
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, value, num, args):
+        interpolated = (value % args) + \
+            (" (this warning may be suppressed after %d occurrences)" % num)
+        self = super(_hash_limit_string, cls).__new__(cls, interpolated)
+        self._hash = hash("%s_%d" % (value, hash(interpolated) % num))
+        return self
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return hash(self) == hash(other)
+
+
+def warn(msg):
+    """Issue a warning.
+
+    If msg is a string, :class:`.exc.SAWarning` is used as
+    the category.
+
+    """
+    warnings.warn(msg, exc.SAWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+
+def warn_limited(msg, args):
+    """Issue a warning with a paramterized string, limiting the number
+    of registrations.
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        msg = _hash_limit_string(msg, 10, args)
+    warnings.warn(msg, exc.SAWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+
+def only_once(fn):
+    """Decorate the given function to be a no-op after it is called exactly
+    once."""
+
+    once = [fn]
+
+    def go(*arg, **kw):
+        if once:
+            once_fn = once.pop()
+            return once_fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+    return go
+
+
+_SQLA_RE = re.compile(r'sqlalchemy/([a-z_]+/){0,2}[a-z_]+\.py')
+_UNITTEST_RE = re.compile(r'unit(?:2|test2?/)')
+
+
+def chop_traceback(tb, exclude_prefix=_UNITTEST_RE, exclude_suffix=_SQLA_RE):
+    """Chop extraneous lines off beginning and end of a traceback.
+
+    :param tb:
+      a list of traceback lines as returned by ``traceback.format_stack()``
+
+    :param exclude_prefix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at beginning of
+      ``tb``
+
+    :param exclude_suffix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at end of ``tb``
+    """
+    start = 0
+    end = len(tb) - 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_prefix.search(tb[start]):
+        start += 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_suffix.search(tb[end]):
+        end -= 1
+    return tb[start:end + 1]
+
+NoneType = type(None)
+
+
+def attrsetter(attrname):
+    code = \
+        "def set(obj, value):"\
+        "    obj.%s = value" % attrname
+    env = locals().copy()
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env['set']
+
+
+class EnsureKWArgType(type):
+    """Apply translation of functions to accept **kw arguments if they
+    don't already.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(cls, clsname, bases, clsdict):
+        fn_reg = cls.ensure_kwarg
+        if fn_reg:
+            for key in clsdict:
+                m = re.match(fn_reg, key)
+                if m:
+                    fn = clsdict[key]
+                    spec = compat.inspect_getargspec(fn)
+                    if not spec.keywords:
+                        clsdict[key] = wrapped = cls._wrap_w_kw(fn)
+                        setattr(cls, key, wrapped)
+        super(EnsureKWArgType, cls).__init__(clsname, bases, clsdict)
+
+    def _wrap_w_kw(self, fn):
+
+        def wrap(*arg, **kw):
+            return fn(*arg)
+        return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2213471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# util/queue.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""An adaptation of Py2.3/2.4's Queue module which supports reentrant
+behavior, using RLock instead of Lock for its mutex object.  The
+Queue object is used exclusively by the sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool
+class.
+
+This is to support the connection pool's usage of weakref callbacks to return
+connections to the underlying Queue, which can in extremely
+rare cases be invoked within the ``get()`` method of the Queue itself,
+producing a ``put()`` inside the ``get()`` and therefore a reentrant
+condition.
+
+"""
+
+from collections import deque
+from time import time as _time
+from .compat import threading
+
+
+__all__ = ['Empty', 'Full', 'Queue']
+
+
+class Empty(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.get(block=0)/get_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Full(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.put(block=0)/put_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Queue:
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
+        """Initialize a queue object with a given maximum size.
+
+        If `maxsize` is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.
+        """
+
+        self._init(maxsize)
+        # mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating.  All methods
+        # that acquire mutex must release it before returning.  mutex
+        # is shared between the two conditions, so acquiring and
+        # releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.
+        self.mutex = threading.RLock()
+        # Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a
+        # thread waiting to get is notified then.
+        self.not_empty = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+        # Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;
+        # a thread waiting to put is notified then.
+        self.not_full = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+
+    def qsize(self):
+        """Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""
+
+        self.mutex.acquire()
+        n = self._qsize()
+        self.mutex.release()
+        return n
+
+    def empty(self):
+        """Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        self.mutex.acquire()
+        n = self._empty()
+        self.mutex.release()
+        return n
+
+    def full(self):
+        """Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        self.mutex.acquire()
+        n = self._full()
+        self.mutex.release()
+        return n
+
+    def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
+        """Put an item into the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until a free slot is
+        available. If `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at
+        most `timeout` seconds and raises the ``Full`` exception if no
+        free slot was available within that time.  Otherwise (`block`
+        is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is
+        immediately available, else raise the ``Full`` exception
+        (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+        """
+
+        self.not_full.acquire()
+        try:
+            if not block:
+                if self._full():
+                    raise Full
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._full():
+                    self.not_full.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._full():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Full
+                    self.not_full.wait(remaining)
+            self._put(item)
+            self.not_empty.notify()
+        finally:
+            self.not_full.release()
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item):
+        """Put an item into the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.
+        Otherwise raise the ``Full`` exception.
+        """
+        return self.put(item, False)
+
+    def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until an item is available. If
+        `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at most `timeout`
+        seconds and raises the ``Empty`` exception if no item was
+        available within that time.  Otherwise (`block` is false),
+        return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the
+        ``Empty`` exception (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+        """
+        self.not_empty.acquire()
+        try:
+            if not block:
+                if self._empty():
+                    raise Empty
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._empty():
+                    self.not_empty.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._empty():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Empty
+                    self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
+            item = self._get()
+            self.not_full.notify()
+            return item
+        finally:
+            self.not_empty.release()
+
+    def get_nowait(self):
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise
+        raise the ``Empty`` exception.
+        """
+
+        return self.get(False)
+
+    # Override these methods to implement other queue organizations
+    # (e.g. stack or priority queue).
+    # These will only be called with appropriate locks held
+
+    # Initialize the queue representation
+    def _init(self, maxsize):
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+        self.queue = deque()
+
+    def _qsize(self):
+        return len(self.queue)
+
+    # Check whether the queue is empty
+    def _empty(self):
+        return not self.queue
+
+    # Check whether the queue is full
+    def _full(self):
+        return self.maxsize > 0 and len(self.queue) == self.maxsize
+
+    # Put a new item in the queue
+    def _put(self, item):
+        self.queue.append(item)
+
+    # Get an item from the queue
+    def _get(self):
+        return self.queue.popleft()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c5c54c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# util/topological.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Topological sorting algorithms."""
+
+from ..exc import CircularDependencyError
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['sort', 'sort_as_subsets', 'find_cycles']
+
+
+def sort_as_subsets(tuples, allitems, deterministic_order=False):
+
+    edges = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    Set = util.OrderedSet if deterministic_order else set
+
+    todo = Set(allitems)
+
+    while todo:
+        output = Set()
+        for node in todo:
+            if todo.isdisjoint(edges[node]):
+                output.add(node)
+
+        if not output:
+            raise CircularDependencyError(
+                "Circular dependency detected.",
+                find_cycles(tuples, allitems),
+                _gen_edges(edges)
+            )
+
+        todo.difference_update(output)
+        yield output
+
+
+def sort(tuples, allitems, deterministic_order=False):
+    """sort the given list of items by dependency.
+
+    'tuples' is a list of tuples representing a partial ordering.
+    'deterministic_order' keeps items within a dependency tier in list order.
+    """
+
+    for set_ in sort_as_subsets(tuples, allitems, deterministic_order):
+        for s in set_:
+            yield s
+
+
+def find_cycles(tuples, allitems):
+    # adapted from:
+    # http://neopythonic.blogspot.com/2009/01/detecting-cycles-in-directed-graph.html
+
+    edges = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[parent].add(child)
+    nodes_to_test = set(edges)
+
+    output = set()
+
+    # we'd like to find all nodes that are
+    # involved in cycles, so we do the full
+    # pass through the whole thing for each
+    # node in the original list.
+
+    # we can go just through parent edge nodes.
+    # if a node is only a child and never a parent,
+    # by definition it can't be part of a cycle.  same
+    # if it's not in the edges at all.
+    for node in nodes_to_test:
+        stack = [node]
+        todo = nodes_to_test.difference(stack)
+        while stack:
+            top = stack[-1]
+            for node in edges[top]:
+                if node in stack:
+                    cyc = stack[stack.index(node):]
+                    todo.difference_update(cyc)
+                    output.update(cyc)
+
+                if node in todo:
+                    stack.append(node)
+                    todo.remove(node)
+                    break
+            else:
+                node = stack.pop()
+    return output
+
+
+def _gen_edges(edges):
+    return set([
+        (right, left)
+        for left in edges
+        for right in edges[left]
+    ])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56c7e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug
+    ~~~~~~~~
+
+    Werkzeug is the Swiss Army knife of Python web development.
+
+    It provides useful classes and functions for any WSGI application to make
+    the life of a python web developer much easier.  All of the provided
+    classes are independent from each other so you can mix it with any other
+    library.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from types import ModuleType
+import sys
+
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems
+
+# the version.  Usually set automatically by a script.
+__version__ = '0.11.4'
+
+
+# This import magic raises concerns quite often which is why the implementation
+# and motivation is explained here in detail now.
+#
+# The majority of the functions and classes provided by Werkzeug work on the
+# HTTP and WSGI layer.  There is no useful grouping for those which is why
+# they are all importable from "werkzeug" instead of the modules where they are
+# implemented.  The downside of that is, that now everything would be loaded at
+# once, even if unused.
+#
+# The implementation of a lazy-loading module in this file replaces the
+# werkzeug package when imported from within.  Attribute access to the werkzeug
+# module will then lazily import from the modules that implement the objects.
+
+
+# import mapping to objects in other modules
+all_by_module = {
+    'werkzeug.debug': ['DebuggedApplication'],
+    'werkzeug.local': ['Local', 'LocalManager', 'LocalProxy', 'LocalStack',
+                       'release_local'],
+    'werkzeug.serving': ['run_simple'],
+    'werkzeug.test': ['Client', 'EnvironBuilder', 'create_environ',
+                      'run_wsgi_app'],
+    'werkzeug.testapp': ['test_app'],
+    'werkzeug.exceptions': ['abort', 'Aborter'],
+    'werkzeug.urls': ['url_decode', 'url_encode', 'url_quote',
+                      'url_quote_plus', 'url_unquote', 'url_unquote_plus',
+                      'url_fix', 'Href', 'iri_to_uri', 'uri_to_iri'],
+    'werkzeug.formparser': ['parse_form_data'],
+    'werkzeug.utils': ['escape', 'environ_property', 'append_slash_redirect',
+                       'redirect', 'cached_property', 'import_string',
+                       'dump_cookie', 'parse_cookie', 'unescape',
+                       'format_string', 'find_modules', 'header_property',
+                       'html', 'xhtml', 'HTMLBuilder', 'validate_arguments',
+                       'ArgumentValidationError', 'bind_arguments',
+                       'secure_filename'],
+    'werkzeug.wsgi': ['get_current_url', 'get_host', 'pop_path_info',
+                      'peek_path_info', 'SharedDataMiddleware',
+                      'DispatcherMiddleware', 'ClosingIterator', 'FileWrapper',
+                      'make_line_iter', 'LimitedStream', 'responder',
+                      'wrap_file', 'extract_path_info'],
+    'werkzeug.datastructures': ['MultiDict', 'CombinedMultiDict', 'Headers',
+                                'EnvironHeaders', 'ImmutableList',
+                                'ImmutableDict', 'ImmutableMultiDict',
+                                'TypeConversionDict',
+                                'ImmutableTypeConversionDict', 'Accept',
+                                'MIMEAccept', 'CharsetAccept',
+                                'LanguageAccept', 'RequestCacheControl',
+                                'ResponseCacheControl', 'ETags', 'HeaderSet',
+                                'WWWAuthenticate', 'Authorization',
+                                'FileMultiDict', 'CallbackDict', 'FileStorage',
+                                'OrderedMultiDict', 'ImmutableOrderedMultiDict'
+                                ],
+    'werkzeug.useragents':  ['UserAgent'],
+    'werkzeug.http': ['parse_etags', 'parse_date', 'http_date', 'cookie_date',
+                      'parse_cache_control_header', 'is_resource_modified',
+                      'parse_accept_header', 'parse_set_header', 'quote_etag',
+                      'unquote_etag', 'generate_etag', 'dump_header',
+                      'parse_list_header', 'parse_dict_header',
+                      'parse_authorization_header',
+                      'parse_www_authenticate_header', 'remove_entity_headers',
+                      'is_entity_header', 'remove_hop_by_hop_headers',
+                      'parse_options_header', 'dump_options_header',
+                      'is_hop_by_hop_header', 'unquote_header_value',
+                      'quote_header_value', 'HTTP_STATUS_CODES'],
+    'werkzeug.wrappers': ['BaseResponse', 'BaseRequest', 'Request', 'Response',
+                          'AcceptMixin', 'ETagRequestMixin',
+                          'ETagResponseMixin', 'ResponseStreamMixin',
+                          'CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin', 'UserAgentMixin',
+                          'AuthorizationMixin', 'WWWAuthenticateMixin',
+                          'CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin'],
+    'werkzeug.security': ['generate_password_hash', 'check_password_hash'],
+    # the undocumented easteregg ;-)
+    'werkzeug._internal': ['_easteregg']
+}
+
+# modules that should be imported when accessed as attributes of werkzeug
+attribute_modules = frozenset(['exceptions', 'routing', 'script'])
+
+
+object_origins = {}
+for module, items in iteritems(all_by_module):
+    for item in items:
+        object_origins[item] = module
+
+
+class module(ModuleType):
+
+    """Automatically import objects from the modules."""
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name in object_origins:
+            module = __import__(object_origins[name], None, None, [name])
+            for extra_name in all_by_module[module.__name__]:
+                setattr(self, extra_name, getattr(module, extra_name))
+            return getattr(module, name)
+        elif name in attribute_modules:
+            __import__('werkzeug.' + name)
+        return ModuleType.__getattribute__(self, name)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        """Just show what we want to show."""
+        result = list(new_module.__all__)
+        result.extend(('__file__', '__path__', '__doc__', '__all__',
+                       '__docformat__', '__name__', '__path__',
+                       '__package__', '__version__'))
+        return result
+
+# keep a reference to this module so that it's not garbage collected
+old_module = sys.modules['werkzeug']
+
+
+# setup the new module and patch it into the dict of loaded modules
+new_module = sys.modules['werkzeug'] = module('werkzeug')
+new_module.__dict__.update({
+    '__file__':         __file__,
+    '__package__':      'werkzeug',
+    '__path__':         __path__,
+    '__doc__':          __doc__,
+    '__version__':      __version__,
+    '__all__':          tuple(object_origins) + tuple(attribute_modules),
+    '__docformat__':    'restructuredtext en'
+})
+
+
+# Due to bootstrapping issues we need to import exceptions here.
+# Don't ask :-(
+__import__('werkzeug.exceptions')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fda038b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+# This whole file is full of lint errors
+import codecs
+import sys
+import operator
+import functools
+import warnings
+
+try:
+    import builtins
+except ImportError:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+WIN = sys.platform.startswith('win')
+
+_identity = lambda x: x
+
+if PY2:
+    unichr = unichr
+    text_type = unicode
+    string_types = (str, unicode)
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+
+    iterkeys = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iterkeys(*args, **kwargs)
+    itervalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.itervalues(*args, **kwargs)
+    iteritems = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iteritems(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    iterlists = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iterlists(*args, **kwargs)
+    iterlistvalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: d.iterlistvalues(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    int_to_byte = chr
+    iter_bytes = iter
+
+    exec('def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):\n raise tp, value, tb')
+
+    def fix_tuple_repr(obj):
+        def __repr__(self):
+            cls = self.__class__
+            return '%s(%s)' % (cls.__name__, ', '.join(
+                '%s=%r' % (field, self[index])
+                for index, field in enumerate(cls._fields)
+            ))
+        obj.__repr__ = __repr__
+        return obj
+
+    def implements_iterator(cls):
+        cls.next = cls.__next__
+        del cls.__next__
+        return cls
+
+    def implements_to_string(cls):
+        cls.__unicode__ = cls.__str__
+        cls.__str__ = lambda x: x.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+        return cls
+
+    def native_string_result(func):
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            return func(*args, **kwargs).encode('utf-8')
+        return functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, func)
+
+    def implements_bool(cls):
+        cls.__nonzero__ = cls.__bool__
+        del cls.__bool__
+        return cls
+
+    from itertools import imap, izip, ifilter
+    range_type = xrange
+
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    from cStringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
+    NativeStringIO = BytesIO
+
+    def make_literal_wrapper(reference):
+        return _identity
+
+    def normalize_string_tuple(tup):
+        """Normalizes a string tuple to a common type. Following Python 2
+        rules, upgrades to unicode are implicit.
+        """
+        if any(isinstance(x, text_type) for x in tup):
+            return tuple(to_unicode(x) for x in tup)
+        return tup
+
+    def try_coerce_native(s):
+        """Try to coerce a unicode string to native if possible. Otherwise,
+        leave it as unicode.
+        """
+        try:
+            return to_native(s)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return s
+
+    wsgi_get_bytes = _identity
+
+    def wsgi_decoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        return s.decode(charset, errors)
+
+    def wsgi_encoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s
+        return s.encode(charset, errors)
+
+    def to_bytes(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
+        if x is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(x, (bytes, bytearray, buffer)):
+            return bytes(x)
+        if isinstance(x, unicode):
+            return x.encode(charset, errors)
+        raise TypeError('Expected bytes')
+
+    def to_native(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
+        if x is None or isinstance(x, str):
+            return x
+        return x.encode(charset, errors)
+
+else:
+    unichr = chr
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = (str, )
+    integer_types = (int, )
+
+    iterkeys = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.keys(*args, **kwargs))
+    itervalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.values(*args, **kwargs))
+    iteritems = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.items(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    iterlists = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.lists(*args, **kwargs))
+    iterlistvalues = lambda d, *args, **kwargs: iter(d.listvalues(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    int_to_byte = operator.methodcaller('to_bytes', 1, 'big')
+    iter_bytes = functools.partial(map, int_to_byte)
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+    fix_tuple_repr = _identity
+    implements_iterator = _identity
+    implements_to_string = _identity
+    implements_bool = _identity
+    native_string_result = _identity
+    imap = map
+    izip = zip
+    ifilter = filter
+    range_type = range
+
+    from io import StringIO, BytesIO
+    NativeStringIO = StringIO
+
+    _latin1_encode = operator.methodcaller('encode', 'latin1')
+
+    def make_literal_wrapper(reference):
+        if isinstance(reference, text_type):
+            return _identity
+        return _latin1_encode
+
+    def normalize_string_tuple(tup):
+        """Ensures that all types in the tuple are either strings
+        or bytes.
+        """
+        tupiter = iter(tup)
+        is_text = isinstance(next(tupiter, None), text_type)
+        for arg in tupiter:
+            if isinstance(arg, text_type) != is_text:
+                raise TypeError('Cannot mix str and bytes arguments (got %s)'
+                                % repr(tup))
+        return tup
+
+    try_coerce_native = _identity
+    wsgi_get_bytes = _latin1_encode
+
+    def wsgi_decoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        return s.encode('latin1').decode(charset, errors)
+
+    def wsgi_encoding_dance(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        if isinstance(s, text_type):
+            s = s.encode(charset)
+        return s.decode('latin1', errors)
+
+    def to_bytes(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
+        if x is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(x, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):  # noqa
+            return bytes(x)
+        if isinstance(x, str):
+            return x.encode(charset, errors)
+        raise TypeError('Expected bytes')
+
+    def to_native(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict'):
+        if x is None or isinstance(x, str):
+            return x
+        return x.decode(charset, errors)
+
+
+def to_unicode(x, charset=sys.getdefaultencoding(), errors='strict',
+               allow_none_charset=False):
+    if x is None:
+        return None
+    if not isinstance(x, bytes):
+        return text_type(x)
+    if charset is None and allow_none_charset:
+        return x
+    return x.decode(charset, errors)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_internal.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_internal.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6e2742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_internal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug._internal
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides internally used helpers and constants.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import string
+import inspect
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+from datetime import datetime, date
+from itertools import chain
+
+from werkzeug._compat import iter_bytes, text_type, BytesIO, int_to_byte, \
+    range_type, integer_types
+
+
+_logger = None
+_empty_stream = BytesIO()
+_signature_cache = WeakKeyDictionary()
+_epoch_ord = date(1970, 1, 1).toordinal()
+_cookie_params = set((b'expires', b'path', b'comment',
+                      b'max-age', b'secure', b'httponly',
+                      b'version'))
+_legal_cookie_chars = (string.ascii_letters +
+                       string.digits +
+                       u"!#$%&'*+-.^_`|~:").encode('ascii')
+
+_cookie_quoting_map = {
+    b',': b'\\054',
+    b';': b'\\073',
+    b'"': b'\\"',
+    b'\\': b'\\\\',
+}
+for _i in chain(range_type(32), range_type(127, 256)):
+    _cookie_quoting_map[int_to_byte(_i)] = ('\\%03o' % _i).encode('latin1')
+
+
+_octal_re = re.compile(b'\\\\[0-3][0-7][0-7]')
+_quote_re = re.compile(b'[\\\\].')
+_legal_cookie_chars_re = b'[\w\d!#%&\'~_`><@,:/\$\*\+\-\.\^\|\)\(\?\}\{\=]'
+_cookie_re = re.compile(b"""(?x)
+    (?P<key>[^=]+)
+    \s*=\s*
+    (?P<val>
+        "(?:[^\\\\"]|\\\\.)*" |
+         (?:.*?)
+    )
+    \s*;
+""")
+
+
+class _Missing(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'no value'
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return '_missing'
+
+_missing = _Missing()
+
+
+def _get_environ(obj):
+    env = getattr(obj, 'environ', obj)
+    assert isinstance(env, dict), \
+        '%r is not a WSGI environment (has to be a dict)' % type(obj).__name__
+    return env
+
+
+def _log(type, message, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Log into the internal werkzeug logger."""
+    global _logger
+    if _logger is None:
+        import logging
+        _logger = logging.getLogger('werkzeug')
+        # Only set up a default log handler if the
+        # end-user application didn't set anything up.
+        if not logging.root.handlers and _logger.level == logging.NOTSET:
+            _logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+            handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+            _logger.addHandler(handler)
+    getattr(_logger, type)(message.rstrip(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _parse_signature(func):
+    """Return a signature object for the function."""
+    if hasattr(func, 'im_func'):
+        func = func.im_func
+
+    # if we have a cached validator for this function, return it
+    parse = _signature_cache.get(func)
+    if parse is not None:
+        return parse
+
+    # inspect the function signature and collect all the information
+    positional, vararg_var, kwarg_var, defaults = inspect.getargspec(func)
+    defaults = defaults or ()
+    arg_count = len(positional)
+    arguments = []
+    for idx, name in enumerate(positional):
+        if isinstance(name, list):
+            raise TypeError('cannot parse functions that unpack tuples '
+                            'in the function signature')
+        try:
+            default = defaults[idx - arg_count]
+        except IndexError:
+            param = (name, False, None)
+        else:
+            param = (name, True, default)
+        arguments.append(param)
+    arguments = tuple(arguments)
+
+    def parse(args, kwargs):
+        new_args = []
+        missing = []
+        extra = {}
+
+        # consume as many arguments as positional as possible
+        for idx, (name, has_default, default) in enumerate(arguments):
+            try:
+                new_args.append(args[idx])
+            except IndexError:
+                try:
+                    new_args.append(kwargs.pop(name))
+                except KeyError:
+                    if has_default:
+                        new_args.append(default)
+                    else:
+                        missing.append(name)
+            else:
+                if name in kwargs:
+                    extra[name] = kwargs.pop(name)
+
+        # handle extra arguments
+        extra_positional = args[arg_count:]
+        if vararg_var is not None:
+            new_args.extend(extra_positional)
+            extra_positional = ()
+        if kwargs and kwarg_var is None:
+            extra.update(kwargs)
+            kwargs = {}
+
+        return new_args, kwargs, missing, extra, extra_positional, \
+            arguments, vararg_var, kwarg_var
+    _signature_cache[func] = parse
+    return parse
+
+
+def _date_to_unix(arg):
+    """Converts a timetuple, integer or datetime object into the seconds from
+    epoch in utc.
+    """
+    if isinstance(arg, datetime):
+        arg = arg.utctimetuple()
+    elif isinstance(arg, integer_types + (float,)):
+        return int(arg)
+    year, month, day, hour, minute, second = arg[:6]
+    days = date(year, month, 1).toordinal() - _epoch_ord + day - 1
+    hours = days * 24 + hour
+    minutes = hours * 60 + minute
+    seconds = minutes * 60 + second
+    return seconds
+
+
+class _DictAccessorProperty(object):
+
+    """Baseclass for `environ_property` and `header_property`."""
+    read_only = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, default=None, load_func=None, dump_func=None,
+                 read_only=None, doc=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.default = default
+        self.load_func = load_func
+        self.dump_func = dump_func
+        if read_only is not None:
+            self.read_only = read_only
+        self.__doc__ = doc
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        storage = self.lookup(obj)
+        if self.name not in storage:
+            return self.default
+        rv = storage[self.name]
+        if self.load_func is not None:
+            try:
+                rv = self.load_func(rv)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                rv = self.default
+        return rv
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        if self.read_only:
+            raise AttributeError('read only property')
+        if self.dump_func is not None:
+            value = self.dump_func(value)
+        self.lookup(obj)[self.name] = value
+
+    def __delete__(self, obj):
+        if self.read_only:
+            raise AttributeError('read only property')
+        self.lookup(obj).pop(self.name, None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.name
+        )
+
+
+def _cookie_quote(b):
+    buf = bytearray()
+    all_legal = True
+    _lookup = _cookie_quoting_map.get
+    _push = buf.extend
+
+    for char in iter_bytes(b):
+        if char not in _legal_cookie_chars:
+            all_legal = False
+            char = _lookup(char, char)
+        _push(char)
+
+    if all_legal:
+        return bytes(buf)
+    return bytes(b'"' + buf + b'"')
+
+
+def _cookie_unquote(b):
+    if len(b) < 2:
+        return b
+    if b[:1] != b'"' or b[-1:] != b'"':
+        return b
+
+    b = b[1:-1]
+
+    i = 0
+    n = len(b)
+    rv = bytearray()
+    _push = rv.extend
+
+    while 0 <= i < n:
+        o_match = _octal_re.search(b, i)
+        q_match = _quote_re.search(b, i)
+        if not o_match and not q_match:
+            rv.extend(b[i:])
+            break
+        j = k = -1
+        if o_match:
+            j = o_match.start(0)
+        if q_match:
+            k = q_match.start(0)
+        if q_match and (not o_match or k < j):
+            _push(b[i:k])
+            _push(b[k + 1:k + 2])
+            i = k + 2
+        else:
+            _push(b[i:j])
+            rv.append(int(b[j + 1:j + 4], 8))
+            i = j + 4
+
+    return bytes(rv)
+
+
+def _cookie_parse_impl(b):
+    """Lowlevel cookie parsing facility that operates on bytes."""
+    i = 0
+    n = len(b)
+
+    while i < n:
+        match = _cookie_re.search(b + b';', i)
+        if not match:
+            break
+
+        key = match.group('key').strip()
+        value = match.group('val')
+        i = match.end(0)
+
+        # Ignore parameters.  We have no interest in them.
+        if key.lower() not in _cookie_params:
+            yield _cookie_unquote(key), _cookie_unquote(value)
+
+
+def _encode_idna(domain):
+    # If we're given bytes, make sure they fit into ASCII
+    if not isinstance(domain, text_type):
+        domain.decode('ascii')
+        return domain
+
+    # Otherwise check if it's already ascii, then return
+    try:
+        return domain.encode('ascii')
+    except UnicodeError:
+        pass
+
+    # Otherwise encode each part separately
+    parts = domain.split('.')
+    for idx, part in enumerate(parts):
+        parts[idx] = part.encode('idna')
+    return b'.'.join(parts)
+
+
+def _decode_idna(domain):
+    # If the input is a string try to encode it to ascii to
+    # do the idna decoding.  if that fails because of an
+    # unicode error, then we already have a decoded idna domain
+    if isinstance(domain, text_type):
+        try:
+            domain = domain.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return domain
+
+    # Decode each part separately.  If a part fails, try to
+    # decode it with ascii and silently ignore errors.  This makes
+    # most sense because the idna codec does not have error handling
+    parts = domain.split(b'.')
+    for idx, part in enumerate(parts):
+        try:
+            parts[idx] = part.decode('idna')
+        except UnicodeError:
+            parts[idx] = part.decode('ascii', 'ignore')
+
+    return '.'.join(parts)
+
+
+def _make_cookie_domain(domain):
+    if domain is None:
+        return None
+    domain = _encode_idna(domain)
+    if b':' in domain:
+        domain = domain.split(b':', 1)[0]
+    if b'.' in domain:
+        return domain
+    raise ValueError(
+        'Setting \'domain\' for a cookie on a server running locally (ex: '
+        'localhost) is not supported by complying browsers. You should '
+        'have something like: \'127.0.0.1 localhost dev.localhost\' on '
+        'your hosts file and then point your server to run on '
+        '\'dev.localhost\' and also set \'domain\' for \'dev.localhost\''
+    )
+
+
+def _easteregg(app=None):
+    """Like the name says.  But who knows how it works?"""
+    def bzzzzzzz(gyver):
+        import base64
+        import zlib
+        return zlib.decompress(base64.b64decode(gyver)).decode('ascii')
+    gyver = u'\n'.join([x + (77 - len(x)) * u' ' for x in bzzzzzzz(b'''
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+DTKIs+7WKJD4ZcJGfMhLFBf6hlbnNkLEePF8Cx2o2kwmYF4+MzAxa6i+6xIQkswOqGO+3x9NaZX8
+MrZRaFZpLeVTYI9F/djY6DDVVs340nZGmwrDqTCiiqD5luj3OzwpmQCiQhdRYowUYEA3i1WWGwL4
+GCtSoO4XbIPFeKGU13XPkDf5IdimLpAvi2kVDVQbzOOa4KAXMFlpi/hV8F6IDe0Y2reg3PuNKT3i
+RYhZqtkQZqSB2Qm0SGtjAw7RDwaM1roESC8HWiPxkoOy0lLTRFG39kvbLZbU9gFKFRvixDZBJmpi
+Xyq3RE5lW00EJjaqwp/v3EByMSpVZYsEIJ4APaHmVtpGSieV5CALOtNUAzTBiw81GLgC0quyzf6c
+NlWknzJeCsJ5fup2R4d8CYGN77mu5vnO1UqbfElZ9E6cR6zbHjgsr9ly18fXjZoPeDjPuzlWbFwS
+pdvPkhntFvkc13qb9094LL5NrA3NIq3r9eNnop9DizWOqCEbyRBFJTHn6Tt3CG1o8a4HevYh0XiJ
+sR0AVVHuGuMOIfbuQ/OKBkGRC6NJ4u7sbPX8bG/n5sNIOQ6/Y/BX3IwRlTSabtZpYLB85lYtkkgm
+p1qXK3Du2mnr5INXmT/78KI12n11EFBkJHHp0wJyLe9MvPNUGYsf+170maayRoy2lURGHAIapSpQ
+krEDuNoJCHNlZYhKpvw4mspVWxqo415n8cD62N9+EfHrAvqQnINStetek7RY2Urv8nxsnGaZfRr/
+nhXbJ6m/yl1LzYqscDZA9QHLNbdaSTTr+kFg3bC0iYbX/eQy0Bv3h4B50/SGYzKAXkCeOLI3bcAt
+mj2Z/FM1vQWgDynsRwNvrWnJHlespkrp8+vO1jNaibm+PhqXPPv30YwDZ6jApe3wUjFQobghvW9p
+7f2zLkGNv8b191cD/3vs9Q833z8t''').splitlines()])
+
+    def easteregged(environ, start_response):
+        def injecting_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
+            headers.append(('X-Powered-By', 'Werkzeug'))
+            return start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
+        if app is not None and environ.get('QUERY_STRING') != 'macgybarchakku':
+            return app(environ, injecting_start_response)
+        injecting_start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
+        return [(u'''
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>About Werkzeug</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+  body { font: 15px Georgia, serif; text-align: center; }
+  a { color: #333; text-decoration: none; }
+  h1 { font-size: 30px; margin: 20px 0 10px 0; }
+  p { margin: 0 0 30px 0; }
+  pre { font: 11px 'Consolas', 'Monaco', monospace; line-height: 0.95; }
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1><a href="http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/">Werkzeug</a></h1>
+<p>the Swiss Army knife of Python web development.</p>
+<pre>%s\n\n\n</pre>
+</body>
+</html>''' % gyver).encode('latin1')]
+    return easteregged
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_reloader.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_reloader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d30c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/_reloader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import subprocess
+import threading
+from itertools import chain
+
+from werkzeug._internal import _log
+from werkzeug._compat import PY2, iteritems, text_type
+
+
+def _iter_module_files():
+    """This iterates over all relevant Python files.  It goes through all
+    loaded files from modules, all files in folders of already loaded modules
+    as well as all files reachable through a package.
+    """
+    # The list call is necessary on Python 3 in case the module
+    # dictionary modifies during iteration.
+    for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
+        if module is None:
+            continue
+        filename = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
+        if filename:
+            old = None
+            while not os.path.isfile(filename):
+                old = filename
+                filename = os.path.dirname(filename)
+                if filename == old:
+                    break
+            else:
+                if filename[-4:] in ('.pyc', '.pyo'):
+                    filename = filename[:-1]
+                yield filename
+
+
+def _find_observable_paths(extra_files=None):
+    """Finds all paths that should be observed."""
+    rv = set(os.path.abspath(x) for x in sys.path)
+
+    for filename in extra_files or ():
+        rv.add(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename)))
+
+    for module in list(sys.modules.values()):
+        fn = getattr(module, '__file__', None)
+        if fn is None:
+            continue
+        fn = os.path.abspath(fn)
+        rv.add(os.path.dirname(fn))
+
+    return _find_common_roots(rv)
+
+
+def _find_common_roots(paths):
+    """Out of some paths it finds the common roots that need monitoring."""
+    paths = [x.split(os.path.sep) for x in paths]
+    root = {}
+    for chunks in sorted(paths, key=len, reverse=True):
+        node = root
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            node = node.setdefault(chunk, {})
+        node.clear()
+
+    rv = set()
+
+    def _walk(node, path):
+        for prefix, child in iteritems(node):
+            _walk(child, path + (prefix,))
+        if not node:
+            rv.add('/'.join(path))
+    _walk(root, ())
+    return rv
+
+
+class ReloaderLoop(object):
+    name = None
+
+    # monkeypatched by testsuite. wrapping with `staticmethod` is required in
+    # case time.sleep has been replaced by a non-c function (e.g. by
+    # `eventlet.monkey_patch`) before we get here
+    _sleep = staticmethod(time.sleep)
+
+    def __init__(self, extra_files=None, interval=1):
+        self.extra_files = set(os.path.abspath(x)
+                               for x in extra_files or ())
+        self.interval = interval
+
+    def run(self):
+        pass
+
+    def restart_with_reloader(self):
+        """Spawn a new Python interpreter with the same arguments as this one,
+        but running the reloader thread.
+        """
+        while 1:
+            _log('info', ' * Restarting with %s' % self.name)
+            args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
+            new_environ = os.environ.copy()
+            new_environ['WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN'] = 'true'
+
+            # a weird bug on windows. sometimes unicode strings end up in the
+            # environment and subprocess.call does not like this, encode them
+            # to latin1 and continue.
+            if os.name == 'nt' and PY2:
+                for key, value in iteritems(new_environ):
+                    if isinstance(value, text_type):
+                        new_environ[key] = value.encode('iso-8859-1')
+
+            exit_code = subprocess.call(args, env=new_environ,
+                                        close_fds=False)
+            if exit_code != 3:
+                return exit_code
+
+    def trigger_reload(self, filename):
+        self.log_reload(filename)
+        sys.exit(3)
+
+    def log_reload(self, filename):
+        filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
+        _log('info', ' * Detected change in %r, reloading' % filename)
+
+
+class StatReloaderLoop(ReloaderLoop):
+    name = 'stat'
+
+    def run(self):
+        mtimes = {}
+        while 1:
+            for filename in chain(_iter_module_files(),
+                                  self.extra_files):
+                try:
+                    mtime = os.stat(filename).st_mtime
+                except OSError:
+                    continue
+
+                old_time = mtimes.get(filename)
+                if old_time is None:
+                    mtimes[filename] = mtime
+                    continue
+                elif mtime > old_time:
+                    self.trigger_reload(filename)
+            self._sleep(self.interval)
+
+
+class WatchdogReloaderLoop(ReloaderLoop):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        ReloaderLoop.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        from watchdog.observers import Observer
+        from watchdog.events import FileSystemEventHandler
+        self.observable_paths = set()
+
+        def _check_modification(filename):
+            if filename in self.extra_files:
+                self.trigger_reload(filename)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(filename)
+            if dirname.startswith(tuple(self.observable_paths)):
+                if filename.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    self.trigger_reload(filename[:-1])
+                elif filename.endswith('.py'):
+                    self.trigger_reload(filename)
+
+        class _CustomHandler(FileSystemEventHandler):
+
+            def on_created(self, event):
+                _check_modification(event.src_path)
+
+            def on_modified(self, event):
+                _check_modification(event.src_path)
+
+            def on_moved(self, event):
+                _check_modification(event.src_path)
+                _check_modification(event.dest_path)
+
+            def on_deleted(self, event):
+                _check_modification(event.src_path)
+
+        reloader_name = Observer.__name__.lower()
+        if reloader_name.endswith('observer'):
+            reloader_name = reloader_name[:-8]
+        reloader_name += ' reloader'
+
+        self.name = reloader_name
+
+        self.observer_class = Observer
+        self.event_handler = _CustomHandler()
+        self.should_reload = False
+
+    def trigger_reload(self, filename):
+        # This is called inside an event handler, which means throwing
+        # SystemExit has no effect.
+        # https://github.com/gorakhargosh/watchdog/issues/294
+        self.should_reload = True
+        self.log_reload(filename)
+
+    def run(self):
+        watches = {}
+        observer = self.observer_class()
+        observer.start()
+
+        while not self.should_reload:
+            to_delete = set(watches)
+            paths = _find_observable_paths(self.extra_files)
+            for path in paths:
+                if path not in watches:
+                    try:
+                        watches[path] = observer.schedule(
+                            self.event_handler, path, recursive=True)
+                    except OSError:
+                        # Clear this path from list of watches We don't want
+                        # the same error message showing again in the next
+                        # iteration.
+                        watches[path] = None
+                to_delete.discard(path)
+            for path in to_delete:
+                watch = watches.pop(path, None)
+                if watch is not None:
+                    observer.unschedule(watch)
+            self.observable_paths = paths
+            self._sleep(self.interval)
+
+        sys.exit(3)
+
+
+reloader_loops = {
+    'stat': StatReloaderLoop,
+    'watchdog': WatchdogReloaderLoop,
+}
+
+try:
+    __import__('watchdog.observers')
+except ImportError:
+    reloader_loops['auto'] = reloader_loops['stat']
+else:
+    reloader_loops['auto'] = reloader_loops['watchdog']
+
+
+def run_with_reloader(main_func, extra_files=None, interval=1,
+                      reloader_type='auto'):
+    """Run the given function in an independent python interpreter."""
+    import signal
+    reloader = reloader_loops[reloader_type](extra_files, interval)
+    signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *args: sys.exit(0))
+    try:
+        if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true':
+            t = threading.Thread(target=main_func, args=())
+            t.setDaemon(True)
+            t.start()
+            reloader.run()
+        else:
+            sys.exit(reloader.restart_with_reloader())
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e572eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Contains user-submitted code that other users may find useful, but which
+    is not part of the Werkzeug core.  Anyone can write code for inclusion in
+    the `contrib` package.  All modules in this package are distributed as an
+    add-on library and thus are not part of Werkzeug itself.
+
+    This file itself is mostly for informational purposes and to tell the
+    Python interpreter that `contrib` is a package.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/atom.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/atom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70794fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/atom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.atom
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides a class called :class:`AtomFeed` which can be
+    used to generate feeds in the Atom syndication format (see :rfc:`4287`).
+
+    Example::
+
+        def atom_feed(request):
+            feed = AtomFeed("My Blog", feed_url=request.url,
+                            url=request.host_url,
+                            subtitle="My example blog for a feed test.")
+            for post in Post.query.limit(10).all():
+                feed.add(post.title, post.body, content_type='html',
+                         author=post.author, url=post.url, id=post.uid,
+                         updated=post.last_update, published=post.pub_date)
+            return feed.get_response()
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from werkzeug.utils import escape
+from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse
+from werkzeug._compat import implements_to_string, string_types
+
+
+XHTML_NAMESPACE = 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'
+
+
+def _make_text_block(name, content, content_type=None):
+    """Helper function for the builder that creates an XML text block."""
+    if content_type == 'xhtml':
+        return u'<%s type="xhtml"><div xmlns="%s">%s</div></%s>\n' % \
+               (name, XHTML_NAMESPACE, content, name)
+    if not content_type:
+        return u'<%s>%s</%s>\n' % (name, escape(content), name)
+    return u'<%s type="%s">%s</%s>\n' % (name, content_type,
+                                         escape(content), name)
+
+
+def format_iso8601(obj):
+    """Format a datetime object for iso8601"""
+    iso8601 = obj.isoformat()
+    if obj.tzinfo:
+        return iso8601
+    return iso8601 + 'Z'
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class AtomFeed(object):
+
+    """A helper class that creates Atom feeds.
+
+    :param title: the title of the feed. Required.
+    :param title_type: the type attribute for the title element.  One of
+                       ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
+    :param url: the url for the feed (not the url *of* the feed)
+    :param id: a globally unique id for the feed.  Must be an URI.  If
+               not present the `feed_url` is used, but one of both is
+               required.
+    :param updated: the time the feed was modified the last time.  Must
+                    be a :class:`datetime.datetime` object.  If not
+                    present the latest entry's `updated` is used.
+                    Treated as UTC if naive datetime.
+    :param feed_url: the URL to the feed.  Should be the URL that was
+                     requested.
+    :param author: the author of the feed.  Must be either a string (the
+                   name) or a dict with name (required) and uri or
+                   email (both optional).  Can be a list of (may be
+                   mixed, too) strings and dicts, too, if there are
+                   multiple authors. Required if not every entry has an
+                   author element.
+    :param icon: an icon for the feed.
+    :param logo: a logo for the feed.
+    :param rights: copyright information for the feed.
+    :param rights_type: the type attribute for the rights element.  One of
+                        ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.  Default is
+                        ``'text'``.
+    :param subtitle: a short description of the feed.
+    :param subtitle_type: the type attribute for the subtitle element.
+                          One of ``'text'``, ``'html'``, ``'text'``
+                          or ``'xhtml'``.  Default is ``'text'``.
+    :param links: additional links.  Must be a list of dictionaries with
+                  href (required) and rel, type, hreflang, title, length
+                  (all optional)
+    :param generator: the software that generated this feed.  This must be
+                      a tuple in the form ``(name, url, version)``.  If
+                      you don't want to specify one of them, set the item
+                      to `None`.
+    :param entries: a list with the entries for the feed. Entries can also
+                    be added later with :meth:`add`.
+
+    For more information on the elements see
+    http://www.atomenabled.org/developers/syndication/
+
+    Everywhere where a list is demanded, any iterable can be used.
+    """
+
+    default_generator = ('Werkzeug', None, None)
+
+    def __init__(self, title=None, entries=None, **kwargs):
+        self.title = title
+        self.title_type = kwargs.get('title_type', 'text')
+        self.url = kwargs.get('url')
+        self.feed_url = kwargs.get('feed_url', self.url)
+        self.id = kwargs.get('id', self.feed_url)
+        self.updated = kwargs.get('updated')
+        self.author = kwargs.get('author', ())
+        self.icon = kwargs.get('icon')
+        self.logo = kwargs.get('logo')
+        self.rights = kwargs.get('rights')
+        self.rights_type = kwargs.get('rights_type')
+        self.subtitle = kwargs.get('subtitle')
+        self.subtitle_type = kwargs.get('subtitle_type', 'text')
+        self.generator = kwargs.get('generator')
+        if self.generator is None:
+            self.generator = self.default_generator
+        self.links = kwargs.get('links', [])
+        self.entries = entries and list(entries) or []
+
+        if not hasattr(self.author, '__iter__') \
+           or isinstance(self.author, string_types + (dict,)):
+            self.author = [self.author]
+        for i, author in enumerate(self.author):
+            if not isinstance(author, dict):
+                self.author[i] = {'name': author}
+
+        if not self.title:
+            raise ValueError('title is required')
+        if not self.id:
+            raise ValueError('id is required')
+        for author in self.author:
+            if 'name' not in author:
+                raise TypeError('author must contain at least a name')
+
+    def add(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Add a new entry to the feed.  This function can either be called
+        with a :class:`FeedEntry` or some keyword and positional arguments
+        that are forwarded to the :class:`FeedEntry` constructor.
+        """
+        if len(args) == 1 and not kwargs and isinstance(args[0], FeedEntry):
+            self.entries.append(args[0])
+        else:
+            kwargs['feed_url'] = self.feed_url
+            self.entries.append(FeedEntry(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r (%d entries)>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.title,
+            len(self.entries)
+        )
+
+    def generate(self):
+        """Return a generator that yields pieces of XML."""
+        # atom demands either an author element in every entry or a global one
+        if not self.author:
+            if False in map(lambda e: bool(e.author), self.entries):
+                self.author = ({'name': 'Unknown author'},)
+
+        if not self.updated:
+            dates = sorted([entry.updated for entry in self.entries])
+            self.updated = dates and dates[-1] or datetime.utcnow()
+
+        yield u'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>\n'
+        yield u'<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">\n'
+        yield '  ' + _make_text_block('title', self.title, self.title_type)
+        yield u'  <id>%s</id>\n' % escape(self.id)
+        yield u'  <updated>%s</updated>\n' % format_iso8601(self.updated)
+        if self.url:
+            yield u'  <link href="%s" />\n' % escape(self.url)
+        if self.feed_url:
+            yield u'  <link href="%s" rel="self" />\n' % \
+                escape(self.feed_url)
+        for link in self.links:
+            yield u'  <link %s/>\n' % ''.join('%s="%s" ' %
+                                              (k, escape(link[k])) for k in link)
+        for author in self.author:
+            yield u'  <author>\n'
+            yield u'    <name>%s</name>\n' % escape(author['name'])
+            if 'uri' in author:
+                yield u'    <uri>%s</uri>\n' % escape(author['uri'])
+            if 'email' in author:
+                yield '    <email>%s</email>\n' % escape(author['email'])
+            yield '  </author>\n'
+        if self.subtitle:
+            yield '  ' + _make_text_block('subtitle', self.subtitle,
+                                          self.subtitle_type)
+        if self.icon:
+            yield u'  <icon>%s</icon>\n' % escape(self.icon)
+        if self.logo:
+            yield u'  <logo>%s</logo>\n' % escape(self.logo)
+        if self.rights:
+            yield '  ' + _make_text_block('rights', self.rights,
+                                          self.rights_type)
+        generator_name, generator_url, generator_version = self.generator
+        if generator_name or generator_url or generator_version:
+            tmp = [u'  <generator']
+            if generator_url:
+                tmp.append(u' uri="%s"' % escape(generator_url))
+            if generator_version:
+                tmp.append(u' version="%s"' % escape(generator_version))
+            tmp.append(u'>%s</generator>\n' % escape(generator_name))
+            yield u''.join(tmp)
+        for entry in self.entries:
+            for line in entry.generate():
+                yield u'  ' + line
+        yield u'</feed>\n'
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        """Convert the feed into a string."""
+        return u''.join(self.generate())
+
+    def get_response(self):
+        """Return a response object for the feed."""
+        return BaseResponse(self.to_string(), mimetype='application/atom+xml')
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        """Use the class as WSGI response object."""
+        return self.get_response()(environ, start_response)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_string()
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class FeedEntry(object):
+
+    """Represents a single entry in a feed.
+
+    :param title: the title of the entry. Required.
+    :param title_type: the type attribute for the title element.  One of
+                       ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
+    :param content: the content of the entry.
+    :param content_type: the type attribute for the content element.  One
+                         of ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
+    :param summary: a summary of the entry's content.
+    :param summary_type: the type attribute for the summary element.  One
+                         of ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.
+    :param url: the url for the entry.
+    :param id: a globally unique id for the entry.  Must be an URI.  If
+               not present the URL is used, but one of both is required.
+    :param updated: the time the entry was modified the last time.  Must
+                    be a :class:`datetime.datetime` object.  Treated as
+                    UTC if naive datetime. Required.
+    :param author: the author of the entry.  Must be either a string (the
+                   name) or a dict with name (required) and uri or
+                   email (both optional).  Can be a list of (may be
+                   mixed, too) strings and dicts, too, if there are
+                   multiple authors. Required if the feed does not have an
+                   author element.
+    :param published: the time the entry was initially published.  Must
+                      be a :class:`datetime.datetime` object.  Treated as
+                      UTC if naive datetime.
+    :param rights: copyright information for the entry.
+    :param rights_type: the type attribute for the rights element.  One of
+                        ``'html'``, ``'text'`` or ``'xhtml'``.  Default is
+                        ``'text'``.
+    :param links: additional links.  Must be a list of dictionaries with
+                  href (required) and rel, type, hreflang, title, length
+                  (all optional)
+    :param categories: categories for the entry. Must be a list of dictionaries
+                       with term (required), scheme and label (all optional)
+    :param xml_base: The xml base (url) for this feed item.  If not provided
+                     it will default to the item url.
+
+    For more information on the elements see
+    http://www.atomenabled.org/developers/syndication/
+
+    Everywhere where a list is demanded, any iterable can be used.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, title=None, content=None, feed_url=None, **kwargs):
+        self.title = title
+        self.title_type = kwargs.get('title_type', 'text')
+        self.content = content
+        self.content_type = kwargs.get('content_type', 'html')
+        self.url = kwargs.get('url')
+        self.id = kwargs.get('id', self.url)
+        self.updated = kwargs.get('updated')
+        self.summary = kwargs.get('summary')
+        self.summary_type = kwargs.get('summary_type', 'html')
+        self.author = kwargs.get('author', ())
+        self.published = kwargs.get('published')
+        self.rights = kwargs.get('rights')
+        self.links = kwargs.get('links', [])
+        self.categories = kwargs.get('categories', [])
+        self.xml_base = kwargs.get('xml_base', feed_url)
+
+        if not hasattr(self.author, '__iter__') \
+           or isinstance(self.author, string_types + (dict,)):
+            self.author = [self.author]
+        for i, author in enumerate(self.author):
+            if not isinstance(author, dict):
+                self.author[i] = {'name': author}
+
+        if not self.title:
+            raise ValueError('title is required')
+        if not self.id:
+            raise ValueError('id is required')
+        if not self.updated:
+            raise ValueError('updated is required')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.title
+        )
+
+    def generate(self):
+        """Yields pieces of ATOM XML."""
+        base = ''
+        if self.xml_base:
+            base = ' xml:base="%s"' % escape(self.xml_base)
+        yield u'<entry%s>\n' % base
+        yield u'  ' + _make_text_block('title', self.title, self.title_type)
+        yield u'  <id>%s</id>\n' % escape(self.id)
+        yield u'  <updated>%s</updated>\n' % format_iso8601(self.updated)
+        if self.published:
+            yield u'  <published>%s</published>\n' % \
+                  format_iso8601(self.published)
+        if self.url:
+            yield u'  <link href="%s" />\n' % escape(self.url)
+        for author in self.author:
+            yield u'  <author>\n'
+            yield u'    <name>%s</name>\n' % escape(author['name'])
+            if 'uri' in author:
+                yield u'    <uri>%s</uri>\n' % escape(author['uri'])
+            if 'email' in author:
+                yield u'    <email>%s</email>\n' % escape(author['email'])
+            yield u'  </author>\n'
+        for link in self.links:
+            yield u'  <link %s/>\n' % ''.join('%s="%s" ' %
+                                              (k, escape(link[k])) for k in link)
+        for category in self.categories:
+            yield u'  <category %s/>\n' % ''.join('%s="%s" ' %
+                                                  (k, escape(category[k])) for k in category)
+        if self.summary:
+            yield u'  ' + _make_text_block('summary', self.summary,
+                                           self.summary_type)
+        if self.content:
+            yield u'  ' + _make_text_block('content', self.content,
+                                           self.content_type)
+        yield u'</entry>\n'
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        """Convert the feed item into a unicode object."""
+        return u''.join(self.generate())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_string()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/cache.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..271bbd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.cache
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    The main problem with dynamic Web sites is, well, they're dynamic.  Each
+    time a user requests a page, the webserver executes a lot of code, queries
+    the database, renders templates until the visitor gets the page he sees.
+
+    This is a lot more expensive than just loading a file from the file system
+    and sending it to the visitor.
+
+    For most Web applications, this overhead isn't a big deal but once it
+    becomes, you will be glad to have a cache system in place.
+
+    How Caching Works
+    =================
+
+    Caching is pretty simple.  Basically you have a cache object lurking around
+    somewhere that is connected to a remote cache or the file system or
+    something else.  When the request comes in you check if the current page
+    is already in the cache and if so, you're returning it from the cache.
+    Otherwise you generate the page and put it into the cache. (Or a fragment
+    of the page, you don't have to cache the full thing)
+
+    Here is a simple example of how to cache a sidebar for a template::
+
+        def get_sidebar(user):
+            identifier = 'sidebar_for/user%d' % user.id
+            value = cache.get(identifier)
+            if value is not None:
+                return value
+            value = generate_sidebar_for(user=user)
+            cache.set(identifier, value, timeout=60 * 5)
+            return value
+
+    Creating a Cache Object
+    =======================
+
+    To create a cache object you just import the cache system of your choice
+    from the cache module and instantiate it.  Then you can start working
+    with that object:
+
+    >>> from werkzeug.contrib.cache import SimpleCache
+    >>> c = SimpleCache()
+    >>> c.set("foo", "value")
+    >>> c.get("foo")
+    'value'
+    >>> c.get("missing") is None
+    True
+
+    Please keep in mind that you have to create the cache and put it somewhere
+    you have access to it (either as a module global you can import or you just
+    put it into your WSGI application).
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import re
+import errno
+import tempfile
+from hashlib import md5
+from time import time
+try:
+    import cPickle as pickle
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    import pickle
+
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, string_types, text_type, \
+    integer_types, to_native
+from werkzeug.posixemulation import rename
+
+
+def _items(mappingorseq):
+    """Wrapper for efficient iteration over mappings represented by dicts
+    or sequences::
+
+        >>> for k, v in _items((i, i*i) for i in xrange(5)):
+        ...    assert k*k == v
+
+        >>> for k, v in _items(dict((i, i*i) for i in xrange(5))):
+        ...    assert k*k == v
+
+    """
+    if hasattr(mappingorseq, 'items'):
+        return iteritems(mappingorseq)
+    return mappingorseq
+
+
+class BaseCache(object):
+
+    """Baseclass for the cache systems.  All the cache systems implement this
+    API or a superset of it.
+
+    :param default_timeout: the default timeout (in seconds) that is used if no
+                            timeout is specified on :meth:`set`. A timeout of 0
+                            indicates that the cache never expires.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, default_timeout=300):
+        self.default_timeout = default_timeout
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        """Look up key in the cache and return the value for it.
+
+        :param key: the key to be looked up.
+        :returns: The value if it exists and is readable, else ``None``.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        """Delete `key` from the cache.
+
+        :param key: the key to delete.
+        :returns: Whether the key existed and has been deleted.
+        :rtype: boolean
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def get_many(self, *keys):
+        """Returns a list of values for the given keys.
+        For each key a item in the list is created::
+
+            foo, bar = cache.get_many("foo", "bar")
+
+        Has the same error handling as :meth:`get`.
+
+        :param keys: The function accepts multiple keys as positional
+                     arguments.
+        """
+        return map(self.get, keys)
+
+    def get_dict(self, *keys):
+        """Like :meth:`get_many` but return a dict::
+
+            d = cache.get_dict("foo", "bar")
+            foo = d["foo"]
+            bar = d["bar"]
+
+        :param keys: The function accepts multiple keys as positional
+                     arguments.
+        """
+        return dict(zip(keys, self.get_many(*keys)))
+
+    def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        """Add a new key/value to the cache (overwrites value, if key already
+        exists in the cache).
+
+        :param key: the key to set
+        :param value: the value for the key
+        :param timeout: the cache timeout for the key (if not specified,
+                        it uses the default timeout). A timeout of 0 idicates
+                        that the cache never expires.
+        :returns: ``True`` if key has been updated, ``False`` for backend
+                  errors. Pickling errors, however, will raise a subclass of
+                  ``pickle.PickleError``.
+        :rtype: boolean
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        """Works like :meth:`set` but does not overwrite the values of already
+        existing keys.
+
+        :param key: the key to set
+        :param value: the value for the key
+        :param timeout: the cache timeout for the key or the default
+                        timeout if not specified. A timeout of 0 indicates
+                        that the cache never expires.
+        :returns: Same as :meth:`set`, but also ``False`` for already
+                  existing keys.
+        :rtype: boolean
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def set_many(self, mapping, timeout=None):
+        """Sets multiple keys and values from a mapping.
+
+        :param mapping: a mapping with the keys/values to set.
+        :param timeout: the cache timeout for the key (if not specified,
+                        it uses the default timeout). A timeout of 0
+                        indicates tht the cache never expires.
+        :returns: Whether all given keys have been set.
+        :rtype: boolean
+        """
+        rv = True
+        for key, value in _items(mapping):
+            if not self.set(key, value, timeout):
+                rv = False
+        return rv
+
+    def delete_many(self, *keys):
+        """Deletes multiple keys at once.
+
+        :param keys: The function accepts multiple keys as positional
+                     arguments.
+        :returns: Whether all given keys have been deleted.
+        :rtype: boolean
+        """
+        return all(self.delete(key) for key in keys)
+
+    def has(self, key):
+        """Checks if a key exists in the cache without returning it. This is a
+        cheap operation that bypasses loading the actual data on the backend.
+
+        This method is optional and may not be implemented on all caches.
+
+        :param key: the key to check
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            '%s doesn\'t have an efficient implementation of `has`. That '
+            'means it is impossible to check whether a key exists without '
+            'fully loading the key\'s data. Consider using `self.get` '
+            'explicitly if you don\'t care about performance.'
+        )
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clears the cache.  Keep in mind that not all caches support
+        completely clearing the cache.
+        :returns: Whether the cache has been cleared.
+        :rtype: boolean
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def inc(self, key, delta=1):
+        """Increments the value of a key by `delta`.  If the key does
+        not yet exist it is initialized with `delta`.
+
+        For supporting caches this is an atomic operation.
+
+        :param key: the key to increment.
+        :param delta: the delta to add.
+        :returns: The new value or ``None`` for backend errors.
+        """
+        value = (self.get(key) or 0) + delta
+        return value if self.set(key, value) else None
+
+    def dec(self, key, delta=1):
+        """Decrements the value of a key by `delta`.  If the key does
+        not yet exist it is initialized with `-delta`.
+
+        For supporting caches this is an atomic operation.
+
+        :param key: the key to increment.
+        :param delta: the delta to subtract.
+        :returns: The new value or `None` for backend errors.
+        """
+        value = (self.get(key) or 0) - delta
+        return value if self.set(key, value) else None
+
+
+class NullCache(BaseCache):
+
+    """A cache that doesn't cache.  This can be useful for unit testing.
+
+    :param default_timeout: a dummy parameter that is ignored but exists
+                            for API compatibility with other caches.
+    """
+
+
+class SimpleCache(BaseCache):
+
+    """Simple memory cache for single process environments.  This class exists
+    mainly for the development server and is not 100% thread safe.  It tries
+    to use as many atomic operations as possible and no locks for simplicity
+    but it could happen under heavy load that keys are added multiple times.
+
+    :param threshold: the maximum number of items the cache stores before
+                      it starts deleting some.
+    :param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
+                            specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
+                            0 indicates that the cache never expires.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, threshold=500, default_timeout=300):
+        BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
+        self._cache = {}
+        self.clear = self._cache.clear
+        self._threshold = threshold
+
+    def _prune(self):
+        if len(self._cache) > self._threshold:
+            now = time()
+            toremove = []
+            for idx, (key, (expires, _)) in enumerate(self._cache.items()):
+                if (expires != 0 and expires <= now) or idx % 3 == 0:
+                    toremove.append(key)
+            for key in toremove:
+                self._cache.pop(key, None)
+
+    def _get_expiration(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = self.default_timeout
+        if timeout > 0:
+            timeout = time() + timeout
+        return timeout
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        try:
+            expires, value = self._cache[key]
+            if expires == 0 or expires > time():
+                return pickle.loads(value)
+        except (KeyError, pickle.PickleError):
+            return None
+
+    def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        expires = self._get_expiration(timeout)
+        self._prune()
+        self._cache[key] = (expires, pickle.dumps(value,
+                                                  pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
+        return True
+
+    def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        expires = self._get_expiration(timeout)
+        self._prune()
+        item = (expires, pickle.dumps(value,
+                                      pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL))
+        if key in self._cache:
+            return False
+        self._cache.setdefault(key, item)
+        return True
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        return self._cache.pop(key, None) is not None
+
+    def has(self, key):
+        try:
+            expires, value = self._cache[key]
+            return expires == 0 or expires > time()
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+
+_test_memcached_key = re.compile(r'[^\x00-\x21\xff]{1,250}$').match
+
+
+class MemcachedCache(BaseCache):
+
+    """A cache that uses memcached as backend.
+
+    The first argument can either be an object that resembles the API of a
+    :class:`memcache.Client` or a tuple/list of server addresses. In the
+    event that a tuple/list is passed, Werkzeug tries to import the best
+    available memcache library.
+
+    This cache looks into the following packages/modules to find bindings for
+    memcached:
+
+        - ``pylibmc``
+        - ``google.appengine.api.memcached``
+        - ``memcached``
+
+    Implementation notes:  This cache backend works around some limitations in
+    memcached to simplify the interface.  For example unicode keys are encoded
+    to utf-8 on the fly.  Methods such as :meth:`~BaseCache.get_dict` return
+    the keys in the same format as passed.  Furthermore all get methods
+    silently ignore key errors to not cause problems when untrusted user data
+    is passed to the get methods which is often the case in web applications.
+
+    :param servers: a list or tuple of server addresses or alternatively
+                    a :class:`memcache.Client` or a compatible client.
+    :param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
+                            specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
+                            0 indicates taht the cache never expires.
+    :param key_prefix: a prefix that is added before all keys.  This makes it
+                       possible to use the same memcached server for different
+                       applications.  Keep in mind that
+                       :meth:`~BaseCache.clear` will also clear keys with a
+                       different prefix.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, servers=None, default_timeout=300, key_prefix=None):
+        BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
+        if servers is None or isinstance(servers, (list, tuple)):
+            if servers is None:
+                servers = ['127.0.0.1:11211']
+            self._client = self.import_preferred_memcache_lib(servers)
+            if self._client is None:
+                raise RuntimeError('no memcache module found')
+        else:
+            # NOTE: servers is actually an already initialized memcache
+            # client.
+            self._client = servers
+
+        self.key_prefix = to_native(key_prefix)
+
+    def _normalize_key(self, key):
+        key = to_native(key, 'utf-8')
+        if self.key_prefix:
+            key = self.key_prefix + key
+        return key
+
+    def _normalize_timeout(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = self.default_timeout
+        if timeout > 0:
+            timeout = int(time()) + timeout
+        return timeout
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        # memcached doesn't support keys longer than that.  Because often
+        # checks for so long keys can occur because it's tested from user
+        # submitted data etc we fail silently for getting.
+        if _test_memcached_key(key):
+            return self._client.get(key)
+
+    def get_dict(self, *keys):
+        key_mapping = {}
+        have_encoded_keys = False
+        for key in keys:
+            encoded_key = self._normalize_key(key)
+            if not isinstance(key, str):
+                have_encoded_keys = True
+            if _test_memcached_key(key):
+                key_mapping[encoded_key] = key
+        d = rv = self._client.get_multi(key_mapping.keys())
+        if have_encoded_keys or self.key_prefix:
+            rv = {}
+            for key, value in iteritems(d):
+                rv[key_mapping[key]] = value
+        if len(rv) < len(keys):
+            for key in keys:
+                if key not in rv:
+                    rv[key] = None
+        return rv
+
+    def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
+        return self._client.add(key, value, timeout)
+
+    def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
+        return self._client.set(key, value, timeout)
+
+    def get_many(self, *keys):
+        d = self.get_dict(*keys)
+        return [d[key] for key in keys]
+
+    def set_many(self, mapping, timeout=None):
+        new_mapping = {}
+        for key, value in _items(mapping):
+            key = self._normalize_key(key)
+            new_mapping[key] = value
+
+        timeout = self._normalize_timeout(timeout)
+        failed_keys = self._client.set_multi(new_mapping, timeout)
+        return not failed_keys
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        if _test_memcached_key(key):
+            return self._client.delete(key)
+
+    def delete_many(self, *keys):
+        new_keys = []
+        for key in keys:
+            key = self._normalize_key(key)
+            if _test_memcached_key(key):
+                new_keys.append(key)
+        return self._client.delete_multi(new_keys)
+
+    def has(self, key):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        if _test_memcached_key(key):
+            return self._client.append(key, '')
+        return False
+
+    def clear(self):
+        return self._client.flush_all()
+
+    def inc(self, key, delta=1):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        return self._client.incr(key, delta)
+
+    def dec(self, key, delta=1):
+        key = self._normalize_key(key)
+        return self._client.decr(key, delta)
+
+    def import_preferred_memcache_lib(self, servers):
+        """Returns an initialized memcache client.  Used by the constructor."""
+        try:
+            import pylibmc
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return pylibmc.Client(servers)
+
+        try:
+            from google.appengine.api import memcache
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return memcache.Client()
+
+        try:
+            import memcache
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return memcache.Client(servers)
+
+
+# backwards compatibility
+GAEMemcachedCache = MemcachedCache
+
+
+class RedisCache(BaseCache):
+
+    """Uses the Redis key-value store as a cache backend.
+
+    The first argument can be either a string denoting address of the Redis
+    server or an object resembling an instance of a redis.Redis class.
+
+    Note: Python Redis API already takes care of encoding unicode strings on
+    the fly.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+       `key_prefix` was added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+       This cache backend now properly serializes objects.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8.3
+       This cache backend now supports password authentication.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.10
+        ``**kwargs`` is now passed to the redis object.
+
+    :param host: address of the Redis server or an object which API is
+                 compatible with the official Python Redis client (redis-py).
+    :param port: port number on which Redis server listens for connections.
+    :param password: password authentication for the Redis server.
+    :param db: db (zero-based numeric index) on Redis Server to connect.
+    :param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
+                            specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
+                            0 indicates that the cache never expires.
+    :param key_prefix: A prefix that should be added to all keys.
+
+    Any additional keyword arguments will be passed to ``redis.Redis``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, host='localhost', port=6379, password=None,
+                 db=0, default_timeout=300, key_prefix=None, **kwargs):
+        BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
+        if isinstance(host, string_types):
+            try:
+                import redis
+            except ImportError:
+                raise RuntimeError('no redis module found')
+            if kwargs.get('decode_responses', None):
+                raise ValueError('decode_responses is not supported by '
+                                 'RedisCache.')
+            self._client = redis.Redis(host=host, port=port, password=password,
+                                       db=db, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            self._client = host
+        self.key_prefix = key_prefix or ''
+
+    def _get_expiration(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = self.default_timeout
+        if timeout == 0:
+            timeout = -1
+        return timeout
+
+    def dump_object(self, value):
+        """Dumps an object into a string for redis.  By default it serializes
+        integers as regular string and pickle dumps everything else.
+        """
+        t = type(value)
+        if t in integer_types:
+            return str(value).encode('ascii')
+        return b'!' + pickle.dumps(value)
+
+    def load_object(self, value):
+        """The reversal of :meth:`dump_object`.  This might be called with
+        None.
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        if value.startswith(b'!'):
+            try:
+                return pickle.loads(value[1:])
+            except pickle.PickleError:
+                return None
+        try:
+            return int(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            # before 0.8 we did not have serialization.  Still support that.
+            return value
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        return self.load_object(self._client.get(self.key_prefix + key))
+
+    def get_many(self, *keys):
+        if self.key_prefix:
+            keys = [self.key_prefix + key for key in keys]
+        return [self.load_object(x) for x in self._client.mget(keys)]
+
+    def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        timeout = self._get_expiration(timeout)
+        dump = self.dump_object(value)
+        if timeout == -1:
+            result = self._client.set(name=self.key_prefix + key,
+                                      value=dump)
+        else:
+            result = self._client.setex(name=self.key_prefix + key,
+                                        value=dump, time=timeout)
+        return result
+
+    def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        timeout = self._get_expiration(timeout)
+        dump = self.dump_object(value)
+        return (
+            self._client.setnx(name=self.key_prefix + key, value=dump) and
+            self._client.expire(name=self.key_prefix + key, time=timeout)
+        )
+
+    def set_many(self, mapping, timeout=None):
+        timeout = self._get_expiration(timeout)
+        # Use transaction=False to batch without calling redis MULTI
+        # which is not supported by twemproxy
+        pipe = self._client.pipeline(transaction=False)
+
+        for key, value in _items(mapping):
+            dump = self.dump_object(value)
+            if timeout == -1:
+                pipe.set(name=self.key_prefix + key, value=dump)
+            else:
+                pipe.setex(name=self.key_prefix + key, value=dump,
+                           time=timeout)
+        return pipe.execute()
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        return self._client.delete(self.key_prefix + key)
+
+    def delete_many(self, *keys):
+        if not keys:
+            return
+        if self.key_prefix:
+            keys = [self.key_prefix + key for key in keys]
+        return self._client.delete(*keys)
+
+    def has(self, key):
+        return self._client.exists(self.key_prefix + key)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        status = False
+        if self.key_prefix:
+            keys = self._client.keys(self.key_prefix + '*')
+            if keys:
+                status = self._client.delete(*keys)
+        else:
+            status = self._client.flushdb()
+        return status
+
+    def inc(self, key, delta=1):
+        return self._client.incr(name=self.key_prefix + key, amount=delta)
+
+    def dec(self, key, delta=1):
+        return self._client.decr(name=self.key_prefix + key, amount=delta)
+
+
+class FileSystemCache(BaseCache):
+
+    """A cache that stores the items on the file system.  This cache depends
+    on being the only user of the `cache_dir`.  Make absolutely sure that
+    nobody but this cache stores files there or otherwise the cache will
+    randomly delete files therein.
+
+    :param cache_dir: the directory where cache files are stored.
+    :param threshold: the maximum number of items the cache stores before
+                      it starts deleting some.
+    :param default_timeout: the default timeout that is used if no timeout is
+                            specified on :meth:`~BaseCache.set`. A timeout of
+                            0 indicates that the cache never expires.
+    :param mode: the file mode wanted for the cache files, default 0600
+    """
+
+    #: used for temporary files by the FileSystemCache
+    _fs_transaction_suffix = '.__wz_cache'
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, threshold=500, default_timeout=300,
+                 mode=0o600):
+        BaseCache.__init__(self, default_timeout)
+        self._path = cache_dir
+        self._threshold = threshold
+        self._mode = mode
+
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(self._path)
+        except OSError as ex:
+            if ex.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+    def _list_dir(self):
+        """return a list of (fully qualified) cache filenames
+        """
+        return [os.path.join(self._path, fn) for fn in os.listdir(self._path)
+                if not fn.endswith(self._fs_transaction_suffix)]
+
+    def _prune(self):
+        entries = self._list_dir()
+        if len(entries) > self._threshold:
+            now = time()
+            try:
+                for idx, fname in enumerate(entries):
+                    remove = False
+                    with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
+                        expires = pickle.load(f)
+                    remove = (expires != 0 and expires <= now) or idx % 3 == 0
+
+                    if remove:
+                        os.remove(fname)
+            except (IOError, OSError):
+                pass
+
+    def clear(self):
+        for fname in self._list_dir():
+            try:
+                os.remove(fname)
+            except (IOError, OSError):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _get_filename(self, key):
+        if isinstance(key, text_type):
+            key = key.encode('utf-8')  # XXX unicode review
+        hash = md5(key).hexdigest()
+        return os.path.join(self._path, hash)
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        filename = self._get_filename(key)
+        try:
+            with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+                pickle_time = pickle.load(f)
+                if pickle_time == 0 or pickle_time >= time():
+                    return pickle.load(f)
+                else:
+                    os.remove(filename)
+                    return None
+        except (IOError, OSError, pickle.PickleError):
+            return None
+
+    def add(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        filename = self._get_filename(key)
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            return self.set(key, value, timeout)
+        return False
+
+    def set(self, key, value, timeout=None):
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = int(time() + self.default_timeout)
+        elif timeout != 0:
+            timeout = int(time() + timeout)
+        filename = self._get_filename(key)
+        self._prune()
+        try:
+            fd, tmp = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=self._fs_transaction_suffix,
+                                       dir=self._path)
+            with os.fdopen(fd, 'wb') as f:
+                pickle.dump(timeout, f, 1)
+                pickle.dump(value, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+            rename(tmp, filename)
+            os.chmod(filename, self._mode)
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        try:
+            os.remove(self._get_filename(key))
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def has(self, key):
+        filename = self._get_filename(key)
+        try:
+            with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+                pickle_time = pickle.load(f)
+                if pickle_time == 0 or pickle_time >= time():
+                    return True
+                else:
+                    os.remove(filename)
+                    return False
+        except (IOError, OSError, pickle.PickleError):
+            return False
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/fixers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/fixers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8eb490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/fixers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.fixers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    This module includes various helpers that fix bugs in web servers.  They may
+    be necessary for some versions of a buggy web server but not others.  We try
+    to stay updated with the status of the bugs as good as possible but you have
+    to make sure whether they fix the problem you encounter.
+
+    If you notice bugs in webservers not fixed in this module consider
+    contributing a patch.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2009 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+try:
+    from urllib import unquote
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+from werkzeug.http import parse_options_header, parse_cache_control_header, \
+    parse_set_header
+from werkzeug.useragents import UserAgent
+from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, ResponseCacheControl
+
+
+class CGIRootFix(object):
+
+    """Wrap the application in this middleware if you are using FastCGI or CGI
+    and you have problems with your app root being set to the cgi script's path
+    instead of the path users are going to visit
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       Added `app_root` parameter and renamed from `LighttpdCGIRootFix`.
+
+    :param app: the WSGI application
+    :param app_root: Defaulting to ``'/'``, you can set this to something else
+        if your app is mounted somewhere else.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, app_root='/'):
+        self.app = app
+        self.app_root = app_root
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        # only set PATH_INFO for older versions of Lighty or if no
+        # server software is provided.  That's because the test was
+        # added in newer Werkzeug versions and we don't want to break
+        # people's code if they are using this fixer in a test that
+        # does not set the SERVER_SOFTWARE key.
+        if 'SERVER_SOFTWARE' not in environ or \
+           environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] < 'lighttpd/1.4.28':
+            environ['PATH_INFO'] = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '') + \
+                environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
+        environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = self.app_root.strip('/')
+        return self.app(environ, start_response)
+
+# backwards compatibility
+LighttpdCGIRootFix = CGIRootFix
+
+
+class PathInfoFromRequestUriFix(object):
+
+    """On windows environment variables are limited to the system charset
+    which makes it impossible to store the `PATH_INFO` variable in the
+    environment without loss of information on some systems.
+
+    This is for example a problem for CGI scripts on a Windows Apache.
+
+    This fixer works by recreating the `PATH_INFO` from `REQUEST_URI`,
+    `REQUEST_URL`, or `UNENCODED_URL` (whatever is available).  Thus the
+    fix can only be applied if the webserver supports either of these
+    variables.
+
+    :param app: the WSGI application
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app):
+        self.app = app
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        for key in 'REQUEST_URL', 'REQUEST_URI', 'UNENCODED_URL':
+            if key not in environ:
+                continue
+            request_uri = unquote(environ[key])
+            script_name = unquote(environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', ''))
+            if request_uri.startswith(script_name):
+                environ['PATH_INFO'] = request_uri[len(script_name):] \
+                    .split('?', 1)[0]
+                break
+        return self.app(environ, start_response)
+
+
+class ProxyFix(object):
+
+    """This middleware can be applied to add HTTP proxy support to an
+    application that was not designed with HTTP proxies in mind.  It
+    sets `REMOTE_ADDR`, `HTTP_HOST` from `X-Forwarded` headers.  While
+    Werkzeug-based applications already can use
+    :py:func:`werkzeug.wsgi.get_host` to retrieve the current host even if
+    behind proxy setups, this middleware can be used for applications which
+    access the WSGI environment directly.
+
+    If you have more than one proxy server in front of your app, set
+    `num_proxies` accordingly.
+
+    Do not use this middleware in non-proxy setups for security reasons.
+
+    The original values of `REMOTE_ADDR` and `HTTP_HOST` are stored in
+    the WSGI environment as `werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_remote_addr` and
+    `werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_http_host`.
+
+    :param app: the WSGI application
+    :param num_proxies: the number of proxy servers in front of the app.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, num_proxies=1):
+        self.app = app
+        self.num_proxies = num_proxies
+
+    def get_remote_addr(self, forwarded_for):
+        """Selects the new remote addr from the given list of ips in
+        X-Forwarded-For.  By default it picks the one that the `num_proxies`
+        proxy server provides.  Before 0.9 it would always pick the first.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        if len(forwarded_for) >= self.num_proxies:
+            return forwarded_for[-1 * self.num_proxies]
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        getter = environ.get
+        forwarded_proto = getter('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO', '')
+        forwarded_for = getter('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR', '').split(',')
+        forwarded_host = getter('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST', '')
+        environ.update({
+            'werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_wsgi_url_scheme':  getter('wsgi.url_scheme'),
+            'werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_remote_addr':      getter('REMOTE_ADDR'),
+            'werkzeug.proxy_fix.orig_http_host':        getter('HTTP_HOST')
+        })
+        forwarded_for = [x for x in [x.strip() for x in forwarded_for] if x]
+        remote_addr = self.get_remote_addr(forwarded_for)
+        if remote_addr is not None:
+            environ['REMOTE_ADDR'] = remote_addr
+        if forwarded_host:
+            environ['HTTP_HOST'] = forwarded_host
+        if forwarded_proto:
+            environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = forwarded_proto
+        return self.app(environ, start_response)
+
+
+class HeaderRewriterFix(object):
+
+    """This middleware can remove response headers and add others.  This
+    is for example useful to remove the `Date` header from responses if you
+    are using a server that adds that header, no matter if it's present or
+    not or to add `X-Powered-By` headers::
+
+        app = HeaderRewriterFix(app, remove_headers=['Date'],
+                                add_headers=[('X-Powered-By', 'WSGI')])
+
+    :param app: the WSGI application
+    :param remove_headers: a sequence of header keys that should be
+                           removed.
+    :param add_headers: a sequence of ``(key, value)`` tuples that should
+                        be added.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, remove_headers=None, add_headers=None):
+        self.app = app
+        self.remove_headers = set(x.lower() for x in (remove_headers or ()))
+        self.add_headers = list(add_headers or ())
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        def rewriting_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
+            new_headers = []
+            for key, value in headers:
+                if key.lower() not in self.remove_headers:
+                    new_headers.append((key, value))
+            new_headers += self.add_headers
+            return start_response(status, new_headers, exc_info)
+        return self.app(environ, rewriting_start_response)
+
+
+class InternetExplorerFix(object):
+
+    """This middleware fixes a couple of bugs with Microsoft Internet
+    Explorer.  Currently the following fixes are applied:
+
+    -   removing of `Vary` headers for unsupported mimetypes which
+        causes troubles with caching.  Can be disabled by passing
+        ``fix_vary=False`` to the constructor.
+        see: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/824847/en-us
+
+    -   removes offending headers to work around caching bugs in
+        Internet Explorer if `Content-Disposition` is set.  Can be
+        disabled by passing ``fix_attach=False`` to the constructor.
+
+    If it does not detect affected Internet Explorer versions it won't touch
+    the request / response.
+    """
+
+    # This code was inspired by Django fixers for the same bugs.  The
+    # fix_vary and fix_attach fixers were originally implemented in Django
+    # by Michael Axiak and is available as part of the Django project:
+    #     http://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/4148
+
+    def __init__(self, app, fix_vary=True, fix_attach=True):
+        self.app = app
+        self.fix_vary = fix_vary
+        self.fix_attach = fix_attach
+
+    def fix_headers(self, environ, headers, status=None):
+        if self.fix_vary:
+            header = headers.get('content-type', '')
+            mimetype, options = parse_options_header(header)
+            if mimetype not in ('text/html', 'text/plain', 'text/sgml'):
+                headers.pop('vary', None)
+
+        if self.fix_attach and 'content-disposition' in headers:
+            pragma = parse_set_header(headers.get('pragma', ''))
+            pragma.discard('no-cache')
+            header = pragma.to_header()
+            if not header:
+                headers.pop('pragma', '')
+            else:
+                headers['Pragma'] = header
+            header = headers.get('cache-control', '')
+            if header:
+                cc = parse_cache_control_header(header,
+                                                cls=ResponseCacheControl)
+                cc.no_cache = None
+                cc.no_store = False
+                header = cc.to_header()
+                if not header:
+                    headers.pop('cache-control', '')
+                else:
+                    headers['Cache-Control'] = header
+
+    def run_fixed(self, environ, start_response):
+        def fixing_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
+            headers = Headers(headers)
+            self.fix_headers(environ, headers, status)
+            return start_response(status, headers.to_wsgi_list(), exc_info)
+        return self.app(environ, fixing_start_response)
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        ua = UserAgent(environ)
+        if ua.browser != 'msie':
+            return self.app(environ, start_response)
+        return self.run_fixed(environ, start_response)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/iterio.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/iterio.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9d86a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/iterio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+r"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.iterio
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements a :class:`IterIO` that converts an iterator into
+    a stream object and the other way round.  Converting streams into
+    iterators requires the `greenlet`_ module.
+
+    To convert an iterator into a stream all you have to do is to pass it
+    directly to the :class:`IterIO` constructor.  In this example we pass it
+    a newly created generator::
+
+        def foo():
+            yield "something\n"
+            yield "otherthings"
+        stream = IterIO(foo())
+        print stream.read()         # read the whole iterator
+
+    The other way round works a bit different because we have to ensure that
+    the code execution doesn't take place yet.  An :class:`IterIO` call with a
+    callable as first argument does two things.  The function itself is passed
+    an :class:`IterIO` stream it can feed.  The object returned by the
+    :class:`IterIO` constructor on the other hand is not an stream object but
+    an iterator::
+
+        def foo(stream):
+            stream.write("some")
+            stream.write("thing")
+            stream.flush()
+            stream.write("otherthing")
+        iterator = IterIO(foo)
+        print iterator.next()       # prints something
+        print iterator.next()       # prints otherthing
+        iterator.next()             # raises StopIteration
+
+    .. _greenlet: http://codespeak.net/py/dist/greenlet.html
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+try:
+    import greenlet
+except ImportError:
+    greenlet = None
+
+from werkzeug._compat import implements_iterator
+
+
+def _mixed_join(iterable, sentinel):
+    """concatenate any string type in an intelligent way."""
+    iterator = iter(iterable)
+    first_item = next(iterator, sentinel)
+    if isinstance(first_item, bytes):
+        return first_item + b''.join(iterator)
+    return first_item + u''.join(iterator)
+
+
+def _newline(reference_string):
+    if isinstance(reference_string, bytes):
+        return b'\n'
+    return u'\n'
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class IterIO(object):
+
+    """Instances of this object implement an interface compatible with the
+    standard Python :class:`file` object.  Streams are either read-only or
+    write-only depending on how the object is created.
+
+    If the first argument is an iterable a file like object is returned that
+    returns the contents of the iterable.  In case the iterable is empty
+    read operations will return the sentinel value.
+
+    If the first argument is a callable then the stream object will be
+    created and passed to that function.  The caller itself however will
+    not receive a stream but an iterable.  The function will be be executed
+    step by step as something iterates over the returned iterable.  Each
+    call to :meth:`flush` will create an item for the iterable.  If
+    :meth:`flush` is called without any writes in-between the sentinel
+    value will be yielded.
+
+    Note for Python 3: due to the incompatible interface of bytes and
+    streams you should set the sentinel value explicitly to an empty
+    bytestring (``b''``) if you are expecting to deal with bytes as
+    otherwise the end of the stream is marked with the wrong sentinel
+    value.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       `sentinel` parameter was added.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, obj, sentinel=''):
+        try:
+            iterator = iter(obj)
+        except TypeError:
+            return IterI(obj, sentinel)
+        return IterO(iterator, sentinel)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def tell(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        return self.pos
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        return False
+
+    def seek(self, pos, mode=0):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def truncate(self, size=None):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def writelines(self, list):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def read(self, n=-1):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def readline(self, length=None):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        raise IOError(9, 'Bad file descriptor')
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise StopIteration()
+        line = self.readline()
+        if not line:
+            raise StopIteration()
+        return line
+
+
+class IterI(IterIO):
+
+    """Convert an stream into an iterator."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, func, sentinel=''):
+        if greenlet is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('IterI requires greenlet support')
+        stream = object.__new__(cls)
+        stream._parent = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        stream._buffer = []
+        stream.closed = False
+        stream.sentinel = sentinel
+        stream.pos = 0
+
+        def run():
+            func(stream)
+            stream.close()
+
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(run, stream._parent)
+        while 1:
+            rv = g.switch()
+            if not rv:
+                return
+            yield rv[0]
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.closed = True
+            self._flush_impl()
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        if s:
+            self.pos += len(s)
+            self._buffer.append(s)
+
+    def writelines(self, list):
+        for item in list:
+            self.write(item)
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        self._flush_impl()
+
+    def _flush_impl(self):
+        data = _mixed_join(self._buffer, self.sentinel)
+        self._buffer = []
+        if not data and self.closed:
+            self._parent.switch()
+        else:
+            self._parent.switch((data,))
+
+
+class IterO(IterIO):
+
+    """Iter output.  Wrap an iterator and give it a stream like interface."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, gen, sentinel=''):
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        self._gen = gen
+        self._buf = None
+        self.sentinel = sentinel
+        self.closed = False
+        self.pos = 0
+        return self
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def _buf_append(self, string):
+        '''Replace string directly without appending to an empty string,
+        avoiding type issues.'''
+        if not self._buf:
+            self._buf = string
+        else:
+            self._buf += string
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self.closed = True
+            if hasattr(self._gen, 'close'):
+                self._gen.close()
+
+    def seek(self, pos, mode=0):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        if mode == 1:
+            pos += self.pos
+        elif mode == 2:
+            self.read()
+            self.pos = min(self.pos, self.pos + pos)
+            return
+        elif mode != 0:
+            raise IOError('Invalid argument')
+        buf = []
+        try:
+            tmp_end_pos = len(self._buf)
+            while pos > tmp_end_pos:
+                item = self._gen.next()
+                tmp_end_pos += len(item)
+                buf.append(item)
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        if buf:
+            self._buf_append(_mixed_join(buf, self.sentinel))
+        self.pos = max(0, pos)
+
+    def read(self, n=-1):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        if n < 0:
+            self._buf_append(_mixed_join(self._gen, self.sentinel))
+            result = self._buf[self.pos:]
+            self.pos += len(result)
+            return result
+        new_pos = self.pos + n
+        buf = []
+        try:
+            tmp_end_pos = 0 if self._buf is None else len(self._buf)
+            while new_pos > tmp_end_pos or (self._buf is None and not buf):
+                item = next(self._gen)
+                tmp_end_pos += len(item)
+                buf.append(item)
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        if buf:
+            self._buf_append(_mixed_join(buf, self.sentinel))
+
+        if self._buf is None:
+            return self.sentinel
+
+        new_pos = max(0, new_pos)
+        try:
+            return self._buf[self.pos:new_pos]
+        finally:
+            self.pos = min(new_pos, len(self._buf))
+
+    def readline(self, length=None):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+
+        nl_pos = -1
+        if self._buf:
+            nl_pos = self._buf.find(_newline(self._buf), self.pos)
+        buf = []
+        try:
+            if self._buf is None:
+                pos = self.pos
+            else:
+                pos = len(self._buf)
+            while nl_pos < 0:
+                item = next(self._gen)
+                local_pos = item.find(_newline(item))
+                buf.append(item)
+                if local_pos >= 0:
+                    nl_pos = pos + local_pos
+                    break
+                pos += len(item)
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        if buf:
+            self._buf_append(_mixed_join(buf, self.sentinel))
+
+        if self._buf is None:
+            return self.sentinel
+
+        if nl_pos < 0:
+            new_pos = len(self._buf)
+        else:
+            new_pos = nl_pos + 1
+        if length is not None and self.pos + length < new_pos:
+            new_pos = self.pos + length
+        try:
+            return self._buf[self.pos:new_pos]
+        finally:
+            self.pos = min(new_pos, len(self._buf))
+
+    def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
+        total = 0
+        lines = []
+        line = self.readline()
+        while line:
+            lines.append(line)
+            total += len(line)
+            if 0 < sizehint <= total:
+                break
+            line = self.readline()
+        return lines
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/jsrouting.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/jsrouting.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d815892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/jsrouting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.jsrouting
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Addon module that allows to create a JavaScript function from a map
+    that generates rules.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+try:
+    from simplejson import dumps
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from json import dumps
+    except ImportError:
+        def dumps(*args):
+            raise RuntimeError('simplejson required for jsrouting')
+
+from inspect import getmro
+from werkzeug.routing import NumberConverter
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems
+
+
+def render_template(name_parts, rules, converters):
+    result = u''
+    if name_parts:
+        for idx in range(0, len(name_parts) - 1):
+            name = u'.'.join(name_parts[:idx + 1])
+            result += u"if (typeof %s === 'undefined') %s = {}\n" % (name, name)
+        result += '%s = ' % '.'.join(name_parts)
+    result += """(function (server_name, script_name, subdomain, url_scheme) {
+    var converters = [%(converters)s];
+    var rules = %(rules)s;
+    function in_array(array, value) {
+        if (array.indexOf != undefined) {
+            return array.indexOf(value) != -1;
+        }
+        for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+            if (array[i] == value) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    function array_diff(array1, array2) {
+        array1 = array1.slice();
+        for (var i = array1.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            if (in_array(array2, array1[i])) {
+                array1.splice(i, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return array1;
+    }
+    function split_obj(obj) {
+        var names = [];
+        var values = [];
+        for (var name in obj) {
+            if (typeof(obj[name]) != 'function') {
+                names.push(name);
+                values.push(obj[name]);
+            }
+        }
+        return {names: names, values: values, original: obj};
+    }
+    function suitable(rule, args) {
+        var default_args = split_obj(rule.defaults || {});
+        var diff_arg_names = array_diff(rule.arguments, default_args.names);
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < diff_arg_names.length; i++) {
+            if (!in_array(args.names, diff_arg_names[i])) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (array_diff(rule.arguments, args.names).length == 0) {
+            if (rule.defaults == null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            for (var i = 0; i < default_args.names.length; i++) {
+                var key = default_args.names[i];
+                var value = default_args.values[i];
+                if (value != args.original[key]) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+    function build(rule, args) {
+        var tmp = [];
+        var processed = rule.arguments.slice();
+        for (var i = 0; i < rule.trace.length; i++) {
+            var part = rule.trace[i];
+            if (part.is_dynamic) {
+                var converter = converters[rule.converters[part.data]];
+                var data = converter(args.original[part.data]);
+                if (data == null) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                tmp.push(data);
+                processed.push(part.name);
+            } else {
+                tmp.push(part.data);
+            }
+        }
+        tmp = tmp.join('');
+        var pipe = tmp.indexOf('|');
+        var subdomain = tmp.substring(0, pipe);
+        var url = tmp.substring(pipe+1);
+
+        var unprocessed = array_diff(args.names, processed);
+        var first_query_var = true;
+        for (var i = 0; i < unprocessed.length; i++) {
+            if (first_query_var) {
+                url += '?';
+            } else {
+                url += '&';
+            }
+            first_query_var = false;
+            url += encodeURIComponent(unprocessed[i]);
+            url += '=';
+            url += encodeURIComponent(args.original[unprocessed[i]]);
+        }
+        return {subdomain: subdomain, path: url};
+    }
+    function lstrip(s, c) {
+        while (s && s.substring(0, 1) == c) {
+            s = s.substring(1);
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+    function rstrip(s, c) {
+        while (s && s.substring(s.length-1, s.length) == c) {
+            s = s.substring(0, s.length-1);
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+    return function(endpoint, args, force_external) {
+        args = split_obj(args);
+        var rv = null;
+        for (var i = 0; i < rules.length; i++) {
+            var rule = rules[i];
+            if (rule.endpoint != endpoint) continue;
+            if (suitable(rule, args)) {
+                rv = build(rule, args);
+                if (rv != null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (rv == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (!force_external && rv.subdomain == subdomain) {
+            return rstrip(script_name, '/') + '/' + lstrip(rv.path, '/');
+        } else {
+            return url_scheme + '://'
+                   + (rv.subdomain ? rv.subdomain + '.' : '')
+                   + server_name + rstrip(script_name, '/')
+                   + '/' + lstrip(rv.path, '/');
+        }
+    };
+})""" % {'converters': u', '.join(converters),
+         'rules': rules}
+
+    return result
+
+
+def generate_map(map, name='url_map'):
+    """
+    Generates a JavaScript function containing the rules defined in
+    this map, to be used with a MapAdapter's generate_javascript
+    method.  If you don't pass a name the returned JavaScript code is
+    an expression that returns a function.  Otherwise it's a standalone
+    script that assigns the function with that name.  Dotted names are
+    resolved (so you an use a name like 'obj.url_for')
+
+    In order to use JavaScript generation, simplejson must be installed.
+
+    Note that using this feature will expose the rules
+    defined in your map to users. If your rules contain sensitive
+    information, don't use JavaScript generation!
+    """
+    from warnings import warn
+    warn(DeprecationWarning('This module is deprecated'))
+    map.update()
+    rules = []
+    converters = []
+    for rule in map.iter_rules():
+        trace = [{
+            'is_dynamic':   is_dynamic,
+            'data':         data
+        } for is_dynamic, data in rule._trace]
+        rule_converters = {}
+        for key, converter in iteritems(rule._converters):
+            js_func = js_to_url_function(converter)
+            try:
+                index = converters.index(js_func)
+            except ValueError:
+                converters.append(js_func)
+                index = len(converters) - 1
+            rule_converters[key] = index
+        rules.append({
+            u'endpoint':    rule.endpoint,
+            u'arguments':   list(rule.arguments),
+            u'converters':  rule_converters,
+            u'trace':       trace,
+            u'defaults':    rule.defaults
+        })
+
+    return render_template(name_parts=name and name.split('.') or [],
+                           rules=dumps(rules),
+                           converters=converters)
+
+
+def generate_adapter(adapter, name='url_for', map_name='url_map'):
+    """Generates the url building function for a map."""
+    values = {
+        u'server_name':     dumps(adapter.server_name),
+        u'script_name':     dumps(adapter.script_name),
+        u'subdomain':       dumps(adapter.subdomain),
+        u'url_scheme':      dumps(adapter.url_scheme),
+        u'name':            name,
+        u'map_name':        map_name
+    }
+    return u'''\
+var %(name)s = %(map_name)s(
+    %(server_name)s,
+    %(script_name)s,
+    %(subdomain)s,
+    %(url_scheme)s
+);''' % values
+
+
+def js_to_url_function(converter):
+    """Get the JavaScript converter function from a rule."""
+    if hasattr(converter, 'js_to_url_function'):
+        data = converter.js_to_url_function()
+    else:
+        for cls in getmro(type(converter)):
+            if cls in js_to_url_functions:
+                data = js_to_url_functions[cls](converter)
+                break
+        else:
+            return 'encodeURIComponent'
+    return '(function(value) { %s })' % data
+
+
+def NumberConverter_js_to_url(conv):
+    if conv.fixed_digits:
+        return u'''\
+var result = value.toString();
+while (result.length < %s)
+    result = '0' + result;
+return result;''' % conv.fixed_digits
+    return u'return value.toString();'
+
+
+js_to_url_functions = {
+    NumberConverter:    NumberConverter_js_to_url
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/limiter.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/limiter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bc9d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/limiter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.limiter
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    A middleware that limits incoming data.  This works around problems with
+    Trac_ or Django_ because those directly stream into the memory.
+
+    .. _Trac: http://trac.edgewall.org/
+    .. _Django: http://www.djangoproject.com/
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from warnings import warn
+
+from werkzeug.wsgi import LimitedStream
+
+
+class StreamLimitMiddleware(object):
+
+    """Limits the input stream to a given number of bytes.  This is useful if
+    you have a WSGI application that reads form data into memory (django for
+    example) and you don't want users to harm the server by uploading tons of
+    data.
+
+    Default is 10MB
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       Deprecated middleware.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, maximum_size=1024 * 1024 * 10):
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('This middleware is deprecated'))
+        self.app = app
+        self.maximum_size = maximum_size
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        limit = min(self.maximum_size, int(environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or 0))
+        environ['wsgi.input'] = LimitedStream(environ['wsgi.input'], limit)
+        return self.app(environ, start_response)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/lint.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/lint.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bbab74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/lint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.lint
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    This module provides a middleware that performs sanity checks of the WSGI
+    application.  It checks that :pep:`333` is properly implemented and warns
+    on some common HTTP errors such as non-empty responses for 304 status
+    codes.
+
+    This module provides a middleware, the :class:`LintMiddleware`.  Wrap your
+    application with it and it will warn about common problems with WSGI and
+    HTTP while your application is running.
+
+    It's strongly recommended to use it during development.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from urlparse import urlparse
+from warnings import warn
+
+from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers
+from werkzeug.http import is_entity_header
+from werkzeug.wsgi import FileWrapper
+from werkzeug._compat import string_types
+
+
+class WSGIWarning(Warning):
+
+    """Warning class for WSGI warnings."""
+
+
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+
+    """Warning class for HTTP warnings."""
+
+
+def check_string(context, obj, stacklevel=3):
+    if type(obj) is not str:
+        warn(WSGIWarning('%s requires bytestrings, got %s' %
+                         (context, obj.__class__.__name__)))
+
+
+class InputStream(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self._stream = stream
+
+    def read(self, *args):
+        if len(args) == 0:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('wsgi does not guarantee an EOF marker on the '
+                             'input stream, thus making calls to '
+                             'wsgi.input.read() unsafe.  Conforming servers '
+                             'may never return from this call.'),
+                 stacklevel=2)
+        elif len(args) != 1:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('too many parameters passed to wsgi.input.read()'),
+                 stacklevel=2)
+        return self._stream.read(*args)
+
+    def readline(self, *args):
+        if len(args) == 0:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('Calls to wsgi.input.readline() without arguments'
+                             ' are unsafe.  Use wsgi.input.read() instead.'),
+                 stacklevel=2)
+        elif len(args) == 1:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('wsgi.input.readline() was called with a size hint. '
+                             'WSGI does not support this, although it\'s available '
+                             'on all major servers.'),
+                 stacklevel=2)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('too many arguments passed to wsgi.input.readline()')
+        return self._stream.readline(*args)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        try:
+            return iter(self._stream)
+        except TypeError:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('wsgi.input is not iterable.'), stacklevel=2)
+            return iter(())
+
+    def close(self):
+        warn(WSGIWarning('application closed the input stream!'),
+             stacklevel=2)
+        self._stream.close()
+
+
+class ErrorStream(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self._stream = stream
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        check_string('wsgi.error.write()', s)
+        self._stream.write(s)
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self._stream.flush()
+
+    def writelines(self, seq):
+        for line in seq:
+            self.write(seq)
+
+    def close(self):
+        warn(WSGIWarning('application closed the error stream!'),
+             stacklevel=2)
+        self._stream.close()
+
+
+class GuardedWrite(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, write, chunks):
+        self._write = write
+        self._chunks = chunks
+
+    def __call__(self, s):
+        check_string('write()', s)
+        self._write.write(s)
+        self._chunks.append(len(s))
+
+
+class GuardedIterator(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, iterator, headers_set, chunks):
+        self._iterator = iterator
+        self._next = iter(iterator).next
+        self.closed = False
+        self.headers_set = headers_set
+        self.chunks = chunks
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def next(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('iterated over closed app_iter'),
+                 stacklevel=2)
+        rv = self._next()
+        if not self.headers_set:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('Application returned before it '
+                             'started the response'), stacklevel=2)
+        check_string('application iterator items', rv)
+        self.chunks.append(len(rv))
+        return rv
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.closed = True
+        if hasattr(self._iterator, 'close'):
+            self._iterator.close()
+
+        if self.headers_set:
+            status_code, headers = self.headers_set
+            bytes_sent = sum(self.chunks)
+            content_length = headers.get('content-length', type=int)
+
+            if status_code == 304:
+                for key, value in headers:
+                    key = key.lower()
+                    if key not in ('expires', 'content-location') and \
+                       is_entity_header(key):
+                        warn(HTTPWarning('entity header %r found in 304 '
+                                         'response' % key))
+                if bytes_sent:
+                    warn(HTTPWarning('304 responses must not have a body'))
+            elif 100 <= status_code < 200 or status_code == 204:
+                if content_length != 0:
+                    warn(HTTPWarning('%r responses must have an empty '
+                                     'content length') % status_code)
+                if bytes_sent:
+                    warn(HTTPWarning('%r responses must not have a body' %
+                                     status_code))
+            elif content_length is not None and content_length != bytes_sent:
+                warn(WSGIWarning('Content-Length and the number of bytes '
+                                 'sent to the client do not match.'))
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            try:
+                warn(WSGIWarning('Iterator was garbage collected before '
+                                 'it was closed.'))
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+
+class LintMiddleware(object):
+
+    """This middleware wraps an application and warns on common errors.
+    Among other thing it currently checks for the following problems:
+
+    -   invalid status codes
+    -   non-bytestrings sent to the WSGI server
+    -   strings returned from the WSGI application
+    -   non-empty conditional responses
+    -   unquoted etags
+    -   relative URLs in the Location header
+    -   unsafe calls to wsgi.input
+    -   unclosed iterators
+
+    Detected errors are emitted using the standard Python :mod:`warnings`
+    system and usually end up on :data:`stderr`.
+
+    ::
+
+        from werkzeug.contrib.lint import LintMiddleware
+        app = LintMiddleware(app)
+
+    :param app: the application to wrap
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app):
+        self.app = app
+
+    def check_environ(self, environ):
+        if type(environ) is not dict:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('WSGI environment is not a standard python dict.'),
+                 stacklevel=4)
+        for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'SERVER_NAME', 'SERVER_PORT',
+                    'wsgi.version', 'wsgi.input', 'wsgi.errors',
+                    'wsgi.multithread', 'wsgi.multiprocess',
+                    'wsgi.run_once'):
+            if key not in environ:
+                warn(WSGIWarning('required environment key %r not found'
+                                 % key), stacklevel=3)
+        if environ['wsgi.version'] != (1, 0):
+            warn(WSGIWarning('environ is not a WSGI 1.0 environ'),
+                 stacklevel=3)
+
+        script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
+        if script_name and script_name[:1] != '/':
+            warn(WSGIWarning('SCRIPT_NAME does not start with a slash: %r'
+                             % script_name), stacklevel=3)
+        path_info = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
+        if path_info[:1] != '/':
+            warn(WSGIWarning('PATH_INFO does not start with a slash: %r'
+                             % path_info), stacklevel=3)
+
+    def check_start_response(self, status, headers, exc_info):
+        check_string('status', status)
+        status_code = status.split(None, 1)[0]
+        if len(status_code) != 3 or not status_code.isdigit():
+            warn(WSGIWarning('Status code must be three digits'), stacklevel=3)
+        if len(status) < 4 or status[3] != ' ':
+            warn(WSGIWarning('Invalid value for status %r.  Valid '
+                             'status strings are three digits, a space '
+                             'and a status explanation'), stacklevel=3)
+        status_code = int(status_code)
+        if status_code < 100:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('status code < 100 detected'), stacklevel=3)
+
+        if type(headers) is not list:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('header list is not a list'), stacklevel=3)
+        for item in headers:
+            if type(item) is not tuple or len(item) != 2:
+                warn(WSGIWarning('Headers must tuple 2-item tuples'),
+                     stacklevel=3)
+            name, value = item
+            if type(name) is not str or type(value) is not str:
+                warn(WSGIWarning('header items must be strings'),
+                     stacklevel=3)
+            if name.lower() == 'status':
+                warn(WSGIWarning('The status header is not supported due to '
+                                 'conflicts with the CGI spec.'),
+                     stacklevel=3)
+
+        if exc_info is not None and not isinstance(exc_info, tuple):
+            warn(WSGIWarning('invalid value for exc_info'), stacklevel=3)
+
+        headers = Headers(headers)
+        self.check_headers(headers)
+
+        return status_code, headers
+
+    def check_headers(self, headers):
+        etag = headers.get('etag')
+        if etag is not None:
+            if etag.startswith(('W/', 'w/')):
+                if etag.startswith('w/'):
+                    warn(HTTPWarning('weak etag indicator should be upcase.'),
+                         stacklevel=4)
+                etag = etag[2:]
+            if not (etag[:1] == etag[-1:] == '"'):
+                warn(HTTPWarning('unquoted etag emitted.'), stacklevel=4)
+
+        location = headers.get('location')
+        if location is not None:
+            if not urlparse(location).netloc:
+                warn(HTTPWarning('absolute URLs required for location header'),
+                     stacklevel=4)
+
+    def check_iterator(self, app_iter):
+        if isinstance(app_iter, string_types):
+            warn(WSGIWarning('application returned string.  Response will '
+                             'send character for character to the client '
+                             'which will kill the performance.  Return a '
+                             'list or iterable instead.'), stacklevel=3)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if len(args) != 2:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('Two arguments to WSGI app required'), stacklevel=2)
+        if kwargs:
+            warn(WSGIWarning('No keyword arguments to WSGI app allowed'),
+                 stacklevel=2)
+        environ, start_response = args
+
+        self.check_environ(environ)
+        environ['wsgi.input'] = InputStream(environ['wsgi.input'])
+        environ['wsgi.errors'] = ErrorStream(environ['wsgi.errors'])
+
+        # hook our own file wrapper in so that applications will always
+        # iterate to the end and we can check the content length
+        environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'] = FileWrapper
+
+        headers_set = []
+        chunks = []
+
+        def checking_start_response(*args, **kwargs):
+            if len(args) not in (2, 3):
+                warn(WSGIWarning('Invalid number of arguments: %s, expected '
+                                 '2 or 3' % len(args), stacklevel=2))
+            if kwargs:
+                warn(WSGIWarning('no keyword arguments allowed.'))
+
+            status, headers = args[:2]
+            if len(args) == 3:
+                exc_info = args[2]
+            else:
+                exc_info = None
+
+            headers_set[:] = self.check_start_response(status, headers,
+                                                       exc_info)
+            return GuardedWrite(start_response(status, headers, exc_info),
+                                chunks)
+
+        app_iter = self.app(environ, checking_start_response)
+        self.check_iterator(app_iter)
+        return GuardedIterator(app_iter, headers_set, chunks)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/profiler.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/profiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be860af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/profiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.profiler
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides a simple WSGI profiler middleware for finding
+    bottlenecks in web application.  It uses the :mod:`profile` or
+    :mod:`cProfile` module to do the profiling and writes the stats to the
+    stream provided (defaults to stderr).
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        from werkzeug.contrib.profiler import ProfilerMiddleware
+        app = ProfilerMiddleware(app)
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+import time
+import os.path
+try:
+    try:
+        from cProfile import Profile
+    except ImportError:
+        from profile import Profile
+    from pstats import Stats
+    available = True
+except ImportError:
+    available = False
+
+
+class MergeStream(object):
+
+    """An object that redirects `write` calls to multiple streams.
+    Use this to log to both `sys.stdout` and a file::
+
+        f = open('profiler.log', 'w')
+        stream = MergeStream(sys.stdout, f)
+        profiler = ProfilerMiddleware(app, stream)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *streams):
+        if not streams:
+            raise TypeError('at least one stream must be given')
+        self.streams = streams
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        for stream in self.streams:
+            stream.write(data)
+
+
+class ProfilerMiddleware(object):
+
+    """Simple profiler middleware.  Wraps a WSGI application and profiles
+    a request.  This intentionally buffers the response so that timings are
+    more exact.
+
+    By giving the `profile_dir` argument, pstat.Stats files are saved to that
+    directory, one file per request. Without it, a summary is printed to
+    `stream` instead.
+
+    For the exact meaning of `sort_by` and `restrictions` consult the
+    :mod:`profile` documentation.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       Added support for `restrictions` and `profile_dir`.
+
+    :param app: the WSGI application to profile.
+    :param stream: the stream for the profiled stats.  defaults to stderr.
+    :param sort_by: a tuple of columns to sort the result by.
+    :param restrictions: a tuple of profiling strictions, not used if dumping
+                         to `profile_dir`.
+    :param profile_dir: directory name to save pstat files
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, stream=None,
+                 sort_by=('time', 'calls'), restrictions=(), profile_dir=None):
+        if not available:
+            raise RuntimeError('the profiler is not available because '
+                               'profile or pstat is not installed.')
+        self._app = app
+        self._stream = stream or sys.stdout
+        self._sort_by = sort_by
+        self._restrictions = restrictions
+        self._profile_dir = profile_dir
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        response_body = []
+
+        def catching_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
+            start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
+            return response_body.append
+
+        def runapp():
+            appiter = self._app(environ, catching_start_response)
+            response_body.extend(appiter)
+            if hasattr(appiter, 'close'):
+                appiter.close()
+
+        p = Profile()
+        start = time.time()
+        p.runcall(runapp)
+        body = b''.join(response_body)
+        elapsed = time.time() - start
+
+        if self._profile_dir is not None:
+            prof_filename = os.path.join(self._profile_dir,
+                                         '%s.%s.%06dms.%d.prof' % (
+                                             environ['REQUEST_METHOD'],
+                                             environ.get('PATH_INFO').strip(
+                                                 '/').replace('/', '.') or 'root',
+                                             elapsed * 1000.0,
+                                             time.time()
+                                         ))
+            p.dump_stats(prof_filename)
+
+        else:
+            stats = Stats(p, stream=self._stream)
+            stats.sort_stats(*self._sort_by)
+
+            self._stream.write('-' * 80)
+            self._stream.write('\nPATH: %r\n' % environ.get('PATH_INFO'))
+            stats.print_stats(*self._restrictions)
+            self._stream.write('-' * 80 + '\n\n')
+
+        return [body]
+
+
+def make_action(app_factory, hostname='localhost', port=5000,
+                threaded=False, processes=1, stream=None,
+                sort_by=('time', 'calls'), restrictions=()):
+    """Return a new callback for :mod:`werkzeug.script` that starts a local
+    server with the profiler enabled.
+
+    ::
+
+        from werkzeug.contrib import profiler
+        action_profile = profiler.make_action(make_app)
+    """
+    def action(hostname=('h', hostname), port=('p', port),
+               threaded=threaded, processes=processes):
+        """Start a new development server."""
+        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
+        app = ProfilerMiddleware(app_factory(), stream, sort_by, restrictions)
+        run_simple(hostname, port, app, False, None, threaded, processes)
+    return action
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/securecookie.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/securecookie.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53e868a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/securecookie.py
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+r"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.securecookie
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements a cookie that is not alterable from the client
+    because it adds a checksum the server checks for.  You can use it as
+    session replacement if all you have is a user id or something to mark
+    a logged in user.
+
+    Keep in mind that the data is still readable from the client as a
+    normal cookie is.  However you don't have to store and flush the
+    sessions you have at the server.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    >>> from werkzeug.contrib.securecookie import SecureCookie
+    >>> x = SecureCookie({"foo": 42, "baz": (1, 2, 3)}, "deadbeef")
+
+    Dumping into a string so that one can store it in a cookie:
+
+    >>> value = x.serialize()
+
+    Loading from that string again:
+
+    >>> x = SecureCookie.unserialize(value, "deadbeef")
+    >>> x["baz"]
+    (1, 2, 3)
+
+    If someone modifies the cookie and the checksum is wrong the unserialize
+    method will fail silently and return a new empty `SecureCookie` object.
+
+    Keep in mind that the values will be visible in the cookie so do not
+    store data in a cookie you don't want the user to see.
+
+    Application Integration
+    =======================
+
+    If you are using the werkzeug request objects you could integrate the
+    secure cookie into your application like this::
+
+        from werkzeug.utils import cached_property
+        from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
+        from werkzeug.contrib.securecookie import SecureCookie
+
+        # don't use this key but a different one; you could just use
+        # os.urandom(20) to get something random
+        SECRET_KEY = '\xfa\xdd\xb8z\xae\xe0}4\x8b\xea'
+
+        class Request(BaseRequest):
+
+            @cached_property
+            def client_session(self):
+                data = self.cookies.get('session_data')
+                if not data:
+                    return SecureCookie(secret_key=SECRET_KEY)
+                return SecureCookie.unserialize(data, SECRET_KEY)
+
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            request = Request(environ, start_response)
+
+            # get a response object here
+            response = ...
+
+            if request.client_session.should_save:
+                session_data = request.client_session.serialize()
+                response.set_cookie('session_data', session_data,
+                                    httponly=True)
+            return response(environ, start_response)
+
+    A less verbose integration can be achieved by using shorthand methods::
+
+        class Request(BaseRequest):
+
+            @cached_property
+            def client_session(self):
+                return SecureCookie.load_cookie(self, secret_key=COOKIE_SECRET)
+
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            request = Request(environ, start_response)
+
+            # get a response object here
+            response = ...
+
+            request.client_session.save_cookie(response)
+            return response(environ, start_response)
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import pickle
+import base64
+from hmac import new as hmac
+from time import time
+from hashlib import sha1 as _default_hash
+
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, text_type
+from werkzeug.urls import url_quote_plus, url_unquote_plus
+from werkzeug._internal import _date_to_unix
+from werkzeug.contrib.sessions import ModificationTrackingDict
+from werkzeug.security import safe_str_cmp
+from werkzeug._compat import to_native
+
+
+class UnquoteError(Exception):
+
+    """Internal exception used to signal failures on quoting."""
+
+
+class SecureCookie(ModificationTrackingDict):
+
+    """Represents a secure cookie.  You can subclass this class and provide
+    an alternative mac method.  The import thing is that the mac method
+    is a function with a similar interface to the hashlib.  Required
+    methods are update() and digest().
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    >>> x = SecureCookie({"foo": 42, "baz": (1, 2, 3)}, "deadbeef")
+    >>> x["foo"]
+    42
+    >>> x["baz"]
+    (1, 2, 3)
+    >>> x["blafasel"] = 23
+    >>> x.should_save
+    True
+
+    :param data: the initial data.  Either a dict, list of tuples or `None`.
+    :param secret_key: the secret key.  If not set `None` or not specified
+                       it has to be set before :meth:`serialize` is called.
+    :param new: The initial value of the `new` flag.
+    """
+
+    #: The hash method to use.  This has to be a module with a new function
+    #: or a function that creates a hashlib object.  Such as `hashlib.md5`
+    #: Subclasses can override this attribute.  The default hash is sha1.
+    #: Make sure to wrap this in staticmethod() if you store an arbitrary
+    #: function there such as hashlib.sha1 which  might be implemented
+    #: as a function.
+    hash_method = staticmethod(_default_hash)
+
+    #: the module used for serialization.  Unless overriden by subclasses
+    #: the standard pickle module is used.
+    serialization_method = pickle
+
+    #: if the contents should be base64 quoted.  This can be disabled if the
+    #: serialization process returns cookie safe strings only.
+    quote_base64 = True
+
+    def __init__(self, data=None, secret_key=None, new=True):
+        ModificationTrackingDict.__init__(self, data or ())
+        # explicitly convert it into a bytestring because python 2.6
+        # no longer performs an implicit string conversion on hmac
+        if secret_key is not None:
+            secret_key = bytes(secret_key)
+        self.secret_key = secret_key
+        self.new = new
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s%s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            dict.__repr__(self),
+            self.should_save and '*' or ''
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def should_save(self):
+        """True if the session should be saved.  By default this is only true
+        for :attr:`modified` cookies, not :attr:`new`.
+        """
+        return self.modified
+
+    @classmethod
+    def quote(cls, value):
+        """Quote the value for the cookie.  This can be any object supported
+        by :attr:`serialization_method`.
+
+        :param value: the value to quote.
+        """
+        if cls.serialization_method is not None:
+            value = cls.serialization_method.dumps(value)
+        if cls.quote_base64:
+            value = b''.join(base64.b64encode(value).splitlines()).strip()
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unquote(cls, value):
+        """Unquote the value for the cookie.  If unquoting does not work a
+        :exc:`UnquoteError` is raised.
+
+        :param value: the value to unquote.
+        """
+        try:
+            if cls.quote_base64:
+                value = base64.b64decode(value)
+            if cls.serialization_method is not None:
+                value = cls.serialization_method.loads(value)
+            return value
+        except Exception:
+            # unfortunately pickle and other serialization modules can
+            # cause pretty every error here.  if we get one we catch it
+            # and convert it into an UnquoteError
+            raise UnquoteError()
+
+    def serialize(self, expires=None):
+        """Serialize the secure cookie into a string.
+
+        If expires is provided, the session will be automatically invalidated
+        after expiration when you unseralize it. This provides better
+        protection against session cookie theft.
+
+        :param expires: an optional expiration date for the cookie (a
+                        :class:`datetime.datetime` object)
+        """
+        if self.secret_key is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('no secret key defined')
+        if expires:
+            self['_expires'] = _date_to_unix(expires)
+        result = []
+        mac = hmac(self.secret_key, None, self.hash_method)
+        for key, value in sorted(self.items()):
+            result.append(('%s=%s' % (
+                url_quote_plus(key),
+                self.quote(value).decode('ascii')
+            )).encode('ascii'))
+            mac.update(b'|' + result[-1])
+        return b'?'.join([
+            base64.b64encode(mac.digest()).strip(),
+            b'&'.join(result)
+        ])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unserialize(cls, string, secret_key):
+        """Load the secure cookie from a serialized string.
+
+        :param string: the cookie value to unserialize.
+        :param secret_key: the secret key used to serialize the cookie.
+        :return: a new :class:`SecureCookie`.
+        """
+        if isinstance(string, text_type):
+            string = string.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        if isinstance(secret_key, text_type):
+            secret_key = secret_key.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        try:
+            base64_hash, data = string.split(b'?', 1)
+        except (ValueError, IndexError):
+            items = ()
+        else:
+            items = {}
+            mac = hmac(secret_key, None, cls.hash_method)
+            for item in data.split(b'&'):
+                mac.update(b'|' + item)
+                if b'=' not in item:
+                    items = None
+                    break
+                key, value = item.split(b'=', 1)
+                # try to make the key a string
+                key = url_unquote_plus(key.decode('ascii'))
+                try:
+                    key = to_native(key)
+                except UnicodeError:
+                    pass
+                items[key] = value
+
+            # no parsing error and the mac looks okay, we can now
+            # sercurely unpickle our cookie.
+            try:
+                client_hash = base64.b64decode(base64_hash)
+            except TypeError:
+                items = client_hash = None
+            if items is not None and safe_str_cmp(client_hash, mac.digest()):
+                try:
+                    for key, value in iteritems(items):
+                        items[key] = cls.unquote(value)
+                except UnquoteError:
+                    items = ()
+                else:
+                    if '_expires' in items:
+                        if time() > items['_expires']:
+                            items = ()
+                        else:
+                            del items['_expires']
+            else:
+                items = ()
+        return cls(items, secret_key, False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_cookie(cls, request, key='session', secret_key=None):
+        """Loads a :class:`SecureCookie` from a cookie in request.  If the
+        cookie is not set, a new :class:`SecureCookie` instanced is
+        returned.
+
+        :param request: a request object that has a `cookies` attribute
+                        which is a dict of all cookie values.
+        :param key: the name of the cookie.
+        :param secret_key: the secret key used to unquote the cookie.
+                           Always provide the value even though it has
+                           no default!
+        """
+        data = request.cookies.get(key)
+        if not data:
+            return cls(secret_key=secret_key)
+        return cls.unserialize(data, secret_key)
+
+    def save_cookie(self, response, key='session', expires=None,
+                    session_expires=None, max_age=None, path='/', domain=None,
+                    secure=None, httponly=False, force=False):
+        """Saves the SecureCookie in a cookie on response object.  All
+        parameters that are not described here are forwarded directly
+        to :meth:`~BaseResponse.set_cookie`.
+
+        :param response: a response object that has a
+                         :meth:`~BaseResponse.set_cookie` method.
+        :param key: the name of the cookie.
+        :param session_expires: the expiration date of the secure cookie
+                                stored information.  If this is not provided
+                                the cookie `expires` date is used instead.
+        """
+        if force or self.should_save:
+            data = self.serialize(session_expires or expires)
+            response.set_cookie(key, data, expires=expires, max_age=max_age,
+                                path=path, domain=domain, secure=secure,
+                                httponly=httponly)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/sessions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caee4e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+r"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.sessions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module contains some helper classes that help one to add session
+    support to a python WSGI application.  For full client-side session
+    storage see :mod:`~werkzeug.contrib.securecookie` which implements a
+    secure, client-side session storage.
+
+
+    Application Integration
+    =======================
+
+    ::
+
+        from werkzeug.contrib.sessions import SessionMiddleware, \
+             FilesystemSessionStore
+
+        app = SessionMiddleware(app, FilesystemSessionStore())
+
+    The current session will then appear in the WSGI environment as
+    `werkzeug.session`.  However it's recommended to not use the middleware
+    but the stores directly in the application.  However for very simple
+    scripts a middleware for sessions could be sufficient.
+
+    This module does not implement methods or ways to check if a session is
+    expired.  That should be done by a cronjob and storage specific.  For
+    example to prune unused filesystem sessions one could check the modified
+    time of the files.  It sessions are stored in the database the new()
+    method should add an expiration timestamp for the session.
+
+    For better flexibility it's recommended to not use the middleware but the
+    store and session object directly in the application dispatching::
+
+        session_store = FilesystemSessionStore()
+
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            request = Request(environ)
+            sid = request.cookies.get('cookie_name')
+            if sid is None:
+                request.session = session_store.new()
+            else:
+                request.session = session_store.get(sid)
+            response = get_the_response_object(request)
+            if request.session.should_save:
+                session_store.save(request.session)
+                response.set_cookie('cookie_name', request.session.sid)
+            return response(environ, start_response)
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import os
+import tempfile
+from os import path
+from time import time
+from random import random
+from hashlib import sha1
+from pickle import dump, load, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
+
+from werkzeug.datastructures import CallbackDict
+from werkzeug.utils import dump_cookie, parse_cookie
+from werkzeug.wsgi import ClosingIterator
+from werkzeug.posixemulation import rename
+from werkzeug._compat import PY2, text_type
+from werkzeug.filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
+
+
+_sha1_re = re.compile(r'^[a-f0-9]{40}$')
+
+
+def _urandom():
+    if hasattr(os, 'urandom'):
+        return os.urandom(30)
+    return text_type(random()).encode('ascii')
+
+
+def generate_key(salt=None):
+    if salt is None:
+        salt = repr(salt).encode('ascii')
+    return sha1(b''.join([
+        salt,
+        str(time()).encode('ascii'),
+        _urandom()
+    ])).hexdigest()
+
+
+class ModificationTrackingDict(CallbackDict):
+    __slots__ = ('modified',)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        def on_update(self):
+            self.modified = True
+        self.modified = False
+        CallbackDict.__init__(self, on_update=on_update)
+        dict.update(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Create a flat copy of the dict."""
+        missing = object()
+        result = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        for name in self.__slots__:
+            val = getattr(self, name, missing)
+            if val is not missing:
+                setattr(result, name, val)
+        return result
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self.copy()
+
+
+class Session(ModificationTrackingDict):
+
+    """Subclass of a dict that keeps track of direct object changes.  Changes
+    in mutable structures are not tracked, for those you have to set
+    `modified` to `True` by hand.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ModificationTrackingDict.__slots__ + ('sid', 'new')
+
+    def __init__(self, data, sid, new=False):
+        ModificationTrackingDict.__init__(self, data)
+        self.sid = sid
+        self.new = new
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s%s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            dict.__repr__(self),
+            self.should_save and '*' or ''
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def should_save(self):
+        """True if the session should be saved.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+           By default the session is now only saved if the session is
+           modified, not if it is new like it was before.
+        """
+        return self.modified
+
+
+class SessionStore(object):
+
+    """Baseclass for all session stores.  The Werkzeug contrib module does not
+    implement any useful stores besides the filesystem store, application
+    developers are encouraged to create their own stores.
+
+    :param session_class: The session class to use.  Defaults to
+                          :class:`Session`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, session_class=None):
+        if session_class is None:
+            session_class = Session
+        self.session_class = session_class
+
+    def is_valid_key(self, key):
+        """Check if a key has the correct format."""
+        return _sha1_re.match(key) is not None
+
+    def generate_key(self, salt=None):
+        """Simple function that generates a new session key."""
+        return generate_key(salt)
+
+    def new(self):
+        """Generate a new session."""
+        return self.session_class({}, self.generate_key(), True)
+
+    def save(self, session):
+        """Save a session."""
+
+    def save_if_modified(self, session):
+        """Save if a session class wants an update."""
+        if session.should_save:
+            self.save(session)
+
+    def delete(self, session):
+        """Delete a session."""
+
+    def get(self, sid):
+        """Get a session for this sid or a new session object.  This method
+        has to check if the session key is valid and create a new session if
+        that wasn't the case.
+        """
+        return self.session_class({}, sid, True)
+
+
+#: used for temporary files by the filesystem session store
+_fs_transaction_suffix = '.__wz_sess'
+
+
+class FilesystemSessionStore(SessionStore):
+
+    """Simple example session store that saves sessions on the filesystem.
+    This store works best on POSIX systems and Windows Vista / Windows
+    Server 2008 and newer.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+       `renew_missing` was added.  Previously this was considered `True`,
+       now the default changed to `False` and it can be explicitly
+       deactivated.
+
+    :param path: the path to the folder used for storing the sessions.
+                 If not provided the default temporary directory is used.
+    :param filename_template: a string template used to give the session
+                              a filename.  ``%s`` is replaced with the
+                              session id.
+    :param session_class: The session class to use.  Defaults to
+                          :class:`Session`.
+    :param renew_missing: set to `True` if you want the store to
+                          give the user a new sid if the session was
+                          not yet saved.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, filename_template='werkzeug_%s.sess',
+                 session_class=None, renew_missing=False, mode=0o644):
+        SessionStore.__init__(self, session_class)
+        if path is None:
+            path = tempfile.gettempdir()
+        self.path = path
+        if isinstance(filename_template, text_type) and PY2:
+            filename_template = filename_template.encode(
+                get_filesystem_encoding())
+        assert not filename_template.endswith(_fs_transaction_suffix), \
+            'filename templates may not end with %s' % _fs_transaction_suffix
+        self.filename_template = filename_template
+        self.renew_missing = renew_missing
+        self.mode = mode
+
+    def get_session_filename(self, sid):
+        # out of the box, this should be a strict ASCII subset but
+        # you might reconfigure the session object to have a more
+        # arbitrary string.
+        if isinstance(sid, text_type) and PY2:
+            sid = sid.encode(get_filesystem_encoding())
+        return path.join(self.path, self.filename_template % sid)
+
+    def save(self, session):
+        fn = self.get_session_filename(session.sid)
+        fd, tmp = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=_fs_transaction_suffix,
+                                   dir=self.path)
+        f = os.fdopen(fd, 'wb')
+        try:
+            dump(dict(session), f, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        try:
+            rename(tmp, fn)
+            os.chmod(fn, self.mode)
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            pass
+
+    def delete(self, session):
+        fn = self.get_session_filename(session.sid)
+        try:
+            os.unlink(fn)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    def get(self, sid):
+        if not self.is_valid_key(sid):
+            return self.new()
+        try:
+            f = open(self.get_session_filename(sid), 'rb')
+        except IOError:
+            if self.renew_missing:
+                return self.new()
+            data = {}
+        else:
+            try:
+                try:
+                    data = load(f)
+                except Exception:
+                    data = {}
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+        return self.session_class(data, sid, False)
+
+    def list(self):
+        """Lists all sessions in the store.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+        """
+        before, after = self.filename_template.split('%s', 1)
+        filename_re = re.compile(r'%s(.{5,})%s$' % (re.escape(before),
+                                                    re.escape(after)))
+        result = []
+        for filename in os.listdir(self.path):
+            #: this is a session that is still being saved.
+            if filename.endswith(_fs_transaction_suffix):
+                continue
+            match = filename_re.match(filename)
+            if match is not None:
+                result.append(match.group(1))
+        return result
+
+
+class SessionMiddleware(object):
+
+    """A simple middleware that puts the session object of a store provided
+    into the WSGI environ.  It automatically sets cookies and restores
+    sessions.
+
+    However a middleware is not the preferred solution because it won't be as
+    fast as sessions managed by the application itself and will put a key into
+    the WSGI environment only relevant for the application which is against
+    the concept of WSGI.
+
+    The cookie parameters are the same as for the :func:`~dump_cookie`
+    function just prefixed with ``cookie_``.  Additionally `max_age` is
+    called `cookie_age` and not `cookie_max_age` because of backwards
+    compatibility.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, store, cookie_name='session_id',
+                 cookie_age=None, cookie_expires=None, cookie_path='/',
+                 cookie_domain=None, cookie_secure=None,
+                 cookie_httponly=False, environ_key='werkzeug.session'):
+        self.app = app
+        self.store = store
+        self.cookie_name = cookie_name
+        self.cookie_age = cookie_age
+        self.cookie_expires = cookie_expires
+        self.cookie_path = cookie_path
+        self.cookie_domain = cookie_domain
+        self.cookie_secure = cookie_secure
+        self.cookie_httponly = cookie_httponly
+        self.environ_key = environ_key
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        cookie = parse_cookie(environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE', ''))
+        sid = cookie.get(self.cookie_name, None)
+        if sid is None:
+            session = self.store.new()
+        else:
+            session = self.store.get(sid)
+        environ[self.environ_key] = session
+
+        def injecting_start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
+            if session.should_save:
+                self.store.save(session)
+                headers.append(('Set-Cookie', dump_cookie(self.cookie_name,
+                                                          session.sid, self.cookie_age,
+                                                          self.cookie_expires, self.cookie_path,
+                                                          self.cookie_domain, self.cookie_secure,
+                                                          self.cookie_httponly)))
+            return start_response(status, headers, exc_info)
+        return ClosingIterator(self.app(environ, injecting_start_response),
+                               lambda: self.store.save_if_modified(session))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/testtools.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/testtools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dab6db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/testtools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.testtools
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements extended wrappers for simplified testing.
+
+    `TestResponse`
+        A response wrapper which adds various cached attributes for
+        simplified assertions on various content types.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from werkzeug.utils import cached_property, import_string
+from werkzeug.wrappers import Response
+
+from warnings import warn
+warn(DeprecationWarning('werkzeug.contrib.testtools is deprecated and '
+                        'will be removed with Werkzeug 1.0'))
+
+
+class ContentAccessors(object):
+
+    """
+    A mixin class for response objects that provides a couple of useful
+    accessors for unittesting.
+    """
+
+    def xml(self):
+        """Get an etree if possible."""
+        if 'xml' not in self.mimetype:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                'Not a XML response (Content-Type: %s)'
+                % self.mimetype)
+        for module in ['xml.etree.ElementTree', 'ElementTree',
+                       'elementtree.ElementTree']:
+            etree = import_string(module, silent=True)
+            if etree is not None:
+                return etree.XML(self.body)
+        raise RuntimeError('You must have ElementTree installed '
+                           'to use TestResponse.xml')
+    xml = cached_property(xml)
+
+    def lxml(self):
+        """Get an lxml etree if possible."""
+        if ('html' not in self.mimetype and 'xml' not in self.mimetype):
+            raise AttributeError('Not an HTML/XML response')
+        from lxml import etree
+        try:
+            from lxml.html import fromstring
+        except ImportError:
+            fromstring = etree.HTML
+        if self.mimetype == 'text/html':
+            return fromstring(self.data)
+        return etree.XML(self.data)
+    lxml = cached_property(lxml)
+
+    def json(self):
+        """Get the result of simplejson.loads if possible."""
+        if 'json' not in self.mimetype:
+            raise AttributeError('Not a JSON response')
+        try:
+            from simplejson import loads
+        except ImportError:
+            from json import loads
+        return loads(self.data)
+    json = cached_property(json)
+
+
+class TestResponse(Response, ContentAccessors):
+
+    """Pass this to `werkzeug.test.Client` for easier unittesting."""
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/wrappers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/wrappers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0816c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/contrib/wrappers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.contrib.wrappers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Extra wrappers or mixins contributed by the community.  These wrappers can
+    be mixed in into request objects to add extra functionality.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as RequestBase
+        from werkzeug.contrib.wrappers import JSONRequestMixin
+
+        class Request(RequestBase, JSONRequestMixin):
+            pass
+
+    Afterwards this request object provides the extra functionality of the
+    :class:`JSONRequestMixin`.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import codecs
+try:
+    from simplejson import loads
+except ImportError:
+    from json import loads
+
+from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest
+from werkzeug.utils import cached_property
+from werkzeug.http import dump_options_header, parse_options_header
+from werkzeug._compat import wsgi_decoding_dance
+
+
+def is_known_charset(charset):
+    """Checks if the given charset is known to Python."""
+    try:
+        codecs.lookup(charset)
+    except LookupError:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+class JSONRequestMixin(object):
+
+    """Add json method to a request object.  This will parse the input data
+    through simplejson if possible.
+
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest` will be raised if the content-type
+    is not json or if the data itself cannot be parsed as json.
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def json(self):
+        """Get the result of simplejson.loads if possible."""
+        if 'json' not in self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''):
+            raise BadRequest('Not a JSON request')
+        try:
+            return loads(self.data)
+        except Exception:
+            raise BadRequest('Unable to read JSON request')
+
+
+class ProtobufRequestMixin(object):
+
+    """Add protobuf parsing method to a request object.  This will parse the
+    input data through `protobuf`_ if possible.
+
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest` will be raised if the content-type
+    is not protobuf or if the data itself cannot be parsed property.
+
+    .. _protobuf: http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/
+    """
+
+    #: by default the :class:`ProtobufRequestMixin` will raise a
+    #: :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.BadRequest` if the object is not
+    #: initialized.  You can bypass that check by setting this
+    #: attribute to `False`.
+    protobuf_check_initialization = True
+
+    def parse_protobuf(self, proto_type):
+        """Parse the data into an instance of proto_type."""
+        if 'protobuf' not in self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''):
+            raise BadRequest('Not a Protobuf request')
+
+        obj = proto_type()
+        try:
+            obj.ParseFromString(self.data)
+        except Exception:
+            raise BadRequest("Unable to parse Protobuf request")
+
+        # Fail if not all required fields are set
+        if self.protobuf_check_initialization and not obj.IsInitialized():
+            raise BadRequest("Partial Protobuf request")
+
+        return obj
+
+
+class RoutingArgsRequestMixin(object):
+
+    """This request mixin adds support for the wsgiorg routing args
+    `specification`_.
+
+    .. _specification: http://www.wsgi.org/wsgi/Specifications/routing_args
+    """
+
+    def _get_routing_args(self):
+        return self.environ.get('wsgiorg.routing_args', (()))[0]
+
+    def _set_routing_args(self, value):
+        if self.shallow:
+            raise RuntimeError('A shallow request tried to modify the WSGI '
+                               'environment.  If you really want to do that, '
+                               'set `shallow` to False.')
+        self.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'] = (value, self.routing_vars)
+
+    routing_args = property(_get_routing_args, _set_routing_args, doc='''
+        The positional URL arguments as `tuple`.''')
+    del _get_routing_args, _set_routing_args
+
+    def _get_routing_vars(self):
+        rv = self.environ.get('wsgiorg.routing_args')
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv[1]
+        rv = {}
+        if not self.shallow:
+            self.routing_vars = rv
+        return rv
+
+    def _set_routing_vars(self, value):
+        if self.shallow:
+            raise RuntimeError('A shallow request tried to modify the WSGI '
+                               'environment.  If you really want to do that, '
+                               'set `shallow` to False.')
+        self.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'] = (self.routing_args, value)
+
+    routing_vars = property(_get_routing_vars, _set_routing_vars, doc='''
+        The keyword URL arguments as `dict`.''')
+    del _get_routing_vars, _set_routing_vars
+
+
+class ReverseSlashBehaviorRequestMixin(object):
+
+    """This mixin reverses the trailing slash behavior of :attr:`script_root`
+    and :attr:`path`.  This makes it possible to use :func:`~urlparse.urljoin`
+    directly on the paths.
+
+    Because it changes the behavior or :class:`Request` this class has to be
+    mixed in *before* the actual request class::
+
+        class MyRequest(ReverseSlashBehaviorRequestMixin, Request):
+            pass
+
+    This example shows the differences (for an application mounted on
+    `/application` and the request going to `/application/foo/bar`):
+
+        +---------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+        |               | normal behavior   | reverse behavior    |
+        +===============+===================+=====================+
+        | `script_root` | ``/application``  | ``/application/``   |
+        +---------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+        | `path`        | ``/foo/bar``      | ``foo/bar``         |
+        +---------------+-------------------+---------------------+
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def path(self):
+        """Requested path as unicode.  This works a bit like the regular path
+        info in the WSGI environment but will not include a leading slash.
+        """
+        path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '',
+                                   self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
+        return path.lstrip('/')
+
+    @cached_property
+    def script_root(self):
+        """The root path of the script includling a trailing slash."""
+        path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') or '',
+                                   self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
+        return path.rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+
+class DynamicCharsetRequestMixin(object):
+
+    """"If this mixin is mixed into a request class it will provide
+    a dynamic `charset` attribute.  This means that if the charset is
+    transmitted in the content type headers it's used from there.
+
+    Because it changes the behavior or :class:`Request` this class has
+    to be mixed in *before* the actual request class::
+
+        class MyRequest(DynamicCharsetRequestMixin, Request):
+            pass
+
+    By default the request object assumes that the URL charset is the
+    same as the data charset.  If the charset varies on each request
+    based on the transmitted data it's not a good idea to let the URLs
+    change based on that.  Most browsers assume either utf-8 or latin1
+    for the URLs if they have troubles figuring out.  It's strongly
+    recommended to set the URL charset to utf-8::
+
+        class MyRequest(DynamicCharsetRequestMixin, Request):
+            url_charset = 'utf-8'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    """
+
+    #: the default charset that is assumed if the content type header
+    #: is missing or does not contain a charset parameter.  The default
+    #: is latin1 which is what HTTP specifies as default charset.
+    #: You may however want to set this to utf-8 to better support
+    #: browsers that do not transmit a charset for incoming data.
+    default_charset = 'latin1'
+
+    def unknown_charset(self, charset):
+        """Called if a charset was provided but is not supported by
+        the Python codecs module.  By default latin1 is assumed then
+        to not lose any information, you may override this method to
+        change the behavior.
+
+        :param charset: the charset that was not found.
+        :return: the replacement charset.
+        """
+        return 'latin1'
+
+    @cached_property
+    def charset(self):
+        """The charset from the content type."""
+        header = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE')
+        if header:
+            ct, options = parse_options_header(header)
+            charset = options.get('charset')
+            if charset:
+                if is_known_charset(charset):
+                    return charset
+                return self.unknown_charset(charset)
+        return self.default_charset
+
+
+class DynamicCharsetResponseMixin(object):
+
+    """If this mixin is mixed into a response class it will provide
+    a dynamic `charset` attribute.  This means that if the charset is
+    looked up and stored in the `Content-Type` header and updates
+    itself automatically.  This also means a small performance hit but
+    can be useful if you're working with different charsets on
+    responses.
+
+    Because the charset attribute is no a property at class-level, the
+    default value is stored in `default_charset`.
+
+    Because it changes the behavior or :class:`Response` this class has
+    to be mixed in *before* the actual response class::
+
+        class MyResponse(DynamicCharsetResponseMixin, Response):
+            pass
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    """
+
+    #: the default charset.
+    default_charset = 'utf-8'
+
+    def _get_charset(self):
+        header = self.headers.get('content-type')
+        if header:
+            charset = parse_options_header(header)[1].get('charset')
+            if charset:
+                return charset
+        return self.default_charset
+
+    def _set_charset(self, charset):
+        header = self.headers.get('content-type')
+        ct, options = parse_options_header(header)
+        if not ct:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot set charset if Content-Type '
+                            'header is missing.')
+        options['charset'] = charset
+        self.headers['Content-Type'] = dump_options_header(ct, options)
+
+    charset = property(_get_charset, _set_charset, doc="""
+        The charset for the response.  It's stored inside the
+        Content-Type header as a parameter.""")
+    del _get_charset, _set_charset
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/datastructures.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/datastructures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f9f451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/datastructures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2690 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.datastructures
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides mixins and classes with an immutable interface.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import codecs
+import mimetypes
+from copy import deepcopy
+from itertools import repeat
+
+from werkzeug._internal import _missing, _empty_stream
+from werkzeug._compat import iterkeys, itervalues, iteritems, iterlists, \
+    PY2, text_type, integer_types, string_types, make_literal_wrapper, \
+    to_native
+from werkzeug.filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
+
+
+_locale_delim_re = re.compile(r'[_-]')
+
+
+def is_immutable(self):
+    raise TypeError('%r objects are immutable' % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+def iter_multi_items(mapping):
+    """Iterates over the items of a mapping yielding keys and values
+    without dropping any from more complex structures.
+    """
+    if isinstance(mapping, MultiDict):
+        for item in iteritems(mapping, multi=True):
+            yield item
+    elif isinstance(mapping, dict):
+        for key, value in iteritems(mapping):
+            if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+                for value in value:
+                    yield key, value
+            else:
+                yield key, value
+    else:
+        for item in mapping:
+            yield item
+
+
+def native_itermethods(names):
+    if not PY2:
+        return lambda x: x
+
+    def setmethod(cls, name):
+        itermethod = getattr(cls, name)
+        setattr(cls, 'iter%s' % name, itermethod)
+        listmethod = lambda self, *a, **kw: list(itermethod(self, *a, **kw))
+        listmethod.__doc__ = \
+            'Like :py:meth:`iter%s`, but returns a list.' % name
+        setattr(cls, name, listmethod)
+
+    def wrap(cls):
+        for name in names:
+            setmethod(cls, name)
+        return cls
+    return wrap
+
+
+class ImmutableListMixin(object):
+
+    """Makes a :class:`list` immutable.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :private:
+    """
+
+    _hash_cache = None
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self._hash_cache is not None:
+            return self._hash_cache
+        rv = self._hash_cache = hash(tuple(self))
+        return rv
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return type(self), (list(self),)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def __delslice__(self, i, j):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        is_immutable(self)
+    __imul__ = __iadd__
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def __setslice__(self, i, j, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        is_immutable(self)
+    remove = append
+
+    def extend(self, iterable):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def insert(self, pos, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=None):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+
+class ImmutableList(ImmutableListMixin, list):
+
+    """An immutable :class:`list`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :private:
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            list.__repr__(self),
+        )
+
+
+class ImmutableDictMixin(object):
+
+    """Makes a :class:`dict` immutable.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :private:
+    """
+    _hash_cache = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromkeys(cls, keys, value=None):
+        instance = super(cls, cls).__new__(cls)
+        instance.__init__(zip(keys, repeat(value)))
+        return instance
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return type(self), (dict(self),)
+
+    def _iter_hashitems(self):
+        return iteritems(self)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self._hash_cache is not None:
+            return self._hash_cache
+        rv = self._hash_cache = hash(frozenset(self._iter_hashitems()))
+        return rv
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def update(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+
+class ImmutableMultiDictMixin(ImmutableDictMixin):
+
+    """Makes a :class:`MultiDict` immutable.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :private:
+    """
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return type(self), (list(iteritems(self, multi=True)),)
+
+    def _iter_hashitems(self):
+        return iteritems(self, multi=True)
+
+    def add(self, key, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def popitemlist(self):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def poplist(self, key):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def setlist(self, key, new_list):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def setlistdefault(self, key, default_list=None):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+
+class UpdateDictMixin(object):
+
+    """Makes dicts call `self.on_update` on modifications.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :private:
+    """
+
+    on_update = None
+
+    def calls_update(name):
+        def oncall(self, *args, **kw):
+            rv = getattr(super(UpdateDictMixin, self), name)(*args, **kw)
+            if self.on_update is not None:
+                self.on_update(self)
+            return rv
+        oncall.__name__ = name
+        return oncall
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        modified = key not in self
+        rv = super(UpdateDictMixin, self).setdefault(key, default)
+        if modified and self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+        return rv
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=_missing):
+        modified = key in self
+        if default is _missing:
+            rv = super(UpdateDictMixin, self).pop(key)
+        else:
+            rv = super(UpdateDictMixin, self).pop(key, default)
+        if modified and self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+        return rv
+
+    __setitem__ = calls_update('__setitem__')
+    __delitem__ = calls_update('__delitem__')
+    clear = calls_update('clear')
+    popitem = calls_update('popitem')
+    update = calls_update('update')
+    del calls_update
+
+
+class TypeConversionDict(dict):
+
+    """Works like a regular dict but the :meth:`get` method can perform
+    type conversions.  :class:`MultiDict` and :class:`CombinedMultiDict`
+    are subclasses of this class and provide the same feature.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    """
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None, type=None):
+        """Return the default value if the requested data doesn't exist.
+        If `type` is provided and is a callable it should convert the value,
+        return it or raise a :exc:`ValueError` if that is not possible.  In
+        this case the function will return the default as if the value was not
+        found:
+
+        >>> d = TypeConversionDict(foo='42', bar='blub')
+        >>> d.get('foo', type=int)
+        42
+        >>> d.get('bar', -1, type=int)
+        -1
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param default: The default value to be returned if the key can't
+                        be looked up.  If not further specified `None` is
+                        returned.
+        :param type: A callable that is used to cast the value in the
+                     :class:`MultiDict`.  If a :exc:`ValueError` is raised
+                     by this callable the default value is returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            rv = self[key]
+            if type is not None:
+                rv = type(rv)
+        except (KeyError, ValueError):
+            rv = default
+        return rv
+
+
+class ImmutableTypeConversionDict(ImmutableDictMixin, TypeConversionDict):
+
+    """Works like a :class:`TypeConversionDict` but does not support
+    modifications.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    """
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow mutable copy of this object.  Keep in mind that
+        the standard library's :func:`copy` function is a no-op for this class
+        like for any other python immutable type (eg: :class:`tuple`).
+        """
+        return TypeConversionDict(self)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self
+
+
+@native_itermethods(['keys', 'values', 'items', 'lists', 'listvalues'])
+class MultiDict(TypeConversionDict):
+
+    """A :class:`MultiDict` is a dictionary subclass customized to deal with
+    multiple values for the same key which is for example used by the parsing
+    functions in the wrappers.  This is necessary because some HTML form
+    elements pass multiple values for the same key.
+
+    :class:`MultiDict` implements all standard dictionary methods.
+    Internally, it saves all values for a key as a list, but the standard dict
+    access methods will only return the first value for a key. If you want to
+    gain access to the other values, too, you have to use the `list` methods as
+    explained below.
+
+    Basic Usage:
+
+    >>> d = MultiDict([('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c')])
+    >>> d
+    MultiDict([('a', 'b'), ('a', 'c')])
+    >>> d['a']
+    'b'
+    >>> d.getlist('a')
+    ['b', 'c']
+    >>> 'a' in d
+    True
+
+    It behaves like a normal dict thus all dict functions will only return the
+    first value when multiple values for one key are found.
+
+    From Werkzeug 0.3 onwards, the `KeyError` raised by this class is also a
+    subclass of the :exc:`~exceptions.BadRequest` HTTP exception and will
+    render a page for a ``400 BAD REQUEST`` if caught in a catch-all for HTTP
+    exceptions.
+
+    A :class:`MultiDict` can be constructed from an iterable of
+    ``(key, value)`` tuples, a dict, a :class:`MultiDict` or from Werkzeug 0.2
+    onwards some keyword parameters.
+
+    :param mapping: the initial value for the :class:`MultiDict`.  Either a
+                    regular dict, an iterable of ``(key, value)`` tuples
+                    or `None`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mapping=None):
+        if isinstance(mapping, MultiDict):
+            dict.__init__(self, ((k, l[:]) for k, l in iterlists(mapping)))
+        elif isinstance(mapping, dict):
+            tmp = {}
+            for key, value in iteritems(mapping):
+                if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+                    value = list(value)
+                else:
+                    value = [value]
+                tmp[key] = value
+            dict.__init__(self, tmp)
+        else:
+            tmp = {}
+            for key, value in mapping or ():
+                tmp.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+            dict.__init__(self, tmp)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(self.lists())
+
+    def __setstate__(self, value):
+        dict.clear(self)
+        dict.update(self, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Return the first data value for this key;
+        raises KeyError if not found.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :raise KeyError: if the key does not exist.
+        """
+        if key in self:
+            return dict.__getitem__(self, key)[0]
+        raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Like :meth:`add` but removes an existing key first.
+
+        :param key: the key for the value.
+        :param value: the value to set.
+        """
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, [value])
+
+    def add(self, key, value):
+        """Adds a new value for the key.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+        :param key: the key for the value.
+        :param value: the value to add.
+        """
+        dict.setdefault(self, key, []).append(value)
+
+    def getlist(self, key, type=None):
+        """Return the list of items for a given key. If that key is not in the
+        `MultiDict`, the return value will be an empty list.  Just as `get`
+        `getlist` accepts a `type` parameter.  All items will be converted
+        with the callable defined there.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param type: A callable that is used to cast the value in the
+                     :class:`MultiDict`.  If a :exc:`ValueError` is raised
+                     by this callable the value will be removed from the list.
+        :return: a :class:`list` of all the values for the key.
+        """
+        try:
+            rv = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        if type is None:
+            return list(rv)
+        result = []
+        for item in rv:
+            try:
+                result.append(type(item))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def setlist(self, key, new_list):
+        """Remove the old values for a key and add new ones.  Note that the list
+        you pass the values in will be shallow-copied before it is inserted in
+        the dictionary.
+
+        >>> d = MultiDict()
+        >>> d.setlist('foo', ['1', '2'])
+        >>> d['foo']
+        '1'
+        >>> d.getlist('foo')
+        ['1', '2']
+
+        :param key: The key for which the values are set.
+        :param new_list: An iterable with the new values for the key.  Old values
+                         are removed first.
+        """
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, list(new_list))
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        """Returns the value for the key if it is in the dict, otherwise it
+        returns `default` and sets that value for `key`.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
+                        in the dict.  If not further specified it's `None`.
+        """
+        if key not in self:
+            self[key] = default
+        else:
+            default = self[key]
+        return default
+
+    def setlistdefault(self, key, default_list=None):
+        """Like `setdefault` but sets multiple values.  The list returned
+        is not a copy, but the list that is actually used internally.  This
+        means that you can put new values into the dict by appending items
+        to the list:
+
+        >>> d = MultiDict({"foo": 1})
+        >>> d.setlistdefault("foo").extend([2, 3])
+        >>> d.getlist("foo")
+        [1, 2, 3]
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param default: An iterable of default values.  It is either copied
+                        (in case it was a list) or converted into a list
+                        before returned.
+        :return: a :class:`list`
+        """
+        if key not in self:
+            default_list = list(default_list or ())
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, default_list)
+        else:
+            default_list = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        return default_list
+
+    def items(self, multi=False):
+        """Return an iterator of ``(key, value)`` pairs.
+
+        :param multi: If set to `True` the iterator returned will have a pair
+                      for each value of each key.  Otherwise it will only
+                      contain pairs for the first value of each key.
+        """
+
+        for key, values in iteritems(dict, self):
+            if multi:
+                for value in values:
+                    yield key, value
+            else:
+                yield key, values[0]
+
+    def lists(self):
+        """Return a list of ``(key, values)`` pairs, where values is the list
+        of all values associated with the key."""
+
+        for key, values in iteritems(dict, self):
+            yield key, list(values)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return iterkeys(dict, self)
+
+    __iter__ = keys
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Returns an iterator of the first value on every key's value list."""
+        for values in itervalues(dict, self):
+            yield values[0]
+
+    def listvalues(self):
+        """Return an iterator of all values associated with a key.  Zipping
+        :meth:`keys` and this is the same as calling :meth:`lists`:
+
+        >>> d = MultiDict({"foo": [1, 2, 3]})
+        >>> zip(d.keys(), d.listvalues()) == d.lists()
+        True
+        """
+
+        return itervalues(dict, self)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow copy of this object."""
+        return self.__class__(self)
+
+    def deepcopy(self, memo=None):
+        """Return a deep copy of this object."""
+        return self.__class__(deepcopy(self.to_dict(flat=False), memo))
+
+    def to_dict(self, flat=True):
+        """Return the contents as regular dict.  If `flat` is `True` the
+        returned dict will only have the first item present, if `flat` is
+        `False` all values will be returned as lists.
+
+        :param flat: If set to `False` the dict returned will have lists
+                     with all the values in it.  Otherwise it will only
+                     contain the first value for each key.
+        :return: a :class:`dict`
+        """
+        if flat:
+            return dict(iteritems(self))
+        return dict(self.lists())
+
+    def update(self, other_dict):
+        """update() extends rather than replaces existing key lists:
+
+        >>> a = MultiDict({'x': 1})
+        >>> b = MultiDict({'x': 2, 'y': 3})
+        >>> a.update(b)
+        >>> a
+        MultiDict([('y', 3), ('x', 1), ('x', 2)])
+
+        If the value list for a key in ``other_dict`` is empty, no new values
+        will be added to the dict and the key will not be created:
+
+        >>> x = {'empty_list': []}
+        >>> y = MultiDict()
+        >>> y.update(x)
+        >>> y
+        MultiDict([])
+        """
+        for key, value in iter_multi_items(other_dict):
+            MultiDict.add(self, key, value)
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=_missing):
+        """Pop the first item for a list on the dict.  Afterwards the
+        key is removed from the dict, so additional values are discarded:
+
+        >>> d = MultiDict({"foo": [1, 2, 3]})
+        >>> d.pop("foo")
+        1
+        >>> "foo" in d
+        False
+
+        :param key: the key to pop.
+        :param default: if provided the value to return if the key was
+                        not in the dictionary.
+        """
+        try:
+            return dict.pop(self, key)[0]
+        except KeyError as e:
+            if default is not _missing:
+                return default
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(str(e))
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        """Pop an item from the dict."""
+        try:
+            item = dict.popitem(self)
+            return (item[0], item[1][0])
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(str(e))
+
+    def poplist(self, key):
+        """Pop the list for a key from the dict.  If the key is not in the dict
+        an empty list is returned.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+           If the key does no longer exist a list is returned instead of
+           raising an error.
+        """
+        return dict.pop(self, key, [])
+
+    def popitemlist(self):
+        """Pop a ``(key, list)`` tuple from the dict."""
+        try:
+            return dict.popitem(self)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(str(e))
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self.copy()
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        return self.deepcopy(memo=memo)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, list(iteritems(self, multi=True)))
+
+
+class _omd_bucket(object):
+
+    """Wraps values in the :class:`OrderedMultiDict`.  This makes it
+    possible to keep an order over multiple different keys.  It requires
+    a lot of extra memory and slows down access a lot, but makes it
+    possible to access elements in O(1) and iterate in O(n).
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('prev', 'key', 'value', 'next')
+
+    def __init__(self, omd, key, value):
+        self.prev = omd._last_bucket
+        self.key = key
+        self.value = value
+        self.next = None
+
+        if omd._first_bucket is None:
+            omd._first_bucket = self
+        if omd._last_bucket is not None:
+            omd._last_bucket.next = self
+        omd._last_bucket = self
+
+    def unlink(self, omd):
+        if self.prev:
+            self.prev.next = self.next
+        if self.next:
+            self.next.prev = self.prev
+        if omd._first_bucket is self:
+            omd._first_bucket = self.next
+        if omd._last_bucket is self:
+            omd._last_bucket = self.prev
+
+
+@native_itermethods(['keys', 'values', 'items', 'lists', 'listvalues'])
+class OrderedMultiDict(MultiDict):
+
+    """Works like a regular :class:`MultiDict` but preserves the
+    order of the fields.  To convert the ordered multi dict into a
+    list you can use the :meth:`items` method and pass it ``multi=True``.
+
+    In general an :class:`OrderedMultiDict` is an order of magnitude
+    slower than a :class:`MultiDict`.
+
+    .. admonition:: note
+
+       Due to a limitation in Python you cannot convert an ordered
+       multi dict into a regular dict by using ``dict(multidict)``.
+       Instead you have to use the :meth:`to_dict` method, otherwise
+       the internal bucket objects are exposed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mapping=None):
+        dict.__init__(self)
+        self._first_bucket = self._last_bucket = None
+        if mapping is not None:
+            OrderedMultiDict.update(self, mapping)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, MultiDict):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if isinstance(other, OrderedMultiDict):
+            iter1 = iteritems(self, multi=True)
+            iter2 = iteritems(other, multi=True)
+            try:
+                for k1, v1 in iter1:
+                    k2, v2 = next(iter2)
+                    if k1 != k2 or v1 != v2:
+                        return False
+            except StopIteration:
+                return False
+            try:
+                next(iter2)
+            except StopIteration:
+                return True
+            return False
+        if len(self) != len(other):
+            return False
+        for key, values in iterlists(self):
+            if other.getlist(key) != values:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return type(self), (list(iteritems(self, multi=True)),)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return list(iteritems(self, multi=True))
+
+    def __setstate__(self, values):
+        dict.clear(self)
+        for key, value in values:
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self:
+            return dict.__getitem__(self, key)[0].value
+        raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.poplist(key)
+        self.add(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        self.pop(key)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return (key for key, value in iteritems(self))
+
+    __iter__ = keys
+
+    def values(self):
+        return (value for key, value in iteritems(self))
+
+    def items(self, multi=False):
+        ptr = self._first_bucket
+        if multi:
+            while ptr is not None:
+                yield ptr.key, ptr.value
+                ptr = ptr.next
+        else:
+            returned_keys = set()
+            while ptr is not None:
+                if ptr.key not in returned_keys:
+                    returned_keys.add(ptr.key)
+                    yield ptr.key, ptr.value
+                ptr = ptr.next
+
+    def lists(self):
+        returned_keys = set()
+        ptr = self._first_bucket
+        while ptr is not None:
+            if ptr.key not in returned_keys:
+                yield ptr.key, self.getlist(ptr.key)
+                returned_keys.add(ptr.key)
+            ptr = ptr.next
+
+    def listvalues(self):
+        for key, values in iterlists(self):
+            yield values
+
+    def add(self, key, value):
+        dict.setdefault(self, key, []).append(_omd_bucket(self, key, value))
+
+    def getlist(self, key, type=None):
+        try:
+            rv = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        if type is None:
+            return [x.value for x in rv]
+        result = []
+        for item in rv:
+            try:
+                result.append(type(item.value))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def setlist(self, key, new_list):
+        self.poplist(key)
+        for value in new_list:
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def setlistdefault(self, key, default_list=None):
+        raise TypeError('setlistdefault is unsupported for '
+                        'ordered multi dicts')
+
+    def update(self, mapping):
+        for key, value in iter_multi_items(mapping):
+            OrderedMultiDict.add(self, key, value)
+
+    def poplist(self, key):
+        buckets = dict.pop(self, key, ())
+        for bucket in buckets:
+            bucket.unlink(self)
+        return [x.value for x in buckets]
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=_missing):
+        try:
+            buckets = dict.pop(self, key)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            if default is not _missing:
+                return default
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(str(e))
+        for bucket in buckets:
+            bucket.unlink(self)
+        return buckets[0].value
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        try:
+            key, buckets = dict.popitem(self)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(str(e))
+        for bucket in buckets:
+            bucket.unlink(self)
+        return key, buckets[0].value
+
+    def popitemlist(self):
+        try:
+            key, buckets = dict.popitem(self)
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(str(e))
+        for bucket in buckets:
+            bucket.unlink(self)
+        return key, [x.value for x in buckets]
+
+
+def _options_header_vkw(value, kw):
+    return dump_options_header(value, dict((k.replace('_', '-'), v)
+                                           for k, v in kw.items()))
+
+
+def _unicodify_header_value(value):
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode('latin-1')
+    if not isinstance(value, text_type):
+        value = text_type(value)
+    return value
+
+
+@native_itermethods(['keys', 'values', 'items'])
+class Headers(object):
+
+    """An object that stores some headers.  It has a dict-like interface
+    but is ordered and can store the same keys multiple times.
+
+    This data structure is useful if you want a nicer way to handle WSGI
+    headers which are stored as tuples in a list.
+
+    From Werkzeug 0.3 onwards, the :exc:`KeyError` raised by this class is
+    also a subclass of the :class:`~exceptions.BadRequest` HTTP exception
+    and will render a page for a ``400 BAD REQUEST`` if caught in a
+    catch-all for HTTP exceptions.
+
+    Headers is mostly compatible with the Python :class:`wsgiref.headers.Headers`
+    class, with the exception of `__getitem__`.  :mod:`wsgiref` will return
+    `None` for ``headers['missing']``, whereas :class:`Headers` will raise
+    a :class:`KeyError`.
+
+    To create a new :class:`Headers` object pass it a list or dict of headers
+    which are used as default values.  This does not reuse the list passed
+    to the constructor for internal usage.
+
+    :param defaults: The list of default values for the :class:`Headers`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       This data structure now stores unicode values similar to how the
+       multi dicts do it.  The main difference is that bytes can be set as
+       well which will automatically be latin1 decoded.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       The :meth:`linked` function was removed without replacement as it
+       was an API that does not support the changes to the encoding model.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, defaults=None):
+        self._list = []
+        if defaults is not None:
+            if isinstance(defaults, (list, Headers)):
+                self._list.extend(defaults)
+            else:
+                self.extend(defaults)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key, _get_mode=False):
+        if not _get_mode:
+            if isinstance(key, integer_types):
+                return self._list[key]
+            elif isinstance(key, slice):
+                return self.__class__(self._list[key])
+        if not isinstance(key, string_types):
+            raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(key)
+        ikey = key.lower()
+        for k, v in self._list:
+            if k.lower() == ikey:
+                return v
+        # micro optimization: if we are in get mode we will catch that
+        # exception one stack level down so we can raise a standard
+        # key error instead of our special one.
+        if _get_mode:
+            raise KeyError()
+        raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(key)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return other.__class__ is self.__class__ and \
+            set(other._list) == set(self._list)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None, type=None, as_bytes=False):
+        """Return the default value if the requested data doesn't exist.
+        If `type` is provided and is a callable it should convert the value,
+        return it or raise a :exc:`ValueError` if that is not possible.  In
+        this case the function will return the default as if the value was not
+        found:
+
+        >>> d = Headers([('Content-Length', '42')])
+        >>> d.get('Content-Length', type=int)
+        42
+
+        If a headers object is bound you must not add unicode strings
+        because no encoding takes place.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+           Added support for `as_bytes`.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param default: The default value to be returned if the key can't
+                        be looked up.  If not further specified `None` is
+                        returned.
+        :param type: A callable that is used to cast the value in the
+                     :class:`Headers`.  If a :exc:`ValueError` is raised
+                     by this callable the default value is returned.
+        :param as_bytes: return bytes instead of unicode strings.
+        """
+        try:
+            rv = self.__getitem__(key, _get_mode=True)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+        if as_bytes:
+            rv = rv.encode('latin1')
+        if type is None:
+            return rv
+        try:
+            return type(rv)
+        except ValueError:
+            return default
+
+    def getlist(self, key, type=None, as_bytes=False):
+        """Return the list of items for a given key. If that key is not in the
+        :class:`Headers`, the return value will be an empty list.  Just as
+        :meth:`get` :meth:`getlist` accepts a `type` parameter.  All items will
+        be converted with the callable defined there.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+           Added support for `as_bytes`.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param type: A callable that is used to cast the value in the
+                     :class:`Headers`.  If a :exc:`ValueError` is raised
+                     by this callable the value will be removed from the list.
+        :return: a :class:`list` of all the values for the key.
+        :param as_bytes: return bytes instead of unicode strings.
+        """
+        ikey = key.lower()
+        result = []
+        for k, v in self:
+            if k.lower() == ikey:
+                if as_bytes:
+                    v = v.encode('latin1')
+                if type is not None:
+                    try:
+                        v = type(v)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        continue
+                result.append(v)
+        return result
+
+    def get_all(self, name):
+        """Return a list of all the values for the named field.
+
+        This method is compatible with the :mod:`wsgiref`
+        :meth:`~wsgiref.headers.Headers.get_all` method.
+        """
+        return self.getlist(name)
+
+    def items(self, lower=False):
+        for key, value in self:
+            if lower:
+                key = key.lower()
+            yield key, value
+
+    def keys(self, lower=False):
+        for key, _ in iteritems(self, lower):
+            yield key
+
+    def values(self):
+        for _, value in iteritems(self):
+            yield value
+
+    def extend(self, iterable):
+        """Extend the headers with a dict or an iterable yielding keys and
+        values.
+        """
+        if isinstance(iterable, dict):
+            for key, value in iteritems(iterable):
+                if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+                    for v in value:
+                        self.add(key, v)
+                else:
+                    self.add(key, value)
+        else:
+            for key, value in iterable:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key, _index_operation=True):
+        if _index_operation and isinstance(key, (integer_types, slice)):
+            del self._list[key]
+            return
+        key = key.lower()
+        new = []
+        for k, v in self._list:
+            if k.lower() != key:
+                new.append((k, v))
+        self._list[:] = new
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove a key.
+
+        :param key: The key to be removed.
+        """
+        return self.__delitem__(key, _index_operation=False)
+
+    def pop(self, key=None, default=_missing):
+        """Removes and returns a key or index.
+
+        :param key: The key to be popped.  If this is an integer the item at
+                    that position is removed, if it's a string the value for
+                    that key is.  If the key is omitted or `None` the last
+                    item is removed.
+        :return: an item.
+        """
+        if key is None:
+            return self._list.pop()
+        if isinstance(key, integer_types):
+            return self._list.pop(key)
+        try:
+            rv = self[key]
+            self.remove(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is not _missing:
+                return default
+            raise
+        return rv
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        """Removes a key or index and returns a (key, value) item."""
+        return self.pop()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        """Check if a key is present."""
+        try:
+            self.__getitem__(key, _get_mode=True)
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    has_key = __contains__
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield ``(key, value)`` tuples."""
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._list)
+
+    def add(self, _key, _value, **kw):
+        """Add a new header tuple to the list.
+
+        Keyword arguments can specify additional parameters for the header
+        value, with underscores converted to dashes::
+
+        >>> d = Headers()
+        >>> d.add('Content-Type', 'text/plain')
+        >>> d.add('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename='foo.png')
+
+        The keyword argument dumping uses :func:`dump_options_header`
+        behind the scenes.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.4.1
+            keyword arguments were added for :mod:`wsgiref` compatibility.
+        """
+        if kw:
+            _value = _options_header_vkw(_value, kw)
+        _value = _unicodify_header_value(_value)
+        self._validate_value(_value)
+        self._list.append((_key, _value))
+
+    def _validate_value(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, text_type):
+            raise TypeError('Value should be unicode.')
+        if u'\n' in value or u'\r' in value:
+            raise ValueError('Detected newline in header value.  This is '
+                             'a potential security problem')
+
+    def add_header(self, _key, _value, **_kw):
+        """Add a new header tuple to the list.
+
+        An alias for :meth:`add` for compatibility with the :mod:`wsgiref`
+        :meth:`~wsgiref.headers.Headers.add_header` method.
+        """
+        self.add(_key, _value, **_kw)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clears all headers."""
+        del self._list[:]
+
+    def set(self, _key, _value, **kw):
+        """Remove all header tuples for `key` and add a new one.  The newly
+        added key either appears at the end of the list if there was no
+        entry or replaces the first one.
+
+        Keyword arguments can specify additional parameters for the header
+        value, with underscores converted to dashes.  See :meth:`add` for
+        more information.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6.1
+           :meth:`set` now accepts the same arguments as :meth:`add`.
+
+        :param key: The key to be inserted.
+        :param value: The value to be inserted.
+        """
+        if kw:
+            _value = _options_header_vkw(_value, kw)
+        _value = _unicodify_header_value(_value)
+        self._validate_value(_value)
+        if not self._list:
+            self._list.append((_key, _value))
+            return
+        listiter = iter(self._list)
+        ikey = _key.lower()
+        for idx, (old_key, old_value) in enumerate(listiter):
+            if old_key.lower() == ikey:
+                # replace first ocurrence
+                self._list[idx] = (_key, _value)
+                break
+        else:
+            self._list.append((_key, _value))
+            return
+        self._list[idx + 1:] = [t for t in listiter if t[0].lower() != ikey]
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, value):
+        """Returns the value for the key if it is in the dict, otherwise it
+        returns `default` and sets that value for `key`.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        :param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
+                        in the dict.  If not further specified it's `None`.
+        """
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        self.set(key, value)
+        return value
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """Like :meth:`set` but also supports index/slice based setting."""
+        if isinstance(key, (slice, integer_types)):
+            if isinstance(key, integer_types):
+                value = [value]
+            value = [(k, _unicodify_header_value(v)) for (k, v) in value]
+            [self._validate_value(v) for (k, v) in value]
+            if isinstance(key, integer_types):
+                self._list[key] = value[0]
+            else:
+                self._list[key] = value
+        else:
+            self.set(key, value)
+
+    def to_list(self, charset='iso-8859-1'):
+        """Convert the headers into a list suitable for WSGI."""
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('Method removed, use to_wsgi_list instead'),
+             stacklevel=2)
+        return self.to_wsgi_list()
+
+    def to_wsgi_list(self):
+        """Convert the headers into a list suitable for WSGI.
+
+        The values are byte strings in Python 2 converted to latin1 and unicode
+        strings in Python 3 for the WSGI server to encode.
+
+        :return: list
+        """
+        if PY2:
+            return [(to_native(k), v.encode('latin1')) for k, v in self]
+        return list(self)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self.__class__(self._list)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self.copy()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Returns formatted headers suitable for HTTP transmission."""
+        strs = []
+        for key, value in self.to_wsgi_list():
+            strs.append('%s: %s' % (key, value))
+        strs.append('\r\n')
+        return '\r\n'.join(strs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            list(self)
+        )
+
+
+class ImmutableHeadersMixin(object):
+
+    """Makes a :class:`Headers` immutable.  We do not mark them as
+    hashable though since the only usecase for this datastructure
+    in Werkzeug is a view on a mutable structure.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :private:
+    """
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+    set = __setitem__
+
+    def add(self, item):
+        is_immutable(self)
+    remove = add_header = add
+
+    def extend(self, iterable):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def insert(self, pos, value):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default):
+        is_immutable(self)
+
+
+class EnvironHeaders(ImmutableHeadersMixin, Headers):
+
+    """Read only version of the headers from a WSGI environment.  This
+    provides the same interface as `Headers` and is constructed from
+    a WSGI environment.
+
+    From Werkzeug 0.3 onwards, the `KeyError` raised by this class is also a
+    subclass of the :exc:`~exceptions.BadRequest` HTTP exception and will
+    render a page for a ``400 BAD REQUEST`` if caught in a catch-all for
+    HTTP exceptions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, environ):
+        self.environ = environ
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.environ is other.environ
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key, _get_mode=False):
+        # _get_mode is a no-op for this class as there is no index but
+        # used because get() calls it.
+        key = key.upper().replace('-', '_')
+        if key in ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
+            return _unicodify_header_value(self.environ[key])
+        return _unicodify_header_value(self.environ['HTTP_' + key])
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        # the iter is necessary because otherwise list calls our
+        # len which would call list again and so forth.
+        return len(list(iter(self)))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for key, value in iteritems(self.environ):
+            if key.startswith('HTTP_') and key not in \
+               ('HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE', 'HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH'):
+                yield (key[5:].replace('_', '-').title(),
+                       _unicodify_header_value(value))
+            elif key in ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
+                yield (key.replace('_', '-').title(),
+                       _unicodify_header_value(value))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        raise TypeError('cannot create %r copies' % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+@native_itermethods(['keys', 'values', 'items', 'lists', 'listvalues'])
+class CombinedMultiDict(ImmutableMultiDictMixin, MultiDict):
+
+    """A read only :class:`MultiDict` that you can pass multiple :class:`MultiDict`
+    instances as sequence and it will combine the return values of all wrapped
+    dicts:
+
+    >>> from werkzeug.datastructures import CombinedMultiDict, MultiDict
+    >>> post = MultiDict([('foo', 'bar')])
+    >>> get = MultiDict([('blub', 'blah')])
+    >>> combined = CombinedMultiDict([get, post])
+    >>> combined['foo']
+    'bar'
+    >>> combined['blub']
+    'blah'
+
+    This works for all read operations and will raise a `TypeError` for
+    methods that usually change data which isn't possible.
+
+    From Werkzeug 0.3 onwards, the `KeyError` raised by this class is also a
+    subclass of the :exc:`~exceptions.BadRequest` HTTP exception and will
+    render a page for a ``400 BAD REQUEST`` if caught in a catch-all for HTTP
+    exceptions.
+    """
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return type(self), (self.dicts,)
+
+    def __init__(self, dicts=None):
+        self.dicts = dicts or []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromkeys(cls):
+        raise TypeError('cannot create %r instances by fromkeys' %
+                        cls.__name__)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            if key in d:
+                return d[key]
+        raise exceptions.BadRequestKeyError(key)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None, type=None):
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            if key in d:
+                if type is not None:
+                    try:
+                        return type(d[key])
+                    except ValueError:
+                        continue
+                return d[key]
+        return default
+
+    def getlist(self, key, type=None):
+        rv = []
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            rv.extend(d.getlist(key, type))
+        return rv
+
+    def _keys_impl(self):
+        """This function exists so __len__ can be implemented more efficiently,
+        saving one list creation from an iterator.
+
+        Using this for Python 2's ``dict.keys`` behavior would be useless since
+        `dict.keys` in Python 2 returns a list, while we have a set here.
+        """
+        rv = set()
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            rv.update(iterkeys(d))
+        return rv
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return iter(self._keys_impl())
+
+    __iter__ = keys
+
+    def items(self, multi=False):
+        found = set()
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            for key, value in iteritems(d, multi):
+                if multi:
+                    yield key, value
+                elif key not in found:
+                    found.add(key)
+                    yield key, value
+
+    def values(self):
+        for key, value in iteritems(self):
+            yield value
+
+    def lists(self):
+        rv = {}
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            for key, values in iterlists(d):
+                rv.setdefault(key, []).extend(values)
+        return iteritems(rv)
+
+    def listvalues(self):
+        return (x[1] for x in self.lists())
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow copy of this object."""
+        return self.__class__(self.dicts[:])
+
+    def to_dict(self, flat=True):
+        """Return the contents as regular dict.  If `flat` is `True` the
+        returned dict will only have the first item present, if `flat` is
+        `False` all values will be returned as lists.
+
+        :param flat: If set to `False` the dict returned will have lists
+                     with all the values in it.  Otherwise it will only
+                     contain the first item for each key.
+        :return: a :class:`dict`
+        """
+        rv = {}
+        for d in reversed(self.dicts):
+            rv.update(d.to_dict(flat))
+        return rv
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._keys_impl())
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        for d in self.dicts:
+            if key in d:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    has_key = __contains__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.dicts)
+
+
+class FileMultiDict(MultiDict):
+
+    """A special :class:`MultiDict` that has convenience methods to add
+    files to it.  This is used for :class:`EnvironBuilder` and generally
+    useful for unittesting.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    """
+
+    def add_file(self, name, file, filename=None, content_type=None):
+        """Adds a new file to the dict.  `file` can be a file name or
+        a :class:`file`-like or a :class:`FileStorage` object.
+
+        :param name: the name of the field.
+        :param file: a filename or :class:`file`-like object
+        :param filename: an optional filename
+        :param content_type: an optional content type
+        """
+        if isinstance(file, FileStorage):
+            value = file
+        else:
+            if isinstance(file, string_types):
+                if filename is None:
+                    filename = file
+                file = open(file, 'rb')
+            if filename and content_type is None:
+                content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or \
+                    'application/octet-stream'
+            value = FileStorage(file, filename, name, content_type)
+
+        self.add(name, value)
+
+
+class ImmutableDict(ImmutableDictMixin, dict):
+
+    """An immutable :class:`dict`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%s)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            dict.__repr__(self),
+        )
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow mutable copy of this object.  Keep in mind that
+        the standard library's :func:`copy` function is a no-op for this class
+        like for any other python immutable type (eg: :class:`tuple`).
+        """
+        return dict(self)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class ImmutableMultiDict(ImmutableMultiDictMixin, MultiDict):
+
+    """An immutable :class:`MultiDict`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    """
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow mutable copy of this object.  Keep in mind that
+        the standard library's :func:`copy` function is a no-op for this class
+        like for any other python immutable type (eg: :class:`tuple`).
+        """
+        return MultiDict(self)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self
+
+
+class ImmutableOrderedMultiDict(ImmutableMultiDictMixin, OrderedMultiDict):
+
+    """An immutable :class:`OrderedMultiDict`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    """
+
+    def _iter_hashitems(self):
+        return enumerate(iteritems(self, multi=True))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow mutable copy of this object.  Keep in mind that
+        the standard library's :func:`copy` function is a no-op for this class
+        like for any other python immutable type (eg: :class:`tuple`).
+        """
+        return OrderedMultiDict(self)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self
+
+
+@native_itermethods(['values'])
+class Accept(ImmutableList):
+
+    """An :class:`Accept` object is just a list subclass for lists of
+    ``(value, quality)`` tuples.  It is automatically sorted by quality.
+
+    All :class:`Accept` objects work similar to a list but provide extra
+    functionality for working with the data.  Containment checks are
+    normalized to the rules of that header:
+
+    >>> a = CharsetAccept([('ISO-8859-1', 1), ('utf-8', 0.7)])
+    >>> a.best
+    'ISO-8859-1'
+    >>> 'iso-8859-1' in a
+    True
+    >>> 'UTF8' in a
+    True
+    >>> 'utf7' in a
+    False
+
+    To get the quality for an item you can use normal item lookup:
+
+    >>> print a['utf-8']
+    0.7
+    >>> a['utf7']
+    0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       :class:`Accept` objects are forced immutable now.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, values=()):
+        if values is None:
+            list.__init__(self)
+            self.provided = False
+        elif isinstance(values, Accept):
+            self.provided = values.provided
+            list.__init__(self, values)
+        else:
+            self.provided = True
+            values = [(a, b) for b, a in values]
+            values.sort()
+            values.reverse()
+            list.__init__(self, [(a, b) for b, a in values])
+
+    def _value_matches(self, value, item):
+        """Check if a value matches a given accept item."""
+        return item == '*' or item.lower() == value.lower()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Besides index lookup (getting item n) you can also pass it a string
+        to get the quality for the item.  If the item is not in the list, the
+        returned quality is ``0``.
+        """
+        if isinstance(key, string_types):
+            return self.quality(key)
+        return list.__getitem__(self, key)
+
+    def quality(self, key):
+        """Returns the quality of the key.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+           In previous versions you had to use the item-lookup syntax
+           (eg: ``obj[key]`` instead of ``obj.quality(key)``)
+        """
+        for item, quality in self:
+            if self._value_matches(key, item):
+                return quality
+        return 0
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        for item, quality in self:
+            if self._value_matches(value, item):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s([%s])' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ', '.join('(%r, %s)' % (x, y) for x, y in self)
+        )
+
+    def index(self, key):
+        """Get the position of an entry or raise :exc:`ValueError`.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+           This used to raise :exc:`IndexError`, which was inconsistent
+           with the list API.
+        """
+        if isinstance(key, string_types):
+            for idx, (item, quality) in enumerate(self):
+                if self._value_matches(key, item):
+                    return idx
+            raise ValueError(key)
+        return list.index(self, key)
+
+    def find(self, key):
+        """Get the position of an entry or return -1.
+
+        :param key: The key to be looked up.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.index(key)
+        except ValueError:
+            return -1
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Iterate over all values."""
+        for item in self:
+            yield item[0]
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Convert the header set into an HTTP header string."""
+        result = []
+        for value, quality in self:
+            if quality != 1:
+                value = '%s;q=%s' % (value, quality)
+            result.append(value)
+        return ','.join(result)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def best_match(self, matches, default=None):
+        """Returns the best match from a list of possible matches based
+        on the quality of the client.  If two items have the same quality,
+        the one is returned that comes first.
+
+        :param matches: a list of matches to check for
+        :param default: the value that is returned if none match
+        """
+        best_quality = -1
+        result = default
+        for server_item in matches:
+            for client_item, quality in self:
+                if quality <= best_quality:
+                    break
+                if self._value_matches(server_item, client_item) \
+                   and quality > 0:
+                    best_quality = quality
+                    result = server_item
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def best(self):
+        """The best match as value."""
+        if self:
+            return self[0][0]
+
+
+class MIMEAccept(Accept):
+
+    """Like :class:`Accept` but with special methods and behavior for
+    mimetypes.
+    """
+
+    def _value_matches(self, value, item):
+        def _normalize(x):
+            x = x.lower()
+            return x == '*' and ('*', '*') or x.split('/', 1)
+
+        # this is from the application which is trusted.  to avoid developer
+        # frustration we actually check these for valid values
+        if '/' not in value:
+            raise ValueError('invalid mimetype %r' % value)
+        value_type, value_subtype = _normalize(value)
+        if value_type == '*' and value_subtype != '*':
+            raise ValueError('invalid mimetype %r' % value)
+
+        if '/' not in item:
+            return False
+        item_type, item_subtype = _normalize(item)
+        if item_type == '*' and item_subtype != '*':
+            return False
+        return (
+            (item_type == item_subtype == '*' or
+             value_type == value_subtype == '*') or
+            (item_type == value_type and (item_subtype == '*' or
+                                          value_subtype == '*' or
+                                          item_subtype == value_subtype))
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def accept_html(self):
+        """True if this object accepts HTML."""
+        return (
+            'text/html' in self or
+            'application/xhtml+xml' in self or
+            self.accept_xhtml
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def accept_xhtml(self):
+        """True if this object accepts XHTML."""
+        return (
+            'application/xhtml+xml' in self or
+            'application/xml' in self
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def accept_json(self):
+        """True if this object accepts JSON."""
+        return 'application/json' in self
+
+
+class LanguageAccept(Accept):
+
+    """Like :class:`Accept` but with normalization for languages."""
+
+    def _value_matches(self, value, item):
+        def _normalize(language):
+            return _locale_delim_re.split(language.lower())
+        return item == '*' or _normalize(value) == _normalize(item)
+
+
+class CharsetAccept(Accept):
+
+    """Like :class:`Accept` but with normalization for charsets."""
+
+    def _value_matches(self, value, item):
+        def _normalize(name):
+            try:
+                return codecs.lookup(name).name
+            except LookupError:
+                return name.lower()
+        return item == '*' or _normalize(value) == _normalize(item)
+
+
+def cache_property(key, empty, type):
+    """Return a new property object for a cache header.  Useful if you
+    want to add support for a cache extension in a subclass."""
+    return property(lambda x: x._get_cache_value(key, empty, type),
+                    lambda x, v: x._set_cache_value(key, v, type),
+                    lambda x: x._del_cache_value(key),
+                    'accessor for %r' % key)
+
+
+class _CacheControl(UpdateDictMixin, dict):
+
+    """Subclass of a dict that stores values for a Cache-Control header.  It
+    has accessors for all the cache-control directives specified in RFC 2616.
+    The class does not differentiate between request and response directives.
+
+    Because the cache-control directives in the HTTP header use dashes the
+    python descriptors use underscores for that.
+
+    To get a header of the :class:`CacheControl` object again you can convert
+    the object into a string or call the :meth:`to_header` method.  If you plan
+    to subclass it and add your own items have a look at the sourcecode for
+    that class.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.4
+
+       Setting `no_cache` or `private` to boolean `True` will set the implicit
+       none-value which is ``*``:
+
+       >>> cc = ResponseCacheControl()
+       >>> cc.no_cache = True
+       >>> cc
+       <ResponseCacheControl 'no-cache'>
+       >>> cc.no_cache
+       '*'
+       >>> cc.no_cache = None
+       >>> cc
+       <ResponseCacheControl ''>
+
+       In versions before 0.5 the behavior documented here affected the now
+       no longer existing `CacheControl` class.
+    """
+
+    no_cache = cache_property('no-cache', '*', None)
+    no_store = cache_property('no-store', None, bool)
+    max_age = cache_property('max-age', -1, int)
+    no_transform = cache_property('no-transform', None, None)
+
+    def __init__(self, values=(), on_update=None):
+        dict.__init__(self, values or ())
+        self.on_update = on_update
+        self.provided = values is not None
+
+    def _get_cache_value(self, key, empty, type):
+        """Used internally by the accessor properties."""
+        if type is bool:
+            return key in self
+        if key in self:
+            value = self[key]
+            if value is None:
+                return empty
+            elif type is not None:
+                try:
+                    value = type(value)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+            return value
+
+    def _set_cache_value(self, key, value, type):
+        """Used internally by the accessor properties."""
+        if type is bool:
+            if value:
+                self[key] = None
+            else:
+                self.pop(key, None)
+        else:
+            if value is None:
+                self.pop(key)
+            elif value is True:
+                self[key] = None
+            else:
+                self[key] = value
+
+    def _del_cache_value(self, key):
+        """Used internally by the accessor properties."""
+        if key in self:
+            del self[key]
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Convert the stored values into a cache control header."""
+        return dump_header(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            " ".join(
+                "%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in sorted(self.items())
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class RequestCacheControl(ImmutableDictMixin, _CacheControl):
+
+    """A cache control for requests.  This is immutable and gives access
+    to all the request-relevant cache control headers.
+
+    To get a header of the :class:`RequestCacheControl` object again you can
+    convert the object into a string or call the :meth:`to_header` method.  If
+    you plan to subclass it and add your own items have a look at the sourcecode
+    for that class.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       In previous versions a `CacheControl` class existed that was used
+       both for request and response.
+    """
+
+    max_stale = cache_property('max-stale', '*', int)
+    min_fresh = cache_property('min-fresh', '*', int)
+    no_transform = cache_property('no-transform', None, None)
+    only_if_cached = cache_property('only-if-cached', None, bool)
+
+
+class ResponseCacheControl(_CacheControl):
+
+    """A cache control for responses.  Unlike :class:`RequestCacheControl`
+    this is mutable and gives access to response-relevant cache control
+    headers.
+
+    To get a header of the :class:`ResponseCacheControl` object again you can
+    convert the object into a string or call the :meth:`to_header` method.  If
+    you plan to subclass it and add your own items have a look at the sourcecode
+    for that class.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       In previous versions a `CacheControl` class existed that was used
+       both for request and response.
+    """
+
+    public = cache_property('public', None, bool)
+    private = cache_property('private', '*', None)
+    must_revalidate = cache_property('must-revalidate', None, bool)
+    proxy_revalidate = cache_property('proxy-revalidate', None, bool)
+    s_maxage = cache_property('s-maxage', None, None)
+
+
+# attach cache_property to the _CacheControl as staticmethod
+# so that others can reuse it.
+_CacheControl.cache_property = staticmethod(cache_property)
+
+
+class CallbackDict(UpdateDictMixin, dict):
+
+    """A dict that calls a function passed every time something is changed.
+    The function is passed the dict instance.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, initial=None, on_update=None):
+        dict.__init__(self, initial or ())
+        self.on_update = on_update
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            dict.__repr__(self)
+        )
+
+
+class HeaderSet(object):
+
+    """Similar to the :class:`ETags` class this implements a set-like structure.
+    Unlike :class:`ETags` this is case insensitive and used for vary, allow, and
+    content-language headers.
+
+    If not constructed using the :func:`parse_set_header` function the
+    instantiation works like this:
+
+    >>> hs = HeaderSet(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
+    >>> hs
+    HeaderSet(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, on_update=None):
+        self._headers = list(headers or ())
+        self._set = set([x.lower() for x in self._headers])
+        self.on_update = on_update
+
+    def add(self, header):
+        """Add a new header to the set."""
+        self.update((header,))
+
+    def remove(self, header):
+        """Remove a header from the set.  This raises an :exc:`KeyError` if the
+        header is not in the set.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+            In older versions a :exc:`IndexError` was raised instead of a
+            :exc:`KeyError` if the object was missing.
+
+        :param header: the header to be removed.
+        """
+        key = header.lower()
+        if key not in self._set:
+            raise KeyError(header)
+        self._set.remove(key)
+        for idx, key in enumerate(self._headers):
+            if key.lower() == header:
+                del self._headers[idx]
+                break
+        if self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def update(self, iterable):
+        """Add all the headers from the iterable to the set.
+
+        :param iterable: updates the set with the items from the iterable.
+        """
+        inserted_any = False
+        for header in iterable:
+            key = header.lower()
+            if key not in self._set:
+                self._headers.append(header)
+                self._set.add(key)
+                inserted_any = True
+        if inserted_any and self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def discard(self, header):
+        """Like :meth:`remove` but ignores errors.
+
+        :param header: the header to be discarded.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.remove(header)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def find(self, header):
+        """Return the index of the header in the set or return -1 if not found.
+
+        :param header: the header to be looked up.
+        """
+        header = header.lower()
+        for idx, item in enumerate(self._headers):
+            if item.lower() == header:
+                return idx
+        return -1
+
+    def index(self, header):
+        """Return the index of the header in the set or raise an
+        :exc:`IndexError`.
+
+        :param header: the header to be looked up.
+        """
+        rv = self.find(header)
+        if rv < 0:
+            raise IndexError(header)
+        return rv
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear the set."""
+        self._set.clear()
+        del self._headers[:]
+        if self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def as_set(self, preserve_casing=False):
+        """Return the set as real python set type.  When calling this, all
+        the items are converted to lowercase and the ordering is lost.
+
+        :param preserve_casing: if set to `True` the items in the set returned
+                                will have the original case like in the
+                                :class:`HeaderSet`, otherwise they will
+                                be lowercase.
+        """
+        if preserve_casing:
+            return set(self._headers)
+        return set(self._set)
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Convert the header set into an HTTP header string."""
+        return ', '.join(map(quote_header_value, self._headers))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        return self._headers[idx]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, idx):
+        rv = self._headers.pop(idx)
+        self._set.remove(rv.lower())
+        if self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, idx, value):
+        old = self._headers[idx]
+        self._set.remove(old.lower())
+        self._headers[idx] = value
+        self._set.add(value.lower())
+        if self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def __contains__(self, header):
+        return header.lower() in self._set
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._set)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._headers)
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return bool(self._set)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self._headers
+        )
+
+
+class ETags(object):
+
+    """A set that can be used to check if one etag is present in a collection
+    of etags.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, strong_etags=None, weak_etags=None, star_tag=False):
+        self._strong = frozenset(not star_tag and strong_etags or ())
+        self._weak = frozenset(weak_etags or ())
+        self.star_tag = star_tag
+
+    def as_set(self, include_weak=False):
+        """Convert the `ETags` object into a python set.  Per default all the
+        weak etags are not part of this set."""
+        rv = set(self._strong)
+        if include_weak:
+            rv.update(self._weak)
+        return rv
+
+    def is_weak(self, etag):
+        """Check if an etag is weak."""
+        return etag in self._weak
+
+    def contains_weak(self, etag):
+        """Check if an etag is part of the set including weak and strong tags."""
+        return self.is_weak(etag) or self.contains(etag)
+
+    def contains(self, etag):
+        """Check if an etag is part of the set ignoring weak tags.
+        It is also possible to use the ``in`` operator.
+
+        """
+        if self.star_tag:
+            return True
+        return etag in self._strong
+
+    def contains_raw(self, etag):
+        """When passed a quoted tag it will check if this tag is part of the
+        set.  If the tag is weak it is checked against weak and strong tags,
+        otherwise strong only."""
+        etag, weak = unquote_etag(etag)
+        if weak:
+            return self.contains_weak(etag)
+        return self.contains(etag)
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Convert the etags set into a HTTP header string."""
+        if self.star_tag:
+            return '*'
+        return ', '.join(
+            ['"%s"' % x for x in self._strong] +
+            ['W/"%s"' % x for x in self._weak]
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, etag=None, data=None, include_weak=False):
+        if [etag, data].count(None) != 1:
+            raise TypeError('either tag or data required, but at least one')
+        if etag is None:
+            etag = generate_etag(data)
+        if include_weak:
+            if etag in self._weak:
+                return True
+        return etag in self._strong
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.star_tag or self._strong or self._weak)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._strong)
+
+    def __contains__(self, etag):
+        return self.contains(etag)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+
+
+class IfRange(object):
+
+    """Very simple object that represents the `If-Range` header in parsed
+    form.  It will either have neither a etag or date or one of either but
+    never both.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, etag=None, date=None):
+        #: The etag parsed and unquoted.  Ranges always operate on strong
+        #: etags so the weakness information is not necessary.
+        self.etag = etag
+        #: The date in parsed format or `None`.
+        self.date = date
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Converts the object back into an HTTP header."""
+        if self.date is not None:
+            return http_date(self.date)
+        if self.etag is not None:
+            return quote_etag(self.etag)
+        return ''
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+
+
+class Range(object):
+
+    """Represents a range header.  All the methods are only supporting bytes
+    as unit.  It does store multiple ranges but :meth:`range_for_length` will
+    only work if only one range is provided.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, units, ranges):
+        #: The units of this range.  Usually "bytes".
+        self.units = units
+        #: A list of ``(begin, end)`` tuples for the range header provided.
+        #: The ranges are non-inclusive.
+        self.ranges = ranges
+
+    def range_for_length(self, length):
+        """If the range is for bytes, the length is not None and there is
+        exactly one range and it is satisfiable it returns a ``(start, stop)``
+        tuple, otherwise `None`.
+        """
+        if self.units != 'bytes' or length is None or len(self.ranges) != 1:
+            return None
+        start, end = self.ranges[0]
+        if end is None:
+            end = length
+            if start < 0:
+                start += length
+        if is_byte_range_valid(start, end, length):
+            return start, min(end, length)
+
+    def make_content_range(self, length):
+        """Creates a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange` object
+        from the current range and given content length.
+        """
+        rng = self.range_for_length(length)
+        if rng is not None:
+            return ContentRange(self.units, rng[0], rng[1], length)
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Converts the object back into an HTTP header."""
+        ranges = []
+        for begin, end in self.ranges:
+            if end is None:
+                ranges.append(begin >= 0 and '%s-' % begin or str(begin))
+            else:
+                ranges.append('%s-%s' % (begin, end - 1))
+        return '%s=%s' % (self.units, ','.join(ranges))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+
+
+class ContentRange(object):
+
+    """Represents the content range header.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, units, start, stop, length=None, on_update=None):
+        assert is_byte_range_valid(start, stop, length), \
+            'Bad range provided'
+        self.on_update = on_update
+        self.set(start, stop, length, units)
+
+    def _callback_property(name):
+        def fget(self):
+            return getattr(self, name)
+
+        def fset(self, value):
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+            if self.on_update is not None:
+                self.on_update(self)
+        return property(fget, fset)
+
+    #: The units to use, usually "bytes"
+    units = _callback_property('_units')
+    #: The start point of the range or `None`.
+    start = _callback_property('_start')
+    #: The stop point of the range (non-inclusive) or `None`.  Can only be
+    #: `None` if also start is `None`.
+    stop = _callback_property('_stop')
+    #: The length of the range or `None`.
+    length = _callback_property('_length')
+
+    def set(self, start, stop, length=None, units='bytes'):
+        """Simple method to update the ranges."""
+        assert is_byte_range_valid(start, stop, length), \
+            'Bad range provided'
+        self._units = units
+        self._start = start
+        self._stop = stop
+        self._length = length
+        if self.on_update is not None:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def unset(self):
+        """Sets the units to `None` which indicates that the header should
+        no longer be used.
+        """
+        self.set(None, None, units=None)
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        if self.units is None:
+            return ''
+        if self.length is None:
+            length = '*'
+        else:
+            length = self.length
+        if self.start is None:
+            return '%s */%s' % (self.units, length)
+        return '%s %s-%s/%s' % (
+            self.units,
+            self.start,
+            self.stop - 1,
+            length
+        )
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return self.units is not None
+
+    __bool__ = __nonzero__
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+
+
+class Authorization(ImmutableDictMixin, dict):
+
+    """Represents an `Authorization` header sent by the client.  You should
+    not create this kind of object yourself but use it when it's returned by
+    the `parse_authorization_header` function.
+
+    This object is a dict subclass and can be altered by setting dict items
+    but it should be considered immutable as it's returned by the client and
+    not meant for modifications.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       This object became immutable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, auth_type, data=None):
+        dict.__init__(self, data or {})
+        self.type = auth_type
+
+    username = property(lambda x: x.get('username'), doc='''
+        The username transmitted.  This is set for both basic and digest
+        auth all the time.''')
+    password = property(lambda x: x.get('password'), doc='''
+        When the authentication type is basic this is the password
+        transmitted by the client, else `None`.''')
+    realm = property(lambda x: x.get('realm'), doc='''
+        This is the server realm sent back for HTTP digest auth.''')
+    nonce = property(lambda x: x.get('nonce'), doc='''
+        The nonce the server sent for digest auth, sent back by the client.
+        A nonce should be unique for every 401 response for HTTP digest
+        auth.''')
+    uri = property(lambda x: x.get('uri'), doc='''
+        The URI from Request-URI of the Request-Line; duplicated because
+        proxies are allowed to change the Request-Line in transit.  HTTP
+        digest auth only.''')
+    nc = property(lambda x: x.get('nc'), doc='''
+        The nonce count value transmitted by clients if a qop-header is
+        also transmitted.  HTTP digest auth only.''')
+    cnonce = property(lambda x: x.get('cnonce'), doc='''
+        If the server sent a qop-header in the ``WWW-Authenticate``
+        header, the client has to provide this value for HTTP digest auth.
+        See the RFC for more details.''')
+    response = property(lambda x: x.get('response'), doc='''
+        A string of 32 hex digits computed as defined in RFC 2617, which
+        proves that the user knows a password.  Digest auth only.''')
+    opaque = property(lambda x: x.get('opaque'), doc='''
+        The opaque header from the server returned unchanged by the client.
+        It is recommended that this string be base64 or hexadecimal data.
+        Digest auth only.''')
+
+    @property
+    def qop(self):
+        """Indicates what "quality of protection" the client has applied to
+        the message for HTTP digest auth."""
+        def on_update(header_set):
+            if not header_set and 'qop' in self:
+                del self['qop']
+            elif header_set:
+                self['qop'] = header_set.to_header()
+        return parse_set_header(self.get('qop'), on_update)
+
+
+class WWWAuthenticate(UpdateDictMixin, dict):
+
+    """Provides simple access to `WWW-Authenticate` headers."""
+
+    #: list of keys that require quoting in the generated header
+    _require_quoting = frozenset(['domain', 'nonce', 'opaque', 'realm', 'qop'])
+
+    def __init__(self, auth_type=None, values=None, on_update=None):
+        dict.__init__(self, values or ())
+        if auth_type:
+            self['__auth_type__'] = auth_type
+        self.on_update = on_update
+
+    def set_basic(self, realm='authentication required'):
+        """Clear the auth info and enable basic auth."""
+        dict.clear(self)
+        dict.update(self, {'__auth_type__': 'basic', 'realm': realm})
+        if self.on_update:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def set_digest(self, realm, nonce, qop=('auth',), opaque=None,
+                   algorithm=None, stale=False):
+        """Clear the auth info and enable digest auth."""
+        d = {
+            '__auth_type__':    'digest',
+            'realm':            realm,
+            'nonce':            nonce,
+            'qop':              dump_header(qop)
+        }
+        if stale:
+            d['stale'] = 'TRUE'
+        if opaque is not None:
+            d['opaque'] = opaque
+        if algorithm is not None:
+            d['algorithm'] = algorithm
+        dict.clear(self)
+        dict.update(self, d)
+        if self.on_update:
+            self.on_update(self)
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        """Convert the stored values into a WWW-Authenticate header."""
+        d = dict(self)
+        auth_type = d.pop('__auth_type__', None) or 'basic'
+        return '%s %s' % (auth_type.title(), ', '.join([
+            '%s=%s' % (key, quote_header_value(value,
+                                               allow_token=key not in self._require_quoting))
+            for key, value in iteritems(d)
+        ]))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_header()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.to_header()
+        )
+
+    def auth_property(name, doc=None):
+        """A static helper function for subclasses to add extra authentication
+        system properties onto a class::
+
+            class FooAuthenticate(WWWAuthenticate):
+                special_realm = auth_property('special_realm')
+
+        For more information have a look at the sourcecode to see how the
+        regular properties (:attr:`realm` etc.) are implemented.
+        """
+
+        def _set_value(self, value):
+            if value is None:
+                self.pop(name, None)
+            else:
+                self[name] = str(value)
+        return property(lambda x: x.get(name), _set_value, doc=doc)
+
+    def _set_property(name, doc=None):
+        def fget(self):
+            def on_update(header_set):
+                if not header_set and name in self:
+                    del self[name]
+                elif header_set:
+                    self[name] = header_set.to_header()
+            return parse_set_header(self.get(name), on_update)
+        return property(fget, doc=doc)
+
+    type = auth_property('__auth_type__', doc='''
+        The type of the auth mechanism.  HTTP currently specifies
+        `Basic` and `Digest`.''')
+    realm = auth_property('realm', doc='''
+        A string to be displayed to users so they know which username and
+        password to use.  This string should contain at least the name of
+        the host performing the authentication and might additionally
+        indicate the collection of users who might have access.''')
+    domain = _set_property('domain', doc='''
+        A list of URIs that define the protection space.  If a URI is an
+        absolute path, it is relative to the canonical root URL of the
+        server being accessed.''')
+    nonce = auth_property('nonce', doc='''
+        A server-specified data string which should be uniquely generated
+        each time a 401 response is made.  It is recommended that this
+        string be base64 or hexadecimal data.''')
+    opaque = auth_property('opaque', doc='''
+        A string of data, specified by the server, which should be returned
+        by the client unchanged in the Authorization header of subsequent
+        requests with URIs in the same protection space.  It is recommended
+        that this string be base64 or hexadecimal data.''')
+    algorithm = auth_property('algorithm', doc='''
+        A string indicating a pair of algorithms used to produce the digest
+        and a checksum.  If this is not present it is assumed to be "MD5".
+        If the algorithm is not understood, the challenge should be ignored
+        (and a different one used, if there is more than one).''')
+    qop = _set_property('qop', doc='''
+        A set of quality-of-privacy directives such as auth and auth-int.''')
+
+    def _get_stale(self):
+        val = self.get('stale')
+        if val is not None:
+            return val.lower() == 'true'
+
+    def _set_stale(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            self.pop('stale', None)
+        else:
+            self['stale'] = value and 'TRUE' or 'FALSE'
+    stale = property(_get_stale, _set_stale, doc='''
+        A flag, indicating that the previous request from the client was
+        rejected because the nonce value was stale.''')
+    del _get_stale, _set_stale
+
+    # make auth_property a staticmethod so that subclasses of
+    # `WWWAuthenticate` can use it for new properties.
+    auth_property = staticmethod(auth_property)
+    del _set_property
+
+
+class FileStorage(object):
+
+    """The :class:`FileStorage` class is a thin wrapper over incoming files.
+    It is used by the request object to represent uploaded files.  All the
+    attributes of the wrapper stream are proxied by the file storage so
+    it's possible to do ``storage.read()`` instead of the long form
+    ``storage.stream.read()``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream=None, filename=None, name=None,
+                 content_type=None, content_length=None,
+                 headers=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.stream = stream or _empty_stream
+
+        # if no filename is provided we can attempt to get the filename
+        # from the stream object passed.  There we have to be careful to
+        # skip things like <fdopen>, <stderr> etc.  Python marks these
+        # special filenames with angular brackets.
+        if filename is None:
+            filename = getattr(stream, 'name', None)
+            s = make_literal_wrapper(filename)
+            if filename and filename[0] == s('<') and filename[-1] == s('>'):
+                filename = None
+
+            # On Python 3 we want to make sure the filename is always unicode.
+            # This might not be if the name attribute is bytes due to the
+            # file being opened from the bytes API.
+            if not PY2 and isinstance(filename, bytes):
+                filename = filename.decode(get_filesystem_encoding(),
+                                           'replace')
+
+        self.filename = filename
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = Headers()
+        self.headers = headers
+        if content_type is not None:
+            headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+        if content_length is not None:
+            headers['Content-Length'] = str(content_length)
+
+    def _parse_content_type(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, '_parsed_content_type'):
+            self._parsed_content_type = \
+                parse_options_header(self.content_type)
+
+    @property
+    def content_type(self):
+        """The content-type sent in the header.  Usually not available"""
+        return self.headers.get('content-type')
+
+    @property
+    def content_length(self):
+        """The content-length sent in the header.  Usually not available"""
+        return int(self.headers.get('content-length') or 0)
+
+    @property
+    def mimetype(self):
+        """Like :attr:`content_type`, but without parameters (eg, without
+        charset, type etc.) and always lowercase.  For example if the content
+        type is ``text/HTML; charset=utf-8`` the mimetype would be
+        ``'text/html'``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        self._parse_content_type()
+        return self._parsed_content_type[0].lower()
+
+    @property
+    def mimetype_params(self):
+        """The mimetype parameters as dict.  For example if the content
+        type is ``text/html; charset=utf-8`` the params would be
+        ``{'charset': 'utf-8'}``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        self._parse_content_type()
+        return self._parsed_content_type[1]
+
+    def save(self, dst, buffer_size=16384):
+        """Save the file to a destination path or file object.  If the
+        destination is a file object you have to close it yourself after the
+        call.  The buffer size is the number of bytes held in memory during
+        the copy process.  It defaults to 16KB.
+
+        For secure file saving also have a look at :func:`secure_filename`.
+
+        :param dst: a filename or open file object the uploaded file
+                    is saved to.
+        :param buffer_size: the size of the buffer.  This works the same as
+                            the `length` parameter of
+                            :func:`shutil.copyfileobj`.
+        """
+        from shutil import copyfileobj
+        close_dst = False
+        if isinstance(dst, string_types):
+            dst = open(dst, 'wb')
+            close_dst = True
+        try:
+            copyfileobj(self.stream, dst, buffer_size)
+        finally:
+            if close_dst:
+                dst.close()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the underlying file if possible."""
+        try:
+            self.stream.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return bool(self.filename)
+    __bool__ = __nonzero__
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.stream, name)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.readline, '')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s: %r (%r)>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.filename,
+            self.content_type
+        )
+
+
+# circular dependencies
+from werkzeug.http import dump_options_header, dump_header, generate_etag, \
+    quote_header_value, parse_set_header, unquote_etag, quote_etag, \
+    parse_options_header, http_date, is_byte_range_valid
+from werkzeug import exceptions
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ead4fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.debug
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    WSGI application traceback debugger.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import uuid
+import json
+import time
+import getpass
+import hashlib
+import mimetypes
+from os.path import join, dirname, basename, isfile
+from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest as Request, BaseResponse as Response
+from werkzeug.http import parse_cookie
+from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback, render_console_html
+from werkzeug.debug.console import Console
+from werkzeug.security import gen_salt
+from werkzeug._internal import _log
+from werkzeug._compat import text_type
+
+
+# DEPRECATED
+#: import this here because it once was documented as being available
+#: from this module.  In case there are users left ...
+from werkzeug.debug.repr import debug_repr  # noqa
+
+
+PIN_TIME = 60 * 60 * 8
+
+
+class _ConsoleFrame(object):
+
+    """Helper class so that we can reuse the frame console code for the
+    standalone console.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, namespace):
+        self.console = Console(namespace)
+        self.id = 0
+
+
+def get_pin_and_cookie_name(app):
+    """Given an application object this returns a semi-stable 9 digit pin
+    code and a random key.  The hope is that this is stable between
+    restarts to not make debugging particularly frustrating.  If the pin
+    was forcefully disabled this returns `None`.
+
+    Second item in the resulting tuple is the cookie name for remembering.
+    """
+    pin = os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_DEBUG_PIN')
+    rv = None
+    num = None
+
+    # Pin was explicitly disabled
+    if pin == 'off':
+        return None, None
+
+    # Pin was provided explicitly
+    if pin is not None and pin.replace('-', '').isdigit():
+        # If there are separators in the pin, return it directly
+        if '-' in pin:
+            rv = pin
+        else:
+            num = pin
+
+    modname = getattr(app, '__module__',
+                      getattr(app.__class__, '__module__'))
+    bits = [
+        getpass.getuser(),
+        str(uuid.getnode()),
+        modname,
+        getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__')),
+    ]
+
+    mod = sys.modules.get(modname)
+    bits.append(getattr(mod, '__file__', None))
+    bits.append('cookiesalt')
+
+    h = hashlib.md5()
+    for bit in bits:
+        if not bit:
+            continue
+        if isinstance(bit, text_type):
+            bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
+        h.update(bit)
+
+    if num is None:
+        num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]
+
+    cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:12]
+
+    # Format the pincode in groups of digits for easier remembering if
+    # we don't have a result yet.
+    if rv is None:
+        for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
+            if len(num) % group_size == 0:
+                rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
+                              for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
+                break
+        else:
+            rv = num
+
+    return rv, cookie_name
+
+
+class DebuggedApplication(object):
+    """Enables debugging support for a given application::
+
+        from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
+        from myapp import app
+        app = DebuggedApplication(app, evalex=True)
+
+    The `evalex` keyword argument allows evaluating expressions in a
+    traceback's frame context.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       The `lodgeit_url` parameter was deprecated.
+
+    :param app: the WSGI application to run debugged.
+    :param evalex: enable exception evaluation feature (interactive
+                   debugging).  This requires a non-forking server.
+    :param request_key: The key that points to the request object in ths
+                        environment.  This parameter is ignored in current
+                        versions.
+    :param console_path: the URL for a general purpose console.
+    :param console_init_func: the function that is executed before starting
+                              the general purpose console.  The return value
+                              is used as initial namespace.
+    :param show_hidden_frames: by default hidden traceback frames are skipped.
+                               You can show them by setting this parameter
+                               to `True`.
+    :param pin_security: can be used to disable the pin based security system.
+    :param pin_logging: enables the logging of the pin system.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, evalex=False, request_key='werkzeug.request',
+                 console_path='/console', console_init_func=None,
+                 show_hidden_frames=False, lodgeit_url=None,
+                 pin_security=True, pin_logging=True):
+        if lodgeit_url is not None:
+            from warnings import warn
+            warn(DeprecationWarning('Werkzeug now pastes into gists.'))
+        if not console_init_func:
+            console_init_func = None
+        self.app = app
+        self.evalex = evalex
+        self.frames = {}
+        self.tracebacks = {}
+        self.request_key = request_key
+        self.console_path = console_path
+        self.console_init_func = console_init_func
+        self.show_hidden_frames = show_hidden_frames
+        self.secret = gen_salt(20)
+        self._failed_pin_auth = 0
+
+        self.pin_logging = pin_logging
+        if pin_security:
+            # Print out the pin for the debugger on standard out.
+            if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true' and \
+               pin_logging:
+                _log('warning', ' * Debugger is active!')
+                if self.pin is None:
+                    _log('warning', ' * Debugger pin disabled.  '
+                         'DEBUGGER UNSECURED!')
+                else:
+                    _log('info', ' * Debugger pin code: %s' % self.pin)
+        else:
+            self.pin = None
+
+    def _get_pin(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, '_pin'):
+            self._pin, self._pin_cookie = get_pin_and_cookie_name(self.app)
+        return self._pin
+
+    def _set_pin(self, value):
+        self._pin = value
+
+    pin = property(_get_pin, _set_pin)
+    del _get_pin, _set_pin
+
+    @property
+    def pin_cookie_name(self):
+        """The name of the pin cookie."""
+        if not hasattr(self, '_pin_cookie'):
+            self._pin, self._pin_cookie = get_pin_and_cookie_name(self.app)
+        return self._pin_cookie
+
+    def debug_application(self, environ, start_response):
+        """Run the application and conserve the traceback frames."""
+        app_iter = None
+        try:
+            app_iter = self.app(environ, start_response)
+            for item in app_iter:
+                yield item
+            if hasattr(app_iter, 'close'):
+                app_iter.close()
+        except Exception:
+            if hasattr(app_iter, 'close'):
+                app_iter.close()
+            traceback = get_current_traceback(
+                skip=1, show_hidden_frames=self.show_hidden_frames,
+                ignore_system_exceptions=True)
+            for frame in traceback.frames:
+                self.frames[frame.id] = frame
+            self.tracebacks[traceback.id] = traceback
+
+            try:
+                start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', [
+                    ('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8'),
+                    # Disable Chrome's XSS protection, the debug
+                    # output can cause false-positives.
+                    ('X-XSS-Protection', '0'),
+                ])
+            except Exception:
+                # if we end up here there has been output but an error
+                # occurred.  in that situation we can do nothing fancy any
+                # more, better log something into the error log and fall
+                # back gracefully.
+                environ['wsgi.errors'].write(
+                    'Debugging middleware caught exception in streamed '
+                    'response at a point where response headers were already '
+                    'sent.\n')
+            else:
+                is_trusted = self.is_trusted(environ)
+                yield traceback.render_full(evalex=self.evalex,
+                                            evalex_trusted=is_trusted,
+                                            secret=self.secret) \
+                    .encode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+            traceback.log(environ['wsgi.errors'])
+
+    def execute_command(self, request, command, frame):
+        """Execute a command in a console."""
+        return Response(frame.console.eval(command), mimetype='text/html')
+
+    def display_console(self, request):
+        """Display a standalone shell."""
+        if 0 not in self.frames:
+            if self.console_init_func is None:
+                ns = {}
+            else:
+                ns = dict(self.console_init_func())
+            ns.setdefault('app', self.app)
+            self.frames[0] = _ConsoleFrame(ns)
+        is_trusted = self.is_trusted(request.environ)
+        return Response(render_console_html(secret=self.secret,
+                                            evalex_trusted=is_trusted),
+                        mimetype='text/html')
+
+    def paste_traceback(self, request, traceback):
+        """Paste the traceback and return a JSON response."""
+        rv = traceback.paste()
+        return Response(json.dumps(rv), mimetype='application/json')
+
+    def get_resource(self, request, filename):
+        """Return a static resource from the shared folder."""
+        filename = join(dirname(__file__), 'shared', basename(filename))
+        if isfile(filename):
+            mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] \
+                or 'application/octet-stream'
+            f = open(filename, 'rb')
+            try:
+                return Response(f.read(), mimetype=mimetype)
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+        return Response('Not Found', status=404)
+
+    def is_trusted(self, environ):
+        """Checks if the request passed the pin test."""
+        if self.pin is None:
+            return True
+        ts = parse_cookie(environ).get(self.pin_cookie_name, type=int)
+        if ts is None:
+            return False
+        return (time.time() - PIN_TIME) < ts
+
+    def pin_auth(self, request):
+        """Authenticates with the pin."""
+        exhausted = False
+        auth = False
+        if self.is_trusted(request.environ):
+            auth = True
+        elif self._failed_pin_auth > 10:
+            exhausted = True
+        else:
+            entered_pin = request.args.get('pin')
+            if entered_pin.strip().replace('-', '') == \
+               self.pin.replace('-', ''):
+                self._failed_pin_auth = 0
+                auth = True
+            else:
+                time.sleep(self._failed_pin_auth > 5 and 5.0 or 0.5)
+                self._failed_pin_auth += 1
+                auth = False
+
+        rv = Response(json.dumps({
+            'auth': auth,
+            'exhausted': exhausted,
+        }), mimetype='application/json')
+        if auth:
+            rv.set_cookie(self.pin_cookie_name, str(int(time.time())),
+                          httponly=True)
+        return rv
+
+    def log_pin_request(self):
+        """Log the pin if needed."""
+        if self.pin_logging and self.pin is not None:
+            _log('info', ' * To enable the debugger you need to '
+                 'enter the security pin:')
+            _log('info', ' * Debugger pin code: %s' % self.pin)
+        return Response('')
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        """Dispatch the requests."""
+        # important: don't ever access a function here that reads the incoming
+        # form data!  Otherwise the application won't have access to that data
+        # any more!
+        request = Request(environ)
+        response = self.debug_application
+        if request.args.get('__debugger__') == 'yes':
+            cmd = request.args.get('cmd')
+            arg = request.args.get('f')
+            secret = request.args.get('s')
+            traceback = self.tracebacks.get(request.args.get('tb', type=int))
+            frame = self.frames.get(request.args.get('frm', type=int))
+            if cmd == 'resource' and arg:
+                response = self.get_resource(request, arg)
+            elif cmd == 'paste' and traceback is not None and \
+                    secret == self.secret:
+                response = self.paste_traceback(request, traceback)
+            elif cmd == 'pinauth' and secret == self.secret:
+                response = self.pin_auth(request)
+            elif cmd == 'printpin' and secret == self.secret:
+                response = self.log_pin_request()
+            elif self.evalex and cmd is not None and frame is not None \
+                    and self.secret == secret and \
+                    self.is_trusted(environ):
+                response = self.execute_command(request, cmd, frame)
+        elif self.evalex and self.console_path is not None and \
+                request.path == self.console_path:
+            response = self.display_console(request)
+        return response(environ, start_response)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/console.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/console.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02a0029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.debug.console
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Interactive console support.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+import sys
+import code
+from types import CodeType
+
+from werkzeug.utils import escape
+from werkzeug.local import Local
+from werkzeug.debug.repr import debug_repr, dump, helper
+
+
+_local = Local()
+
+
+class HTMLStringO(object):
+
+    """A StringO version that HTML escapes on write."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._buffer = []
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+    def flush(self):
+        pass
+
+    def seek(self, n, mode=0):
+        pass
+
+    def readline(self):
+        if len(self._buffer) == 0:
+            return ''
+        ret = self._buffer[0]
+        del self._buffer[0]
+        return ret
+
+    def reset(self):
+        val = ''.join(self._buffer)
+        del self._buffer[:]
+        return val
+
+    def _write(self, x):
+        if isinstance(x, bytes):
+            x = x.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        self._buffer.append(x)
+
+    def write(self, x):
+        self._write(escape(x))
+
+    def writelines(self, x):
+        self._write(escape(''.join(x)))
+
+
+class ThreadedStream(object):
+
+    """Thread-local wrapper for sys.stdout for the interactive console."""
+
+    def push():
+        if not isinstance(sys.stdout, ThreadedStream):
+            sys.stdout = ThreadedStream()
+        _local.stream = HTMLStringO()
+    push = staticmethod(push)
+
+    def fetch():
+        try:
+            stream = _local.stream
+        except AttributeError:
+            return ''
+        return stream.reset()
+    fetch = staticmethod(fetch)
+
+    def displayhook(obj):
+        try:
+            stream = _local.stream
+        except AttributeError:
+            return _displayhook(obj)
+        # stream._write bypasses escaping as debug_repr is
+        # already generating HTML for us.
+        if obj is not None:
+            _local._current_ipy.locals['_'] = obj
+            stream._write(debug_repr(obj))
+    displayhook = staticmethod(displayhook)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        raise AttributeError('read only attribute %s' % name)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return dir(sys.__stdout__)
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        if name == '__members__':
+            return dir(sys.__stdout__)
+        try:
+            stream = _local.stream
+        except AttributeError:
+            stream = sys.__stdout__
+        return getattr(stream, name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(sys.__stdout__)
+
+
+# add the threaded stream as display hook
+_displayhook = sys.displayhook
+sys.displayhook = ThreadedStream.displayhook
+
+
+class _ConsoleLoader(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._storage = {}
+
+    def register(self, code, source):
+        self._storage[id(code)] = source
+        # register code objects of wrapped functions too.
+        for var in code.co_consts:
+            if isinstance(var, CodeType):
+                self._storage[id(var)] = source
+
+    def get_source_by_code(self, code):
+        try:
+            return self._storage[id(code)]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+
+def _wrap_compiler(console):
+    compile = console.compile
+
+    def func(source, filename, symbol):
+        code = compile(source, filename, symbol)
+        console.loader.register(code, source)
+        return code
+    console.compile = func
+
+
+class _InteractiveConsole(code.InteractiveInterpreter):
+
+    def __init__(self, globals, locals):
+        code.InteractiveInterpreter.__init__(self, locals)
+        self.globals = dict(globals)
+        self.globals['dump'] = dump
+        self.globals['help'] = helper
+        self.globals['__loader__'] = self.loader = _ConsoleLoader()
+        self.more = False
+        self.buffer = []
+        _wrap_compiler(self)
+
+    def runsource(self, source):
+        source = source.rstrip() + '\n'
+        ThreadedStream.push()
+        prompt = self.more and '... ' or '>>> '
+        try:
+            source_to_eval = ''.join(self.buffer + [source])
+            if code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource(self,
+                                                     source_to_eval, '<debugger>', 'single'):
+                self.more = True
+                self.buffer.append(source)
+            else:
+                self.more = False
+                del self.buffer[:]
+        finally:
+            output = ThreadedStream.fetch()
+        return prompt + source + output
+
+    def runcode(self, code):
+        try:
+            eval(code, self.globals, self.locals)
+        except Exception:
+            self.showtraceback()
+
+    def showtraceback(self):
+        from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
+        tb = get_current_traceback(skip=1)
+        sys.stdout._write(tb.render_summary())
+
+    def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
+        from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
+        tb = get_current_traceback(skip=4)
+        sys.stdout._write(tb.render_summary())
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        sys.stdout.write(data)
+
+
+class Console(object):
+
+    """An interactive console."""
+
+    def __init__(self, globals=None, locals=None):
+        if locals is None:
+            locals = {}
+        if globals is None:
+            globals = {}
+        self._ipy = _InteractiveConsole(globals, locals)
+
+    def eval(self, code):
+        _local._current_ipy = self._ipy
+        old_sys_stdout = sys.stdout
+        try:
+            return self._ipy.runsource(code)
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout = old_sys_stdout
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/repr.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/repr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c228fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/repr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.debug.repr
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements object representations for debugging purposes.
+    Unlike the default repr these reprs expose a lot more information and
+    produce HTML instead of ASCII.
+
+    Together with the CSS and JavaScript files of the debugger this gives
+    a colorful and more compact output.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+import sys
+import re
+import codecs
+from traceback import format_exception_only
+try:
+    from collections import deque
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    deque = None
+from werkzeug.utils import escape
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, PY2, text_type, integer_types, \
+    string_types
+
+
+missing = object()
+_paragraph_re = re.compile(r'(?:\r\n|\r|\n){2,}')
+RegexType = type(_paragraph_re)
+
+
+HELP_HTML = '''\
+<div class=box>
+  <h3>%(title)s</h3>
+  <pre class=help>%(text)s</pre>
+</div>\
+'''
+OBJECT_DUMP_HTML = '''\
+<div class=box>
+  <h3>%(title)s</h3>
+  %(repr)s
+  <table>%(items)s</table>
+</div>\
+'''
+
+
+def debug_repr(obj):
+    """Creates a debug repr of an object as HTML unicode string."""
+    return DebugReprGenerator().repr(obj)
+
+
+def dump(obj=missing):
+    """Print the object details to stdout._write (for the interactive
+    console of the web debugger.
+    """
+    gen = DebugReprGenerator()
+    if obj is missing:
+        rv = gen.dump_locals(sys._getframe(1).f_locals)
+    else:
+        rv = gen.dump_object(obj)
+    sys.stdout._write(rv)
+
+
+class _Helper(object):
+
+    """Displays an HTML version of the normal help, for the interactive
+    debugger only because it requires a patched sys.stdout.
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Type help(object) for help about object.'
+
+    def __call__(self, topic=None):
+        if topic is None:
+            sys.stdout._write('<span class=help>%s</span>' % repr(self))
+            return
+        import pydoc
+        pydoc.help(topic)
+        rv = sys.stdout.reset()
+        if isinstance(rv, bytes):
+            rv = rv.decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
+        paragraphs = _paragraph_re.split(rv)
+        if len(paragraphs) > 1:
+            title = paragraphs[0]
+            text = '\n\n'.join(paragraphs[1:])
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            title = 'Help'
+            text = paragraphs[0]
+        sys.stdout._write(HELP_HTML % {'title': title, 'text': text})
+
+
+helper = _Helper()
+
+
+def _add_subclass_info(inner, obj, base):
+    if isinstance(base, tuple):
+        for base in base:
+            if type(obj) is base:
+                return inner
+    elif type(obj) is base:
+        return inner
+    module = ''
+    if obj.__class__.__module__ not in ('__builtin__', 'exceptions'):
+        module = '<span class="module">%s.</span>' % obj.__class__.__module__
+    return '%s%s(%s)' % (module, obj.__class__.__name__, inner)
+
+
+class DebugReprGenerator(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._stack = []
+
+    def _sequence_repr_maker(left, right, base=object(), limit=8):
+        def proxy(self, obj, recursive):
+            if recursive:
+                return _add_subclass_info(left + '...' + right, obj, base)
+            buf = [left]
+            have_extended_section = False
+            for idx, item in enumerate(obj):
+                if idx:
+                    buf.append(', ')
+                if idx == limit:
+                    buf.append('<span class="extended">')
+                    have_extended_section = True
+                buf.append(self.repr(item))
+            if have_extended_section:
+                buf.append('</span>')
+            buf.append(right)
+            return _add_subclass_info(u''.join(buf), obj, base)
+        return proxy
+
+    list_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('[', ']', list)
+    tuple_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('(', ')', tuple)
+    set_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('set([', '])', set)
+    frozenset_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('frozenset([', '])', frozenset)
+    if deque is not None:
+        deque_repr = _sequence_repr_maker('<span class="module">collections.'
+                                          '</span>deque([', '])', deque)
+    del _sequence_repr_maker
+
+    def regex_repr(self, obj):
+        pattern = repr(obj.pattern)
+        if PY2:
+            pattern = pattern.decode('string-escape', 'ignore')
+        else:
+            pattern = codecs.decode(pattern, 'unicode-escape', 'ignore')
+        if pattern[:1] == 'u':
+            pattern = 'ur' + pattern[1:]
+        else:
+            pattern = 'r' + pattern
+        return u're.compile(<span class="string regex">%s</span>)' % pattern
+
+    def string_repr(self, obj, limit=70):
+        buf = ['<span class="string">']
+        escaped = escape(obj)
+        a = repr(escaped[:limit])
+        b = repr(escaped[limit:])
+        if isinstance(obj, text_type) and PY2:
+            buf.append('u')
+            a = a[1:]
+            b = b[1:]
+        if b != "''":
+            buf.extend((a[:-1], '<span class="extended">', b[1:], '</span>'))
+        else:
+            buf.append(a)
+        buf.append('</span>')
+        return _add_subclass_info(u''.join(buf), obj, (bytes, text_type))
+
+    def dict_repr(self, d, recursive, limit=5):
+        if recursive:
+            return _add_subclass_info(u'{...}', d, dict)
+        buf = ['{']
+        have_extended_section = False
+        for idx, (key, value) in enumerate(iteritems(d)):
+            if idx:
+                buf.append(', ')
+            if idx == limit - 1:
+                buf.append('<span class="extended">')
+                have_extended_section = True
+            buf.append('<span class="pair"><span class="key">%s</span>: '
+                       '<span class="value">%s</span></span>' %
+                       (self.repr(key), self.repr(value)))
+        if have_extended_section:
+            buf.append('</span>')
+        buf.append('}')
+        return _add_subclass_info(u''.join(buf), d, dict)
+
+    def object_repr(self, obj):
+        r = repr(obj)
+        if PY2:
+            r = r.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        return u'<span class="object">%s</span>' % escape(r)
+
+    def dispatch_repr(self, obj, recursive):
+        if obj is helper:
+            return u'<span class="help">%r</span>' % helper
+        if isinstance(obj, (integer_types, float, complex)):
+            return u'<span class="number">%r</span>' % obj
+        if isinstance(obj, string_types):
+            return self.string_repr(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, RegexType):
+            return self.regex_repr(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, list):
+            return self.list_repr(obj, recursive)
+        if isinstance(obj, tuple):
+            return self.tuple_repr(obj, recursive)
+        if isinstance(obj, set):
+            return self.set_repr(obj, recursive)
+        if isinstance(obj, frozenset):
+            return self.frozenset_repr(obj, recursive)
+        if isinstance(obj, dict):
+            return self.dict_repr(obj, recursive)
+        if deque is not None and isinstance(obj, deque):
+            return self.deque_repr(obj, recursive)
+        return self.object_repr(obj)
+
+    def fallback_repr(self):
+        try:
+            info = ''.join(format_exception_only(*sys.exc_info()[:2]))
+        except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+            info = '?'
+        if PY2:
+            info = info.decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
+        return u'<span class="brokenrepr">&lt;broken repr (%s)&gt;' \
+               u'</span>' % escape(info.strip())
+
+    def repr(self, obj):
+        recursive = False
+        for item in self._stack:
+            if item is obj:
+                recursive = True
+                break
+        self._stack.append(obj)
+        try:
+            try:
+                return self.dispatch_repr(obj, recursive)
+            except Exception:
+                return self.fallback_repr()
+        finally:
+            self._stack.pop()
+
+    def dump_object(self, obj):
+        repr = items = None
+        if isinstance(obj, dict):
+            title = 'Contents of'
+            items = []
+            for key, value in iteritems(obj):
+                if not isinstance(key, string_types):
+                    items = None
+                    break
+                items.append((key, self.repr(value)))
+        if items is None:
+            items = []
+            repr = self.repr(obj)
+            for key in dir(obj):
+                try:
+                    items.append((key, self.repr(getattr(obj, key))))
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+            title = 'Details for'
+        title += ' ' + object.__repr__(obj)[1:-1]
+        return self.render_object_dump(items, title, repr)
+
+    def dump_locals(self, d):
+        items = [(key, self.repr(value)) for key, value in d.items()]
+        return self.render_object_dump(items, 'Local variables in frame')
+
+    def render_object_dump(self, items, title, repr=None):
+        html_items = []
+        for key, value in items:
+            html_items.append('<tr><th>%s<td><pre class=repr>%s</pre>' %
+                              (escape(key), value))
+        if not html_items:
+            html_items.append('<tr><td><em>Nothing</em>')
+        return OBJECT_DUMP_HTML % {
+            'title':    escape(title),
+            'repr':     repr and '<pre class=repr>%s</pre>' % repr or '',
+            'items':    '\n'.join(html_items)
+        }
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/FONT_LICENSE b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/FONT_LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae78a8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/FONT_LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+-------------------------------
+UBUNTU FONT LICENCE Version 1.0
+-------------------------------
+
+PREAMBLE
+This licence allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and
+redistributed freely. The fonts, including any derivative works, can be
+bundled, embedded, and redistributed provided the terms of this licence
+are met. The fonts and derivatives, however, cannot be released under
+any other licence. The requirement for fonts to remain under this
+licence does not require any document created using the fonts or their
+derivatives to be published under this licence, as long as the primary
+purpose of the document is not to be a vehicle for the distribution of
+the fonts.
+
+DEFINITIONS
+"Font Software" refers to the set of files released by the Copyright
+Holder(s) under this licence and clearly marked as such. This may
+include source files, build scripts and documentation.
+
+"Original Version" refers to the collection of Font Software components
+as received under this licence.
+
+"Modified Version" refers to any derivative made by adding to, deleting,
+or substituting -- in part or in whole -- any of the components of the
+Original Version, by changing formats or by porting the Font Software to
+a new environment.
+
+"Copyright Holder(s)" refers to all individuals and companies who have a
+copyright ownership of the Font Software.
+
+"Substantially Changed" refers to Modified Versions which can be easily
+identified as dissimilar to the Font Software by users of the Font
+Software comparing the Original Version with the Modified Version.
+
+To "Propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without
+permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for
+infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a
+computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,
+distribution (with or without modification and with or without charging
+a redistribution fee), making available to the public, and in some
+countries other activities as well.
+
+PERMISSION & CONDITIONS
+This licence does not grant any rights under trademark law and all such
+rights are reserved.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of the Font Software, to propagate the Font Software, subject to
+the below conditions:
+
+1) Each copy of the Font Software must contain the above copyright
+notice and this licence. These can be included either as stand-alone
+text files, human-readable headers or in the appropriate machine-
+readable metadata fields within text or binary files as long as those
+fields can be easily viewed by the user.
+
+2) The font name complies with the following:
+(a) The Original Version must retain its name, unmodified.
+(b) Modified Versions which are Substantially Changed must be renamed to
+avoid use of the name of the Original Version or similar names entirely.
+(c) Modified Versions which are not Substantially Changed must be
+renamed to both (i) retain the name of the Original Version and (ii) add
+additional naming elements to distinguish the Modified Version from the
+Original Version. The name of such Modified Versions must be the name of
+the Original Version, with "derivative X" where X represents the name of
+the new work, appended to that name.
+
+3) The name(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) and any contributor to the
+Font Software shall not be used to promote, endorse or advertise any
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+COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
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+DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM OTHER
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/debugger.js b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/debugger.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8913129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/debugger.js
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+$(function() {
+  if (!EVALEX_TRUSTED) {
+    initPinBox();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * if we are in console mode, show the console.
+   */
+  if (CONSOLE_MODE && EVALEX) {
+    openShell(null, $('div.console div.inner').empty(), 0);
+  }
+
+  $('div.traceback div.frame').each(function() {
+    var
+      target = $('pre', this),
+      consoleNode = null,
+      frameID = this.id.substring(6);
+
+    target.click(function() {
+      $(this).parent().toggleClass('expanded');
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * Add an interactive console to the frames
+     */
+    if (EVALEX && target.is('.current')) {
+      $('<img src="?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=console.png">')
+        .attr('title', 'Open an interactive python shell in this frame')
+        .click(function() {
+          consoleNode = openShell(consoleNode, target, frameID);
+          return false;
+        })
+        .prependTo(target);
+    }
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * toggle traceback types on click.
+   */
+  $('h2.traceback').click(function() {
+    $(this).next().slideToggle('fast');
+    $('div.plain').slideToggle('fast');
+  }).css('cursor', 'pointer');
+  $('div.plain').hide();
+
+  /**
+   * Add extra info (this is here so that only users with JavaScript
+   * enabled see it.)
+   */
+  $('span.nojavascript')
+    .removeClass('nojavascript')
+    .html('<p>To switch between the interactive traceback and the plaintext ' +
+          'one, you can click on the "Traceback" headline.  From the text ' +
+          'traceback you can also create a paste of it. ' + (!EVALEX ? '' :
+          'For code execution mouse-over the frame you want to debug and ' +
+          'click on the console icon on the right side.' +
+          '<p>You can execute arbitrary Python code in the stack frames and ' +
+          'there are some extra helpers available for introspection:' +
+          '<ul><li><code>dump()</code> shows all variables in the frame' +
+          '<li><code>dump(obj)</code> dumps all that\'s known about the object</ul>'));
+
+  /**
+   * Add the pastebin feature
+   */
+  $('div.plain form')
+    .submit(function() {
+      var label = $('input[type="submit"]', this);
+      var old_val = label.val();
+      label.val('submitting...');
+      $.ajax({
+        dataType:     'json',
+        url:          document.location.pathname,
+        data:         {__debugger__: 'yes', tb: TRACEBACK, cmd: 'paste',
+                       s: SECRET},
+        success:      function(data) {
+          $('div.plain span.pastemessage')
+            .removeClass('pastemessage')
+            .text('Paste created: ')
+            .append($('<a>#' + data.id + '</a>').attr('href', data.url));
+        },
+        error:        function() {
+          alert('Error: Could not submit paste.  No network connection?');
+          label.val(old_val);
+        }
+      });
+      return false;
+    });
+
+  // if we have javascript we submit by ajax anyways, so no need for the
+  // not scaling textarea.
+  var plainTraceback = $('div.plain textarea');
+  plainTraceback.replaceWith($('<pre>').text(plainTraceback.text()));
+});
+
+function initPinBox() {
+  $('.pin-prompt form').submit(function(evt) {
+    evt.preventDefault();
+    var pin = this.pin.value;
+    var btn = this.btn;
+    btn.disabled = true;
+    $.ajax({
+      dataType: 'json',
+      url: document.location.pathname,
+      data: {__debugger__: 'yes', cmd: 'pinauth', pin: pin,
+             s: SECRET},
+      success: function(data) {
+        btn.disabled = false;
+        if (data.auth) {
+          EVALEX_TRUSTED = true;
+          $('.pin-prompt').fadeOut();
+        } else {
+          if (data.exhausted) {
+            alert('Error: too many attempts.  Restart server to retry.');
+          } else {
+            alert('Error: incorrect pin');
+          }
+        }
+        console.log(data);
+      },
+      error: function() {
+        btn.disabled = false;
+        alert('Error: Could not verify PIN.  Network error?');
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+function promptForPin() {
+  if (!EVALEX_TRUSTED) {
+    $.ajax({
+      url: document.location.pathname,
+      data: {__debugger__: 'yes', cmd: 'printpin', s: SECRET}
+    });
+    $('.pin-prompt').fadeIn(function() {
+      $('.pin-prompt input[name="pin"]').focus();
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Helper function for shell initialization
+ */
+function openShell(consoleNode, target, frameID) {
+  promptForPin();
+  if (consoleNode)
+    return consoleNode.slideToggle('fast');
+  consoleNode = $('<pre class="console">')
+    .appendTo(target.parent())
+    .hide()
+  var historyPos = 0, history = [''];
+  var output = $('<div class="output">[console ready]</div>')
+    .appendTo(consoleNode);
+  var form = $('<form>&gt;&gt;&gt; </form>')
+    .submit(function() {
+      var cmd = command.val();
+      $.get('', {
+          __debugger__: 'yes', cmd: cmd, frm: frameID, s: SECRET}, function(data) {
+        var tmp = $('<div>').html(data);
+        $('span.extended', tmp).each(function() {
+          var hidden = $(this).wrap('<span>').hide();
+          hidden
+            .parent()
+            .append($('<a href="#" class="toggle">&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>')
+              .click(function() {
+                hidden.toggle();
+                $(this).toggleClass('open')
+                return false;
+              }));
+        });
+        output.append(tmp);
+        command.focus();
+        consoleNode.scrollTop(consoleNode.get(0).scrollHeight);
+        var old = history.pop();
+        history.push(cmd);
+        if (typeof old != 'undefined')
+          history.push(old);
+        historyPos = history.length - 1;
+      });
+      command.val('');
+      return false;
+    }).
+    appendTo(consoleNode);
+
+  var command = $('<input type="text">')
+    .appendTo(form)
+    .keydown(function(e) {
+      if (e.charCode == 100 && e.ctrlKey) {
+        output.text('--- screen cleared ---');
+        return false;
+      }
+      else if (e.charCode == 0 && (e.keyCode == 38 || e.keyCode == 40)) {
+        if (e.keyCode == 38 && historyPos > 0)
+          historyPos--;
+        else if (e.keyCode == 40 && historyPos < history.length)
+          historyPos++;
+        command.val(history[historyPos]);
+        return false;
+      }
+    });
+
+  return consoleNode.slideDown('fast', function() {
+    command.focus();
+  });
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/jquery.js b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/jquery.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f60b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/jquery.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/*! jQuery v1.11.3 | (c) 2005, 2015 jQuery Foundation, Inc. | jquery.org/license */
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+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'Ubuntu';
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  src: local('Ubuntu'), local('Ubuntu-Regular'),
+    url('?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=ubuntu.ttf') format('truetype');
+}
+
+body, input  { font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
+               'Verdana', sans-serif; color: #000; text-align: center;
+               margin: 1em; padding: 0; font-size: 15px; }
+h1, h2, h3   { font-family: 'Ubuntu', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode',
+               'Geneva', 'Verdana', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; }
+
+input        { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; text-align: left;
+               outline: none !important; }
+input[type="submit"] { padding: 3px 6px; }
+a            { color: #11557C; }
+a:hover      { color: #177199; }
+pre, code,
+textarea     { font-family: 'Consolas', 'Monaco', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono',
+               monospace; font-size: 14px; }
+
+div.debugger { text-align: left; padding: 12px; margin: auto;
+               background-color: white; }
+h1           { font-size: 36px; margin: 0 0 0.3em 0; }
+div.detail p { margin: 0 0 8px 13px; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap; }
+div.explanation { margin: 20px 13px; font-size: 15px; color: #555; }
+div.footer   { font-size: 13px; text-align: right; margin: 30px 0;
+               color: #86989B; }
+
+h2           { font-size: 16px; margin: 1.3em 0 0.0 0; padding: 9px;
+               background-color: #11557C; color: white; }
+h2 em, h3 em { font-style: normal; color: #A5D6D9; font-weight: normal; }
+
+div.traceback, div.plain { border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0 0 1em 0; padding: 10px; }
+div.plain p      { margin: 0; }
+div.plain textarea,
+div.plain pre { margin: 10px 0 0 0; padding: 4px;
+                background-color: #E8EFF0; border: 1px solid #D3E7E9; }
+div.plain textarea { width: 99%; height: 300px; }
+div.traceback h3 { font-size: 1em; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0; }
+div.traceback ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 1em; }
+div.traceback h4 { font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.7em 0 0.1em 0; }
+div.traceback pre { margin: 0; padding: 5px 0 3px 15px;
+                    background-color: #E8EFF0; border: 1px solid #D3E7E9; }
+div.traceback pre:hover { background-color: #DDECEE; color: black; cursor: pointer; }
+div.traceback div.source.expanded pre + pre { border-top: none; }
+
+div.traceback span.ws { display: none; }
+div.traceback pre.before, div.traceback pre.after { display: none; background: white; }
+div.traceback div.source.expanded pre.before,
+div.traceback div.source.expanded pre.after {
+    display: block;
+}
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+    display: inline;
+}
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+div.traceback img:hover { background-color: #ddd; cursor: pointer;
+                          border-color: #BFDDE0; }
+div.traceback pre:hover img { display: block; }
+div.traceback cite.filename { font-style: normal; color: #3B666B; }
+
+pre.console { border: 1px solid #ccc; background: white!important;
+              color: black; padding: 5px!important;
+              margin: 3px 0 0 0!important; cursor: default!important;
+              max-height: 400px; overflow: auto; }
+pre.console form { color: #555; }
+pre.console input { background-color: transparent; color: #555;
+                    width: 90%; font-family: 'Consolas', 'Deja Vu Sans Mono',
+                    'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace; font-size: 14px;
+                     border: none!important; }
+
+span.string { color: #30799B; }
+span.number { color: #9C1A1C; }
+span.help   { color: #3A7734; }
+span.object { color: #485F6E; }
+span.extended { opacity: 0.5; }
+span.extended:hover { opacity: 1; }
+a.toggle { text-decoration: none; background-repeat: no-repeat;
+           background-position: center center;
+           background-image: url(?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=more.png); }
+a.toggle:hover { background-color: #444; }
+a.open { background-image: url(?__debugger__=yes&cmd=resource&f=less.png); }
+
+pre.console div.traceback,
+pre.console div.box { margin: 5px 10px; white-space: normal;
+                      border: 1px solid #11557C; padding: 10px;
+                      font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
+                      'Verdana', sans-serif;  }
+pre.console div.box h3,
+pre.console div.traceback h3 { margin: -10px -10px 10px -10px; padding: 5px;
+                               background: #11557C; color: white; }
+
+pre.console div.traceback pre:hover { cursor: default; background: #E8EFF0; }
+pre.console div.traceback pre.syntaxerror { background: inherit; border: none;
+                                            margin: 20px -10px -10px -10px;
+                                            padding: 10px; border-top: 1px solid #BFDDE0;
+                                            background: #E8EFF0; }
+pre.console div.noframe-traceback pre.syntaxerror { margin-top: -10px; border: none; }
+
+pre.console div.box pre.repr { padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color: white; border: none; }
+pre.console div.box table { margin-top: 6px; }
+pre.console div.box pre { border: none; }
+pre.console div.box pre.help { background-color: white; }
+pre.console div.box pre.help:hover { cursor: default; }
+pre.console table tr { vertical-align: top; }
+div.console { border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 4px; background-color: #fafafa; }
+
+div.traceback pre, div.console pre {
+    white-space: pre-wrap;       /* css-3 should we be so lucky... */
+    white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;  /* Mozilla, since 1999 */
+    white-space: -pre-wrap;      /* Opera 4-6 ?? */
+    white-space: -o-pre-wrap;    /* Opera 7 ?? */
+    word-wrap: break-word;       /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */
+    _white-space: pre;           /* IE only hack to re-specify in
+                                 addition to word-wrap  */
+}
+
+
+div.pin-prompt {
+    position: absolute;
+    display: none;
+    top: 0;
+    bottom: 0;
+    left: 0;
+    right: 0;
+    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
+}
+
+div.pin-prompt .inner {
+    background: #eee;
+    padding: 10px 50px;
+    width: 350px;
+    margin: 10% auto 0 auto;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    border-radius: 2px;
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/ubuntu.ttf b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/shared/ubuntu.ttf
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/tbtools.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/tbtools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42f9d92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/tbtools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.debug.tbtools
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides various traceback related utility functions.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD.
+"""
+import re
+
+import os
+import sys
+import json
+import inspect
+import traceback
+import codecs
+from tokenize import TokenError
+
+from werkzeug.utils import cached_property, escape
+from werkzeug.debug.console import Console
+from werkzeug._compat import range_type, PY2, text_type, string_types, \
+    to_native, to_unicode
+from werkzeug.filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
+
+
+_coding_re = re.compile(br'coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)')
+_line_re = re.compile(br'^(.*?)$(?m)')
+_funcdef_re = re.compile(r'^(\s*def\s)|(.*(?<!\w)lambda(:|\s))|^(\s*@)')
+UTF8_COOKIE = b'\xef\xbb\xbf'
+
+system_exceptions = (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt)
+try:
+    system_exceptions += (GeneratorExit,)
+except NameError:
+    pass
+
+
+HEADER = u'''\
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>%(title)s // Werkzeug Debugger</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=style.css"
+        type="text/css">
+    <!-- We need to make sure this has a favicon so that the debugger does
+         not by accident trigger a request to /favicon.ico which might
+         change the application state. -->
+    <link rel="shortcut icon"
+        href="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=console.png">
+    <script src="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=jquery.js"></script>
+    <script src="?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=resource&amp;f=debugger.js"></script>
+    <script type="text/javascript">
+      var TRACEBACK = %(traceback_id)d,
+          CONSOLE_MODE = %(console)s,
+          EVALEX = %(evalex)s,
+          EVALEX_TRUSTED = %(evalex_trusted)s,
+          SECRET = "%(secret)s";
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="debugger">
+'''
+FOOTER = u'''\
+      <div class="footer">
+        Brought to you by <strong class="arthur">DON'T PANIC</strong>, your
+        friendly Werkzeug powered traceback interpreter.
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="pin-prompt">
+      <div class="inner">
+        <h3>Console Locked</h3>
+        <p>
+          The console is locked and needs to be unlocked by entering the PIN.
+          You can find the PIN printed out on the standard output of your
+          shell that runs the server.
+        <form>
+          <p>PIN:
+            <input type=text name=pin size=14>
+            <input type=submit name=btn value="Confirm Pin">
+        </form>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
+'''
+
+PAGE_HTML = HEADER + u'''\
+<h1>%(exception_type)s</h1>
+<div class="detail">
+  <p class="errormsg">%(exception)s</p>
+</div>
+<h2 class="traceback">Traceback <em>(most recent call last)</em></h2>
+%(summary)s
+<div class="plain">
+  <form action="/?__debugger__=yes&amp;cmd=paste" method="post">
+    <p>
+      <input type="hidden" name="language" value="pytb">
+      This is the Copy/Paste friendly version of the traceback.  <span
+      class="pastemessage">You can also paste this traceback into
+      a <a href="https://gist.github.com/">gist</a>:
+      <input type="submit" value="create paste"></span>
+    </p>
+    <textarea cols="50" rows="10" name="code" readonly>%(plaintext)s</textarea>
+  </form>
+</div>
+<div class="explanation">
+  The debugger caught an exception in your WSGI application.  You can now
+  look at the traceback which led to the error.  <span class="nojavascript">
+  If you enable JavaScript you can also use additional features such as code
+  execution (if the evalex feature is enabled), automatic pasting of the
+  exceptions and much more.</span>
+</div>
+''' + FOOTER + '''
+<!--
+
+%(plaintext_cs)s
+
+-->
+'''
+
+CONSOLE_HTML = HEADER + u'''\
+<h1>Interactive Console</h1>
+<div class="explanation">
+In this console you can execute Python expressions in the context of the
+application.  The initial namespace was created by the debugger automatically.
+</div>
+<div class="console"><div class="inner">The Console requires JavaScript.</div></div>
+''' + FOOTER
+
+SUMMARY_HTML = u'''\
+<div class="%(classes)s">
+  %(title)s
+  <ul>%(frames)s</ul>
+  %(description)s
+</div>
+'''
+
+FRAME_HTML = u'''\
+<div class="frame" id="frame-%(id)d">
+  <h4>File <cite class="filename">"%(filename)s"</cite>,
+      line <em class="line">%(lineno)s</em>,
+      in <code class="function">%(function_name)s</code></h4>
+  <div class="source">%(lines)s</div>
+</div>
+'''
+
+SOURCE_LINE_HTML = u'''\
+<tr class="%(classes)s">
+  <td class=lineno>%(lineno)s</td>
+  <td>%(code)s</td>
+</tr>
+'''
+
+
+def render_console_html(secret, evalex_trusted=True):
+    return CONSOLE_HTML % {
+        'evalex':           'true',
+        'evalex_trusted':   evalex_trusted and 'true' or 'false',
+        'console':          'true',
+        'title':            'Console',
+        'secret':           secret,
+        'traceback_id': -1
+    }
+
+
+def get_current_traceback(ignore_system_exceptions=False,
+                          show_hidden_frames=False, skip=0):
+    """Get the current exception info as `Traceback` object.  Per default
+    calling this method will reraise system exceptions such as generator exit,
+    system exit or others.  This behavior can be disabled by passing `False`
+    to the function as first parameter.
+    """
+    exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+    if ignore_system_exceptions and exc_type in system_exceptions:
+        raise
+    for x in range_type(skip):
+        if tb.tb_next is None:
+            break
+        tb = tb.tb_next
+    tb = Traceback(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
+    if not show_hidden_frames:
+        tb.filter_hidden_frames()
+    return tb
+
+
+class Line(object):
+    """Helper for the source renderer."""
+    __slots__ = ('lineno', 'code', 'in_frame', 'current')
+
+    def __init__(self, lineno, code):
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.code = code
+        self.in_frame = False
+        self.current = False
+
+    def classes(self):
+        rv = ['line']
+        if self.in_frame:
+            rv.append('in-frame')
+        if self.current:
+            rv.append('current')
+        return rv
+    classes = property(classes)
+
+    def render(self):
+        return SOURCE_LINE_HTML % {
+            'classes':      u' '.join(self.classes),
+            'lineno':       self.lineno,
+            'code':         escape(self.code)
+        }
+
+
+class Traceback(object):
+    """Wraps a traceback."""
+
+    def __init__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.exc_type = exc_type
+        self.exc_value = exc_value
+        if not isinstance(exc_type, str):
+            exception_type = exc_type.__name__
+            if exc_type.__module__ not in ('__builtin__', 'exceptions'):
+                exception_type = exc_type.__module__ + '.' + exception_type
+        else:
+            exception_type = exc_type
+        self.exception_type = exception_type
+
+        # we only add frames to the list that are not hidden.  This follows
+        # the the magic variables as defined by paste.exceptions.collector
+        self.frames = []
+        while tb:
+            self.frames.append(Frame(exc_type, exc_value, tb))
+            tb = tb.tb_next
+
+    def filter_hidden_frames(self):
+        """Remove the frames according to the paste spec."""
+        if not self.frames:
+            return
+
+        new_frames = []
+        hidden = False
+        for frame in self.frames:
+            hide = frame.hide
+            if hide in ('before', 'before_and_this'):
+                new_frames = []
+                hidden = False
+                if hide == 'before_and_this':
+                    continue
+            elif hide in ('reset', 'reset_and_this'):
+                hidden = False
+                if hide == 'reset_and_this':
+                    continue
+            elif hide in ('after', 'after_and_this'):
+                hidden = True
+                if hide == 'after_and_this':
+                    continue
+            elif hide or hidden:
+                continue
+            new_frames.append(frame)
+
+        # if we only have one frame and that frame is from the codeop
+        # module, remove it.
+        if len(new_frames) == 1 and self.frames[0].module == 'codeop':
+            del self.frames[:]
+
+        # if the last frame is missing something went terrible wrong :(
+        elif self.frames[-1] in new_frames:
+            self.frames[:] = new_frames
+
+    def is_syntax_error(self):
+        """Is it a syntax error?"""
+        return isinstance(self.exc_value, SyntaxError)
+    is_syntax_error = property(is_syntax_error)
+
+    def exception(self):
+        """String representation of the exception."""
+        buf = traceback.format_exception_only(self.exc_type, self.exc_value)
+        rv = ''.join(buf).strip()
+        return rv.decode('utf-8', 'replace') if PY2 else rv
+    exception = property(exception)
+
+    def log(self, logfile=None):
+        """Log the ASCII traceback into a file object."""
+        if logfile is None:
+            logfile = sys.stderr
+        tb = self.plaintext.rstrip() + u'\n'
+        if PY2:
+            tb = tb.encode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        logfile.write(tb)
+
+    def paste(self):
+        """Create a paste and return the paste id."""
+        data = json.dumps({
+            'description': 'Werkzeug Internal Server Error',
+            'public': False,
+            'files': {
+                'traceback.txt': {
+                    'content': self.plaintext
+                }
+            }
+        }).encode('utf-8')
+        try:
+            from urllib2 import urlopen
+        except ImportError:
+            from urllib.request import urlopen
+        rv = urlopen('https://api.github.com/gists', data=data)
+        resp = json.loads(rv.read().decode('utf-8'))
+        rv.close()
+        return {
+            'url': resp['html_url'],
+            'id': resp['id']
+        }
+
+    def render_summary(self, include_title=True):
+        """Render the traceback for the interactive console."""
+        title = ''
+        frames = []
+        classes = ['traceback']
+        if not self.frames:
+            classes.append('noframe-traceback')
+
+        if include_title:
+            if self.is_syntax_error:
+                title = u'Syntax Error'
+            else:
+                title = u'Traceback <em>(most recent call last)</em>:'
+
+        for frame in self.frames:
+            frames.append(u'<li%s>%s' % (
+                frame.info and u' title="%s"' % escape(frame.info) or u'',
+                frame.render()
+            ))
+
+        if self.is_syntax_error:
+            description_wrapper = u'<pre class=syntaxerror>%s</pre>'
+        else:
+            description_wrapper = u'<blockquote>%s</blockquote>'
+
+        return SUMMARY_HTML % {
+            'classes':      u' '.join(classes),
+            'title':        title and u'<h3>%s</h3>' % title or u'',
+            'frames':       u'\n'.join(frames),
+            'description':  description_wrapper % escape(self.exception)
+        }
+
+    def render_full(self, evalex=False, secret=None,
+                    evalex_trusted=True):
+        """Render the Full HTML page with the traceback info."""
+        exc = escape(self.exception)
+        return PAGE_HTML % {
+            'evalex':           evalex and 'true' or 'false',
+            'evalex_trusted':   evalex_trusted and 'true' or 'false',
+            'console':          'false',
+            'title':            exc,
+            'exception':        exc,
+            'exception_type':   escape(self.exception_type),
+            'summary':          self.render_summary(include_title=False),
+            'plaintext':        self.plaintext,
+            'plaintext_cs':     re.sub('-{2,}', '-', self.plaintext),
+            'traceback_id':     self.id,
+            'secret':           secret
+        }
+
+    def generate_plaintext_traceback(self):
+        """Like the plaintext attribute but returns a generator"""
+        yield u'Traceback (most recent call last):'
+        for frame in self.frames:
+            yield u'  File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (
+                frame.filename,
+                frame.lineno,
+                frame.function_name
+            )
+            yield u'    ' + frame.current_line.strip()
+        yield self.exception
+
+    def plaintext(self):
+        return u'\n'.join(self.generate_plaintext_traceback())
+    plaintext = cached_property(plaintext)
+
+    id = property(lambda x: id(x))
+
+
+class Frame(object):
+
+    """A single frame in a traceback."""
+
+    def __init__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.lineno = tb.tb_lineno
+        self.function_name = tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name
+        self.locals = tb.tb_frame.f_locals
+        self.globals = tb.tb_frame.f_globals
+
+        fn = inspect.getsourcefile(tb) or inspect.getfile(tb)
+        if fn[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'):
+            fn = fn[:-1]
+        # if it's a file on the file system resolve the real filename.
+        if os.path.isfile(fn):
+            fn = os.path.realpath(fn)
+        self.filename = to_unicode(fn, get_filesystem_encoding())
+        self.module = self.globals.get('__name__')
+        self.loader = self.globals.get('__loader__')
+        self.code = tb.tb_frame.f_code
+
+        # support for paste's traceback extensions
+        self.hide = self.locals.get('__traceback_hide__', False)
+        info = self.locals.get('__traceback_info__')
+        if info is not None:
+            try:
+                info = text_type(info)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                info = str(info).decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        self.info = info
+
+    def render(self):
+        """Render a single frame in a traceback."""
+        return FRAME_HTML % {
+            'id':               self.id,
+            'filename':         escape(self.filename),
+            'lineno':           self.lineno,
+            'function_name':    escape(self.function_name),
+            'lines':            self.render_line_context(),
+        }
+
+    def render_line_context(self):
+        before, current, after = self.get_context_lines()
+        rv = []
+
+        def render_line(line, cls):
+            line = line.expandtabs().rstrip()
+            stripped_line = line.strip()
+            prefix = len(line) - len(stripped_line)
+            rv.append(
+                '<pre class="line %s"><span class="ws">%s</span>%s</pre>' % (
+                    cls, ' ' * prefix, escape(stripped_line) or ' '))
+
+        for line in before:
+            render_line(line, 'before')
+        render_line(current, 'current')
+        for line in after:
+            render_line(line, 'after')
+
+        return '\n'.join(rv)
+
+    def get_annotated_lines(self):
+        """Helper function that returns lines with extra information."""
+        lines = [Line(idx + 1, x) for idx, x in enumerate(self.sourcelines)]
+
+        # find function definition and mark lines
+        if hasattr(self.code, 'co_firstlineno'):
+            lineno = self.code.co_firstlineno - 1
+            while lineno > 0:
+                if _funcdef_re.match(lines[lineno].code):
+                    break
+                lineno -= 1
+            try:
+                offset = len(inspect.getblock([x.code + '\n' for x
+                                               in lines[lineno:]]))
+            except TokenError:
+                offset = 0
+            for line in lines[lineno:lineno + offset]:
+                line.in_frame = True
+
+        # mark current line
+        try:
+            lines[self.lineno - 1].current = True
+        except IndexError:
+            pass
+
+        return lines
+
+    def eval(self, code, mode='single'):
+        """Evaluate code in the context of the frame."""
+        if isinstance(code, string_types):
+            if PY2 and isinstance(code, unicode):  # noqa
+                code = UTF8_COOKIE + code.encode('utf-8')
+            code = compile(code, '<interactive>', mode)
+        return eval(code, self.globals, self.locals)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sourcelines(self):
+        """The sourcecode of the file as list of unicode strings."""
+        # get sourcecode from loader or file
+        source = None
+        if self.loader is not None:
+            try:
+                if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_source'):
+                    source = self.loader.get_source(self.module)
+                elif hasattr(self.loader, 'get_source_by_code'):
+                    source = self.loader.get_source_by_code(self.code)
+            except Exception:
+                # we munch the exception so that we don't cause troubles
+                # if the loader is broken.
+                pass
+
+        if source is None:
+            try:
+                f = open(to_native(self.filename, get_filesystem_encoding()),
+                         mode='rb')
+            except IOError:
+                return []
+            try:
+                source = f.read()
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+
+        # already unicode?  return right away
+        if isinstance(source, text_type):
+            return source.splitlines()
+
+        # yes. it should be ascii, but we don't want to reject too many
+        # characters in the debugger if something breaks
+        charset = 'utf-8'
+        if source.startswith(UTF8_COOKIE):
+            source = source[3:]
+        else:
+            for idx, match in enumerate(_line_re.finditer(source)):
+                match = _coding_re.search(match.group())
+                if match is not None:
+                    charset = match.group(1)
+                    break
+                if idx > 1:
+                    break
+
+        # on broken cookies we fall back to utf-8 too
+        charset = to_native(charset)
+        try:
+            codecs.lookup(charset)
+        except LookupError:
+            charset = 'utf-8'
+
+        return source.decode(charset, 'replace').splitlines()
+
+    def get_context_lines(self, context=5):
+        before = self.sourcelines[self.lineno - context - 1:self.lineno - 1]
+        past = self.sourcelines[self.lineno:self.lineno + context]
+        return (
+            before,
+            self.current_line,
+            past,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def current_line(self):
+        try:
+            return self.sourcelines[self.lineno - 1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return u''
+
+    @cached_property
+    def console(self):
+        return Console(self.globals, self.locals)
+
+    id = property(lambda x: id(x))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/exceptions.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..392e675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.exceptions
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements a number of Python exceptions you can raise from
+    within your views to trigger a standard non-200 response.
+
+
+    Usage Example
+    -------------
+
+    ::
+
+        from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
+        from werkzeug.wsgi import responder
+        from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound
+
+        def view(request):
+            raise NotFound()
+
+        @responder
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            request = BaseRequest(environ)
+            try:
+                return view(request)
+            except HTTPException as e:
+                return e
+
+
+    As you can see from this example those exceptions are callable WSGI
+    applications.  Because of Python 2.4 compatibility those do not extend
+    from the response objects but only from the python exception class.
+
+    As a matter of fact they are not Werkzeug response objects.  However you
+    can get a response object by calling ``get_response()`` on a HTTP
+    exception.
+
+    Keep in mind that you have to pass an environment to ``get_response()``
+    because some errors fetch additional information from the WSGI
+    environment.
+
+    If you want to hook in a different exception page to say, a 404 status
+    code, you can add a second except for a specific subclass of an error::
+
+        @responder
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            request = BaseRequest(environ)
+            try:
+                return view(request)
+            except NotFound, e:
+                return not_found(request)
+            except HTTPException, e:
+                return e
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+
+# Because of bootstrapping reasons we need to manually patch ourselves
+# onto our parent module.
+import werkzeug
+werkzeug.exceptions = sys.modules[__name__]
+
+from werkzeug._internal import _get_environ
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, integer_types, text_type, \
+    implements_to_string
+
+from werkzeug.wrappers import Response
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class HTTPException(Exception):
+
+    """
+    Baseclass for all HTTP exceptions.  This exception can be called as WSGI
+    application to render a default error page or you can catch the subclasses
+    of it independently and render nicer error messages.
+    """
+
+    code = None
+    description = None
+
+    def __init__(self, description=None, response=None):
+        Exception.__init__(self)
+        if description is not None:
+            self.description = description
+        self.response = response
+
+    @classmethod
+    def wrap(cls, exception, name=None):
+        """This method returns a new subclass of the exception provided that
+        also is a subclass of `BadRequest`.
+        """
+        class newcls(cls, exception):
+
+            def __init__(self, arg=None, *args, **kwargs):
+                cls.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+                exception.__init__(self, arg)
+        newcls.__module__ = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__')
+        newcls.__name__ = name or cls.__name__ + exception.__name__
+        return newcls
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """The status name."""
+        return HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(self.code, 'Unknown Error')
+
+    def get_description(self, environ=None):
+        """Get the description."""
+        return u'<p>%s</p>' % escape(self.description)
+
+    def get_body(self, environ=None):
+        """Get the HTML body."""
+        return text_type((
+            u'<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
+            u'<title>%(code)s %(name)s</title>\n'
+            u'<h1>%(name)s</h1>\n'
+            u'%(description)s\n'
+        ) % {
+            'code':         self.code,
+            'name':         escape(self.name),
+            'description':  self.get_description(environ)
+        })
+
+    def get_headers(self, environ=None):
+        """Get a list of headers."""
+        return [('Content-Type', 'text/html')]
+
+    def get_response(self, environ=None):
+        """Get a response object.  If one was passed to the exception
+        it's returned directly.
+
+        :param environ: the optional environ for the request.  This
+                        can be used to modify the response depending
+                        on how the request looked like.
+        :return: a :class:`Response` object or a subclass thereof.
+        """
+        if self.response is not None:
+            return self.response
+        if environ is not None:
+            environ = _get_environ(environ)
+        headers = self.get_headers(environ)
+        return Response(self.get_body(environ), self.code, headers)
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        """Call the exception as WSGI application.
+
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment.
+        :param start_response: the response callable provided by the WSGI
+                               server.
+        """
+        response = self.get_response(environ)
+        return response(environ, start_response)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%d: %s' % (self.code, self.name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s \'%s\'>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self)
+
+
+class BadRequest(HTTPException):
+
+    """*400* `Bad Request`
+
+    Raise if the browser sends something to the application the application
+    or server cannot handle.
+    """
+    code = 400
+    description = (
+        'The browser (or proxy) sent a request that this server could '
+        'not understand.'
+    )
+
+
+class ClientDisconnected(BadRequest):
+
+    """Internal exception that is raised if Werkzeug detects a disconnected
+    client.  Since the client is already gone at that point attempting to
+    send the error message to the client might not work and might ultimately
+    result in another exception in the server.  Mainly this is here so that
+    it is silenced by default as far as Werkzeug is concerned.
+
+    Since disconnections cannot be reliably detected and are unspecified
+    by WSGI to a large extent this might or might not be raised if a client
+    is gone.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    """
+
+
+class SecurityError(BadRequest):
+
+    """Raised if something triggers a security error.  This is otherwise
+    exactly like a bad request error.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    """
+
+
+class BadHost(BadRequest):
+
+    """Raised if the submitted host is badly formatted.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.11.2
+    """
+
+
+class Unauthorized(HTTPException):
+
+    """*401* `Unauthorized`
+
+    Raise if the user is not authorized.  Also used if you want to use HTTP
+    basic auth.
+    """
+    code = 401
+    description = (
+        'The server could not verify that you are authorized to access '
+        'the URL requested.  You either supplied the wrong credentials (e.g. '
+        'a bad password), or your browser doesn\'t understand how to supply '
+        'the credentials required.'
+    )
+
+
+class Forbidden(HTTPException):
+
+    """*403* `Forbidden`
+
+    Raise if the user doesn't have the permission for the requested resource
+    but was authenticated.
+    """
+    code = 403
+    description = (
+        'You don\'t have the permission to access the requested resource. '
+        'It is either read-protected or not readable by the server.'
+    )
+
+
+class NotFound(HTTPException):
+
+    """*404* `Not Found`
+
+    Raise if a resource does not exist and never existed.
+    """
+    code = 404
+    description = (
+        'The requested URL was not found on the server.  '
+        'If you entered the URL manually please check your spelling and '
+        'try again.'
+    )
+
+
+class MethodNotAllowed(HTTPException):
+
+    """*405* `Method Not Allowed`
+
+    Raise if the server used a method the resource does not handle.  For
+    example `POST` if the resource is view only.  Especially useful for REST.
+
+    The first argument for this exception should be a list of allowed methods.
+    Strictly speaking the response would be invalid if you don't provide valid
+    methods in the header which you can do with that list.
+    """
+    code = 405
+    description = 'The method is not allowed for the requested URL.'
+
+    def __init__(self, valid_methods=None, description=None):
+        """Takes an optional list of valid http methods
+        starting with werkzeug 0.3 the list will be mandatory."""
+        HTTPException.__init__(self, description)
+        self.valid_methods = valid_methods
+
+    def get_headers(self, environ):
+        headers = HTTPException.get_headers(self, environ)
+        if self.valid_methods:
+            headers.append(('Allow', ', '.join(self.valid_methods)))
+        return headers
+
+
+class NotAcceptable(HTTPException):
+
+    """*406* `Not Acceptable`
+
+    Raise if the server can't return any content conforming to the
+    `Accept` headers of the client.
+    """
+    code = 406
+
+    description = (
+        'The resource identified by the request is only capable of '
+        'generating response entities which have content characteristics '
+        'not acceptable according to the accept headers sent in the '
+        'request.'
+    )
+
+
+class RequestTimeout(HTTPException):
+
+    """*408* `Request Timeout`
+
+    Raise to signalize a timeout.
+    """
+    code = 408
+    description = (
+        'The server closed the network connection because the browser '
+        'didn\'t finish the request within the specified time.'
+    )
+
+
+class Conflict(HTTPException):
+
+    """*409* `Conflict`
+
+    Raise to signal that a request cannot be completed because it conflicts
+    with the current state on the server.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    code = 409
+    description = (
+        'A conflict happened while processing the request.  The resource '
+        'might have been modified while the request was being processed.'
+    )
+
+
+class Gone(HTTPException):
+
+    """*410* `Gone`
+
+    Raise if a resource existed previously and went away without new location.
+    """
+    code = 410
+    description = (
+        'The requested URL is no longer available on this server and there '
+        'is no forwarding address. If you followed a link from a foreign '
+        'page, please contact the author of this page.'
+    )
+
+
+class LengthRequired(HTTPException):
+
+    """*411* `Length Required`
+
+    Raise if the browser submitted data but no ``Content-Length`` header which
+    is required for the kind of processing the server does.
+    """
+    code = 411
+    description = (
+        'A request with this method requires a valid <code>Content-'
+        'Length</code> header.'
+    )
+
+
+class PreconditionFailed(HTTPException):
+
+    """*412* `Precondition Failed`
+
+    Status code used in combination with ``If-Match``, ``If-None-Match``, or
+    ``If-Unmodified-Since``.
+    """
+    code = 412
+    description = (
+        'The precondition on the request for the URL failed positive '
+        'evaluation.'
+    )
+
+
+class RequestEntityTooLarge(HTTPException):
+
+    """*413* `Request Entity Too Large`
+
+    The status code one should return if the data submitted exceeded a given
+    limit.
+    """
+    code = 413
+    description = (
+        'The data value transmitted exceeds the capacity limit.'
+    )
+
+
+class RequestURITooLarge(HTTPException):
+
+    """*414* `Request URI Too Large`
+
+    Like *413* but for too long URLs.
+    """
+    code = 414
+    description = (
+        'The length of the requested URL exceeds the capacity limit '
+        'for this server.  The request cannot be processed.'
+    )
+
+
+class UnsupportedMediaType(HTTPException):
+
+    """*415* `Unsupported Media Type`
+
+    The status code returned if the server is unable to handle the media type
+    the client transmitted.
+    """
+    code = 415
+    description = (
+        'The server does not support the media type transmitted in '
+        'the request.'
+    )
+
+
+class RequestedRangeNotSatisfiable(HTTPException):
+
+    """*416* `Requested Range Not Satisfiable`
+
+    The client asked for a part of the file that lies beyond the end
+    of the file.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    code = 416
+    description = (
+        'The server cannot provide the requested range.'
+    )
+
+
+class ExpectationFailed(HTTPException):
+
+    """*417* `Expectation Failed`
+
+    The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    code = 417
+    description = (
+        'The server could not meet the requirements of the Expect header'
+    )
+
+
+class ImATeapot(HTTPException):
+
+    """*418* `I'm a teapot`
+
+    The server should return this if it is a teapot and someone attempted
+    to brew coffee with it.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    code = 418
+    description = (
+        'This server is a teapot, not a coffee machine'
+    )
+
+
+class UnprocessableEntity(HTTPException):
+
+    """*422* `Unprocessable Entity`
+
+    Used if the request is well formed, but the instructions are otherwise
+    incorrect.
+    """
+    code = 422
+    description = (
+        'The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed '
+        'due to semantic errors.'
+    )
+
+
+class PreconditionRequired(HTTPException):
+
+    """*428* `Precondition Required`
+
+    The server requires this request to be conditional, typically to prevent
+    the lost update problem, which is a race condition between two or more
+    clients attempting to update a resource through PUT or DELETE. By requiring
+    each client to include a conditional header ("If-Match" or "If-Unmodified-
+    Since") with the proper value retained from a recent GET request, the
+    server ensures that each client has at least seen the previous revision of
+    the resource.
+    """
+    code = 428
+    description = (
+        'This request is required to be conditional; try using "If-Match" '
+        'or "If-Unmodified-Since".'
+    )
+
+
+class TooManyRequests(HTTPException):
+
+    """*429* `Too Many Requests`
+
+    The server is limiting the rate at which this user receives responses, and
+    this request exceeds that rate. (The server may use any convenient method
+    to identify users and their request rates). The server may include a
+    "Retry-After" header to indicate how long the user should wait before
+    retrying.
+    """
+    code = 429
+    description = (
+        'This user has exceeded an allotted request count. Try again later.'
+    )
+
+
+class RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge(HTTPException):
+
+    """*431* `Request Header Fields Too Large`
+
+    The server refuses to process the request because the header fields are too
+    large. One or more individual fields may be too large, or the set of all
+    headers is too large.
+    """
+    code = 431
+    description = (
+        'One or more header fields exceeds the maximum size.'
+    )
+
+
+class InternalServerError(HTTPException):
+
+    """*500* `Internal Server Error`
+
+    Raise if an internal server error occurred.  This is a good fallback if an
+    unknown error occurred in the dispatcher.
+    """
+    code = 500
+    description = (
+        'The server encountered an internal error and was unable to '
+        'complete your request.  Either the server is overloaded or there '
+        'is an error in the application.'
+    )
+
+
+class NotImplemented(HTTPException):
+
+    """*501* `Not Implemented`
+
+    Raise if the application does not support the action requested by the
+    browser.
+    """
+    code = 501
+    description = (
+        'The server does not support the action requested by the '
+        'browser.'
+    )
+
+
+class BadGateway(HTTPException):
+
+    """*502* `Bad Gateway`
+
+    If you do proxying in your application you should return this status code
+    if you received an invalid response from the upstream server it accessed
+    in attempting to fulfill the request.
+    """
+    code = 502
+    description = (
+        'The proxy server received an invalid response from an upstream '
+        'server.'
+    )
+
+
+class ServiceUnavailable(HTTPException):
+
+    """*503* `Service Unavailable`
+
+    Status code you should return if a service is temporarily unavailable.
+    """
+    code = 503
+    description = (
+        'The server is temporarily unable to service your request due to '
+        'maintenance downtime or capacity problems.  Please try again '
+        'later.'
+    )
+
+
+class GatewayTimeout(HTTPException):
+
+    """*504* `Gateway Timeout`
+
+    Status code you should return if a connection to an upstream server
+    times out.
+    """
+    code = 504
+    description = (
+        'The connection to an upstream server timed out.'
+    )
+
+
+class HTTPVersionNotSupported(HTTPException):
+
+    """*505* `HTTP Version Not Supported`
+
+    The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request.
+    """
+    code = 505
+    description = (
+        'The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the '
+        'request.'
+    )
+
+
+default_exceptions = {}
+__all__ = ['HTTPException']
+
+
+def _find_exceptions():
+    for name, obj in iteritems(globals()):
+        try:
+            is_http_exception = issubclass(obj, HTTPException)
+        except TypeError:
+            is_http_exception = False
+        if not is_http_exception or obj.code is None:
+            continue
+        __all__.append(obj.__name__)
+        old_obj = default_exceptions.get(obj.code, None)
+        if old_obj is not None and issubclass(obj, old_obj):
+            continue
+        default_exceptions[obj.code] = obj
+_find_exceptions()
+del _find_exceptions
+
+
+class Aborter(object):
+
+    """
+    When passed a dict of code -> exception items it can be used as
+    callable that raises exceptions.  If the first argument to the
+    callable is an integer it will be looked up in the mapping, if it's
+    a WSGI application it will be raised in a proxy exception.
+
+    The rest of the arguments are forwarded to the exception constructor.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, mapping=None, extra=None):
+        if mapping is None:
+            mapping = default_exceptions
+        self.mapping = dict(mapping)
+        if extra is not None:
+            self.mapping.update(extra)
+
+    def __call__(self, code, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not args and not kwargs and not isinstance(code, integer_types):
+            raise HTTPException(response=code)
+        if code not in self.mapping:
+            raise LookupError('no exception for %r' % code)
+        raise self.mapping[code](*args, **kwargs)
+
+abort = Aborter()
+
+
+#: an exception that is used internally to signal both a key error and a
+#: bad request.  Used by a lot of the datastructures.
+BadRequestKeyError = BadRequest.wrap(KeyError)
+
+
+# imported here because of circular dependencies of werkzeug.utils
+from werkzeug.utils import escape
+from werkzeug.http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/filesystem.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/filesystem.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bd96d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/filesystem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.filesystem
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Various utilities for the local filesystem.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2015 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import codecs
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+# We do not trust traditional unixes.
+has_likely_buggy_unicode_filesystem = \
+    sys.platform.startswith('linux') or 'bsd' in sys.platform
+
+
+def _is_ascii_encoding(encoding):
+    """
+    Given an encoding this figures out if the encoding is actually ASCII (which
+    is something we don't actually want in most cases). This is necessary
+    because ASCII comes under many names such as ANSI_X3.4-1968.
+    """
+    if encoding is None:
+        return False
+    try:
+        return codecs.lookup(encoding).name == 'ascii'
+    except LookupError:
+        return False
+
+
+class BrokenFilesystemWarning(RuntimeWarning, UnicodeWarning):
+    '''The warning used by Werkzeug to signal a broken filesystem. Will only be
+    used once per runtime.'''
+
+
+_warned_about_filesystem_encoding = False
+
+
+def get_filesystem_encoding():
+    """
+    Returns the filesystem encoding that should be used. Note that this is
+    different from the Python understanding of the filesystem encoding which
+    might be deeply flawed. Do not use this value against Python's unicode APIs
+    because it might be different. See :ref:`filesystem-encoding` for the exact
+    behavior.
+
+    The concept of a filesystem encoding in generally is not something you
+    should rely on. As such if you ever need to use this function except for
+    writing wrapper code reconsider.
+    """
+    global _warned_about_filesystem_encoding
+    rv = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if has_likely_buggy_unicode_filesystem and not rv \
+       or _is_ascii_encoding(rv):
+        if not _warned_about_filesystem_encoding:
+            warnings.warn(
+                'Detected a misconfigured UNIX filesystem: Will use UTF-8 as '
+                'filesystem encoding instead of {!r}'.format(rv),
+                BrokenFilesystemWarning)
+            _warned_about_filesystem_encoding = True
+        return 'utf-8'
+    return rv
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/formparser.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/formparser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b873171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/formparser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.formparser
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements the form parsing.  It supports url-encoded forms
+    as well as non-nested multipart uploads.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import codecs
+from io import BytesIO
+from tempfile import TemporaryFile
+from itertools import chain, repeat, tee
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from werkzeug._compat import to_native, text_type
+from werkzeug.urls import url_decode_stream
+from werkzeug.wsgi import make_line_iter, \
+    get_input_stream, get_content_length
+from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, FileStorage, MultiDict
+from werkzeug.http import parse_options_header
+
+
+#: an iterator that yields empty strings
+_empty_string_iter = repeat('')
+
+#: a regular expression for multipart boundaries
+_multipart_boundary_re = re.compile('^[ -~]{0,200}[!-~]$')
+
+#: supported http encodings that are also available in python we support
+#: for multipart messages.
+_supported_multipart_encodings = frozenset(['base64', 'quoted-printable'])
+
+
+def default_stream_factory(total_content_length, filename, content_type,
+                           content_length=None):
+    """The stream factory that is used per default."""
+    if total_content_length > 1024 * 500:
+        return TemporaryFile('wb+')
+    return BytesIO()
+
+
+def parse_form_data(environ, stream_factory=None, charset='utf-8',
+                    errors='replace', max_form_memory_size=None,
+                    max_content_length=None, cls=None,
+                    silent=True):
+    """Parse the form data in the environ and return it as tuple in the form
+    ``(stream, form, files)``.  You should only call this method if the
+    transport method is `POST`, `PUT`, or `PATCH`.
+
+    If the mimetype of the data transmitted is `multipart/form-data` the
+    files multidict will be filled with `FileStorage` objects.  If the
+    mimetype is unknown the input stream is wrapped and returned as first
+    argument, else the stream is empty.
+
+    This is a shortcut for the common usage of :class:`FormDataParser`.
+
+    Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       The `max_form_memory_size`, `max_content_length` and
+       `cls` parameters were added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5.1
+       The optional `silent` flag was added.
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment to be used for parsing.
+    :param stream_factory: An optional callable that returns a new read and
+                           writeable file descriptor.  This callable works
+                           the same as :meth:`~BaseResponse._get_file_stream`.
+    :param charset: The character set for URL and url encoded form data.
+    :param errors: The encoding error behavior.
+    :param max_form_memory_size: the maximum number of bytes to be accepted for
+                           in-memory stored form data.  If the data
+                           exceeds the value specified an
+                           :exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
+                           exception is raised.
+    :param max_content_length: If this is provided and the transmitted data
+                               is longer than this value an
+                               :exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
+                               exception is raised.
+    :param cls: an optional dict class to use.  If this is not specified
+                       or `None` the default :class:`MultiDict` is used.
+    :param silent: If set to False parsing errors will not be caught.
+    :return: A tuple in the form ``(stream, form, files)``.
+    """
+    return FormDataParser(stream_factory, charset, errors,
+                          max_form_memory_size, max_content_length,
+                          cls, silent).parse_from_environ(environ)
+
+
+def exhaust_stream(f):
+    """Helper decorator for methods that exhausts the stream on return."""
+
+    def wrapper(self, stream, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return f(self, stream, *args, **kwargs)
+        finally:
+            exhaust = getattr(stream, 'exhaust', None)
+            if exhaust is not None:
+                exhaust()
+            else:
+                while 1:
+                    chunk = stream.read(1024 * 64)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+    return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)
+
+
+class FormDataParser(object):
+
+    """This class implements parsing of form data for Werkzeug.  By itself
+    it can parse multipart and url encoded form data.  It can be subclassed
+    and extended but for most mimetypes it is a better idea to use the
+    untouched stream and expose it as separate attributes on a request
+    object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    :param stream_factory: An optional callable that returns a new read and
+                           writeable file descriptor.  This callable works
+                           the same as :meth:`~BaseResponse._get_file_stream`.
+    :param charset: The character set for URL and url encoded form data.
+    :param errors: The encoding error behavior.
+    :param max_form_memory_size: the maximum number of bytes to be accepted for
+                           in-memory stored form data.  If the data
+                           exceeds the value specified an
+                           :exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
+                           exception is raised.
+    :param max_content_length: If this is provided and the transmitted data
+                               is longer than this value an
+                               :exc:`~exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge`
+                               exception is raised.
+    :param cls: an optional dict class to use.  If this is not specified
+                       or `None` the default :class:`MultiDict` is used.
+    :param silent: If set to False parsing errors will not be caught.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream_factory=None, charset='utf-8',
+                 errors='replace', max_form_memory_size=None,
+                 max_content_length=None, cls=None,
+                 silent=True):
+        if stream_factory is None:
+            stream_factory = default_stream_factory
+        self.stream_factory = stream_factory
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.errors = errors
+        self.max_form_memory_size = max_form_memory_size
+        self.max_content_length = max_content_length
+        if cls is None:
+            cls = MultiDict
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.silent = silent
+
+    def get_parse_func(self, mimetype, options):
+        return self.parse_functions.get(mimetype)
+
+    def parse_from_environ(self, environ):
+        """Parses the information from the environment as form data.
+
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment to be used for parsing.
+        :return: A tuple in the form ``(stream, form, files)``.
+        """
+        content_type = environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
+        content_length = get_content_length(environ)
+        mimetype, options = parse_options_header(content_type)
+        return self.parse(get_input_stream(environ), mimetype,
+                          content_length, options)
+
+    def parse(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options=None):
+        """Parses the information from the given stream, mimetype,
+        content length and mimetype parameters.
+
+        :param stream: an input stream
+        :param mimetype: the mimetype of the data
+        :param content_length: the content length of the incoming data
+        :param options: optional mimetype parameters (used for
+                        the multipart boundary for instance)
+        :return: A tuple in the form ``(stream, form, files)``.
+        """
+        if self.max_content_length is not None and \
+           content_length is not None and \
+           content_length > self.max_content_length:
+            raise exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge()
+        if options is None:
+            options = {}
+
+        parse_func = self.get_parse_func(mimetype, options)
+        if parse_func is not None:
+            try:
+                return parse_func(self, stream, mimetype,
+                                  content_length, options)
+            except ValueError:
+                if not self.silent:
+                    raise
+
+        return stream, self.cls(), self.cls()
+
+    @exhaust_stream
+    def _parse_multipart(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options):
+        parser = MultiPartParser(self.stream_factory, self.charset, self.errors,
+                                 max_form_memory_size=self.max_form_memory_size,
+                                 cls=self.cls)
+        boundary = options.get('boundary')
+        if boundary is None:
+            raise ValueError('Missing boundary')
+        if isinstance(boundary, text_type):
+            boundary = boundary.encode('ascii')
+        form, files = parser.parse(stream, boundary, content_length)
+        return stream, form, files
+
+    @exhaust_stream
+    def _parse_urlencoded(self, stream, mimetype, content_length, options):
+        if self.max_form_memory_size is not None and \
+           content_length is not None and \
+           content_length > self.max_form_memory_size:
+            raise exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge()
+        form = url_decode_stream(stream, self.charset,
+                                 errors=self.errors, cls=self.cls)
+        return stream, form, self.cls()
+
+    #: mapping of mimetypes to parsing functions
+    parse_functions = {
+        'multipart/form-data':                  _parse_multipart,
+        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':    _parse_urlencoded,
+        'application/x-url-encoded':            _parse_urlencoded
+    }
+
+
+def is_valid_multipart_boundary(boundary):
+    """Checks if the string given is a valid multipart boundary."""
+    return _multipart_boundary_re.match(boundary) is not None
+
+
+def _line_parse(line):
+    """Removes line ending characters and returns a tuple (`stripped_line`,
+    `is_terminated`).
+    """
+    if line[-2:] in ['\r\n', b'\r\n']:
+        return line[:-2], True
+    elif line[-1:] in ['\r', '\n', b'\r', b'\n']:
+        return line[:-1], True
+    return line, False
+
+
+def parse_multipart_headers(iterable):
+    """Parses multipart headers from an iterable that yields lines (including
+    the trailing newline symbol).  The iterable has to be newline terminated.
+
+    The iterable will stop at the line where the headers ended so it can be
+    further consumed.
+
+    :param iterable: iterable of strings that are newline terminated
+    """
+    result = []
+    for line in iterable:
+        line = to_native(line)
+        line, line_terminated = _line_parse(line)
+        if not line_terminated:
+            raise ValueError('unexpected end of line in multipart header')
+        if not line:
+            break
+        elif line[0] in ' \t' and result:
+            key, value = result[-1]
+            result[-1] = (key, value + '\n ' + line[1:])
+        else:
+            parts = line.split(':', 1)
+            if len(parts) == 2:
+                result.append((parts[0].strip(), parts[1].strip()))
+
+    # we link the list to the headers, no need to create a copy, the
+    # list was not shared anyways.
+    return Headers(result)
+
+
+_begin_form = 'begin_form'
+_begin_file = 'begin_file'
+_cont = 'cont'
+_end = 'end'
+
+
+class MultiPartParser(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream_factory=None, charset='utf-8', errors='replace',
+                 max_form_memory_size=None, cls=None, buffer_size=64 * 1024):
+        self.stream_factory = stream_factory
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.errors = errors
+        self.max_form_memory_size = max_form_memory_size
+        if stream_factory is None:
+            stream_factory = default_stream_factory
+        if cls is None:
+            cls = MultiDict
+        self.cls = cls
+
+        # make sure the buffer size is divisible by four so that we can base64
+        # decode chunk by chunk
+        assert buffer_size % 4 == 0, 'buffer size has to be divisible by 4'
+        # also the buffer size has to be at least 1024 bytes long or long headers
+        # will freak out the system
+        assert buffer_size >= 1024, 'buffer size has to be at least 1KB'
+
+        self.buffer_size = buffer_size
+
+    def _fix_ie_filename(self, filename):
+        """Internet Explorer 6 transmits the full file name if a file is
+        uploaded.  This function strips the full path if it thinks the
+        filename is Windows-like absolute.
+        """
+        if filename[1:3] == ':\\' or filename[:2] == '\\\\':
+            return filename.split('\\')[-1]
+        return filename
+
+    def _find_terminator(self, iterator):
+        """The terminator might have some additional newlines before it.
+        There is at least one application that sends additional newlines
+        before headers (the python setuptools package).
+        """
+        for line in iterator:
+            if not line:
+                break
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line:
+                return line
+        return b''
+
+    def fail(self, message):
+        raise ValueError(message)
+
+    def get_part_encoding(self, headers):
+        transfer_encoding = headers.get('content-transfer-encoding')
+        if transfer_encoding is not None and \
+           transfer_encoding in _supported_multipart_encodings:
+            return transfer_encoding
+
+    def get_part_charset(self, headers):
+        # Figure out input charset for current part
+        content_type = headers.get('content-type')
+        if content_type:
+            mimetype, ct_params = parse_options_header(content_type)
+            return ct_params.get('charset', self.charset)
+        return self.charset
+
+    def start_file_streaming(self, filename, headers, total_content_length):
+        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            filename = filename.decode(self.charset, self.errors)
+        filename = self._fix_ie_filename(filename)
+        content_type = headers.get('content-type')
+        try:
+            content_length = int(headers['content-length'])
+        except (KeyError, ValueError):
+            content_length = 0
+        container = self.stream_factory(total_content_length, content_type,
+                                        filename, content_length)
+        return filename, container
+
+    def in_memory_threshold_reached(self, bytes):
+        raise exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge()
+
+    def validate_boundary(self, boundary):
+        if not boundary:
+            self.fail('Missing boundary')
+        if not is_valid_multipart_boundary(boundary):
+            self.fail('Invalid boundary: %s' % boundary)
+        if len(boundary) > self.buffer_size:  # pragma: no cover
+            # this should never happen because we check for a minimum size
+            # of 1024 and boundaries may not be longer than 200.  The only
+            # situation when this happens is for non debug builds where
+            # the assert is skipped.
+            self.fail('Boundary longer than buffer size')
+
+    def parse_lines(self, file, boundary, content_length):
+        """Generate parts of
+        ``('begin_form', (headers, name))``
+        ``('begin_file', (headers, name, filename))``
+        ``('cont', bytestring)``
+        ``('end', None)``
+
+        Always obeys the grammar
+        parts = ( begin_form cont* end |
+                  begin_file cont* end )*
+        """
+        next_part = b'--' + boundary
+        last_part = next_part + b'--'
+
+        iterator = chain(make_line_iter(file, limit=content_length,
+                                        buffer_size=self.buffer_size),
+                         _empty_string_iter)
+
+        terminator = self._find_terminator(iterator)
+
+        if terminator == last_part:
+            return
+        elif terminator != next_part:
+            self.fail('Expected boundary at start of multipart data')
+
+        while terminator != last_part:
+            headers = parse_multipart_headers(iterator)
+
+            disposition = headers.get('content-disposition')
+            if disposition is None:
+                self.fail('Missing Content-Disposition header')
+            disposition, extra = parse_options_header(disposition)
+            transfer_encoding = self.get_part_encoding(headers)
+            name = extra.get('name')
+            filename = extra.get('filename')
+
+            # if no content type is given we stream into memory.  A list is
+            # used as a temporary container.
+            if filename is None:
+                yield _begin_form, (headers, name)
+
+            # otherwise we parse the rest of the headers and ask the stream
+            # factory for something we can write in.
+            else:
+                yield _begin_file, (headers, name, filename)
+
+            buf = b''
+            for line in iterator:
+                if not line:
+                    self.fail('unexpected end of stream')
+
+                if line[:2] == b'--':
+                    terminator = line.rstrip()
+                    if terminator in (next_part, last_part):
+                        break
+
+                if transfer_encoding is not None:
+                    if transfer_encoding == 'base64':
+                        transfer_encoding = 'base64_codec'
+                    try:
+                        line = codecs.decode(line, transfer_encoding)
+                    except Exception:
+                        self.fail('could not decode transfer encoded chunk')
+
+                # we have something in the buffer from the last iteration.
+                # this is usually a newline delimiter.
+                if buf:
+                    yield _cont, buf
+                    buf = b''
+
+                # If the line ends with windows CRLF we write everything except
+                # the last two bytes.  In all other cases however we write
+                # everything except the last byte.  If it was a newline, that's
+                # fine, otherwise it does not matter because we will write it
+                # the next iteration.  this ensures we do not write the
+                # final newline into the stream.  That way we do not have to
+                # truncate the stream.  However we do have to make sure that
+                # if something else than a newline is in there we write it
+                # out.
+                if line[-2:] == b'\r\n':
+                    buf = b'\r\n'
+                    cutoff = -2
+                else:
+                    buf = line[-1:]
+                    cutoff = -1
+                yield _cont, line[:cutoff]
+
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ValueError('unexpected end of part')
+
+            # if we have a leftover in the buffer that is not a newline
+            # character we have to flush it, otherwise we will chop of
+            # certain values.
+            if buf not in (b'', b'\r', b'\n', b'\r\n'):
+                yield _cont, buf
+
+            yield _end, None
+
+    def parse_parts(self, file, boundary, content_length):
+        """Generate ``('file', (name, val))`` and
+        ``('form', (name, val))`` parts.
+        """
+        in_memory = 0
+
+        for ellt, ell in self.parse_lines(file, boundary, content_length):
+            if ellt == _begin_file:
+                headers, name, filename = ell
+                is_file = True
+                guard_memory = False
+                filename, container = self.start_file_streaming(
+                    filename, headers, content_length)
+                _write = container.write
+
+            elif ellt == _begin_form:
+                headers, name = ell
+                is_file = False
+                container = []
+                _write = container.append
+                guard_memory = self.max_form_memory_size is not None
+
+            elif ellt == _cont:
+                _write(ell)
+                # if we write into memory and there is a memory size limit we
+                # count the number of bytes in memory and raise an exception if
+                # there is too much data in memory.
+                if guard_memory:
+                    in_memory += len(ell)
+                    if in_memory > self.max_form_memory_size:
+                        self.in_memory_threshold_reached(in_memory)
+
+            elif ellt == _end:
+                if is_file:
+                    container.seek(0)
+                    yield ('file',
+                           (name, FileStorage(container, filename, name,
+                                              headers=headers)))
+                else:
+                    part_charset = self.get_part_charset(headers)
+                    yield ('form',
+                           (name, b''.join(container).decode(
+                               part_charset, self.errors)))
+
+    def parse(self, file, boundary, content_length):
+        formstream, filestream = tee(
+            self.parse_parts(file, boundary, content_length), 2)
+        form = (p[1] for p in formstream if p[0] == 'form')
+        files = (p[1] for p in filestream if p[0] == 'file')
+        return self.cls(form), self.cls(files)
+
+
+from werkzeug import exceptions
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/http.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/http.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51f9159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/http.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1023 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.http
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Werkzeug comes with a bunch of utilities that help Werkzeug to deal with
+    HTTP data.  Most of the classes and functions provided by this module are
+    used by the wrappers, but they are useful on their own, too, especially if
+    the response and request objects are not used.
+
+    This covers some of the more HTTP centric features of WSGI, some other
+    utilities such as cookie handling are documented in the `werkzeug.utils`
+    module.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+from time import time, gmtime
+try:
+    from email.utils import parsedate_tz
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from email.Utils import parsedate_tz
+try:
+    from urllib2 import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from urllib.request import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from hashlib import md5
+import base64
+
+from werkzeug._internal import _cookie_quote, _make_cookie_domain, \
+    _cookie_parse_impl
+from werkzeug._compat import to_unicode, iteritems, text_type, \
+    string_types, try_coerce_native, to_bytes, PY2, \
+    integer_types
+
+
+_cookie_charset = 'latin1'
+# for explanation of "media-range", etc. see Sections 5.3.{1,2} of RFC 7231
+_accept_re = re.compile(
+    r'''(                       # media-range capturing-parenthesis
+              [^\s;,]+              # type/subtype
+              (?:[ \t]*;[ \t]*      # ";"
+                (?:                 # parameter non-capturing-parenthesis
+                  [^\s;,q][^\s;,]*  # token that doesn't start with "q"
+                |                   # or
+                  q[^\s;,=][^\s;,]* # token that is more than just "q"
+                )
+              )*                    # zero or more parameters
+            )                       # end of media-range
+            (?:[ \t]*;[ \t]*q=      # weight is a "q" parameter
+              (\d*(?:\.\d+)?)       # qvalue capturing-parentheses
+              [^,]*                 # "extension" accept params: who cares?
+            )?                      # accept params are optional
+        ''', re.VERBOSE)
+_token_chars = frozenset("!#$%&'*+-.0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+                         '^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|~')
+_etag_re = re.compile(r'([Ww]/)?(?:"(.*?)"|(.*?))(?:\s*,\s*|$)')
+_unsafe_header_chars = set('()<>@,;:\"/[]?={} \t')
+_quoted_string_re = r'"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"'
+_option_header_piece_re = re.compile(
+    r';\s*(%s|[^\s;,=]+)\s*(?:=\s*(%s|[^;,]+)?)?\s*' %
+    (_quoted_string_re, _quoted_string_re)
+)
+_option_header_start_mime_type = re.compile(r',\s*([^;,\s]+)([;,]\s*.+)?')
+
+_entity_headers = frozenset([
+    'allow', 'content-encoding', 'content-language', 'content-length',
+    'content-location', 'content-md5', 'content-range', 'content-type',
+    'expires', 'last-modified'
+])
+_hop_by_hop_headers = frozenset([
+    'connection', 'keep-alive', 'proxy-authenticate',
+    'proxy-authorization', 'te', 'trailer', 'transfer-encoding',
+    'upgrade'
+])
+
+
+HTTP_STATUS_CODES = {
+    100:    'Continue',
+    101:    'Switching Protocols',
+    102:    'Processing',
+    200:    'OK',
+    201:    'Created',
+    202:    'Accepted',
+    203:    'Non Authoritative Information',
+    204:    'No Content',
+    205:    'Reset Content',
+    206:    'Partial Content',
+    207:    'Multi Status',
+    226:    'IM Used',              # see RFC 3229
+    300:    'Multiple Choices',
+    301:    'Moved Permanently',
+    302:    'Found',
+    303:    'See Other',
+    304:    'Not Modified',
+    305:    'Use Proxy',
+    307:    'Temporary Redirect',
+    400:    'Bad Request',
+    401:    'Unauthorized',
+    402:    'Payment Required',     # unused
+    403:    'Forbidden',
+    404:    'Not Found',
+    405:    'Method Not Allowed',
+    406:    'Not Acceptable',
+    407:    'Proxy Authentication Required',
+    408:    'Request Timeout',
+    409:    'Conflict',
+    410:    'Gone',
+    411:    'Length Required',
+    412:    'Precondition Failed',
+    413:    'Request Entity Too Large',
+    414:    'Request URI Too Long',
+    415:    'Unsupported Media Type',
+    416:    'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
+    417:    'Expectation Failed',
+    418:    'I\'m a teapot',  # see RFC 2324
+    422:    'Unprocessable Entity',
+    423:    'Locked',
+    424:    'Failed Dependency',
+    426:    'Upgrade Required',
+    428:    'Precondition Required',  # see RFC 6585
+    429:    'Too Many Requests',
+    431:    'Request Header Fields Too Large',
+    449:    'Retry With',  # proprietary MS extension
+    500:    'Internal Server Error',
+    501:    'Not Implemented',
+    502:    'Bad Gateway',
+    503:    'Service Unavailable',
+    504:    'Gateway Timeout',
+    505:    'HTTP Version Not Supported',
+    507:    'Insufficient Storage',
+    510:    'Not Extended'
+}
+
+
+def wsgi_to_bytes(data):
+    """coerce wsgi unicode represented bytes to real ones
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(data, bytes):
+        return data
+    return data.encode('latin1')  # XXX: utf8 fallback?
+
+
+def bytes_to_wsgi(data):
+    assert isinstance(data, bytes), 'data must be bytes'
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        return data
+    else:
+        return data.decode('latin1')
+
+
+def quote_header_value(value, extra_chars='', allow_token=True):
+    """Quote a header value if necessary.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param value: the value to quote.
+    :param extra_chars: a list of extra characters to skip quoting.
+    :param allow_token: if this is enabled token values are returned
+                        unchanged.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = bytes_to_wsgi(value)
+    value = str(value)
+    if allow_token:
+        token_chars = _token_chars | set(extra_chars)
+        if set(value).issubset(token_chars):
+            return value
+    return '"%s"' % value.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace('"', '\\"')
+
+
+def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
+    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
+    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
+    using for quoting.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param value: the header value to unquote.
+    """
+    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
+        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
+        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
+        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
+        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
+        value = value[1:-1]
+
+        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
+        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
+        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
+        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
+        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
+        if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\':
+            return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
+    return value
+
+
+def dump_options_header(header, options):
+    """The reverse function to :func:`parse_options_header`.
+
+    :param header: the header to dump
+    :param options: a dict of options to append.
+    """
+    segments = []
+    if header is not None:
+        segments.append(header)
+    for key, value in iteritems(options):
+        if value is None:
+            segments.append(key)
+        else:
+            segments.append('%s=%s' % (key, quote_header_value(value)))
+    return '; '.join(segments)
+
+
+def dump_header(iterable, allow_token=True):
+    """Dump an HTTP header again.  This is the reversal of
+    :func:`parse_list_header`, :func:`parse_set_header` and
+    :func:`parse_dict_header`.  This also quotes strings that include an
+    equals sign unless you pass it as dict of key, value pairs.
+
+    >>> dump_header({'foo': 'bar baz'})
+    'foo="bar baz"'
+    >>> dump_header(('foo', 'bar baz'))
+    'foo, "bar baz"'
+
+    :param iterable: the iterable or dict of values to quote.
+    :param allow_token: if set to `False` tokens as values are disallowed.
+                        See :func:`quote_header_value` for more details.
+    """
+    if isinstance(iterable, dict):
+        items = []
+        for key, value in iteritems(iterable):
+            if value is None:
+                items.append(key)
+            else:
+                items.append('%s=%s' % (
+                    key,
+                    quote_header_value(value, allow_token=allow_token)
+                ))
+    else:
+        items = [quote_header_value(x, allow_token=allow_token)
+                 for x in iterable]
+    return ', '.join(items)
+
+
+def parse_list_header(value):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
+
+    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
+    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
+
+    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
+
+    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
+    ['token', 'quoted value']
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a list header.
+    :return: :class:`list`
+    """
+    result = []
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
+            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
+        result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_dict_header(value, cls=dict):
+    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
+    convert them into a python dict (or any other mapping object created from
+    the type with a dict like interface provided by the `cls` arugment):
+
+    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
+    >>> type(d) is dict
+    True
+    >>> sorted(d.items())
+    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
+
+    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
+
+    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
+    {'key_without_value': None}
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       Added support for `cls` argument.
+
+    :param value: a string with a dict header.
+    :param cls: callable to use for storage of parsed results.
+    :return: an instance of `cls`
+    """
+    result = cls()
+    if not isinstance(value, text_type):
+        # XXX: validate
+        value = bytes_to_wsgi(value)
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if '=' not in item:
+            result[item] = None
+            continue
+        name, value = item.split('=', 1)
+        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
+            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
+        result[name] = value
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_options_header(value, multiple=False):
+    """Parse a ``Content-Type`` like header into a tuple with the content
+    type and the options:
+
+    >>> parse_options_header('text/html; charset=utf8')
+    ('text/html', {'charset': 'utf8'})
+
+    This should not be used to parse ``Cache-Control`` like headers that use
+    a slightly different format.  For these headers use the
+    :func:`parse_dict_header` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param value: the header to parse.
+    :param multiple: Whether try to parse and return multiple MIME types
+    :return: (mimetype, options) or (mimetype, options, mimetype, options, …)
+             if multiple=True
+    """
+
+    if not value:
+        return '', {}
+
+    result = []
+
+    value = "," + value.replace("\n", ",")
+    while value:
+        match = _option_header_start_mime_type.match(value)
+        if not match:
+            break
+        result.append(match.group(1))  # mimetype
+        options = {}
+        # Parse options
+        rest = match.group(2)
+        while rest:
+            optmatch = _option_header_piece_re.match(rest)
+            if not optmatch:
+                break
+            option, option_value = optmatch.groups()
+            option = unquote_header_value(option)
+            if option_value is not None:
+                option_value = unquote_header_value(
+                    option_value,
+                    option == 'filename')
+            options[option] = option_value
+            rest = rest[optmatch.end():]
+        result.append(options)
+        if multiple is False:
+            return tuple(result)
+        value = rest
+
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+def parse_accept_header(value, cls=None):
+    """Parses an HTTP Accept-* header.  This does not implement a complete
+    valid algorithm but one that supports at least value and quality
+    extraction.
+
+    Returns a new :class:`Accept` object (basically a list of ``(value, quality)``
+    tuples sorted by the quality with some additional accessor methods).
+
+    The second parameter can be a subclass of :class:`Accept` that is created
+    with the parsed values and returned.
+
+    :param value: the accept header string to be parsed.
+    :param cls: the wrapper class for the return value (can be
+                         :class:`Accept` or a subclass thereof)
+    :return: an instance of `cls`.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = Accept
+
+    if not value:
+        return cls(None)
+
+    result = []
+    for match in _accept_re.finditer(value):
+        quality = match.group(2)
+        if not quality:
+            quality = 1
+        else:
+            quality = max(min(float(quality), 1), 0)
+        result.append((match.group(1), quality))
+    return cls(result)
+
+
+def parse_cache_control_header(value, on_update=None, cls=None):
+    """Parse a cache control header.  The RFC differs between response and
+    request cache control, this method does not.  It's your responsibility
+    to not use the wrong control statements.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       The `cls` was added.  If not specified an immutable
+       :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.RequestCacheControl` is returned.
+
+    :param value: a cache control header to be parsed.
+    :param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
+                      on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.CacheControl`
+                      object is changed.
+    :param cls: the class for the returned object.  By default
+                :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.RequestCacheControl` is used.
+    :return: a `cls` object.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = RequestCacheControl
+    if not value:
+        return cls(None, on_update)
+    return cls(parse_dict_header(value), on_update)
+
+
+def parse_set_header(value, on_update=None):
+    """Parse a set-like header and return a
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.HeaderSet` object:
+
+    >>> hs = parse_set_header('token, "quoted value"')
+
+    The return value is an object that treats the items case-insensitively
+    and keeps the order of the items:
+
+    >>> 'TOKEN' in hs
+    True
+    >>> hs.index('quoted value')
+    1
+    >>> hs
+    HeaderSet(['token', 'quoted value'])
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`HeaderSet` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a set header to be parsed.
+    :param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a
+                      value on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.HeaderSet`
+                      object is changed.
+    :return: a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.HeaderSet`
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return HeaderSet(None, on_update)
+    return HeaderSet(parse_list_header(value), on_update)
+
+
+def parse_authorization_header(value):
+    """Parse an HTTP basic/digest authorization header transmitted by the web
+    browser.  The return value is either `None` if the header was invalid or
+    not given, otherwise an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Authorization`
+    object.
+
+    :param value: the authorization header to parse.
+    :return: a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Authorization` object or `None`.
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return
+    value = wsgi_to_bytes(value)
+    try:
+        auth_type, auth_info = value.split(None, 1)
+        auth_type = auth_type.lower()
+    except ValueError:
+        return
+    if auth_type == b'basic':
+        try:
+            username, password = base64.b64decode(auth_info).split(b':', 1)
+        except Exception:
+            return
+        return Authorization('basic', {'username':  bytes_to_wsgi(username),
+                                       'password': bytes_to_wsgi(password)})
+    elif auth_type == b'digest':
+        auth_map = parse_dict_header(auth_info)
+        for key in 'username', 'realm', 'nonce', 'uri', 'response':
+            if key not in auth_map:
+                return
+        if 'qop' in auth_map:
+            if not auth_map.get('nc') or not auth_map.get('cnonce'):
+                return
+        return Authorization('digest', auth_map)
+
+
+def parse_www_authenticate_header(value, on_update=None):
+    """Parse an HTTP WWW-Authenticate header into a
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate` object.
+
+    :param value: a WWW-Authenticate header to parse.
+    :param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
+                      on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate`
+                      object is changed.
+    :return: a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate` object.
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return WWWAuthenticate(on_update=on_update)
+    try:
+        auth_type, auth_info = value.split(None, 1)
+        auth_type = auth_type.lower()
+    except (ValueError, AttributeError):
+        return WWWAuthenticate(value.strip().lower(), on_update=on_update)
+    return WWWAuthenticate(auth_type, parse_dict_header(auth_info),
+                           on_update)
+
+
+def parse_if_range_header(value):
+    """Parses an if-range header which can be an etag or a date.  Returns
+    a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.IfRange` object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return IfRange()
+    date = parse_date(value)
+    if date is not None:
+        return IfRange(date=date)
+    # drop weakness information
+    return IfRange(unquote_etag(value)[0])
+
+
+def parse_range_header(value, make_inclusive=True):
+    """Parses a range header into a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Range`
+    object.  If the header is missing or malformed `None` is returned.
+    `ranges` is a list of ``(start, stop)`` tuples where the ranges are
+    non-inclusive.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    if not value or '=' not in value:
+        return None
+
+    ranges = []
+    last_end = 0
+    units, rng = value.split('=', 1)
+    units = units.strip().lower()
+
+    for item in rng.split(','):
+        item = item.strip()
+        if '-' not in item:
+            return None
+        if item.startswith('-'):
+            if last_end < 0:
+                return None
+            begin = int(item)
+            end = None
+            last_end = -1
+        elif '-' in item:
+            begin, end = item.split('-', 1)
+            begin = int(begin)
+            if begin < last_end or last_end < 0:
+                return None
+            if end:
+                end = int(end) + 1
+                if begin >= end:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                end = None
+            last_end = end
+        ranges.append((begin, end))
+
+    return Range(units, ranges)
+
+
+def parse_content_range_header(value, on_update=None):
+    """Parses a range header into a
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange` object or `None` if
+    parsing is not possible.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+    :param value: a content range header to be parsed.
+    :param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a value
+                      on the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange`
+                      object is changed.
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        units, rangedef = (value or '').strip().split(None, 1)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+    if '/' not in rangedef:
+        return None
+    rng, length = rangedef.split('/', 1)
+    if length == '*':
+        length = None
+    elif length.isdigit():
+        length = int(length)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+    if rng == '*':
+        return ContentRange(units, None, None, length, on_update=on_update)
+    elif '-' not in rng:
+        return None
+
+    start, stop = rng.split('-', 1)
+    try:
+        start = int(start)
+        stop = int(stop) + 1
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+    if is_byte_range_valid(start, stop, length):
+        return ContentRange(units, start, stop, length, on_update=on_update)
+
+
+def quote_etag(etag, weak=False):
+    """Quote an etag.
+
+    :param etag: the etag to quote.
+    :param weak: set to `True` to tag it "weak".
+    """
+    if '"' in etag:
+        raise ValueError('invalid etag')
+    etag = '"%s"' % etag
+    if weak:
+        etag = 'W/' + etag
+    return etag
+
+
+def unquote_etag(etag):
+    """Unquote a single etag:
+
+    >>> unquote_etag('W/"bar"')
+    ('bar', True)
+    >>> unquote_etag('"bar"')
+    ('bar', False)
+
+    :param etag: the etag identifier to unquote.
+    :return: a ``(etag, weak)`` tuple.
+    """
+    if not etag:
+        return None, None
+    etag = etag.strip()
+    weak = False
+    if etag.startswith(('W/', 'w/')):
+        weak = True
+        etag = etag[2:]
+    if etag[:1] == etag[-1:] == '"':
+        etag = etag[1:-1]
+    return etag, weak
+
+
+def parse_etags(value):
+    """Parse an etag header.
+
+    :param value: the tag header to parse
+    :return: an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ETags` object.
+    """
+    if not value:
+        return ETags()
+    strong = []
+    weak = []
+    end = len(value)
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < end:
+        match = _etag_re.match(value, pos)
+        if match is None:
+            break
+        is_weak, quoted, raw = match.groups()
+        if raw == '*':
+            return ETags(star_tag=True)
+        elif quoted:
+            raw = quoted
+        if is_weak:
+            weak.append(raw)
+        else:
+            strong.append(raw)
+        pos = match.end()
+    return ETags(strong, weak)
+
+
+def generate_etag(data):
+    """Generate an etag for some data."""
+    return md5(data).hexdigest()
+
+
+def parse_date(value):
+    """Parse one of the following date formats into a datetime object:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT  ; RFC 822, updated by RFC 1123
+        Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT ; RFC 850, obsoleted by RFC 1036
+        Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 1994       ; ANSI C's asctime() format
+
+    If parsing fails the return value is `None`.
+
+    :param value: a string with a supported date format.
+    :return: a :class:`datetime.datetime` object.
+    """
+    if value:
+        t = parsedate_tz(value.strip())
+        if t is not None:
+            try:
+                year = t[0]
+                # unfortunately that function does not tell us if two digit
+                # years were part of the string, or if they were prefixed
+                # with two zeroes.  So what we do is to assume that 69-99
+                # refer to 1900, and everything below to 2000
+                if year >= 0 and year <= 68:
+                    year += 2000
+                elif year >= 69 and year <= 99:
+                    year += 1900
+                return datetime(*((year,) + t[1:7])) - \
+                    timedelta(seconds=t[-1] or 0)
+            except (ValueError, OverflowError):
+                return None
+
+
+def _dump_date(d, delim):
+    """Used for `http_date` and `cookie_date`."""
+    if d is None:
+        d = gmtime()
+    elif isinstance(d, datetime):
+        d = d.utctimetuple()
+    elif isinstance(d, (integer_types, float)):
+        d = gmtime(d)
+    return '%s, %02d%s%s%s%s %02d:%02d:%02d GMT' % (
+        ('Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun')[d.tm_wday],
+        d.tm_mday, delim,
+        ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep',
+         'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec')[d.tm_mon - 1],
+        delim, str(d.tm_year), d.tm_hour, d.tm_min, d.tm_sec
+    )
+
+
+def cookie_date(expires=None):
+    """Formats the time to ensure compatibility with Netscape's cookie
+    standard.
+
+    Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in, a
+    datetime object or a timetuple.  All times in UTC.  The :func:`parse_date`
+    function can be used to parse such a date.
+
+    Outputs a string in the format ``Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT``.
+
+    :param expires: If provided that date is used, otherwise the current.
+    """
+    return _dump_date(expires, '-')
+
+
+def http_date(timestamp=None):
+    """Formats the time to match the RFC1123 date format.
+
+    Accepts a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch in, a
+    datetime object or a timetuple.  All times in UTC.  The :func:`parse_date`
+    function can be used to parse such a date.
+
+    Outputs a string in the format ``Wdy, DD Mon YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT``.
+
+    :param timestamp: If provided that date is used, otherwise the current.
+    """
+    return _dump_date(timestamp, ' ')
+
+
+def is_resource_modified(environ, etag=None, data=None, last_modified=None):
+    """Convenience method for conditional requests.
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment of the request to be checked.
+    :param etag: the etag for the response for comparison.
+    :param data: or alternatively the data of the response to automatically
+                 generate an etag using :func:`generate_etag`.
+    :param last_modified: an optional date of the last modification.
+    :return: `True` if the resource was modified, otherwise `False`.
+    """
+    if etag is None and data is not None:
+        etag = generate_etag(data)
+    elif data is not None:
+        raise TypeError('both data and etag given')
+    if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+        return False
+
+    unmodified = False
+    if isinstance(last_modified, string_types):
+        last_modified = parse_date(last_modified)
+
+    # ensure that microsecond is zero because the HTTP spec does not transmit
+    # that either and we might have some false positives.  See issue #39
+    if last_modified is not None:
+        last_modified = last_modified.replace(microsecond=0)
+
+    modified_since = parse_date(environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'))
+
+    if modified_since and last_modified and last_modified <= modified_since:
+        unmodified = True
+    if etag:
+        if_none_match = parse_etags(environ.get('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'))
+        if if_none_match:
+            # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-3.2
+            # "A recipient MUST use the weak comparison function when comparing
+            # entity-tags for If-None-Match"
+            etag, _ = unquote_etag(etag)
+            unmodified = if_none_match.contains_weak(etag)
+
+    return not unmodified
+
+
+def remove_entity_headers(headers, allowed=('expires', 'content-location')):
+    """Remove all entity headers from a list or :class:`Headers` object.  This
+    operation works in-place.  `Expires` and `Content-Location` headers are
+    by default not removed.  The reason for this is :rfc:`2616` section
+    10.3.5 which specifies some entity headers that should be sent.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       added `allowed` parameter.
+
+    :param headers: a list or :class:`Headers` object.
+    :param allowed: a list of headers that should still be allowed even though
+                    they are entity headers.
+    """
+    allowed = set(x.lower() for x in allowed)
+    headers[:] = [(key, value) for key, value in headers if
+                  not is_entity_header(key) or key.lower() in allowed]
+
+
+def remove_hop_by_hop_headers(headers):
+    """Remove all HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" headers from a list or
+    :class:`Headers` object.  This operation works in-place.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param headers: a list or :class:`Headers` object.
+    """
+    headers[:] = [(key, value) for key, value in headers if
+                  not is_hop_by_hop_header(key)]
+
+
+def is_entity_header(header):
+    """Check if a header is an entity header.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param header: the header to test.
+    :return: `True` if it's an entity header, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    return header.lower() in _entity_headers
+
+
+def is_hop_by_hop_header(header):
+    """Check if a header is an HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" header.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param header: the header to test.
+    :return: `True` if it's an entity header, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    return header.lower() in _hop_by_hop_headers
+
+
+def parse_cookie(header, charset='utf-8', errors='replace', cls=None):
+    """Parse a cookie.  Either from a string or WSGI environ.
+
+    Per default encoding errors are ignored.  If you want a different behavior
+    you can set `errors` to ``'replace'`` or ``'strict'``.  In strict mode a
+    :exc:`HTTPUnicodeError` is raised.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       This function now returns a :class:`TypeConversionDict` instead of a
+       regular dict.  The `cls` parameter was added.
+
+    :param header: the header to be used to parse the cookie.  Alternatively
+                   this can be a WSGI environment.
+    :param charset: the charset for the cookie values.
+    :param errors: the error behavior for the charset decoding.
+    :param cls: an optional dict class to use.  If this is not specified
+                       or `None` the default :class:`TypeConversionDict` is
+                       used.
+    """
+    if isinstance(header, dict):
+        header = header.get('HTTP_COOKIE', '')
+    elif header is None:
+        header = ''
+
+    # If the value is an unicode string it's mangled through latin1.  This
+    # is done because on PEP 3333 on Python 3 all headers are assumed latin1
+    # which however is incorrect for cookies, which are sent in page encoding.
+    # As a result we
+    if isinstance(header, text_type):
+        header = header.encode('latin1', 'replace')
+
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = TypeConversionDict
+
+    def _parse_pairs():
+        for key, val in _cookie_parse_impl(header):
+            key = to_unicode(key, charset, errors, allow_none_charset=True)
+            val = to_unicode(val, charset, errors, allow_none_charset=True)
+            yield try_coerce_native(key), val
+
+    return cls(_parse_pairs())
+
+
+def dump_cookie(key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/',
+                domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False,
+                charset='utf-8', sync_expires=True):
+    """Creates a new Set-Cookie header without the ``Set-Cookie`` prefix
+    The parameters are the same as in the cookie Morsel object in the
+    Python standard library but it accepts unicode data, too.
+
+    On Python 3 the return value of this function will be a unicode
+    string, on Python 2 it will be a native string.  In both cases the
+    return value is usually restricted to ascii as the vast majority of
+    values are properly escaped, but that is no guarantee.  If a unicode
+    string is returned it's tunneled through latin1 as required by
+    PEP 3333.
+
+    The return value is not ASCII safe if the key contains unicode
+    characters.  This is technically against the specification but
+    happens in the wild.  It's strongly recommended to not use
+    non-ASCII values for the keys.
+
+    :param max_age: should be a number of seconds, or `None` (default) if
+                    the cookie should last only as long as the client's
+                    browser session.  Additionally `timedelta` objects
+                    are accepted, too.
+    :param expires: should be a `datetime` object or unix timestamp.
+    :param path: limits the cookie to a given path, per default it will
+                 span the whole domain.
+    :param domain: Use this if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For
+                   example, ``domain=".example.com"`` will set a cookie
+                   that is readable by the domain ``www.example.com``,
+                   ``foo.example.com`` etc. Otherwise, a cookie will only
+                   be readable by the domain that set it.
+    :param secure: The cookie will only be available via HTTPS
+    :param httponly: disallow JavaScript to access the cookie.  This is an
+                     extension to the cookie standard and probably not
+                     supported by all browsers.
+    :param charset: the encoding for unicode values.
+    :param sync_expires: automatically set expires if max_age is defined
+                         but expires not.
+    """
+    key = to_bytes(key, charset)
+    value = to_bytes(value, charset)
+
+    if path is not None:
+        path = iri_to_uri(path, charset)
+    domain = _make_cookie_domain(domain)
+    if isinstance(max_age, timedelta):
+        max_age = (max_age.days * 60 * 60 * 24) + max_age.seconds
+    if expires is not None:
+        if not isinstance(expires, string_types):
+            expires = cookie_date(expires)
+    elif max_age is not None and sync_expires:
+        expires = to_bytes(cookie_date(time() + max_age))
+
+    buf = [key + b'=' + _cookie_quote(value)]
+
+    # XXX: In theory all of these parameters that are not marked with `None`
+    # should be quoted.  Because stdlib did not quote it before I did not
+    # want to introduce quoting there now.
+    for k, v, q in ((b'Domain', domain, True),
+                    (b'Expires', expires, False,),
+                    (b'Max-Age', max_age, False),
+                    (b'Secure', secure, None),
+                    (b'HttpOnly', httponly, None),
+                    (b'Path', path, False)):
+        if q is None:
+            if v:
+                buf.append(k)
+            continue
+
+        if v is None:
+            continue
+
+        tmp = bytearray(k)
+        if not isinstance(v, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            v = to_bytes(text_type(v), charset)
+        if q:
+            v = _cookie_quote(v)
+        tmp += b'=' + v
+        buf.append(bytes(tmp))
+
+    # The return value will be an incorrectly encoded latin1 header on
+    # Python 3 for consistency with the headers object and a bytestring
+    # on Python 2 because that's how the API makes more sense.
+    rv = b'; '.join(buf)
+    if not PY2:
+        rv = rv.decode('latin1')
+    return rv
+
+
+def is_byte_range_valid(start, stop, length):
+    """Checks if a given byte content range is valid for the given length.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    if (start is None) != (stop is None):
+        return False
+    elif start is None:
+        return length is None or length >= 0
+    elif length is None:
+        return 0 <= start < stop
+    elif start >= stop:
+        return False
+    return 0 <= start < length
+
+
+# circular dependency fun
+from werkzeug.datastructures import Accept, HeaderSet, ETags, Authorization, \
+    WWWAuthenticate, TypeConversionDict, IfRange, Range, ContentRange, \
+    RequestCacheControl
+
+
+# DEPRECATED
+# backwards compatible imports
+from werkzeug.datastructures import (  # noqa
+    MIMEAccept, CharsetAccept, LanguageAccept, Headers
+)
+from werkzeug.urls import iri_to_uri
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/local.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/local.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8f6921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/local.py
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.local
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements context-local objects.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import copy
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from werkzeug.wsgi import ClosingIterator
+from werkzeug._compat import PY2, implements_bool
+
+# since each thread has its own greenlet we can just use those as identifiers
+# for the context.  If greenlets are not available we fall back to the
+# current thread ident depending on where it is.
+try:
+    from greenlet import getcurrent as get_ident
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from thread import get_ident
+    except ImportError:
+        from _thread import get_ident
+
+
+def release_local(local):
+    """Releases the contents of the local for the current context.
+    This makes it possible to use locals without a manager.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> loc = Local()
+        >>> loc.foo = 42
+        >>> release_local(loc)
+        >>> hasattr(loc, 'foo')
+        False
+
+    With this function one can release :class:`Local` objects as well
+    as :class:`LocalStack` objects.  However it is not possible to
+    release data held by proxies that way, one always has to retain
+    a reference to the underlying local object in order to be able
+    to release it.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6.1
+    """
+    local.__release_local__()
+
+
+class Local(object):
+    __slots__ = ('__storage__', '__ident_func__')
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        object.__setattr__(self, '__storage__', {})
+        object.__setattr__(self, '__ident_func__', get_ident)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.__storage__.items())
+
+    def __call__(self, proxy):
+        """Create a proxy for a name."""
+        return LocalProxy(self, proxy)
+
+    def __release_local__(self):
+        self.__storage__.pop(self.__ident_func__(), None)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        try:
+            return self.__storage__[self.__ident_func__()][name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        ident = self.__ident_func__()
+        storage = self.__storage__
+        try:
+            storage[ident][name] = value
+        except KeyError:
+            storage[ident] = {name: value}
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name):
+        try:
+            del self.__storage__[self.__ident_func__()][name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+
+
+class LocalStack(object):
+
+    """This class works similar to a :class:`Local` but keeps a stack
+    of objects instead.  This is best explained with an example::
+
+        >>> ls = LocalStack()
+        >>> ls.push(42)
+        >>> ls.top
+        42
+        >>> ls.push(23)
+        >>> ls.top
+        23
+        >>> ls.pop()
+        23
+        >>> ls.top
+        42
+
+    They can be force released by using a :class:`LocalManager` or with
+    the :func:`release_local` function but the correct way is to pop the
+    item from the stack after using.  When the stack is empty it will
+    no longer be bound to the current context (and as such released).
+
+    By calling the stack without arguments it returns a proxy that resolves to
+    the topmost item on the stack.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6.1
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._local = Local()
+
+    def __release_local__(self):
+        self._local.__release_local__()
+
+    def _get__ident_func__(self):
+        return self._local.__ident_func__
+
+    def _set__ident_func__(self, value):
+        object.__setattr__(self._local, '__ident_func__', value)
+    __ident_func__ = property(_get__ident_func__, _set__ident_func__)
+    del _get__ident_func__, _set__ident_func__
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        def _lookup():
+            rv = self.top
+            if rv is None:
+                raise RuntimeError('object unbound')
+            return rv
+        return LocalProxy(_lookup)
+
+    def push(self, obj):
+        """Pushes a new item to the stack"""
+        rv = getattr(self._local, 'stack', None)
+        if rv is None:
+            self._local.stack = rv = []
+        rv.append(obj)
+        return rv
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """Removes the topmost item from the stack, will return the
+        old value or `None` if the stack was already empty.
+        """
+        stack = getattr(self._local, 'stack', None)
+        if stack is None:
+            return None
+        elif len(stack) == 1:
+            release_local(self._local)
+            return stack[-1]
+        else:
+            return stack.pop()
+
+    @property
+    def top(self):
+        """The topmost item on the stack.  If the stack is empty,
+        `None` is returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._local.stack[-1]
+        except (AttributeError, IndexError):
+            return None
+
+
+class LocalManager(object):
+
+    """Local objects cannot manage themselves. For that you need a local
+    manager.  You can pass a local manager multiple locals or add them later
+    by appending them to `manager.locals`.  Everytime the manager cleans up
+    it, will clean up all the data left in the locals for this context.
+
+    The `ident_func` parameter can be added to override the default ident
+    function for the wrapped locals.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.6.1
+       Instead of a manager the :func:`release_local` function can be used
+       as well.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+       `ident_func` was added.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, locals=None, ident_func=None):
+        if locals is None:
+            self.locals = []
+        elif isinstance(locals, Local):
+            self.locals = [locals]
+        else:
+            self.locals = list(locals)
+        if ident_func is not None:
+            self.ident_func = ident_func
+            for local in self.locals:
+                object.__setattr__(local, '__ident_func__', ident_func)
+        else:
+            self.ident_func = get_ident
+
+    def get_ident(self):
+        """Return the context identifier the local objects use internally for
+        this context.  You cannot override this method to change the behavior
+        but use it to link other context local objects (such as SQLAlchemy's
+        scoped sessions) to the Werkzeug locals.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
+           You can pass a different ident function to the local manager that
+           will then be propagated to all the locals passed to the
+           constructor.
+        """
+        return self.ident_func()
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        """Manually clean up the data in the locals for this context.  Call
+        this at the end of the request or use `make_middleware()`.
+        """
+        for local in self.locals:
+            release_local(local)
+
+    def make_middleware(self, app):
+        """Wrap a WSGI application so that cleaning up happens after
+        request end.
+        """
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            return ClosingIterator(app(environ, start_response), self.cleanup)
+        return application
+
+    def middleware(self, func):
+        """Like `make_middleware` but for decorating functions.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            @manager.middleware
+            def application(environ, start_response):
+                ...
+
+        The difference to `make_middleware` is that the function passed
+        will have all the arguments copied from the inner application
+        (name, docstring, module).
+        """
+        return update_wrapper(self.make_middleware(func), func)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s storages: %d>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            len(self.locals)
+        )
+
+
+@implements_bool
+class LocalProxy(object):
+
+    """Acts as a proxy for a werkzeug local.  Forwards all operations to
+    a proxied object.  The only operations not supported for forwarding
+    are right handed operands and any kind of assignment.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        from werkzeug.local import Local
+        l = Local()
+
+        # these are proxies
+        request = l('request')
+        user = l('user')
+
+
+        from werkzeug.local import LocalStack
+        _response_local = LocalStack()
+
+        # this is a proxy
+        response = _response_local()
+
+    Whenever something is bound to l.user / l.request the proxy objects
+    will forward all operations.  If no object is bound a :exc:`RuntimeError`
+    will be raised.
+
+    To create proxies to :class:`Local` or :class:`LocalStack` objects,
+    call the object as shown above.  If you want to have a proxy to an
+    object looked up by a function, you can (as of Werkzeug 0.6.1) pass
+    a function to the :class:`LocalProxy` constructor::
+
+        session = LocalProxy(lambda: get_current_request().session)
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.6.1
+       The class can be instanciated with a callable as well now.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ('__local', '__dict__', '__name__')
+
+    def __init__(self, local, name=None):
+        object.__setattr__(self, '_LocalProxy__local', local)
+        object.__setattr__(self, '__name__', name)
+
+    def _get_current_object(self):
+        """Return the current object.  This is useful if you want the real
+        object behind the proxy at a time for performance reasons or because
+        you want to pass the object into a different context.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self.__local, '__release_local__'):
+            return self.__local()
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.__local, self.__name__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise RuntimeError('no object bound to %s' % self.__name__)
+
+    @property
+    def __dict__(self):
+        try:
+            return self._get_current_object().__dict__
+        except RuntimeError:
+            raise AttributeError('__dict__')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        try:
+            obj = self._get_current_object()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            return '<%s unbound>' % self.__class__.__name__
+        return repr(obj)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        try:
+            return bool(self._get_current_object())
+        except RuntimeError:
+            return False
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        try:
+            return unicode(self._get_current_object())  # noqa
+        except RuntimeError:
+            return repr(self)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        try:
+            return dir(self._get_current_object())
+        except RuntimeError:
+            return []
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name == '__members__':
+            return dir(self._get_current_object())
+        return getattr(self._get_current_object(), name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._get_current_object()[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._get_current_object()[key]
+
+    if PY2:
+        __getslice__ = lambda x, i, j: x._get_current_object()[i:j]
+
+        def __setslice__(self, i, j, seq):
+            self._get_current_object()[i:j] = seq
+
+        def __delslice__(self, i, j):
+            del self._get_current_object()[i:j]
+
+    __setattr__ = lambda x, n, v: setattr(x._get_current_object(), n, v)
+    __delattr__ = lambda x, n: delattr(x._get_current_object(), n)
+    __str__ = lambda x: str(x._get_current_object())
+    __lt__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() < o
+    __le__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() <= o
+    __eq__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() == o
+    __ne__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() != o
+    __gt__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() > o
+    __ge__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() >= o
+    __cmp__ = lambda x, o: cmp(x._get_current_object(), o)  # noqa
+    __hash__ = lambda x: hash(x._get_current_object())
+    __call__ = lambda x, *a, **kw: x._get_current_object()(*a, **kw)
+    __len__ = lambda x: len(x._get_current_object())
+    __getitem__ = lambda x, i: x._get_current_object()[i]
+    __iter__ = lambda x: iter(x._get_current_object())
+    __contains__ = lambda x, i: i in x._get_current_object()
+    __add__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() + o
+    __sub__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() - o
+    __mul__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() * o
+    __floordiv__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() // o
+    __mod__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() % o
+    __divmod__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__divmod__(o)
+    __pow__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() ** o
+    __lshift__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() << o
+    __rshift__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() >> o
+    __and__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() & o
+    __xor__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() ^ o
+    __or__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object() | o
+    __div__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__div__(o)
+    __truediv__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__truediv__(o)
+    __neg__ = lambda x: -(x._get_current_object())
+    __pos__ = lambda x: +(x._get_current_object())
+    __abs__ = lambda x: abs(x._get_current_object())
+    __invert__ = lambda x: ~(x._get_current_object())
+    __complex__ = lambda x: complex(x._get_current_object())
+    __int__ = lambda x: int(x._get_current_object())
+    __long__ = lambda x: long(x._get_current_object())  # noqa
+    __float__ = lambda x: float(x._get_current_object())
+    __oct__ = lambda x: oct(x._get_current_object())
+    __hex__ = lambda x: hex(x._get_current_object())
+    __index__ = lambda x: x._get_current_object().__index__()
+    __coerce__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__coerce__(x, o)
+    __enter__ = lambda x: x._get_current_object().__enter__()
+    __exit__ = lambda x, *a, **kw: x._get_current_object().__exit__(*a, **kw)
+    __radd__ = lambda x, o: o + x._get_current_object()
+    __rsub__ = lambda x, o: o - x._get_current_object()
+    __rmul__ = lambda x, o: o * x._get_current_object()
+    __rdiv__ = lambda x, o: o / x._get_current_object()
+    if PY2:
+        __rtruediv__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__rtruediv__(o)
+    else:
+        __rtruediv__ = __rdiv__
+    __rfloordiv__ = lambda x, o: o // x._get_current_object()
+    __rmod__ = lambda x, o: o % x._get_current_object()
+    __rdivmod__ = lambda x, o: x._get_current_object().__rdivmod__(o)
+    __copy__ = lambda x: copy.copy(x._get_current_object())
+    __deepcopy__ = lambda x, memo: copy.deepcopy(x._get_current_object(), memo)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/posixemulation.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/posixemulation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fd6314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/posixemulation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+r"""
+    werkzeug.posixemulation
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Provides a POSIX emulation for some features that are relevant to
+    web applications.  The main purpose is to simplify support for
+    systems such as Windows NT that are not 100% POSIX compatible.
+
+    Currently this only implements a :func:`rename` function that
+    follows POSIX semantics.  Eg: if the target file already exists it
+    will be replaced without asking.
+
+    This module was introduced in 0.6.1 and is not a public interface.
+    It might become one in later versions of Werkzeug.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+import os
+import errno
+import time
+import random
+
+from ._compat import to_unicode
+from .filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
+
+
+can_rename_open_file = False
+if os.name == 'nt':  # pragma: no cover
+    _rename = lambda src, dst: False
+    _rename_atomic = lambda src, dst: False
+
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+
+        _MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING = 0x1
+        _MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH = 0x8
+        _MoveFileEx = ctypes.windll.kernel32.MoveFileExW
+
+        def _rename(src, dst):
+            src = to_unicode(src, get_filesystem_encoding())
+            dst = to_unicode(dst, get_filesystem_encoding())
+            if _rename_atomic(src, dst):
+                return True
+            retry = 0
+            rv = False
+            while not rv and retry < 100:
+                rv = _MoveFileEx(src, dst, _MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING |
+                                 _MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH)
+                if not rv:
+                    time.sleep(0.001)
+                    retry += 1
+            return rv
+
+        # new in Vista and Windows Server 2008
+        _CreateTransaction = ctypes.windll.ktmw32.CreateTransaction
+        _CommitTransaction = ctypes.windll.ktmw32.CommitTransaction
+        _MoveFileTransacted = ctypes.windll.kernel32.MoveFileTransactedW
+        _CloseHandle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.CloseHandle
+        can_rename_open_file = True
+
+        def _rename_atomic(src, dst):
+            ta = _CreateTransaction(None, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1000, 'Werkzeug rename')
+            if ta == -1:
+                return False
+            try:
+                retry = 0
+                rv = False
+                while not rv and retry < 100:
+                    rv = _MoveFileTransacted(src, dst, None, None,
+                                             _MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING |
+                                             _MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH, ta)
+                    if rv:
+                        rv = _CommitTransaction(ta)
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        time.sleep(0.001)
+                        retry += 1
+                return rv
+            finally:
+                _CloseHandle(ta)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+    def rename(src, dst):
+        # Try atomic or pseudo-atomic rename
+        if _rename(src, dst):
+            return
+        # Fall back to "move away and replace"
+        try:
+            os.rename(src, dst)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+            old = "%s-%08x" % (dst, random.randint(0, sys.maxint))
+            os.rename(dst, old)
+            os.rename(src, dst)
+            try:
+                os.unlink(old)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+else:
+    rename = os.rename
+    can_rename_open_file = True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/routing.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/routing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c58c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/routing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1774 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.routing
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    When it comes to combining multiple controller or view functions (however
+    you want to call them) you need a dispatcher.  A simple way would be
+    applying regular expression tests on the ``PATH_INFO`` and calling
+    registered callback functions that return the value then.
+
+    This module implements a much more powerful system than simple regular
+    expression matching because it can also convert values in the URLs and
+    build URLs.
+
+    Here a simple example that creates an URL map for an application with
+    two subdomains (www and kb) and some URL rules:
+
+    >>> m = Map([
+    ...     # Static URLs
+    ...     Rule('/', endpoint='static/index'),
+    ...     Rule('/about', endpoint='static/about'),
+    ...     Rule('/help', endpoint='static/help'),
+    ...     # Knowledge Base
+    ...     Subdomain('kb', [
+    ...         Rule('/', endpoint='kb/index'),
+    ...         Rule('/browse/', endpoint='kb/browse'),
+    ...         Rule('/browse/<int:id>/', endpoint='kb/browse'),
+    ...         Rule('/browse/<int:id>/<int:page>', endpoint='kb/browse')
+    ...     ])
+    ... ], default_subdomain='www')
+
+    If the application doesn't use subdomains it's perfectly fine to not set
+    the default subdomain and not use the `Subdomain` rule factory.  The endpoint
+    in the rules can be anything, for example import paths or unique
+    identifiers.  The WSGI application can use those endpoints to get the
+    handler for that URL.  It doesn't have to be a string at all but it's
+    recommended.
+
+    Now it's possible to create a URL adapter for one of the subdomains and
+    build URLs:
+
+    >>> c = m.bind('example.com')
+    >>> c.build("kb/browse", dict(id=42))
+    'http://kb.example.com/browse/42/'
+    >>> c.build("kb/browse", dict())
+    'http://kb.example.com/browse/'
+    >>> c.build("kb/browse", dict(id=42, page=3))
+    'http://kb.example.com/browse/42/3'
+    >>> c.build("static/about")
+    '/about'
+    >>> c.build("static/index", force_external=True)
+    'http://www.example.com/'
+
+    >>> c = m.bind('example.com', subdomain='kb')
+    >>> c.build("static/about")
+    'http://www.example.com/about'
+
+    The first argument to bind is the server name *without* the subdomain.
+    Per default it will assume that the script is mounted on the root, but
+    often that's not the case so you can provide the real mount point as
+    second argument:
+
+    >>> c = m.bind('example.com', '/applications/example')
+
+    The third argument can be the subdomain, if not given the default
+    subdomain is used.  For more details about binding have a look at the
+    documentation of the `MapAdapter`.
+
+    And here is how you can match URLs:
+
+    >>> c = m.bind('example.com')
+    >>> c.match("/")
+    ('static/index', {})
+    >>> c.match("/about")
+    ('static/about', {})
+    >>> c = m.bind('example.com', '/', 'kb')
+    >>> c.match("/")
+    ('kb/index', {})
+    >>> c.match("/browse/42/23")
+    ('kb/browse', {'id': 42, 'page': 23})
+
+    If matching fails you get a `NotFound` exception, if the rule thinks
+    it's a good idea to redirect (for example because the URL was defined
+    to have a slash at the end but the request was missing that slash) it
+    will raise a `RequestRedirect` exception.  Both are subclasses of the
+    `HTTPException` so you can use those errors as responses in the
+    application.
+
+    If matching succeeded but the URL rule was incompatible to the given
+    method (for example there were only rules for `GET` and `HEAD` and
+    routing system tried to match a `POST` request) a `MethodNotAllowed`
+    method is raised.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import difflib
+import re
+import uuid
+import posixpath
+
+from pprint import pformat
+from threading import Lock
+
+from werkzeug.urls import url_encode, url_quote, url_join
+from werkzeug.utils import redirect, format_string
+from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound, MethodNotAllowed, \
+     BadHost
+from werkzeug._internal import _get_environ, _encode_idna
+from werkzeug._compat import itervalues, iteritems, to_unicode, to_bytes, \
+    text_type, string_types, native_string_result, \
+    implements_to_string, wsgi_decoding_dance
+from werkzeug.datastructures import ImmutableDict, MultiDict
+
+
+_rule_re = re.compile(r'''
+    (?P<static>[^<]*)                           # static rule data
+    <
+    (?:
+        (?P<converter>[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)   # converter name
+        (?:\((?P<args>.*?)\))?                  # converter arguments
+        \:                                      # variable delimiter
+    )?
+    (?P<variable>[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)        # variable name
+    >
+''', re.VERBOSE)
+_simple_rule_re = re.compile(r'<([^>]+)>')
+_converter_args_re = re.compile(r'''
+    ((?P<name>\w+)\s*=\s*)?
+    (?P<value>
+        True|False|
+        \d+.\d+|
+        \d+.|
+        \d+|
+        \w+|
+        [urUR]?(?P<stringval>"[^"]*?"|'[^']*')
+    )\s*,
+''', re.VERBOSE | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+_PYTHON_CONSTANTS = {
+    'None':     None,
+    'True':     True,
+    'False':    False
+}
+
+
+def _pythonize(value):
+    if value in _PYTHON_CONSTANTS:
+        return _PYTHON_CONSTANTS[value]
+    for convert in int, float:
+        try:
+            return convert(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    if value[:1] == value[-1:] and value[0] in '"\'':
+        value = value[1:-1]
+    return text_type(value)
+
+
+def parse_converter_args(argstr):
+    argstr += ','
+    args = []
+    kwargs = {}
+
+    for item in _converter_args_re.finditer(argstr):
+        value = item.group('stringval')
+        if value is None:
+            value = item.group('value')
+        value = _pythonize(value)
+        if not item.group('name'):
+            args.append(value)
+        else:
+            name = item.group('name')
+            kwargs[name] = value
+
+    return tuple(args), kwargs
+
+
+def parse_rule(rule):
+    """Parse a rule and return it as generator. Each iteration yields tuples
+    in the form ``(converter, arguments, variable)``. If the converter is
+    `None` it's a static url part, otherwise it's a dynamic one.
+
+    :internal:
+    """
+    pos = 0
+    end = len(rule)
+    do_match = _rule_re.match
+    used_names = set()
+    while pos < end:
+        m = do_match(rule, pos)
+        if m is None:
+            break
+        data = m.groupdict()
+        if data['static']:
+            yield None, None, data['static']
+        variable = data['variable']
+        converter = data['converter'] or 'default'
+        if variable in used_names:
+            raise ValueError('variable name %r used twice.' % variable)
+        used_names.add(variable)
+        yield converter, data['args'] or None, variable
+        pos = m.end()
+    if pos < end:
+        remaining = rule[pos:]
+        if '>' in remaining or '<' in remaining:
+            raise ValueError('malformed url rule: %r' % rule)
+        yield None, None, remaining
+
+
+class RoutingException(Exception):
+
+    """Special exceptions that require the application to redirect, notifying
+    about missing urls, etc.
+
+    :internal:
+    """
+
+
+class RequestRedirect(HTTPException, RoutingException):
+
+    """Raise if the map requests a redirect. This is for example the case if
+    `strict_slashes` are activated and an url that requires a trailing slash.
+
+    The attribute `new_url` contains the absolute destination url.
+    """
+    code = 301
+
+    def __init__(self, new_url):
+        RoutingException.__init__(self, new_url)
+        self.new_url = new_url
+
+    def get_response(self, environ):
+        return redirect(self.new_url, self.code)
+
+
+class RequestSlash(RoutingException):
+
+    """Internal exception."""
+
+
+class RequestAliasRedirect(RoutingException):
+
+    """This rule is an alias and wants to redirect to the canonical URL."""
+
+    def __init__(self, matched_values):
+        self.matched_values = matched_values
+
+
+class BuildError(RoutingException, LookupError):
+
+    """Raised if the build system cannot find a URL for an endpoint with the
+    values provided.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, endpoint, values, method, adapter=None):
+        LookupError.__init__(self, endpoint, values, method)
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.values = values
+        self.method = method
+        self.suggested = self.closest_rule(adapter)
+
+    def closest_rule(self, adapter):
+        def score_rule(rule):
+            return sum([
+                0.98 * difflib.SequenceMatcher(
+                    None, rule.endpoint, self.endpoint
+                ).ratio(),
+                0.01 * bool(set(self.values or ()).issubset(rule.arguments)),
+                0.01 * bool(rule.methods and self.method in rule.methods)
+            ])
+
+        if adapter and adapter.map._rules:
+            return max(adapter.map._rules, key=score_rule)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        message = []
+        message.append("Could not build url for endpoint %r" % self.endpoint)
+        if self.method:
+            message.append(" (%r)" % self.method)
+        if self.values:
+            message.append(" with values %r" % sorted(self.values.keys()))
+        message.append(".")
+        if self.suggested:
+            if self.endpoint == self.suggested.endpoint:
+                if self.method and self.method not in self.suggested.methods:
+                    message.append(" Did you mean to use methods %r?" % sorted(
+                        self.suggested.methods
+                    ))
+                missing_values = self.suggested.arguments.union(
+                    set(self.suggested.defaults or ())
+                ) - set(self.values.keys())
+                if missing_values:
+                    message.append(
+                        " Did you forget to specify values %r?" %
+                        sorted(missing_values)
+                    )
+            else:
+                message.append(
+                    " Did you mean %r instead?" % self.suggested.endpoint
+                )
+        return "".join(message)
+
+
+class ValidationError(ValueError):
+
+    """Validation error.  If a rule converter raises this exception the rule
+    does not match the current URL and the next URL is tried.
+    """
+
+
+class RuleFactory(object):
+
+    """As soon as you have more complex URL setups it's a good idea to use rule
+    factories to avoid repetitive tasks.  Some of them are builtin, others can
+    be added by subclassing `RuleFactory` and overriding `get_rules`.
+    """
+
+    def get_rules(self, map):
+        """Subclasses of `RuleFactory` have to override this method and return
+        an iterable of rules."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Subdomain(RuleFactory):
+
+    """All URLs provided by this factory have the subdomain set to a
+    specific domain. For example if you want to use the subdomain for
+    the current language this can be a good setup::
+
+        url_map = Map([
+            Rule('/', endpoint='#select_language'),
+            Subdomain('<string(length=2):lang_code>', [
+                Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
+                Rule('/about', endpoint='about'),
+                Rule('/help', endpoint='help')
+            ])
+        ])
+
+    All the rules except for the ``'#select_language'`` endpoint will now
+    listen on a two letter long subdomain that holds the language code
+    for the current request.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, subdomain, rules):
+        self.subdomain = subdomain
+        self.rules = rules
+
+    def get_rules(self, map):
+        for rulefactory in self.rules:
+            for rule in rulefactory.get_rules(map):
+                rule = rule.empty()
+                rule.subdomain = self.subdomain
+                yield rule
+
+
+class Submount(RuleFactory):
+
+    """Like `Subdomain` but prefixes the URL rule with a given string::
+
+        url_map = Map([
+            Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
+            Submount('/blog', [
+                Rule('/', endpoint='blog/index'),
+                Rule('/entry/<entry_slug>', endpoint='blog/show')
+            ])
+        ])
+
+    Now the rule ``'blog/show'`` matches ``/blog/entry/<entry_slug>``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, rules):
+        self.path = path.rstrip('/')
+        self.rules = rules
+
+    def get_rules(self, map):
+        for rulefactory in self.rules:
+            for rule in rulefactory.get_rules(map):
+                rule = rule.empty()
+                rule.rule = self.path + rule.rule
+                yield rule
+
+
+class EndpointPrefix(RuleFactory):
+
+    """Prefixes all endpoints (which must be strings for this factory) with
+    another string. This can be useful for sub applications::
+
+        url_map = Map([
+            Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
+            EndpointPrefix('blog/', [Submount('/blog', [
+                Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
+                Rule('/entry/<entry_slug>', endpoint='show')
+            ])])
+        ])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix, rules):
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.rules = rules
+
+    def get_rules(self, map):
+        for rulefactory in self.rules:
+            for rule in rulefactory.get_rules(map):
+                rule = rule.empty()
+                rule.endpoint = self.prefix + rule.endpoint
+                yield rule
+
+
+class RuleTemplate(object):
+
+    """Returns copies of the rules wrapped and expands string templates in
+    the endpoint, rule, defaults or subdomain sections.
+
+    Here a small example for such a rule template::
+
+        from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule, RuleTemplate
+
+        resource = RuleTemplate([
+            Rule('/$name/', endpoint='$name.list'),
+            Rule('/$name/<int:id>', endpoint='$name.show')
+        ])
+
+        url_map = Map([resource(name='user'), resource(name='page')])
+
+    When a rule template is called the keyword arguments are used to
+    replace the placeholders in all the string parameters.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, rules):
+        self.rules = list(rules)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return RuleTemplateFactory(self.rules, dict(*args, **kwargs))
+
+
+class RuleTemplateFactory(RuleFactory):
+
+    """A factory that fills in template variables into rules.  Used by
+    `RuleTemplate` internally.
+
+    :internal:
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, rules, context):
+        self.rules = rules
+        self.context = context
+
+    def get_rules(self, map):
+        for rulefactory in self.rules:
+            for rule in rulefactory.get_rules(map):
+                new_defaults = subdomain = None
+                if rule.defaults:
+                    new_defaults = {}
+                    for key, value in iteritems(rule.defaults):
+                        if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                            value = format_string(value, self.context)
+                        new_defaults[key] = value
+                if rule.subdomain is not None:
+                    subdomain = format_string(rule.subdomain, self.context)
+                new_endpoint = rule.endpoint
+                if isinstance(new_endpoint, string_types):
+                    new_endpoint = format_string(new_endpoint, self.context)
+                yield Rule(
+                    format_string(rule.rule, self.context),
+                    new_defaults,
+                    subdomain,
+                    rule.methods,
+                    rule.build_only,
+                    new_endpoint,
+                    rule.strict_slashes
+                )
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class Rule(RuleFactory):
+
+    """A Rule represents one URL pattern.  There are some options for `Rule`
+    that change the way it behaves and are passed to the `Rule` constructor.
+    Note that besides the rule-string all arguments *must* be keyword arguments
+    in order to not break the application on Werkzeug upgrades.
+
+    `string`
+        Rule strings basically are just normal URL paths with placeholders in
+        the format ``<converter(arguments):name>`` where the converter and the
+        arguments are optional.  If no converter is defined the `default`
+        converter is used which means `string` in the normal configuration.
+
+        URL rules that end with a slash are branch URLs, others are leaves.
+        If you have `strict_slashes` enabled (which is the default), all
+        branch URLs that are matched without a trailing slash will trigger a
+        redirect to the same URL with the missing slash appended.
+
+        The converters are defined on the `Map`.
+
+    `endpoint`
+        The endpoint for this rule. This can be anything. A reference to a
+        function, a string, a number etc.  The preferred way is using a string
+        because the endpoint is used for URL generation.
+
+    `defaults`
+        An optional dict with defaults for other rules with the same endpoint.
+        This is a bit tricky but useful if you want to have unique URLs::
+
+            url_map = Map([
+                Rule('/all/', defaults={'page': 1}, endpoint='all_entries'),
+                Rule('/all/page/<int:page>', endpoint='all_entries')
+            ])
+
+        If a user now visits ``http://example.com/all/page/1`` he will be
+        redirected to ``http://example.com/all/``.  If `redirect_defaults` is
+        disabled on the `Map` instance this will only affect the URL
+        generation.
+
+    `subdomain`
+        The subdomain rule string for this rule. If not specified the rule
+        only matches for the `default_subdomain` of the map.  If the map is
+        not bound to a subdomain this feature is disabled.
+
+        Can be useful if you want to have user profiles on different subdomains
+        and all subdomains are forwarded to your application::
+
+            url_map = Map([
+                Rule('/', subdomain='<username>', endpoint='user/homepage'),
+                Rule('/stats', subdomain='<username>', endpoint='user/stats')
+            ])
+
+    `methods`
+        A sequence of http methods this rule applies to.  If not specified, all
+        methods are allowed. For example this can be useful if you want different
+        endpoints for `POST` and `GET`.  If methods are defined and the path
+        matches but the method matched against is not in this list or in the
+        list of another rule for that path the error raised is of the type
+        `MethodNotAllowed` rather than `NotFound`.  If `GET` is present in the
+        list of methods and `HEAD` is not, `HEAD` is added automatically.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6.1
+           `HEAD` is now automatically added to the methods if `GET` is
+           present.  The reason for this is that existing code often did not
+           work properly in servers not rewriting `HEAD` to `GET`
+           automatically and it was not documented how `HEAD` should be
+           treated.  This was considered a bug in Werkzeug because of that.
+
+    `strict_slashes`
+        Override the `Map` setting for `strict_slashes` only for this rule. If
+        not specified the `Map` setting is used.
+
+    `build_only`
+        Set this to True and the rule will never match but will create a URL
+        that can be build. This is useful if you have resources on a subdomain
+        or folder that are not handled by the WSGI application (like static data)
+
+    `redirect_to`
+        If given this must be either a string or callable.  In case of a
+        callable it's called with the url adapter that triggered the match and
+        the values of the URL as keyword arguments and has to return the target
+        for the redirect, otherwise it has to be a string with placeholders in
+        rule syntax::
+
+            def foo_with_slug(adapter, id):
+                # ask the database for the slug for the old id.  this of
+                # course has nothing to do with werkzeug.
+                return 'foo/' + Foo.get_slug_for_id(id)
+
+            url_map = Map([
+                Rule('/foo/<slug>', endpoint='foo'),
+                Rule('/some/old/url/<slug>', redirect_to='foo/<slug>'),
+                Rule('/other/old/url/<int:id>', redirect_to=foo_with_slug)
+            ])
+
+        When the rule is matched the routing system will raise a
+        `RequestRedirect` exception with the target for the redirect.
+
+        Keep in mind that the URL will be joined against the URL root of the
+        script so don't use a leading slash on the target URL unless you
+        really mean root of that domain.
+
+    `alias`
+        If enabled this rule serves as an alias for another rule with the same
+        endpoint and arguments.
+
+    `host`
+        If provided and the URL map has host matching enabled this can be
+        used to provide a match rule for the whole host.  This also means
+        that the subdomain feature is disabled.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+       The `alias` and `host` parameters were added.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, string, defaults=None, subdomain=None, methods=None,
+                 build_only=False, endpoint=None, strict_slashes=None,
+                 redirect_to=None, alias=False, host=None):
+        if not string.startswith('/'):
+            raise ValueError('urls must start with a leading slash')
+        self.rule = string
+        self.is_leaf = not string.endswith('/')
+
+        self.map = None
+        self.strict_slashes = strict_slashes
+        self.subdomain = subdomain
+        self.host = host
+        self.defaults = defaults
+        self.build_only = build_only
+        self.alias = alias
+        if methods is None:
+            self.methods = None
+        else:
+            self.methods = set([x.upper() for x in methods])
+            if 'HEAD' not in self.methods and 'GET' in self.methods:
+                self.methods.add('HEAD')
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.redirect_to = redirect_to
+
+        if defaults:
+            self.arguments = set(map(str, defaults))
+        else:
+            self.arguments = set()
+        self._trace = self._converters = self._regex = self._weights = None
+
+    def empty(self):
+        """
+        Return an unbound copy of this rule.
+
+        This can be useful if want to reuse an already bound URL for another
+        map.  See ``get_empty_kwargs`` to override what keyword arguments are
+        provided to the new copy.
+        """
+        return type(self)(self.rule, **self.get_empty_kwargs())
+
+    def get_empty_kwargs(self):
+        """
+        Provides kwargs for instantiating empty copy with empty()
+
+        Use this method to provide custom keyword arguments to the subclass of
+        ``Rule`` when calling ``some_rule.empty()``.  Helpful when the subclass
+        has custom keyword arguments that are needed at instantiation.
+
+        Must return a ``dict`` that will be provided as kwargs to the new
+        instance of ``Rule``, following the initial ``self.rule`` value which
+        is always provided as the first, required positional argument.
+        """
+        defaults = None
+        if self.defaults:
+            defaults = dict(self.defaults)
+        return dict(defaults=defaults, subdomain=self.subdomain,
+                    methods=self.methods, build_only=self.build_only,
+                    endpoint=self.endpoint, strict_slashes=self.strict_slashes,
+                    redirect_to=self.redirect_to, alias=self.alias,
+                    host=self.host)
+
+    def get_rules(self, map):
+        yield self
+
+    def refresh(self):
+        """Rebinds and refreshes the URL.  Call this if you modified the
+        rule in place.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        self.bind(self.map, rebind=True)
+
+    def bind(self, map, rebind=False):
+        """Bind the url to a map and create a regular expression based on
+        the information from the rule itself and the defaults from the map.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        if self.map is not None and not rebind:
+            raise RuntimeError('url rule %r already bound to map %r' %
+                               (self, self.map))
+        self.map = map
+        if self.strict_slashes is None:
+            self.strict_slashes = map.strict_slashes
+        if self.subdomain is None:
+            self.subdomain = map.default_subdomain
+        self.compile()
+
+    def get_converter(self, variable_name, converter_name, args, kwargs):
+        """Looks up the converter for the given parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        if converter_name not in self.map.converters:
+            raise LookupError('the converter %r does not exist' % converter_name)
+        return self.map.converters[converter_name](self.map, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def compile(self):
+        """Compiles the regular expression and stores it."""
+        assert self.map is not None, 'rule not bound'
+
+        if self.map.host_matching:
+            domain_rule = self.host or ''
+        else:
+            domain_rule = self.subdomain or ''
+
+        self._trace = []
+        self._converters = {}
+        self._weights = []
+        regex_parts = []
+
+        def _build_regex(rule):
+            for converter, arguments, variable in parse_rule(rule):
+                if converter is None:
+                    regex_parts.append(re.escape(variable))
+                    self._trace.append((False, variable))
+                    for part in variable.split('/'):
+                        if part:
+                            self._weights.append((0, -len(part)))
+                else:
+                    if arguments:
+                        c_args, c_kwargs = parse_converter_args(arguments)
+                    else:
+                        c_args = ()
+                        c_kwargs = {}
+                    convobj = self.get_converter(
+                        variable, converter, c_args, c_kwargs)
+                    regex_parts.append('(?P<%s>%s)' % (variable, convobj.regex))
+                    self._converters[variable] = convobj
+                    self._trace.append((True, variable))
+                    self._weights.append((1, convobj.weight))
+                    self.arguments.add(str(variable))
+
+        _build_regex(domain_rule)
+        regex_parts.append('\\|')
+        self._trace.append((False, '|'))
+        _build_regex(self.is_leaf and self.rule or self.rule.rstrip('/'))
+        if not self.is_leaf:
+            self._trace.append((False, '/'))
+
+        if self.build_only:
+            return
+        regex = r'^%s%s$' % (
+            u''.join(regex_parts),
+            (not self.is_leaf or not self.strict_slashes) and
+            '(?<!/)(?P<__suffix__>/?)' or ''
+        )
+        self._regex = re.compile(regex, re.UNICODE)
+
+    def match(self, path):
+        """Check if the rule matches a given path. Path is a string in the
+        form ``"subdomain|/path(method)"`` and is assembled by the map.  If
+        the map is doing host matching the subdomain part will be the host
+        instead.
+
+        If the rule matches a dict with the converted values is returned,
+        otherwise the return value is `None`.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        if not self.build_only:
+            m = self._regex.search(path)
+            if m is not None:
+                groups = m.groupdict()
+                # we have a folder like part of the url without a trailing
+                # slash and strict slashes enabled. raise an exception that
+                # tells the map to redirect to the same url but with a
+                # trailing slash
+                if self.strict_slashes and not self.is_leaf and \
+                   not groups.pop('__suffix__'):
+                    raise RequestSlash()
+                # if we are not in strict slashes mode we have to remove
+                # a __suffix__
+                elif not self.strict_slashes:
+                    del groups['__suffix__']
+
+                result = {}
+                for name, value in iteritems(groups):
+                    try:
+                        value = self._converters[name].to_python(value)
+                    except ValidationError:
+                        return
+                    result[str(name)] = value
+                if self.defaults:
+                    result.update(self.defaults)
+
+                if self.alias and self.map.redirect_defaults:
+                    raise RequestAliasRedirect(result)
+
+                return result
+
+    def build(self, values, append_unknown=True):
+        """Assembles the relative url for that rule and the subdomain.
+        If building doesn't work for some reasons `None` is returned.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        tmp = []
+        add = tmp.append
+        processed = set(self.arguments)
+        for is_dynamic, data in self._trace:
+            if is_dynamic:
+                try:
+                    add(self._converters[data].to_url(values[data]))
+                except ValidationError:
+                    return
+                processed.add(data)
+            else:
+                add(url_quote(to_bytes(data, self.map.charset), safe='/:|+'))
+        domain_part, url = (u''.join(tmp)).split(u'|', 1)
+
+        if append_unknown:
+            query_vars = MultiDict(values)
+            for key in processed:
+                if key in query_vars:
+                    del query_vars[key]
+
+            if query_vars:
+                url += u'?' + url_encode(query_vars, charset=self.map.charset,
+                                         sort=self.map.sort_parameters,
+                                         key=self.map.sort_key)
+
+        return domain_part, url
+
+    def provides_defaults_for(self, rule):
+        """Check if this rule has defaults for a given rule.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        return not self.build_only and self.defaults and \
+            self.endpoint == rule.endpoint and self != rule and \
+            self.arguments == rule.arguments
+
+    def suitable_for(self, values, method=None):
+        """Check if the dict of values has enough data for url generation.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        # if a method was given explicitly and that method is not supported
+        # by this rule, this rule is not suitable.
+        if method is not None and self.methods is not None \
+           and method not in self.methods:
+            return False
+
+        defaults = self.defaults or ()
+
+        # all arguments required must be either in the defaults dict or
+        # the value dictionary otherwise it's not suitable
+        for key in self.arguments:
+            if key not in defaults and key not in values:
+                return False
+
+        # in case defaults are given we ensure taht either the value was
+        # skipped or the value is the same as the default value.
+        if defaults:
+            for key, value in iteritems(defaults):
+                if key in values and value != values[key]:
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def match_compare_key(self):
+        """The match compare key for sorting.
+
+        Current implementation:
+
+        1.  rules without any arguments come first for performance
+            reasons only as we expect them to match faster and some
+            common ones usually don't have any arguments (index pages etc.)
+        2.  The more complex rules come first so the second argument is the
+            negative length of the number of weights.
+        3.  lastly we order by the actual weights.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        return bool(self.arguments), -len(self._weights), self._weights
+
+    def build_compare_key(self):
+        """The build compare key for sorting.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        return self.alias and 1 or 0, -len(self.arguments), \
+            -len(self.defaults or ())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and \
+            self._trace == other._trace
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.rule
+
+    @native_string_result
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.map is None:
+            return u'<%s (unbound)>' % self.__class__.__name__
+        tmp = []
+        for is_dynamic, data in self._trace:
+            if is_dynamic:
+                tmp.append(u'<%s>' % data)
+            else:
+                tmp.append(data)
+        return u'<%s %s%s -> %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            repr((u''.join(tmp)).lstrip(u'|')).lstrip(u'u'),
+            self.methods is not None
+            and u' (%s)' % u', '.join(self.methods)
+            or u'',
+            self.endpoint
+        )
+
+
+class BaseConverter(object):
+
+    """Base class for all converters."""
+    regex = '[^/]+'
+    weight = 100
+
+    def __init__(self, map):
+        self.map = map
+
+    def to_python(self, value):
+        return value
+
+    def to_url(self, value):
+        return url_quote(value, charset=self.map.charset)
+
+
+class UnicodeConverter(BaseConverter):
+
+    """This converter is the default converter and accepts any string but
+    only one path segment.  Thus the string can not include a slash.
+
+    This is the default validator.
+
+    Example::
+
+        Rule('/pages/<page>'),
+        Rule('/<string(length=2):lang_code>')
+
+    :param map: the :class:`Map`.
+    :param minlength: the minimum length of the string.  Must be greater
+                      or equal 1.
+    :param maxlength: the maximum length of the string.
+    :param length: the exact length of the string.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, map, minlength=1, maxlength=None, length=None):
+        BaseConverter.__init__(self, map)
+        if length is not None:
+            length = '{%d}' % int(length)
+        else:
+            if maxlength is None:
+                maxlength = ''
+            else:
+                maxlength = int(maxlength)
+            length = '{%s,%s}' % (
+                int(minlength),
+                maxlength
+            )
+        self.regex = '[^/]' + length
+
+
+class AnyConverter(BaseConverter):
+
+    """Matches one of the items provided.  Items can either be Python
+    identifiers or strings::
+
+        Rule('/<any(about, help, imprint, class, "foo,bar"):page_name>')
+
+    :param map: the :class:`Map`.
+    :param items: this function accepts the possible items as positional
+                  arguments.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, map, *items):
+        BaseConverter.__init__(self, map)
+        self.regex = '(?:%s)' % '|'.join([re.escape(x) for x in items])
+
+
+class PathConverter(BaseConverter):
+
+    """Like the default :class:`UnicodeConverter`, but it also matches
+    slashes.  This is useful for wikis and similar applications::
+
+        Rule('/<path:wikipage>')
+        Rule('/<path:wikipage>/edit')
+
+    :param map: the :class:`Map`.
+    """
+    regex = '[^/].*?'
+    weight = 200
+
+
+class NumberConverter(BaseConverter):
+
+    """Baseclass for `IntegerConverter` and `FloatConverter`.
+
+    :internal:
+    """
+    weight = 50
+
+    def __init__(self, map, fixed_digits=0, min=None, max=None):
+        BaseConverter.__init__(self, map)
+        self.fixed_digits = fixed_digits
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+
+    def to_python(self, value):
+        if (self.fixed_digits and len(value) != self.fixed_digits):
+            raise ValidationError()
+        value = self.num_convert(value)
+        if (self.min is not None and value < self.min) or \
+           (self.max is not None and value > self.max):
+            raise ValidationError()
+        return value
+
+    def to_url(self, value):
+        value = self.num_convert(value)
+        if self.fixed_digits:
+            value = ('%%0%sd' % self.fixed_digits) % value
+        return str(value)
+
+
+class IntegerConverter(NumberConverter):
+
+    """This converter only accepts integer values::
+
+        Rule('/page/<int:page>')
+
+    This converter does not support negative values.
+
+    :param map: the :class:`Map`.
+    :param fixed_digits: the number of fixed digits in the URL.  If you set
+                         this to ``4`` for example, the application will
+                         only match if the url looks like ``/0001/``.  The
+                         default is variable length.
+    :param min: the minimal value.
+    :param max: the maximal value.
+    """
+    regex = r'\d+'
+    num_convert = int
+
+
+class FloatConverter(NumberConverter):
+
+    """This converter only accepts floating point values::
+
+        Rule('/probability/<float:probability>')
+
+    This converter does not support negative values.
+
+    :param map: the :class:`Map`.
+    :param min: the minimal value.
+    :param max: the maximal value.
+    """
+    regex = r'\d+\.\d+'
+    num_convert = float
+
+    def __init__(self, map, min=None, max=None):
+        NumberConverter.__init__(self, map, 0, min, max)
+
+
+class UUIDConverter(BaseConverter):
+
+    """This converter only accepts UUID strings::
+
+        Rule('/object/<uuid:identifier>')
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+    :param map: the :class:`Map`.
+    """
+    regex = r'[A-Fa-f0-9]{8}-[A-Fa-f0-9]{4}-' \
+            r'[A-Fa-f0-9]{4}-[A-Fa-f0-9]{4}-[A-Fa-f0-9]{12}'
+
+    def to_python(self, value):
+        return uuid.UUID(value)
+
+    def to_url(self, value):
+        return str(value)
+
+
+#: the default converter mapping for the map.
+DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
+    'default':          UnicodeConverter,
+    'string':           UnicodeConverter,
+    'any':              AnyConverter,
+    'path':             PathConverter,
+    'int':              IntegerConverter,
+    'float':            FloatConverter,
+    'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
+}
+
+
+class Map(object):
+
+    """The map class stores all the URL rules and some configuration
+    parameters.  Some of the configuration values are only stored on the
+    `Map` instance since those affect all rules, others are just defaults
+    and can be overridden for each rule.  Note that you have to specify all
+    arguments besides the `rules` as keyword arguments!
+
+    :param rules: sequence of url rules for this map.
+    :param default_subdomain: The default subdomain for rules without a
+                              subdomain defined.
+    :param charset: charset of the url. defaults to ``"utf-8"``
+    :param strict_slashes: Take care of trailing slashes.
+    :param redirect_defaults: This will redirect to the default rule if it
+                              wasn't visited that way. This helps creating
+                              unique URLs.
+    :param converters: A dict of converters that adds additional converters
+                       to the list of converters. If you redefine one
+                       converter this will override the original one.
+    :param sort_parameters: If set to `True` the url parameters are sorted.
+                            See `url_encode` for more details.
+    :param sort_key: The sort key function for `url_encode`.
+    :param encoding_errors: the error method to use for decoding
+    :param host_matching: if set to `True` it enables the host matching
+                          feature and disables the subdomain one.  If
+                          enabled the `host` parameter to rules is used
+                          instead of the `subdomain` one.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        `sort_parameters` and `sort_key` was added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        `encoding_errors` and `host_matching` was added.
+    """
+
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    #:    a dict of default converters to be used.
+    default_converters = ImmutableDict(DEFAULT_CONVERTERS)
+
+    def __init__(self, rules=None, default_subdomain='', charset='utf-8',
+                 strict_slashes=True, redirect_defaults=True,
+                 converters=None, sort_parameters=False, sort_key=None,
+                 encoding_errors='replace', host_matching=False):
+        self._rules = []
+        self._rules_by_endpoint = {}
+        self._remap = True
+        self._remap_lock = Lock()
+
+        self.default_subdomain = default_subdomain
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.encoding_errors = encoding_errors
+        self.strict_slashes = strict_slashes
+        self.redirect_defaults = redirect_defaults
+        self.host_matching = host_matching
+
+        self.converters = self.default_converters.copy()
+        if converters:
+            self.converters.update(converters)
+
+        self.sort_parameters = sort_parameters
+        self.sort_key = sort_key
+
+        for rulefactory in rules or ():
+            self.add(rulefactory)
+
+    def is_endpoint_expecting(self, endpoint, *arguments):
+        """Iterate over all rules and check if the endpoint expects
+        the arguments provided.  This is for example useful if you have
+        some URLs that expect a language code and others that do not and
+        you want to wrap the builder a bit so that the current language
+        code is automatically added if not provided but endpoints expect
+        it.
+
+        :param endpoint: the endpoint to check.
+        :param arguments: this function accepts one or more arguments
+                          as positional arguments.  Each one of them is
+                          checked.
+        """
+        self.update()
+        arguments = set(arguments)
+        for rule in self._rules_by_endpoint[endpoint]:
+            if arguments.issubset(rule.arguments):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def iter_rules(self, endpoint=None):
+        """Iterate over all rules or the rules of an endpoint.
+
+        :param endpoint: if provided only the rules for that endpoint
+                         are returned.
+        :return: an iterator
+        """
+        self.update()
+        if endpoint is not None:
+            return iter(self._rules_by_endpoint[endpoint])
+        return iter(self._rules)
+
+    def add(self, rulefactory):
+        """Add a new rule or factory to the map and bind it.  Requires that the
+        rule is not bound to another map.
+
+        :param rulefactory: a :class:`Rule` or :class:`RuleFactory`
+        """
+        for rule in rulefactory.get_rules(self):
+            rule.bind(self)
+            self._rules.append(rule)
+            self._rules_by_endpoint.setdefault(rule.endpoint, []).append(rule)
+        self._remap = True
+
+    def bind(self, server_name, script_name=None, subdomain=None,
+             url_scheme='http', default_method='GET', path_info=None,
+             query_args=None):
+        """Return a new :class:`MapAdapter` with the details specified to the
+        call.  Note that `script_name` will default to ``'/'`` if not further
+        specified or `None`.  The `server_name` at least is a requirement
+        because the HTTP RFC requires absolute URLs for redirects and so all
+        redirect exceptions raised by Werkzeug will contain the full canonical
+        URL.
+
+        If no path_info is passed to :meth:`match` it will use the default path
+        info passed to bind.  While this doesn't really make sense for
+        manual bind calls, it's useful if you bind a map to a WSGI
+        environment which already contains the path info.
+
+        `subdomain` will default to the `default_subdomain` for this map if
+        no defined. If there is no `default_subdomain` you cannot use the
+        subdomain feature.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+           `query_args` added
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+           `query_args` can now also be a string.
+        """
+        server_name = server_name.lower()
+        if self.host_matching:
+            if subdomain is not None:
+                raise RuntimeError('host matching enabled and a '
+                                   'subdomain was provided')
+        elif subdomain is None:
+            subdomain = self.default_subdomain
+        if script_name is None:
+            script_name = '/'
+        try:
+            server_name = _encode_idna(server_name)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            raise BadHost()
+        return MapAdapter(self, server_name, script_name, subdomain,
+                          url_scheme, path_info, default_method, query_args)
+
+    def bind_to_environ(self, environ, server_name=None, subdomain=None):
+        """Like :meth:`bind` but you can pass it an WSGI environment and it
+        will fetch the information from that dictionary.  Note that because of
+        limitations in the protocol there is no way to get the current
+        subdomain and real `server_name` from the environment.  If you don't
+        provide it, Werkzeug will use `SERVER_NAME` and `SERVER_PORT` (or
+        `HTTP_HOST` if provided) as used `server_name` with disabled subdomain
+        feature.
+
+        If `subdomain` is `None` but an environment and a server name is
+        provided it will calculate the current subdomain automatically.
+        Example: `server_name` is ``'example.com'`` and the `SERVER_NAME`
+        in the wsgi `environ` is ``'staging.dev.example.com'`` the calculated
+        subdomain will be ``'staging.dev'``.
+
+        If the object passed as environ has an environ attribute, the value of
+        this attribute is used instead.  This allows you to pass request
+        objects.  Additionally `PATH_INFO` added as a default of the
+        :class:`MapAdapter` so that you don't have to pass the path info to
+        the match method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+            previously this method accepted a bogus `calculate_subdomain`
+            parameter that did not have any effect.  It was removed because
+            of that.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+           This will no longer raise a ValueError when an unexpected server
+           name was passed.
+
+        :param environ: a WSGI environment.
+        :param server_name: an optional server name hint (see above).
+        :param subdomain: optionally the current subdomain (see above).
+        """
+        environ = _get_environ(environ)
+
+        if 'HTTP_HOST' in environ:
+            wsgi_server_name = environ['HTTP_HOST']
+
+            if environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] == 'http' \
+                    and wsgi_server_name.endswith(':80'):
+                wsgi_server_name = wsgi_server_name[:-3]
+            elif environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] == 'https' \
+                    and wsgi_server_name.endswith(':443'):
+                wsgi_server_name = wsgi_server_name[:-4]
+        else:
+            wsgi_server_name = environ['SERVER_NAME']
+
+            if (environ['wsgi.url_scheme'], environ['SERVER_PORT']) not \
+               in (('https', '443'), ('http', '80')):
+                wsgi_server_name += ':' + environ['SERVER_PORT']
+
+        wsgi_server_name = wsgi_server_name.lower()
+
+        if server_name is None:
+            server_name = wsgi_server_name
+        else:
+            server_name = server_name.lower()
+
+        if subdomain is None and not self.host_matching:
+            cur_server_name = wsgi_server_name.split('.')
+            real_server_name = server_name.split('.')
+            offset = -len(real_server_name)
+            if cur_server_name[offset:] != real_server_name:
+                # This can happen even with valid configs if the server was
+                # accesssed directly by IP address under some situations.
+                # Instead of raising an exception like in Werkzeug 0.7 or
+                # earlier we go by an invalid subdomain which will result
+                # in a 404 error on matching.
+                subdomain = '<invalid>'
+            else:
+                subdomain = '.'.join(filter(None, cur_server_name[:offset]))
+
+        def _get_wsgi_string(name):
+            val = environ.get(name)
+            if val is not None:
+                return wsgi_decoding_dance(val, self.charset)
+
+        script_name = _get_wsgi_string('SCRIPT_NAME')
+        path_info = _get_wsgi_string('PATH_INFO')
+        query_args = _get_wsgi_string('QUERY_STRING')
+        return Map.bind(self, server_name, script_name,
+                        subdomain, environ['wsgi.url_scheme'],
+                        environ['REQUEST_METHOD'], path_info,
+                        query_args=query_args)
+
+    def update(self):
+        """Called before matching and building to keep the compiled rules
+        in the correct order after things changed.
+        """
+        if not self._remap:
+            return
+
+        with self._remap_lock:
+            if not self._remap:
+                return
+
+            self._rules.sort(key=lambda x: x.match_compare_key())
+            for rules in itervalues(self._rules_by_endpoint):
+                rules.sort(key=lambda x: x.build_compare_key())
+            self._remap = False
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        rules = self.iter_rules()
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, pformat(list(rules)))
+
+
+class MapAdapter(object):
+
+    """Returned by :meth:`Map.bind` or :meth:`Map.bind_to_environ` and does
+    the URL matching and building based on runtime information.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, map, server_name, script_name, subdomain,
+                 url_scheme, path_info, default_method, query_args=None):
+        self.map = map
+        self.server_name = to_unicode(server_name)
+        script_name = to_unicode(script_name)
+        if not script_name.endswith(u'/'):
+            script_name += u'/'
+        self.script_name = script_name
+        self.subdomain = to_unicode(subdomain)
+        self.url_scheme = to_unicode(url_scheme)
+        self.path_info = to_unicode(path_info)
+        self.default_method = to_unicode(default_method)
+        self.query_args = query_args
+
+    def dispatch(self, view_func, path_info=None, method=None,
+                 catch_http_exceptions=False):
+        """Does the complete dispatching process.  `view_func` is called with
+        the endpoint and a dict with the values for the view.  It should
+        look up the view function, call it, and return a response object
+        or WSGI application.  http exceptions are not caught by default
+        so that applications can display nicer error messages by just
+        catching them by hand.  If you want to stick with the default
+        error messages you can pass it ``catch_http_exceptions=True`` and
+        it will catch the http exceptions.
+
+        Here a small example for the dispatch usage::
+
+            from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
+            from werkzeug.wsgi import responder
+            from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule
+
+            def on_index(request):
+                return Response('Hello from the index')
+
+            url_map = Map([Rule('/', endpoint='index')])
+            views = {'index': on_index}
+
+            @responder
+            def application(environ, start_response):
+                request = Request(environ)
+                urls = url_map.bind_to_environ(environ)
+                return urls.dispatch(lambda e, v: views[e](request, **v),
+                                     catch_http_exceptions=True)
+
+        Keep in mind that this method might return exception objects, too, so
+        use :class:`Response.force_type` to get a response object.
+
+        :param view_func: a function that is called with the endpoint as
+                          first argument and the value dict as second.  Has
+                          to dispatch to the actual view function with this
+                          information.  (see above)
+        :param path_info: the path info to use for matching.  Overrides the
+                          path info specified on binding.
+        :param method: the HTTP method used for matching.  Overrides the
+                       method specified on binding.
+        :param catch_http_exceptions: set to `True` to catch any of the
+                                      werkzeug :class:`HTTPException`\s.
+        """
+        try:
+            try:
+                endpoint, args = self.match(path_info, method)
+            except RequestRedirect as e:
+                return e
+            return view_func(endpoint, args)
+        except HTTPException as e:
+            if catch_http_exceptions:
+                return e
+            raise
+
+    def match(self, path_info=None, method=None, return_rule=False,
+              query_args=None):
+        """The usage is simple: you just pass the match method the current
+        path info as well as the method (which defaults to `GET`).  The
+        following things can then happen:
+
+        - you receive a `NotFound` exception that indicates that no URL is
+          matching.  A `NotFound` exception is also a WSGI application you
+          can call to get a default page not found page (happens to be the
+          same object as `werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound`)
+
+        - you receive a `MethodNotAllowed` exception that indicates that there
+          is a match for this URL but not for the current request method.
+          This is useful for RESTful applications.
+
+        - you receive a `RequestRedirect` exception with a `new_url`
+          attribute.  This exception is used to notify you about a request
+          Werkzeug requests from your WSGI application.  This is for example the
+          case if you request ``/foo`` although the correct URL is ``/foo/``
+          You can use the `RequestRedirect` instance as response-like object
+          similar to all other subclasses of `HTTPException`.
+
+        - you get a tuple in the form ``(endpoint, arguments)`` if there is
+          a match (unless `return_rule` is True, in which case you get a tuple
+          in the form ``(rule, arguments)``)
+
+        If the path info is not passed to the match method the default path
+        info of the map is used (defaults to the root URL if not defined
+        explicitly).
+
+        All of the exceptions raised are subclasses of `HTTPException` so they
+        can be used as WSGI responses.  The will all render generic error or
+        redirect pages.
+
+        Here is a small example for matching:
+
+        >>> m = Map([
+        ...     Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
+        ...     Rule('/downloads/', endpoint='downloads/index'),
+        ...     Rule('/downloads/<int:id>', endpoint='downloads/show')
+        ... ])
+        >>> urls = m.bind("example.com", "/")
+        >>> urls.match("/", "GET")
+        ('index', {})
+        >>> urls.match("/downloads/42")
+        ('downloads/show', {'id': 42})
+
+        And here is what happens on redirect and missing URLs:
+
+        >>> urls.match("/downloads")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        RequestRedirect: http://example.com/downloads/
+        >>> urls.match("/missing")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          ...
+        NotFound: 404 Not Found
+
+        :param path_info: the path info to use for matching.  Overrides the
+                          path info specified on binding.
+        :param method: the HTTP method used for matching.  Overrides the
+                       method specified on binding.
+        :param return_rule: return the rule that matched instead of just the
+                            endpoint (defaults to `False`).
+        :param query_args: optional query arguments that are used for
+                           automatic redirects as string or dictionary.  It's
+                           currently not possible to use the query arguments
+                           for URL matching.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+           `return_rule` was added.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+           `query_args` was added.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+           `query_args` can now also be a string.
+        """
+        self.map.update()
+        if path_info is None:
+            path_info = self.path_info
+        else:
+            path_info = to_unicode(path_info, self.map.charset)
+        if query_args is None:
+            query_args = self.query_args
+        method = (method or self.default_method).upper()
+
+        path = u'%s|%s' % (
+            self.map.host_matching and self.server_name or self.subdomain,
+            path_info and '/%s' % path_info.lstrip('/')
+        )
+
+        have_match_for = set()
+        for rule in self.map._rules:
+            try:
+                rv = rule.match(path)
+            except RequestSlash:
+                raise RequestRedirect(self.make_redirect_url(
+                    url_quote(path_info, self.map.charset,
+                              safe='/:|+') + '/', query_args))
+            except RequestAliasRedirect as e:
+                raise RequestRedirect(self.make_alias_redirect_url(
+                    path, rule.endpoint, e.matched_values, method, query_args))
+            if rv is None:
+                continue
+            if rule.methods is not None and method not in rule.methods:
+                have_match_for.update(rule.methods)
+                continue
+
+            if self.map.redirect_defaults:
+                redirect_url = self.get_default_redirect(rule, method, rv,
+                                                         query_args)
+                if redirect_url is not None:
+                    raise RequestRedirect(redirect_url)
+
+            if rule.redirect_to is not None:
+                if isinstance(rule.redirect_to, string_types):
+                    def _handle_match(match):
+                        value = rv[match.group(1)]
+                        return rule._converters[match.group(1)].to_url(value)
+                    redirect_url = _simple_rule_re.sub(_handle_match,
+                                                       rule.redirect_to)
+                else:
+                    redirect_url = rule.redirect_to(self, **rv)
+                raise RequestRedirect(str(url_join('%s://%s%s%s' % (
+                    self.url_scheme or 'http',
+                    self.subdomain and self.subdomain + '.' or '',
+                    self.server_name,
+                    self.script_name
+                ), redirect_url)))
+
+            if return_rule:
+                return rule, rv
+            else:
+                return rule.endpoint, rv
+
+        if have_match_for:
+            raise MethodNotAllowed(valid_methods=list(have_match_for))
+        raise NotFound()
+
+    def test(self, path_info=None, method=None):
+        """Test if a rule would match.  Works like `match` but returns `True`
+        if the URL matches, or `False` if it does not exist.
+
+        :param path_info: the path info to use for matching.  Overrides the
+                          path info specified on binding.
+        :param method: the HTTP method used for matching.  Overrides the
+                       method specified on binding.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.match(path_info, method)
+        except RequestRedirect:
+            pass
+        except HTTPException:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def allowed_methods(self, path_info=None):
+        """Returns the valid methods that match for a given path.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        """
+        try:
+            self.match(path_info, method='--')
+        except MethodNotAllowed as e:
+            return e.valid_methods
+        except HTTPException as e:
+            pass
+        return []
+
+    def get_host(self, domain_part):
+        """Figures out the full host name for the given domain part.  The
+        domain part is a subdomain in case host matching is disabled or
+        a full host name.
+        """
+        if self.map.host_matching:
+            if domain_part is None:
+                return self.server_name
+            return to_unicode(domain_part, 'ascii')
+        subdomain = domain_part
+        if subdomain is None:
+            subdomain = self.subdomain
+        else:
+            subdomain = to_unicode(subdomain, 'ascii')
+        return (subdomain and subdomain + u'.' or u'') + self.server_name
+
+    def get_default_redirect(self, rule, method, values, query_args):
+        """A helper that returns the URL to redirect to if it finds one.
+        This is used for default redirecting only.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        assert self.map.redirect_defaults
+        for r in self.map._rules_by_endpoint[rule.endpoint]:
+            # every rule that comes after this one, including ourself
+            # has a lower priority for the defaults.  We order the ones
+            # with the highest priority up for building.
+            if r is rule:
+                break
+            if r.provides_defaults_for(rule) and \
+               r.suitable_for(values, method):
+                values.update(r.defaults)
+                domain_part, path = r.build(values)
+                return self.make_redirect_url(
+                    path, query_args, domain_part=domain_part)
+
+    def encode_query_args(self, query_args):
+        if not isinstance(query_args, string_types):
+            query_args = url_encode(query_args, self.map.charset)
+        return query_args
+
+    def make_redirect_url(self, path_info, query_args=None, domain_part=None):
+        """Creates a redirect URL.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        suffix = ''
+        if query_args:
+            suffix = '?' + self.encode_query_args(query_args)
+        return str('%s://%s/%s%s' % (
+            self.url_scheme or 'http',
+            self.get_host(domain_part),
+            posixpath.join(self.script_name[:-1].lstrip('/'),
+                           path_info.lstrip('/')),
+            suffix
+        ))
+
+    def make_alias_redirect_url(self, path, endpoint, values, method, query_args):
+        """Internally called to make an alias redirect URL."""
+        url = self.build(endpoint, values, method, append_unknown=False,
+                         force_external=True)
+        if query_args:
+            url += '?' + self.encode_query_args(query_args)
+        assert url != path, 'detected invalid alias setting.  No canonical ' \
+            'URL found'
+        return url
+
+    def _partial_build(self, endpoint, values, method, append_unknown):
+        """Helper for :meth:`build`.  Returns subdomain and path for the
+        rule that accepts this endpoint, values and method.
+
+        :internal:
+        """
+        # in case the method is none, try with the default method first
+        if method is None:
+            rv = self._partial_build(endpoint, values, self.default_method,
+                                     append_unknown)
+            if rv is not None:
+                return rv
+
+        # default method did not match or a specific method is passed,
+        # check all and go with first result.
+        for rule in self.map._rules_by_endpoint.get(endpoint, ()):
+            if rule.suitable_for(values, method):
+                rv = rule.build(values, append_unknown)
+                if rv is not None:
+                    return rv
+
+    def build(self, endpoint, values=None, method=None, force_external=False,
+              append_unknown=True):
+        """Building URLs works pretty much the other way round.  Instead of
+        `match` you call `build` and pass it the endpoint and a dict of
+        arguments for the placeholders.
+
+        The `build` function also accepts an argument called `force_external`
+        which, if you set it to `True` will force external URLs. Per default
+        external URLs (include the server name) will only be used if the
+        target URL is on a different subdomain.
+
+        >>> m = Map([
+        ...     Rule('/', endpoint='index'),
+        ...     Rule('/downloads/', endpoint='downloads/index'),
+        ...     Rule('/downloads/<int:id>', endpoint='downloads/show')
+        ... ])
+        >>> urls = m.bind("example.com", "/")
+        >>> urls.build("index", {})
+        '/'
+        >>> urls.build("downloads/show", {'id': 42})
+        '/downloads/42'
+        >>> urls.build("downloads/show", {'id': 42}, force_external=True)
+        'http://example.com/downloads/42'
+
+        Because URLs cannot contain non ASCII data you will always get
+        bytestrings back.  Non ASCII characters are urlencoded with the
+        charset defined on the map instance.
+
+        Additional values are converted to unicode and appended to the URL as
+        URL querystring parameters:
+
+        >>> urls.build("index", {'q': 'My Searchstring'})
+        '/?q=My+Searchstring'
+
+        When processing those additional values, lists are furthermore
+        interpreted as multiple values (as per
+        :py:class:`werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict`):
+
+        >>> urls.build("index", {'q': ['a', 'b', 'c']})
+        '/?q=a&q=b&q=c'
+
+        If a rule does not exist when building a `BuildError` exception is
+        raised.
+
+        The build method accepts an argument called `method` which allows you
+        to specify the method you want to have an URL built for if you have
+        different methods for the same endpoint specified.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+           the `append_unknown` parameter was added.
+
+        :param endpoint: the endpoint of the URL to build.
+        :param values: the values for the URL to build.  Unhandled values are
+                       appended to the URL as query parameters.
+        :param method: the HTTP method for the rule if there are different
+                       URLs for different methods on the same endpoint.
+        :param force_external: enforce full canonical external URLs. If the URL
+                               scheme is not provided, this will generate
+                               a protocol-relative URL.
+        :param append_unknown: unknown parameters are appended to the generated
+                               URL as query string argument.  Disable this
+                               if you want the builder to ignore those.
+        """
+        self.map.update()
+        if values:
+            if isinstance(values, MultiDict):
+                valueiter = iteritems(values, multi=True)
+            else:
+                valueiter = iteritems(values)
+            values = dict((k, v) for k, v in valueiter if v is not None)
+        else:
+            values = {}
+
+        rv = self._partial_build(endpoint, values, method, append_unknown)
+        if rv is None:
+            raise BuildError(endpoint, values, method, self)
+        domain_part, path = rv
+
+        host = self.get_host(domain_part)
+
+        # shortcut this.
+        if not force_external and (
+            (self.map.host_matching and host == self.server_name) or
+            (not self.map.host_matching and domain_part == self.subdomain)
+        ):
+            return str(url_join(self.script_name, './' + path.lstrip('/')))
+        return str('%s//%s%s/%s' % (
+            self.url_scheme + ':' if self.url_scheme else '',
+            host,
+            self.script_name[:-1],
+            path.lstrip('/')
+        ))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/script.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/script.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfff3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/script.py
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+r'''
+    werkzeug.script
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    .. admonition:: Deprecated Functionality
+
+       ``werkzeug.script`` is deprecated without replacement functionality.
+       Python's command line support improved greatly with :mod:`argparse`
+       and a bunch of alternative modules.
+
+    Most of the time you have recurring tasks while writing an application
+    such as starting up an interactive python interpreter with some prefilled
+    imports, starting the development server, initializing the database or
+    something similar.
+
+    For that purpose werkzeug provides the `werkzeug.script` module which
+    helps you writing such scripts.
+
+
+    Basic Usage
+    -----------
+
+    The following snippet is roughly the same in every werkzeug script::
+
+        #!/usr/bin/env python
+        # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+        from werkzeug import script
+
+        # actions go here
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            script.run()
+
+    Starting this script now does nothing because no actions are defined.
+    An action is a function in the same module starting with ``"action_"``
+    which takes a number of arguments where every argument has a default.  The
+    type of the default value specifies the type of the argument.
+
+    Arguments can then be passed by position or using ``--name=value`` from
+    the shell.
+
+    Because a runserver and shell command is pretty common there are two
+    factory functions that create such commands::
+
+        def make_app():
+            from yourapplication import YourApplication
+            return YourApplication(...)
+
+        action_runserver = script.make_runserver(make_app, use_reloader=True)
+        action_shell = script.make_shell(lambda: {'app': make_app()})
+
+
+    Using The Scripts
+    -----------------
+
+    The script from above can be used like this from the shell now:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        $ ./manage.py --help
+        $ ./manage.py runserver localhost 8080 --debugger --no-reloader
+        $ ./manage.py runserver -p 4000
+        $ ./manage.py shell
+
+    As you can see it's possible to pass parameters as positional arguments
+    or as named parameters, pretty much like Python function calls.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+'''
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import inspect
+import getopt
+from os.path import basename
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems
+
+
+argument_types = {
+    bool:       'boolean',
+    str:        'string',
+    int:        'integer',
+    float:      'float'
+}
+
+
+converters = {
+    'boolean': lambda x: x.lower() in ('1', 'true', 'yes', 'on'),
+    'string':   str,
+    'integer':  int,
+    'float':    float
+}
+
+
+def run(namespace=None, action_prefix='action_', args=None):
+    """Run the script.  Participating actions are looked up in the caller's
+    namespace if no namespace is given, otherwise in the dict provided.
+    Only items that start with action_prefix are processed as actions.  If
+    you want to use all items in the namespace provided as actions set
+    action_prefix to an empty string.
+
+    :param namespace: An optional dict where the functions are looked up in.
+                      By default the local namespace of the caller is used.
+    :param action_prefix: The prefix for the functions.  Everything else
+                          is ignored.
+    :param args: the arguments for the function.  If not specified
+                 :data:`sys.argv` without the first argument is used.
+    """
+    if namespace is None:
+        namespace = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
+    actions = find_actions(namespace, action_prefix)
+
+    if args is None:
+        args = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not args or args[0] in ('-h', '--help'):
+        return print_usage(actions)
+    elif args[0] not in actions:
+        fail('Unknown action \'%s\'' % args[0])
+
+    arguments = {}
+    types = {}
+    key_to_arg = {}
+    long_options = []
+    formatstring = ''
+    func, doc, arg_def = actions[args.pop(0)]
+    for idx, (arg, shortcut, default, option_type) in enumerate(arg_def):
+        real_arg = arg.replace('-', '_')
+        if shortcut:
+            formatstring += shortcut
+            if not isinstance(default, bool):
+                formatstring += ':'
+            key_to_arg['-' + shortcut] = real_arg
+        long_options.append(isinstance(default, bool) and arg or arg + '=')
+        key_to_arg['--' + arg] = real_arg
+        key_to_arg[idx] = real_arg
+        types[real_arg] = option_type
+        arguments[real_arg] = default
+
+    try:
+        optlist, posargs = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, formatstring, long_options)
+    except getopt.GetoptError as e:
+        fail(str(e))
+
+    specified_arguments = set()
+    for key, value in enumerate(posargs):
+        try:
+            arg = key_to_arg[key]
+        except IndexError:
+            fail('Too many parameters')
+        specified_arguments.add(arg)
+        try:
+            arguments[arg] = converters[types[arg]](value)
+        except ValueError:
+            fail('Invalid value for argument %s (%s): %s' % (key, arg, value))
+
+    for key, value in optlist:
+        arg = key_to_arg[key]
+        if arg in specified_arguments:
+            fail('Argument \'%s\' is specified twice' % arg)
+        if types[arg] == 'boolean':
+            if arg.startswith('no_'):
+                value = 'no'
+            else:
+                value = 'yes'
+        try:
+            arguments[arg] = converters[types[arg]](value)
+        except ValueError:
+            fail('Invalid value for \'%s\': %s' % (key, value))
+
+    newargs = {}
+    for k, v in iteritems(arguments):
+        newargs[k.startswith('no_') and k[3:] or k] = v
+    arguments = newargs
+    return func(**arguments)
+
+
+def fail(message, code=-1):
+    """Fail with an error."""
+    print('Error: %s' % message, file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(code)
+
+
+def find_actions(namespace, action_prefix):
+    """Find all the actions in the namespace."""
+    actions = {}
+    for key, value in iteritems(namespace):
+        if key.startswith(action_prefix):
+            actions[key[len(action_prefix):]] = analyse_action(value)
+    return actions
+
+
+def print_usage(actions):
+    """Print the usage information.  (Help screen)"""
+    actions = sorted(iteritems(actions))
+    print('usage: %s <action> [<options>]' % basename(sys.argv[0]))
+    print('       %s --help' % basename(sys.argv[0]))
+    print()
+    print('actions:')
+    for name, (func, doc, arguments) in actions:
+        print('  %s:' % name)
+        for line in doc.splitlines():
+            print('    %s' % line)
+        if arguments:
+            print()
+        for arg, shortcut, default, argtype in arguments:
+            if isinstance(default, bool):
+                print('    %s' % (
+                    (shortcut and '-%s, ' % shortcut or '') + '--' + arg
+                ))
+            else:
+                print('    %-30s%-10s%s' % (
+                    (shortcut and '-%s, ' % shortcut or '') + '--' + arg,
+                    argtype, default
+                ))
+        print()
+
+
+def analyse_action(func):
+    """Analyse a function."""
+    description = inspect.getdoc(func) or 'undocumented action'
+    arguments = []
+    args, varargs, kwargs, defaults = inspect.getargspec(func)
+    if varargs or kwargs:
+        raise TypeError('variable length arguments for action not allowed.')
+    if len(args) != len(defaults or ()):
+        raise TypeError('not all arguments have proper definitions')
+
+    for idx, (arg, definition) in enumerate(zip(args, defaults or ())):
+        if arg.startswith('_'):
+            raise TypeError('arguments may not start with an underscore')
+        if not isinstance(definition, tuple):
+            shortcut = None
+            default = definition
+        else:
+            shortcut, default = definition
+        argument_type = argument_types[type(default)]
+        if isinstance(default, bool) and default is True:
+            arg = 'no-' + arg
+        arguments.append((arg.replace('_', '-'), shortcut,
+                          default, argument_type))
+    return func, description, arguments
+
+
+def make_shell(init_func=None, banner=None, use_ipython=True):
+    """Returns an action callback that spawns a new interactive
+    python shell.
+
+    :param init_func: an optional initialization function that is
+                      called before the shell is started.  The return
+                      value of this function is the initial namespace.
+    :param banner: the banner that is displayed before the shell.  If
+                   not specified a generic banner is used instead.
+    :param use_ipython: if set to `True` ipython is used if available.
+    """
+    if banner is None:
+        banner = 'Interactive Werkzeug Shell'
+    if init_func is None:
+        init_func = dict
+
+    def action(ipython=use_ipython):
+        """Start a new interactive python session."""
+        namespace = init_func()
+        if ipython:
+            try:
+                try:
+                    from IPython.frontend.terminal.embed import InteractiveShellEmbed
+                    sh = InteractiveShellEmbed(banner1=banner)
+                except ImportError:
+                    from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
+                    sh = IPShellEmbed(banner=banner)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                sh(global_ns={}, local_ns=namespace)
+                return
+        from code import interact
+        interact(banner, local=namespace)
+    return action
+
+
+def make_runserver(app_factory, hostname='localhost', port=5000,
+                   use_reloader=False, use_debugger=False, use_evalex=True,
+                   threaded=False, processes=1, static_files=None,
+                   extra_files=None, ssl_context=None):
+    """Returns an action callback that spawns a new development server.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       `static_files` and `extra_files` was added.
+
+    ..versionadded:: 0.6.1
+       `ssl_context` was added.
+
+    :param app_factory: a function that returns a new WSGI application.
+    :param hostname: the default hostname the server should listen on.
+    :param port: the default port of the server.
+    :param use_reloader: the default setting for the reloader.
+    :param use_evalex: the default setting for the evalex flag of the debugger.
+    :param threaded: the default threading setting.
+    :param processes: the default number of processes to start.
+    :param static_files: optional dict of static files.
+    :param extra_files: optional list of extra files to track for reloading.
+    :param ssl_context: optional SSL context for running server in HTTPS mode.
+    """
+    def action(hostname=('h', hostname), port=('p', port),
+               reloader=use_reloader, debugger=use_debugger,
+               evalex=use_evalex, threaded=threaded, processes=processes):
+        """Start a new development server."""
+        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
+        app = app_factory()
+        run_simple(hostname, port, app,
+                   use_reloader=reloader, use_debugger=debugger,
+                   use_evalex=evalex, extra_files=extra_files,
+                   reloader_interval=1, threaded=threaded, processes=processes,
+                   static_files=static_files, ssl_context=ssl_context)
+    return action
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/security.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/security.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04bb912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/security.py
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.security
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Security related helpers such as secure password hashing tools.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import hmac
+import hashlib
+import posixpath
+import codecs
+from struct import Struct
+from random import SystemRandom
+from operator import xor
+from itertools import starmap
+
+from werkzeug._compat import range_type, PY2, text_type, izip, to_bytes, \
+    string_types, to_native
+
+
+SALT_CHARS = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789'
+DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 1000
+
+
+_pack_int = Struct('>I').pack
+_builtin_safe_str_cmp = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest', None)
+_sys_rng = SystemRandom()
+_os_alt_seps = list(sep for sep in [os.path.sep, os.path.altsep]
+                    if sep not in (None, '/'))
+
+
+def _find_hashlib_algorithms():
+    algos = getattr(hashlib, 'algorithms', None)
+    if algos is None:
+        algos = ('md5', 'sha1', 'sha224', 'sha256', 'sha384', 'sha512')
+    rv = {}
+    for algo in algos:
+        func = getattr(hashlib, algo, None)
+        if func is not None:
+            rv[algo] = func
+    return rv
+_hash_funcs = _find_hashlib_algorithms()
+
+
+def pbkdf2_hex(data, salt, iterations=DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS,
+               keylen=None, hashfunc=None):
+    """Like :func:`pbkdf2_bin`, but returns a hex-encoded string.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param data: the data to derive.
+    :param salt: the salt for the derivation.
+    :param iterations: the number of iterations.
+    :param keylen: the length of the resulting key.  If not provided,
+                   the digest size will be used.
+    :param hashfunc: the hash function to use.  This can either be the
+                     string name of a known hash function, or a function
+                     from the hashlib module.  Defaults to sha1.
+    """
+    rv = pbkdf2_bin(data, salt, iterations, keylen, hashfunc)
+    return to_native(codecs.encode(rv, 'hex_codec'))
+
+
+_has_native_pbkdf2 = hasattr(hashlib, 'pbkdf2_hmac')
+
+
+def pbkdf2_bin(data, salt, iterations=DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS,
+               keylen=None, hashfunc=None):
+    """Returns a binary digest for the PBKDF2 hash algorithm of `data`
+    with the given `salt`. It iterates `iterations` times and produces a
+    key of `keylen` bytes. By default, SHA-1 is used as hash function;
+    a different hashlib `hashfunc` can be provided.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param data: the data to derive.
+    :param salt: the salt for the derivation.
+    :param iterations: the number of iterations.
+    :param keylen: the length of the resulting key.  If not provided
+                   the digest size will be used.
+    :param hashfunc: the hash function to use.  This can either be the
+                     string name of a known hash function or a function
+                     from the hashlib module.  Defaults to sha1.
+    """
+    if isinstance(hashfunc, string_types):
+        hashfunc = _hash_funcs[hashfunc]
+    elif not hashfunc:
+        hashfunc = hashlib.sha1
+    data = to_bytes(data)
+    salt = to_bytes(salt)
+
+    # If we're on Python with pbkdf2_hmac we can try to use it for
+    # compatible digests.
+    if _has_native_pbkdf2:
+        _test_hash = hashfunc()
+        if hasattr(_test_hash, 'name') and \
+           _test_hash.name in _hash_funcs:
+            return hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac(_test_hash.name,
+                                       data, salt, iterations,
+                                       keylen)
+
+    mac = hmac.HMAC(data, None, hashfunc)
+    if not keylen:
+        keylen = mac.digest_size
+
+    def _pseudorandom(x, mac=mac):
+        h = mac.copy()
+        h.update(x)
+        return bytearray(h.digest())
+    buf = bytearray()
+    for block in range_type(1, -(-keylen // mac.digest_size) + 1):
+        rv = u = _pseudorandom(salt + _pack_int(block))
+        for i in range_type(iterations - 1):
+            u = _pseudorandom(bytes(u))
+            rv = bytearray(starmap(xor, izip(rv, u)))
+        buf.extend(rv)
+    return bytes(buf[:keylen])
+
+
+def safe_str_cmp(a, b):
+    """This function compares strings in somewhat constant time.  This
+    requires that the length of at least one string is known in advance.
+
+    Returns `True` if the two strings are equal, or `False` if they are not.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+    """
+    if isinstance(a, text_type):
+        a = a.encode('utf-8')
+    if isinstance(b, text_type):
+        b = b.encode('utf-8')
+
+    if _builtin_safe_str_cmp is not None:
+        return _builtin_safe_str_cmp(a, b)
+
+    if len(a) != len(b):
+        return False
+
+    rv = 0
+    if PY2:
+        for x, y in izip(a, b):
+            rv |= ord(x) ^ ord(y)
+    else:
+        for x, y in izip(a, b):
+            rv |= x ^ y
+
+    return rv == 0
+
+
+def gen_salt(length):
+    """Generate a random string of SALT_CHARS with specified ``length``."""
+    if length <= 0:
+        raise ValueError('Salt length must be positive')
+    return ''.join(_sys_rng.choice(SALT_CHARS) for _ in range_type(length))
+
+
+def _hash_internal(method, salt, password):
+    """Internal password hash helper.  Supports plaintext without salt,
+    unsalted and salted passwords.  In case salted passwords are used
+    hmac is used.
+    """
+    if method == 'plain':
+        return password, method
+
+    if isinstance(password, text_type):
+        password = password.encode('utf-8')
+
+    if method.startswith('pbkdf2:'):
+        args = method[7:].split(':')
+        if len(args) not in (1, 2):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid number of arguments for PBKDF2')
+        method = args.pop(0)
+        iterations = args and int(args[0] or 0) or DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS
+        is_pbkdf2 = True
+        actual_method = 'pbkdf2:%s:%d' % (method, iterations)
+    else:
+        is_pbkdf2 = False
+        actual_method = method
+
+    hash_func = _hash_funcs.get(method)
+    if hash_func is None:
+        raise TypeError('invalid method %r' % method)
+
+    if is_pbkdf2:
+        if not salt:
+            raise ValueError('Salt is required for PBKDF2')
+        rv = pbkdf2_hex(password, salt, iterations,
+                        hashfunc=hash_func)
+    elif salt:
+        if isinstance(salt, text_type):
+            salt = salt.encode('utf-8')
+        rv = hmac.HMAC(salt, password, hash_func).hexdigest()
+    else:
+        h = hash_func()
+        h.update(password)
+        rv = h.hexdigest()
+    return rv, actual_method
+
+
+def generate_password_hash(password, method='pbkdf2:sha1', salt_length=8):
+    """Hash a password with the given method and salt with with a string of
+    the given length.  The format of the string returned includes the method
+    that was used so that :func:`check_password_hash` can check the hash.
+
+    The format for the hashed string looks like this::
+
+        method$salt$hash
+
+    This method can **not** generate unsalted passwords but it is possible
+    to set the method to plain to enforce plaintext passwords.  If a salt
+    is used, hmac is used internally to salt the password.
+
+    If PBKDF2 is wanted it can be enabled by setting the method to
+    ``pbkdf2:method:iterations`` where iterations is optional::
+
+        pbkdf2:sha1:2000$salt$hash
+        pbkdf2:sha1$salt$hash
+
+    :param password: the password to hash.
+    :param method: the hash method to use (one that hashlib supports). Can
+                   optionally be in the format ``pbkdf2:<method>[:iterations]``
+                   to enable PBKDF2.
+    :param salt_length: the length of the salt in letters.
+    """
+    salt = method != 'plain' and gen_salt(salt_length) or ''
+    h, actual_method = _hash_internal(method, salt, password)
+    return '%s$%s$%s' % (actual_method, salt, h)
+
+
+def check_password_hash(pwhash, password):
+    """check a password against a given salted and hashed password value.
+    In order to support unsalted legacy passwords this method supports
+    plain text passwords, md5 and sha1 hashes (both salted and unsalted).
+
+    Returns `True` if the password matched, `False` otherwise.
+
+    :param pwhash: a hashed string like returned by
+                   :func:`generate_password_hash`.
+    :param password: the plaintext password to compare against the hash.
+    """
+    if pwhash.count('$') < 2:
+        return False
+    method, salt, hashval = pwhash.split('$', 2)
+    return safe_str_cmp(_hash_internal(method, salt, password)[0], hashval)
+
+
+def safe_join(directory, filename):
+    """Safely join `directory` and `filename`.  If this cannot be done,
+    this function returns ``None``.
+
+    :param directory: the base directory.
+    :param filename: the untrusted filename relative to that directory.
+    """
+    filename = posixpath.normpath(filename)
+    for sep in _os_alt_seps:
+        if sep in filename:
+            return None
+    if os.path.isabs(filename) or filename.startswith('../'):
+        return None
+    return os.path.join(directory, filename)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b6cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.serving
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    There are many ways to serve a WSGI application.  While you're developing
+    it you usually don't want a full blown webserver like Apache but a simple
+    standalone one.  From Python 2.5 onwards there is the `wsgiref`_ server in
+    the standard library.  If you're using older versions of Python you can
+    download the package from the cheeseshop.
+
+    However there are some caveats. Sourcecode won't reload itself when
+    changed and each time you kill the server using ``^C`` you get an
+    `KeyboardInterrupt` error.  While the latter is easy to solve the first
+    one can be a pain in the ass in some situations.
+
+    The easiest way is creating a small ``start-myproject.py`` that runs the
+    application::
+
+        #!/usr/bin/env python
+        # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+        from myproject import make_app
+        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
+
+        app = make_app(...)
+        run_simple('localhost', 8080, app, use_reloader=True)
+
+    You can also pass it a `extra_files` keyword argument with a list of
+    additional files (like configuration files) you want to observe.
+
+    For bigger applications you should consider using `werkzeug.script`
+    instead of a simple start file.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from __future__ import with_statement
+
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import signal
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    class _SslDummy(object):
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            raise RuntimeError('SSL support unavailable')
+    ssl = _SslDummy()
+
+
+def _get_openssl_crypto_module():
+    try:
+        from OpenSSL import crypto
+    except ImportError:
+        raise TypeError('Using ad-hoc certificates requires the pyOpenSSL '
+                        'library.')
+    else:
+        return crypto
+
+
+try:
+    from SocketServer import ThreadingMixIn, ForkingMixIn
+    from BaseHTTPServer import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+except ImportError:
+    from socketserver import ThreadingMixIn, ForkingMixIn
+    from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+
+# important: do not use relative imports here or python -m will break
+import werkzeug
+from werkzeug._internal import _log
+from werkzeug._compat import PY2, reraise, wsgi_encoding_dance
+from werkzeug.urls import url_parse, url_unquote
+from werkzeug.exceptions import InternalServerError
+
+
+LISTEN_QUEUE = 128
+can_open_by_fd = hasattr(socket, 'fromfd')
+
+
+class WSGIRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler, object):
+
+    """A request handler that implements WSGI dispatching."""
+
+    @property
+    def server_version(self):
+        return 'Werkzeug/' + werkzeug.__version__
+
+    def make_environ(self):
+        request_url = url_parse(self.path)
+
+        def shutdown_server():
+            self.server.shutdown_signal = True
+
+        url_scheme = self.server.ssl_context is None and 'http' or 'https'
+        path_info = url_unquote(request_url.path)
+
+        environ = {
+            'wsgi.version':         (1, 0),
+            'wsgi.url_scheme':      url_scheme,
+            'wsgi.input':           self.rfile,
+            'wsgi.errors':          sys.stderr,
+            'wsgi.multithread':     self.server.multithread,
+            'wsgi.multiprocess':    self.server.multiprocess,
+            'wsgi.run_once':        False,
+            'werkzeug.server.shutdown': shutdown_server,
+            'SERVER_SOFTWARE':      self.server_version,
+            'REQUEST_METHOD':       self.command,
+            'SCRIPT_NAME':          '',
+            'PATH_INFO':            wsgi_encoding_dance(path_info),
+            'QUERY_STRING':         wsgi_encoding_dance(request_url.query),
+            'CONTENT_TYPE':         self.headers.get('Content-Type', ''),
+            'CONTENT_LENGTH':       self.headers.get('Content-Length', ''),
+            'REMOTE_ADDR':          self.client_address[0],
+            'REMOTE_PORT':          self.client_address[1],
+            'SERVER_NAME':          self.server.server_address[0],
+            'SERVER_PORT':          str(self.server.server_address[1]),
+            'SERVER_PROTOCOL':      self.request_version
+        }
+
+        for key, value in self.headers.items():
+            key = 'HTTP_' + key.upper().replace('-', '_')
+            if key not in ('HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE', 'HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH'):
+                environ[key] = value
+
+        if request_url.netloc:
+            environ['HTTP_HOST'] = request_url.netloc
+
+        return environ
+
+    def run_wsgi(self):
+        if self.headers.get('Expect', '').lower().strip() == '100-continue':
+            self.wfile.write(b'HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n')
+
+        self.environ = environ = self.make_environ()
+        headers_set = []
+        headers_sent = []
+
+        def write(data):
+            assert headers_set, 'write() before start_response'
+            if not headers_sent:
+                status, response_headers = headers_sent[:] = headers_set
+                try:
+                    code, msg = status.split(None, 1)
+                except ValueError:
+                    code, msg = status, ""
+                self.send_response(int(code), msg)
+                header_keys = set()
+                for key, value in response_headers:
+                    self.send_header(key, value)
+                    key = key.lower()
+                    header_keys.add(key)
+                if 'content-length' not in header_keys:
+                    self.close_connection = True
+                    self.send_header('Connection', 'close')
+                if 'server' not in header_keys:
+                    self.send_header('Server', self.version_string())
+                if 'date' not in header_keys:
+                    self.send_header('Date', self.date_time_string())
+                self.end_headers()
+
+            assert isinstance(data, bytes), 'applications must write bytes'
+            self.wfile.write(data)
+            self.wfile.flush()
+
+        def start_response(status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
+            if exc_info:
+                try:
+                    if headers_sent:
+                        reraise(*exc_info)
+                finally:
+                    exc_info = None
+            elif headers_set:
+                raise AssertionError('Headers already set')
+            headers_set[:] = [status, response_headers]
+            return write
+
+        def execute(app):
+            application_iter = app(environ, start_response)
+            try:
+                for data in application_iter:
+                    write(data)
+                if not headers_sent:
+                    write(b'')
+            finally:
+                if hasattr(application_iter, 'close'):
+                    application_iter.close()
+                application_iter = None
+
+        try:
+            execute(self.server.app)
+        except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as e:
+            self.connection_dropped(e, environ)
+        except Exception:
+            if self.server.passthrough_errors:
+                raise
+            from werkzeug.debug.tbtools import get_current_traceback
+            traceback = get_current_traceback(ignore_system_exceptions=True)
+            try:
+                # if we haven't yet sent the headers but they are set
+                # we roll back to be able to set them again.
+                if not headers_sent:
+                    del headers_set[:]
+                execute(InternalServerError())
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            self.server.log('error', 'Error on request:\n%s',
+                            traceback.plaintext)
+
+    def handle(self):
+        """Handles a request ignoring dropped connections."""
+        rv = None
+        try:
+            rv = BaseHTTPRequestHandler.handle(self)
+        except (socket.error, socket.timeout) as e:
+            self.connection_dropped(e)
+        except Exception:
+            if self.server.ssl_context is None or not is_ssl_error():
+                raise
+        if self.server.shutdown_signal:
+            self.initiate_shutdown()
+        return rv
+
+    def initiate_shutdown(self):
+        """A horrible, horrible way to kill the server for Python 2.6 and
+        later.  It's the best we can do.
+        """
+        # Windows does not provide SIGKILL, go with SIGTERM then.
+        sig = getattr(signal, 'SIGKILL', signal.SIGTERM)
+        # reloader active
+        if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true':
+            os.kill(os.getpid(), sig)
+        # python 2.7
+        self.server._BaseServer__shutdown_request = True
+        # python 2.6
+        self.server._BaseServer__serving = False
+
+    def connection_dropped(self, error, environ=None):
+        """Called if the connection was closed by the client.  By default
+        nothing happens.
+        """
+
+    def handle_one_request(self):
+        """Handle a single HTTP request."""
+        self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline()
+        if not self.raw_requestline:
+            self.close_connection = 1
+        elif self.parse_request():
+            return self.run_wsgi()
+
+    def send_response(self, code, message=None):
+        """Send the response header and log the response code."""
+        self.log_request(code)
+        if message is None:
+            message = code in self.responses and self.responses[code][0] or ''
+        if self.request_version != 'HTTP/0.9':
+            hdr = "%s %d %s\r\n" % (self.protocol_version, code, message)
+            self.wfile.write(hdr.encode('ascii'))
+
+    def version_string(self):
+        return BaseHTTPRequestHandler.version_string(self).strip()
+
+    def address_string(self):
+        return self.environ['REMOTE_ADDR']
+
+    def log_request(self, code='-', size='-'):
+        self.log('info', '"%s" %s %s', self.requestline, code, size)
+
+    def log_error(self, *args):
+        self.log('error', *args)
+
+    def log_message(self, format, *args):
+        self.log('info', format, *args)
+
+    def log(self, type, message, *args):
+        _log(type, '%s - - [%s] %s\n' % (self.address_string(),
+                                         self.log_date_time_string(),
+                                         message % args))
+
+
+#: backwards compatible name if someone is subclassing it
+BaseRequestHandler = WSGIRequestHandler
+
+
+def generate_adhoc_ssl_pair(cn=None):
+    from random import random
+    crypto = _get_openssl_crypto_module()
+
+    # pretty damn sure that this is not actually accepted by anyone
+    if cn is None:
+        cn = '*'
+
+    cert = crypto.X509()
+    cert.set_serial_number(int(random() * sys.maxsize))
+    cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
+    cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(60 * 60 * 24 * 365)
+
+    subject = cert.get_subject()
+    subject.CN = cn
+    subject.O = 'Dummy Certificate'
+
+    issuer = cert.get_issuer()
+    issuer.CN = 'Untrusted Authority'
+    issuer.O = 'Self-Signed'
+
+    pkey = crypto.PKey()
+    pkey.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 1024)
+    cert.set_pubkey(pkey)
+    cert.sign(pkey, 'md5')
+
+    return cert, pkey
+
+
+def make_ssl_devcert(base_path, host=None, cn=None):
+    """Creates an SSL key for development.  This should be used instead of
+    the ``'adhoc'`` key which generates a new cert on each server start.
+    It accepts a path for where it should store the key and cert and
+    either a host or CN.  If a host is given it will use the CN
+    ``*.host/CN=host``.
+
+    For more information see :func:`run_simple`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param base_path: the path to the certificate and key.  The extension
+                      ``.crt`` is added for the certificate, ``.key`` is
+                      added for the key.
+    :param host: the name of the host.  This can be used as an alternative
+                 for the `cn`.
+    :param cn: the `CN` to use.
+    """
+    from OpenSSL import crypto
+    if host is not None:
+        cn = '*.%s/CN=%s' % (host, host)
+    cert, pkey = generate_adhoc_ssl_pair(cn=cn)
+
+    cert_file = base_path + '.crt'
+    pkey_file = base_path + '.key'
+
+    with open(cert_file, 'wb') as f:
+        f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
+    with open(pkey_file, 'wb') as f:
+        f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pkey))
+
+    return cert_file, pkey_file
+
+
+def generate_adhoc_ssl_context():
+    """Generates an adhoc SSL context for the development server."""
+    crypto = _get_openssl_crypto_module()
+    import tempfile
+    import atexit
+
+    cert, pkey = generate_adhoc_ssl_pair()
+    cert_handle, cert_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
+    pkey_handle, pkey_file = tempfile.mkstemp()
+    atexit.register(os.remove, pkey_file)
+    atexit.register(os.remove, cert_file)
+
+    os.write(cert_handle, crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
+    os.write(pkey_handle, crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pkey))
+    os.close(cert_handle)
+    os.close(pkey_handle)
+    ctx = load_ssl_context(cert_file, pkey_file)
+    return ctx
+
+
+def load_ssl_context(cert_file, pkey_file=None, protocol=None):
+    """Loads SSL context from cert/private key files and optional protocol.
+    Many parameters are directly taken from the API of
+    :py:class:`ssl.SSLContext`.
+
+    :param cert_file: Path of the certificate to use.
+    :param pkey_file: Path of the private key to use. If not given, the key
+                      will be obtained from the certificate file.
+    :param protocol: One of the ``PROTOCOL_*`` constants in the stdlib ``ssl``
+                     module. Defaults to ``PROTOCOL_SSLv23``.
+    """
+    if protocol is None:
+        protocol = ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+    ctx = _SSLContext(protocol)
+    ctx.load_cert_chain(cert_file, pkey_file)
+    return ctx
+
+
+class _SSLContext(object):
+
+    '''A dummy class with a small subset of Python3's ``ssl.SSLContext``, only
+    intended to be used with and by Werkzeug.'''
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol):
+        self._protocol = protocol
+        self._certfile = None
+        self._keyfile = None
+        self._password = None
+
+    def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
+        self._certfile = certfile
+        self._keyfile = keyfile or certfile
+        self._password = password
+
+    def wrap_socket(self, sock, **kwargs):
+        return ssl.wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=self._keyfile,
+                               certfile=self._certfile,
+                               ssl_version=self._protocol, **kwargs)
+
+
+def is_ssl_error(error=None):
+    """Checks if the given error (or the current one) is an SSL error."""
+    exc_types = (ssl.SSLError,)
+    try:
+        from OpenSSL.SSL import Error
+        exc_types += (Error,)
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    if error is None:
+        error = sys.exc_info()[1]
+    return isinstance(error, exc_types)
+
+
+def select_ip_version(host, port):
+    """Returns AF_INET4 or AF_INET6 depending on where to connect to."""
+    # disabled due to problems with current ipv6 implementations
+    # and various operating systems.  Probably this code also is
+    # not supposed to work, but I can't come up with any other
+    # ways to implement this.
+    # try:
+    #     info = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
+    #                               socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0,
+    #                               socket.AI_PASSIVE)
+    #     if info:
+    #         return info[0][0]
+    # except socket.gaierror:
+    #     pass
+    if ':' in host and hasattr(socket, 'AF_INET6'):
+        return socket.AF_INET6
+    return socket.AF_INET
+
+
+class BaseWSGIServer(HTTPServer, object):
+
+    """Simple single-threaded, single-process WSGI server."""
+    multithread = False
+    multiprocess = False
+    request_queue_size = LISTEN_QUEUE
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port, app, handler=None,
+                 passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None, fd=None):
+        if handler is None:
+            handler = WSGIRequestHandler
+
+        self.address_family = select_ip_version(host, port)
+
+        if fd is not None:
+            real_sock = socket.fromfd(fd, self.address_family,
+                                      socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            port = 0
+        HTTPServer.__init__(self, (host, int(port)), handler)
+        self.app = app
+        self.passthrough_errors = passthrough_errors
+        self.shutdown_signal = False
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+        # Patch in the original socket.
+        if fd is not None:
+            self.socket.close()
+            self.socket = real_sock
+            self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()
+
+        if ssl_context is not None:
+            if isinstance(ssl_context, tuple):
+                ssl_context = load_ssl_context(*ssl_context)
+            if ssl_context == 'adhoc':
+                ssl_context = generate_adhoc_ssl_context()
+            # If we are on Python 2 the return value from socket.fromfd
+            # is an internal socket object but what we need for ssl wrap
+            # is the wrapper around it :(
+            sock = self.socket
+            if PY2 and not isinstance(sock, socket.socket):
+                sock = socket.socket(sock.family, sock.type, sock.proto, sock)
+            self.socket = ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True)
+            self.ssl_context = ssl_context
+        else:
+            self.ssl_context = None
+
+    def log(self, type, message, *args):
+        _log(type, message, *args)
+
+    def serve_forever(self):
+        self.shutdown_signal = False
+        try:
+            HTTPServer.serve_forever(self)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            pass
+        finally:
+            self.server_close()
+
+    def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
+        if self.passthrough_errors:
+            raise
+        return HTTPServer.handle_error(self, request, client_address)
+
+    def get_request(self):
+        con, info = self.socket.accept()
+        return con, info
+
+
+class ThreadedWSGIServer(ThreadingMixIn, BaseWSGIServer):
+
+    """A WSGI server that does threading."""
+    multithread = True
+
+
+class ForkingWSGIServer(ForkingMixIn, BaseWSGIServer):
+
+    """A WSGI server that does forking."""
+    multiprocess = True
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port, app, processes=40, handler=None,
+                 passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None, fd=None):
+        BaseWSGIServer.__init__(self, host, port, app, handler,
+                                passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd)
+        self.max_children = processes
+
+
+def make_server(host=None, port=None, app=None, threaded=False, processes=1,
+                request_handler=None, passthrough_errors=False,
+                ssl_context=None, fd=None):
+    """Create a new server instance that is either threaded, or forks
+    or just processes one request after another.
+    """
+    if threaded and processes > 1:
+        raise ValueError("cannot have a multithreaded and "
+                         "multi process server.")
+    elif threaded:
+        return ThreadedWSGIServer(host, port, app, request_handler,
+                                  passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
+    elif processes > 1:
+        return ForkingWSGIServer(host, port, app, processes, request_handler,
+                                 passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
+    else:
+        return BaseWSGIServer(host, port, app, request_handler,
+                              passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd)
+
+
+def is_running_from_reloader():
+    """Checks if the application is running from within the Werkzeug
+    reloader subprocess.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    """
+    return os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') == 'true'
+
+
+def run_simple(hostname, port, application, use_reloader=False,
+               use_debugger=False, use_evalex=True,
+               extra_files=None, reloader_interval=1,
+               reloader_type='auto', threaded=False,
+               processes=1, request_handler=None, static_files=None,
+               passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None):
+    """Start a WSGI application. Optional features include a reloader,
+    multithreading and fork support.
+
+    This function has a command-line interface too::
+
+        python -m werkzeug.serving --help
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       `static_files` was added to simplify serving of static files as well
+       as `passthrough_errors`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+       support for SSL was added.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+       Added support for automatically loading a SSL context from certificate
+       file and private key.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       Added command-line interface.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+       Improved the reloader and added support for changing the backend
+       through the `reloader_type` parameter.  See :ref:`reloader`
+       for more information.
+
+    :param hostname: The host for the application.  eg: ``'localhost'``
+    :param port: The port for the server.  eg: ``8080``
+    :param application: the WSGI application to execute
+    :param use_reloader: should the server automatically restart the python
+                         process if modules were changed?
+    :param use_debugger: should the werkzeug debugging system be used?
+    :param use_evalex: should the exception evaluation feature be enabled?
+    :param extra_files: a list of files the reloader should watch
+                        additionally to the modules.  For example configuration
+                        files.
+    :param reloader_interval: the interval for the reloader in seconds.
+    :param reloader_type: the type of reloader to use.  The default is
+                          auto detection.  Valid values are ``'stat'`` and
+                          ``'watchdog'``. See :ref:`reloader` for more
+                          information.
+    :param threaded: should the process handle each request in a separate
+                     thread?
+    :param processes: if greater than 1 then handle each request in a new process
+                      up to this maximum number of concurrent processes.
+    :param request_handler: optional parameter that can be used to replace
+                            the default one.  You can use this to replace it
+                            with a different
+                            :class:`~BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler`
+                            subclass.
+    :param static_files: a dict of paths for static files.  This works exactly
+                         like :class:`SharedDataMiddleware`, it's actually
+                         just wrapping the application in that middleware before
+                         serving.
+    :param passthrough_errors: set this to `True` to disable the error catching.
+                               This means that the server will die on errors but
+                               it can be useful to hook debuggers in (pdb etc.)
+    :param ssl_context: an SSL context for the connection. Either an
+                        :class:`ssl.SSLContext`, a tuple in the form
+                        ``(cert_file, pkey_file)``, the string ``'adhoc'`` if
+                        the server should automatically create one, or ``None``
+                        to disable SSL (which is the default).
+    """
+    if use_debugger:
+        from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
+        application = DebuggedApplication(application, use_evalex)
+    if static_files:
+        from werkzeug.wsgi import SharedDataMiddleware
+        application = SharedDataMiddleware(application, static_files)
+
+    def log_startup(sock):
+        display_hostname = hostname not in ('', '*') and hostname or 'localhost'
+        if ':' in display_hostname:
+            display_hostname = '[%s]' % display_hostname
+        quit_msg = '(Press CTRL+C to quit)'
+        port = sock.getsockname()[1]
+        _log('info', ' * Running on %s://%s:%d/ %s',
+             ssl_context is None and 'http' or 'https',
+             display_hostname, port, quit_msg)
+
+    def inner():
+        try:
+            fd = int(os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'])
+        except (LookupError, ValueError):
+            fd = None
+        srv = make_server(hostname, port, application, threaded,
+                          processes, request_handler,
+                          passthrough_errors, ssl_context,
+                          fd=fd)
+        if fd is None:
+            log_startup(srv.socket)
+        srv.serve_forever()
+
+    if use_reloader:
+        # If we're not running already in the subprocess that is the
+        # reloader we want to open up a socket early to make sure the
+        # port is actually available.
+        if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') != 'true':
+            if port == 0 and not can_open_by_fd:
+                raise ValueError('Cannot bind to a random port with enabled '
+                                 'reloader if the Python interpreter does '
+                                 'not support socket opening by fd.')
+
+            # Create and destroy a socket so that any exceptions are
+            # raised before we spawn a separate Python interpreter and
+            # lose this ability.
+            address_family = select_ip_version(hostname, port)
+            s = socket.socket(address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+            s.bind((hostname, port))
+            if hasattr(s, 'set_inheritable'):
+                s.set_inheritable(True)
+
+            # If we can open the socket by file descriptor, then we can just
+            # reuse this one and our socket will survive the restarts.
+            if can_open_by_fd:
+                os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'] = str(s.fileno())
+                s.listen(LISTEN_QUEUE)
+                log_startup(s)
+            else:
+                s.close()
+
+        from ._reloader import run_with_reloader
+        run_with_reloader(inner, extra_files, reloader_interval,
+                          reloader_type)
+    else:
+        inner()
+
+
+def run_with_reloader(*args, **kwargs):
+    # People keep using undocumented APIs.  Do not use this function
+    # please, we do not guarantee that it continues working.
+    from ._reloader import run_with_reloader
+    return run_with_reloader(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def main():
+    '''A simple command-line interface for :py:func:`run_simple`.'''
+
+    # in contrast to argparse, this works at least under Python < 2.7
+    import optparse
+    from werkzeug.utils import import_string
+
+    parser = optparse.OptionParser(
+        usage='Usage: %prog [options] app_module:app_object')
+    parser.add_option('-b', '--bind', dest='address',
+                      help='The hostname:port the app should listen on.')
+    parser.add_option('-d', '--debug', dest='use_debugger',
+                      action='store_true', default=False,
+                      help='Use Werkzeug\'s debugger.')
+    parser.add_option('-r', '--reload', dest='use_reloader',
+                      action='store_true', default=False,
+                      help='Reload Python process if modules change.')
+    options, args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    hostname, port = None, None
+    if options.address:
+        address = options.address.split(':')
+        hostname = address[0]
+        if len(address) > 1:
+            port = address[1]
+
+    if len(args) != 1:
+        sys.stdout.write('No application supplied, or too much. See --help\n')
+        sys.exit(1)
+    app = import_string(args[0])
+
+    run_simple(
+        hostname=(hostname or '127.0.0.1'), port=int(port or 5000),
+        application=app, use_reloader=options.use_reloader,
+        use_debugger=options.use_debugger
+    )
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfb329e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,896 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.test
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements a client to WSGI applications for testing.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import sys
+import mimetypes
+from time import time
+from random import random
+from itertools import chain
+from tempfile import TemporaryFile
+from io import BytesIO
+
+try:
+    from urllib2 import Request as U2Request
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib.request import Request as U2Request
+try:
+    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
+except ImportError:  # Py2
+    from cookielib import CookieJar
+
+from werkzeug._compat import iterlists, iteritems, itervalues, to_bytes, \
+    string_types, text_type, reraise, wsgi_encoding_dance, \
+    make_literal_wrapper
+from werkzeug._internal import _empty_stream, _get_environ
+from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
+from werkzeug.urls import url_encode, url_fix, iri_to_uri, url_unquote, \
+    url_unparse, url_parse
+from werkzeug.wsgi import get_host, get_current_url, ClosingIterator
+from werkzeug.utils import dump_cookie
+from werkzeug.datastructures import FileMultiDict, MultiDict, \
+    CombinedMultiDict, Headers, FileStorage
+
+
+def stream_encode_multipart(values, use_tempfile=True, threshold=1024 * 500,
+                            boundary=None, charset='utf-8'):
+    """Encode a dict of values (either strings or file descriptors or
+    :class:`FileStorage` objects.) into a multipart encoded string stored
+    in a file descriptor.
+    """
+    if boundary is None:
+        boundary = '---------------WerkzeugFormPart_%s%s' % (time(), random())
+    _closure = [BytesIO(), 0, False]
+
+    if use_tempfile:
+        def write_binary(string):
+            stream, total_length, on_disk = _closure
+            if on_disk:
+                stream.write(string)
+            else:
+                length = len(string)
+                if length + _closure[1] <= threshold:
+                    stream.write(string)
+                else:
+                    new_stream = TemporaryFile('wb+')
+                    new_stream.write(stream.getvalue())
+                    new_stream.write(string)
+                    _closure[0] = new_stream
+                    _closure[2] = True
+                _closure[1] = total_length + length
+    else:
+        write_binary = _closure[0].write
+
+    def write(string):
+        write_binary(string.encode(charset))
+
+    if not isinstance(values, MultiDict):
+        values = MultiDict(values)
+
+    for key, values in iterlists(values):
+        for value in values:
+            write('--%s\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' %
+                  (boundary, key))
+            reader = getattr(value, 'read', None)
+            if reader is not None:
+                filename = getattr(value, 'filename',
+                                   getattr(value, 'name', None))
+                content_type = getattr(value, 'content_type', None)
+                if content_type is None:
+                    content_type = filename and \
+                        mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or \
+                        'application/octet-stream'
+                if filename is not None:
+                    write('; filename="%s"\r\n' % filename)
+                else:
+                    write('\r\n')
+                write('Content-Type: %s\r\n\r\n' % content_type)
+                while 1:
+                    chunk = reader(16384)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    write_binary(chunk)
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(value, string_types):
+                    value = str(value)
+                else:
+                    value = to_bytes(value, charset)
+                write('\r\n\r\n')
+                write_binary(value)
+            write('\r\n')
+    write('--%s--\r\n' % boundary)
+
+    length = int(_closure[0].tell())
+    _closure[0].seek(0)
+    return _closure[0], length, boundary
+
+
+def encode_multipart(values, boundary=None, charset='utf-8'):
+    """Like `stream_encode_multipart` but returns a tuple in the form
+    (``boundary``, ``data``) where data is a bytestring.
+    """
+    stream, length, boundary = stream_encode_multipart(
+        values, use_tempfile=False, boundary=boundary, charset=charset)
+    return boundary, stream.read()
+
+
+def File(fd, filename=None, mimetype=None):
+    """Backwards compat."""
+    from warnings import warn
+    warn(DeprecationWarning('werkzeug.test.File is deprecated, use the '
+                            'EnvironBuilder or FileStorage instead'))
+    return FileStorage(fd, filename=filename, content_type=mimetype)
+
+
+class _TestCookieHeaders(object):
+
+    """A headers adapter for cookielib
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        self.headers = headers
+
+    def getheaders(self, name):
+        headers = []
+        name = name.lower()
+        for k, v in self.headers:
+            if k.lower() == name:
+                headers.append(v)
+        return headers
+
+    def get_all(self, name, default=None):
+        rv = []
+        for k, v in self.headers:
+            if k.lower() == name.lower():
+                rv.append(v)
+        return rv or default or []
+
+
+class _TestCookieResponse(object):
+
+    """Something that looks like a httplib.HTTPResponse, but is actually just an
+    adapter for our test responses to make them available for cookielib.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        self.headers = _TestCookieHeaders(headers)
+
+    def info(self):
+        return self.headers
+
+
+class _TestCookieJar(CookieJar):
+
+    """A cookielib.CookieJar modified to inject and read cookie headers from
+    and to wsgi environments, and wsgi application responses.
+    """
+
+    def inject_wsgi(self, environ):
+        """Inject the cookies as client headers into the server's wsgi
+        environment.
+        """
+        cvals = []
+        for cookie in self:
+            cvals.append('%s=%s' % (cookie.name, cookie.value))
+        if cvals:
+            environ['HTTP_COOKIE'] = '; '.join(cvals)
+
+    def extract_wsgi(self, environ, headers):
+        """Extract the server's set-cookie headers as cookies into the
+        cookie jar.
+        """
+        self.extract_cookies(
+            _TestCookieResponse(headers),
+            U2Request(get_current_url(environ)),
+        )
+
+
+def _iter_data(data):
+    """Iterates over a dict or multidict yielding all keys and values.
+    This is used to iterate over the data passed to the
+    :class:`EnvironBuilder`.
+    """
+    if isinstance(data, MultiDict):
+        for key, values in iterlists(data):
+            for value in values:
+                yield key, value
+    else:
+        for key, values in iteritems(data):
+            if isinstance(values, list):
+                for value in values:
+                    yield key, value
+            else:
+                yield key, values
+
+
+class EnvironBuilder(object):
+
+    """This class can be used to conveniently create a WSGI environment
+    for testing purposes.  It can be used to quickly create WSGI environments
+    or request objects from arbitrary data.
+
+    The signature of this class is also used in some other places as of
+    Werkzeug 0.5 (:func:`create_environ`, :meth:`BaseResponse.from_values`,
+    :meth:`Client.open`).  Because of this most of the functionality is
+    available through the constructor alone.
+
+    Files and regular form data can be manipulated independently of each
+    other with the :attr:`form` and :attr:`files` attributes, but are
+    passed with the same argument to the constructor: `data`.
+
+    `data` can be any of these values:
+
+    -   a `str`: If it's a string it is converted into a :attr:`input_stream`,
+        the :attr:`content_length` is set and you have to provide a
+        :attr:`content_type`.
+    -   a `dict`: If it's a dict the keys have to be strings and the values
+        any of the following objects:
+
+        -   a :class:`file`-like object.  These are converted into
+            :class:`FileStorage` objects automatically.
+        -   a tuple.  The :meth:`~FileMultiDict.add_file` method is called
+            with the tuple items as positional arguments.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+       `path` and `base_url` can now be unicode strings that are encoded using
+       the :func:`iri_to_uri` function.
+
+    :param path: the path of the request.  In the WSGI environment this will
+                 end up as `PATH_INFO`.  If the `query_string` is not defined
+                 and there is a question mark in the `path` everything after
+                 it is used as query string.
+    :param base_url: the base URL is a URL that is used to extract the WSGI
+                     URL scheme, host (server name + server port) and the
+                     script root (`SCRIPT_NAME`).
+    :param query_string: an optional string or dict with URL parameters.
+    :param method: the HTTP method to use, defaults to `GET`.
+    :param input_stream: an optional input stream.  Do not specify this and
+                         `data`.  As soon as an input stream is set you can't
+                         modify :attr:`args` and :attr:`files` unless you
+                         set the :attr:`input_stream` to `None` again.
+    :param content_type: The content type for the request.  As of 0.5 you
+                         don't have to provide this when specifying files
+                         and form data via `data`.
+    :param content_length: The content length for the request.  You don't
+                           have to specify this when providing data via
+                           `data`.
+    :param errors_stream: an optional error stream that is used for
+                          `wsgi.errors`.  Defaults to :data:`stderr`.
+    :param multithread: controls `wsgi.multithread`.  Defaults to `False`.
+    :param multiprocess: controls `wsgi.multiprocess`.  Defaults to `False`.
+    :param run_once: controls `wsgi.run_once`.  Defaults to `False`.
+    :param headers: an optional list or :class:`Headers` object of headers.
+    :param data: a string or dict of form data.  See explanation above.
+    :param environ_base: an optional dict of environment defaults.
+    :param environ_overrides: an optional dict of environment overrides.
+    :param charset: the charset used to encode unicode data.
+    """
+
+    #: the server protocol to use.  defaults to HTTP/1.1
+    server_protocol = 'HTTP/1.1'
+
+    #: the wsgi version to use.  defaults to (1, 0)
+    wsgi_version = (1, 0)
+
+    #: the default request class for :meth:`get_request`
+    request_class = BaseRequest
+
+    def __init__(self, path='/', base_url=None, query_string=None,
+                 method='GET', input_stream=None, content_type=None,
+                 content_length=None, errors_stream=None, multithread=False,
+                 multiprocess=False, run_once=False, headers=None, data=None,
+                 environ_base=None, environ_overrides=None, charset='utf-8'):
+        path_s = make_literal_wrapper(path)
+        if query_string is None and path_s('?') in path:
+            path, query_string = path.split(path_s('?'), 1)
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.path = iri_to_uri(path)
+        if base_url is not None:
+            base_url = url_fix(iri_to_uri(base_url, charset), charset)
+        self.base_url = base_url
+        if isinstance(query_string, (bytes, text_type)):
+            self.query_string = query_string
+        else:
+            if query_string is None:
+                query_string = MultiDict()
+            elif not isinstance(query_string, MultiDict):
+                query_string = MultiDict(query_string)
+            self.args = query_string
+        self.method = method
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = Headers()
+        elif not isinstance(headers, Headers):
+            headers = Headers(headers)
+        self.headers = headers
+        if content_type is not None:
+            self.content_type = content_type
+        if errors_stream is None:
+            errors_stream = sys.stderr
+        self.errors_stream = errors_stream
+        self.multithread = multithread
+        self.multiprocess = multiprocess
+        self.run_once = run_once
+        self.environ_base = environ_base
+        self.environ_overrides = environ_overrides
+        self.input_stream = input_stream
+        self.content_length = content_length
+        self.closed = False
+
+        if data:
+            if input_stream is not None:
+                raise TypeError('can\'t provide input stream and data')
+            if isinstance(data, text_type):
+                data = data.encode(self.charset)
+            if isinstance(data, bytes):
+                self.input_stream = BytesIO(data)
+                if self.content_length is None:
+                    self.content_length = len(data)
+            else:
+                for key, value in _iter_data(data):
+                    if isinstance(value, (tuple, dict)) or \
+                       hasattr(value, 'read'):
+                        self._add_file_from_data(key, value)
+                    else:
+                        self.form.setlistdefault(key).append(value)
+
+    def _add_file_from_data(self, key, value):
+        """Called in the EnvironBuilder to add files from the data dict."""
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            self.files.add_file(key, *value)
+        elif isinstance(value, dict):
+            from warnings import warn
+            warn(DeprecationWarning('it\'s no longer possible to pass dicts '
+                                    'as `data`.  Use tuples or FileStorage '
+                                    'objects instead'), stacklevel=2)
+            value = dict(value)
+            mimetype = value.pop('mimetype', None)
+            if mimetype is not None:
+                value['content_type'] = mimetype
+            self.files.add_file(key, **value)
+        else:
+            self.files.add_file(key, value)
+
+    def _get_base_url(self):
+        return url_unparse((self.url_scheme, self.host,
+                            self.script_root, '', '')).rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+    def _set_base_url(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            scheme = 'http'
+            netloc = 'localhost'
+            script_root = ''
+        else:
+            scheme, netloc, script_root, qs, anchor = url_parse(value)
+            if qs or anchor:
+                raise ValueError('base url must not contain a query string '
+                                 'or fragment')
+        self.script_root = script_root.rstrip('/')
+        self.host = netloc
+        self.url_scheme = scheme
+
+    base_url = property(_get_base_url, _set_base_url, doc='''
+        The base URL is a URL that is used to extract the WSGI
+        URL scheme, host (server name + server port) and the
+        script root (`SCRIPT_NAME`).''')
+    del _get_base_url, _set_base_url
+
+    def _get_content_type(self):
+        ct = self.headers.get('Content-Type')
+        if ct is None and not self._input_stream:
+            if self._files:
+                return 'multipart/form-data'
+            elif self._form:
+                return 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+            return None
+        return ct
+
+    def _set_content_type(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            self.headers.pop('Content-Type', None)
+        else:
+            self.headers['Content-Type'] = value
+
+    content_type = property(_get_content_type, _set_content_type, doc='''
+        The content type for the request.  Reflected from and to the
+        :attr:`headers`.  Do not set if you set :attr:`files` or
+        :attr:`form` for auto detection.''')
+    del _get_content_type, _set_content_type
+
+    def _get_content_length(self):
+        return self.headers.get('Content-Length', type=int)
+
+    def _set_content_length(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            self.headers.pop('Content-Length', None)
+        else:
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(value)
+
+    content_length = property(_get_content_length, _set_content_length, doc='''
+        The content length as integer.  Reflected from and to the
+        :attr:`headers`.  Do not set if you set :attr:`files` or
+        :attr:`form` for auto detection.''')
+    del _get_content_length, _set_content_length
+
+    def form_property(name, storage, doc):
+        key = '_' + name
+
+        def getter(self):
+            if self._input_stream is not None:
+                raise AttributeError('an input stream is defined')
+            rv = getattr(self, key)
+            if rv is None:
+                rv = storage()
+                setattr(self, key, rv)
+
+            return rv
+
+        def setter(self, value):
+            self._input_stream = None
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+        return property(getter, setter, doc)
+
+    form = form_property('form', MultiDict, doc='''
+        A :class:`MultiDict` of form values.''')
+    files = form_property('files', FileMultiDict, doc='''
+        A :class:`FileMultiDict` of uploaded files.  You can use the
+        :meth:`~FileMultiDict.add_file` method to add new files to the
+        dict.''')
+    del form_property
+
+    def _get_input_stream(self):
+        return self._input_stream
+
+    def _set_input_stream(self, value):
+        self._input_stream = value
+        self._form = self._files = None
+
+    input_stream = property(_get_input_stream, _set_input_stream, doc='''
+        An optional input stream.  If you set this it will clear
+        :attr:`form` and :attr:`files`.''')
+    del _get_input_stream, _set_input_stream
+
+    def _get_query_string(self):
+        if self._query_string is None:
+            if self._args is not None:
+                return url_encode(self._args, charset=self.charset)
+            return ''
+        return self._query_string
+
+    def _set_query_string(self, value):
+        self._query_string = value
+        self._args = None
+
+    query_string = property(_get_query_string, _set_query_string, doc='''
+        The query string.  If you set this to a string :attr:`args` will
+        no longer be available.''')
+    del _get_query_string, _set_query_string
+
+    def _get_args(self):
+        if self._query_string is not None:
+            raise AttributeError('a query string is defined')
+        if self._args is None:
+            self._args = MultiDict()
+        return self._args
+
+    def _set_args(self, value):
+        self._query_string = None
+        self._args = value
+
+    args = property(_get_args, _set_args, doc='''
+        The URL arguments as :class:`MultiDict`.''')
+    del _get_args, _set_args
+
+    @property
+    def server_name(self):
+        """The server name (read-only, use :attr:`host` to set)"""
+        return self.host.split(':', 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def server_port(self):
+        """The server port as integer (read-only, use :attr:`host` to set)"""
+        pieces = self.host.split(':', 1)
+        if len(pieces) == 2 and pieces[1].isdigit():
+            return int(pieces[1])
+        elif self.url_scheme == 'https':
+            return 443
+        return 80
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes all files.  If you put real :class:`file` objects into the
+        :attr:`files` dict you can call this method to automatically close
+        them all in one go.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+        try:
+            files = itervalues(self.files)
+        except AttributeError:
+            files = ()
+        for f in files:
+            try:
+                f.close()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def get_environ(self):
+        """Return the built environ."""
+        input_stream = self.input_stream
+        content_length = self.content_length
+        content_type = self.content_type
+
+        if input_stream is not None:
+            start_pos = input_stream.tell()
+            input_stream.seek(0, 2)
+            end_pos = input_stream.tell()
+            input_stream.seek(start_pos)
+            content_length = end_pos - start_pos
+        elif content_type == 'multipart/form-data':
+            values = CombinedMultiDict([self.form, self.files])
+            input_stream, content_length, boundary = \
+                stream_encode_multipart(values, charset=self.charset)
+            content_type += '; boundary="%s"' % boundary
+        elif content_type == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
+            # XXX: py2v3 review
+            values = url_encode(self.form, charset=self.charset)
+            values = values.encode('ascii')
+            content_length = len(values)
+            input_stream = BytesIO(values)
+        else:
+            input_stream = _empty_stream
+
+        result = {}
+        if self.environ_base:
+            result.update(self.environ_base)
+
+        def _path_encode(x):
+            return wsgi_encoding_dance(url_unquote(x, self.charset), self.charset)
+
+        qs = wsgi_encoding_dance(self.query_string)
+
+        result.update({
+            'REQUEST_METHOD':       self.method,
+            'SCRIPT_NAME':          _path_encode(self.script_root),
+            'PATH_INFO':            _path_encode(self.path),
+            'QUERY_STRING':         qs,
+            'SERVER_NAME':          self.server_name,
+            'SERVER_PORT':          str(self.server_port),
+            'HTTP_HOST':            self.host,
+            'SERVER_PROTOCOL':      self.server_protocol,
+            'CONTENT_TYPE':         content_type or '',
+            'CONTENT_LENGTH':       str(content_length or '0'),
+            'wsgi.version':         self.wsgi_version,
+            'wsgi.url_scheme':      self.url_scheme,
+            'wsgi.input':           input_stream,
+            'wsgi.errors':          self.errors_stream,
+            'wsgi.multithread':     self.multithread,
+            'wsgi.multiprocess':    self.multiprocess,
+            'wsgi.run_once':        self.run_once
+        })
+        for key, value in self.headers.to_wsgi_list():
+            result['HTTP_%s' % key.upper().replace('-', '_')] = value
+        if self.environ_overrides:
+            result.update(self.environ_overrides)
+        return result
+
+    def get_request(self, cls=None):
+        """Returns a request with the data.  If the request class is not
+        specified :attr:`request_class` is used.
+
+        :param cls: The request wrapper to use.
+        """
+        if cls is None:
+            cls = self.request_class
+        return cls(self.get_environ())
+
+
+class ClientRedirectError(Exception):
+
+    """
+    If a redirect loop is detected when using follow_redirects=True with
+    the :cls:`Client`, then this exception is raised.
+    """
+
+
+class Client(object):
+
+    """This class allows to send requests to a wrapped application.
+
+    The response wrapper can be a class or factory function that takes
+    three arguments: app_iter, status and headers.  The default response
+    wrapper just returns a tuple.
+
+    Example::
+
+        class ClientResponse(BaseResponse):
+            ...
+
+        client = Client(MyApplication(), response_wrapper=ClientResponse)
+
+    The use_cookies parameter indicates whether cookies should be stored and
+    sent for subsequent requests. This is True by default, but passing False
+    will disable this behaviour.
+
+    If you want to request some subdomain of your application you may set
+    `allow_subdomain_redirects` to `True` as if not no external redirects
+    are allowed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+       `use_cookies` is new in this version.  Older versions did not provide
+       builtin cookie support.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, application, response_wrapper=None, use_cookies=True,
+                 allow_subdomain_redirects=False):
+        self.application = application
+        self.response_wrapper = response_wrapper
+        if use_cookies:
+            self.cookie_jar = _TestCookieJar()
+        else:
+            self.cookie_jar = None
+        self.allow_subdomain_redirects = allow_subdomain_redirects
+
+    def set_cookie(self, server_name, key, value='', max_age=None,
+                   expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=None,
+                   httponly=False, charset='utf-8'):
+        """Sets a cookie in the client's cookie jar.  The server name
+        is required and has to match the one that is also passed to
+        the open call.
+        """
+        assert self.cookie_jar is not None, 'cookies disabled'
+        header = dump_cookie(key, value, max_age, expires, path, domain,
+                             secure, httponly, charset)
+        environ = create_environ(path, base_url='http://' + server_name)
+        headers = [('Set-Cookie', header)]
+        self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(environ, headers)
+
+    def delete_cookie(self, server_name, key, path='/', domain=None):
+        """Deletes a cookie in the test client."""
+        self.set_cookie(server_name, key, expires=0, max_age=0,
+                        path=path, domain=domain)
+
+    def run_wsgi_app(self, environ, buffered=False):
+        """Runs the wrapped WSGI app with the given environment."""
+        if self.cookie_jar is not None:
+            self.cookie_jar.inject_wsgi(environ)
+        rv = run_wsgi_app(self.application, environ, buffered=buffered)
+        if self.cookie_jar is not None:
+            self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(environ, rv[2])
+        return rv
+
+    def resolve_redirect(self, response, new_location, environ, buffered=False):
+        """Resolves a single redirect and triggers the request again
+        directly on this redirect client.
+        """
+        scheme, netloc, script_root, qs, anchor = url_parse(new_location)
+        base_url = url_unparse((scheme, netloc, '', '', '')).rstrip('/') + '/'
+
+        cur_server_name = netloc.split(':', 1)[0].split('.')
+        real_server_name = get_host(environ).rsplit(':', 1)[0].split('.')
+
+        if self.allow_subdomain_redirects:
+            allowed = cur_server_name[-len(real_server_name):] == real_server_name
+        else:
+            allowed = cur_server_name == real_server_name
+
+        if not allowed:
+            raise RuntimeError('%r does not support redirect to '
+                               'external targets' % self.__class__)
+
+        status_code = int(response[1].split(None, 1)[0])
+        if status_code == 307:
+            method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
+        else:
+            method = 'GET'
+
+        # For redirect handling we temporarily disable the response
+        # wrapper.  This is not threadsafe but not a real concern
+        # since the test client must not be shared anyways.
+        old_response_wrapper = self.response_wrapper
+        self.response_wrapper = None
+        try:
+            return self.open(path=script_root, base_url=base_url,
+                             query_string=qs, as_tuple=True,
+                             buffered=buffered, method=method)
+        finally:
+            self.response_wrapper = old_response_wrapper
+
+    def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Takes the same arguments as the :class:`EnvironBuilder` class with
+        some additions:  You can provide a :class:`EnvironBuilder` or a WSGI
+        environment as only argument instead of the :class:`EnvironBuilder`
+        arguments and two optional keyword arguments (`as_tuple`, `buffered`)
+        that change the type of the return value or the way the application is
+        executed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+           If a dict is provided as file in the dict for the `data` parameter
+           the content type has to be called `content_type` now instead of
+           `mimetype`.  This change was made for consistency with
+           :class:`werkzeug.FileWrapper`.
+
+            The `follow_redirects` parameter was added to :func:`open`.
+
+        Additional parameters:
+
+        :param as_tuple: Returns a tuple in the form ``(environ, result)``
+        :param buffered: Set this to True to buffer the application run.
+                         This will automatically close the application for
+                         you as well.
+        :param follow_redirects: Set this to True if the `Client` should
+                                 follow HTTP redirects.
+        """
+        as_tuple = kwargs.pop('as_tuple', False)
+        buffered = kwargs.pop('buffered', False)
+        follow_redirects = kwargs.pop('follow_redirects', False)
+        environ = None
+        if not kwargs and len(args) == 1:
+            if isinstance(args[0], EnvironBuilder):
+                environ = args[0].get_environ()
+            elif isinstance(args[0], dict):
+                environ = args[0]
+        if environ is None:
+            builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
+            try:
+                environ = builder.get_environ()
+            finally:
+                builder.close()
+
+        response = self.run_wsgi_app(environ, buffered=buffered)
+
+        # handle redirects
+        redirect_chain = []
+        while 1:
+            status_code = int(response[1].split(None, 1)[0])
+            if status_code not in (301, 302, 303, 305, 307) \
+               or not follow_redirects:
+                break
+            new_location = response[2]['location']
+            new_redirect_entry = (new_location, status_code)
+            if new_redirect_entry in redirect_chain:
+                raise ClientRedirectError('loop detected')
+            redirect_chain.append(new_redirect_entry)
+            environ, response = self.resolve_redirect(response, new_location,
+                                                      environ,
+                                                      buffered=buffered)
+
+        if self.response_wrapper is not None:
+            response = self.response_wrapper(*response)
+        if as_tuple:
+            return environ, response
+        return response
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to GET."""
+        kw['method'] = 'GET'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def patch(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to PATCH."""
+        kw['method'] = 'PATCH'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def post(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to POST."""
+        kw['method'] = 'POST'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def head(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to HEAD."""
+        kw['method'] = 'HEAD'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def put(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to PUT."""
+        kw['method'] = 'PUT'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def delete(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to DELETE."""
+        kw['method'] = 'DELETE'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def options(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to OPTIONS."""
+        kw['method'] = 'OPTIONS'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def trace(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Like open but method is enforced to TRACE."""
+        kw['method'] = 'TRACE'
+        return self.open(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.application
+        )
+
+
+def create_environ(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Create a new WSGI environ dict based on the values passed.  The first
+    parameter should be the path of the request which defaults to '/'.  The
+    second one can either be an absolute path (in that case the host is
+    localhost:80) or a full path to the request with scheme, netloc port and
+    the path to the script.
+
+    This accepts the same arguments as the :class:`EnvironBuilder`
+    constructor.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       This function is now a thin wrapper over :class:`EnvironBuilder` which
+       was added in 0.5.  The `headers`, `environ_base`, `environ_overrides`
+       and `charset` parameters were added.
+    """
+    builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
+    try:
+        return builder.get_environ()
+    finally:
+        builder.close()
+
+
+def run_wsgi_app(app, environ, buffered=False):
+    """Return a tuple in the form (app_iter, status, headers) of the
+    application output.  This works best if you pass it an application that
+    returns an iterator all the time.
+
+    Sometimes applications may use the `write()` callable returned
+    by the `start_response` function.  This tries to resolve such edge
+    cases automatically.  But if you don't get the expected output you
+    should set `buffered` to `True` which enforces buffering.
+
+    If passed an invalid WSGI application the behavior of this function is
+    undefined.  Never pass non-conforming WSGI applications to this function.
+
+    :param app: the application to execute.
+    :param buffered: set to `True` to enforce buffering.
+    :return: tuple in the form ``(app_iter, status, headers)``
+    """
+    environ = _get_environ(environ)
+    response = []
+    buffer = []
+
+    def start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
+        if exc_info is not None:
+            reraise(*exc_info)
+        response[:] = [status, headers]
+        return buffer.append
+
+    app_rv = app(environ, start_response)
+    close_func = getattr(app_rv, 'close', None)
+    app_iter = iter(app_rv)
+
+    # when buffering we emit the close call early and convert the
+    # application iterator into a regular list
+    if buffered:
+        try:
+            app_iter = list(app_iter)
+        finally:
+            if close_func is not None:
+                close_func()
+
+    # otherwise we iterate the application iter until we have a response, chain
+    # the already received data with the already collected data and wrap it in
+    # a new `ClosingIterator` if we need to restore a `close` callable from the
+    # original return value.
+    else:
+        while not response:
+            buffer.append(next(app_iter))
+        if buffer:
+            app_iter = chain(buffer, app_iter)
+        if close_func is not None and app_iter is not app_rv:
+            app_iter = ClosingIterator(app_iter, close_func)
+
+    return app_iter, response[0], Headers(response[1])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/testapp.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/testapp.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..595555a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/testapp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.testapp
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Provide a small test application that can be used to test a WSGI server
+    and check it for WSGI compliance.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import werkzeug
+from textwrap import wrap
+from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest as Request, BaseResponse as Response
+from werkzeug.utils import escape
+import base64
+
+logo = Response(base64.b64decode('''
+R0lGODlhoACgAOMIAAEDACwpAEpCAGdgAJaKAM28AOnVAP3rAP/////////
+//////////////////////yH5BAEKAAgALAAAAACgAKAAAAT+EMlJq704680R+F0ojmRpnuj0rWnrv
+nB8rbRs33gu0bzu/0AObxgsGn3D5HHJbCUFyqZ0ukkSDlAidctNFg7gbI9LZlrBaHGtzAae0eloe25
+7w9EDOX2fst/xenyCIn5/gFqDiVVDV4aGeYiKkhSFjnCQY5OTlZaXgZp8nJ2ekaB0SQOjqphrpnOiq
+ncEn65UsLGytLVmQ6m4sQazpbtLqL/HwpnER8bHyLrLOc3Oz8PRONPU1crXN9na263dMt/g4SzjMeX
+m5yDpLqgG7OzJ4u8lT/P69ej3JPn69kHzN2OIAHkB9RUYSFCFQYQJFTIkCDBiwoXWGnowaLEjRm7+G
+p9A7Hhx4rUkAUaSLJlxHMqVMD/aSycSZkyTplCqtGnRAM5NQ1Ly5OmzZc6gO4d6DGAUKA+hSocWYAo
+SlM6oUWX2O/o0KdaVU5vuSQLAa0ADwQgMEMB2AIECZhVSnTno6spgbtXmHcBUrQACcc2FrTrWS8wAf
+78cMFBgwIBgbN+qvTt3ayikRBk7BoyGAGABAdYyfdzRQGV3l4coxrqQ84GpUBmrdR3xNIDUPAKDBSA
+ADIGDhhqTZIWaDcrVX8EsbNzbkvCOxG8bN5w8ly9H8jyTJHC6DFndQydbguh2e/ctZJFXRxMAqqPVA
+tQH5E64SPr1f0zz7sQYjAHg0In+JQ11+N2B0XXBeeYZgBZFx4tqBToiTCPv0YBgQv8JqA6BEf6RhXx
+w1ENhRBnWV8ctEX4Ul2zc3aVGcQNC2KElyTDYyYUWvShdjDyMOGMuFjqnII45aogPhz/CodUHFwaDx
+lTgsaOjNyhGWJQd+lFoAGk8ObghI0kawg+EV5blH3dr+digkYuAGSaQZFHFz2P/cTaLmhF52QeSb45
+Jwxd+uSVGHlqOZpOeJpCFZ5J+rkAkFjQ0N1tah7JJSZUFNsrkeJUJMIBi8jyaEKIhKPomnC91Uo+NB
+yyaJ5umnnpInIFh4t6ZSpGaAVmizqjpByDegYl8tPE0phCYrhcMWSv+uAqHfgH88ak5UXZmlKLVJhd
+dj78s1Fxnzo6yUCrV6rrDOkluG+QzCAUTbCwf9SrmMLzK6p+OPHx7DF+bsfMRq7Ec61Av9i6GLw23r
+idnZ+/OO0a99pbIrJkproCQMA17OPG6suq3cca5ruDfXCCDoS7BEdvmJn5otdqscn+uogRHHXs8cbh
+EIfYaDY1AkrC0cqwcZpnM6ludx72x0p7Fo/hZAcpJDjax0UdHavMKAbiKltMWCF3xxh9k25N/Viud8
+ba78iCvUkt+V6BpwMlErmcgc502x+u1nSxJSJP9Mi52awD1V4yB/QHONsnU3L+A/zR4VL/indx/y64
+gqcj+qgTeweM86f0Qy1QVbvmWH1D9h+alqg254QD8HJXHvjQaGOqEqC22M54PcftZVKVSQG9jhkv7C
+JyTyDoAJfPdu8v7DRZAxsP/ky9MJ3OL36DJfCFPASC3/aXlfLOOON9vGZZHydGf8LnxYJuuVIbl83y
+Az5n/RPz07E+9+zw2A2ahz4HxHo9Kt79HTMx1Q7ma7zAzHgHqYH0SoZWyTuOLMiHwSfZDAQTn0ajk9
+YQqodnUYjByQZhZak9Wu4gYQsMyEpIOAOQKze8CmEF45KuAHTvIDOfHJNipwoHMuGHBnJElUoDmAyX
+c2Qm/R8Ah/iILCCJOEokGowdhDYc/yoL+vpRGwyVSCWFYZNljkhEirGXsalWcAgOdeAdoXcktF2udb
+qbUhjWyMQxYO01o6KYKOr6iK3fE4MaS+DsvBsGOBaMb0Y6IxADaJhFICaOLmiWTlDAnY1KzDG4ambL
+cWBA8mUzjJsN2KjSaSXGqMCVXYpYkj33mcIApyhQf6YqgeNAmNvuC0t4CsDbSshZJkCS1eNisKqlyG
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+KiDlFdt6jnCSqx7Dmt6XnqSKaFFHNO5+FmODxMCWBEaco77lNDGXBM0ECYB/+s7nKFdwSF5hgXumQe
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+Oco1srWtkaVrMUzIErrKri85keKqRQYX9VX0/eAUK1hrSu6HMEX3Qh2sCh0q0D2CtnUqS4hj62sE/z
+aDs2Sg7MBS6xnQeooc2R2tC9YrKpEi9pLXfYXp20tDCpSP8rKlrD4axprb9u1Df5hSbz9QU0cRpfgn
+kiIzwKucd0wsEHlLpe5yHXuc6FrNelOl7pY2+11kTWx7VpRu97dXA3DO1vbkhcb4zyvERYajQgAADs
+='''), mimetype='image/png')
+
+
+TEMPLATE = u'''\
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
+  "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<title>WSGI Information</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+  @import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu);
+
+  body       { font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Geneva',
+               'Verdana', sans-serif; background-color: white; color: #000;
+               font-size: 15px; text-align: center; }
+  #logo      { float: right; padding: 0 0 10px 10px; }
+  div.box    { text-align: left; width: 45em; margin: auto; padding: 50px 0;
+               background-color: white; }
+  h1, h2     { font-family: 'Ubuntu', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode',
+               'Geneva', 'Verdana', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; }
+  h1         { margin: 0 0 30px 0; }
+  h2         { font-size: 1.4em; margin: 1em 0 0.5em 0; }
+  table      { width: 100%%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #AFC5C9 }
+  table th   { background-color: #AFC1C4; color: white; font-size: 0.72em;
+               font-weight: normal; width: 18em; vertical-align: top;
+               padding: 0.5em 0 0.1em 0.5em; }
+  table td   { border: 1px solid #AFC5C9; padding: 0.1em 0 0.1em 0.5em; }
+  code       { font-family: 'Consolas', 'Monaco', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono',
+               monospace; font-size: 0.7em; }
+  ul li      { line-height: 1.5em; }
+  ul.path    { font-size: 0.7em; margin: 0 -30px; padding: 8px 30px;
+               list-style: none; background: #E8EFF0; }
+  ul.path li { line-height: 1.6em; }
+  li.virtual { color: #999; text-decoration: underline; }
+  li.exp     { background: white; }
+</style>
+<div class="box">
+  <img src="?resource=logo" id="logo" alt="[The Werkzeug Logo]" />
+  <h1>WSGI Information</h1>
+  <p>
+    This page displays all available information about the WSGI server and
+    the underlying Python interpreter.
+  <h2 id="python-interpreter">Python Interpreter</h2>
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <th>Python Version
+      <td>%(python_version)s
+    <tr>
+      <th>Platform
+      <td>%(platform)s [%(os)s]
+    <tr>
+      <th>API Version
+      <td>%(api_version)s
+    <tr>
+      <th>Byteorder
+      <td>%(byteorder)s
+    <tr>
+      <th>Werkzeug Version
+      <td>%(werkzeug_version)s
+  </table>
+  <h2 id="wsgi-environment">WSGI Environment</h2>
+  <table>%(wsgi_env)s</table>
+  <h2 id="installed-eggs">Installed Eggs</h2>
+  <p>
+    The following python packages were installed on the system as
+    Python eggs:
+  <ul>%(python_eggs)s</ul>
+  <h2 id="sys-path">System Path</h2>
+  <p>
+    The following paths are the current contents of the load path.  The
+    following entries are looked up for Python packages.  Note that not
+    all items in this path are folders.  Gray and underlined items are
+    entries pointing to invalid resources or used by custom import hooks
+    such as the zip importer.
+  <p>
+    Items with a bright background were expanded for display from a relative
+    path.  If you encounter such paths in the output you might want to check
+    your setup as relative paths are usually problematic in multithreaded
+    environments.
+  <ul class="path">%(sys_path)s</ul>
+</div>
+'''
+
+
+def iter_sys_path():
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        def strip(x):
+            prefix = os.path.expanduser('~')
+            if x.startswith(prefix):
+                x = '~' + x[len(prefix):]
+            return x
+    else:
+        strip = lambda x: x
+
+    cwd = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
+    for item in sys.path:
+        path = os.path.join(cwd, item or os.path.curdir)
+        yield strip(os.path.normpath(path)), \
+            not os.path.isdir(path), path != item
+
+
+def render_testapp(req):
+    try:
+        import pkg_resources
+    except ImportError:
+        eggs = ()
+    else:
+        eggs = sorted(pkg_resources.working_set,
+                      key=lambda x: x.project_name.lower())
+    python_eggs = []
+    for egg in eggs:
+        try:
+            version = egg.version
+        except (ValueError, AttributeError):
+            version = 'unknown'
+        python_eggs.append('<li>%s <small>[%s]</small>' % (
+            escape(egg.project_name),
+            escape(version)
+        ))
+
+    wsgi_env = []
+    sorted_environ = sorted(req.environ.items(),
+                            key=lambda x: repr(x[0]).lower())
+    for key, value in sorted_environ:
+        wsgi_env.append('<tr><th>%s<td><code>%s</code>' % (
+            escape(str(key)),
+            ' '.join(wrap(escape(repr(value))))
+        ))
+
+    sys_path = []
+    for item, virtual, expanded in iter_sys_path():
+        class_ = []
+        if virtual:
+            class_.append('virtual')
+        if expanded:
+            class_.append('exp')
+        sys_path.append('<li%s>%s' % (
+            class_ and ' class="%s"' % ' '.join(class_) or '',
+            escape(item)
+        ))
+
+    return (TEMPLATE % {
+        'python_version':   '<br>'.join(escape(sys.version).splitlines()),
+        'platform':         escape(sys.platform),
+        'os':               escape(os.name),
+        'api_version':      sys.api_version,
+        'byteorder':        sys.byteorder,
+        'werkzeug_version': werkzeug.__version__,
+        'python_eggs':      '\n'.join(python_eggs),
+        'wsgi_env':         '\n'.join(wsgi_env),
+        'sys_path':         '\n'.join(sys_path)
+    }).encode('utf-8')
+
+
+def test_app(environ, start_response):
+    """Simple test application that dumps the environment.  You can use
+    it to check if Werkzeug is working properly:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon
+
+        >>> from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
+        >>> from werkzeug.testapp import test_app
+        >>> run_simple('localhost', 3000, test_app)
+         * Running on http://localhost:3000/
+
+    The application displays important information from the WSGI environment,
+    the Python interpreter and the installed libraries.
+    """
+    req = Request(environ, populate_request=False)
+    if req.args.get('resource') == 'logo':
+        response = logo
+    else:
+        response = Response(render_testapp(req), mimetype='text/html')
+    return response(environ, start_response)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
+    run_simple('localhost', 5000, test_app, use_reloader=True)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/urls.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/urls.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d04a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/urls.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1004 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.urls
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    ``werkzeug.urls`` used to provide several wrapper functions for Python 2
+    urlparse, whose main purpose were to work around the behavior of the Py2
+    stdlib and its lack of unicode support. While this was already a somewhat
+    inconvenient situation, it got even more complicated because Python 3's
+    ``urllib.parse`` actually does handle unicode properly. In other words,
+    this module would wrap two libraries with completely different behavior. So
+    now this module contains a 2-and-3-compatible backport of Python 3's
+    ``urllib.parse``, which is mostly API-compatible.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import os
+import re
+from werkzeug._compat import text_type, PY2, to_unicode, \
+    to_native, implements_to_string, try_coerce_native, \
+    normalize_string_tuple, make_literal_wrapper, \
+    fix_tuple_repr
+from werkzeug._internal import _encode_idna, _decode_idna
+from werkzeug.datastructures import MultiDict, iter_multi_items
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+
+# A regular expression for what a valid schema looks like
+_scheme_re = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9+-.]+$')
+
+# Characters that are safe in any part of an URL.
+_always_safe = (b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
+                b'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_.-+')
+
+_hexdigits = '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef'
+_hextobyte = dict(
+    ((a + b).encode(), int(a + b, 16))
+    for a in _hexdigits for b in _hexdigits
+)
+
+
+_URLTuple = fix_tuple_repr(namedtuple(
+    '_URLTuple',
+    ['scheme', 'netloc', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+))
+
+
+class BaseURL(_URLTuple):
+
+    '''Superclass of :py:class:`URL` and :py:class:`BytesURL`.'''
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def replace(self, **kwargs):
+        """Return an URL with the same values, except for those parameters
+        given new values by whichever keyword arguments are specified."""
+        return self._replace(**kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        """The host part of the URL if available, otherwise `None`.  The
+        host is either the hostname or the IP address mentioned in the
+        URL.  It will not contain the port.
+        """
+        return self._split_host()[0]
+
+    @property
+    def ascii_host(self):
+        """Works exactly like :attr:`host` but will return a result that
+        is restricted to ASCII.  If it finds a netloc that is not ASCII
+        it will attempt to idna decode it.  This is useful for socket
+        operations when the URL might include internationalized characters.
+        """
+        rv = self.host
+        if rv is not None and isinstance(rv, text_type):
+            try:
+                rv = _encode_idna(rv)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                rv = rv.encode('ascii', 'ignore')
+        return to_native(rv, 'ascii', 'ignore')
+
+    @property
+    def port(self):
+        """The port in the URL as an integer if it was present, `None`
+        otherwise.  This does not fill in default ports.
+        """
+        try:
+            rv = int(to_native(self._split_host()[1]))
+            if 0 <= rv <= 65535:
+                return rv
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            pass
+
+    @property
+    def auth(self):
+        """The authentication part in the URL if available, `None`
+        otherwise.
+        """
+        return self._split_netloc()[0]
+
+    @property
+    def username(self):
+        """The username if it was part of the URL, `None` otherwise.
+        This undergoes URL decoding and will always be a unicode string.
+        """
+        rv = self._split_auth()[0]
+        if rv is not None:
+            return _url_unquote_legacy(rv)
+
+    @property
+    def raw_username(self):
+        """The username if it was part of the URL, `None` otherwise.
+        Unlike :attr:`username` this one is not being decoded.
+        """
+        return self._split_auth()[0]
+
+    @property
+    def password(self):
+        """The password if it was part of the URL, `None` otherwise.
+        This undergoes URL decoding and will always be a unicode string.
+        """
+        rv = self._split_auth()[1]
+        if rv is not None:
+            return _url_unquote_legacy(rv)
+
+    @property
+    def raw_password(self):
+        """The password if it was part of the URL, `None` otherwise.
+        Unlike :attr:`password` this one is not being decoded.
+        """
+        return self._split_auth()[1]
+
+    def decode_query(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Decodes the query part of the URL.  Ths is a shortcut for
+        calling :func:`url_decode` on the query argument.  The arguments and
+        keyword arguments are forwarded to :func:`url_decode` unchanged.
+        """
+        return url_decode(self.query, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def join(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Joins this URL with another one.  This is just a convenience
+        function for calling into :meth:`url_join` and then parsing the
+        return value again.
+        """
+        return url_parse(url_join(self, *args, **kwargs))
+
+    def to_url(self):
+        """Returns a URL string or bytes depending on the type of the
+        information stored.  This is just a convenience function
+        for calling :meth:`url_unparse` for this URL.
+        """
+        return url_unparse(self)
+
+    def decode_netloc(self):
+        """Decodes the netloc part into a string."""
+        rv = _decode_idna(self.host or '')
+
+        if ':' in rv:
+            rv = '[%s]' % rv
+        port = self.port
+        if port is not None:
+            rv = '%s:%d' % (rv, port)
+        auth = ':'.join(filter(None, [
+            _url_unquote_legacy(self.raw_username or '', '/:%@'),
+            _url_unquote_legacy(self.raw_password or '', '/:%@'),
+        ]))
+        if auth:
+            rv = '%s@%s' % (auth, rv)
+        return rv
+
+    def to_uri_tuple(self):
+        """Returns a :class:`BytesURL` tuple that holds a URI.  This will
+        encode all the information in the URL properly to ASCII using the
+        rules a web browser would follow.
+
+        It's usually more interesting to directly call :meth:`iri_to_uri` which
+        will return a string.
+        """
+        return url_parse(iri_to_uri(self).encode('ascii'))
+
+    def to_iri_tuple(self):
+        """Returns a :class:`URL` tuple that holds a IRI.  This will try
+        to decode as much information as possible in the URL without
+        losing information similar to how a web browser does it for the
+        URL bar.
+
+        It's usually more interesting to directly call :meth:`uri_to_iri` which
+        will return a string.
+        """
+        return url_parse(uri_to_iri(self))
+
+    def get_file_location(self, pathformat=None):
+        """Returns a tuple with the location of the file in the form
+        ``(server, location)``.  If the netloc is empty in the URL or
+        points to localhost, it's represented as ``None``.
+
+        The `pathformat` by default is autodetection but needs to be set
+        when working with URLs of a specific system.  The supported values
+        are ``'windows'`` when working with Windows or DOS paths and
+        ``'posix'`` when working with posix paths.
+
+        If the URL does not point to to a local file, the server and location
+        are both represented as ``None``.
+
+        :param pathformat: The expected format of the path component.
+                           Currently ``'windows'`` and ``'posix'`` are
+                           supported.  Defaults to ``None`` which is
+                           autodetect.
+        """
+        if self.scheme != 'file':
+            return None, None
+
+        path = url_unquote(self.path)
+        host = self.netloc or None
+
+        if pathformat is None:
+            if os.name == 'nt':
+                pathformat = 'windows'
+            else:
+                pathformat = 'posix'
+
+        if pathformat == 'windows':
+            if path[:1] == '/' and path[1:2].isalpha() and path[2:3] in '|:':
+                path = path[1:2] + ':' + path[3:]
+            windows_share = path[:3] in ('\\' * 3, '/' * 3)
+            import ntpath
+            path = ntpath.normpath(path)
+            # Windows shared drives are represented as ``\\host\\directory``.
+            # That results in a URL like ``file://///host/directory``, and a
+            # path like ``///host/directory``. We need to special-case this
+            # because the path contains the hostname.
+            if windows_share and host is None:
+                parts = path.lstrip('\\').split('\\', 1)
+                if len(parts) == 2:
+                    host, path = parts
+                else:
+                    host = parts[0]
+                    path = ''
+        elif pathformat == 'posix':
+            import posixpath
+            path = posixpath.normpath(path)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Invalid path format %s' % repr(pathformat))
+
+        if host in ('127.0.0.1', '::1', 'localhost'):
+            host = None
+
+        return host, path
+
+    def _split_netloc(self):
+        if self._at in self.netloc:
+            return self.netloc.split(self._at, 1)
+        return None, self.netloc
+
+    def _split_auth(self):
+        auth = self._split_netloc()[0]
+        if not auth:
+            return None, None
+        if self._colon not in auth:
+            return auth, None
+        return auth.split(self._colon, 1)
+
+    def _split_host(self):
+        rv = self._split_netloc()[1]
+        if not rv:
+            return None, None
+
+        if not rv.startswith(self._lbracket):
+            if self._colon in rv:
+                return rv.split(self._colon, 1)
+            return rv, None
+
+        idx = rv.find(self._rbracket)
+        if idx < 0:
+            return rv, None
+
+        host = rv[1:idx]
+        rest = rv[idx + 1:]
+        if rest.startswith(self._colon):
+            return host, rest[1:]
+        return host, None
+
+
+@implements_to_string
+class URL(BaseURL):
+
+    """Represents a parsed URL.  This behaves like a regular tuple but
+    also has some extra attributes that give further insight into the
+    URL.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _at = '@'
+    _colon = ':'
+    _lbracket = '['
+    _rbracket = ']'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_url()
+
+    def encode_netloc(self):
+        """Encodes the netloc part to an ASCII safe URL as bytes."""
+        rv = self.ascii_host or ''
+        if ':' in rv:
+            rv = '[%s]' % rv
+        port = self.port
+        if port is not None:
+            rv = '%s:%d' % (rv, port)
+        auth = ':'.join(filter(None, [
+            url_quote(self.raw_username or '', 'utf-8', 'strict', '/:%'),
+            url_quote(self.raw_password or '', 'utf-8', 'strict', '/:%'),
+        ]))
+        if auth:
+            rv = '%s@%s' % (auth, rv)
+        return to_native(rv)
+
+    def encode(self, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        """Encodes the URL to a tuple made out of bytes.  The charset is
+        only being used for the path, query and fragment.
+        """
+        return BytesURL(
+            self.scheme.encode('ascii'),
+            self.encode_netloc(),
+            self.path.encode(charset, errors),
+            self.query.encode(charset, errors),
+            self.fragment.encode(charset, errors)
+        )
+
+
+class BytesURL(BaseURL):
+
+    """Represents a parsed URL in bytes."""
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _at = b'@'
+    _colon = b':'
+    _lbracket = b'['
+    _rbracket = b']'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_url().decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+    def encode_netloc(self):
+        """Returns the netloc unchanged as bytes."""
+        return self.netloc
+
+    def decode(self, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+        """Decodes the URL to a tuple made out of strings.  The charset is
+        only being used for the path, query and fragment.
+        """
+        return URL(
+            self.scheme.decode('ascii'),
+            self.decode_netloc(),
+            self.path.decode(charset, errors),
+            self.query.decode(charset, errors),
+            self.fragment.decode(charset, errors)
+        )
+
+
+def _unquote_to_bytes(string, unsafe=''):
+    if isinstance(string, text_type):
+        string = string.encode('utf-8')
+    if isinstance(unsafe, text_type):
+        unsafe = unsafe.encode('utf-8')
+    unsafe = frozenset(bytearray(unsafe))
+    bits = iter(string.split(b'%'))
+    result = bytearray(next(bits, b''))
+    for item in bits:
+        try:
+            char = _hextobyte[item[:2]]
+            if char in unsafe:
+                raise KeyError()
+            result.append(char)
+            result.extend(item[2:])
+        except KeyError:
+            result.extend(b'%')
+            result.extend(item)
+    return bytes(result)
+
+
+def _url_encode_impl(obj, charset, encode_keys, sort, key):
+    iterable = iter_multi_items(obj)
+    if sort:
+        iterable = sorted(iterable, key=key)
+    for key, value in iterable:
+        if value is None:
+            continue
+        if not isinstance(key, bytes):
+            key = text_type(key).encode(charset)
+        if not isinstance(value, bytes):
+            value = text_type(value).encode(charset)
+        yield url_quote_plus(key) + '=' + url_quote_plus(value)
+
+
+def _url_unquote_legacy(value, unsafe=''):
+    try:
+        return url_unquote(value, charset='utf-8',
+                           errors='strict', unsafe=unsafe)
+    except UnicodeError:
+        return url_unquote(value, charset='latin1', unsafe=unsafe)
+
+
+def url_parse(url, scheme=None, allow_fragments=True):
+    """Parses a URL from a string into a :class:`URL` tuple.  If the URL
+    is lacking a scheme it can be provided as second argument. Otherwise,
+    it is ignored.  Optionally fragments can be stripped from the URL
+    by setting `allow_fragments` to `False`.
+
+    The inverse of this function is :func:`url_unparse`.
+
+    :param url: the URL to parse.
+    :param scheme: the default schema to use if the URL is schemaless.
+    :param allow_fragments: if set to `False` a fragment will be removed
+                            from the URL.
+    """
+    s = make_literal_wrapper(url)
+    is_text_based = isinstance(url, text_type)
+
+    if scheme is None:
+        scheme = s('')
+    netloc = query = fragment = s('')
+    i = url.find(s(':'))
+    if i > 0 and _scheme_re.match(to_native(url[:i], errors='replace')):
+        # make sure "iri" is not actually a port number (in which case
+        # "scheme" is really part of the path)
+        rest = url[i + 1:]
+        if not rest or any(c not in s('0123456789') for c in rest):
+            # not a port number
+            scheme, url = url[:i].lower(), rest
+
+    if url[:2] == s('//'):
+        delim = len(url)
+        for c in s('/?#'):
+            wdelim = url.find(c, 2)
+            if wdelim >= 0:
+                delim = min(delim, wdelim)
+        netloc, url = url[2:delim], url[delim:]
+        if (s('[') in netloc and s(']') not in netloc) or \
+           (s(']') in netloc and s('[') not in netloc):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid IPv6 URL')
+
+    if allow_fragments and s('#') in url:
+        url, fragment = url.split(s('#'), 1)
+    if s('?') in url:
+        url, query = url.split(s('?'), 1)
+
+    result_type = is_text_based and URL or BytesURL
+    return result_type(scheme, netloc, url, query, fragment)
+
+
+def url_quote(string, charset='utf-8', errors='strict', safe='/:', unsafe=''):
+    """URL encode a single string with a given encoding.
+
+    :param s: the string to quote.
+    :param charset: the charset to be used.
+    :param safe: an optional sequence of safe characters.
+    :param unsafe: an optional sequence of unsafe characters.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+       The `unsafe` parameter was added.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(string, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
+        string = text_type(string)
+    if isinstance(string, text_type):
+        string = string.encode(charset, errors)
+    if isinstance(safe, text_type):
+        safe = safe.encode(charset, errors)
+    if isinstance(unsafe, text_type):
+        unsafe = unsafe.encode(charset, errors)
+    safe = frozenset(bytearray(safe) + _always_safe) - frozenset(bytearray(unsafe))
+    rv = bytearray()
+    for char in bytearray(string):
+        if char in safe:
+            rv.append(char)
+        else:
+            rv.extend(('%%%02X' % char).encode('ascii'))
+    return to_native(bytes(rv))
+
+
+def url_quote_plus(string, charset='utf-8', errors='strict', safe=''):
+    """URL encode a single string with the given encoding and convert
+    whitespace to "+".
+
+    :param s: The string to quote.
+    :param charset: The charset to be used.
+    :param safe: An optional sequence of safe characters.
+    """
+    return url_quote(string, charset, errors, safe + ' ', '+').replace(' ', '+')
+
+
+def url_unparse(components):
+    """The reverse operation to :meth:`url_parse`.  This accepts arbitrary
+    as well as :class:`URL` tuples and returns a URL as a string.
+
+    :param components: the parsed URL as tuple which should be converted
+                       into a URL string.
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = \
+        normalize_string_tuple(components)
+    s = make_literal_wrapper(scheme)
+    url = s('')
+
+    # We generally treat file:///x and file:/x the same which is also
+    # what browsers seem to do.  This also allows us to ignore a schema
+    # register for netloc utilization or having to differenciate between
+    # empty and missing netloc.
+    if netloc or (scheme and path.startswith(s('/'))):
+        if path and path[:1] != s('/'):
+            path = s('/') + path
+        url = s('//') + (netloc or s('')) + path
+    elif path:
+        url += path
+    if scheme:
+        url = scheme + s(':') + url
+    if query:
+        url = url + s('?') + query
+    if fragment:
+        url = url + s('#') + fragment
+    return url
+
+
+def url_unquote(string, charset='utf-8', errors='replace', unsafe=''):
+    """URL decode a single string with a given encoding.  If the charset
+    is set to `None` no unicode decoding is performed and raw bytes
+    are returned.
+
+    :param s: the string to unquote.
+    :param charset: the charset of the query string.  If set to `None`
+                    no unicode decoding will take place.
+    :param errors: the error handling for the charset decoding.
+    """
+    rv = _unquote_to_bytes(string, unsafe)
+    if charset is not None:
+        rv = rv.decode(charset, errors)
+    return rv
+
+
+def url_unquote_plus(s, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+    """URL decode a single string with the given `charset` and decode "+" to
+    whitespace.
+
+    Per default encoding errors are ignored.  If you want a different behavior
+    you can set `errors` to ``'replace'`` or ``'strict'``.  In strict mode a
+    :exc:`HTTPUnicodeError` is raised.
+
+    :param s: The string to unquote.
+    :param charset: the charset of the query string.  If set to `None`
+                    no unicode decoding will take place.
+    :param errors: The error handling for the `charset` decoding.
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        s = s.replace(u'+', u' ')
+    else:
+        s = s.replace(b'+', b' ')
+    return url_unquote(s, charset, errors)
+
+
+def url_fix(s, charset='utf-8'):
+    r"""Sometimes you get an URL by a user that just isn't a real URL because
+    it contains unsafe characters like ' ' and so on. This function can fix
+    some of the problems in a similar way browsers handle data entered by the
+    user:
+
+    >>> url_fix(u'http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf (Begriffskl\xe4rung)')
+    'http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf%20(Begriffskl%C3%A4rung)'
+
+    :param s: the string with the URL to fix.
+    :param charset: The target charset for the URL if the url was given as
+                    unicode string.
+    """
+    # First step is to switch to unicode processing and to convert
+    # backslashes (which are invalid in URLs anyways) to slashes.  This is
+    # consistent with what Chrome does.
+    s = to_unicode(s, charset, 'replace').replace('\\', '/')
+
+    # For the specific case that we look like a malformed windows URL
+    # we want to fix this up manually:
+    if s.startswith('file://') and s[7:8].isalpha() and s[8:10] in (':/', '|/'):
+        s = 'file:///' + s[7:]
+
+    url = url_parse(s)
+    path = url_quote(url.path, charset, safe='/%+$!*\'(),')
+    qs = url_quote_plus(url.query, charset, safe=':&%=+$!*\'(),')
+    anchor = url_quote_plus(url.fragment, charset, safe=':&%=+$!*\'(),')
+    return to_native(url_unparse((url.scheme, url.encode_netloc(),
+                                  path, qs, anchor)))
+
+
+def uri_to_iri(uri, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+    r"""
+    Converts a URI in a given charset to a IRI.
+
+    Examples for URI versus IRI:
+
+    >>> uri_to_iri(b'http://xn--n3h.net/')
+    u'http://\u2603.net/'
+    >>> uri_to_iri(b'http://%C3%BCser:p%C3%A4ssword@xn--n3h.net/p%C3%A5th')
+    u'http://\xfcser:p\xe4ssword@\u2603.net/p\xe5th'
+
+    Query strings are left unchanged:
+
+    >>> uri_to_iri('/?foo=24&x=%26%2f')
+    u'/?foo=24&x=%26%2f'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+    :param uri: The URI to convert.
+    :param charset: The charset of the URI.
+    :param errors: The error handling on decode.
+    """
+    if isinstance(uri, tuple):
+        uri = url_unparse(uri)
+    uri = url_parse(to_unicode(uri, charset))
+    path = url_unquote(uri.path, charset, errors, '%/;?')
+    query = url_unquote(uri.query, charset, errors, '%;/?:@&=+,$#')
+    fragment = url_unquote(uri.fragment, charset, errors, '%;/?:@&=+,$#')
+    return url_unparse((uri.scheme, uri.decode_netloc(),
+                        path, query, fragment))
+
+
+def iri_to_uri(iri, charset='utf-8', errors='strict', safe_conversion=False):
+    r"""
+    Converts any unicode based IRI to an acceptable ASCII URI. Werkzeug always
+    uses utf-8 URLs internally because this is what browsers and HTTP do as
+    well. In some places where it accepts an URL it also accepts a unicode IRI
+    and converts it into a URI.
+
+    Examples for IRI versus URI:
+
+    >>> iri_to_uri(u'http://☃.net/')
+    'http://xn--n3h.net/'
+    >>> iri_to_uri(u'http://üser:pässword@☃.net/påth')
+    'http://%C3%BCser:p%C3%A4ssword@xn--n3h.net/p%C3%A5th'
+
+    There is a general problem with IRI and URI conversion with some
+    protocols that appear in the wild that are in violation of the URI
+    specification.  In places where Werkzeug goes through a forced IRI to
+    URI conversion it will set the `safe_conversion` flag which will
+    not perform a conversion if the end result is already ASCII.  This
+    can mean that the return value is not an entirely correct URI but
+    it will not destroy such invalid URLs in the process.
+
+    As an example consider the following two IRIs::
+
+      magnet:?xt=uri:whatever
+      itms-services://?action=download-manifest
+
+    The internal representation after parsing of those URLs is the same
+    and there is no way to reconstruct the original one.  If safe
+    conversion is enabled however this function becomes a noop for both of
+    those strings as they both can be considered URIs.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9.6
+       The `safe_conversion` parameter was added.
+
+    :param iri: The IRI to convert.
+    :param charset: The charset for the URI.
+    :param safe_conversion: indicates if a safe conversion should take place.
+                            For more information see the explanation above.
+    """
+    if isinstance(iri, tuple):
+        iri = url_unparse(iri)
+
+    if safe_conversion:
+        try:
+            native_iri = to_native(iri)
+            ascii_iri = to_native(iri).encode('ascii')
+            if ascii_iri.split() == [ascii_iri]:
+                return native_iri
+        except UnicodeError:
+            pass
+
+    iri = url_parse(to_unicode(iri, charset, errors))
+
+    netloc = iri.encode_netloc()
+    path = url_quote(iri.path, charset, errors, '/:~+%')
+    query = url_quote(iri.query, charset, errors, '%&[]:;$*()+,!?*/=')
+    fragment = url_quote(iri.fragment, charset, errors, '=%&[]:;$()+,!?*/')
+
+    return to_native(url_unparse((iri.scheme, netloc,
+                                  path, query, fragment)))
+
+
+def url_decode(s, charset='utf-8', decode_keys=False, include_empty=True,
+               errors='replace', separator='&', cls=None):
+    """
+    Parse a querystring and return it as :class:`MultiDict`.  There is a
+    difference in key decoding on different Python versions.  On Python 3
+    keys will always be fully decoded whereas on Python 2, keys will
+    remain bytestrings if they fit into ASCII.  On 2.x keys can be forced
+    to be unicode by setting `decode_keys` to `True`.
+
+    If the charset is set to `None` no unicode decoding will happen and
+    raw bytes will be returned.
+
+    Per default a missing value for a key will default to an empty key.  If
+    you don't want that behavior you can set `include_empty` to `False`.
+
+    Per default encoding errors are ignored.  If you want a different behavior
+    you can set `errors` to ``'replace'`` or ``'strict'``.  In strict mode a
+    `HTTPUnicodeError` is raised.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       In previous versions ";" and "&" could be used for url decoding.
+       This changed in 0.5 where only "&" is supported.  If you want to
+       use ";" instead a different `separator` can be provided.
+
+       The `cls` parameter was added.
+
+    :param s: a string with the query string to decode.
+    :param charset: the charset of the query string.  If set to `None`
+                    no unicode decoding will take place.
+    :param decode_keys: Used on Python 2.x to control whether keys should
+                        be forced to be unicode objects.  If set to `True`
+                        then keys will be unicode in all cases. Otherwise,
+                        they remain `str` if they fit into ASCII.
+    :param include_empty: Set to `False` if you don't want empty values to
+                          appear in the dict.
+    :param errors: the decoding error behavior.
+    :param separator: the pair separator to be used, defaults to ``&``
+    :param cls: an optional dict class to use.  If this is not specified
+                       or `None` the default :class:`MultiDict` is used.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = MultiDict
+    if isinstance(s, text_type) and not isinstance(separator, text_type):
+        separator = separator.decode(charset or 'ascii')
+    elif isinstance(s, bytes) and not isinstance(separator, bytes):
+        separator = separator.encode(charset or 'ascii')
+    return cls(_url_decode_impl(s.split(separator), charset, decode_keys,
+                                include_empty, errors))
+
+
+def url_decode_stream(stream, charset='utf-8', decode_keys=False,
+                      include_empty=True, errors='replace', separator='&',
+                      cls=None, limit=None, return_iterator=False):
+    """Works like :func:`url_decode` but decodes a stream.  The behavior
+    of stream and limit follows functions like
+    :func:`~werkzeug.wsgi.make_line_iter`.  The generator of pairs is
+    directly fed to the `cls` so you can consume the data while it's
+    parsed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    :param stream: a stream with the encoded querystring
+    :param charset: the charset of the query string.  If set to `None`
+                    no unicode decoding will take place.
+    :param decode_keys: Used on Python 2.x to control whether keys should
+                        be forced to be unicode objects.  If set to `True`,
+                        keys will be unicode in all cases. Otherwise, they
+                        remain `str` if they fit into ASCII.
+    :param include_empty: Set to `False` if you don't want empty values to
+                          appear in the dict.
+    :param errors: the decoding error behavior.
+    :param separator: the pair separator to be used, defaults to ``&``
+    :param cls: an optional dict class to use.  If this is not specified
+                       or `None` the default :class:`MultiDict` is used.
+    :param limit: the content length of the URL data.  Not necessary if
+                  a limited stream is provided.
+    :param return_iterator: if set to `True` the `cls` argument is ignored
+                            and an iterator over all decoded pairs is
+                            returned
+    """
+    from werkzeug.wsgi import make_chunk_iter
+    if return_iterator:
+        cls = lambda x: x
+    elif cls is None:
+        cls = MultiDict
+    pair_iter = make_chunk_iter(stream, separator, limit)
+    return cls(_url_decode_impl(pair_iter, charset, decode_keys,
+                                include_empty, errors))
+
+
+def _url_decode_impl(pair_iter, charset, decode_keys, include_empty, errors):
+    for pair in pair_iter:
+        if not pair:
+            continue
+        s = make_literal_wrapper(pair)
+        equal = s('=')
+        if equal in pair:
+            key, value = pair.split(equal, 1)
+        else:
+            if not include_empty:
+                continue
+            key = pair
+            value = s('')
+        key = url_unquote_plus(key, charset, errors)
+        if charset is not None and PY2 and not decode_keys:
+            key = try_coerce_native(key)
+        yield key, url_unquote_plus(value, charset, errors)
+
+
+def url_encode(obj, charset='utf-8', encode_keys=False, sort=False, key=None,
+               separator=b'&'):
+    """URL encode a dict/`MultiDict`.  If a value is `None` it will not appear
+    in the result string.  Per default only values are encoded into the target
+    charset strings.  If `encode_keys` is set to ``True`` unicode keys are
+    supported too.
+
+    If `sort` is set to `True` the items are sorted by `key` or the default
+    sorting algorithm.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        `sort`, `key`, and `separator` were added.
+
+    :param obj: the object to encode into a query string.
+    :param charset: the charset of the query string.
+    :param encode_keys: set to `True` if you have unicode keys. (Ignored on
+                        Python 3.x)
+    :param sort: set to `True` if you want parameters to be sorted by `key`.
+    :param separator: the separator to be used for the pairs.
+    :param key: an optional function to be used for sorting.  For more details
+                check out the :func:`sorted` documentation.
+    """
+    separator = to_native(separator, 'ascii')
+    return separator.join(_url_encode_impl(obj, charset, encode_keys, sort, key))
+
+
+def url_encode_stream(obj, stream=None, charset='utf-8', encode_keys=False,
+                      sort=False, key=None, separator=b'&'):
+    """Like :meth:`url_encode` but writes the results to a stream
+    object.  If the stream is `None` a generator over all encoded
+    pairs is returned.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    :param obj: the object to encode into a query string.
+    :param stream: a stream to write the encoded object into or `None` if
+                   an iterator over the encoded pairs should be returned.  In
+                   that case the separator argument is ignored.
+    :param charset: the charset of the query string.
+    :param encode_keys: set to `True` if you have unicode keys. (Ignored on
+                        Python 3.x)
+    :param sort: set to `True` if you want parameters to be sorted by `key`.
+    :param separator: the separator to be used for the pairs.
+    :param key: an optional function to be used for sorting.  For more details
+                check out the :func:`sorted` documentation.
+    """
+    separator = to_native(separator, 'ascii')
+    gen = _url_encode_impl(obj, charset, encode_keys, sort, key)
+    if stream is None:
+        return gen
+    for idx, chunk in enumerate(gen):
+        if idx:
+            stream.write(separator)
+        stream.write(chunk)
+
+
+def url_join(base, url, allow_fragments=True):
+    """Join a base URL and a possibly relative URL to form an absolute
+    interpretation of the latter.
+
+    :param base: the base URL for the join operation.
+    :param url: the URL to join.
+    :param allow_fragments: indicates whether fragments should be allowed.
+    """
+    if isinstance(base, tuple):
+        base = url_unparse(base)
+    if isinstance(url, tuple):
+        url = url_unparse(url)
+
+    base, url = normalize_string_tuple((base, url))
+    s = make_literal_wrapper(base)
+
+    if not base:
+        return url
+    if not url:
+        return base
+
+    bscheme, bnetloc, bpath, bquery, bfragment = \
+        url_parse(base, allow_fragments=allow_fragments)
+    scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = \
+        url_parse(url, bscheme, allow_fragments)
+    if scheme != bscheme:
+        return url
+    if netloc:
+        return url_unparse((scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment))
+    netloc = bnetloc
+
+    if path[:1] == s('/'):
+        segments = path.split(s('/'))
+    elif not path:
+        segments = bpath.split(s('/'))
+        if not query:
+            query = bquery
+    else:
+        segments = bpath.split(s('/'))[:-1] + path.split(s('/'))
+
+    # If the rightmost part is "./" we want to keep the slash but
+    # remove the dot.
+    if segments[-1] == s('.'):
+        segments[-1] = s('')
+
+    # Resolve ".." and "."
+    segments = [segment for segment in segments if segment != s('.')]
+    while 1:
+        i = 1
+        n = len(segments) - 1
+        while i < n:
+            if segments[i] == s('..') and \
+               segments[i - 1] not in (s(''), s('..')):
+                del segments[i - 1:i + 1]
+                break
+            i += 1
+        else:
+            break
+
+    # Remove trailing ".." if the URL is absolute
+    unwanted_marker = [s(''), s('..')]
+    while segments[:2] == unwanted_marker:
+        del segments[1]
+
+    path = s('/').join(segments)
+    return url_unparse((scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment))
+
+
+class Href(object):
+
+    """Implements a callable that constructs URLs with the given base. The
+    function can be called with any number of positional and keyword
+    arguments which than are used to assemble the URL.  Works with URLs
+    and posix paths.
+
+    Positional arguments are appended as individual segments to
+    the path of the URL:
+
+    >>> href = Href('/foo')
+    >>> href('bar', 23)
+    '/foo/bar/23'
+    >>> href('foo', bar=23)
+    '/foo/foo?bar=23'
+
+    If any of the arguments (positional or keyword) evaluates to `None` it
+    will be skipped.  If no keyword arguments are given the last argument
+    can be a :class:`dict` or :class:`MultiDict` (or any other dict subclass),
+    otherwise the keyword arguments are used for the query parameters, cutting
+    off the first trailing underscore of the parameter name:
+
+    >>> href(is_=42)
+    '/foo?is=42'
+    >>> href({'foo': 'bar'})
+    '/foo?foo=bar'
+
+    Combining of both methods is not allowed:
+
+    >>> href({'foo': 'bar'}, bar=42)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: keyword arguments and query-dicts can't be combined
+
+    Accessing attributes on the href object creates a new href object with
+    the attribute name as prefix:
+
+    >>> bar_href = href.bar
+    >>> bar_href("blub")
+    '/foo/bar/blub'
+
+    If `sort` is set to `True` the items are sorted by `key` or the default
+    sorting algorithm:
+
+    >>> href = Href("/", sort=True)
+    >>> href(a=1, b=2, c=3)
+    '/?a=1&b=2&c=3'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        `sort` and `key` were added.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base='./', charset='utf-8', sort=False, key=None):
+        if not base:
+            base = './'
+        self.base = base
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.sort = sort
+        self.key = key
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name[:2] == '__':
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        base = self.base
+        if base[-1:] != '/':
+            base += '/'
+        return Href(url_join(base, name), self.charset, self.sort, self.key)
+
+    def __call__(self, *path, **query):
+        if path and isinstance(path[-1], dict):
+            if query:
+                raise TypeError('keyword arguments and query-dicts '
+                                'can\'t be combined')
+            query, path = path[-1], path[:-1]
+        elif query:
+            query = dict([(k.endswith('_') and k[:-1] or k, v)
+                          for k, v in query.items()])
+        path = '/'.join([to_unicode(url_quote(x, self.charset), 'ascii')
+                         for x in path if x is not None]).lstrip('/')
+        rv = self.base
+        if path:
+            if not rv.endswith('/'):
+                rv += '/'
+            rv = url_join(rv, './' + path)
+        if query:
+            rv += '?' + to_unicode(url_encode(query, self.charset, sort=self.sort,
+                                              key=self.key), 'ascii')
+        return to_native(rv)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/useragents.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/useragents.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df42744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/useragents.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.useragents
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module provides a helper to inspect user agent strings.  This module
+    is far from complete but should work for most of the currently available
+    browsers.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+
+
+class UserAgentParser(object):
+
+    """A simple user agent parser.  Used by the `UserAgent`."""
+
+    platforms = (
+        ('cros', 'chromeos'),
+        ('iphone|ios', 'iphone'),
+        ('ipad', 'ipad'),
+        (r'darwin|mac|os\s*x', 'macos'),
+        ('win', 'windows'),
+        (r'android', 'android'),
+        (r'x11|lin(\b|ux)?', 'linux'),
+        ('(sun|i86)os', 'solaris'),
+        (r'nintendo\s+wii', 'wii'),
+        ('irix', 'irix'),
+        ('hp-?ux', 'hpux'),
+        ('aix', 'aix'),
+        ('sco|unix_sv', 'sco'),
+        ('bsd', 'bsd'),
+        ('amiga', 'amiga'),
+        ('blackberry|playbook', 'blackberry'),
+        ('symbian', 'symbian')
+    )
+    browsers = (
+        ('googlebot', 'google'),
+        ('msnbot', 'msn'),
+        ('yahoo', 'yahoo'),
+        ('ask jeeves', 'ask'),
+        (r'aol|america\s+online\s+browser', 'aol'),
+        ('opera', 'opera'),
+        ('chrome', 'chrome'),
+        ('firefox|firebird|phoenix|iceweasel', 'firefox'),
+        ('galeon', 'galeon'),
+        ('safari|version', 'safari'),
+        ('webkit', 'webkit'),
+        ('camino', 'camino'),
+        ('konqueror', 'konqueror'),
+        ('k-meleon', 'kmeleon'),
+        ('netscape', 'netscape'),
+        (r'msie|microsoft\s+internet\s+explorer|trident/.+? rv:', 'msie'),
+        ('lynx', 'lynx'),
+        ('links', 'links'),
+        ('seamonkey|mozilla', 'seamonkey')
+    )
+
+    _browser_version_re = r'(?:%s)[/\sa-z(]*(\d+[.\da-z]+)?(?i)'
+    _language_re = re.compile(
+        r'(?:;\s*|\s+)(\b\w{2}\b(?:-\b\w{2}\b)?)\s*;|'
+        r'(?:\(|\[|;)\s*(\b\w{2}\b(?:-\b\w{2}\b)?)\s*(?:\]|\)|;)'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.platforms = [(b, re.compile(a, re.I)) for a, b in self.platforms]
+        self.browsers = [(b, re.compile(self._browser_version_re % a))
+                         for a, b in self.browsers]
+
+    def __call__(self, user_agent):
+        for platform, regex in self.platforms:
+            match = regex.search(user_agent)
+            if match is not None:
+                break
+        else:
+            platform = None
+        for browser, regex in self.browsers:
+            match = regex.search(user_agent)
+            if match is not None:
+                version = match.group(1)
+                break
+        else:
+            browser = version = None
+        match = self._language_re.search(user_agent)
+        if match is not None:
+            language = match.group(1) or match.group(2)
+        else:
+            language = None
+        return platform, browser, version, language
+
+
+class UserAgent(object):
+
+    """Represents a user agent.  Pass it a WSGI environment or a user agent
+    string and you can inspect some of the details from the user agent
+    string via the attributes.  The following attributes exist:
+
+    .. attribute:: string
+
+       the raw user agent string
+
+    .. attribute:: platform
+
+       the browser platform.  The following platforms are currently
+       recognized:
+
+       -   `aix`
+       -   `amiga`
+       -   `android`
+       -   `bsd`
+       -   `chromeos`
+       -   `hpux`
+       -   `iphone`
+       -   `ipad`
+       -   `irix`
+       -   `linux`
+       -   `macos`
+       -   `sco`
+       -   `solaris`
+       -   `wii`
+       -   `windows`
+
+    .. attribute:: browser
+
+        the name of the browser.  The following browsers are currently
+        recognized:
+
+        -   `aol` *
+        -   `ask` *
+        -   `camino`
+        -   `chrome`
+        -   `firefox`
+        -   `galeon`
+        -   `google` *
+        -   `kmeleon`
+        -   `konqueror`
+        -   `links`
+        -   `lynx`
+        -   `msie`
+        -   `msn`
+        -   `netscape`
+        -   `opera`
+        -   `safari`
+        -   `seamonkey`
+        -   `webkit`
+        -   `yahoo` *
+
+        (Browsers maked with a star (``*``) are crawlers.)
+
+    .. attribute:: version
+
+        the version of the browser
+
+    .. attribute:: language
+
+        the language of the browser
+    """
+
+    _parser = UserAgentParser()
+
+    def __init__(self, environ_or_string):
+        if isinstance(environ_or_string, dict):
+            environ_or_string = environ_or_string.get('HTTP_USER_AGENT', '')
+        self.string = environ_or_string
+        self.platform, self.browser, self.version, self.language = \
+            self._parser(environ_or_string)
+
+    def to_header(self):
+        return self.string
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.string
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return bool(self.browser)
+
+    __bool__ = __nonzero__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %r/%s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.browser,
+            self.version
+        )
+
+
+# conceptionally this belongs in this module but because we want to lazily
+# load the user agent module (which happens in wrappers.py) we have to import
+# it afterwards.  The class itself has the module set to this module so
+# pickle, inspect and similar modules treat the object as if it was really
+# implemented here.
+from werkzeug.wrappers import UserAgentMixin  # noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..935029e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.utils
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements various utilities for WSGI applications.  Most of
+    them are used by the request and response wrappers but especially for
+    middleware development it makes sense to use them without the wrappers.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import os
+import sys
+import pkgutil
+try:
+    from html.entities import name2codepoint
+except ImportError:
+    from htmlentitydefs import name2codepoint
+
+from werkzeug._compat import unichr, text_type, string_types, iteritems, \
+    reraise, PY2
+from werkzeug._internal import _DictAccessorProperty, \
+    _parse_signature, _missing
+
+
+_format_re = re.compile(r'\$(?:(%s)|\{(%s)\})' % (('[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*',) * 2))
+_entity_re = re.compile(r'&([^;]+);')
+_filename_ascii_strip_re = re.compile(r'[^A-Za-z0-9_.-]')
+_windows_device_files = ('CON', 'AUX', 'COM1', 'COM2', 'COM3', 'COM4', 'LPT1',
+                         'LPT2', 'LPT3', 'PRN', 'NUL')
+
+
+class cached_property(property):
+
+    """A decorator that converts a function into a lazy property.  The
+    function wrapped is called the first time to retrieve the result
+    and then that calculated result is used the next time you access
+    the value::
+
+        class Foo(object):
+
+            @cached_property
+            def foo(self):
+                # calculate something important here
+                return 42
+
+    The class has to have a `__dict__` in order for this property to
+    work.
+    """
+
+    # implementation detail: A subclass of python's builtin property
+    # decorator, we override __get__ to check for a cached value. If one
+    # choses to invoke __get__ by hand the property will still work as
+    # expected because the lookup logic is replicated in __get__ for
+    # manual invocation.
+
+    def __init__(self, func, name=None, doc=None):
+        self.__name__ = name or func.__name__
+        self.__module__ = func.__module__
+        self.__doc__ = doc or func.__doc__
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = value
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        value = obj.__dict__.get(self.__name__, _missing)
+        if value is _missing:
+            value = self.func(obj)
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = value
+        return value
+
+
+class environ_property(_DictAccessorProperty):
+
+    """Maps request attributes to environment variables. This works not only
+    for the Werzeug request object, but also any other class with an
+    environ attribute:
+
+    >>> class Test(object):
+    ...     environ = {'key': 'value'}
+    ...     test = environ_property('key')
+    >>> var = Test()
+    >>> var.test
+    'value'
+
+    If you pass it a second value it's used as default if the key does not
+    exist, the third one can be a converter that takes a value and converts
+    it.  If it raises :exc:`ValueError` or :exc:`TypeError` the default value
+    is used. If no default value is provided `None` is used.
+
+    Per default the property is read only.  You have to explicitly enable it
+    by passing ``read_only=False`` to the constructor.
+    """
+
+    read_only = True
+
+    def lookup(self, obj):
+        return obj.environ
+
+
+class header_property(_DictAccessorProperty):
+
+    """Like `environ_property` but for headers."""
+
+    def lookup(self, obj):
+        return obj.headers
+
+
+class HTMLBuilder(object):
+
+    """Helper object for HTML generation.
+
+    Per default there are two instances of that class.  The `html` one, and
+    the `xhtml` one for those two dialects.  The class uses keyword parameters
+    and positional parameters to generate small snippets of HTML.
+
+    Keyword parameters are converted to XML/SGML attributes, positional
+    arguments are used as children.  Because Python accepts positional
+    arguments before keyword arguments it's a good idea to use a list with the
+    star-syntax for some children:
+
+    >>> html.p(class_='foo', *[html.a('foo', href='foo.html'), ' ',
+    ...                        html.a('bar', href='bar.html')])
+    u'<p class="foo"><a href="foo.html">foo</a> <a href="bar.html">bar</a></p>'
+
+    This class works around some browser limitations and can not be used for
+    arbitrary SGML/XML generation.  For that purpose lxml and similar
+    libraries exist.
+
+    Calling the builder escapes the string passed:
+
+    >>> html.p(html("<foo>"))
+    u'<p>&lt;foo&gt;</p>'
+    """
+
+    _entity_re = re.compile(r'&([^;]+);')
+    _entities = name2codepoint.copy()
+    _entities['apos'] = 39
+    _empty_elements = set([
+        'area', 'base', 'basefont', 'br', 'col', 'command', 'embed', 'frame',
+        'hr', 'img', 'input', 'keygen', 'isindex', 'link', 'meta', 'param',
+        'source', 'wbr'
+    ])
+    _boolean_attributes = set([
+        'selected', 'checked', 'compact', 'declare', 'defer', 'disabled',
+        'ismap', 'multiple', 'nohref', 'noresize', 'noshade', 'nowrap'
+    ])
+    _plaintext_elements = set(['textarea'])
+    _c_like_cdata = set(['script', 'style'])
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        self._dialect = dialect
+
+    def __call__(self, s):
+        return escape(s)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, tag):
+        if tag[:2] == '__':
+            raise AttributeError(tag)
+
+        def proxy(*children, **arguments):
+            buffer = '<' + tag
+            for key, value in iteritems(arguments):
+                if value is None:
+                    continue
+                if key[-1] == '_':
+                    key = key[:-1]
+                if key in self._boolean_attributes:
+                    if not value:
+                        continue
+                    if self._dialect == 'xhtml':
+                        value = '="' + key + '"'
+                    else:
+                        value = ''
+                else:
+                    value = '="' + escape(value) + '"'
+                buffer += ' ' + key + value
+            if not children and tag in self._empty_elements:
+                if self._dialect == 'xhtml':
+                    buffer += ' />'
+                else:
+                    buffer += '>'
+                return buffer
+            buffer += '>'
+
+            children_as_string = ''.join([text_type(x) for x in children
+                                          if x is not None])
+
+            if children_as_string:
+                if tag in self._plaintext_elements:
+                    children_as_string = escape(children_as_string)
+                elif tag in self._c_like_cdata and self._dialect == 'xhtml':
+                    children_as_string = '/*<![CDATA[*/' + \
+                                         children_as_string + '/*]]>*/'
+            buffer += children_as_string + '</' + tag + '>'
+            return buffer
+        return proxy
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s for %r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self._dialect
+        )
+
+
+html = HTMLBuilder('html')
+xhtml = HTMLBuilder('xhtml')
+
+
+def get_content_type(mimetype, charset):
+    """Returns the full content type string with charset for a mimetype.
+
+    If the mimetype represents text the charset will be appended as charset
+    parameter, otherwise the mimetype is returned unchanged.
+
+    :param mimetype: the mimetype to be used as content type.
+    :param charset: the charset to be appended in case it was a text mimetype.
+    :return: the content type.
+    """
+    if mimetype.startswith('text/') or \
+       mimetype == 'application/xml' or \
+       (mimetype.startswith('application/') and
+            mimetype.endswith('+xml')):
+        mimetype += '; charset=' + charset
+    return mimetype
+
+
+def format_string(string, context):
+    """String-template format a string:
+
+    >>> format_string('$foo and ${foo}s', dict(foo=42))
+    '42 and 42s'
+
+    This does not do any attribute lookup etc.  For more advanced string
+    formattings have a look at the `werkzeug.template` module.
+
+    :param string: the format string.
+    :param context: a dict with the variables to insert.
+    """
+    def lookup_arg(match):
+        x = context[match.group(1) or match.group(2)]
+        if not isinstance(x, string_types):
+            x = type(string)(x)
+        return x
+    return _format_re.sub(lookup_arg, string)
+
+
+def secure_filename(filename):
+    r"""Pass it a filename and it will return a secure version of it.  This
+    filename can then safely be stored on a regular file system and passed
+    to :func:`os.path.join`.  The filename returned is an ASCII only string
+    for maximum portability.
+
+    On windows systems the function also makes sure that the file is not
+    named after one of the special device files.
+
+    >>> secure_filename("My cool movie.mov")
+    'My_cool_movie.mov'
+    >>> secure_filename("../../../etc/passwd")
+    'etc_passwd'
+    >>> secure_filename(u'i contain cool \xfcml\xe4uts.txt')
+    'i_contain_cool_umlauts.txt'
+
+    The function might return an empty filename.  It's your responsibility
+    to ensure that the filename is unique and that you generate random
+    filename if the function returned an empty one.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    :param filename: the filename to secure
+    """
+    if isinstance(filename, text_type):
+        from unicodedata import normalize
+        filename = normalize('NFKD', filename).encode('ascii', 'ignore')
+        if not PY2:
+            filename = filename.decode('ascii')
+    for sep in os.path.sep, os.path.altsep:
+        if sep:
+            filename = filename.replace(sep, ' ')
+    filename = str(_filename_ascii_strip_re.sub('', '_'.join(
+                   filename.split()))).strip('._')
+
+    # on nt a couple of special files are present in each folder.  We
+    # have to ensure that the target file is not such a filename.  In
+    # this case we prepend an underline
+    if os.name == 'nt' and filename and \
+       filename.split('.')[0].upper() in _windows_device_files:
+        filename = '_' + filename
+
+    return filename
+
+
+def escape(s, quote=None):
+    """Replace special characters "&", "<", ">" and (") to HTML-safe sequences.
+
+    There is a special handling for `None` which escapes to an empty string.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       `quote` is now implicitly on.
+
+    :param s: the string to escape.
+    :param quote: ignored.
+    """
+    if s is None:
+        return ''
+    elif hasattr(s, '__html__'):
+        return text_type(s.__html__())
+    elif not isinstance(s, string_types):
+        s = text_type(s)
+    if quote is not None:
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(DeprecationWarning('quote parameter is implicit now'), stacklevel=2)
+    s = s.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;') \
+        .replace('>', '&gt;').replace('"', "&quot;")
+    return s
+
+
+def unescape(s):
+    """The reverse function of `escape`.  This unescapes all the HTML
+    entities, not only the XML entities inserted by `escape`.
+
+    :param s: the string to unescape.
+    """
+    def handle_match(m):
+        name = m.group(1)
+        if name in HTMLBuilder._entities:
+            return unichr(HTMLBuilder._entities[name])
+        try:
+            if name[:2] in ('#x', '#X'):
+                return unichr(int(name[2:], 16))
+            elif name.startswith('#'):
+                return unichr(int(name[1:]))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        return u''
+    return _entity_re.sub(handle_match, s)
+
+
+def redirect(location, code=302, Response=None):
+    """Returns a response object (a WSGI application) that, if called,
+    redirects the client to the target location.  Supported codes are 301,
+    302, 303, 305, and 307.  300 is not supported because it's not a real
+    redirect and 304 because it's the answer for a request with a request
+    with defined If-Modified-Since headers.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+       The location can now be a unicode string that is encoded using
+       the :func:`iri_to_uri` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+        The class used for the Response object can now be passed in.
+
+    :param location: the location the response should redirect to.
+    :param code: the redirect status code. defaults to 302.
+    :param class Response: a Response class to use when instantiating a
+        response. The default is :class:`werkzeug.wrappers.Response` if
+        unspecified.
+    """
+    if Response is None:
+        from werkzeug.wrappers import Response
+
+    display_location = escape(location)
+    if isinstance(location, text_type):
+        # Safe conversion is necessary here as we might redirect
+        # to a broken URI scheme (for instance itms-services).
+        from werkzeug.urls import iri_to_uri
+        location = iri_to_uri(location, safe_conversion=True)
+    response = Response(
+        '<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
+        '<title>Redirecting...</title>\n'
+        '<h1>Redirecting...</h1>\n'
+        '<p>You should be redirected automatically to target URL: '
+        '<a href="%s">%s</a>.  If not click the link.' %
+        (escape(location), display_location), code, mimetype='text/html')
+    response.headers['Location'] = location
+    return response
+
+
+def append_slash_redirect(environ, code=301):
+    """Redirects to the same URL but with a slash appended.  The behavior
+    of this function is undefined if the path ends with a slash already.
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment for the request that triggers
+                    the redirect.
+    :param code: the status code for the redirect.
+    """
+    new_path = environ['PATH_INFO'].strip('/') + '/'
+    query_string = environ.get('QUERY_STRING')
+    if query_string:
+        new_path += '?' + query_string
+    return redirect(new_path, code)
+
+
+def import_string(import_name, silent=False):
+    """Imports an object based on a string.  This is useful if you want to
+    use import paths as endpoints or something similar.  An import path can
+    be specified either in dotted notation (``xml.sax.saxutils.escape``)
+    or with a colon as object delimiter (``xml.sax.saxutils:escape``).
+
+    If `silent` is True the return value will be `None` if the import fails.
+
+    :param import_name: the dotted name for the object to import.
+    :param silent: if set to `True` import errors are ignored and
+                   `None` is returned instead.
+    :return: imported object
+    """
+    # force the import name to automatically convert to strings
+    # __import__ is not able to handle unicode strings in the fromlist
+    # if the module is a package
+    import_name = str(import_name).replace(':', '.')
+    try:
+        try:
+            __import__(import_name)
+        except ImportError:
+            if '.' not in import_name:
+                raise
+        else:
+            return sys.modules[import_name]
+
+        module_name, obj_name = import_name.rsplit('.', 1)
+        try:
+            module = __import__(module_name, None, None, [obj_name])
+        except ImportError:
+            # support importing modules not yet set up by the parent module
+            # (or package for that matter)
+            module = import_string(module_name)
+
+        try:
+            return getattr(module, obj_name)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise ImportError(e)
+
+    except ImportError as e:
+        if not silent:
+            reraise(
+                ImportStringError,
+                ImportStringError(import_name, e),
+                sys.exc_info()[2])
+
+
+def find_modules(import_path, include_packages=False, recursive=False):
+    """Finds all the modules below a package.  This can be useful to
+    automatically import all views / controllers so that their metaclasses /
+    function decorators have a chance to register themselves on the
+    application.
+
+    Packages are not returned unless `include_packages` is `True`.  This can
+    also recursively list modules but in that case it will import all the
+    packages to get the correct load path of that module.
+
+    :param import_name: the dotted name for the package to find child modules.
+    :param include_packages: set to `True` if packages should be returned, too.
+    :param recursive: set to `True` if recursion should happen.
+    :return: generator
+    """
+    module = import_string(import_path)
+    path = getattr(module, '__path__', None)
+    if path is None:
+        raise ValueError('%r is not a package' % import_path)
+    basename = module.__name__ + '.'
+    for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(path):
+        modname = basename + modname
+        if ispkg:
+            if include_packages:
+                yield modname
+            if recursive:
+                for item in find_modules(modname, include_packages, True):
+                    yield item
+        else:
+            yield modname
+
+
+def validate_arguments(func, args, kwargs, drop_extra=True):
+    """Checks if the function accepts the arguments and keyword arguments.
+    Returns a new ``(args, kwargs)`` tuple that can safely be passed to
+    the function without causing a `TypeError` because the function signature
+    is incompatible.  If `drop_extra` is set to `True` (which is the default)
+    any extra positional or keyword arguments are dropped automatically.
+
+    The exception raised provides three attributes:
+
+    `missing`
+        A set of argument names that the function expected but where
+        missing.
+
+    `extra`
+        A dict of keyword arguments that the function can not handle but
+        where provided.
+
+    `extra_positional`
+        A list of values that where given by positional argument but the
+        function cannot accept.
+
+    This can be useful for decorators that forward user submitted data to
+    a view function::
+
+        from werkzeug.utils import ArgumentValidationError, validate_arguments
+
+        def sanitize(f):
+            def proxy(request):
+                data = request.values.to_dict()
+                try:
+                    args, kwargs = validate_arguments(f, (request,), data)
+                except ArgumentValidationError:
+                    raise BadRequest('The browser failed to transmit all '
+                                     'the data expected.')
+                return f(*args, **kwargs)
+            return proxy
+
+    :param func: the function the validation is performed against.
+    :param args: a tuple of positional arguments.
+    :param kwargs: a dict of keyword arguments.
+    :param drop_extra: set to `False` if you don't want extra arguments
+                       to be silently dropped.
+    :return: tuple in the form ``(args, kwargs)``.
+    """
+    parser = _parse_signature(func)
+    args, kwargs, missing, extra, extra_positional = parser(args, kwargs)[:5]
+    if missing:
+        raise ArgumentValidationError(tuple(missing))
+    elif (extra or extra_positional) and not drop_extra:
+        raise ArgumentValidationError(None, extra, extra_positional)
+    return tuple(args), kwargs
+
+
+def bind_arguments(func, args, kwargs):
+    """Bind the arguments provided into a dict.  When passed a function,
+    a tuple of arguments and a dict of keyword arguments `bind_arguments`
+    returns a dict of names as the function would see it.  This can be useful
+    to implement a cache decorator that uses the function arguments to build
+    the cache key based on the values of the arguments.
+
+    :param func: the function the arguments should be bound for.
+    :param args: tuple of positional arguments.
+    :param kwargs: a dict of keyword arguments.
+    :return: a :class:`dict` of bound keyword arguments.
+    """
+    args, kwargs, missing, extra, extra_positional, \
+        arg_spec, vararg_var, kwarg_var = _parse_signature(func)(args, kwargs)
+    values = {}
+    for (name, has_default, default), value in zip(arg_spec, args):
+        values[name] = value
+    if vararg_var is not None:
+        values[vararg_var] = tuple(extra_positional)
+    elif extra_positional:
+        raise TypeError('too many positional arguments')
+    if kwarg_var is not None:
+        multikw = set(extra) & set([x[0] for x in arg_spec])
+        if multikw:
+            raise TypeError('got multiple values for keyword argument ' +
+                            repr(next(iter(multikw))))
+        values[kwarg_var] = extra
+    elif extra:
+        raise TypeError('got unexpected keyword argument ' +
+                        repr(next(iter(extra))))
+    return values
+
+
+class ArgumentValidationError(ValueError):
+
+    """Raised if :func:`validate_arguments` fails to validate"""
+
+    def __init__(self, missing=None, extra=None, extra_positional=None):
+        self.missing = set(missing or ())
+        self.extra = extra or {}
+        self.extra_positional = extra_positional or []
+        ValueError.__init__(self, 'function arguments invalid.  ('
+                            '%d missing, %d additional)' % (
+                                len(self.missing),
+                                len(self.extra) + len(self.extra_positional)
+                            ))
+
+
+class ImportStringError(ImportError):
+
+    """Provides information about a failed :func:`import_string` attempt."""
+
+    #: String in dotted notation that failed to be imported.
+    import_name = None
+    #: Wrapped exception.
+    exception = None
+
+    def __init__(self, import_name, exception):
+        self.import_name = import_name
+        self.exception = exception
+
+        msg = (
+            'import_string() failed for %r. Possible reasons are:\n\n'
+            '- missing __init__.py in a package;\n'
+            '- package or module path not included in sys.path;\n'
+            '- duplicated package or module name taking precedence in '
+            'sys.path;\n'
+            '- missing module, class, function or variable;\n\n'
+            'Debugged import:\n\n%s\n\n'
+            'Original exception:\n\n%s: %s')
+
+        name = ''
+        tracked = []
+        for part in import_name.replace(':', '.').split('.'):
+            name += (name and '.') + part
+            imported = import_string(name, silent=True)
+            if imported:
+                tracked.append((name, getattr(imported, '__file__', None)))
+            else:
+                track = ['- %r found in %r.' % (n, i) for n, i in tracked]
+                track.append('- %r not found.' % name)
+                msg = msg % (import_name, '\n'.join(track),
+                             exception.__class__.__name__, str(exception))
+                break
+
+        ImportError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s(%r, %r)>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.import_name,
+                                 self.exception)
+
+
+# DEPRECATED
+# these objects were previously in this module as well.  we import
+# them here for backwards compatibility with old pickles.
+from werkzeug.datastructures import (  # noqa
+    MultiDict, CombinedMultiDict, Headers, EnvironHeaders)
+from werkzeug.http import parse_cookie, dump_cookie  # noqa
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wrappers.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wrappers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d59669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wrappers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1848 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.wrappers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    The wrappers are simple request and response objects which you can
+    subclass to do whatever you want them to do.  The request object contains
+    the information transmitted by the client (webbrowser) and the response
+    object contains all the information sent back to the browser.
+
+    An important detail is that the request object is created with the WSGI
+    environ and will act as high-level proxy whereas the response object is an
+    actual WSGI application.
+
+    Like everything else in Werkzeug these objects will work correctly with
+    unicode data.  Incoming form data parsed by the response object will be
+    decoded into an unicode object if possible and if it makes sense.
+
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+from werkzeug.http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES, \
+    parse_accept_header, parse_cache_control_header, parse_etags, \
+    parse_date, generate_etag, is_resource_modified, unquote_etag, \
+    quote_etag, parse_set_header, parse_authorization_header, \
+    parse_www_authenticate_header, remove_entity_headers, \
+    parse_options_header, dump_options_header, http_date, \
+    parse_if_range_header, parse_cookie, dump_cookie, \
+    parse_range_header, parse_content_range_header, dump_header
+from werkzeug.urls import url_decode, iri_to_uri, url_join
+from werkzeug.formparser import FormDataParser, default_stream_factory
+from werkzeug.utils import cached_property, environ_property, \
+    header_property, get_content_type
+from werkzeug.wsgi import get_current_url, get_host, \
+    ClosingIterator, get_input_stream, get_content_length
+from werkzeug.datastructures import MultiDict, CombinedMultiDict, Headers, \
+    EnvironHeaders, ImmutableMultiDict, ImmutableTypeConversionDict, \
+    ImmutableList, MIMEAccept, CharsetAccept, LanguageAccept, \
+    ResponseCacheControl, RequestCacheControl, CallbackDict, \
+    ContentRange, iter_multi_items
+from werkzeug._internal import _get_environ
+from werkzeug._compat import to_bytes, string_types, text_type, \
+    integer_types, wsgi_decoding_dance, wsgi_get_bytes, \
+    to_unicode, to_native, BytesIO
+
+
+def _run_wsgi_app(*args):
+    """This function replaces itself to ensure that the test module is not
+    imported unless required.  DO NOT USE!
+    """
+    global _run_wsgi_app
+    from werkzeug.test import run_wsgi_app as _run_wsgi_app
+    return _run_wsgi_app(*args)
+
+
+def _warn_if_string(iterable):
+    """Helper for the response objects to check if the iterable returned
+    to the WSGI server is not a string.
+    """
+    if isinstance(iterable, string_types):
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(Warning('response iterable was set to a string.  This appears '
+                     'to work but means that the server will send the '
+                     'data to the client char, by char.  This is almost '
+                     'never intended behavior, use response.data to assign '
+                     'strings to the response object.'), stacklevel=2)
+
+
+def _assert_not_shallow(request):
+    if request.shallow:
+        raise RuntimeError('A shallow request tried to consume '
+                           'form data.  If you really want to do '
+                           'that, set `shallow` to False.')
+
+
+def _iter_encoded(iterable, charset):
+    for item in iterable:
+        if isinstance(item, text_type):
+            yield item.encode(charset)
+        else:
+            yield item
+
+
+class BaseRequest(object):
+
+    """Very basic request object.  This does not implement advanced stuff like
+    entity tag parsing or cache controls.  The request object is created with
+    the WSGI environment as first argument and will add itself to the WSGI
+    environment as ``'werkzeug.request'`` unless it's created with
+    `populate_request` set to False.
+
+    There are a couple of mixins available that add additional functionality
+    to the request object, there is also a class called `Request` which
+    subclasses `BaseRequest` and all the important mixins.
+
+    It's a good idea to create a custom subclass of the :class:`BaseRequest`
+    and add missing functionality either via mixins or direct implementation.
+    Here an example for such subclasses::
+
+        from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin
+
+        class Request(BaseRequest, ETagRequestMixin):
+            pass
+
+    Request objects are **read only**.  As of 0.5 modifications are not
+    allowed in any place.  Unlike the lower level parsing functions the
+    request object will use immutable objects everywhere possible.
+
+    Per default the request object will assume all the text data is `utf-8`
+    encoded.  Please refer to `the unicode chapter <unicode.txt>`_ for more
+    details about customizing the behavior.
+
+    Per default the request object will be added to the WSGI
+    environment as `werkzeug.request` to support the debugging system.
+    If you don't want that, set `populate_request` to `False`.
+
+    If `shallow` is `True` the environment is initialized as shallow
+    object around the environ.  Every operation that would modify the
+    environ in any way (such as consuming form data) raises an exception
+    unless the `shallow` attribute is explicitly set to `False`.  This
+    is useful for middlewares where you don't want to consume the form
+    data by accident.  A shallow request is not populated to the WSGI
+    environment.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       read-only mode was enforced by using immutables classes for all
+       data.
+    """
+
+    #: the charset for the request, defaults to utf-8
+    charset = 'utf-8'
+
+    #: the error handling procedure for errors, defaults to 'replace'
+    encoding_errors = 'replace'
+
+    #: the maximum content length.  This is forwarded to the form data
+    #: parsing function (:func:`parse_form_data`).  When set and the
+    #: :attr:`form` or :attr:`files` attribute is accessed and the
+    #: parsing fails because more than the specified value is transmitted
+    #: a :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` exception is raised.
+    #:
+    #: Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    max_content_length = None
+
+    #: the maximum form field size.  This is forwarded to the form data
+    #: parsing function (:func:`parse_form_data`).  When set and the
+    #: :attr:`form` or :attr:`files` attribute is accessed and the
+    #: data in memory for post data is longer than the specified value a
+    #: :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.RequestEntityTooLarge` exception is raised.
+    #:
+    #: Have a look at :ref:`dealing-with-request-data` for more details.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    max_form_memory_size = None
+
+    #: the class to use for `args` and `form`.  The default is an
+    #: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict` which supports
+    #: multiple values per key.  alternatively it makes sense to use an
+    #: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableOrderedMultiDict` which
+    #: preserves order or a :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableDict`
+    #: which is the fastest but only remembers the last key.  It is also
+    #: possible to use mutable structures, but this is not recommended.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    parameter_storage_class = ImmutableMultiDict
+
+    #: the type to be used for list values from the incoming WSGI environment.
+    #: By default an :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableList` is used
+    #: (for example for :attr:`access_list`).
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    list_storage_class = ImmutableList
+
+    #: the type to be used for dict values from the incoming WSGI environment.
+    #: By default an
+    #: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableTypeConversionDict` is used
+    #: (for example for :attr:`cookies`).
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6
+    dict_storage_class = ImmutableTypeConversionDict
+
+    #: The form data parser that shoud be used.  Can be replaced to customize
+    #: the form date parsing.
+    form_data_parser_class = FormDataParser
+
+    #: Optionally a list of hosts that is trusted by this request.  By default
+    #: all hosts are trusted which means that whatever the client sends the
+    #: host is will be accepted.
+    #:
+    #: This is the recommended setup as a webserver should manually be set up
+    #: to only route correct hosts to the application, and remove the
+    #: `X-Forwarded-Host` header if it is not being used (see
+    #: :func:`werkzeug.wsgi.get_host`).
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    trusted_hosts = None
+
+    #: Indicates whether the data descriptor should be allowed to read and
+    #: buffer up the input stream.  By default it's enabled.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    disable_data_descriptor = False
+
+    def __init__(self, environ, populate_request=True, shallow=False):
+        self.environ = environ
+        if populate_request and not shallow:
+            self.environ['werkzeug.request'] = self
+        self.shallow = shallow
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        # make sure the __repr__ even works if the request was created
+        # from an invalid WSGI environment.  If we display the request
+        # in a debug session we don't want the repr to blow up.
+        args = []
+        try:
+            args.append("'%s'" % to_native(self.url, self.url_charset))
+            args.append('[%s]' % self.method)
+        except Exception:
+            args.append('(invalid WSGI environ)')
+
+        return '<%s %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ' '.join(args)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def url_charset(self):
+        """The charset that is assumed for URLs.  Defaults to the value
+        of :attr:`charset`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+        """
+        return self.charset
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_values(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new request object based on the values provided.  If
+        environ is given missing values are filled from there.  This method is
+        useful for small scripts when you need to simulate a request from an URL.
+        Do not use this method for unittesting, there is a full featured client
+        object (:class:`Client`) that allows to create multipart requests,
+        support for cookies etc.
+
+        This accepts the same options as the
+        :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+           This method now accepts the same arguments as
+           :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.  Because of this the
+           `environ` parameter is now called `environ_overrides`.
+
+        :return: request object
+        """
+        from werkzeug.test import EnvironBuilder
+        charset = kwargs.pop('charset', cls.charset)
+        kwargs['charset'] = charset
+        builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            return builder.get_request(cls)
+        finally:
+            builder.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def application(cls, f):
+        """Decorate a function as responder that accepts the request as first
+        argument.  This works like the :func:`responder` decorator but the
+        function is passed the request object as first argument and the
+        request object will be closed automatically::
+
+            @Request.application
+            def my_wsgi_app(request):
+                return Response('Hello World!')
+
+        :param f: the WSGI callable to decorate
+        :return: a new WSGI callable
+        """
+        #: return a callable that wraps the -2nd argument with the request
+        #: and calls the function with all the arguments up to that one and
+        #: the request.  The return value is then called with the latest
+        #: two arguments.  This makes it possible to use this decorator for
+        #: both methods and standalone WSGI functions.
+        def application(*args):
+            request = cls(args[-2])
+            with request:
+                return f(*args[:-2] + (request,))(*args[-2:])
+        return update_wrapper(application, f)
+
+    def _get_file_stream(self, total_content_length, content_type, filename=None,
+                         content_length=None):
+        """Called to get a stream for the file upload.
+
+        This must provide a file-like class with `read()`, `readline()`
+        and `seek()` methods that is both writeable and readable.
+
+        The default implementation returns a temporary file if the total
+        content length is higher than 500KB.  Because many browsers do not
+        provide a content length for the files only the total content
+        length matters.
+
+        :param total_content_length: the total content length of all the
+                                     data in the request combined.  This value
+                                     is guaranteed to be there.
+        :param content_type: the mimetype of the uploaded file.
+        :param filename: the filename of the uploaded file.  May be `None`.
+        :param content_length: the length of this file.  This value is usually
+                               not provided because webbrowsers do not provide
+                               this value.
+        """
+        return default_stream_factory(total_content_length, content_type,
+                                      filename, content_length)
+
+    @property
+    def want_form_data_parsed(self):
+        """Returns True if the request method carries content.  As of
+        Werkzeug 0.9 this will be the case if a content type is transmitted.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        return bool(self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE'))
+
+    def make_form_data_parser(self):
+        """Creates the form data parser.  Instanciates the
+        :attr:`form_data_parser_class` with some parameters.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        return self.form_data_parser_class(self._get_file_stream,
+                                           self.charset,
+                                           self.encoding_errors,
+                                           self.max_form_memory_size,
+                                           self.max_content_length,
+                                           self.parameter_storage_class)
+
+    def _load_form_data(self):
+        """Method used internally to retrieve submitted data.  After calling
+        this sets `form` and `files` on the request object to multi dicts
+        filled with the incoming form data.  As a matter of fact the input
+        stream will be empty afterwards.  You can also call this method to
+        force the parsing of the form data.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.8
+        """
+        # abort early if we have already consumed the stream
+        if 'form' in self.__dict__:
+            return
+
+        _assert_not_shallow(self)
+
+        if self.want_form_data_parsed:
+            content_type = self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '')
+            content_length = get_content_length(self.environ)
+            mimetype, options = parse_options_header(content_type)
+            parser = self.make_form_data_parser()
+            data = parser.parse(self._get_stream_for_parsing(),
+                                mimetype, content_length, options)
+        else:
+            data = (self.stream, self.parameter_storage_class(),
+                    self.parameter_storage_class())
+
+        # inject the values into the instance dict so that we bypass
+        # our cached_property non-data descriptor.
+        d = self.__dict__
+        d['stream'], d['form'], d['files'] = data
+
+    def _get_stream_for_parsing(self):
+        """This is the same as accessing :attr:`stream` with the difference
+        that if it finds cached data from calling :meth:`get_data` first it
+        will create a new stream out of the cached data.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.3
+        """
+        cached_data = getattr(self, '_cached_data', None)
+        if cached_data is not None:
+            return BytesIO(cached_data)
+        return self.stream
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes associated resources of this request object.  This
+        closes all file handles explicitly.  You can also use the request
+        object in a with statement which will automatically close it.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        files = self.__dict__.get('files')
+        for key, value in iter_multi_items(files or ()):
+            value.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.close()
+
+    @cached_property
+    def stream(self):
+        """The stream to read incoming data from.  Unlike :attr:`input_stream`
+        this stream is properly guarded that you can't accidentally read past
+        the length of the input.  Werkzeug will internally always refer to
+        this stream to read data which makes it possible to wrap this
+        object with a stream that does filtering.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+           This stream is now always available but might be consumed by the
+           form parser later on.  Previously the stream was only set if no
+           parsing happened.
+        """
+        _assert_not_shallow(self)
+        return get_input_stream(self.environ)
+
+    input_stream = environ_property('wsgi.input', """
+    The WSGI input stream.
+
+    In general it's a bad idea to use this one because you can easily read past
+    the boundary.  Use the :attr:`stream` instead.
+    """)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def args(self):
+        """The parsed URL parameters.  By default an
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict`
+        is returned from this function.  This can be changed by setting
+        :attr:`parameter_storage_class` to a different type.  This might
+        be necessary if the order of the form data is important.
+        """
+        return url_decode(wsgi_get_bytes(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')),
+                          self.url_charset, errors=self.encoding_errors,
+                          cls=self.parameter_storage_class)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def data(self):
+        if self.disable_data_descriptor:
+            raise AttributeError('data descriptor is disabled')
+        # XXX: this should eventually be deprecated.
+
+        # We trigger form data parsing first which means that the descriptor
+        # will not cache the data that would otherwise be .form or .files
+        # data.  This restores the behavior that was there in Werkzeug
+        # before 0.9.  New code should use :meth:`get_data` explicitly as
+        # this will make behavior explicit.
+        return self.get_data(parse_form_data=True)
+
+    def get_data(self, cache=True, as_text=False, parse_form_data=False):
+        """This reads the buffered incoming data from the client into one
+        bytestring.  By default this is cached but that behavior can be
+        changed by setting `cache` to `False`.
+
+        Usually it's a bad idea to call this method without checking the
+        content length first as a client could send dozens of megabytes or more
+        to cause memory problems on the server.
+
+        Note that if the form data was already parsed this method will not
+        return anything as form data parsing does not cache the data like
+        this method does.  To implicitly invoke form data parsing function
+        set `parse_form_data` to `True`.  When this is done the return value
+        of this method will be an empty string if the form parser handles
+        the data.  This generally is not necessary as if the whole data is
+        cached (which is the default) the form parser will used the cached
+        data to parse the form data.  Please be generally aware of checking
+        the content length first in any case before calling this method
+        to avoid exhausting server memory.
+
+        If `as_text` is set to `True` the return value will be a decoded
+        unicode string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        rv = getattr(self, '_cached_data', None)
+        if rv is None:
+            if parse_form_data:
+                self._load_form_data()
+            rv = self.stream.read()
+            if cache:
+                self._cached_data = rv
+        if as_text:
+            rv = rv.decode(self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
+        return rv
+
+    @cached_property
+    def form(self):
+        """The form parameters.  By default an
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ImmutableMultiDict`
+        is returned from this function.  This can be changed by setting
+        :attr:`parameter_storage_class` to a different type.  This might
+        be necessary if the order of the form data is important.
+        """
+        self._load_form_data()
+        return self.form
+
+    @cached_property
+    def values(self):
+        """Combined multi dict for :attr:`args` and :attr:`form`."""
+        args = []
+        for d in self.args, self.form:
+            if not isinstance(d, MultiDict):
+                d = MultiDict(d)
+            args.append(d)
+        return CombinedMultiDict(args)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self):
+        """:class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict` object containing
+        all uploaded files.  Each key in :attr:`files` is the name from the
+        ``<input type="file" name="">``.  Each value in :attr:`files` is a
+        Werkzeug :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage` object.
+
+        Note that :attr:`files` will only contain data if the request method was
+        POST, PUT or PATCH and the ``<form>`` that posted to the request had
+        ``enctype="multipart/form-data"``.  It will be empty otherwise.
+
+        See the :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict` /
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.FileStorage` documentation for
+        more details about the used data structure.
+        """
+        self._load_form_data()
+        return self.files
+
+    @cached_property
+    def cookies(self):
+        """Read only access to the retrieved cookie values as dictionary."""
+        return parse_cookie(self.environ, self.charset,
+                            self.encoding_errors,
+                            cls=self.dict_storage_class)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def headers(self):
+        """The headers from the WSGI environ as immutable
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.EnvironHeaders`.
+        """
+        return EnvironHeaders(self.environ)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def path(self):
+        """Requested path as unicode.  This works a bit like the regular path
+        info in the WSGI environment but will always include a leading slash,
+        even if the URL root is accessed.
+        """
+        raw_path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '',
+                                       self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
+        return '/' + raw_path.lstrip('/')
+
+    @cached_property
+    def full_path(self):
+        """Requested path as unicode, including the query string."""
+        return self.path + u'?' + to_unicode(self.query_string, self.url_charset)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def script_root(self):
+        """The root path of the script without the trailing slash."""
+        raw_path = wsgi_decoding_dance(self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME') or '',
+                                       self.charset, self.encoding_errors)
+        return raw_path.rstrip('/')
+
+    @cached_property
+    def url(self):
+        """The reconstructed current URL as IRI.
+        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
+        """
+        return get_current_url(self.environ,
+                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def base_url(self):
+        """Like :attr:`url` but without the querystring
+        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
+        """
+        return get_current_url(self.environ, strip_querystring=True,
+                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def url_root(self):
+        """The full URL root (with hostname), this is the application
+        root as IRI.
+        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
+        """
+        return get_current_url(self.environ, True,
+                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def host_url(self):
+        """Just the host with scheme as IRI.
+        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
+        """
+        return get_current_url(self.environ, host_only=True,
+                               trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def host(self):
+        """Just the host including the port if available.
+        See also: :attr:`trusted_hosts`.
+        """
+        return get_host(self.environ, trusted_hosts=self.trusted_hosts)
+
+    query_string = environ_property(
+        'QUERY_STRING', '', read_only=True,
+        load_func=wsgi_get_bytes, doc='The URL parameters as raw bytestring.')
+    method = environ_property(
+        'REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET', read_only=True,
+        load_func=lambda x: x.upper(),
+        doc="The transmission method. (For example ``'GET'`` or ``'POST'``).")
+
+    @cached_property
+    def access_route(self):
+        """If a forwarded header exists this is a list of all ip addresses
+        from the client ip to the last proxy server.
+        """
+        if 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR' in self.environ:
+            addr = self.environ['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'].split(',')
+            return self.list_storage_class([x.strip() for x in addr])
+        elif 'REMOTE_ADDR' in self.environ:
+            return self.list_storage_class([self.environ['REMOTE_ADDR']])
+        return self.list_storage_class()
+
+    @property
+    def remote_addr(self):
+        """The remote address of the client."""
+        return self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
+
+    remote_user = environ_property('REMOTE_USER', doc='''
+        If the server supports user authentication, and the script is
+        protected, this attribute contains the username the user has
+        authenticated as.''')
+
+    scheme = environ_property('wsgi.url_scheme', doc='''
+        URL scheme (http or https).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7''')
+
+    is_xhr = property(lambda x: x.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH', '')
+                      .lower() == 'xmlhttprequest', doc='''
+        True if the request was triggered via a JavaScript XMLHttpRequest.
+        This only works with libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
+        header and set it to "XMLHttpRequest".  Libraries that do that are
+        prototype, jQuery and Mochikit and probably some more.''')
+    is_secure = property(lambda x: x.environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] == 'https',
+                         doc='`True` if the request is secure.')
+    is_multithread = environ_property('wsgi.multithread', doc='''
+        boolean that is `True` if the application is served by
+        a multithreaded WSGI server.''')
+    is_multiprocess = environ_property('wsgi.multiprocess', doc='''
+        boolean that is `True` if the application is served by
+        a WSGI server that spawns multiple processes.''')
+    is_run_once = environ_property('wsgi.run_once', doc='''
+        boolean that is `True` if the application will be executed only
+        once in a process lifetime.  This is the case for CGI for example,
+        but it's not guaranteed that the execution only happens one time.''')
+
+
+class BaseResponse(object):
+
+    """Base response class.  The most important fact about a response object
+    is that it's a regular WSGI application.  It's initialized with a couple
+    of response parameters (headers, body, status code etc.) and will start a
+    valid WSGI response when called with the environ and start response
+    callable.
+
+    Because it's a WSGI application itself processing usually ends before the
+    actual response is sent to the server.  This helps debugging systems
+    because they can catch all the exceptions before responses are started.
+
+    Here a small example WSGI application that takes advantage of the
+    response objects::
+
+        from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseResponse as Response
+
+        def index():
+            return Response('Index page')
+
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            path = environ.get('PATH_INFO') or '/'
+            if path == '/':
+                response = index()
+            else:
+                response = Response('Not Found', status=404)
+            return response(environ, start_response)
+
+    Like :class:`BaseRequest` which object is lacking a lot of functionality
+    implemented in mixins.  This gives you a better control about the actual
+    API of your response objects, so you can create subclasses and add custom
+    functionality.  A full featured response object is available as
+    :class:`Response` which implements a couple of useful mixins.
+
+    To enforce a new type of already existing responses you can use the
+    :meth:`force_type` method.  This is useful if you're working with different
+    subclasses of response objects and you want to post process them with a
+    known interface.
+
+    Per default the request object will assume all the text data is `utf-8`
+    encoded.  Please refer to `the unicode chapter <unicode.txt>`_ for more
+    details about customizing the behavior.
+
+    Response can be any kind of iterable or string.  If it's a string it's
+    considered being an iterable with one item which is the string passed.
+    Headers can be a list of tuples or a
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers` object.
+
+    Special note for `mimetype` and `content_type`:  For most mime types
+    `mimetype` and `content_type` work the same, the difference affects
+    only 'text' mimetypes.  If the mimetype passed with `mimetype` is a
+    mimetype starting with `text/`, the charset parameter of the response
+    object is appended to it.  In contrast the `content_type` parameter is
+    always added as header unmodified.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       the `direct_passthrough` parameter was added.
+
+    :param response: a string or response iterable.
+    :param status: a string with a status or an integer with the status code.
+    :param headers: a list of headers or a
+                    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers` object.
+    :param mimetype: the mimetype for the request.  See notice above.
+    :param content_type: the content type for the request.  See notice above.
+    :param direct_passthrough: if set to `True` :meth:`iter_encoded` is not
+                               called before iteration which makes it
+                               possible to pass special iterators through
+                               unchanged (see :func:`wrap_file` for more
+                               details.)
+    """
+
+    #: the charset of the response.
+    charset = 'utf-8'
+
+    #: the default status if none is provided.
+    default_status = 200
+
+    #: the default mimetype if none is provided.
+    default_mimetype = 'text/plain'
+
+    #: if set to `False` accessing properties on the response object will
+    #: not try to consume the response iterator and convert it into a list.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.6.2
+    #:
+    #:    That attribute was previously called `implicit_seqence_conversion`.
+    #:    (Notice the typo).  If you did use this feature, you have to adapt
+    #:    your code to the name change.
+    implicit_sequence_conversion = True
+
+    #: Should this response object correct the location header to be RFC
+    #: conformant?  This is true by default.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    autocorrect_location_header = True
+
+    #: Should this response object automatically set the content-length
+    #: header if possible?  This is true by default.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    automatically_set_content_length = True
+
+    def __init__(self, response=None, status=None, headers=None,
+                 mimetype=None, content_type=None, direct_passthrough=False):
+        if isinstance(headers, Headers):
+            self.headers = headers
+        elif not headers:
+            self.headers = Headers()
+        else:
+            self.headers = Headers(headers)
+
+        if content_type is None:
+            if mimetype is None and 'content-type' not in self.headers:
+                mimetype = self.default_mimetype
+            if mimetype is not None:
+                mimetype = get_content_type(mimetype, self.charset)
+            content_type = mimetype
+        if content_type is not None:
+            self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+        if status is None:
+            status = self.default_status
+        if isinstance(status, integer_types):
+            self.status_code = status
+        else:
+            self.status = status
+
+        self.direct_passthrough = direct_passthrough
+        self._on_close = []
+
+        # we set the response after the headers so that if a class changes
+        # the charset attribute, the data is set in the correct charset.
+        if response is None:
+            self.response = []
+        elif isinstance(response, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
+            self.set_data(response)
+        else:
+            self.response = response
+
+    def call_on_close(self, func):
+        """Adds a function to the internal list of functions that should
+        be called as part of closing down the response.  Since 0.7 this
+        function also returns the function that was passed so that this
+        can be used as a decorator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+        """
+        self._on_close.append(func)
+        return func
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.is_sequence:
+            body_info = '%d bytes' % sum(map(len, self.iter_encoded()))
+        else:
+            body_info = 'streamed' if self.is_streamed else 'likely-streamed'
+        return '<%s %s [%s]>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            body_info,
+            self.status
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def force_type(cls, response, environ=None):
+        """Enforce that the WSGI response is a response object of the current
+        type.  Werkzeug will use the :class:`BaseResponse` internally in many
+        situations like the exceptions.  If you call :meth:`get_response` on an
+        exception you will get back a regular :class:`BaseResponse` object, even
+        if you are using a custom subclass.
+
+        This method can enforce a given response type, and it will also
+        convert arbitrary WSGI callables into response objects if an environ
+        is provided::
+
+            # convert a Werkzeug response object into an instance of the
+            # MyResponseClass subclass.
+            response = MyResponseClass.force_type(response)
+
+            # convert any WSGI application into a response object
+            response = MyResponseClass.force_type(response, environ)
+
+        This is especially useful if you want to post-process responses in
+        the main dispatcher and use functionality provided by your subclass.
+
+        Keep in mind that this will modify response objects in place if
+        possible!
+
+        :param response: a response object or wsgi application.
+        :param environ: a WSGI environment object.
+        :return: a response object.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(response, BaseResponse):
+            if environ is None:
+                raise TypeError('cannot convert WSGI application into '
+                                'response objects without an environ')
+            response = BaseResponse(*_run_wsgi_app(response, environ))
+        response.__class__ = cls
+        return response
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_app(cls, app, environ, buffered=False):
+        """Create a new response object from an application output.  This
+        works best if you pass it an application that returns a generator all
+        the time.  Sometimes applications may use the `write()` callable
+        returned by the `start_response` function.  This tries to resolve such
+        edge cases automatically.  But if you don't get the expected output
+        you should set `buffered` to `True` which enforces buffering.
+
+        :param app: the WSGI application to execute.
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment to execute against.
+        :param buffered: set to `True` to enforce buffering.
+        :return: a response object.
+        """
+        return cls(*_run_wsgi_app(app, environ, buffered))
+
+    def _get_status_code(self):
+        return self._status_code
+
+    def _set_status_code(self, code):
+        self._status_code = code
+        try:
+            self._status = '%d %s' % (code, HTTP_STATUS_CODES[code].upper())
+        except KeyError:
+            self._status = '%d UNKNOWN' % code
+    status_code = property(_get_status_code, _set_status_code,
+                           doc='The HTTP Status code as number')
+    del _get_status_code, _set_status_code
+
+    def _get_status(self):
+        return self._status
+
+    def _set_status(self, value):
+        self._status = to_native(value)
+        try:
+            self._status_code = int(self._status.split(None, 1)[0])
+        except ValueError:
+            self._status_code = 0
+            self._status = '0 %s' % self._status
+    status = property(_get_status, _set_status, doc='The HTTP Status code')
+    del _get_status, _set_status
+
+    def get_data(self, as_text=False):
+        """The string representation of the request body.  Whenever you call
+        this property the request iterable is encoded and flattened.  This
+        can lead to unwanted behavior if you stream big data.
+
+        This behavior can be disabled by setting
+        :attr:`implicit_sequence_conversion` to `False`.
+
+        If `as_text` is set to `True` the return value will be a decoded
+        unicode string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        self._ensure_sequence()
+        rv = b''.join(self.iter_encoded())
+        if as_text:
+            rv = rv.decode(self.charset)
+        return rv
+
+    def set_data(self, value):
+        """Sets a new string as response.  The value set must either by a
+        unicode or bytestring.  If a unicode string is set it's encoded
+        automatically to the charset of the response (utf-8 by default).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        # if an unicode string is set, it's encoded directly so that we
+        # can set the content length
+        if isinstance(value, text_type):
+            value = value.encode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            value = bytes(value)
+        self.response = [value]
+        if self.automatically_set_content_length:
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(value))
+
+    data = property(get_data, set_data, doc='''
+        A descriptor that calls :meth:`get_data` and :meth:`set_data`.  This
+        should not be used and will eventually get deprecated.
+        ''')
+
+    def calculate_content_length(self):
+        """Returns the content length if available or `None` otherwise."""
+        try:
+            self._ensure_sequence()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            return None
+        return sum(len(x) for x in self.response)
+
+    def _ensure_sequence(self, mutable=False):
+        """This method can be called by methods that need a sequence.  If
+        `mutable` is true, it will also ensure that the response sequence
+        is a standard Python list.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+        """
+        if self.is_sequence:
+            # if we need a mutable object, we ensure it's a list.
+            if mutable and not isinstance(self.response, list):
+                self.response = list(self.response)
+            return
+        if self.direct_passthrough:
+            raise RuntimeError('Attempted implicit sequence conversion '
+                               'but the response object is in direct '
+                               'passthrough mode.')
+        if not self.implicit_sequence_conversion:
+            raise RuntimeError('The response object required the iterable '
+                               'to be a sequence, but the implicit '
+                               'conversion was disabled.  Call '
+                               'make_sequence() yourself.')
+        self.make_sequence()
+
+    def make_sequence(self):
+        """Converts the response iterator in a list.  By default this happens
+        automatically if required.  If `implicit_sequence_conversion` is
+        disabled, this method is not automatically called and some properties
+        might raise exceptions.  This also encodes all the items.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+        """
+        if not self.is_sequence:
+            # if we consume an iterable we have to ensure that the close
+            # method of the iterable is called if available when we tear
+            # down the response
+            close = getattr(self.response, 'close', None)
+            self.response = list(self.iter_encoded())
+            if close is not None:
+                self.call_on_close(close)
+
+    def iter_encoded(self):
+        """Iter the response encoded with the encoding of the response.
+        If the response object is invoked as WSGI application the return
+        value of this method is used as application iterator unless
+        :attr:`direct_passthrough` was activated.
+        """
+        if __debug__:
+            _warn_if_string(self.response)
+        # Encode in a separate function so that self.response is fetched
+        # early.  This allows us to wrap the response with the return
+        # value from get_app_iter or iter_encoded.
+        return _iter_encoded(self.response, self.charset)
+
+    def set_cookie(self, key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None,
+                   path='/', domain=None, secure=None, httponly=False):
+        """Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the cookie `Morsel`
+        object in the Python standard library but it accepts unicode data, too.
+
+        :param key: the key (name) of the cookie to be set.
+        :param value: the value of the cookie.
+        :param max_age: should be a number of seconds, or `None` (default) if
+                        the cookie should last only as long as the client's
+                        browser session.
+        :param expires: should be a `datetime` object or UNIX timestamp.
+        :param domain: if you want to set a cross-domain cookie.  For example,
+                       ``domain=".example.com"`` will set a cookie that is
+                       readable by the domain ``www.example.com``,
+                       ``foo.example.com`` etc.  Otherwise, a cookie will only
+                       be readable by the domain that set it.
+        :param path: limits the cookie to a given path, per default it will
+                     span the whole domain.
+        """
+        self.headers.add('Set-Cookie', dump_cookie(key, value, max_age,
+                                                   expires, path, domain, secure, httponly,
+                                                   self.charset))
+
+    def delete_cookie(self, key, path='/', domain=None):
+        """Delete a cookie.  Fails silently if key doesn't exist.
+
+        :param key: the key (name) of the cookie to be deleted.
+        :param path: if the cookie that should be deleted was limited to a
+                     path, the path has to be defined here.
+        :param domain: if the cookie that should be deleted was limited to a
+                       domain, that domain has to be defined here.
+        """
+        self.set_cookie(key, expires=0, max_age=0, path=path, domain=domain)
+
+    @property
+    def is_streamed(self):
+        """If the response is streamed (the response is not an iterable with
+        a length information) this property is `True`.  In this case streamed
+        means that there is no information about the number of iterations.
+        This is usually `True` if a generator is passed to the response object.
+
+        This is useful for checking before applying some sort of post
+        filtering that should not take place for streamed responses.
+        """
+        try:
+            len(self.response)
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_sequence(self):
+        """If the iterator is buffered, this property will be `True`.  A
+        response object will consider an iterator to be buffered if the
+        response attribute is a list or tuple.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+        """
+        return isinstance(self.response, (tuple, list))
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the wrapped response if possible.  You can also use the object
+        in a with statement which will automatically close it.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+           Can now be used in a with statement.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self.response, 'close'):
+            self.response.close()
+        for func in self._on_close:
+            func()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.close()
+
+    def freeze(self):
+        """Call this method if you want to make your response object ready for
+        being pickled.  This buffers the generator if there is one.  It will
+        also set the `Content-Length` header to the length of the body.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+           The `Content-Length` header is now set.
+        """
+        # we explicitly set the length to a list of the *encoded* response
+        # iterator.  Even if the implicit sequence conversion is disabled.
+        self.response = list(self.iter_encoded())
+        self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(sum(map(len, self.response)))
+
+    def get_wsgi_headers(self, environ):
+        """This is automatically called right before the response is started
+        and returns headers modified for the given environment.  It returns a
+        copy of the headers from the response with some modifications applied
+        if necessary.
+
+        For example the location header (if present) is joined with the root
+        URL of the environment.  Also the content length is automatically set
+        to zero here for certain status codes.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.6
+           Previously that function was called `fix_headers` and modified
+           the response object in place.  Also since 0.6, IRIs in location
+           and content-location headers are handled properly.
+
+           Also starting with 0.6, Werkzeug will attempt to set the content
+           length if it is able to figure it out on its own.  This is the
+           case if all the strings in the response iterable are already
+           encoded and the iterable is buffered.
+
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment of the request.
+        :return: returns a new :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers`
+                 object.
+        """
+        headers = Headers(self.headers)
+        location = None
+        content_location = None
+        content_length = None
+        status = self.status_code
+
+        # iterate over the headers to find all values in one go.  Because
+        # get_wsgi_headers is used each response that gives us a tiny
+        # speedup.
+        for key, value in headers:
+            ikey = key.lower()
+            if ikey == u'location':
+                location = value
+            elif ikey == u'content-location':
+                content_location = value
+            elif ikey == u'content-length':
+                content_length = value
+
+        # make sure the location header is an absolute URL
+        if location is not None:
+            old_location = location
+            if isinstance(location, text_type):
+                # Safe conversion is necessary here as we might redirect
+                # to a broken URI scheme (for instance itms-services).
+                location = iri_to_uri(location, safe_conversion=True)
+
+            if self.autocorrect_location_header:
+                current_url = get_current_url(environ, root_only=True)
+                if isinstance(current_url, text_type):
+                    current_url = iri_to_uri(current_url)
+                location = url_join(current_url, location)
+            if location != old_location:
+                headers['Location'] = location
+
+        # make sure the content location is a URL
+        if content_location is not None and \
+           isinstance(content_location, text_type):
+            headers['Content-Location'] = iri_to_uri(content_location)
+
+        # remove entity headers and set content length to zero if needed.
+        # Also update content_length accordingly so that the automatic
+        # content length detection does not trigger in the following
+        # code.
+        if 100 <= status < 200 or status == 204:
+            headers['Content-Length'] = content_length = u'0'
+        elif status == 304:
+            remove_entity_headers(headers)
+
+        # if we can determine the content length automatically, we
+        # should try to do that.  But only if this does not involve
+        # flattening the iterator or encoding of unicode strings in
+        # the response.  We however should not do that if we have a 304
+        # response.
+        if self.automatically_set_content_length and \
+           self.is_sequence and content_length is None and status != 304:
+            try:
+                content_length = sum(len(to_bytes(x, 'ascii'))
+                                     for x in self.response)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                # aha, something non-bytestringy in there, too bad, we
+                # can't safely figure out the length of the response.
+                pass
+            else:
+                headers['Content-Length'] = str(content_length)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def get_app_iter(self, environ):
+        """Returns the application iterator for the given environ.  Depending
+        on the request method and the current status code the return value
+        might be an empty response rather than the one from the response.
+
+        If the request method is `HEAD` or the status code is in a range
+        where the HTTP specification requires an empty response, an empty
+        iterable is returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment of the request.
+        :return: a response iterable.
+        """
+        status = self.status_code
+        if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD' or \
+           100 <= status < 200 or status in (204, 304):
+            iterable = ()
+        elif self.direct_passthrough:
+            if __debug__:
+                _warn_if_string(self.response)
+            return self.response
+        else:
+            iterable = self.iter_encoded()
+        return ClosingIterator(iterable, self.close)
+
+    def get_wsgi_response(self, environ):
+        """Returns the final WSGI response as tuple.  The first item in
+        the tuple is the application iterator, the second the status and
+        the third the list of headers.  The response returned is created
+        specially for the given environment.  For example if the request
+        method in the WSGI environment is ``'HEAD'`` the response will
+        be empty and only the headers and status code will be present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment of the request.
+        :return: an ``(app_iter, status, headers)`` tuple.
+        """
+        headers = self.get_wsgi_headers(environ)
+        app_iter = self.get_app_iter(environ)
+        return app_iter, self.status, headers.to_wsgi_list()
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        """Process this response as WSGI application.
+
+        :param environ: the WSGI environment.
+        :param start_response: the response callable provided by the WSGI
+                               server.
+        :return: an application iterator
+        """
+        app_iter, status, headers = self.get_wsgi_response(environ)
+        start_response(status, headers)
+        return app_iter
+
+
+class AcceptMixin(object):
+
+    """A mixin for classes with an :attr:`~BaseResponse.environ` attribute
+    to get all the HTTP accept headers as
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Accept` objects (or subclasses
+    thereof).
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def accept_mimetypes(self):
+        """List of mimetypes this client supports as
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.MIMEAccept` object.
+        """
+        return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT'), MIMEAccept)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def accept_charsets(self):
+        """List of charsets this client supports as
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.CharsetAccept` object.
+        """
+        return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'),
+                                   CharsetAccept)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def accept_encodings(self):
+        """List of encodings this client accepts.  Encodings in a HTTP term
+        are compression encodings such as gzip.  For charsets have a look at
+        :attr:`accept_charset`.
+        """
+        return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def accept_languages(self):
+        """List of languages this client accepts as
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.LanguageAccept` object.
+
+        .. versionchanged 0.5
+           In previous versions this was a regular
+           :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Accept` object.
+        """
+        return parse_accept_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'),
+                                   LanguageAccept)
+
+
+class ETagRequestMixin(object):
+
+    """Add entity tag and cache descriptors to a request object or object with
+    a WSGI environment available as :attr:`~BaseRequest.environ`.  This not
+    only provides access to etags but also to the cache control header.
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def cache_control(self):
+        """A :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.RequestCacheControl` object
+        for the incoming cache control headers.
+        """
+        cache_control = self.environ.get('HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL')
+        return parse_cache_control_header(cache_control, None,
+                                          RequestCacheControl)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def if_match(self):
+        """An object containing all the etags in the `If-Match` header.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ETags`
+        """
+        return parse_etags(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MATCH'))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def if_none_match(self):
+        """An object containing all the etags in the `If-None-Match` header.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ETags`
+        """
+        return parse_etags(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def if_modified_since(self):
+        """The parsed `If-Modified-Since` header as datetime object."""
+        return parse_date(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def if_unmodified_since(self):
+        """The parsed `If-Unmodified-Since` header as datetime object."""
+        return parse_date(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE'))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def if_range(self):
+        """The parsed `If-Range` header.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+        :rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.IfRange`
+        """
+        return parse_if_range_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_IF_RANGE'))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def range(self):
+        """The parsed `Range` header.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+        :rtype: :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Range`
+        """
+        return parse_range_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_RANGE'))
+
+
+class UserAgentMixin(object):
+
+    """Adds a `user_agent` attribute to the request object which contains the
+    parsed user agent of the browser that triggered the request as a
+    :class:`~werkzeug.useragents.UserAgent` object.
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def user_agent(self):
+        """The current user agent."""
+        from werkzeug.useragents import UserAgent
+        return UserAgent(self.environ)
+
+
+class AuthorizationMixin(object):
+
+    """Adds an :attr:`authorization` property that represents the parsed
+    value of the `Authorization` header as
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Authorization` object.
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def authorization(self):
+        """The `Authorization` object in parsed form."""
+        header = self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION')
+        return parse_authorization_header(header)
+
+
+class StreamOnlyMixin(object):
+
+    """If mixed in before the request object this will change the bahavior
+    of it to disable handling of form parsing.  This disables the
+    :attr:`files`, :attr:`form` attributes and will just provide a
+    :attr:`stream` attribute that however is always available.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    """
+
+    disable_data_descriptor = True
+    want_form_data_parsed = False
+
+
+class ETagResponseMixin(object):
+
+    """Adds extra functionality to a response object for etag and cache
+    handling.  This mixin requires an object with at least a `headers`
+    object that implements a dict like interface similar to
+    :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.Headers`.
+
+    If you want the :meth:`freeze` method to automatically add an etag, you
+    have to mixin this method before the response base class.  The default
+    response class does not do that.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def cache_control(self):
+        """The Cache-Control general-header field is used to specify
+        directives that MUST be obeyed by all caching mechanisms along the
+        request/response chain.
+        """
+        def on_update(cache_control):
+            if not cache_control and 'cache-control' in self.headers:
+                del self.headers['cache-control']
+            elif cache_control:
+                self.headers['Cache-Control'] = cache_control.to_header()
+        return parse_cache_control_header(self.headers.get('cache-control'),
+                                          on_update,
+                                          ResponseCacheControl)
+
+    def make_conditional(self, request_or_environ):
+        """Make the response conditional to the request.  This method works
+        best if an etag was defined for the response already.  The `add_etag`
+        method can be used to do that.  If called without etag just the date
+        header is set.
+
+        This does nothing if the request method in the request or environ is
+        anything but GET or HEAD.
+
+        It does not remove the body of the response because that's something
+        the :meth:`__call__` function does for us automatically.
+
+        Returns self so that you can do ``return resp.make_conditional(req)``
+        but modifies the object in-place.
+
+        :param request_or_environ: a request object or WSGI environment to be
+                                   used to make the response conditional
+                                   against.
+        """
+        environ = _get_environ(request_or_environ)
+        if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+            # if the date is not in the headers, add it now.  We however
+            # will not override an already existing header.  Unfortunately
+            # this header will be overriden by many WSGI servers including
+            # wsgiref.
+            if 'date' not in self.headers:
+                self.headers['Date'] = http_date()
+            if self.automatically_set_content_length and 'content-length' not in self.headers:
+                length = self.calculate_content_length()
+                if length is not None:
+                    self.headers['Content-Length'] = length
+            if not is_resource_modified(environ, self.headers.get('etag'), None,
+                                        self.headers.get('last-modified')):
+                self.status_code = 304
+        return self
+
+    def add_etag(self, overwrite=False, weak=False):
+        """Add an etag for the current response if there is none yet."""
+        if overwrite or 'etag' not in self.headers:
+            self.set_etag(generate_etag(self.get_data()), weak)
+
+    def set_etag(self, etag, weak=False):
+        """Set the etag, and override the old one if there was one."""
+        self.headers['ETag'] = quote_etag(etag, weak)
+
+    def get_etag(self):
+        """Return a tuple in the form ``(etag, is_weak)``.  If there is no
+        ETag the return value is ``(None, None)``.
+        """
+        return unquote_etag(self.headers.get('ETag'))
+
+    def freeze(self, no_etag=False):
+        """Call this method if you want to make your response object ready for
+        pickeling.  This buffers the generator if there is one.  This also
+        sets the etag unless `no_etag` is set to `True`.
+        """
+        if not no_etag:
+            self.add_etag()
+        super(ETagResponseMixin, self).freeze()
+
+    accept_ranges = header_property('Accept-Ranges', doc='''
+        The `Accept-Ranges` header.  Even though the name would indicate
+        that multiple values are supported, it must be one string token only.
+
+        The values ``'bytes'`` and ``'none'`` are common.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7''')
+
+    def _get_content_range(self):
+        def on_update(rng):
+            if not rng:
+                del self.headers['content-range']
+            else:
+                self.headers['Content-Range'] = rng.to_header()
+        rv = parse_content_range_header(self.headers.get('content-range'),
+                                        on_update)
+        # always provide a content range object to make the descriptor
+        # more user friendly.  It provides an unset() method that can be
+        # used to remove the header quickly.
+        if rv is None:
+            rv = ContentRange(None, None, None, on_update=on_update)
+        return rv
+
+    def _set_content_range(self, value):
+        if not value:
+            del self.headers['content-range']
+        elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+            self.headers['Content-Range'] = value
+        else:
+            self.headers['Content-Range'] = value.to_header()
+    content_range = property(_get_content_range, _set_content_range, doc='''
+        The `Content-Range` header as
+        :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.ContentRange` object.  Even if the
+        header is not set it wil provide such an object for easier
+        manipulation.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7''')
+    del _get_content_range, _set_content_range
+
+
+class ResponseStream(object):
+
+    """A file descriptor like object used by the :class:`ResponseStreamMixin` to
+    represent the body of the stream.  It directly pushes into the response
+    iterable of the response object.
+    """
+
+    mode = 'wb+'
+
+    def __init__(self, response):
+        self.response = response
+        self.closed = False
+
+    def write(self, value):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        self.response._ensure_sequence(mutable=True)
+        self.response.response.append(value)
+        self.response.headers.pop('Content-Length', None)
+
+    def writelines(self, seq):
+        for item in seq:
+            self.write(item)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError('I/O operation on closed file')
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def encoding(self):
+        return self.response.charset
+
+
+class ResponseStreamMixin(object):
+
+    """Mixin for :class:`BaseRequest` subclasses.  Classes that inherit from
+    this mixin will automatically get a :attr:`stream` property that provides
+    a write-only interface to the response iterable.
+    """
+
+    @cached_property
+    def stream(self):
+        """The response iterable as write-only stream."""
+        return ResponseStream(self)
+
+
+class CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin(object):
+
+    """A mixin for :class:`BaseRequest` subclasses.  Request objects that
+    mix this class in will automatically get descriptors for a couple of
+    HTTP headers with automatic type conversion.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+    """
+
+    content_type = environ_property('CONTENT_TYPE', doc='''
+        The Content-Type entity-header field indicates the media type of
+        the entity-body sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD
+        method, the media type that would have been sent had the request
+        been a GET.''')
+
+    @cached_property
+    def content_length(self):
+        """The Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the
+        entity-body in bytes or, in the case of the HEAD method, the size of
+        the entity-body that would have been sent had the request been a
+        GET.
+        """
+        return get_content_length(self.environ)
+
+    content_encoding = environ_property('HTTP_CONTENT_ENCODING', doc='''
+        The Content-Encoding entity-header field is used as a modifier to the
+        media-type.  When present, its value indicates what additional content
+        codings have been applied to the entity-body, and thus what decoding
+        mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type
+        referenced by the Content-Type header field.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9''')
+    content_md5 = environ_property('HTTP_CONTENT_MD5', doc='''
+         The Content-MD5 entity-header field, as defined in RFC 1864, is an
+         MD5 digest of the entity-body for the purpose of providing an
+         end-to-end message integrity check (MIC) of the entity-body.  (Note:
+         a MIC is good for detecting accidental modification of the
+         entity-body in transit, but is not proof against malicious attacks.)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9''')
+    referrer = environ_property('HTTP_REFERER', doc='''
+        The Referer[sic] request-header field allows the client to specify,
+        for the server's benefit, the address (URI) of the resource from which
+        the Request-URI was obtained (the "referrer", although the header
+        field is misspelled).''')
+    date = environ_property('HTTP_DATE', None, parse_date, doc='''
+        The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which
+        the message was originated, having the same semantics as orig-date
+        in RFC 822.''')
+    max_forwards = environ_property('HTTP_MAX_FORWARDS', None, int, doc='''
+         The Max-Forwards request-header field provides a mechanism with the
+         TRACE and OPTIONS methods to limit the number of proxies or gateways
+         that can forward the request to the next inbound server.''')
+
+    def _parse_content_type(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, '_parsed_content_type'):
+            self._parsed_content_type = \
+                parse_options_header(self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', ''))
+
+    @property
+    def mimetype(self):
+        """Like :attr:`content_type`, but without parameters (eg, without
+        charset, type etc.) and always lowercase.  For example if the content
+        type is ``text/HTML; charset=utf-8`` the mimetype would be
+        ``'text/html'``.
+        """
+        self._parse_content_type()
+        return self._parsed_content_type[0].lower()
+
+    @property
+    def mimetype_params(self):
+        """The mimetype parameters as dict.  For example if the content
+        type is ``text/html; charset=utf-8`` the params would be
+        ``{'charset': 'utf-8'}``.
+        """
+        self._parse_content_type()
+        return self._parsed_content_type[1]
+
+    @cached_property
+    def pragma(self):
+        """The Pragma general-header field is used to include
+        implementation-specific directives that might apply to any recipient
+        along the request/response chain.  All pragma directives specify
+        optional behavior from the viewpoint of the protocol; however, some
+        systems MAY require that behavior be consistent with the directives.
+        """
+        return parse_set_header(self.environ.get('HTTP_PRAGMA', ''))
+
+
+class CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin(object):
+
+    """A mixin for :class:`BaseResponse` subclasses.  Response objects that
+    mix this class in will automatically get descriptors for a couple of
+    HTTP headers with automatic type conversion.
+    """
+
+    def _get_mimetype(self):
+        ct = self.headers.get('content-type')
+        if ct:
+            return ct.split(';')[0].strip()
+
+    def _set_mimetype(self, value):
+        self.headers['Content-Type'] = get_content_type(value, self.charset)
+
+    def _get_mimetype_params(self):
+        def on_update(d):
+            self.headers['Content-Type'] = \
+                dump_options_header(self.mimetype, d)
+        d = parse_options_header(self.headers.get('content-type', ''))[1]
+        return CallbackDict(d, on_update)
+
+    mimetype = property(_get_mimetype, _set_mimetype, doc='''
+        The mimetype (content type without charset etc.)''')
+    mimetype_params = property(_get_mimetype_params, doc='''
+        The mimetype parameters as dict.  For example if the content
+        type is ``text/html; charset=utf-8`` the params would be
+        ``{'charset': 'utf-8'}``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.5
+        ''')
+    location = header_property('Location', doc='''
+        The Location response-header field is used to redirect the recipient
+        to a location other than the Request-URI for completion of the request
+        or identification of a new resource.''')
+    age = header_property('Age', None, parse_date, http_date, doc='''
+        The Age response-header field conveys the sender's estimate of the
+        amount of time since the response (or its revalidation) was
+        generated at the origin server.
+
+        Age values are non-negative decimal integers, representing time in
+        seconds.''')
+    content_type = header_property('Content-Type', doc='''
+        The Content-Type entity-header field indicates the media type of the
+        entity-body sent to the recipient or, in the case of the HEAD method,
+        the media type that would have been sent had the request been a GET.
+    ''')
+    content_length = header_property('Content-Length', None, int, str, doc='''
+        The Content-Length entity-header field indicates the size of the
+        entity-body, in decimal number of OCTETs, sent to the recipient or,
+        in the case of the HEAD method, the size of the entity-body that would
+        have been sent had the request been a GET.''')
+    content_location = header_property('Content-Location', doc='''
+        The Content-Location entity-header field MAY be used to supply the
+        resource location for the entity enclosed in the message when that
+        entity is accessible from a location separate from the requested
+        resource's URI.''')
+    content_encoding = header_property('Content-Encoding', doc='''
+        The Content-Encoding entity-header field is used as a modifier to the
+        media-type.  When present, its value indicates what additional content
+        codings have been applied to the entity-body, and thus what decoding
+        mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type
+        referenced by the Content-Type header field.''')
+    content_md5 = header_property('Content-MD5', doc='''
+         The Content-MD5 entity-header field, as defined in RFC 1864, is an
+         MD5 digest of the entity-body for the purpose of providing an
+         end-to-end message integrity check (MIC) of the entity-body.  (Note:
+         a MIC is good for detecting accidental modification of the
+         entity-body in transit, but is not proof against malicious attacks.)
+        ''')
+    date = header_property('Date', None, parse_date, http_date, doc='''
+        The Date general-header field represents the date and time at which
+        the message was originated, having the same semantics as orig-date
+        in RFC 822.''')
+    expires = header_property('Expires', None, parse_date, http_date, doc='''
+        The Expires entity-header field gives the date/time after which the
+        response is considered stale. A stale cache entry may not normally be
+        returned by a cache.''')
+    last_modified = header_property('Last-Modified', None, parse_date,
+                                    http_date, doc='''
+        The Last-Modified entity-header field indicates the date and time at
+        which the origin server believes the variant was last modified.''')
+
+    def _get_retry_after(self):
+        value = self.headers.get('retry-after')
+        if value is None:
+            return
+        elif value.isdigit():
+            return datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=int(value))
+        return parse_date(value)
+
+    def _set_retry_after(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            if 'retry-after' in self.headers:
+                del self.headers['retry-after']
+            return
+        elif isinstance(value, datetime):
+            value = http_date(value)
+        else:
+            value = str(value)
+        self.headers['Retry-After'] = value
+
+    retry_after = property(_get_retry_after, _set_retry_after, doc='''
+        The Retry-After response-header field can be used with a 503 (Service
+        Unavailable) response to indicate how long the service is expected
+        to be unavailable to the requesting client.
+
+        Time in seconds until expiration or date.''')
+
+    def _set_property(name, doc=None):
+        def fget(self):
+            def on_update(header_set):
+                if not header_set and name in self.headers:
+                    del self.headers[name]
+                elif header_set:
+                    self.headers[name] = header_set.to_header()
+            return parse_set_header(self.headers.get(name), on_update)
+
+        def fset(self, value):
+            if not value:
+                del self.headers[name]
+            elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+                self.headers[name] = value
+            else:
+                self.headers[name] = dump_header(value)
+        return property(fget, fset, doc=doc)
+
+    vary = _set_property('Vary', doc='''
+         The Vary field value indicates the set of request-header fields that
+         fully determines, while the response is fresh, whether a cache is
+         permitted to use the response to reply to a subsequent request
+         without revalidation.''')
+    content_language = _set_property('Content-Language', doc='''
+         The Content-Language entity-header field describes the natural
+         language(s) of the intended audience for the enclosed entity.  Note
+         that this might not be equivalent to all the languages used within
+         the entity-body.''')
+    allow = _set_property('Allow', doc='''
+        The Allow entity-header field lists the set of methods supported
+        by the resource identified by the Request-URI. The purpose of this
+        field is strictly to inform the recipient of valid methods
+        associated with the resource. An Allow header field MUST be
+        present in a 405 (Method Not Allowed) response.''')
+
+    del _set_property, _get_mimetype, _set_mimetype, _get_retry_after, \
+        _set_retry_after
+
+
+class WWWAuthenticateMixin(object):
+
+    """Adds a :attr:`www_authenticate` property to a response object."""
+
+    @property
+    def www_authenticate(self):
+        """The `WWW-Authenticate` header in a parsed form."""
+        def on_update(www_auth):
+            if not www_auth and 'www-authenticate' in self.headers:
+                del self.headers['www-authenticate']
+            elif www_auth:
+                self.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = www_auth.to_header()
+        header = self.headers.get('www-authenticate')
+        return parse_www_authenticate_header(header, on_update)
+
+
+class Request(BaseRequest, AcceptMixin, ETagRequestMixin,
+              UserAgentMixin, AuthorizationMixin,
+              CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin):
+
+    """Full featured request object implementing the following mixins:
+
+    - :class:`AcceptMixin` for accept header parsing
+    - :class:`ETagRequestMixin` for etag and cache control handling
+    - :class:`UserAgentMixin` for user agent introspection
+    - :class:`AuthorizationMixin` for http auth handling
+    - :class:`CommonRequestDescriptorsMixin` for common headers
+    """
+
+
+class PlainRequest(StreamOnlyMixin, Request):
+
+    """A request object without special form parsing capabilities.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+    """
+
+
+class Response(BaseResponse, ETagResponseMixin, ResponseStreamMixin,
+               CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin,
+               WWWAuthenticateMixin):
+
+    """Full featured response object implementing the following mixins:
+
+    - :class:`ETagResponseMixin` for etag and cache control handling
+    - :class:`ResponseStreamMixin` to add support for the `stream` property
+    - :class:`CommonResponseDescriptorsMixin` for various HTTP descriptors
+    - :class:`WWWAuthenticateMixin` for HTTP authentication support
+    """
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wsgi.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wsgi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..455258f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/wsgi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1061 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+    werkzeug.wsgi
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This module implements WSGI related helpers.
+
+    :copyright: (c) 2014 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+import re
+import os
+import posixpath
+import mimetypes
+from itertools import chain
+from zlib import adler32
+from time import time, mktime
+from datetime import datetime
+from functools import partial, update_wrapper
+
+from werkzeug._compat import iteritems, text_type, string_types, \
+    implements_iterator, make_literal_wrapper, to_unicode, to_bytes, \
+    wsgi_get_bytes, try_coerce_native, PY2
+from werkzeug._internal import _empty_stream, _encode_idna
+from werkzeug.http import is_resource_modified, http_date
+from werkzeug.urls import uri_to_iri, url_quote, url_parse, url_join
+from werkzeug.filesystem import get_filesystem_encoding
+
+
+def responder(f):
+    """Marks a function as responder.  Decorate a function with it and it
+    will automatically call the return value as WSGI application.
+
+    Example::
+
+        @responder
+        def application(environ, start_response):
+            return Response('Hello World!')
+    """
+    return update_wrapper(lambda *a: f(*a)(*a[-2:]), f)
+
+
+def get_current_url(environ, root_only=False, strip_querystring=False,
+                    host_only=False, trusted_hosts=None):
+    """A handy helper function that recreates the full URL as IRI for the
+    current request or parts of it.  Here an example:
+
+    >>> from werkzeug.test import create_environ
+    >>> env = create_environ("/?param=foo", "http://localhost/script")
+    >>> get_current_url(env)
+    'http://localhost/script/?param=foo'
+    >>> get_current_url(env, root_only=True)
+    'http://localhost/script/'
+    >>> get_current_url(env, host_only=True)
+    'http://localhost/'
+    >>> get_current_url(env, strip_querystring=True)
+    'http://localhost/script/'
+
+    This optionally it verifies that the host is in a list of trusted hosts.
+    If the host is not in there it will raise a
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.SecurityError`.
+
+    Note that the string returned might contain unicode characters as the
+    representation is an IRI not an URI.  If you need an ASCII only
+    representation you can use the :func:`~werkzeug.urls.iri_to_uri`
+    function:
+
+    >>> from werkzeug.urls import iri_to_uri
+    >>> iri_to_uri(get_current_url(env))
+    'http://localhost/script/?param=foo'
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment to get the current URL from.
+    :param root_only: set `True` if you only want the root URL.
+    :param strip_querystring: set to `True` if you don't want the querystring.
+    :param host_only: set to `True` if the host URL should be returned.
+    :param trusted_hosts: a list of trusted hosts, see :func:`host_is_trusted`
+                          for more information.
+    """
+    tmp = [environ['wsgi.url_scheme'], '://', get_host(environ, trusted_hosts)]
+    cat = tmp.append
+    if host_only:
+        return uri_to_iri(''.join(tmp) + '/')
+    cat(url_quote(wsgi_get_bytes(environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', ''))).rstrip('/'))
+    cat('/')
+    if not root_only:
+        cat(url_quote(wsgi_get_bytes(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')).lstrip(b'/')))
+        if not strip_querystring:
+            qs = get_query_string(environ)
+            if qs:
+                cat('?' + qs)
+    return uri_to_iri(''.join(tmp))
+
+
+def host_is_trusted(hostname, trusted_list):
+    """Checks if a host is trusted against a list.  This also takes care
+    of port normalization.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param hostname: the hostname to check
+    :param trusted_list: a list of hostnames to check against.  If a
+                         hostname starts with a dot it will match against
+                         all subdomains as well.
+    """
+    if not hostname:
+        return False
+
+    if isinstance(trusted_list, string_types):
+        trusted_list = [trusted_list]
+
+    def _normalize(hostname):
+        if ':' in hostname:
+            hostname = hostname.rsplit(':', 1)[0]
+        return _encode_idna(hostname)
+
+    try:
+        hostname = _normalize(hostname)
+    except UnicodeError:
+        return False
+    for ref in trusted_list:
+        if ref.startswith('.'):
+            ref = ref[1:]
+            suffix_match = True
+        else:
+            suffix_match = False
+        try:
+            ref = _normalize(ref)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+        if ref == hostname:
+            return True
+        if suffix_match and hostname.endswith('.' + ref):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_host(environ, trusted_hosts=None):
+    """Return the real host for the given WSGI environment.  This first checks
+    the `X-Forwarded-Host` header, then the normal `Host` header, and finally
+    the `SERVER_NAME` environment variable (using the first one it finds).
+
+    Optionally it verifies that the host is in a list of trusted hosts.
+    If the host is not in there it will raise a
+    :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.SecurityError`.
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment to get the host of.
+    :param trusted_hosts: a list of trusted hosts, see :func:`host_is_trusted`
+                          for more information.
+    """
+    if 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST' in environ:
+        rv = environ['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST'].split(',', 1)[0].strip()
+    elif 'HTTP_HOST' in environ:
+        rv = environ['HTTP_HOST']
+    else:
+        rv = environ['SERVER_NAME']
+        if (environ['wsgi.url_scheme'], environ['SERVER_PORT']) not \
+           in (('https', '443'), ('http', '80')):
+            rv += ':' + environ['SERVER_PORT']
+    if trusted_hosts is not None:
+        if not host_is_trusted(rv, trusted_hosts):
+            from werkzeug.exceptions import SecurityError
+            raise SecurityError('Host "%s" is not trusted' % rv)
+    return rv
+
+
+def get_content_length(environ):
+    """Returns the content length from the WSGI environment as
+    integer.  If it's not available `None` is returned.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environ to fetch the content length from.
+    """
+    content_length = environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH')
+    if content_length is not None:
+        try:
+            return max(0, int(content_length))
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            pass
+
+
+def get_input_stream(environ, safe_fallback=True):
+    """Returns the input stream from the WSGI environment and wraps it
+    in the most sensible way possible.  The stream returned is not the
+    raw WSGI stream in most cases but one that is safe to read from
+    without taking into account the content length.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environ to fetch the stream from.
+    :param safe: indicates whether the function should use an empty
+                 stream as safe fallback or just return the original
+                 WSGI input stream if it can't wrap it safely.  The
+                 default is to return an empty string in those cases.
+    """
+    stream = environ['wsgi.input']
+    content_length = get_content_length(environ)
+
+    # A wsgi extension that tells us if the input is terminated.  In
+    # that case we return the stream unchanged as we know we can safely
+    # read it until the end.
+    if environ.get('wsgi.input_terminated'):
+        return stream
+
+    # If we don't have a content length we fall back to an empty stream
+    # in case of a safe fallback, otherwise we return the stream unchanged.
+    # The non-safe fallback is not recommended but might be useful in
+    # some situations.
+    if content_length is None:
+        return safe_fallback and _empty_stream or stream
+
+    # Otherwise limit the stream to the content length
+    return LimitedStream(stream, content_length)
+
+
+def get_query_string(environ):
+    """Returns the `QUERY_STRING` from the WSGI environment.  This also takes
+    care about the WSGI decoding dance on Python 3 environments as a
+    native string.  The string returned will be restricted to ASCII
+    characters.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment object to get the query string from.
+    """
+    qs = wsgi_get_bytes(environ.get('QUERY_STRING', ''))
+    # QUERY_STRING really should be ascii safe but some browsers
+    # will send us some unicode stuff (I am looking at you IE).
+    # In that case we want to urllib quote it badly.
+    return try_coerce_native(url_quote(qs, safe=':&%=+$!*\'(),'))
+
+
+def get_path_info(environ, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+    """Returns the `PATH_INFO` from the WSGI environment and properly
+    decodes it.  This also takes care about the WSGI decoding dance
+    on Python 3 environments.  if the `charset` is set to `None` a
+    bytestring is returned.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment object to get the path from.
+    :param charset: the charset for the path info, or `None` if no
+                    decoding should be performed.
+    :param errors: the decoding error handling.
+    """
+    path = wsgi_get_bytes(environ.get('PATH_INFO', ''))
+    return to_unicode(path, charset, errors, allow_none_charset=True)
+
+
+def get_script_name(environ, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+    """Returns the `SCRIPT_NAME` from the WSGI environment and properly
+    decodes it.  This also takes care about the WSGI decoding dance
+    on Python 3 environments.  if the `charset` is set to `None` a
+    bytestring is returned.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment object to get the path from.
+    :param charset: the charset for the path, or `None` if no
+                    decoding should be performed.
+    :param errors: the decoding error handling.
+    """
+    path = wsgi_get_bytes(environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', ''))
+    return to_unicode(path, charset, errors, allow_none_charset=True)
+
+
+def pop_path_info(environ, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+    """Removes and returns the next segment of `PATH_INFO`, pushing it onto
+    `SCRIPT_NAME`.  Returns `None` if there is nothing left on `PATH_INFO`.
+
+    If the `charset` is set to `None` a bytestring is returned.
+
+    If there are empty segments (``'/foo//bar``) these are ignored but
+    properly pushed to the `SCRIPT_NAME`:
+
+    >>> env = {'SCRIPT_NAME': '/foo', 'PATH_INFO': '/a/b'}
+    >>> pop_path_info(env)
+    'a'
+    >>> env['SCRIPT_NAME']
+    '/foo/a'
+    >>> pop_path_info(env)
+    'b'
+    >>> env['SCRIPT_NAME']
+    '/foo/a/b'
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       The path is now decoded and a charset and encoding
+       parameter can be provided.
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment that is modified.
+    """
+    path = environ.get('PATH_INFO')
+    if not path:
+        return None
+
+    script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
+
+    # shift multiple leading slashes over
+    old_path = path
+    path = path.lstrip('/')
+    if path != old_path:
+        script_name += '/' * (len(old_path) - len(path))
+
+    if '/' not in path:
+        environ['PATH_INFO'] = ''
+        environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name + path
+        rv = wsgi_get_bytes(path)
+    else:
+        segment, path = path.split('/', 1)
+        environ['PATH_INFO'] = '/' + path
+        environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = script_name + segment
+        rv = wsgi_get_bytes(segment)
+
+    return to_unicode(rv, charset, errors, allow_none_charset=True)
+
+
+def peek_path_info(environ, charset='utf-8', errors='replace'):
+    """Returns the next segment on the `PATH_INFO` or `None` if there
+    is none.  Works like :func:`pop_path_info` without modifying the
+    environment:
+
+    >>> env = {'SCRIPT_NAME': '/foo', 'PATH_INFO': '/a/b'}
+    >>> peek_path_info(env)
+    'a'
+    >>> peek_path_info(env)
+    'a'
+
+    If the `charset` is set to `None` a bytestring is returned.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.9
+       The path is now decoded and a charset and encoding
+       parameter can be provided.
+
+    :param environ: the WSGI environment that is checked.
+    """
+    segments = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '').lstrip('/').split('/', 1)
+    if segments:
+        return to_unicode(wsgi_get_bytes(segments[0]),
+                          charset, errors, allow_none_charset=True)
+
+
+def extract_path_info(environ_or_baseurl, path_or_url, charset='utf-8',
+                      errors='replace', collapse_http_schemes=True):
+    """Extracts the path info from the given URL (or WSGI environment) and
+    path.  The path info returned is a unicode string, not a bytestring
+    suitable for a WSGI environment.  The URLs might also be IRIs.
+
+    If the path info could not be determined, `None` is returned.
+
+    Some examples:
+
+    >>> extract_path_info('http://example.com/app', '/app/hello')
+    u'/hello'
+    >>> extract_path_info('http://example.com/app',
+    ...                   'https://example.com/app/hello')
+    u'/hello'
+    >>> extract_path_info('http://example.com/app',
+    ...                   'https://example.com/app/hello',
+    ...                   collapse_http_schemes=False) is None
+    True
+
+    Instead of providing a base URL you can also pass a WSGI environment.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+    :param environ_or_baseurl: a WSGI environment dict, a base URL or
+                               base IRI.  This is the root of the
+                               application.
+    :param path_or_url: an absolute path from the server root, a
+                        relative path (in which case it's the path info)
+                        or a full URL.  Also accepts IRIs and unicode
+                        parameters.
+    :param charset: the charset for byte data in URLs
+    :param errors: the error handling on decode
+    :param collapse_http_schemes: if set to `False` the algorithm does
+                                  not assume that http and https on the
+                                  same server point to the same
+                                  resource.
+    """
+    def _normalize_netloc(scheme, netloc):
+        parts = netloc.split(u'@', 1)[-1].split(u':', 1)
+        if len(parts) == 2:
+            netloc, port = parts
+            if (scheme == u'http' and port == u'80') or \
+               (scheme == u'https' and port == u'443'):
+                port = None
+        else:
+            netloc = parts[0]
+            port = None
+        if port is not None:
+            netloc += u':' + port
+        return netloc
+
+    # make sure whatever we are working on is a IRI and parse it
+    path = uri_to_iri(path_or_url, charset, errors)
+    if isinstance(environ_or_baseurl, dict):
+        environ_or_baseurl = get_current_url(environ_or_baseurl,
+                                             root_only=True)
+    base_iri = uri_to_iri(environ_or_baseurl, charset, errors)
+    base_scheme, base_netloc, base_path = url_parse(base_iri)[:3]
+    cur_scheme, cur_netloc, cur_path, = \
+        url_parse(url_join(base_iri, path))[:3]
+
+    # normalize the network location
+    base_netloc = _normalize_netloc(base_scheme, base_netloc)
+    cur_netloc = _normalize_netloc(cur_scheme, cur_netloc)
+
+    # is that IRI even on a known HTTP scheme?
+    if collapse_http_schemes:
+        for scheme in base_scheme, cur_scheme:
+            if scheme not in (u'http', u'https'):
+                return None
+    else:
+        if not (base_scheme in (u'http', u'https') and
+                base_scheme == cur_scheme):
+            return None
+
+    # are the netlocs compatible?
+    if base_netloc != cur_netloc:
+        return None
+
+    # are we below the application path?
+    base_path = base_path.rstrip(u'/')
+    if not cur_path.startswith(base_path):
+        return None
+
+    return u'/' + cur_path[len(base_path):].lstrip(u'/')
+
+
+class SharedDataMiddleware(object):
+
+    """A WSGI middleware that provides static content for development
+    environments or simple server setups. Usage is quite simple::
+
+        import os
+        from werkzeug.wsgi import SharedDataMiddleware
+
+        app = SharedDataMiddleware(app, {
+            '/shared': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'shared')
+        })
+
+    The contents of the folder ``./shared`` will now be available on
+    ``http://example.com/shared/``.  This is pretty useful during development
+    because a standalone media server is not required.  One can also mount
+    files on the root folder and still continue to use the application because
+    the shared data middleware forwards all unhandled requests to the
+    application, even if the requests are below one of the shared folders.
+
+    If `pkg_resources` is available you can also tell the middleware to serve
+    files from package data::
+
+        app = SharedDataMiddleware(app, {
+            '/shared': ('myapplication', 'shared_files')
+        })
+
+    This will then serve the ``shared_files`` folder in the `myapplication`
+    Python package.
+
+    The optional `disallow` parameter can be a list of :func:`~fnmatch.fnmatch`
+    rules for files that are not accessible from the web.  If `cache` is set to
+    `False` no caching headers are sent.
+
+    Currently the middleware does not support non ASCII filenames.  If the
+    encoding on the file system happens to be the encoding of the URI it may
+    work but this could also be by accident.  We strongly suggest using ASCII
+    only file names for static files.
+
+    The middleware will guess the mimetype using the Python `mimetype`
+    module.  If it's unable to figure out the charset it will fall back
+    to `fallback_mimetype`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.5
+       The cache timeout is configurable now.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+       The `fallback_mimetype` parameter was added.
+
+    :param app: the application to wrap.  If you don't want to wrap an
+                application you can pass it :exc:`NotFound`.
+    :param exports: a dict of exported files and folders.
+    :param disallow: a list of :func:`~fnmatch.fnmatch` rules.
+    :param fallback_mimetype: the fallback mimetype for unknown files.
+    :param cache: enable or disable caching headers.
+    :param cache_timeout: the cache timeout in seconds for the headers.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, exports, disallow=None, cache=True,
+                 cache_timeout=60 * 60 * 12, fallback_mimetype='text/plain'):
+        self.app = app
+        self.exports = {}
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.cache_timeout = cache_timeout
+        for key, value in iteritems(exports):
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                loader = self.get_package_loader(*value)
+            elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+                if os.path.isfile(value):
+                    loader = self.get_file_loader(value)
+                else:
+                    loader = self.get_directory_loader(value)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError('unknown def %r' % value)
+            self.exports[key] = loader
+        if disallow is not None:
+            from fnmatch import fnmatch
+            self.is_allowed = lambda x: not fnmatch(x, disallow)
+        self.fallback_mimetype = fallback_mimetype
+
+    def is_allowed(self, filename):
+        """Subclasses can override this method to disallow the access to
+        certain files.  However by providing `disallow` in the constructor
+        this method is overwritten.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def _opener(self, filename):
+        return lambda: (
+            open(filename, 'rb'),
+            datetime.utcfromtimestamp(os.path.getmtime(filename)),
+            int(os.path.getsize(filename))
+        )
+
+    def get_file_loader(self, filename):
+        return lambda x: (os.path.basename(filename), self._opener(filename))
+
+    def get_package_loader(self, package, package_path):
+        from pkg_resources import DefaultProvider, ResourceManager, \
+            get_provider
+        loadtime = datetime.utcnow()
+        provider = get_provider(package)
+        manager = ResourceManager()
+        filesystem_bound = isinstance(provider, DefaultProvider)
+
+        def loader(path):
+            if path is None:
+                return None, None
+            path = posixpath.join(package_path, path)
+            if not provider.has_resource(path):
+                return None, None
+            basename = posixpath.basename(path)
+            if filesystem_bound:
+                return basename, self._opener(
+                    provider.get_resource_filename(manager, path))
+            return basename, lambda: (
+                provider.get_resource_stream(manager, path),
+                loadtime,
+                0
+            )
+        return loader
+
+    def get_directory_loader(self, directory):
+        def loader(path):
+            if path is not None:
+                path = os.path.join(directory, path)
+            else:
+                path = directory
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                return os.path.basename(path), self._opener(path)
+            return None, None
+        return loader
+
+    def generate_etag(self, mtime, file_size, real_filename):
+        if not isinstance(real_filename, bytes):
+            real_filename = real_filename.encode(get_filesystem_encoding())
+        return 'wzsdm-%d-%s-%s' % (
+            mktime(mtime.timetuple()),
+            file_size,
+            adler32(real_filename) & 0xffffffff
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        cleaned_path = get_path_info(environ)
+        if PY2:
+            cleaned_path = cleaned_path.encode(get_filesystem_encoding())
+        # sanitize the path for non unix systems
+        cleaned_path = cleaned_path.strip('/')
+        for sep in os.sep, os.altsep:
+            if sep and sep != '/':
+                cleaned_path = cleaned_path.replace(sep, '/')
+        path = '/' + '/'.join(x for x in cleaned_path.split('/')
+                              if x and x != '..')
+        file_loader = None
+        for search_path, loader in iteritems(self.exports):
+            if search_path == path:
+                real_filename, file_loader = loader(None)
+                if file_loader is not None:
+                    break
+            if not search_path.endswith('/'):
+                search_path += '/'
+            if path.startswith(search_path):
+                real_filename, file_loader = loader(path[len(search_path):])
+                if file_loader is not None:
+                    break
+        if file_loader is None or not self.is_allowed(real_filename):
+            return self.app(environ, start_response)
+
+        guessed_type = mimetypes.guess_type(real_filename)
+        mime_type = guessed_type[0] or self.fallback_mimetype
+        f, mtime, file_size = file_loader()
+
+        headers = [('Date', http_date())]
+        if self.cache:
+            timeout = self.cache_timeout
+            etag = self.generate_etag(mtime, file_size, real_filename)
+            headers += [
+                ('Etag', '"%s"' % etag),
+                ('Cache-Control', 'max-age=%d, public' % timeout)
+            ]
+            if not is_resource_modified(environ, etag, last_modified=mtime):
+                f.close()
+                start_response('304 Not Modified', headers)
+                return []
+            headers.append(('Expires', http_date(time() + timeout)))
+        else:
+            headers.append(('Cache-Control', 'public'))
+
+        headers.extend((
+            ('Content-Type', mime_type),
+            ('Content-Length', str(file_size)),
+            ('Last-Modified', http_date(mtime))
+        ))
+        start_response('200 OK', headers)
+        return wrap_file(environ, f)
+
+
+class DispatcherMiddleware(object):
+
+    """Allows one to mount middlewares or applications in a WSGI application.
+    This is useful if you want to combine multiple WSGI applications::
+
+        app = DispatcherMiddleware(app, {
+            '/app2':        app2,
+            '/app3':        app3
+        })
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, mounts=None):
+        self.app = app
+        self.mounts = mounts or {}
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        script = environ.get('PATH_INFO', '')
+        path_info = ''
+        while '/' in script:
+            if script in self.mounts:
+                app = self.mounts[script]
+                break
+            script, last_item = script.rsplit('/', 1)
+            path_info = '/%s%s' % (last_item, path_info)
+        else:
+            app = self.mounts.get(script, self.app)
+        original_script_name = environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '')
+        environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = original_script_name + script
+        environ['PATH_INFO'] = path_info
+        return app(environ, start_response)
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class ClosingIterator(object):
+
+    """The WSGI specification requires that all middlewares and gateways
+    respect the `close` callback of an iterator.  Because it is useful to add
+    another close action to a returned iterator and adding a custom iterator
+    is a boring task this class can be used for that::
+
+        return ClosingIterator(app(environ, start_response), [cleanup_session,
+                                                              cleanup_locals])
+
+    If there is just one close function it can be passed instead of the list.
+
+    A closing iterator is not needed if the application uses response objects
+    and finishes the processing if the response is started::
+
+        try:
+            return response(environ, start_response)
+        finally:
+            cleanup_session()
+            cleanup_locals()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable, callbacks=None):
+        iterator = iter(iterable)
+        self._next = partial(next, iterator)
+        if callbacks is None:
+            callbacks = []
+        elif callable(callbacks):
+            callbacks = [callbacks]
+        else:
+            callbacks = list(callbacks)
+        iterable_close = getattr(iterator, 'close', None)
+        if iterable_close:
+            callbacks.insert(0, iterable_close)
+        self._callbacks = callbacks
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        return self._next()
+
+    def close(self):
+        for callback in self._callbacks:
+            callback()
+
+
+def wrap_file(environ, file, buffer_size=8192):
+    """Wraps a file.  This uses the WSGI server's file wrapper if available
+    or otherwise the generic :class:`FileWrapper`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    If the file wrapper from the WSGI server is used it's important to not
+    iterate over it from inside the application but to pass it through
+    unchanged.  If you want to pass out a file wrapper inside a response
+    object you have to set :attr:`~BaseResponse.direct_passthrough` to `True`.
+
+    More information about file wrappers are available in :pep:`333`.
+
+    :param file: a :class:`file`-like object with a :meth:`~file.read` method.
+    :param buffer_size: number of bytes for one iteration.
+    """
+    return environ.get('wsgi.file_wrapper', FileWrapper)(file, buffer_size)
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class FileWrapper(object):
+
+    """This class can be used to convert a :class:`file`-like object into
+    an iterable.  It yields `buffer_size` blocks until the file is fully
+    read.
+
+    You should not use this class directly but rather use the
+    :func:`wrap_file` function that uses the WSGI server's file wrapper
+    support if it's available.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.5
+
+    If you're using this object together with a :class:`BaseResponse` you have
+    to use the `direct_passthrough` mode.
+
+    :param file: a :class:`file`-like object with a :meth:`~file.read` method.
+    :param buffer_size: number of bytes for one iteration.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file, buffer_size=8192):
+        self.file = file
+        self.buffer_size = buffer_size
+
+    def close(self):
+        if hasattr(self.file, 'close'):
+            self.file.close()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        data = self.file.read(self.buffer_size)
+        if data:
+            return data
+        raise StopIteration()
+
+
+def _make_chunk_iter(stream, limit, buffer_size):
+    """Helper for the line and chunk iter functions."""
+    if isinstance(stream, (bytes, bytearray, text_type)):
+        raise TypeError('Passed a string or byte object instead of '
+                        'true iterator or stream.')
+    if not hasattr(stream, 'read'):
+        for item in stream:
+            if item:
+                yield item
+        return
+    if not isinstance(stream, LimitedStream) and limit is not None:
+        stream = LimitedStream(stream, limit)
+    _read = stream.read
+    while 1:
+        item = _read(buffer_size)
+        if not item:
+            break
+        yield item
+
+
+def make_line_iter(stream, limit=None, buffer_size=10 * 1024):
+    """Safely iterates line-based over an input stream.  If the input stream
+    is not a :class:`LimitedStream` the `limit` parameter is mandatory.
+
+    This uses the stream's :meth:`~file.read` method internally as opposite
+    to the :meth:`~file.readline` method that is unsafe and can only be used
+    in violation of the WSGI specification.  The same problem applies to the
+    `__iter__` function of the input stream which calls :meth:`~file.readline`
+    without arguments.
+
+    If you need line-by-line processing it's strongly recommended to iterate
+    over the input stream using this helper function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.8
+       This function now ensures that the limit was reached.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       added support for iterators as input stream.
+
+    :param stream: the stream or iterate to iterate over.
+    :param limit: the limit in bytes for the stream.  (Usually
+                  content length.  Not necessary if the `stream`
+                  is a :class:`LimitedStream`.
+    :param buffer_size: The optional buffer size.
+    """
+    _iter = _make_chunk_iter(stream, limit, buffer_size)
+
+    first_item = next(_iter, '')
+    if not first_item:
+        return
+
+    s = make_literal_wrapper(first_item)
+    empty = s('')
+    cr = s('\r')
+    lf = s('\n')
+    crlf = s('\r\n')
+
+    _iter = chain((first_item,), _iter)
+
+    def _iter_basic_lines():
+        _join = empty.join
+        buffer = []
+        while 1:
+            new_data = next(_iter, '')
+            if not new_data:
+                break
+            new_buf = []
+            for item in chain(buffer, new_data.splitlines(True)):
+                new_buf.append(item)
+                if item and item[-1:] in crlf:
+                    yield _join(new_buf)
+                    new_buf = []
+            buffer = new_buf
+        if buffer:
+            yield _join(buffer)
+
+    # This hackery is necessary to merge 'foo\r' and '\n' into one item
+    # of 'foo\r\n' if we were unlucky and we hit a chunk boundary.
+    previous = empty
+    for item in _iter_basic_lines():
+        if item == lf and previous[-1:] == cr:
+            previous += item
+            item = empty
+        if previous:
+            yield previous
+        previous = item
+    if previous:
+        yield previous
+
+
+def make_chunk_iter(stream, separator, limit=None, buffer_size=10 * 1024):
+    """Works like :func:`make_line_iter` but accepts a separator
+    which divides chunks.  If you want newline based processing
+    you should use :func:`make_line_iter` instead as it
+    supports arbitrary newline markers.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+       added support for iterators as input stream.
+
+    :param stream: the stream or iterate to iterate over.
+    :param separator: the separator that divides chunks.
+    :param limit: the limit in bytes for the stream.  (Usually
+                  content length.  Not necessary if the `stream`
+                  is otherwise already limited).
+    :param buffer_size: The optional buffer size.
+    """
+    _iter = _make_chunk_iter(stream, limit, buffer_size)
+
+    first_item = next(_iter, '')
+    if not first_item:
+        return
+
+    _iter = chain((first_item,), _iter)
+    if isinstance(first_item, text_type):
+        separator = to_unicode(separator)
+        _split = re.compile(r'(%s)' % re.escape(separator)).split
+        _join = u''.join
+    else:
+        separator = to_bytes(separator)
+        _split = re.compile(b'(' + re.escape(separator) + b')').split
+        _join = b''.join
+
+    buffer = []
+    while 1:
+        new_data = next(_iter, '')
+        if not new_data:
+            break
+        chunks = _split(new_data)
+        new_buf = []
+        for item in chain(buffer, chunks):
+            if item == separator:
+                yield _join(new_buf)
+                new_buf = []
+            else:
+                new_buf.append(item)
+        buffer = new_buf
+    if buffer:
+        yield _join(buffer)
+
+
+@implements_iterator
+class LimitedStream(object):
+
+    """Wraps a stream so that it doesn't read more than n bytes.  If the
+    stream is exhausted and the caller tries to get more bytes from it
+    :func:`on_exhausted` is called which by default returns an empty
+    string.  The return value of that function is forwarded
+    to the reader function.  So if it returns an empty string
+    :meth:`read` will return an empty string as well.
+
+    The limit however must never be higher than what the stream can
+    output.  Otherwise :meth:`readlines` will try to read past the
+    limit.
+
+    .. admonition:: Note on WSGI compliance
+
+       calls to :meth:`readline` and :meth:`readlines` are not
+       WSGI compliant because it passes a size argument to the
+       readline methods.  Unfortunately the WSGI PEP is not safely
+       implementable without a size argument to :meth:`readline`
+       because there is no EOF marker in the stream.  As a result
+       of that the use of :meth:`readline` is discouraged.
+
+       For the same reason iterating over the :class:`LimitedStream`
+       is not portable.  It internally calls :meth:`readline`.
+
+       We strongly suggest using :meth:`read` only or using the
+       :func:`make_line_iter` which safely iterates line-based
+       over a WSGI input stream.
+
+    :param stream: the stream to wrap.
+    :param limit: the limit for the stream, must not be longer than
+                  what the string can provide if the stream does not
+                  end with `EOF` (like `wsgi.input`)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, limit):
+        self._read = stream.read
+        self._readline = stream.readline
+        self._pos = 0
+        self.limit = limit
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """If the stream is exhausted this attribute is `True`."""
+        return self._pos >= self.limit
+
+    def on_exhausted(self):
+        """This is called when the stream tries to read past the limit.
+        The return value of this function is returned from the reading
+        function.
+        """
+        # Read null bytes from the stream so that we get the
+        # correct end of stream marker.
+        return self._read(0)
+
+    def on_disconnect(self):
+        """What should happen if a disconnect is detected?  The return
+        value of this function is returned from read functions in case
+        the client went away.  By default a
+        :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.ClientDisconnected` exception is raised.
+        """
+        from werkzeug.exceptions import ClientDisconnected
+        raise ClientDisconnected()
+
+    def exhaust(self, chunk_size=1024 * 64):
+        """Exhaust the stream.  This consumes all the data left until the
+        limit is reached.
+
+        :param chunk_size: the size for a chunk.  It will read the chunk
+                           until the stream is exhausted and throw away
+                           the results.
+        """
+        to_read = self.limit - self._pos
+        chunk = chunk_size
+        while to_read > 0:
+            chunk = min(to_read, chunk)
+            self.read(chunk)
+            to_read -= chunk
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read `size` bytes or if size is not provided everything is read.
+
+        :param size: the number of bytes read.
+        """
+        if self._pos >= self.limit:
+            return self.on_exhausted()
+        if size is None or size == -1:  # -1 is for consistence with file
+            size = self.limit
+        to_read = min(self.limit - self._pos, size)
+        try:
+            read = self._read(to_read)
+        except (IOError, ValueError):
+            return self.on_disconnect()
+        if to_read and len(read) != to_read:
+            return self.on_disconnect()
+        self._pos += len(read)
+        return read
+
+    def readline(self, size=None):
+        """Reads one line from the stream."""
+        if self._pos >= self.limit:
+            return self.on_exhausted()
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.limit - self._pos
+        else:
+            size = min(size, self.limit - self._pos)
+        try:
+            line = self._readline(size)
+        except (ValueError, IOError):
+            return self.on_disconnect()
+        if size and not line:
+            return self.on_disconnect()
+        self._pos += len(line)
+        return line
+
+    def readlines(self, size=None):
+        """Reads a file into a list of strings.  It calls :meth:`readline`
+        until the file is read to the end.  It does support the optional
+        `size` argument if the underlaying stream supports it for
+        `readline`.
+        """
+        last_pos = self._pos
+        result = []
+        if size is not None:
+            end = min(self.limit, last_pos + size)
+        else:
+            end = self.limit
+        while 1:
+            if size is not None:
+                size -= last_pos - self._pos
+            if self._pos >= end:
+                break
+            result.append(self.readline(size))
+            if size is not None:
+                last_pos = self._pos
+        return result
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Returns the position of the stream.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+        """
+        return self._pos
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        line = self.readline()
+        if not line:
+            raise StopIteration()
+        return line
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07a9baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+Wheel
+=====
+
+A built-package format for Python.
+
+A wheel is a ZIP-format archive with a specially formatted filename
+and the .whl extension. It is designed to contain all the files for a
+PEP 376 compatible install in a way that is very close to the on-disk
+format. Many packages will be properly installed with only the "Unpack"
+step (simply extracting the file onto sys.path), and the unpacked archive
+preserves enough information to "Spread" (copy data and scripts to their
+final locations) at any later time.
+
+The wheel project provides a `bdist_wheel` command for setuptools
+(requires setuptools >= 0.8.0). Wheel files can be installed with a
+newer `pip` from https://github.com/pypa/pip or with wheel's own command
+line utility.
+
+The wheel documentation is at http://wheel.rtfd.org/. The file format
+is documented in PEP 427 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0427/).
+
+The reference implementation is at https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel
+
+Why not egg?
+------------
+
+Python's egg format predates the packaging related standards we have
+today, the most important being PEP 376 "Database of Installed Python
+Distributions" which specifies the .dist-info directory (instead of
+.egg-info) and PEP 426 "Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0"
+which specifies how to express dependencies (instead of requires.txt
+in .egg-info).
+
+Wheel implements these things. It also provides a richer file naming
+convention that communicates the Python implementation and ABI as well
+as simply the language version used in a particular package.
+
+Unlike .egg, wheel will be a fully-documented standard at the binary
+level that is truly easy to install even if you do not want to use the
+reference implementation.
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the wheel project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
+
+0.29.0
+======
+- Fix compression type of files in archive (Issue #155, Pull Request #62,
+  thanks Xavier Fernandez)
+
+0.28.0
+======
+- Fix file modes in archive (Issue #154)
+
+0.27.0
+======
+- Support forcing a platform tag using `--plat-name` on pure-Python wheels, as
+  well as nonstandard platform tags on non-pure wheels (Pull Request #60, Issue
+  #144, thanks Andrés Díaz)
+- Add SOABI tags to platform-specific wheels built for Python 2.X (Pull Request
+  #55, Issue #63, Issue #101)
+- Support reproducible wheel files, wheels that can be rebuilt and will hash to
+  the same values as previous builds (Pull Request #52, Issue #143, thanks
+  Barry Warsaw)
+- Support for changes in keyring >= 8.0 (Pull Request #61, thanks Jason R.
+  Coombs)
+- Use the file context manager when checking if dependency_links.txt is empty,
+  fixes problems building wheels under PyPy on Windows  (Issue #150, thanks
+  Cosimo Lupo)
+- Don't attempt to (recursively) create a build directory ending with `..`
+  (invalid on all platforms, but code was only executed on Windows) (Issue #91)
+- Added the PyPA Code of Conduct (Pull Request #56)
+
+0.26.0
+======
+- Fix multiple entrypoint comparison failure on Python 3 (Issue #148)
+
+0.25.0
+======
+- Add Python 3.5 to tox configuration
+- Deterministic (sorted) metadata
+- Fix tagging for Python 3.5 compatibility
+- Support py2-none-'arch' and py3-none-'arch' tags
+- Treat data-only wheels as pure
+- Write to temporary file and rename when using wheel install --force
+
+0.24.0
+======
+- The python tag used for pure-python packages is now .pyN (major version
+  only). This change actually occurred in 0.23.0 when the --python-tag
+  option was added, but was not explicitly mentioned in the changelog then.
+- wininst2wheel and egg2wheel removed. Use "wheel convert [archive]"
+  instead.
+- Wheel now supports setuptools style conditional requirements via the
+  extras_require={} syntax. Separate 'extra' names from conditions using
+  the : character. Wheel's own setup.py does this. (The empty-string
+  extra is the same as install_requires.) These conditional requirements
+  should work the same whether the package is installed by wheel or
+  by setup.py.
+
+0.23.0
+======
+- Compatibility tag flags added to the bdist_wheel command
+- sdist should include files necessary for tests
+- 'wheel convert' can now also convert unpacked eggs to wheel
+- Rename pydist.json to metadata.json to avoid stepping on the PEP
+- The --skip-scripts option has been removed, and not generating scripts is now
+  the default. The option was a temporary approach until installers could
+  generate scripts themselves. That is now the case with pip 1.5 and later.
+  Note that using pip 1.4 to install a wheel without scripts will leave the
+  installation without entry-point wrappers. The "wheel install-scripts"
+  command can be used to generate the scripts in such cases.
+- Thank you contributors
+
+0.22.0
+======
+- Include entry_points.txt, scripts a.k.a. commands, in experimental
+  pydist.json
+- Improved test_requires parsing
+- Python 2.6 fixes, "wheel version" command courtesy pombredanne
+
+0.21.0
+======
+- Pregenerated scripts are the default again.
+- "setup.py bdist_wheel --skip-scripts" turns them off.
+- setuptools is no longer a listed requirement for the 'wheel'
+  package. It is of course still required in order for bdist_wheel
+  to work.
+- "python -m wheel" avoids importing pkg_resources until it's necessary.
+
+0.20.0
+======
+- No longer include console_scripts in wheels. Ordinary scripts (shell files,
+  standalone Python files) are included as usual.
+- Include new command "python -m wheel install-scripts [distribution
+  [distribution ...]]" to install the console_scripts (setuptools-style
+  scripts using pkg_resources) for a distribution.
+
+0.19.0
+======
+- pymeta.json becomes pydist.json
+
+0.18.0
+======
+- Python 3 Unicode improvements
+
+0.17.0
+======
+- Support latest PEP-426 "pymeta.json" (json-format metadata)
+
+0.16.0
+======
+- Python 2.6 compatibility bugfix (thanks John McFarlane)
+- Non-prerelease version number
+
+1.0.0a2
+=======
+- Bugfix for C-extension tags for CPython 3.3 (using SOABI)
+
+1.0.0a1
+=======
+- Bugfix for bdist_wininst converter "wheel convert"
+- Bugfix for dists where "is pure" is None instead of True or False
+
+1.0.0a0
+=======
+- Update for version 1.0 of Wheel (PEP accepted).
+- Python 3 fix for moving Unicode Description to metadata body
+- Include rudimentary API documentation in Sphinx (thanks Kevin Horn)
+
+0.15.0
+======
+- Various improvements
+
+0.14.0
+======
+- Changed the signature format to better comply with the current JWS spec.
+  Breaks all existing signatures.
+- Include ``wheel unsign`` command to remove RECORD.jws from an archive.
+- Put the description in the newly allowed payload section of PKG-INFO
+  (METADATA) files.
+
+0.13.0
+======
+- Use distutils instead of sysconfig to get installation paths; can install
+  headers.
+- Improve WheelFile() sort.
+- Allow bootstrap installs without any pkg_resources.
+
+0.12.0
+======
+- Unit test for wheel.tool.install
+
+0.11.0
+======
+- API cleanup
+
+0.10.3
+======
+- Scripts fixer fix
+
+0.10.2
+======
+- Fix keygen
+
+0.10.1
+======
+- Preserve attributes on install.
+
+0.10.0
+======
+- Include a copy of pkg_resources. Wheel can now install into a virtualenv
+  that does not have distribute (though most packages still require
+  pkg_resources to actually work; wheel install distribute)
+- Define a new setup.cfg section [wheel]. universal=1 will
+  apply the py2.py3-none-any tag for pure python wheels.
+
+0.9.7
+=====
+- Only import dirspec when needed. dirspec is only needed to find the
+  configuration for keygen/signing operations.
+
+0.9.6
+=====
+- requires-dist from setup.cfg overwrites any requirements from setup.py
+  Care must be taken that the requirements are the same in both cases,
+  or just always install from wheel.
+- drop dirspec requirement on win32
+- improved command line utility, adds 'wheel convert [egg or wininst]' to
+  convert legacy binary formats to wheel
+
+0.9.5
+=====
+- Wheel's own wheel file can be executed by Python, and can install itself:
+  ``python wheel-0.9.5-py27-none-any/wheel install ...``
+- Use argparse; basic ``wheel install`` command should run with only stdlib
+  dependencies.
+- Allow requires_dist in setup.cfg's [metadata] section. In addition to
+  dependencies in setup.py, but will only be interpreted when installing
+  from wheel, not from sdist. Can be qualified with environment markers.
+
+0.9.4
+=====
+- Fix wheel.signatures in sdist
+
+0.9.3
+=====
+- Integrated digital signatures support without C extensions.
+- Integrated "wheel install" command (single package, no dependency
+  resolution) including compatibility check.
+- Support Python 3.3
+- Use Metadata 1.3 (PEP 426)
+
+0.9.2
+=====
+- Automatic signing if WHEEL_TOOL points to the wheel binary
+- Even more Python 3 fixes
+
+0.9.1
+=====
+- 'wheel sign' uses the keys generated by 'wheel keygen' (instead of generating
+  a new key at random each time)
+- Python 2/3 encoding/decoding fixes
+- Run tests on Python 2.6 (without signature verification)
+
+0.9
+===
+- Updated digital signatures scheme
+- Python 3 support for digital signatures
+- Always verify RECORD hashes on extract
+- "wheel" command line tool to sign, verify, unpack wheel files
+
+0.8
+===
+- none/any draft pep tags update
+- improved wininst2wheel script
+- doc changes and other improvements
+
+0.7
+===
+- sort .dist-info at end of wheel archive
+- Windows & Python 3 fixes from Paul Moore
+- pep8
+- scripts to convert wininst & egg to wheel
+
+0.6
+===
+- require distribute >= 0.6.28
+- stop using verlib
+
+0.5
+===
+- working pretty well
+
+0.4.2
+=====
+- hyphenated name fix
+
+0.4
+===
+- improve test coverage
+- improve Windows compatibility
+- include tox.ini courtesy of Marc Abramowitz
+- draft hmac sha-256 signing function
+
+0.3
+===
+- prototype egg2wheel conversion script
+
+0.2
+===
+- Python 3 compatibility
+
+0.1
+===
+- Initial version
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3441e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"wheel" copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel Holth <dholth@fastmail.fm> and
+contributors.
+
+The MIT License
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
+OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/METADATA b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8962475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: wheel
+Version: 0.29.0
+Summary: A built-package format for Python.
+Home-page: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel/
+Author: Daniel Holth
+Author-email: dholth@fastmail.fm
+License: MIT
+Keywords: wheel,packaging
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Requires-Dist: argparse; python_version=="2.6"
+Provides-Extra: faster-signatures
+Requires-Dist: ed25519ll; extra == 'faster-signatures'
+Provides-Extra: signatures
+Requires-Dist: keyring; extra == 'signatures'
+Requires-Dist: keyrings.alt; extra == 'signatures'
+Provides-Extra: signatures
+Requires-Dist: importlib; python_version=="2.6" and extra == 'signatures'
+Provides-Extra: signatures
+Requires-Dist: pyxdg; sys_platform!="win32" and extra == 'signatures'
+Provides-Extra: tool
+
+Wheel
+=====
+
+A built-package format for Python.
+
+A wheel is a ZIP-format archive with a specially formatted filename
+and the .whl extension. It is designed to contain all the files for a
+PEP 376 compatible install in a way that is very close to the on-disk
+format. Many packages will be properly installed with only the "Unpack"
+step (simply extracting the file onto sys.path), and the unpacked archive
+preserves enough information to "Spread" (copy data and scripts to their
+final locations) at any later time.
+
+The wheel project provides a `bdist_wheel` command for setuptools
+(requires setuptools >= 0.8.0). Wheel files can be installed with a
+newer `pip` from https://github.com/pypa/pip or with wheel's own command
+line utility.
+
+The wheel documentation is at http://wheel.rtfd.org/. The file format
+is documented in PEP 427 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0427/).
+
+The reference implementation is at https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel
+
+Why not egg?
+------------
+
+Python's egg format predates the packaging related standards we have
+today, the most important being PEP 376 "Database of Installed Python
+Distributions" which specifies the .dist-info directory (instead of
+.egg-info) and PEP 426 "Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0"
+which specifies how to express dependencies (instead of requires.txt
+in .egg-info).
+
+Wheel implements these things. It also provides a richer file naming
+convention that communicates the Python implementation and ABI as well
+as simply the language version used in a particular package.
+
+Unlike .egg, wheel will be a fully-documented standard at the binary
+level that is truly easy to install even if you do not want to use the
+reference implementation.
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the wheel project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
+
+0.29.0
+======
+- Fix compression type of files in archive (Issue #155, Pull Request #62,
+  thanks Xavier Fernandez)
+
+0.28.0
+======
+- Fix file modes in archive (Issue #154)
+
+0.27.0
+======
+- Support forcing a platform tag using `--plat-name` on pure-Python wheels, as
+  well as nonstandard platform tags on non-pure wheels (Pull Request #60, Issue
+  #144, thanks Andrés Díaz)
+- Add SOABI tags to platform-specific wheels built for Python 2.X (Pull Request
+  #55, Issue #63, Issue #101)
+- Support reproducible wheel files, wheels that can be rebuilt and will hash to
+  the same values as previous builds (Pull Request #52, Issue #143, thanks
+  Barry Warsaw)
+- Support for changes in keyring >= 8.0 (Pull Request #61, thanks Jason R.
+  Coombs)
+- Use the file context manager when checking if dependency_links.txt is empty,
+  fixes problems building wheels under PyPy on Windows  (Issue #150, thanks
+  Cosimo Lupo)
+- Don't attempt to (recursively) create a build directory ending with `..`
+  (invalid on all platforms, but code was only executed on Windows) (Issue #91)
+- Added the PyPA Code of Conduct (Pull Request #56)
+
+0.26.0
+======
+- Fix multiple entrypoint comparison failure on Python 3 (Issue #148)
+
+0.25.0
+======
+- Add Python 3.5 to tox configuration
+- Deterministic (sorted) metadata
+- Fix tagging for Python 3.5 compatibility
+- Support py2-none-'arch' and py3-none-'arch' tags
+- Treat data-only wheels as pure
+- Write to temporary file and rename when using wheel install --force
+
+0.24.0
+======
+- The python tag used for pure-python packages is now .pyN (major version
+  only). This change actually occurred in 0.23.0 when the --python-tag
+  option was added, but was not explicitly mentioned in the changelog then.
+- wininst2wheel and egg2wheel removed. Use "wheel convert [archive]"
+  instead.
+- Wheel now supports setuptools style conditional requirements via the
+  extras_require={} syntax. Separate 'extra' names from conditions using
+  the : character. Wheel's own setup.py does this. (The empty-string
+  extra is the same as install_requires.) These conditional requirements
+  should work the same whether the package is installed by wheel or
+  by setup.py.
+
+0.23.0
+======
+- Compatibility tag flags added to the bdist_wheel command
+- sdist should include files necessary for tests
+- 'wheel convert' can now also convert unpacked eggs to wheel
+- Rename pydist.json to metadata.json to avoid stepping on the PEP
+- The --skip-scripts option has been removed, and not generating scripts is now
+  the default. The option was a temporary approach until installers could
+  generate scripts themselves. That is now the case with pip 1.5 and later.
+  Note that using pip 1.4 to install a wheel without scripts will leave the
+  installation without entry-point wrappers. The "wheel install-scripts"
+  command can be used to generate the scripts in such cases.
+- Thank you contributors
+
+0.22.0
+======
+- Include entry_points.txt, scripts a.k.a. commands, in experimental
+  pydist.json
+- Improved test_requires parsing
+- Python 2.6 fixes, "wheel version" command courtesy pombredanne
+
+0.21.0
+======
+- Pregenerated scripts are the default again.
+- "setup.py bdist_wheel --skip-scripts" turns them off.
+- setuptools is no longer a listed requirement for the 'wheel'
+  package. It is of course still required in order for bdist_wheel
+  to work.
+- "python -m wheel" avoids importing pkg_resources until it's necessary.
+
+0.20.0
+======
+- No longer include console_scripts in wheels. Ordinary scripts (shell files,
+  standalone Python files) are included as usual.
+- Include new command "python -m wheel install-scripts [distribution
+  [distribution ...]]" to install the console_scripts (setuptools-style
+  scripts using pkg_resources) for a distribution.
+
+0.19.0
+======
+- pymeta.json becomes pydist.json
+
+0.18.0
+======
+- Python 3 Unicode improvements
+
+0.17.0
+======
+- Support latest PEP-426 "pymeta.json" (json-format metadata)
+
+0.16.0
+======
+- Python 2.6 compatibility bugfix (thanks John McFarlane)
+- Non-prerelease version number
+
+1.0.0a2
+=======
+- Bugfix for C-extension tags for CPython 3.3 (using SOABI)
+
+1.0.0a1
+=======
+- Bugfix for bdist_wininst converter "wheel convert"
+- Bugfix for dists where "is pure" is None instead of True or False
+
+1.0.0a0
+=======
+- Update for version 1.0 of Wheel (PEP accepted).
+- Python 3 fix for moving Unicode Description to metadata body
+- Include rudimentary API documentation in Sphinx (thanks Kevin Horn)
+
+0.15.0
+======
+- Various improvements
+
+0.14.0
+======
+- Changed the signature format to better comply with the current JWS spec.
+  Breaks all existing signatures.
+- Include ``wheel unsign`` command to remove RECORD.jws from an archive.
+- Put the description in the newly allowed payload section of PKG-INFO
+  (METADATA) files.
+
+0.13.0
+======
+- Use distutils instead of sysconfig to get installation paths; can install
+  headers.
+- Improve WheelFile() sort.
+- Allow bootstrap installs without any pkg_resources.
+
+0.12.0
+======
+- Unit test for wheel.tool.install
+
+0.11.0
+======
+- API cleanup
+
+0.10.3
+======
+- Scripts fixer fix
+
+0.10.2
+======
+- Fix keygen
+
+0.10.1
+======
+- Preserve attributes on install.
+
+0.10.0
+======
+- Include a copy of pkg_resources. Wheel can now install into a virtualenv
+  that does not have distribute (though most packages still require
+  pkg_resources to actually work; wheel install distribute)
+- Define a new setup.cfg section [wheel]. universal=1 will
+  apply the py2.py3-none-any tag for pure python wheels.
+
+0.9.7
+=====
+- Only import dirspec when needed. dirspec is only needed to find the
+  configuration for keygen/signing operations.
+
+0.9.6
+=====
+- requires-dist from setup.cfg overwrites any requirements from setup.py
+  Care must be taken that the requirements are the same in both cases,
+  or just always install from wheel.
+- drop dirspec requirement on win32
+- improved command line utility, adds 'wheel convert [egg or wininst]' to
+  convert legacy binary formats to wheel
+
+0.9.5
+=====
+- Wheel's own wheel file can be executed by Python, and can install itself:
+  ``python wheel-0.9.5-py27-none-any/wheel install ...``
+- Use argparse; basic ``wheel install`` command should run with only stdlib
+  dependencies.
+- Allow requires_dist in setup.cfg's [metadata] section. In addition to
+  dependencies in setup.py, but will only be interpreted when installing
+  from wheel, not from sdist. Can be qualified with environment markers.
+
+0.9.4
+=====
+- Fix wheel.signatures in sdist
+
+0.9.3
+=====
+- Integrated digital signatures support without C extensions.
+- Integrated "wheel install" command (single package, no dependency
+  resolution) including compatibility check.
+- Support Python 3.3
+- Use Metadata 1.3 (PEP 426)
+
+0.9.2
+=====
+- Automatic signing if WHEEL_TOOL points to the wheel binary
+- Even more Python 3 fixes
+
+0.9.1
+=====
+- 'wheel sign' uses the keys generated by 'wheel keygen' (instead of generating
+  a new key at random each time)
+- Python 2/3 encoding/decoding fixes
+- Run tests on Python 2.6 (without signature verification)
+
+0.9
+===
+- Updated digital signatures scheme
+- Python 3 support for digital signatures
+- Always verify RECORD hashes on extract
+- "wheel" command line tool to sign, verify, unpack wheel files
+
+0.8
+===
+- none/any draft pep tags update
+- improved wininst2wheel script
+- doc changes and other improvements
+
+0.7
+===
+- sort .dist-info at end of wheel archive
+- Windows & Python 3 fixes from Paul Moore
+- pep8
+- scripts to convert wininst & egg to wheel
+
+0.6
+===
+- require distribute >= 0.6.28
+- stop using verlib
+
+0.5
+===
+- working pretty well
+
+0.4.2
+=====
+- hyphenated name fix
+
+0.4
+===
+- improve test coverage
+- improve Windows compatibility
+- include tox.ini courtesy of Marc Abramowitz
+- draft hmac sha-256 signing function
+
+0.3
+===
+- prototype egg2wheel conversion script
+
+0.2
+===
+- Python 3 compatibility
+
+0.1
+===
+- Initial version
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/RECORD b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e85f6ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+wheel/__init__.py,sha256=YumT_ajakW9VAgnV3umrUYypy6VzpbLKE-OPbVnWm8M,96
+wheel/__main__.py,sha256=LbDDGId08qTxuhLYqX5mXO1MUs9D-Hhxb5NVc53ej0k,416
+wheel/archive.py,sha256=eGyE04hV52JjU3KulISGPqQB340uDwIVwBcJkghkxx4,2286
+wheel/bdist_wheel.py,sha256=4QOgk1c66zu045XjET9Enz4ODW89LlHzJXukbIft_yY,17441
+wheel/decorator.py,sha256=U2K77ZZ8x3x5vSIGCcEeh8GAxB6rABB7AlDwRukaoCk,541
+wheel/egg2wheel.py,sha256=_JNueL6ZcWOxiPdL1r71fB9Mwuzmln4cZOIf_gA0Nc4,2633
+wheel/eggnames.txt,sha256=X6LYsOjMd8llrzLo3SB3FwJ-uN9IskJqYKJDq2zIcbs,2490
+wheel/install.py,sha256=yzPyjCAUmIgPTk_be-tbXFOJ3m08kYt3T3Tf1R8Lmh0,18070
+wheel/metadata.py,sha256=ttwI-jwjN5YnmDFbfLR4mFKod4HSnd1tje8lK4rQNqc,11050
+wheel/paths.py,sha256=6AmG-MKx-NeJOC9zUJoSSZjYhZYGmX1UHG_N0IbkplI,1130
+wheel/pep425tags.py,sha256=vbazM-mj7u-8s-YauwSykBhXM_YreCb8mG-eZyz2vl4,5341
+wheel/pkginfo.py,sha256=-gLOTuQrkRf4geOD04qm0IUkdYAbjg81j-5zNtvWA9A,1225
+wheel/util.py,sha256=Pe2JZ9grNjmAcRRJay20FlDVJUbePWaR5ltySo3c6zQ,4890
+wheel/wininst2wheel.py,sha256=_cTbf8bcAt481G6tYRQsOUT9ZGeg3artyrS0tBU9Tzs,6961
+wheel/signatures/__init__.py,sha256=kZpKNsmxBDZhuXf85_uyy5qBH40AxVT_0utbAiTp_yg,3779
+wheel/signatures/djbec.py,sha256=53HTnlNlfqOHFDf8OY_6KL8sxR4swiLsWhUjtw3W3nI,6755
+wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py,sha256=SeTxiMZ7kmoMdIurBSaKb8Ku-amGnf6ZTRGElLzV8iI,1695
+wheel/signatures/keys.py,sha256=x3g4sAcs7KbIHM-5V8KWdMc24_VK7VeD-pjCyktNnYo,3320
+wheel/test/__init__.py,sha256=M0NZuQ7-112l8K2h1eayVvSmvQrufrOcD5AYKgIf_Is,1
+wheel/test/pydist-schema.json,sha256=ynEvNvThC1zRa7FioMsW3k-9nl98ytEoo1_3xbOP2eo,11483
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b6dd1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.29.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f57b8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[console_scripts]
+wheel = wheel.tool:main
+
+[distutils.commands]
+bdist_wheel = wheel.bdist_wheel:bdist_wheel
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/metadata.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35244ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"classifiers": ["Development Status :: 4 - Beta", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4"], "extensions": {"python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"wheel": "wheel.tool:main"}}, "python.details": {"contacts": [{"email": "dholth@fastmail.fm", "name": "Daniel Holth", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst", "license": "LICENSE.txt"}, "project_urls": {"Home": "https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel/"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"wheel": "wheel.tool:main"}, "distutils.commands": {"bdist_wheel": "wheel.bdist_wheel:bdist_wheel"}}}, "extras": ["faster-signatures", "signatures", "tool"], "generator": "bdist_wheel (0.29.0)", "keywords": ["wheel", "packaging"], "license": "MIT", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "wheel", "run_requires": [{"extra": "faster-signatures", "requires": ["ed25519ll"]}, {"extra": "signatures", "requires": ["keyring", "keyrings.alt"]}, {"environment": "python_version==\"2.6\"", "requires": ["argparse"]}, {"environment": "python_version==\"2.6\"", "extra": "signatures", "requires": ["importlib"]}, {"environment": "sys_platform!=\"win32\"", "extra": "signatures", "requires": ["pyxdg"]}], "summary": "A built-package format for Python.", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["coverage", "jsonschema", "pytest", "pytest-cov"]}], "version": "0.29.0"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2309722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.29.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+wheel
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be2453a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# __variables__ with double-quoted values will be available in setup.py:
+__version__ = "0.29.0"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..889359c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""
+Wheel command line tool (enable python -m wheel syntax)
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+def main(): # needed for console script
+    if __package__ == '':
+        # To be able to run 'python wheel-0.9.whl/wheel':
+        import os.path
+        path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        sys.path[0:0] = [path]
+    import wheel.tool
+    sys.exit(wheel.tool.main())
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f928e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+Archive tools for wheel.
+"""
+
+import os
+import time
+import logging
+import os.path
+import zipfile
+
+log = logging.getLogger("wheel")
+
+
+def archive_wheelfile(base_name, base_dir):
+    '''Archive all files under `base_dir` in a whl file and name it like
+    `base_name`.
+    '''
+    olddir = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+    base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
+    try:
+        os.chdir(base_dir)
+        return make_wheelfile_inner(base_name)
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(olddir)
+
+
+def make_wheelfile_inner(base_name, base_dir='.'):
+    """Create a whl file from all the files under 'base_dir'.
+
+    Places .dist-info at the end of the archive."""
+
+    zip_filename = base_name + ".whl"
+
+    log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+    # Some applications need reproducible .whl files, but they can't do this
+    # without forcing the timestamp of the individual ZipInfo objects.  See
+    # issue #143.
+    timestamp = os.environ.get('SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH')
+    if timestamp is None:
+        date_time = None
+    else:
+        date_time = time.gmtime(int(timestamp))[0:6]
+
+    # XXX support bz2, xz when available
+    zip = zipfile.ZipFile(open(zip_filename, "wb+"), "w",
+                          compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+
+    score = {'WHEEL': 1, 'METADATA': 2, 'RECORD': 3}
+    deferred = []
+
+    def writefile(path, date_time):
+        st = os.stat(path)
+        if date_time is None:
+            mtime = time.gmtime(st.st_mtime)
+            date_time = mtime[0:6]
+        zinfo = zipfile.ZipInfo(path, date_time)
+        zinfo.external_attr = st.st_mode << 16
+        zinfo.compress_type = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED
+        with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
+            zip.writestr(zinfo, fp.read())
+        log.info("adding '%s'" % path)
+
+    for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
+        for name in filenames:
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
+
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                if dirpath.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                    deferred.append((score.get(name, 0), path))
+                else:
+                    writefile(path, date_time)
+
+    deferred.sort()
+    for score, path in deferred:
+        writefile(path, date_time)
+
+    zip.close()
+
+    return zip_filename
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90db748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+"""
+Create a wheel (.whl) distribution.
+
+A wheel is a built archive format.
+"""
+
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import subprocess
+import warnings
+import shutil
+import json
+import wheel
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
+    # Python < 2.7
+    import distutils.sysconfig as sysconfig
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+safe_name = pkg_resources.safe_name
+safe_version = pkg_resources.safe_version
+
+from shutil import rmtree
+from email.generator import Generator
+
+from distutils.util import get_platform
+from distutils.core import Command
+from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_version
+
+from distutils import log as logger
+
+from .pep425tags import get_abbr_impl, get_impl_ver, get_abi_tag
+from .util import native, open_for_csv
+from .archive import archive_wheelfile
+from .pkginfo import read_pkg_info, write_pkg_info
+from .metadata import pkginfo_to_dict
+from . import pep425tags, metadata
+
+def safer_name(name):
+    return safe_name(name).replace('-', '_')
+
+def safer_version(version):
+    return safe_version(version).replace('-', '_')
+
+class bdist_wheel(Command):
+
+    description = 'create a wheel distribution'
+
+    user_options = [('bdist-dir=', 'b',
+                     "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+                    ('plat-name=', 'p',
+                     "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+                     "(default: %s)" % get_platform()),
+                    ('keep-temp', 'k',
+                     "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after " +
+                     "creating the distribution archive"),
+                    ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+                     "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+                    ('skip-build', None,
+                     "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+                    ('relative', None,
+                     "build the archive using relative paths"
+                     "(default: false)"),
+                    ('owner=', 'u',
+                     "Owner name used when creating a tar file"
+                     " [default: current user]"),
+                    ('group=', 'g',
+                     "Group name used when creating a tar file"
+                     " [default: current group]"),
+                    ('universal', None,
+                     "make a universal wheel"
+                     " (default: false)"),
+                    ('python-tag=', None,
+                     "Python implementation compatibility tag"
+                     " (default: py%s)" % get_impl_ver()[0]),
+                    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'relative', 'universal']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.data_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.plat_tag = None
+        self.format = 'zip'
+        self.keep_temp = False
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.distinfo_dir = None
+        self.egginfo_dir = None
+        self.root_is_pure = None
+        self.skip_build = None
+        self.relative = False
+        self.owner = None
+        self.group = None
+        self.universal = False
+        self.python_tag = 'py' + get_impl_ver()[0]
+        self.plat_name_supplied = False
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'wheel')
+
+        self.data_dir = self.wheel_dist_name + '.data'
+        self.plat_name_supplied = self.plat_name is not None
+
+        need_options = ('dist_dir', 'plat_name', 'skip_build')
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist',
+                                   *zip(need_options, need_options))
+
+        self.root_is_pure = not (self.distribution.has_ext_modules()
+                                 or self.distribution.has_c_libraries())
+
+        # Support legacy [wheel] section for setting universal
+        wheel = self.distribution.get_option_dict('wheel')
+        if 'universal' in wheel:
+            # please don't define this in your global configs
+            val = wheel['universal'][1].strip()
+            if val.lower() in ('1', 'true', 'yes'):
+                self.universal = True
+
+    @property
+    def wheel_dist_name(self):
+        """Return distribution full name with - replaced with _"""
+        return '-'.join((safer_name(self.distribution.get_name()),
+                         safer_version(self.distribution.get_version())))
+
+    def get_tag(self):
+        # bdist sets self.plat_name if unset, we should only use it for purepy
+        # wheels if the user supplied it.
+        if self.plat_name_supplied:
+            plat_name = self.plat_name
+        elif self.root_is_pure:
+            plat_name = 'any'
+        else:
+            plat_name = self.plat_name or get_platform()
+        plat_name = plat_name.replace('-', '_').replace('.', '_')
+
+        if self.root_is_pure:
+            if self.universal:
+                impl = 'py2.py3'
+            else:
+                impl = self.python_tag
+            tag = (impl, 'none', plat_name)
+        else:
+            impl_name = get_abbr_impl()
+            impl_ver = get_impl_ver()
+            # PEP 3149
+            abi_tag = str(get_abi_tag()).lower()
+            tag = (impl_name + impl_ver, abi_tag, plat_name)
+            supported_tags = pep425tags.get_supported(
+                supplied_platform=plat_name if self.plat_name_supplied else None)
+            # XXX switch to this alternate implementation for non-pure:
+            assert tag == supported_tags[0]
+        return tag
+
+    def get_archive_basename(self):
+        """Return archive name without extension"""
+
+        impl_tag, abi_tag, plat_tag = self.get_tag()
+
+        archive_basename = "%s-%s-%s-%s" % (
+            self.wheel_dist_name,
+            impl_tag,
+            abi_tag,
+            plat_tag)
+        return archive_basename
+
+    def run(self):
+        build_scripts = self.reinitialize_command('build_scripts')
+        build_scripts.executable = 'python'
+
+        if not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build')
+
+        install = self.reinitialize_command('install',
+                                            reinit_subcommands=True)
+        install.root = self.bdist_dir
+        install.compile = False
+        install.skip_build = self.skip_build
+        install.warn_dir = False
+
+        # A wheel without setuptools scripts is more cross-platform.
+        # Use the (undocumented) `no_ep` option to setuptools'
+        # install_scripts command to avoid creating entry point scripts.
+        install_scripts = self.reinitialize_command('install_scripts')
+        install_scripts.no_ep = True
+
+        # Use a custom scheme for the archive, because we have to decide
+        # at installation time which scheme to use.
+        for key in ('headers', 'scripts', 'data', 'purelib', 'platlib'):
+            setattr(install,
+                    'install_' + key,
+                    os.path.join(self.data_dir, key))
+
+        basedir_observed = ''
+
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            # win32 barfs if any of these are ''; could be '.'?
+            # (distutils.command.install:change_roots bug)
+            basedir_observed = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.data_dir, '..'))
+            self.install_libbase = self.install_lib = basedir_observed
+
+        setattr(install,
+                'install_purelib' if self.root_is_pure else 'install_platlib',
+                basedir_observed)
+
+        logger.info("installing to %s", self.bdist_dir)
+
+        self.run_command('install')
+
+        archive_basename = self.get_archive_basename()
+
+        pseudoinstall_root = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, archive_basename)
+        if not self.relative:
+            archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        else:
+            archive_root = os.path.join(
+                self.bdist_dir,
+                self._ensure_relative(install.install_base))
+
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_egg_info', ('target', 'egginfo_dir'))
+        self.distinfo_dir = os.path.join(self.bdist_dir,
+                                         '%s.dist-info' % self.wheel_dist_name)
+        self.egg2dist(self.egginfo_dir,
+                      self.distinfo_dir)
+
+        self.write_wheelfile(self.distinfo_dir)
+
+        self.write_record(self.bdist_dir, self.distinfo_dir)
+
+        # Make the archive
+        if not os.path.exists(self.dist_dir):
+            os.makedirs(self.dist_dir)
+        wheel_name = archive_wheelfile(pseudoinstall_root, archive_root)
+
+        # Sign the archive
+        if 'WHEEL_TOOL' in os.environ:
+            subprocess.call([os.environ['WHEEL_TOOL'], 'sign', wheel_name])
+
+        # Add to 'Distribution.dist_files' so that the "upload" command works
+        getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', []).append(
+            ('bdist_wheel', get_python_version(), wheel_name))
+
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            if self.dry_run:
+                logger.info('removing %s', self.bdist_dir)
+            else:
+                rmtree(self.bdist_dir)
+
+    def write_wheelfile(self, wheelfile_base, generator='bdist_wheel (' + wheel.__version__ + ')'):
+        from email.message import Message
+        msg = Message()
+        msg['Wheel-Version'] = '1.0'  # of the spec
+        msg['Generator'] = generator
+        msg['Root-Is-Purelib'] = str(self.root_is_pure).lower()
+
+        # Doesn't work for bdist_wininst
+        impl_tag, abi_tag, plat_tag = self.get_tag()
+        for impl in impl_tag.split('.'):
+            for abi in abi_tag.split('.'):
+                for plat in plat_tag.split('.'):
+                    msg['Tag'] = '-'.join((impl, abi, plat))
+
+        wheelfile_path = os.path.join(wheelfile_base, 'WHEEL')
+        logger.info('creating %s', wheelfile_path)
+        with open(wheelfile_path, 'w') as f:
+            Generator(f, maxheaderlen=0).flatten(msg)
+
+    def _ensure_relative(self, path):
+        # copied from dir_util, deleted
+        drive, path = os.path.splitdrive(path)
+        if path[0:1] == os.sep:
+            path = drive + path[1:]
+        return path
+
+    def _pkginfo_to_metadata(self, egg_info_path, pkginfo_path):
+        return metadata.pkginfo_to_metadata(egg_info_path, pkginfo_path)
+
+    def license_file(self):
+        """Return license filename from a license-file key in setup.cfg, or None."""
+        metadata = self.distribution.get_option_dict('metadata')
+        if not 'license_file' in metadata:
+            return None
+        return metadata['license_file'][1]
+
+    def setupcfg_requirements(self):
+        """Generate requirements from setup.cfg as
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'requirement; qualifier') tuples. From a metadata
+        section in setup.cfg:
+
+        [metadata]
+        provides-extra = extra1
+            extra2
+        requires-dist = requirement; qualifier
+            another; qualifier2
+            unqualified
+
+        Yields
+
+        ('Provides-Extra', 'extra1'),
+        ('Provides-Extra', 'extra2'),
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'requirement; qualifier'),
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'another; qualifier2'),
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'unqualified')
+        """
+        metadata = self.distribution.get_option_dict('metadata')
+
+        # our .ini parser folds - to _ in key names:
+        for key, title in (('provides_extra', 'Provides-Extra'),
+                           ('requires_dist', 'Requires-Dist')):
+            if not key in metadata:
+                continue
+            field = metadata[key]
+            for line in field[1].splitlines():
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+                yield (title, line)
+
+    def add_requirements(self, metadata_path):
+        """Add additional requirements from setup.cfg to file metadata_path"""
+        additional = list(self.setupcfg_requirements())
+        if not additional: return
+        pkg_info = read_pkg_info(metadata_path)
+        if 'Provides-Extra' in pkg_info or 'Requires-Dist' in pkg_info:
+            warnings.warn('setup.cfg requirements overwrite values from setup.py')
+            del pkg_info['Provides-Extra']
+            del pkg_info['Requires-Dist']
+        for k, v in additional:
+            pkg_info[k] = v
+        write_pkg_info(metadata_path, pkg_info)
+
+    def egg2dist(self, egginfo_path, distinfo_path):
+        """Convert an .egg-info directory into a .dist-info directory"""
+        def adios(p):
+            """Appropriately delete directory, file or link."""
+            if os.path.exists(p) and not os.path.islink(p) and os.path.isdir(p):
+                shutil.rmtree(p)
+            elif os.path.exists(p):
+                os.unlink(p)
+
+        adios(distinfo_path)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(egginfo_path):
+            # There is no egg-info. This is probably because the egg-info
+            # file/directory is not named matching the distribution name used
+            # to name the archive file. Check for this case and report
+            # accordingly.
+            import glob
+            pat = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(egginfo_path), '*.egg-info')
+            possible = glob.glob(pat)
+            err = "Egg metadata expected at %s but not found" % (egginfo_path,)
+            if possible:
+                alt = os.path.basename(possible[0])
+                err += " (%s found - possible misnamed archive file?)" % (alt,)
+
+            raise ValueError(err)
+
+        if os.path.isfile(egginfo_path):
+            # .egg-info is a single file
+            pkginfo_path = egginfo_path
+            pkg_info = self._pkginfo_to_metadata(egginfo_path, egginfo_path)
+            os.mkdir(distinfo_path)
+        else:
+            # .egg-info is a directory
+            pkginfo_path = os.path.join(egginfo_path, 'PKG-INFO')
+            pkg_info = self._pkginfo_to_metadata(egginfo_path, pkginfo_path)
+
+            # ignore common egg metadata that is useless to wheel
+            shutil.copytree(egginfo_path, distinfo_path,
+                            ignore=lambda x, y: set(('PKG-INFO',
+                                                     'requires.txt',
+                                                     'SOURCES.txt',
+                                                     'not-zip-safe',)))
+
+            # delete dependency_links if it is only whitespace
+            dependency_links_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'dependency_links.txt')
+            with open(dependency_links_path, 'r') as dependency_links_file:
+                dependency_links = dependency_links_file.read().strip()
+            if not dependency_links:
+                adios(dependency_links_path)
+
+        write_pkg_info(os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'METADATA'), pkg_info)
+
+        # XXX deprecated. Still useful for current distribute/setuptools.
+        metadata_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'METADATA')
+        self.add_requirements(metadata_path)
+
+        # XXX intentionally a different path than the PEP.
+        metadata_json_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'metadata.json')
+        pymeta = pkginfo_to_dict(metadata_path,
+                                 distribution=self.distribution)
+
+        if 'description' in pymeta:
+            description_filename = 'DESCRIPTION.rst'
+            description_text = pymeta.pop('description')
+            description_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path,
+                                            description_filename)
+            with open(description_path, "wb") as description_file:
+                description_file.write(description_text.encode('utf-8'))
+            pymeta['extensions']['python.details']['document_names']['description'] = description_filename
+
+        # XXX heuristically copy any LICENSE/LICENSE.txt?
+        license = self.license_file()
+        if license:
+            license_filename = 'LICENSE.txt'
+            shutil.copy(license, os.path.join(self.distinfo_dir, license_filename))
+            pymeta['extensions']['python.details']['document_names']['license'] = license_filename
+
+        with open(metadata_json_path, "w") as metadata_json:
+            json.dump(pymeta, metadata_json, sort_keys=True)
+
+        adios(egginfo_path)
+
+    def write_record(self, bdist_dir, distinfo_dir):
+        from wheel.util import urlsafe_b64encode
+
+        record_path = os.path.join(distinfo_dir, 'RECORD')
+        record_relpath = os.path.relpath(record_path, bdist_dir)
+
+        def walk():
+            for dir, dirs, files in os.walk(bdist_dir):
+                dirs.sort()
+                for f in sorted(files):
+                    yield os.path.join(dir, f)
+
+        def skip(path):
+            """Wheel hashes every possible file."""
+            return (path == record_relpath)
+
+        with open_for_csv(record_path, 'w+') as record_file:
+            writer = csv.writer(record_file)
+            for path in walk():
+                relpath = os.path.relpath(path, bdist_dir)
+                if skip(relpath):
+                    hash = ''
+                    size = ''
+                else:
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                        data = f.read()
+                    digest = hashlib.sha256(data).digest()
+                    hash = 'sha256=' + native(urlsafe_b64encode(digest))
+                    size = len(data)
+                record_path = os.path.relpath(
+                    path, bdist_dir).replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+                writer.writerow((record_path, hash, size))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/decorator.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4b56d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# from Pyramid
+
+
+class reify(object):
+    """Put the result of a method which uses this (non-data)
+    descriptor decorator in the instance dict after the first call,
+    effectively replacing the decorator with an instance variable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+        self.__doc__ = wrapped.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(self, inst, objtype=None):
+        if inst is None:
+            return self
+        val = self.wrapped(inst)
+        setattr(inst, self.wrapped.__name__, val)
+        return val
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf919c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import os.path
+import re
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import wheel.bdist_wheel
+import shutil
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.archive_util import make_archive
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from glob import iglob
+
+egg_info_re = re.compile(r'''(?P<name>.+?)-(?P<ver>.+?)
+    (-(?P<pyver>.+?))?(-(?P<arch>.+?))?.egg''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+def egg2wheel(egg_path, dest_dir):
+    egg_info = egg_info_re.match(os.path.basename(egg_path)).groupdict()
+    dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix="_e2w")
+    if os.path.isfile(egg_path):
+        # assume we have a bdist_egg otherwise
+        egg = zipfile.ZipFile(egg_path)
+        egg.extractall(dir)
+    else:
+        # support buildout-style installed eggs directories
+        for pth in os.listdir(egg_path):
+            src = os.path.join(egg_path, pth)
+            if os.path.isfile(src):
+                shutil.copy2(src, dir)
+            else:
+                shutil.copytree(src, os.path.join(dir, pth))
+
+    dist_info = "%s-%s" % (egg_info['name'], egg_info['ver'])
+    abi = 'none'
+    pyver = egg_info['pyver'].replace('.', '')
+    arch = (egg_info['arch'] or 'any').replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    if arch != 'any':
+        # assume all binary eggs are for CPython
+        pyver = 'cp' + pyver[2:]
+    wheel_name = '-'.join((
+                          dist_info,
+                          pyver,
+                          abi,
+                          arch
+                          ))
+    bw = wheel.bdist_wheel.bdist_wheel(distutils.dist.Distribution())
+    bw.root_is_purelib = egg_info['arch'] is None
+    dist_info_dir = os.path.join(dir, '%s.dist-info' % dist_info)
+    bw.egg2dist(os.path.join(dir, 'EGG-INFO'),
+                dist_info_dir)
+    bw.write_wheelfile(dist_info_dir, generator='egg2wheel')
+    bw.write_record(dir, dist_info_dir)
+    filename = make_archive(os.path.join(dest_dir, wheel_name), 'zip', root_dir=dir)
+    os.rename(filename, filename[:-3] + 'whl')
+    shutil.rmtree(dir)
+
+def main():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('eggs', nargs='*', help="Eggs to convert")
+    parser.add_argument('--dest-dir', '-d', default=os.path.curdir,
+            help="Directory to store wheels (default %(default)s)")
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    for pat in args.eggs:
+        for egg in iglob(pat):
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("{0}... ".format(egg))
+            egg2wheel(egg, args.dest_dir)
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("OK\n")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d422120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+vcard-0.7.8-py2.7.egg
+qtalchemy-0.7.1-py2.7.egg
+AMQPDeliver-0.1-py2.7.egg
+infi.registry-0.1.1-py2.7.egg
+infi.instruct-0.5.5-py2.7.egg
+infi.devicemanager-0.1.2-py2.7.egg
+TracTixSummary-1.0-py2.7.egg
+ToscaWidgets-0.9.12-py2.7.egg
+archipel_agent_iphone_notification-0.5.0beta-py2.7.egg
+archipel_agent_action_scheduler-0.5.0beta-py2.7.egg
+ao.social-1.0.2-py2.7.egg
+apgl-0.7-py2.7.egg
+satchmo_payment_payworld-0.1.1-py2.7.egg
+snmpsim-0.1.3-py2.7.egg
+sshim-0.2-py2.7.egg
+shove-0.3.4-py2.7.egg
+simpleavro-0.3.0-py2.7.egg
+wkhtmltopdf-0.2-py2.7.egg
+wokkel-0.7.0-py2.7.egg
+jmbo_social-0.0.6-py2.7.egg
+jmbo_post-0.0.6-py2.7.egg
+jcrack-0.0.2-py2.7.egg
+riak-1.4.0-py2.7.egg
+restclient-0.10.2-py2.7.egg
+Sutekh-0.8.1-py2.7.egg
+trayify-0.0.1-py2.7.egg
+tweepy-1.9-py2.7.egg
+topzootools-0.2.1-py2.7.egg
+haystack-0.16-py2.7.egg
+zope.interface-4.0.1-py2.7-win32.egg
+neuroshare-0.8.5-py2.7-macosx-10.7-intel.egg
+ndg_httpsclient-0.2.0-py2.7.egg
+libtele-0.3-py2.7.egg
+litex.cxpool-1.0.2-py2.7.egg
+obspy.iris-0.5.1-py2.7.egg
+obspy.mseed-0.6.1-py2.7-win32.egg
+obspy.core-0.6.2-py2.7.egg
+CorePost-0.0.3-py2.7.egg
+fnordstalk-0.0.3-py2.7.egg
+Persistence-2.13.2-py2.7-win32.egg
+Pydap-3.1.RC1-py2.7.egg
+PyExecJS-1.0.4-py2.7.egg
+Wally-0.7.2-py2.7.egg
+ExtensionClass-4.0a1-py2.7-win32.egg
+Feedjack-0.9.16-py2.7.egg
+Mars24-0.3.9-py2.7.egg
+HalWeb-0.6.0-py2.7.egg
+DARE-0.7.140-py2.7.egg
+macholib-1.3-py2.7.egg
+marrow.wsgi.egress.compression-1.1-py2.7.egg
+mcs-0.3.7-py2.7.egg
+Kook-0.6.0-py2.7.egg
+er-0.1-py2.7.egg
+evasion_director-1.1.4-py2.7.egg
+djquery-0.1a-py2.7.egg
+django_factory-0.7-py2.7.egg
+django_gizmo-0.0.3-py2.7.egg
+django_category-0.1-py2.7.egg
+dbwrap-0.3.2-py2.7.egg
+django_supergeneric-1.0-py2.7.egg
+django_dynamo-0.25-py2.7.egg
+django_acollabauth-0.1-py2.7.egg
+django_qrlink-0.1.0-py2.7.egg
+django_addons-0.6.6-py2.7.egg
+cover_grabber-1.1.2-py2.7.egg
+chem-1.1-py2.7.egg
+crud-0.1-py2.7.egg
+bongo-0.1-py2.7.egg
+bytecodehacks-April2000-py2.7.egg
+greenlet-0.3.4-py2.7-win32.egg
+ginvoke-0.3.1-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_ScriptingBridge-2.3-py2.7.egg
+pecan-0.2.0a-py2.7.egg
+pyress-0.2.0-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_PubSub-2.3-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_ExceptionHandling-2.3-py2.7.egg
+pywps-trunk-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_CFNetwork-2.3-py2.7-macosx-10.6-fat.egg
+py.saunter-0.40-py2.7.egg
+pyfnordmetric-0.0.1-py2.7.egg
+pyws-1.1.1-py2.7.egg
+prestapyt-0.4.0-py2.7.egg
+passlib-1.5.3-py2.7.egg
+pyga-2.1-py2.7.egg
+pygithub3-0.3-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_OpenDirectory-2.3-py2.7.egg
+yaposib-0.2.75-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af6d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+"""
+Operations on existing wheel files, including basic installation. 
+"""
+# XXX see patched pip to install
+
+import sys
+import warnings
+import os.path
+import re
+import zipfile
+import hashlib
+import csv
+
+import shutil
+
+try:
+    _big_number = sys.maxsize
+except NameError:
+    _big_number = sys.maxint
+
+from wheel.decorator import reify
+from wheel.util import (urlsafe_b64encode, from_json, urlsafe_b64decode,
+                        native, binary, HashingFile)
+from wheel import signatures
+from wheel.pkginfo import read_pkg_info_bytes
+from wheel.util import open_for_csv
+
+from .pep425tags import get_supported
+from .paths import get_install_paths
+
+# The next major version after this version of the 'wheel' tool:
+VERSION_TOO_HIGH = (1, 0)
+
+# Non-greedy matching of an optional build number may be too clever (more
+# invalid wheel filenames will match). Separate regex for .dist-info?
+WHEEL_INFO_RE = re.compile(
+    r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>.+?)(-(?P<ver>\d.+?))?)
+    ((-(?P<build>\d.*?))?-(?P<pyver>.+?)-(?P<abi>.+?)-(?P<plat>.+?)
+    \.whl|\.dist-info)$""",
+    re.VERBOSE).match
+
+def parse_version(version):
+    """Use parse_version from pkg_resources or distutils as available."""
+    global parse_version
+    try:
+        from pkg_resources import parse_version
+    except ImportError:
+        from distutils.version import LooseVersion as parse_version
+    return parse_version(version)
+
+class BadWheelFile(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class WheelFile(object):
+    """Parse wheel-specific attributes from a wheel (.whl) file and offer
+    basic installation and verification support.
+    
+    WheelFile can be used to simply parse a wheel filename by avoiding the
+    methods that require the actual file contents."""
+
+    WHEEL_INFO = "WHEEL"
+    RECORD = "RECORD"
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 filename,
+                 fp=None,
+                 append=False,
+                 context=get_supported):
+        """
+        :param fp: A seekable file-like object or None to open(filename).
+        :param append: Open archive in append mode.
+        :param context: Function returning list of supported tags. Wheels
+        must have the same context to be sortable.
+        """
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.fp = fp
+        self.append = append
+        self.context = context
+        basename = os.path.basename(filename)
+        self.parsed_filename = WHEEL_INFO_RE(basename)
+        if not basename.endswith('.whl') or self.parsed_filename is None:
+            raise BadWheelFile("Bad filename '%s'" % filename)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.filename
+
+    @property
+    def distinfo_name(self):
+        return "%s.dist-info" % self.parsed_filename.group('namever')
+
+    @property
+    def datadir_name(self):
+        return "%s.data" % self.parsed_filename.group('namever')
+
+    @property
+    def record_name(self):
+        return "%s/%s" % (self.distinfo_name, self.RECORD)
+
+    @property
+    def wheelinfo_name(self):
+        return "%s/%s" % (self.distinfo_name, self.WHEEL_INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def tags(self):
+        """A wheel file is compatible with the Cartesian product of the
+        period-delimited tags in its filename.
+        To choose a wheel file among several candidates having the same
+        distribution version 'ver', an installer ranks each triple of
+        (pyver, abi, plat) that its Python installation can run, sorting
+        the wheels by the best-ranked tag it supports and then by their
+        arity which is just len(list(compatibility_tags)).
+        """
+        tags = self.parsed_filename.groupdict()
+        for pyver in tags['pyver'].split('.'):
+            for abi in tags['abi'].split('.'):
+                for plat in tags['plat'].split('.'):
+                    yield (pyver, abi, plat)
+
+    compatibility_tags = tags
+
+    @property
+    def arity(self):
+        """The number of compatibility tags the wheel declares."""
+        return len(list(self.compatibility_tags))
+
+    @property
+    def rank(self):
+        """
+        Lowest index of any of this wheel's tags in self.context(), and the
+        arity e.g. (0, 1)
+        """
+        return self.compatibility_rank(self.context())
+
+    @property
+    def compatible(self):
+        return self.rank[0] != _big_number  # bad API!
+
+    # deprecated:
+    def compatibility_rank(self, supported):
+        """Rank the wheel against the supported tags. Smaller ranks are more
+        compatible!
+
+        :param supported: A list of compatibility tags that the current
+            Python implemenation can run.
+        """
+        preferences = []
+        for tag in self.compatibility_tags:
+            try:
+                preferences.append(supported.index(tag))
+            # Tag not present
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        if len(preferences):
+            return (min(preferences), self.arity)
+        return (_big_number, 0)
+
+    # deprecated
+    def supports_current_python(self, x):
+        assert self.context == x, 'context mismatch'
+        return self.compatible
+
+    # Comparability.
+    # Wheels are equal if they refer to the same file.
+    # If two wheels are not equal, compare based on (in this order):
+    #   1. Name
+    #   2. Version
+    #   3. Compatibility rank
+    #   4. Filename (as a tiebreaker)
+    @property
+    def _sort_key(self):
+        return (self.parsed_filename.group('name'),
+                parse_version(self.parsed_filename.group('ver')),
+                tuple(-x for x in self.rank),
+                self.filename)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.filename == other.filename
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.filename != other.filename
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if self.context != other.context:
+            raise TypeError("{0}.context != {1}.context".format(self, other))
+
+        return self._sort_key < other._sort_key
+
+        # XXX prune
+
+        sn = self.parsed_filename.group('name')
+        on = other.parsed_filename.group('name')
+        if sn != on:
+            return sn < on
+        sv = parse_version(self.parsed_filename.group('ver'))
+        ov = parse_version(other.parsed_filename.group('ver'))
+        if sv != ov:
+            return sv < ov
+        # Compatibility
+        if self.context != other.context:
+            raise TypeError("{0}.context != {1}.context".format(self, other))
+        sc = self.rank
+        oc = other.rank
+        if sc != None and oc != None and sc != oc:
+            # Smaller compatibility ranks are "better" than larger ones,
+            # so we have to reverse the sense of the comparison here!
+            return sc > oc
+        elif sc == None and oc != None:
+            return False
+        return self.filename < other.filename
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return other < self
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self == other or self < other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self == other or other < self
+
+    #
+    # Methods using the file's contents:
+    #
+
+    @reify
+    def zipfile(self):
+        mode = "r"
+        if self.append:
+            mode = "a"
+        vzf = VerifyingZipFile(self.fp if self.fp else self.filename, mode)
+        if not self.append:
+            self.verify(vzf)
+        return vzf
+
+    @reify
+    def parsed_wheel_info(self):
+        """Parse wheel metadata (the .data/WHEEL file)"""
+        return read_pkg_info_bytes(self.zipfile.read(self.wheelinfo_name))
+
+    def check_version(self):
+        version = self.parsed_wheel_info['Wheel-Version']
+        if tuple(map(int, version.split('.'))) >= VERSION_TOO_HIGH:
+            raise ValueError("Wheel version is too high")
+
+    @reify
+    def install_paths(self):
+        """
+        Consult distutils to get the install paths for our dist.  A dict with
+        ('purelib', 'platlib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data').
+        
+        We use the name from our filename as the dist name, which means headers
+        could be installed in the wrong place if the filesystem-escaped name
+        is different than the Name.  Who cares? 
+        """
+        name = self.parsed_filename.group('name')
+        return get_install_paths(name)
+
+    def install(self, force=False, overrides={}):
+        """
+        Install the wheel into site-packages.
+        """
+
+        # Utility to get the target directory for a particular key
+        def get_path(key):
+            return overrides.get(key) or self.install_paths[key]
+
+        # The base target location is either purelib or platlib
+        if self.parsed_wheel_info['Root-Is-Purelib'] == 'true':
+            root = get_path('purelib')
+        else:
+            root = get_path('platlib')
+
+        # Parse all the names in the archive
+        name_trans = {}
+        for info in self.zipfile.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            # Zip files can contain entries representing directories.
+            # These end in a '/'.
+            # We ignore these, as we create directories on demand.
+            if name.endswith('/'):
+                continue
+
+            # Pathnames in a zipfile namelist are always /-separated.
+            # In theory, paths could start with ./ or have other oddities
+            # but this won't happen in practical cases of well-formed wheels.
+            # We'll cover the simple case of an initial './' as it's both easy
+            # to do and more common than most other oddities.
+            if name.startswith('./'):
+                name = name[2:]
+
+            # Split off the base directory to identify files that are to be
+            # installed in non-root locations
+            basedir, sep, filename = name.partition('/')
+            if sep and basedir == self.datadir_name:
+                # Data file. Target destination is elsewhere
+                key, sep, filename = filename.partition('/')
+                if not sep:
+                    raise ValueError("Invalid filename in wheel: {0}".format(name))
+                target = get_path(key)
+            else:
+                # Normal file. Target destination is root
+                key = ''
+                target = root
+                filename = name
+
+            # Map the actual filename from the zipfile to its intended target
+            # directory and the pathname relative to that directory.
+            dest = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(target, filename))
+            name_trans[info] = (key, target, filename, dest)
+
+        # We're now ready to start processing the actual install. The process
+        # is as follows:
+        #   1. Prechecks - is the wheel valid, is its declared architecture
+        #      OK, etc. [[Responsibility of the caller]]
+        #   2. Overwrite check - do any of the files to be installed already
+        #      exist?
+        #   3. Actual install - put the files in their target locations.
+        #   4. Update RECORD - write a suitably modified RECORD file to
+        #      reflect the actual installed paths.
+
+        if not force:
+            for info, v in name_trans.items():
+                k = info.filename
+                key, target, filename, dest = v
+                if os.path.exists(dest):
+                    raise ValueError("Wheel file {0} would overwrite {1}. Use force if this is intended".format(k, dest))
+
+        # Get the name of our executable, for use when replacing script
+        # wrapper hashbang lines.
+        # We encode it using getfilesystemencoding, as that is "the name of
+        # the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system file
+        # names".
+        exename = sys.executable.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        record_data = []
+        record_name = self.distinfo_name + '/RECORD'
+        for info, (key, target, filename, dest) in name_trans.items():
+            name = info.filename
+            source = self.zipfile.open(info)
+            # Skip the RECORD file
+            if name == record_name:
+                continue
+            ddir = os.path.dirname(dest)
+            if not os.path.isdir(ddir):
+                os.makedirs(ddir)
+            destination = HashingFile(open(dest, 'wb'))
+            if key == 'scripts':
+                hashbang = source.readline()
+                if hashbang.startswith(b'#!python'):
+                    hashbang = b'#!' + exename + binary(os.linesep)
+                destination.write(hashbang)
+            shutil.copyfileobj(source, destination)
+            reldest = os.path.relpath(dest, root)
+            reldest.replace(os.sep, '/')
+            record_data.append((reldest, destination.digest(), destination.length))
+            destination.close()
+            source.close()
+            # preserve attributes (especially +x bit for scripts)
+            attrs = info.external_attr >> 16
+            if attrs:  # tends to be 0 if Windows.
+                os.chmod(dest, info.external_attr >> 16)
+
+        record_name = os.path.join(root, self.record_name)
+        writer = csv.writer(open_for_csv(record_name, 'w+'))
+        for reldest, digest, length in sorted(record_data):
+            writer.writerow((reldest, digest, length))
+        writer.writerow((self.record_name, '', ''))
+
+    def verify(self, zipfile=None):
+        """Configure the VerifyingZipFile `zipfile` by verifying its signature 
+        and setting expected hashes for every hash in RECORD.
+        Caller must complete the verification process by completely reading 
+        every file in the archive (e.g. with extractall)."""
+        sig = None
+        if zipfile is None:
+            zipfile = self.zipfile
+        zipfile.strict = True
+
+        record_name = '/'.join((self.distinfo_name, 'RECORD'))
+        sig_name = '/'.join((self.distinfo_name, 'RECORD.jws'))
+        # tolerate s/mime signatures:
+        smime_sig_name = '/'.join((self.distinfo_name, 'RECORD.p7s'))
+        zipfile.set_expected_hash(record_name, None)
+        zipfile.set_expected_hash(sig_name, None)
+        zipfile.set_expected_hash(smime_sig_name, None)
+        record = zipfile.read(record_name)
+
+        record_digest = urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.sha256(record).digest())
+        try:
+            sig = from_json(native(zipfile.read(sig_name)))
+        except KeyError:  # no signature
+            pass
+        if sig:
+            headers, payload = signatures.verify(sig)
+            if payload['hash'] != "sha256=" + native(record_digest):
+                msg = "RECORD.sig claimed RECORD hash {0} != computed hash {1}."
+                raise BadWheelFile(msg.format(payload['hash'],
+                                              native(record_digest)))
+
+        reader = csv.reader((native(r) for r in record.splitlines()))
+
+        for row in reader:
+            filename = row[0]
+            hash = row[1]
+            if not hash:
+                if filename not in (record_name, sig_name):
+                    sys.stderr.write("%s has no hash!\n" % filename)
+                continue
+            algo, data = row[1].split('=', 1)
+            assert algo == "sha256", "Unsupported hash algorithm"
+            zipfile.set_expected_hash(filename, urlsafe_b64decode(binary(data)))
+
+
+class VerifyingZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """ZipFile that can assert that each of its extracted contents matches
+    an expected sha256 hash. Note that each file must be completly read in 
+    order for its hash to be checked."""
+
+    def __init__(self, file, mode="r",
+                 compression=zipfile.ZIP_STORED,
+                 allowZip64=False):
+        zipfile.ZipFile.__init__(self, file, mode, compression, allowZip64)
+
+        self.strict = False
+        self._expected_hashes = {}
+        self._hash_algorithm = hashlib.sha256
+
+    def set_expected_hash(self, name, hash):
+        """
+        :param name: name of zip entry
+        :param hash: bytes of hash (or None for "don't care")
+        """
+        self._expected_hashes[name] = hash
+
+    def open(self, name_or_info, mode="r", pwd=None):
+        """Return file-like object for 'name'."""
+        # A non-monkey-patched version would contain most of zipfile.py
+        ef = zipfile.ZipFile.open(self, name_or_info, mode, pwd)
+        if isinstance(name_or_info, zipfile.ZipInfo):
+            name = name_or_info.filename
+        else:
+            name = name_or_info
+        if (name in self._expected_hashes
+            and self._expected_hashes[name] != None):
+            expected_hash = self._expected_hashes[name]
+            try:
+                _update_crc_orig = ef._update_crc
+            except AttributeError:
+                warnings.warn('Need ZipExtFile._update_crc to implement '
+                              'file hash verification (in Python >= 2.7)')
+                return ef
+            running_hash = self._hash_algorithm()
+            if hasattr(ef, '_eof'):  # py33
+                def _update_crc(data):
+                    _update_crc_orig(data)
+                    running_hash.update(data)
+                    if ef._eof and running_hash.digest() != expected_hash:
+                        raise BadWheelFile("Bad hash for file %r" % ef.name)
+            else:
+                def _update_crc(data, eof=None):
+                    _update_crc_orig(data, eof=eof)
+                    running_hash.update(data)
+                    if eof and running_hash.digest() != expected_hash:
+                        raise BadWheelFile("Bad hash for file %r" % ef.name)
+            ef._update_crc = _update_crc
+        elif self.strict and name not in self._expected_hashes:
+            raise BadWheelFile("No expected hash for file %r" % ef.name)
+        return ef
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """Truncate the last file off this zipfile.
+        Assumes infolist() is in the same order as the files (true for
+        ordinary zip files created by Python)"""
+        if not self.fp:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                  "Attempt to pop from ZIP archive that was already closed")
+        last = self.infolist().pop()
+        del self.NameToInfo[last.filename]
+        self.fp.seek(last.header_offset, os.SEEK_SET)
+        self.fp.truncate()
+        self._didModify = True
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3cc65c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+"""
+Tools for converting old- to new-style metadata.
+"""
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from .pkginfo import read_pkg_info
+from .util import OrderedDefaultDict
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    OrderedDict = dict
+
+import re
+import os.path
+import textwrap
+import pkg_resources
+import email.parser
+import wheel
+
+METADATA_VERSION = "2.0"
+
+PLURAL_FIELDS = { "classifier" : "classifiers",
+                  "provides_dist" : "provides",
+                  "provides_extra" : "extras" }
+
+SKIP_FIELDS = set()
+
+CONTACT_FIELDS = (({"email":"author_email", "name": "author"},
+                    "author"),
+                  ({"email":"maintainer_email", "name": "maintainer"},
+                    "maintainer"))
+
+# commonly filled out as "UNKNOWN" by distutils:
+UNKNOWN_FIELDS = set(("author", "author_email", "platform", "home_page",
+                      "license"))
+
+# Wheel itself is probably the only program that uses non-extras markers
+# in METADATA/PKG-INFO. Support its syntax with the extra at the end only.
+EXTRA_RE = re.compile("""^(?P<package>.*?)(;\s*(?P<condition>.*?)(extra == '(?P<extra>.*?)')?)$""")
+KEYWORDS_RE = re.compile("[\0-,]+")
+
+MayRequiresKey = namedtuple('MayRequiresKey', ('condition', 'extra'))
+
+def unique(iterable):
+    """
+    Yield unique values in iterable, preserving order.
+    """
+    seen = set()
+    for value in iterable:
+        if not value in seen:
+            seen.add(value)
+            yield value
+
+
+def handle_requires(metadata, pkg_info, key):
+    """
+    Place the runtime requirements from pkg_info into metadata.
+    """
+    may_requires = OrderedDefaultDict(list)
+    for value in sorted(pkg_info.get_all(key)):
+        extra_match = EXTRA_RE.search(value)
+        if extra_match:
+            groupdict = extra_match.groupdict()
+            condition = groupdict['condition']
+            extra = groupdict['extra']
+            package = groupdict['package']
+            if condition.endswith(' and '):
+                condition = condition[:-5]
+        else:
+            condition, extra = None, None
+            package = value
+        key = MayRequiresKey(condition, extra)
+        may_requires[key].append(package)
+
+    if may_requires:
+        metadata['run_requires'] = []
+        def sort_key(item):
+            # Both condition and extra could be None, which can't be compared
+            # against strings in Python 3.
+            key, value = item
+            if key.condition is None:
+                return ''
+            return key.condition
+        for key, value in sorted(may_requires.items(), key=sort_key):
+            may_requirement = OrderedDict((('requires', value),))
+            if key.extra:
+                may_requirement['extra'] = key.extra
+            if key.condition:
+                may_requirement['environment'] = key.condition
+            metadata['run_requires'].append(may_requirement)
+
+        if not 'extras' in metadata:
+            metadata['extras'] = []
+        metadata['extras'].extend([key.extra for key in may_requires.keys() if key.extra])
+
+
+def pkginfo_to_dict(path, distribution=None):
+    """
+    Convert PKG-INFO to a prototype Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426) dict.
+
+    The description is included under the key ['description'] rather than
+    being written to a separate file.
+
+    path: path to PKG-INFO file
+    distribution: optional distutils Distribution()
+    """
+
+    metadata = OrderedDefaultDict(lambda: OrderedDefaultDict(lambda: OrderedDefaultDict(OrderedDict)))
+    metadata["generator"] = "bdist_wheel (" + wheel.__version__ + ")"
+    try:
+        unicode
+        pkg_info = read_pkg_info(path)
+    except NameError:
+        pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(open(path, 'rb').read().decode('utf-8'))
+    description = None
+
+    if pkg_info['Summary']:
+        metadata['summary'] = pkginfo_unicode(pkg_info, 'Summary')
+        del pkg_info['Summary']
+
+    if pkg_info['Description']:
+        description = dedent_description(pkg_info)
+        del pkg_info['Description']
+    else:
+        payload = pkg_info.get_payload()
+        if isinstance(payload, bytes):
+            # Avoid a Python 2 Unicode error.
+            # We still suffer ? glyphs on Python 3.
+            payload = payload.decode('utf-8')
+        if payload:
+            description = payload
+
+    if description:
+        pkg_info['description'] = description
+
+    for key in sorted(unique(k.lower() for k in pkg_info.keys())):
+        low_key = key.replace('-', '_')
+
+        if low_key in SKIP_FIELDS:
+            continue
+
+        if low_key in UNKNOWN_FIELDS and pkg_info.get(key) == 'UNKNOWN':
+            continue
+
+        if low_key in sorted(PLURAL_FIELDS):
+            metadata[PLURAL_FIELDS[low_key]] = pkg_info.get_all(key)
+
+        elif low_key == "requires_dist":
+            handle_requires(metadata, pkg_info, key)
+
+        elif low_key == 'provides_extra':
+            if not 'extras' in metadata:
+                metadata['extras'] = []
+            metadata['extras'].extend(pkg_info.get_all(key))
+
+        elif low_key == 'home_page':
+            metadata['extensions']['python.details']['project_urls'] = {'Home':pkg_info[key]}
+
+        elif low_key == 'keywords':
+            metadata['keywords'] = KEYWORDS_RE.split(pkg_info[key])
+
+        else:
+            metadata[low_key] = pkg_info[key]
+
+    metadata['metadata_version'] = METADATA_VERSION
+
+    if 'extras' in metadata:
+        metadata['extras'] = sorted(set(metadata['extras']))
+
+    # include more information if distribution is available
+    if distribution:
+        for requires, attr in (('test_requires', 'tests_require'),):
+            try:
+                requirements = getattr(distribution, attr)
+                if isinstance(requirements, list):
+                    new_requirements = sorted(convert_requirements(requirements))
+                    metadata[requires] = [{'requires':new_requirements}]
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+    # handle contacts
+    contacts = []
+    for contact_type, role in CONTACT_FIELDS:
+        contact = OrderedDict()
+        for key in sorted(contact_type):
+            if contact_type[key] in metadata:
+                contact[key] = metadata.pop(contact_type[key])
+        if contact:
+            contact['role'] = role
+            contacts.append(contact)
+    if contacts:
+        metadata['extensions']['python.details']['contacts'] = contacts
+
+    # convert entry points to exports
+    try:
+        with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), "entry_points.txt"), "r") as ep_file:
+            ep_map = pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse_map(ep_file.read())
+        exports = OrderedDict()
+        for group, items in sorted(ep_map.items()):
+            exports[group] = OrderedDict()
+            for item in sorted(map(str, items.values())):
+                name, export = item.split(' = ', 1)
+                exports[group][name] = export
+        if exports:
+            metadata['extensions']['python.exports'] = exports
+    except IOError:
+        pass
+
+    # copy console_scripts entry points to commands
+    if 'python.exports' in metadata['extensions']:
+        for (ep_script, wrap_script) in (('console_scripts', 'wrap_console'),
+                                         ('gui_scripts', 'wrap_gui')):
+            if ep_script in metadata['extensions']['python.exports']:
+                metadata['extensions']['python.commands'][wrap_script] = \
+                    metadata['extensions']['python.exports'][ep_script]
+
+    return metadata
+
+def requires_to_requires_dist(requirement):
+    """Compose the version predicates for requirement in PEP 345 fashion."""
+    requires_dist = []
+    for op, ver in requirement.specs:
+        requires_dist.append(op + ver)
+    if not requires_dist:
+        return ''
+    return " (%s)" % ','.join(requires_dist)
+
+def convert_requirements(requirements):
+    """Yield Requires-Dist: strings for parsed requirements strings."""
+    for req in requirements:
+        parsed_requirement = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(req)
+        spec = requires_to_requires_dist(parsed_requirement)
+        extras = ",".join(parsed_requirement.extras)
+        if extras:
+            extras = "[%s]" % extras
+        yield (parsed_requirement.project_name + extras + spec)
+
+def pkginfo_to_metadata(egg_info_path, pkginfo_path):
+    """
+    Convert .egg-info directory with PKG-INFO to the Metadata 1.3 aka
+    old-draft Metadata 2.0 format.
+    """
+    pkg_info = read_pkg_info(pkginfo_path)
+    pkg_info.replace_header('Metadata-Version', '2.0')
+    requires_path = os.path.join(egg_info_path, 'requires.txt')
+    if os.path.exists(requires_path):
+        requires = open(requires_path).read()
+        for extra, reqs in sorted(pkg_resources.split_sections(requires),
+                                  key=lambda x: x[0] or ''):
+            condition = ''
+            if extra and ':' in extra: # setuptools extra:condition syntax
+                extra, condition = extra.split(':', 1)
+            if extra:
+                pkg_info['Provides-Extra'] = extra
+                if condition:
+                    condition += " and "
+                condition += 'extra == %s' % repr(extra)
+            if condition:
+                condition = '; ' + condition
+            for new_req in sorted(convert_requirements(reqs)):
+                pkg_info['Requires-Dist'] = new_req + condition
+
+    description = pkg_info['Description']
+    if description:
+        pkg_info.set_payload(dedent_description(pkg_info))
+        del pkg_info['Description']
+
+    return pkg_info
+
+
+def pkginfo_unicode(pkg_info, field):
+    """Hack to coax Unicode out of an email Message() - Python 3.3+"""
+    text = pkg_info[field]
+    field = field.lower()
+    if not isinstance(text, str):
+        if not hasattr(pkg_info, 'raw_items'):  # Python 3.2
+            return str(text)
+        for item in pkg_info.raw_items():
+            if item[0].lower() == field:
+                text = item[1].encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')\
+                                      .decode('utf-8')
+                break
+
+    return text
+
+
+def dedent_description(pkg_info):
+    """
+    Dedent and convert pkg_info['Description'] to Unicode.
+    """
+    description = pkg_info['Description']
+
+    # Python 3 Unicode handling, sorta.
+    surrogates = False
+    if not isinstance(description, str):
+        surrogates = True
+        description = pkginfo_unicode(pkg_info, 'Description')
+
+    description_lines = description.splitlines()
+    description_dedent = '\n'.join(
+            # if the first line of long_description is blank,
+            # the first line here will be indented.
+            (description_lines[0].lstrip(),
+             textwrap.dedent('\n'.join(description_lines[1:])),
+             '\n'))
+
+    if surrogates:
+        description_dedent = description_dedent\
+                .encode("utf8")\
+                .decode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
+
+    return description_dedent
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys, pprint
+    pprint.pprint(pkginfo_to_dict(sys.argv[1]))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe3dfd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""
+Installation paths.
+
+Map the .data/ subdirectory names to install paths.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import sys
+import distutils.dist as dist
+import distutils.command.install as install
+
+def get_install_command(name):
+    # late binding due to potential monkeypatching
+    d = dist.Distribution({'name':name})
+    i = install.install(d)
+    i.finalize_options()
+    return i
+
+def get_install_paths(name):
+    """
+    Return the (distutils) install paths for the named dist.
+    
+    A dict with ('purelib', 'platlib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data') keys.
+    """
+    paths = {}
+
+    i = get_install_command(name)
+
+    for key in install.SCHEME_KEYS:
+        paths[key] = getattr(i, 'install_' + key)
+
+    # pip uses a similar path as an alternative to the system's (read-only)
+    # include directory:
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):  # virtualenv
+        paths['headers'] = os.path.join(sys.prefix,
+                                        'include',
+                                        'site',
+                                        'python' + sys.version[:3],
+                                        name)
+
+    return paths
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..106c879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""Generate and work with PEP 425 Compatibility Tags."""
+
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
+    # Python < 2.7
+    import distutils.sysconfig as sysconfig
+import distutils.util
+
+
+def get_config_var(var):
+    try:
+        return sysconfig.get_config_var(var)
+    except IOError as e:  # pip Issue #1074
+        warnings.warn("{0}".format(e), RuntimeWarning)
+        return None
+
+
+def get_abbr_impl():
+    """Return abbreviated implementation name."""
+    if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+        pyimpl = 'pp'
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        pyimpl = 'jy'
+    elif sys.platform == 'cli':
+        pyimpl = 'ip'
+    else:
+        pyimpl = 'cp'
+    return pyimpl
+
+
+def get_impl_ver():
+    """Return implementation version."""
+    impl_ver = get_config_var("py_version_nodot")
+    if not impl_ver or get_abbr_impl() == 'pp':
+        impl_ver = ''.join(map(str, get_impl_version_info()))
+    return impl_ver
+
+
+def get_impl_version_info():
+    """Return sys.version_info-like tuple for use in decrementing the minor
+    version."""
+    if get_abbr_impl() == 'pp':
+        # as per https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/2882
+        return (sys.version_info[0], sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+                sys.pypy_version_info.minor)
+    else:
+        return sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]
+
+
+def get_flag(var, fallback, expected=True, warn=True):
+    """Use a fallback method for determining SOABI flags if the needed config
+    var is unset or unavailable."""
+    val = get_config_var(var)
+    if val is None:
+        if warn:
+            warnings.warn("Config variable '{0}' is unset, Python ABI tag may "
+                          "be incorrect".format(var), RuntimeWarning, 2)
+        return fallback()
+    return val == expected
+
+
+def get_abi_tag():
+    """Return the ABI tag based on SOABI (if available) or emulate SOABI
+    (CPython 2, PyPy)."""
+    soabi = get_config_var('SOABI')
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+    if not soabi and impl in ('cp', 'pp') and hasattr(sys, 'maxunicode'):
+        d = ''
+        m = ''
+        u = ''
+        if get_flag('Py_DEBUG',
+                    lambda: hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'),
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp')):
+            d = 'd'
+        if get_flag('WITH_PYMALLOC',
+                    lambda: impl == 'cp',
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp')):
+            m = 'm'
+        if get_flag('Py_UNICODE_SIZE',
+                    lambda: sys.maxunicode == 0x10ffff,
+                    expected=4,
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp' and
+                          sys.version_info < (3, 3))) \
+                and sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+            u = 'u'
+        abi = '%s%s%s%s%s' % (impl, get_impl_ver(), d, m, u)
+    elif soabi and soabi.startswith('cpython-'):
+        abi = 'cp' + soabi.split('-')[1]
+    elif soabi:
+        abi = soabi.replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    else:
+        abi = None
+    return abi
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """Return our platform name 'win32', 'linux_x86_64'"""
+    # XXX remove distutils dependency
+    return distutils.util.get_platform().replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+
+
+def get_supported(versions=None, supplied_platform=None):
+    """Return a list of supported tags for each version specified in
+    `versions`.
+
+    :param versions: a list of string versions, of the form ["33", "32"], 
+        or None. The first version will be assumed to support our ABI.
+    """
+    supported = []
+    
+    # Versions must be given with respect to the preference
+    if versions is None:
+        versions = []
+        version_info = get_impl_version_info()
+        major = version_info[:-1]
+        # Support all previous minor Python versions.
+        for minor in range(version_info[-1], -1, -1):
+            versions.append(''.join(map(str, major + (minor,))))
+            
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+    
+    abis = []
+
+    abi = get_abi_tag()
+    if abi:
+        abis[0:0] = [abi]
+ 
+    abi3s = set()
+    import imp
+    for suffix in imp.get_suffixes():
+        if suffix[0].startswith('.abi'):
+            abi3s.add(suffix[0].split('.', 2)[1])
+
+    abis.extend(sorted(list(abi3s)))
+
+    abis.append('none')
+
+    platforms = []
+    if supplied_platform:
+        platforms.append(supplied_platform)
+    platforms.append(get_platform())
+    
+    # Current version, current API (built specifically for our Python):
+    for abi in abis:
+        for arch in platforms:
+            supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0]), abi, arch))
+            
+    # No abi / arch, but requires our implementation:
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, version), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            # Tagged specifically as being cross-version compatible 
+            # (with just the major version specified)
+            supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0][0]), 'none', 'any')) 
+    
+    # Major Python version + platform; e.g. binaries not using the Python API
+    supported.append(('py%s' % (versions[0][0]), 'none', arch))
+
+    # No abi / arch, generic Python
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('py%s' % (version,), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            supported.append(('py%s' % (version[0]), 'none', 'any'))
+        
+    return supported
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a4aca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""Tools for reading and writing PKG-INFO / METADATA without caring
+about the encoding."""
+
+from email.parser import Parser
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    _PY3 = False
+except NameError:
+    _PY3 = True
+
+if not _PY3:
+    from email.generator import Generator
+    
+    def read_pkg_info_bytes(bytestr):
+        return Parser().parsestr(bytestr)
+
+    def read_pkg_info(path):
+        with open(path, "r") as headers:
+            message = Parser().parse(headers)
+        return message
+
+    def write_pkg_info(path, message):
+        with open(path, 'w') as metadata:
+            Generator(metadata, maxheaderlen=0).flatten(message) 
+
+else:
+    from email.generator import BytesGenerator
+    def read_pkg_info_bytes(bytestr):
+        headers = bytestr.decode(encoding="ascii", errors="surrogateescape")
+        message = Parser().parsestr(headers)
+        return message
+
+    def read_pkg_info(path):
+        with open(path, "r", 
+                  encoding="ascii", 
+                  errors="surrogateescape") as headers:
+            message = Parser().parse(headers)
+        return message
+
+    def write_pkg_info(path, message):
+        with open(path, "wb") as out:
+            BytesGenerator(out, maxheaderlen=0).flatten(message)
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f21b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+"""
+Create and verify jws-js format Ed25519 signatures.
+"""
+
+__all__ = [ 'sign', 'verify' ]
+
+import json
+from ..util import urlsafe_b64decode, urlsafe_b64encode, native, binary
+
+ed25519ll = None
+
+ALG = "Ed25519"
+
+def get_ed25519ll():
+    """Lazy import-and-test of ed25519 module"""
+    global ed25519ll
+    
+    if not ed25519ll:
+        try:
+            import ed25519ll # fast (thousands / s)
+        except (ImportError, OSError): # pragma nocover
+            from . import ed25519py as ed25519ll # pure Python (hundreds / s)
+        test()
+    
+    return ed25519ll
+
+def sign(payload, keypair):
+    """Return a JWS-JS format signature given a JSON-serializable payload and 
+    an Ed25519 keypair."""
+    get_ed25519ll()
+    #
+    header = {
+                "alg": ALG,
+                "jwk": {
+                    "kty": ALG, # alg -> kty in jwk-08.
+                    "vk": native(urlsafe_b64encode(keypair.vk))
+                }
+             }
+    
+    encoded_header = urlsafe_b64encode(binary(json.dumps(header, sort_keys=True)))
+    encoded_payload = urlsafe_b64encode(binary(json.dumps(payload, sort_keys=True)))
+    secured_input = b".".join((encoded_header, encoded_payload))
+    sig_msg = ed25519ll.crypto_sign(secured_input, keypair.sk)
+    signature = sig_msg[:ed25519ll.SIGNATUREBYTES]
+    encoded_signature = urlsafe_b64encode(signature)
+    
+    return {"recipients": 
+            [{"header":native(encoded_header),
+             "signature":native(encoded_signature)}],
+            "payload": native(encoded_payload)}
+
+def assertTrue(condition, message=""):
+    if not condition:
+        raise ValueError(message)
+    
+def verify(jwsjs):
+    """Return (decoded headers, payload) if all signatures in jwsjs are
+    consistent, else raise ValueError.
+    
+    Caller must decide whether the keys are actually trusted."""
+    get_ed25519ll()    
+    # XXX forbid duplicate keys in JSON input using object_pairs_hook (2.7+)
+    recipients = jwsjs["recipients"]
+    encoded_payload = binary(jwsjs["payload"])
+    headers = []
+    for recipient in recipients:
+        assertTrue(len(recipient) == 2, "Unknown recipient key {0}".format(recipient))
+        h = binary(recipient["header"])
+        s = binary(recipient["signature"])
+        header = json.loads(native(urlsafe_b64decode(h)))
+        assertTrue(header["alg"] == ALG, 
+                "Unexpected algorithm {0}".format(header["alg"]))
+        if "alg" in header["jwk"] and not "kty" in header["jwk"]:
+            header["jwk"]["kty"] = header["jwk"]["alg"] # b/w for JWK < -08
+        assertTrue(header["jwk"]["kty"] == ALG, # true for Ed25519
+                "Unexpected key type {0}".format(header["jwk"]["kty"]))
+        vk = urlsafe_b64decode(binary(header["jwk"]["vk"]))
+        secured_input = b".".join((h, encoded_payload))
+        sig = urlsafe_b64decode(s)
+        sig_msg = sig+secured_input
+        verified_input = native(ed25519ll.crypto_sign_open(sig_msg, vk))
+        verified_header, verified_payload = verified_input.split('.')
+        verified_header = binary(verified_header)
+        decoded_header = native(urlsafe_b64decode(verified_header))
+        headers.append(json.loads(decoded_header))
+
+    verified_payload = binary(verified_payload)
+
+    # only return header, payload that have passed through the crypto library.
+    payload = json.loads(native(urlsafe_b64decode(verified_payload)))
+
+    return headers, payload
+
+def test():
+    kp = ed25519ll.crypto_sign_keypair()
+    payload = {'test': 'onstartup'}
+    jwsjs = json.loads(json.dumps(sign(payload, kp)))
+    verify(jwsjs)
+    jwsjs['payload'] += 'x'
+    try:
+        verify(jwsjs)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else: # pragma no cover
+        raise RuntimeError("No error from bad wheel.signatures payload.")
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56efe44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# Ed25519 digital signatures
+# Based on http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/python/ed25519.py
+# See also http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/software.html
+# Adapted by Ron Garret
+# Sped up considerably using coordinate transforms found on:
+# http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-twisted-extended-1.html
+# Specifically add-2008-hwcd-4 and dbl-2008-hwcd
+
+try: # pragma nocover
+    unicode
+    PY3 = False
+    def asbytes(b):
+        """Convert array of integers to byte string"""
+        return ''.join(chr(x) for x in b)
+    def joinbytes(b):
+        """Convert array of bytes to byte string"""
+        return ''.join(b)
+    def bit(h, i):
+        """Return i'th bit of bytestring h"""
+        return (ord(h[i//8]) >> (i%8)) & 1
+
+except NameError: # pragma nocover
+    PY3 = True
+    asbytes = bytes
+    joinbytes = bytes
+    def bit(h, i):
+        return (h[i//8] >> (i%8)) & 1
+
+import hashlib
+
+b = 256
+q = 2**255 - 19
+l = 2**252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493
+
+def H(m):
+    return hashlib.sha512(m).digest()
+
+def expmod(b, e, m):
+    if e == 0: return 1
+    t = expmod(b, e // 2, m) ** 2 % m
+    if e & 1: t = (t * b) % m
+    return t
+
+# Can probably get some extra speedup here by replacing this with
+# an extended-euclidean, but performance seems OK without that
+def inv(x):
+    return expmod(x, q-2, q)
+
+d = -121665 * inv(121666)
+I = expmod(2,(q-1)//4,q)
+
+def xrecover(y):
+    xx = (y*y-1) * inv(d*y*y+1)
+    x = expmod(xx,(q+3)//8,q)
+    if (x*x - xx) % q != 0: x = (x*I) % q
+    if x % 2 != 0: x = q-x
+    return x
+
+By = 4 * inv(5)
+Bx = xrecover(By)
+B = [Bx % q,By % q]
+
+#def edwards(P,Q):
+#    x1 = P[0]
+#    y1 = P[1]
+#    x2 = Q[0]
+#    y2 = Q[1]
+#    x3 = (x1*y2+x2*y1) * inv(1+d*x1*x2*y1*y2)
+#    y3 = (y1*y2+x1*x2) * inv(1-d*x1*x2*y1*y2)
+#    return (x3 % q,y3 % q)
+
+#def scalarmult(P,e):
+#    if e == 0: return [0,1]
+#    Q = scalarmult(P,e/2)
+#    Q = edwards(Q,Q)
+#    if e & 1: Q = edwards(Q,P)
+#    return Q
+
+# Faster (!) version based on:
+# http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-twisted-extended-1.html
+
+def xpt_add(pt1, pt2):
+    (X1, Y1, Z1, T1) = pt1
+    (X2, Y2, Z2, T2) = pt2
+    A = ((Y1-X1)*(Y2+X2)) % q
+    B = ((Y1+X1)*(Y2-X2)) % q
+    C = (Z1*2*T2) % q
+    D = (T1*2*Z2) % q
+    E = (D+C) % q
+    F = (B-A) % q
+    G = (B+A) % q
+    H = (D-C) % q
+    X3 = (E*F) % q
+    Y3 = (G*H) % q
+    Z3 = (F*G) % q
+    T3 = (E*H) % q
+    return (X3, Y3, Z3, T3)
+
+def xpt_double (pt):
+    (X1, Y1, Z1, _) = pt
+    A = (X1*X1)
+    B = (Y1*Y1)
+    C = (2*Z1*Z1)
+    D = (-A) % q
+    J = (X1+Y1) % q
+    E = (J*J-A-B) % q
+    G = (D+B) % q
+    F = (G-C) % q
+    H = (D-B) % q
+    X3 = (E*F) % q
+    Y3 = (G*H) % q
+    Z3 = (F*G) % q
+    T3 = (E*H) % q
+    return (X3, Y3, Z3, T3)
+
+def pt_xform (pt):
+    (x, y) = pt
+    return (x, y, 1, (x*y)%q)
+
+def pt_unxform (pt):
+    (x, y, z, _) = pt
+    return ((x*inv(z))%q, (y*inv(z))%q)
+
+def xpt_mult (pt, n):
+    if n==0: return pt_xform((0,1))
+    _ = xpt_double(xpt_mult(pt, n>>1))
+    return xpt_add(_, pt) if n&1 else _
+
+def scalarmult(pt, e):
+    return pt_unxform(xpt_mult(pt_xform(pt), e))
+
+def encodeint(y):
+    bits = [(y >> i) & 1 for i in range(b)]
+    e = [(sum([bits[i * 8 + j] << j for j in range(8)]))
+                                    for i in range(b//8)]
+    return asbytes(e)
+
+def encodepoint(P):
+    x = P[0]
+    y = P[1]
+    bits = [(y >> i) & 1 for i in range(b - 1)] + [x & 1]
+    e = [(sum([bits[i * 8 + j] << j for j in range(8)]))
+                                    for i in range(b//8)]
+    return asbytes(e)
+    
+def publickey(sk):
+    h = H(sk)
+    a = 2**(b-2) + sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(3,b-2))
+    A = scalarmult(B,a)
+    return encodepoint(A)
+
+def Hint(m):
+    h = H(m)
+    return sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(2*b))
+
+def signature(m,sk,pk):
+    h = H(sk)
+    a = 2**(b-2) + sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(3,b-2))
+    inter = joinbytes([h[i] for i in range(b//8,b//4)])
+    r = Hint(inter + m)
+    R = scalarmult(B,r)
+    S = (r + Hint(encodepoint(R) + pk + m) * a) % l
+    return encodepoint(R) + encodeint(S)
+
+def isoncurve(P):
+    x = P[0]
+    y = P[1]
+    return (-x*x + y*y - 1 - d*x*x*y*y) % q == 0
+
+def decodeint(s):
+    return sum(2**i * bit(s,i) for i in range(0,b))
+
+def decodepoint(s):
+    y = sum(2**i * bit(s,i) for i in range(0,b-1))
+    x = xrecover(y)
+    if x & 1 != bit(s,b-1): x = q-x
+    P = [x,y]
+    if not isoncurve(P): raise Exception("decoding point that is not on curve")
+    return P
+
+def checkvalid(s, m, pk):
+    if len(s) != b//4: raise Exception("signature length is wrong")
+    if len(pk) != b//8: raise Exception("public-key length is wrong")
+    R = decodepoint(s[0:b//8])
+    A = decodepoint(pk)
+    S = decodeint(s[b//8:b//4])
+    h = Hint(encodepoint(R) + pk + m)
+    v1 = scalarmult(B,S)
+#  v2 = edwards(R,scalarmult(A,h))
+    v2 = pt_unxform(xpt_add(pt_xform(R), pt_xform(scalarmult(A, h))))
+    return v1==v2
+
+##########################################################
+#
+# Curve25519 reference implementation by Matthew Dempsky, from:
+# http://cr.yp.to/highspeed/naclcrypto-20090310.pdf
+
+# P = 2 ** 255 - 19
+P = q
+A = 486662
+
+#def expmod(b, e, m):
+#    if e == 0: return 1
+#    t = expmod(b, e / 2, m) ** 2 % m
+#    if e & 1: t = (t * b) % m
+#    return t
+
+# def inv(x): return expmod(x, P - 2, P)
+
+def add(n, m, d):
+    (xn, zn) = n
+    (xm, zm) = m 
+    (xd, zd) = d
+    x = 4 * (xm * xn - zm * zn) ** 2 * zd
+    z = 4 * (xm * zn - zm * xn) ** 2 * xd
+    return (x % P, z % P)
+
+def double(n):
+    (xn, zn) = n
+    x = (xn ** 2 - zn ** 2) ** 2
+    z = 4 * xn * zn * (xn ** 2 + A * xn * zn + zn ** 2)
+    return (x % P, z % P)
+
+def curve25519(n, base=9):
+    one = (base,1)
+    two = double(one)
+    # f(m) evaluates to a tuple
+    # containing the mth multiple and the
+    # (m+1)th multiple of base.
+    def f(m):
+        if m == 1: return (one, two)
+        (pm, pm1) = f(m // 2)
+        if (m & 1):
+            return (add(pm, pm1, one), double(pm1))
+        return (double(pm), add(pm, pm1, one))
+    ((x,z), _) = f(n)
+    return (x * inv(z)) % P
+
+import random
+
+def genkey(n=0):
+    n = n or random.randint(0,P)
+    n &= ~7
+    n &= ~(128 << 8 * 31)
+    n |= 64 << 8 * 31
+    return n
+
+#def str2int(s):
+#    return int(hexlify(s), 16)
+#    # return sum(ord(s[i]) << (8 * i) for i in range(32))
+#
+#def int2str(n):
+#    return unhexlify("%x" % n)
+#    # return ''.join([chr((n >> (8 * i)) & 255) for i in range(32)])
+
+#################################################
+
+def dsa_test():
+    import os
+    msg = str(random.randint(q,q+q)).encode('utf-8')
+    sk = os.urandom(32)
+    pk = publickey(sk)
+    sig = signature(msg, sk, pk)
+    return checkvalid(sig, msg, pk)
+
+def dh_test():
+    sk1 = genkey()
+    sk2 = genkey()
+    return curve25519(sk1, curve25519(sk2)) == curve25519(sk2, curve25519(sk1))
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55eba2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import warnings
+import os
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from . import djbec
+
+__all__ = ['crypto_sign', 'crypto_sign_open', 'crypto_sign_keypair', 'Keypair',
+           'PUBLICKEYBYTES', 'SECRETKEYBYTES', 'SIGNATUREBYTES']
+
+PUBLICKEYBYTES=32
+SECRETKEYBYTES=64
+SIGNATUREBYTES=64
+
+Keypair = namedtuple('Keypair', ('vk', 'sk')) # verifying key, secret key
+
+def crypto_sign_keypair(seed=None):
+    """Return (verifying, secret) key from a given seed, or os.urandom(32)"""    
+    if seed is None:
+        seed = os.urandom(PUBLICKEYBYTES)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn("ed25519ll should choose random seed.",
+                      RuntimeWarning)
+    if len(seed) != 32:
+        raise ValueError("seed must be 32 random bytes or None.")
+    skbytes = seed
+    vkbytes = djbec.publickey(skbytes)
+    return Keypair(vkbytes, skbytes+vkbytes)
+
+
+def crypto_sign(msg, sk):
+    """Return signature+message given message and secret key.
+    The signature is the first SIGNATUREBYTES bytes of the return value.
+    A copy of msg is in the remainder."""
+    if len(sk) != SECRETKEYBYTES:
+        raise ValueError("Bad signing key length %d" % len(sk))
+    vkbytes = sk[PUBLICKEYBYTES:]
+    skbytes = sk[:PUBLICKEYBYTES]
+    sig = djbec.signature(msg, skbytes, vkbytes)
+    return sig + msg
+
+
+def crypto_sign_open(signed, vk):
+    """Return message given signature+message and the verifying key."""
+    if len(vk) != PUBLICKEYBYTES:
+        raise ValueError("Bad verifying key length %d" % len(vk))
+    rc = djbec.checkvalid(signed[:SIGNATUREBYTES], signed[SIGNATUREBYTES:], vk)
+    if not rc:
+        raise ValueError("rc != True", rc)    
+    return signed[SIGNATUREBYTES:]
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dde4bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""Store and retrieve wheel signing / verifying keys.
+
+Given a scope (a package name, + meaning "all packages", or - meaning 
+"no packages"), return a list of verifying keys that are trusted for that 
+scope.
+
+Given a package name, return a list of (scope, key) suggested keys to sign
+that package (only the verifying keys; the private signing key is stored
+elsewhere).
+
+Keys here are represented as urlsafe_b64encoded strings with no padding.
+
+Tentative command line interface:
+
+# list trusts
+wheel trust
+# trust a particular key for all
+wheel trust + key
+# trust key for beaglevote
+wheel trust beaglevote key
+# stop trusting a key for all
+wheel untrust + key
+
+# generate a key pair
+wheel keygen
+
+# import a signing key from a file
+wheel import keyfile
+
+# export a signing key
+wheel export key
+"""
+
+import json
+import os.path
+from wheel.util import native, load_config_paths, save_config_path
+
+class WheelKeys(object):
+    SCHEMA = 1
+    CONFIG_NAME = 'wheel.json'
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.data = {'signers':[], 'verifiers':[]}
+        
+    def load(self):
+        # XXX JSON is not a great database
+        for path in load_config_paths('wheel'):
+            conf = os.path.join(native(path), self.CONFIG_NAME)
+            if os.path.exists(conf):
+                with open(conf, 'r') as infile:
+                    self.data = json.load(infile)
+                    for x in ('signers', 'verifiers'):
+                        if not x in self.data:
+                            self.data[x] = []
+                    if 'schema' not in self.data:
+                        self.data['schema'] = self.SCHEMA
+                    elif self.data['schema'] != self.SCHEMA:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Bad wheel.json version {0}, expected {1}".format(
+                                self.data['schema'], self.SCHEMA))
+                break
+        return self
+
+    def save(self):
+        # Try not to call this a very long time after load() 
+        path = save_config_path('wheel')
+        conf = os.path.join(native(path), self.CONFIG_NAME)
+        with open(conf, 'w+') as out:
+            json.dump(self.data, out, indent=2)
+        return self
+    
+    def trust(self, scope, vk):
+        """Start trusting a particular key for given scope."""
+        self.data['verifiers'].append({'scope':scope, 'vk':vk})
+        return self
+    
+    def untrust(self, scope, vk):
+        """Stop trusting a particular key for given scope."""
+        self.data['verifiers'].remove({'scope':scope, 'vk':vk})
+        return self
+        
+    def trusted(self, scope=None):
+        """Return list of [(scope, trusted key), ...] for given scope."""
+        trust = [(x['scope'], x['vk']) for x in self.data['verifiers'] if x['scope'] in (scope, '+')]
+        trust.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+        trust.reverse()
+        return trust
+    
+    def signers(self, scope):
+        """Return list of signing key(s)."""
+        sign = [(x['scope'], x['vk']) for x in self.data['signers'] if x['scope'] in (scope, '+')]
+        sign.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+        sign.reverse()
+        return sign
+    
+    def add_signer(self, scope, vk):
+        """Remember verifying key vk as being valid for signing in scope."""
+        self.data['signers'].append({'scope':scope, 'vk':vk})
+    
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4287ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..559fbb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def main():
+    return
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..615d5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape')
+except NameError:
+    def u8(s):
+        return s
+
+setup(name='complex-dist',
+      version='0.1',
+      description=u8('Another testing distribution \N{SNOWMAN}'),
+      long_description=u8('Another testing distribution \N{SNOWMAN}'),
+      author="Illustrious Author",
+      author_email="illustrious@example.org",
+      url="http://example.org/exemplary",
+      packages=['complexdist'],
+      setup_requires=["wheel", "setuptools"],
+      install_requires=["quux", "splort"],
+      extras_require={'simple':['simple.dist']},
+      tests_require=["foo", "bar>=10.0.0"],
+      entry_points={
+          'console_scripts': [
+              'complex-dist=complexdist:main',
+              'complex-dist2=complexdist:main',
+          ],
+      },
+      )
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/header.h b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/header.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/headersdist.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/headersdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2704f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape').encode('utf-8')
+except NameError:
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.encode('utf-8')
+
+setup(name='headers.dist',
+      version='0.1',
+      description=u8('A distribution with headers'),
+      headers=['header.h']
+      )
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/pydist-schema.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/pydist-schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..566f3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/pydist-schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+{
+  "id": "http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0426/",
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+  "title": "Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0",
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "metadata_version": {
+      "description": "Version of the file format",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^(\\d+(\\.\\d+)*)$"
+    },
+    "generator": {
+      "description": "Name and version of the program that produced this file.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])( \\(.*\\))?$"
+    },
+    "name": {
+      "description": "The name of the distribution.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/distribution_name"
+    },
+    "version": {
+      "description": "The distribution's public version identifier",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^(\\d+(\\.\\d+)*)((a|b|c|rc)(\\d+))?(\\.(post)(\\d+))?(\\.(dev)(\\d+))?$"
+    },
+    "source_label": {
+      "description": "A constrained identifying text string",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9a-z_.-+]+$"
+    },
+    "source_url": {
+      "description": "A string containing a full URL where the source for this specific version of the distribution can be downloaded.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "format": "uri"
+    },
+    "summary": {
+      "description": "A one-line summary of what the distribution does.",
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "extras": {
+      "description": "A list of optional sets of dependencies that may be used to define conditional dependencies in \"may_require\" and similar fields.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/extra_name"
+      }
+    },
+    "meta_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of subdistributions made available through this metadistribution.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "run_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed to run this distribution.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "test_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed when this distribution is tested.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "build_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed when this distribution is built.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "dev_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed when this distribution is developed.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "provides": {
+      "description": "A list of strings naming additional dependency requirements that are satisfied by installing this distribution. These strings must be of the form Name or Name (Version)",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/provides_declaration"
+      }
+    },
+    "modules": {
+      "description": "A list of modules and/or packages available for import after installing this distribution.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/qualified_name"
+      }
+    },
+    "namespaces": {
+      "description": "A list of namespace packages this distribution contributes to",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/qualified_name"
+      }
+    },
+    "obsoleted_by": {
+      "description": "A string that indicates that this project is no longer being developed. The named project provides a substitute or replacement.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/requirement"
+    },
+    "supports_environments": {
+      "description": "A list of strings specifying the environments that the distribution explicitly supports.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/environment_marker"
+      }
+    },
+    "install_hooks": {
+      "description": "The install_hooks field is used to define various operations that may be invoked on a distribution in a platform independent manner.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "postinstall": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+        },
+        "preuninstall": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "extensions": {
+      "description": "Extensions to the metadata may be present in a mapping under the 'extensions' key.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/extensions"
+    }
+  },
+
+  "required": ["metadata_version", "name", "version", "summary"],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+
+  "definitions": {
+    "contact": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "email": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "url": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "role": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": ["name"],
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "dependencies": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/dependency"
+      }
+    },
+    "dependency": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "extra": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/extra_name"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/environment_marker"
+        },
+        "requires": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/requirement"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "required": ["requires"],
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "extensions": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*([.][0-9A-Za-z_]*)*$": {}
+      },
+      "properties": {
+        "python.details" : {
+          "description": "More information regarding the distribution.",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "document_names": {
+              "description": "Names of supporting metadata documents",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "description": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/document_name"
+                },
+                "changelog": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/document_name"
+                },
+                "license": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/document_name"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            "keywords": {
+              "description": "A list of additional keywords to be used to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.",
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            },
+            "license": {
+              "description": "A string indicating the license covering the distribution.",
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "classifiers": {
+              "description": "A list of strings, with each giving a single classification value for the distribution.",
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "python.project" : {
+          "description": "More information regarding the creation and maintenance of the distribution.",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/project_or_integrator"
+        },
+        "python.integrator" : {
+          "description": "More information regarding the downstream redistributor of the distribution.",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/project_or_integrator"
+        },
+        "python.commands" : {
+          "description": "Command line interfaces provided by this distribution",
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/commands"
+        },
+        "python.exports" : {
+          "description": "Other exported interfaces provided by this distribution",
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/exports"
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "commands": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "wrap_console": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/command_map"
+        },
+        "wrap_gui": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/command_map"
+        },
+        "prebuilt": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/relative_path"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "exports": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*([.][0-9A-Za-z_]*)*$": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            ".": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "command_map": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?$": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "project_or_integrator" : {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties" : {
+        "contacts": {
+          "description": "A list of contributor entries giving the recommended contact points for getting more information about the project.",
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/contact"
+          }
+        },
+        "contributors": {
+          "description": "A list of contributor entries for other contributors not already listed as current project points of contact.",
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/contact"
+          }
+        },
+        "project_urls": {
+          "description": "A mapping of arbitrary text labels to additional URLs relevant to the project.",
+          "type": "object"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "distribution_name": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?$"
+    },
+    "requirement": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "provides_declaration": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "environment_marker": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "document_name": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "extra_name" : {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?$"
+    },
+    "relative_path" : {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "export_specifier": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*)(:[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*)?(\\[[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?\\])?$"
+    },
+    "qualified_name" : {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*$"
+    },
+    "prefixed_name" : {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*$"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50c909f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape').encode('utf-8')
+except NameError:
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.encode('utf-8')
+
+setup(name='simple.dist',
+      version='0.1',
+      description=u8('A testing distribution \N{SNOWMAN}'),
+      packages=['simpledist'],
+      extras_require={'voting': ['beaglevote']},
+      )
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/simpledist/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/simpledist/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfd307037d1954471a6eab339b103bd6f781ae07
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69fef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+Basic wheel tests.
+"""
+
+import os
+import pkg_resources
+import json
+import sys
+
+from pkg_resources import resource_filename
+
+import wheel.util
+import wheel.tool
+
+from wheel import egg2wheel
+from wheel.install import WheelFile
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+from shutil import rmtree
+
+test_distributions = ("complex-dist", "simple.dist", "headers.dist")
+
+def teardown_module():
+    """Delete eggs/wheels created by tests."""
+    base = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', '')
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        for subdir in ('build', 'dist'):
+            try:
+                rmtree(os.path.join(base, dist, subdir))
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+def setup_module():
+    build_wheel()
+    build_egg()
+
+def build_wheel():
+    """Build wheels from test distributions."""
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        pwd = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+        distdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+        os.chdir(distdir)
+        try:
+            sys.argv = ['', 'bdist_wheel']
+            exec(compile(open('setup.py').read(), 'setup.py', 'exec'))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(pwd)
+
+def build_egg():
+    """Build eggs from test distributions."""
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        pwd = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+        distdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+        os.chdir(distdir)
+        try:
+            sys.argv = ['', 'bdist_egg']
+            exec(compile(open('setup.py').read(), 'setup.py', 'exec'))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(pwd)
+
+def test_findable():
+    """Make sure pkg_resources can find us."""
+    assert pkg_resources.working_set.by_key['wheel'].version
+
+def test_egg_re():
+    """Make sure egg_info_re matches."""
+    egg_names = open(pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel', 'eggnames.txt'))
+    for line in egg_names:
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        assert egg2wheel.egg_info_re.match(line), line
+
+def test_compatibility_tags():
+    """Test compatibilty tags are working."""
+    wf = WheelFile("package-1.0.0-cp32.cp33-noabi-noarch.whl")
+    assert (list(wf.compatibility_tags) ==
+                 [('cp32', 'noabi', 'noarch'), ('cp33', 'noabi', 'noarch')])
+    assert (wf.arity == 2)
+
+    wf2 = WheelFile("package-1.0.0-1st-cp33-noabi-noarch.whl")
+    wf2_info = wf2.parsed_filename.groupdict()
+    assert wf2_info['build'] == '1st', wf2_info
+
+def test_convert_egg():
+    base = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', '')
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        distdir = os.path.join(base, dist, 'dist')
+        eggs = [e for e in os.listdir(distdir) if e.endswith('.egg')]
+        wheel.tool.convert(eggs, distdir, verbose=False)
+
+def test_unpack():
+    """
+    Make sure 'wheel unpack' works.
+    This also verifies the integrity of our testing wheel files.
+    """
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        distdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test',
+                                                  os.path.join(dist, 'dist'))
+        for wheelfile in (w for w in os.listdir(distdir) if w.endswith('.whl')):
+            wheel.tool.unpack(os.path.join(distdir, wheelfile), distdir)
+
+def test_no_scripts():
+    """Make sure entry point scripts are not generated."""
+    dist = "complex-dist"
+    basedir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+    for (dirname, subdirs, filenames) in os.walk(basedir):
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if filename.endswith('.whl'):
+                whl = ZipFile(os.path.join(dirname, filename))
+                for entry in whl.infolist():
+                    assert not '.data/scripts/' in entry.filename
+
+def test_pydist():
+    """Make sure pydist.json exists and validates against our schema."""
+    # XXX this test may need manual cleanup of older wheels
+
+    import jsonschema
+
+    def open_json(filename):
+        return json.loads(open(filename, 'rb').read().decode('utf-8'))
+
+    pymeta_schema = open_json(resource_filename('wheel.test',
+                                                'pydist-schema.json'))
+    valid = 0
+    for dist in ("simple.dist", "complex-dist"):
+        basedir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+        for (dirname, subdirs, filenames) in os.walk(basedir):
+            for filename in filenames:
+                if filename.endswith('.whl'):
+                    whl = ZipFile(os.path.join(dirname, filename))
+                    for entry in whl.infolist():
+                        if entry.filename.endswith('/metadata.json'):
+                            pymeta = json.loads(whl.read(entry).decode('utf-8'))
+                            jsonschema.validate(pymeta, pymeta_schema)
+                            valid += 1
+    assert valid > 0, "No metadata.json found"
+
+def test_util():
+    """Test functions in util.py."""
+    for i in range(10):
+        before = b'*' * i
+        encoded = wheel.util.urlsafe_b64encode(before)
+        assert not encoded.endswith(b'=')
+        after = wheel.util.urlsafe_b64decode(encoded)
+        assert before == after
+
+
+def test_pick_best():
+    """Test the wheel ranking algorithm."""
+    def get_tags(res):
+        info = res[-1].parsed_filename.groupdict()
+        return info['pyver'], info['abi'], info['plat']
+
+    cand_tags = [('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch'), ('py26', 'noabi', 'noarch'),
+                 ('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'),
+                 ('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'),
+                 ('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_x86_64'),
+                 ('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_x86_64')]
+    cand_wheels = [WheelFile('testpkg-1.0-%s-%s-%s.whl' % t)
+                   for t in cand_tags]
+
+    supported = [('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch')]
+    supported2 = [('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch'),
+                  ('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py26', 'noabi', 'noarch')]
+    supported3 = [('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py26', 'noabi', 'noarch'),
+                  ('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch')]
+
+    for supp in (supported, supported2, supported3):
+        context = lambda: list(supp)
+        for wheel in cand_wheels:
+            wheel.context = context
+        best = max(cand_wheels)
+        assert list(best.tags)[0] == supp[0]
+
+        # assert_equal(
+        #     list(map(get_tags, pick_best(cand_wheels, supp, top=False))), supp)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddcddf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Test wheel.
+# The file has the following contents:
+#   hello.pyd
+#   hello/hello.py
+#   hello/__init__.py
+#   test-1.0.data/data/hello.dat
+#   test-1.0.data/headers/hello.dat
+#   test-1.0.data/scripts/hello.sh
+#   test-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL
+#   test-1.0.dist-info/METADATA
+#   test-1.0.dist-info/RECORD
+# The root is PLATLIB
+# So, some in PLATLIB, and one in each of DATA, HEADERS and SCRIPTS.
+
+import wheel.tool
+import wheel.pep425tags
+from wheel.install import WheelFile
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+import shutil
+import os
+
+THISDIR = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+TESTWHEEL = os.path.join(THISDIR, 'test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl')
+
+def check(*path):
+    return os.path.exists(os.path.join(*path))
+
+def test_install():
+    tempdir = mkdtemp()
+    def get_supported():
+        return list(wheel.pep425tags.get_supported()) + [('py3', 'none', 'win32')]
+    whl = WheelFile(TESTWHEEL, context=get_supported)
+    assert whl.supports_current_python(get_supported)
+    try:
+        locs = {}
+        for key in ('purelib', 'platlib', 'scripts', 'headers', 'data'):
+            locs[key] = os.path.join(tempdir, key)
+            os.mkdir(locs[key])
+        whl.install(overrides=locs)
+        assert len(os.listdir(locs['purelib'])) == 0
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'hello.pyd')
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'hello', 'hello.py')
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'hello', '__init__.py')
+        assert check(locs['data'], 'hello.dat')
+        assert check(locs['headers'], 'hello.dat')
+        assert check(locs['scripts'], 'hello.sh')
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'test-1.0.dist-info', 'RECORD')
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+
+def test_install_tool():
+    """Slightly improve coverage of wheel.install"""
+    wheel.tool.install([TESTWHEEL], force=True, dry_run=True)
+
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f96166b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import tempfile
+import os.path
+import unittest
+import json
+
+from wheel.signatures import keys
+
+wheel_json = """
+{
+  "verifiers": [
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "bp-bjK2fFgtA-8DhKKAAPm9-eAZcX_u03oBv2RlKOBc"
+    }, 
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "KAHZBfyqFW3OcFDbLSG4nPCjXxUPy72phP9I4Rn9MAo"
+    },
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "tmAYCrSfj8gtJ10v3VkvW7jOndKmQIYE12hgnFu3cvk"
+    } 
+  ], 
+  "signers": [
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "tmAYCrSfj8gtJ10v3VkvW7jOndKmQIYE12hgnFu3cvk"
+    }, 
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "KAHZBfyqFW3OcFDbLSG4nPCjXxUPy72phP9I4Rn9MAo"
+    }
+  ], 
+  "schema": 1
+}
+"""
+
+class TestWheelKeys(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.config = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.json')
+        self.config.close()
+        
+        self.config_path, self.config_filename = os.path.split(self.config.name) 
+        def load(*args):
+            return [self.config_path]
+        def save(*args):
+            return self.config_path
+        keys.load_config_paths = load
+        keys.save_config_path = save
+        self.wk = keys.WheelKeys()
+        self.wk.CONFIG_NAME = self.config_filename
+        
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.unlink(self.config.name)
+        
+    def test_load_save(self):
+        self.wk.data = json.loads(wheel_json)
+        
+        self.wk.add_signer('+', '67890')
+        self.wk.add_signer('scope', 'abcdefg')
+        
+        self.wk.trust('epocs', 'gfedcba')
+        self.wk.trust('+', '12345')
+        
+        self.wk.save()
+        
+        del self.wk.data
+        self.wk.load()
+        
+        signers = self.wk.signers('scope')
+        self.assertTrue(signers[0] == ('scope', 'abcdefg'), self.wk.data['signers'])
+        self.assertTrue(signers[1][0] == '+', self.wk.data['signers'])
+        
+        trusted = self.wk.trusted('epocs')
+        self.assertTrue(trusted[0] == ('epocs', 'gfedcba'))
+        self.assertTrue(trusted[1][0] == '+')
+        
+        self.wk.untrust('epocs', 'gfedcba')
+        trusted = self.wk.trusted('epocs')
+        self.assertTrue(('epocs', 'gfedcba') not in trusted)
+        
+    def test_load_save_incomplete(self):
+        self.wk.data = json.loads(wheel_json)
+        del self.wk.data['signers']
+        self.wk.data['schema'] = self.wk.SCHEMA+1
+        self.wk.save()
+        try:
+            self.wk.load()
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+        
+        del self.wk.data['schema']
+        self.wk.save()
+        self.wk.load()
+    
+    
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a23d506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import wheel.paths
+from distutils.command.install import SCHEME_KEYS
+
+def test_path():
+    d = wheel.paths.get_install_paths('wheel')
+    assert len(d) == len(SCHEME_KEYS)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1632a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import unittest
+
+from wheel.pep425tags import get_supported
+from wheel.install import WheelFile
+
+WHEELPAT = "%(name)s-%(ver)s-%(pyver)s-%(abi)s-%(arch)s.whl"
+def make_wheel(name, ver, pyver, abi, arch):
+    name = WHEELPAT % dict(name=name, ver=ver, pyver=pyver, abi=abi,
+            arch=arch)
+    return WheelFile(name)
+
+# This relies on the fact that generate_supported will always return the
+# exact pyver, abi, and architecture for its first (best) match.
+sup = get_supported()
+pyver, abi, arch = sup[0]
+genver = 'py' + pyver[2:]
+majver = genver[:3]
+
+COMBINATIONS = (
+    ('bar', '0.9', 'py2.py3', 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '0.9', majver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '0.9', genver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '0.9', pyver, abi, arch),
+    ('bar', '1.3.2', majver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '3.1', genver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '3.1', pyver, abi, arch),
+    ('foo', '1.0', majver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('foo', '1.1', pyver, abi, arch),
+    ('foo', '2.1', majver + '0', 'none', 'any'),
+    # This will not be compatible for Python x.0. Beware when we hit Python
+    # 4.0, and don't test with 3.0!!!
+    ('foo', '2.1', majver + '1', 'none', 'any'),
+    ('foo', '2.1', pyver , 'none', 'any'),
+    ('foo', '2.1', pyver , abi, arch),
+)
+
+WHEELS = [ make_wheel(*args) for args in COMBINATIONS ]
+
+class TestRanking(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        for i in range(len(WHEELS)-1):
+            for j in range(i):
+                self.assertTrue(WHEELS[j]<WHEELS[i])
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_signatures.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_signatures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0af19a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_signatures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from wheel import signatures
+from wheel.signatures import djbec, ed25519py
+from wheel.util import binary
+
+def test_getlib():
+    signatures.get_ed25519ll()
+
+def test_djbec():
+    djbec.dsa_test()    
+    djbec.dh_test()
+    
+def test_ed25519py():
+    kp0 = ed25519py.crypto_sign_keypair(binary(' '*32))
+    kp = ed25519py.crypto_sign_keypair()
+        
+    signed = ed25519py.crypto_sign(binary('test'), kp.sk)
+    
+    ed25519py.crypto_sign_open(signed, kp.vk)
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign_open(signed, kp0.vk)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign_keypair(binary(' '*33))
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign(binary(''), binary(' ')*31)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign_open(binary(''), binary(' ')*31)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0d083e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+Tests for the bdist_wheel tag options (--python-tag, --universal, and
+--plat-name)
+"""
+
+import sys
+import shutil
+import pytest
+import py.path
+import tempfile
+import subprocess
+
+SETUP_PY = """\
+from setuptools import setup, Extension
+
+setup(
+    name="Test",
+    version="1.0",
+    author_email="author@example.com",
+    py_modules=["test"],
+    {ext_modules}
+)
+"""
+
+EXT_MODULES = "ext_modules=[Extension('_test', sources=['test.c'])],"
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_pkg(request, ext=False):
+    tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    def fin():
+        shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+    request.addfinalizer(fin)
+    temppath = py.path.local(tempdir)
+    temppath.join('test.py').write('print("Hello, world")')
+    if ext:
+        temppath.join('test.c').write('#include <stdio.h>')
+        setup_py = SETUP_PY.format(ext_modules=EXT_MODULES)
+    else:
+        setup_py = SETUP_PY.format(ext_modules='')
+    temppath.join('setup.py').write(setup_py)
+    return temppath
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_ext_pkg(request):
+    return temp_pkg(request, ext=True)
+
+def test_default_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+            cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename == 'Test-1.0-py%s-none-any.whl' % (sys.version[0],)
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_explicit_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--python-tag=py32'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py32-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_universal_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--universal'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_universal_beats_explicit_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--universal', '--python-tag=py32'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_universal_in_setup_cfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[bdist_wheel]\nuniversal=1')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_pythontag_in_setup_cfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[bdist_wheel]\npython_tag=py32')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py32-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_legacy_wheel_section_in_setup_cfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[wheel]\nuniversal=1')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_plat_name_purepy(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--plat-name=testplat.pure'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.endswith('-testplat_pure.whl')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_plat_name_ext(temp_ext_pkg):
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(
+            [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--plat-name=testplat.arch'],
+            cwd=str(temp_ext_pkg))
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        pytest.skip("Cannot compile C Extensions")
+    dist_dir = temp_ext_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.endswith('-testplat_arch.whl')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_plat_name_purepy_in_setupcfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[bdist_wheel]\nplat_name=testplat.pure')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.endswith('-testplat_pure.whl')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_plat_name_ext_in_setupcfg(temp_ext_pkg):
+    temp_ext_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[bdist_wheel]\nplat_name=testplat.arch')
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(
+            [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+            cwd=str(temp_ext_pkg))
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        pytest.skip("Cannot compile C Extensions")
+    dist_dir = temp_ext_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.endswith('-testplat_arch.whl')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..078f1ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from .. import tool
+
+def test_keygen():
+    def get_keyring():
+        WheelKeys, keyring = tool.get_keyring()
+
+        class WheelKeysTest(WheelKeys):
+            def save(self):
+                pass
+
+        class keyringTest:
+            @classmethod
+            def get_keyring(cls):
+                class keyringTest2:
+                    pw = None
+                    def set_password(self, a, b, c):
+                        self.pw = c
+                    def get_password(self, a, b):
+                        return self.pw
+
+                return keyringTest2()
+
+        return WheelKeysTest, keyringTest
+
+    tool.keygen(get_keyring=get_keyring)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..181668f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import os
+import wheel.install
+import wheel.archive
+import hashlib
+try:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from io import BytesIO as StringIO
+import codecs
+import zipfile
+import pytest
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+@contextmanager
+def environ(key, value):
+    old_value = os.environ.get(key)
+    try:
+        os.environ[key] = value
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if old_value is None:
+            del os.environ[key]
+        else:
+            os.environ[key] = old_value
+
+@contextmanager
+def temporary_directory():
+    # tempfile.TemporaryDirectory doesn't exist in Python 2.
+    tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        yield tempdir
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+
+@contextmanager
+def readable_zipfile(path):
+    # zipfile.ZipFile() isn't a context manager under Python 2.
+    zf = zipfile.ZipFile(path, 'r')
+    try:
+        yield zf
+    finally:
+        zf.close()
+
+
+def test_verifying_zipfile():
+    if not hasattr(zipfile.ZipExtFile, '_update_crc'):
+        pytest.skip('No ZIP verification. Missing ZipExtFile._update_crc.')
+    
+    sio = StringIO()
+    zf = zipfile.ZipFile(sio, 'w')
+    zf.writestr("one", b"first file")
+    zf.writestr("two", b"second file")
+    zf.writestr("three", b"third file")
+    zf.close()
+    
+    # In default mode, VerifyingZipFile checks the hash of any read file
+    # mentioned with set_expected_hash(). Files not mentioned with
+    # set_expected_hash() are not checked.
+    vzf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'r')
+    vzf.set_expected_hash("one", hashlib.sha256(b"first file").digest())
+    vzf.set_expected_hash("three", "blurble")
+    vzf.open("one").read()
+    vzf.open("two").read()
+    try:
+        vzf.open("three").read()
+    except wheel.install.BadWheelFile:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("expected exception 'BadWheelFile()'")
+    
+    # In strict mode, VerifyingZipFile requires every read file to be
+    # mentioned with set_expected_hash().
+    vzf.strict = True
+    try:
+        vzf.open("two").read()
+    except wheel.install.BadWheelFile:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("expected exception 'BadWheelFile()'")
+        
+    vzf.set_expected_hash("two", None)
+    vzf.open("two").read()
+    
+def test_pop_zipfile():
+    sio = StringIO()
+    zf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'w')
+    zf.writestr("one", b"first file")
+    zf.writestr("two", b"second file")
+    zf.close()
+    
+    try:
+        zf.pop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        pass # already closed
+    else:
+        raise Exception("expected RuntimeError")
+    
+    zf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'a')
+    zf.pop()
+    zf.close()
+    
+    zf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'r')
+    assert len(zf.infolist()) == 1
+
+def test_zipfile_timestamp():
+    # An environment variable can be used to influence the timestamp on
+    # TarInfo objects inside the zip.  See issue #143.  TemporaryDirectory is
+    # not a context manager under Python 3.
+    with temporary_directory() as tempdir:
+        for filename in ('one', 'two', 'three'):
+            path = os.path.join(tempdir, filename)
+            with codecs.open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                fp.write(filename + '\n')
+        zip_base_name = os.path.join(tempdir, 'dummy')
+        # The earliest date representable in TarInfos, 1980-01-01
+        with environ('SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH', '315576060'):
+            zip_filename = wheel.archive.make_wheelfile_inner(
+                zip_base_name, tempdir)
+        with readable_zipfile(zip_filename) as zf:
+            for info in zf.infolist():
+                assert info.date_time[:3] == (1980, 1, 1)
+
+def test_zipfile_attributes():
+    # With the change from ZipFile.write() to .writestr(), we need to manually
+    # set member attributes.
+    with temporary_directory() as tempdir:
+        files = (('foo', 0o644), ('bar', 0o755))
+        for filename, mode in files:
+            path = os.path.join(tempdir, filename)
+            with codecs.open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                fp.write(filename + '\n')
+            os.chmod(path, mode)
+        zip_base_name = os.path.join(tempdir, 'dummy')
+        zip_filename = wheel.archive.make_wheelfile_inner(
+            zip_base_name, tempdir)
+        with readable_zipfile(zip_filename) as zf:
+            for filename, mode in files:
+                info = zf.getinfo(os.path.join(tempdir, filename))
+                assert info.external_attr == (mode | 0o100000) << 16
+                assert info.compress_type == zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95f0a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+"""
+Wheel command-line utility.
+"""
+
+import os
+import hashlib
+import sys
+import json
+import wheel.paths
+
+from glob import iglob
+from .. import signatures
+from ..util import (urlsafe_b64decode, urlsafe_b64encode, native, binary,
+                    matches_requirement)
+from ..install import WheelFile
+
+def require_pkgresources(name):
+    try:
+        import pkg_resources
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("'{0}' needs pkg_resources (part of setuptools).".format(name))
+
+import argparse
+
+class WheelError(Exception): pass
+
+# For testability
+def get_keyring():
+    try:
+        from ..signatures import keys
+        import keyring
+        assert keyring.get_keyring().priority
+    except (ImportError, AssertionError):
+        raise WheelError("Install wheel[signatures] (requires keyring, keyrings.alt, pyxdg) for signatures.")
+    return keys.WheelKeys, keyring
+
+def keygen(get_keyring=get_keyring):
+    """Generate a public/private key pair."""
+    WheelKeys, keyring = get_keyring()
+
+    ed25519ll = signatures.get_ed25519ll()
+
+    wk = WheelKeys().load()
+
+    keypair = ed25519ll.crypto_sign_keypair()
+    vk = native(urlsafe_b64encode(keypair.vk))
+    sk = native(urlsafe_b64encode(keypair.sk))
+    kr = keyring.get_keyring()
+    kr.set_password("wheel", vk, sk)
+    sys.stdout.write("Created Ed25519 keypair with vk={0}\n".format(vk))
+    sys.stdout.write("in {0!r}\n".format(kr))
+
+    sk2 = kr.get_password('wheel', vk)
+    if sk2 != sk:
+        raise WheelError("Keyring is broken. Could not retrieve secret key.")
+
+    sys.stdout.write("Trusting {0} to sign and verify all packages.\n".format(vk))
+    wk.add_signer('+', vk)
+    wk.trust('+', vk)
+    wk.save()
+
+def sign(wheelfile, replace=False, get_keyring=get_keyring):
+    """Sign a wheel"""
+    WheelKeys, keyring = get_keyring()
+
+    ed25519ll = signatures.get_ed25519ll()
+
+    wf = WheelFile(wheelfile, append=True)
+    wk = WheelKeys().load()
+
+    name = wf.parsed_filename.group('name')
+    sign_with = wk.signers(name)[0]
+    sys.stdout.write("Signing {0} with {1}\n".format(name, sign_with[1]))
+
+    vk = sign_with[1]
+    kr = keyring.get_keyring()
+    sk = kr.get_password('wheel', vk)
+    keypair = ed25519ll.Keypair(urlsafe_b64decode(binary(vk)),
+                                urlsafe_b64decode(binary(sk)))
+
+
+    record_name = wf.distinfo_name + '/RECORD'
+    sig_name = wf.distinfo_name + '/RECORD.jws'
+    if sig_name in wf.zipfile.namelist():
+        raise WheelError("Wheel is already signed.")
+    record_data = wf.zipfile.read(record_name)
+    payload = {"hash":"sha256=" + native(urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.sha256(record_data).digest()))}
+    sig = signatures.sign(payload, keypair)
+    wf.zipfile.writestr(sig_name, json.dumps(sig, sort_keys=True))
+    wf.zipfile.close()
+
+def unsign(wheelfile):
+    """
+    Remove RECORD.jws from a wheel by truncating the zip file.
+
+    RECORD.jws must be at the end of the archive. The zip file must be an
+    ordinary archive, with the compressed files and the directory in the same
+    order, and without any non-zip content after the truncation point.
+    """
+    import wheel.install
+    vzf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(wheelfile, "a")
+    info = vzf.infolist()
+    if not (len(info) and info[-1].filename.endswith('/RECORD.jws')):
+        raise WheelError("RECORD.jws not found at end of archive.")
+    vzf.pop()
+    vzf.close()
+
+def verify(wheelfile):
+    """Verify a wheel.
+
+    The signature will be verified for internal consistency ONLY and printed.
+    Wheel's own unpack/install commands verify the manifest against the
+    signature and file contents.
+    """
+    wf = WheelFile(wheelfile)
+    sig_name = wf.distinfo_name + '/RECORD.jws'
+    sig = json.loads(native(wf.zipfile.open(sig_name).read()))
+    verified = signatures.verify(sig)
+    sys.stderr.write("Signatures are internally consistent.\n")
+    sys.stdout.write(json.dumps(verified, indent=2))
+    sys.stdout.write('\n')
+
+def unpack(wheelfile, dest='.'):
+    """Unpack a wheel.
+
+    Wheel content will be unpacked to {dest}/{name}-{ver}, where {name}
+    is the package name and {ver} its version.
+
+    :param wheelfile: The path to the wheel.
+    :param dest: Destination directory (default to current directory).
+    """
+    wf = WheelFile(wheelfile)
+    namever = wf.parsed_filename.group('namever')
+    destination = os.path.join(dest, namever)
+    sys.stderr.write("Unpacking to: %s\n" % (destination))
+    wf.zipfile.extractall(destination)
+    wf.zipfile.close()
+
+def install(requirements, requirements_file=None,
+            wheel_dirs=None, force=False, list_files=False,
+            dry_run=False):
+    """Install wheels.
+
+    :param requirements: A list of requirements or wheel files to install.
+    :param requirements_file: A file containing requirements to install.
+    :param wheel_dirs: A list of directories to search for wheels.
+    :param force: Install a wheel file even if it is not compatible.
+    :param list_files: Only list the files to install, don't install them.
+    :param dry_run: Do everything but the actual install.
+    """
+
+    # If no wheel directories specified, use the WHEELPATH environment
+    # variable, or the current directory if that is not set.
+    if not wheel_dirs:
+        wheelpath = os.getenv("WHEELPATH")
+        if wheelpath:
+            wheel_dirs = wheelpath.split(os.pathsep)
+        else:
+            wheel_dirs = [ os.path.curdir ]
+
+    # Get a list of all valid wheels in wheel_dirs
+    all_wheels = []
+    for d in wheel_dirs:
+        for w in os.listdir(d):
+            if w.endswith('.whl'):
+                wf = WheelFile(os.path.join(d, w))
+                if wf.compatible:
+                    all_wheels.append(wf)
+
+    # If there is a requirements file, add it to the list of requirements
+    if requirements_file:
+        # If the file doesn't exist, search for it in wheel_dirs
+        # This allows standard requirements files to be stored with the
+        # wheels.
+        if not os.path.exists(requirements_file):
+            for d in wheel_dirs:
+                name = os.path.join(d, requirements_file)
+                if os.path.exists(name):
+                    requirements_file = name
+                    break
+
+        with open(requirements_file) as fd:
+            requirements.extend(fd)
+
+    to_install = []
+    for req in requirements:
+        if req.endswith('.whl'):
+            # Explicitly specified wheel filename
+            if os.path.exists(req):
+                wf = WheelFile(req)
+                if wf.compatible or force:
+                    to_install.append(wf)
+                else:
+                    msg = ("{0} is not compatible with this Python. "
+                           "--force to install anyway.".format(req))
+                    raise WheelError(msg)
+            else:
+                # We could search on wheel_dirs, but it's probably OK to
+                # assume the user has made an error.
+                raise WheelError("No such wheel file: {}".format(req))
+            continue
+
+        # We have a requirement spec
+        # If we don't have pkg_resources, this will raise an exception
+        matches = matches_requirement(req, all_wheels)
+        if not matches:
+            raise WheelError("No match for requirement {}".format(req))
+        to_install.append(max(matches))
+
+    # We now have a list of wheels to install
+    if list_files:
+        sys.stdout.write("Installing:\n")
+
+    if dry_run:
+        return
+
+    for wf in to_install:
+        if list_files:
+            sys.stdout.write("    {0}\n".format(wf.filename))
+            continue
+        wf.install(force=force)
+        wf.zipfile.close()
+
+def install_scripts(distributions):
+    """
+    Regenerate the entry_points console_scripts for the named distribution.
+    """
+    try:
+        from setuptools.command import easy_install
+        import pkg_resources
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("'wheel install_scripts' needs setuptools.")
+
+    for dist in distributions:
+        pkg_resources_dist = pkg_resources.get_distribution(dist)
+        install = wheel.paths.get_install_command(dist)
+        command = easy_install.easy_install(install.distribution)
+        command.args = ['wheel'] # dummy argument
+        command.finalize_options()
+        command.install_egg_scripts(pkg_resources_dist)
+
+def convert(installers, dest_dir, verbose):
+    require_pkgresources('wheel convert')
+
+    # Only support wheel convert if pkg_resources is present
+    from ..wininst2wheel import bdist_wininst2wheel
+    from ..egg2wheel import egg2wheel
+
+    for pat in installers:
+        for installer in iglob(pat):
+            if os.path.splitext(installer)[1] == '.egg':
+                conv = egg2wheel
+            else:
+                conv = bdist_wininst2wheel
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("{0}... ".format(installer))
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+            conv(installer, dest_dir)
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("OK\n")
+
+def parser():
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    s = p.add_subparsers(help="commands")
+
+    def keygen_f(args):
+        keygen()
+    keygen_parser = s.add_parser('keygen', help='Generate signing key')
+    keygen_parser.set_defaults(func=keygen_f)
+
+    def sign_f(args):
+        sign(args.wheelfile)
+    sign_parser = s.add_parser('sign', help='Sign wheel')
+    sign_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    sign_parser.set_defaults(func=sign_f)
+
+    def unsign_f(args):
+        unsign(args.wheelfile)
+    unsign_parser = s.add_parser('unsign', help=unsign.__doc__)
+    unsign_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    unsign_parser.set_defaults(func=unsign_f)
+
+    def verify_f(args):
+        verify(args.wheelfile)
+    verify_parser = s.add_parser('verify', help=verify.__doc__)
+    verify_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    verify_parser.set_defaults(func=verify_f)
+
+    def unpack_f(args):
+        unpack(args.wheelfile, args.dest)
+    unpack_parser = s.add_parser('unpack', help='Unpack wheel')
+    unpack_parser.add_argument('--dest', '-d', help='Destination directory',
+                               default='.')
+    unpack_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    unpack_parser.set_defaults(func=unpack_f)
+
+    def install_f(args):
+        install(args.requirements, args.requirements_file,
+                args.wheel_dirs, args.force, args.list_files)
+    install_parser = s.add_parser('install', help='Install wheels')
+    install_parser.add_argument('requirements', nargs='*',
+                                help='Requirements to install.')
+    install_parser.add_argument('--force', default=False,
+                                action='store_true',
+                                help='Install incompatible wheel files.')
+    install_parser.add_argument('--wheel-dir', '-d', action='append',
+                                dest='wheel_dirs',
+                                help='Directories containing wheels.')
+    install_parser.add_argument('--requirements-file', '-r',
+                                help="A file containing requirements to "
+                                "install.")
+    install_parser.add_argument('--list', '-l', default=False,
+                                dest='list_files',
+                                action='store_true',
+                                help="List wheels which would be installed, "
+                                "but don't actually install anything.")
+    install_parser.set_defaults(func=install_f)
+
+    def install_scripts_f(args):
+        install_scripts(args.distributions)
+    install_scripts_parser = s.add_parser('install-scripts', help='Install console_scripts')
+    install_scripts_parser.add_argument('distributions', nargs='*',
+                                        help='Regenerate console_scripts for these distributions')
+    install_scripts_parser.set_defaults(func=install_scripts_f)
+
+    def convert_f(args):
+        convert(args.installers, args.dest_dir, args.verbose)
+    convert_parser = s.add_parser('convert', help='Convert egg or wininst to wheel')
+    convert_parser.add_argument('installers', nargs='*', help='Installers to convert')
+    convert_parser.add_argument('--dest-dir', '-d', default=os.path.curdir,
+            help="Directory to store wheels (default %(default)s)")
+    convert_parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
+    convert_parser.set_defaults(func=convert_f)
+
+    def version_f(args):
+        from .. import __version__
+        sys.stdout.write("wheel %s\n" % __version__)
+    version_parser = s.add_parser('version', help='Print version and exit')
+    version_parser.set_defaults(func=version_f)
+
+    def help_f(args):
+        p.print_help()
+    help_parser = s.add_parser('help', help='Show this help')
+    help_parser.set_defaults(func=help_f)
+
+    return p
+
+def main():
+    p = parser()
+    args = p.parse_args()
+    if not hasattr(args, 'func'):
+        p.print_help()
+    else:
+        # XXX on Python 3.3 we get 'args has no func' rather than short help.
+        try:
+            args.func(args)
+            return 0
+        except WheelError as e:
+            sys.stderr.write(e.message + "\n")
+    return 1
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5268813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+"""Utility functions."""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import base64
+import json
+import hashlib
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    OrderedDict = dict
+
+__all__ = ['urlsafe_b64encode', 'urlsafe_b64decode', 'utf8',
+           'to_json', 'from_json', 'matches_requirement']
+
+def urlsafe_b64encode(data):
+    """urlsafe_b64encode without padding"""
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(binary('='))
+
+
+def urlsafe_b64decode(data):
+    """urlsafe_b64decode without padding"""
+    pad = b'=' * (4 - (len(data) & 3))
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(data + pad)
+
+
+def to_json(o):
+    '''Convert given data to JSON.'''
+    return json.dumps(o, sort_keys=True)
+
+
+def from_json(j):
+    '''Decode a JSON payload.'''
+    return json.loads(j)
+
+def open_for_csv(name, mode):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        nl = {}
+        bin = 'b'
+    else:
+        nl = { 'newline': '' }
+        bin = ''
+    return open(name, mode + bin, **nl)
+
+try:
+    unicode
+
+    def utf8(data):
+        '''Utf-8 encode data.'''
+        if isinstance(data, unicode):
+            return data.encode('utf-8')
+        return data
+except NameError:
+    def utf8(data):
+        '''Utf-8 encode data.'''
+        if isinstance(data, str):
+            return data.encode('utf-8')
+        return data
+
+
+try:
+    # For encoding ascii back and forth between bytestrings, as is repeatedly
+    # necessary in JSON-based crypto under Python 3
+    unicode
+    def native(s):
+        return s
+    def binary(s):
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            return s.encode('ascii')
+        return s
+except NameError:
+    def native(s):
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s.decode('ascii')
+        return s
+    def binary(s):
+        if isinstance(s, str):
+            return s.encode('ascii')
+
+class HashingFile(object):
+    def __init__(self, fd, hashtype='sha256'):
+        self.fd = fd
+        self.hashtype = hashtype
+        self.hash = hashlib.new(hashtype)
+        self.length = 0
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.hash.update(data)
+        self.length += len(data)
+        self.fd.write(data)
+    def close(self):
+        self.fd.close()
+    def digest(self):
+        if self.hashtype == 'md5':
+            return self.hash.hexdigest()
+        digest = self.hash.digest()
+        return self.hashtype + '=' + native(urlsafe_b64encode(digest))
+
+class OrderedDefaultDict(OrderedDict):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not args:
+            self.default_factory = None
+        else:
+            if not (args[0] is None or callable(args[0])):
+                raise TypeError('first argument must be callable or None')
+            self.default_factory = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+        super(OrderedDefaultDict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __missing__ (self, key):
+        if self.default_factory is None:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        self[key] = default = self.default_factory()
+        return default
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    import ctypes.wintypes
+    # CSIDL_APPDATA for reference - not used here for compatibility with
+    # dirspec, which uses LOCAL_APPDATA and COMMON_APPDATA in that order
+    csidl = dict(CSIDL_APPDATA=26, CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA=28,
+            CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA=35)
+    def get_path(name):
+        SHGFP_TYPE_CURRENT = 0
+        buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(ctypes.wintypes.MAX_PATH)
+        ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(0, csidl[name], 0, SHGFP_TYPE_CURRENT, buf)
+        return buf.value
+
+    def save_config_path(*resource):
+        appdata = get_path("CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA")
+        path = os.path.join(appdata, *resource)
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):
+            os.makedirs(path)
+        return path
+    def load_config_paths(*resource):
+        ids = ["CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA", "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA"]
+        for id in ids:
+            base = get_path(id)
+            path = os.path.join(base, *resource)
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                yield path
+else:
+    def save_config_path(*resource):
+        import xdg.BaseDirectory
+        return xdg.BaseDirectory.save_config_path(*resource)
+    def load_config_paths(*resource):
+        import xdg.BaseDirectory
+        return xdg.BaseDirectory.load_config_paths(*resource)
+
+def matches_requirement(req, wheels):
+    """List of wheels matching a requirement.
+
+    :param req: The requirement to satisfy
+    :param wheels: List of wheels to search.
+    """
+    try:
+        from pkg_resources import Distribution, Requirement
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot use requirements without pkg_resources")
+
+    req = Requirement.parse(req)
+
+    selected = []
+    for wf in wheels:
+        f = wf.parsed_filename
+        dist = Distribution(project_name=f.group("name"), version=f.group("ver"))
+        if dist in req:
+            selected.append(wf)
+    return selected
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..297f8d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import os.path
+import re
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import wheel.bdist_wheel
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.archive_util import make_archive
+from shutil import rmtree
+from wheel.archive import archive_wheelfile
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from glob import iglob
+
+egg_info_re = re.compile(r'''(^|/)(?P<name>[^/]+?)-(?P<ver>.+?)
+    (-(?P<pyver>.+?))?(-(?P<arch>.+?))?.egg-info(/|$)''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+def parse_info(wininfo_name, egginfo_name):
+    """Extract metadata from filenames.
+    
+    Extracts the 4 metadataitems needed (name, version, pyversion, arch) from
+    the installer filename and the name of the egg-info directory embedded in
+    the zipfile (if any).
+
+    The egginfo filename has the format::
+
+        name-ver(-pyver)(-arch).egg-info
+
+    The installer filename has the format::
+
+        name-ver.arch(-pyver).exe
+
+    Some things to note:
+
+    1. The installer filename is not definitive. An installer can be renamed
+       and work perfectly well as an installer. So more reliable data should
+       be used whenever possible.
+    2. The egg-info data should be preferred for the name and version, because
+       these come straight from the distutils metadata, and are mandatory.
+    3. The pyver from the egg-info data should be ignored, as it is
+       constructed from the version of Python used to build the installer,
+       which is irrelevant - the installer filename is correct here (even to
+       the point that when it's not there, any version is implied).
+    4. The architecture must be taken from the installer filename, as it is
+       not included in the egg-info data.
+    5. Architecture-neutral installers still have an architecture because the
+       installer format itself (being executable) is architecture-specific. We
+       should therefore ignore the architecture if the content is pure-python.
+    """
+
+    egginfo = None
+    if egginfo_name:
+        egginfo = egg_info_re.search(egginfo_name)
+        if not egginfo:
+            raise ValueError("Egg info filename %s is not valid" %
+                    (egginfo_name,))
+
+    # Parse the wininst filename
+    # 1. Distribution name (up to the first '-')
+    w_name, sep, rest = wininfo_name.partition('-')
+    if not sep:
+        raise ValueError("Installer filename %s is not valid" %
+                (wininfo_name,))
+    # Strip '.exe'
+    rest = rest[:-4]
+    # 2. Python version (from the last '-', must start with 'py')
+    rest2, sep, w_pyver = rest.rpartition('-')
+    if sep and w_pyver.startswith('py'):
+        rest = rest2
+        w_pyver = w_pyver.replace('.', '')
+    else:
+        # Not version specific - use py2.py3. While it is possible that
+        # pure-Python code is not compatible with both Python 2 and 3, there
+        # is no way of knowing from the wininst format, so we assume the best
+        # here (the user can always manually rename the wheel to be more
+        # restrictive if needed).
+        w_pyver = 'py2.py3'
+    # 3. Version and architecture
+    w_ver, sep, w_arch = rest.rpartition('.')
+    if not sep:
+        raise ValueError("Installer filename %s is not valid" %
+                (wininfo_name,))
+
+    if egginfo:
+        w_name = egginfo.group('name')
+        w_ver = egginfo.group('ver')
+
+    return dict(name=w_name, ver=w_ver, arch=w_arch, pyver=w_pyver)
+
+def bdist_wininst2wheel(path, dest_dir=os.path.curdir):
+    bdw = zipfile.ZipFile(path)
+
+    # Search for egg-info in the archive
+    egginfo_name = None
+    for filename in bdw.namelist():
+        if '.egg-info' in filename:
+            egginfo_name = filename
+            break
+
+    info = parse_info(os.path.basename(path), egginfo_name)
+
+    root_is_purelib = True
+    for zipinfo in bdw.infolist():
+        if zipinfo.filename.startswith('PLATLIB'):
+            root_is_purelib = False
+            break
+    if root_is_purelib:
+        paths = {'purelib': ''}
+    else:
+        paths = {'platlib': ''}
+
+    dist_info = "%(name)s-%(ver)s" % info
+    datadir = "%s.data/" % dist_info
+
+    # rewrite paths to trick ZipFile into extracting an egg
+    # XXX grab wininst .ini - between .exe, padding, and first zip file.
+    members = []
+    egginfo_name = ''
+    for zipinfo in bdw.infolist():
+        key, basename = zipinfo.filename.split('/', 1)
+        key = key.lower()
+        basepath = paths.get(key, None)
+        if basepath is None:
+            basepath = datadir + key.lower() + '/'
+        oldname = zipinfo.filename
+        newname = basepath + basename
+        zipinfo.filename = newname
+        del bdw.NameToInfo[oldname]
+        bdw.NameToInfo[newname] = zipinfo
+        # Collect member names, but omit '' (from an entry like "PLATLIB/"
+        if newname:
+            members.append(newname)
+        # Remember egg-info name for the egg2dist call below
+        if not egginfo_name:
+            if newname.endswith('.egg-info'):
+                egginfo_name = newname
+            elif '.egg-info/' in newname:
+                egginfo_name, sep, _ = newname.rpartition('/')
+    dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix="_b2w")
+    bdw.extractall(dir, members)
+
+    # egg2wheel
+    abi = 'none'
+    pyver = info['pyver']
+    arch = (info['arch'] or 'any').replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    # Wininst installers always have arch even if they are not
+    # architecture-specific (because the format itself is).
+    # So, assume the content is architecture-neutral if root is purelib.
+    if root_is_purelib:
+        arch = 'any'
+    # If the installer is architecture-specific, it's almost certainly also
+    # CPython-specific.
+    if arch != 'any':
+        pyver = pyver.replace('py', 'cp')
+    wheel_name = '-'.join((
+                          dist_info,
+                          pyver,
+                          abi,
+                          arch
+                          ))
+    bw = wheel.bdist_wheel.bdist_wheel(distutils.dist.Distribution())
+    bw.root_is_purelib = root_is_purelib
+    dist_info_dir = os.path.join(dir, '%s.dist-info' % dist_info)
+    bw.egg2dist(os.path.join(dir, egginfo_name), dist_info_dir)
+    bw.write_wheelfile(dist_info_dir, generator='wininst2wheel')
+    bw.write_record(dir, dist_info_dir)
+    
+    archive_wheelfile(os.path.join(dest_dir, wheel_name), dir)
+    rmtree(dir)
+
+def main():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('installers', nargs='*', help="Installers to convert")
+    parser.add_argument('--dest-dir', '-d', default=os.path.curdir,
+            help="Directory to store wheels (default %(default)s)")
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    for pat in args.installers:
+        for installer in iglob(pat):
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("{0}... ".format(installer))
+            bdist_wininst2wheel(installer, args.dest_dir)
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("OK\n")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45288e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""
+WTForms
+=======
+
+WTForms is a flexible forms validation and rendering library for python web
+development.
+
+:copyright: Copyright (c) 2010 by Thomas Johansson, James Crasta and others.
+:license: BSD, see LICENSE.txt for details.
+"""
+from wtforms import validators, widgets
+from wtforms.fields import *
+from wtforms.form import Form
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+
+__version__ = '2.1'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/compat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6fd200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import sys
+
+__all__ = (
+    'text_type', 'string_types', 'izip', 'iteritems', 'itervalues',
+    'with_metaclass',
+)
+
+if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+    text_type = str
+    string_types = (str, )
+    izip = zip
+
+    def iteritems(o):
+        return o.items()
+
+    def itervalues(o):
+        return o.values()
+
+else:
+    text_type = unicode
+    string_types = (basestring, )
+    from itertools import izip
+
+    def iteritems(o):
+        return o.iteritems()
+
+    def itervalues(o):
+        return o.itervalues()
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, base=object):
+    return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/core.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64dc752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+from wtforms.fields import HiddenField
+
+__all__ = ('CSRFTokenField', 'CSRF')
+
+
+class CSRFTokenField(HiddenField):
+    """
+    A subclass of HiddenField designed for sending the CSRF token that is used
+    for most CSRF protection schemes.
+
+    Notably different from a normal field, this field always renders the
+    current token regardless of the submitted value, and also will not be
+    populated over to object data via populate_obj
+    """
+    current_token = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        self.csrf_impl = kw.pop('csrf_impl')
+        super(CSRFTokenField, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+    def _value(self):
+        """
+        We want to always return the current token on render, regardless of
+        whether a good or bad token was passed.
+        """
+        return self.current_token
+
+    def populate_obj(self, *args):
+        """
+        Don't populate objects with the CSRF token
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        """
+        Handle validation of this token field.
+        """
+        self.csrf_impl.validate_csrf_token(form, self)
+
+    def process(self, *args):
+        super(CSRFTokenField, self).process(*args)
+        self.current_token = self.csrf_impl.generate_csrf_token(self)
+
+
+class CSRF(object):
+    field_class = CSRFTokenField
+
+    def setup_form(self, form):
+        """
+        Receive the form we're attached to and set up fields.
+
+        The default implementation creates a single field of
+        type :attr:`field_class` with name taken from the
+        ``csrf_field_name`` of the class meta.
+
+        :param form:
+            The form instance we're attaching to.
+        :return:
+            A sequence of `(field_name, unbound_field)` 2-tuples which
+            are unbound fields to be added to the form.
+        """
+        meta = form.meta
+        field_name = meta.csrf_field_name
+        unbound_field = self.field_class(
+            label='CSRF Token',
+            csrf_impl=self
+        )
+        return [(field_name, unbound_field)]
+
+    def generate_csrf_token(self, csrf_token_field):
+        """
+        Implementations must override this to provide a method with which one
+        can get a CSRF token for this form.
+
+        A CSRF token is usually a string that is generated deterministically
+        based on some sort of user data, though it can be anything which you
+        can validate on a subsequent request.
+
+        :param csrf_token_field:
+            The field which is being used for CSRF.
+        :return:
+            A generated CSRF string.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def validate_csrf_token(self, form, field):
+        """
+        Override this method to provide custom CSRF validation logic.
+
+        The default CSRF validation logic simply checks if the recently
+        generated token equals the one we received as formdata.
+
+        :param form: The form which has this CSRF token.
+        :param field: The CSRF token field.
+        """
+        if field.current_token != field.data:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('Invalid CSRF Token'))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/session.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35237f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/csrf/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""
+A provided CSRF implementation which puts CSRF data in a session.
+
+This can be used fairly comfortably with many `request.session` type
+objects, including the Werkzeug/Flask session store, Django sessions, and
+potentially other similar objects which use a dict-like API for storing
+session keys.
+
+The basic concept is a randomly generated value is stored in the user's
+session, and an hmac-sha1 of it (along with an optional expiration time,
+for extra security) is used as the value of the csrf_token. If this token
+validates with the hmac of the random value + expiration time, and the
+expiration time is not passed, the CSRF validation will pass.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import hmac
+import os
+
+from hashlib import sha1
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+from ..validators import ValidationError
+from .core import CSRF
+
+__all__ = ('SessionCSRF', )
+
+
+class SessionCSRF(CSRF):
+    TIME_FORMAT = '%Y%m%d%H%M%S'
+
+    def setup_form(self, form):
+        self.form_meta = form.meta
+        return super(SessionCSRF, self).setup_form(form)
+
+    def generate_csrf_token(self, csrf_token_field):
+        meta = self.form_meta
+        if meta.csrf_secret is None:
+            raise Exception('must set `csrf_secret` on class Meta for SessionCSRF to work')
+        if meta.csrf_context is None:
+            raise TypeError('Must provide a session-like object as csrf context')
+
+        session = self.session
+
+        if 'csrf' not in session:
+            session['csrf'] = sha1(os.urandom(64)).hexdigest()
+
+        if self.time_limit:
+            expires = (self.now() + self.time_limit).strftime(self.TIME_FORMAT)
+            csrf_build = '%s%s' % (session['csrf'], expires)
+        else:
+            expires = ''
+            csrf_build = session['csrf']
+
+        hmac_csrf = hmac.new(meta.csrf_secret, csrf_build.encode('utf8'), digestmod=sha1)
+        return '%s##%s' % (expires, hmac_csrf.hexdigest())
+
+    def validate_csrf_token(self, form, field):
+        meta = self.form_meta
+        if not field.data or '##' not in field.data:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF token missing'))
+
+        expires, hmac_csrf = field.data.split('##', 1)
+
+        check_val = (self.session['csrf'] + expires).encode('utf8')
+
+        hmac_compare = hmac.new(meta.csrf_secret, check_val, digestmod=sha1)
+        if hmac_compare.hexdigest() != hmac_csrf:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF failed'))
+
+        if self.time_limit:
+            now_formatted = self.now().strftime(self.TIME_FORMAT)
+            if now_formatted > expires:
+                raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF token expired'))
+
+    def now(self):
+        """
+        Get the current time. Used for test mocking/overriding mainly.
+        """
+        return datetime.now()
+
+    @property
+    def time_limit(self):
+        return getattr(self.form_meta, 'csrf_time_limit', timedelta(minutes=30))
+
+    @property
+    def session(self):
+        return getattr(self.form_meta.csrf_context, 'session', self.form_meta.csrf_context)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fd07f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import warnings
+
+warnings.warn(
+    'wtforms.ext.appengine is deprecated, and will be removed in WTForms 3.0. '
+    'The package has been split out into its own package, wtforms-appengine: '
+    'https://github.com/wtforms/wtforms-appengine ',
+    DeprecationWarning
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/db.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/db.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaf932d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/db.py
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+"""
+Form generation utilities for App Engine's ``db.Model`` class.
+
+The goal of ``model_form()`` is to provide a clean, explicit and predictable
+way to create forms based on ``db.Model`` classes. No malabarism or black
+magic should be necessary to generate a form for models, and to add custom
+non-model related fields: ``model_form()`` simply generates a form class
+that can be used as it is, or that can be extended directly or even be used
+to create other forms using ``model_form()``.
+
+Example usage:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from google.appengine.ext import db
+   from tipfy.ext.model.form import model_form
+
+   # Define an example model and add a record.
+   class Contact(db.Model):
+       name = db.StringProperty(required=True)
+       city = db.StringProperty()
+       age = db.IntegerProperty(required=True)
+       is_admin = db.BooleanProperty(default=False)
+
+   new_entity = Contact(key_name='test', name='Test Name', age=17)
+   new_entity.put()
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact)
+
+   # Get a form populated with entity data.
+   entity = Contact.get_by_key_name('test')
+   form = ContactForm(obj=entity)
+
+Properties from the model can be excluded from the generated form, or it can
+include just a set of properties. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model, excluding 'city' and 'is_admin'.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, exclude=('city', 'is_admin'))
+
+   # or...
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model, only including 'name' and 'age'.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, only=('name', 'age'))
+
+The form can be generated setting field arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, only=('name', 'age'), field_args={
+       'name': {
+           'label': 'Full name',
+           'description': 'Your name',
+       },
+       'age': {
+           'label': 'Age',
+           'validators': [validators.NumberRange(min=14, max=99)],
+       }
+   })
+
+The class returned by ``model_form()`` can be used as a base class for forms
+mixing non-model fields and/or other model forms. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model.
+   BaseContactForm = model_form(Contact)
+
+   # Generate a form based on other model.
+   ExtraContactForm = model_form(MyOtherModel)
+
+   class ContactForm(BaseContactForm):
+       # Add an extra, non-model related field.
+       subscribe_to_news = f.BooleanField()
+
+       # Add the other model form as a subform.
+       extra = f.FormField(ExtraContactForm)
+
+The class returned by ``model_form()`` can also extend an existing form
+class:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   class BaseContactForm(Form):
+       # Add an extra, non-model related field.
+       subscribe_to_news = f.BooleanField()
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, base_class=BaseContactForm)
+
+"""
+from wtforms import Form, validators, widgets, fields as f
+from wtforms.compat import iteritems
+from wtforms.ext.appengine.fields import GeoPtPropertyField, ReferencePropertyField, StringListPropertyField
+
+
+def get_TextField(kwargs):
+    """
+    Returns a ``TextField``, applying the ``db.StringProperty`` length limit
+    of 500 bytes.
+    """
+    kwargs['validators'].append(validators.length(max=500))
+    return f.TextField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def get_IntegerField(kwargs):
+    """
+    Returns an ``IntegerField``, applying the ``db.IntegerProperty`` range
+    limits.
+    """
+    v = validators.NumberRange(min=-0x8000000000000000, max=0x7fffffffffffffff)
+    kwargs['validators'].append(v)
+    return f.IntegerField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_StringProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.StringProperty``."""
+    if prop.multiline:
+        kwargs['validators'].append(validators.length(max=500))
+        return f.TextAreaField(**kwargs)
+    else:
+        return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_ByteStringProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.ByteStringProperty``."""
+    return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_BooleanProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.BooleanProperty``."""
+    return f.BooleanField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_IntegerProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.IntegerProperty``."""
+    return get_IntegerField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_FloatProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.FloatProperty``."""
+    return f.FloatField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_DateTimeProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.DateTimeProperty``."""
+    if prop.auto_now or prop.auto_now_add:
+        return None
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('format', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+    return f.DateTimeField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_DateProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.DateProperty``."""
+    if prop.auto_now or prop.auto_now_add:
+        return None
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('format', '%Y-%m-%d')
+    return f.DateField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_TimeProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.TimeProperty``."""
+    if prop.auto_now or prop.auto_now_add:
+        return None
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('format', '%H:%M:%S')
+    return f.DateTimeField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_ListProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.ListProperty``."""
+    return None
+
+
+def convert_StringListProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.StringListProperty``."""
+    return StringListPropertyField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_ReferenceProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.ReferenceProperty``."""
+    kwargs['reference_class'] = prop.reference_class
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_blank', not prop.required)
+    return ReferencePropertyField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_SelfReferenceProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.SelfReferenceProperty``."""
+    return None
+
+
+def convert_UserProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.UserProperty``."""
+    return None
+
+
+def convert_BlobProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.BlobProperty``."""
+    return f.FileField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_TextProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.TextProperty``."""
+    return f.TextAreaField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_CategoryProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.CategoryProperty``."""
+    return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_LinkProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.LinkProperty``."""
+    kwargs['validators'].append(validators.url())
+    return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_EmailProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.EmailProperty``."""
+    kwargs['validators'].append(validators.email())
+    return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_GeoPtProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.GeoPtProperty``."""
+    return GeoPtPropertyField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_IMProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.IMProperty``."""
+    return None
+
+
+def convert_PhoneNumberProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.PhoneNumberProperty``."""
+    return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_PostalAddressProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.PostalAddressProperty``."""
+    return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+
+def convert_RatingProperty(model, prop, kwargs):
+    """Returns a form field for a ``db.RatingProperty``."""
+    kwargs['validators'].append(validators.NumberRange(min=0, max=100))
+    return f.IntegerField(**kwargs)
+
+
+class ModelConverter(object):
+    """
+    Converts properties from a ``db.Model`` class to form fields.
+
+    Default conversions between properties and fields:
+
+    +====================+===================+==============+==================+
+    | Property subclass  | Field subclass    | datatype     | notes            |
+    +====================+===================+==============+==================+
+    | StringProperty     | TextField         | unicode      | TextArea         |
+    |                    |                   |              | if multiline     |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | ByteStringProperty | TextField         | str          |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | BooleanProperty    | BooleanField      | bool         |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | IntegerProperty    | IntegerField      | int or long  |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | FloatProperty      | TextField         | float        |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | DateTimeProperty   | DateTimeField     | datetime     | skipped if       |
+    |                    |                   |              | auto_now[_add]   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | DateProperty       | DateField         | date         | skipped if       |
+    |                    |                   |              | auto_now[_add]   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | TimeProperty       | DateTimeField     | time         | skipped if       |
+    |                    |                   |              | auto_now[_add]   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | ListProperty       | None              | list         | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | StringListProperty | TextAreaField     | list of str  |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | ReferenceProperty  | ReferencePropertyF| db.Model     |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | SelfReferenceP.    | ReferencePropertyF| db.Model     |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | UserProperty       | None              | users.User   | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | BlobProperty       | FileField         | str          |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | TextProperty       | TextAreaField     | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | CategoryProperty   | TextField         | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | LinkProperty       | TextField         | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | EmailProperty      | TextField         | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | GeoPtProperty      | TextField         | db.GeoPt     |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | IMProperty         | None              | db.IM        | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | PhoneNumberProperty| TextField         | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | PostalAddressP.    | TextField         | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | RatingProperty     | IntegerField      | int or long  |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | _ReverseReferenceP.| None              | <iterable>   | always skipped   |
+    +====================+===================+==============+==================+
+    """
+    default_converters = {
+        'StringProperty':        convert_StringProperty,
+        'ByteStringProperty':    convert_ByteStringProperty,
+        'BooleanProperty':       convert_BooleanProperty,
+        'IntegerProperty':       convert_IntegerProperty,
+        'FloatProperty':         convert_FloatProperty,
+        'DateTimeProperty':      convert_DateTimeProperty,
+        'DateProperty':          convert_DateProperty,
+        'TimeProperty':          convert_TimeProperty,
+        'ListProperty':          convert_ListProperty,
+        'StringListProperty':    convert_StringListProperty,
+        'ReferenceProperty':     convert_ReferenceProperty,
+        'SelfReferenceProperty': convert_SelfReferenceProperty,
+        'UserProperty':          convert_UserProperty,
+        'BlobProperty':          convert_BlobProperty,
+        'TextProperty':          convert_TextProperty,
+        'CategoryProperty':      convert_CategoryProperty,
+        'LinkProperty':          convert_LinkProperty,
+        'EmailProperty':         convert_EmailProperty,
+        'GeoPtProperty':         convert_GeoPtProperty,
+        'IMProperty':            convert_IMProperty,
+        'PhoneNumberProperty':   convert_PhoneNumberProperty,
+        'PostalAddressProperty': convert_PostalAddressProperty,
+        'RatingProperty':        convert_RatingProperty,
+    }
+
+    # Don't automatically add a required validator for these properties
+    NO_AUTO_REQUIRED = frozenset(['ListProperty', 'StringListProperty', 'BooleanProperty'])
+
+    def __init__(self, converters=None):
+        """
+        Constructs the converter, setting the converter callables.
+
+        :param converters:
+            A dictionary of converter callables for each property type. The
+            callable must accept the arguments (model, prop, kwargs).
+        """
+        self.converters = converters or self.default_converters
+
+    def convert(self, model, prop, field_args):
+        """
+        Returns a form field for a single model property.
+
+        :param model:
+            The ``db.Model`` class that contains the property.
+        :param prop:
+            The model property: a ``db.Property`` instance.
+        :param field_args:
+            Optional keyword arguments to construct the field.
+        """
+        prop_type_name = type(prop).__name__
+        kwargs = {
+            'label': prop.name.replace('_', ' ').title(),
+            'default': prop.default_value(),
+            'validators': [],
+        }
+        if field_args:
+            kwargs.update(field_args)
+
+        if prop.required and prop_type_name not in self.NO_AUTO_REQUIRED:
+            kwargs['validators'].append(validators.required())
+
+        if prop.choices:
+            # Use choices in a select field if it was not provided in field_args
+            if 'choices' not in kwargs:
+                kwargs['choices'] = [(v, v) for v in prop.choices]
+            return f.SelectField(**kwargs)
+        else:
+            converter = self.converters.get(prop_type_name, None)
+            if converter is not None:
+                return converter(model, prop, kwargs)
+
+
+def model_fields(model, only=None, exclude=None, field_args=None,
+                 converter=None):
+    """
+    Extracts and returns a dictionary of form fields for a given
+    ``db.Model`` class.
+
+    :param model:
+        The ``db.Model`` class to extract fields from.
+    :param only:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be included in
+        the form. Only these properties will have fields.
+    :param exclude:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be excluded
+        from the form. All other properties will have fields.
+    :param field_args:
+        An optional dictionary of field names mapping to a keyword arguments
+        used to construct each field object.
+    :param converter:
+        A converter to generate the fields based on the model properties. If
+        not set, ``ModelConverter`` is used.
+    """
+    converter = converter or ModelConverter()
+    field_args = field_args or {}
+
+    # Get the field names we want to include or exclude, starting with the
+    # full list of model properties.
+    props = model.properties()
+    sorted_props = sorted(iteritems(props), key=lambda prop: prop[1].creation_counter)
+    field_names = list(x[0] for x in sorted_props)
+
+    if only:
+        field_names = list(f for f in only if f in field_names)
+    elif exclude:
+        field_names = list(f for f in field_names if f not in exclude)
+
+    # Create all fields.
+    field_dict = {}
+    for name in field_names:
+        field = converter.convert(model, props[name], field_args.get(name))
+        if field is not None:
+            field_dict[name] = field
+
+    return field_dict
+
+
+def model_form(model, base_class=Form, only=None, exclude=None, field_args=None,
+               converter=None):
+    """
+    Creates and returns a dynamic ``wtforms.Form`` class for a given
+    ``db.Model`` class. The form class can be used as it is or serve as a base
+    for extended form classes, which can then mix non-model related fields,
+    subforms with other model forms, among other possibilities.
+
+    :param model:
+        The ``db.Model`` class to generate a form for.
+    :param base_class:
+        Base form class to extend from. Must be a ``wtforms.Form`` subclass.
+    :param only:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be included in
+        the form. Only these properties will have fields.
+    :param exclude:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be excluded
+        from the form. All other properties will have fields.
+    :param field_args:
+        An optional dictionary of field names mapping to keyword arguments
+        used to construct each field object.
+    :param converter:
+        A converter to generate the fields based on the model properties. If
+        not set, ``ModelConverter`` is used.
+    """
+    # Extract the fields from the model.
+    field_dict = model_fields(model, only, exclude, field_args, converter)
+
+    # Return a dynamically created form class, extending from base_class and
+    # including the created fields as properties.
+    return type(model.kind() + 'Form', (base_class,), field_dict)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f1737f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import decimal
+import operator
+
+from wtforms import fields, widgets
+from wtforms.compat import text_type, string_types
+
+
+class ReferencePropertyField(fields.SelectFieldBase):
+    """
+    A field for ``db.ReferenceProperty``. The list items are rendered in a
+    select.
+
+    :param reference_class:
+        A db.Model class which will be used to generate the default query
+        to make the list of items. If this is not specified, The `query`
+        property must be overridden before validation.
+    :param get_label:
+        If a string, use this attribute on the model class as the label
+        associated with each option. If a one-argument callable, this callable
+        will be passed model instance and expected to return the label text.
+        Otherwise, the model object's `__str__` or `__unicode__` will be used.
+    :param allow_blank:
+        If set to true, a blank choice will be added to the top of the list
+        to allow `None` to be chosen.
+    :param blank_text:
+        Use this to override the default blank option's label.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.Select()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, reference_class=None,
+                 get_label=None, allow_blank=False,
+                 blank_text='', **kwargs):
+        super(ReferencePropertyField, self).__init__(label, validators,
+                                                     **kwargs)
+        if get_label is None:
+            self.get_label = lambda x: x
+        elif isinstance(get_label, string_types):
+            self.get_label = operator.attrgetter(get_label)
+        else:
+            self.get_label = get_label
+
+        self.allow_blank = allow_blank
+        self.blank_text = blank_text
+        self._set_data(None)
+        if reference_class is not None:
+            self.query = reference_class.all()
+
+    def _get_data(self):
+        if self._formdata is not None:
+            for obj in self.query:
+                if str(obj.key()) == self._formdata:
+                    self._set_data(obj)
+                    break
+        return self._data
+
+    def _set_data(self, data):
+        self._data = data
+        self._formdata = None
+
+    data = property(_get_data, _set_data)
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        if self.allow_blank:
+            yield ('__None', self.blank_text, self.data is None)
+
+        for obj in self.query:
+            key = str(obj.key())
+            label = self.get_label(obj)
+            yield (key, label, (self.data.key() == obj.key()) if self.data else False)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            if valuelist[0] == '__None':
+                self.data = None
+            else:
+                self._data = None
+                self._formdata = valuelist[0]
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        if not self.allow_blank or self.data is not None:
+            for obj in self.query:
+                if str(self.data.key()) == str(obj.key()):
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+
+
+class KeyPropertyField(fields.SelectFieldBase):
+    """
+    A field for ``ndb.KeyProperty``. The list items are rendered in a select.
+
+    :param reference_class:
+        A db.Model class which will be used to generate the default query
+        to make the list of items. If this is not specified, The `query`
+        property must be overridden before validation.
+    :param get_label:
+        If a string, use this attribute on the model class as the label
+        associated with each option. If a one-argument callable, this callable
+        will be passed model instance and expected to return the label text.
+        Otherwise, the model object's `__str__` or `__unicode__` will be used.
+    :param allow_blank:
+        If set to true, a blank choice will be added to the top of the list
+        to allow `None` to be chosen.
+    :param blank_text:
+        Use this to override the default blank option's label.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.Select()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, reference_class=None,
+                 get_label=None, allow_blank=False, blank_text='', **kwargs):
+        super(KeyPropertyField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        if get_label is None:
+            self.get_label = lambda x: x
+        elif isinstance(get_label, basestring):
+            self.get_label = operator.attrgetter(get_label)
+        else:
+            self.get_label = get_label
+
+        self.allow_blank = allow_blank
+        self.blank_text = blank_text
+        self._set_data(None)
+        if reference_class is not None:
+            self.query = reference_class.query()
+
+    def _get_data(self):
+        if self._formdata is not None:
+            for obj in self.query:
+                if str(obj.key.id()) == self._formdata:
+                    self._set_data(obj)
+                    break
+        return self._data
+
+    def _set_data(self, data):
+        self._data = data
+        self._formdata = None
+
+    data = property(_get_data, _set_data)
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        if self.allow_blank:
+            yield ('__None', self.blank_text, self.data is None)
+
+        for obj in self.query:
+            key = str(obj.key.id())
+            label = self.get_label(obj)
+            yield (key, label, (self.data.key == obj.key) if self.data else False)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            if valuelist[0] == '__None':
+                self.data = None
+            else:
+                self._data = None
+                self._formdata = valuelist[0]
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        if self.data is not None:
+            for obj in self.query:
+                if self.data.key == obj.key:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+        elif not self.allow_blank:
+            raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+
+
+class StringListPropertyField(fields.TextAreaField):
+    """
+    A field for ``db.StringListProperty``. The list items are rendered in a
+    textarea.
+    """
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return self.raw_data[0]
+        else:
+            return self.data and text_type("\n".join(self.data)) or ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                self.data = valuelist[0].splitlines()
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid list'))
+
+
+class IntegerListPropertyField(fields.TextAreaField):
+    """
+    A field for ``db.StringListProperty``. The list items are rendered in a
+    textarea.
+    """
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return self.raw_data[0]
+        else:
+            return text_type('\n'.join(self.data)) if self.data else ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                self.data = [int(value) for value in valuelist[0].splitlines()]
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid integer list'))
+
+
+class GeoPtPropertyField(fields.TextField):
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                lat, lon = valuelist[0].split(',')
+                self.data = '%s,%s' % (decimal.Decimal(lat.strip()), decimal.Decimal(lon.strip()),)
+            except (decimal.InvalidOperation, ValueError):
+                raise ValueError('Not a valid coordinate location')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/ndb.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/ndb.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb07768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/appengine/ndb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+"""
+Form generation utilities for App Engine's new ``ndb.Model`` class.
+
+The goal of ``model_form()`` is to provide a clean, explicit and predictable
+way to create forms based on ``ndb.Model`` classes. No malabarism or black
+magic should be necessary to generate a form for models, and to add custom
+non-model related fields: ``model_form()`` simply generates a form class
+that can be used as it is, or that can be extended directly or even be used
+to create other forms using ``model_form()``.
+
+Example usage:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   from google.appengine.ext import ndb
+   from wtforms.ext.appengine.ndb import model_form
+
+   # Define an example model and add a record.
+   class Contact(ndb.Model):
+       name = ndb.StringProperty(required=True)
+       city = ndb.StringProperty()
+       age = ndb.IntegerProperty(required=True)
+       is_admin = ndb.BooleanProperty(default=False)
+
+   new_entity = Contact(key_name='test', name='Test Name', age=17)
+   new_entity.put()
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact)
+
+   # Get a form populated with entity data.
+   entity = Contact.get_by_key_name('test')
+   form = ContactForm(obj=entity)
+
+Properties from the model can be excluded from the generated form, or it can
+include just a set of properties. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model, excluding 'city' and 'is_admin'.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, exclude=('city', 'is_admin'))
+
+   # or...
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model, only including 'name' and 'age'.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, only=('name', 'age'))
+
+The form can be generated setting field arguments:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, only=('name', 'age'), field_args={
+       'name': {
+           'label': 'Full name',
+           'description': 'Your name',
+       },
+       'age': {
+           'label': 'Age',
+           'validators': [validators.NumberRange(min=14, max=99)],
+       }
+   })
+
+The class returned by ``model_form()`` can be used as a base class for forms
+mixing non-model fields and/or other model forms. For example:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model.
+   BaseContactForm = model_form(Contact)
+
+   # Generate a form based on other model.
+   ExtraContactForm = model_form(MyOtherModel)
+
+   class ContactForm(BaseContactForm):
+       # Add an extra, non-model related field.
+       subscribe_to_news = f.BooleanField()
+
+       # Add the other model form as a subform.
+       extra = f.FormField(ExtraContactForm)
+
+The class returned by ``model_form()`` can also extend an existing form
+class:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+   class BaseContactForm(Form):
+       # Add an extra, non-model related field.
+       subscribe_to_news = f.BooleanField()
+
+   # Generate a form based on the model.
+   ContactForm = model_form(Contact, base_class=BaseContactForm)
+
+"""
+from wtforms import Form, validators, fields as f
+from wtforms.compat import string_types
+from wtforms.ext.appengine.fields import GeoPtPropertyField, KeyPropertyField, StringListPropertyField, IntegerListPropertyField
+
+
+def get_TextField(kwargs):
+    """
+    Returns a ``TextField``, applying the ``ndb.StringProperty`` length limit
+    of 500 bytes.
+    """
+    kwargs['validators'].append(validators.length(max=500))
+    return f.TextField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def get_IntegerField(kwargs):
+    """
+    Returns an ``IntegerField``, applying the ``ndb.IntegerProperty`` range
+    limits.
+    """
+    v = validators.NumberRange(min=-0x8000000000000000, max=0x7fffffffffffffff)
+    kwargs['validators'].append(v)
+    return f.IntegerField(**kwargs)
+
+
+class ModelConverterBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, converters=None):
+        """
+        Constructs the converter, setting the converter callables.
+
+        :param converters:
+            A dictionary of converter callables for each property type. The
+            callable must accept the arguments (model, prop, kwargs).
+        """
+        self.converters = {}
+
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if not name.startswith('convert_'):
+                continue
+            self.converters[name[8:]] = getattr(self, name)
+
+    def convert(self, model, prop, field_args):
+        """
+        Returns a form field for a single model property.
+
+        :param model:
+            The ``db.Model`` class that contains the property.
+        :param prop:
+            The model property: a ``db.Property`` instance.
+        :param field_args:
+            Optional keyword arguments to construct the field.
+        """
+
+        prop_type_name = type(prop).__name__
+
+        # Check for generic property
+        if(prop_type_name == "GenericProperty"):
+            # Try to get type from field args
+            generic_type = field_args.get("type")
+            if generic_type:
+                prop_type_name = field_args.get("type")
+
+            # If no type is found, the generic property uses string set in convert_GenericProperty
+
+        kwargs = {
+            'label': prop._code_name.replace('_', ' ').title(),
+            'default': prop._default,
+            'validators': [],
+        }
+        if field_args:
+            kwargs.update(field_args)
+
+        if prop._required and prop_type_name not in self.NO_AUTO_REQUIRED:
+            kwargs['validators'].append(validators.required())
+
+        if kwargs.get('choices', None):
+            # Use choices in a select field.
+            kwargs['choices'] = [(v, v) for v in kwargs.get('choices')]
+            return f.SelectField(**kwargs)
+
+        if prop._choices:
+            # Use choices in a select field.
+            kwargs['choices'] = [(v, v) for v in prop._choices]
+            return f.SelectField(**kwargs)
+
+        else:
+            converter = self.converters.get(prop_type_name, None)
+            if converter is not None:
+                return converter(model, prop, kwargs)
+            else:
+                return self.fallback_converter(model, prop, kwargs)
+
+
+class ModelConverter(ModelConverterBase):
+    """
+    Converts properties from a ``ndb.Model`` class to form fields.
+
+    Default conversions between properties and fields:
+
+    +====================+===================+==============+==================+
+    | Property subclass  | Field subclass    | datatype     | notes            |
+    +====================+===================+==============+==================+
+    | StringProperty     | TextField         | unicode      | TextArea         | repeated support
+    |                    |                   |              | if multiline     |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | BooleanProperty    | BooleanField      | bool         |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | IntegerProperty    | IntegerField      | int or long  |                  | repeated support
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | FloatProperty      | TextField         | float        |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | DateTimeProperty   | DateTimeField     | datetime     | skipped if       |
+    |                    |                   |              | auto_now[_add]   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | DateProperty       | DateField         | date         | skipped if       |
+    |                    |                   |              | auto_now[_add]   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | TimeProperty       | DateTimeField     | time         | skipped if       |
+    |                    |                   |              | auto_now[_add]   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | TextProperty       | TextAreaField     | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | GeoPtProperty      | TextField         | db.GeoPt     |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | KeyProperty        | KeyProperyField   | ndb.Key      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | BlobKeyProperty    | None              | ndb.BlobKey  | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | UserProperty       | None              | users.User   | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | StructuredProperty | None              | ndb.Model    | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | LocalStructuredPro | None              | ndb.Model    | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | JsonProperty       | TextField         | unicode      |                  |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | PickleProperty     | None              | bytedata     | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | GenericProperty    | None              | generic      | always skipped   |
+    +--------------------+-------------------+--------------+------------------+
+    | ComputedProperty   | none              |              | always skipped   |
+    +====================+===================+==============+==================+
+
+    """
+    # Don't automatically add a required validator for these properties
+    NO_AUTO_REQUIRED = frozenset(['ListProperty', 'StringListProperty', 'BooleanProperty'])
+
+    def convert_StringProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.StringProperty``."""
+        if prop._repeated:
+            return StringListPropertyField(**kwargs)
+        kwargs['validators'].append(validators.length(max=500))
+        return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+    def convert_BooleanProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.BooleanProperty``."""
+        return f.BooleanField(**kwargs)
+
+    def convert_IntegerProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.IntegerProperty``."""
+        if prop._repeated:
+            return IntegerListPropertyField(**kwargs)
+        return get_IntegerField(kwargs)
+
+    def convert_FloatProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.FloatProperty``."""
+        return f.FloatField(**kwargs)
+
+    def convert_DateTimeProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.DateTimeProperty``."""
+        if prop._auto_now or prop._auto_now_add:
+            return None
+
+        return f.DateTimeField(format='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', **kwargs)
+
+    def convert_DateProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.DateProperty``."""
+        if prop._auto_now or prop._auto_now_add:
+            return None
+
+        return f.DateField(format='%Y-%m-%d', **kwargs)
+
+    def convert_TimeProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.TimeProperty``."""
+        if prop._auto_now or prop._auto_now_add:
+            return None
+
+        return f.DateTimeField(format='%H:%M:%S', **kwargs)
+
+    def convert_RepeatedProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ListProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_UserProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.UserProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_StructuredProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ListProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_LocalStructuredProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ListProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_JsonProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ListProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_PickleProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ListProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_GenericProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ListProperty``."""
+        kwargs['validators'].append(validators.length(max=500))
+        return get_TextField(kwargs)
+
+    def convert_BlobKeyProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.BlobKeyProperty``."""
+        return f.FileField(**kwargs)
+
+    def convert_TextProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.TextProperty``."""
+        return f.TextAreaField(**kwargs)
+
+    def convert_ComputedProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.ComputedProperty``."""
+        return None
+
+    def convert_GeoPtProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.GeoPtProperty``."""
+        return GeoPtPropertyField(**kwargs)
+
+    def convert_KeyProperty(self, model, prop, kwargs):
+        """Returns a form field for a ``ndb.KeyProperty``."""
+        if 'reference_class' not in kwargs:
+            try:
+                reference_class = prop._kind
+            except AttributeError:
+                reference_class = prop._reference_class
+
+            if isinstance(reference_class, string_types):
+                # reference class is a string, try to retrieve the model object.
+                mod = __import__(model.__module__, None, None, [reference_class], 0)
+                reference_class = getattr(mod, reference_class)
+            kwargs['reference_class'] = reference_class
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_blank', not prop._required)
+        return KeyPropertyField(**kwargs)
+
+
+def model_fields(model, only=None, exclude=None, field_args=None,
+                 converter=None):
+    """
+    Extracts and returns a dictionary of form fields for a given
+    ``db.Model`` class.
+
+    :param model:
+        The ``db.Model`` class to extract fields from.
+    :param only:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be included in
+        the form. Only these properties will have fields.
+    :param exclude:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be excluded
+        from the form. All other properties will have fields.
+    :param field_args:
+        An optional dictionary of field names mapping to a keyword arguments
+        used to construct each field object.
+    :param converter:
+        A converter to generate the fields based on the model properties. If
+        not set, ``ModelConverter`` is used.
+    """
+    converter = converter or ModelConverter()
+    field_args = field_args or {}
+
+    # Get the field names we want to include or exclude, starting with the
+    # full list of model properties.
+    props = model._properties
+    field_names = list(x[0] for x in sorted(props.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]._creation_counter))
+
+    if only:
+        field_names = list(f for f in only if f in field_names)
+    elif exclude:
+        field_names = list(f for f in field_names if f not in exclude)
+
+    # Create all fields.
+    field_dict = {}
+    for name in field_names:
+        field = converter.convert(model, props[name], field_args.get(name))
+        if field is not None:
+            field_dict[name] = field
+
+    return field_dict
+
+
+def model_form(model, base_class=Form, only=None, exclude=None, field_args=None,
+               converter=None):
+    """
+    Creates and returns a dynamic ``wtforms.Form`` class for a given
+    ``ndb.Model`` class. The form class can be used as it is or serve as a base
+    for extended form classes, which can then mix non-model related fields,
+    subforms with other model forms, among other possibilities.
+
+    :param model:
+        The ``ndb.Model`` class to generate a form for.
+    :param base_class:
+        Base form class to extend from. Must be a ``wtforms.Form`` subclass.
+    :param only:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be included in
+        the form. Only these properties will have fields.
+    :param exclude:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be excluded
+        from the form. All other properties will have fields.
+    :param field_args:
+        An optional dictionary of field names mapping to keyword arguments
+        used to construct each field object.
+    :param converter:
+        A converter to generate the fields based on the model properties. If
+        not set, ``ModelConverter`` is used.
+    """
+    # Extract the fields from the model.
+    field_dict = model_fields(model, only, exclude, field_args, converter)
+
+    # Return a dynamically created form class, extending from base_class and
+    # including the created fields as properties.
+    return type(model._get_kind() + 'Form', (base_class,), field_dict)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab5bbca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from wtforms.ext.csrf.form import SecureForm
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d06638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from wtforms.fields import HiddenField
+
+
+class CSRFTokenField(HiddenField):
+    current_token = None
+
+    def _value(self):
+        """
+        We want to always return the current token on render, regardless of
+        whether a good or bad token was passed.
+        """
+        return self.current_token
+
+    def populate_obj(self, *args):
+        """
+        Don't populate objects with the CSRF token
+        """
+        pass
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88f645d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from wtforms.form import Form
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+
+from .fields import CSRFTokenField
+
+
+class SecureForm(Form):
+    """
+    Form that enables CSRF processing via subclassing hooks.
+    """
+    csrf_token = CSRFTokenField()
+
+    def __init__(self, formdata=None, obj=None, prefix='', csrf_context=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        :param csrf_context:
+            Optional extra data which is passed transparently to your
+            CSRF implementation.
+        """
+        super(SecureForm, self).__init__(formdata, obj, prefix, **kwargs)
+        self.csrf_token.current_token = self.generate_csrf_token(csrf_context)
+
+    def generate_csrf_token(self, csrf_context):
+        """
+        Implementations must override this to provide a method with which one
+        can get a CSRF token for this form.
+
+        A CSRF token should be a string which can be generated
+        deterministically so that on the form POST, the generated string is
+        (usually) the same assuming the user is using the site normally.
+
+        :param csrf_context:
+            A transparent object which can be used as contextual info for
+            generating the token.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def validate_csrf_token(self, field):
+        """
+        Override this method to provide custom CSRF validation logic.
+
+        The default CSRF validation logic simply checks if the recently
+        generated token equals the one we received as formdata.
+        """
+        if field.current_token != field.data:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('Invalid CSRF Token'))
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        d = super(SecureForm, self).data
+        d.pop('csrf_token')
+        return d
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eaf06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""
+A provided CSRF implementation which puts CSRF data in a session.
+
+This can be used fairly comfortably with many `request.session` type
+objects, including the Werkzeug/Flask session store, Django sessions, and
+potentially other similar objects which use a dict-like API for storing
+session keys.
+
+The basic concept is a randomly generated value is stored in the user's
+session, and an hmac-sha1 of it (along with an optional expiration time,
+for extra security) is used as the value of the csrf_token. If this token
+validates with the hmac of the random value + expiration time, and the
+expiration time is not passed, the CSRF validation will pass.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import hmac
+import os
+
+from hashlib import sha1
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+from ...validators import ValidationError
+from .form import SecureForm
+
+__all__ = ('SessionSecureForm', )
+
+
+class SessionSecureForm(SecureForm):
+    TIME_FORMAT = '%Y%m%d%H%M%S'
+    TIME_LIMIT = timedelta(minutes=30)
+    SECRET_KEY = None
+
+    def generate_csrf_token(self, csrf_context):
+        if self.SECRET_KEY is None:
+            raise Exception('must set SECRET_KEY in a subclass of this form for it to work')
+        if csrf_context is None:
+            raise TypeError('Must provide a session-like object as csrf context')
+
+        session = getattr(csrf_context, 'session', csrf_context)
+
+        if 'csrf' not in session:
+            session['csrf'] = sha1(os.urandom(64)).hexdigest()
+
+        self.csrf_token.csrf_key = session['csrf']
+        if self.TIME_LIMIT:
+            expires = (datetime.now() + self.TIME_LIMIT).strftime(self.TIME_FORMAT)
+            csrf_build = '%s%s' % (session['csrf'], expires)
+        else:
+            expires = ''
+            csrf_build = session['csrf']
+
+        hmac_csrf = hmac.new(self.SECRET_KEY, csrf_build.encode('utf8'), digestmod=sha1)
+        return '%s##%s' % (expires, hmac_csrf.hexdigest())
+
+    def validate_csrf_token(self, field):
+        if not field.data or '##' not in field.data:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF token missing'))
+
+        expires, hmac_csrf = field.data.split('##')
+
+        check_val = (field.csrf_key + expires).encode('utf8')
+
+        hmac_compare = hmac.new(self.SECRET_KEY, check_val, digestmod=sha1)
+        if hmac_compare.hexdigest() != hmac_csrf:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF failed'))
+
+        if self.TIME_LIMIT:
+            now_formatted = datetime.now().strftime(self.TIME_FORMAT)
+            if now_formatted > expires:
+                raise ValidationError(field.gettext('CSRF token expired'))
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/dateutil/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/dateutil/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e78b7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+"""
+A DateTimeField and DateField that use the `dateutil` package for parsing.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from dateutil import parser
+
+from wtforms.fields import Field
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+from wtforms.widgets import TextInput
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'DateTimeField', 'DateField',
+)
+
+
+# This is a fix to handle issues in dateutil which arose in version 2.2.
+# A bug ticket is filed: https://bugs.launchpad.net/dateutil/+bug/1247643
+try:
+    parser.parse('foobar')
+except TypeError:
+    DATEUTIL_TYPEERROR_ISSUE = True
+except ValueError:
+    DATEUTIL_TYPEERROR_ISSUE = False
+else:
+    import warnings
+    warnings.warn('In testing for a dateutil issue, we ran into a very strange error.', ImportWarning)
+
+
+class DateTimeField(Field):
+    """
+    DateTimeField represented by a text input, accepts all input text formats
+    that `dateutil.parser.parse` will.
+
+    :param parse_kwargs:
+        A dictionary of keyword args to pass to the dateutil parse() function.
+        See dateutil docs for available keywords.
+    :param display_format:
+        A format string to pass to strftime() to format dates for display.
+    """
+    widget = TextInput()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, parse_kwargs=None,
+                 display_format='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M', **kwargs):
+        super(DateTimeField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        if parse_kwargs is None:
+            parse_kwargs = {}
+        self.parse_kwargs = parse_kwargs
+        self.display_format = display_format
+
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return ' '.join(self.raw_data)
+        else:
+            return self.data and self.data.strftime(self.display_format) or ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            date_str = ' '.join(valuelist)
+            if not date_str:
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Please input a date/time value'))
+
+            parse_kwargs = self.parse_kwargs.copy()
+            if 'default' not in parse_kwargs:
+                try:
+                    parse_kwargs['default'] = self.default()
+                except TypeError:
+                    parse_kwargs['default'] = self.default
+            try:
+                self.data = parser.parse(date_str, **parse_kwargs)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Invalid date/time input'))
+            except TypeError:
+                if not DATEUTIL_TYPEERROR_ISSUE:
+                    raise
+
+                # If we're using dateutil 2.2, then consider it a normal
+                # ValidationError. Hopefully dateutil fixes this issue soon.
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Invalid date/time input'))
+
+
+class DateField(DateTimeField):
+    """
+    Same as the DateTimeField, but stores only the date portion.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, parse_kwargs=None,
+                 display_format='%Y-%m-%d', **kwargs):
+        super(DateField, self).__init__(label, validators, parse_kwargs=parse_kwargs, display_format=display_format, **kwargs)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        super(DateField, self).process_formdata(valuelist)
+        if self.data is not None and hasattr(self.data, 'date'):
+            self.data = self.data.date()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..698226e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import warnings
+
+warnings.warn(
+    'wtforms.ext.django is deprecated, and will be removed in WTForms 3.0. '
+    'The package has been split out into its own package, wtforms-django: '
+    'https://github.com/wtforms/wtforms-django',
+    DeprecationWarning
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c29bd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+"""
+Useful form fields for use with the Django ORM.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import datetime
+import operator
+
+try:
+    from django.conf import settings
+    from django.utils import timezone
+    has_timezone = True
+except ImportError:
+    has_timezone = False
+
+from wtforms import fields, widgets
+from wtforms.compat import string_types
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+
+__all__ = (
+    'ModelSelectField', 'QuerySetSelectField', 'DateTimeField'
+)
+
+
+class QuerySetSelectField(fields.SelectFieldBase):
+    """
+    Given a QuerySet either at initialization or inside a view, will display a
+    select drop-down field of choices. The `data` property actually will
+    store/keep an ORM model instance, not the ID. Submitting a choice which is
+    not in the queryset will result in a validation error.
+
+    Specify `get_label` to customize the label associated with each option. If
+    a string, this is the name of an attribute on the model object to use as
+    the label text. If a one-argument callable, this callable will be passed
+    model instance and expected to return the label text. Otherwise, the model
+    object's `__str__` or `__unicode__` will be used.
+
+    If `allow_blank` is set to `True`, then a blank choice will be added to the
+    top of the list. Selecting this choice will result in the `data` property
+    being `None`.  The label for the blank choice can be set by specifying the
+    `blank_text` parameter.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.Select()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, queryset=None, get_label=None, allow_blank=False, blank_text='', **kwargs):
+        super(QuerySetSelectField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        self.allow_blank = allow_blank
+        self.blank_text = blank_text
+        self._set_data(None)
+        if queryset is not None:
+            self.queryset = queryset.all()  # Make sure the queryset is fresh
+
+        if get_label is None:
+            self.get_label = lambda x: x
+        elif isinstance(get_label, string_types):
+            self.get_label = operator.attrgetter(get_label)
+        else:
+            self.get_label = get_label
+
+    def _get_data(self):
+        if self._formdata is not None:
+            for obj in self.queryset:
+                if obj.pk == self._formdata:
+                    self._set_data(obj)
+                    break
+        return self._data
+
+    def _set_data(self, data):
+        self._data = data
+        self._formdata = None
+
+    data = property(_get_data, _set_data)
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        if self.allow_blank:
+            yield ('__None', self.blank_text, self.data is None)
+
+        for obj in self.queryset:
+            yield (obj.pk, self.get_label(obj), obj == self.data)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            if valuelist[0] == '__None':
+                self.data = None
+            else:
+                self._data = None
+                self._formdata = int(valuelist[0])
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        if not self.allow_blank or self.data is not None:
+            for obj in self.queryset:
+                if self.data == obj:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+
+
+class ModelSelectField(QuerySetSelectField):
+    """
+    Like a QuerySetSelectField, except takes a model class instead of a
+    queryset and lists everything in it.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, model=None, **kwargs):
+        super(ModelSelectField, self).__init__(label, validators, queryset=model._default_manager.all(), **kwargs)
+
+
+class DateTimeField(fields.DateTimeField):
+    """
+    Adds support for Django's timezone utilities.
+    Requires Django >= 1.5
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not has_timezone:
+            raise ImportError('DateTimeField requires Django >= 1.5')
+
+        super(DateTimeField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        super(DateTimeField, self).process_formdata(valuelist)
+
+        date = self.data
+
+        if settings.USE_TZ and date is not None and timezone.is_naive(date):
+            current_timezone = timezone.get_current_timezone()
+            self.data = timezone.make_aware(date, current_timezone)
+
+    def _value(self):
+        date = self.data
+
+        if settings.USE_TZ and isinstance(date, datetime.datetime) and timezone.is_aware(date):
+            self.data = timezone.localtime(date)
+
+        return super(DateTimeField, self)._value()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/i18n.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/i18n.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..662ef97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/i18n.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from django.utils.translation import ugettext, ungettext
+from wtforms import form
+
+
+class DjangoTranslations(object):
+    """
+    A translations object for WTForms that gets its messages from django's
+    translations providers.
+    """
+    def gettext(self, string):
+        return ugettext(string)
+
+    def ngettext(self, singular, plural, n):
+        return ungettext(singular, plural, n)
+
+
+class Form(form.Form):
+    """
+    A Form derivative which uses the translations engine from django.
+    """
+    _django_translations = DjangoTranslations()
+
+    def _get_translations(self):
+        return self._django_translations
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/orm.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/orm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cb5f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/orm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+"""
+Tools for generating forms based on Django models.
+"""
+from wtforms import fields as f
+from wtforms import Form
+from wtforms import validators
+from wtforms.compat import iteritems
+from wtforms.ext.django.fields import ModelSelectField
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'model_fields', 'model_form',
+)
+
+
+class ModelConverterBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, converters):
+        self.converters = converters
+
+    def convert(self, model, field, field_args):
+        kwargs = {
+            'label': field.verbose_name,
+            'description': field.help_text,
+            'validators': [],
+            'filters': [],
+            'default': field.default,
+        }
+        if field_args:
+            kwargs.update(field_args)
+
+        if field.blank:
+            kwargs['validators'].append(validators.Optional())
+        if field.max_length is not None and field.max_length > 0:
+            kwargs['validators'].append(validators.Length(max=field.max_length))
+
+        ftype = type(field).__name__
+        if field.choices:
+            kwargs['choices'] = field.choices
+            return f.SelectField(**kwargs)
+        elif ftype in self.converters:
+            return self.converters[ftype](model, field, kwargs)
+        else:
+            converter = getattr(self, 'conv_%s' % ftype, None)
+            if converter is not None:
+                return converter(model, field, kwargs)
+
+
+class ModelConverter(ModelConverterBase):
+    DEFAULT_SIMPLE_CONVERSIONS = {
+        f.IntegerField: ['AutoField', 'IntegerField', 'SmallIntegerField', 'PositiveIntegerField', 'PositiveSmallIntegerField'],
+        f.DecimalField: ['DecimalField', 'FloatField'],
+        f.FileField: ['FileField', 'FilePathField', 'ImageField'],
+        f.DateTimeField: ['DateTimeField'],
+        f.DateField: ['DateField'],
+        f.BooleanField: ['BooleanField'],
+        f.TextField: ['CharField', 'PhoneNumberField', 'SlugField'],
+        f.TextAreaField: ['TextField', 'XMLField'],
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, extra_converters=None, simple_conversions=None):
+        converters = {}
+        if simple_conversions is None:
+            simple_conversions = self.DEFAULT_SIMPLE_CONVERSIONS
+        for field_type, django_fields in iteritems(simple_conversions):
+            converter = self.make_simple_converter(field_type)
+            for name in django_fields:
+                converters[name] = converter
+
+        if extra_converters:
+            converters.update(extra_converters)
+        super(ModelConverter, self).__init__(converters)
+
+    def make_simple_converter(self, field_type):
+        def _converter(model, field, kwargs):
+            return field_type(**kwargs)
+        return _converter
+
+    def conv_ForeignKey(self, model, field, kwargs):
+        return ModelSelectField(model=field.rel.to, **kwargs)
+
+    def conv_TimeField(self, model, field, kwargs):
+        def time_only(obj):
+            try:
+                return obj.time()
+            except AttributeError:
+                return obj
+        kwargs['filters'].append(time_only)
+        return f.DateTimeField(format='%H:%M:%S', **kwargs)
+
+    def conv_EmailField(self, model, field, kwargs):
+        kwargs['validators'].append(validators.email())
+        return f.TextField(**kwargs)
+
+    def conv_IPAddressField(self, model, field, kwargs):
+        kwargs['validators'].append(validators.ip_address())
+        return f.TextField(**kwargs)
+
+    def conv_URLField(self, model, field, kwargs):
+        kwargs['validators'].append(validators.url())
+        return f.TextField(**kwargs)
+
+    def conv_NullBooleanField(self, model, field, kwargs):
+        from django.db.models.fields import NOT_PROVIDED
+
+        def coerce_nullbool(value):
+            d = {'None': None, None: None, 'True': True, 'False': False}
+            if isinstance(value, NOT_PROVIDED):
+                return None
+            elif value in d:
+                return d[value]
+            else:
+                return bool(int(value))
+
+        choices = ((None, 'Unknown'), (True, 'Yes'), (False, 'No'))
+        return f.SelectField(choices=choices, coerce=coerce_nullbool, **kwargs)
+
+
+def model_fields(model, only=None, exclude=None, field_args=None, converter=None):
+    """
+    Generate a dictionary of fields for a given Django model.
+
+    See `model_form` docstring for description of parameters.
+    """
+    converter = converter or ModelConverter()
+    field_args = field_args or {}
+
+    model_fields = ((f.attname, f) for f in model._meta.fields)
+    if only:
+        model_fields = (x for x in model_fields if x[0] in only)
+    elif exclude:
+        model_fields = (x for x in model_fields if x[0] not in exclude)
+
+    field_dict = {}
+    for name, model_field in model_fields:
+        field = converter.convert(model, model_field, field_args.get(name))
+        if field is not None:
+            field_dict[name] = field
+
+    return field_dict
+
+
+def model_form(model, base_class=Form, only=None, exclude=None, field_args=None, converter=None):
+    """
+    Create a wtforms Form for a given Django model class::
+
+        from wtforms.ext.django.orm import model_form
+        from myproject.myapp.models import User
+        UserForm = model_form(User)
+
+    :param model:
+        A Django ORM model class
+    :param base_class:
+        Base form class to extend from. Must be a ``wtforms.Form`` subclass.
+    :param only:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be included in
+        the form. Only these properties will have fields.
+    :param exclude:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be excluded
+        from the form. All other properties will have fields.
+    :param field_args:
+        An optional dictionary of field names mapping to keyword arguments used
+        to construct each field object.
+    :param converter:
+        A converter to generate the fields based on the model properties. If
+        not set, ``ModelConverter`` is used.
+    """
+    field_dict = model_fields(model, only, exclude, field_args, converter)
+    return type(model._meta.object_name + 'Form', (base_class, ), field_dict)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/templatetags/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/templatetags/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/templatetags/wtforms.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/templatetags/wtforms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..809b5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/django/templatetags/wtforms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""
+Template tags for easy WTForms access in Django templates.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import re
+
+from django import template
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.template import Variable
+
+from ....compat import iteritems
+
+register = template.Library()
+
+
+class FormFieldNode(template.Node):
+    def __init__(self, field_var, html_attrs):
+        self.field_var = field_var
+        self.html_attrs = html_attrs
+
+    def render(self, context):
+        try:
+            if '.' in self.field_var:
+                base, field_name = self.field_var.rsplit('.', 1)
+                field = getattr(Variable(base).resolve(context), field_name)
+            else:
+                field = context[self.field_var]
+        except (template.VariableDoesNotExist, KeyError, AttributeError):
+            return settings.TEMPLATE_STRING_IF_INVALID
+
+        h_attrs = {}
+        for k, v in iteritems(self.html_attrs):
+            try:
+                h_attrs[k] = v.resolve(context)
+            except template.VariableDoesNotExist:
+                h_attrs[k] = settings.TEMPLATE_STRING_IF_INVALID
+
+        return field(**h_attrs)
+
+
+@register.tag(name='form_field')
+def do_form_field(parser, token):
+    """
+    Render a WTForms form field allowing optional HTML attributes.
+    Invocation looks like this:
+      {% form_field form.username class="big_text" onclick="alert('hello')" %}
+    where form.username is the path to the field value we want.  Any number
+    of key="value" arguments are supported. Unquoted values are resolved as
+    template variables.
+    """
+    parts = token.contents.split(' ', 2)
+    if len(parts) < 2:
+        error_text = '%r tag must have the form field name as the first value, followed by optional key="value" attributes.'
+        raise template.TemplateSyntaxError(error_text % parts[0])
+
+    html_attrs = {}
+    if len(parts) == 3:
+        raw_args = list(args_split(parts[2]))
+        if (len(raw_args) % 2) != 0:
+            raise template.TemplateSyntaxError('%r tag received the incorrect number of key=value arguments.' % parts[0])
+        for x in range(0, len(raw_args), 2):
+            html_attrs[str(raw_args[x])] = Variable(raw_args[x + 1])
+
+    return FormFieldNode(parts[1], html_attrs)
+
+
+args_split_re = re.compile(r'''("(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*)"|'(?:[^'\\]*(?:\\.[^'\\]*)*)'|[^\s=]+)''')
+
+
+def args_split(text):
+    """ Split space-separated key=value arguments.  Keeps quoted strings intact. """
+    for bit in args_split_re.finditer(text):
+        bit = bit.group(0)
+        if bit[0] == '"' and bit[-1] == '"':
+            yield '"' + bit[1:-1].replace('\\"', '"').replace('\\\\', '\\') + '"'
+        elif bit[0] == "'" and bit[-1] == "'":
+            yield "'" + bit[1:-1].replace("\\'", "'").replace("\\\\", "\\") + "'"
+        else:
+            yield bit
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/form.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/form.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3060b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/form.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import warnings
+from wtforms import form
+from wtforms.ext.i18n.utils import get_translations
+
+translations_cache = {}
+
+
+class Form(form.Form):
+    """
+    Base form for a simple localized WTForms form.
+
+    **NOTE** this class is now un-necessary as the i18n features have
+    been moved into the core of WTForms, and will be removed in WTForms 3.0.
+
+    This will use the stdlib gettext library to retrieve an appropriate
+    translations object for the language, by default using the locale
+    information from the environment.
+
+    If the LANGUAGES class variable is overridden and set to a sequence of
+    strings, this will be a list of languages by priority to use instead, e.g::
+
+        LANGUAGES = ['en_GB', 'en']
+
+    One can also provide the languages by passing `LANGUAGES=` to the
+    constructor of the form.
+
+    Translations objects are cached to prevent having to get a new one for the
+    same languages every instantiation.
+    """
+    LANGUAGES = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        warnings.warn(
+            'i18n is now in core, wtforms.ext.i18n will be removed in WTForms 3.0',
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+        if 'LANGUAGES' in kwargs:
+            self.LANGUAGES = kwargs.pop('LANGUAGES')
+        super(Form, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_translations(self):
+        languages = tuple(self.LANGUAGES) if self.LANGUAGES else (self.meta.locales or None)
+        if languages not in translations_cache:
+            translations_cache[languages] = get_translations(languages)
+        return translations_cache[languages]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5db33b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/i18n/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""
+Module is just here for compatibility reasons, and will be removed in a future release.
+
+Importing this will cause a DeprecationWarning.
+"""
+from wtforms.i18n import (messages_path, get_builtin_gnu_translations, get_translations, DefaultTranslations)
+import warnings
+
+__all__ = ('messages_path', 'get_builtin_gnu_translations', 'get_translations', 'DefaultTranslations')
+
+
+warnings.warn(
+    'i18n utils have been merged into core, and this module will go away in WTForms 3.0',
+    category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bbfa84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import warnings
+
+warnings.warn(
+    'wtforms.ext.sqlalchemy is deprecated, and will be removed in WTForms 3.0. '
+    'The package has been extracted to a separate package wtforms_sqlalchemy: '
+    'https://github.com/wtforms/wtforms-sqlalchemy .\n'
+    'Or alternately, check out the WTForms-Alchemy package which provides declarative mapping and more: '
+    'https://github.com/kvesteri/wtforms-alchemy',
+    DeprecationWarning
+)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..286dada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+"""
+Useful form fields for use with SQLAlchemy ORM.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import operator
+
+from wtforms import widgets
+from wtforms.compat import text_type, string_types
+from wtforms.fields import SelectFieldBase
+from wtforms.validators import ValidationError
+
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.orm.util import identity_key
+    has_identity_key = True
+except ImportError:
+    has_identity_key = False
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'QuerySelectField', 'QuerySelectMultipleField',
+)
+
+
+class QuerySelectField(SelectFieldBase):
+    """
+    Will display a select drop-down field to choose between ORM results in a
+    sqlalchemy `Query`.  The `data` property actually will store/keep an ORM
+    model instance, not the ID. Submitting a choice which is not in the query
+    will result in a validation error.
+
+    This field only works for queries on models whose primary key column(s)
+    have a consistent string representation. This means it mostly only works
+    for those composed of string, unicode, and integer types. For the most
+    part, the primary keys will be auto-detected from the model, alternately
+    pass a one-argument callable to `get_pk` which can return a unique
+    comparable key.
+
+    The `query` property on the field can be set from within a view to assign
+    a query per-instance to the field. If the property is not set, the
+    `query_factory` callable passed to the field constructor will be called to
+    obtain a query.
+
+    Specify `get_label` to customize the label associated with each option. If
+    a string, this is the name of an attribute on the model object to use as
+    the label text. If a one-argument callable, this callable will be passed
+    model instance and expected to return the label text. Otherwise, the model
+    object's `__str__` or `__unicode__` will be used.
+
+    If `allow_blank` is set to `True`, then a blank choice will be added to the
+    top of the list. Selecting this choice will result in the `data` property
+    being `None`. The label for this blank choice can be set by specifying the
+    `blank_text` parameter.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.Select()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, query_factory=None,
+                 get_pk=None, get_label=None, allow_blank=False,
+                 blank_text='', **kwargs):
+        super(QuerySelectField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        self.query_factory = query_factory
+
+        if get_pk is None:
+            if not has_identity_key:
+                raise Exception('The sqlalchemy identity_key function could not be imported.')
+            self.get_pk = get_pk_from_identity
+        else:
+            self.get_pk = get_pk
+
+        if get_label is None:
+            self.get_label = lambda x: x
+        elif isinstance(get_label, string_types):
+            self.get_label = operator.attrgetter(get_label)
+        else:
+            self.get_label = get_label
+
+        self.allow_blank = allow_blank
+        self.blank_text = blank_text
+        self.query = None
+        self._object_list = None
+
+    def _get_data(self):
+        if self._formdata is not None:
+            for pk, obj in self._get_object_list():
+                if pk == self._formdata:
+                    self._set_data(obj)
+                    break
+        return self._data
+
+    def _set_data(self, data):
+        self._data = data
+        self._formdata = None
+
+    data = property(_get_data, _set_data)
+
+    def _get_object_list(self):
+        if self._object_list is None:
+            query = self.query or self.query_factory()
+            get_pk = self.get_pk
+            self._object_list = list((text_type(get_pk(obj)), obj) for obj in query)
+        return self._object_list
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        if self.allow_blank:
+            yield ('__None', self.blank_text, self.data is None)
+
+        for pk, obj in self._get_object_list():
+            yield (pk, self.get_label(obj), obj == self.data)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            if self.allow_blank and valuelist[0] == '__None':
+                self.data = None
+            else:
+                self._data = None
+                self._formdata = valuelist[0]
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        data = self.data
+        if data is not None:
+            for pk, obj in self._get_object_list():
+                if data == obj:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+        elif self._formdata or not self.allow_blank:
+            raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+
+
+class QuerySelectMultipleField(QuerySelectField):
+    """
+    Very similar to QuerySelectField with the difference that this will
+    display a multiple select. The data property will hold a list with ORM
+    model instances and will be an empty list when no value is selected.
+
+    If any of the items in the data list or submitted form data cannot be
+    found in the query, this will result in a validation error.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.Select(multiple=True)
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, default=None, **kwargs):
+        if default is None:
+            default = []
+        super(QuerySelectMultipleField, self).__init__(label, validators, default=default, **kwargs)
+        if kwargs.get('allow_blank', False):
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn('allow_blank=True does not do anything for QuerySelectMultipleField.')
+        self._invalid_formdata = False
+
+    def _get_data(self):
+        formdata = self._formdata
+        if formdata is not None:
+            data = []
+            for pk, obj in self._get_object_list():
+                if not formdata:
+                    break
+                elif pk in formdata:
+                    formdata.remove(pk)
+                    data.append(obj)
+            if formdata:
+                self._invalid_formdata = True
+            self._set_data(data)
+        return self._data
+
+    def _set_data(self, data):
+        self._data = data
+        self._formdata = None
+
+    data = property(_get_data, _set_data)
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        for pk, obj in self._get_object_list():
+            yield (pk, self.get_label(obj), obj in self.data)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        self._formdata = set(valuelist)
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        if self._invalid_formdata:
+            raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+        elif self.data:
+            obj_list = list(x[1] for x in self._get_object_list())
+            for v in self.data:
+                if v not in obj_list:
+                    raise ValidationError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+
+
+def get_pk_from_identity(obj):
+    cls, key = identity_key(instance=obj)
+    return ':'.join(text_type(x) for x in key)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/orm.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/orm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3743917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/orm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+"""
+Tools for generating forms based on SQLAlchemy models.
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import inspect
+
+from wtforms import fields as f
+from wtforms import validators
+from wtforms.form import Form
+from .fields import QuerySelectField, QuerySelectMultipleField
+
+__all__ = (
+    'model_fields', 'model_form',
+)
+
+
+def converts(*args):
+    def _inner(func):
+        func._converter_for = frozenset(args)
+        return func
+    return _inner
+
+
+class ModelConversionError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message):
+        Exception.__init__(self, message)
+
+
+class ModelConverterBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, converters, use_mro=True):
+        self.use_mro = use_mro
+
+        if not converters:
+            converters = {}
+
+        for name in dir(self):
+            obj = getattr(self, name)
+            if hasattr(obj, '_converter_for'):
+                for classname in obj._converter_for:
+                    converters[classname] = obj
+
+        self.converters = converters
+
+    def convert(self, model, mapper, prop, field_args, db_session=None):
+        if not hasattr(prop, 'columns') and not hasattr(prop, 'direction'):
+            return
+        elif not hasattr(prop, 'direction') and len(prop.columns) != 1:
+            raise TypeError(
+                'Do not know how to convert multiple-column properties currently'
+            )
+
+        kwargs = {
+            'validators': [],
+            'filters': [],
+            'default': None,
+        }
+
+        converter = None
+        column = None
+        types = None
+
+        if not hasattr(prop, 'direction'):
+            column = prop.columns[0]
+            # Support sqlalchemy.schema.ColumnDefault, so users can benefit
+            # from  setting defaults for fields, e.g.:
+            #   field = Column(DateTimeField, default=datetime.utcnow)
+
+            default = getattr(column, 'default', None)
+
+            if default is not None:
+                # Only actually change default if it has an attribute named
+                # 'arg' that's callable.
+                callable_default = getattr(default, 'arg', None)
+
+                if callable_default is not None:
+                    # ColumnDefault(val).arg can be also a plain value
+                    default = callable_default(None) if callable(callable_default) else callable_default
+
+            kwargs['default'] = default
+
+            if column.nullable:
+                kwargs['validators'].append(validators.Optional())
+            else:
+                kwargs['validators'].append(validators.Required())
+
+            if self.use_mro:
+                types = inspect.getmro(type(column.type))
+            else:
+                types = [type(column.type)]
+
+            for col_type in types:
+                type_string = '%s.%s' % (col_type.__module__, col_type.__name__)
+                if type_string.startswith('sqlalchemy'):
+                    type_string = type_string[11:]
+
+                if type_string in self.converters:
+                    converter = self.converters[type_string]
+                    break
+            else:
+                for col_type in types:
+                    if col_type.__name__ in self.converters:
+                        converter = self.converters[col_type.__name__]
+                        break
+                else:
+                    raise ModelConversionError('Could not find field converter for %s (%r).' % (prop.key, types[0]))
+        else:
+            # We have a property with a direction.
+            if not db_session:
+                raise ModelConversionError("Cannot convert field %s, need DB session." % prop.key)
+
+            foreign_model = prop.mapper.class_
+
+            nullable = True
+            for pair in prop.local_remote_pairs:
+                if not pair[0].nullable:
+                    nullable = False
+
+            kwargs.update({
+                'allow_blank': nullable,
+                'query_factory': lambda: db_session.query(foreign_model).all()
+            })
+
+            converter = self.converters[prop.direction.name]
+
+        if field_args:
+            kwargs.update(field_args)
+
+        return converter(
+            model=model,
+            mapper=mapper,
+            prop=prop,
+            column=column,
+            field_args=kwargs
+        )
+
+
+class ModelConverter(ModelConverterBase):
+    def __init__(self, extra_converters=None, use_mro=True):
+        super(ModelConverter, self).__init__(extra_converters, use_mro=use_mro)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _string_common(cls, column, field_args, **extra):
+        if column.type.length:
+            field_args['validators'].append(validators.Length(max=column.type.length))
+
+    @converts('String', 'Unicode')
+    def conv_String(self, field_args, **extra):
+        self._string_common(field_args=field_args, **extra)
+        return f.TextField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('types.Text', 'UnicodeText', 'types.LargeBinary', 'types.Binary', 'sql.sqltypes.Text')
+    def conv_Text(self, field_args, **extra):
+        self._string_common(field_args=field_args, **extra)
+        return f.TextAreaField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('Boolean')
+    def conv_Boolean(self, field_args, **extra):
+        return f.BooleanField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('Date')
+    def conv_Date(self, field_args, **extra):
+        return f.DateField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('DateTime')
+    def conv_DateTime(self, field_args, **extra):
+        return f.DateTimeField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('Enum')
+    def conv_Enum(self, column, field_args, **extra):
+        if 'choices' not in field_args:
+            field_args['choices'] = [(e, e) for e in column.type.enums]
+        return f.SelectField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('Integer', 'SmallInteger')
+    def handle_integer_types(self, column, field_args, **extra):
+        unsigned = getattr(column.type, 'unsigned', False)
+        if unsigned:
+            field_args['validators'].append(validators.NumberRange(min=0))
+        return f.IntegerField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('Numeric', 'Float')
+    def handle_decimal_types(self, column, field_args, **extra):
+        places = getattr(column.type, 'scale', 2)
+        if places is not None:
+            field_args['places'] = places
+        return f.DecimalField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('databases.mysql.MSYear', 'dialects.mysql.base.YEAR')
+    def conv_MSYear(self, field_args, **extra):
+        field_args['validators'].append(validators.NumberRange(min=1901, max=2155))
+        return f.TextField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('databases.postgres.PGInet', 'dialects.postgresql.base.INET')
+    def conv_PGInet(self, field_args, **extra):
+        field_args.setdefault('label', 'IP Address')
+        field_args['validators'].append(validators.IPAddress())
+        return f.TextField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('dialects.postgresql.base.MACADDR')
+    def conv_PGMacaddr(self, field_args, **extra):
+        field_args.setdefault('label', 'MAC Address')
+        field_args['validators'].append(validators.MacAddress())
+        return f.TextField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('dialects.postgresql.base.UUID')
+    def conv_PGUuid(self, field_args, **extra):
+        field_args.setdefault('label', 'UUID')
+        field_args['validators'].append(validators.UUID())
+        return f.TextField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('MANYTOONE')
+    def conv_ManyToOne(self, field_args, **extra):
+        return QuerySelectField(**field_args)
+
+    @converts('MANYTOMANY', 'ONETOMANY')
+    def conv_ManyToMany(self, field_args, **extra):
+        return QuerySelectMultipleField(**field_args)
+
+
+def model_fields(model, db_session=None, only=None, exclude=None,
+                 field_args=None, converter=None, exclude_pk=False,
+                 exclude_fk=False):
+    """
+    Generate a dictionary of fields for a given SQLAlchemy model.
+
+    See `model_form` docstring for description of parameters.
+    """
+    mapper = model._sa_class_manager.mapper
+    converter = converter or ModelConverter()
+    field_args = field_args or {}
+    properties = []
+
+    for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+        if getattr(prop, 'columns', None):
+            if exclude_fk and prop.columns[0].foreign_keys:
+                continue
+            elif exclude_pk and prop.columns[0].primary_key:
+                continue
+
+        properties.append((prop.key, prop))
+
+    # ((p.key, p) for p in mapper.iterate_properties)
+    if only:
+        properties = (x for x in properties if x[0] in only)
+    elif exclude:
+        properties = (x for x in properties if x[0] not in exclude)
+
+    field_dict = {}
+    for name, prop in properties:
+        field = converter.convert(
+            model, mapper, prop,
+            field_args.get(name), db_session
+        )
+        if field is not None:
+            field_dict[name] = field
+
+    return field_dict
+
+
+def model_form(model, db_session=None, base_class=Form, only=None,
+               exclude=None, field_args=None, converter=None, exclude_pk=True,
+               exclude_fk=True, type_name=None):
+    """
+    Create a wtforms Form for a given SQLAlchemy model class::
+
+        from wtforms.ext.sqlalchemy.orm import model_form
+        from myapp.models import User
+        UserForm = model_form(User)
+
+    :param model:
+        A SQLAlchemy mapped model class.
+    :param db_session:
+        An optional SQLAlchemy Session.
+    :param base_class:
+        Base form class to extend from. Must be a ``wtforms.Form`` subclass.
+    :param only:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be included in
+        the form. Only these properties will have fields.
+    :param exclude:
+        An optional iterable with the property names that should be excluded
+        from the form. All other properties will have fields.
+    :param field_args:
+        An optional dictionary of field names mapping to keyword arguments used
+        to construct each field object.
+    :param converter:
+        A converter to generate the fields based on the model properties. If
+        not set, ``ModelConverter`` is used.
+    :param exclude_pk:
+        An optional boolean to force primary key exclusion.
+    :param exclude_fk:
+        An optional boolean to force foreign keys exclusion.
+    :param type_name:
+        An optional string to set returned type name.
+    """
+    if not hasattr(model, '_sa_class_manager'):
+        raise TypeError('model must be a sqlalchemy mapped model')
+
+    type_name = type_name or str(model.__name__ + 'Form')
+    field_dict = model_fields(
+        model, db_session, only, exclude, field_args, converter,
+        exclude_pk=exclude_pk, exclude_fk=exclude_fk
+    )
+    return type(type_name, (base_class, ), field_dict)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6477f43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+from wtforms.fields.core import *
+
+from wtforms.fields.simple import *
+
+# Compatibility imports
+from wtforms.fields.core import Label, Field, SelectFieldBase, Flags
+from wtforms.utils import unset_value as _unset_value
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/core.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4b4d78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import itertools
+
+from wtforms import widgets
+from wtforms.compat import text_type, izip
+from wtforms.i18n import DummyTranslations
+from wtforms.validators import StopValidation
+from wtforms.utils import unset_value
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BooleanField', 'DecimalField', 'DateField', 'DateTimeField', 'FieldList',
+    'FloatField', 'FormField', 'IntegerField', 'RadioField', 'SelectField',
+    'SelectMultipleField', 'StringField',
+)
+
+
+class Field(object):
+    """
+    Field base class
+    """
+    errors = tuple()
+    process_errors = tuple()
+    raw_data = None
+    validators = tuple()
+    widget = None
+    _formfield = True
+    _translations = DummyTranslations()
+    do_not_call_in_templates = True  # Allow Django 1.4 traversal
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        if '_form' in kwargs and '_name' in kwargs:
+            return super(Field, cls).__new__(cls)
+        else:
+            return UnboundField(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, filters=tuple(),
+                 description='', id=None, default=None, widget=None,
+                 render_kw=None, _form=None, _name=None, _prefix='',
+                 _translations=None, _meta=None):
+        """
+        Construct a new field.
+
+        :param label:
+            The label of the field.
+        :param validators:
+            A sequence of validators to call when `validate` is called.
+        :param filters:
+            A sequence of filters which are run on input data by `process`.
+        :param description:
+            A description for the field, typically used for help text.
+        :param id:
+            An id to use for the field. A reasonable default is set by the form,
+            and you shouldn't need to set this manually.
+        :param default:
+            The default value to assign to the field, if no form or object
+            input is provided. May be a callable.
+        :param widget:
+            If provided, overrides the widget used to render the field.
+        :param dict render_kw:
+            If provided, a dictionary which provides default keywords that
+            will be given to the widget at render time.
+        :param _form:
+            The form holding this field. It is passed by the form itself during
+            construction. You should never pass this value yourself.
+        :param _name:
+            The name of this field, passed by the enclosing form during its
+            construction. You should never pass this value yourself.
+        :param _prefix:
+            The prefix to prepend to the form name of this field, passed by
+            the enclosing form during construction.
+        :param _translations:
+            A translations object providing message translations. Usually
+            passed by the enclosing form during construction. See
+            :doc:`I18n docs <i18n>` for information on message translations.
+        :param _meta:
+            If provided, this is the 'meta' instance from the form. You usually
+            don't pass this yourself.
+
+        If `_form` and `_name` isn't provided, an :class:`UnboundField` will be
+        returned instead. Call its :func:`bind` method with a form instance and
+        a name to construct the field.
+        """
+        if _translations is not None:
+            self._translations = _translations
+
+        if _meta is not None:
+            self.meta = _meta
+        elif _form is not None:
+            self.meta = _form.meta
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Must provide one of _form or _meta")
+
+        self.default = default
+        self.description = description
+        self.render_kw = render_kw
+        self.filters = filters
+        self.flags = Flags()
+        self.name = _prefix + _name
+        self.short_name = _name
+        self.type = type(self).__name__
+        self.validators = validators or list(self.validators)
+
+        self.id = id or self.name
+        self.label = Label(self.id, label if label is not None else self.gettext(_name.replace('_', ' ').title()))
+
+        if widget is not None:
+            self.widget = widget
+
+        for v in itertools.chain(self.validators, [self.widget]):
+            flags = getattr(v, 'field_flags', ())
+            for f in flags:
+                setattr(self.flags, f, True)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a HTML representation of the field. For more powerful rendering,
+        see the `__call__` method.
+        """
+        return self()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a HTML representation of the field. For more powerful rendering,
+        see the `__call__` method.
+        """
+        return self()
+
+    def __html__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a HTML representation of the field. For more powerful rendering,
+        see the :meth:`__call__` method.
+        """
+        return self()
+
+    def __call__(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Render this field as HTML, using keyword args as additional attributes.
+
+        This delegates rendering to
+        :meth:`meta.render_field <wtforms.meta.DefaultMeta.render_field>`
+        whose default behavior is to call the field's widget, passing any
+        keyword arguments from this call along to the widget.
+
+        In all of the WTForms HTML widgets, keyword arguments are turned to
+        HTML attributes, though in theory a widget is free to do anything it
+        wants with the supplied keyword arguments, and widgets don't have to
+        even do anything related to HTML.
+        """
+        return self.meta.render_field(self, kwargs)
+
+    def gettext(self, string):
+        """
+        Get a translation for the given message.
+
+        This proxies for the internal translations object.
+
+        :param string: A unicode string to be translated.
+        :return: A unicode string which is the translated output.
+        """
+        return self._translations.gettext(string)
+
+    def ngettext(self, singular, plural, n):
+        """
+        Get a translation for a message which can be pluralized.
+
+        :param str singular: The singular form of the message.
+        :param str plural: The plural form of the message.
+        :param int n: The number of elements this message is referring to
+        """
+        return self._translations.ngettext(singular, plural, n)
+
+    def validate(self, form, extra_validators=tuple()):
+        """
+        Validates the field and returns True or False. `self.errors` will
+        contain any errors raised during validation. This is usually only
+        called by `Form.validate`.
+
+        Subfields shouldn't override this, but rather override either
+        `pre_validate`, `post_validate` or both, depending on needs.
+
+        :param form: The form the field belongs to.
+        :param extra_validators: A sequence of extra validators to run.
+        """
+        self.errors = list(self.process_errors)
+        stop_validation = False
+
+        # Call pre_validate
+        try:
+            self.pre_validate(form)
+        except StopValidation as e:
+            if e.args and e.args[0]:
+                self.errors.append(e.args[0])
+            stop_validation = True
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.errors.append(e.args[0])
+
+        # Run validators
+        if not stop_validation:
+            chain = itertools.chain(self.validators, extra_validators)
+            stop_validation = self._run_validation_chain(form, chain)
+
+        # Call post_validate
+        try:
+            self.post_validate(form, stop_validation)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.errors.append(e.args[0])
+
+        return len(self.errors) == 0
+
+    def _run_validation_chain(self, form, validators):
+        """
+        Run a validation chain, stopping if any validator raises StopValidation.
+
+        :param form: The Form instance this field beongs to.
+        :param validators: a sequence or iterable of validator callables.
+        :return: True if validation was stopped, False otherwise.
+        """
+        for validator in validators:
+            try:
+                validator(form, self)
+            except StopValidation as e:
+                if e.args and e.args[0]:
+                    self.errors.append(e.args[0])
+                return True
+            except ValueError as e:
+                self.errors.append(e.args[0])
+
+        return False
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        """
+        Override if you need field-level validation. Runs before any other
+        validators.
+
+        :param form: The form the field belongs to.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def post_validate(self, form, validation_stopped):
+        """
+        Override if you need to run any field-level validation tasks after
+        normal validation. This shouldn't be needed in most cases.
+
+        :param form: The form the field belongs to.
+        :param validation_stopped:
+            `True` if any validator raised StopValidation.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def process(self, formdata, data=unset_value):
+        """
+        Process incoming data, calling process_data, process_formdata as needed,
+        and run filters.
+
+        If `data` is not provided, process_data will be called on the field's
+        default.
+
+        Field subclasses usually won't override this, instead overriding the
+        process_formdata and process_data methods. Only override this for
+        special advanced processing, such as when a field encapsulates many
+        inputs.
+        """
+        self.process_errors = []
+        if data is unset_value:
+            try:
+                data = self.default()
+            except TypeError:
+                data = self.default
+
+        self.object_data = data
+
+        try:
+            self.process_data(data)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.process_errors.append(e.args[0])
+
+        if formdata:
+            try:
+                if self.name in formdata:
+                    self.raw_data = formdata.getlist(self.name)
+                else:
+                    self.raw_data = []
+                self.process_formdata(self.raw_data)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                self.process_errors.append(e.args[0])
+
+        try:
+            for filter in self.filters:
+                self.data = filter(self.data)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            self.process_errors.append(e.args[0])
+
+    def process_data(self, value):
+        """
+        Process the Python data applied to this field and store the result.
+
+        This will be called during form construction by the form's `kwargs` or
+        `obj` argument.
+
+        :param value: The python object containing the value to process.
+        """
+        self.data = value
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        """
+        Process data received over the wire from a form.
+
+        This will be called during form construction with data supplied
+        through the `formdata` argument.
+
+        :param valuelist: A list of strings to process.
+        """
+        if valuelist:
+            self.data = valuelist[0]
+
+    def populate_obj(self, obj, name):
+        """
+        Populates `obj.<name>` with the field's data.
+
+        :note: This is a destructive operation. If `obj.<name>` already exists,
+               it will be overridden. Use with caution.
+        """
+        setattr(obj, name, self.data)
+
+
+class UnboundField(object):
+    _formfield = True
+    creation_counter = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, field_class, *args, **kwargs):
+        UnboundField.creation_counter += 1
+        self.field_class = field_class
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.creation_counter = UnboundField.creation_counter
+
+    def bind(self, form, name, prefix='', translations=None, **kwargs):
+        kw = dict(
+            self.kwargs,
+            _form=form,
+            _prefix=prefix,
+            _name=name,
+            _translations=translations,
+            **kwargs
+        )
+        return self.field_class(*self.args, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<UnboundField(%s, %r, %r)>' % (self.field_class.__name__, self.args, self.kwargs)
+
+
+class Flags(object):
+    """
+    Holds a set of boolean flags as attributes.
+
+    Accessing a non-existing attribute returns False for its value.
+    """
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name.startswith('_'):
+            return super(Flags, self).__getattr__(name)
+        return False
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self, name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        flags = (name for name in dir(self) if not name.startswith('_'))
+        return '<wtforms.fields.Flags: {%s}>' % ', '.join(flags)
+
+
+class Label(object):
+    """
+    An HTML form label.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, field_id, text):
+        self.field_id = field_id
+        self.text = text
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self()
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return self()
+
+    def __html__(self):
+        return self()
+
+    def __call__(self, text=None, **kwargs):
+        if 'for_' in kwargs:
+            kwargs['for'] = kwargs.pop('for_')
+        else:
+            kwargs.setdefault('for', self.field_id)
+
+        attributes = widgets.html_params(**kwargs)
+        return widgets.HTMLString('<label %s>%s</label>' % (attributes, text or self.text))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Label(%r, %r)' % (self.field_id, self.text)
+
+
+class SelectFieldBase(Field):
+    option_widget = widgets.Option()
+
+    """
+    Base class for fields which can be iterated to produce options.
+
+    This isn't a field, but an abstract base class for fields which want to
+    provide this functionality.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, option_widget=None, **kwargs):
+        super(SelectFieldBase, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+
+        if option_widget is not None:
+            self.option_widget = option_widget
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        """
+        Provides data for choice widget rendering. Must return a sequence or
+        iterable of (value, label, selected) tuples.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        opts = dict(widget=self.option_widget, _name=self.name, _form=None, _meta=self.meta)
+        for i, (value, label, checked) in enumerate(self.iter_choices()):
+            opt = self._Option(label=label, id='%s-%d' % (self.id, i), **opts)
+            opt.process(None, value)
+            opt.checked = checked
+            yield opt
+
+    class _Option(Field):
+        checked = False
+
+        def _value(self):
+            return text_type(self.data)
+
+
+class SelectField(SelectFieldBase):
+    widget = widgets.Select()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, coerce=text_type, choices=None, **kwargs):
+        super(SelectField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        self.coerce = coerce
+        self.choices = choices
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        for value, label in self.choices:
+            yield (value, label, self.coerce(value) == self.data)
+
+    def process_data(self, value):
+        try:
+            self.data = self.coerce(value)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            self.data = None
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                self.data = self.coerce(valuelist[0])
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Invalid Choice: could not coerce'))
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        for v, _ in self.choices:
+            if self.data == v:
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid choice'))
+
+
+class SelectMultipleField(SelectField):
+    """
+    No different from a normal select field, except this one can take (and
+    validate) multiple choices.  You'll need to specify the HTML `size`
+    attribute to the select field when rendering.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.Select(multiple=True)
+
+    def iter_choices(self):
+        for value, label in self.choices:
+            selected = self.data is not None and self.coerce(value) in self.data
+            yield (value, label, selected)
+
+    def process_data(self, value):
+        try:
+            self.data = list(self.coerce(v) for v in value)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            self.data = None
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        try:
+            self.data = list(self.coerce(x) for x in valuelist)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError(self.gettext('Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced'))
+
+    def pre_validate(self, form):
+        if self.data:
+            values = list(c[0] for c in self.choices)
+            for d in self.data:
+                if d not in values:
+                    raise ValueError(self.gettext("'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field") % dict(value=d))
+
+
+class RadioField(SelectField):
+    """
+    Like a SelectField, except displays a list of radio buttons.
+
+    Iterating the field will produce subfields (each containing a label as
+    well) in order to allow custom rendering of the individual radio fields.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False)
+    option_widget = widgets.RadioInput()
+
+
+class StringField(Field):
+    """
+    This field is the base for most of the more complicated fields, and
+    represents an ``<input type="text">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TextInput()
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            self.data = valuelist[0]
+        else:
+            self.data = ''
+
+    def _value(self):
+        return text_type(self.data) if self.data is not None else ''
+
+
+class LocaleAwareNumberField(Field):
+    """
+    Base class for implementing locale-aware number parsing.
+
+    Locale-aware numbers require the 'babel' package to be present.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, use_locale=False, number_format=None, **kwargs):
+        super(LocaleAwareNumberField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        self.use_locale = use_locale
+        if use_locale:
+            self.number_format = number_format
+            self.locale = kwargs['_form'].meta.locales[0]
+            self._init_babel()
+
+    def _init_babel(self):
+        try:
+            from babel import numbers
+            self.babel_numbers = numbers
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError('Using locale-aware decimals requires the babel library.')
+
+    def _parse_decimal(self, value):
+        return self.babel_numbers.parse_decimal(value, self.locale)
+
+    def _format_decimal(self, value):
+        return self.babel_numbers.format_decimal(value, self.number_format, self.locale)
+
+
+class IntegerField(Field):
+    """
+    A text field, except all input is coerced to an integer.  Erroneous input
+    is ignored and will not be accepted as a value.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TextInput()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, **kwargs):
+        super(IntegerField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return self.raw_data[0]
+        elif self.data is not None:
+            return text_type(self.data)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                self.data = int(valuelist[0])
+            except ValueError:
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid integer value'))
+
+
+class DecimalField(LocaleAwareNumberField):
+    """
+    A text field which displays and coerces data of the `decimal.Decimal` type.
+
+    :param places:
+        How many decimal places to quantize the value to for display on form.
+        If None, does not quantize value.
+    :param rounding:
+        How to round the value during quantize, for example
+        `decimal.ROUND_UP`. If unset, uses the rounding value from the
+        current thread's context.
+    :param use_locale:
+        If True, use locale-based number formatting. Locale-based number
+        formatting requires the 'babel' package.
+    :param number_format:
+        Optional number format for locale. If omitted, use the default decimal
+        format for the locale.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TextInput()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, places=unset_value, rounding=None, **kwargs):
+        super(DecimalField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        if self.use_locale and (places is not unset_value or rounding is not None):
+            raise TypeError("When using locale-aware numbers, 'places' and 'rounding' are ignored.")
+
+        if places is unset_value:
+            places = 2
+        self.places = places
+        self.rounding = rounding
+
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return self.raw_data[0]
+        elif self.data is not None:
+            if self.use_locale:
+                return text_type(self._format_decimal(self.data))
+            elif self.places is not None:
+                if hasattr(self.data, 'quantize'):
+                    exp = decimal.Decimal('.1') ** self.places
+                    if self.rounding is None:
+                        quantized = self.data.quantize(exp)
+                    else:
+                        quantized = self.data.quantize(exp, rounding=self.rounding)
+                    return text_type(quantized)
+                else:
+                    # If for some reason, data is a float or int, then format
+                    # as we would for floats using string formatting.
+                    format = '%%0.%df' % self.places
+                    return format % self.data
+            else:
+                return text_type(self.data)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                if self.use_locale:
+                    self.data = self._parse_decimal(valuelist[0])
+                else:
+                    self.data = decimal.Decimal(valuelist[0])
+            except (decimal.InvalidOperation, ValueError):
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid decimal value'))
+
+
+class FloatField(Field):
+    """
+    A text field, except all input is coerced to an float.  Erroneous input
+    is ignored and will not be accepted as a value.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TextInput()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, **kwargs):
+        super(FloatField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return self.raw_data[0]
+        elif self.data is not None:
+            return text_type(self.data)
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            try:
+                self.data = float(valuelist[0])
+            except ValueError:
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid float value'))
+
+
+class BooleanField(Field):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="checkbox">``. Set the ``checked``-status by using the
+    ``default``-option. Any value for ``default``, e.g. ``default="checked"`` puts
+    ``checked`` into the html-element and sets the ``data`` to ``True``
+
+    :param false_values:
+        If provided, a sequence of strings each of which is an exact match
+        string of what is considered a "false" value. Defaults to the tuple
+        ``('false', '')``
+    """
+    widget = widgets.CheckboxInput()
+    false_values = ('false', '')
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, false_values=None, **kwargs):
+        super(BooleanField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        if false_values is not None:
+            self.false_values = false_values
+
+    def process_data(self, value):
+        self.data = bool(value)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if not valuelist or valuelist[0] in self.false_values:
+            self.data = False
+        else:
+            self.data = True
+
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return text_type(self.raw_data[0])
+        else:
+            return 'y'
+
+
+class DateTimeField(Field):
+    """
+    A text field which stores a `datetime.datetime` matching a format.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TextInput()
+
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, format='%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', **kwargs):
+        super(DateTimeField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        self.format = format
+
+    def _value(self):
+        if self.raw_data:
+            return ' '.join(self.raw_data)
+        else:
+            return self.data and self.data.strftime(self.format) or ''
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            date_str = ' '.join(valuelist)
+            try:
+                self.data = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, self.format)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid datetime value'))
+
+
+class DateField(DateTimeField):
+    """
+    Same as DateTimeField, except stores a `datetime.date`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, label=None, validators=None, format='%Y-%m-%d', **kwargs):
+        super(DateField, self).__init__(label, validators, format, **kwargs)
+
+    def process_formdata(self, valuelist):
+        if valuelist:
+            date_str = ' '.join(valuelist)
+            try:
+                self.data = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, self.format).date()
+            except ValueError:
+                self.data = None
+                raise ValueError(self.gettext('Not a valid date value'))
+
+
+class FormField(Field):
+    """
+    Encapsulate a form as a field in another form.
+
+    :param form_class:
+        A subclass of Form that will be encapsulated.
+    :param separator:
+        A string which will be suffixed to this field's name to create the
+        prefix to enclosed fields. The default is fine for most uses.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TableWidget()
+
+    def __init__(self, form_class, label=None, validators=None, separator='-', **kwargs):
+        super(FormField, self).__init__(label, validators, **kwargs)
+        self.form_class = form_class
+        self.separator = separator
+        self._obj = None
+        if self.filters:
+            raise TypeError('FormField cannot take filters, as the encapsulated data is not mutable.')
+        if validators:
+            raise TypeError('FormField does not accept any validators. Instead, define them on the enclosed form.')
+
+    def process(self, formdata, data=unset_value):
+        if data is unset_value:
+            try:
+                data = self.default()
+            except TypeError:
+                data = self.default
+            self._obj = data
+
+        self.object_data = data
+
+        prefix = self.name + self.separator
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            self.form = self.form_class(formdata=formdata, prefix=prefix, **data)
+        else:
+            self.form = self.form_class(formdata=formdata, obj=data, prefix=prefix)
+
+    def validate(self, form, extra_validators=tuple()):
+        if extra_validators:
+            raise TypeError('FormField does not accept in-line validators, as it gets errors from the enclosed form.')
+        return self.form.validate()
+
+    def populate_obj(self, obj, name):
+        candidate = getattr(obj, name, None)
+        if candidate is None:
+            if self._obj is None:
+                raise TypeError('populate_obj: cannot find a value to populate from the provided obj or input data/defaults')
+            candidate = self._obj
+            setattr(obj, name, candidate)
+
+        self.form.populate_obj(candidate)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.form)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.form[name]
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.form, name)
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        return self.form.data
+
+    @property
+    def errors(self):
+        return self.form.errors
+
+
+class FieldList(Field):
+    """
+    Encapsulate an ordered list of multiple instances of the same field type,
+    keeping data as a list.
+
+    >>> authors = FieldList(StringField('Name', [validators.required()]))
+
+    :param unbound_field:
+        A partially-instantiated field definition, just like that would be
+        defined on a form directly.
+    :param min_entries:
+        if provided, always have at least this many entries on the field,
+        creating blank ones if the provided input does not specify a sufficient
+        amount.
+    :param max_entries:
+        accept no more than this many entries as input, even if more exist in
+        formdata.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.ListWidget()
+
+    def __init__(self, unbound_field, label=None, validators=None, min_entries=0,
+                 max_entries=None, default=tuple(), **kwargs):
+        super(FieldList, self).__init__(label, validators, default=default, **kwargs)
+        if self.filters:
+            raise TypeError('FieldList does not accept any filters. Instead, define them on the enclosed field.')
+        assert isinstance(unbound_field, UnboundField), 'Field must be unbound, not a field class'
+        self.unbound_field = unbound_field
+        self.min_entries = min_entries
+        self.max_entries = max_entries
+        self.last_index = -1
+        self._prefix = kwargs.get('_prefix', '')
+
+    def process(self, formdata, data=unset_value):
+        self.entries = []
+        if data is unset_value or not data:
+            try:
+                data = self.default()
+            except TypeError:
+                data = self.default
+
+        self.object_data = data
+
+        if formdata:
+            indices = sorted(set(self._extract_indices(self.name, formdata)))
+            if self.max_entries:
+                indices = indices[:self.max_entries]
+
+            idata = iter(data)
+            for index in indices:
+                try:
+                    obj_data = next(idata)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    obj_data = unset_value
+                self._add_entry(formdata, obj_data, index=index)
+        else:
+            for obj_data in data:
+                self._add_entry(formdata, obj_data)
+
+        while len(self.entries) < self.min_entries:
+            self._add_entry(formdata)
+
+    def _extract_indices(self, prefix, formdata):
+        """
+        Yield indices of any keys with given prefix.
+
+        formdata must be an object which will produce keys when iterated.  For
+        example, if field 'foo' contains keys 'foo-0-bar', 'foo-1-baz', then
+        the numbers 0 and 1 will be yielded, but not neccesarily in order.
+        """
+        offset = len(prefix) + 1
+        for k in formdata:
+            if k.startswith(prefix):
+                k = k[offset:].split('-', 1)[0]
+                if k.isdigit():
+                    yield int(k)
+
+    def validate(self, form, extra_validators=tuple()):
+        """
+        Validate this FieldList.
+
+        Note that FieldList validation differs from normal field validation in
+        that FieldList validates all its enclosed fields first before running any
+        of its own validators.
+        """
+        self.errors = []
+
+        # Run validators on all entries within
+        for subfield in self.entries:
+            if not subfield.validate(form):
+                self.errors.append(subfield.errors)
+
+        chain = itertools.chain(self.validators, extra_validators)
+        self._run_validation_chain(form, chain)
+
+        return len(self.errors) == 0
+
+    def populate_obj(self, obj, name):
+        values = getattr(obj, name, None)
+        try:
+            ivalues = iter(values)
+        except TypeError:
+            ivalues = iter([])
+
+        candidates = itertools.chain(ivalues, itertools.repeat(None))
+        _fake = type(str('_fake'), (object, ), {})
+        output = []
+        for field, data in izip(self.entries, candidates):
+            fake_obj = _fake()
+            fake_obj.data = data
+            field.populate_obj(fake_obj, 'data')
+            output.append(fake_obj.data)
+
+        setattr(obj, name, output)
+
+    def _add_entry(self, formdata=None, data=unset_value, index=None):
+        assert not self.max_entries or len(self.entries) < self.max_entries, \
+            'You cannot have more than max_entries entries in this FieldList'
+        if index is None:
+            index = self.last_index + 1
+        self.last_index = index
+        name = '%s-%d' % (self.short_name, index)
+        id = '%s-%d' % (self.id, index)
+        field = self.unbound_field.bind(form=None, name=name, prefix=self._prefix, id=id, _meta=self.meta,
+                                        translations=self._translations)
+        field.process(formdata, data)
+        self.entries.append(field)
+        return field
+
+    def append_entry(self, data=unset_value):
+        """
+        Create a new entry with optional default data.
+
+        Entries added in this way will *not* receive formdata however, and can
+        only receive object data.
+        """
+        return self._add_entry(data=data)
+
+    def pop_entry(self):
+        """ Removes the last entry from the list and returns it. """
+        entry = self.entries.pop()
+        self.last_index -= 1
+        return entry
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.entries)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.entries)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        return self.entries[index]
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        return [f.data for f in self.entries]
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/html5.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/html5.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fdd4d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/html5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""
+Fields to support various HTML5 input types.
+"""
+from ..widgets import html5 as widgets
+from . import core
+
+__all__ = (
+    'DateField', 'DateTimeField', 'DateTimeLocalField', 'DecimalField',
+    'DecimalRangeField', 'EmailField', 'IntegerField', 'IntegerRangeField',
+    'SearchField', 'TelField', 'URLField',
+)
+
+
+class SearchField(core.StringField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="search">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.SearchInput()
+
+
+class TelField(core.StringField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="tel">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TelInput()
+
+
+class URLField(core.StringField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="url">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.URLInput()
+
+
+class EmailField(core.StringField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="email">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.EmailInput()
+
+
+class DateTimeField(core.DateTimeField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="datetime">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.DateTimeInput()
+
+
+class DateField(core.DateField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="date">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.DateInput()
+
+
+class DateTimeLocalField(core.DateTimeField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="datetime-local">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.DateTimeLocalInput()
+
+
+class IntegerField(core.IntegerField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="number">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.NumberInput(step='1')
+
+
+class DecimalField(core.DecimalField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="number">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.NumberInput(step='any')
+
+
+class IntegerRangeField(core.IntegerField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="range">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.RangeInput(step='1')
+
+
+class DecimalRangeField(core.DecimalField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="range">``.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.RangeInput(step='any')
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/simple.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/simple.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c147b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/fields/simple.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import warnings
+
+from .. import widgets
+from .core import StringField, BooleanField
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BooleanField', 'TextAreaField', 'PasswordField', 'FileField',
+    'HiddenField', 'SubmitField', 'TextField'
+)
+
+
+class TextField(StringField):
+    """
+    Legacy alias for StringField
+
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(TextField, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The TextField alias for StringField has been deprecated and will be removed in WTForms 3.0',
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+
+
+class TextAreaField(StringField):
+    """
+    This field represents an HTML ``<textarea>`` and can be used to take
+    multi-line input.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.TextArea()
+
+
+class PasswordField(StringField):
+    """
+    A StringField, except renders an ``<input type="password">``.
+
+    Also, whatever value is accepted by this field is not rendered back
+    to the browser like normal fields.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.PasswordInput()
+
+
+class FileField(StringField):
+    """
+    Can render a file-upload field.  Will take any passed filename value, if
+    any is sent by the browser in the post params.  This field will NOT
+    actually handle the file upload portion, as wtforms does not deal with
+    individual frameworks' file handling capabilities.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.FileInput()
+
+
+class HiddenField(StringField):
+    """
+    HiddenField is a convenience for a StringField with a HiddenInput widget.
+
+    It will render as an ``<input type="hidden">`` but otherwise coerce to a string.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.HiddenInput()
+
+
+class SubmitField(BooleanField):
+    """
+    Represents an ``<input type="submit">``.  This allows checking if a given
+    submit button has been pressed.
+    """
+    widget = widgets.SubmitInput()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/form.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/form.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9871ce7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/form.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+import itertools
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    from ordereddict import OrderedDict
+
+from wtforms.compat import with_metaclass, iteritems, itervalues
+from wtforms.meta import DefaultMeta
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BaseForm',
+    'Form',
+)
+
+
+class BaseForm(object):
+    """
+    Base Form Class.  Provides core behaviour like field construction,
+    validation, and data and error proxying.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fields, prefix='', meta=DefaultMeta()):
+        """
+        :param fields:
+            A dict or sequence of 2-tuples of partially-constructed fields.
+        :param prefix:
+            If provided, all fields will have their name prefixed with the
+            value.
+        :param meta:
+            A meta instance which is used for configuration and customization
+            of WTForms behaviors.
+        """
+        if prefix and prefix[-1] not in '-_;:/.':
+            prefix += '-'
+
+        self.meta = meta
+        self._prefix = prefix
+        self._errors = None
+        self._fields = OrderedDict()
+
+        if hasattr(fields, 'items'):
+            fields = fields.items()
+
+        translations = self._get_translations()
+        extra_fields = []
+        if meta.csrf:
+            self._csrf = meta.build_csrf(self)
+            extra_fields.extend(self._csrf.setup_form(self))
+
+        for name, unbound_field in itertools.chain(fields, extra_fields):
+            options = dict(name=name, prefix=prefix, translations=translations)
+            field = meta.bind_field(self, unbound_field, options)
+            self._fields[name] = field
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate form fields in creation order."""
+        return iter(itervalues(self._fields))
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        """ Returns `True` if the named field is a member of this form. """
+        return (name in self._fields)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        """ Dict-style access to this form's fields."""
+        return self._fields[name]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        """ Bind a field to this form. """
+        self._fields[name] = value.bind(form=self, name=name, prefix=self._prefix)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        """ Remove a field from this form. """
+        del self._fields[name]
+
+    def _get_translations(self):
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0
+            `_get_translations` is being removed in WTForms 3.0, use
+            `Meta.get_translations` instead.
+
+        Override in subclasses to provide alternate translations factory.
+
+        Must return an object that provides gettext() and ngettext() methods.
+        """
+        return self.meta.get_translations(self)
+
+    def populate_obj(self, obj):
+        """
+        Populates the attributes of the passed `obj` with data from the form's
+        fields.
+
+        :note: This is a destructive operation; Any attribute with the same name
+               as a field will be overridden. Use with caution.
+        """
+        for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
+            field.populate_obj(obj, name)
+
+    def process(self, formdata=None, obj=None, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Take form, object data, and keyword arg input and have the fields
+        process them.
+
+        :param formdata:
+            Used to pass data coming from the enduser, usually `request.POST` or
+            equivalent.
+        :param obj:
+            If `formdata` is empty or not provided, this object is checked for
+            attributes matching form field names, which will be used for field
+            values.
+        :param data:
+            If provided, must be a dictionary of data. This is only used if
+            `formdata` is empty or not provided and `obj` does not contain
+            an attribute named the same as the field.
+        :param `**kwargs`:
+            If `formdata` is empty or not provided and `obj` does not contain
+            an attribute named the same as a field, form will assign the value
+            of a matching keyword argument to the field, if one exists.
+        """
+        formdata = self.meta.wrap_formdata(self, formdata)
+
+        if data is not None:
+            # XXX we want to eventually process 'data' as a new entity.
+            #     Temporarily, this can simply be merged with kwargs.
+            kwargs = dict(data, **kwargs)
+
+        for name, field, in iteritems(self._fields):
+            if obj is not None and hasattr(obj, name):
+                field.process(formdata, getattr(obj, name))
+            elif name in kwargs:
+                field.process(formdata, kwargs[name])
+            else:
+                field.process(formdata)
+
+    def validate(self, extra_validators=None):
+        """
+        Validates the form by calling `validate` on each field.
+
+        :param extra_validators:
+            If provided, is a dict mapping field names to a sequence of
+            callables which will be passed as extra validators to the field's
+            `validate` method.
+
+        Returns `True` if no errors occur.
+        """
+        self._errors = None
+        success = True
+        for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
+            if extra_validators is not None and name in extra_validators:
+                extra = extra_validators[name]
+            else:
+                extra = tuple()
+            if not field.validate(self, extra):
+                success = False
+        return success
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        return dict((name, f.data) for name, f in iteritems(self._fields))
+
+    @property
+    def errors(self):
+        if self._errors is None:
+            self._errors = dict((name, f.errors) for name, f in iteritems(self._fields) if f.errors)
+        return self._errors
+
+
+class FormMeta(type):
+    """
+    The metaclass for `Form` and any subclasses of `Form`.
+
+    `FormMeta`'s responsibility is to create the `_unbound_fields` list, which
+    is a list of `UnboundField` instances sorted by their order of
+    instantiation.  The list is created at the first instantiation of the form.
+    If any fields are added/removed from the form, the list is cleared to be
+    re-generated on the next instantiation.
+
+    Any properties which begin with an underscore or are not `UnboundField`
+    instances are ignored by the metaclass.
+    """
+    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
+        type.__init__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
+        cls._unbound_fields = None
+        cls._wtforms_meta = None
+
+    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a new `Form` instance.
+
+        Creates the `_unbound_fields` list and the internal `_wtforms_meta`
+        subclass of the class Meta in order to allow a proper inheritance
+        hierarchy.
+        """
+        if cls._unbound_fields is None:
+            fields = []
+            for name in dir(cls):
+                if not name.startswith('_'):
+                    unbound_field = getattr(cls, name)
+                    if hasattr(unbound_field, '_formfield'):
+                        fields.append((name, unbound_field))
+            # We keep the name as the second element of the sort
+            # to ensure a stable sort.
+            fields.sort(key=lambda x: (x[1].creation_counter, x[0]))
+            cls._unbound_fields = fields
+
+        # Create a subclass of the 'class Meta' using all the ancestors.
+        if cls._wtforms_meta is None:
+            bases = []
+            for mro_class in cls.__mro__:
+                if 'Meta' in mro_class.__dict__:
+                    bases.append(mro_class.Meta)
+            cls._wtforms_meta = type('Meta', tuple(bases), {})
+        return type.__call__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setattr__(cls, name, value):
+        """
+        Add an attribute to the class, clearing `_unbound_fields` if needed.
+        """
+        if name == 'Meta':
+            cls._wtforms_meta = None
+        elif not name.startswith('_') and hasattr(value, '_formfield'):
+            cls._unbound_fields = None
+        type.__setattr__(cls, name, value)
+
+    def __delattr__(cls, name):
+        """
+        Remove an attribute from the class, clearing `_unbound_fields` if
+        needed.
+        """
+        if not name.startswith('_'):
+            cls._unbound_fields = None
+        type.__delattr__(cls, name)
+
+
+class Form(with_metaclass(FormMeta, BaseForm)):
+    """
+    Declarative Form base class. Extends BaseForm's core behaviour allowing
+    fields to be defined on Form subclasses as class attributes.
+
+    In addition, form and instance input data are taken at construction time
+    and passed to `process()`.
+    """
+    Meta = DefaultMeta
+
+    def __init__(self, formdata=None, obj=None, prefix='', data=None, meta=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        :param formdata:
+            Used to pass data coming from the enduser, usually `request.POST` or
+            equivalent. formdata should be some sort of request-data wrapper which
+            can get multiple parameters from the form input, and values are unicode
+            strings, e.g. a Werkzeug/Django/WebOb MultiDict
+        :param obj:
+            If `formdata` is empty or not provided, this object is checked for
+            attributes matching form field names, which will be used for field
+            values.
+        :param prefix:
+            If provided, all fields will have their name prefixed with the
+            value.
+        :param data:
+            Accept a dictionary of data. This is only used if `formdata` and
+            `obj` are not present.
+        :param meta:
+            If provided, this is a dictionary of values to override attributes
+            on this form's meta instance.
+        :param `**kwargs`:
+            If `formdata` is empty or not provided and `obj` does not contain
+            an attribute named the same as a field, form will assign the value
+            of a matching keyword argument to the field, if one exists.
+        """
+        meta_obj = self._wtforms_meta()
+        if meta is not None and isinstance(meta, dict):
+            meta_obj.update_values(meta)
+        super(Form, self).__init__(self._unbound_fields, meta=meta_obj, prefix=prefix)
+
+        for name, field in iteritems(self._fields):
+            # Set all the fields to attributes so that they obscure the class
+            # attributes with the same names.
+            setattr(self, name, field)
+        self.process(formdata, obj, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        raise TypeError('Fields may not be added to Form instances, only classes.')
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        del self._fields[name]
+        setattr(self, name, None)
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name):
+        if name in self._fields:
+            self.__delitem__(name)
+        else:
+            # This is done for idempotency, if we have a name which is a field,
+            # we want to mask it by setting the value to None.
+            unbound_field = getattr(self.__class__, name, None)
+            if unbound_field is not None and hasattr(unbound_field, '_formfield'):
+                setattr(self, name, None)
+            else:
+                super(Form, self).__delattr__(name)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        """
+        Validates the form by calling `validate` on each field, passing any
+        extra `Form.validate_<fieldname>` validators to the field validator.
+        """
+        extra = {}
+        for name in self._fields:
+            inline = getattr(self.__class__, 'validate_%s' % name, None)
+            if inline is not None:
+                extra[name] = [inline]
+
+        return super(Form, self).validate(extra)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/i18n.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/i18n.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..118e416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/i18n.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import os
+
+
+def messages_path():
+    """
+    Determine the path to the 'messages' directory as best possible.
+    """
+    module_path = os.path.abspath(__file__)
+    locale_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(module_path), 'locale')
+    if not os.path.exists(locale_path):
+        locale_path = '/usr/share/locale'
+    return locale_path
+
+
+def get_builtin_gnu_translations(languages=None):
+    """
+    Get a gettext.GNUTranslations object pointing at the
+    included translation files.
+
+    :param languages:
+        A list of languages to try, in order. If omitted or None, then
+        gettext will try to use locale information from the environment.
+    """
+    import gettext
+    return gettext.translation('wtforms', messages_path(), languages)
+
+
+def get_translations(languages=None, getter=get_builtin_gnu_translations):
+    """
+    Get a WTForms translation object which wraps a low-level translations object.
+
+    :param languages:
+        A sequence of languages to try, in order.
+    :param getter:
+        A single-argument callable which returns a low-level translations object.
+    """
+    translations = getter(languages)
+
+    if hasattr(translations, 'ugettext'):
+        return DefaultTranslations(translations)
+    else:
+        # Python 3 has no ugettext/ungettext, so just return the translations object.
+        return translations
+
+
+class DefaultTranslations(object):
+    """
+    A WTForms translations object to wrap translations objects which use
+    ugettext/ungettext.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, translations):
+        self.translations = translations
+
+    def gettext(self, string):
+        return self.translations.ugettext(string)
+
+    def ngettext(self, singular, plural, n):
+        return self.translations.ungettext(singular, plural, n)
+
+
+class DummyTranslations(object):
+    """
+    A translations object which simply returns unmodified strings.
+
+    This is typically used when translations are disabled or if no valid
+    translations provider can be found.
+    """
+    def gettext(self, string):
+        return string
+
+    def ngettext(self, singular, plural, n):
+        if n == 1:
+            return singular
+
+        return plural
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13b4dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# Arabic translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <jalal.maqdisi@gmail.com>, 2015.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-04-08 20:59+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Jalal Maqdisi <jalal.maqdisi@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: ar <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=6; plural=(n==0 ? 0 : n==1 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2 : n>=3 "
+"&& n<=10 ? 3 : n>=11 && n<=99 ? 4 : 5)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "اسم الحقل '%s' غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "يجب على الحقل ان يساوي %(other_name)s ."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "لا يمكن للحقل ان يحتوي على اقل من %(min)d حرف."
+msgstr[1] "لا يمكن للحقل ان يحتوي على اقل من %(min)d حروف."
+
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "لا يمكن للحقل ان يحتوي على اكثر من %(max)d حرف."
+msgstr[1] "لا يمكن للحقل ان يحتوي على اكثر من %(max)d حروف."
+
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "يجب على طول الحقل ان يكون ما بين %(min) و %(max)d حرف."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "لا يجب على الرقم ان يقل عن %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "لا يجب على الرقم ان يزيد عن %(max)s. "
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "يجب على الرقم ان يكون ما بين %(min)s و %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "هذا الحقل مطلوب."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "الاملاء غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "البريد الالكتروني غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "پروتوكول الانترنت IP غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "عنوان Mac غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "عنوان الرابط غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "عنوان UUID غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "قيمة غير صالحة، يجب أن تكون واحدة من: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "قيمة غير صالحة، يجب أن تكون اي من: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "رمز CSRF غير صالح."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "رمز CSRF مفقود."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF قد فشل."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "انتهت صلاحية رمز CSRF."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "اختيار غير صحيح."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "قائمة غير صالحة."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "قائمة الاعداد غير صالحة."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "الرجاء املاء التاريخ و الوقت."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "موجود اصلآ."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "اختيار غير صالح: لا يمكن الاجبار."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "اختيارات غير صالحة: واحدة او اكثر من الادخالات لا يمكن اجبارها."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "القيمة '%(value)s' ليست باختيار صحيح لهذا الحقل."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "قيمة العدد الحقيقي غير صالحة."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "القيمة العشرية غير صالحة."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "القيمة العائمة غير صالحة."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "قيمة الوقت والتاريخ غير صالحة."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "قيمة التاريخ غير صالحة."
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..550f6b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# Catalan translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-01-16 09:58+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Òscar Vilaplana <oscar.vilaplana@paylogic.eu>\n"
+"Language-Team: ca <oscar.vilaplana@paylogic.eu>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Nom de camp no vàlid '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "El camp ha de ser igual a %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "El camp ha de contenir almenys %(min)d caràcter."
+msgstr[1] "El camp ha de contenir almenys %(min)d caràcters."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "El camp no pot contenir més d'%(max)d caràcter."
+msgstr[1] "El camp no pot contenir més de %(max)d caràcters."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "El camp ha de contenir entre %(min)d i %(min)d caràcters."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "El nombre ha de ser major o igual a %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "El nombre ha de ser com a màxim %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "El nombre ha d'estar entre %(min)s i %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Aquest camp és obligatori."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Valor no vàlid."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Adreça d'e-mail no vàlida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Adreça IP no vàlida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Adreça MAC no vàlida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "URL no vàlida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID no vàlid."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valor no vàlid, ha de ser un d'entre: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valor no vàlid, no pot ser cap d'aquests: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Token CSRF no vàlid"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Falta el token CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "Ha fallat la comprovació de CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Token CSRF caducat"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Opció no acceptada"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Llista no vàlida"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Llista d'enters no vàlida"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Introduïu una data i hora vàlides"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Data/hora no vàlides"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Ja existeix."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Opció no vàlida"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Opció o opcions no vàlides: alguna de les entrades no s'ha pogut processar"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' no és una opció acceptada per a aquest camp"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Valor enter no vàlid"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Valor decimal no vàlid"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Valor en coma flotant no vàlid"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Valor de data i hora no vàlid"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Valor de data no vàlid"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cs_CZ/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cs_CZ/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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zKu@+GNR9sH2X4A?q`vIW^TZ|2@>WnRdgP1!hVYhGji^yPWB*B78!;ylj5$89SOn?L
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z#!gIauW!toXU&NsK4Vhk6|2=(@R`R&SGD?Tp~7m~L{+3(ia=FRL^dAQD%!KqZb2of
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cs_CZ/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cs_CZ/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97bc50b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cs_CZ/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Czech translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2014 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <ghostbarik@gmail.com>, 2014.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0.2dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: ghostbarik@gmail.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-07-23 15:30+0200\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: Daniil Barabash <ghostbarik@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: cz <ghostbarik@gmail.com>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: validators.py:56
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Neplatný název pole '%s'."
+
+#: validators.py:64
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Hodnota pole má být stejná jako u %(other_name)s."
+
+#: validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Počet znaků daného pole má být minimálně %(min)d."
+msgstr[1] "Počet znaků daného pole má být minimálně %(min)d."
+
+#: validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Počet znaků daného pole má byt maximálně %(max)d."
+msgstr[1] "Počet znaků daného pole má byt maximálně %(max)d."
+
+#: validators.py:103
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Délka pole ma být mezi %(min)d a %(max)d."
+
+#: validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Hodnota čísla má být alespoň %(min)s."
+
+#: validators.py:141
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Hodnota čísla má být maximálně %(max)s."
+
+#: validators.py:143
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Hodnota čísla má být mezi %(min)s and %(max)s."
+
+#: validators.py:203 validators.py:243
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Toto pole je povinné."
+
+#: validators.py:275
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Neplatný vstup."
+
+#: validators.py:301
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Neplatná emailová adresa."
+
+#: validators.py:335
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Neplatná IP adresa."
+
+#: validators.py:386
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Neplatná MAC adresa."
+
+#: validators.py:415
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Neplatné URL."
+
+#: validators.py:436
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Neplatné UUID."
+
+#: validators.py:464
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota, povolené hodnoty jsou: %(values)s."
+
+#: validators.py:496
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota, nesmí být mezi: %(values)s."
+
+#: csrf/core.py:98 ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Neplatný CSRF token."
+
+#: csrf/session.py:61 ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Chybí CSRF token."
+
+#: csrf/session.py:69 ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "Chyba CSRF."
+
+#: csrf/session.py:74 ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Hodnota CSRF tokenu."
+
+#: ext/appengine/fields.py:87 ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: ext/appengine/fields.py:166 ext/django/fields.py:95
+#: ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:185 fields/core.py:468
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Neplatná volba."
+
+#: ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro seznam"
+
+#: ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro seznam celých čísel."
+
+#: ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Uveďte, prosím, datum/čas."
+
+#: ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro datum/čas."
+
+#: fields/core.py:461
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Neplatná volba: nelze převést."
+
+#: fields/core.py:494
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Neplatná volba: jeden nebo více datových vstupů nemohou být převedeny."
+
+#: fields/core.py:501
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' není platnou volbou pro dané pole."
+
+#: fields/core.py:584
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro celé číslo."
+
+#: fields/core.py:650
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro desetinné číslo."
+
+#: fields/core.py:677
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro desetinné číslo."
+
+#: fields/core.py:736
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro datum a čas."
+
+#: fields/core.py:753
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Neplatná hodnota pro datum."
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
new file mode 100644
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g<<%~PRUg;A2yq#lA_}D*x8Dr|mJY5LLhD$61C7Mei~s-t

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db85f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/cy/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# Welsh translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# Josh Rowe josh.rowe@digital.justice.gov.uk, 2013.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-01-29 14:07+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Josh Rowe josh.rowe@digital.justice.gov.uk\n"
+"Language-Team: cy <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Enw maes annilys '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Rhaid i'r maes fod yr un fath â/ag %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Mae'n rhaid i Maes fod o leiaf %(min)d cymeriad hir."
+msgstr[1] "Mae'n rhaid i Maes fod o leiaf %(min)d nod o hyd."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Ni all Maes fod yn hirach na %(max)d cymeriad."
+msgstr[1] "Ni all Maes fod yn fwy na %(max)d cymeriadau."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Rhaid i'r maes fod rhwng %(min)d a %(max)d o nodau"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Rhaid i'r rhif fod o leiaf %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Ni chaiff y rhif fod yn fwy na %(max)s. "
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Rhaid i'r rhif fod rhwng %(min)s a %(max)s. "
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Rhaid cwblhau'r maes hwn."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Mewnbwn annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Cyfeiriad e-bost annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Cyfeiriad IP annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Cyfeiriad Mac annilys."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "URL annilys."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID annilys."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Gwerth annilys, rhaid i'r gwerth fod yn un o'r canlynol: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Gwerth annilys, ni all fod yn un o'r canlynol: %(values)s"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Tocyn CSRF annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Tocyn CSRF ar goll"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF wedi methu"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Tocyn CSRF wedi dod i ben"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Nid yw hwn yn ddewis dilys"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Rhestr annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Rhestr integer annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Rhowch werth dyddiad/amser"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Dyddiad/amser annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Yn bodoli yn barod."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Dewis annilys: ddim yn bosib gweithredu"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+"Dewis(iadau) annilys: ddim yn bosib gweithredu un neu ragor o fewnbynnau "
+"data"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "Nid yw '%(value)s' yn ddewis dilys ar gyfer y maes hwn"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Gwerth integer annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Gwerth degolyn annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Gwerth float annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Gwerth dyddiad/amser annilys"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Gwerth dyddiad annilys"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82736c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# German translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2013.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.4\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-05-13 19:27+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Chris Buergi <chris.buergi@gmx.net>\n"
+"Language-Team: de <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Ungültiger Feldname '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Feld muss gleich wie %(other_name)s sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Feld muss mindestens %(min)d Zeichen beinhalten."
+msgstr[1] "Feld muss mindestens %(min)d Zeichen beinhalten."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Feld kann nicht länger als %(max)d Zeichen sein."
+msgstr[1] "Feld kann nicht länger als %(max)d Zeichen sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Feld muss zwischen %(min)d und %(max)d Zeichen beinhalten."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Zahl muss mindestens %(min)s sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Zahl kann höchstens %(max)s sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Zahl muss zwischen %(min)s und %(max)s liegen."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Dieses Feld wird benötigt."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Ungültige Eingabe."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Ungültige Email-Adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Ungültige IP-Adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Ungültige Mac-Adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Ungültige URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Ungültige UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ungültiger Wert. Mögliche Werte: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ungültiger Wert. Wert kann keiner von folgenden sein: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Ungültiger CSRF-Code"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF-Code nicht vorhanden"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF-Code verfallen"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Auswahl"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Liste"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Ganzzahl-Liste"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Bitte geben Sie einen Datum/Zeit-Wert ein"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Ungültiger Datum/Zeit-Wert"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Existiert bereits."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Ungültige Auswahl: Konnte nicht umwandeln"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+"Ungültige Auswahl: Einer oder mehrere Eingaben konnten nicht umgewandelt "
+"werden."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' ist kein gültige Auswahl für dieses Feld."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Keine gültige, ganze Zahl"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Dezimalzahl"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Gleitkommazahl"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Kein gültiges Datum mit Zeit"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Kein gültiges Datum"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de_CH/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de_CH/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de_CH/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de_CH/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51a530f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/de_CH/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# German (Switzerland) translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2013.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.4\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-05-13 19:27+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Chris Buergi <chris.buergi@gmx.net>\n"
+"Language-Team: de_CH <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Ungültiger Feldname '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Feld muss gleich wie %(other_name)s sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Feld muss mindestens %(min)d Zeichen beinhalten."
+msgstr[1] "Feld muss mindestens %(min)d Zeichen beinhalten."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Feld kann nicht länger als %(max)d Zeichen sein."
+msgstr[1] "Feld kann nicht länger als %(max)d Zeichen sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Feld muss zwischen %(min)d und %(max)d Zeichen beinhalten."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Zahl muss mindestens %(min)s sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Zahl kann höchstens %(max)s sein."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Zahl muss zwischen %(min)s und %(max)s liegen."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Dieses Feld wird benötigt."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Ungültige Eingabe."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Ungültige Email-Adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Ungültige IP-Adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Ungültige Mac-Adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Ungültige URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Ungültige UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ungültiger Wert. Mögliche Werte: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ungültiger Wert. Wert kann keiner von folgenden sein: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Ungültiger CSRF-Code"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF-Code nicht vorhanden"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF-Code verfallen"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Auswahl"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Liste"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Ganzzahl-Liste"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Bitte geben Sie einen Datum/Zeit-Wert ein"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Ungültiger Datum/Zeit-Wert"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Existiert bereits."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Ungültige Auswahl: Konnte nicht umwandeln"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+"Ungültige Auswahl: Einer oder mehrere Eingaben konnten nicht umgewandelt "
+"werden."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' ist kein gültige Auswahl für dieses Feld."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Keine gültige, ganze Zahl"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Dezimalzahl"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Keine gültige Gleitkommazahl"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Kein gültiges Datum mit Zeit"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Kein gültiges Datum"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07c6445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Greek translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <dourvaris@gmail.com>, 2014.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-04-04 20:18+0300\n"
+"Last-Translator: Daniel Dourvaris <dourvaris@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: el <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Λάθος ονομα πεδίου '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Το πεδίο πρέπει να είναι το ίδιο με το %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Το πεδίο πρέπει να έχει τουλάχιστον %(min)d χαρακτήρα."
+msgstr[1] "Το πεδίο πρέπει να έχει τουλάχιστόν %(min)d χαρακτήρες."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Το πεδίο δεν μπορεί να έχει πάνω απο %(max)d χαρακτήρα."
+msgstr[1] "Το πεδίο δεν μπορεί να έχει πάνω απο %(max)d χαρακτήρες."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Το πεδίο πρέπει να είναι ανάμεσα απο %(min)d και %(max)d χαρακτήρες."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Το νούμερο πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Το νούμερο πρέπει να είναι μέγιστο %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Το νούμερο πρέπει να είναι ανάμεσα %(min)s και %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Αυτό το πεδίο είναι υποχρεωτικό"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Λανθασμένα δεδωμένα"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Λανθασμένο email."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Λανθασμένο διεύθυνση IP."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Λανθασμένο διεύθυνση Mac."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Λανθασμένο URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Λανθασμένο UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Λάθος επιλογή, πρέπει να είναι ένα απο: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Λάθος επιλογή, δεν μπορεί να είναι ένα απο: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Λάθος CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "To CSRF δεν υπάρχει"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF αποτυχία"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF έχει λήξει"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Αγνωστη επιλογή"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Λανθασμένη λίστα"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Λανθασμένη λίστα ακέραιων τιμών"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Εισάγετε μια ημερομηνία"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Λανθασμένη ημερομηνία"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Υπάρχει ήδη."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Λανθασμένη Επιλογή: δεν μετατρέπεται"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Λανθασμένη επιλογή(ες): κάποιες τιμές δέν μπορουσαν να μετατραπούν"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' δέν είναι έγκυρη επιλογή για αυτο το πεδίο"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Δέν είναι ακέραιο νούμερο"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Δέν είναι δεκαδικό"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Δέν είναι δεκαδικό"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Δέν είναι σώστη ημερομηνία/ώρα"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Δέν είναι σωστή ημερομηνία"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9570d78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# English (United States) translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.4\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms@simplecodes.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-04-28 15:36-0700\n"
+"Last-Translator: James Crasta <james+i18n@simplecodes.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: en_US <james+i18n@simplecodes.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Invalid field name '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgstr[1] "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgstr[1] "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "This field is required."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Invalid input."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Invalid email address."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Invalid IP address."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Invalid MAC address."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Invalid URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Invalid UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Invalid CSRF Token"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF token missing"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF failed"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF token expired"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Not a valid choice"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Not a valid list"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Not a valid integer list"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Please input a date/time value"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Invalid date/time input"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Already exists."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Not a valid integer value"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Not a valid decimal value"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Not a valid float value"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Not a valid datetime value"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Not a valid date value"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f727c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# Spanish translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: me@syrusakbary.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-04-10 18:10+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Syrus Akbary <me@syrusakbary.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: es <me@syrusakbary.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Nombre de campo inválido '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "El campo debe coincidir con %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "El campo debe tener al menos %(min)d caracter."
+msgstr[1] "El campo debe tener al menos %(min)d caracteres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "El campo no puede tener más de %(max)d caracter."
+msgstr[1] "El campo no puede tener más de %(max)d caracteres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "El campo debe tener entre %(min)d y %(max)d caracteres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "El número debe ser mayor que %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "El número debe ser menor que %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "El número debe estar entre %(min)s y %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Este campo es obligatorio."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Valor inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Email inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Dirección IP inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Dirección MAC inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "URL inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valor inválido, debe ser uno de: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valor inválido, no puede ser ninguno de: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Opción inválida"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Lista inválida"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "El token CSRF es incorrecto"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "El token CSRF falta"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "Fallo CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "El token CSRF ha expirado"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Por favor, introduzca una fecha"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Fecha de entrada incorrecta"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Elección inválida: no se puede ajustar"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+"Opción(es) inválida(s): una o más entradas de datos no pueden ser "
+"ajustadas"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' no es una opción válida para este campo"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "No es un valor entero válido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "No es un numero decimal válido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "No es un número de punto flotante válido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "No es un numero decimal válido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "No es un número de punto flotante válido"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b420b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# Estonian translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2013.
+# Laur Mõtus <laur@povi.ee>, 2013.
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.6dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-09-15 22:33-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-09-22 12:37+0300\n"
+"Last-Translator: Laur Mõtus <laur@povi.ee>\n"
+"Language-Team: Estonian <kde-i18n-doc@kde.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+"Language: et\n"
+"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Vigane välja nimi: '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Väli peab võrduma %(other_name)s -ga."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Väli peab olema vähemalt %(min)d tähemärgi pikkune."
+msgstr[1] "Väli peab olema vähemalt %(min)d tähemärgi pikkune."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Väli ei tohi olla üle %(max)d tähemärgi pikk."
+msgstr[1] "Väli ei tohi olla üle %(max)d tähemärgi pikk."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Välja pikkus peab olema vahemikus %(min)d -  %(max)d."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Number peab olema vähemalt %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Number tohib olla maksimaalselt %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Number peab olema vahemikus %(min)s - %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Kohustuslik väli."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Vigane sisend."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Vigane e-posti aadress."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Vigane IP aadress."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Vigane MAC aadress."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Vigane URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Vigane UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Vigane väärtus, peaks hoopis olema üks järgmistest: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Vigane väärtus, ei tohi olla ükski järgnevatest: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:91 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:168
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:170 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:126 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:128
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:178 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:183
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:435
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne valik"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:189
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne nimekiri"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:208
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne täisarvude nimekiri"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Vigane CSRF tunnus"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Puudub CSRF tunnus"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF nurjus"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF tunnus on aegunud"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Palun sisestage kuupäev/aeg"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Vigane kuupäeva/aja sisend"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Juba olemas."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:428
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Vigane valik: ei saa teisendada"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:461
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Vigane valik: ühte või rohkemat andmesisendit ei saa teisendada"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:468
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' pole sellele väljale korrektne valik"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:523
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne täisarvuline väärtus"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:573
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne kümnendarvuline väärtus"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:600
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne ujukomaarvuline väärtus"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:659
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne kuupäeva/kellaaja väärtus"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:676
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Pole korrektne kuupäevaline väärtus"
+
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..787d659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fa/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Farsi translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.3\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-01-20 16:49+0330\n"
+"Last-Translator: mohammad Efazati <mohammad@efazati.org>\n"
+"Language-Team: fa <mohammad@efazati.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+"Language: persian\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "فیلد '%s' اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "مقدار فیلد باید برابر %(other_name)s باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "طول فیلد حداقل باید %(min)d حرف باشد."
+msgstr[1] "طول فیلد حداقل باید %(min)d حرف باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "طول فیلد حداکثر باید %(max)d حرف باشد."
+msgstr[1] "طول فیلد حداکثر باید %(max)d حرف باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "طول فیلد باید بین %(min)d تا %(max)d حرف باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "عدد باید از %(min)s بزرگتر باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "عدد باید از %(max)s. کوچکتر باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "عدد باید بین %(min)s  تا  %(max)s باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "این فیلد اجباریست."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "ورودی اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "آدرس پست الکترونیک اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "آدرس IP اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "آدرس MAC اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "آدرس وب سایت وارد شده اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID اشتباده است."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "ورودی اشتباه است. باید یکی از %(values)s باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "ورودی اشتباه است. نباید یکی از %(values)s باشد."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "انتخاب درستی نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "لیست درستی نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "مقدار کلید امنیتی اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "مقدار کلید امنیتی در درخواست شما نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "کلید امنیتی با خطا مواجه شد."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "زمان استفاده از کلید امنیتی به اتمام رسیده است."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "لطفا یک زمان(تاریخ/ساعت) معتبر وارد کنید."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "زمان(تاریخ/ساعت) وارد شده اشتباه است."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "در حال حاضر چنین موردی وجود دارد"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "انتخاب شما اشتباه است. ورودی قابل بررسی نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "انتخاب شما اشتباه است. یک یا چند تا از ورودی ها قابل بررسی نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s انتخاب مناسبی برای این فیلد نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "یک عدد درست نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "یک عدد اعشاری درست نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "یک عدد اعشاری درست نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "مقداری که وارد کردید، تاریخ نیست."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "مقداری که وارد کردید، تاریخ نیست."
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68229f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# French (France) translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.3\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms@simplecodes.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-02-15 13:58+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Stéphane Blondon <stephane.blondon@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: fr_FR <j.pigeot@gmail.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
+"X-Generator: Poedit 1.6.9\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Nom de champ invalide « %s »."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Le champ doit être égal à %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Le champ doit être d'au moins %(min)d caractère."
+msgstr[1] "Le champ doit être d'au moins %(min)d characters long."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Le champ ne peut pas faire plus de %(max)d caractère."
+msgstr[1] "Le champ ne peut pas faire plus de %(max)d caractères."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr ""
+"La longueur du champ doit être comprise entre %(min)d et %(max)d caractères."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Le nombre doit être d'au moins %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Le nombre doit être au plus %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Le nombre doit être entre %(min)s et %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Ce champ est requis."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Entrée invalide."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Adresse email invalide."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Adresse IP invalide."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Adresse Mac invalide."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "URL invalide."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID invalide."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valeur invalide, doit être parmi : %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valeur invalide, ne peut être parmi : %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "CSRF Token invalide"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF token manquant"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF échoué"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF token expiré"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "N'est pas un choix valide"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "N'est pas une liste valide"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "N'est pas un entier valide"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Merci d'indiquer une date/heure valide"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Date/heure incorrecte"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Existe déja."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Choix incorrect : ne peut pas forcer la valeur"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+"Choix incorrect(s) : une ou plusieurs saisies ne peuvent pas être forcées"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' n'est pas un choix valide pour ce champ"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "N'est pas un entier valide"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "N'est pas une valeur décimale valide"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "N'est pas un flottant valide"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "N'est pas une date/heure valide"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "N'est pas une date valide"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ede5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# Italian translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-04-15 00:00-0700\n"
+"Last-Translator: Luca Fabri <luca@keul.it>\n"
+"Language-Team: it <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Nome del campo non valido '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Il campo deve essere uguale a %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Il campo deve essere lungo almeno %(min)d carattere."
+msgstr[1] "Il campo deve essere lungo almeno %(min)d caratteri."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Il campo non può essere più lungo di %(max)d carattere."
+msgstr[1] "Il campo non può essere più lungo di %(max)d caratteri."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "La lunghezza del campo deve essere compresa tra %(min)d e %(max)d."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Il numero deve essere maggiore di %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Il numero deve essere minore di %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Il numero deve essere compreso tra %(min)s e %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Questo campo è obbligatorio."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Dato invalido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Indirizzo e-mail invalido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Indirizzo IP invalido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Mac address invalido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "URL invalido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID invalido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valore invalido, deve essere uno tra: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valore invalido, non può essere nessuno tra %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Non è un'opzione valida"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Non è una lista valida"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Token CSRF invalido"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Token CSRF mancante"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF fallito"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Token CSRF scaduto"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Prego inserisci un valore data/ora"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Inserimento data/ora non valido"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Scelta invalida: impossibile forzare"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Scelta(e) invalida: uno o più valori non possono essere forzati"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' non è una scelta valida per questo campo"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Non è un valore intero valido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Non è un valore decimale valido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Non è un valore reale valido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Non è un valore decimale valido"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Non è un valore reale valido"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48b0c11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# Japanese translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# Yusuke Furukawa <littlefive.jp@gmail.com>, 2015.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-07-06 23:49+0900\n"
+"Last-Translator: yusuke furukawa <littlefive.jp@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: ja <littlefive.jp@gmail.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "%s は無効なフィールド名です。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "フィールドは %(other_name)s でなければいけません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "フィールドは %(min)d 文字以上でなければなりません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "フィールドは %(max)d 文字を超えることはできません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "フィールドは %(min)d 以上, %(max)d 文字以内でなければなりません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "数値は %(min)s 以上でなければなりません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "数値は 最高でも %(max)s でなければなりません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "数値は %(min)s 以上, %(max)s 以下でなければいけません。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "このフィールドは必須です。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "無効な入力です。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "無効なメールアドレスです。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "無効なIPアドレスです。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "無効なMacアドレスです。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "無効なURLです。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "無効なUUIDです。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "無効な値です, 次のうちの１つでなければいけません: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "無効な値です、次に含まれるものは使えません: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "不正なCSRFトークンです"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRFトークンがありません"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF認証に失敗しました"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRFトークンの期限が切れました"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "選択肢が正しくありません"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "リストが正しくありません"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "整数リストが正しくありません"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "日付/時間を入力してください"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "無効な日付/時間の入力です"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "既に存在しています。"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "無効な選択: 型変換できません"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "無効な選択: １つ以上の値を型変換できません"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' はこのフィールドでは有効ではありません"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "無効な整数です"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "無効な少数です"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "無効なfloat値です"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "無効な時間型です"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "無効な日付型です"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2617682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# Korean (Korea) translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# Choi GunWoo <656gun@gmail.com>, 2013.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.3\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms@simplecodes.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-02-15 00:12+0900\n"
+"Last-Translator: GunWoo Choi <6566gun@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: ko_KR <6566gun@gmail.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "'%s'는 올바르지 않은 항목 이름입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "이 항목은 %(other_name)s 항목과 같아야 합니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "이 항목은 최소 %(min)d자 이상이어야 합니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "이 항목은 %(max)d자 보다 많을 수 없습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "이 항목은 최소 %(min)d자 이상, %(max)d자 이하이어야 합니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "이 값은 최소 %(min)s 이상이어야 합니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "이 값은 %(max)s보다 클 수 없습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "이 값은 %(min)s 이상, %(max)s 이하이어야 합니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "이 항목은 필수입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 입력값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 이메일 주소입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 IP 주소입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 Mac주소입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 URL입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 UUID입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 값입니다, 다음 중 하나이어야 합니다: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 값입니다, 다음 값은 사용할 수 없습니다: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:432
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 선택값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 리스트입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 CSRF 토큰입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF 토큰을 찾을 수 없습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF 인증에 실패하였습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF 토큰이 만료되었습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "날짜/시간 값을 입력해주세요"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 날짜/시간입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "이미 존재하는 값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:425
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 선택값입니다: 변환할 수 없습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:458
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 선택값입니다: 한개 이상의 값을 변화할 수 없습니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:465
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s'는 이 항목에 유효하지 않은 선택 값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:520
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 정수 값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:570
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 숫자 값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:597
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 float 값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:648
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 시간 값입니다."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "올바르지 않은 날짜 값입니다."
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edcbbcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Norwegian Bokmål translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# Frode Danielsen <frode@e5r.no>, 2014.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-05-05 16:18+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Frode Danielsen <frode@e5r.no>\n"
+"Language-Team: nb <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 2.0-dev\n"
+"Language: nb\n"
+"X-Generator: Poedit 1.6.5\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Ugyldig feltnavn '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Feltet må være lik som %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Feltet må være minst %(min)d tegn langt."
+msgstr[1] "Feltet må være minst %(min)d tegn langt."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Feltet kan ikke være lenger enn %(max)d tegn."
+msgstr[1] "Feltet kan ikke være lenger enn %(max)d tegn."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Feltet må være mellom %(min)d og %(max)d tegn langt."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Tall må være minst %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Tall må være maks %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Tall må være mellom %(min)s og %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Dette feltet er påkrevd."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Ugyldig verdi."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Ugyldig e-postadresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Ugyldig IP-adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Ugyldig MAC-adresse."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Ugyldig URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Ugyldig UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ugyldig verdi, den må være en av følgende: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ugyldig verdi, den kan ikke være en av følgende: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Ugyldig CSRF-pollett"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Manglende CSRF-pollett"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF-sjekk feilet"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Utløpt CSRF-pollett"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Ikke et gyldig valg"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig liste"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig heltallsliste"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Vennligst fyll inn en dato- og tidsverdi"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Ugyldig dato- og tidsverdi"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Eksisterer allerede."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Ugyldig valg: Kunne ikke oversette"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Ugyldig(e) valg: En eller flere dataverdier kunne ikke oversettes"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' er ikke et gyldig valg for dette feltet"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig heltallsverdi"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig desimalverdi"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig flyttallsverdi"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig dato- og tidsverdi"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Ikke en gyldig datoverdi"
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4263306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# Dutch translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-01-16 09:56+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Dirk Zittersteyn <dirk.zittersteyn@paylogic.eu>\n"
+"Language-Team: nl <dirk.zittersteyn@paylogic.eu>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Ongeldige naam voor veld '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Veld moet gelijk zijn aan %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Veld moet minstens %(min)d karakter lang zijn."
+msgstr[1] "Veld moet minstens %(min)d karakters lang zijn."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Veld mag niet langer zijn dan %(max)d karakter."
+msgstr[1] "Veld mag niet langer zijn dan %(max)d karakters."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Veld moet tussen %(min)d en %(max)d karakters lang zijn."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Getal moet minstens %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Nummer mag maximaal %(max)s zijn."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Nummer moet tussen %(min)s en %(max)s liggen."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Dit veld is vereist."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Ongeldige invoer."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Ongeldig e-mailadres."
+du
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Ongeldig IP-adres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Ongeldig Mac-adres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Ongeldige URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Ongeldige UUID"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ongeldige waarde, moet een waarde zijn uit: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Ongeldige waarde, kan niet een waarde zijn in: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Ongeldig CSRF-token"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF-token ontbreekt"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF gefaald"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF-token is verlopen"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Ongeldige keuze"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Niet een geldige lijst"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Niet een geldige lijst van getallen"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Voer a.u.b. een geldige datum/tijd in"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Ongeldige datum/tijd"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Bestaat al"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Ongeldige keuze: kon niet omgezet worden"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Ongeldige keuze(s): een of meer van de invoeren kon niet omgezet worden"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' is een ongeldige keuze voor dit veld"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Ongeldig getal"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Ongeldige decimale waarde"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Ongeldige float-waarde"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Ongeldige datum/tijd"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Ongeldige datum"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18cc466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# Polish translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wolanskim@gmail.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-05-05 23:20+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Aleksander Nitecki <ixendr@itogi.re>\n"
+"Language-Team: pl <wolanskim@gmail.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && "
+"(n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa nazwa pola '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Wartość pola musi być równa %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Pole musi mieć przynajmniej %(min)d znak."
+msgstr[1] "Pole musi mieć przynajmniej %(min)d znaki."
+msgstr[2] "Pole musi mieć przynajmniej %(min)d znaków."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Wartość w polu nie może mieć więcej niż %(max)d znak."
+msgstr[1] "Wartość w polu nie może mieć więcej niż %(max)d znaki."
+msgstr[2] "Wartość w polu nie może mieć więcej niż %(max)d znaków."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Wartość musi być długa na od %(min)d do %(max)d znaków."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Liczba musi być większa lub równa %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Liczba musi być mniejsza lub równa %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Liczba musi być z zakresu %(min)s i %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "To pole jest wymagane."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa wartość."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy adres e-mail."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy adres IP."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy adres Mac."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Wartość musi być jedną z: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Wartość nie może być żadną z: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy wybór"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa lista"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy token CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Brak tokena CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "błąd CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Wygasł token CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Proszę wpisać datę/czas"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa data/czas"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Już istnieje."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy wybór: nie można skonwertować"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowy wybór: nie można skonwertować przynajmniej jednej wartości"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' nie jest poprawnym wyborem dla tego pola"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa liczba całkowita"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa liczba dziesiętna"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa liczba zmiennoprzecinkowa"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa data i czas"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Nieprawidłowa data"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ba8810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Portuguese translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-01-16 10:36+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Rui Pacheco <rui.pacheco@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: pt <rui.pacheco@gmail.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+"Language: pt\n"
+"X-Generator: Poedit 1.6.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Nome do campo inválido '%s'"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "O campo deve ser igual a %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "O campo deve ter pelo menos %(min)d caracteres."
+msgstr[1] "Os campos devem ter pelo menos %(min)d caracteres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "O campo não pode ter mais do que %(max)d caracteres."
+msgstr[1] "Os campos não podem ter mais do que %(max)d caracteres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "O campo deve ter entre %(min)d e %(max)d caracteres."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "O valor não pode ser menos do que %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "O valor não pode ser mais do que %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "O valor tem que ser entre %(min)s e %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Campo obrigatório."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Entrada inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Email inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "IP inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Mac address inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "URL inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "UUID inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valor inválido, deve ser um dos seguintes: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Valor inválido, não deve ser um dos seguintes: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Token CSRF inválido."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "Falta o token CSRF."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF falhou."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "Token CSRF expirado."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Escolha inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Lista inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Lista de inteiros inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Por favor, introduza uma data/hora."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Data/hora inválida."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Já existe."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Escolha inválida: não é possível calcular."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Escolha(s) inválida(s): não é possível calcular alguns dos valores."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "‘%(value)s’ não é uma escolha válida para este campo."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "O valor inteiro não é válido."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "O valor decimal não é válido."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "O valor com vírgula flutuante não é válido. "
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "O valor temporal não é válido."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "A data não é válida."
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb82187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Russian translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.3\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-01 10:23+0400\n"
+"Last-Translator: Yuriy Khomyakov <_yurka_@inbox.ru>\n"
+"Language-Team: ru <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && "
+"n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Неправильное имя поля '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Поле должно совпадать с %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Значение должно содержать не менее %(min)d символа."
+msgstr[1] "Значение должно содержать не менее %(min)d символов."
+msgstr[2] "Значение должно содержать не менее %(min)d символов."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Значение не должно содержать более %(max)d символа."
+msgstr[1] "Значение не должно содержать более %(max)d символов."
+msgstr[2] "Значение не должно содержать более %(max)d символов."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Значение должно содержать от %(min)d до %(max)d символов."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Число должно быть больше %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Число должно быть меньше %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Значение должно быть между %(min)s и %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Обязательное поле."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Некорректный ввод."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Неверный адрес электронной почты."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Неверный IP адрес."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Неверный MAC адрес."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Неверный URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Неверный UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Неверное значение, должно быть одним из %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Неверное значение, не должно быть одним из %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Неверный вариант"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Неверный список"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Неверный CSRF токен"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF токен отсутствует"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "Ошибка CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF токен просрочен"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Пожалуйста, введите значение даты/времени"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Неверное значение даты/времени"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Уже существует."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Неверный вариант: невозможно преобразовать"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+"Неверный вариант(варианты): одно или несколько значений невозможно "
+"преобразовать"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' - неверный вариант для этого поля"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Неверное целое число"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Неверное десятичное число"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Неверное десятичное число"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Неверное десятичное число"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Неверное десятичное число"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..577e97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# Ukrainian translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-01-16 10:04+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Oleg Pidsadnyi <oleg.pidsadnyi@paylogic.eu>\n"
+"Language-Team: uk <oleg.pidsadnyi@paylogic.eu>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && "
+"n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "Невірне ім'я поля '%s'."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "Поле має співпадати з %(other_name)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "Значення поля має містити не менше %(min)d символа."
+msgstr[1] "Значення поля має містити не менше ніж %(min)d символи."
+msgstr[2] "Значення поля має містити не менше ніж %(min)d символів."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "Значення поля має містити не більше %(max)d символа."
+msgstr[1] "Значення поля має містити не більше ніж %(max)d символи."
+msgstr[2] "Значення поля має містити не більше ніж %(max)d символів."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "Значення поля має містити від %(min)d до %(max)d символів."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "Число має бути щонайменше %(min)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "Число має бути щонайбільше %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "Число має бути між %(min)s та %(max)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "Це поле є обов'язковим."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "Введено невірно."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "Невірна електронна адреса."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "Невірна IP адреса."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "Невірна Mac адреса."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "Невірний URL."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "Невірний UUID."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Значення невірне, має бути одним з: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "Значення невірне, не може бути одним з: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "Невірний CSRF токен."
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF токен відсутній"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "Помилка CSRF"
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF токен прострочений"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "Недійсний варіант"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "Недійсний список"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr "Недійсний список цілих чисел"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "Будь ласка введіть дату/час"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "Недійсна дата/час"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "Вже існує."
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "Недійсний варіант: перетворення неможливе"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "Недійсний варіант: одне чи більше значень неможливо перетворити"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' не є дійсним варіантом для цього поля"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "Недійсне ціле число"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "Не є дійсним десятичним числом"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "Недійсне десятичне дробове число"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "Недійсне значення дати/часу"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "Не дійсне значення дати"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/wtforms.pot b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/wtforms.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1756c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/wtforms.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Translations template for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2013 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2013.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 2.0dev\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms+i18n@jamescrasta.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-11-08 15:21-0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 1.3\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:63
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:96
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] ""
+msgstr[1] ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:99
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] ""
+msgstr[1] ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:102
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:138
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:140
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:142
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:198 wtforms/validators.py:233
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:264
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:286
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:318
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:367
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:393
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:412
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:440
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:472
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/core.py:83 wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:61 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:58
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:69 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:66
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/csrf/session.py:74 wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:71
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:87 wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:164
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:166 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:96
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:127
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:177 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:182
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:456
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:185
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:204
+msgid "Not a valid integer list"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:63
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:75 wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:83
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:34
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:449
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:482
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:489
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:572
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:638
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:665
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:724
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:741
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90ab70a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# Simplified Chinese (China) translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.3\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-31 13:03-0700\n"
+"Last-Translator: TonySeek <tonyseek@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: zh_CN <james+i18n@simplecodes.com>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "'%s' 是无效的字段名。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "字段必须和 %(other_name)s 相等。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "字段长度必须至少 %(min)d 个字符。"
+msgstr[1] "字段长度必须至少 %(min)d 个字符。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "字段长度不能超过 %(max)d 个字符。"
+msgstr[1] "字段长度不能超过 %(max)d 个字符。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "字段长度必须介于 %(min)d 到 %(max)d 个字符之间。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "数值必须大于 %(min)s。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "数值必须小于 %(max)s。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "数值大小必须介于 %(min)s 到 %(max)s 之间。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "该字段是必填字段。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "无效的输入。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "无效的 Email 地址。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "无效的 IP 地址。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "无效的 MAC 地址。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "无效的 URL。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "无效的 UUID。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "无效的值，必须是下列之一: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "无效的值，不能是下列任何一个: %(values)s."
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "不是有效的选择"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "不是有效的列表"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "无效的 CSRF 验证令牌"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "缺失 CSRF 验证令牌"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF 验证失败"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF 验证令牌过期"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "请输入一个日期/时间值"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "无效的日期/时间输入"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "选择无效：无法转化类型"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "选择无效：至少一个数据输入无法被转化类型"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "“%(value)s” 对该字段而言是无效选项"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "不是有效的整数"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "不是有效的小数"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "不是有效的浮点数"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "不是有效的小数"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "不是有效的浮点数"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.mo
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3a2303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/wtforms.po
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# Chinese (Taiwan) translations for WTForms.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 WTForms Team
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the WTForms project.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: WTForms 1.0.3\n"
+"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: wtforms@simplecodes.com\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-02 14:13-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-04-14 00:26+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ron Huang <ron@hng.tw>\n"
+"Language-Team: zh_TW <ron@hng.tw>\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 0.9.6\n"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:55
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid field name '%s'."
+msgstr "'%s' 是無效的欄位名。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:62
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be equal to %(other_name)s."
+msgstr "欄位必須與 %(other_name)s 相同。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:94
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be at least %(min)d character long."
+msgid_plural "Field must be at least %(min)d characters long."
+msgstr[0] "欄位必須超過 %(min)d 個字元。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:97
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character."
+msgid_plural "Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters."
+msgstr[0] "欄位必須少於 %(max)d 個字元。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:100
+#, python-format
+msgid "Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long."
+msgstr "欄位必須介於 %(min)d 至 %(max)d 個字元。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:135
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at least %(min)s."
+msgstr "數字必須大於 %(min)s。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:137
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be at most %(max)s."
+msgstr "數字必須小於 %(max)s。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:139
+#, python-format
+msgid "Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s."
+msgstr "數字必須介於 %(min)s 至 %(max)s 之間。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:188 wtforms/validators.py:221
+msgid "This field is required."
+msgstr "此欄位為必填。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:249
+msgid "Invalid input."
+msgstr "無效的輸入。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:268
+msgid "Invalid email address."
+msgstr "無效的電子郵件地址。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:297
+msgid "Invalid IP address."
+msgstr "無效的 IP 位址。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:345
+msgid "Invalid Mac address."
+msgstr "無效的 MAC 位址。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:370
+msgid "Invalid URL."
+msgstr "無效的 URL。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:388
+msgid "Invalid UUID."
+msgstr "無效的 UUID。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:415
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "無效的資料，必須為以下任一：%(values)s。"
+
+#: wtforms/validators.py:442
+#, python-format
+msgid "Invalid value, can't be any of: %(values)s."
+msgstr "無效的資料，不得為以下任一：%(values)s。"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:90 wtforms/ext/django/fields.py:89
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:125 wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:175
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/fields.py:180 wtforms/fields/core.py:419
+msgid "Not a valid choice"
+msgstr "不是有效的選擇"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/appengine/fields.py:109
+msgid "Not a valid list"
+msgstr "不是有效的清單"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/form.py:47
+msgid "Invalid CSRF Token"
+msgstr "無效的 CSRF 憑證"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:57
+msgid "CSRF token missing"
+msgstr "CSRF 憑證不存在"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:65
+msgid "CSRF failed"
+msgstr "CSRF 驗證失敗"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/csrf/session.py:70
+msgid "CSRF token expired"
+msgstr "CSRF 憑證過期"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:50
+msgid "Please input a date/time value"
+msgstr "請輸入日期與時間"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/dateutil/fields.py:62
+msgid "Invalid date/time input"
+msgstr "無效的日期與時間"
+
+#: wtforms/ext/sqlalchemy/validators.py:33
+msgid "Already exists."
+msgstr "已經存在。"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:412
+msgid "Invalid Choice: could not coerce"
+msgstr "無效的選擇：無法強制轉化"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:445
+msgid "Invalid choice(s): one or more data inputs could not be coerced"
+msgstr "無效的選擇：至少有一筆資料無法被強制轉化"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:452
+#, python-format
+msgid "'%(value)s' is not a valid choice for this field"
+msgstr "'%(value)s' 對此欄位為無效的選項"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:507
+msgid "Not a valid integer value"
+msgstr "不是有效的整數值"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:554
+msgid "Not a valid decimal value"
+msgstr "不是有效的十進位數值"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:581
+msgid "Not a valid float value"
+msgstr "不是有效的浮點數值"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:632
+msgid "Not a valid datetime value"
+msgstr "不是有效的日期與時間"
+
+#: wtforms/fields/core.py:649
+msgid "Not a valid date value"
+msgstr "不是有效的日期"
+
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/meta.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/meta.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74d125a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/meta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+from wtforms.utils import WebobInputWrapper
+from wtforms import i18n
+
+
+class DefaultMeta(object):
+    """
+    This is the default Meta class which defines all the default values and
+    therefore also the 'API' of the class Meta interface.
+    """
+
+    # -- Basic form primitives
+
+    def bind_field(self, form, unbound_field, options):
+        """
+        bind_field allows potential customization of how fields are bound.
+
+        The default implementation simply passes the options to
+        :meth:`UnboundField.bind`.
+
+        :param form: The form.
+        :param unbound_field: The unbound field.
+        :param options:
+            A dictionary of options which are typically passed to the field.
+
+        :return: A bound field
+        """
+        return unbound_field.bind(form=form, **options)
+
+    def wrap_formdata(self, form, formdata):
+        """
+        wrap_formdata allows doing custom wrappers of WTForms formdata.
+
+        The default implementation detects webob-style multidicts and wraps
+        them, otherwise passes formdata back un-changed.
+
+        :param form: The form.
+        :param formdata: Form data.
+        :return: A form-input wrapper compatible with WTForms.
+        """
+        if formdata is not None and not hasattr(formdata, 'getlist'):
+            if hasattr(formdata, 'getall'):
+                return WebobInputWrapper(formdata)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("formdata should be a multidict-type wrapper that supports the 'getlist' method")
+        return formdata
+
+    def render_field(self, field, render_kw):
+        """
+        render_field allows customization of how widget rendering is done.
+
+        The default implementation calls ``field.widget(field, **render_kw)``
+        """
+        other_kw = getattr(field, 'render_kw', None)
+        if other_kw is not None:
+            render_kw = dict(other_kw, **render_kw)
+        return field.widget(field, **render_kw)
+
+    # -- CSRF
+
+    csrf = False
+    csrf_field_name = 'csrf_token'
+    csrf_secret = None
+    csrf_context = None
+    csrf_class = None
+
+    def build_csrf(self, form):
+        """
+        Build a CSRF implementation. This is called once per form instance.
+
+        The default implementation builds the class referenced to by
+        :attr:`csrf_class` with zero arguments. If `csrf_class` is ``None``,
+        will instead use the default implementation
+        :class:`wtforms.csrf.session.SessionCSRF`.
+
+        :param form: The form.
+        :return: A CSRF implementation.
+        """
+        if self.csrf_class is not None:
+            return self.csrf_class()
+
+        from wtforms.csrf.session import SessionCSRF
+        return SessionCSRF()
+
+    # -- i18n
+
+    locales = False
+    cache_translations = True
+    translations_cache = {}
+
+    def get_translations(self, form):
+        """
+        Override in subclasses to provide alternate translations factory.
+        See the i18n documentation for more.
+
+        :param form: The form.
+        :return: An object that provides gettext() and ngettext() methods.
+        """
+        locales = self.locales
+        if locales is False:
+            return None
+
+        if self.cache_translations:
+            # Make locales be a hashable value
+            locales = tuple(locales) if locales else None
+
+            translations = self.translations_cache.get(locales)
+            if translations is None:
+                translations = self.translations_cache[locales] = i18n.get_translations(locales)
+
+            return translations
+
+        return i18n.get_translations(locales)
+
+    # -- General
+
+    def update_values(self, values):
+        """
+        Given a dictionary of values, update values on this `Meta` instance.
+        """
+        for key, value in values.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/utils.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..250590b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+
+
+class UnsetValue(object):
+    """
+    An unset value.
+
+    This is used in situations where a blank value like `None` is acceptable
+    usually as the default value of a class variable or function parameter
+    (iow, usually when `None` is a valid value.)
+    """
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '<unset value>'
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<unset value>'
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return False
+
+unset_value = UnsetValue()
+
+
+class WebobInputWrapper(object):
+    """
+    Wrap a webob MultiDict for use as passing as `formdata` to Field.
+
+    Since for consistency, we have decided in WTForms to support as input a
+    small subset of the API provided in common between cgi.FieldStorage,
+    Django's QueryDict, and Werkzeug's MultiDict, we need to wrap Webob, the
+    only supported framework whose multidict does not fit this API, but is
+    nevertheless used by a lot of frameworks.
+
+    While we could write a full wrapper to support all the methods, this will
+    undoubtedly result in bugs due to some subtle differences between the
+    various wrappers. So we will keep it simple.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, multidict):
+        self._wrapped = multidict
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._wrapped)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._wrapped)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return (name in self._wrapped)
+
+    def getlist(self, name):
+        return self._wrapped.getall(name)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/validators.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..900c1fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import re
+import warnings
+
+from wtforms.compat import string_types, text_type
+
+__all__ = (
+    'DataRequired', 'data_required', 'Email', 'email', 'EqualTo', 'equal_to',
+    'IPAddress', 'ip_address', 'InputRequired', 'input_required', 'Length',
+    'length', 'NumberRange', 'number_range', 'Optional', 'optional',
+    'Required', 'required', 'Regexp', 'regexp', 'URL', 'url', 'AnyOf',
+    'any_of', 'NoneOf', 'none_of', 'MacAddress', 'mac_address', 'UUID'
+)
+
+
+class ValidationError(ValueError):
+    """
+    Raised when a validator fails to validate its input.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message='', *args, **kwargs):
+        ValueError.__init__(self, message, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class StopValidation(Exception):
+    """
+    Causes the validation chain to stop.
+
+    If StopValidation is raised, no more validators in the validation chain are
+    called. If raised with a message, the message will be added to the errors
+    list.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message='', *args, **kwargs):
+        Exception.__init__(self, message, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class EqualTo(object):
+    """
+    Compares the values of two fields.
+
+    :param fieldname:
+        The name of the other field to compare to.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error. Can be
+        interpolated with `%(other_label)s` and `%(other_name)s` to provide a
+        more helpful error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fieldname, message=None):
+        self.fieldname = fieldname
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        try:
+            other = form[self.fieldname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValidationError(field.gettext("Invalid field name '%s'.") % self.fieldname)
+        if field.data != other.data:
+            d = {
+                'other_label': hasattr(other, 'label') and other.label.text or self.fieldname,
+                'other_name': self.fieldname
+            }
+            message = self.message
+            if message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('Field must be equal to %(other_name)s.')
+
+            raise ValidationError(message % d)
+
+
+class Length(object):
+    """
+    Validates the length of a string.
+
+    :param min:
+        The minimum required length of the string. If not provided, minimum
+        length will not be checked.
+    :param max:
+        The maximum length of the string. If not provided, maximum length
+        will not be checked.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error. Can be
+        interpolated using `%(min)d` and `%(max)d` if desired. Useful defaults
+        are provided depending on the existence of min and max.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, min=-1, max=-1, message=None):
+        assert min != -1 or max != -1, 'At least one of `min` or `max` must be specified.'
+        assert max == -1 or min <= max, '`min` cannot be more than `max`.'
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        l = field.data and len(field.data) or 0
+        if l < self.min or self.max != -1 and l > self.max:
+            message = self.message
+            if message is None:
+                if self.max == -1:
+                    message = field.ngettext('Field must be at least %(min)d character long.',
+                                             'Field must be at least %(min)d characters long.', self.min)
+                elif self.min == -1:
+                    message = field.ngettext('Field cannot be longer than %(max)d character.',
+                                             'Field cannot be longer than %(max)d characters.', self.max)
+                else:
+                    message = field.gettext('Field must be between %(min)d and %(max)d characters long.')
+
+            raise ValidationError(message % dict(min=self.min, max=self.max, length=l))
+
+
+class NumberRange(object):
+    """
+    Validates that a number is of a minimum and/or maximum value, inclusive.
+    This will work with any comparable number type, such as floats and
+    decimals, not just integers.
+
+    :param min:
+        The minimum required value of the number. If not provided, minimum
+        value will not be checked.
+    :param max:
+        The maximum value of the number. If not provided, maximum value
+        will not be checked.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error. Can be
+        interpolated using `%(min)s` and `%(max)s` if desired. Useful defaults
+        are provided depending on the existence of min and max.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, message=None):
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        data = field.data
+        if data is None or (self.min is not None and data < self.min) or \
+                (self.max is not None and data > self.max):
+            message = self.message
+            if message is None:
+                # we use %(min)s interpolation to support floats, None, and
+                # Decimals without throwing a formatting exception.
+                if self.max is None:
+                    message = field.gettext('Number must be at least %(min)s.')
+                elif self.min is None:
+                    message = field.gettext('Number must be at most %(max)s.')
+                else:
+                    message = field.gettext('Number must be between %(min)s and %(max)s.')
+
+            raise ValidationError(message % dict(min=self.min, max=self.max))
+
+
+class Optional(object):
+    """
+    Allows empty input and stops the validation chain from continuing.
+
+    If input is empty, also removes prior errors (such as processing errors)
+    from the field.
+
+    :param strip_whitespace:
+        If True (the default) also stop the validation chain on input which
+        consists of only whitespace.
+    """
+    field_flags = ('optional', )
+
+    def __init__(self, strip_whitespace=True):
+        if strip_whitespace:
+            self.string_check = lambda s: s.strip()
+        else:
+            self.string_check = lambda s: s
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if not field.raw_data or isinstance(field.raw_data[0], string_types) and not self.string_check(field.raw_data[0]):
+            field.errors[:] = []
+            raise StopValidation()
+
+
+class DataRequired(object):
+    """
+    Checks the field's data is 'truthy' otherwise stops the validation chain.
+
+    This validator checks that the ``data`` attribute on the field is a 'true'
+    value (effectively, it does ``if field.data``.) Furthermore, if the data
+    is a string type, a string containing only whitespace characters is
+    considered false.
+
+    If the data is empty, also removes prior errors (such as processing errors)
+    from the field.
+
+    **NOTE** this validator used to be called `Required` but the way it behaved
+    (requiring coerced data, not input data) meant it functioned in a way
+    which was not symmetric to the `Optional` validator and furthermore caused
+    confusion with certain fields which coerced data to 'falsey' values like
+    ``0``, ``Decimal(0)``, ``time(0)`` etc. Unless a very specific reason
+    exists, we recommend using the :class:`InputRequired` instead.
+
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    field_flags = ('required', )
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if not field.data or isinstance(field.data, string_types) and not field.data.strip():
+            if self.message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('This field is required.')
+            else:
+                message = self.message
+
+            field.errors[:] = []
+            raise StopValidation(message)
+
+
+class Required(DataRequired):
+    """
+    Legacy alias for DataRequired.
+
+    This is needed over simple aliasing for those who require that the
+    class-name of required be 'Required.'
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Required, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Required is going away in WTForms 3.0, use DataRequired',
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+
+
+class InputRequired(object):
+    """
+    Validates that input was provided for this field.
+
+    Note there is a distinction between this and DataRequired in that
+    InputRequired looks that form-input data was provided, and DataRequired
+    looks at the post-coercion data.
+    """
+    field_flags = ('required', )
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if not field.raw_data or not field.raw_data[0]:
+            if self.message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('This field is required.')
+            else:
+                message = self.message
+
+            field.errors[:] = []
+            raise StopValidation(message)
+
+
+class Regexp(object):
+    """
+    Validates the field against a user provided regexp.
+
+    :param regex:
+        The regular expression string to use. Can also be a compiled regular
+        expression pattern.
+    :param flags:
+        The regexp flags to use, for example re.IGNORECASE. Ignored if
+        `regex` is not a string.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, regex, flags=0, message=None):
+        if isinstance(regex, string_types):
+            regex = re.compile(regex, flags)
+        self.regex = regex
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field, message=None):
+        match = self.regex.match(field.data or '')
+        if not match:
+            if message is None:
+                if self.message is None:
+                    message = field.gettext('Invalid input.')
+                else:
+                    message = self.message
+
+            raise ValidationError(message)
+        return match
+
+
+class Email(Regexp):
+    """
+    Validates an email address. Note that this uses a very primitive regular
+    expression and should only be used in instances where you later verify by
+    other means, such as email activation or lookups.
+
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        self.validate_hostname = HostnameValidation(
+            require_tld=True,
+        )
+        super(Email, self).__init__(r'^.+@([^.@][^@]+)$', re.IGNORECASE, message)
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        message = self.message
+        if message is None:
+            message = field.gettext('Invalid email address.')
+
+        match = super(Email, self).__call__(form, field, message)
+        if not self.validate_hostname(match.group(1)):
+            raise ValidationError(message)
+
+
+class IPAddress(object):
+    """
+    Validates an IP address.
+
+    :param ipv4:
+        If True, accept IPv4 addresses as valid (default True)
+    :param ipv6:
+        If True, accept IPv6 addresses as valid (default False)
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, ipv4=True, ipv6=False, message=None):
+        if not ipv4 and not ipv6:
+            raise ValueError('IP Address Validator must have at least one of ipv4 or ipv6 enabled.')
+        self.ipv4 = ipv4
+        self.ipv6 = ipv6
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        value = field.data
+        valid = False
+        if value:
+            valid = (self.ipv4 and self.check_ipv4(value)) or (self.ipv6 and self.check_ipv6(value))
+
+        if not valid:
+            message = self.message
+            if message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('Invalid IP address.')
+            raise ValidationError(message)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_ipv4(cls, value):
+        parts = value.split('.')
+        if len(parts) == 4 and all(x.isdigit() for x in parts):
+            numbers = list(int(x) for x in parts)
+            return all(num >= 0 and num < 256 for num in numbers)
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_ipv6(cls, value):
+        parts = value.split(':')
+        if len(parts) > 8:
+            return False
+
+        num_blank = 0
+        for part in parts:
+            if not part:
+                num_blank += 1
+            else:
+                try:
+                    value = int(part, 16)
+                except ValueError:
+                    return False
+                else:
+                    if value < 0 or value >= 65536:
+                        return False
+
+        if num_blank < 2:
+            return True
+        elif num_blank == 2 and not parts[0] and not parts[1]:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+
+class MacAddress(Regexp):
+    """
+    Validates a MAC address.
+
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        pattern = r'^(?:[0-9a-fA-F]{2}:){5}[0-9a-fA-F]{2}$'
+        super(MacAddress, self).__init__(pattern, message=message)
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        message = self.message
+        if message is None:
+            message = field.gettext('Invalid Mac address.')
+
+        super(MacAddress, self).__call__(form, field, message)
+
+
+class URL(Regexp):
+    """
+    Simple regexp based url validation. Much like the email validator, you
+    probably want to validate the url later by other means if the url must
+    resolve.
+
+    :param require_tld:
+        If true, then the domain-name portion of the URL must contain a .tld
+        suffix.  Set this to false if you want to allow domains like
+        `localhost`.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, require_tld=True, message=None):
+        regex = r'^[a-z]+://(?P<host>[^/:]+)(?P<port>:[0-9]+)?(?P<path>\/.*)?$'
+        super(URL, self).__init__(regex, re.IGNORECASE, message)
+        self.validate_hostname = HostnameValidation(
+            require_tld=require_tld,
+            allow_ip=True,
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        message = self.message
+        if message is None:
+            message = field.gettext('Invalid URL.')
+
+        match = super(URL, self).__call__(form, field, message)
+        if not self.validate_hostname(match.group('host')):
+            raise ValidationError(message)
+
+
+class UUID(Regexp):
+    """
+    Validates a UUID.
+
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        pattern = r'^[0-9a-fA-F]{8}-([0-9a-fA-F]{4}-){3}[0-9a-fA-F]{12}$'
+        super(UUID, self).__init__(pattern, message=message)
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        message = self.message
+        if message is None:
+            message = field.gettext('Invalid UUID.')
+
+        super(UUID, self).__call__(form, field, message)
+
+
+class AnyOf(object):
+    """
+    Compares the incoming data to a sequence of valid inputs.
+
+    :param values:
+        A sequence of valid inputs.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error. `%(values)s`
+        contains the list of values.
+    :param values_formatter:
+        Function used to format the list of values in the error message.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, values, message=None, values_formatter=None):
+        self.values = values
+        self.message = message
+        if values_formatter is None:
+            values_formatter = self.default_values_formatter
+        self.values_formatter = values_formatter
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if field.data not in self.values:
+            message = self.message
+            if message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('Invalid value, must be one of: %(values)s.')
+
+            raise ValidationError(message % dict(values=self.values_formatter(self.values)))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def default_values_formatter(values):
+        return ', '.join(text_type(x) for x in values)
+
+
+class NoneOf(object):
+    """
+    Compares the incoming data to a sequence of invalid inputs.
+
+    :param values:
+        A sequence of invalid inputs.
+    :param message:
+        Error message to raise in case of a validation error. `%(values)s`
+        contains the list of values.
+    :param values_formatter:
+        Function used to format the list of values in the error message.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, values, message=None, values_formatter=None):
+        self.values = values
+        self.message = message
+        if values_formatter is None:
+            values_formatter = self.default_values_formatter
+        self.values_formatter = values_formatter
+
+    def __call__(self, form, field):
+        if field.data in self.values:
+            message = self.message
+            if message is None:
+                message = field.gettext('Invalid value, can\'t be any of: %(values)s.')
+
+            raise ValidationError(message % dict(values=self.values_formatter(self.values)))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def default_values_formatter(v):
+        return ', '.join(text_type(x) for x in v)
+
+
+class HostnameValidation(object):
+    """
+    Helper class for checking hostnames for validation.
+
+    This is not a validator in and of itself, and as such is not exported.
+    """
+    hostname_part = re.compile(r'^(xn-|[a-z0-9]+)(-[a-z0-9]+)*$', re.IGNORECASE)
+    tld_part = re.compile(r'^([a-z]{2,20}|xn--([a-z0-9]+-)*[a-z0-9]+)$', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    def __init__(self, require_tld=True, allow_ip=False):
+        self.require_tld = require_tld
+        self.allow_ip = allow_ip
+
+    def __call__(self, hostname):
+        if self.allow_ip:
+            if IPAddress.check_ipv4(hostname) or IPAddress.check_ipv6(hostname):
+                return True
+
+        # Encode out IDNA hostnames. This makes further validation easier.
+        hostname = hostname.encode('idna')
+
+        # Turn back into a string in Python 3x
+        if not isinstance(hostname, string_types):
+            hostname = hostname.decode('ascii')
+
+        if len(hostname) > 253:
+            return False
+
+        # Check that all labels in the hostname are valid
+        parts = hostname.split('.')
+        for part in parts:
+            if not part or len(part) > 63:
+                return False
+            if not self.hostname_part.match(part):
+                return False
+
+        if self.require_tld:
+            if len(parts) < 2 or not self.tld_part.match(parts[-1]):
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+email = Email
+equal_to = EqualTo
+ip_address = IPAddress
+mac_address = MacAddress
+length = Length
+number_range = NumberRange
+optional = Optional
+required = Required
+input_required = InputRequired
+data_required = DataRequired
+regexp = Regexp
+url = URL
+any_of = AnyOf
+none_of = NoneOf
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/__init__.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6d1e50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from wtforms.widgets.core import *
+
+# Compatibility imports
+from wtforms.widgets.core import html_params, Input, HTMLString
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/core.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d2594c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+try:
+    from html import escape
+except ImportError:
+    from cgi import escape
+
+from wtforms.compat import text_type, iteritems
+
+__all__ = (
+    'CheckboxInput', 'FileInput', 'HiddenInput', 'ListWidget', 'PasswordInput',
+    'RadioInput', 'Select', 'SubmitInput', 'TableWidget', 'TextArea',
+    'TextInput', 'Option'
+)
+
+
+def html_params(**kwargs):
+    """
+    Generate HTML attribute syntax from inputted keyword arguments.
+
+    The output value is sorted by the passed keys, to provide consistent output
+    each time this function is called with the same parameters. Because of the
+    frequent use of the normally reserved keywords `class` and `for`, suffixing
+    these with an underscore will allow them to be used.
+
+    In order to facilitate the use of ``data-`` attributes, the first underscore
+    behind the ``data``-element is replaced with a hyphen.
+
+    >>> html_params(data_any_attribute='something')
+    'data-any_attribute="something"'
+
+    In addition, the values ``True`` and ``False`` are special:
+      * ``attr=True`` generates the HTML compact output of a boolean attribute,
+        e.g. ``checked=True`` will generate simply ``checked``
+      * ``attr=False`` will be ignored and generate no output.
+
+    >>> html_params(name='text1', id='f', class_='text')
+    'class="text" id="f" name="text1"'
+    >>> html_params(checked=True, readonly=False, name="text1", abc="hello")
+    'abc="hello" checked name="text1"'
+    """
+    params = []
+    for k, v in sorted(iteritems(kwargs)):
+        if k in ('class_', 'class__', 'for_'):
+            k = k[:-1]
+        elif k.startswith('data_'):
+            k = k.replace('_', '-', 1)
+        if v is True:
+            params.append(k)
+        elif v is False:
+            pass
+        else:
+            params.append('%s="%s"' % (text_type(k), escape(text_type(v), quote=True)))
+    return ' '.join(params)
+
+
+class HTMLString(text_type):
+    """
+    This is an "HTML safe string" class that is returned by WTForms widgets.
+
+    For the most part, HTMLString acts like a normal unicode string, except
+    in that it has a `__html__` method. This method is invoked by a compatible
+    auto-escaping HTML framework to get the HTML-safe version of a string.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        HTMLString('<input type="text" value="hello">')
+
+    """
+    def __html__(self):
+        """
+        Give an HTML-safe string.
+
+        This method actually returns itself, because it's assumed that
+        whatever you give to HTMLString is a string with any unsafe values
+        already escaped. This lets auto-escaping template frameworks
+        know that this string is safe for HTML rendering.
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class ListWidget(object):
+    """
+    Renders a list of fields as a `ul` or `ol` list.
+
+    This is used for fields which encapsulate many inner fields as subfields.
+    The widget will try to iterate the field to get access to the subfields and
+    call them to render them.
+
+    If `prefix_label` is set, the subfield's label is printed before the field,
+    otherwise afterwards. The latter is useful for iterating radios or
+    checkboxes.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, html_tag='ul', prefix_label=True):
+        assert html_tag in ('ol', 'ul')
+        self.html_tag = html_tag
+        self.prefix_label = prefix_label
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
+        html = ['<%s %s>' % (self.html_tag, html_params(**kwargs))]
+        for subfield in field:
+            if self.prefix_label:
+                html.append('<li>%s %s</li>' % (subfield.label, subfield()))
+            else:
+                html.append('<li>%s %s</li>' % (subfield(), subfield.label))
+        html.append('</%s>' % self.html_tag)
+        return HTMLString(''.join(html))
+
+
+class TableWidget(object):
+    """
+    Renders a list of fields as a set of table rows with th/td pairs.
+
+    If `with_table_tag` is True, then an enclosing <table> is placed around the
+    rows.
+
+    Hidden fields will not be displayed with a row, instead the field will be
+    pushed into a subsequent table row to ensure XHTML validity. Hidden fields
+    at the end of the field list will appear outside the table.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, with_table_tag=True):
+        self.with_table_tag = with_table_tag
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        html = []
+        if self.with_table_tag:
+            kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
+            html.append('<table %s>' % html_params(**kwargs))
+        hidden = ''
+        for subfield in field:
+            if subfield.type in ('HiddenField', 'CSRFTokenField'):
+                hidden += text_type(subfield)
+            else:
+                html.append('<tr><th>%s</th><td>%s%s</td></tr>' % (text_type(subfield.label), hidden, text_type(subfield)))
+                hidden = ''
+        if self.with_table_tag:
+            html.append('</table>')
+        if hidden:
+            html.append(hidden)
+        return HTMLString(''.join(html))
+
+
+class Input(object):
+    """
+    Render a basic ``<input>`` field.
+
+    This is used as the basis for most of the other input fields.
+
+    By default, the `_value()` method will be called upon the associated field
+    to provide the ``value=`` HTML attribute.
+    """
+    html_params = staticmethod(html_params)
+
+    def __init__(self, input_type=None):
+        if input_type is not None:
+            self.input_type = input_type
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
+        kwargs.setdefault('type', self.input_type)
+        if 'value' not in kwargs:
+            kwargs['value'] = field._value()
+        return HTMLString('<input %s>' % self.html_params(name=field.name, **kwargs))
+
+
+class TextInput(Input):
+    """
+    Render a single-line text input.
+    """
+    input_type = 'text'
+
+
+class PasswordInput(Input):
+    """
+    Render a password input.
+
+    For security purposes, this field will not reproduce the value on a form
+    submit by default. To have the value filled in, set `hide_value` to
+    `False`.
+    """
+    input_type = 'password'
+
+    def __init__(self, hide_value=True):
+        self.hide_value = hide_value
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        if self.hide_value:
+            kwargs['value'] = ''
+        return super(PasswordInput, self).__call__(field, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HiddenInput(Input):
+    """
+    Render a hidden input.
+    """
+    field_flags = ('hidden', )
+    input_type = 'hidden'
+
+
+class CheckboxInput(Input):
+    """
+    Render a checkbox.
+
+    The ``checked`` HTML attribute is set if the field's data is a non-false value.
+    """
+    input_type = 'checkbox'
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        if getattr(field, 'checked', field.data):
+            kwargs['checked'] = True
+        return super(CheckboxInput, self).__call__(field, **kwargs)
+
+
+class RadioInput(Input):
+    """
+    Render a single radio button.
+
+    This widget is most commonly used in conjunction with ListWidget or some
+    other listing, as singular radio buttons are not very useful.
+    """
+    input_type = 'radio'
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        if field.checked:
+            kwargs['checked'] = True
+        return super(RadioInput, self).__call__(field, **kwargs)
+
+
+class FileInput(object):
+    """
+    Renders a file input chooser field.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
+        return HTMLString('<input %s>' % html_params(name=field.name, type='file', **kwargs))
+
+
+class SubmitInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders a submit button.
+
+    The field's label is used as the text of the submit button instead of the
+    data on the field.
+    """
+    input_type = 'submit'
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('value', field.label.text)
+        return super(SubmitInput, self).__call__(field, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TextArea(object):
+    """
+    Renders a multi-line text area.
+
+    `rows` and `cols` ought to be passed as keyword args when rendering.
+    """
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
+        return HTMLString('<textarea %s>%s</textarea>' % (
+            html_params(name=field.name, **kwargs),
+            escape(text_type(field._value()), quote=False)
+        ))
+
+
+class Select(object):
+    """
+    Renders a select field.
+
+    If `multiple` is True, then the `size` property should be specified on
+    rendering to make the field useful.
+
+    The field must provide an `iter_choices()` method which the widget will
+    call on rendering; this method must yield tuples of
+    `(value, label, selected)`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, multiple=False):
+        self.multiple = multiple
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('id', field.id)
+        if self.multiple:
+            kwargs['multiple'] = True
+        html = ['<select %s>' % html_params(name=field.name, **kwargs)]
+        for val, label, selected in field.iter_choices():
+            html.append(self.render_option(val, label, selected))
+        html.append('</select>')
+        return HTMLString(''.join(html))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def render_option(cls, value, label, selected, **kwargs):
+        if value is True:
+            # Handle the special case of a 'True' value.
+            value = text_type(value)
+
+        options = dict(kwargs, value=value)
+        if selected:
+            options['selected'] = True
+        return HTMLString('<option %s>%s</option>' % (html_params(**options), escape(text_type(label), quote=False)))
+
+
+class Option(object):
+    """
+    Renders the individual option from a select field.
+
+    This is just a convenience for various custom rendering situations, and an
+    option by itself does not constitute an entire field.
+    """
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        return Select.render_option(field._value(), field.label.text, field.checked, **kwargs)
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/html5.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/html5.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c333d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wtforms/widgets/html5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""
+Widgets for various HTML5 input types.
+"""
+
+from .core import Input
+
+__all__ = (
+    'ColorInput', 'DateInput', 'DateTimeInput', 'DateTimeLocalInput',
+    'EmailInput', 'MonthInput', 'NumberInput', 'RangeInput', 'SearchInput',
+    'TelInput', 'TimeInput', 'URLInput', 'WeekInput',
+)
+
+
+class SearchInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "search".
+    """
+    input_type = 'search'
+
+
+class TelInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "tel".
+    """
+    input_type = 'tel'
+
+
+class URLInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "url".
+    """
+    input_type = 'url'
+
+
+class EmailInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "email".
+    """
+    input_type = 'email'
+
+
+class DateTimeInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "datetime".
+    """
+    input_type = 'datetime'
+
+
+class DateInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "date".
+    """
+    input_type = 'date'
+
+
+class MonthInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "month".
+    """
+    input_type = 'month'
+
+
+class WeekInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "week".
+    """
+    input_type = 'week'
+
+
+class TimeInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "time".
+    """
+    input_type = 'time'
+
+
+class DateTimeLocalInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "datetime-local".
+    """
+    input_type = 'datetime-local'
+
+
+class NumberInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "number".
+    """
+    input_type = 'number'
+
+    def __init__(self, step=None, min=None, max=None):
+        self.step = step
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        if self.step is not None:
+            kwargs.setdefault('step', self.step)
+        if self.min is not None:
+            kwargs.setdefault('min', self.min)
+        if self.max is not None:
+            kwargs.setdefault('max', self.max)
+        return super(NumberInput, self).__call__(field, **kwargs)
+
+
+class RangeInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "range".
+    """
+    input_type = 'range'
+
+    def __init__(self, step=None):
+        self.step = step
+
+    def __call__(self, field, **kwargs):
+        if self.step is not None:
+            kwargs.setdefault('step', self.step)
+        return super(RangeInput, self).__call__(field, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ColorInput(Input):
+    """
+    Renders an input with type "color".
+    """
+    input_type = 'color'
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7969769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/site.py
@@ -0,0 +1,758 @@
+"""Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.
+
+****************************************************************
+* This module is automatically imported during initialization. *
+****************************************************************
+
+In earlier versions of Python (up to 1.5a3), scripts or modules that
+needed to use site-specific modules would place ``import site''
+somewhere near the top of their code.  Because of the automatic
+import, this is no longer necessary (but code that does it still
+works).
+
+This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.  On
+Unix, it starts with sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix (if different) and
+appends lib/python<version>/site-packages as well as lib/site-python.
+It also supports the Debian convention of
+lib/python<version>/dist-packages.  On other platforms (mainly Mac and
+Windows), it uses just sys.prefix (and sys.exec_prefix, if different,
+but this is unlikely).  The resulting directories, if they exist, are
+appended to sys.path, and also inspected for path configuration files.
+
+FOR DEBIAN, this sys.path is augmented with directories in /usr/local.
+Local addons go into /usr/local/lib/python<version>/site-packages
+(resp. /usr/local/lib/site-python), Debian addons install into
+/usr/{lib,share}/python<version>/dist-packages.
+
+A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form
+<package>.pth; its contents are additional directories (one per line)
+to be added to sys.path.  Non-existing directories (or
+non-directories) are never added to sys.path; no directory is added to
+sys.path more than once.  Blank lines and lines beginning with
+'#' are skipped. Lines starting with 'import' are executed.
+
+For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to
+/usr/local and there is a directory /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages
+with three subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path
+configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth.  Assume foo.pth contains the
+following:
+
+  # foo package configuration
+  foo
+  bar
+  bletch
+
+and bar.pth contains:
+
+  # bar package configuration
+  bar
+
+Then the following directories are added to sys.path, in this order:
+
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/bar
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/foo
+
+Note that bletch is omitted because it doesn't exist; bar precedes foo
+because bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam is
+omitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file.
+
+After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module
+named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary additional
+site-specific customizations.  If this import fails with an
+ImportError exception, it is silently ignored.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+try:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+except ImportError:
+    import builtins
+try:
+    set
+except NameError:
+    from sets import Set as set
+
+# Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local here
+PREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix]
+# Enable per user site-packages directory
+# set it to False to disable the feature or True to force the feature
+ENABLE_USER_SITE = None
+# for distutils.commands.install
+USER_SITE = None
+USER_BASE = None
+
+_is_64bit = (getattr(sys, 'maxsize', None) or getattr(sys, 'maxint')) > 2**32
+_is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+_is_jython = sys.platform[:4] == 'java'
+if _is_jython:
+    ModuleType = type(os)
+
+def makepath(*paths):
+    dir = os.path.join(*paths)
+    if _is_jython and (dir == '__classpath__' or
+                       dir.startswith('__pyclasspath__')):
+        return dir, dir
+    dir = os.path.abspath(dir)
+    return dir, os.path.normcase(dir)
+
+def abs__file__():
+    """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path"""
+    for m in sys.modules.values():
+        if ((_is_jython and not isinstance(m, ModuleType)) or
+            hasattr(m, '__loader__')):
+            # only modules need the abspath in Jython. and don't mess
+            # with a PEP 302-supplied __file__
+            continue
+        f = getattr(m, '__file__', None)
+        if f is None:
+            continue
+        m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(f)
+
+def removeduppaths():
+    """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them
+    absolute"""
+    # This ensures that the initial path provided by the interpreter contains
+    # only absolute pathnames, even if we're running from the build directory.
+    L = []
+    known_paths = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        # Filter out duplicate paths (on case-insensitive file systems also
+        # if they only differ in case); turn relative paths into absolute
+        # paths.
+        dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+        if not dircase in known_paths:
+            L.append(dir)
+            known_paths.add(dircase)
+    sys.path[:] = L
+    return known_paths
+
+# XXX This should not be part of site.py, since it is needed even when
+# using the -S option for Python.  See http://www.python.org/sf/586680
+def addbuilddir():
+    """Append ./build/lib.<platform> in case we're running in the build dir
+    (especially for Guido :-)"""
+    from distutils.util import get_platform
+    s = "build/lib.%s-%.3s" % (get_platform(), sys.version)
+    if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):
+        s += '-pydebug'
+    s = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.path[-1]), s)
+    sys.path.append(s)
+
+def _init_pathinfo():
+    """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path"""
+    d = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        try:
+            if os.path.isdir(dir):
+                dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+                d.add(dircase)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+    return d
+
+def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
+    """Add a new path to known_paths by combining sitedir and 'name' or execute
+    sitedir if it starts with 'import'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name)
+    try:
+        f = open(fullname, "rU")
+    except IOError:
+        return
+    try:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+            if line.startswith("import"):
+                exec(line)
+                continue
+            line = line.rstrip()
+            dir, dircase = makepath(sitedir, line)
+            if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir):
+                sys.path.append(dir)
+                known_paths.add(dircase)
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
+    """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in
+    'sitedir'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        known_paths = _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir)
+    if not sitedircase in known_paths:
+        sys.path.append(sitedir)        # Add path component
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(sitedir)
+    except os.error:
+        return
+    names.sort()
+    for name in names:
+        if name.endswith(os.extsep + "pth"):
+            addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths)
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_prefix):
+    """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path"""
+    prefixes = [os.path.join(sys_prefix, "local"), sys_prefix]
+    if exec_prefix != sys_prefix:
+        prefixes.append(os.path.join(exec_prefix, "local"))
+
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos') or _is_jython:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")]
+            elif _is_pypy:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, 'site-packages')]
+            elif sys.platform == 'darwin' and prefix == sys_prefix:
+
+                if prefix.startswith("/System/Library/Frameworks/"): # Apple's Python
+
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                                os.path.join(prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python")]
+
+                else: # any other Python distros on OSX work this way
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")]
+
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix,
+                                         "lib",
+                                         "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                         "site-packages"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "python" + sys.version[:3], "lib-dynload")]
+                lib64_dir = os.path.join(prefix, "lib64", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
+                if (os.path.exists(lib64_dir) and
+                    os.path.realpath(lib64_dir) not in [os.path.realpath(p) for p in sitedirs]):
+                    if _is_64bit:
+                        sitedirs.insert(0, lib64_dir)
+                    else:
+                        sitedirs.append(lib64_dir)
+                try:
+                    # sys.getobjects only available in --with-pydebug build
+                    sys.getobjects
+                    sitedirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sitedirs[0], 'debug'))
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                # Debian-specific dist-packages directories:
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                             "dist-packages"))
+                if sys.version[0] == '2':
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                else:
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[0],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "dist-python"))
+            else:
+                sitedirs = [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+            for sitedir in sitedirs:
+                if os.path.isdir(sitedir):
+                    addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths)
+    return None
+
+def check_enableusersite():
+    """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion
+
+    The function tests for the command line flag (including environment var),
+    process uid/gid equal to effective uid/gid.
+
+    None: Disabled for security reasons
+    False: Disabled by user (command line option)
+    True: Safe and enabled
+    """
+    if hasattr(sys, 'flags') and getattr(sys.flags, 'no_user_site', False):
+        return False
+
+    if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        # check process uid == effective uid
+        if os.geteuid() != os.getuid():
+            return None
+    if hasattr(os, "getgid") and hasattr(os, "getegid"):
+        # check process gid == effective gid
+        if os.getegid() != os.getgid():
+            return None
+
+    return True
+
+def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
+    """Add a per user site-package to sys.path
+
+    Each user has its own python directory with site-packages in the
+    home directory.
+
+    USER_BASE is the root directory for all Python versions
+
+    USER_SITE is the user specific site-packages directory
+
+    USER_SITE/.. can be used for data.
+    """
+    global USER_BASE, USER_SITE, ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    env_base = os.environ.get("PYTHONUSERBASE", None)
+
+    def joinuser(*args):
+        return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
+
+    #if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+    #    # Don't know what to put here
+    #    USER_BASE = ''
+    #    USER_SITE = ''
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        base = os.environ.get("APPDATA") or "~"
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser(base, "Python")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE,
+                                 "Python" + sys.version[0] + sys.version[2],
+                                 "site-packages")
+    else:
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser("~", ".local")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib",
+                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                 "site-packages")
+
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(USER_SITE):
+        addsitedir(USER_SITE, known_paths)
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        for dist_libdir in ("lib", "local/lib"):
+            user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir,
+                                     "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                     "dist-packages")
+            if os.path.isdir(user_site):
+                addsitedir(user_site, known_paths)
+    return known_paths
+
+
+
+def setBEGINLIBPATH():
+    """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty
+    as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions.
+    The library search path needs to be amended so these will be found
+    during module import.  Use BEGINLIBPATH so that these are at the start
+    of the library search path.
+
+    """
+    dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload")
+    libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';')
+    if libpath[-1]:
+        libpath.append(dllpath)
+    else:
+        libpath[-1] = dllpath
+    os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath)
+
+
+def setquit():
+    """Define new built-ins 'quit' and 'exit'.
+    These are simply strings that display a hint on how to exit.
+
+    """
+    if os.sep == ':':
+        eof = 'Cmd-Q'
+    elif os.sep == '\\':
+        eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return'
+    else:
+        eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)'
+
+    class Quitter(object):
+        def __init__(self, name):
+            self.name = name
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof)
+        def __call__(self, code=None):
+            # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their
+            # stdin wrapper is closed.
+            try:
+                sys.stdin.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+            raise SystemExit(code)
+    builtins.quit = Quitter('quit')
+    builtins.exit = Quitter('exit')
+
+
+class _Printer(object):
+    """interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
+    contributors and the copyright notice."""
+
+    MAXLINES = 23
+
+    def __init__(self, name, data, files=(), dirs=()):
+        self.__name = name
+        self.__data = data
+        self.__files = files
+        self.__dirs = dirs
+        self.__lines = None
+
+    def __setup(self):
+        if self.__lines:
+            return
+        data = None
+        for dir in self.__dirs:
+            for filename in self.__files:
+                filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
+                try:
+                    fp = open(filename, "rU")
+                    data = fp.read()
+                    fp.close()
+                    break
+                except IOError:
+                    pass
+            if data:
+                break
+        if not data:
+            data = self.__data
+        self.__lines = data.split('\n')
+        self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES:
+            return "\n".join(self.__lines)
+        else:
+            return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2)
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: '
+        lineno = 0
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                for i in range(lineno, lineno + self.MAXLINES):
+                    print(self.__lines[i])
+            except IndexError:
+                break
+            else:
+                lineno += self.MAXLINES
+                key = None
+                while key is None:
+                    try:
+                        key = raw_input(prompt)
+                    except NameError:
+                        key = input(prompt)
+                    if key not in ('', 'q'):
+                        key = None
+                if key == 'q':
+                    break
+
+def setcopyright():
+    """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__"""
+    builtins.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright)
+    if _is_jython:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "PyPy is maintained by the PyPy developers: http://pypy.org/")
+    else:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", """\
+    Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
+    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""")
+    here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__)
+    builtins.license = _Printer(
+        "license", "See http://www.python.org/%.3s/license.html" % sys.version,
+        ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"],
+        [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir])
+
+
+class _Helper(object):
+    """Define the built-in 'help'.
+    This is a wrapper around pydoc.help (with a twist).
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Type help() for interactive help, " \
+               "or help(object) for help about object."
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        import pydoc
+        return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds)
+
+def sethelper():
+    builtins.help = _Helper()
+
+def aliasmbcs():
+    """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python,
+    while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make
+    them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case."""
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        import locale, codecs
+        enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]
+        if enc.startswith('cp'):            # "cp***" ?
+            try:
+                codecs.lookup(enc)
+            except LookupError:
+                import encodings
+                encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown
+                encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs'
+
+def setencoding():
+    """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.  The
+    default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can
+    change this."""
+    encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings.
+        import locale
+        loc = locale.getdefaultlocale()
+        if loc[1]:
+            encoding = loc[1]
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to switch off string to Unicode coercion and implicit
+        # Unicode to string conversion.
+        encoding = "undefined"
+    if encoding != "ascii":
+        # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError...
+        sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build !
+
+
+def execsitecustomize():
+    """Run custom site specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import sitecustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+def virtual_install_main_packages():
+    f = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'orig-prefix.txt'))
+    sys.real_prefix = f.read().strip()
+    f.close()
+    pos = 2
+    hardcoded_relative_dirs = []
+    if sys.path[0] == '':
+        pos += 1
+    if _is_jython:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib')]
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        if sys.version_info > (3, 2):
+            cpyver = '%d' % sys.version_info[0]
+        elif sys.pypy_version_info >= (1, 5):
+            cpyver = '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+        else:
+            cpyver = '%d.%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:3]
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib_pypy'),
+                 os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib-python', cpyver)]
+        if sys.pypy_version_info < (1, 9):
+            paths.insert(1, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix,
+                                         'lib-python', 'modified-%s' % cpyver))
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        #
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to sys.prefix:
+        for path in paths[:]:
+            plat_path = os.path.join(path, 'plat-%s' % sys.platform)
+            if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+                paths.append(plat_path)
+    elif sys.platform == 'win32':
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib'), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'DLLs')]
+    else:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib', 'python'+sys.version[:3])]
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        lib64_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib64', 'python'+sys.version[:3])
+        if os.path.exists(lib64_path):
+            if _is_64bit:
+                paths.insert(0, lib64_path)
+            else:
+                paths.append(lib64_path)
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to
+        # sys.prefix.  Debian change: we need to add the multiarch triplet
+        # here, which is where the real stuff lives.  As per PEP 421, in
+        # Python 3.3+, this lives in sys.implementation, while in Python 2.7
+        # it lives in sys.
+        try:
+            arch = getattr(sys, 'implementation', sys)._multiarch
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a non-multiarch aware Python.  Fallback to the old way.
+            arch = sys.platform
+        plat_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib',
+                                 'python'+sys.version[:3],
+                                 'plat-%s' % arch)
+        if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+            paths.append(plat_path)
+    # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but
+    # relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix up:
+    for path in list(paths):
+        tk_dir = os.path.join(path, 'lib-tk')
+        if os.path.exists(tk_dir):
+            paths.append(tk_dir)
+
+    # These are hardcoded in the Apple's Python executable,
+    # but relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix them up:
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        hardcoded_paths = [os.path.join(relative_dir, module)
+                           for relative_dir in hardcoded_relative_dirs
+                           for module in ('plat-darwin', 'plat-mac', 'plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages')]
+
+        for path in hardcoded_paths:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                paths.append(path)
+
+    sys.path.extend(paths)
+
+def force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages():
+    """
+    Force easy_installed eggs in the global environment to get placed
+    in sys.path after all packages inside the virtualenv.  This
+    maintains the "least surprise" result that packages in the
+    virtualenv always mask global packages, never the other way
+    around.
+
+    """
+    egginsert = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+    for i, path in enumerate(sys.path):
+        if i > egginsert and path.startswith(sys.prefix):
+            egginsert = i
+    sys.__egginsert = egginsert + 1
+
+def virtual_addsitepackages(known_paths):
+    force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages()
+    return addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.real_prefix)
+
+def fixclasspath():
+    """Adjust the special classpath sys.path entries for Jython. These
+    entries should follow the base virtualenv lib directories.
+    """
+    paths = []
+    classpaths = []
+    for path in sys.path:
+        if path == '__classpath__' or path.startswith('__pyclasspath__'):
+            classpaths.append(path)
+        else:
+            paths.append(path)
+    sys.path = paths
+    sys.path.extend(classpaths)
+
+def execusercustomize():
+    """Run custom user specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import usercustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+def main():
+    global ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    virtual_install_main_packages()
+    abs__file__()
+    paths_in_sys = removeduppaths()
+    if (os.name == "posix" and sys.path and
+        os.path.basename(sys.path[-1]) == "Modules"):
+        addbuilddir()
+    if _is_jython:
+        fixclasspath()
+    GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES = not os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'no-global-site-packages.txt'))
+    if not GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = False
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = check_enableusersite()
+    paths_in_sys = addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    paths_in_sys = addusersitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        paths_in_sys = virtual_addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if sys.platform == 'os2emx':
+        setBEGINLIBPATH()
+    setquit()
+    setcopyright()
+    sethelper()
+    aliasmbcs()
+    setencoding()
+    execsitecustomize()
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        execusercustomize()
+    # Remove sys.setdefaultencoding() so that users cannot change the
+    # encoding after initialization.  The test for presence is needed when
+    # this module is run as a script, because this code is executed twice.
+    if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"):
+        del sys.setdefaultencoding
+
+main()
+
+def _script():
+    help = """\
+    %s [--user-base] [--user-site]
+
+    Without arguments print some useful information
+    With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated
+    by '%s'.
+
+    Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site:
+      0 - user site directory is enabled
+      1 - user site directory is disabled by user
+      2 - uses site directory is disabled by super user
+          or for security reasons
+     >2 - unknown error
+    """
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not args:
+        print("sys.path = [")
+        for dir in sys.path:
+            print("    %r," % (dir,))
+        print("]")
+        def exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                return "exists"
+            else:
+                return "doesn't exist"
+        print("USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" %  ENABLE_USER_SITE)
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    buffer = []
+    if '--user-base' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_BASE)
+    if '--user-site' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_SITE)
+
+    if buffer:
+        print(os.pathsep.join(buffer))
+        if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is False:
+            sys.exit(1)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+            sys.exit(2)
+        else:
+            sys.exit(3)
+    else:
+        import textwrap
+        print(textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)))
+        sys.exit(10)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _script()
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f7888a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ab5372c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..a954504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/stat.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/stat.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7b85e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/stat.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/stat.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/struct.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/struct.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2140bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/struct.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/struct.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ddc31d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8a3375e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/token.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/token.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..718c2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/token.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/token.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..23bf00f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/types.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/types.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1d26755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/types.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/warnings.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/warnings.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..a78fbf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/warnings.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/weakref.py b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/weakref.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..fcff02e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/lib/python3.5/weakref.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/weakref.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/pip-selfcheck.json b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/pip-selfcheck.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2222606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flask/orm-tutorial/models-tutorial/sqlpractice/pip-selfcheck.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"last_check":"2016-03-04T23:08:24Z","pypi_version":"8.0.3"}
\ No newline at end of file

From ee115e46d61f3564407e7627b032eaf624209063 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jtshed2016 <jshedlock@berkeley.edu>
Date: Thu, 21 Apr 2016 14:39:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] upload for 4-21 assignment with fleshed-out DB, data
 pipeline, and some html

---
 armarium_app/app.db                           |  Bin 0 -> 116736 bytes
 armarium_app/app/__init__.py                  |   11 +
 armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py       |  716 +++
 armarium_app/app/forms.py                     |    9 +
 armarium_app/app/models.py                    |  128 +
 .../static/berkeleyischool-logo-blue-sm.png   |  Bin 0 -> 6321 bytes
 armarium_app/app/static/main.css              |  110 +
 .../app/static/primary-berkeley-law.gif       |  Bin 0 -> 5911 bytes
 armarium_app/app/templates/base.html          |   29 +
 armarium_app/app/templates/home.html          |   11 +
 armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html         |   30 +
 armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html        |   79 +
 armarium_app/app/views.py                     |  166 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/.Python                  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate             |   78 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.csh         |   36 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.fish        |   76 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate_this.py     |   34 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install         |   11 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install-3.5     |   11 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip                  |   11 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3                 |   11 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3.5               |   11 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python               |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python-config        |   78 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3              |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5            |  Bin 0 -> 13172 bytes
 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/wheel                |   11 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/include/python3.5m       |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/__future__.py       |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py      |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py    |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py      |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/abc.py     |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/base64.py  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/bisect.py  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/codecs.py  |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/collections         |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m         |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copy.py    |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py       |  101 +
 .../lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg     |    6 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/encodings  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/functools.py        |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py      |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/heapq.py   |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hmac.py    |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/imp.py     |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/importlib  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/io.py      |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/keyword.py |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload         |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/linecache.py        |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/locale.py  |    1 +
 .../lib/python3.5/no-global-site-packages.txt |    0
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py  |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/operator.py         |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt     |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/os.py      |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin         |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py        |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/random.py  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/re.py      |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/readline.so         |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py      |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/shutil.py  |    1 +
 .../site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py      |   16 +
 .../site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py       |  119 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py   |    5 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst       |   34 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER             |    1 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA              |   62 +
 .../site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD  |  477 ++
 .../site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL   |    6 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt      |    5 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json         |    1 +
 .../pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt         |    1 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py   |  315 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py   |   19 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py     |  100 +
 .../pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py        |   16 +
 .../pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py         |  119 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py      |   11 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py          |   60 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py       |  117 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py         |   39 +
 .../_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py   |   18 +
 .../_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py |  116 +
 .../cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py        |   41 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py        |   20 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py    |  353 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py   |   63 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py    |  138 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py     |  190 +
 .../pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py       |   21 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py          |    7 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py              |  102 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py       |  232 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py        |   81 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py             |  154 +
 .../pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py           |  162 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py           |   23 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py |    6 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py     |   41 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py   |  761 +++
 .../_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg   |   84 +
 .../_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py    |  788 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py  | 2607 ++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py             | 1102 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py           | 1305 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py              |  513 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py           | 1264 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py           |  367 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py            |  190 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py           | 1058 ++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py          |  350 +
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py            |  365 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe |  Bin 0 -> 89088 bytes
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t64.exe |  Bin 0 -> 97792 bytes
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py | 1579 +++++
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py            |  742 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe |  Bin 0 -> 85504 bytes
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w64.exe |  Bin 0 -> 94208 bytes
 .../pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py              |  976 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py          |   25 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py         | 3102 +++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__init__.py  |    0
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py     |   12 +
 .../filters/alphabeticalattributes.py         |   20 +
 .../html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py   |   65 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py      |   90 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py  |  205 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py |   12 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py    |   38 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py       | 2724 ++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py          |  285 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py       |  903 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py         |  300 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py   |   16 +
 .../html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py     |  317 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py         | 1731 +++++
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/__init__.py |    0
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py  |   44 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py |   76 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py    |  377 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py  |  227 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py    |  337 +
 .../html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py       |  369 ++
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py  |  147 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py |  200 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py   |   43 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py |  136 +
 .../html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py      |   69 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py |  201 +
 .../_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py   |   63 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py     |   12 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py        |   37 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py       |   44 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py           |   67 +
 .../pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py             |  103 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py    | 2417 +++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py          |  347 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py      |   73 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py     |   84 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py       |  190 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py    |  156 +
 .../pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py   |   70 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py        |   21 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py         |   14 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py          |   30 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py      |   68 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py          |  275 +
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py       |  776 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py          |  393 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py     | 3159 ++++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py          |  123 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py |   83 +
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py           |   47 +
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py           |   91 +
 .../pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py           |   40 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py    | 3801 +++++++++++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py    |   34 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py          |   83 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py          |  453 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py |  145 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py              |  223 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem           | 5616 +++++++++++++++++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py             |   25 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py            |   62 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py           |  487 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py        |  114 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py             |   34 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/models.py            |  851 +++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py |   36 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py     |   32 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py     |  925 +++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py   |   42 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py   |   80 +
 .../packages/chardet/chardistribution.py      |  231 +
 .../packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py    |  106 +
 .../packages/chardet/charsetprober.py         |   62 +
 .../packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py    |   61 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/compat.py       |   34 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/constants.py    |   39 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py  |   44 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py    |   86 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py        |  242 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py  |   90 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py    |  596 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py  |   42 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py    |  428 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py  |   41 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py   |  472 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py |   41 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py |  283 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py      |  569 ++
 .../requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py       |  227 +
 .../packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py    |  229 +
 .../packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py     |  329 +
 .../packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py        |  225 +
 .../packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py       |  201 +
 .../packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py    |  225 +
 .../packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py         |  200 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py |  139 +
 .../packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py       |   86 +
 .../packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py       |   54 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py       |  572 ++
 .../packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py       |  120 +
 .../packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py       |   69 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py   |   91 +
 .../packages/chardet/universaldetector.py     |  170 +
 .../requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py   |   76 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py     |   93 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py |  324 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py   |  288 +
 .../packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py        |  818 +++
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py      |    0
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py     |  223 +
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py      |  115 +
 .../packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py     |  310 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py   |  201 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py       |  178 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py     |   94 +
 .../packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py     |    5 +
 .../packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py |  259 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py |  385 ++
 .../packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py   |   13 +
 .../ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py     |  105 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py  |  281 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/request.py      |  151 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/response.py     |  514 ++
 .../packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py         |   44 +
 .../packages/urllib3/util/connection.py       |  101 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py |   72 +
 .../packages/urllib3/util/response.py         |   74 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py   |  286 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py    |  317 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py |  242 +
 .../requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py     |  217 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py          |  680 ++
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py      |   90 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py        |  104 +
 .../pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py             |  721 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py     |  267 +
 .../site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py          |  868 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/basecommand.py          |  325 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py |  292 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py |  618 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py    |   85 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py  |   68 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/download.py    |  136 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py      |   71 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py        |   57 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/help.py        |   35 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/install.py     |  386 ++
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/list.py        |  209 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/search.py      |  139 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/show.py        |  131 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py   |   76 +
 .../site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py       |  204 +
 .../site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py      |  158 +
 .../site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py    |  565 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py   |  894 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py |  236 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py  | 1033 +++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py  |  182 +
 .../site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py      |    4 +
 .../site-packages/pip/models/index.py         |   16 +
 .../site-packages/pip/operations/__init__.py  |    0
 .../site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py    |  112 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py |  222 +
 .../site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py         |   10 +
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py         |  338 +
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py      | 1217 ++++
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py          |  745 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py    |  195 +
 .../site-packages/pip/status_codes.py         |    8 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py       |  834 +++
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py        |  224 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/build.py          |   42 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py    |   76 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py     |   28 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py         |   92 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py        |  130 +
 .../site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py       |  162 +
 .../pip/utils/setuptools_build.py             |    6 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py   |  339 +
 .../site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py         |  363 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py |  116 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py    |  274 +
 .../site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py        |  103 +
 .../site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py       |  249 +
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py  |  854 +++
 .../site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py   | 3159 ++++++++++
 .../pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py         |    0
 .../_vendor/packaging/__about__.py            |   31 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/__init__.py             |   24 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/_compat.py              |   40 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/_structures.py          |   78 +
 .../_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py           |  784 +++
 .../_vendor/packaging/version.py              |  403 ++
 .../pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py              |  868 +++
 .../pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py          |   71 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst |  238 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER       |    1 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA        |  268 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/RECORD          |  129 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/WHEEL           |    6 +
 .../dependency_links.txt                      |    2 +
 .../entry_points.txt                          |   61 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json   |    1 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt   |    4 +
 .../setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe        |    1 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py      |  169 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py  |  170 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli-64.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 74752 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli-arm-32.exe   |  Bin 0 -> 69120 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/cli.exe          |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../setuptools/command/__init__.py            |   18 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py |   80 +
 .../setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py           |  471 ++
 .../setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py           |   43 +
 .../setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py       |   21 +
 .../setuptools/command/build_ext.py           |  296 +
 .../setuptools/command/build_py.py            |  222 +
 .../setuptools/command/develop.py             |  196 +
 .../setuptools/command/easy_install.py        | 2308 +++++++
 .../setuptools/command/egg_info.py            |  482 ++
 .../setuptools/command/install.py             |  125 +
 .../setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py    |  118 +
 .../setuptools/command/install_lib.py         |  120 +
 .../setuptools/command/install_scripts.py     |   60 +
 .../setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml  |   15 +
 .../setuptools/command/register.py            |   10 +
 .../setuptools/command/rotate.py              |   62 +
 .../setuptools/command/saveopts.py            |   22 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py |  196 +
 .../setuptools/command/setopt.py              |  150 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py  |  196 +
 .../setuptools/command/upload_docs.py         |  192 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/depends.py       |  217 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/dist.py          |  872 +++
 .../site-packages/setuptools/extension.py     |   57 +
 .../setuptools/extern/__init__.py             |    5 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui-64.exe       |  Bin 0 -> 75264 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui-arm-32.exe   |  Bin 0 -> 69120 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/gui.exe          |  Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes
 .../site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py    |   58 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py |   63 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py | 1069 ++++
 .../site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py    |   22 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py    |   15 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py    |   52 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py       |  492 ++
 .../setuptools/script (dev).tmpl              |    5 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl      |    3 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py    |   76 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py   |  242 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py |   41 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/utils.py         |   11 +
 .../site-packages/setuptools/version.py       |    1 +
 .../setuptools/windows_support.py             |   29 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst    |  288 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/INSTALLER          |    1 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt        |   22 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/METADATA           |  317 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/RECORD             |   82 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/WHEEL              |    6 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt   |    5 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/metadata.json      |    1 +
 .../wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/top_level.txt      |    1 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py |    2 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py |   17 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py  |   61 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py        |  448 ++
 .../site-packages/wheel/decorator.py          |   19 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py          |   73 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt          |   87 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py  |  480 ++
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py |  310 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py    |   41 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py         |  100 +
 .../python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py  |   44 +
 .../wheel/signatures/__init__.py              |  106 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py   |  270 +
 .../wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py             |   52 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py    |   99 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py      |    1 +
 .../test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py |    2 +
 .../wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py          |   30 +
 .../wheel/test/headers.dist/header.h          |    0
 .../wheel/test/headers.dist/headersdist.py    |    0
 .../wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py          |   16 +
 .../wheel/test/pydist-schema.json             |  362 ++
 .../wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py           |   17 +
 .../test/simple.dist/simpledist/__init__.py   |    0
 .../test/test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl      |  Bin 0 -> 5226 bytes
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py    |  176 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py  |   55 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py     |   98 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py    |    6 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py  |   43 +
 .../wheel/test/test_signatures.py             |   47 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py   |  112 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py     |   28 +
 .../wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py              |   69 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py      |  362 ++
 .../lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py |  167 +
 .../site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py      |  187 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site.py    |  758 +++
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py      |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py    |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py        |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/stat.py    |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/struct.py  |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py         |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/token.py   |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py         |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/types.py   |    1 +
 .../arm_env/lib/python3.5/warnings.py         |    1 +
 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/weakref.py |    1 +
 armarium_app/config.py                        |   11 +
 armarium_app/dbdemo.py                        |   52 +
 armarium_app/exscript.py                      |    2 +
 armarium_app/loccountrycodes.json             |    1 +
 armarium_app/loclangcodes.json                |    1 +
 armarium_app/locrelcodes.json                 |    1 +
 armarium_app/requirements.txt                 |   10 +
 armarium_app/run.py                           |    2 +
 armarium_app/trial_II160119.json              |    1 +
 armarium_app/update_database.py               |    3 +
 459 files changed, 101430 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app.db
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/forms.py
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/models.py
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/static/berkeleyischool-logo-blue-sm.png
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/static/main.css
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/static/primary-berkeley-law.gif
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/base.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/home.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/views.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/.Python
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.csh
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.fish
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate_this.py
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install-3.5
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3.5
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python-config
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5
 create mode 100755 armarium_app/arm_env/bin/wheel
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/include/python3.5m
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/abc.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/base64.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/collections
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copy.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/encodings
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/functools.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
 create mode 120000 armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/imp.py
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diff --git a/armarium_app/app/__init__.py b/armarium_app/app/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d0246b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from flask import Flask
+from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
+
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+app.config.from_object('config')
+#config file still has original WTF CSRF and secret key values...need to changes
+db = SQLAlchemy(app)
+
+from app import views, models
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py b/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6355c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+#load necessary libraries
+
+import json
+import re
+import csv
+from urllib import urlopen
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+
+#get existing manuscript data in JSON format
+sourcefile = 'trial_II160119.json'
+sourceobj = open(sourcefile)
+sourcedict = json.load(sourceobj)
+sourceobj.close()
+
+#get reference dictionaries for country, language, association codes
+countryObj = open('loccountrycodes.json')
+langObj = open('loclangcodes.json')
+relObj = open('locrelcodes.json')
+countryCodesDict = json.load(countryObj)
+countryCodesInverted = {countryCodesDict[key]: key for key in countryCodesDict}
+langCodesDict = json.load(langObj)
+relCodesDict = json.load(relObj)
+regionList = ['Northern', 'Southern', 'Central', 'Eastern', 'Western']
+
+
+##################################################
+#define regular expressions for extracting data
+lines = r'([0-9\-]*) [A-Za-z]* *lines'
+linepat = re.compile(lines)
+
+ruling = r'(([Ff]rame[- ]?)?[Rr]ul(ed|ing)) in ([A-Za-z ]+)[.:,;]'
+rulingpat= re.compile(ruling)
+
+scripts = r' in a?n? ?([\S ]+?)(script|hand)[s,.]? ' #add semicolon and period to final set?  
+#Need to join with \S+ pattern below to catch non-ASCII characters
+scriptpat = re.compile(scripts)
+#above seems to be working for most cases as of 1/22 1429
+
+scripts2 = r'in( a|an)* (\S+ )+script'
+scriptpat2= re.compile(scripts2)
+
+watermarkstring = r'Briquet|[Ww]atermark'
+waterpat = re.compile(watermarkstring)
+
+briquetstring = r'Briquet,? ([\'\"]?[\S ]*?[,\'\"]*) ?([0-9-]+)[;:).]*'
+briqpat = re.compile(briquetstring)
+
+#This one used below for splitting contents; do not cull
+subfieldstring = r'\|[A-Za-z0-9]'
+subfieldpat = re.compile(subfieldstring)
+#just gets the flag itself
+
+#replace with ' '
+subfieldstring2 = r'(^|\|[A-Za-z0-9])([A-Za-z0-9 ]+)[,.]'
+subfieldpat2 = re.compile(subfieldstring2)
+
+subfieldstring3 = r'(\|[a-z0-9]{1})([\S ]+?)[,.]'
+subfieldpat3 = re.compile(subfieldstring3)
+
+subfieldstring4 = r'(\|[a-z0-9]{1})([\S ]+?)(?=[,.|])'
+#non-consuming lookahead - gets flag and content up to next flag
+subfieldpat4 = re.compile(subfieldstring4)
+
+#get register of quires
+quires = '([0-9-]+ ?[\u2070\u00B9\u00B2\u00B3\u2074\u2075\u2076\u2077\u2078\u2079\u207B\u207A]+)+ ?'
+quirepat = re.compile(quires)
+#quire2pat from notebook
+
+#get publisher from field 260
+pubstring = r'(?<=\|b).+?(?=[.,])'
+pubpatt = re.compile(pubstring)
+
+subflagpatt = re.compile(r'\|[a-z]')
+#recognizes any letter subfield flag (e.g. "|c")
+
+sfpat = re.compile(r'[Ss]ecundo [Ff]olio')
+#finds phrase "secundo folio"
+aflagpatt = re.compile(r'(?<=\|a).+$')
+#finds flag "a" to end of string: for extracting secundo folio
+
+volspatt = re.compile(r'(?<=\|a)([0-9]) v\. \(([0-9]+), ([0-9]+) ?([a-z]*)')
+#finds number of volumes in field 300, if more than 1, and extents of volumes
+
+folpatt = re.compile(r'[Ff]ol. ([0-9xvi])* ?(\(.*?\) )?\+? ?[0-9]+ ?(\(.*?\) ?)?\+? ?([0-9xvi])* ?(\(.*?\))?')
+#finds layout of MS from 500/AMREMM 'Collation' field
+
+##Regular expressions for decomposing field 300, physical description
+mat_subfieldstring = r'(\|[a-z0-9]{1})([\S ]+?)(?=[.|;]|$)'
+#non-consuming lookahead
+mat_subfieldpat = re.compile(mat_subfieldstring)
+
+#gets dims of supporting material (.groups()[0] = height, [1]= width)
+supportdimstring = r'^([0-9]*) x ([0-9]*)'
+supportdimpat = re.compile(supportdimstring)
+#gets dims of written area, and units (.groups()[0] = height, [1] = width, [2] = units)
+writtendimstring = r'\( ?([0-9]*)[x ]+([0-9]* ?)\) ([A-Za-z]{2})'
+writtendimpat = re.compile(writtendimstring)
+#gets dims of bound area (.groups()[0] = height,[1]=width)
+bounddimstring = r'bound to ([0-9]*) x ([0-9]*)'
+bounddimpat = re.compile(bounddimstring)
+endunitstring = r'([a-z]*)\.?$'
+endunitpat = re.compile(endunitstring)
+##
+
+motifpatt = re.compile(r'Motif: ([\S ]*?)[|\n]')
+#finds name of pattern on Briquet Online website page for individual watermark
+#of the type http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/loadRepWmark.php?rep=briquet&refnr=<number>>&lang=fr'
+
+##patterns for identifying types of dates, used in get_person_dates function for fields 100, 600, 700
+onedate = re.compile(r'(?P<date1>[0-9]+)\??')
+twodate = re.compile(r'(?P<ca1>ca\. ?)?(?P<date1>[0-9]+)\??-(?P<ca2>ca\. ?)?(?P<date2>[0-9]+)\??')
+centurypat = re.compile('[0-9]+(?=th)')
+
+
+########################################################
+#field-specific processing functions
+def getStructuredData(field008):
+	returnDict = {}
+	#takes field 008 and returns dict with dates, date type, country, and language
+	
+	returnDict['datetype'] = field008[6]
+	
+	if 'uu' not in field008[7:11]:
+		returnDict['date1'] = int(field008[7:11])
+	else:
+		returnDict['date1'] = int(field008[7:9] + '00')
+
+	if 'uu' in field008[11:15]:
+		returnDict['date2'] = int(field008[11:13] + '00')
+	elif field008[11:15] == '    ':
+		returnDict['date2'] = None
+	else:
+		returnDict['date2'] = int(field008[11:15])
+
+
+	#return country if there, else return none (to be added to list)
+	if field008[15:18].strip() != 'xx':
+		returnDict['country'] = countryCodesDict[field008[15:18].strip()]
+	else:
+		returnDict['country'] = None
+	returnDict['language'] = langCodesDict[field008[35:38].strip()]
+
+	return returnDict
+
+def getPlaceandPublisher(field260, country):
+	#gets location information from field 260, comparing to country from field 008
+	#returns dict with additional locations and publisher, if in 260
+	returnDict = {'places': {}}
+
+	place = field260.strip('[]').split('|')[0].strip('?,[]]: ')
+	if len(re.split('[,[\]()?]+', place)) == 1:
+		if (place.split(' ')[0] in regionList) and (place.split(' ')[1] == country):
+		#ignore if this is the same as in field 008
+			pass
+		elif ' and ' in place:
+		#evaluate multiple countries in "and" clause
+			for segment in place.split(' and '):
+				if segment.strip('?,[]]: ') == country:
+				#discard if it's the same as assigned country
+					pass
+				elif segment.strip('?,[]]: ') in countryCodesInverted:
+					returnDict['places'][segment.strip('?,[]]: ')] = 'country'
+		elif (' or ') in place:
+		#evaluate multiple countries in "or" clause
+			for segment in place.split(' or '):
+				if segment.strip('?,[]]: ') == country:
+				#discard if it's the same as assigned country
+					pass
+				elif segment.strip('?,[]]: ') in countryCodesInverted:
+					returnDict['places'][segment.strip('?,[]]: ')] = 'country'
+		elif ((place not in countryCodesInverted) and (re.search('[Ss]\.[Ll]', place) == None)):
+			returnDict['places'][place] = 'area'
+	else:
+		for segment in re.split('[,[\]()?]+', place):
+			if (
+				(segment.strip() != '') and
+				(segment.strip() != country) and
+				(re.search('[Ss]\.[Ll]', segment) == None) and
+				(re.search('[0-9]{4}', segment) == None) and
+				(segment.strip() not in countryCodesInverted)
+			):
+						
+				returnDict['places'][segment.strip()] = 'area'
+	
+	#if pubpatt.search(recs[record][field][0]):
+	#	returnDict['publisher'] = pubpatt.search(recs[record][field][0]).group()
+	if pubpatt.search(field260):
+		returnDict['publisher'] = pubpatt.search(field260)
+	else:
+		returnDict['publisher'] = None
+	return returnDict
+
+def getTitles(titleField, titleType):
+	#takes title fields and returns cleaned up titles with appropriate values
+	if titleType == '245':
+	#main title
+		return ('title', re.sub(r'\|[a-z]', ' ', titleField))
+	if titleType == '246':
+	#variant title or secundo folio
+		if sfpat.search(titleField):
+		#secundo folio
+			return ('title_sec_folio', aflagpatt.search(titleField).group())
+		else:
+		#other variant
+			return('title_var', re.sub(r'\|[a-z]', ' ', titleField))
+	if titleType == '240':
+	#uniform title
+		return('title_uni', re.sub(r'\|[a-z]', ' ', titleField))
+
+
+def getDimensions(dimString):
+#function to extract dimensions from standard-format 300|c subfield
+	#print('getting dimensions')
+	returnDict = {}
+	
+	if supportdimpat.search(dimString):
+		support = supportdimpat.search(dimString)
+		returnDict['supportHeight'] = support.groups()[0]
+		returnDict['supportWidth'] = support.groups()[1]
+	else:
+		returnDict['supportHeight'] = None
+		returnDict['supportWidth'] = None
+	
+	if writtendimpat.search(dimString):
+		written = writtendimpat.search(dimString)
+		returnDict['writtenHeight'] = written.groups()[0]
+		returnDict['writtenWidth'] = written.groups()[1]
+		returnDict['units'] = written.groups()[2]
+	else:
+		returnDict['writtenHeight'] = None
+		returnDict['writtenWidth'] = None
+		returnDict['units'] = None
+	
+	if bounddimpat.search(dimString):
+		bound = bounddimpat.search(dimString)
+		returnDict['boundHeight'] = bound.groups()[0]
+		returnDict['boundWidth'] = bound.groups()[1]
+	else:
+		returnDict['boundHeight'] = None
+		returnDict['boundWidth'] = None
+	
+	#appends units from end if there is not already a unit specified
+	#may be worth revising this to see what's better
+	if endunitpat.search(dimString):
+		if returnDict['units'] == None:
+			endunits = endunitpat.search(dimString)
+			returnDict['units'] = endunits.groups()[0]
+	
+	#print(returnDict)
+	return returnDict
+
+def getPhysDesc(field300):
+	#takes a ***string*** of field 300; returns dict of volumes, extent, dimensions, material
+	#returns None if the field is for microfilm
+	
+	firstFlag = subfieldpat4.search(field300).groups()
+	if firstFlag[0] == '|3':
+		if re.search('[Cc]opy', firstFlag[1]):
+			#immediately return None if not original
+			return None
+		else:
+			pass
+	
+	returnDict = {'volumeInfo': []}
+	materials = None
+	#get number of volumes; get extents of each from field formatted "2 v. (xxx, xxx)"
+	if volspatt.search(field300):
+		vols = volspatt.search(field300)
+		#print(vols.groups())
+		numVols = int(vols.group(1))
+		returnDict['volumes'] = numVols
+		#iterate over match groups to get extents of volumes
+		for x in range(2, numVols+2):
+			#print(int(vols.group(x)))
+			#whole "extent" dictionary gets appended to instantiate "volume info" -- other non-"extent" info added later
+			#this covers "extent" for multi-volume MSS
+			holderDict = {'extent': int(vols.group(x)), 'extentUnit': vols.group(4)}
+			returnDict['volumeInfo'].append(holderDict)
+	else:
+		returnDict['volumes'] = 1
+		returnDict['volumeInfo'].append({})
+		
+
+	splitfields = mat_subfieldpat.findall(field300)
+	#divide field into subfield flag, value tuples
+	for subfield in splitfields:
+		#if there is an extent subfield that hasn't already been harvested by volspatt, get it
+		if (subfield[0] == '|a') and (returnDict['volumes'] ==1):
+			#this covers "extent" for single-volume MSS
+			#print 'a'
+			#print('proposed extent: ', subfield[1].split(' ')[0].strip(':,;.[] '))
+			#print('proposed extent unit: ', subfield[1].split(' ')[1].strip(' :,;[]'))
+			if len(returnDict['volumeInfo']) == 0:
+				holderDict = {'extent': int(subfield[1].split(' ')[0].strip(':,;.[] ')), 'extentUnit': subfield[1].split(' ')[1].strip(' :,;[]')}
+				#returnDict['volumeInfo'].append({'extent': int(subfield[1].strip(' :,;'))})
+				returnDict['volumeInfo'].append(holderDict)
+			else:
+				returnDict['volumeInfo'][0]['extent'] = int(subfield[1].split(' ')[0].strip(':,;.[] '))
+				returnDict['volumeInfo'][0]['extentUnit'] = subfield[1].split(' ')[1].strip(' :,;[]')
+		#find support
+		elif subfield[0] == '|b':
+			#print 'b'
+			returnDict['support'] = subfield[1].strip(' :,;')
+		#try to retrieve dimensions, assign to each volume;
+		#set all to "none" if unable to retrieve
+		elif subfield[0] == '|c':
+			#print 'c'
+			dimensions = subfield[1]
+			
+			#print(returnDict['volumeInfo'])
+			
+			for codex in returnDict['volumeInfo']:
+			#iterate over 'volumeInfo' dicts of volume-specific information
+			#get dimensions
+			#check for missing extent and add if necessary
+				try:
+					dimensionDict = getDimensions(dimensions)
+					for item in dimensionDict:
+						codex[item] = dimensionDict[item]
+						#returnDict[item] = dimensionDict[item]
+				except:
+					print('weird error with dimensions')
+					codex['supportHeight'] = None
+					codex['supportWidth'] = None
+					codex['boundHeight'] = None
+					codex['boundWidth'] = None
+					codex['writtenHeight'] = None
+					codex['writtenWidth'] = None
+					codex['units'] = None
+
+
+				#extent
+				if 'extent' not in codex:
+					extSegment = field300.split('|')[0].strip(' :,;')
+					try:
+						codex['extent'] = int(extSegment.split(' ')[0])
+						codex['extentUnit'] = extSegment.split(' ')[1]
+					except:
+						print 'Failed to get extent'
+						codex['extent'] = None
+						codex['extentUnit'] = None
+
+	if 'support' not in returnDict:
+		returnDict['support'] = None
+
+	if re.search('\|c', field300) == None:
+		#couldn't find subfield flag for dimensions; set to none to avoid key error
+		#need to iterate over volumes to ensure proper placement in dictionary
+		#replace later with more granular search/replacement if possible
+		for codex in returnDict['volumeInfo']:
+			codex['supportHeight'] = None
+			codex['supportWidth'] = None
+			codex['boundHeight'] = None
+			codex['boundWidth'] = None
+			codex['writtenHeight'] = None
+			codex['writtenWidth'] = None
+			codex['units'] = None
+
+
+
+	#if (field300[:2] != '|3') and len(returnDict['volumeInfo'])==0:#('extent' not in returnDict['volumeInfo'][0]):
+		#no materials specified and no "a" subfield flag: try to get extent from first segment
+	#	extSegment = field300.split('|')[0].strip(' :,;')
+		
+
+	#	holderDict = {'extent': int(extSegment.split(' ')[0]), 'extentUnit': extSegment.split(' ')[1]}
+	#	returnDict['volumeInfo'].append(holderDict)
+	#	except:
+	#		pass
+	#print(returnDict)		
+	return returnDict
+
+#def getLayout(field500Layout):
+	#take MARC AMREMM 500 "layout"
+	#return numbers of lines and ruling materials
+
+
+def getWaterMarks(field500Coll):
+#takes 500 Collation field, returns list of tuples (Briquet number - Briquet name - URL: 
+#refers to defs splitnumbers, getBriq (both immediately below)
+
+
+	#print('getting watermarks')
+	if briqpat.search(field500Coll):
+		#if there are watermarks, create list and get all of them
+		watermarknums = []
+		wms = briqpat.findall(field500Coll)
+
+		for wm in wms:
+			#iterate over watermarks, split if necessary and append to list
+			if wm[1] !='':
+				#wm[1] is the number
+				for output_num in splitnumbers(wm[1]):
+					#LIVE CALL TO REMOTE SERVER!!!
+					retrievedInfo = getBriq(output_num)
+					watermarknums.append((int(output_num), retrievedInfo[0], retrievedInfo[1]))
+		return watermarknums
+
+	else:
+		return None
+
+
+def splitnumbers(input_num):
+#Takes a number, determines if it's a range, and returns all constituent numbers,
+#correcting for abbreviations in watermark listings
+	if '-' in input_num:
+		multiples = input_num.split('-')
+		if len(multiples[1])<len(multiples[0]):
+			multiples[1] = multiples[0][0:len(multiples[0])-len(multiples[1])] + multiples[1]
+		return multiples
+	else:
+		resultslist=[]
+		resultslist.append(input_num)
+		return resultslist
+
+def getBriq(number):
+	"""Takes Briquet number, returns tuple of name and address from Briquet Online"""
+	baseurl = 'http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/loadRepWmark.php?rep=briquet&refnr='
+	endurl = '&lang=fr'
+	targeturl = baseurl + number + endurl
+	#print 'Simulated Briquet request fired'
+	###
+	#actual URL request turned off now
+	#page = urlopen(targeturl)
+	#soup = BeautifulSoup(page, "html.parser")
+	#motiftext = soup.find('td', class_='wm_text').get_text()
+	###
+
+	
+	#return (motifpatt.search(motiftext).group(1).strip(), targeturl)
+	return ('dummyname', targeturl)
+
+
+def get_person_dates(datestring):
+	returnDict = {'date1': None, 'date2': None, 'datetype': None}
+	"""Take 'd' string from 100, 600, or 700 record,
+	strip symbols,
+	and return start and end dates (if applicable) and
+	date type"""
+	#check for centuries
+	cents = centurypat.findall(datestring)
+	if len(cents) >0:
+		returnDict['date1'] = int(cents[0] + '00')
+		returnDict['datetype'] = 'century'
+		if len(cents) == 2:
+			returnDict['date2'] = int(cents[1] + '00')
+		return returnDict
+	
+	#check for range of dates
+	twodates = twodate.search(datestring)
+	if twodates != None:
+		#get dates
+		returnDict['date1'] = int(twodates.group('date1'))
+		returnDict['date2'] = int(twodates.group('date2'))
+		#assign date type; check for markers of approximation
+		if ((twodate.search(datestring).group('ca1')) 
+			or (twodate.search(datestring).group('ca2')) 
+			or re.search('[Aa]pprox(imately)?', datestring) 
+			or re.search(' or ', datestring)
+			or ('?' in datestring)):
+			returnDict['datetype'] = 'approx'
+		#check for markers of professional dates
+		elif re.search('[Aa]ctive', datestring) or re.search('^[Ff]l\.', datestring):
+			returnDict['datetype'] = 'profess'
+		else:
+			returnDict['datetype'] = 'life'
+		return returnDict
+	
+	#if one date, determine type of date
+	elif onedate.search(datestring):
+		singledate = int(onedate.search(datestring).group('date1'))
+		if (re.search(r'^ca\.', datestring)) or (re.search('[Aa]pprox(imately)?', datestring)) or ('?' in datestring):
+			returnDict['datetype'] = 'approx'
+		elif re.search('[Aa]ctive', datestring) or re.search('^[Ff]l\.', datestring):
+			returnDict['datetype'] = 'profess'
+		else:
+			returnDict['datetype'] = 'life'
+		
+		if (re.match(r'^-[0-9]{3,4}', datestring) or re.search('^d\.', datestring)):
+			returnDict['date2'] = singledate
+		elif re.search(r'b\.', datestring) or re.match(r'[0-9]{3,4}-(\?|$)', datestring):
+			returnDict['date1'] = singledate
+		return returnDict
+			
+	else:
+		return returnDict
+
+def parsePerson(personField):
+	"""Takes a 100, 600, or 700 field and returns structured information about a person"""
+	mainName = (personField.split('|')[0]).strip(',')
+	returnDict = {'Numeration': None, 'Title': None,'Fullname': None, 'displayName': None,
+	'date1': None, 'date2': None,'datetype': None, 'relationship': []}
+
+	for attribute in subfieldpat4.findall(personField):
+		if attribute[0] == '|b':
+			returnDict['Numeration'] = attribute[1]
+		elif attribute[0] == '|c':
+			returnDict['Title'] = attribute[1]
+		elif attribute[0] == '|d':
+			datedict = get_person_dates(attribute[1])
+			for date_att in datedict:
+				returnDict[date_att] = datedict[date_att]
+		elif attribute[0] == '|q':
+			returnDict['Fullname'] = attribute[1]
+		elif (attribute[0] == '|t') or (attribute[0] == '|5') or (attribute[0] == '|v'): 
+			pass
+		elif (attribute[0] == '|e') or (attribute[0] == '|4'):
+			#see if 'relationship' is in LOC relationship codes table, retrieve if so
+			if str(attribute[1].strip()) in relCodesDict:
+				returnDict['relationship'].append(relCodesDict[str(attribute[1].strip())])
+			#if not, just add as is
+			else:
+				returnDict['relationship'].append(str(attribute[1].strip()))
+
+	if ',' in mainName:
+		returnDict['displayName'] = mainName.split(',')[1].strip() + ' ' + mainName.split(',')[0].strip()
+	if (returnDict['Numeration'] != None) and (returnDict['displayName'] != None):
+		returnDict['displayName'] = returnDict['displayName'] + ' ' + returnDict['Numeration']
+	if returnDict['displayName'] == None:
+		returnDict['displayName'] = mainName
+	return (mainName, returnDict)
+
+#########################################################
+
+def load(recs):
+	outputdict = {}
+
+	#iterate over all records in JSON file
+	for record in recs:
+		#print(record)
+		#create dictionary for each one, populated with initial empty arrays for multiple values(external entities)
+		#add none for all values to avoid key errors
+		outputdict[record] = {'shelfmark': None, 'volumes': None, 'language': None, 'date1': None, 
+		'date2': None, 'datetype': None, 'publisher': None, 'places': {}, 'titles': [], 'people': {}}
+
+
+		#get structured data from field 008
+		#print(record)
+		structuredData = getStructuredData(recs[record]['008'][0])
+		for infoComp in structuredData:
+			if (infoComp == 'country') and (structuredData[infoComp] != None):
+				outputdict[record]['places'][structuredData['country']] = 'country'
+			elif (infoComp == 'country') and (structuredData[infoComp] == None):
+				pass
+			else:
+				outputdict[record][infoComp] = structuredData[infoComp]
+		
+
+		#iterate over fields and get all information
+		#sort keys to ensure necessary information is available further down the line
+		for field in sorted(recs[record]):
+
+			
+			#get shelfmark
+			if '090' in field:
+				outputdict[record]['shelfmark'] = recs[record][field][0].strip('.; ,')
+			elif '099' in field:
+				outputdict[record]['shelfmark'] = recs[record][field][0].strip('.; ,')
+
+			#get place and publisher data
+			if ('260' in field):
+				#feed field 260 and country into function
+				locInfo = getPlaceandPublisher(recs[record][field][0], 
+					countryCodesDict[recs[record]['008'][0][15:18].strip()])
+				
+				for loc in locInfo['places']:
+					outputdict[record]['places'][loc] = locInfo['places'][loc]
+				outputdict[record]['publisher'] = locInfo['publisher']
+
+			#get titles	
+			if ('240' in field) or ('245' in field):
+				title_cand = getTitles(recs[record][field][0], field[:3])
+				if title_cand[0] == 'title':
+					outputdict[record]['titles'].append({'type': 'main', 'text': title_cand[1]})
+				elif title_cand[0] == 'title_uni':
+					outputdict[record]['titles'].append({'type': 'uniform', 'text': title_cand[1]})
+
+			if '246' in field:
+				for vartitle in recs[record][field]:
+					title_cand = getTitles(vartitle, field[:3])
+					if title_cand[0] == 'title_sec_folio':
+						outputdict[record]['titles'].append({'type': 'secundo', 'text': title_cand[1]})
+					else:
+						outputdict[record]['titles'].append({'type': 'varying', 'text': title_cand[1]})
+
+			
+			#get number of volumes, extent, dimensions, material from field 300
+			#place into 
+			if '300' in field:
+				for materials in recs[record][field]:
+					physical = getPhysDesc(materials)
+					if physical != None:
+						for physAttribute in physical:
+							outputdict[record][physAttribute] = physical[physAttribute]
+			
+
+			#get AMREMM note field descriptions from fields 500
+			
+			if '500' in field:
+				#start with volume-sensitive ones; iterate over volumes in volumeInfo list
+				for volnum in range(1, outputdict[record]['volumes'] +1):
+					#print(volnum)
+					for descItem in recs[record][field]:
+						
+						#nest this: first "Collation"; if there are multiple volumes, check for "volume"
+						if ('Collation' in descItem):
+							volind = re.search('Volume ([0-9])', descItem)
+
+							if volind != None:
+							#this branch will activate if there are multiple volumes and there is a volume indicator
+								if int(volind.group(1)) != volnum:
+								#skip -- this field is not applicable to the current volume
+									pass
+								else:
+									#this belongs to the current volume in the iteration
+									mswms = getWaterMarks(descItem)
+									if mswms != None:
+										outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['watermarks'] = mswms
+									else:
+										outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['watermarks'] = []
+									if quirepat.search(descItem):
+										outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['quires'] = ' '.join(quirepat.findall(descItem))
+									else:
+										outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['quires'] = None
+									if folpatt.search(descItem): 
+										outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['arrangement'] = folpatt.search(descItem).group(0)
+									else:
+										outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['arrangement'] = None
+							else:
+							#no volume indicator: applicable to both or only volume
+								if len(outputdict[record]['volumeInfo']) == 0:
+								#add volumeInfo field if there is none
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'].append({})
+								
+
+								mswms = getWaterMarks(descItem)
+								if mswms != None:
+									#if there are watermarks, assign to record
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['watermarks'] = mswms
+								else:
+									#otherwise, add blank list
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['watermarks'] = []
+
+
+								if quirepat.search(descItem):
+									#add register of quires, if present
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['quires'] = ' '.join(quirepat.findall(descItem))
+								else:
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['quires'] = None
+
+								#add arrangement if present
+								if folpatt.search(descItem): 
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['arrangement'] = folpatt.search(descItem).group(0)
+								else:
+									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['arrangement'] = None
+
+			if ('100' in field) or ('600' in field) or ('700' in field):
+				for personInstance in recs[record][field]:
+					personData  = parsePerson(personInstance)
+					
+					if ('100' in field) and (len(personData[1]['relationship']) == 0):
+						personData[1]['relationship'].append('author')
+					elif ('600' in field) and (len(personData[1]['relationship']) == 0):
+						personData[1]['relationship'].append('subject')
+					outputdict[record]['people'][personData[0]] = personData[1]
+
+	
+
+
+
+
+
+
+		#sanity check for volume info and collation; should break this out later to separate function
+			
+		#print(outputdict[record])
+		if 'volumeInfo' not in outputdict[record]:
+			outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'] = []
+			#print(record, ': MISSING VOLUME INFO')
+
+
+
+		for volumeItem in outputdict[record]['volumeInfo']:
+			#print(volumeItem)
+			for component in ['quires', 'arrangement']:
+				if component not in volumeItem:
+					volumeItem[component] = None;
+			if 'watermarks' not in volumeItem:
+				volumeItem['watermarks'] = []
+	return outputdict
+
+
+
+	
+						
+								
+
+		
+#results = load(sourcedict)
+
+#for x in results:
+#	print(results[x])
+	#for vol in outputdict[x]['volumeInfo']:
+	#	if 'watermarks' in vol:
+			
+			#for wm in vol['watermarks']:
+				#EXTERNAL HTTP REQUEST: ONLY UNCOMMENT BELOW IF SERIOUS
+				#print(getBriq(str(wm)))
+
+	#	if ('watermarks' in vol) and (len(vol['watermarks']) >0):
+	#		print(outputdict[x]['volumeInfo'])
+	#print(outputdict[x]['volumes'])
+	#print('\n')
+	#if len(outputdict[x]['volumeInfo']) ==0:
+	
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/forms.py b/armarium_app/app/forms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72fd206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/forms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from flask.ext.wtf import Form
+from wtforms import StringField, IntegerField, SelectField, FloatField
+from flask_wtf.html5 import EmailField
+from wtforms.validators import DataRequired, InputRequired
+
+class MsForm(Form):
+	shelfmark = StringField('shelfmark', validators=[DataRequired()])
+	mstitle = StringField('mstitle', validators=[DataRequired()])
+	mstitle_var = StringField('mstitle')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/models.py b/armarium_app/app/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9f0ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from app import db
+
+#association table for a manuscript and a watermark (see below)
+has_watermark = db.Table('has_watermark',
+	db.Column('ms_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id')),
+	db.Column('wm_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('watermark.id'))
+	)
+
+
+#the central entity of the system, representing a unified textual item
+class manuscript(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	shelfmark = db.Column(db.String(15))
+	date1 = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	date2 = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	datetype = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	language = db.Column(db.String(60))
+	#pub_place = db.Column(db.String(50))
+	#need to break out pub_place and make its own entity
+	summary = db.Column(db.String(1000))
+	#520
+	ownership_history = db.Column(db.String(1000))
+	#561
+	num_volumes = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	#relationships
+	volumes = db.relationship('volume',
+		backref = 'ms',
+		lazy='dynamic')
+	contents = db.relationship('content_item', 
+		backref = 'ms', 
+		lazy='dynamic')
+	titles = db.relationship('title', 
+		backref = 'ms', 
+		lazy='dynamic'
+		)
+	watermarks = db.relationship('watermark',
+		secondary = has_watermark,
+		backref = db.backref('mss', lazy='dynamic')
+		)
+	assoc_people = db.relationship('person_ms_assoc',
+		backref = 'ms',
+		lazy='dynamic')
+
+
+	def __repr__(self):
+		return self.shelfmark
+
+#the physical manifestation of a manuscript; there may be more than one
+#for a multi-volume item
+class volume(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	ms_format = db.Column(db.String(20))
+	support = db.Column(db.String(15))
+	extent = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	extent_unit = db.Column(db.String(3))
+	bound_width = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	bound_height = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	leaf_width = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	leaf_height = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	written_width = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	written_height = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	size_unit = db.Column(db.String(3))
+	written_lines = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	quire_register = db.Column(db.String(60))
+	phys_arrangement = db.Column(db.String(60))
+	decoration = db.Column(db.String(1000))
+
+	ms_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id'))
+	
+
+#a discrete textual item in a manuscript
+class content_item(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	text = db.Column(db.String(1000))
+	#label = db.Column(db.string(20))
+	fol_start_num = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	fol_start_side = db.Column(db.String(1))
+	fol_end_num = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	fol_end_side = db.Column(db.String(1))
+
+	ms_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id'))
+	vol_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('volume.id'))
+
+#a person related to a manuscript or text
+class person(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	name_display = db.Column(db.String(200))
+	name_simple = db.Column(db.String(200))
+	name_fuller = db.Column(db.String(200))
+	year_1 = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	year_2 = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	datetype = db.Column(db.Integer)
+	numeration = db.Column(db.String(20))
+	title = db.Column(db.String(30))
+	ms_relations = db.relationship('person_ms_assoc', 
+		backref = 'person', 
+		lazy='dynamic')
+
+#an association between a person and a manuscript;
+#rendered as a full model to capture nature of relationship
+class person_ms_assoc(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	person_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('person.id'))
+	ms_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id'))
+	assoc_type = db.Column(db.String(50))
+
+#support, format, datetype as separate lookup table?
+
+#title of a manuscript, whether main or alternate name/spelling
+class title(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	title_text = db.Column(db.String(150))
+	title_type = db.Column(db.String(20))
+	#possible values are main, uniform, varying, secundo folio
+	ms_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id'))
+
+	def __repr__(self):
+		return self.title_text
+
+#a watermark in the manuscript's support
+class watermark(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
+	name = db.Column(db.String(40))
+	url = db.Column(db.String(100))
+
+	def __repr__(self):
+		return '<watermark Briquet ' + self.name + str(self.id) + '>'
+
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diff --git a/armarium_app/app/static/main.css b/armarium_app/app/static/main.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c5e7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/static/main.css
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*----------------- CSS RESET ------------------*/
+
+html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
+a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,
+del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,
+small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,
+b, u, i, center,
+dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
+fieldset, form, label, legend,
+table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,
+article, aside, canvas, details, embed,
+figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup,
+menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,
+time, mark, audio, video {
+	margin: 0;
+	padding: 0;
+	border: 0;
+	font-size: 100%;
+	font: inherit;
+	vertical-align: baseline;
+}
+/* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */
+article, aside, details, figcaption, figure,
+footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section {
+	display: block;
+}
+body {
+	line-height: 1;
+}
+ol, ul {
+	list-style: none;
+}
+blockquote, q {
+	quotes: none;
+}
+blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
+q:before, q:after {
+	content: '';
+	content: none;
+}
+table {
+	border-collapse: collapse;
+	border-spacing: 0;
+}
+
+/*----------------- CSS RESET ------------------*/
+body {
+	background-color: #FEFAE9;
+}
+
+#wrapper {
+	margin: 1em;
+	border-width: 2px;
+	border-style: solid;
+	border-color: #C5C3BC;
+	border-radius: 2px;
+
+}
+h1, h2 {
+	font-size: 2em;
+	font-family: "Times New Roman";
+	color: #AA4242;
+	font-style: italic;
+}
+
+h3, h4, h5, h6,{
+	font-family: "Times New Roman";
+	color: #3F3E3A;
+}
+
+p{
+	color: #3F3E3A;
+	font-family: "Times New Roman";
+}
+
+nav a {
+	background-color: #3F3E3A;
+	color: #FEFAE9;
+	padding-left: .2em;
+	padding-right: .2em;
+
+}
+
+.section {
+	margin: .75em;
+	border-style: solid;
+	border-width: 1px;
+	border-color: #000000;
+}
+
+header {
+	margin: .5em;
+}
+
+footer {
+	border-top: 1px;
+	border-style: solid;
+	border-width: 1px;
+	border-color: #000000;
+	padding: .5em;
+}
+footer *{
+	display: inline-block;
+}
+
+img.logo {
+	height: 49px;
+}
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/static/primary-berkeley-law.gif b/armarium_app/app/static/primary-berkeley-law.gif
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diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f10a3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!DOCTYPE <!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+	<head>
+		<title>{{ pagetitle }}</title>
+		<link rel="stylesheet" href="static/main.css">
+		<meta charset="UTF-8">
+	</head>
+	
+	<body>
+		<div id="wrapper">
+		<header>
+			<h2>Manuscripts of the Robbins Collection</h2>
+			<nav>
+				<a href="{{ url_for('homepage') }}">Home</a>
+				<a href="{{ url_for('list_mss') }}">The Manuscripts</a>
+				<a href="{{ url_for('mss_search') }}">Search</a>
+				<a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/">The Robbins Collection</a>
+			</nav>
+		</header>
+		{% block content %}
+		{% endblock %}
+		<footer>
+			<img class="logo" alt="Berkeley Law Logo" src="static/primary-berkeley-law.gif">
+			<img class="logo" alt="Berkeley I School Logo" src="static/berkeleyischool-logo-blue-sm.png">
+			<p>© The Regents of the University of California, The Robbins Religious and Civil Law Collection, School of Law (Boalt Hall), University of California at Berkeley.  •  A Project of The Robbins Collection and the UC Berkeley School of Information</p>
+		</footer>
+	</div>
+	</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e22af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+	<head>
+		<title>Armarium</title>
+	</head>
+
+	<body>
+		<h1>Welcome to the Armarium!</h1>
+	</body>
+
+<html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e23570f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block content %}
+
+
+		<table>
+		<tr>
+			<td>Title</td>
+			<td>Shelfmark</td>
+			<td>Date 1</td>
+			<td>Date 2</td>
+			<td>Date Type</td>
+			<td>Language</td>
+			<td>Volumes</td>
+		</tr>
+		{% for record in recs %}
+		<tr>
+			<td>{{record.titles.filter_by(title_type='main').first()}}</td>
+			<td><a href="ms{{record.id}}">{{record.shelfmark}}</a></td>
+			<td>{{record.date1}}</td>
+			<td>{{record.date2}}</td>
+			<td>{{record.datetype}}</td>
+			<td>{{record.language}}</td>
+			<td>{{record.num_volumes}}</td>
+		</tr>
+		{% endfor %}
+		</table>
+{% endblock %}
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ac181b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+
+<h3>Robbins MS {{ ms.id }} - {{ ms.title }}</h3>
+<div class="section">
+
+{% if ms.title_alt %}
+<p>Alternate Title: {{ ms.title_alt }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+{% if ms.title_uni %}
+<p>Uniform Title: {{ ms.title_uni }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+<p>Date: {{ ms.date1 }}</p>
+
+{% if ms.date2 %}
+<p>End Date: {ms.date2}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+<p>Language: {{ ms.language }}</p>
+
+{% if ms.publisher %}
+<p>Published by: {{ ms.publisher }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+<p>Origin: </p>
+{% for place in ms.places %}
+<a href="{{ url_for('view_place', place.id) }}">{{ place.name }}</a>
+{% endfor %}
+
+{% if ms.summary %}
+<h6>Summary</h6>
+<p>{{ ms.summary }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+<p>Number of Volumes: {{ ms.volumes }}</p>
+
+{% for volume in ms.volumes %}
+
+<p>Material: {{ volume.support }}</p>
+
+<p>Extent: {{ volume.extent }} {{volume.extent_unit }}</p>
+
+<ul>
+{% if volume.supportheight and volume.supportwidth %}
+<li>Support dimensions: {{volume.supportheight}} x {{ volume.supportwidth }} {{volume.unit}}</li>
+{% endif %}
+
+{% if volume.writtenheight and volume.writtenwidth %}
+<li>Written area: {{volume.writtenheight}} x {{volume.writtenwidth}} {{volume.unit}}</li>
+{% endif %}
+
+{% if volume.boundheight and volume.boundwidth %}
+<li>Bound to {{volume.boundheight}} x {{volume.boundwidth}} {{volume.unit}}</li>
+{% endif %}
+</ul>
+
+{% if volume.quires %}
+<p>Register of Quires: {{ volume.quires }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+{% endfor %}
+</div>
+
+
+<!--canvases for d3 visualizations-->
+<div class="section"
+<svg id="textvis">
+</div>
+
+<div class="section"
+<svg id="relationvis">
+</div>
+
+
+
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/views.py b/armarium_app/app/views.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d2d673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/views.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+from flask import render_template, redirect, request
+from app import app, models, db
+#need to create "forms.py" doc in "app" directory when I determine needs
+#from .forms import CustomerForm, AddressForm, OrderForm
+from .data_parse_and_load import load
+import json, re, csv
+#from urllib.request import urlopen
+from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+
+"""
+#load data
+sourcefile = 'trial_II160119.json'
+sourceobj = open(sourcefile)
+sourcedict = json.load(sourceobj)
+sourceobj.close()
+
+#parse data
+allrecs = load(sourcedict)
+
+#load mss into database
+for record in allrecs:
+	if record == 'RobbinsMSCould not find valid shelfmark':
+		continue
+	print(record)
+	#print(allrecs[record])
+	#print(int(allrecs[record]['shelfmark'].split(' ')[2]))
+	print('\n')
+
+
+
+	ms = models.manuscript(
+		id = int(allrecs[record]['shelfmark'].split(' ')[2]),
+		shelfmark = allrecs[record]['shelfmark'],
+		date1 = allrecs[record]['date1'],
+		date2 = allrecs[record]['date2'],
+		datetype = allrecs[record]['datetype'],
+		language = allrecs[record]['language'],
+		num_volumes = allrecs[record]['volumes']
+		)
+	db.session.add(ms)
+
+	db.session.commit()
+
+	for msvol in allrecs[record]['volumeInfo']:
+		#print(msvol)
+		volItem = models.volume(
+			support = allrecs[record]['support'],
+			extent = msvol['extent'],
+			extent_unit = msvol['extentUnit'],
+			bound_width = msvol['boundWidth'],
+			bound_height = msvol['boundHeight'],
+			leaf_width = msvol['supportWidth'],
+			leaf_height = msvol['supportHeight'],
+			written_width = msvol['writtenWidth'],
+			written_height = msvol['writtenHeight'],
+			size_unit = msvol['units'],
+			quire_register = msvol['quires'],
+			phys_arrangement = msvol['arrangement'],
+			ms_id = ms.id
+			)
+		db.session.add(volItem)
+		
+		if 'watermarks' not in msvol:
+			print allrecs[record]
+
+		for ms_wm in msvol['watermarks']:
+			wmQuery = models.watermark.query.get(ms_wm[0])
+			if wmQuery == None:
+				wmItem  = models.watermark(
+					id = ms_wm[0],
+					name = ms_wm[1],
+					url = ms_wm[2],
+					mss = [models.manuscript.query.get(ms.id)]
+					)
+				db.session.add(wmItem)
+			else:
+				wmItem = models.watermark.query.get(ms_wm[0])
+				wmItem.mss.append(models.manuscript.query.get(ms.id))
+
+
+	db.session.commit()
+
+	for title in allrecs[record]['titles']:
+		titleInstance = models.title(
+			title_text = title['text'],
+			title_type = title['type'],
+			ms_id = ms.id
+			)
+		db.session.add(titleInstance)
+	db.session.commit()
+
+	for person in allrecs[record]['people']:
+		print(person)
+		print(allrecs[record]['people'][person])
+		print(allrecs[record]['people'][person]['relationship'])
+
+		personQuery = models.person.query.filter_by(name_simple=person).first()
+		if personQuery == None:
+			personRec = models.person(
+				name_simple = person,
+				name_display = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['displayName'],
+				name_fuller = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['Fullname'],
+				year_1 = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['date1'],
+				year_2 = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['date2'],
+				datetype = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['datetype'],
+				numeration = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['Numeration'],
+				title = allrecs[record]['people'][person]['Title']
+				)
+			db.session.add(personRec)
+			db.session.commit()
+			
+			#new query of newly committed person entity to get ID
+			newPersonRecord = models.person.query.filter_by(name_simple=person).first()
+			for rel in allrecs[record]['people'][person]['relationship']:
+				relRec = models.person_ms_assoc(
+					person_id = newPersonRecord.id,
+					ms_id = ms.id,
+					assoc_type = rel
+					)
+				db.session.add(relRec)
+				db.session.commit()
+
+		else:
+			for rel in allrecs[record]['people'][person]['relationship']:
+				relRec = models.person_ms_assoc(
+					person_id = personQuery.id,
+					ms_id = ms.id,
+					assoc_type = rel
+					)
+				db.session.add(relRec)
+				db.session.commit()
+"""
+
+@app.route('/')
+def homepage():
+
+	return render_template('home.html')
+
+@app.route('/add_ms', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
+def add_ms():
+	pass
+
+@app.route('/list_mss', methods = ['GET'])
+def list_mss():
+	allmss = models.manuscript.query.all()
+	return render_template('home2.html', recs = allmss)
+
+@app.route('/ms<idno>', methods = ['GET'])
+def ms_view(idno):
+	"""Page view for individual MS"""
+	
+	focusms = models.manuscript.query.get(idno)
+	print(focusms.shelfmark)
+
+@app.route('/search', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
+def mss_search():
+	pass
+
+#@app.route('/<facet>/<value>', methods = ['GET'])
+#def show_facet():
+	#Linking from a list or individual MS page
+	#show all MSS that share this attribute
+
+	#Need to redo this: set up as a GET and get arguments to use as DB queries 
+
+#	pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/.Python b/armarium_app/arm_env/.Python
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..9ba4d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/.Python
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/Python
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89be866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate" *from bash*
+# you cannot run it directly
+
+deactivate () {
+    unset -f pydoc
+
+    # reset old environment variables
+    # ! [ -z ${VAR+_} ] returns true if VAR is declared at all
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH+_}" ] ; then
+        PATH="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH"
+        export PATH
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    fi
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME+_}" ] ; then
+        PYTHONHOME="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME"
+        export PYTHONHOME
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    fi
+
+    # This should detect bash and zsh, which have a hash command that must
+    # be called to get it to forget past commands.  Without forgetting
+    # past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+    if [ -n "${BASH-}" ] || [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ] ; then
+        hash -r 2>/dev/null
+    fi
+
+    if ! [ -z "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1+_}" ] ; then
+        PS1="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1"
+        export PS1
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1
+    fi
+
+    unset VIRTUAL_ENV
+    if [ ! "${1-}" = "nondestructive" ] ; then
+    # Self destruct!
+        unset -f deactivate
+    fi
+}
+
+# unset irrelevant variables
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+VIRTUAL_ENV="/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env"
+export VIRTUAL_ENV
+
+_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
+export PATH
+
+# unset PYTHONHOME if set
+if ! [ -z "${PYTHONHOME+_}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME="$PYTHONHOME"
+    unset PYTHONHOME
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT-}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1="$PS1"
+    if [ "x" != x ] ; then
+        PS1="$PS1"
+    else
+        PS1="(`basename \"$VIRTUAL_ENV\"`) $PS1"
+    fi
+    export PS1
+fi
+
+# Make sure to unalias pydoc if it's already there
+alias pydoc 2>/dev/null >/dev/null && unalias pydoc
+
+pydoc () {
+    python -m pydoc "$@"
+}
+
+# This should detect bash and zsh, which have a hash command that must
+# be called to get it to forget past commands.  Without forgetting
+# past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+if [ -n "${BASH-}" ] || [ -n "${ZSH_VERSION-}" ] ; then
+    hash -r 2>/dev/null
+fi
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.csh b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.csh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..030b843
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.csh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate.csh" *from csh*.
+# You cannot run it directly.
+# Created by Davide Di Blasi <davidedb@gmail.com>.
+
+alias deactivate 'test $?_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH != 0 && setenv PATH "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH" && unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH; rehash; test $?_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT != 0 && set prompt="$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT" && unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT; unsetenv VIRTUAL_ENV; test "\!:*" != "nondestructive" && unalias deactivate && unalias pydoc'
+
+# Unset irrelevant variables.
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+setenv VIRTUAL_ENV "/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env"
+
+set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+setenv PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin:$PATH"
+
+
+
+if ("" != "") then
+    set env_name = ""
+else
+    set env_name = `basename "$VIRTUAL_ENV"`
+endif
+
+# Could be in a non-interactive environment,
+# in which case, $prompt is undefined and we wouldn't
+# care about the prompt anyway.
+if ( $?prompt ) then
+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT="$prompt"
+    set prompt = "[$env_name] $prompt"
+endif
+
+unset env_name
+
+alias pydoc python -m pydoc
+
+rehash
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.fish b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.fish
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e47be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate.fish
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# This file must be used using `. bin/activate.fish` *within a running fish ( http://fishshell.com ) session*.
+# Do not run it directly.
+
+function deactivate -d 'Exit virtualenv mode and return to the normal environment.'
+    # reset old environment variables
+    if test -n "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH"
+        set -gx PATH $_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+        set -e _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    end
+
+    if test -n "$_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME"
+        set -gx PYTHONHOME $_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+        set -e _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    end
+
+    if test -n "$_OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE"
+        # Set an empty local `$fish_function_path` to allow the removal of `fish_prompt` using `functions -e`.
+        set -l fish_function_path
+
+        # Erase virtualenv's `fish_prompt` and restore the original.
+        functions -e fish_prompt
+        functions -c _old_fish_prompt fish_prompt
+        functions -e _old_fish_prompt
+        set -e _OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE
+    end
+
+    set -e VIRTUAL_ENV
+
+    if test "$argv[1]" != 'nondestructive'
+        # Self-destruct!
+        functions -e pydoc
+        functions -e deactivate
+    end
+end
+
+# Unset irrelevant variables.
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+set -gx VIRTUAL_ENV "/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env"
+
+set -gx _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH $PATH
+set -gx PATH "$VIRTUAL_ENV/bin" $PATH
+
+# Unset `$PYTHONHOME` if set.
+if set -q PYTHONHOME
+    set -gx _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME $PYTHONHOME
+    set -e PYTHONHOME
+end
+
+function pydoc
+    python -m pydoc $argv
+end
+
+if test -z "$VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT"
+    # Copy the current `fish_prompt` function as `_old_fish_prompt`.
+    functions -c fish_prompt _old_fish_prompt
+
+    function fish_prompt
+        # Save the current $status, for fish_prompts that display it.
+        set -l old_status $status
+
+        # Prompt override provided?
+        # If not, just prepend the environment name.
+        if test -n ""
+            printf '%s%s' "" (set_color normal)
+        else
+            printf '%s(%s%s%s) ' (set_color normal) (set_color -o white) (basename "$VIRTUAL_ENV") (set_color normal)
+        end
+
+        # Restore the original $status
+        echo "exit $old_status" | source
+        _old_fish_prompt
+    end
+
+    set -gx _OLD_FISH_PROMPT_OVERRIDE "$VIRTUAL_ENV"
+end
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate_this.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate_this.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f18193b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/activate_this.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""By using execfile(this_file, dict(__file__=this_file)) you will
+activate this virtualenv environment.
+
+This can be used when you must use an existing Python interpreter, not
+the virtualenv bin/python
+"""
+
+try:
+    __file__
+except NameError:
+    raise AssertionError(
+        "You must run this like execfile('path/to/activate_this.py', dict(__file__='path/to/activate_this.py'))")
+import sys
+import os
+
+old_os_path = os.environ.get('PATH', '')
+os.environ['PATH'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) + os.pathsep + old_os_path
+base = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'Lib', 'site-packages')
+else:
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
+prev_sys_path = list(sys.path)
+import site
+site.addsitedir(site_packages)
+sys.real_prefix = sys.prefix
+sys.prefix = base
+# Move the added items to the front of the path:
+new_sys_path = []
+for item in list(sys.path):
+    if item not in prev_sys_path:
+        new_sys_path.append(item)
+        sys.path.remove(item)
+sys.path[:0] = new_sys_path
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a168cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!"/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5"
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install-3.5 b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install-3.5
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a168cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/easy_install-3.5
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!"/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5"
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bb50bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!"/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5"
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pip import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3 b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bb50bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!"/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5"
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pip import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3.5 b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3.5
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..bb50bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/pip3.5
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!"/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5"
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from pip import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f549cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+python3.5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python-config b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python-config
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6cfa140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python-config
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python
+
+import sys
+import getopt
+import sysconfig
+
+valid_opts = ['prefix', 'exec-prefix', 'includes', 'libs', 'cflags',
+              'ldflags', 'help']
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
+    valid_opts.insert(-1, 'extension-suffix')
+    valid_opts.append('abiflags')
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+    valid_opts.append('configdir')
+
+
+def exit_with_usage(code=1):
+    sys.stderr.write("Usage: {0} [{1}]\n".format(
+        sys.argv[0], '|'.join('--'+opt for opt in valid_opts)))
+    sys.exit(code)
+
+try:
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], '', valid_opts)
+except getopt.error:
+    exit_with_usage()
+
+if not opts:
+    exit_with_usage()
+
+pyver = sysconfig.get_config_var('VERSION')
+getvar = sysconfig.get_config_var
+
+opt_flags = [flag for (flag, val) in opts]
+
+if '--help' in opt_flags:
+    exit_with_usage(code=0)
+
+for opt in opt_flags:
+    if opt == '--prefix':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('prefix'))
+
+    elif opt == '--exec-prefix':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('exec_prefix'))
+
+    elif opt in ('--includes', '--cflags'):
+        flags = ['-I' + sysconfig.get_path('include'),
+                 '-I' + sysconfig.get_path('platinclude')]
+        if opt == '--cflags':
+            flags.extend(getvar('CFLAGS').split())
+        print(' '.join(flags))
+
+    elif opt in ('--libs', '--ldflags'):
+        abiflags = getattr(sys, 'abiflags', '')
+        libs = ['-lpython' + pyver + abiflags]
+        libs += getvar('LIBS').split()
+        libs += getvar('SYSLIBS').split()
+        # add the prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/config dir, but only if there is no
+        # shared library in prefix/lib/.
+        if opt == '--ldflags':
+            if not getvar('Py_ENABLE_SHARED'):
+                libs.insert(0, '-L' + getvar('LIBPL'))
+            if not getvar('PYTHONFRAMEWORK'):
+                libs.extend(getvar('LINKFORSHARED').split())
+        print(' '.join(libs))
+
+    elif opt == '--extension-suffix':
+        ext_suffix = sysconfig.get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')
+        if ext_suffix is None:
+            ext_suffix = sysconfig.get_config_var('SO')
+        print(ext_suffix)
+
+    elif opt == '--abiflags':
+        if not getattr(sys, 'abiflags', None):
+            exit_with_usage()
+        print(sys.abiflags)
+
+    elif opt == '--configdir':
+        print(sysconfig.get_config_var('LIBPL'))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3 b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f549cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+python3.5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5 b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/wheel b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/wheel
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..02913d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/wheel
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!"/Users/Jordan/Desktop/Spring 2016/Final Project/armarium_app/arm_env/bin/python3.5"
+
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from wheel.tool import main
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/include/python3.5m b/armarium_app/arm_env/include/python3.5m
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..db56fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/include/python3.5m
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/include/python3.5m
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/__future__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f94228f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/__future__.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..62523b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_bootlocale.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..80bcb06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_collections_abc.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..47e03e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_dummy_thread.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f3a2dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/_weakrefset.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/abc.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/abc.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..73087d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/abc.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/base64.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/base64.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1b85a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/base64.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/base64.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/bisect.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..380fde4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/bisect.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/codecs.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..b9f77a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/codecs.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/collections b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/collections
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..20a9d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/collections
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/collections
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..9b9cb4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/config-3.5m
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copy.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copy.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..02630c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copy.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/copy.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..fe52af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/copyreg.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29fc1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings 
+import imp
+import opcode # opcode is not a virtualenv module, so we can use it to find the stdlib
+              # Important! To work on pypy, this must be a module that resides in the
+              # lib-python/modified-x.y.z directory
+
+dirname = os.path.dirname
+
+distutils_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(opcode.__file__), 'distutils')
+if os.path.normpath(distutils_path) == os.path.dirname(os.path.normpath(__file__)):
+    warnings.warn(
+        "The virtualenv distutils package at %s appears to be in the same location as the system distutils?")
+else:
+    __path__.insert(0, distutils_path)
+    real_distutils = imp.load_module("_virtualenv_distutils", None, distutils_path, ('', '', imp.PKG_DIRECTORY))
+    # Copy the relevant attributes
+    try:
+        __revision__ = real_distutils.__revision__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    __version__ = real_distutils.__version__
+
+from distutils import dist, sysconfig
+
+try:
+    basestring
+except NameError:
+    basestring = str
+
+## patch build_ext (distutils doesn't know how to get the libs directory
+## path on windows - it hardcodes the paths around the patched sys.prefix)
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as old_build_ext
+    class build_ext(old_build_ext):
+        def finalize_options (self):
+            if self.library_dirs is None:
+                self.library_dirs = []
+            elif isinstance(self.library_dirs, basestring):
+                self.library_dirs = self.library_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+            
+            self.library_dirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "Libs"))
+            old_build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+            
+    from distutils.command import build_ext as build_ext_module 
+    build_ext_module.build_ext = build_ext
+
+## distutils.dist patches:
+
+old_find_config_files = dist.Distribution.find_config_files
+def find_config_files(self):
+    found = old_find_config_files(self)
+    system_distutils = os.path.join(distutils_path, 'distutils.cfg')
+    #if os.path.exists(system_distutils):
+    #    found.insert(0, system_distutils)
+        # What to call the per-user config file
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        user_filename = ".pydistutils.cfg"
+    else:
+        user_filename = "pydistutils.cfg"
+    user_filename = os.path.join(sys.prefix, user_filename)
+    if os.path.isfile(user_filename):
+        for item in list(found):
+            if item.endswith('pydistutils.cfg'):
+                found.remove(item)
+        found.append(user_filename)
+    return found
+dist.Distribution.find_config_files = find_config_files
+
+## distutils.sysconfig patches:
+
+old_get_python_inc = sysconfig.get_python_inc
+def sysconfig_get_python_inc(plat_specific=0, prefix=None):
+    if prefix is None:
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    return old_get_python_inc(plat_specific, prefix)
+sysconfig_get_python_inc.__doc__ = old_get_python_inc.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_python_inc = sysconfig_get_python_inc
+
+old_get_python_lib = sysconfig.get_python_lib
+def sysconfig_get_python_lib(plat_specific=0, standard_lib=0, prefix=None):
+    if standard_lib and prefix is None:
+        prefix = sys.real_prefix
+    return old_get_python_lib(plat_specific, standard_lib, prefix)
+sysconfig_get_python_lib.__doc__ = old_get_python_lib.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_python_lib = sysconfig_get_python_lib
+
+old_get_config_vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars
+def sysconfig_get_config_vars(*args):
+    real_vars = old_get_config_vars(*args)
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        lib_dir = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "libs")
+        if isinstance(real_vars, dict) and 'LIBDIR' not in real_vars:
+            real_vars['LIBDIR'] = lib_dir # asked for all
+        elif isinstance(real_vars, list) and 'LIBDIR' in args:
+            real_vars = real_vars + [lib_dir] # asked for list
+    return real_vars
+sysconfig_get_config_vars.__doc__ = old_get_config_vars.__doc__
+sysconfig.get_config_vars = sysconfig_get_config_vars
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1af230e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/distutils/distutils.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# This is a config file local to this virtualenv installation
+# You may include options that will be used by all distutils commands,
+# and by easy_install.  For instance:
+#
+#   [easy_install]
+#   find_links = http://mylocalsite
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/encodings b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/encodings
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..bddfc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/encodings
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/encodings
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8365972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/fnmatch.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/functools.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/functools.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8d1091c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/functools.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/functools.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..bb942ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/genericpath.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..30c2a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/hashlib.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/heapq.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..eb3478e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/heapq.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hmac.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ad3982c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/hmac.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/imp.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/imp.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7e073b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/imp.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/imp.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/importlib b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/importlib
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..caa3994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/importlib
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/importlib
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/io.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/io.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1cf3da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/io.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/io.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/keyword.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/keyword.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..6a9bbf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/keyword.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/keyword.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7884f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/linecache.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/linecache.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..9bc95cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/linecache.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/linecache.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/locale.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/locale.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..c6e6095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/locale.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/locale.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/no-global-site-packages.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/no-global-site-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1fbcee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/ntpath.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/operator.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/operator.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..e19e482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/operator.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/operator.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20448b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/orig-prefix.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/os.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/os.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4101e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/os.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/os.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..4c1ef49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/plat-darwin
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8bcb554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/posixpath.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/random.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/random.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ede3213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/random.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/random.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/re.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/re.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..c16226e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/re.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/re.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/readline.so b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/readline.so
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..366ef4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/readline.so
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/lib-dynload/readline.cpython-35m-darwin.so
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..139b0f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/reprlib.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..08737e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/rlcompleter.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/shutil.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/shutil.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..81c77db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/shutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/shutil.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2b237b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+try:
+    import ast
+    from _markerlib.markers import default_environment, compile, interpret
+except ImportError:
+    if 'ast' in globals():
+        raise
+    def default_environment():
+        return {}
+    def compile(marker):
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            # 'empty markers are True' heuristic won't install extra deps.
+            return not marker.strip()
+        marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+        return marker_fn
+    def interpret(marker, environment=None, override=None):
+        return compile(marker)()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa83706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/_markerlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Interpret PEP 345 environment markers.
+
+EXPR [in|==|!=|not in] EXPR [or|and] ...
+
+where EXPR belongs to any of those:
+
+    python_version = '%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+    python_full_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+    os.name = os.name
+    sys.platform = sys.platform
+    platform.version = platform.version()
+    platform.machine = platform.machine()
+    platform.python_implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+    a free string, like '2.6', or 'win32'
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['default_environment', 'compile', 'interpret']
+
+import ast
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+import weakref
+
+_builtin_compile = compile
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError:
+    if os.name == "java":
+        # Jython 2.5 has ast module, but not platform.python_implementation() function.
+        def python_implementation():
+            return "Jython"
+    else:
+        raise
+
+
+# restricted set of variables
+_VARS = {'sys.platform': sys.platform,
+         'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2],
+         # FIXME parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other
+         # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version
+         'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0],
+         'os.name': os.name,
+         'platform.version': platform.version(),
+         'platform.machine': platform.machine(),
+         'platform.python_implementation': python_implementation(),
+         'extra': None # wheel extension
+        }
+
+for var in list(_VARS.keys()):
+    if '.' in var:
+        _VARS[var.replace('.', '_')] = _VARS[var]
+
+def default_environment():
+    """Return copy of default PEP 385 globals dictionary."""
+    return dict(_VARS)
+
+class ASTWhitelist(ast.NodeTransformer):
+    def __init__(self, statement):
+        self.statement = statement # for error messages
+
+    ALLOWED = (ast.Compare, ast.BoolOp, ast.Attribute, ast.Name, ast.Load, ast.Str)
+    # Bool operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.And, ast.Or)
+    # Comparison operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.Eq, ast.Gt, ast.GtE, ast.In, ast.Is, ast.IsNot, ast.Lt, ast.LtE, ast.NotEq, ast.NotIn)
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        """Ensure statement only contains allowed nodes."""
+        if not isinstance(node, self.ALLOWED):
+            raise SyntaxError('Not allowed in environment markers.\n%s\n%s' %
+                               (self.statement,
+                               (' ' * node.col_offset) + '^'))
+        return ast.NodeTransformer.visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        """Flatten one level of attribute access."""
+        new_node = ast.Name("%s.%s" % (node.value.id, node.attr), node.ctx)
+        return ast.copy_location(new_node, node)
+
+def parse_marker(marker):
+    tree = ast.parse(marker, mode='eval')
+    new_tree = ASTWhitelist(marker).generic_visit(tree)
+    return new_tree
+
+def compile_marker(parsed_marker):
+    return _builtin_compile(parsed_marker, '<environment marker>', 'eval',
+                   dont_inherit=True)
+
+_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+def compile(marker):
+    """Return compiled marker as a function accepting an environment dict."""
+    try:
+        return _cache[marker]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    if not marker.strip():
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """"""
+            return True
+    else:
+        compiled_marker = compile_marker(parse_marker(marker))
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """override updates environment"""
+            if override is None:
+                override = {}
+            if environment is None:
+                environment = default_environment()
+            environment.update(override)
+            return eval(compiled_marker, environment)
+    marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+    _cache[marker] = marker_fn
+    return _cache[marker]
+
+def interpret(marker, environment=None):
+    return compile(marker)(environment)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d87e984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/easy_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Run the EasyInstall command"""
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
+    main()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c149b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+pip
+===
+
+The `PyPA recommended
+<https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`_
+tool for installing Python packages.
+
+* `Installation <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing.html>`_
+* `Documentation <https://pip.pypa.io/>`_
+* `Changelog <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news.html>`_
+* `Github Page <https://github.com/pypa/pip>`_
+* `Issue Tracking <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues>`_
+* `User mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_
+* `Dev mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/pypa-dev>`_
+* User IRC: #pypa on Freenode.
+* Dev IRC: #pypa-dev on Freenode.
+
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pip.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/pypa/pip/develop.svg
+   :target: http://travis-ci.org/pypa/pip
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the pip project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a49cee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: pip
+Version: 8.0.2
+Summary: The PyPA recommended tool for installing Python packages.
+Home-page: https://pip.pypa.io/
+Author: The pip developers
+Author-email: python-virtualenv@groups.google.com
+License: MIT
+Keywords: easy_install distutils setuptools egg virtualenv
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Provides-Extra: testing
+Requires-Dist: mock; extra == 'testing'
+Requires-Dist: pytest; extra == 'testing'
+Requires-Dist: scripttest (>=1.3); extra == 'testing'
+Requires-Dist: virtualenv (>=1.10); extra == 'testing'
+
+pip
+===
+
+The `PyPA recommended
+<https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`_
+tool for installing Python packages.
+
+* `Installation <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing.html>`_
+* `Documentation <https://pip.pypa.io/>`_
+* `Changelog <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news.html>`_
+* `Github Page <https://github.com/pypa/pip>`_
+* `Issue Tracking <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues>`_
+* `User mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv>`_
+* `Dev mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/pypa-dev>`_
+* User IRC: #pypa on Freenode.
+* Dev IRC: #pypa-dev on Freenode.
+
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pip.svg
+        :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/pypa/pip/develop.svg
+   :target: http://travis-ci.org/pypa/pip
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the pip project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a58398f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
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+pip/_vendor/html5lib/__pycache__/utils.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__pycache__/escsm.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/req/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__pycache__/genshistream.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/commands/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/compat/__pycache__/dictconfig.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__pycache__/charsetprober.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/vcs/__pycache__/subversion.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__pycache__/euckrfreq.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/__pycache__/exceptions.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__pycache__/inject_meta_charset.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/__pycache__/html5parser.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/commands/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__pycache__/latin1prober.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/__pycache__/exceptions.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/req/__pycache__/req_file.cpython-35.pyc,,
+pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__pycache__/request.cpython-35.pyc,,
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c02a8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[console_scripts]
+pip = pip:main
+pip3 = pip:main
+pip3.5 = pip:main
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79e7d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "The PyPA recommended tool for installing Python packages.", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License", "Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "https://pip.pypa.io/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "python-virtualenv@groups.google.com", "name": "The pip developers", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"pip": "pip:main", "pip3": "pip:main", "pip3.5": "pip:main"}}, "python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"pip": "pip:main", "pip3": "pip:main", "pip3.5": "pip:main"}}}, "keywords": ["easy_install", "distutils", "setuptools", "egg", "virtualenv"], "license": "MIT", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "pip", "extras": ["testing"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["mock", "pytest", "scripttest (>=1.3)", "virtualenv (>=1.10)"], "extra": "testing"}], "version": "8.0.2", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["mock", "pytest", "scripttest (>=1.3)", "virtualenv (>=1.10)"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip-8.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0603ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import optparse
+import warnings
+
+import sys
+import re
+
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError, CommandError, PipError
+from pip.utils import get_installed_distributions, get_prog
+from pip.utils import deprecation, dist_is_editable
+from pip.vcs import git, mercurial, subversion, bazaar  # noqa
+from pip.baseparser import ConfigOptionParser, UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter
+from pip.commands import get_summaries, get_similar_commands
+from pip.commands import commands_dict
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+)
+
+
+# assignment for flake8 to be happy
+
+# This fixes a peculiarity when importing via __import__ - as we are
+# initialising the pip module, "from pip import cmdoptions" is recursive
+# and appears not to work properly in that situation.
+import pip.cmdoptions
+cmdoptions = pip.cmdoptions
+
+# The version as used in the setup.py and the docs conf.py
+__version__ = "8.0.2"
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Hide the InsecureRequestWArning from urllib3
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+
+def autocomplete():
+    """Command and option completion for the main option parser (and options)
+    and its subcommands (and options).
+
+    Enable by sourcing one of the completion shell scripts (bash or zsh).
+    """
+    # Don't complete if user hasn't sourced bash_completion file.
+    if 'PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE' not in os.environ:
+        return
+    cwords = os.environ['COMP_WORDS'].split()[1:]
+    cword = int(os.environ['COMP_CWORD'])
+    try:
+        current = cwords[cword - 1]
+    except IndexError:
+        current = ''
+
+    subcommands = [cmd for cmd, summary in get_summaries()]
+    options = []
+    # subcommand
+    try:
+        subcommand_name = [w for w in cwords if w in subcommands][0]
+    except IndexError:
+        subcommand_name = None
+
+    parser = create_main_parser()
+    # subcommand options
+    if subcommand_name:
+        # special case: 'help' subcommand has no options
+        if subcommand_name == 'help':
+            sys.exit(1)
+        # special case: list locally installed dists for uninstall command
+        if subcommand_name == 'uninstall' and not current.startswith('-'):
+            installed = []
+            lc = current.lower()
+            for dist in get_installed_distributions(local_only=True):
+                if dist.key.startswith(lc) and dist.key not in cwords[1:]:
+                    installed.append(dist.key)
+            # if there are no dists installed, fall back to option completion
+            if installed:
+                for dist in installed:
+                    print(dist)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        subcommand = commands_dict[subcommand_name]()
+        options += [(opt.get_opt_string(), opt.nargs)
+                    for opt in subcommand.parser.option_list_all
+                    if opt.help != optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP]
+
+        # filter out previously specified options from available options
+        prev_opts = [x.split('=')[0] for x in cwords[1:cword - 1]]
+        options = [(x, v) for (x, v) in options if x not in prev_opts]
+        # filter options by current input
+        options = [(k, v) for k, v in options if k.startswith(current)]
+        for option in options:
+            opt_label = option[0]
+            # append '=' to options which require args
+            if option[1]:
+                opt_label += '='
+            print(opt_label)
+    else:
+        # show main parser options only when necessary
+        if current.startswith('-') or current.startswith('--'):
+            opts = [i.option_list for i in parser.option_groups]
+            opts.append(parser.option_list)
+            opts = (o for it in opts for o in it)
+
+            subcommands += [i.get_opt_string() for i in opts
+                            if i.help != optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP]
+
+        print(' '.join([x for x in subcommands if x.startswith(current)]))
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def create_main_parser():
+    parser_kw = {
+        'usage': '\n%prog <command> [options]',
+        'add_help_option': False,
+        'formatter': UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(),
+        'name': 'global',
+        'prog': get_prog(),
+    }
+
+    parser = ConfigOptionParser(**parser_kw)
+    parser.disable_interspersed_args()
+
+    pip_pkg_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+    parser.version = 'pip %s from %s (python %s)' % (
+        __version__, pip_pkg_dir, sys.version[:3])
+
+    # add the general options
+    gen_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(cmdoptions.general_group, parser)
+    parser.add_option_group(gen_opts)
+
+    parser.main = True  # so the help formatter knows
+
+    # create command listing for description
+    command_summaries = get_summaries()
+    description = [''] + ['%-27s %s' % (i, j) for i, j in command_summaries]
+    parser.description = '\n'.join(description)
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def parseopts(args):
+    parser = create_main_parser()
+
+    # Note: parser calls disable_interspersed_args(), so the result of this
+    # call is to split the initial args into the general options before the
+    # subcommand and everything else.
+    # For example:
+    #  args: ['--timeout=5', 'install', '--user', 'INITools']
+    #  general_options: ['--timeout==5']
+    #  args_else: ['install', '--user', 'INITools']
+    general_options, args_else = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    # --version
+    if general_options.version:
+        sys.stdout.write(parser.version)
+        sys.stdout.write(os.linesep)
+        sys.exit()
+
+    # pip || pip help -> print_help()
+    if not args_else or (args_else[0] == 'help' and len(args_else) == 1):
+        parser.print_help()
+        sys.exit()
+
+    # the subcommand name
+    cmd_name = args_else[0]
+
+    if cmd_name not in commands_dict:
+        guess = get_similar_commands(cmd_name)
+
+        msg = ['unknown command "%s"' % cmd_name]
+        if guess:
+            msg.append('maybe you meant "%s"' % guess)
+
+        raise CommandError(' - '.join(msg))
+
+    # all the args without the subcommand
+    cmd_args = args[:]
+    cmd_args.remove(cmd_name)
+
+    return cmd_name, cmd_args
+
+
+def check_isolated(args):
+    isolated = False
+
+    if "--isolated" in args:
+        isolated = True
+
+    return isolated
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    if args is None:
+        args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    # Enable our Deprecation Warnings
+    for deprecation_warning in deprecation.DEPRECATIONS:
+        warnings.simplefilter("default", deprecation_warning)
+
+    # Configure our deprecation warnings to be sent through loggers
+    deprecation.install_warning_logger()
+
+    autocomplete()
+
+    try:
+        cmd_name, cmd_args = parseopts(args)
+    except PipError as exc:
+        sys.stderr.write("ERROR: %s" % exc)
+        sys.stderr.write(os.linesep)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    command = commands_dict[cmd_name](isolated=check_isolated(cmd_args))
+    return command.main(cmd_args)
+
+
+# ###########################################################
+# # Writing freeze files
+
+class FrozenRequirement(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, req, editable, comments=()):
+        self.name = name
+        self.req = req
+        self.editable = editable
+        self.comments = comments
+
+    _rev_re = re.compile(r'-r(\d+)$')
+    _date_re = re.compile(r'-(20\d\d\d\d\d\d)$')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dist(cls, dist, dependency_links):
+        location = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(dist.location))
+        comments = []
+        from pip.vcs import vcs, get_src_requirement
+        if dist_is_editable(dist) and vcs.get_backend_name(location):
+            editable = True
+            try:
+                req = get_src_requirement(dist, location)
+            except InstallationError as exc:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Error when trying to get requirement for VCS system %s, "
+                    "falling back to uneditable format", exc
+                )
+                req = None
+            if req is None:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Could not determine repository location of %s', location
+                )
+                comments.append(
+                    '## !! Could not determine repository location'
+                )
+                req = dist.as_requirement()
+                editable = False
+        else:
+            editable = False
+            req = dist.as_requirement()
+            specs = req.specs
+            assert len(specs) == 1 and specs[0][0] in ["==", "==="], \
+                'Expected 1 spec with == or ===; specs = %r; dist = %r' % \
+                (specs, dist)
+            version = specs[0][1]
+            ver_match = cls._rev_re.search(version)
+            date_match = cls._date_re.search(version)
+            if ver_match or date_match:
+                svn_backend = vcs.get_backend('svn')
+                if svn_backend:
+                    svn_location = svn_backend().get_location(
+                        dist,
+                        dependency_links,
+                    )
+                if not svn_location:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Warning: cannot find svn location for %s', req)
+                    comments.append(
+                        '## FIXME: could not find svn URL in dependency_links '
+                        'for this package:'
+                    )
+                else:
+                    comments.append(
+                        '# Installing as editable to satisfy requirement %s:' %
+                        req
+                    )
+                    if ver_match:
+                        rev = ver_match.group(1)
+                    else:
+                        rev = '{%s}' % date_match.group(1)
+                    editable = True
+                    req = '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (
+                        svn_location,
+                        rev,
+                        cls.egg_name(dist)
+                    )
+        return cls(dist.project_name, req, editable, comments)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def egg_name(dist):
+        name = dist.egg_name()
+        match = re.search(r'-py\d\.\d$', name)
+        if match:
+            name = name[:match.start()]
+        return name
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        req = self.req
+        if self.editable:
+            req = '-e %s' % req
+        return '\n'.join(list(self.comments) + [str(req)]) + '\n'
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5556539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+# If we are running from a wheel, add the wheel to sys.path
+# This allows the usage python pip-*.whl/pip install pip-*.whl
+if __package__ == '':
+    # __file__ is pip-*.whl/pip/__main__.py
+    # first dirname call strips of '/__main__.py', second strips off '/pip'
+    # Resulting path is the name of the wheel itself
+    # Add that to sys.path so we can import pip
+    path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    sys.path.insert(0, path)
+
+import pip  # noqa
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.exit(pip.main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b09a7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""
+pip._vendor is for vendoring dependencies of pip to prevent needing pip to
+depend on something external.
+
+Files inside of pip._vendor should be considered immutable and should only be
+updated to versions from upstream.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import glob
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Downstream redistributors which have debundled our dependencies should also
+# patch this value to be true. This will trigger the additional patching
+# to cause things like "six" to be available as pip.
+DEBUNDLED = False
+
+# By default, look in this directory for a bunch of .whl files which we will
+# add to the beginning of sys.path before attempting to import anything. This
+# is done to support downstream re-distributors like Debian and Fedora who
+# wish to create their own Wheels for our dependencies to aid in debundling.
+WHEEL_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+# Define a small helper function to alias our vendored modules to the real ones
+# if the vendored ones do not exist. This idea of this was taken from
+# https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2567.
+def vendored(modulename):
+    vendored_name = "{0}.{1}".format(__name__, modulename)
+
+    try:
+        __import__(vendored_name, globals(), locals(), level=0)
+    except ImportError:
+        __import__(modulename, globals(), locals(), level=0)
+        sys.modules[vendored_name] = sys.modules[modulename]
+        base, head = vendored_name.rsplit(".", 1)
+        setattr(sys.modules[base], head, sys.modules[modulename])
+
+
+# If we're operating in a debundled setup, then we want to go ahead and trigger
+# the aliasing of our vendored libraries as well as looking for wheels to add
+# to our sys.path. This will cause all of this code to be a no-op typically
+# however downstream redistributors can enable it in a consistent way across
+# all platforms.
+if DEBUNDLED:
+    # Actually look inside of WHEEL_DIR to find .whl files and add them to the
+    # front of our sys.path.
+    sys.path[:] = glob.glob(os.path.join(WHEEL_DIR, "*.whl")) + sys.path
+
+    # Actually alias all of our vendored dependencies.
+    vendored("cachecontrol")
+    vendored("colorama")
+    vendored("distlib")
+    vendored("html5lib")
+    vendored("lockfile")
+    vendored("six")
+    vendored("six.moves")
+    vendored("six.moves.urllib")
+    vendored("packaging")
+    vendored("packaging.version")
+    vendored("packaging.specifiers")
+    vendored("pkg_resources")
+    vendored("progress")
+    vendored("retrying")
+    vendored("requests")
+    vendored("requests.packages")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3._collections")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.connection")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib")
+    try:
+        vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.ntlmpool")
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    try:
+        vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl")
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.fields")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.filepost")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.six")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname."
+             "_implementation")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.request")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.response")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.connection")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.request")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.response")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.retry")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.ssl_")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.timeout")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.url")
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..197781a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+try:
+    import ast
+    from pip._vendor._markerlib.markers import default_environment, compile, interpret
+except ImportError:
+    if 'ast' in globals():
+        raise
+    def default_environment():
+        return {}
+    def compile(marker):
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            # 'empty markers are True' heuristic won't install extra deps.
+            return not marker.strip()
+        marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+        return marker_fn
+    def interpret(marker, environment=None, override=None):
+        return compile(marker)()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa83706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/_markerlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Interpret PEP 345 environment markers.
+
+EXPR [in|==|!=|not in] EXPR [or|and] ...
+
+where EXPR belongs to any of those:
+
+    python_version = '%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+    python_full_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+    os.name = os.name
+    sys.platform = sys.platform
+    platform.version = platform.version()
+    platform.machine = platform.machine()
+    platform.python_implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+    a free string, like '2.6', or 'win32'
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['default_environment', 'compile', 'interpret']
+
+import ast
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+import weakref
+
+_builtin_compile = compile
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError:
+    if os.name == "java":
+        # Jython 2.5 has ast module, but not platform.python_implementation() function.
+        def python_implementation():
+            return "Jython"
+    else:
+        raise
+
+
+# restricted set of variables
+_VARS = {'sys.platform': sys.platform,
+         'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2],
+         # FIXME parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other
+         # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version
+         'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0],
+         'os.name': os.name,
+         'platform.version': platform.version(),
+         'platform.machine': platform.machine(),
+         'platform.python_implementation': python_implementation(),
+         'extra': None # wheel extension
+        }
+
+for var in list(_VARS.keys()):
+    if '.' in var:
+        _VARS[var.replace('.', '_')] = _VARS[var]
+
+def default_environment():
+    """Return copy of default PEP 385 globals dictionary."""
+    return dict(_VARS)
+
+class ASTWhitelist(ast.NodeTransformer):
+    def __init__(self, statement):
+        self.statement = statement # for error messages
+
+    ALLOWED = (ast.Compare, ast.BoolOp, ast.Attribute, ast.Name, ast.Load, ast.Str)
+    # Bool operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.And, ast.Or)
+    # Comparison operations
+    ALLOWED += (ast.Eq, ast.Gt, ast.GtE, ast.In, ast.Is, ast.IsNot, ast.Lt, ast.LtE, ast.NotEq, ast.NotIn)
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        """Ensure statement only contains allowed nodes."""
+        if not isinstance(node, self.ALLOWED):
+            raise SyntaxError('Not allowed in environment markers.\n%s\n%s' %
+                               (self.statement,
+                               (' ' * node.col_offset) + '^'))
+        return ast.NodeTransformer.visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        """Flatten one level of attribute access."""
+        new_node = ast.Name("%s.%s" % (node.value.id, node.attr), node.ctx)
+        return ast.copy_location(new_node, node)
+
+def parse_marker(marker):
+    tree = ast.parse(marker, mode='eval')
+    new_tree = ASTWhitelist(marker).generic_visit(tree)
+    return new_tree
+
+def compile_marker(parsed_marker):
+    return _builtin_compile(parsed_marker, '<environment marker>', 'eval',
+                   dont_inherit=True)
+
+_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+def compile(marker):
+    """Return compiled marker as a function accepting an environment dict."""
+    try:
+        return _cache[marker]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    if not marker.strip():
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """"""
+            return True
+    else:
+        compiled_marker = compile_marker(parse_marker(marker))
+        def marker_fn(environment=None, override=None):
+            """override updates environment"""
+            if override is None:
+                override = {}
+            if environment is None:
+                environment = default_environment()
+            environment.update(override)
+            return eval(compiled_marker, environment)
+    marker_fn.__doc__ = marker
+    _cache[marker] = marker_fn
+    return _cache[marker]
+
+def interpret(marker, environment=None):
+    return compile(marker)(environment)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..724e220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""CacheControl import Interface.
+
+Make it easy to import from cachecontrol without long namespaces.
+"""
+__author__ = 'Eric Larson'
+__email__ = 'eric@ionrock.org'
+__version__ = '0.11.6'
+
+from .wrapper import CacheControl
+from .adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from .controller import CacheController
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afdcc88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import logging
+
+from pip._vendor import requests
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import DictCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import logger
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+
+def setup_logging():
+    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+def get_session():
+    adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+        DictCache(),
+        cache_etags=True,
+        serializer=None,
+        heuristic=None,
+    )
+    sess = requests.Session()
+    sess.mount('http://', adapter)
+    sess.mount('https://', adapter)
+
+    sess.cache_controller = adapter.controller
+    return sess
+
+
+def get_args():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('url', help='The URL to try and cache')
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def main(args=None):
+    args = get_args()
+    sess = get_session()
+
+    # Make a request to get a response
+    resp = sess.get(args.url)
+
+    # Turn on logging
+    setup_logging()
+
+    # try setting the cache
+    sess.cache_controller.cache_response(resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+    # Now try to get it
+    if sess.cache_controller.cached_request(resp.request):
+        print('Cached!')
+    else:
+        print('Not cached :(')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74589e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import functools
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .controller import CacheController
+from .cache import DictCache
+from .filewrapper import CallbackFileWrapper
+
+
+class CacheControlAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    invalidating_methods = set(['PUT', 'DELETE'])
+
+    def __init__(self, cache=None,
+                 cache_etags=True,
+                 controller_class=None,
+                 serializer=None,
+                 heuristic=None,
+                 *args, **kw):
+        super(CacheControlAdapter, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cache = cache or DictCache()
+        self.heuristic = heuristic
+
+        controller_factory = controller_class or CacheController
+        self.controller = controller_factory(
+            self.cache,
+            cache_etags=cache_etags,
+            serializer=serializer,
+        )
+
+    def send(self, request, **kw):
+        """
+        Send a request. Use the request information to see if it
+        exists in the cache and cache the response if we need to and can.
+        """
+        if request.method == 'GET':
+            cached_response = self.controller.cached_request(request)
+            if cached_response:
+                return self.build_response(request, cached_response,
+                                           from_cache=True)
+
+            # check for etags and add headers if appropriate
+            request.headers.update(
+                self.controller.conditional_headers(request)
+            )
+
+        resp = super(CacheControlAdapter, self).send(request, **kw)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def build_response(self, request, response, from_cache=False):
+        """
+        Build a response by making a request or using the cache.
+
+        This will end up calling send and returning a potentially
+        cached response
+        """
+        if not from_cache and request.method == 'GET':
+
+            # apply any expiration heuristics
+            if response.status == 304:
+                # We must have sent an ETag request. This could mean
+                # that we've been expired already or that we simply
+                # have an etag. In either case, we want to try and
+                # update the cache if that is the case.
+                cached_response = self.controller.update_cached_response(
+                    request, response
+                )
+
+                if cached_response is not response:
+                    from_cache = True
+
+                # We are done with the server response, read a
+                # possible response body (compliant servers will
+                # not return one, but we cannot be 100% sure) and
+                # release the connection back to the pool.
+                response.read(decode_content=False)
+                response.release_conn()
+
+                response = cached_response
+
+            # We always cache the 301 responses
+            elif response.status == 301:
+                self.controller.cache_response(request, response)
+            else:
+                # Check for any heuristics that might update headers
+                # before trying to cache.
+                if self.heuristic:
+                    response = self.heuristic.apply(response)
+
+                # Wrap the response file with a wrapper that will cache the
+                #   response when the stream has been consumed.
+                response._fp = CallbackFileWrapper(
+                    response._fp,
+                    functools.partial(
+                        self.controller.cache_response,
+                        request,
+                        response,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        resp = super(CacheControlAdapter, self).build_response(
+            request, response
+        )
+
+        # See if we should invalidate the cache.
+        if request.method in self.invalidating_methods and resp.ok:
+            cache_url = self.controller.cache_url(request.url)
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # Give the request a from_cache attr to let people use it
+        resp.from_cache = from_cache
+
+        return resp
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.cache.close()
+        super(CacheControlAdapter, self).close()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7389a73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""
+The cache object API for implementing caches. The default is a thread
+safe in-memory dictionary.
+"""
+from threading import Lock
+
+
+class BaseCache(object):
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        raise NotImplemented()
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        raise NotImplemented()
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        raise NotImplemented()
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class DictCache(BaseCache):
+
+    def __init__(self, init_dict=None):
+        self.lock = Lock()
+        self.data = init_dict or {}
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        return self.data.get(key, None)
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        with self.lock:
+            self.data.update({key: value})
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        with self.lock:
+            if key in self.data:
+                self.data.pop(key)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9e66a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+try:
+    from .file_cache import FileCache
+except ImportError:
+    notice = dedent('''
+    NOTE: In order to use the FileCache you must have
+    lockfile installed. You can install it via pip:
+      pip install lockfile
+    ''')
+    print(notice)
+
+
+try:
+    import redis
+    from .redis_cache import RedisCache
+except ImportError:
+    pass
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b77728f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import hashlib
+import os
+
+from pip._vendor.lockfile import LockFile
+from pip._vendor.lockfile.mkdirlockfile import MkdirLockFile
+
+from ..cache import BaseCache
+from ..controller import CacheController
+
+
+def _secure_open_write(filename, fmode):
+    # We only want to write to this file, so open it in write only mode
+    flags = os.O_WRONLY
+
+    # os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL will fail if the file already exists, so we only
+    #  will open *new* files.
+    # We specify this because we want to ensure that the mode we pass is the
+    # mode of the file.
+    flags |= os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL
+
+    # Do not follow symlinks to prevent someone from making a symlink that
+    # we follow and insecurely open a cache file.
+    if hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW"):
+        flags |= os.O_NOFOLLOW
+
+    # On Windows we'll mark this file as binary
+    if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"):
+        flags |= os.O_BINARY
+
+    # Before we open our file, we want to delete any existing file that is
+    # there
+    try:
+        os.remove(filename)
+    except (IOError, OSError):
+        # The file must not exist already, so we can just skip ahead to opening
+        pass
+
+    # Open our file, the use of os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL will ensure that if a
+    # race condition happens between the os.remove and this line, that an
+    # error will be raised. Because we utilize a lockfile this should only
+    # happen if someone is attempting to attack us.
+    fd = os.open(filename, flags, fmode)
+    try:
+        return os.fdopen(fd, "wb")
+    except:
+        # An error occurred wrapping our FD in a file object
+        os.close(fd)
+        raise
+
+
+class FileCache(BaseCache):
+    def __init__(self, directory, forever=False, filemode=0o0600,
+                 dirmode=0o0700, use_dir_lock=None, lock_class=None):
+
+        if use_dir_lock is not None and lock_class is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot use use_dir_lock and lock_class together")
+
+        if use_dir_lock:
+            lock_class = MkdirLockFile
+
+        if lock_class is None:
+            lock_class = LockFile
+
+        self.directory = directory
+        self.forever = forever
+        self.filemode = filemode
+        self.dirmode = dirmode
+        self.lock_class = lock_class
+
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def encode(x):
+        return hashlib.sha224(x.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    def _fn(self, name):
+        # NOTE: This method should not change as some may depend on it.
+        #       See: https://github.com/ionrock/cachecontrol/issues/63
+        hashed = self.encode(name)
+        parts = list(hashed[:5]) + [hashed]
+        return os.path.join(self.directory, *parts)
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        name = self._fn(key)
+        if not os.path.exists(name):
+            return None
+
+        with open(name, 'rb') as fh:
+            return fh.read()
+
+    def set(self, key, value):
+        name = self._fn(key)
+
+        # Make sure the directory exists
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(name), self.dirmode)
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            pass
+
+        with self.lock_class(name) as lock:
+            # Write our actual file
+            with _secure_open_write(lock.path, self.filemode) as fh:
+                fh.write(value)
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        name = self._fn(key)
+        if not self.forever:
+            os.remove(name)
+
+
+def url_to_file_path(url, filecache):
+    """Return the file cache path based on the URL.
+
+    This does not ensure the file exists!
+    """
+    key = CacheController.cache_url(url)
+    return filecache._fn(key)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f5d55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from __future__ import division
+
+from datetime import datetime
+
+
+def total_seconds(td):
+    """Python 2.6 compatability"""
+    if hasattr(td, 'total_seconds'):
+        return td.total_seconds()
+
+    ms = td.microseconds
+    secs = (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600)
+    return (ms + secs * 10**6) / 10**6
+
+
+class RedisCache(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, conn):
+        self.conn = conn
+
+    def get(self, key):
+        return self.conn.get(key)
+
+    def set(self, key, value, expires=None):
+        if not expires:
+            self.conn.set(key, value)
+        else:
+            expires = expires - datetime.now()
+            self.conn.setex(key, total_seconds(expires), value)
+
+    def delete(self, key):
+        self.conn.delete(key)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Helper for clearing all the keys in a database. Use with
+        caution!"""
+        for key in self.conn.keys():
+            self.conn.delete(key)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.conn.disconnect()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..018e6ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import urljoin
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import urljoin
+
+
+try:
+    import cPickle as pickle
+except ImportError:
+    import pickle
+
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages.urllib3.util import is_fp_closed
+
+# Replicate some six behaviour
+try:
+    text_type = (unicode,)
+except NameError:
+    text_type = (str,)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e591f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+"""
+The httplib2 algorithms ported for use with requests.
+"""
+import logging
+import re
+import calendar
+import time
+from email.utils import parsedate_tz
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .cache import DictCache
+from .serialize import Serializer
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+URI = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
+
+
+def parse_uri(uri):
+    """Parses a URI using the regex given in Appendix B of RFC 3986.
+
+        (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
+    """
+    groups = URI.match(uri).groups()
+    return (groups[1], groups[3], groups[4], groups[6], groups[8])
+
+
+class CacheController(object):
+    """An interface to see if request should cached or not.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, cache=None, cache_etags=True, serializer=None):
+        self.cache = cache or DictCache()
+        self.cache_etags = cache_etags
+        self.serializer = serializer or Serializer()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _urlnorm(cls, uri):
+        """Normalize the URL to create a safe key for the cache"""
+        (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
+        if not scheme or not authority:
+            raise Exception("Only absolute URIs are allowed. uri = %s" % uri)
+
+        scheme = scheme.lower()
+        authority = authority.lower()
+
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        # Could do syntax based normalization of the URI before
+        # computing the digest. See Section 6.2.2 of Std 66.
+        request_uri = query and "?".join([path, query]) or path
+        defrag_uri = scheme + "://" + authority + request_uri
+
+        return defrag_uri
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cache_url(cls, uri):
+        return cls._urlnorm(uri)
+
+    def parse_cache_control(self, headers):
+        """
+        Parse the cache control headers returning a dictionary with values
+        for the different directives.
+        """
+        retval = {}
+
+        cc_header = 'cache-control'
+        if 'Cache-Control' in headers:
+            cc_header = 'Cache-Control'
+
+        if cc_header in headers:
+            parts = headers[cc_header].split(',')
+            parts_with_args = [
+                tuple([x.strip().lower() for x in part.split("=", 1)])
+                for part in parts if -1 != part.find("=")
+            ]
+            parts_wo_args = [
+                (name.strip().lower(), 1)
+                for name in parts if -1 == name.find("=")
+            ]
+            retval = dict(parts_with_args + parts_wo_args)
+        return retval
+
+    def cached_request(self, request):
+        """
+        Return a cached response if it exists in the cache, otherwise
+        return False.
+        """
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        logger.debug('Looking up "%s" in the cache', cache_url)
+        cc = self.parse_cache_control(request.headers)
+
+        # Bail out if the request insists on fresh data
+        if 'no-cache' in cc:
+            logger.debug('Request header has "no-cache", cache bypassed')
+            return False
+
+        if 'max-age' in cc and cc['max-age'] == 0:
+            logger.debug('Request header has "max_age" as 0, cache bypassed')
+            return False
+
+        # Request allows serving from the cache, let's see if we find something
+        cache_data = self.cache.get(cache_url)
+        if cache_data is None:
+            logger.debug('No cache entry available')
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether it can be deserialized
+        resp = self.serializer.loads(request, cache_data)
+        if not resp:
+            logger.warning('Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored')
+            return False
+
+        # If we have a cached 301, return it immediately. We don't
+        # need to test our response for other headers b/c it is
+        # intrinsically "cacheable" as it is Permanent.
+        # See:
+        #   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.2
+        #
+        # Client can try to refresh the value by repeating the request
+        # with cache busting headers as usual (ie no-cache).
+        if resp.status == 301:
+            msg = ('Returning cached "301 Moved Permanently" response '
+                   '(ignoring date and etag information)')
+            logger.debug(msg)
+            return resp
+
+        headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(resp.headers)
+        if not headers or 'date' not in headers:
+            if 'etag' not in headers:
+                # Without date or etag, the cached response can never be used
+                # and should be deleted.
+                logger.debug('Purging cached response: no date or etag')
+                self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+            logger.debug('Ignoring cached response: no date')
+            return False
+
+        now = time.time()
+        date = calendar.timegm(
+            parsedate_tz(headers['date'])
+        )
+        current_age = max(0, now - date)
+        logger.debug('Current age based on date: %i', current_age)
+
+        # TODO: There is an assumption that the result will be a
+        #       urllib3 response object. This may not be best since we
+        #       could probably avoid instantiating or constructing the
+        #       response until we know we need it.
+        resp_cc = self.parse_cache_control(headers)
+
+        # determine freshness
+        freshness_lifetime = 0
+
+        # Check the max-age pragma in the cache control header
+        if 'max-age' in resp_cc and resp_cc['max-age'].isdigit():
+            freshness_lifetime = int(resp_cc['max-age'])
+            logger.debug('Freshness lifetime from max-age: %i',
+                         freshness_lifetime)
+
+        # If there isn't a max-age, check for an expires header
+        elif 'expires' in headers:
+            expires = parsedate_tz(headers['expires'])
+            if expires is not None:
+                expire_time = calendar.timegm(expires) - date
+                freshness_lifetime = max(0, expire_time)
+                logger.debug("Freshness lifetime from expires: %i",
+                             freshness_lifetime)
+
+        # Determine if we are setting freshness limit in the
+        # request. Note, this overrides what was in the response.
+        if 'max-age' in cc:
+            try:
+                freshness_lifetime = int(cc['max-age'])
+                logger.debug('Freshness lifetime from request max-age: %i',
+                             freshness_lifetime)
+            except ValueError:
+                freshness_lifetime = 0
+
+        if 'min-fresh' in cc:
+            try:
+                min_fresh = int(cc['min-fresh'])
+            except ValueError:
+                min_fresh = 0
+            # adjust our current age by our min fresh
+            current_age += min_fresh
+            logger.debug('Adjusted current age from min-fresh: %i',
+                         current_age)
+
+        # Return entry if it is fresh enough
+        if freshness_lifetime > current_age:
+            logger.debug('The response is "fresh", returning cached response')
+            logger.debug('%i > %i', freshness_lifetime, current_age)
+            return resp
+
+        # we're not fresh. If we don't have an Etag, clear it out
+        if 'etag' not in headers:
+            logger.debug(
+                'The cached response is "stale" with no etag, purging'
+            )
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # return the original handler
+        return False
+
+    def conditional_headers(self, request):
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        resp = self.serializer.loads(request, self.cache.get(cache_url))
+        new_headers = {}
+
+        if resp:
+            headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(resp.headers)
+
+            if 'etag' in headers:
+                new_headers['If-None-Match'] = headers['ETag']
+
+            if 'last-modified' in headers:
+                new_headers['If-Modified-Since'] = headers['Last-Modified']
+
+        return new_headers
+
+    def cache_response(self, request, response, body=None):
+        """
+        Algorithm for caching requests.
+
+        This assumes a requests Response object.
+        """
+        # From httplib2: Don't cache 206's since we aren't going to
+        #                handle byte range requests
+        cacheable_status_codes = [200, 203, 300, 301]
+        if response.status not in cacheable_status_codes:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Status code %s not in %s',
+                response.status,
+                cacheable_status_codes
+            )
+            return
+
+        response_headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(response.headers)
+
+        # If we've been given a body, our response has a Content-Length, that
+        # Content-Length is valid then we can check to see if the body we've
+        # been given matches the expected size, and if it doesn't we'll just
+        # skip trying to cache it.
+        if (body is not None and
+                "content-length" in response_headers and
+                response_headers["content-length"].isdigit() and
+                int(response_headers["content-length"]) != len(body)):
+            return
+
+        cc_req = self.parse_cache_control(request.headers)
+        cc = self.parse_cache_control(response_headers)
+
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        logger.debug('Updating cache with response from "%s"', cache_url)
+
+        # Delete it from the cache if we happen to have it stored there
+        no_store = False
+        if cc.get('no-store'):
+            no_store = True
+            logger.debug('Response header has "no-store"')
+        if cc_req.get('no-store'):
+            no_store = True
+            logger.debug('Request header has "no-store"')
+        if no_store and self.cache.get(cache_url):
+            logger.debug('Purging existing cache entry to honor "no-store"')
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # If we've been given an etag, then keep the response
+        if self.cache_etags and 'etag' in response_headers:
+            logger.debug('Caching due to etag')
+            self.cache.set(
+                cache_url,
+                self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body=body),
+            )
+
+        # Add to the cache any 301s. We do this before looking that
+        # the Date headers.
+        elif response.status == 301:
+            logger.debug('Caching permanant redirect')
+            self.cache.set(
+                cache_url,
+                self.serializer.dumps(request, response)
+            )
+
+        # Add to the cache if the response headers demand it. If there
+        # is no date header then we can't do anything about expiring
+        # the cache.
+        elif 'date' in response_headers:
+            # cache when there is a max-age > 0
+            if cc and cc.get('max-age'):
+                if int(cc['max-age']) > 0:
+                    logger.debug('Caching b/c date exists and max-age > 0')
+                    self.cache.set(
+                        cache_url,
+                        self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body=body),
+                    )
+
+            # If the request can expire, it means we should cache it
+            # in the meantime.
+            elif 'expires' in response_headers:
+                if response_headers['expires']:
+                    logger.debug('Caching b/c of expires header')
+                    self.cache.set(
+                        cache_url,
+                        self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body=body),
+                    )
+
+    def update_cached_response(self, request, response):
+        """On a 304 we will get a new set of headers that we want to
+        update our cached value with, assuming we have one.
+
+        This should only ever be called when we've sent an ETag and
+        gotten a 304 as the response.
+        """
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+
+        cached_response = self.serializer.loads(
+            request,
+            self.cache.get(cache_url)
+        )
+
+        if not cached_response:
+            # we didn't have a cached response
+            return response
+
+        # Lets update our headers with the headers from the new request:
+        # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p4-conditional-26#section-4.1
+        #
+        # The server isn't supposed to send headers that would make
+        # the cached body invalid. But... just in case, we'll be sure
+        # to strip out ones we know that might be problmatic due to
+        # typical assumptions.
+        excluded_headers = [
+            "content-length",
+        ]
+
+        cached_response.headers.update(
+            dict((k, v) for k, v in response.headers.items()
+                 if k.lower() not in excluded_headers)
+        )
+
+        # we want a 200 b/c we have content via the cache
+        cached_response.status = 200
+
+        # update our cache
+        self.cache.set(
+            cache_url,
+            self.serializer.dumps(request, cached_response),
+        )
+
+        return cached_response
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b91bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from io import BytesIO
+
+
+class CallbackFileWrapper(object):
+    """
+    Small wrapper around a fp object which will tee everything read into a
+    buffer, and when that file is closed it will execute a callback with the
+    contents of that buffer.
+
+    All attributes are proxied to the underlying file object.
+
+    This class uses members with a double underscore (__) leading prefix so as
+    not to accidentally shadow an attribute.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fp, callback):
+        self.__buf = BytesIO()
+        self.__fp = fp
+        self.__callback = callback
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        # The vaguaries of garbage collection means that self.__fp is
+        # not always set.  By using __getattribute__ and the private
+        # name[0] allows looking up the attribute value and raising an
+        # AttributeError when it doesn't exist. This stop thigns from
+        # infinitely recursing calls to getattr in the case where
+        # self.__fp hasn't been set.
+        #
+        # [0] https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers
+        fp = self.__getattribute__('_CallbackFileWrapper__fp')
+        return getattr(fp, name)
+
+    def __is_fp_closed(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__fp.fp is None
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return self.__fp.closed
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        # We just don't cache it then.
+        # TODO: Add some logging here...
+        return False
+
+    def read(self, amt=None):
+        data = self.__fp.read(amt)
+        self.__buf.write(data)
+
+        if self.__is_fp_closed():
+            if self.__callback:
+                self.__callback(self.__buf.getvalue())
+
+            # We assign this to None here, because otherwise we can get into
+            # really tricky problems where the CPython interpreter dead locks
+            # because the callback is holding a reference to something which
+            # has a __del__ method. Setting this to None breaks the cycle
+            # and allows the garbage collector to do it's thing normally.
+            self.__callback = None
+
+        return data
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94715a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import calendar
+import time
+
+from email.utils import formatdate, parsedate, parsedate_tz
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+TIME_FMT = "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+
+
+def expire_after(delta, date=None):
+    date = date or datetime.now()
+    return date + delta
+
+
+def datetime_to_header(dt):
+    return formatdate(calendar.timegm(dt.timetuple()))
+
+
+class BaseHeuristic(object):
+
+    def warning(self, response):
+        """
+        Return a valid 1xx warning header value describing the cache
+        adjustments.
+
+        The response is provided too allow warnings like 113
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.5.4 where we need
+        to explicitly say response is over 24 hours old.
+        """
+        return '110 - "Response is Stale"'
+
+    def update_headers(self, response):
+        """Update the response headers with any new headers.
+
+        NOTE: This SHOULD always include some Warning header to
+              signify that the response was cached by the client, not
+              by way of the provided headers.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def apply(self, response):
+        updated_headers = self.update_headers(response)
+
+        if updated_headers:
+            response.headers.update(updated_headers)
+            warning_header_value = self.warning(response)
+            if warning_header_value is not None:
+                response.headers.update({'Warning': warning_header_value})
+
+        return response
+
+
+class OneDayCache(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    Cache the response by providing an expires 1 day in the
+    future.
+    """
+    def update_headers(self, response):
+        headers = {}
+
+        if 'expires' not in response.headers:
+            date = parsedate(response.headers['date'])
+            expires = expire_after(timedelta(days=1),
+                                   date=datetime(*date[:6]))
+            headers['expires'] = datetime_to_header(expires)
+            headers['cache-control'] = 'public'
+        return headers
+
+
+class ExpiresAfter(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    Cache **all** requests for a defined time period.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        self.delta = timedelta(**kw)
+
+    def update_headers(self, response):
+        expires = expire_after(self.delta)
+        return {
+            'expires': datetime_to_header(expires),
+            'cache-control': 'public',
+        }
+
+    def warning(self, response):
+        tmpl = '110 - Automatically cached for %s. Response might be stale'
+        return tmpl % self.delta
+
+
+class LastModified(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    If there is no Expires header already, fall back on Last-Modified
+    using the heuristic from
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-4.2.2
+    to calculate a reasonable value.
+
+    Firefox also does something like this per
+    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching_FAQ
+    http://lxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-release/source/netwerk/protocol/http/nsHttpResponseHead.cpp#397
+    Unlike mozilla we limit this to 24-hr.
+    """
+    cacheable_by_default_statuses = set([
+        200, 203, 204, 206, 300, 301, 404, 405, 410, 414, 501
+    ])
+
+    def update_headers(self, resp):
+        headers = resp.headers
+
+        if 'expires' in headers:
+            return {}
+
+        if 'cache-control' in headers and headers['cache-control'] != 'public':
+            return {}
+
+        if resp.status not in self.cacheable_by_default_statuses:
+            return {}
+
+        if 'date' not in headers or 'last-modified' not in headers:
+            return {}
+
+        date = calendar.timegm(parsedate_tz(headers['date']))
+        last_modified = parsedate(headers['last-modified'])
+        if date is None or last_modified is None:
+            return {}
+
+        now = time.time()
+        current_age = max(0, now - date)
+        delta = date - calendar.timegm(last_modified)
+        freshness_lifetime = max(0, min(delta / 10, 24 * 3600))
+        if freshness_lifetime <= current_age:
+            return {}
+
+        expires = date + freshness_lifetime
+        return {'expires': time.strftime(TIME_FMT, time.gmtime(expires))}
+
+    def warning(self, resp):
+        return None
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffbfbf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import base64
+import io
+import json
+import zlib
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .compat import HTTPResponse, pickle, text_type
+
+
+def _b64_encode_bytes(b):
+    return base64.b64encode(b).decode("ascii")
+
+
+def _b64_encode_str(s):
+    return _b64_encode_bytes(s.encode("utf8"))
+
+
+def _b64_encode(s):
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return _b64_encode_str(s)
+    return _b64_encode_bytes(s)
+
+
+def _b64_decode_bytes(b):
+    return base64.b64decode(b.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+def _b64_decode_str(s):
+    return _b64_decode_bytes(s).decode("utf8")
+
+
+class Serializer(object):
+
+    def dumps(self, request, response, body=None):
+        response_headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(response.headers)
+
+        if body is None:
+            body = response.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            # NOTE: 99% sure this is dead code. I'm only leaving it
+            #       here b/c I don't have a test yet to prove
+            #       it. Basically, before using
+            #       `cachecontrol.filewrapper.CallbackFileWrapper`,
+            #       this made an effort to reset the file handle. The
+            #       `CallbackFileWrapper` short circuits this code by
+            #       setting the body as the content is consumed, the
+            #       result being a `body` argument is *always* passed
+            #       into cache_response, and in turn,
+            #       `Serializer.dump`.
+            response._fp = io.BytesIO(body)
+
+        data = {
+            "response": {
+                "body": _b64_encode_bytes(body),
+                "headers": dict(
+                    (_b64_encode(k), _b64_encode(v))
+                    for k, v in response.headers.items()
+                ),
+                "status": response.status,
+                "version": response.version,
+                "reason": _b64_encode_str(response.reason),
+                "strict": response.strict,
+                "decode_content": response.decode_content,
+            },
+        }
+
+        # Construct our vary headers
+        data["vary"] = {}
+        if "vary" in response_headers:
+            varied_headers = response_headers['vary'].split(',')
+            for header in varied_headers:
+                header = header.strip()
+                data["vary"][header] = request.headers.get(header, None)
+
+        # Encode our Vary headers to ensure they can be serialized as JSON
+        data["vary"] = dict(
+            (_b64_encode(k), _b64_encode(v) if v is not None else v)
+            for k, v in data["vary"].items()
+        )
+
+        return b",".join([
+            b"cc=2",
+            zlib.compress(
+                json.dumps(
+                    data, separators=(",", ":"), sort_keys=True,
+                ).encode("utf8"),
+            ),
+        ])
+
+    def loads(self, request, data):
+        # Short circuit if we've been given an empty set of data
+        if not data:
+            return
+
+        # Determine what version of the serializer the data was serialized
+        # with
+        try:
+            ver, data = data.split(b",", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            ver = b"cc=0"
+
+        # Make sure that our "ver" is actually a version and isn't a false
+        # positive from a , being in the data stream.
+        if ver[:3] != b"cc=":
+            data = ver + data
+            ver = b"cc=0"
+
+        # Get the version number out of the cc=N
+        ver = ver.split(b"=", 1)[-1].decode("ascii")
+
+        # Dispatch to the actual load method for the given version
+        try:
+            return getattr(self, "_loads_v{0}".format(ver))(request, data)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a version we don't have a loads function for, so we'll
+            # just treat it as a miss and return None
+            return
+
+    def prepare_response(self, request, cached):
+        """Verify our vary headers match and construct a real urllib3
+        HTTPResponse object.
+        """
+        # Special case the '*' Vary value as it means we cannot actually
+        # determine if the cached response is suitable for this request.
+        if "*" in cached.get("vary", {}):
+            return
+
+        # Ensure that the Vary headers for the cached response match our
+        # request
+        for header, value in cached.get("vary", {}).items():
+            if request.headers.get(header, None) != value:
+                return
+
+        body_raw = cached["response"].pop("body")
+
+        try:
+            body = io.BytesIO(body_raw)
+        except TypeError:
+            # This can happen if cachecontrol serialized to v1 format (pickle)
+            # using Python 2. A Python 2 str(byte string) will be unpickled as
+            # a Python 3 str (unicode string), which will cause the above to
+            # fail with:
+            #
+            #     TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
+            body = io.BytesIO(body_raw.encode('utf8'))
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            body=body,
+            preload_content=False,
+            **cached["response"]
+        )
+
+    def _loads_v0(self, request, data):
+        # The original legacy cache data. This doesn't contain enough
+        # information to construct everything we need, so we'll treat this as
+        # a miss.
+        return
+
+    def _loads_v1(self, request, data):
+        try:
+            cached = pickle.loads(data)
+        except ValueError:
+            return
+
+        return self.prepare_response(request, cached)
+
+    def _loads_v2(self, request, data):
+        try:
+            cached = json.loads(zlib.decompress(data).decode("utf8"))
+        except ValueError:
+            return
+
+        # We need to decode the items that we've base64 encoded
+        cached["response"]["body"] = _b64_decode_bytes(
+            cached["response"]["body"]
+        )
+        cached["response"]["headers"] = dict(
+            (_b64_decode_str(k), _b64_decode_str(v))
+            for k, v in cached["response"]["headers"].items()
+        )
+        cached["response"]["reason"] = _b64_decode_str(
+            cached["response"]["reason"],
+        )
+        cached["vary"] = dict(
+            (_b64_decode_str(k), _b64_decode_str(v) if v is not None else v)
+            for k, v in cached["vary"].items()
+        )
+
+        return self.prepare_response(request, cached)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea421aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from .adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from .cache import DictCache
+
+
+def CacheControl(sess,
+                 cache=None,
+                 cache_etags=True,
+                 serializer=None,
+                 heuristic=None):
+
+    cache = cache or DictCache()
+    adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+        cache,
+        cache_etags=cache_etags,
+        serializer=serializer,
+        heuristic=heuristic,
+    )
+    sess.mount('http://', adapter)
+    sess.mount('https://', adapter)
+
+    return sess
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fc3f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from .initialise import init, deinit, reinit, colorama_text
+from .ansi import Fore, Back, Style, Cursor
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+__version__ = '0.3.6'
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7877658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+'''
+This module generates ANSI character codes to printing colors to terminals.
+See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+'''
+
+CSI = '\033['
+OSC = '\033]'
+BEL = '\007'
+
+
+def code_to_chars(code):
+    return CSI + str(code) + 'm'
+
+def set_title(title):
+    return OSC + '2;' + title + BEL
+
+def clear_screen(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'J'
+
+def clear_line(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'K'
+
+
+class AnsiCodes(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        # the subclasses declare class attributes which are numbers.
+        # Upon instantiation we define instance attributes, which are the same
+        # as the class attributes but wrapped with the ANSI escape sequence
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if not name.startswith('_'):
+                value = getattr(self, name)
+                setattr(self, name, code_to_chars(value))
+
+
+class AnsiCursor(object):
+    def UP(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'A'
+    def DOWN(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'B'
+    def FORWARD(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'C'
+    def BACK(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'D'
+    def POS(self, x=1, y=1):
+        return CSI + str(y) + ';' + str(x) + 'H'
+
+
+class AnsiFore(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 30
+    RED             = 31
+    GREEN           = 32
+    YELLOW          = 33
+    BLUE            = 34
+    MAGENTA         = 35
+    CYAN            = 36
+    WHITE           = 37
+    RESET           = 39
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 90
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 91
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 92
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 93
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 94
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 95
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 96
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 97
+
+
+class AnsiBack(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 40
+    RED             = 41
+    GREEN           = 42
+    YELLOW          = 43
+    BLUE            = 44
+    MAGENTA         = 45
+    CYAN            = 46
+    WHITE           = 47
+    RESET           = 49
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 100
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 101
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 102
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 103
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 104
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 105
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 106
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 107
+
+
+class AnsiStyle(AnsiCodes):
+    BRIGHT    = 1
+    DIM       = 2
+    NORMAL    = 22
+    RESET_ALL = 0
+
+Fore   = AnsiFore()
+Back   = AnsiBack()
+Style  = AnsiStyle()
+Cursor = AnsiCursor()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a750d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import re
+import sys
+import os
+
+from .ansi import AnsiFore, AnsiBack, AnsiStyle, Style
+from .winterm import WinTerm, WinColor, WinStyle
+from .win32 import windll, winapi_test
+
+
+winterm = None
+if windll is not None:
+    winterm = WinTerm()
+
+
+def is_a_tty(stream):
+    return hasattr(stream, 'isatty') and stream.isatty()
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(object):
+    '''
+    Wraps a stream (such as stdout), acting as a transparent proxy for all
+    attribute access apart from method 'write()', which is delegated to our
+    Converter instance.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, converter):
+        # double-underscore everything to prevent clashes with names of
+        # attributes on the wrapped stream object.
+        self.__wrapped = wrapped
+        self.__convertor = converter
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__wrapped, name)
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        self.__convertor.write(text)
+
+
+class AnsiToWin32(object):
+    '''
+    Implements a 'write()' method which, on Windows, will strip ANSI character
+    sequences from the text, and if outputting to a tty, will convert them into
+    win32 function calls.
+    '''
+    ANSI_CSI_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\[((?:\d|;)*)([a-zA-Z])\002?')     # Control Sequence Introducer
+    ANSI_OSC_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\]((?:.|;)*?)(\x07)\002?')         # Operating System Command
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False):
+        # The wrapped stream (normally sys.stdout or sys.stderr)
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+        # should we reset colors to defaults after every .write()
+        self.autoreset = autoreset
+
+        # create the proxy wrapping our output stream
+        self.stream = StreamWrapper(wrapped, self)
+
+        on_windows = os.name == 'nt'
+        # We test if the WinAPI works, because even if we are on Windows
+        # we may be using a terminal that doesn't support the WinAPI
+        # (e.g. Cygwin Terminal). In this case it's up to the terminal
+        # to support the ANSI codes.
+        conversion_supported = on_windows and winapi_test()
+
+        # should we strip ANSI sequences from our output?
+        if strip is None:
+            strip = conversion_supported or (not wrapped.closed and not is_a_tty(wrapped))
+        self.strip = strip
+
+        # should we should convert ANSI sequences into win32 calls?
+        if convert is None:
+            convert = conversion_supported and not wrapped.closed and is_a_tty(wrapped)
+        self.convert = convert
+
+        # dict of ansi codes to win32 functions and parameters
+        self.win32_calls = self.get_win32_calls()
+
+        # are we wrapping stderr?
+        self.on_stderr = self.wrapped is sys.stderr
+
+    def should_wrap(self):
+        '''
+        True if this class is actually needed. If false, then the output
+        stream will not be affected, nor will win32 calls be issued, so
+        wrapping stdout is not actually required. This will generally be
+        False on non-Windows platforms, unless optional functionality like
+        autoreset has been requested using kwargs to init()
+        '''
+        return self.convert or self.strip or self.autoreset
+
+    def get_win32_calls(self):
+        if self.convert and winterm:
+            return {
+                AnsiStyle.RESET_ALL: (winterm.reset_all, ),
+                AnsiStyle.BRIGHT: (winterm.style, WinStyle.BRIGHT),
+                AnsiStyle.DIM: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiStyle.NORMAL: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiFore.BLACK: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiFore.RED: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiFore.GREEN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiFore.YELLOW: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiFore.BLUE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiFore.MAGENTA: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiFore.CYAN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiFore.WHITE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiFore.RESET: (winterm.fore, ),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY, True),
+                AnsiBack.BLACK: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiBack.RED: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiBack.GREEN: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiBack.YELLOW: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiBack.BLUE: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiBack.MAGENTA: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiBack.CYAN: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiBack.WHITE: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiBack.RESET: (winterm.back, ),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY, True),
+            }
+        return dict()
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        if self.strip or self.convert:
+            self.write_and_convert(text)
+        else:
+            self.wrapped.write(text)
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+        if self.autoreset:
+            self.reset_all()
+
+
+    def reset_all(self):
+        if self.convert:
+            self.call_win32('m', (0,))
+        elif not self.strip and not self.wrapped.closed:
+            self.wrapped.write(Style.RESET_ALL)
+
+
+    def write_and_convert(self, text):
+        '''
+        Write the given text to our wrapped stream, stripping any ANSI
+        sequences from the text, and optionally converting them into win32
+        calls.
+        '''
+        cursor = 0
+        text = self.convert_osc(text)
+        for match in self.ANSI_CSI_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, start)
+            self.convert_ansi(*match.groups())
+            cursor = end
+        self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, len(text))
+
+
+    def write_plain_text(self, text, start, end):
+        if start < end:
+            self.wrapped.write(text[start:end])
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+
+
+    def convert_ansi(self, paramstring, command):
+        if self.convert:
+            params = self.extract_params(command, paramstring)
+            self.call_win32(command, params)
+
+
+    def extract_params(self, command, paramstring):
+        if command in 'Hf':
+            params = tuple(int(p) if len(p) != 0 else 1 for p in paramstring.split(';'))
+            while len(params) < 2:
+                # defaults:
+                params = params + (1,)
+        else:
+            params = tuple(int(p) for p in paramstring.split(';') if len(p) != 0)
+            if len(params) == 0:
+                # defaults:
+                if command in 'JKm':
+                    params = (0,)
+                elif command in 'ABCD':
+                    params = (1,)
+
+        return params
+
+
+    def call_win32(self, command, params):
+        if command == 'm':
+            for param in params:
+                if param in self.win32_calls:
+                    func_args = self.win32_calls[param]
+                    func = func_args[0]
+                    args = func_args[1:]
+                    kwargs = dict(on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+                    func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elif command in 'J':
+            winterm.erase_screen(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'K':
+            winterm.erase_line(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'Hf':     # cursor position - absolute
+            winterm.set_cursor_position(params, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'ABCD':   # cursor position - relative
+            n = params[0]
+            # A - up, B - down, C - forward, D - back
+            x, y = {'A': (0, -n), 'B': (0, n), 'C': (n, 0), 'D': (-n, 0)}[command]
+            winterm.cursor_adjust(x, y, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+
+
+    def convert_osc(self, text):
+        for match in self.ANSI_OSC_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            text = text[:start] + text[end:]
+            paramstring, command = match.groups()
+            if command in '\x07':       # \x07 = BEL
+                params = paramstring.split(";")
+                # 0 - change title and icon (we will only change title)
+                # 1 - change icon (we don't support this)
+                # 2 - change title
+                if params[0] in '02':
+                    winterm.set_title(params[1])
+        return text
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bce9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import atexit
+import contextlib
+import sys
+
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+
+orig_stdout = None
+orig_stderr = None
+
+wrapped_stdout = None
+wrapped_stderr = None
+
+atexit_done = False
+
+
+def reset_all():
+    AnsiToWin32(orig_stdout).reset_all()
+
+
+def init(autoreset=False, convert=None, strip=None, wrap=True):
+
+    if not wrap and any([autoreset, convert, strip]):
+        raise ValueError('wrap=False conflicts with any other arg=True')
+
+    global wrapped_stdout, wrapped_stderr
+    global orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+
+    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+    orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+    if sys.stdout is None:
+        wrapped_stdout = None
+    else:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stdout, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+    if sys.stderr is None:
+        wrapped_stderr = None
+    else:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stderr, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+
+    global atexit_done
+    if not atexit_done:
+        atexit.register(reset_all)
+        atexit_done = True
+
+
+def deinit():
+    if orig_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+    if orig_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def colorama_text(*args, **kwargs):
+    init(*args, **kwargs)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        deinit()
+
+
+def reinit():
+    if wrapped_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout
+    if wrapped_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr
+
+
+def wrap_stream(stream, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap):
+    if wrap:
+        wrapper = AnsiToWin32(stream,
+            convert=convert, strip=strip, autoreset=autoreset)
+        if wrapper.should_wrap():
+            stream = wrapper.stream
+    return stream
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d1d2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+
+# from winbase.h
+STDOUT = -11
+STDERR = -12
+
+try:
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import LibraryLoader
+    windll = LibraryLoader(ctypes.WinDLL)
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+    windll = None
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute = lambda *_: None
+    winapi_test = lambda *_: None
+else:
+    from ctypes import byref, Structure, c_char, POINTER
+
+    COORD = wintypes._COORD
+
+    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
+        """struct in wincon.h."""
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("dwSize", COORD),
+            ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
+            ("wAttributes", wintypes.WORD),
+            ("srWindow", wintypes.SMALL_RECT),
+            ("dwMaximumWindowSize", COORD),
+        ]
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)' % (
+                self.dwSize.Y, self.dwSize.X
+                , self.dwCursorPosition.Y, self.dwCursorPosition.X
+                , self.wAttributes
+                , self.srWindow.Top, self.srWindow.Left, self.srWindow.Bottom, self.srWindow.Right
+                , self.dwMaximumWindowSize.Y, self.dwMaximumWindowSize.X
+            )
+
+    _GetStdHandle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+    _GetStdHandle.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+    ]
+    _GetStdHandle.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO),
+    ]
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTextAttribute
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorPosition
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        COORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputCharacterA
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        c_char,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTitleW = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleA
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.LPCSTR
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    handles = {
+        STDOUT: _GetStdHandle(STDOUT),
+        STDERR: _GetStdHandle(STDERR),
+    }
+
+    def winapi_test():
+        handle = handles[STDOUT]
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return bool(success)
+
+    def GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(stream_id=STDOUT):
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return csbi
+
+    def SetConsoleTextAttribute(stream_id, attrs):
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        return _SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def SetConsoleCursorPosition(stream_id, position, adjust=True):
+        position = COORD(*position)
+        # If the position is out of range, do nothing.
+        if position.Y <= 0 or position.X <= 0:
+            return
+        # Adjust for Windows' SetConsoleCursorPosition:
+        #    1. being 0-based, while ANSI is 1-based.
+        #    2. expecting (x,y), while ANSI uses (y,x).
+        adjusted_position = COORD(position.Y - 1, position.X - 1)
+        if adjust:
+            # Adjust for viewport's scroll position
+            sr = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(STDOUT).srWindow
+            adjusted_position.Y += sr.Top
+            adjusted_position.X += sr.Left
+        # Resume normal processing
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        return _SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position)
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputCharacter(stream_id, char, length, start):
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        char = c_char(char.encode())
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        success = _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA(
+            handle, char, length, start, byref(num_written))
+        return num_written.value
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputAttribute(stream_id, attr, length, start):
+        ''' FillConsoleOutputAttribute( hConsole, csbi.wAttributes, dwConSize, coordScreen, &cCharsWritten )'''
+        handle = handles[stream_id]
+        attribute = wintypes.WORD(attr)
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        return _FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            handle, attribute, length, start, byref(num_written))
+
+    def SetConsoleTitle(title):
+        return _SetConsoleTitleW(title)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60309d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from . import win32
+
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinColor(object):
+    BLACK   = 0
+    BLUE    = 1
+    GREEN   = 2
+    CYAN    = 3
+    RED     = 4
+    MAGENTA = 5
+    YELLOW  = 6
+    GREY    = 7
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinStyle(object):
+    NORMAL              = 0x00 # dim text, dim background
+    BRIGHT              = 0x08 # bright text, dim background
+    BRIGHT_BACKGROUND   = 0x80 # dim text, bright background
+
+class WinTerm(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._default = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(win32.STDOUT).wAttributes
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self._default_fore = self._fore
+        self._default_back = self._back
+        self._default_style = self._style
+        # In order to emulate LIGHT_EX in windows, we borrow the BRIGHT style.
+        # So that LIGHT_EX colors and BRIGHT style do not clobber each other,
+        # we track them separately, since LIGHT_EX is overwritten by Fore/Back
+        # and BRIGHT is overwritten by Style codes.
+        self._light = 0
+
+    def get_attrs(self):
+        return self._fore + self._back * 16 + (self._style | self._light)
+
+    def set_attrs(self, value):
+        self._fore = value & 7
+        self._back = (value >> 4) & 7
+        self._style = value & (WinStyle.BRIGHT | WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND)
+
+    def reset_all(self, on_stderr=None):
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self.set_console(attrs=self._default)
+
+    def fore(self, fore=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if fore is None:
+            fore = self._default_fore
+        self._fore = fore
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def back(self, back=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if back is None:
+            back = self._default_back
+        self._back = back
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT_BACKGROUND Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def style(self, style=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self._default_style
+        self._style = style
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def set_console(self, attrs=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if attrs is None:
+            attrs = self.get_attrs()
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def get_position(self, handle):
+        position = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle).dwCursorPosition
+        # Because Windows coordinates are 0-based,
+        # and win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition expects 1-based.
+        position.X += 1
+        position.Y += 1
+        return position
+
+    def set_cursor_position(self, position=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if position is None:
+            # I'm not currently tracking the position, so there is no default.
+            # position = self.get_position()
+            return
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, position)
+
+    def cursor_adjust(self, x, y, on_stderr=False):
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        position = self.get_position(handle)
+        adjusted_position = (position.Y + y, position.X + x)
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position, adjust=False)
+
+    def erase_screen(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the screen.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the screen.
+        # 2 should clear the entire screen, and move cursor to (1,1)
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        # get the number of character cells in the current buffer
+        cells_in_screen = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y
+        # get number of character cells before current cursor position
+        cells_before_cursor = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y + csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen - cells_before_cursor
+        if mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_before_cursor
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        if mode == 2:
+            # put the cursor where needed
+            win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, (1, 1))
+
+    def erase_line(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the line.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
+        # 2 should clear the entire line.
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X - csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        if mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+
+    def set_title(self, title):
+        win32.SetConsoleTitle(title)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20a4e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import logging
+
+__version__ = '0.2.1'
+
+class DistlibException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+try:
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def handle(self, record): pass
+        def emit(self, record): pass
+        def createLock(self): self.lock = None
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger.addHandler(NullHandler())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7dbf4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+"""Modules copied from Python 3 standard libraries, for internal use only.
+
+Individual classes and functions are found in d2._backport.misc.  Intended
+usage is to always import things missing from 3.1 from that module: the
+built-in/stdlib objects will be used if found.
+"""
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfb318d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Backports for individual classes and functions."""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ['cache_from_source', 'callable', 'fsencode']
+
+
+try:
+    from imp import cache_from_source
+except ImportError:
+    def cache_from_source(py_file, debug=__debug__):
+        ext = debug and 'c' or 'o'
+        return py_file + ext
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    from collections import Callable
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, Callable)
+
+
+try:
+    fsencode = os.fsencode
+except AttributeError:
+    def fsencode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, str):
+            return filename.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e2e234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/shutil.py
@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Utility functions for copying and archiving files and directory trees.
+
+XXX The functions here don't copy the resource fork or other metadata on Mac.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import stat
+from os.path import abspath
+import fnmatch
+import collections
+import errno
+from . import tarfile
+
+try:
+    import bz2
+    _BZ2_SUPPORTED = True
+except ImportError:
+    _BZ2_SUPPORTED = False
+
+try:
+    from pwd import getpwnam
+except ImportError:
+    getpwnam = None
+
+try:
+    from grp import getgrnam
+except ImportError:
+    getgrnam = None
+
+__all__ = ["copyfileobj", "copyfile", "copymode", "copystat", "copy", "copy2",
+           "copytree", "move", "rmtree", "Error", "SpecialFileError",
+           "ExecError", "make_archive", "get_archive_formats",
+           "register_archive_format", "unregister_archive_format",
+           "get_unpack_formats", "register_unpack_format",
+           "unregister_unpack_format", "unpack_archive", "ignore_patterns"]
+
+class Error(EnvironmentError):
+    pass
+
+class SpecialFileError(EnvironmentError):
+    """Raised when trying to do a kind of operation (e.g. copying) which is
+    not supported on a special file (e.g. a named pipe)"""
+
+class ExecError(EnvironmentError):
+    """Raised when a command could not be executed"""
+
+class ReadError(EnvironmentError):
+    """Raised when an archive cannot be read"""
+
+class RegistryError(Exception):
+    """Raised when a registery operation with the archiving
+    and unpacking registeries fails"""
+
+
+try:
+    WindowsError
+except NameError:
+    WindowsError = None
+
+def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
+    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
+    while 1:
+        buf = fsrc.read(length)
+        if not buf:
+            break
+        fdst.write(buf)
+
+def _samefile(src, dst):
+    # Macintosh, Unix.
+    if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
+        try:
+            return os.path.samefile(src, dst)
+        except OSError:
+            return False
+
+    # All other platforms: check for same pathname.
+    return (os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(src)) ==
+            os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(dst)))
+
+def copyfile(src, dst):
+    """Copy data from src to dst"""
+    if _samefile(src, dst):
+        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))
+
+    for fn in [src, dst]:
+        try:
+            st = os.stat(fn)
+        except OSError:
+            # File most likely does not exist
+            pass
+        else:
+            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
+            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
+                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)
+
+    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
+        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
+            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
+
+def copymode(src, dst):
+    """Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
+    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+        st = os.stat(src)
+        mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
+        os.chmod(dst, mode)
+
+def copystat(src, dst):
+    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
+    st = os.stat(src)
+    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
+    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
+        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
+    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+        os.chmod(dst, mode)
+    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
+        try:
+            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
+        except OSError as why:
+            if (not hasattr(errno, 'EOPNOTSUPP') or
+                why.errno != errno.EOPNOTSUPP):
+                raise
+
+def copy(src, dst):
+    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").
+
+    The destination may be a directory.
+
+    """
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+    copyfile(src, dst)
+    copymode(src, dst)
+
+def copy2(src, dst):
+    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").
+
+    The destination may be a directory.
+
+    """
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+    copyfile(src, dst)
+    copystat(src, dst)
+
+def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
+    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.
+
+    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
+    that are used to exclude files"""
+    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
+        ignored_names = []
+        for pattern in patterns:
+            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
+        return set(ignored_names)
+    return _ignore_patterns
+
+def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
+             ignore_dangling_symlinks=False):
+    """Recursively copy a directory tree.
+
+    The destination directory must not already exist.
+    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
+
+    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
+    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
+    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
+    links are copied. If the file pointed by the symlink doesn't
+    exist, an exception will be added in the list of errors raised in
+    an Error exception at the end of the copy process.
+
+    You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you
+    want to silence this exception. Notice that this has no effect on
+    platforms that don't support os.symlink.
+
+    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
+    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
+    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
+    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():
+
+        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names
+
+    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
+    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
+    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
+    not be copied.
+
+    The optional copy_function argument is a callable that will be used
+    to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the
+    destination path as arguments. By default, copy2() is used, but any
+    function that supports the same signature (like copy()) can be used.
+
+    """
+    names = os.listdir(src)
+    if ignore is not None:
+        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
+    else:
+        ignored_names = set()
+
+    os.makedirs(dst)
+    errors = []
+    for name in names:
+        if name in ignored_names:
+            continue
+        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
+        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
+        try:
+            if os.path.islink(srcname):
+                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
+                if symlinks:
+                    os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
+                else:
+                    # ignore dangling symlink if the flag is on
+                    if not os.path.exists(linkto) and ignore_dangling_symlinks:
+                        continue
+                    # otherwise let the copy occurs. copy2 will raise an error
+                    copy_function(srcname, dstname)
+            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
+                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore, copy_function)
+            else:
+                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
+                copy_function(srcname, dstname)
+        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
+        # continue with other files
+        except Error as err:
+            errors.extend(err.args[0])
+        except EnvironmentError as why:
+            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
+    try:
+        copystat(src, dst)
+    except OSError as why:
+        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
+            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
+            pass
+        else:
+            errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
+    if errors:
+        raise Error(errors)
+
+def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
+    """Recursively delete a directory tree.
+
+    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
+    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
+    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
+    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
+    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
+    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
+
+    """
+    if ignore_errors:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            pass
+    elif onerror is None:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            raise
+    try:
+        if os.path.islink(path):
+            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
+            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
+    except OSError:
+        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
+        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns
+        return
+    names = []
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    for name in names:
+        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
+        try:
+            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
+        except os.error:
+            mode = 0
+        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
+        else:
+            try:
+                os.remove(fullname)
+            except os.error:
+                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+
+
+def _basename(path):
+    # A basename() variant which first strips the trailing slash, if present.
+    # Thus we always get the last component of the path, even for directories.
+    return os.path.basename(path.rstrip(os.path.sep))
+
+def move(src, dst):
+    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
+    similar to the Unix "mv" command.
+
+    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
+    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
+    exist.
+
+    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
+    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
+
+    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
+    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
+    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
+    the issues this implementation glosses over.
+
+    """
+    real_dst = dst
+    if os.path.isdir(dst):
+        if _samefile(src, dst):
+            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
+            # perform the rename anyway.
+            os.rename(src, dst)
+            return
+
+        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
+        if os.path.exists(real_dst):
+            raise Error("Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst)
+    try:
+        os.rename(src, real_dst)
+    except OSError:
+        if os.path.isdir(src):
+            if _destinsrc(src, dst):
+                raise Error("Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst))
+            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
+            rmtree(src)
+        else:
+            copy2(src, real_dst)
+            os.unlink(src)
+
+def _destinsrc(src, dst):
+    src = abspath(src)
+    dst = abspath(dst)
+    if not src.endswith(os.path.sep):
+        src += os.path.sep
+    if not dst.endswith(os.path.sep):
+        dst += os.path.sep
+    return dst.startswith(src)
+
+def _get_gid(name):
+    """Returns a gid, given a group name."""
+    if getgrnam is None or name is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = getgrnam(name)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = None
+    if result is not None:
+        return result[2]
+    return None
+
+def _get_uid(name):
+    """Returns an uid, given a user name."""
+    if getpwnam is None or name is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        result = getpwnam(name)
+    except KeyError:
+        result = None
+    if result is not None:
+        return result[2]
+    return None
+
+def _make_tarball(base_name, base_dir, compress="gzip", verbose=0, dry_run=0,
+                  owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
+    """Create a (possibly compressed) tar file from all the files under
+    'base_dir'.
+
+    'compress' must be "gzip" (the default), "bzip2", or None.
+
+    'owner' and 'group' can be used to define an owner and a group for the
+    archive that is being built. If not provided, the current owner and group
+    will be used.
+
+    The output tar file will be named 'base_name' +  ".tar", possibly plus
+    the appropriate compression extension (".gz", or ".bz2").
+
+    Returns the output filename.
+    """
+    tar_compression = {'gzip': 'gz', None: ''}
+    compress_ext = {'gzip': '.gz'}
+
+    if _BZ2_SUPPORTED:
+        tar_compression['bzip2'] = 'bz2'
+        compress_ext['bzip2'] = '.bz2'
+
+    # flags for compression program, each element of list will be an argument
+    if compress is not None and compress not in compress_ext:
+        raise ValueError("bad value for 'compress', or compression format not "
+                         "supported : {0}".format(compress))
+
+    archive_name = base_name + '.tar' + compress_ext.get(compress, '')
+    archive_dir = os.path.dirname(archive_name)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(archive_dir):
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.info("creating %s", archive_dir)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.makedirs(archive_dir)
+
+    # creating the tarball
+    if logger is not None:
+        logger.info('Creating tar archive')
+
+    uid = _get_uid(owner)
+    gid = _get_gid(group)
+
+    def _set_uid_gid(tarinfo):
+        if gid is not None:
+            tarinfo.gid = gid
+            tarinfo.gname = group
+        if uid is not None:
+            tarinfo.uid = uid
+            tarinfo.uname = owner
+        return tarinfo
+
+    if not dry_run:
+        tar = tarfile.open(archive_name, 'w|%s' % tar_compression[compress])
+        try:
+            tar.add(base_dir, filter=_set_uid_gid)
+        finally:
+            tar.close()
+
+    return archive_name
+
+def _call_external_zip(base_dir, zip_filename, verbose=False, dry_run=False):
+    # XXX see if we want to keep an external call here
+    if verbose:
+        zipoptions = "-r"
+    else:
+        zipoptions = "-rq"
+    from distutils.errors import DistutilsExecError
+    from distutils.spawn import spawn
+    try:
+        spawn(["zip", zipoptions, zip_filename, base_dir], dry_run=dry_run)
+    except DistutilsExecError:
+        # XXX really should distinguish between "couldn't find
+        # external 'zip' command" and "zip failed".
+        raise ExecError("unable to create zip file '%s': "
+            "could neither import the 'zipfile' module nor "
+            "find a standalone zip utility") % zip_filename
+
+def _make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, logger=None):
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.
+
+    The output zip file will be named 'base_name' + ".zip".  Uses either the
+    "zipfile" Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility
+    (if installed and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is
+    available, raises ExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip
+    file.
+    """
+    zip_filename = base_name + ".zip"
+    archive_dir = os.path.dirname(base_name)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(archive_dir):
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.info("creating %s", archive_dir)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.makedirs(archive_dir)
+
+    # If zipfile module is not available, try spawning an external 'zip'
+    # command.
+    try:
+        import zipfile
+    except ImportError:
+        zipfile = None
+
+    if zipfile is None:
+        _call_external_zip(base_dir, zip_filename, verbose, dry_run)
+    else:
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it",
+                        zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+        if not dry_run:
+            zip = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, "w",
+                                  compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+
+            for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
+                for name in filenames:
+                    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
+                    if os.path.isfile(path):
+                        zip.write(path, path)
+                        if logger is not None:
+                            logger.info("adding '%s'", path)
+            zip.close()
+
+    return zip_filename
+
+_ARCHIVE_FORMATS = {
+    'gztar': (_make_tarball, [('compress', 'gzip')], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
+    'bztar': (_make_tarball, [('compress', 'bzip2')], "bzip2'ed tar-file"),
+    'tar':   (_make_tarball, [('compress', None)], "uncompressed tar file"),
+    'zip':   (_make_zipfile, [], "ZIP file"),
+    }
+
+if _BZ2_SUPPORTED:
+    _ARCHIVE_FORMATS['bztar'] = (_make_tarball, [('compress', 'bzip2')],
+                                "bzip2'ed tar-file")
+
+def get_archive_formats():
+    """Returns a list of supported formats for archiving and unarchiving.
+
+    Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description)
+    """
+    formats = [(name, registry[2]) for name, registry in
+               _ARCHIVE_FORMATS.items()]
+    formats.sort()
+    return formats
+
+def register_archive_format(name, function, extra_args=None, description=''):
+    """Registers an archive format.
+
+    name is the name of the format. function is the callable that will be
+    used to create archives. If provided, extra_args is a sequence of
+    (name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
+    description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
+    by the get_archive_formats() function.
+    """
+    if extra_args is None:
+        extra_args = []
+    if not isinstance(function, collections.Callable):
+        raise TypeError('The %s object is not callable' % function)
+    if not isinstance(extra_args, (tuple, list)):
+        raise TypeError('extra_args needs to be a sequence')
+    for element in extra_args:
+        if not isinstance(element, (tuple, list)) or len(element) !=2:
+            raise TypeError('extra_args elements are : (arg_name, value)')
+
+    _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[name] = (function, extra_args, description)
+
+def unregister_archive_format(name):
+    del _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[name]
+
+def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
+                 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
+    """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).
+
+    'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
+    extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
+    or "gztar".
+
+    'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
+    archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
+    archive.  'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
+    ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
+    directories in the archive.  'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
+    to the current directory.  Returns the name of the archive file.
+
+    'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
+    uses the current owner and group.
+    """
+    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
+    if root_dir is not None:
+        if logger is not None:
+            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
+        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
+        if not dry_run:
+            os.chdir(root_dir)
+
+    if base_dir is None:
+        base_dir = os.curdir
+
+    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
+
+    try:
+        format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError("unknown archive format '%s'" % format)
+
+    func = format_info[0]
+    for arg, val in format_info[1]:
+        kwargs[arg] = val
+
+    if format != 'zip':
+        kwargs['owner'] = owner
+        kwargs['group'] = group
+
+    try:
+        filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
+    finally:
+        if root_dir is not None:
+            if logger is not None:
+                logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
+            os.chdir(save_cwd)
+
+    return filename
+
+
+def get_unpack_formats():
+    """Returns a list of supported formats for unpacking.
+
+    Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
+    (name, extensions, description)
+    """
+    formats = [(name, info[0], info[3]) for name, info in
+               _UNPACK_FORMATS.items()]
+    formats.sort()
+    return formats
+
+def _check_unpack_options(extensions, function, extra_args):
+    """Checks what gets registered as an unpacker."""
+    # first make sure no other unpacker is registered for this extension
+    existing_extensions = {}
+    for name, info in _UNPACK_FORMATS.items():
+        for ext in info[0]:
+            existing_extensions[ext] = name
+
+    for extension in extensions:
+        if extension in existing_extensions:
+            msg = '%s is already registered for "%s"'
+            raise RegistryError(msg % (extension,
+                                       existing_extensions[extension]))
+
+    if not isinstance(function, collections.Callable):
+        raise TypeError('The registered function must be a callable')
+
+
+def register_unpack_format(name, extensions, function, extra_args=None,
+                           description=''):
+    """Registers an unpack format.
+
+    `name` is the name of the format. `extensions` is a list of extensions
+    corresponding to the format.
+
+    `function` is the callable that will be
+    used to unpack archives. The callable will receive archives to unpack.
+    If it's unable to handle an archive, it needs to raise a ReadError
+    exception.
+
+    If provided, `extra_args` is a sequence of
+    (name, value) tuples that will be passed as arguments to the callable.
+    description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
+    by the get_unpack_formats() function.
+    """
+    if extra_args is None:
+        extra_args = []
+    _check_unpack_options(extensions, function, extra_args)
+    _UNPACK_FORMATS[name] = extensions, function, extra_args, description
+
+def unregister_unpack_format(name):
+    """Removes the pack format from the registery."""
+    del _UNPACK_FORMATS[name]
+
+def _ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+def _unpack_zipfile(filename, extract_dir):
+    """Unpack zip `filename` to `extract_dir`
+    """
+    try:
+        import zipfile
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ReadError('zlib not supported, cannot unpack this archive.')
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(filename):
+        raise ReadError("%s is not a zip file" % filename)
+
+    zip = zipfile.ZipFile(filename)
+    try:
+        for info in zip.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if name.startswith('/') or '..' in name:
+                continue
+
+            target = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+            if not target:
+                continue
+
+            _ensure_directory(target)
+            if not name.endswith('/'):
+                # file
+                data = zip.read(info.filename)
+                f = open(target, 'wb')
+                try:
+                    f.write(data)
+                finally:
+                    f.close()
+                    del data
+    finally:
+        zip.close()
+
+def _unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir):
+    """Unpack tar/tar.gz/tar.bz2 `filename` to `extract_dir`
+    """
+    try:
+        tarobj = tarfile.open(filename)
+    except tarfile.TarError:
+        raise ReadError(
+            "%s is not a compressed or uncompressed tar file" % filename)
+    try:
+        tarobj.extractall(extract_dir)
+    finally:
+        tarobj.close()
+
+_UNPACK_FORMATS = {
+    'gztar': (['.tar.gz', '.tgz'], _unpack_tarfile, [], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
+    'tar':   (['.tar'], _unpack_tarfile, [], "uncompressed tar file"),
+    'zip':   (['.zip'], _unpack_zipfile, [], "ZIP file")
+    }
+
+if _BZ2_SUPPORTED:
+    _UNPACK_FORMATS['bztar'] = (['.bz2'], _unpack_tarfile, [],
+                                "bzip2'ed tar-file")
+
+def _find_unpack_format(filename):
+    for name, info in _UNPACK_FORMATS.items():
+        for extension in info[0]:
+            if filename.endswith(extension):
+                return name
+    return None
+
+def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
+    """Unpack an archive.
+
+    `filename` is the name of the archive.
+
+    `extract_dir` is the name of the target directory, where the archive
+    is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.
+
+    `format` is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", or "gztar". Or any
+    other registered format. If not provided, unpack_archive will use the
+    filename extension and see if an unpacker was registered for that
+    extension.
+
+    In case none is found, a ValueError is raised.
+    """
+    if extract_dir is None:
+        extract_dir = os.getcwd()
+
+    if format is not None:
+        try:
+            format_info = _UNPACK_FORMATS[format]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown unpack format '{0}'".format(format))
+
+        func = format_info[1]
+        func(filename, extract_dir, **dict(format_info[2]))
+    else:
+        # we need to look at the registered unpackers supported extensions
+        format = _find_unpack_format(filename)
+        if format is None:
+            raise ReadError("Unknown archive format '{0}'".format(filename))
+
+        func = _UNPACK_FORMATS[format][1]
+        kwargs = dict(_UNPACK_FORMATS[format][2])
+        func(filename, extract_dir, **kwargs)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1746bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+[posix_prefix]
+# Configuration directories.  Some of these come straight out of the
+# configure script.  They are for implementing the other variables, not to
+# be used directly in [resource_locations].
+confdir = /etc
+datadir = /usr/share
+libdir = /usr/lib
+statedir = /var
+# User resource directory
+local = ~/.local/{distribution.name}
+
+stdlib = {base}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+platstdlib = {platbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+purelib = {base}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+platlib = {platbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+include = {base}/include/python{py_version_short}{abiflags}
+platinclude = {platbase}/include/python{py_version_short}{abiflags}
+data = {base}
+
+[posix_home]
+stdlib = {base}/lib/python
+platstdlib = {base}/lib/python
+purelib = {base}/lib/python
+platlib = {base}/lib/python
+include = {base}/include/python
+platinclude = {base}/include/python
+scripts = {base}/bin
+data = {base}
+
+[nt]
+stdlib = {base}/Lib
+platstdlib = {base}/Lib
+purelib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+platlib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+include = {base}/Include
+platinclude = {base}/Include
+scripts = {base}/Scripts
+data = {base}
+
+[os2]
+stdlib = {base}/Lib
+platstdlib = {base}/Lib
+purelib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+platlib = {base}/Lib/site-packages
+include = {base}/Include
+platinclude = {base}/Include
+scripts = {base}/Scripts
+data = {base}
+
+[os2_home]
+stdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+platstdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+purelib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/include/python{py_version_short}
+scripts = {userbase}/bin
+data = {userbase}
+
+[nt_user]
+stdlib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}
+platstdlib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}
+purelib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/Python{py_version_nodot}/Include
+scripts = {userbase}/Scripts
+data = {userbase}
+
+[posix_user]
+stdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+platstdlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}
+purelib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/lib/python{py_version_short}/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/include/python{py_version_short}
+scripts = {userbase}/bin
+data = {userbase}
+
+[osx_framework_user]
+stdlib = {userbase}/lib/python
+platstdlib = {userbase}/lib/python
+purelib = {userbase}/lib/python/site-packages
+platlib = {userbase}/lib/python/site-packages
+include = {userbase}/include
+scripts = {userbase}/bin
+data = {userbase}
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d31326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/sysconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Access to Python's configuration information."""
+
+import codecs
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from os.path import pardir, realpath
+try:
+    import configparser
+except ImportError:
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'get_config_h_filename',
+    'get_config_var',
+    'get_config_vars',
+    'get_makefile_filename',
+    'get_path',
+    'get_path_names',
+    'get_paths',
+    'get_platform',
+    'get_python_version',
+    'get_scheme_names',
+    'parse_config_h',
+]
+
+
+def _safe_realpath(path):
+    try:
+        return realpath(path)
+    except OSError:
+        return path
+
+
+if sys.executable:
+    _PROJECT_BASE = os.path.dirname(_safe_realpath(sys.executable))
+else:
+    # sys.executable can be empty if argv[0] has been changed and Python is
+    # unable to retrieve the real program name
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.getcwd())
+
+if os.name == "nt" and "pcbuild" in _PROJECT_BASE[-8:].lower():
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, pardir))
+# PC/VS7.1
+if os.name == "nt" and "\\pc\\v" in _PROJECT_BASE[-10:].lower():
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, pardir, pardir))
+# PC/AMD64
+if os.name == "nt" and "\\pcbuild\\amd64" in _PROJECT_BASE[-14:].lower():
+    _PROJECT_BASE = _safe_realpath(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, pardir, pardir))
+
+
+def is_python_build():
+    for fn in ("Setup.dist", "Setup.local"):
+        if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, "Modules", fn)):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+_PYTHON_BUILD = is_python_build()
+
+_cfg_read = False
+
+def _ensure_cfg_read():
+    global _cfg_read
+    if not _cfg_read:
+        from ..resources import finder
+        backport_package = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+        _finder = finder(backport_package)
+        _cfgfile = _finder.find('sysconfig.cfg')
+        assert _cfgfile, 'sysconfig.cfg exists'
+        with _cfgfile.as_stream() as s:
+            _SCHEMES.readfp(s)
+        if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+            for scheme in ('posix_prefix', 'posix_home'):
+                _SCHEMES.set(scheme, 'include', '{srcdir}/Include')
+                _SCHEMES.set(scheme, 'platinclude', '{projectbase}/.')
+
+        _cfg_read = True
+
+
+_SCHEMES = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+_VAR_REPL = re.compile(r'\{([^{]*?)\}')
+
+def _expand_globals(config):
+    _ensure_cfg_read()
+    if config.has_section('globals'):
+        globals = config.items('globals')
+    else:
+        globals = tuple()
+
+    sections = config.sections()
+    for section in sections:
+        if section == 'globals':
+            continue
+        for option, value in globals:
+            if config.has_option(section, option):
+                continue
+            config.set(section, option, value)
+    config.remove_section('globals')
+
+    # now expanding local variables defined in the cfg file
+    #
+    for section in config.sections():
+        variables = dict(config.items(section))
+
+        def _replacer(matchobj):
+            name = matchobj.group(1)
+            if name in variables:
+                return variables[name]
+            return matchobj.group(0)
+
+        for option, value in config.items(section):
+            config.set(section, option, _VAR_REPL.sub(_replacer, value))
+
+#_expand_globals(_SCHEMES)
+
+ # FIXME don't rely on sys.version here, its format is an implementation detail
+ # of CPython, use sys.version_info or sys.hexversion
+_PY_VERSION = sys.version.split()[0]
+_PY_VERSION_SHORT = sys.version[:3]
+_PY_VERSION_SHORT_NO_DOT = _PY_VERSION[0] + _PY_VERSION[2]
+_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.prefix)
+_EXEC_PREFIX = os.path.normpath(sys.exec_prefix)
+_CONFIG_VARS = None
+_USER_BASE = None
+
+
+def _subst_vars(path, local_vars):
+    """In the string `path`, replace tokens like {some.thing} with the
+    corresponding value from the map `local_vars`.
+
+    If there is no corresponding value, leave the token unchanged.
+    """
+    def _replacer(matchobj):
+        name = matchobj.group(1)
+        if name in local_vars:
+            return local_vars[name]
+        elif name in os.environ:
+            return os.environ[name]
+        return matchobj.group(0)
+    return _VAR_REPL.sub(_replacer, path)
+
+
+def _extend_dict(target_dict, other_dict):
+    target_keys = target_dict.keys()
+    for key, value in other_dict.items():
+        if key in target_keys:
+            continue
+        target_dict[key] = value
+
+
+def _expand_vars(scheme, vars):
+    res = {}
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    _extend_dict(vars, get_config_vars())
+
+    for key, value in _SCHEMES.items(scheme):
+        if os.name in ('posix', 'nt'):
+            value = os.path.expanduser(value)
+        res[key] = os.path.normpath(_subst_vars(value, vars))
+    return res
+
+
+def format_value(value, vars):
+    def _replacer(matchobj):
+        name = matchobj.group(1)
+        if name in vars:
+            return vars[name]
+        return matchobj.group(0)
+    return _VAR_REPL.sub(_replacer, value)
+
+
+def _get_default_scheme():
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        # the default scheme for posix is posix_prefix
+        return 'posix_prefix'
+    return os.name
+
+
+def _getuserbase():
+    env_base = os.environ.get("PYTHONUSERBASE", None)
+
+    def joinuser(*args):
+        return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
+
+    # what about 'os2emx', 'riscos' ?
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        base = os.environ.get("APPDATA") or "~"
+        if env_base:
+            return env_base
+        else:
+            return joinuser(base, "Python")
+
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        framework = get_config_var("PYTHONFRAMEWORK")
+        if framework:
+            if env_base:
+                return env_base
+            else:
+                return joinuser("~", "Library", framework, "%d.%d" %
+                                sys.version_info[:2])
+
+    if env_base:
+        return env_base
+    else:
+        return joinuser("~", ".local")
+
+
+def _parse_makefile(filename, vars=None):
+    """Parse a Makefile-style file.
+
+    A dictionary containing name/value pairs is returned.  If an
+    optional dictionary is passed in as the second argument, it is
+    used instead of a new dictionary.
+    """
+    # Regexes needed for parsing Makefile (and similar syntaxes,
+    # like old-style Setup files).
+    _variable_rx = re.compile("([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*=\s*(.*)")
+    _findvar1_rx = re.compile(r"\$\(([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\)")
+    _findvar2_rx = re.compile(r"\${([A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*)}")
+
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    done = {}
+    notdone = {}
+
+    with codecs.open(filename, encoding='utf-8', errors="surrogateescape") as f:
+        lines = f.readlines()
+
+    for line in lines:
+        if line.startswith('#') or line.strip() == '':
+            continue
+        m = _variable_rx.match(line)
+        if m:
+            n, v = m.group(1, 2)
+            v = v.strip()
+            # `$$' is a literal `$' in make
+            tmpv = v.replace('$$', '')
+
+            if "$" in tmpv:
+                notdone[n] = v
+            else:
+                try:
+                    v = int(v)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # insert literal `$'
+                    done[n] = v.replace('$$', '$')
+                else:
+                    done[n] = v
+
+    # do variable interpolation here
+    variables = list(notdone.keys())
+
+    # Variables with a 'PY_' prefix in the makefile. These need to
+    # be made available without that prefix through sysconfig.
+    # Special care is needed to ensure that variable expansion works, even
+    # if the expansion uses the name without a prefix.
+    renamed_variables = ('CFLAGS', 'LDFLAGS', 'CPPFLAGS')
+
+    while len(variables) > 0:
+        for name in tuple(variables):
+            value = notdone[name]
+            m = _findvar1_rx.search(value) or _findvar2_rx.search(value)
+            if m is not None:
+                n = m.group(1)
+                found = True
+                if n in done:
+                    item = str(done[n])
+                elif n in notdone:
+                    # get it on a subsequent round
+                    found = False
+                elif n in os.environ:
+                    # do it like make: fall back to environment
+                    item = os.environ[n]
+
+                elif n in renamed_variables:
+                    if (name.startswith('PY_') and
+                        name[3:] in renamed_variables):
+                        item = ""
+
+                    elif 'PY_' + n in notdone:
+                        found = False
+
+                    else:
+                        item = str(done['PY_' + n])
+
+                else:
+                    done[n] = item = ""
+
+                if found:
+                    after = value[m.end():]
+                    value = value[:m.start()] + item + after
+                    if "$" in after:
+                        notdone[name] = value
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            value = int(value)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            done[name] = value.strip()
+                        else:
+                            done[name] = value
+                        variables.remove(name)
+
+                        if (name.startswith('PY_') and
+                            name[3:] in renamed_variables):
+
+                            name = name[3:]
+                            if name not in done:
+                                done[name] = value
+
+            else:
+                # bogus variable reference (e.g. "prefix=$/opt/python");
+                # just drop it since we can't deal
+                done[name] = value
+                variables.remove(name)
+
+    # strip spurious spaces
+    for k, v in done.items():
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            done[k] = v.strip()
+
+    # save the results in the global dictionary
+    vars.update(done)
+    return vars
+
+
+def get_makefile_filename():
+    """Return the path of the Makefile."""
+    if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+        return os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, "Makefile")
+    if hasattr(sys, 'abiflags'):
+        config_dir_name = 'config-%s%s' % (_PY_VERSION_SHORT, sys.abiflags)
+    else:
+        config_dir_name = 'config'
+    return os.path.join(get_path('stdlib'), config_dir_name, 'Makefile')
+
+
+def _init_posix(vars):
+    """Initialize the module as appropriate for POSIX systems."""
+    # load the installed Makefile:
+    makefile = get_makefile_filename()
+    try:
+        _parse_makefile(makefile, vars)
+    except IOError as e:
+        msg = "invalid Python installation: unable to open %s" % makefile
+        if hasattr(e, "strerror"):
+            msg = msg + " (%s)" % e.strerror
+        raise IOError(msg)
+    # load the installed pyconfig.h:
+    config_h = get_config_h_filename()
+    try:
+        with open(config_h) as f:
+            parse_config_h(f, vars)
+    except IOError as e:
+        msg = "invalid Python installation: unable to open %s" % config_h
+        if hasattr(e, "strerror"):
+            msg = msg + " (%s)" % e.strerror
+        raise IOError(msg)
+    # On AIX, there are wrong paths to the linker scripts in the Makefile
+    # -- these paths are relative to the Python source, but when installed
+    # the scripts are in another directory.
+    if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+        vars['LDSHARED'] = vars['BLDSHARED']
+
+
+def _init_non_posix(vars):
+    """Initialize the module as appropriate for NT"""
+    # set basic install directories
+    vars['LIBDEST'] = get_path('stdlib')
+    vars['BINLIBDEST'] = get_path('platstdlib')
+    vars['INCLUDEPY'] = get_path('include')
+    vars['SO'] = '.pyd'
+    vars['EXE'] = '.exe'
+    vars['VERSION'] = _PY_VERSION_SHORT_NO_DOT
+    vars['BINDIR'] = os.path.dirname(_safe_realpath(sys.executable))
+
+#
+# public APIs
+#
+
+
+def parse_config_h(fp, vars=None):
+    """Parse a config.h-style file.
+
+    A dictionary containing name/value pairs is returned.  If an
+    optional dictionary is passed in as the second argument, it is
+    used instead of a new dictionary.
+    """
+    if vars is None:
+        vars = {}
+    define_rx = re.compile("#define ([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+) (.*)\n")
+    undef_rx = re.compile("/[*] #undef ([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+) [*]/\n")
+
+    while True:
+        line = fp.readline()
+        if not line:
+            break
+        m = define_rx.match(line)
+        if m:
+            n, v = m.group(1, 2)
+            try:
+                v = int(v)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            vars[n] = v
+        else:
+            m = undef_rx.match(line)
+            if m:
+                vars[m.group(1)] = 0
+    return vars
+
+
+def get_config_h_filename():
+    """Return the path of pyconfig.h."""
+    if _PYTHON_BUILD:
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            inc_dir = os.path.join(_PROJECT_BASE, "PC")
+        else:
+            inc_dir = _PROJECT_BASE
+    else:
+        inc_dir = get_path('platinclude')
+    return os.path.join(inc_dir, 'pyconfig.h')
+
+
+def get_scheme_names():
+    """Return a tuple containing the schemes names."""
+    return tuple(sorted(_SCHEMES.sections()))
+
+
+def get_path_names():
+    """Return a tuple containing the paths names."""
+    # xxx see if we want a static list
+    return _SCHEMES.options('posix_prefix')
+
+
+def get_paths(scheme=_get_default_scheme(), vars=None, expand=True):
+    """Return a mapping containing an install scheme.
+
+    ``scheme`` is the install scheme name. If not provided, it will
+    return the default scheme for the current platform.
+    """
+    _ensure_cfg_read()
+    if expand:
+        return _expand_vars(scheme, vars)
+    else:
+        return dict(_SCHEMES.items(scheme))
+
+
+def get_path(name, scheme=_get_default_scheme(), vars=None, expand=True):
+    """Return a path corresponding to the scheme.
+
+    ``scheme`` is the install scheme name.
+    """
+    return get_paths(scheme, vars, expand)[name]
+
+
+def get_config_vars(*args):
+    """With no arguments, return a dictionary of all configuration
+    variables relevant for the current platform.
+
+    On Unix, this means every variable defined in Python's installed Makefile;
+    On Windows and Mac OS it's a much smaller set.
+
+    With arguments, return a list of values that result from looking up
+    each argument in the configuration variable dictionary.
+    """
+    global _CONFIG_VARS
+    if _CONFIG_VARS is None:
+        _CONFIG_VARS = {}
+        # Normalized versions of prefix and exec_prefix are handy to have;
+        # in fact, these are the standard versions used most places in the
+        # distutils2 module.
+        _CONFIG_VARS['prefix'] = _PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['exec_prefix'] = _EXEC_PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['py_version'] = _PY_VERSION
+        _CONFIG_VARS['py_version_short'] = _PY_VERSION_SHORT
+        _CONFIG_VARS['py_version_nodot'] = _PY_VERSION[0] + _PY_VERSION[2]
+        _CONFIG_VARS['base'] = _PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['platbase'] = _EXEC_PREFIX
+        _CONFIG_VARS['projectbase'] = _PROJECT_BASE
+        try:
+            _CONFIG_VARS['abiflags'] = sys.abiflags
+        except AttributeError:
+            # sys.abiflags may not be defined on all platforms.
+            _CONFIG_VARS['abiflags'] = ''
+
+        if os.name in ('nt', 'os2'):
+            _init_non_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            _init_posix(_CONFIG_VARS)
+        # Setting 'userbase' is done below the call to the
+        # init function to enable using 'get_config_var' in
+        # the init-function.
+        if sys.version >= '2.6':
+            _CONFIG_VARS['userbase'] = _getuserbase()
+
+        if 'srcdir' not in _CONFIG_VARS:
+            _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'] = _PROJECT_BASE
+        else:
+            _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'] = _safe_realpath(_CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'])
+
+        # Convert srcdir into an absolute path if it appears necessary.
+        # Normally it is relative to the build directory.  However, during
+        # testing, for example, we might be running a non-installed python
+        # from a different directory.
+        if _PYTHON_BUILD and os.name == "posix":
+            base = _PROJECT_BASE
+            try:
+                cwd = os.getcwd()
+            except OSError:
+                cwd = None
+            if (not os.path.isabs(_CONFIG_VARS['srcdir']) and
+                base != cwd):
+                # srcdir is relative and we are not in the same directory
+                # as the executable. Assume executable is in the build
+                # directory and make srcdir absolute.
+                srcdir = os.path.join(base, _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'])
+                _CONFIG_VARS['srcdir'] = os.path.normpath(srcdir)
+
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            kernel_version = os.uname()[2]  # Kernel version (8.4.3)
+            major_version = int(kernel_version.split('.')[0])
+
+            if major_version < 8:
+                # On Mac OS X before 10.4, check if -arch and -isysroot
+                # are in CFLAGS or LDFLAGS and remove them if they are.
+                # This is needed when building extensions on a 10.3 system
+                # using a universal build of python.
+                for key in ('LDFLAGS', 'BASECFLAGS',
+                        # a number of derived variables. These need to be
+                        # patched up as well.
+                        'CFLAGS', 'PY_CFLAGS', 'BLDSHARED'):
+                    flags = _CONFIG_VARS[key]
+                    flags = re.sub('-arch\s+\w+\s', ' ', flags)
+                    flags = re.sub('-isysroot [^ \t]*', ' ', flags)
+                    _CONFIG_VARS[key] = flags
+            else:
+                # Allow the user to override the architecture flags using
+                # an environment variable.
+                # NOTE: This name was introduced by Apple in OSX 10.5 and
+                # is used by several scripting languages distributed with
+                # that OS release.
+                if 'ARCHFLAGS' in os.environ:
+                    arch = os.environ['ARCHFLAGS']
+                    for key in ('LDFLAGS', 'BASECFLAGS',
+                        # a number of derived variables. These need to be
+                        # patched up as well.
+                        'CFLAGS', 'PY_CFLAGS', 'BLDSHARED'):
+
+                        flags = _CONFIG_VARS[key]
+                        flags = re.sub('-arch\s+\w+\s', ' ', flags)
+                        flags = flags + ' ' + arch
+                        _CONFIG_VARS[key] = flags
+
+                # If we're on OSX 10.5 or later and the user tries to
+                # compiles an extension using an SDK that is not present
+                # on the current machine it is better to not use an SDK
+                # than to fail.
+                #
+                # The major usecase for this is users using a Python.org
+                # binary installer  on OSX 10.6: that installer uses
+                # the 10.4u SDK, but that SDK is not installed by default
+                # when you install Xcode.
+                #
+                CFLAGS = _CONFIG_VARS.get('CFLAGS', '')
+                m = re.search('-isysroot\s+(\S+)', CFLAGS)
+                if m is not None:
+                    sdk = m.group(1)
+                    if not os.path.exists(sdk):
+                        for key in ('LDFLAGS', 'BASECFLAGS',
+                             # a number of derived variables. These need to be
+                             # patched up as well.
+                            'CFLAGS', 'PY_CFLAGS', 'BLDSHARED'):
+
+                            flags = _CONFIG_VARS[key]
+                            flags = re.sub('-isysroot\s+\S+(\s|$)', ' ', flags)
+                            _CONFIG_VARS[key] = flags
+
+    if args:
+        vals = []
+        for name in args:
+            vals.append(_CONFIG_VARS.get(name))
+        return vals
+    else:
+        return _CONFIG_VARS
+
+
+def get_config_var(name):
+    """Return the value of a single variable using the dictionary returned by
+    'get_config_vars()'.
+
+    Equivalent to get_config_vars().get(name)
+    """
+    return get_config_vars().get(name)
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """Return a string that identifies the current platform.
+
+    This is used mainly to distinguish platform-specific build directories and
+    platform-specific built distributions.  Typically includes the OS name
+    and version and the architecture (as supplied by 'os.uname()'),
+    although the exact information included depends on the OS; eg. for IRIX
+    the architecture isn't particularly important (IRIX only runs on SGI
+    hardware), but for Linux the kernel version isn't particularly
+    important.
+
+    Examples of returned values:
+       linux-i586
+       linux-alpha (?)
+       solaris-2.6-sun4u
+       irix-5.3
+       irix64-6.2
+
+    Windows will return one of:
+       win-amd64 (64bit Windows on AMD64 (aka x86_64, Intel64, EM64T, etc)
+       win-ia64 (64bit Windows on Itanium)
+       win32 (all others - specifically, sys.platform is returned)
+
+    For other non-POSIX platforms, currently just returns 'sys.platform'.
+    """
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        # sniff sys.version for architecture.
+        prefix = " bit ("
+        i = sys.version.find(prefix)
+        if i == -1:
+            return sys.platform
+        j = sys.version.find(")", i)
+        look = sys.version[i+len(prefix):j].lower()
+        if look == 'amd64':
+            return 'win-amd64'
+        if look == 'itanium':
+            return 'win-ia64'
+        return sys.platform
+
+    if os.name != "posix" or not hasattr(os, 'uname'):
+        # XXX what about the architecture? NT is Intel or Alpha,
+        # Mac OS is M68k or PPC, etc.
+        return sys.platform
+
+    # Try to distinguish various flavours of Unix
+    osname, host, release, version, machine = os.uname()
+
+    # Convert the OS name to lowercase, remove '/' characters
+    # (to accommodate BSD/OS), and translate spaces (for "Power Macintosh")
+    osname = osname.lower().replace('/', '')
+    machine = machine.replace(' ', '_')
+    machine = machine.replace('/', '-')
+
+    if osname[:5] == "linux":
+        # At least on Linux/Intel, 'machine' is the processor --
+        # i386, etc.
+        # XXX what about Alpha, SPARC, etc?
+        return  "%s-%s" % (osname, machine)
+    elif osname[:5] == "sunos":
+        if release[0] >= "5":           # SunOS 5 == Solaris 2
+            osname = "solaris"
+            release = "%d.%s" % (int(release[0]) - 3, release[2:])
+        # fall through to standard osname-release-machine representation
+    elif osname[:4] == "irix":              # could be "irix64"!
+        return "%s-%s" % (osname, release)
+    elif osname[:3] == "aix":
+        return "%s-%s.%s" % (osname, version, release)
+    elif osname[:6] == "cygwin":
+        osname = "cygwin"
+        rel_re = re.compile(r'[\d.]+')
+        m = rel_re.match(release)
+        if m:
+            release = m.group()
+    elif osname[:6] == "darwin":
+        #
+        # For our purposes, we'll assume that the system version from
+        # distutils' perspective is what MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET is set
+        # to. This makes the compatibility story a bit more sane because the
+        # machine is going to compile and link as if it were
+        # MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET.
+        cfgvars = get_config_vars()
+        macver = cfgvars.get('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET')
+
+        if True:
+            # Always calculate the release of the running machine,
+            # needed to determine if we can build fat binaries or not.
+
+            macrelease = macver
+            # Get the system version. Reading this plist is a documented
+            # way to get the system version (see the documentation for
+            # the Gestalt Manager)
+            try:
+                f = open('/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist')
+            except IOError:
+                # We're on a plain darwin box, fall back to the default
+                # behaviour.
+                pass
+            else:
+                try:
+                    m = re.search(r'<key>ProductUserVisibleVersion</key>\s*'
+                                  r'<string>(.*?)</string>', f.read())
+                finally:
+                    f.close()
+                if m is not None:
+                    macrelease = '.'.join(m.group(1).split('.')[:2])
+                # else: fall back to the default behaviour
+
+        if not macver:
+            macver = macrelease
+
+        if macver:
+            release = macver
+            osname = "macosx"
+
+            if ((macrelease + '.') >= '10.4.' and
+                '-arch' in get_config_vars().get('CFLAGS', '').strip()):
+                # The universal build will build fat binaries, but not on
+                # systems before 10.4
+                #
+                # Try to detect 4-way universal builds, those have machine-type
+                # 'universal' instead of 'fat'.
+
+                machine = 'fat'
+                cflags = get_config_vars().get('CFLAGS')
+
+                archs = re.findall('-arch\s+(\S+)', cflags)
+                archs = tuple(sorted(set(archs)))
+
+                if len(archs) == 1:
+                    machine = archs[0]
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                    machine = 'fat'
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'intel'
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'fat3'
+                elif archs == ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'fat64'
+                elif archs == ('i386', 'ppc', 'ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                    machine = 'universal'
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                       "Don't know machine value for archs=%r" % (archs,))
+
+            elif machine == 'i386':
+                # On OSX the machine type returned by uname is always the
+                # 32-bit variant, even if the executable architecture is
+                # the 64-bit variant
+                if sys.maxsize >= 2**32:
+                    machine = 'x86_64'
+
+            elif machine in ('PowerPC', 'Power_Macintosh'):
+                # Pick a sane name for the PPC architecture.
+                # See 'i386' case
+                if sys.maxsize >= 2**32:
+                    machine = 'ppc64'
+                else:
+                    machine = 'ppc'
+
+    return "%s-%s-%s" % (osname, release, machine)
+
+
+def get_python_version():
+    return _PY_VERSION_SHORT
+
+
+def _print_dict(title, data):
+    for index, (key, value) in enumerate(sorted(data.items())):
+        if index == 0:
+            print('%s: ' % (title))
+        print('\t%s = "%s"' % (key, value))
+
+
+def _main():
+    """Display all information sysconfig detains."""
+    print('Platform: "%s"' % get_platform())
+    print('Python version: "%s"' % get_python_version())
+    print('Current installation scheme: "%s"' % _get_default_scheme())
+    print()
+    _print_dict('Paths', get_paths())
+    print()
+    _print_dict('Variables', get_config_vars())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _main()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0580fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/_backport/tarfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2607 @@
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+# tarfile.py
+#-------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright (C) 2002 Lars Gustaebel <lars@gustaebel.de>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Permission  is  hereby granted,  free  of charge,  to  any person
+# obtaining a  copy of  this software  and associated documentation
+# files  (the  "Software"),  to   deal  in  the  Software   without
+# restriction,  including  without limitation  the  rights to  use,
+# copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies  of  the  Software,  and to  permit  persons  to  whom the
+# Software  is  furnished  to  do  so,  subject  to  the  following
+# conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright  notice and this  permission notice shall  be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS  IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY  KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED TO  THE WARRANTIES
+# OF  MERCHANTABILITY,  FITNESS   FOR  A  PARTICULAR   PURPOSE  AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN  NO  EVENT SHALL  THE  AUTHORS  OR COPYRIGHT
+# HOLDERS  BE LIABLE  FOR ANY  CLAIM, DAMAGES  OR OTHER  LIABILITY,
+# WHETHER  IN AN  ACTION OF  CONTRACT, TORT  OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING
+# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+"""Read from and write to tar format archives.
+"""
+
+__version__ = "$Revision$"
+
+version     = "0.9.0"
+__author__  = "Lars Gust\u00e4bel (lars@gustaebel.de)"
+__date__    = "$Date: 2011-02-25 17:42:01 +0200 (Fri, 25 Feb 2011) $"
+__cvsid__   = "$Id: tarfile.py 88586 2011-02-25 15:42:01Z marc-andre.lemburg $"
+__credits__ = "Gustavo Niemeyer, Niels Gust\u00e4bel, Richard Townsend."
+
+#---------
+# Imports
+#---------
+import sys
+import os
+import stat
+import errno
+import time
+import struct
+import copy
+import re
+
+try:
+    import grp, pwd
+except ImportError:
+    grp = pwd = None
+
+# os.symlink on Windows prior to 6.0 raises NotImplementedError
+symlink_exception = (AttributeError, NotImplementedError)
+try:
+    # WindowsError (1314) will be raised if the caller does not hold the
+    # SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege
+    symlink_exception += (WindowsError,)
+except NameError:
+    pass
+
+# from tarfile import *
+__all__ = ["TarFile", "TarInfo", "is_tarfile", "TarError"]
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+else:
+    import builtins
+
+_open = builtins.open   # Since 'open' is TarFile.open
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# tar constants
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+NUL = b"\0"                     # the null character
+BLOCKSIZE = 512                 # length of processing blocks
+RECORDSIZE = BLOCKSIZE * 20     # length of records
+GNU_MAGIC = b"ustar  \0"        # magic gnu tar string
+POSIX_MAGIC = b"ustar\x0000"    # magic posix tar string
+
+LENGTH_NAME = 100               # maximum length of a filename
+LENGTH_LINK = 100               # maximum length of a linkname
+LENGTH_PREFIX = 155             # maximum length of the prefix field
+
+REGTYPE = b"0"                  # regular file
+AREGTYPE = b"\0"                # regular file
+LNKTYPE = b"1"                  # link (inside tarfile)
+SYMTYPE = b"2"                  # symbolic link
+CHRTYPE = b"3"                  # character special device
+BLKTYPE = b"4"                  # block special device
+DIRTYPE = b"5"                  # directory
+FIFOTYPE = b"6"                 # fifo special device
+CONTTYPE = b"7"                 # contiguous file
+
+GNUTYPE_LONGNAME = b"L"         # GNU tar longname
+GNUTYPE_LONGLINK = b"K"         # GNU tar longlink
+GNUTYPE_SPARSE = b"S"           # GNU tar sparse file
+
+XHDTYPE = b"x"                  # POSIX.1-2001 extended header
+XGLTYPE = b"g"                  # POSIX.1-2001 global header
+SOLARIS_XHDTYPE = b"X"          # Solaris extended header
+
+USTAR_FORMAT = 0                # POSIX.1-1988 (ustar) format
+GNU_FORMAT = 1                  # GNU tar format
+PAX_FORMAT = 2                  # POSIX.1-2001 (pax) format
+DEFAULT_FORMAT = GNU_FORMAT
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# tarfile constants
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# File types that tarfile supports:
+SUPPORTED_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE,
+                   SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE,
+                   CONTTYPE, CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE,
+                   GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK,
+                   GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# File types that will be treated as a regular file.
+REGULAR_TYPES = (REGTYPE, AREGTYPE,
+                 CONTTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# File types that are part of the GNU tar format.
+GNU_TYPES = (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK,
+             GNUTYPE_SPARSE)
+
+# Fields from a pax header that override a TarInfo attribute.
+PAX_FIELDS = ("path", "linkpath", "size", "mtime",
+              "uid", "gid", "uname", "gname")
+
+# Fields from a pax header that are affected by hdrcharset.
+PAX_NAME_FIELDS = set(("path", "linkpath", "uname", "gname"))
+
+# Fields in a pax header that are numbers, all other fields
+# are treated as strings.
+PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS = {
+    "atime": float,
+    "ctime": float,
+    "mtime": float,
+    "uid": int,
+    "gid": int,
+    "size": int
+}
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# Bits used in the mode field, values in octal.
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+S_IFLNK = 0o120000        # symbolic link
+S_IFREG = 0o100000        # regular file
+S_IFBLK = 0o060000        # block device
+S_IFDIR = 0o040000        # directory
+S_IFCHR = 0o020000        # character device
+S_IFIFO = 0o010000        # fifo
+
+TSUID   = 0o4000          # set UID on execution
+TSGID   = 0o2000          # set GID on execution
+TSVTX   = 0o1000          # reserved
+
+TUREAD  = 0o400           # read by owner
+TUWRITE = 0o200           # write by owner
+TUEXEC  = 0o100           # execute/search by owner
+TGREAD  = 0o040           # read by group
+TGWRITE = 0o020           # write by group
+TGEXEC  = 0o010           # execute/search by group
+TOREAD  = 0o004           # read by other
+TOWRITE = 0o002           # write by other
+TOEXEC  = 0o001           # execute/search by other
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# initialization
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    ENCODING = "utf-8"
+else:
+    ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+# Some useful functions
+#---------------------------------------------------------
+
+def stn(s, length, encoding, errors):
+    """Convert a string to a null-terminated bytes object.
+    """
+    s = s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s[:length] + (length - len(s)) * NUL
+
+def nts(s, encoding, errors):
+    """Convert a null-terminated bytes object to a string.
+    """
+    p = s.find(b"\0")
+    if p != -1:
+        s = s[:p]
+    return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+
+def nti(s):
+    """Convert a number field to a python number.
+    """
+    # There are two possible encodings for a number field, see
+    # itn() below.
+    if s[0] != chr(0o200):
+        try:
+            n = int(nts(s, "ascii", "strict") or "0", 8)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise InvalidHeaderError("invalid header")
+    else:
+        n = 0
+        for i in range(len(s) - 1):
+            n <<= 8
+            n += ord(s[i + 1])
+    return n
+
+def itn(n, digits=8, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT):
+    """Convert a python number to a number field.
+    """
+    # POSIX 1003.1-1988 requires numbers to be encoded as a string of
+    # octal digits followed by a null-byte, this allows values up to
+    # (8**(digits-1))-1. GNU tar allows storing numbers greater than
+    # that if necessary. A leading 0o200 byte indicates this particular
+    # encoding, the following digits-1 bytes are a big-endian
+    # representation. This allows values up to (256**(digits-1))-1.
+    if 0 <= n < 8 ** (digits - 1):
+        s = ("%0*o" % (digits - 1, n)).encode("ascii") + NUL
+    else:
+        if format != GNU_FORMAT or n >= 256 ** (digits - 1):
+            raise ValueError("overflow in number field")
+
+        if n < 0:
+            # XXX We mimic GNU tar's behaviour with negative numbers,
+            # this could raise OverflowError.
+            n = struct.unpack("L", struct.pack("l", n))[0]
+
+        s = bytearray()
+        for i in range(digits - 1):
+            s.insert(0, n & 0o377)
+            n >>= 8
+        s.insert(0, 0o200)
+    return s
+
+def calc_chksums(buf):
+    """Calculate the checksum for a member's header by summing up all
+       characters except for the chksum field which is treated as if
+       it was filled with spaces. According to the GNU tar sources,
+       some tars (Sun and NeXT) calculate chksum with signed char,
+       which will be different if there are chars in the buffer with
+       the high bit set. So we calculate two checksums, unsigned and
+       signed.
+    """
+    unsigned_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack("148B", buf[:148]) + struct.unpack("356B", buf[156:512]))
+    signed_chksum = 256 + sum(struct.unpack("148b", buf[:148]) + struct.unpack("356b", buf[156:512]))
+    return unsigned_chksum, signed_chksum
+
+def copyfileobj(src, dst, length=None):
+    """Copy length bytes from fileobj src to fileobj dst.
+       If length is None, copy the entire content.
+    """
+    if length == 0:
+        return
+    if length is None:
+        while True:
+            buf = src.read(16*1024)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            dst.write(buf)
+        return
+
+    BUFSIZE = 16 * 1024
+    blocks, remainder = divmod(length, BUFSIZE)
+    for b in range(blocks):
+        buf = src.read(BUFSIZE)
+        if len(buf) < BUFSIZE:
+            raise IOError("end of file reached")
+        dst.write(buf)
+
+    if remainder != 0:
+        buf = src.read(remainder)
+        if len(buf) < remainder:
+            raise IOError("end of file reached")
+        dst.write(buf)
+    return
+
+filemode_table = (
+    ((S_IFLNK,      "l"),
+     (S_IFREG,      "-"),
+     (S_IFBLK,      "b"),
+     (S_IFDIR,      "d"),
+     (S_IFCHR,      "c"),
+     (S_IFIFO,      "p")),
+
+    ((TUREAD,       "r"),),
+    ((TUWRITE,      "w"),),
+    ((TUEXEC|TSUID, "s"),
+     (TSUID,        "S"),
+     (TUEXEC,       "x")),
+
+    ((TGREAD,       "r"),),
+    ((TGWRITE,      "w"),),
+    ((TGEXEC|TSGID, "s"),
+     (TSGID,        "S"),
+     (TGEXEC,       "x")),
+
+    ((TOREAD,       "r"),),
+    ((TOWRITE,      "w"),),
+    ((TOEXEC|TSVTX, "t"),
+     (TSVTX,        "T"),
+     (TOEXEC,       "x"))
+)
+
+def filemode(mode):
+    """Convert a file's mode to a string of the form
+       -rwxrwxrwx.
+       Used by TarFile.list()
+    """
+    perm = []
+    for table in filemode_table:
+        for bit, char in table:
+            if mode & bit == bit:
+                perm.append(char)
+                break
+        else:
+            perm.append("-")
+    return "".join(perm)
+
+class TarError(Exception):
+    """Base exception."""
+    pass
+class ExtractError(TarError):
+    """General exception for extract errors."""
+    pass
+class ReadError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unreadble tar archives."""
+    pass
+class CompressionError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unavailable compression methods."""
+    pass
+class StreamError(TarError):
+    """Exception for unsupported operations on stream-like TarFiles."""
+    pass
+class HeaderError(TarError):
+    """Base exception for header errors."""
+    pass
+class EmptyHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for empty headers."""
+    pass
+class TruncatedHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for truncated headers."""
+    pass
+class EOFHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for end of file headers."""
+    pass
+class InvalidHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for invalid headers."""
+    pass
+class SubsequentHeaderError(HeaderError):
+    """Exception for missing and invalid extended headers."""
+    pass
+
+#---------------------------
+# internal stream interface
+#---------------------------
+class _LowLevelFile(object):
+    """Low-level file object. Supports reading and writing.
+       It is used instead of a regular file object for streaming
+       access.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode):
+        mode = {
+            "r": os.O_RDONLY,
+            "w": os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC,
+        }[mode]
+        if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"):
+            mode |= os.O_BINARY
+        self.fd = os.open(name, mode, 0o666)
+
+    def close(self):
+        os.close(self.fd)
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        return os.read(self.fd, size)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        os.write(self.fd, s)
+
+class _Stream(object):
+    """Class that serves as an adapter between TarFile and
+       a stream-like object.  The stream-like object only
+       needs to have a read() or write() method and is accessed
+       blockwise.  Use of gzip or bzip2 compression is possible.
+       A stream-like object could be for example: sys.stdin,
+       sys.stdout, a socket, a tape device etc.
+
+       _Stream is intended to be used only internally.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize):
+        """Construct a _Stream object.
+        """
+        self._extfileobj = True
+        if fileobj is None:
+            fileobj = _LowLevelFile(name, mode)
+            self._extfileobj = False
+
+        if comptype == '*':
+            # Enable transparent compression detection for the
+            # stream interface
+            fileobj = _StreamProxy(fileobj)
+            comptype = fileobj.getcomptype()
+
+        self.name     = name or ""
+        self.mode     = mode
+        self.comptype = comptype
+        self.fileobj  = fileobj
+        self.bufsize  = bufsize
+        self.buf      = b""
+        self.pos      = 0
+        self.closed   = False
+
+        try:
+            if comptype == "gz":
+                try:
+                    import zlib
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("zlib module is not available")
+                self.zlib = zlib
+                self.crc = zlib.crc32(b"")
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self._init_read_gz()
+                else:
+                    self._init_write_gz()
+
+            if comptype == "bz2":
+                try:
+                    import bz2
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")
+                if mode == "r":
+                    self.dbuf = b""
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
+                else:
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Compressor()
+        except:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+            raise
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if hasattr(self, "closed") and not self.closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def _init_write_gz(self):
+        """Initialize for writing with gzip compression.
+        """
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.compressobj(9, self.zlib.DEFLATED,
+                                            -self.zlib.MAX_WBITS,
+                                            self.zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
+                                            0)
+        timestamp = struct.pack("<L", int(time.time()))
+        self.__write(b"\037\213\010\010" + timestamp + b"\002\377")
+        if self.name.endswith(".gz"):
+            self.name = self.name[:-3]
+        # RFC1952 says we must use ISO-8859-1 for the FNAME field.
+        self.__write(self.name.encode("iso-8859-1", "replace") + NUL)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """Write string s to the stream.
+        """
+        if self.comptype == "gz":
+            self.crc = self.zlib.crc32(s, self.crc)
+        self.pos += len(s)
+        if self.comptype != "tar":
+            s = self.cmp.compress(s)
+        self.__write(s)
+
+    def __write(self, s):
+        """Write string s to the stream if a whole new block
+           is ready to be written.
+        """
+        self.buf += s
+        while len(self.buf) > self.bufsize:
+            self.fileobj.write(self.buf[:self.bufsize])
+            self.buf = self.buf[self.bufsize:]
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the _Stream object. No operation should be
+           done on it afterwards.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+
+        if self.mode == "w" and self.comptype != "tar":
+            self.buf += self.cmp.flush()
+
+        if self.mode == "w" and self.buf:
+            self.fileobj.write(self.buf)
+            self.buf = b""
+            if self.comptype == "gz":
+                # The native zlib crc is an unsigned 32-bit integer, but
+                # the Python wrapper implicitly casts that to a signed C
+                # long.  So, on a 32-bit box self.crc may "look negative",
+                # while the same crc on a 64-bit box may "look positive".
+                # To avoid irksome warnings from the `struct` module, force
+                # it to look positive on all boxes.
+                self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.crc & 0xffffffff))
+                self.fileobj.write(struct.pack("<L", self.pos & 0xffffFFFF))
+
+        if not self._extfileobj:
+            self.fileobj.close()
+
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def _init_read_gz(self):
+        """Initialize for reading a gzip compressed fileobj.
+        """
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.decompressobj(-self.zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        self.dbuf = b""
+
+        # taken from gzip.GzipFile with some alterations
+        if self.__read(2) != b"\037\213":
+            raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
+        if self.__read(1) != b"\010":
+            raise CompressionError("unsupported compression method")
+
+        flag = ord(self.__read(1))
+        self.__read(6)
+
+        if flag & 4:
+            xlen = ord(self.__read(1)) + 256 * ord(self.__read(1))
+            self.read(xlen)
+        if flag & 8:
+            while True:
+                s = self.__read(1)
+                if not s or s == NUL:
+                    break
+        if flag & 16:
+            while True:
+                s = self.__read(1)
+                if not s or s == NUL:
+                    break
+        if flag & 2:
+            self.__read(2)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the stream's file pointer position.
+        """
+        return self.pos
+
+    def seek(self, pos=0):
+        """Set the stream's file pointer to pos. Negative seeking
+           is forbidden.
+        """
+        if pos - self.pos >= 0:
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(pos - self.pos, self.bufsize)
+            for i in range(blocks):
+                self.read(self.bufsize)
+            self.read(remainder)
+        else:
+            raise StreamError("seeking backwards is not allowed")
+        return self.pos
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Return the next size number of bytes from the stream.
+           If size is not defined, return all bytes of the stream
+           up to EOF.
+        """
+        if size is None:
+            t = []
+            while True:
+                buf = self._read(self.bufsize)
+                if not buf:
+                    break
+                t.append(buf)
+            buf = "".join(t)
+        else:
+            buf = self._read(size)
+        self.pos += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def _read(self, size):
+        """Return size bytes from the stream.
+        """
+        if self.comptype == "tar":
+            return self.__read(size)
+
+        c = len(self.dbuf)
+        while c < size:
+            buf = self.__read(self.bufsize)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            try:
+                buf = self.cmp.decompress(buf)
+            except IOError:
+                raise ReadError("invalid compressed data")
+            self.dbuf += buf
+            c += len(buf)
+        buf = self.dbuf[:size]
+        self.dbuf = self.dbuf[size:]
+        return buf
+
+    def __read(self, size):
+        """Return size bytes from stream. If internal buffer is empty,
+           read another block from the stream.
+        """
+        c = len(self.buf)
+        while c < size:
+            buf = self.fileobj.read(self.bufsize)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            self.buf += buf
+            c += len(buf)
+        buf = self.buf[:size]
+        self.buf = self.buf[size:]
+        return buf
+# class _Stream
+
+class _StreamProxy(object):
+    """Small proxy class that enables transparent compression
+       detection for the Stream interface (mode 'r|*').
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.buf = self.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        self.read = self.fileobj.read
+        return self.buf
+
+    def getcomptype(self):
+        if self.buf.startswith(b"\037\213\010"):
+            return "gz"
+        if self.buf.startswith(b"BZh91"):
+            return "bz2"
+        return "tar"
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.fileobj.close()
+# class StreamProxy
+
+class _BZ2Proxy(object):
+    """Small proxy class that enables external file object
+       support for "r:bz2" and "w:bz2" modes. This is actually
+       a workaround for a limitation in bz2 module's BZ2File
+       class which (unlike gzip.GzipFile) has no support for
+       a file object argument.
+    """
+
+    blocksize = 16 * 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, mode):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.name = getattr(self.fileobj, "name", None)
+        self.init()
+
+    def init(self):
+        import bz2
+        self.pos = 0
+        if self.mode == "r":
+            self.bz2obj = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
+            self.fileobj.seek(0)
+            self.buf = b""
+        else:
+            self.bz2obj = bz2.BZ2Compressor()
+
+    def read(self, size):
+        x = len(self.buf)
+        while x < size:
+            raw = self.fileobj.read(self.blocksize)
+            if not raw:
+                break
+            data = self.bz2obj.decompress(raw)
+            self.buf += data
+            x += len(data)
+
+        buf = self.buf[:size]
+        self.buf = self.buf[size:]
+        self.pos += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def seek(self, pos):
+        if pos < self.pos:
+            self.init()
+        self.read(pos - self.pos)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self.pos
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.pos += len(data)
+        raw = self.bz2obj.compress(data)
+        self.fileobj.write(raw)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.mode == "w":
+            raw = self.bz2obj.flush()
+            self.fileobj.write(raw)
+# class _BZ2Proxy
+
+#------------------------
+# Extraction file object
+#------------------------
+class _FileInFile(object):
+    """A thin wrapper around an existing file object that
+       provides a part of its data as an individual file
+       object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, blockinfo=None):
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.size = size
+        self.position = 0
+
+        if blockinfo is None:
+            blockinfo = [(0, size)]
+
+        # Construct a map with data and zero blocks.
+        self.map_index = 0
+        self.map = []
+        lastpos = 0
+        realpos = self.offset
+        for offset, size in blockinfo:
+            if offset > lastpos:
+                self.map.append((False, lastpos, offset, None))
+            self.map.append((True, offset, offset + size, realpos))
+            realpos += size
+            lastpos = offset + size
+        if lastpos < self.size:
+            self.map.append((False, lastpos, self.size, None))
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        if not hasattr(self.fileobj, "seekable"):
+            # XXX gzip.GzipFile and bz2.BZ2File
+            return True
+        return self.fileobj.seekable()
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the current file position.
+        """
+        return self.position
+
+    def seek(self, position):
+        """Seek to a position in the file.
+        """
+        self.position = position
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read data from the file.
+        """
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.size - self.position
+        else:
+            size = min(size, self.size - self.position)
+
+        buf = b""
+        while size > 0:
+            while True:
+                data, start, stop, offset = self.map[self.map_index]
+                if start <= self.position < stop:
+                    break
+                else:
+                    self.map_index += 1
+                    if self.map_index == len(self.map):
+                        self.map_index = 0
+            length = min(size, stop - self.position)
+            if data:
+                self.fileobj.seek(offset + (self.position - start))
+                buf += self.fileobj.read(length)
+            else:
+                buf += NUL * length
+            size -= length
+            self.position += length
+        return buf
+#class _FileInFile
+
+
+class ExFileObject(object):
+    """File-like object for reading an archive member.
+       Is returned by TarFile.extractfile().
+    """
+    blocksize = 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo):
+        self.fileobj = _FileInFile(tarfile.fileobj,
+                                   tarinfo.offset_data,
+                                   tarinfo.size,
+                                   tarinfo.sparse)
+        self.name = tarinfo.name
+        self.mode = "r"
+        self.closed = False
+        self.size = tarinfo.size
+
+        self.position = 0
+        self.buffer = b""
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return self.fileobj.seekable()
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read at most size bytes from the file. If size is not
+           present or None, read all data until EOF is reached.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        buf = b""
+        if self.buffer:
+            if size is None:
+                buf = self.buffer
+                self.buffer = b""
+            else:
+                buf = self.buffer[:size]
+                self.buffer = self.buffer[size:]
+
+        if size is None:
+            buf += self.fileobj.read()
+        else:
+            buf += self.fileobj.read(size - len(buf))
+
+        self.position += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    # XXX TextIOWrapper uses the read1() method.
+    read1 = read
+
+    def readline(self, size=-1):
+        """Read one entire line from the file. If size is present
+           and non-negative, return a string with at most that
+           size, which may be an incomplete line.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        pos = self.buffer.find(b"\n") + 1
+        if pos == 0:
+            # no newline found.
+            while True:
+                buf = self.fileobj.read(self.blocksize)
+                self.buffer += buf
+                if not buf or b"\n" in buf:
+                    pos = self.buffer.find(b"\n") + 1
+                    if pos == 0:
+                        # no newline found.
+                        pos = len(self.buffer)
+                    break
+
+        if size != -1:
+            pos = min(size, pos)
+
+        buf = self.buffer[:pos]
+        self.buffer = self.buffer[pos:]
+        self.position += len(buf)
+        return buf
+
+    def readlines(self):
+        """Return a list with all remaining lines.
+        """
+        result = []
+        while True:
+            line = self.readline()
+            if not line: break
+            result.append(line)
+        return result
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the current file position.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        return self.position
+
+    def seek(self, pos, whence=os.SEEK_SET):
+        """Seek to a position in the file.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+
+        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
+            self.position = min(max(pos, 0), self.size)
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_CUR:
+            if pos < 0:
+                self.position = max(self.position + pos, 0)
+            else:
+                self.position = min(self.position + pos, self.size)
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
+            self.position = max(min(self.size + pos, self.size), 0)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid argument")
+
+        self.buffer = b""
+        self.fileobj.seek(self.position)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the file object.
+        """
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Get an iterator over the file's lines.
+        """
+        while True:
+            line = self.readline()
+            if not line:
+                break
+            yield line
+#class ExFileObject
+
+#------------------
+# Exported Classes
+#------------------
+class TarInfo(object):
+    """Informational class which holds the details about an
+       archive member given by a tar header block.
+       TarInfo objects are returned by TarFile.getmember(),
+       TarFile.getmembers() and TarFile.gettarinfo() and are
+       usually created internally.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("name", "mode", "uid", "gid", "size", "mtime",
+                 "chksum", "type", "linkname", "uname", "gname",
+                 "devmajor", "devminor",
+                 "offset", "offset_data", "pax_headers", "sparse",
+                 "tarfile", "_sparse_structs", "_link_target")
+
+    def __init__(self, name=""):
+        """Construct a TarInfo object. name is the optional name
+           of the member.
+        """
+        self.name = name        # member name
+        self.mode = 0o644       # file permissions
+        self.uid = 0            # user id
+        self.gid = 0            # group id
+        self.size = 0           # file size
+        self.mtime = 0          # modification time
+        self.chksum = 0         # header checksum
+        self.type = REGTYPE     # member type
+        self.linkname = ""      # link name
+        self.uname = ""         # user name
+        self.gname = ""         # group name
+        self.devmajor = 0       # device major number
+        self.devminor = 0       # device minor number
+
+        self.offset = 0         # the tar header starts here
+        self.offset_data = 0    # the file's data starts here
+
+        self.sparse = None      # sparse member information
+        self.pax_headers = {}   # pax header information
+
+    # In pax headers the "name" and "linkname" field are called
+    # "path" and "linkpath".
+    def _getpath(self):
+        return self.name
+    def _setpath(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+    path = property(_getpath, _setpath)
+
+    def _getlinkpath(self):
+        return self.linkname
+    def _setlinkpath(self, linkname):
+        self.linkname = linkname
+    linkpath = property(_getlinkpath, _setlinkpath)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__,self.name,id(self))
+
+    def get_info(self):
+        """Return the TarInfo's attributes as a dictionary.
+        """
+        info = {
+            "name":     self.name,
+            "mode":     self.mode & 0o7777,
+            "uid":      self.uid,
+            "gid":      self.gid,
+            "size":     self.size,
+            "mtime":    self.mtime,
+            "chksum":   self.chksum,
+            "type":     self.type,
+            "linkname": self.linkname,
+            "uname":    self.uname,
+            "gname":    self.gname,
+            "devmajor": self.devmajor,
+            "devminor": self.devminor
+        }
+
+        if info["type"] == DIRTYPE and not info["name"].endswith("/"):
+            info["name"] += "/"
+
+        return info
+
+    def tobuf(self, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors="surrogateescape"):
+        """Return a tar header as a string of 512 byte blocks.
+        """
+        info = self.get_info()
+
+        if format == USTAR_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_ustar_header(info, encoding, errors)
+        elif format == GNU_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_gnu_header(info, encoding, errors)
+        elif format == PAX_FORMAT:
+            return self.create_pax_header(info, encoding)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("invalid format")
+
+    def create_ustar_header(self, info, encoding, errors):
+        """Return the object as a ustar header block.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+
+        if len(info["linkname"]) > LENGTH_LINK:
+            raise ValueError("linkname is too long")
+
+        if len(info["name"]) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            info["prefix"], info["name"] = self._posix_split_name(info["name"])
+
+        return self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors)
+
+    def create_gnu_header(self, info, encoding, errors):
+        """Return the object as a GNU header block sequence.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC
+
+        buf = b""
+        if len(info["linkname"]) > LENGTH_LINK:
+            buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["linkname"], GNUTYPE_LONGLINK, encoding, errors)
+
+        if len(info["name"]) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            buf += self._create_gnu_long_header(info["name"], GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, encoding, errors)
+
+        return buf + self._create_header(info, GNU_FORMAT, encoding, errors)
+
+    def create_pax_header(self, info, encoding):
+        """Return the object as a ustar header block. If it cannot be
+           represented this way, prepend a pax extended header sequence
+           with supplement information.
+        """
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+        pax_headers = self.pax_headers.copy()
+
+        # Test string fields for values that exceed the field length or cannot
+        # be represented in ASCII encoding.
+        for name, hname, length in (
+                ("name", "path", LENGTH_NAME), ("linkname", "linkpath", LENGTH_LINK),
+                ("uname", "uname", 32), ("gname", "gname", 32)):
+
+            if hname in pax_headers:
+                # The pax header has priority.
+                continue
+
+            # Try to encode the string as ASCII.
+            try:
+                info[name].encode("ascii", "strict")
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                pax_headers[hname] = info[name]
+                continue
+
+            if len(info[name]) > length:
+                pax_headers[hname] = info[name]
+
+        # Test number fields for values that exceed the field limit or values
+        # that like to be stored as float.
+        for name, digits in (("uid", 8), ("gid", 8), ("size", 12), ("mtime", 12)):
+            if name in pax_headers:
+                # The pax header has priority. Avoid overflow.
+                info[name] = 0
+                continue
+
+            val = info[name]
+            if not 0 <= val < 8 ** (digits - 1) or isinstance(val, float):
+                pax_headers[name] = str(val)
+                info[name] = 0
+
+        # Create a pax extended header if necessary.
+        if pax_headers:
+            buf = self._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XHDTYPE, encoding)
+        else:
+            buf = b""
+
+        return buf + self._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_pax_global_header(cls, pax_headers):
+        """Return the object as a pax global header block sequence.
+        """
+        return cls._create_pax_generic_header(pax_headers, XGLTYPE, "utf8")
+
+    def _posix_split_name(self, name):
+        """Split a name longer than 100 chars into a prefix
+           and a name part.
+        """
+        prefix = name[:LENGTH_PREFIX + 1]
+        while prefix and prefix[-1] != "/":
+            prefix = prefix[:-1]
+
+        name = name[len(prefix):]
+        prefix = prefix[:-1]
+
+        if not prefix or len(name) > LENGTH_NAME:
+            raise ValueError("name is too long")
+        return prefix, name
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_header(info, format, encoding, errors):
+        """Return a header block. info is a dictionary with file
+           information, format must be one of the *_FORMAT constants.
+        """
+        parts = [
+            stn(info.get("name", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
+            itn(info.get("mode", 0) & 0o7777, 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("uid", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("gid", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("size", 0), 12, format),
+            itn(info.get("mtime", 0), 12, format),
+            b"        ", # checksum field
+            info.get("type", REGTYPE),
+            stn(info.get("linkname", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
+            info.get("magic", POSIX_MAGIC),
+            stn(info.get("uname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
+            stn(info.get("gname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
+            itn(info.get("devmajor", 0), 8, format),
+            itn(info.get("devminor", 0), 8, format),
+            stn(info.get("prefix", ""), 155, encoding, errors)
+        ]
+
+        buf = struct.pack("%ds" % BLOCKSIZE, b"".join(parts))
+        chksum = calc_chksums(buf[-BLOCKSIZE:])[0]
+        buf = buf[:-364] + ("%06o\0" % chksum).encode("ascii") + buf[-357:]
+        return buf
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_payload(payload):
+        """Return the string payload filled with zero bytes
+           up to the next 512 byte border.
+        """
+        blocks, remainder = divmod(len(payload), BLOCKSIZE)
+        if remainder > 0:
+            payload += (BLOCKSIZE - remainder) * NUL
+        return payload
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_gnu_long_header(cls, name, type, encoding, errors):
+        """Return a GNUTYPE_LONGNAME or GNUTYPE_LONGLINK sequence
+           for name.
+        """
+        name = name.encode(encoding, errors) + NUL
+
+        info = {}
+        info["name"] = "././@LongLink"
+        info["type"] = type
+        info["size"] = len(name)
+        info["magic"] = GNU_MAGIC
+
+        # create extended header + name blocks.
+        return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, encoding, errors) + \
+                cls._create_payload(name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_pax_generic_header(cls, pax_headers, type, encoding):
+        """Return a POSIX.1-2008 extended or global header sequence
+           that contains a list of keyword, value pairs. The values
+           must be strings.
+        """
+        # Check if one of the fields contains surrogate characters and thereby
+        # forces hdrcharset=BINARY, see _proc_pax() for more information.
+        binary = False
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            try:
+                value.encode("utf8", "strict")
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                binary = True
+                break
+
+        records = b""
+        if binary:
+            # Put the hdrcharset field at the beginning of the header.
+            records += b"21 hdrcharset=BINARY\n"
+
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            keyword = keyword.encode("utf8")
+            if binary:
+                # Try to restore the original byte representation of `value'.
+                # Needless to say, that the encoding must match the string.
+                value = value.encode(encoding, "surrogateescape")
+            else:
+                value = value.encode("utf8")
+
+            l = len(keyword) + len(value) + 3   # ' ' + '=' + '\n'
+            n = p = 0
+            while True:
+                n = l + len(str(p))
+                if n == p:
+                    break
+                p = n
+            records += bytes(str(p), "ascii") + b" " + keyword + b"=" + value + b"\n"
+
+        # We use a hardcoded "././@PaxHeader" name like star does
+        # instead of the one that POSIX recommends.
+        info = {}
+        info["name"] = "././@PaxHeader"
+        info["type"] = type
+        info["size"] = len(records)
+        info["magic"] = POSIX_MAGIC
+
+        # Create pax header + record blocks.
+        return cls._create_header(info, USTAR_FORMAT, "ascii", "replace") + \
+                cls._create_payload(records)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frombuf(cls, buf, encoding, errors):
+        """Construct a TarInfo object from a 512 byte bytes object.
+        """
+        if len(buf) == 0:
+            raise EmptyHeaderError("empty header")
+        if len(buf) != BLOCKSIZE:
+            raise TruncatedHeaderError("truncated header")
+        if buf.count(NUL) == BLOCKSIZE:
+            raise EOFHeaderError("end of file header")
+
+        chksum = nti(buf[148:156])
+        if chksum not in calc_chksums(buf):
+            raise InvalidHeaderError("bad checksum")
+
+        obj = cls()
+        obj.name = nts(buf[0:100], encoding, errors)
+        obj.mode = nti(buf[100:108])
+        obj.uid = nti(buf[108:116])
+        obj.gid = nti(buf[116:124])
+        obj.size = nti(buf[124:136])
+        obj.mtime = nti(buf[136:148])
+        obj.chksum = chksum
+        obj.type = buf[156:157]
+        obj.linkname = nts(buf[157:257], encoding, errors)
+        obj.uname = nts(buf[265:297], encoding, errors)
+        obj.gname = nts(buf[297:329], encoding, errors)
+        obj.devmajor = nti(buf[329:337])
+        obj.devminor = nti(buf[337:345])
+        prefix = nts(buf[345:500], encoding, errors)
+
+        # Old V7 tar format represents a directory as a regular
+        # file with a trailing slash.
+        if obj.type == AREGTYPE and obj.name.endswith("/"):
+            obj.type = DIRTYPE
+
+        # The old GNU sparse format occupies some of the unused
+        # space in the buffer for up to 4 sparse structures.
+        # Save the them for later processing in _proc_sparse().
+        if obj.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE:
+            pos = 386
+            structs = []
+            for i in range(4):
+                try:
+                    offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12])
+                    numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24])
+                except ValueError:
+                    break
+                structs.append((offset, numbytes))
+                pos += 24
+            isextended = bool(buf[482])
+            origsize = nti(buf[483:495])
+            obj._sparse_structs = (structs, isextended, origsize)
+
+        # Remove redundant slashes from directories.
+        if obj.isdir():
+            obj.name = obj.name.rstrip("/")
+
+        # Reconstruct a ustar longname.
+        if prefix and obj.type not in GNU_TYPES:
+            obj.name = prefix + "/" + obj.name
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromtarfile(cls, tarfile):
+        """Return the next TarInfo object from TarFile object
+           tarfile.
+        """
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+        obj = cls.frombuf(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+        obj.offset = tarfile.fileobj.tell() - BLOCKSIZE
+        return obj._proc_member(tarfile)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # The following are methods that are called depending on the type of a
+    # member. The entry point is _proc_member() which can be overridden in a
+    # subclass to add custom _proc_*() methods. A _proc_*() method MUST
+    # implement the following
+    # operations:
+    # 1. Set self.offset_data to the position where the data blocks begin,
+    #    if there is data that follows.
+    # 2. Set tarfile.offset to the position where the next member's header will
+    #    begin.
+    # 3. Return self or another valid TarInfo object.
+    def _proc_member(self, tarfile):
+        """Choose the right processing method depending on
+           the type and call it.
+        """
+        if self.type in (GNUTYPE_LONGNAME, GNUTYPE_LONGLINK):
+            return self._proc_gnulong(tarfile)
+        elif self.type == GNUTYPE_SPARSE:
+            return self._proc_sparse(tarfile)
+        elif self.type in (XHDTYPE, XGLTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE):
+            return self._proc_pax(tarfile)
+        else:
+            return self._proc_builtin(tarfile)
+
+    def _proc_builtin(self, tarfile):
+        """Process a builtin type or an unknown type which
+           will be treated as a regular file.
+        """
+        self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        offset = self.offset_data
+        if self.isreg() or self.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            # Skip the following data blocks.
+            offset += self._block(self.size)
+        tarfile.offset = offset
+
+        # Patch the TarInfo object with saved global
+        # header information.
+        self._apply_pax_info(tarfile.pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+
+        return self
+
+    def _proc_gnulong(self, tarfile):
+        """Process the blocks that hold a GNU longname
+           or longlink member.
+        """
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size))
+
+        # Fetch the next header and process it.
+        try:
+            next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile)
+        except HeaderError:
+            raise SubsequentHeaderError("missing or bad subsequent header")
+
+        # Patch the TarInfo object from the next header with
+        # the longname information.
+        next.offset = self.offset
+        if self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGNAME:
+            next.name = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+        elif self.type == GNUTYPE_LONGLINK:
+            next.linkname = nts(buf, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+
+        return next
+
+    def _proc_sparse(self, tarfile):
+        """Process a GNU sparse header plus extra headers.
+        """
+        # We already collected some sparse structures in frombuf().
+        structs, isextended, origsize = self._sparse_structs
+        del self._sparse_structs
+
+        # Collect sparse structures from extended header blocks.
+        while isextended:
+            buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+            pos = 0
+            for i in range(21):
+                try:
+                    offset = nti(buf[pos:pos + 12])
+                    numbytes = nti(buf[pos + 12:pos + 24])
+                except ValueError:
+                    break
+                if offset and numbytes:
+                    structs.append((offset, numbytes))
+                pos += 24
+            isextended = bool(buf[504])
+        self.sparse = structs
+
+        self.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        tarfile.offset = self.offset_data + self._block(self.size)
+        self.size = origsize
+        return self
+
+    def _proc_pax(self, tarfile):
+        """Process an extended or global header as described in
+           POSIX.1-2008.
+        """
+        # Read the header information.
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(self._block(self.size))
+
+        # A pax header stores supplemental information for either
+        # the following file (extended) or all following files
+        # (global).
+        if self.type == XGLTYPE:
+            pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers
+        else:
+            pax_headers = tarfile.pax_headers.copy()
+
+        # Check if the pax header contains a hdrcharset field. This tells us
+        # the encoding of the path, linkpath, uname and gname fields. Normally,
+        # these fields are UTF-8 encoded but since POSIX.1-2008 tar
+        # implementations are allowed to store them as raw binary strings if
+        # the translation to UTF-8 fails.
+        match = re.search(br"\d+ hdrcharset=([^\n]+)\n", buf)
+        if match is not None:
+            pax_headers["hdrcharset"] = match.group(1).decode("utf8")
+
+        # For the time being, we don't care about anything other than "BINARY".
+        # The only other value that is currently allowed by the standard is
+        # "ISO-IR 10646 2000 UTF-8" in other words UTF-8.
+        hdrcharset = pax_headers.get("hdrcharset")
+        if hdrcharset == "BINARY":
+            encoding = tarfile.encoding
+        else:
+            encoding = "utf8"
+
+        # Parse pax header information. A record looks like that:
+        # "%d %s=%s\n" % (length, keyword, value). length is the size
+        # of the complete record including the length field itself and
+        # the newline. keyword and value are both UTF-8 encoded strings.
+        regex = re.compile(br"(\d+) ([^=]+)=")
+        pos = 0
+        while True:
+            match = regex.match(buf, pos)
+            if not match:
+                break
+
+            length, keyword = match.groups()
+            length = int(length)
+            value = buf[match.end(2) + 1:match.start(1) + length - 1]
+
+            # Normally, we could just use "utf8" as the encoding and "strict"
+            # as the error handler, but we better not take the risk. For
+            # example, GNU tar <= 1.23 is known to store filenames it cannot
+            # translate to UTF-8 as raw strings (unfortunately without a
+            # hdrcharset=BINARY header).
+            # We first try the strict standard encoding, and if that fails we
+            # fall back on the user's encoding and error handler.
+            keyword = self._decode_pax_field(keyword, "utf8", "utf8",
+                    tarfile.errors)
+            if keyword in PAX_NAME_FIELDS:
+                value = self._decode_pax_field(value, encoding, tarfile.encoding,
+                        tarfile.errors)
+            else:
+                value = self._decode_pax_field(value, "utf8", "utf8",
+                        tarfile.errors)
+
+            pax_headers[keyword] = value
+            pos += length
+
+        # Fetch the next header.
+        try:
+            next = self.fromtarfile(tarfile)
+        except HeaderError:
+            raise SubsequentHeaderError("missing or bad subsequent header")
+
+        # Process GNU sparse information.
+        if "GNU.sparse.map" in pax_headers:
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 0.1.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_01(next, pax_headers)
+
+        elif "GNU.sparse.size" in pax_headers:
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 0.0.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_00(next, pax_headers, buf)
+
+        elif pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.major") == "1" and pax_headers.get("GNU.sparse.minor") == "0":
+            # GNU extended sparse format version 1.0.
+            self._proc_gnusparse_10(next, pax_headers, tarfile)
+
+        if self.type in (XHDTYPE, SOLARIS_XHDTYPE):
+            # Patch the TarInfo object with the extended header info.
+            next._apply_pax_info(pax_headers, tarfile.encoding, tarfile.errors)
+            next.offset = self.offset
+
+            if "size" in pax_headers:
+                # If the extended header replaces the size field,
+                # we need to recalculate the offset where the next
+                # header starts.
+                offset = next.offset_data
+                if next.isreg() or next.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+                    offset += next._block(next.size)
+                tarfile.offset = offset
+
+        return next
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_00(self, next, pax_headers, buf):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.0.
+        """
+        offsets = []
+        for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.offset=(\d+)\n", buf):
+            offsets.append(int(match.group(1)))
+        numbytes = []
+        for match in re.finditer(br"\d+ GNU.sparse.numbytes=(\d+)\n", buf):
+            numbytes.append(int(match.group(1)))
+        next.sparse = list(zip(offsets, numbytes))
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_01(self, next, pax_headers):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 0.1.
+        """
+        sparse = [int(x) for x in pax_headers["GNU.sparse.map"].split(",")]
+        next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2]))
+
+    def _proc_gnusparse_10(self, next, pax_headers, tarfile):
+        """Process a GNU tar extended sparse header, version 1.0.
+        """
+        fields = None
+        sparse = []
+        buf = tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+        fields, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1)
+        fields = int(fields)
+        while len(sparse) < fields * 2:
+            if b"\n" not in buf:
+                buf += tarfile.fileobj.read(BLOCKSIZE)
+            number, buf = buf.split(b"\n", 1)
+            sparse.append(int(number))
+        next.offset_data = tarfile.fileobj.tell()
+        next.sparse = list(zip(sparse[::2], sparse[1::2]))
+
+    def _apply_pax_info(self, pax_headers, encoding, errors):
+        """Replace fields with supplemental information from a previous
+           pax extended or global header.
+        """
+        for keyword, value in pax_headers.items():
+            if keyword == "GNU.sparse.name":
+                setattr(self, "path", value)
+            elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.size":
+                setattr(self, "size", int(value))
+            elif keyword == "GNU.sparse.realsize":
+                setattr(self, "size", int(value))
+            elif keyword in PAX_FIELDS:
+                if keyword in PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS:
+                    try:
+                        value = PAX_NUMBER_FIELDS[keyword](value)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        value = 0
+                if keyword == "path":
+                    value = value.rstrip("/")
+                setattr(self, keyword, value)
+
+        self.pax_headers = pax_headers.copy()
+
+    def _decode_pax_field(self, value, encoding, fallback_encoding, fallback_errors):
+        """Decode a single field from a pax record.
+        """
+        try:
+            return value.decode(encoding, "strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return value.decode(fallback_encoding, fallback_errors)
+
+    def _block(self, count):
+        """Round up a byte count by BLOCKSIZE and return it,
+           e.g. _block(834) => 1024.
+        """
+        blocks, remainder = divmod(count, BLOCKSIZE)
+        if remainder:
+            blocks += 1
+        return blocks * BLOCKSIZE
+
+    def isreg(self):
+        return self.type in REGULAR_TYPES
+    def isfile(self):
+        return self.isreg()
+    def isdir(self):
+        return self.type == DIRTYPE
+    def issym(self):
+        return self.type == SYMTYPE
+    def islnk(self):
+        return self.type == LNKTYPE
+    def ischr(self):
+        return self.type == CHRTYPE
+    def isblk(self):
+        return self.type == BLKTYPE
+    def isfifo(self):
+        return self.type == FIFOTYPE
+    def issparse(self):
+        return self.sparse is not None
+    def isdev(self):
+        return self.type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, FIFOTYPE)
+# class TarInfo
+
+class TarFile(object):
+    """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
+    """
+
+    debug = 0                   # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)
+
+    dereference = False         # If true, add content of linked file to the
+                                # tar file, else the link.
+
+    ignore_zeros = False        # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
+                                # continues processing.
+
+    errorlevel = 1              # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
+                                # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
+                                # are passed to the caller as exceptions.
+
+    format = DEFAULT_FORMAT     # The format to use when creating an archive.
+
+    encoding = ENCODING         # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.
+
+    errors = None               # Error handler for unicode conversion.
+
+    tarinfo = TarInfo           # The default TarInfo class to use.
+
+    fileobject = ExFileObject   # The default ExFileObject class to use.
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
+            tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
+            errors="surrogateescape", pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
+        """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
+           read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
+           file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
+           defaults to 'r'.
+           If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
+           can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
+           `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "raw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
+        self.mode = mode
+        self._mode = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}[mode]
+
+        if not fileobj:
+            if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
+                # Create nonexistent files in append mode.
+                self.mode = "w"
+                self._mode = "wb"
+            fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
+            self._extfileobj = False
+        else:
+            if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
+                name = fileobj.name
+            if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
+                self._mode = fileobj.mode
+            self._extfileobj = True
+        self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
+        self.fileobj = fileobj
+
+        # Init attributes.
+        if format is not None:
+            self.format = format
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        if dereference is not None:
+            self.dereference = dereference
+        if ignore_zeros is not None:
+            self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
+        if encoding is not None:
+            self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+
+        if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
+            self.pax_headers = pax_headers
+        else:
+            self.pax_headers = {}
+
+        if debug is not None:
+            self.debug = debug
+        if errorlevel is not None:
+            self.errorlevel = errorlevel
+
+        # Init datastructures.
+        self.closed = False
+        self.members = []       # list of members as TarInfo objects
+        self._loaded = False    # flag if all members have been read
+        self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
+                                # current position in the archive file
+        self.inodes = {}        # dictionary caching the inodes of
+                                # archive members already added
+
+        try:
+            if self.mode == "r":
+                self.firstmember = None
+                self.firstmember = self.next()
+
+            if self.mode == "a":
+                # Move to the end of the archive,
+                # before the first empty block.
+                while True:
+                    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+                    try:
+                        tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
+                        self.members.append(tarinfo)
+                    except EOFHeaderError:
+                        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+                        break
+                    except HeaderError as e:
+                        raise ReadError(str(e))
+
+            if self.mode in "aw":
+                self._loaded = True
+
+                if self.pax_headers:
+                    buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
+                    self.fileobj.write(buf)
+                    self.offset += len(buf)
+        except:
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+            raise
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
+    # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
+    # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
+    # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
+    # from OPEN_METH.
+    #
+    # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
+    # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
+    # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
+        """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
+           an appropriate TarFile class.
+
+           mode:
+           'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
+           'r:'         open for reading exclusively uncompressed
+           'r:gz'       open for reading with gzip compression
+           'r:bz2'      open for reading with bzip2 compression
+           'a' or 'a:'  open for appending, creating the file if necessary
+           'w' or 'w:'  open for writing without compression
+           'w:gz'       open for writing with gzip compression
+           'w:bz2'      open for writing with bzip2 compression
+
+           'r|*'        open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
+           'r|'         open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
+           'r|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'r|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
+           'w|'         open an uncompressed stream for writing
+           'w|gz'       open a gzip compressed stream for writing
+           'w|bz2'      open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
+        """
+
+        if not name and not fileobj:
+            raise ValueError("nothing to open")
+
+        if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
+            # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
+            for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
+                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
+                if fileobj is not None:
+                    saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
+                try:
+                    return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
+                except (ReadError, CompressionError) as e:
+                    if fileobj is not None:
+                        fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
+                    continue
+            raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")
+
+        elif ":" in mode:
+            filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
+            filemode = filemode or "r"
+            comptype = comptype or "tar"
+
+            # Select the *open() function according to
+            # given compression.
+            if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
+                func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
+            else:
+                raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
+            return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+        elif "|" in mode:
+            filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
+            filemode = filemode or "r"
+            comptype = comptype or "tar"
+
+            if filemode not in "rw":
+                raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
+
+            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
+            try:
+                t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
+            except:
+                stream.close()
+                raise
+            t._extfileobj = False
+            return t
+
+        elif mode in "aw":
+            return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+        raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
+        """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "raw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
+        return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
+        """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "rw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
+
+        try:
+            import gzip
+            gzip.GzipFile
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")
+
+        extfileobj = fileobj is not None
+        try:
+            fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode + "b", compresslevel, fileobj)
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except IOError:
+            if not extfileobj and fileobj is not None:
+                fileobj.close()
+            if fileobj is None:
+                raise
+            raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
+        except:
+            if not extfileobj and fileobj is not None:
+                fileobj.close()
+            raise
+        t._extfileobj = extfileobj
+        return t
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
+        """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
+           Appending is not allowed.
+        """
+        if len(mode) > 1 or mode not in "rw":
+            raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")
+
+        try:
+            import bz2
+        except ImportError:
+            raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")
+
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
+        else:
+            fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)
+
+        try:
+            t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
+        except (IOError, EOFError):
+            fileobj.close()
+            raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
+        t._extfileobj = False
+        return t
+
+    # All *open() methods are registered here.
+    OPEN_METH = {
+        "tar": "taropen",   # uncompressed tar
+        "gz":  "gzopen",    # gzip compressed tar
+        "bz2": "bz2open"    # bzip2 compressed tar
+    }
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # The public methods which TarFile provides:
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
+           appended to the archive.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+
+        if self.mode in "aw":
+            self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
+            self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
+            # fill up the end with zero-blocks
+            # (like option -b20 for tar does)
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
+            if remainder > 0:
+                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))
+
+        if not self._extfileobj:
+            self.fileobj.close()
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def getmember(self, name):
+        """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
+           found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
+           than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
+           most up-to-date version.
+        """
+        tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def getmembers(self):
+        """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
+           list has the same order as the members in the archive.
+        """
+        self._check()
+        if not self._loaded:    # if we want to obtain a list of
+            self._load()        # all members, we first have to
+                                # scan the whole archive.
+        return self.members
+
+    def getnames(self):
+        """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
+           the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
+        """
+        return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]
+
+    def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
+        """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
+           object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
+           modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
+           addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
+           file in the archive.
+        """
+        self._check("aw")
+
+        # When fileobj is given, replace name by
+        # fileobj's real name.
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            name = fileobj.name
+
+        # Building the name of the member in the archive.
+        # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
+        # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
+        if arcname is None:
+            arcname = name
+        drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
+        arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
+        arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")
+
+        # Now, fill the TarInfo object with
+        # information specific for the file.
+        tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
+        tarinfo.tarfile = self
+
+        # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
+        # and if symlinks shall be resolved.
+        if fileobj is None:
+            if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
+                statres = os.lstat(name)
+            else:
+                statres = os.stat(name)
+        else:
+            statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
+        linkname = ""
+
+        stmd = statres.st_mode
+        if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
+            inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
+            if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
+                    inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
+                # Is it a hardlink to an already
+                # archived file?
+                type = LNKTYPE
+                linkname = self.inodes[inode]
+            else:
+                # The inode is added only if its valid.
+                # For win32 it is always 0.
+                type = REGTYPE
+                if inode[0]:
+                    self.inodes[inode] = arcname
+        elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
+            type = DIRTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
+            type = FIFOTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
+            type = SYMTYPE
+            linkname = os.readlink(name)
+        elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
+            type = CHRTYPE
+        elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
+            type = BLKTYPE
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        # Fill the TarInfo object with all
+        # information we can get.
+        tarinfo.name = arcname
+        tarinfo.mode = stmd
+        tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
+        tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
+        if type == REGTYPE:
+            tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
+        else:
+            tarinfo.size = 0
+        tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
+        tarinfo.type = type
+        tarinfo.linkname = linkname
+        if pwd:
+            try:
+                tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        if grp:
+            try:
+                tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+        if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
+            if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
+                tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
+                tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def list(self, verbose=True):
+        """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
+           the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
+           output is produced.
+        """
+        self._check()
+
+        for tarinfo in self:
+            if verbose:
+                print(filemode(tarinfo.mode), end=' ')
+                print("%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
+                                 tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid), end=' ')
+                if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
+                    print("%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
+                                    % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)), end=' ')
+                else:
+                    print("%10d" % tarinfo.size, end=' ')
+                print("%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
+                      % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6], end=' ')
+
+            print(tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""), end=' ')
+
+            if verbose:
+                if tarinfo.issym():
+                    print("->", tarinfo.linkname, end=' ')
+                if tarinfo.islnk():
+                    print("link to", tarinfo.linkname, end=' ')
+            print()
+
+    def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
+        """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
+           (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
+           specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
+           Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
+           setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
+           return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
+           that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
+           TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
+           excluded from the archive.
+        """
+        self._check("aw")
+
+        if arcname is None:
+            arcname = name
+
+        # Exclude pathnames.
+        if exclude is not None:
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
+                    DeprecationWarning, 2)
+            if exclude(name):
+                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
+                return
+
+        # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
+        if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
+            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
+            return
+
+        self._dbg(1, name)
+
+        # Create a TarInfo object from the file.
+        tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)
+
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
+            return
+
+        # Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
+        if filter is not None:
+            tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
+                return
+
+        # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            f = bltn_open(name, "rb")
+            self.addfile(tarinfo, f)
+            f.close()
+
+        elif tarinfo.isdir():
+            self.addfile(tarinfo)
+            if recursive:
+                for f in os.listdir(name):
+                    self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
+                            recursive, exclude, filter=filter)
+
+        else:
+            self.addfile(tarinfo)
+
+    def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
+        """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
+           given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
+           You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
+           On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
+           'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
+        """
+        self._check("aw")
+
+        tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+
+        buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
+        self.fileobj.write(buf)
+        self.offset += len(buf)
+
+        # If there's data to follow, append it.
+        if fileobj is not None:
+            copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
+            blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
+            if remainder > 0:
+                self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
+                blocks += 1
+            self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE
+
+        self.members.append(tarinfo)
+
+    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
+        """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
+           directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
+           directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
+           to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
+           list returned by getmembers().
+        """
+        directories = []
+
+        if members is None:
+            members = self
+
+        for tarinfo in members:
+            if tarinfo.isdir():
+                # Extract directories with a safe mode.
+                directories.append(tarinfo)
+                tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
+                tarinfo.mode = 0o700
+            # Do not set_attrs directories, as we will do that further down
+            self.extract(tarinfo, path, set_attrs=not tarinfo.isdir())
+
+        # Reverse sort directories.
+        directories.sort(key=lambda a: a.name)
+        directories.reverse()
+
+        # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
+        for tarinfo in directories:
+            dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
+            try:
+                self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
+                self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
+                self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
+            except ExtractError as e:
+                if self.errorlevel > 1:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+    def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True):
+        """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
+           using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
+           as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
+           specify a different directory using `path'. File attributes (owner,
+           mtime, mode) are set unless `set_attrs' is False.
+        """
+        self._check("r")
+
+        if isinstance(member, str):
+            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
+        else:
+            tarinfo = member
+
+        # Prepare the link target for makelink().
+        if tarinfo.islnk():
+            tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)
+
+        try:
+            self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name),
+                                 set_attrs=set_attrs)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            if self.errorlevel > 0:
+                raise
+            else:
+                if e.filename is None:
+                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
+                else:
+                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
+        except ExtractError as e:
+            if self.errorlevel > 1:
+                raise
+            else:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+    def extractfile(self, member):
+        """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
+           a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
+           file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
+           object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
+           the above, None is returned.
+           The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
+           methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
+        """
+        self._check("r")
+
+        if isinstance(member, str):
+            tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
+        else:
+            tarinfo = member
+
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
+
+        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
+            # regular file.
+            return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)
+
+        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
+                # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
+                # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
+                # stream of tar blocks.
+                raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
+            else:
+                # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
+                return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
+        else:
+            # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
+            # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath, set_attrs=True):
+        """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
+           file called targetpath.
+        """
+        # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
+        # and build the destination pathname, replacing
+        # forward slashes to platform specific separators.
+        targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
+        targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)
+
+        # Create all upper directories.
+        upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
+        if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
+            # Create directories that are not part of the archive with
+            # default permissions.
+            os.makedirs(upperdirs)
+
+        if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)
+
+        if tarinfo.isreg():
+            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.isdir():
+            self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.isfifo():
+            self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
+            self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
+            self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
+            self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        else:
+            self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+
+        if set_attrs:
+            self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
+            if not tarinfo.issym():
+                self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
+                self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Below are the different file methods. They are called via
+    # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a
+    # subclass to implement other functionality.
+
+    def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a directory called targetpath.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
+            # later in _extract_member().
+            os.mkdir(targetpath, 0o700)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+    def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a file called targetpath.
+        """
+        source = self.fileobj
+        source.seek(tarinfo.offset_data)
+        target = bltn_open(targetpath, "wb")
+        if tarinfo.sparse is not None:
+            for offset, size in tarinfo.sparse:
+                target.seek(offset)
+                copyfileobj(source, target, size)
+        else:
+            copyfileobj(source, target, tarinfo.size)
+        target.seek(tarinfo.size)
+        target.truncate()
+        target.close()
+
+    def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
+           at targetpath.
+        """
+        self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
+        self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
+                     "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)
+
+    def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a fifo called targetpath.
+        """
+        if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
+            os.mkfifo(targetpath)
+        else:
+            raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")
+
+    def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a character or block device called targetpath.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
+            raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")
+
+        mode = tarinfo.mode
+        if tarinfo.isblk():
+            mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
+        else:
+            mode |= stat.S_IFCHR
+
+        os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
+                 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))
+
+    def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
+          (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
+          instead of a link.
+        """
+        try:
+            # For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
+            if tarinfo.issym():
+                os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
+            else:
+                # See extract().
+                if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
+                    os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
+                else:
+                    self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo),
+                                         targetpath)
+        except symlink_exception:
+            if tarinfo.issym():
+                linkpath = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name),
+                                        tarinfo.linkname)
+            else:
+                linkpath = tarinfo.linkname
+        else:
+            try:
+                self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo),
+                                     targetpath)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")
+
+    def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
+            # We have to be root to do so.
+            try:
+                g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
+            except KeyError:
+                g = tarinfo.gid
+            try:
+                u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
+            except KeyError:
+                u = tarinfo.uid
+            try:
+                if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
+                    os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
+                else:
+                    if sys.platform != "os2emx":
+                        os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
+            except EnvironmentError as e:
+                raise ExtractError("could not change owner")
+
+    def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
+            try:
+                os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
+            except EnvironmentError as e:
+                raise ExtractError("could not change mode")
+
+    def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
+        """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
+            return
+        try:
+            os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    def next(self):
+        """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when
+           TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more
+           available.
+        """
+        self._check("ra")
+        if self.firstmember is not None:
+            m = self.firstmember
+            self.firstmember = None
+            return m
+
+        # Read the next block.
+        self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
+        tarinfo = None
+        while True:
+            try:
+                tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
+            except EOFHeaderError as e:
+                if self.ignore_zeros:
+                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
+                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
+                    continue
+            except InvalidHeaderError as e:
+                if self.ignore_zeros:
+                    self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
+                    self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
+                    continue
+                elif self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError(str(e))
+            except EmptyHeaderError:
+                if self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError("empty file")
+            except TruncatedHeaderError as e:
+                if self.offset == 0:
+                    raise ReadError(str(e))
+            except SubsequentHeaderError as e:
+                raise ReadError(str(e))
+            break
+
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self.members.append(tarinfo)
+        else:
+            self._loaded = True
+
+        return tarinfo
+
+    #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Little helper methods:
+
+    def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
+        """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
+           If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
+        """
+        # Ensure that all members have been loaded.
+        members = self.getmembers()
+
+        # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]
+
+        if normalize:
+            name = os.path.normpath(name)
+
+        for member in reversed(members):
+            if normalize:
+                member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
+            else:
+                member_name = member.name
+
+            if name == member_name:
+                return member
+
+    def _load(self):
+        """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
+           members.
+        """
+        while True:
+            tarinfo = self.next()
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                break
+        self._loaded = True
+
+    def _check(self, mode=None):
+        """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
+           corresponds to TarFile's mode.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
+        if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
+            raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)
+
+    def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
+        """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
+           archive.
+        """
+        if tarinfo.issym():
+            # Always search the entire archive.
+            linkname = os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name) + "/" + tarinfo.linkname
+            limit = None
+        else:
+            # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
+            # just a reference to an already archived file.
+            linkname = tarinfo.linkname
+            limit = tarinfo
+
+        member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
+        if member is None:
+            raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
+        return member
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Provide an iterator object.
+        """
+        if self._loaded:
+            return iter(self.members)
+        else:
+            return TarIter(self)
+
+    def _dbg(self, level, msg):
+        """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
+        """
+        if level <= self.debug:
+            print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._check()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        if type is None:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
+            # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
+            if not self._extfileobj:
+                self.fileobj.close()
+            self.closed = True
+# class TarFile
+
+class TarIter(object):
+    """Iterator Class.
+
+       for tarinfo in TarFile(...):
+           suite...
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tarfile):
+        """Construct a TarIter object.
+        """
+        self.tarfile = tarfile
+        self.index = 0
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Return iterator object.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        """Return the next item using TarFile's next() method.
+           When all members have been read, set TarFile as _loaded.
+        """
+        # Fix for SF #1100429: Under rare circumstances it can
+        # happen that getmembers() is called during iteration,
+        # which will cause TarIter to stop prematurely.
+        if not self.tarfile._loaded:
+            tarinfo = self.tarfile.next()
+            if not tarinfo:
+                self.tarfile._loaded = True
+                raise StopIteration
+        else:
+            try:
+                tarinfo = self.tarfile.members[self.index]
+            except IndexError:
+                raise StopIteration
+        self.index += 1
+        return tarinfo
+
+    next = __next__ # for Python 2.x
+
+#--------------------
+# exported functions
+#--------------------
+def is_tarfile(name):
+    """Return True if name points to a tar archive that we
+       are able to handle, else return False.
+    """
+    try:
+        t = open(name)
+        t.close()
+        return True
+    except TarError:
+        return False
+
+bltn_open = open
+open = TarFile.open
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ed8643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1102 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:  # pragma: no cover
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    string_types = basestring,
+    text_type = unicode
+    from types import FileType as file_type
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+    from ._backport import shutil
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlunsplit
+    from urllib import (urlretrieve, quote as _quote, unquote, url2pathname,
+                        pathname2url, ContentTooShortError, splittype)
+
+    def quote(s):
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            s = s.encode('utf-8')
+        return _quote(s)
+
+    import urllib2
+    from urllib2 import (Request, urlopen, URLError, HTTPError,
+                         HTTPBasicAuthHandler, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                         HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler,
+                         build_opener)
+    import httplib
+    import xmlrpclib
+    import Queue as queue
+    from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
+    import htmlentitydefs
+    raw_input = raw_input
+    from itertools import ifilter as filter
+    from itertools import ifilterfalse as filterfalse
+
+    _userprog = None
+    def splituser(host):
+        """splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'."""
+        global _userprog
+        if _userprog is None:
+            import re
+            _userprog = re.compile('^(.*)@(.*)$')
+
+        match = _userprog.match(host)
+        if match: return match.group(1, 2)
+        return None, host
+
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from io import StringIO
+    string_types = str,
+    text_type = str
+    from io import TextIOWrapper as file_type
+    import builtins
+    import configparser
+    import shutil
+    from urllib.parse import (urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, splituser, quote,
+                              unquote, urlsplit, urlunsplit, splittype)
+    from urllib.request import (urlopen, urlretrieve, Request, url2pathname,
+                                pathname2url,
+                                HTTPBasicAuthHandler, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                                HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler,
+                                build_opener)
+    from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError, ContentTooShortError
+    import http.client as httplib
+    import urllib.request as urllib2
+    import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
+    import queue
+    from html.parser import HTMLParser
+    import html.entities as htmlentitydefs
+    raw_input = input
+    from itertools import filterfalse
+    filter = filter
+
+try:
+    from ssl import match_hostname, CertificateError
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    class CertificateError(ValueError):
+        pass
+
+
+    def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+        """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+        """
+        pats = []
+        if not dn:
+            return False
+
+        parts = dn.split('.')
+        leftmost, remainder = parts[0], parts[1:]
+
+        wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+        if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survery of established
+            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+            # reasonable choice.
+            raise CertificateError(
+                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+        # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+        if not wildcards:
+            return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+        # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+        if leftmost == '*':
+            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+            # fragment.
+            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+            # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+            # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+            # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+            # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+        # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+        for frag in remainder:
+            pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+        pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+    def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+        """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+        SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+        rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+        CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+        returns nothing.
+        """
+        if not cert:
+            raise ValueError("empty or no certificate, match_hostname needs a "
+                             "SSL socket or SSL context with either "
+                             "CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED")
+        dnsnames = []
+        san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+        for key, value in san:
+            if key == 'DNS':
+                if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                    return
+                dnsnames.append(value)
+        if not dnsnames:
+            # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+            # in subjectAltName
+            for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+                for key, value in sub:
+                    # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                    # must be used.
+                    if key == 'commonName':
+                        if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                            return
+                        dnsnames.append(value)
+        if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match either of %s"
+                % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+        elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match %r"
+                % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+        else:
+            raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+                "subjectAltName fields were found")
+
+
+try:
+    from types import SimpleNamespace as Container
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    class Container(object):
+        """
+        A generic container for when multiple values need to be returned
+        """
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+
+
+try:
+    from shutil import which
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Implementation from Python 3.3
+    def which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None):
+        """Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
+        conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
+        file.
+
+        `mode` defaults to os.F_OK | os.X_OK. `path` defaults to the result
+        of os.environ.get("PATH"), or can be overridden with a custom search
+        path.
+
+        """
+        # Check that a given file can be accessed with the correct mode.
+        # Additionally check that `file` is not a directory, as on Windows
+        # directories pass the os.access check.
+        def _access_check(fn, mode):
+            return (os.path.exists(fn) and os.access(fn, mode)
+                    and not os.path.isdir(fn))
+
+        # If we're given a path with a directory part, look it up directly rather
+        # than referring to PATH directories. This includes checking relative to the
+        # current directory, e.g. ./script
+        if os.path.dirname(cmd):
+            if _access_check(cmd, mode):
+                return cmd
+            return None
+
+        if path is None:
+            path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath)
+        if not path:
+            return None
+        path = path.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            # The current directory takes precedence on Windows.
+            if not os.curdir in path:
+                path.insert(0, os.curdir)
+
+            # PATHEXT is necessary to check on Windows.
+            pathext = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            # See if the given file matches any of the expected path extensions.
+            # This will allow us to short circuit when given "python.exe".
+            # If it does match, only test that one, otherwise we have to try
+            # others.
+            if any(cmd.lower().endswith(ext.lower()) for ext in pathext):
+                files = [cmd]
+            else:
+                files = [cmd + ext for ext in pathext]
+        else:
+            # On other platforms you don't have things like PATHEXT to tell you
+            # what file suffixes are executable, so just pass on cmd as-is.
+            files = [cmd]
+
+        seen = set()
+        for dir in path:
+            normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
+            if not normdir in seen:
+                seen.add(normdir)
+                for thefile in files:
+                    name = os.path.join(dir, thefile)
+                    if _access_check(name, mode):
+                        return name
+        return None
+
+
+# ZipFile is a context manager in 2.7, but not in 2.6
+
+from zipfile import ZipFile as BaseZipFile
+
+if hasattr(BaseZipFile, '__enter__'):  # pragma: no cover
+    ZipFile = BaseZipFile
+else:
+    from zipfile import ZipExtFile as BaseZipExtFile
+
+    class ZipExtFile(BaseZipExtFile):
+        def __init__(self, base):
+            self.__dict__.update(base.__dict__)
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            self.close()
+            # return None, so if an exception occurred, it will propagate
+
+    class ZipFile(BaseZipFile):
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            self.close()
+            # return None, so if an exception occurred, it will propagate
+
+        def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            base = BaseZipFile.open(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            return ZipExtFile(base)
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    def python_implementation():
+        """Return a string identifying the Python implementation."""
+        if 'PyPy' in sys.version:
+            return 'PyPy'
+        if os.name == 'java':
+            return 'Jython'
+        if sys.version.startswith('IronPython'):
+            return 'IronPython'
+        return 'CPython'
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    from ._backport import sysconfig
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:   # pragma: no cover
+    from collections import Callable
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, Callable)
+
+
+try:
+    fsencode = os.fsencode
+    fsdecode = os.fsdecode
+except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
+    _fsencoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if _fsencoding == 'mbcs':
+        _fserrors = 'strict'
+    else:
+        _fserrors = 'surrogateescape'
+
+    def fsencode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, text_type):
+            return filename.encode(_fsencoding, _fserrors)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
+
+    def fsdecode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, text_type):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename.decode(_fsencoding, _fserrors)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
+
+try:
+    from tokenize import detect_encoding
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    from codecs import BOM_UTF8, lookup
+    import re
+
+    cookie_re = re.compile("coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)")
+
+    def _get_normal_name(orig_enc):
+        """Imitates get_normal_name in tokenizer.c."""
+        # Only care about the first 12 characters.
+        enc = orig_enc[:12].lower().replace("_", "-")
+        if enc == "utf-8" or enc.startswith("utf-8-"):
+            return "utf-8"
+        if enc in ("latin-1", "iso-8859-1", "iso-latin-1") or \
+           enc.startswith(("latin-1-", "iso-8859-1-", "iso-latin-1-")):
+            return "iso-8859-1"
+        return orig_enc
+
+    def detect_encoding(readline):
+        """
+        The detect_encoding() function is used to detect the encoding that should
+        be used to decode a Python source file.  It requires one argment, readline,
+        in the same way as the tokenize() generator.
+
+        It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used
+        (as a string) and a list of any lines (left as bytes) it has read in.
+
+        It detects the encoding from the presence of a utf-8 bom or an encoding
+        cookie as specified in pep-0263.  If both a bom and a cookie are present,
+        but disagree, a SyntaxError will be raised.  If the encoding cookie is an
+        invalid charset, raise a SyntaxError.  Note that if a utf-8 bom is found,
+        'utf-8-sig' is returned.
+
+        If no encoding is specified, then the default of 'utf-8' will be returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            filename = readline.__self__.name
+        except AttributeError:
+            filename = None
+        bom_found = False
+        encoding = None
+        default = 'utf-8'
+        def read_or_stop():
+            try:
+                return readline()
+            except StopIteration:
+                return b''
+
+        def find_cookie(line):
+            try:
+                # Decode as UTF-8. Either the line is an encoding declaration,
+                # in which case it should be pure ASCII, or it must be UTF-8
+                # per default encoding.
+                line_string = line.decode('utf-8')
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                msg = "invalid or missing encoding declaration"
+                if filename is not None:
+                    msg = '{} for {!r}'.format(msg, filename)
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+            matches = cookie_re.findall(line_string)
+            if not matches:
+                return None
+            encoding = _get_normal_name(matches[0])
+            try:
+                codec = lookup(encoding)
+            except LookupError:
+                # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                if filename is None:
+                    msg = "unknown encoding: " + encoding
+                else:
+                    msg = "unknown encoding for {!r}: {}".format(filename,
+                            encoding)
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+            if bom_found:
+                if codec.name != 'utf-8':
+                    # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                    if filename is None:
+                        msg = 'encoding problem: utf-8'
+                    else:
+                        msg = 'encoding problem for {!r}: utf-8'.format(filename)
+                    raise SyntaxError(msg)
+                encoding += '-sig'
+            return encoding
+
+        first = read_or_stop()
+        if first.startswith(BOM_UTF8):
+            bom_found = True
+            first = first[3:]
+            default = 'utf-8-sig'
+        if not first:
+            return default, []
+
+        encoding = find_cookie(first)
+        if encoding:
+            return encoding, [first]
+
+        second = read_or_stop()
+        if not second:
+            return default, [first]
+
+        encoding = find_cookie(second)
+        if encoding:
+            return encoding, [first, second]
+
+        return default, [first, second]
+
+# For converting & <-> &amp; etc.
+try:
+    from html import escape
+except ImportError:
+    from cgi import escape
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 4):
+    unescape = HTMLParser().unescape
+else:
+    from html import unescape
+
+try:
+    from collections import ChainMap
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    from collections import MutableMapping
+
+    try:
+        from reprlib import recursive_repr as _recursive_repr
+    except ImportError:
+        def _recursive_repr(fillvalue='...'):
+            '''
+            Decorator to make a repr function return fillvalue for a recursive
+            call
+            '''
+
+            def decorating_function(user_function):
+                repr_running = set()
+
+                def wrapper(self):
+                    key = id(self), get_ident()
+                    if key in repr_running:
+                        return fillvalue
+                    repr_running.add(key)
+                    try:
+                        result = user_function(self)
+                    finally:
+                        repr_running.discard(key)
+                    return result
+
+                # Can't use functools.wraps() here because of bootstrap issues
+                wrapper.__module__ = getattr(user_function, '__module__')
+                wrapper.__doc__ = getattr(user_function, '__doc__')
+                wrapper.__name__ = getattr(user_function, '__name__')
+                wrapper.__annotations__ = getattr(user_function, '__annotations__', {})
+                return wrapper
+
+            return decorating_function
+
+    class ChainMap(MutableMapping):
+        ''' A ChainMap groups multiple dicts (or other mappings) together
+        to create a single, updateable view.
+
+        The underlying mappings are stored in a list.  That list is public and can
+        accessed or updated using the *maps* attribute.  There is no other state.
+
+        Lookups search the underlying mappings successively until a key is found.
+        In contrast, writes, updates, and deletions only operate on the first
+        mapping.
+
+        '''
+
+        def __init__(self, *maps):
+            '''Initialize a ChainMap by setting *maps* to the given mappings.
+            If no mappings are provided, a single empty dictionary is used.
+
+            '''
+            self.maps = list(maps) or [{}]          # always at least one map
+
+        def __missing__(self, key):
+            raise KeyError(key)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            for mapping in self.maps:
+                try:
+                    return mapping[key]             # can't use 'key in mapping' with defaultdict
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+            return self.__missing__(key)            # support subclasses that define __missing__
+
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            return self[key] if key in self else default
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(set().union(*self.maps))     # reuses stored hash values if possible
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return iter(set().union(*self.maps))
+
+        def __contains__(self, key):
+            return any(key in m for m in self.maps)
+
+        def __bool__(self):
+            return any(self.maps)
+
+        @_recursive_repr()
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return '{0.__class__.__name__}({1})'.format(
+                self, ', '.join(map(repr, self.maps)))
+
+        @classmethod
+        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, *args):
+            'Create a ChainMap with a single dict created from the iterable.'
+            return cls(dict.fromkeys(iterable, *args))
+
+        def copy(self):
+            'New ChainMap or subclass with a new copy of maps[0] and refs to maps[1:]'
+            return self.__class__(self.maps[0].copy(), *self.maps[1:])
+
+        __copy__ = copy
+
+        def new_child(self):                        # like Django's Context.push()
+            'New ChainMap with a new dict followed by all previous maps.'
+            return self.__class__({}, *self.maps)
+
+        @property
+        def parents(self):                          # like Django's Context.pop()
+            'New ChainMap from maps[1:].'
+            return self.__class__(*self.maps[1:])
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            self.maps[0][key] = value
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            try:
+                del self.maps[0][key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
+
+        def popitem(self):
+            'Remove and return an item pair from maps[0]. Raise KeyError is maps[0] is empty.'
+            try:
+                return self.maps[0].popitem()
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('No keys found in the first mapping.')
+
+        def pop(self, key, *args):
+            'Remove *key* from maps[0] and return its value. Raise KeyError if *key* not in maps[0].'
+            try:
+                return self.maps[0].pop(key, *args)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
+
+        def clear(self):
+            'Clear maps[0], leaving maps[1:] intact.'
+            self.maps[0].clear()
+
+try:
+    from imp import cache_from_source
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    def cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None):
+        assert path.endswith('.py')
+        if debug_override is None:
+            debug_override = __debug__
+        if debug_override:
+            suffix = 'c'
+        else:
+            suffix = 'o'
+        return path + suffix
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+## {{{ http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/ (r9)
+# Backport of OrderedDict() class that runs on Python 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and pypy.
+# Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
+    try:
+        from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+    except ImportError:
+        from dummy_thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+
+    try:
+        from _abcoll import KeysView, ValuesView, ItemsView
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+    class OrderedDict(dict):
+        'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+        # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
+        # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
+        # The remaining methods are order-aware.
+        # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as for regular dictionaries.
+
+        # The internal self.__map dictionary maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.
+        # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.
+        # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
+        # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+            regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
+            because their insertion order is arbitrary.
+
+            '''
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
+            try:
+                self.__root
+            except AttributeError:
+                self.__root = root = []                     # sentinel node
+                root[:] = [root, root, None]
+                self.__map = {}
+            self.__update(*args, **kwds)
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
+            'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+            # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
+            # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
+            if key not in self:
+                root = self.__root
+                last = root[0]
+                last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]
+            dict_setitem(self, key, value)
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
+            'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+            # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
+            # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
+            dict_delitem(self, key)
+            link_prev, link_next, key = self.__map.pop(key)
+            link_prev[1] = link_next
+            link_next[0] = link_prev
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+            root = self.__root
+            curr = root[1]
+            while curr is not root:
+                yield curr[2]
+                curr = curr[1]
+
+        def __reversed__(self):
+            'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+            root = self.__root
+            curr = root[0]
+            while curr is not root:
+                yield curr[2]
+                curr = curr[0]
+
+        def clear(self):
+            'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+            try:
+                for node in self.__map.itervalues():
+                    del node[:]
+                root = self.__root
+                root[:] = [root, root, None]
+                self.__map.clear()
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            dict.clear(self)
+
+        def popitem(self, last=True):
+            '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+            Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
+
+            '''
+            if not self:
+                raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+            root = self.__root
+            if last:
+                link = root[0]
+                link_prev = link[0]
+                link_prev[1] = root
+                root[0] = link_prev
+            else:
+                link = root[1]
+                link_next = link[1]
+                root[1] = link_next
+                link_next[0] = root
+            key = link[2]
+            del self.__map[key]
+            value = dict.pop(self, key)
+            return key, value
+
+        # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
+
+        def keys(self):
+            'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+            return list(self)
+
+        def values(self):
+            'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+            return [self[key] for key in self]
+
+        def items(self):
+            'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+            return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+            return iter(self)
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+            for k in self:
+                yield self[k]
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+            for k in self:
+                yield (k, self[k])
+
+        def update(*args, **kwds):
+            '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+
+            If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
+            If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
+            Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
+            In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
+
+            '''
+            if len(args) > 2:
+                raise TypeError('update() takes at most 2 positional '
+                                'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args),))
+            elif not args:
+                raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+            self = args[0]
+            # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
+            other = ()
+            if len(args) == 2:
+                other = args[1]
+            if isinstance(other, dict):
+                for key in other:
+                    self[key] = other[key]
+            elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+                for key in other.keys():
+                    self[key] = other[key]
+            else:
+                for key, value in other:
+                    self[key] = value
+            for key, value in kwds.items():
+                self[key] = value
+
+        __update = update  # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__
+
+        __marker = object()
+
+        def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+            '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+            If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+
+            '''
+            if key in self:
+                result = self[key]
+                del self[key]
+                return result
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise KeyError(key)
+            return default
+
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+            if key in self:
+                return self[key]
+            self[key] = default
+            return default
+
+        def __repr__(self, _repr_running=None):
+            'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+            if not _repr_running: _repr_running = {}
+            call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
+            if call_key in _repr_running:
+                return '...'
+            _repr_running[call_key] = 1
+            try:
+                if not self:
+                    return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+                return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+            finally:
+                del _repr_running[call_key]
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            'Return state information for pickling'
+            items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
+            inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
+            for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
+                inst_dict.pop(k, None)
+            if inst_dict:
+                return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
+            return self.__class__, (items,)
+
+        def copy(self):
+            'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+            return self.__class__(self)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
+            '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+            and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
+
+            '''
+            d = cls()
+            for key in iterable:
+                d[key] = value
+            return d
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+            while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
+
+            '''
+            if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
+                return len(self)==len(other) and self.items() == other.items()
+            return dict.__eq__(self, other)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return not self == other
+
+        # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
+
+        def viewkeys(self):
+            "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
+            return KeysView(self)
+
+        def viewvalues(self):
+            "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"
+            return ValuesView(self)
+
+        def viewitems(self):
+            "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"
+            return ItemsView(self)
+
+try:
+    from logging.config import BaseConfigurator, valid_ident
+except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
+    IDENTIFIER = re.compile('^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$', re.I)
+
+
+    def valid_ident(s):
+        m = IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+        if not m:
+            raise ValueError('Not a valid Python identifier: %r' % s)
+        return True
+
+
+    # The ConvertingXXX classes are wrappers around standard Python containers,
+    # and they serve to convert any suitable values in the container. The
+    # conversion converts base dicts, lists and tuples to their wrapped
+    # equivalents, whereas strings which match a conversion format are converted
+    # appropriately.
+    #
+    # Each wrapper should have a configurator attribute holding the actual
+    # configurator to use for conversion.
+
+    class ConvertingDict(dict):
+        """A converting dictionary wrapper."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            #If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            value = dict.get(self, key, default)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            #If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    class ConvertingList(list):
+        """A converting list wrapper."""
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = list.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            #If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+        def pop(self, idx=-1):
+            value = list.pop(self, idx)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            if value is not result:
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+            return result
+
+    class ConvertingTuple(tuple):
+        """A converting tuple wrapper."""
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = tuple.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            if value is not result:
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+    class BaseConfigurator(object):
+        """
+        The configurator base class which defines some useful defaults.
+        """
+
+        CONVERT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^(?P<prefix>[a-z]+)://(?P<suffix>.*)$')
+
+        WORD_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\s*(\w+)\s*')
+        DOT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\.\s*(\w+)\s*')
+        INDEX_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\[\s*(\w+)\s*\]\s*')
+        DIGIT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\d+$')
+
+        value_converters = {
+            'ext' : 'ext_convert',
+            'cfg' : 'cfg_convert',
+        }
+
+        # We might want to use a different one, e.g. importlib
+        importer = staticmethod(__import__)
+
+        def __init__(self, config):
+            self.config = ConvertingDict(config)
+            self.config.configurator = self
+
+        def resolve(self, s):
+            """
+            Resolve strings to objects using standard import and attribute
+            syntax.
+            """
+            name = s.split('.')
+            used = name.pop(0)
+            try:
+                found = self.importer(used)
+                for frag in name:
+                    used += '.' + frag
+                    try:
+                        found = getattr(found, frag)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        self.importer(used)
+                        found = getattr(found, frag)
+                return found
+            except ImportError:
+                e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+                v = ValueError('Cannot resolve %r: %s' % (s, e))
+                v.__cause__, v.__traceback__ = e, tb
+                raise v
+
+        def ext_convert(self, value):
+            """Default converter for the ext:// protocol."""
+            return self.resolve(value)
+
+        def cfg_convert(self, value):
+            """Default converter for the cfg:// protocol."""
+            rest = value
+            m = self.WORD_PATTERN.match(rest)
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError("Unable to convert %r" % value)
+            else:
+                rest = rest[m.end():]
+                d = self.config[m.groups()[0]]
+                #print d, rest
+                while rest:
+                    m = self.DOT_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                    if m:
+                        d = d[m.groups()[0]]
+                    else:
+                        m = self.INDEX_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                        if m:
+                            idx = m.groups()[0]
+                            if not self.DIGIT_PATTERN.match(idx):
+                                d = d[idx]
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    n = int(idx) # try as number first (most likely)
+                                    d = d[n]
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    d = d[idx]
+                    if m:
+                        rest = rest[m.end():]
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to convert '
+                                         '%r at %r' % (value, rest))
+            #rest should be empty
+            return d
+
+        def convert(self, value):
+            """
+            Convert values to an appropriate type. dicts, lists and tuples are
+            replaced by their converting alternatives. Strings are checked to
+            see if they have a conversion format and are converted if they do.
+            """
+            if not isinstance(value, ConvertingDict) and isinstance(value, dict):
+                value = ConvertingDict(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingList) and isinstance(value, list):
+                value = ConvertingList(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and\
+                     isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = ConvertingTuple(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+                m = self.CONVERT_PATTERN.match(value)
+                if m:
+                    d = m.groupdict()
+                    prefix = d['prefix']
+                    converter = self.value_converters.get(prefix, None)
+                    if converter:
+                        suffix = d['suffix']
+                        converter = getattr(self, converter)
+                        value = converter(suffix)
+            return value
+
+        def configure_custom(self, config):
+            """Configure an object with a user-supplied factory."""
+            c = config.pop('()')
+            if not callable(c):
+                c = self.resolve(c)
+            props = config.pop('.', None)
+            # Check for valid identifiers
+            kwargs = dict([(k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k)])
+            result = c(**kwargs)
+            if props:
+                for name, value in props.items():
+                    setattr(result, name, value)
+            return result
+
+        def as_tuple(self, value):
+            """Utility function which converts lists to tuples."""
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                value = tuple(value)
+            return value
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29c62fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1305 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""PEP 376 implementation."""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import sys
+import zipimport
+
+from . import DistlibException, resources
+from .compat import StringIO
+from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
+from .metadata import Metadata, METADATA_FILENAME
+from .util import (parse_requirement, cached_property, parse_name_and_version,
+                   read_exports, write_exports, CSVReader, CSVWriter)
+
+
+__all__ = ['Distribution', 'BaseInstalledDistribution',
+           'InstalledDistribution', 'EggInfoDistribution',
+           'DistributionPath']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+EXPORTS_FILENAME = 'pydist-exports.json'
+COMMANDS_FILENAME = 'pydist-commands.json'
+
+DIST_FILES = ('INSTALLER', METADATA_FILENAME, 'RECORD', 'REQUESTED',
+              'RESOURCES', EXPORTS_FILENAME, 'SHARED')
+
+DISTINFO_EXT = '.dist-info'
+
+
+class _Cache(object):
+    """
+    A simple cache mapping names and .dist-info paths to distributions
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance. There is normally one for each DistributionPath.
+        """
+        self.name = {}
+        self.path = {}
+        self.generated = False
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache, setting it to its initial state.
+        """
+        self.name.clear()
+        self.path.clear()
+        self.generated = False
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """
+        Add a distribution to the cache.
+        :param dist: The distribution to add.
+        """
+        if dist.path not in self.path:
+            self.path[dist.path] = dist
+            self.name.setdefault(dist.key, []).append(dist)
+
+
+class DistributionPath(object):
+    """
+    Represents a set of distributions installed on a path (typically sys.path).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, path=None, include_egg=False):
+        """
+        Create an instance from a path, optionally including legacy (distutils/
+        setuptools/distribute) distributions.
+        :param path: The path to use, as a list of directories. If not specified,
+                     sys.path is used.
+        :param include_egg: If True, this instance will look for and return legacy
+                            distributions as well as those based on PEP 376.
+        """
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.path = path
+        self._include_dist = True
+        self._include_egg = include_egg
+
+        self._cache = _Cache()
+        self._cache_egg = _Cache()
+        self._cache_enabled = True
+        self._scheme = get_scheme('default')
+
+    def _get_cache_enabled(self):
+        return self._cache_enabled
+
+    def _set_cache_enabled(self, value):
+        self._cache_enabled = value
+
+    cache_enabled = property(_get_cache_enabled, _set_cache_enabled)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        """
+        Clears the internal cache.
+        """
+        self._cache.clear()
+        self._cache_egg.clear()
+
+
+    def _yield_distributions(self):
+        """
+        Yield .dist-info and/or .egg(-info) distributions.
+        """
+        # We need to check if we've seen some resources already, because on
+        # some Linux systems (e.g. some Debian/Ubuntu variants) there are
+        # symlinks which alias other files in the environment.
+        seen = set()
+        for path in self.path:
+            finder = resources.finder_for_path(path)
+            if finder is None:
+                continue
+            r = finder.find('')
+            if not r or not r.is_container:
+                continue
+            rset = sorted(r.resources)
+            for entry in rset:
+                r = finder.find(entry)
+                if not r or r.path in seen:
+                    continue
+                if self._include_dist and entry.endswith(DISTINFO_EXT):
+                    metadata_path = posixpath.join(entry, METADATA_FILENAME)
+                    pydist = finder.find(metadata_path)
+                    if not pydist:
+                        continue
+
+                    metadata = Metadata(fileobj=pydist.as_stream(),
+                                        scheme='legacy')
+                    logger.debug('Found %s', r.path)
+                    seen.add(r.path)
+                    yield new_dist_class(r.path, metadata=metadata,
+                                         env=self)
+                elif self._include_egg and entry.endswith(('.egg-info',
+                                                          '.egg')):
+                    logger.debug('Found %s', r.path)
+                    seen.add(r.path)
+                    yield old_dist_class(r.path, self)
+
+    def _generate_cache(self):
+        """
+        Scan the path for distributions and populate the cache with
+        those that are found.
+        """
+        gen_dist = not self._cache.generated
+        gen_egg = self._include_egg and not self._cache_egg.generated
+        if gen_dist or gen_egg:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                if isinstance(dist, InstalledDistribution):
+                    self._cache.add(dist)
+                else:
+                    self._cache_egg.add(dist)
+
+            if gen_dist:
+                self._cache.generated = True
+            if gen_egg:
+                self._cache_egg.generated = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def distinfo_dirname(cls, name, version):
+        """
+        The *name* and *version* parameters are converted into their
+        filename-escaped form, i.e. any ``'-'`` characters are replaced
+        with ``'_'`` other than the one in ``'dist-info'`` and the one
+        separating the name from the version number.
+
+        :parameter name: is converted to a standard distribution name by replacing
+                         any runs of non- alphanumeric characters with a single
+                         ``'-'``.
+        :type name: string
+        :parameter version: is converted to a standard version string. Spaces
+                            become dots, and all other non-alphanumeric characters
+                            (except dots) become dashes, with runs of multiple
+                            dashes condensed to a single dash.
+        :type version: string
+        :returns: directory name
+        :rtype: string"""
+        name = name.replace('-', '_')
+        return '-'.join([name, version]) + DISTINFO_EXT
+
+    def get_distributions(self):
+        """
+        Provides an iterator that looks for distributions and returns
+        :class:`InstalledDistribution` or
+        :class:`EggInfoDistribution` instances for each one of them.
+
+        :rtype: iterator of :class:`InstalledDistribution` and
+                :class:`EggInfoDistribution` instances
+        """
+        if not self._cache_enabled:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                yield dist
+        else:
+            self._generate_cache()
+
+            for dist in self._cache.path.values():
+                yield dist
+
+            if self._include_egg:
+                for dist in self._cache_egg.path.values():
+                    yield dist
+
+    def get_distribution(self, name):
+        """
+        Looks for a named distribution on the path.
+
+        This function only returns the first result found, as no more than one
+        value is expected. If nothing is found, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`InstalledDistribution`, :class:`EggInfoDistribution`
+                or ``None``
+        """
+        result = None
+        name = name.lower()
+        if not self._cache_enabled:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                if dist.key == name:
+                    result = dist
+                    break
+        else:
+            self._generate_cache()
+
+            if name in self._cache.name:
+                result = self._cache.name[name][0]
+            elif self._include_egg and name in self._cache_egg.name:
+                result = self._cache_egg.name[name][0]
+        return result
+
+    def provides_distribution(self, name, version=None):
+        """
+        Iterates over all distributions to find which distributions provide *name*.
+        If a *version* is provided, it will be used to filter the results.
+
+        This function only returns the first result found, since no more than
+        one values are expected. If the directory is not found, returns ``None``.
+
+        :parameter version: a version specifier that indicates the version
+                            required, conforming to the format in ``PEP-345``
+
+        :type name: string
+        :type version: string
+        """
+        matcher = None
+        if not version is None:
+            try:
+                matcher = self._scheme.matcher('%s (%s)' % (name, version))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistlibException('invalid name or version: %r, %r' %
+                                      (name, version))
+
+        for dist in self.get_distributions():
+            provided = dist.provides
+
+            for p in provided:
+                p_name, p_ver = parse_name_and_version(p)
+                if matcher is None:
+                    if p_name == name:
+                        yield dist
+                        break
+                else:
+                    if p_name == name and matcher.match(p_ver):
+                        yield dist
+                        break
+
+    def get_file_path(self, name, relative_path):
+        """
+        Return the path to a resource file.
+        """
+        dist = self.get_distribution(name)
+        if dist is None:
+            raise LookupError('no distribution named %r found' % name)
+        return dist.get_resource_path(relative_path)
+
+    def get_exported_entries(self, category, name=None):
+        """
+        Return all of the exported entries in a particular category.
+
+        :param category: The category to search for entries.
+        :param name: If specified, only entries with that name are returned.
+        """
+        for dist in self.get_distributions():
+            r = dist.exports
+            if category in r:
+                d = r[category]
+                if name is not None:
+                    if name in d:
+                        yield d[name]
+                else:
+                    for v in d.values():
+                        yield v
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """
+    A base class for distributions, whether installed or from indexes.
+    Either way, it must have some metadata, so that's all that's needed
+    for construction.
+    """
+
+    build_time_dependency = False
+    """
+    Set to True if it's known to be only a build-time dependency (i.e.
+    not needed after installation).
+    """
+
+    requested = False
+    """A boolean that indicates whether the ``REQUESTED`` metadata file is
+    present (in other words, whether the package was installed by user
+    request or it was installed as a dependency)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param metadata: The instance of :class:`Metadata` describing this
+        distribution.
+        """
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.name = metadata.name
+        self.key = self.name.lower()    # for case-insensitive comparisons
+        self.version = metadata.version
+        self.locator = None
+        self.digest = None
+        self.extras = None      # additional features requested
+        self.context = None     # environment marker overrides
+        self.download_urls = set()
+        self.digests = {}
+
+    @property
+    def source_url(self):
+        """
+        The source archive download URL for this distribution.
+        """
+        return self.metadata.source_url
+
+    download_url = source_url   # Backward compatibility
+
+    @property
+    def name_and_version(self):
+        """
+        A utility property which displays the name and version in parentheses.
+        """
+        return '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    @property
+    def provides(self):
+        """
+        A set of distribution names and versions provided by this distribution.
+        :return: A set of "name (version)" strings.
+        """
+        plist = self.metadata.provides
+        s = '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+        if s not in plist:
+            plist.append(s)
+        return plist
+
+    def _get_requirements(self, req_attr):
+        md = self.metadata
+        logger.debug('Getting requirements from metadata %r', md.todict())
+        reqts = getattr(md, req_attr)
+        return set(md.get_requirements(reqts, extras=self.extras,
+                                       env=self.context))
+
+    @property
+    def run_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('run_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def meta_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('meta_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def build_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('build_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def test_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('test_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def dev_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('dev_requires')
+
+    def matches_requirement(self, req):
+        """
+        Say if this instance matches (fulfills) a requirement.
+        :param req: The requirement to match.
+        :rtype req: str
+        :return: True if it matches, else False.
+        """
+        # Requirement may contain extras - parse to lose those
+        # from what's passed to the matcher
+        r = parse_requirement(req)
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.metadata.scheme)
+        try:
+            matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+            logger.warning('could not read version %r - using name only',
+                           req)
+            name = req.split()[0]
+            matcher = scheme.matcher(name)
+
+        name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+
+        result = False
+        for p in self.provides:
+            p_name, p_ver = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            if p_name != name:
+                continue
+            try:
+                result = matcher.match(p_ver)
+                break
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return a textual representation of this instance,
+        """
+        if self.source_url:
+            suffix = ' [%s]' % self.source_url
+        else:
+            suffix = ''
+        return '<Distribution %s (%s)%s>' % (self.name, self.version, suffix)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        See if this distribution is the same as another.
+        :param other: The distribution to compare with. To be equal to one
+                      another. distributions must have the same type, name,
+                      version and source_url.
+        :return: True if it is the same, else False.
+        """
+        if type(other) is not type(self):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            result = (self.name == other.name and
+                      self.version == other.version and
+                      self.source_url == other.source_url)
+        return result
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Compute hash in a way which matches the equality test.
+        """
+        return hash(self.name) + hash(self.version) + hash(self.source_url)
+
+
+class BaseInstalledDistribution(Distribution):
+    """
+    This is the base class for installed distributions (whether PEP 376 or
+    legacy).
+    """
+
+    hasher = None
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata, path, env=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param metadata: An instance of :class:`Metadata` which describes the
+                         distribution. This will normally have been initialised
+                         from a metadata file in the ``path``.
+        :param path:     The path of the ``.dist-info`` or ``.egg-info``
+                         directory for the distribution.
+        :param env:      This is normally the :class:`DistributionPath`
+                         instance where this distribution was found.
+        """
+        super(BaseInstalledDistribution, self).__init__(metadata)
+        self.path = path
+        self.dist_path = env
+
+    def get_hash(self, data, hasher=None):
+        """
+        Get the hash of some data, using a particular hash algorithm, if
+        specified.
+
+        :param data: The data to be hashed.
+        :type data: bytes
+        :param hasher: The name of a hash implementation, supported by hashlib,
+                       or ``None``. Examples of valid values are ``'sha1'``,
+                       ``'sha224'``, ``'sha384'``, '``sha256'``, ``'md5'`` and
+                       ``'sha512'``. If no hasher is specified, the ``hasher``
+                       attribute of the :class:`InstalledDistribution` instance
+                       is used. If the hasher is determined to be ``None``, MD5
+                       is used as the hashing algorithm.
+        :returns: The hash of the data. If a hasher was explicitly specified,
+                  the returned hash will be prefixed with the specified hasher
+                  followed by '='.
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        if hasher is None:
+            hasher = self.hasher
+        if hasher is None:
+            hasher = hashlib.md5
+            prefix = ''
+        else:
+            hasher = getattr(hashlib, hasher)
+            prefix = '%s=' % self.hasher
+        digest = hasher(data).digest()
+        digest = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')
+        return '%s%s' % (prefix, digest)
+
+
+class InstalledDistribution(BaseInstalledDistribution):
+    """
+    Created with the *path* of the ``.dist-info`` directory provided to the
+    constructor. It reads the metadata contained in ``pydist.json`` when it is
+    instantiated., or uses a passed in Metadata instance (useful for when
+    dry-run mode is being used).
+    """
+
+    hasher = 'sha256'
+
+    def __init__(self, path, metadata=None, env=None):
+        self.finder = finder = resources.finder_for_path(path)
+        if finder is None:
+            import pdb; pdb.set_trace ()
+        if env and env._cache_enabled and path in env._cache.path:
+            metadata = env._cache.path[path].metadata
+        elif metadata is None:
+            r = finder.find(METADATA_FILENAME)
+            # Temporary - for legacy support
+            if r is None:
+                r = finder.find('METADATA')
+            if r is None:
+                raise ValueError('no %s found in %s' % (METADATA_FILENAME,
+                                                        path))
+            with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+                metadata = Metadata(fileobj=stream, scheme='legacy')
+
+        super(InstalledDistribution, self).__init__(metadata, path, env)
+
+        if env and env._cache_enabled:
+            env._cache.add(self)
+
+        try:
+            r = finder.find('REQUESTED')
+        except AttributeError:
+            import pdb; pdb.set_trace ()
+        self.requested = r is not None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<InstalledDistribution %r %s at %r>' % (
+            self.name, self.version, self.path)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    def _get_records(self):
+        """
+        Get the list of installed files for the distribution
+        :return: A list of tuples of path, hash and size. Note that hash and
+                 size might be ``None`` for some entries. The path is exactly
+                 as stored in the file (which is as in PEP 376).
+        """
+        results = []
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource('RECORD')
+        with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+            with CSVReader(stream=stream) as record_reader:
+                # Base location is parent dir of .dist-info dir
+                #base_location = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+                #base_location = os.path.abspath(base_location)
+                for row in record_reader:
+                    missing = [None for i in range(len(row), 3)]
+                    path, checksum, size = row + missing
+                    #if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                    #    path = path.replace('/', os.sep)
+                    #    path = os.path.join(base_location, path)
+                    results.append((path, checksum, size))
+        return results
+
+    @cached_property
+    def exports(self):
+        """
+        Return the information exported by this distribution.
+        :return: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to a dict
+                 of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the individual
+                 export entries, and keyed by name.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        if r:
+            result = self.read_exports()
+        return result
+
+    def read_exports(self):
+        """
+        Read exports data from a file in .ini format.
+
+        :return: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to a list
+                 of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the individual
+                 export entries.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        if r:
+            with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+                result = read_exports(stream)
+        return result
+
+    def write_exports(self, exports):
+        """
+        Write a dictionary of exports to a file in .ini format.
+        :param exports: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to
+                        a list of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the
+                        individual export entries.
+        """
+        rf = self.get_distinfo_file(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        with open(rf, 'w') as f:
+            write_exports(exports, f)
+
+    def get_resource_path(self, relative_path):
+        """
+        NOTE: This API may change in the future.
+
+        Return the absolute path to a resource file with the given relative
+        path.
+
+        :param relative_path: The path, relative to .dist-info, of the resource
+                              of interest.
+        :return: The absolute path where the resource is to be found.
+        """
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource('RESOURCES')
+        with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+            with CSVReader(stream=stream) as resources_reader:
+                for relative, destination in resources_reader:
+                    if relative == relative_path:
+                        return destination
+        raise KeyError('no resource file with relative path %r '
+                       'is installed' % relative_path)
+
+    def list_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``RECORD`` entries and returns a tuple
+        ``(path, hash, size)`` for each line.
+
+        :returns: iterator of (path, hash, size)
+        """
+        for result in self._get_records():
+            yield result
+
+    def write_installed_files(self, paths, prefix, dry_run=False):
+        """
+        Writes the ``RECORD`` file, using the ``paths`` iterable passed in. Any
+        existing ``RECORD`` file is silently overwritten.
+
+        prefix is used to determine when to write absolute paths.
+        """
+        prefix = os.path.join(prefix, '')
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        base_under_prefix = base.startswith(prefix)
+        base = os.path.join(base, '')
+        record_path = self.get_distinfo_file('RECORD')
+        logger.info('creating %s', record_path)
+        if dry_run:
+            return None
+        with CSVWriter(record_path) as writer:
+            for path in paths:
+                if os.path.isdir(path) or path.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    # do not put size and hash, as in PEP-376
+                    hash_value = size = ''
+                else:
+                    size = '%d' % os.path.getsize(path)
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
+                        hash_value = self.get_hash(fp.read())
+                if path.startswith(base) or (base_under_prefix and
+                                             path.startswith(prefix)):
+                    path = os.path.relpath(path, base)
+                writer.writerow((path, hash_value, size))
+
+            # add the RECORD file itself
+            if record_path.startswith(base):
+                record_path = os.path.relpath(record_path, base)
+            writer.writerow((record_path, '', ''))
+        return record_path
+
+    def check_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Checks that the hashes and sizes of the files in ``RECORD`` are
+        matched by the files themselves. Returns a (possibly empty) list of
+        mismatches. Each entry in the mismatch list will be a tuple consisting
+        of the path, 'exists', 'size' or 'hash' according to what didn't match
+        (existence is checked first, then size, then hash), the expected
+        value and the actual value.
+        """
+        mismatches = []
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        record_path = self.get_distinfo_file('RECORD')
+        for path, hash_value, size in self.list_installed_files():
+            if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                path = os.path.join(base, path)
+            if path == record_path:
+                continue
+            if not os.path.exists(path):
+                mismatches.append((path, 'exists', True, False))
+            elif os.path.isfile(path):
+                actual_size = str(os.path.getsize(path))
+                if size and actual_size != size:
+                    mismatches.append((path, 'size', size, actual_size))
+                elif hash_value:
+                    if '=' in hash_value:
+                        hasher = hash_value.split('=', 1)[0]
+                    else:
+                        hasher = None
+
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                        actual_hash = self.get_hash(f.read(), hasher)
+                        if actual_hash != hash_value:
+                            mismatches.append((path, 'hash', hash_value, actual_hash))
+        return mismatches
+
+    @cached_property
+    def shared_locations(self):
+        """
+        A dictionary of shared locations whose keys are in the set 'prefix',
+        'purelib', 'platlib', 'scripts', 'headers', 'data' and 'namespace'.
+        The corresponding value is the absolute path of that category for
+        this distribution, and takes into account any paths selected by the
+        user at installation time (e.g. via command-line arguments). In the
+        case of the 'namespace' key, this would be a list of absolute paths
+        for the roots of namespace packages in this distribution.
+
+        The first time this property is accessed, the relevant information is
+        read from the SHARED file in the .dist-info directory.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        shared_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'SHARED')
+        if os.path.isfile(shared_path):
+            with codecs.open(shared_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                lines = f.read().splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                key, value = line.split('=', 1)
+                if key == 'namespace':
+                    result.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+                else:
+                    result[key] = value
+        return result
+
+    def write_shared_locations(self, paths, dry_run=False):
+        """
+        Write shared location information to the SHARED file in .dist-info.
+        :param paths: A dictionary as described in the documentation for
+        :meth:`shared_locations`.
+        :param dry_run: If True, the action is logged but no file is actually
+                        written.
+        :return: The path of the file written to.
+        """
+        shared_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'SHARED')
+        logger.info('creating %s', shared_path)
+        if dry_run:
+            return None
+        lines = []
+        for key in ('prefix', 'lib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data'):
+            path = paths[key]
+            if os.path.isdir(paths[key]):
+                lines.append('%s=%s' % (key,  path))
+        for ns in paths.get('namespace', ()):
+            lines.append('namespace=%s' % ns)
+
+        with codecs.open(shared_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(lines))
+        return shared_path
+
+    def get_distinfo_resource(self, path):
+        if path not in DIST_FILES:
+            raise DistlibException('invalid path for a dist-info file: '
+                                   '%r at %r' % (path, self.path))
+        finder = resources.finder_for_path(self.path)
+        if finder is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to get a finder for %s' % self.path)
+        return finder.find(path)
+
+    def get_distinfo_file(self, path):
+        """
+        Returns a path located under the ``.dist-info`` directory. Returns a
+        string representing the path.
+
+        :parameter path: a ``'/'``-separated path relative to the
+                         ``.dist-info`` directory or an absolute path;
+                         If *path* is an absolute path and doesn't start
+                         with the ``.dist-info`` directory path,
+                         a :class:`DistlibException` is raised
+        :type path: str
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        # Check if it is an absolute path  # XXX use relpath, add tests
+        if path.find(os.sep) >= 0:
+            # it's an absolute path?
+            distinfo_dirname, path = path.split(os.sep)[-2:]
+            if distinfo_dirname != self.path.split(os.sep)[-1]:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    'dist-info file %r does not belong to the %r %s '
+                    'distribution' % (path, self.name, self.version))
+
+        # The file must be relative
+        if path not in DIST_FILES:
+            raise DistlibException('invalid path for a dist-info file: '
+                                   '%r at %r' % (path, self.path))
+
+        return os.path.join(self.path, path)
+
+    def list_distinfo_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``RECORD`` entries and returns paths for each line if
+        the path is pointing to a file located in the ``.dist-info`` directory
+        or one of its subdirectories.
+
+        :returns: iterator of paths
+        """
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        for path, checksum, size in self._get_records():
+            # XXX add separator or use real relpath algo
+            if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                path = os.path.join(base, path)
+            if path.startswith(self.path):
+                yield path
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, InstalledDistribution) and
+                self.path == other.path)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(BaseInstalledDistribution):
+    """Created with the *path* of the ``.egg-info`` directory or file provided
+    to the constructor. It reads the metadata contained in the file itself, or
+    if the given path happens to be a directory, the metadata is read from the
+    file ``PKG-INFO`` under that directory."""
+
+    requested = True    # as we have no way of knowing, assume it was
+    shared_locations = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, path, env=None):
+        def set_name_and_version(s, n, v):
+            s.name = n
+            s.key = n.lower()   # for case-insensitive comparisons
+            s.version = v
+
+        self.path = path
+        self.dist_path = env
+        if env and env._cache_enabled and path in env._cache_egg.path:
+            metadata = env._cache_egg.path[path].metadata
+            set_name_and_version(self, metadata.name, metadata.version)
+        else:
+            metadata = self._get_metadata(path)
+
+            # Need to be set before caching
+            set_name_and_version(self, metadata.name, metadata.version)
+
+            if env and env._cache_enabled:
+                env._cache_egg.add(self)
+        super(EggInfoDistribution, self).__init__(metadata, path, env)
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, path):
+        requires = None
+
+        def parse_requires_data(data):
+            """Create a list of dependencies from a requires.txt file.
+
+            *data*: the contents of a setuptools-produced requires.txt file.
+            """
+            reqs = []
+            lines = data.splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if line.startswith('['):
+                    logger.warning('Unexpected line: quitting requirement scan: %r',
+                                   line)
+                    break
+                r = parse_requirement(line)
+                if not r:
+                    logger.warning('Not recognised as a requirement: %r', line)
+                    continue
+                if r.extras:
+                    logger.warning('extra requirements in requires.txt are '
+                                   'not supported')
+                if not r.constraints:
+                    reqs.append(r.name)
+                else:
+                    cons = ', '.join('%s%s' % c for c in r.constraints)
+                    reqs.append('%s (%s)' % (r.name, cons))
+            return reqs
+
+        def parse_requires_path(req_path):
+            """Create a list of dependencies from a requires.txt file.
+
+            *req_path*: the path to a setuptools-produced requires.txt file.
+            """
+
+            reqs = []
+            try:
+                with codecs.open(req_path, 'r', 'utf-8') as fp:
+                    reqs = parse_requires_data(fp.read())
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+            return reqs
+
+        if path.endswith('.egg'):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                meta_path = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO', 'PKG-INFO')
+                metadata = Metadata(path=meta_path, scheme='legacy')
+                req_path = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO', 'requires.txt')
+                requires = parse_requires_path(req_path)
+            else:
+                # FIXME handle the case where zipfile is not available
+                zipf = zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+                fileobj = StringIO(
+                    zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO').decode('utf8'))
+                metadata = Metadata(fileobj=fileobj, scheme='legacy')
+                try:
+                    data = zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/requires.txt')
+                    requires = parse_requires_data(data.decode('utf-8'))
+                except IOError:
+                    requires = None
+        elif path.endswith('.egg-info'):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                req_path = os.path.join(path, 'requires.txt')
+                requires = parse_requires_path(req_path)
+                path = os.path.join(path, 'PKG-INFO')
+            metadata = Metadata(path=path, scheme='legacy')
+        else:
+            raise DistlibException('path must end with .egg-info or .egg, '
+                                   'got %r' % path)
+
+        if requires:
+            metadata.add_requirements(requires)
+        return metadata
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<EggInfoDistribution %r %s at %r>' % (
+            self.name, self.version, self.path)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    def check_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Checks that the hashes and sizes of the files in ``RECORD`` are
+        matched by the files themselves. Returns a (possibly empty) list of
+        mismatches. Each entry in the mismatch list will be a tuple consisting
+        of the path, 'exists', 'size' or 'hash' according to what didn't match
+        (existence is checked first, then size, then hash), the expected
+        value and the actual value.
+        """
+        mismatches = []
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            for path, _, _ in self.list_installed_files():
+                if path == record_path:
+                    continue
+                if not os.path.exists(path):
+                    mismatches.append((path, 'exists', True, False))
+        return mismatches
+
+    def list_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``installed-files.txt`` entries and returns a tuple
+        ``(path, hash, size)`` for each line.
+
+        :returns: a list of (path, hash, size)
+        """
+
+        def _md5(path):
+            f = open(path, 'rb')
+            try:
+                content = f.read()
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+            return hashlib.md5(content).hexdigest()
+
+        def _size(path):
+            return os.stat(path).st_size
+
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        result = []
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            with codecs.open(record_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.strip()
+                    p = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.path, line))
+                    # "./" is present as a marker between installed files
+                    # and installation metadata files
+                    if not os.path.exists(p):
+                        logger.warning('Non-existent file: %s', p)
+                        if p.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                            continue
+                        #otherwise fall through and fail
+                    if not os.path.isdir(p):
+                        result.append((p, _md5(p), _size(p)))
+            result.append((record_path, None, None))
+        return result
+
+    def list_distinfo_files(self, absolute=False):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``installed-files.txt`` entries and returns paths for
+        each line if the path is pointing to a file located in the
+        ``.egg-info`` directory or one of its subdirectories.
+
+        :parameter absolute: If *absolute* is ``True``, each returned path is
+                          transformed into a local absolute path. Otherwise the
+                          raw value from ``installed-files.txt`` is returned.
+        :type absolute: boolean
+        :returns: iterator of paths
+        """
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        skip = True
+        with codecs.open(record_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if line == './':
+                    skip = False
+                    continue
+                if not skip:
+                    p = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.path, line))
+                    if p.startswith(self.path):
+                        if absolute:
+                            yield p
+                        else:
+                            yield line
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, EggInfoDistribution) and
+                self.path == other.path)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+new_dist_class = InstalledDistribution
+old_dist_class = EggInfoDistribution
+
+
+class DependencyGraph(object):
+    """
+    Represents a dependency graph between distributions.
+
+    The dependency relationships are stored in an ``adjacency_list`` that maps
+    distributions to a list of ``(other, label)`` tuples where  ``other``
+    is a distribution and the edge is labeled with ``label`` (i.e. the version
+    specifier, if such was provided). Also, for more efficient traversal, for
+    every distribution ``x``, a list of predecessors is kept in
+    ``reverse_list[x]``. An edge from distribution ``a`` to
+    distribution ``b`` means that ``a`` depends on ``b``. If any missing
+    dependencies are found, they are stored in ``missing``, which is a
+    dictionary that maps distributions to a list of requirements that were not
+    provided by any other distributions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.adjacency_list = {}
+        self.reverse_list = {}
+        self.missing = {}
+
+    def add_distribution(self, distribution):
+        """Add the *distribution* to the graph.
+
+        :type distribution: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution`
+                            or :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        """
+        self.adjacency_list[distribution] = []
+        self.reverse_list[distribution] = []
+        #self.missing[distribution] = []
+
+    def add_edge(self, x, y, label=None):
+        """Add an edge from distribution *x* to distribution *y* with the given
+        *label*.
+
+        :type x: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` or
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type y: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` or
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type label: ``str`` or ``None``
+        """
+        self.adjacency_list[x].append((y, label))
+        # multiple edges are allowed, so be careful
+        if x not in self.reverse_list[y]:
+            self.reverse_list[y].append(x)
+
+    def add_missing(self, distribution, requirement):
+        """
+        Add a missing *requirement* for the given *distribution*.
+
+        :type distribution: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution`
+                            or :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type requirement: ``str``
+        """
+        logger.debug('%s missing %r', distribution, requirement)
+        self.missing.setdefault(distribution, []).append(requirement)
+
+    def _repr_dist(self, dist):
+        return '%s %s' % (dist.name, dist.version)
+
+    def repr_node(self, dist, level=1):
+        """Prints only a subgraph"""
+        output = [self._repr_dist(dist)]
+        for other, label in self.adjacency_list[dist]:
+            dist = self._repr_dist(other)
+            if label is not None:
+                dist = '%s [%s]' % (dist, label)
+            output.append('    ' * level + str(dist))
+            suboutput = self.repr_node(other, level + 1)
+            subs = suboutput.split('\n')
+            output.extend(subs[1:])
+        return '\n'.join(output)
+
+    def to_dot(self, f, skip_disconnected=True):
+        """Writes a DOT output for the graph to the provided file *f*.
+
+        If *skip_disconnected* is set to ``True``, then all distributions
+        that are not dependent on any other distribution are skipped.
+
+        :type f: has to support ``file``-like operations
+        :type skip_disconnected: ``bool``
+        """
+        disconnected = []
+
+        f.write("digraph dependencies {\n")
+        for dist, adjs in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            if len(adjs) == 0 and not skip_disconnected:
+                disconnected.append(dist)
+            for other, label in adjs:
+                if not label is None:
+                    f.write('"%s" -> "%s" [label="%s"]\n' %
+                            (dist.name, other.name, label))
+                else:
+                    f.write('"%s" -> "%s"\n' % (dist.name, other.name))
+        if not skip_disconnected and len(disconnected) > 0:
+            f.write('subgraph disconnected {\n')
+            f.write('label = "Disconnected"\n')
+            f.write('bgcolor = red\n')
+
+            for dist in disconnected:
+                f.write('"%s"' % dist.name)
+                f.write('\n')
+            f.write('}\n')
+        f.write('}\n')
+
+    def topological_sort(self):
+        """
+        Perform a topological sort of the graph.
+        :return: A tuple, the first element of which is a topologically sorted
+                 list of distributions, and the second element of which is a
+                 list of distributions that cannot be sorted because they have
+                 circular dependencies and so form a cycle.
+        """
+        result = []
+        # Make a shallow copy of the adjacency list
+        alist = {}
+        for k, v in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            alist[k] = v[:]
+        while True:
+            # See what we can remove in this run
+            to_remove = []
+            for k, v in list(alist.items())[:]:
+                if not v:
+                    to_remove.append(k)
+                    del alist[k]
+            if not to_remove:
+                # What's left in alist (if anything) is a cycle.
+                break
+            # Remove from the adjacency list of others
+            for k, v in alist.items():
+                alist[k] = [(d, r) for d, r in v if d not in to_remove]
+            logger.debug('Moving to result: %s',
+                         ['%s (%s)' % (d.name, d.version) for d in to_remove])
+            result.extend(to_remove)
+        return result, list(alist.keys())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Representation of the graph"""
+        output = []
+        for dist, adjs in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            output.append(self.repr_node(dist))
+        return '\n'.join(output)
+
+
+def make_graph(dists, scheme='default'):
+    """Makes a dependency graph from the given distributions.
+
+    :parameter dists: a list of distributions
+    :type dists: list of :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` and
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution` instances
+    :rtype: a :class:`DependencyGraph` instance
+    """
+    scheme = get_scheme(scheme)
+    graph = DependencyGraph()
+    provided = {}  # maps names to lists of (version, dist) tuples
+
+    # first, build the graph and find out what's provided
+    for dist in dists:
+        graph.add_distribution(dist)
+
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            provided.setdefault(name, []).append((version, dist))
+
+    # now make the edges
+    for dist in dists:
+        requires = (dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires |
+                    dist.build_requires | dist.dev_requires)
+        for req in requires:
+            try:
+                matcher = scheme.matcher(req)
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+                logger.warning('could not read version %r - using name only',
+                               req)
+                name = req.split()[0]
+                matcher = scheme.matcher(name)
+
+            name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+
+            matched = False
+            if name in provided:
+                for version, provider in provided[name]:
+                    try:
+                        match = matcher.match(version)
+                    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                        match = False
+
+                    if match:
+                        graph.add_edge(dist, provider, req)
+                        matched = True
+                        break
+            if not matched:
+                graph.add_missing(dist, req)
+    return graph
+
+
+def get_dependent_dists(dists, dist):
+    """Recursively generate a list of distributions from *dists* that are
+    dependent on *dist*.
+
+    :param dists: a list of distributions
+    :param dist: a distribution, member of *dists* for which we are interested
+    """
+    if dist not in dists:
+        raise DistlibException('given distribution %r is not a member '
+                               'of the list' % dist.name)
+    graph = make_graph(dists)
+
+    dep = [dist]  # dependent distributions
+    todo = graph.reverse_list[dist]  # list of nodes we should inspect
+
+    while todo:
+        d = todo.pop()
+        dep.append(d)
+        for succ in graph.reverse_list[d]:
+            if succ not in dep:
+                todo.append(succ)
+
+    dep.pop(0)  # remove dist from dep, was there to prevent infinite loops
+    return dep
+
+
+def get_required_dists(dists, dist):
+    """Recursively generate a list of distributions from *dists* that are
+    required by *dist*.
+
+    :param dists: a list of distributions
+    :param dist: a distribution, member of *dists* for which we are interested
+    """
+    if dist not in dists:
+        raise DistlibException('given distribution %r is not a member '
+                               'of the list' % dist.name)
+    graph = make_graph(dists)
+
+    req = []  # required distributions
+    todo = graph.adjacency_list[dist]  # list of nodes we should inspect
+
+    while todo:
+        d = todo.pop()[0]
+        req.append(d)
+        for pred in graph.adjacency_list[d]:
+            if pred not in req:
+                todo.append(pred)
+
+    return req
+
+
+def make_dist(name, version, **kwargs):
+    """
+    A convenience method for making a dist given just a name and version.
+    """
+    summary = kwargs.pop('summary', 'Placeholder for summary')
+    md = Metadata(**kwargs)
+    md.name = name
+    md.version = version
+    md.summary = summary or 'Plaeholder for summary'
+    return Distribution(md)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73037c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+try:
+    from threading import Thread
+except ImportError:
+    from dummy_threading import Thread
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (HTTPBasicAuthHandler, Request, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                     urlparse, build_opener, string_types)
+from .util import cached_property, zip_dir, ServerProxy
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+DEFAULT_INDEX = 'https://pypi.python.org/pypi'
+DEFAULT_REALM = 'pypi'
+
+class PackageIndex(object):
+    """
+    This class represents a package index compatible with PyPI, the Python
+    Package Index.
+    """
+
+    boundary = b'----------ThIs_Is_tHe_distlib_index_bouNdaRY_$'
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param url: The URL of the index. If not specified, the URL for PyPI is
+                    used.
+        """
+        self.url = url or DEFAULT_INDEX
+        self.read_configuration()
+        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(self.url)
+        if params or query or frag or scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
+            raise DistlibException('invalid repository: %s' % self.url)
+        self.password_handler = None
+        self.ssl_verifier = None
+        self.gpg = None
+        self.gpg_home = None
+        self.rpc_proxy = None
+        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as sink:
+            for s in ('gpg2', 'gpg'):
+                try:
+                    rc = subprocess.check_call([s, '--version'], stdout=sink,
+                                               stderr=sink)
+                    if rc == 0:
+                        self.gpg = s
+                        break
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+
+    def _get_pypirc_command(self):
+        """
+        Get the distutils command for interacting with PyPI configurations.
+        :return: the command.
+        """
+        from distutils.core import Distribution
+        from distutils.config import PyPIRCCommand
+        d = Distribution()
+        return PyPIRCCommand(d)
+
+    def read_configuration(self):
+        """
+        Read the PyPI access configuration as supported by distutils, getting
+        PyPI to do the acutal work. This populates ``username``, ``password``,
+        ``realm`` and ``url`` attributes from the configuration.
+        """
+        # get distutils to do the work
+        c = self._get_pypirc_command()
+        c.repository = self.url
+        cfg = c._read_pypirc()
+        self.username = cfg.get('username')
+        self.password = cfg.get('password')
+        self.realm = cfg.get('realm', 'pypi')
+        self.url = cfg.get('repository', self.url)
+
+    def save_configuration(self):
+        """
+        Save the PyPI access configuration. You must have set ``username`` and
+        ``password`` attributes before calling this method.
+
+        Again, distutils is used to do the actual work.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        # get distutils to do the work
+        c = self._get_pypirc_command()
+        c._store_pypirc(self.username, self.password)
+
+    def check_credentials(self):
+        """
+        Check that ``username`` and ``password`` have been set, and raise an
+        exception if not.
+        """
+        if self.username is None or self.password is None:
+            raise DistlibException('username and password must be set')
+        pm = HTTPPasswordMgr()
+        _, netloc, _, _, _, _ = urlparse(self.url)
+        pm.add_password(self.realm, netloc, self.username, self.password)
+        self.password_handler = HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pm)
+
+    def register(self, metadata):
+        """
+        Register a distribution on PyPI, using the provided metadata.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the distribution to be
+                         registered.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        metadata.validate()
+        d = metadata.todict()
+        d[':action'] = 'verify'
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), [])
+        response = self.send_request(request)
+        d[':action'] = 'submit'
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), [])
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def _reader(self, name, stream, outbuf):
+        """
+        Thread runner for reading lines of from a subprocess into a buffer.
+
+        :param name: The logical name of the stream (used for logging only).
+        :param stream: The stream to read from. This will typically a pipe
+                       connected to the output stream of a subprocess.
+        :param outbuf: The list to append the read lines to.
+        """
+        while True:
+            s = stream.readline()
+            if not s:
+                break
+            s = s.decode('utf-8').rstrip()
+            outbuf.append(s)
+            logger.debug('%s: %s' % (name, s))
+        stream.close()
+
+    def get_sign_command(self, filename, signer, sign_password,
+                         keystore=None):
+        """
+        Return a suitable command for signing a file.
+
+        :param filename: The pathname to the file to be signed.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The signing command as a list suitable to be
+                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
+        """
+        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
+        if keystore is None:
+            keystore = self.gpg_home
+        if keystore:
+            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
+        if sign_password is not None:
+            cmd.extend(['--batch', '--passphrase-fd', '0'])
+        td = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        sf = os.path.join(td, os.path.basename(filename) + '.asc')
+        cmd.extend(['--detach-sign', '--armor', '--local-user',
+                    signer, '--output', sf, filename])
+        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
+        return cmd, sf
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, input_data=None):
+        """
+        Run a command in a child process , passing it any input data specified.
+
+        :param cmd: The command to run.
+        :param input_data: If specified, this must be a byte string containing
+                           data to be sent to the child process.
+        :return: A tuple consisting of the subprocess' exit code, a list of
+                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stdout``, and a list of
+                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stderr``.
+        """
+        kwargs = {
+            'stdout': subprocess.PIPE,
+            'stderr': subprocess.PIPE,
+        }
+        if input_data is not None:
+            kwargs['stdin'] = subprocess.PIPE
+        stdout = []
+        stderr = []
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, **kwargs)
+        # We don't use communicate() here because we may need to
+        # get clever with interacting with the command
+        t1 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stdout', p.stdout, stdout))
+        t1.start()
+        t2 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stderr', p.stderr, stderr))
+        t2.start()
+        if input_data is not None:
+            p.stdin.write(input_data)
+            p.stdin.close()
+
+        p.wait()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+        return p.returncode, stdout, stderr
+
+    def sign_file(self, filename, signer, sign_password, keystore=None):
+        """
+        Sign a file.
+
+        :param filename: The pathname to the file to be signed.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in signing. If not specified, the instance's
+                         ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The absolute pathname of the file where the signature is
+                 stored.
+        """
+        cmd, sig_file = self.get_sign_command(filename, signer, sign_password,
+                                              keystore)
+        rc, stdout, stderr = self.run_command(cmd,
+                                              sign_password.encode('utf-8'))
+        if rc != 0:
+            raise DistlibException('sign command failed with error '
+                                   'code %s' % rc)
+        return sig_file
+
+    def upload_file(self, metadata, filename, signer=None, sign_password=None,
+                    filetype='sdist', pyversion='source', keystore=None):
+        """
+        Upload a release file to the index.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the file to be uploaded.
+        :param filename: The pathname of the file to be uploaded.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param filetype: The type of the file being uploaded. This is the
+                        distutils command which produced that file, e.g.
+                        ``sdist`` or ``bdist_wheel``.
+        :param pyversion: The version of Python which the release relates
+                          to. For code compatible with any Python, this would
+                          be ``source``, otherwise it would be e.g. ``3.2``.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in signing. If not specified, the instance's
+                         ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            raise DistlibException('not found: %s' % filename)
+        metadata.validate()
+        d = metadata.todict()
+        sig_file = None
+        if signer:
+            if not self.gpg:
+                logger.warning('no signing program available - not signed')
+            else:
+                sig_file = self.sign_file(filename, signer, sign_password,
+                                          keystore)
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            file_data = f.read()
+        md5_digest = hashlib.md5(file_data).hexdigest()
+        sha256_digest = hashlib.sha256(file_data).hexdigest()
+        d.update({
+            ':action': 'file_upload',
+            'protcol_version': '1',
+            'filetype': filetype,
+            'pyversion': pyversion,
+            'md5_digest': md5_digest,
+            'sha256_digest': sha256_digest,
+        })
+        files = [('content', os.path.basename(filename), file_data)]
+        if sig_file:
+            with open(sig_file, 'rb') as f:
+                sig_data = f.read()
+            files.append(('gpg_signature', os.path.basename(sig_file),
+                         sig_data))
+            shutil.rmtree(os.path.dirname(sig_file))
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), files)
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def upload_documentation(self, metadata, doc_dir):
+        """
+        Upload documentation to the index.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the documentation to be
+                         uploaded.
+        :param doc_dir: The pathname of the directory which contains the
+                        documentation. This should be the directory that
+                        contains the ``index.html`` for the documentation.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        if not os.path.isdir(doc_dir):
+            raise DistlibException('not a directory: %r' % doc_dir)
+        fn = os.path.join(doc_dir, 'index.html')
+        if not os.path.exists(fn):
+            raise DistlibException('not found: %r' % fn)
+        metadata.validate()
+        name, version = metadata.name, metadata.version
+        zip_data = zip_dir(doc_dir).getvalue()
+        fields = [(':action', 'doc_upload'),
+                  ('name', name), ('version', version)]
+        files = [('content', name, zip_data)]
+        request = self.encode_request(fields, files)
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def get_verify_command(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
+                           keystore=None):
+        """
+        Return a suitable command for verifying a file.
+
+        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                                   signature.
+        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                              signed data.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The verifying command as a list suitable to be
+                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
+        """
+        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
+        if keystore is None:
+            keystore = self.gpg_home
+        if keystore:
+            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
+        cmd.extend(['--verify', signature_filename, data_filename])
+        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
+        return cmd
+
+    def verify_signature(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
+                         keystore=None):
+        """
+        Verify a signature for a file.
+
+        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                                   signature.
+        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                              signed data.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: True if the signature was verified, else False.
+        """
+        if not self.gpg:
+            raise DistlibException('verification unavailable because gpg '
+                                   'unavailable')
+        cmd = self.get_verify_command(signature_filename, data_filename,
+                                      keystore)
+        rc, stdout, stderr = self.run_command(cmd)
+        if rc not in (0, 1):
+            raise DistlibException('verify command failed with error '
+                             'code %s' % rc)
+        return rc == 0
+
+    def download_file(self, url, destfile, digest=None, reporthook=None):
+        """
+        This is a convenience method for downloading a file from an URL.
+        Normally, this will be a file from the index, though currently
+        no check is made for this (i.e. a file can be downloaded from
+        anywhere).
+
+        The method is just like the :func:`urlretrieve` function in the
+        standard library, except that it allows digest computation to be
+        done during download and checking that the downloaded data
+        matched any expected value.
+
+        :param url: The URL of the file to be downloaded (assumed to be
+                    available via an HTTP GET request).
+        :param destfile: The pathname where the downloaded file is to be
+                         saved.
+        :param digest: If specified, this must be a (hasher, value)
+                       tuple, where hasher is the algorithm used (e.g.
+                       ``'md5'``) and ``value`` is the expected value.
+        :param reporthook: The same as for :func:`urlretrieve` in the
+                           standard library.
+        """
+        if digest is None:
+            digester = None
+            logger.debug('No digest specified')
+        else:
+            if isinstance(digest, (list, tuple)):
+                hasher, digest = digest
+            else:
+                hasher = 'md5'
+            digester = getattr(hashlib, hasher)()
+            logger.debug('Digest specified: %s' % digest)
+        # The following code is equivalent to urlretrieve.
+        # We need to do it this way so that we can compute the
+        # digest of the file as we go.
+        with open(destfile, 'wb') as dfp:
+            # addinfourl is not a context manager on 2.x
+            # so we have to use try/finally
+            sfp = self.send_request(Request(url))
+            try:
+                headers = sfp.info()
+                blocksize = 8192
+                size = -1
+                read = 0
+                blocknum = 0
+                if "content-length" in headers:
+                    size = int(headers["Content-Length"])
+                if reporthook:
+                    reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, size)
+                while True:
+                    block = sfp.read(blocksize)
+                    if not block:
+                        break
+                    read += len(block)
+                    dfp.write(block)
+                    if digester:
+                        digester.update(block)
+                    blocknum += 1
+                    if reporthook:
+                        reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, size)
+            finally:
+                sfp.close()
+
+        # check that we got the whole file, if we can
+        if size >= 0 and read < size:
+            raise DistlibException(
+                'retrieval incomplete: got only %d out of %d bytes'
+                % (read, size))
+        # if we have a digest, it must match.
+        if digester:
+            actual = digester.hexdigest()
+            if digest != actual:
+                raise DistlibException('%s digest mismatch for %s: expected '
+                                       '%s, got %s' % (hasher, destfile,
+                                                       digest, actual))
+            logger.debug('Digest verified: %s', digest)
+
+    def send_request(self, req):
+        """
+        Send a standard library :class:`Request` to PyPI and return its
+        response.
+
+        :param req: The request to send.
+        :return: The HTTP response from PyPI (a standard library HTTPResponse).
+        """
+        handlers = []
+        if self.password_handler:
+            handlers.append(self.password_handler)
+        if self.ssl_verifier:
+            handlers.append(self.ssl_verifier)
+        opener = build_opener(*handlers)
+        return opener.open(req)
+
+    def encode_request(self, fields, files):
+        """
+        Encode fields and files for posting to an HTTP server.
+
+        :param fields: The fields to send as a list of (fieldname, value)
+                       tuples.
+        :param files: The files to send as a list of (fieldname, filename,
+                      file_bytes) tuple.
+        """
+        # Adapted from packaging, which in turn was adapted from
+        # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306
+
+        parts = []
+        boundary = self.boundary
+        for k, values in fields:
+            if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+                values = [values]
+
+            for v in values:
+                parts.extend((
+                    b'--' + boundary,
+                    ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' %
+                     k).encode('utf-8'),
+                    b'',
+                    v.encode('utf-8')))
+        for key, filename, value in files:
+            parts.extend((
+                b'--' + boundary,
+                ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' %
+                 (key, filename)).encode('utf-8'),
+                b'',
+                value))
+
+        parts.extend((b'--' + boundary + b'--', b''))
+
+        body = b'\r\n'.join(parts)
+        ct = b'multipart/form-data; boundary=' + boundary
+        headers = {
+            'Content-type': ct,
+            'Content-length': str(len(body))
+        }
+        return Request(self.url, body, headers)
+
+    def search(self, terms, operator=None):
+        if isinstance(terms, string_types):
+            terms = {'name': terms}
+        if self.rpc_proxy is None:
+            self.rpc_proxy = ServerProxy(self.url, timeout=3.0)
+        return self.rpc_proxy.search(terms, operator or 'and')
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef584d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1264 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+
+import gzip
+from io import BytesIO
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+import zlib
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (urljoin, urlparse, urlunparse, url2pathname, pathname2url,
+                     queue, quote, unescape, string_types, build_opener,
+                     HTTPRedirectHandler as BaseRedirectHandler,
+                     Request, HTTPError, URLError)
+from .database import Distribution, DistributionPath, make_dist
+from .metadata import Metadata
+from .util import (cached_property, parse_credentials, ensure_slash,
+                   split_filename, get_project_data, parse_requirement,
+                   parse_name_and_version, ServerProxy)
+from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
+from .wheel import Wheel, is_compatible
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+HASHER_HASH = re.compile('^(\w+)=([a-f0-9]+)')
+CHARSET = re.compile(r';\s*charset\s*=\s*(.*)\s*$', re.I)
+HTML_CONTENT_TYPE = re.compile('text/html|application/x(ht)?ml')
+DEFAULT_INDEX = 'http://python.org/pypi'
+
+def get_all_distribution_names(url=None):
+    """
+    Return all distribution names known by an index.
+    :param url: The URL of the index.
+    :return: A list of all known distribution names.
+    """
+    if url is None:
+        url = DEFAULT_INDEX
+    client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
+    return client.list_packages()
+
+class RedirectHandler(BaseRedirectHandler):
+    """
+    A class to work around a bug in some Python 3.2.x releases.
+    """
+    # There's a bug in the base version for some 3.2.x
+    # (e.g. 3.2.2 on Ubuntu Oneiric). If a Location header
+    # returns e.g. /abc, it bails because it says the scheme ''
+    # is bogus, when actually it should use the request's
+    # URL for the scheme. See Python issue #13696.
+    def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers
+        # (so probably same goes for URI).  Use first header.
+        newurl = None
+        for key in ('location', 'uri'):
+            if key in headers:
+                newurl = headers[key]
+                break
+        if newurl is None:
+            return
+        urlparts = urlparse(newurl)
+        if urlparts.scheme == '':
+            newurl = urljoin(req.get_full_url(), newurl)
+            if hasattr(headers, 'replace_header'):
+                headers.replace_header(key, newurl)
+            else:
+                headers[key] = newurl
+        return BaseRedirectHandler.http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg,
+                                                  headers)
+
+    http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302
+
+class Locator(object):
+    """
+    A base class for locators - things that locate distributions.
+    """
+    source_extensions = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip', '.tgz', '.tbz')
+    binary_extensions = ('.egg', '.exe', '.whl')
+    excluded_extensions = ('.pdf',)
+
+    # A list of tags indicating which wheels you want to match. The default
+    # value of None matches against the tags compatible with the running
+    # Python. If you want to match other values, set wheel_tags on a locator
+    # instance to a list of tuples (pyver, abi, arch) which you want to match.
+    wheel_tags = None
+
+    downloadable_extensions = source_extensions + ('.whl',)
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme='default'):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param scheme: Because locators look for most recent versions, they
+                       need to know the version scheme to use. This specifies
+                       the current PEP-recommended scheme - use ``'legacy'``
+                       if you need to support existing distributions on PyPI.
+        """
+        self._cache = {}
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        # Because of bugs in some of the handlers on some of the platforms,
+        # we use our own opener rather than just using urlopen.
+        self.opener = build_opener(RedirectHandler())
+        # If get_project() is called from locate(), the matcher instance
+        # is set from the requirement passed to locate(). See issue #18 for
+        # why this can be useful to know.
+        self.matcher = None
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        self._cache.clear()
+
+    def _get_scheme(self):
+        return self._scheme
+
+    def _set_scheme(self, value):
+        self._scheme = value
+
+    scheme = property(_get_scheme, _set_scheme)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        """
+        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
+        instances.
+
+        This should be implemented in subclasses.
+
+        If called from a locate() request, self.matcher will be set to a
+        matcher for the requirement to satisfy, otherwise it will be None.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')
+
+    def get_project(self, name):
+        """
+        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
+        instances.
+
+        This calls _get_project to do all the work, and just implements a caching layer on top.
+        """
+        if self._cache is None:
+            result = self._get_project(name)
+        elif name in self._cache:
+            result = self._cache[name]
+        else:
+            result = self._get_project(name)
+            self._cache[name] = result
+        return result
+
+    def score_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Give an url a score which can be used to choose preferred URLs
+        for a given project release.
+        """
+        t = urlparse(url)
+        basename = posixpath.basename(t.path)
+        compatible = True
+        is_wheel = basename.endswith('.whl')
+        if is_wheel:
+            compatible = is_compatible(Wheel(basename), self.wheel_tags)
+        return (t.scheme != 'https', 'pypi.python.org' in t.netloc,
+                is_wheel, compatible, basename)
+
+    def prefer_url(self, url1, url2):
+        """
+        Choose one of two URLs where both are candidates for distribution
+        archives for the same version of a distribution (for example,
+        .tar.gz vs. zip).
+
+        The current implementation favours https:// URLs over http://, archives
+        from PyPI over those from other locations, wheel compatibility (if a
+        wheel) and then the archive name.
+        """
+        result = url2
+        if url1:
+            s1 = self.score_url(url1)
+            s2 = self.score_url(url2)
+            if s1 > s2:
+                result = url1
+            if result != url2:
+                logger.debug('Not replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
+            else:
+                logger.debug('Replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
+        return result
+
+    def split_filename(self, filename, project_name):
+        """
+        Attempt to split a filename in project name, version and Python version.
+        """
+        return split_filename(filename, project_name)
+
+    def convert_url_to_download_info(self, url, project_name):
+        """
+        See if a URL is a candidate for a download URL for a project (the URL
+        has typically been scraped from an HTML page).
+
+        If it is, a dictionary is returned with keys "name", "version",
+        "filename" and "url"; otherwise, None is returned.
+        """
+        def same_project(name1, name2):
+            name1, name2 = name1.lower(), name2.lower()
+            if name1 == name2:
+                result = True
+            else:
+                # distribute replaces '-' by '_' in project names, so it
+                # can tell where the version starts in a filename.
+                result = name1.replace('_', '-') == name2.replace('_', '-')
+            return result
+
+        result = None
+        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+        if frag.lower().startswith('egg='):
+            logger.debug('%s: version hint in fragment: %r',
+                         project_name, frag)
+        m = HASHER_HASH.match(frag)
+        if m:
+            algo, digest = m.groups()
+        else:
+            algo, digest = None, None
+        origpath = path
+        if path and path[-1] == '/':
+            path = path[:-1]
+        if path.endswith('.whl'):
+            try:
+                wheel = Wheel(path)
+                if is_compatible(wheel, self.wheel_tags):
+                    if project_name is None:
+                        include = True
+                    else:
+                        include = same_project(wheel.name, project_name)
+                    if include:
+                        result = {
+                            'name': wheel.name,
+                            'version': wheel.version,
+                            'filename': wheel.filename,
+                            'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
+                                               params, query, '')),
+                            'python-version': ', '.join(
+                                ['.'.join(list(v[2:])) for v in wheel.pyver]),
+                        }
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning('invalid path for wheel: %s', path)
+        elif path.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions):
+            path = filename = posixpath.basename(path)
+            for ext in self.downloadable_extensions:
+                if path.endswith(ext):
+                    path = path[:-len(ext)]
+                    t = self.split_filename(path, project_name)
+                    if not t:
+                        logger.debug('No match for project/version: %s', path)
+                    else:
+                        name, version, pyver = t
+                        if not project_name or same_project(project_name, name):
+                            result = {
+                                'name': name,
+                                'version': version,
+                                'filename': filename,
+                                'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
+                                                   params, query, '')),
+                                #'packagetype': 'sdist',
+                            }
+                            if pyver:
+                                result['python-version'] = pyver
+                    break
+        if result and algo:
+            result['%s_digest' % algo] = digest
+        return result
+
+    def _get_digest(self, info):
+        """
+        Get a digest from a dictionary by looking at keys of the form
+        'algo_digest'.
+
+        Returns a 2-tuple (algo, digest) if found, else None. Currently
+        looks only for SHA256, then MD5.
+        """
+        result = None
+        for algo in ('sha256', 'md5'):
+            key = '%s_digest' % algo
+            if key in info:
+                result = (algo, info[key])
+                break
+        return result
+
+    def _update_version_data(self, result, info):
+        """
+        Update a result dictionary (the final result from _get_project) with a
+        dictionary for a specific version, which typically holds information
+        gleaned from a filename or URL for an archive for the distribution.
+        """
+        name = info.pop('name')
+        version = info.pop('version')
+        if version in result:
+            dist = result[version]
+            md = dist.metadata
+        else:
+            dist = make_dist(name, version, scheme=self.scheme)
+            md = dist.metadata
+        dist.digest = digest = self._get_digest(info)
+        url = info['url']
+        result['digests'][url] = digest
+        if md.source_url != info['url']:
+            md.source_url = self.prefer_url(md.source_url, url)
+            result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
+        dist.locator = self
+        result[version] = dist
+
+    def locate(self, requirement, prereleases=False):
+        """
+        Find the most recent distribution which matches the given
+        requirement.
+
+        :param requirement: A requirement of the form 'foo (1.0)' or perhaps
+                            'foo (>= 1.0, < 2.0, != 1.3)'
+        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions
+                            to be located. Otherwise, pre-release versions
+                            are not returned.
+        :return: A :class:`Distribution` instance, or ``None`` if no such
+                 distribution could be located.
+        """
+        result = None
+        r = parse_requirement(requirement)
+        if r is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Not a valid requirement: %r' % requirement)
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+        self.matcher = matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
+        logger.debug('matcher: %s (%s)', matcher, type(matcher).__name__)
+        versions = self.get_project(r.name)
+        if len(versions) > 2:   # urls and digests keys are present
+            # sometimes, versions are invalid
+            slist = []
+            vcls = matcher.version_class
+            for k in versions:
+                if k in ('urls', 'digests'):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    if not matcher.match(k):
+                        logger.debug('%s did not match %r', matcher, k)
+                    else:
+                        if prereleases or not vcls(k).is_prerelease:
+                            slist.append(k)
+                        else:
+                            logger.debug('skipping pre-release '
+                                         'version %s of %s', k, matcher.name)
+                except Exception:
+                    logger.warning('error matching %s with %r', matcher, k)
+                    pass # slist.append(k)
+            if len(slist) > 1:
+                slist = sorted(slist, key=scheme.key)
+            if slist:
+                logger.debug('sorted list: %s', slist)
+                version = slist[-1]
+                result = versions[version]
+        if result:
+            if r.extras:
+                result.extras = r.extras
+            result.download_urls = versions.get('urls', {}).get(version, set())
+            d = {}
+            sd = versions.get('digests', {})
+            for url in result.download_urls:
+                if url in sd:
+                    d[url] = sd[url]
+            result.digests = d
+        self.matcher = None
+        return result
+
+
+class PyPIRPCLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses XML-RPC to locate distributions. It therefore
+    cannot be used with simple mirrors (that only mirror file content).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param url: The URL to use for XML-RPC.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor.
+        """
+        super(PyPIRPCLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = url
+        self.client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        return set(self.client.list_packages())
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        versions = self.client.package_releases(name, True)
+        for v in versions:
+            urls = self.client.release_urls(name, v)
+            data = self.client.release_data(name, v)
+            metadata = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+            metadata.name = data['name']
+            metadata.version = data['version']
+            metadata.license = data.get('license')
+            metadata.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
+            metadata.summary = data.get('summary')
+            dist = Distribution(metadata)
+            if urls:
+                info = urls[0]
+                metadata.source_url = info['url']
+                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
+                dist.locator = self
+                result[v] = dist
+                for info in urls:
+                    url = info['url']
+                    digest = self._get_digest(info)
+                    result['urls'].setdefault(v, set()).add(url)
+                    result['digests'][url] = digest
+        return result
+
+class PyPIJSONLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses PyPI's JSON interface. It's very limited in functionality
+    and probably not worth using.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
+        super(PyPIJSONLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/json' % quote(name))
+        try:
+            resp = self.opener.open(url)
+            data = resp.read().decode() # for now
+            d = json.loads(data)
+            md = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+            data = d['info']
+            md.name = data['name']
+            md.version = data['version']
+            md.license = data.get('license')
+            md.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
+            md.summary = data.get('summary')
+            dist = Distribution(md)
+            dist.locator = self
+            urls = d['urls']
+            result[md.version] = dist
+            for info in d['urls']:
+                url = info['url']
+                dist.download_urls.add(url)
+                dist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
+                result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
+                result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+            # Now get other releases
+            for version, infos in d['releases'].items():
+                if version == md.version:
+                    continue    # already done
+                omd = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+                omd.name = md.name
+                omd.version = version
+                odist = Distribution(omd)
+                odist.locator = self
+                result[version] = odist
+                for info in infos:
+                    url = info['url']
+                    odist.download_urls.add(url)
+                    odist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
+                    result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
+                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+#            for info in urls:
+#                md.source_url = info['url']
+#                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
+#                dist.locator = self
+#                for info in urls:
+#                    url = info['url']
+#                    result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
+#                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.exception('JSON fetch failed: %s', e)
+        return result
+
+
+class Page(object):
+    """
+    This class represents a scraped HTML page.
+    """
+    # The following slightly hairy-looking regex just looks for the contents of
+    # an anchor link, which has an attribute "href" either immediately preceded
+    # or immediately followed by a "rel" attribute. The attribute values can be
+    # declared with double quotes, single quotes or no quotes - which leads to
+    # the length of the expression.
+    _href = re.compile("""
+(rel\s*=\s*(?:"(?P<rel1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel2>[^']*)'|(?P<rel3>[^>\s\n]*))\s+)?
+href\s*=\s*(?:"(?P<url1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<url2>[^']*)'|(?P<url3>[^>\s\n]*))
+(\s+rel\s*=\s*(?:"(?P<rel4>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel5>[^']*)'|(?P<rel6>[^>\s\n]*)))?
+""", re.I | re.S | re.X)
+    _base = re.compile(r"""<base\s+href\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)""", re.I | re.S)
+
+    def __init__(self, data, url):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance with the Unicode page contents and the URL they
+        came from.
+        """
+        self.data = data
+        self.base_url = self.url = url
+        m = self._base.search(self.data)
+        if m:
+            self.base_url = m.group(1)
+
+    _clean_re = re.compile(r'[^a-z0-9$&+,/:;=?@.#%_\\|-]', re.I)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def links(self):
+        """
+        Return the URLs of all the links on a page together with information
+        about their "rel" attribute, for determining which ones to treat as
+        downloads and which ones to queue for further scraping.
+        """
+        def clean(url):
+            "Tidy up an URL."
+            scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+            return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, quote(path),
+                               params, query, frag))
+
+        result = set()
+        for match in self._href.finditer(self.data):
+            d = match.groupdict('')
+            rel = (d['rel1'] or d['rel2'] or d['rel3'] or
+                   d['rel4'] or d['rel5'] or d['rel6'])
+            url = d['url1'] or d['url2'] or d['url3']
+            url = urljoin(self.base_url, url)
+            url = unescape(url)
+            url = self._clean_re.sub(lambda m: '%%%2x' % ord(m.group(0)), url)
+            result.add((url, rel))
+        # We sort the result, hoping to bring the most recent versions
+        # to the front
+        result = sorted(result, key=lambda t: t[0], reverse=True)
+        return result
+
+
+class SimpleScrapingLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    A locator which scrapes HTML pages to locate downloads for a distribution.
+    This runs multiple threads to do the I/O; performance is at least as good
+    as pip's PackageFinder, which works in an analogous fashion.
+    """
+
+    # These are used to deal with various Content-Encoding schemes.
+    decoders = {
+        'deflate': zlib.decompress,
+        'gzip': lambda b: gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=BytesIO(d)).read(),
+        'none': lambda b: b,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, url, timeout=None, num_workers=10, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param url: The root URL to use for scraping.
+        :param timeout: The timeout, in seconds, to be applied to requests.
+                        This defaults to ``None`` (no timeout specified).
+        :param num_workers: The number of worker threads you want to do I/O,
+                            This defaults to 10.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass.
+        """
+        super(SimpleScrapingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self._page_cache = {}
+        self._seen = set()
+        self._to_fetch = queue.Queue()
+        self._bad_hosts = set()
+        self.skip_externals = False
+        self.num_workers = num_workers
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+        # See issue #45: we need to be resilient when the locator is used
+        # in a thread, e.g. with concurrent.futures. We can't use self._lock
+        # as it is for coordinating our internal threads - the ones created
+        # in _prepare_threads.
+        self._gplock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def _prepare_threads(self):
+        """
+        Threads are created only when get_project is called, and terminate
+        before it returns. They are there primarily to parallelise I/O (i.e.
+        fetching web pages).
+        """
+        self._threads = []
+        for i in range(self.num_workers):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=self._fetch)
+            t.setDaemon(True)
+            t.start()
+            self._threads.append(t)
+
+    def _wait_threads(self):
+        """
+        Tell all the threads to terminate (by sending a sentinel value) and
+        wait for them to do so.
+        """
+        # Note that you need two loops, since you can't say which
+        # thread will get each sentinel
+        for t in self._threads:
+            self._to_fetch.put(None)    # sentinel
+        for t in self._threads:
+            t.join()
+        self._threads = []
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        with self._gplock:
+            self.result = result
+            self.project_name = name
+            url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/' % quote(name))
+            self._seen.clear()
+            self._page_cache.clear()
+            self._prepare_threads()
+            try:
+                logger.debug('Queueing %s', url)
+                self._to_fetch.put(url)
+                self._to_fetch.join()
+            finally:
+                self._wait_threads()
+            del self.result
+        return result
+
+    platform_dependent = re.compile(r'\b(linux-(i\d86|x86_64|arm\w+)|'
+                                    r'win(32|-amd64)|macosx-?\d+)\b', re.I)
+
+    def _is_platform_dependent(self, url):
+        """
+        Does an URL refer to a platform-specific download?
+        """
+        return self.platform_dependent.search(url)
+
+    def _process_download(self, url):
+        """
+        See if an URL is a suitable download for a project.
+
+        If it is, register information in the result dictionary (for
+        _get_project) about the specific version it's for.
+
+        Note that the return value isn't actually used other than as a boolean
+        value.
+        """
+        if self._is_platform_dependent(url):
+            info = None
+        else:
+            info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, self.project_name)
+        logger.debug('process_download: %s -> %s', url, info)
+        if info:
+            with self._lock:    # needed because self.result is shared
+                self._update_version_data(self.result, info)
+        return info
+
+    def _should_queue(self, link, referrer, rel):
+        """
+        Determine whether a link URL from a referring page and with a
+        particular "rel" attribute should be queued for scraping.
+        """
+        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(link)
+        if path.endswith(self.source_extensions + self.binary_extensions +
+                         self.excluded_extensions):
+            result = False
+        elif self.skip_externals and not link.startswith(self.base_url):
+            result = False
+        elif not referrer.startswith(self.base_url):
+            result = False
+        elif rel not in ('homepage', 'download'):
+            result = False
+        elif scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
+            result = False
+        elif self._is_platform_dependent(link):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
+            if host.lower() == 'localhost':
+                result = False
+            else:
+                result = True
+        logger.debug('should_queue: %s (%s) from %s -> %s', link, rel,
+                     referrer, result)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetch(self):
+        """
+        Get a URL to fetch from the work queue, get the HTML page, examine its
+        links for download candidates and candidates for further scraping.
+
+        This is a handy method to run in a thread.
+        """
+        while True:
+            url = self._to_fetch.get()
+            try:
+                if url:
+                    page = self.get_page(url)
+                    if page is None:    # e.g. after an error
+                        continue
+                    for link, rel in page.links:
+                        if link not in self._seen:
+                            self._seen.add(link)
+                            if (not self._process_download(link) and
+                                self._should_queue(link, url, rel)):
+                                logger.debug('Queueing %s from %s', link, url)
+                                self._to_fetch.put(link)
+            finally:
+                # always do this, to avoid hangs :-)
+                self._to_fetch.task_done()
+            if not url:
+                #logger.debug('Sentinel seen, quitting.')
+                break
+
+    def get_page(self, url):
+        """
+        Get the HTML for an URL, possibly from an in-memory cache.
+
+        XXX TODO Note: this cache is never actually cleared. It's assumed that
+        the data won't get stale over the lifetime of a locator instance (not
+        necessarily true for the default_locator).
+        """
+        # http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall#package-index-api
+        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
+        if scheme == 'file' and os.path.isdir(url2pathname(path)):
+            url = urljoin(ensure_slash(url), 'index.html')
+
+        if url in self._page_cache:
+            result = self._page_cache[url]
+            logger.debug('Returning %s from cache: %s', url, result)
+        else:
+            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
+            result = None
+            if host in self._bad_hosts:
+                logger.debug('Skipping %s due to bad host %s', url, host)
+            else:
+                req = Request(url, headers={'Accept-encoding': 'identity'})
+                try:
+                    logger.debug('Fetching %s', url)
+                    resp = self.opener.open(req, timeout=self.timeout)
+                    logger.debug('Fetched %s', url)
+                    headers = resp.info()
+                    content_type = headers.get('Content-Type', '')
+                    if HTML_CONTENT_TYPE.match(content_type):
+                        final_url = resp.geturl()
+                        data = resp.read()
+                        encoding = headers.get('Content-Encoding')
+                        if encoding:
+                            decoder = self.decoders[encoding]   # fail if not found
+                            data = decoder(data)
+                        encoding = 'utf-8'
+                        m = CHARSET.search(content_type)
+                        if m:
+                            encoding = m.group(1)
+                        try:
+                            data = data.decode(encoding)
+                        except UnicodeError:
+                            data = data.decode('latin-1')    # fallback
+                        result = Page(data, final_url)
+                        self._page_cache[final_url] = result
+                except HTTPError as e:
+                    if e.code != 404:
+                        logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                except URLError as e:
+                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                    with self._lock:
+                        self._bad_hosts.add(host)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                finally:
+                    self._page_cache[url] = result   # even if None (failure)
+        return result
+
+    _distname_re = re.compile('<a href=[^>]*>([^<]+)<')
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        page = self.get_page(self.base_url)
+        if not page:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to get %s' % self.base_url)
+        for match in self._distname_re.finditer(page.data):
+            result.add(match.group(1))
+        return result
+
+class DirectoryLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This class locates distributions in a directory tree.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param path: The root of the directory tree to search.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
+                       except for:
+                       * recursive - if True (the default), subdirectories are
+                         recursed into. If False, only the top-level directory
+                         is searched,
+        """
+        self.recursive = kwargs.pop('recursive', True)
+        super(DirectoryLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):
+            raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' % path)
+        self.base_dir = path
+
+    def should_include(self, filename, parent):
+        """
+        Should a filename be considered as a candidate for a distribution
+        archive? As well as the filename, the directory which contains it
+        is provided, though not used by the current implementation.
+        """
+        return filename.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
+            for fn in files:
+                if self.should_include(fn, root):
+                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
+                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
+                                      '', '', ''))
+                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, name)
+                    if info:
+                        self._update_version_data(result, info)
+            if not self.recursive:
+                break
+        return result
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
+            for fn in files:
+                if self.should_include(fn, root):
+                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
+                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
+                                      '', '', ''))
+                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, None)
+                    if info:
+                        result.add(info['name'])
+            if not self.recursive:
+                break
+        return result
+
+class JSONLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses special extended metadata (not available on PyPI) and is
+    the basis of performant dependency resolution in distlib. Other locators
+    require archive downloads before dependencies can be determined! As you
+    might imagine, that can be slow.
+    """
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        data = get_project_data(name)
+        if data:
+            for info in data.get('files', []):
+                if info['ptype'] != 'sdist' or info['pyversion'] != 'source':
+                    continue
+                # We don't store summary in project metadata as it makes
+                # the data bigger for no benefit during dependency
+                # resolution
+                dist = make_dist(data['name'], info['version'],
+                                 summary=data.get('summary',
+                                                  'Placeholder for summary'),
+                                 scheme=self.scheme)
+                md = dist.metadata
+                md.source_url = info['url']
+                # TODO SHA256 digest
+                if 'digest' in info and info['digest']:
+                    dist.digest = ('md5', info['digest'])
+                md.dependencies = info.get('requirements', {})
+                dist.exports = info.get('exports', {})
+                result[dist.version] = dist
+                result['urls'].setdefault(dist.version, set()).add(info['url'])
+        return result
+
+class DistPathLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator finds installed distributions in a path. It can be useful for
+    adding to an :class:`AggregatingLocator`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, distpath, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param distpath: A :class:`DistributionPath` instance to search.
+        """
+        super(DistPathLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        assert isinstance(distpath, DistributionPath)
+        self.distpath = distpath
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        dist = self.distpath.get_distribution(name)
+        if dist is None:
+            result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        else:
+            result = {
+                dist.version: dist,
+                'urls': {dist.version: set([dist.source_url])},
+                'digests': {dist.version: set([None])}
+            }
+        return result
+
+
+class AggregatingLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This class allows you to chain and/or merge a list of locators.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *locators, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param locators: The list of locators to search.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
+                       except for:
+                       * merge - if False (the default), the first successful
+                         search from any of the locators is returned. If True,
+                         the results from all locators are merged (this can be
+                         slow).
+        """
+        self.merge = kwargs.pop('merge', False)
+        self.locators = locators
+        super(AggregatingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        super(AggregatingLocator, self).clear_cache()
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            locator.clear_cache()
+
+    def _set_scheme(self, value):
+        self._scheme = value
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            locator.scheme = value
+
+    scheme = property(Locator.scheme.fget, _set_scheme)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {}
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            d = locator.get_project(name)
+            if d:
+                if self.merge:
+                    files = result.get('urls', {})
+                    digests = result.get('digests', {})
+                    # next line could overwrite result['urls'], result['digests']
+                    result.update(d)
+                    df = result.get('urls')
+                    if files and df:
+                        for k, v in files.items():
+                            if k in df:
+                                df[k] |= v
+                            else:
+                                df[k] = v
+                    dd = result.get('digests')
+                    if digests and dd:
+                        dd.update(digests)
+                else:
+                    # See issue #18. If any dists are found and we're looking
+                    # for specific constraints, we only return something if
+                    # a match is found. For example, if a DirectoryLocator
+                    # returns just foo (1.0) while we're looking for
+                    # foo (>= 2.0), we'll pretend there was nothing there so
+                    # that subsequent locators can be queried. Otherwise we
+                    # would just return foo (1.0) which would then lead to a
+                    # failure to find foo (>= 2.0), because other locators
+                    # weren't searched. Note that this only matters when
+                    # merge=False.
+                    if self.matcher is None:
+                        found = True
+                    else:
+                        found = False
+                        for k in d:
+                            if self.matcher.match(k):
+                                found = True
+                                break
+                    if found:
+                        result = d
+                        break
+        return result
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            try:
+                result |= locator.get_distribution_names()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+
+# We use a legacy scheme simply because most of the dists on PyPI use legacy
+# versions which don't conform to PEP 426 / PEP 440.
+default_locator = AggregatingLocator(
+                    JSONLocator(),
+                    SimpleScrapingLocator('https://pypi.python.org/simple/',
+                                          timeout=3.0),
+                    scheme='legacy')
+
+locate = default_locator.locate
+
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[\w-]+)\s*'
+                             r'\(\s*(==\s*)?(?P<ver>[^)]+)\)$')
+
+class DependencyFinder(object):
+    """
+    Locate dependencies for distributions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, locator=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance, using the specified locator
+        to locate distributions.
+        """
+        self.locator = locator or default_locator
+        self.scheme = get_scheme(self.locator.scheme)
+
+    def add_distribution(self, dist):
+        """
+        Add a distribution to the finder. This will update internal information
+        about who provides what.
+        :param dist: The distribution to add.
+        """
+        logger.debug('adding distribution %s', dist)
+        name = dist.key
+        self.dists_by_name[name] = dist
+        self.dists[(name, dist.version)] = dist
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            self.provided.setdefault(name, set()).add((version, dist))
+
+    def remove_distribution(self, dist):
+        """
+        Remove a distribution from the finder. This will update internal
+        information about who provides what.
+        :param dist: The distribution to remove.
+        """
+        logger.debug('removing distribution %s', dist)
+        name = dist.key
+        del self.dists_by_name[name]
+        del self.dists[(name, dist.version)]
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Remove from provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            s = self.provided[name]
+            s.remove((version, dist))
+            if not s:
+                del self.provided[name]
+
+    def get_matcher(self, reqt):
+        """
+        Get a version matcher for a requirement.
+        :param reqt: The requirement
+        :type reqt: str
+        :return: A version matcher (an instance of
+                 :class:`distlib.version.Matcher`).
+        """
+        try:
+            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(reqt)
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+            name = reqt.split()[0]
+            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(name)
+        return matcher
+
+    def find_providers(self, reqt):
+        """
+        Find the distributions which can fulfill a requirement.
+
+        :param reqt: The requirement.
+         :type reqt: str
+        :return: A set of distribution which can fulfill the requirement.
+        """
+        matcher = self.get_matcher(reqt)
+        name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+        result = set()
+        provided = self.provided
+        if name in provided:
+            for version, provider in provided[name]:
+                try:
+                    match = matcher.match(version)
+                except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                    match = False
+
+                if match:
+                    result.add(provider)
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def try_to_replace(self, provider, other, problems):
+        """
+        Attempt to replace one provider with another. This is typically used
+        when resolving dependencies from multiple sources, e.g. A requires
+        (B >= 1.0) while C requires (B >= 1.1).
+
+        For successful replacement, ``provider`` must meet all the requirements
+        which ``other`` fulfills.
+
+        :param provider: The provider we are trying to replace with.
+        :param other: The provider we're trying to replace.
+        :param problems: If False is returned, this will contain what
+                         problems prevented replacement. This is currently
+                         a tuple of the literal string 'cantreplace',
+                         ``provider``, ``other``  and the set of requirements
+                         that ``provider`` couldn't fulfill.
+        :return: True if we can replace ``other`` with ``provider``, else
+                 False.
+        """
+        rlist = self.reqts[other]
+        unmatched = set()
+        for s in rlist:
+            matcher = self.get_matcher(s)
+            if not matcher.match(provider.version):
+                unmatched.add(s)
+        if unmatched:
+            # can't replace other with provider
+            problems.add(('cantreplace', provider, other,
+                          frozenset(unmatched)))
+            result = False
+        else:
+            # can replace other with provider
+            self.remove_distribution(other)
+            del self.reqts[other]
+            for s in rlist:
+                self.reqts.setdefault(provider, set()).add(s)
+            self.add_distribution(provider)
+            result = True
+        return result
+
+    def find(self, requirement, meta_extras=None, prereleases=False):
+        """
+        Find a distribution and all distributions it depends on.
+
+        :param requirement: The requirement specifying the distribution to
+                            find, or a Distribution instance.
+        :param meta_extras: A list of meta extras such as :test:, :build: and
+                            so on.
+        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions to be
+                            returned - otherwise, don't return prereleases
+                            unless they're all that's available.
+
+        Return a set of :class:`Distribution` instances and a set of
+        problems.
+
+        The distributions returned should be such that they have the
+        :attr:`required` attribute set to ``True`` if they were
+        from the ``requirement`` passed to ``find()``, and they have the
+        :attr:`build_time_dependency` attribute set to ``True`` unless they
+        are post-installation dependencies of the ``requirement``.
+
+        The problems should be a tuple consisting of the string
+        ``'unsatisfied'`` and the requirement which couldn't be satisfied
+        by any distribution known to the locator.
+        """
+
+        self.provided = {}
+        self.dists = {}
+        self.dists_by_name = {}
+        self.reqts = {}
+
+        meta_extras = set(meta_extras or [])
+        if ':*:' in meta_extras:
+            meta_extras.remove(':*:')
+            # :meta: and :run: are implicitly included
+            meta_extras |= set([':test:', ':build:', ':dev:'])
+
+        if isinstance(requirement, Distribution):
+            dist = odist = requirement
+            logger.debug('passed %s as requirement', odist)
+        else:
+            dist = odist = self.locator.locate(requirement,
+                                               prereleases=prereleases)
+            if dist is None:
+                raise DistlibException('Unable to locate %r' % requirement)
+            logger.debug('located %s', odist)
+        dist.requested = True
+        problems = set()
+        todo = set([dist])
+        install_dists = set([odist])
+        while todo:
+            dist = todo.pop()
+            name = dist.key     # case-insensitive
+            if name not in self.dists_by_name:
+                self.add_distribution(dist)
+            else:
+                #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+                other = self.dists_by_name[name]
+                if other != dist:
+                    self.try_to_replace(dist, other, problems)
+
+            ireqts = dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires
+            sreqts = dist.build_requires
+            ereqts = set()
+            if dist in install_dists:
+                for key in ('test', 'build', 'dev'):
+                    e = ':%s:' % key
+                    if e in meta_extras:
+                        ereqts |= getattr(dist, '%s_requires' % key)
+            all_reqts = ireqts | sreqts | ereqts
+            for r in all_reqts:
+                providers = self.find_providers(r)
+                if not providers:
+                    logger.debug('No providers found for %r', r)
+                    provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=prereleases)
+                    # If no provider is found and we didn't consider
+                    # prereleases, consider them now.
+                    if provider is None and not prereleases:
+                        provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=True)
+                    if provider is None:
+                        logger.debug('Cannot satisfy %r', r)
+                        problems.add(('unsatisfied', r))
+                    else:
+                        n, v = provider.key, provider.version
+                        if (n, v) not in self.dists:
+                            todo.add(provider)
+                        providers.add(provider)
+                        if r in ireqts and dist in install_dists:
+                            install_dists.add(provider)
+                            logger.debug('Adding %s to install_dists',
+                                         provider.name_and_version)
+                for p in providers:
+                    name = p.key
+                    if name not in self.dists_by_name:
+                        self.reqts.setdefault(p, set()).add(r)
+                    else:
+                        other = self.dists_by_name[name]
+                        if other != p:
+                            # see if other can be replaced by p
+                            self.try_to_replace(p, other, problems)
+
+        dists = set(self.dists.values())
+        for dist in dists:
+            dist.build_time_dependency = dist not in install_dists
+            if dist.build_time_dependency:
+                logger.debug('%s is a build-time dependency only.',
+                             dist.name_and_version)
+        logger.debug('find done for %s', odist)
+        return dists, problems
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21cff45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Class representing the list of files in a distribution.
+
+Equivalent to distutils.filelist, but fixes some problems.
+"""
+import fnmatch
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import fsdecode
+from .util import convert_path
+
+
+__all__ = ['Manifest']
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# a \ followed by some spaces + EOL
+_COLLAPSE_PATTERN = re.compile('\\\w*\n', re.M)
+_COMMENTED_LINE = re.compile('#.*?(?=\n)|\n(?=$)', re.M | re.S)
+
+
+class Manifest(object):
+    """A list of files built by on exploring the filesystem and filtered by
+    applying various patterns to what we find there.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param base: The base directory to explore under.
+        """
+        self.base = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(base or os.getcwd()))
+        self.prefix = self.base + os.sep
+        self.allfiles = None
+        self.files = set()
+
+    #
+    # Public API
+    #
+
+    def findall(self):
+        """Find all files under the base and set ``allfiles`` to the absolute
+        pathnames of files found.
+        """
+        from stat import S_ISREG, S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK
+
+        self.allfiles = allfiles = []
+        root = self.base
+        stack = [root]
+        pop = stack.pop
+        push = stack.append
+
+        while stack:
+            root = pop()
+            names = os.listdir(root)
+
+            for name in names:
+                fullname = os.path.join(root, name)
+
+                # Avoid excess stat calls -- just one will do, thank you!
+                stat = os.stat(fullname)
+                mode = stat.st_mode
+                if S_ISREG(mode):
+                    allfiles.append(fsdecode(fullname))
+                elif S_ISDIR(mode) and not S_ISLNK(mode):
+                    push(fullname)
+
+    def add(self, item):
+        """
+        Add a file to the manifest.
+
+        :param item: The pathname to add. This can be relative to the base.
+        """
+        if not item.startswith(self.prefix):
+            item = os.path.join(self.base, item)
+        self.files.add(os.path.normpath(item))
+
+    def add_many(self, items):
+        """
+        Add a list of files to the manifest.
+
+        :param items: The pathnames to add. These can be relative to the base.
+        """
+        for item in items:
+            self.add(item)
+
+    def sorted(self, wantdirs=False):
+        """
+        Return sorted files in directory order
+        """
+
+        def add_dir(dirs, d):
+            dirs.add(d)
+            logger.debug('add_dir added %s', d)
+            if d != self.base:
+                parent, _ = os.path.split(d)
+                assert parent not in ('', '/')
+                add_dir(dirs, parent)
+
+        result = set(self.files)    # make a copy!
+        if wantdirs:
+            dirs = set()
+            for f in result:
+                add_dir(dirs, os.path.dirname(f))
+            result |= dirs
+        return [os.path.join(*path_tuple) for path_tuple in
+                sorted(os.path.split(path) for path in result)]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all collected files."""
+        self.files = set()
+        self.allfiles = []
+
+    def process_directive(self, directive):
+        """
+        Process a directive which either adds some files from ``allfiles`` to
+        ``files``, or removes some files from ``files``.
+
+        :param directive: The directive to process. This should be in a format
+                     compatible with distutils ``MANIFEST.in`` files:
+
+                     http://docs.python.org/distutils/sourcedist.html#commands
+        """
+        # Parse the line: split it up, make sure the right number of words
+        # is there, and return the relevant words.  'action' is always
+        # defined: it's the first word of the line.  Which of the other
+        # three are defined depends on the action; it'll be either
+        # patterns, (dir and patterns), or (dirpattern).
+        action, patterns, thedir, dirpattern = self._parse_directive(directive)
+
+        # OK, now we know that the action is valid and we have the
+        # right number of words on the line for that action -- so we
+        # can proceed with minimal error-checking.
+        if action == 'include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, anchor=True):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                found = self._exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=True)
+                #if not found:
+                #    logger.warning('no previously-included files '
+                #                   'found matching %r', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'global-include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, anchor=False):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r '
+                                   'anywhere in distribution', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'global-exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                found = self._exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=False)
+                #if not found:
+                #    logger.warning('no previously-included files '
+                #                   'matching %r found anywhere in '
+                #                   'distribution', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, prefix=thedir):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r '
+                                   'under directory %r', pattern, thedir)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                found = self._exclude_pattern(pattern, prefix=thedir)
+                #if not found:
+                #    logger.warning('no previously-included files '
+                #                   'matching %r found under directory %r',
+                #                   pattern, thedir)
+
+        elif action == 'graft':
+            if not self._include_pattern(None, prefix=dirpattern):
+                logger.warning('no directories found matching %r',
+                               dirpattern)
+
+        elif action == 'prune':
+            if not self._exclude_pattern(None, prefix=dirpattern):
+                logger.warning('no previously-included directories found '
+                               'matching %r', dirpattern)
+        else:   # pragma: no cover
+            # This should never happen, as it should be caught in
+            # _parse_template_line
+            raise DistlibException(
+                'invalid action %r' % action)
+
+    #
+    # Private API
+    #
+
+    def _parse_directive(self, directive):
+        """
+        Validate a directive.
+        :param directive: The directive to validate.
+        :return: A tuple of action, patterns, thedir, dir_patterns
+        """
+        words = directive.split()
+        if len(words) == 1 and words[0] not in ('include', 'exclude',
+                                                'global-include',
+                                                'global-exclude',
+                                                'recursive-include',
+                                                'recursive-exclude',
+                                                'graft', 'prune'):
+            # no action given, let's use the default 'include'
+            words.insert(0, 'include')
+
+        action = words[0]
+        patterns = thedir = dir_pattern = None
+
+        if action in ('include', 'exclude',
+                      'global-include', 'global-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 2:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects <pattern1> <pattern2> ...' % action)
+
+            patterns = [convert_path(word) for word in words[1:]]
+
+        elif action in ('recursive-include', 'recursive-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 3:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects <dir> <pattern1> <pattern2> ...' % action)
+
+            thedir = convert_path(words[1])
+            patterns = [convert_path(word) for word in words[2:]]
+
+        elif action in ('graft', 'prune'):
+            if len(words) != 2:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects a single <dir_pattern>' % action)
+
+            dir_pattern = convert_path(words[1])
+
+        else:
+            raise DistlibException('unknown action %r' % action)
+
+        return action, patterns, thedir, dir_pattern
+
+    def _include_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                         is_regex=False):
+        """Select strings (presumably filenames) from 'self.files' that
+        match 'pattern', a Unix-style wildcard (glob) pattern.
+
+        Patterns are not quite the same as implemented by the 'fnmatch'
+        module: '*' and '?'  match non-special characters, where "special"
+        is platform-dependent: slash on Unix; colon, slash, and backslash on
+        DOS/Windows; and colon on Mac OS.
+
+        If 'anchor' is true (the default), then the pattern match is more
+        stringent: "*.py" will match "foo.py" but not "foo/bar.py".  If
+        'anchor' is false, both of these will match.
+
+        If 'prefix' is supplied, then only filenames starting with 'prefix'
+        (itself a pattern) and ending with 'pattern', with anything in between
+        them, will match.  'anchor' is ignored in this case.
+
+        If 'is_regex' is true, 'anchor' and 'prefix' are ignored, and
+        'pattern' is assumed to be either a string containing a regex or a
+        regex object -- no translation is done, the regex is just compiled
+        and used as-is.
+
+        Selected strings will be added to self.files.
+
+        Return True if files are found.
+        """
+        # XXX docstring lying about what the special chars are?
+        found = False
+        pattern_re = self._translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+
+        # delayed loading of allfiles list
+        if self.allfiles is None:
+            self.findall()
+
+        for name in self.allfiles:
+            if pattern_re.search(name):
+                self.files.add(name)
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def _exclude_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                         is_regex=False):
+        """Remove strings (presumably filenames) from 'files' that match
+        'pattern'.
+
+        Other parameters are the same as for 'include_pattern()', above.
+        The list 'self.files' is modified in place. Return True if files are
+        found.
+
+        This API is public to allow e.g. exclusion of SCM subdirs, e.g. when
+        packaging source distributions
+        """
+        found = False
+        pattern_re = self._translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+        for f in list(self.files):
+            if pattern_re.search(f):
+                self.files.remove(f)
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def _translate_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                           is_regex=False):
+        """Translate a shell-like wildcard pattern to a compiled regular
+        expression.
+
+        Return the compiled regex.  If 'is_regex' true,
+        then 'pattern' is directly compiled to a regex (if it's a string)
+        or just returned as-is (assumes it's a regex object).
+        """
+        if is_regex:
+            if isinstance(pattern, str):
+                return re.compile(pattern)
+            else:
+                return pattern
+
+        if pattern:
+            pattern_re = self._glob_to_re(pattern)
+        else:
+            pattern_re = ''
+
+        base = re.escape(os.path.join(self.base, ''))
+        if prefix is not None:
+            # ditch end of pattern character
+            empty_pattern = self._glob_to_re('')
+            prefix_re = self._glob_to_re(prefix)[:-len(empty_pattern)]
+            sep = os.sep
+            if os.sep == '\\':
+                sep = r'\\'
+            pattern_re = '^' + base + sep.join((prefix_re,
+                                                '.*' + pattern_re))
+        else:                               # no prefix -- respect anchor flag
+            if anchor:
+                pattern_re = '^' + base + pattern_re
+
+        return re.compile(pattern_re)
+
+    def _glob_to_re(self, pattern):
+        """Translate a shell-like glob pattern to a regular expression.
+
+        Return a string containing the regex.  Differs from
+        'fnmatch.translate()' in that '*' does not match "special characters"
+        (which are platform-specific).
+        """
+        pattern_re = fnmatch.translate(pattern)
+
+        # '?' and '*' in the glob pattern become '.' and '.*' in the RE, which
+        # IMHO is wrong -- '?' and '*' aren't supposed to match slash in Unix,
+        # and by extension they shouldn't match such "special characters" under
+        # any OS.  So change all non-escaped dots in the RE to match any
+        # character except the special characters (currently: just os.sep).
+        sep = os.sep
+        if os.sep == '\\':
+            # we're using a regex to manipulate a regex, so we need
+            # to escape the backslash twice
+            sep = r'\\\\'
+        escaped = r'\1[^%s]' % sep
+        pattern_re = re.sub(r'((?<!\\)(\\\\)*)\.', escaped, pattern_re)
+        return pattern_re
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afb19c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Parser for the environment markers micro-language defined in PEP 345."""
+
+import ast
+import os
+import sys
+import platform
+
+from .compat import python_implementation, string_types
+from .util import in_venv
+
+__all__ = ['interpret']
+
+
+class Evaluator(object):
+    """
+    A limited evaluator for Python expressions.
+    """
+
+    operators = {
+        'eq': lambda x, y: x == y,
+        'gt': lambda x, y: x > y,
+        'gte': lambda x, y: x >= y,
+        'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+        'lt': lambda x, y: x < y,
+        'lte': lambda x, y: x <= y,
+        'not': lambda x: not x,
+        'noteq': lambda x, y: x != y,
+        'notin': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+    }
+
+    allowed_values = {
+        'sys_platform': sys.platform,
+        'python_version': '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2],
+        # parsing sys.platform is not reliable, but there is no other
+        # way to get e.g. 2.7.2+, and the PEP is defined with sys.version
+        'python_full_version': sys.version.split(' ', 1)[0],
+        'os_name': os.name,
+        'platform_in_venv': str(in_venv()),
+        'platform_release': platform.release(),
+        'platform_version': platform.version(),
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine(),
+        'platform_python_implementation': python_implementation(),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, context=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param context: If specified, names are looked up in this mapping.
+        """
+        self.context = context or {}
+        self.source = None
+
+    def get_fragment(self, offset):
+        """
+        Get the part of the source which is causing a problem.
+        """
+        fragment_len = 10
+        s = '%r' % (self.source[offset:offset + fragment_len])
+        if offset + fragment_len < len(self.source):
+            s += '...'
+        return s
+
+    def get_handler(self, node_type):
+        """
+        Get a handler for the specified AST node type.
+        """
+        return getattr(self, 'do_%s' % node_type, None)
+
+    def evaluate(self, node, filename=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate a source string or node, using ``filename`` when
+        displaying errors.
+        """
+        if isinstance(node, string_types):
+            self.source = node
+            kwargs = {'mode': 'eval'}
+            if filename:
+                kwargs['filename'] = filename
+            try:
+                node = ast.parse(node, **kwargs)
+            except SyntaxError as e:
+                s = self.get_fragment(e.offset)
+                raise SyntaxError('syntax error %s' % s)
+        node_type = node.__class__.__name__.lower()
+        handler = self.get_handler(node_type)
+        if handler is None:
+            if self.source is None:
+                s = '(source not available)'
+            else:
+                s = self.get_fragment(node.col_offset)
+            raise SyntaxError("don't know how to evaluate %r %s" % (
+                node_type, s))
+        return handler(node)
+
+    def get_attr_key(self, node):
+        assert isinstance(node, ast.Attribute), 'attribute node expected'
+        return '%s.%s' % (node.value.id, node.attr)
+
+    def do_attribute(self, node):
+        if not isinstance(node.value, ast.Name):
+            valid = False
+        else:
+            key = self.get_attr_key(node)
+            valid = key in self.context or key in self.allowed_values
+        if not valid:
+            raise SyntaxError('invalid expression: %s' % key)
+        if key in self.context:
+            result = self.context[key]
+        else:
+            result = self.allowed_values[key]
+        return result
+
+    def do_boolop(self, node):
+        result = self.evaluate(node.values[0])
+        is_or = node.op.__class__ is ast.Or
+        is_and = node.op.__class__ is ast.And
+        assert is_or or is_and
+        if (is_and and result) or (is_or and not result):
+            for n in node.values[1:]:
+                result = self.evaluate(n)
+                if (is_or and result) or (is_and and not result):
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def do_compare(self, node):
+        def sanity_check(lhsnode, rhsnode):
+            valid = True
+            if isinstance(lhsnode, ast.Str) and isinstance(rhsnode, ast.Str):
+                valid = False
+            #elif (isinstance(lhsnode, ast.Attribute)
+            #      and isinstance(rhsnode, ast.Attribute)):
+            #    klhs = self.get_attr_key(lhsnode)
+            #    krhs = self.get_attr_key(rhsnode)
+            #    valid = klhs != krhs
+            if not valid:
+                s = self.get_fragment(node.col_offset)
+                raise SyntaxError('Invalid comparison: %s' % s)
+
+        lhsnode = node.left
+        lhs = self.evaluate(lhsnode)
+        result = True
+        for op, rhsnode in zip(node.ops, node.comparators):
+            sanity_check(lhsnode, rhsnode)
+            op = op.__class__.__name__.lower()
+            if op not in self.operators:
+                raise SyntaxError('unsupported operation: %r' % op)
+            rhs = self.evaluate(rhsnode)
+            result = self.operators[op](lhs, rhs)
+            if not result:
+                break
+            lhs = rhs
+            lhsnode = rhsnode
+        return result
+
+    def do_expression(self, node):
+        return self.evaluate(node.body)
+
+    def do_name(self, node):
+        valid = False
+        if node.id in self.context:
+            valid = True
+            result = self.context[node.id]
+        elif node.id in self.allowed_values:
+            valid = True
+            result = self.allowed_values[node.id]
+        if not valid:
+            raise SyntaxError('invalid expression: %s' % node.id)
+        return result
+
+    def do_str(self, node):
+        return node.s
+
+
+def interpret(marker, execution_context=None):
+    """
+    Interpret a marker and return a result depending on environment.
+
+    :param marker: The marker to interpret.
+    :type marker: str
+    :param execution_context: The context used for name lookup.
+    :type execution_context: mapping
+    """
+    return Evaluator(execution_context).evaluate(marker.strip())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55bd75f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1058 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Implementation of the Metadata for Python packages PEPs.
+
+Supports all metadata formats (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 2.0 experimental).
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+from email import message_from_file
+import json
+import logging
+import re
+
+
+from . import DistlibException, __version__
+from .compat import StringIO, string_types, text_type
+from .markers import interpret
+from .util import extract_by_key, get_extras
+from .version import get_scheme, PEP440_VERSION_RE
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class MetadataMissingError(DistlibException):
+    """A required metadata is missing"""
+
+
+class MetadataConflictError(DistlibException):
+    """Attempt to read or write metadata fields that are conflictual."""
+
+
+class MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError(DistlibException):
+    """Unknown metadata version number."""
+
+
+class MetadataInvalidError(DistlibException):
+    """A metadata value is invalid"""
+
+# public API of this module
+__all__ = ['Metadata', 'PKG_INFO_ENCODING', 'PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION']
+
+# Encoding used for the PKG-INFO files
+PKG_INFO_ENCODING = 'utf-8'
+
+# preferred version. Hopefully will be changed
+# to 1.2 once PEP 345 is supported everywhere
+PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION = '1.1'
+
+_LINE_PREFIX = re.compile('\n       \|')
+_241_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'License')
+
+_314_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'License', 'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes',
+               'Provides', 'Requires')
+
+_314_MARKERS = ('Obsoletes', 'Provides', 'Requires', 'Classifier',
+                'Download-URL')
+
+_345_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License',
+               'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Project-URL', 'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist',
+               'Requires-Python', 'Requires-External')
+
+_345_MARKERS = ('Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Python',
+                'Obsoletes-Dist', 'Requires-External', 'Maintainer',
+                'Maintainer-email', 'Project-URL')
+
+_426_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License',
+               'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Project-URL', 'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist',
+               'Requires-Python', 'Requires-External', 'Private-Version',
+               'Obsoleted-By', 'Setup-Requires-Dist', 'Extension',
+               'Provides-Extra')
+
+_426_MARKERS = ('Private-Version', 'Provides-Extra', 'Obsoleted-By',
+                'Setup-Requires-Dist', 'Extension')
+
+_ALL_FIELDS = set()
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_241_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_314_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_345_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_426_FIELDS)
+
+EXTRA_RE = re.compile(r'''extra\s*==\s*("([^"]+)"|'([^']+)')''')
+
+
+def _version2fieldlist(version):
+    if version == '1.0':
+        return _241_FIELDS
+    elif version == '1.1':
+        return _314_FIELDS
+    elif version == '1.2':
+        return _345_FIELDS
+    elif version == '2.0':
+        return _426_FIELDS
+    raise MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError(version)
+
+
+def _best_version(fields):
+    """Detect the best version depending on the fields used."""
+    def _has_marker(keys, markers):
+        for marker in markers:
+            if marker in keys:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    keys = []
+    for key, value in fields.items():
+        if value in ([], 'UNKNOWN', None):
+            continue
+        keys.append(key)
+
+    possible_versions = ['1.0', '1.1', '1.2', '2.0']
+
+    # first let's try to see if a field is not part of one of the version
+    for key in keys:
+        if key not in _241_FIELDS and '1.0' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.0')
+        if key not in _314_FIELDS and '1.1' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.1')
+        if key not in _345_FIELDS and '1.2' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.2')
+        if key not in _426_FIELDS and '2.0' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('2.0')
+
+    # possible_version contains qualified versions
+    if len(possible_versions) == 1:
+        return possible_versions[0]   # found !
+    elif len(possible_versions) == 0:
+        raise MetadataConflictError('Unknown metadata set')
+
+    # let's see if one unique marker is found
+    is_1_1 = '1.1' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _314_MARKERS)
+    is_1_2 = '1.2' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _345_MARKERS)
+    is_2_0 = '2.0' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _426_MARKERS)
+    if int(is_1_1) + int(is_1_2) + int(is_2_0) > 1:
+        raise MetadataConflictError('You used incompatible 1.1/1.2/2.0 fields')
+
+    # we have the choice, 1.0, or 1.2, or 2.0
+    #   - 1.0 has a broken Summary field but works with all tools
+    #   - 1.1 is to avoid
+    #   - 1.2 fixes Summary but has little adoption
+    #   - 2.0 adds more features and is very new
+    if not is_1_1 and not is_1_2 and not is_2_0:
+        # we couldn't find any specific marker
+        if PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION in possible_versions:
+            return PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION
+    if is_1_1:
+        return '1.1'
+    if is_1_2:
+        return '1.2'
+
+    return '2.0'
+
+_ATTR2FIELD = {
+    'metadata_version': 'Metadata-Version',
+    'name': 'Name',
+    'version': 'Version',
+    'platform': 'Platform',
+    'supported_platform': 'Supported-Platform',
+    'summary': 'Summary',
+    'description': 'Description',
+    'keywords': 'Keywords',
+    'home_page': 'Home-page',
+    'author': 'Author',
+    'author_email': 'Author-email',
+    'maintainer': 'Maintainer',
+    'maintainer_email': 'Maintainer-email',
+    'license': 'License',
+    'classifier': 'Classifier',
+    'download_url': 'Download-URL',
+    'obsoletes_dist': 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+    'provides_dist': 'Provides-Dist',
+    'requires_dist': 'Requires-Dist',
+    'setup_requires_dist': 'Setup-Requires-Dist',
+    'requires_python': 'Requires-Python',
+    'requires_external': 'Requires-External',
+    'requires': 'Requires',
+    'provides': 'Provides',
+    'obsoletes': 'Obsoletes',
+    'project_url': 'Project-URL',
+    'private_version': 'Private-Version',
+    'obsoleted_by': 'Obsoleted-By',
+    'extension': 'Extension',
+    'provides_extra': 'Provides-Extra',
+}
+
+_PREDICATE_FIELDS = ('Requires-Dist', 'Obsoletes-Dist', 'Provides-Dist')
+_VERSIONS_FIELDS = ('Requires-Python',)
+_VERSION_FIELDS = ('Version',)
+_LISTFIELDS = ('Platform', 'Classifier', 'Obsoletes',
+               'Requires', 'Provides', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-External',
+               'Project-URL', 'Supported-Platform', 'Setup-Requires-Dist',
+               'Provides-Extra', 'Extension')
+_LISTTUPLEFIELDS = ('Project-URL',)
+
+_ELEMENTSFIELD = ('Keywords',)
+
+_UNICODEFIELDS = ('Author', 'Maintainer', 'Summary', 'Description')
+
+_MISSING = object()
+
+_FILESAFE = re.compile('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+')
+
+
+def _get_name_and_version(name, version, for_filename=False):
+    """Return the distribution name with version.
+
+    If for_filename is true, return a filename-escaped form."""
+    if for_filename:
+        # For both name and version any runs of non-alphanumeric or '.'
+        # characters are replaced with a single '-'.  Additionally any
+        # spaces in the version string become '.'
+        name = _FILESAFE.sub('-', name)
+        version = _FILESAFE.sub('-', version.replace(' ', '.'))
+    return '%s-%s' % (name, version)
+
+
+class LegacyMetadata(object):
+    """The legacy metadata of a release.
+
+    Supports versions 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 (auto-detected). You can
+    instantiate the class with one of these arguments (or none):
+    - *path*, the path to a metadata file
+    - *fileobj* give a file-like object with metadata as content
+    - *mapping* is a dict-like object
+    - *scheme* is a version scheme name
+    """
+    # TODO document the mapping API and UNKNOWN default key
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None, mapping=None,
+                 scheme='default'):
+        if [path, fileobj, mapping].count(None) < 2:
+            raise TypeError('path, fileobj and mapping are exclusive')
+        self._fields = {}
+        self.requires_files = []
+        self._dependencies = None
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        if path is not None:
+            self.read(path)
+        elif fileobj is not None:
+            self.read_file(fileobj)
+        elif mapping is not None:
+            self.update(mapping)
+            self.set_metadata_version()
+
+    def set_metadata_version(self):
+        self._fields['Metadata-Version'] = _best_version(self._fields)
+
+    def _write_field(self, fileobj, name, value):
+        fileobj.write('%s: %s\n' % (name, value))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.get(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        return self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        field_name = self._convert_name(name)
+        try:
+            del self._fields[field_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return (name in self._fields or
+                self._convert_name(name) in self._fields)
+
+    def _convert_name(self, name):
+        if name in _ALL_FIELDS:
+            return name
+        name = name.replace('-', '_').lower()
+        return _ATTR2FIELD.get(name, name)
+
+    def _default_value(self, name):
+        if name in _LISTFIELDS or name in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+            return []
+        return 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def _remove_line_prefix(self, value):
+        return _LINE_PREFIX.sub('\n', value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name in _ATTR2FIELD:
+            return self[name]
+        raise AttributeError(name)
+
+    #
+    # Public API
+    #
+
+#    dependencies = property(_get_dependencies, _set_dependencies)
+
+    def get_fullname(self, filesafe=False):
+        """Return the distribution name with version.
+
+        If filesafe is true, return a filename-escaped form."""
+        return _get_name_and_version(self['Name'], self['Version'], filesafe)
+
+    def is_field(self, name):
+        """return True if name is a valid metadata key"""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        return name in _ALL_FIELDS
+
+    def is_multi_field(self, name):
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        return name in _LISTFIELDS
+
+    def read(self, filepath):
+        """Read the metadata values from a file path."""
+        fp = codecs.open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            self.read_file(fp)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def read_file(self, fileob):
+        """Read the metadata values from a file object."""
+        msg = message_from_file(fileob)
+        self._fields['Metadata-Version'] = msg['metadata-version']
+
+        # When reading, get all the fields we can
+        for field in _ALL_FIELDS:
+            if field not in msg:
+                continue
+            if field in _LISTFIELDS:
+                # we can have multiple lines
+                values = msg.get_all(field)
+                if field in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS and values is not None:
+                    values = [tuple(value.split(',')) for value in values]
+                self.set(field, values)
+            else:
+                # single line
+                value = msg[field]
+                if value is not None and value != 'UNKNOWN':
+                    self.set(field, value)
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+    def write(self, filepath, skip_unknown=False):
+        """Write the metadata fields to filepath."""
+        fp = codecs.open(filepath, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            self.write_file(fp, skip_unknown)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def write_file(self, fileobject, skip_unknown=False):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO format data to a file object."""
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        for field in _version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version']):
+            values = self.get(field)
+            if skip_unknown and values in ('UNKNOWN', [], ['UNKNOWN']):
+                continue
+            if field in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+                self._write_field(fileobject, field, ','.join(values))
+                continue
+            if field not in _LISTFIELDS:
+                if field == 'Description':
+                    values = values.replace('\n', '\n       |')
+                values = [values]
+
+            if field in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS:
+                values = [','.join(value) for value in values]
+
+            for value in values:
+                self._write_field(fileobject, field, value)
+
+    def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
+        """Set metadata values from the given iterable `other` and kwargs.
+
+        Behavior is like `dict.update`: If `other` has a ``keys`` method,
+        they are looped over and ``self[key]`` is assigned ``other[key]``.
+        Else, ``other`` is an iterable of ``(key, value)`` iterables.
+
+        Keys that don't match a metadata field or that have an empty value are
+        dropped.
+        """
+        def _set(key, value):
+            if key in _ATTR2FIELD and value:
+                self.set(self._convert_name(key), value)
+
+        if not other:
+            # other is None or empty container
+            pass
+        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            for k in other.keys():
+                _set(k, other[k])
+        else:
+            for k, v in other:
+                _set(k, v)
+
+        if kwargs:
+            for k, v in kwargs.items():
+                _set(k, v)
+
+    def set(self, name, value):
+        """Control then set a metadata field."""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+
+        if ((name in _ELEMENTSFIELD or name == 'Platform') and
+            not isinstance(value, (list, tuple))):
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                value = [v.strip() for v in value.split(',')]
+            else:
+                value = []
+        elif (name in _LISTFIELDS and
+              not isinstance(value, (list, tuple))):
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                value = [value]
+            else:
+                value = []
+
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.WARNING):
+            project_name = self['Name']
+
+            scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+            if name in _PREDICATE_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                for v in value:
+                    # check that the values are valid
+                    if not scheme.is_valid_matcher(v.split(';')[0]):
+                        logger.warning(
+                            '%r: %r is not valid (field %r)',
+                            project_name, v, name)
+            # FIXME this rejects UNKNOWN, is that right?
+            elif name in _VERSIONS_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_constraint_list(value):
+                    logger.warning('%r: %r is not a valid version (field %r)',
+                                   project_name, value, name)
+            elif name in _VERSION_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_version(value):
+                    logger.warning('%r: %r is not a valid version (field %r)',
+                                   project_name, value, name)
+
+        if name in _UNICODEFIELDS:
+            if name == 'Description':
+                value = self._remove_line_prefix(value)
+
+        self._fields[name] = value
+
+    def get(self, name, default=_MISSING):
+        """Get a metadata field."""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        if name not in self._fields:
+            if default is _MISSING:
+                default = self._default_value(name)
+            return default
+        if name in _UNICODEFIELDS:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            return value
+        elif name in _LISTFIELDS:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            if value is None:
+                return []
+            res = []
+            for val in value:
+                if name not in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS:
+                    res.append(val)
+                else:
+                    # That's for Project-URL
+                    res.append((val[0], val[1]))
+            return res
+
+        elif name in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                return value.split(',')
+        return self._fields[name]
+
+    def check(self, strict=False):
+        """Check if the metadata is compliant. If strict is True then raise if
+        no Name or Version are provided"""
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        # XXX should check the versions (if the file was loaded)
+        missing, warnings = [], []
+
+        for attr in ('Name', 'Version'):  # required by PEP 345
+            if attr not in self:
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        if strict and missing != []:
+            msg = 'missing required metadata: %s' % ', '.join(missing)
+            raise MetadataMissingError(msg)
+
+        for attr in ('Home-page', 'Author'):
+            if attr not in self:
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        # checking metadata 1.2 (XXX needs to check 1.1, 1.0)
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] != '1.2':
+            return missing, warnings
+
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+
+        def are_valid_constraints(value):
+            for v in value:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_matcher(v.split(';')[0]):
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        for fields, controller in ((_PREDICATE_FIELDS, are_valid_constraints),
+                                   (_VERSIONS_FIELDS,
+                                    scheme.is_valid_constraint_list),
+                                   (_VERSION_FIELDS,
+                                    scheme.is_valid_version)):
+            for field in fields:
+                value = self.get(field, None)
+                if value is not None and not controller(value):
+                    warnings.append('Wrong value for %r: %s' % (field, value))
+
+        return missing, warnings
+
+    def todict(self, skip_missing=False):
+        """Return fields as a dict.
+
+        Field names will be converted to use the underscore-lowercase style
+        instead of hyphen-mixed case (i.e. home_page instead of Home-page).
+        """
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        mapping_1_0 = (
+            ('metadata_version', 'Metadata-Version'),
+            ('name', 'Name'),
+            ('version', 'Version'),
+            ('summary', 'Summary'),
+            ('home_page', 'Home-page'),
+            ('author', 'Author'),
+            ('author_email', 'Author-email'),
+            ('license', 'License'),
+            ('description', 'Description'),
+            ('keywords', 'Keywords'),
+            ('platform', 'Platform'),
+            ('classifier', 'Classifier'),
+            ('download_url', 'Download-URL'),
+        )
+
+        data = {}
+        for key, field_name in mapping_1_0:
+            if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                data[key] = self[field_name]
+
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.2':
+            mapping_1_2 = (
+                ('requires_dist', 'Requires-Dist'),
+                ('requires_python', 'Requires-Python'),
+                ('requires_external', 'Requires-External'),
+                ('provides_dist', 'Provides-Dist'),
+                ('obsoletes_dist', 'Obsoletes-Dist'),
+                ('project_url', 'Project-URL'),
+                ('maintainer', 'Maintainer'),
+                ('maintainer_email', 'Maintainer-email'),
+            )
+            for key, field_name in mapping_1_2:
+                if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                    if key != 'project_url':
+                        data[key] = self[field_name]
+                    else:
+                        data[key] = [','.join(u) for u in self[field_name]]
+
+        elif self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.1':
+            mapping_1_1 = (
+                ('provides', 'Provides'),
+                ('requires', 'Requires'),
+                ('obsoletes', 'Obsoletes'),
+            )
+            for key, field_name in mapping_1_1:
+                if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                    data[key] = self[field_name]
+
+        return data
+
+    def add_requirements(self, requirements):
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.1':
+            # we can't have 1.1 metadata *and* Setuptools requires
+            for field in ('Obsoletes', 'Requires', 'Provides'):
+                if field in self:
+                    del self[field]
+        self['Requires-Dist'] += requirements
+
+    # Mapping API
+    # TODO could add iter* variants
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(_version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version']))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for key in self.keys():
+            yield key
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [self[key] for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def items(self):
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name,
+                               self.version)
+
+
+METADATA_FILENAME = 'pydist.json'
+
+
+class Metadata(object):
+    """
+    The metadata of a release. This implementation uses 2.0 (JSON)
+    metadata where possible. If not possible, it wraps a LegacyMetadata
+    instance which handles the key-value metadata format.
+    """
+
+    METADATA_VERSION_MATCHER = re.compile('^\d+(\.\d+)*$')
+
+    NAME_MATCHER = re.compile('^[0-9A-Z]([0-9A-Z_.-]*[0-9A-Z])?$', re.I)
+
+    VERSION_MATCHER = PEP440_VERSION_RE
+
+    SUMMARY_MATCHER = re.compile('.{1,2047}')
+
+    METADATA_VERSION = '2.0'
+
+    GENERATOR = 'distlib (%s)' % __version__
+
+    MANDATORY_KEYS = {
+        'name': (),
+        'version': (),
+        'summary': ('legacy',),
+    }
+
+    INDEX_KEYS = ('name version license summary description author '
+                  'author_email keywords platform home_page classifiers '
+                  'download_url')
+
+    DEPENDENCY_KEYS = ('extras run_requires test_requires build_requires '
+                       'dev_requires provides meta_requires obsoleted_by '
+                       'supports_environments')
+
+    SYNTAX_VALIDATORS = {
+        'metadata_version': (METADATA_VERSION_MATCHER, ()),
+        'name': (NAME_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'version': (VERSION_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'summary': (SUMMARY_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+    }
+
+    __slots__ = ('_legacy', '_data', 'scheme')
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None, mapping=None,
+                 scheme='default'):
+        if [path, fileobj, mapping].count(None) < 2:
+            raise TypeError('path, fileobj and mapping are exclusive')
+        self._legacy = None
+        self._data = None
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        if mapping is not None:
+            try:
+                self._validate_mapping(mapping, scheme)
+                self._data = mapping
+            except MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError:
+                self._legacy = LegacyMetadata(mapping=mapping, scheme=scheme)
+                self.validate()
+        else:
+            data = None
+            if path:
+                with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                    data = f.read()
+            elif fileobj:
+                data = fileobj.read()
+            if data is None:
+                # Initialised with no args - to be added
+                self._data = {
+                    'metadata_version': self.METADATA_VERSION,
+                    'generator': self.GENERATOR,
+                }
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(data, text_type):
+                    data = data.decode('utf-8')
+                try:
+                    self._data = json.loads(data)
+                    self._validate_mapping(self._data, scheme)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # Note: MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError does not
+                    # inherit from ValueError (it's a DistlibException,
+                    # which should not inherit from ValueError).
+                    # The ValueError comes from the json.load - if that
+                    # succeeds and we get a validation error, we want
+                    # that to propagate
+                    self._legacy = LegacyMetadata(fileobj=StringIO(data),
+                                                  scheme=scheme)
+                    self.validate()
+
+    common_keys = set(('name', 'version', 'license', 'keywords', 'summary'))
+
+    none_list = (None, list)
+    none_dict = (None, dict)
+
+    mapped_keys = {
+        'run_requires': ('Requires-Dist', list),
+        'build_requires': ('Setup-Requires-Dist', list),
+        'dev_requires': none_list,
+        'test_requires': none_list,
+        'meta_requires': none_list,
+        'extras': ('Provides-Extra', list),
+        'modules': none_list,
+        'namespaces': none_list,
+        'exports': none_dict,
+        'commands': none_dict,
+        'classifiers': ('Classifier', list),
+        'source_url': ('Download-URL', None),
+        'metadata_version': ('Metadata-Version', None),
+    }
+
+    del none_list, none_dict
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        common = object.__getattribute__(self, 'common_keys')
+        mapped = object.__getattribute__(self, 'mapped_keys')
+        if key in mapped:
+            lk, maker = mapped[key]
+            if self._legacy:
+                if lk is None:
+                    result = None if maker is None else maker()
+                else:
+                    result = self._legacy.get(lk)
+            else:
+                value = None if maker is None else maker()
+                if key not in ('commands', 'exports', 'modules', 'namespaces',
+                               'classifiers'):
+                    result = self._data.get(key, value)
+                else:
+                    # special cases for PEP 459
+                    sentinel = object()
+                    result = sentinel
+                    d = self._data.get('extensions')
+                    if d:
+                        if key == 'commands':
+                            result = d.get('python.commands', value)
+                        elif key == 'classifiers':
+                            d = d.get('python.details')
+                            if d:
+                                result = d.get(key, value)
+                        else:
+                            d = d.get('python.exports')
+                            if d:
+                                result = d.get(key, value)
+                    if result is sentinel:
+                        result = value
+        elif key not in common:
+            result = object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+        elif self._legacy:
+            result = self._legacy.get(key)
+        else:
+            result = self._data.get(key)
+        return result
+
+    def _validate_value(self, key, value, scheme=None):
+        if key in self.SYNTAX_VALIDATORS:
+            pattern, exclusions = self.SYNTAX_VALIDATORS[key]
+            if (scheme or self.scheme) not in exclusions:
+                m = pattern.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise MetadataInvalidError('%r is an invalid value for '
+                                               'the %r property' % (value,
+                                                                    key))
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        self._validate_value(key, value)
+        common = object.__getattribute__(self, 'common_keys')
+        mapped = object.__getattribute__(self, 'mapped_keys')
+        if key in mapped:
+            lk, _ = mapped[key]
+            if self._legacy:
+                if lk is None:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+                self._legacy[lk] = value
+            elif key not in ('commands', 'exports', 'modules', 'namespaces',
+                             'classifiers'):
+                self._data[key] = value
+            else:
+                # special cases for PEP 459
+                d = self._data.setdefault('extensions', {})
+                if key == 'commands':
+                    d['python.commands'] = value
+                elif key == 'classifiers':
+                    d = d.setdefault('python.details', {})
+                    d[key] = value
+                else:
+                    d = d.setdefault('python.exports', {})
+                    d[key] = value
+        elif key not in common:
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+        else:
+            if key == 'keywords':
+                if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                    value = value.strip()
+                    if value:
+                        value = value.split()
+                    else:
+                        value = []
+            if self._legacy:
+                self._legacy[key] = value
+            else:
+                self._data[key] = value
+
+    @property
+    def name_and_version(self):
+        return _get_name_and_version(self.name, self.version, True)
+
+    @property
+    def provides(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            result = self._legacy['Provides-Dist']
+        else:
+            result = self._data.setdefault('provides', [])
+        s = '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+        if s not in result:
+            result.append(s)
+        return result
+
+    @provides.setter
+    def provides(self, value):
+        if self._legacy:
+            self._legacy['Provides-Dist'] = value
+        else:
+            self._data['provides'] = value
+
+    def get_requirements(self, reqts, extras=None, env=None):
+        """
+        Base method to get dependencies, given a set of extras
+        to satisfy and an optional environment context.
+        :param reqts: A list of sometimes-wanted dependencies,
+                      perhaps dependent on extras and environment.
+        :param extras: A list of optional components being requested.
+        :param env: An optional environment for marker evaluation.
+        """
+        if self._legacy:
+            result = reqts
+        else:
+            result = []
+            extras = get_extras(extras or [], self.extras)
+            for d in reqts:
+                if 'extra' not in d and 'environment' not in d:
+                    # unconditional
+                    include = True
+                else:
+                    if 'extra' not in d:
+                        # Not extra-dependent - only environment-dependent
+                        include = True
+                    else:
+                        include = d.get('extra') in extras
+                    if include:
+                        # Not excluded because of extras, check environment
+                        marker = d.get('environment')
+                        if marker:
+                            include = interpret(marker, env)
+                if include:
+                    result.extend(d['requires'])
+            for key in ('build', 'dev', 'test'):
+                e = ':%s:' % key
+                if e in extras:
+                    extras.remove(e)
+                    # A recursive call, but it should terminate since 'test'
+                    # has been removed from the extras
+                    reqts = self._data.get('%s_requires' % key, [])
+                    result.extend(self.get_requirements(reqts, extras=extras,
+                                                        env=env))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def dictionary(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            return self._from_legacy()
+        return self._data
+
+    @property
+    def dependencies(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        else:
+            return extract_by_key(self._data, self.DEPENDENCY_KEYS)
+
+    @dependencies.setter
+    def dependencies(self, value):
+        if self._legacy:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        else:
+            self._data.update(value)
+
+    def _validate_mapping(self, mapping, scheme):
+        if mapping.get('metadata_version') != self.METADATA_VERSION:
+            raise MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError()
+        missing = []
+        for key, exclusions in self.MANDATORY_KEYS.items():
+            if key not in mapping:
+                if scheme not in exclusions:
+                    missing.append(key)
+        if missing:
+            msg = 'Missing metadata items: %s' % ', '.join(missing)
+            raise MetadataMissingError(msg)
+        for k, v in mapping.items():
+            self._validate_value(k, v, scheme)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            missing, warnings = self._legacy.check(True)
+            if missing or warnings:
+                logger.warning('Metadata: missing: %s, warnings: %s',
+                               missing, warnings)
+        else:
+            self._validate_mapping(self._data, self.scheme)
+
+    def todict(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            return self._legacy.todict(True)
+        else:
+            result = extract_by_key(self._data, self.INDEX_KEYS)
+            return result
+
+    def _from_legacy(self):
+        assert self._legacy and not self._data
+        result = {
+            'metadata_version': self.METADATA_VERSION,
+            'generator': self.GENERATOR,
+        }
+        lmd = self._legacy.todict(True)     # skip missing ones
+        for k in ('name', 'version', 'license', 'summary', 'description',
+                  'classifier'):
+            if k in lmd:
+                if k == 'classifier':
+                    nk = 'classifiers'
+                else:
+                    nk = k
+                result[nk] = lmd[k]
+        kw = lmd.get('Keywords', [])
+        if kw == ['']:
+            kw = []
+        result['keywords'] = kw
+        keys = (('requires_dist', 'run_requires'),
+                ('setup_requires_dist', 'build_requires'))
+        for ok, nk in keys:
+            if ok in lmd and lmd[ok]:
+                result[nk] = [{'requires': lmd[ok]}]
+        result['provides'] = self.provides
+        author = {}
+        maintainer = {}
+        return result
+
+    LEGACY_MAPPING = {
+        'name': 'Name',
+        'version': 'Version',
+        'license': 'License',
+        'summary': 'Summary',
+        'description': 'Description',
+        'classifiers': 'Classifier',
+    }
+
+    def _to_legacy(self):
+        def process_entries(entries):
+            reqts = set()
+            for e in entries:
+                extra = e.get('extra')
+                env = e.get('environment')
+                rlist = e['requires']
+                for r in rlist:
+                    if not env and not extra:
+                        reqts.add(r)
+                    else:
+                        marker = ''
+                        if extra:
+                            marker = 'extra == "%s"' % extra
+                        if env:
+                            if marker:
+                                marker = '(%s) and %s' % (env, marker)
+                            else:
+                                marker = env
+                        reqts.add(';'.join((r, marker)))
+            return reqts
+
+        assert self._data and not self._legacy
+        result = LegacyMetadata()
+        nmd = self._data
+        for nk, ok in self.LEGACY_MAPPING.items():
+            if nk in nmd:
+                result[ok] = nmd[nk]
+        r1 = process_entries(self.run_requires + self.meta_requires)
+        r2 = process_entries(self.build_requires + self.dev_requires)
+        if self.extras:
+            result['Provides-Extra'] = sorted(self.extras)
+        result['Requires-Dist'] = sorted(r1)
+        result['Setup-Requires-Dist'] = sorted(r2)
+        # TODO: other fields such as contacts
+        return result
+
+    def write(self, path=None, fileobj=None, legacy=False, skip_unknown=True):
+        if [path, fileobj].count(None) != 1:
+            raise ValueError('Exactly one of path and fileobj is needed')
+        self.validate()
+        if legacy:
+            if self._legacy:
+                legacy_md = self._legacy
+            else:
+                legacy_md = self._to_legacy()
+            if path:
+                legacy_md.write(path, skip_unknown=skip_unknown)
+            else:
+                legacy_md.write_file(fileobj, skip_unknown=skip_unknown)
+        else:
+            if self._legacy:
+                d = self._from_legacy()
+            else:
+                d = self._data
+            if fileobj:
+                json.dump(d, fileobj, ensure_ascii=True, indent=2,
+                          sort_keys=True)
+            else:
+                with codecs.open(path, 'w', 'utf-8') as f:
+                    json.dump(d, f, ensure_ascii=True, indent=2,
+                              sort_keys=True)
+
+    def add_requirements(self, requirements):
+        if self._legacy:
+            self._legacy.add_requirements(requirements)
+        else:
+            run_requires = self._data.setdefault('run_requires', [])
+            always = None
+            for entry in run_requires:
+                if 'environment' not in entry and 'extra' not in entry:
+                    always = entry
+                    break
+            if always is None:
+                always = { 'requires': requirements }
+                run_requires.insert(0, always)
+            else:
+                rset = set(always['requires']) | set(requirements)
+                always['requires'] = sorted(rset)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self.name or '(no name)'
+        version = self.version or 'no version'
+        return '<%s %s %s (%s)>' % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                                    self.metadata_version, name, version)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8e2f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import bisect
+import io
+import logging
+import os
+import pkgutil
+import shutil
+import sys
+import types
+import zipimport
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .util import cached_property, get_cache_base, path_to_cache_dir, Cache
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+cache = None    # created when needed
+
+
+class ResourceCache(Cache):
+    def __init__(self, base=None):
+        if base is None:
+            # Use native string to avoid issues on 2.x: see Python #20140.
+            base = os.path.join(get_cache_base(), str('resource-cache'))
+        super(ResourceCache, self).__init__(base)
+
+    def is_stale(self, resource, path):
+        """
+        Is the cache stale for the given resource?
+
+        :param resource: The :class:`Resource` being cached.
+        :param path: The path of the resource in the cache.
+        :return: True if the cache is stale.
+        """
+        # Cache invalidation is a hard problem :-)
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, resource):
+        """
+        Get a resource into the cache,
+
+        :param resource: A :class:`Resource` instance.
+        :return: The pathname of the resource in the cache.
+        """
+        prefix, path = resource.finder.get_cache_info(resource)
+        if prefix is None:
+            result = path
+        else:
+            result = os.path.join(self.base, self.prefix_to_dir(prefix), path)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(result)
+            if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+                os.makedirs(dirname)
+            if not os.path.exists(result):
+                stale = True
+            else:
+                stale = self.is_stale(resource, path)
+            if stale:
+                # write the bytes of the resource to the cache location
+                with open(result, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(resource.bytes)
+        return result
+
+
+class ResourceBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, finder, name):
+        self.finder = finder
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class Resource(ResourceBase):
+    """
+    A class representing an in-package resource, such as a data file. This is
+    not normally instantiated by user code, but rather by a
+    :class:`ResourceFinder` which manages the resource.
+    """
+    is_container = False        # Backwards compatibility
+
+    def as_stream(self):
+        """
+        Get the resource as a stream.
+
+        This is not a property to make it obvious that it returns a new stream
+        each time.
+        """
+        return self.finder.get_stream(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_path(self):
+        global cache
+        if cache is None:
+            cache = ResourceCache()
+        return cache.get(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def bytes(self):
+        return self.finder.get_bytes(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def size(self):
+        return self.finder.get_size(self)
+
+
+class ResourceContainer(ResourceBase):
+    is_container = True     # Backwards compatibility
+
+    @cached_property
+    def resources(self):
+        return self.finder.get_resources(self)
+
+
+class ResourceFinder(object):
+    """
+    Resource finder for file system resources.
+    """
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        skipped_extensions = ('.pyc', '.pyo', '.class')
+    else:
+        skipped_extensions = ('.pyc', '.pyo')
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.module = module
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.base = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def _adjust_path(self, path):
+        return os.path.realpath(path)
+
+    def _make_path(self, resource_name):
+        # Issue #50: need to preserve type of path on Python 2.x
+        # like os.path._get_sep
+        if isinstance(resource_name, bytes):    # should only happen on 2.x
+            sep = b'/'
+        else:
+            sep = '/'
+        parts = resource_name.split(sep)
+        parts.insert(0, self.base)
+        result = os.path.join(*parts)
+        return self._adjust_path(result)
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, resource):
+        return None, resource.path
+
+    def find(self, resource_name):
+        path = self._make_path(resource_name)
+        if not self._find(path):
+            result = None
+        else:
+            if self._is_directory(path):
+                result = ResourceContainer(self, resource_name)
+            else:
+                result = Resource(self, resource_name)
+            result.path = path
+        return result
+
+    def get_stream(self, resource):
+        return open(resource.path, 'rb')
+
+    def get_bytes(self, resource):
+        with open(resource.path, 'rb') as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def get_size(self, resource):
+        return os.path.getsize(resource.path)
+
+    def get_resources(self, resource):
+        def allowed(f):
+            return (f != '__pycache__' and not
+                    f.endswith(self.skipped_extensions))
+        return set([f for f in os.listdir(resource.path) if allowed(f)])
+
+    def is_container(self, resource):
+        return self._is_directory(resource.path)
+
+    _is_directory = staticmethod(os.path.isdir)
+
+    def iterator(self, resource_name):
+        resource = self.find(resource_name)
+        if resource is not None:
+            todo = [resource]
+            while todo:
+                resource = todo.pop(0)
+                yield resource
+                if resource.is_container:
+                    rname = resource.name
+                    for name in resource.resources:
+                        if not rname:
+                            new_name = name
+                        else:
+                            new_name = '/'.join([rname, name])
+                        child = self.find(new_name)
+                        if child.is_container:
+                            todo.append(child)
+                        else:
+                            yield child
+
+
+class ZipResourceFinder(ResourceFinder):
+    """
+    Resource finder for resources in .zip files.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        super(ZipResourceFinder, self).__init__(module)
+        archive = self.loader.archive
+        self.prefix_len = 1 + len(archive)
+        # PyPy doesn't have a _files attr on zipimporter, and you can't set one
+        if hasattr(self.loader, '_files'):
+            self._files = self.loader._files
+        else:
+            self._files = zipimport._zip_directory_cache[archive]
+        self.index = sorted(self._files)
+
+    def _adjust_path(self, path):
+        return path
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        path = path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path in self._files:
+            result = True
+        else:
+            if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+                path = path + os.sep
+            i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+            try:
+                result = self.index[i].startswith(path)
+            except IndexError:
+                result = False
+        if not result:
+            logger.debug('_find failed: %r %r', path, self.loader.prefix)
+        else:
+            logger.debug('_find worked: %r %r', path, self.loader.prefix)
+        return result
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, resource):
+        prefix = self.loader.archive
+        path = resource.path[1 + len(prefix):]
+        return prefix, path
+
+    def get_bytes(self, resource):
+        return self.loader.get_data(resource.path)
+
+    def get_stream(self, resource):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_bytes(resource))
+
+    def get_size(self, resource):
+        path = resource.path[self.prefix_len:]
+        return self._files[path][3]
+
+    def get_resources(self, resource):
+        path = resource.path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+            path += os.sep
+        plen = len(path)
+        result = set()
+        i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+        while i < len(self.index):
+            if not self.index[i].startswith(path):
+                break
+            s = self.index[i][plen:]
+            result.add(s.split(os.sep, 1)[0])   # only immediate children
+            i += 1
+        return result
+
+    def _is_directory(self, path):
+        path = path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+            path += os.sep
+        i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+        try:
+            result = self.index[i].startswith(path)
+        except IndexError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+_finder_registry = {
+    type(None): ResourceFinder,
+    zipimport.zipimporter: ZipResourceFinder
+}
+
+try:
+    import _frozen_importlib
+    _finder_registry[_frozen_importlib.SourceFileLoader] = ResourceFinder
+    _finder_registry[_frozen_importlib.FileFinder] = ResourceFinder
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    pass
+
+
+def register_finder(loader, finder_maker):
+    _finder_registry[type(loader)] = finder_maker
+
+_finder_cache = {}
+
+
+def finder(package):
+    """
+    Return a resource finder for a package.
+    :param package: The name of the package.
+    :return: A :class:`ResourceFinder` instance for the package.
+    """
+    if package in _finder_cache:
+        result = _finder_cache[package]
+    else:
+        if package not in sys.modules:
+            __import__(package)
+        module = sys.modules[package]
+        path = getattr(module, '__path__', None)
+        if path is None:
+            raise DistlibException('You cannot get a finder for a module, '
+                                   'only for a package')
+        loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        finder_maker = _finder_registry.get(type(loader))
+        if finder_maker is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to locate finder for %r' % package)
+        result = finder_maker(module)
+        _finder_cache[package] = result
+    return result
+
+
+_dummy_module = types.ModuleType(str('__dummy__'))
+
+
+def finder_for_path(path):
+    """
+    Return a resource finder for a path, which should represent a container.
+
+    :param path: The path.
+    :return: A :class:`ResourceFinder` instance for the path.
+    """
+    result = None
+    # calls any path hooks, gets importer into cache
+    pkgutil.get_importer(path)
+    loader = sys.path_importer_cache.get(path)
+    finder = _finder_registry.get(type(loader))
+    if finder:
+        module = _dummy_module
+        module.__file__ = os.path.join(path, '')
+        module.__loader__ = loader
+        result = finder(module)
+    return result
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aa6eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from io import BytesIO
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+
+from .compat import sysconfig, detect_encoding, ZipFile
+from .resources import finder
+from .util import (FileOperator, get_export_entry, convert_path,
+                   get_executable, in_venv)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_DEFAULT_MANIFEST = '''
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
+<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0">
+ <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
+ processorArchitecture="X86"
+ name="%s"
+ type="win32"/>
+
+ <!-- Identify the application security requirements. -->
+ <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">
+ <security>
+ <requestedPrivileges>
+ <requestedExecutionLevel level="asInvoker" uiAccess="false"/>
+ </requestedPrivileges>
+ </security>
+ </trustInfo>
+</assembly>'''.strip()
+
+# check if Python is called on the first line with this expression
+FIRST_LINE_RE = re.compile(b'^#!.*pythonw?[0-9.]*([ \t].*)?$')
+SCRIPT_TEMPLATE = '''# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import sys, re
+
+    def _resolve(module, func):
+        __import__(module)
+        mod = sys.modules[module]
+        parts = func.split('.')
+        result = getattr(mod, parts.pop(0))
+        for p in parts:
+            result = getattr(result, p)
+        return result
+
+    try:
+        sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+
+        func = _resolve('%(module)s', '%(func)s')
+        rc = func() # None interpreted as 0
+    except Exception as e:  # only supporting Python >= 2.6
+        sys.stderr.write('%%s\\n' %% e)
+        rc = 1
+    sys.exit(rc)
+'''
+
+
+class ScriptMaker(object):
+    """
+    A class to copy or create scripts from source scripts or callable
+    specifications.
+    """
+    script_template = SCRIPT_TEMPLATE
+
+    executable = None  # for shebangs
+
+    def __init__(self, source_dir, target_dir, add_launchers=True,
+                 dry_run=False, fileop=None):
+        self.source_dir = source_dir
+        self.target_dir = target_dir
+        self.add_launchers = add_launchers
+        self.force = False
+        self.clobber = False
+        # It only makes sense to set mode bits on POSIX.
+        self.set_mode = (os.name == 'posix') or (os.name == 'java' and
+                                                 os._name == 'posix')
+        self.variants = set(('', 'X.Y'))
+        self._fileop = fileop or FileOperator(dry_run)
+
+    def _get_alternate_executable(self, executable, options):
+        if options.get('gui', False) and os.name == 'nt':
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(executable)
+            fn = fn.replace('python', 'pythonw')
+            executable = os.path.join(dn, fn)
+        return executable
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+        def _is_shell(self, executable):
+            """
+            Determine if the specified executable is a script
+            (contains a #! line)
+            """
+            try:
+                with open(executable) as fp:
+                    return fp.read(2) == '#!'
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                logger.warning('Failed to open %s', executable)
+                return False
+
+        def _fix_jython_executable(self, executable):
+            if self._is_shell(executable):
+                # Workaround for Jython is not needed on Linux systems.
+                import java
+
+                if java.lang.System.getProperty('os.name') == 'Linux':
+                    return executable
+            elif executable.lower().endswith('jython.exe'):
+                # Use wrapper exe for Jython on Windows
+                return executable
+            return '/usr/bin/env %s' % executable
+
+    def _get_shebang(self, encoding, post_interp=b'', options=None):
+        enquote = True
+        if self.executable:
+            executable = self.executable
+            enquote = False     # assume this will be taken care of
+        elif not sysconfig.is_python_build():
+            executable = get_executable()
+        elif in_venv():
+            executable = os.path.join(sysconfig.get_path('scripts'),
+                            'python%s' % sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE'))
+        else:
+            executable = os.path.join(
+                sysconfig.get_config_var('BINDIR'),
+               'python%s%s' % (sysconfig.get_config_var('VERSION'),
+                               sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE')))
+        if options:
+            executable = self._get_alternate_executable(executable, options)
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+            executable = self._fix_jython_executable(executable)
+        # Normalise case for Windows
+        executable = os.path.normcase(executable)
+        # If the user didn't specify an executable, it may be necessary to
+        # cater for executable paths with spaces (not uncommon on Windows)
+        if enquote and ' ' in executable:
+            executable = '"%s"' % executable
+        # Issue #51: don't use fsencode, since we later try to
+        # check that the shebang is decodable using utf-8.
+        executable = executable.encode('utf-8')
+        # in case of IronPython, play safe and enable frames support
+        if (sys.platform == 'cli' and '-X:Frames' not in post_interp
+            and '-X:FullFrames' not in post_interp):
+            post_interp += b' -X:Frames'
+        shebang = b'#!' + executable + post_interp + b'\n'
+        # Python parser starts to read a script using UTF-8 until
+        # it gets a #coding:xxx cookie. The shebang has to be the
+        # first line of a file, the #coding:xxx cookie cannot be
+        # written before. So the shebang has to be decodable from
+        # UTF-8.
+        try:
+            shebang.decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'The shebang (%r) is not decodable from utf-8' % shebang)
+        # If the script is encoded to a custom encoding (use a
+        # #coding:xxx cookie), the shebang has to be decodable from
+        # the script encoding too.
+        if encoding != 'utf-8':
+            try:
+                shebang.decode(encoding)
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'The shebang (%r) is not decodable '
+                    'from the script encoding (%r)' % (shebang, encoding))
+        return shebang
+
+    def _get_script_text(self, entry):
+        return self.script_template % dict(module=entry.prefix,
+                                           func=entry.suffix)
+
+    manifest = _DEFAULT_MANIFEST
+
+    def get_manifest(self, exename):
+        base = os.path.basename(exename)
+        return self.manifest % base
+
+    def _write_script(self, names, shebang, script_bytes, filenames, ext):
+        use_launcher = self.add_launchers and os.name == 'nt'
+        linesep = os.linesep.encode('utf-8')
+        if not use_launcher:
+            script_bytes = shebang + linesep + script_bytes
+        else:
+            if ext == 'py':
+                launcher = self._get_launcher('t')
+            else:
+                launcher = self._get_launcher('w')
+            stream = BytesIO()
+            with ZipFile(stream, 'w') as zf:
+                zf.writestr('__main__.py', script_bytes)
+            zip_data = stream.getvalue()
+            script_bytes = launcher + shebang + linesep + zip_data
+        for name in names:
+            outname = os.path.join(self.target_dir, name)
+            if use_launcher:
+                n, e = os.path.splitext(outname)
+                if e.startswith('.py'):
+                    outname = n
+                outname = '%s.exe' % outname
+                try:
+                    self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                except Exception:
+                    # Failed writing an executable - it might be in use.
+                    logger.warning('Failed to write executable - trying to '
+                                   'use .deleteme logic')
+                    dfname = '%s.deleteme' % outname
+                    if os.path.exists(dfname):
+                        os.remove(dfname)       # Not allowed to fail here
+                    os.rename(outname, dfname)  # nor here
+                    self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                    logger.debug('Able to replace executable using '
+                                 '.deleteme logic')
+                    try:
+                        os.remove(dfname)
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass    # still in use - ignore error
+            else:
+                if os.name == 'nt' and not outname.endswith('.' + ext):
+                    outname = '%s.%s' % (outname, ext)
+                if os.path.exists(outname) and not self.clobber:
+                    logger.warning('Skipping existing file %s', outname)
+                    continue
+                self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                if self.set_mode:
+                    self._fileop.set_executable_mode([outname])
+            filenames.append(outname)
+
+    def _make_script(self, entry, filenames, options=None):
+        post_interp = b''
+        if options:
+            args = options.get('interpreter_args', [])
+            if args:
+                args = ' %s' % ' '.join(args)
+                post_interp = args.encode('utf-8')
+        shebang = self._get_shebang('utf-8', post_interp, options=options)
+        script = self._get_script_text(entry).encode('utf-8')
+        name = entry.name
+        scriptnames = set()
+        if '' in self.variants:
+            scriptnames.add(name)
+        if 'X' in self.variants:
+            scriptnames.add('%s%s' % (name, sys.version[0]))
+        if 'X.Y' in self.variants:
+            scriptnames.add('%s-%s' % (name, sys.version[:3]))
+        if options and options.get('gui', False):
+            ext = 'pyw'
+        else:
+            ext = 'py'
+        self._write_script(scriptnames, shebang, script, filenames, ext)
+
+    def _copy_script(self, script, filenames):
+        adjust = False
+        script = os.path.join(self.source_dir, convert_path(script))
+        outname = os.path.join(self.target_dir, os.path.basename(script))
+        if not self.force and not self._fileop.newer(script, outname):
+            logger.debug('not copying %s (up-to-date)', script)
+            return
+
+        # Always open the file, but ignore failures in dry-run mode --
+        # that way, we'll get accurate feedback if we can read the
+        # script.
+        try:
+            f = open(script, 'rb')
+        except IOError:
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                raise
+            f = None
+        else:
+            encoding, lines = detect_encoding(f.readline)
+            f.seek(0)
+            first_line = f.readline()
+            if not first_line:
+                logger.warning('%s: %s is an empty file (skipping)',
+                               self.get_command_name(),  script)
+                return
+
+            match = FIRST_LINE_RE.match(first_line.replace(b'\r\n', b'\n'))
+            if match:
+                adjust = True
+                post_interp = match.group(1) or b''
+
+        if not adjust:
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+            self._fileop.copy_file(script, outname)
+            if self.set_mode:
+                self._fileop.set_executable_mode([outname])
+            filenames.append(outname)
+        else:
+            logger.info('copying and adjusting %s -> %s', script,
+                        self.target_dir)
+            if not self._fileop.dry_run:
+                shebang = self._get_shebang(encoding, post_interp)
+                if b'pythonw' in first_line:
+                    ext = 'pyw'
+                else:
+                    ext = 'py'
+                n = os.path.basename(outname)
+                self._write_script([n], shebang, f.read(), filenames, ext)
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+
+    @property
+    def dry_run(self):
+        return self._fileop.dry_run
+
+    @dry_run.setter
+    def dry_run(self, value):
+        self._fileop.dry_run = value
+
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        # Executable launcher support.
+        # Launchers are from https://bitbucket.org/vinay.sajip/simple_launcher/
+
+        def _get_launcher(self, kind):
+            if struct.calcsize('P') == 8:   # 64-bit
+                bits = '64'
+            else:
+                bits = '32'
+            name = '%s%s.exe' % (kind, bits)
+            # Issue 31: don't hardcode an absolute package name, but
+            # determine it relative to the current package
+            distlib_package = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+            result = finder(distlib_package).find(name).bytes
+            return result
+
+    # Public API follows
+
+    def make(self, specification, options=None):
+        """
+        Make a script.
+
+        :param specification: The specification, which is either a valid export
+                              entry specification (to make a script from a
+                              callable) or a filename (to make a script by
+                              copying from a source location).
+        :param options: A dictionary of options controlling script generation.
+        :return: A list of all absolute pathnames written to.
+        """
+        filenames = []
+        entry = get_export_entry(specification)
+        if entry is None:
+            self._copy_script(specification, filenames)
+        else:
+            self._make_script(entry, filenames, options=options)
+        return filenames
+
+    def make_multiple(self, specifications, options=None):
+        """
+        Take a list of specifications and make scripts from them,
+        :param specifications: A list of specifications.
+        :return: A list of all absolute pathnames written to,
+        """
+        filenames = []
+        for specification in specifications:
+            filenames.extend(self.make(specification, options))
+        return filenames
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7555c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1579 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import codecs
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+import csv
+from glob import iglob as std_iglob
+import io
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import py_compile
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import ssl
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+import time
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (string_types, text_type, shutil, raw_input, StringIO,
+                     cache_from_source, urlopen, httplib, xmlrpclib, splittype,
+                     HTTPHandler, HTTPSHandler as BaseHTTPSHandler,
+                     BaseConfigurator, valid_ident, Container, configparser,
+                     URLError, match_hostname, CertificateError, ZipFile)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+#
+# Requirement parsing code for name + optional constraints + optional extras
+#
+# e.g. 'foo >= 1.2, < 2.0 [bar, baz]'
+#
+# The regex can seem a bit hairy, so we build it up out of smaller pieces
+# which are manageable.
+#
+
+COMMA = r'\s*,\s*'
+COMMA_RE = re.compile(COMMA)
+
+IDENT = r'(\w|[.-])+'
+EXTRA_IDENT = r'(\*|:(\*|\w+):|' + IDENT + ')'
+VERSPEC = IDENT + r'\*?'
+
+RELOP = '([<>=!~]=)|[<>]'
+
+#
+# The first relop is optional - if absent, will be taken as '~='
+#
+BARE_CONSTRAINTS = ('(' + RELOP + r')?\s*(' + VERSPEC + ')(' + COMMA + '(' +
+                    RELOP + r')\s*(' + VERSPEC + '))*')
+
+DIRECT_REF = '(from\s+(?P<diref>.*))'
+
+#
+# Either the bare constraints or the bare constraints in parentheses
+#
+CONSTRAINTS = (r'\(\s*(?P<c1>' + BARE_CONSTRAINTS + '|' + DIRECT_REF +
+               r')\s*\)|(?P<c2>' + BARE_CONSTRAINTS + '\s*)')
+
+EXTRA_LIST = EXTRA_IDENT + '(' + COMMA + EXTRA_IDENT + ')*'
+EXTRAS = r'\[\s*(?P<ex>' + EXTRA_LIST + r')?\s*\]'
+REQUIREMENT = ('(?P<dn>'  + IDENT + r')\s*(' + EXTRAS + r'\s*)?(\s*' +
+               CONSTRAINTS + ')?$')
+REQUIREMENT_RE = re.compile(REQUIREMENT)
+
+#
+# Used to scan through the constraints
+#
+RELOP_IDENT = '(?P<op>' + RELOP + r')\s*(?P<vn>' + VERSPEC + ')'
+RELOP_IDENT_RE = re.compile(RELOP_IDENT)
+
+def parse_requirement(s):
+
+    def get_constraint(m):
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        return d['op'], d['vn']
+
+    result = None
+    m = REQUIREMENT_RE.match(s)
+    if m:
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        name = d['dn']
+        cons = d['c1'] or d['c2']
+        if not d['diref']:
+            url = None
+        else:
+            # direct reference
+            cons = None
+            url = d['diref'].strip()
+        if not cons:
+            cons = None
+            constr = ''
+            rs = d['dn']
+        else:
+            if cons[0] not in '<>!=':
+                cons = '~=' + cons
+            iterator = RELOP_IDENT_RE.finditer(cons)
+            cons = [get_constraint(m) for m in iterator]
+            rs = '%s (%s)' % (name, ', '.join(['%s %s' % con for con in cons]))
+        if not d['ex']:
+            extras = None
+        else:
+            extras = COMMA_RE.split(d['ex'])
+        result = Container(name=name, constraints=cons, extras=extras,
+                           requirement=rs, source=s, url=url)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_resources_dests(resources_root, rules):
+    """Find destinations for resources files"""
+
+    def get_rel_path(base, path):
+        # normalizes and returns a lstripped-/-separated path
+        base = base.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        path = path.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        assert path.startswith(base)
+        return path[len(base):].lstrip('/')
+
+
+    destinations = {}
+    for base, suffix, dest in rules:
+        prefix = os.path.join(resources_root, base)
+        for abs_base in iglob(prefix):
+            abs_glob = os.path.join(abs_base, suffix)
+            for abs_path in iglob(abs_glob):
+                resource_file = get_rel_path(resources_root, abs_path)
+                if dest is None:  # remove the entry if it was here
+                    destinations.pop(resource_file, None)
+                else:
+                    rel_path = get_rel_path(abs_base, abs_path)
+                    rel_dest = dest.replace(os.path.sep, '/').rstrip('/')
+                    destinations[resource_file] = rel_dest + '/' + rel_path
+    return destinations
+
+
+def in_venv():
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        # virtualenv venvs
+        result = True
+    else:
+        # PEP 405 venvs
+        result = sys.prefix != getattr(sys, 'base_prefix', sys.prefix)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_executable():
+# The __PYVENV_LAUNCHER__ dance is apparently no longer needed, as
+# changes to the stub launcher mean that sys.executable always points
+# to the stub on OS X
+#    if sys.platform == 'darwin' and ('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__'
+#                                     in os.environ):
+#        result =  os.environ['__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__']
+#    else:
+#        result = sys.executable
+#    return result
+    return os.path.normcase(sys.executable)
+
+
+def proceed(prompt, allowed_chars, error_prompt=None, default=None):
+    p = prompt
+    while True:
+        s = raw_input(p)
+        p = prompt
+        if not s and default:
+            s = default
+        if s:
+            c = s[0].lower()
+            if c in allowed_chars:
+                break
+            if error_prompt:
+                p = '%c: %s\n%s' % (c, error_prompt, prompt)
+    return c
+
+
+def extract_by_key(d, keys):
+    if isinstance(keys, string_types):
+        keys = keys.split()
+    result = {}
+    for key in keys:
+        if key in d:
+            result[key] = d[key]
+    return result
+
+def read_exports(stream):
+    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+        # needs to be a text stream
+        stream = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stream)
+    # Try to load as JSON, falling back on legacy format
+    data = stream.read()
+    stream = StringIO(data)
+    try:
+        data = json.load(stream)
+        result = data['extensions']['python.exports']['exports']
+        for group, entries in result.items():
+            for k, v in entries.items():
+                s = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                entry = get_export_entry(s)
+                assert entry is not None
+                entries[k] = entry
+        return result
+    except Exception:
+        stream.seek(0, 0)
+    cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    if hasattr(cp, 'read_file'):
+        cp.read_file(stream)
+    else:
+        cp.readfp(stream)
+    result = {}
+    for key in cp.sections():
+        result[key] = entries = {}
+        for name, value in cp.items(key):
+            s = '%s = %s' % (name, value)
+            entry = get_export_entry(s)
+            assert entry is not None
+            #entry.dist = self
+            entries[name] = entry
+    return result
+
+
+def write_exports(exports, stream):
+    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+        # needs to be a text stream
+        stream = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(stream)
+    cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    for k, v in exports.items():
+        # TODO check k, v for valid values
+        cp.add_section(k)
+        for entry in v.values():
+            if entry.suffix is None:
+                s = entry.prefix
+            else:
+                s = '%s:%s' % (entry.prefix, entry.suffix)
+            if entry.flags:
+                s = '%s [%s]' % (s, ', '.join(entry.flags))
+            cp.set(k, entry.name, s)
+    cp.write(stream)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def tempdir():
+    td = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        yield td
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(td)
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def chdir(d):
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(d)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def socket_timeout(seconds=15):
+    cto = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+    try:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(seconds)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(cto)
+
+
+class cached_property(object):
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+        #for attr in ('__name__', '__module__', '__doc__'):
+        #    setattr(self, attr, getattr(func, attr, None))
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        value = self.func(obj)
+        object.__setattr__(obj, self.func.__name__, value)
+        #obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = value = self.func(obj)
+        return value
+
+def convert_path(pathname):
+    """Return 'pathname' as a name that will work on the native filesystem.
+
+    The path is split on '/' and put back together again using the current
+    directory separator.  Needed because filenames in the setup script are
+    always supplied in Unix style, and have to be converted to the local
+    convention before we can actually use them in the filesystem.  Raises
+    ValueError on non-Unix-ish systems if 'pathname' either starts or
+    ends with a slash.
+    """
+    if os.sep == '/':
+        return pathname
+    if not pathname:
+        return pathname
+    if pathname[0] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot be absolute" % pathname)
+    if pathname[-1] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot end with '/'" % pathname)
+
+    paths = pathname.split('/')
+    while os.curdir in paths:
+        paths.remove(os.curdir)
+    if not paths:
+        return os.curdir
+    return os.path.join(*paths)
+
+
+class FileOperator(object):
+    def __init__(self, dry_run=False):
+        self.dry_run = dry_run
+        self.ensured = set()
+        self._init_record()
+
+    def _init_record(self):
+        self.record = False
+        self.files_written = set()
+        self.dirs_created = set()
+
+    def record_as_written(self, path):
+        if self.record:
+            self.files_written.add(path)
+
+    def newer(self, source, target):
+        """Tell if the target is newer than the source.
+
+        Returns true if 'source' exists and is more recently modified than
+        'target', or if 'source' exists and 'target' doesn't.
+
+        Returns false if both exist and 'target' is the same age or younger
+        than 'source'. Raise PackagingFileError if 'source' does not exist.
+
+        Note that this test is not very accurate: files created in the same
+        second will have the same "age".
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(source):
+            raise DistlibException("file '%r' does not exist" %
+                                   os.path.abspath(source))
+        if not os.path.exists(target):
+            return True
+
+        return os.stat(source).st_mtime > os.stat(target).st_mtime
+
+    def copy_file(self, infile, outfile, check=True):
+        """Copy a file respecting dry-run and force flags.
+        """
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(outfile))
+        logger.info('Copying %s to %s', infile, outfile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            msg = None
+            if check:
+                if os.path.islink(outfile):
+                    msg = '%s is a symlink' % outfile
+                elif os.path.exists(outfile) and not os.path.isfile(outfile):
+                    msg = '%s is a non-regular file' % outfile
+            if msg:
+                raise ValueError(msg + ' which would be overwritten')
+            shutil.copyfile(infile, outfile)
+        self.record_as_written(outfile)
+
+    def copy_stream(self, instream, outfile, encoding=None):
+        assert not os.path.isdir(outfile)
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(outfile))
+        logger.info('Copying stream %s to %s', instream, outfile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if encoding is None:
+                outstream = open(outfile, 'wb')
+            else:
+                outstream = codecs.open(outfile, 'w', encoding=encoding)
+            try:
+                shutil.copyfileobj(instream, outstream)
+            finally:
+                outstream.close()
+        self.record_as_written(outfile)
+
+    def write_binary_file(self, path, data):
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data)
+        self.record_as_written(path)
+
+    def write_text_file(self, path, data, encoding):
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data.encode(encoding))
+        self.record_as_written(path)
+
+    def set_mode(self, bits, mask, files):
+        if os.name == 'posix' or (os.name == 'java' and os._name == 'posix'):
+            # Set the executable bits (owner, group, and world) on
+            # all the files specified.
+            for f in files:
+                if self.dry_run:
+                    logger.info("changing mode of %s", f)
+                else:
+                    mode = (os.stat(f).st_mode | bits) & mask
+                    logger.info("changing mode of %s to %o", f, mode)
+                    os.chmod(f, mode)
+
+    set_executable_mode = lambda s, f: s.set_mode(0o555, 0o7777, f)
+
+    def ensure_dir(self, path):
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if path not in self.ensured and not os.path.exists(path):
+            self.ensured.add(path)
+            d, f = os.path.split(path)
+            self.ensure_dir(d)
+            logger.info('Creating %s' % path)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.mkdir(path)
+            if self.record:
+                self.dirs_created.add(path)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, path, optimize=False, force=False, prefix=None):
+        dpath = cache_from_source(path, not optimize)
+        logger.info('Byte-compiling %s to %s', path, dpath)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if force or self.newer(path, dpath):
+                if not prefix:
+                    diagpath = None
+                else:
+                    assert path.startswith(prefix)
+                    diagpath = path[len(prefix):]
+            py_compile.compile(path, dpath, diagpath, True)     # raise error
+        self.record_as_written(dpath)
+        return dpath
+
+    def ensure_removed(self, path):
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path):
+                logger.debug('Removing directory tree at %s', path)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    shutil.rmtree(path)
+                if self.record:
+                    if path in self.dirs_created:
+                        self.dirs_created.remove(path)
+            else:
+                if os.path.islink(path):
+                    s = 'link'
+                else:
+                    s = 'file'
+                logger.debug('Removing %s %s', s, path)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.remove(path)
+                if self.record:
+                    if path in self.files_written:
+                        self.files_written.remove(path)
+
+    def is_writable(self, path):
+        result = False
+        while not result:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                result = os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+                break
+            parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+            if parent == path:
+                break
+            path = parent
+        return result
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """
+        Commit recorded changes, turn off recording, return
+        changes.
+        """
+        assert self.record
+        result = self.files_written, self.dirs_created
+        self._init_record()
+        return result
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in list(self.files_written):
+                if os.path.exists(f):
+                    os.remove(f)
+            # dirs should all be empty now, except perhaps for
+            # __pycache__ subdirs
+            # reverse so that subdirs appear before their parents
+            dirs = sorted(self.dirs_created, reverse=True)
+            for d in dirs:
+                flist = os.listdir(d)
+                if flist:
+                    assert flist == ['__pycache__']
+                    sd = os.path.join(d, flist[0])
+                    os.rmdir(sd)
+                os.rmdir(d)     # should fail if non-empty
+        self._init_record()
+
+def resolve(module_name, dotted_path):
+    if module_name in sys.modules:
+        mod = sys.modules[module_name]
+    else:
+        mod = __import__(module_name)
+    if dotted_path is None:
+        result = mod
+    else:
+        parts = dotted_path.split('.')
+        result = getattr(mod, parts.pop(0))
+        for p in parts:
+            result = getattr(result, p)
+    return result
+
+
+class ExportEntry(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, prefix, suffix, flags):
+        self.name = name
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.suffix = suffix
+        self.flags = flags
+
+    @cached_property
+    def value(self):
+        return resolve(self.prefix, self.suffix)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<ExportEntry %s = %s:%s %s>' % (self.name, self.prefix,
+                                                self.suffix, self.flags)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, ExportEntry):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            result = (self.name == other.name and
+                      self.prefix == other.prefix and
+                      self.suffix == other.suffix and
+                      self.flags == other.flags)
+        return result
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+ENTRY_RE = re.compile(r'''(?P<name>(\w|[-.])+)
+                      \s*=\s*(?P<callable>(\w+)([:\.]\w+)*)
+                      \s*(\[\s*(?P<flags>\w+(=\w+)?(,\s*\w+(=\w+)?)*)\s*\])?
+                      ''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def get_export_entry(specification):
+    m = ENTRY_RE.search(specification)
+    if not m:
+        result = None
+        if '[' in specification or ']' in specification:
+            raise DistlibException('Invalid specification '
+                                   '%r' % specification)
+    else:
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        name = d['name']
+        path = d['callable']
+        colons = path.count(':')
+        if colons == 0:
+            prefix, suffix = path, None
+        else:
+            if colons != 1:
+                raise DistlibException('Invalid specification '
+                                       '%r' % specification)
+            prefix, suffix = path.split(':')
+        flags = d['flags']
+        if flags is None:
+            if '[' in specification or ']' in specification:
+                raise DistlibException('Invalid specification '
+                                       '%r' % specification)
+            flags = []
+        else:
+            flags = [f.strip() for f in flags.split(',')]
+        result = ExportEntry(name, prefix, suffix, flags)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_cache_base(suffix=None):
+    """
+    Return the default base location for distlib caches. If the directory does
+    not exist, it is created. Use the suffix provided for the base directory,
+    and default to '.distlib' if it isn't provided.
+
+    On Windows, if LOCALAPPDATA is defined in the environment, then it is
+    assumed to be a directory, and will be the parent directory of the result.
+    On POSIX, and on Windows if LOCALAPPDATA is not defined, the user's home
+    directory - using os.expanduser('~') - will be the parent directory of
+    the result.
+
+    The result is just the directory '.distlib' in the parent directory as
+    determined above, or with the name specified with ``suffix``.
+    """
+    if suffix is None:
+        suffix = '.distlib'
+    if os.name == 'nt' and 'LOCALAPPDATA' in os.environ:
+        result = os.path.expandvars('$localappdata')
+    else:
+        # Assume posix, or old Windows
+        result = os.path.expanduser('~')
+    # we use 'isdir' instead of 'exists', because we want to
+    # fail if there's a file with that name
+    if os.path.isdir(result):
+        usable = os.access(result, os.W_OK)
+        if not usable:
+            logger.warning('Directory exists but is not writable: %s', result)
+    else:
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(result)
+            usable = True
+        except OSError:
+            logger.warning('Unable to create %s', result, exc_info=True)
+            usable = False
+    if not usable:
+        result = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        logger.warning('Default location unusable, using %s', result)
+    return os.path.join(result, suffix)
+
+
+def path_to_cache_dir(path):
+    """
+    Convert an absolute path to a directory name for use in a cache.
+
+    The algorithm used is:
+
+    #. On Windows, any ``':'`` in the drive is replaced with ``'---'``.
+    #. Any occurrence of ``os.sep`` is replaced with ``'--'``.
+    #. ``'.cache'`` is appended.
+    """
+    d, p = os.path.splitdrive(os.path.abspath(path))
+    if d:
+        d = d.replace(':', '---')
+    p = p.replace(os.sep, '--')
+    return d + p + '.cache'
+
+
+def ensure_slash(s):
+    if not s.endswith('/'):
+        return s + '/'
+    return s
+
+
+def parse_credentials(netloc):
+    username = password = None
+    if '@' in netloc:
+        prefix, netloc = netloc.split('@', 1)
+        if ':' not in prefix:
+            username = prefix
+        else:
+            username, password = prefix.split(':', 1)
+    return username, password, netloc
+
+
+def get_process_umask():
+    result = os.umask(0o22)
+    os.umask(result)
+    return result
+
+def is_string_sequence(seq):
+    result = True
+    i = None
+    for i, s in enumerate(seq):
+        if not isinstance(s, string_types):
+            result = False
+            break
+    assert i is not None
+    return result
+
+PROJECT_NAME_AND_VERSION = re.compile('([a-z0-9_]+([.-][a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)*)-'
+                                      '([a-z0-9_.+-]+)', re.I)
+PYTHON_VERSION = re.compile(r'-py(\d\.?\d?)')
+
+
+def split_filename(filename, project_name=None):
+    """
+    Extract name, version, python version from a filename (no extension)
+
+    Return name, version, pyver or None
+    """
+    result = None
+    pyver = None
+    m = PYTHON_VERSION.search(filename)
+    if m:
+        pyver = m.group(1)
+        filename = filename[:m.start()]
+    if project_name and len(filename) > len(project_name) + 1:
+        m = re.match(re.escape(project_name) + r'\b', filename)
+        if m:
+            n = m.end()
+            result = filename[:n], filename[n + 1:], pyver
+    if result is None:
+        m = PROJECT_NAME_AND_VERSION.match(filename)
+        if m:
+            result = m.group(1), m.group(3), pyver
+    return result
+
+# Allow spaces in name because of legacy dists like "Twisted Core"
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[\w .-]+)\s*'
+                             r'\(\s*(?P<ver>[^\s)]+)\)$')
+
+def parse_name_and_version(p):
+    """
+    A utility method used to get name and version from a string.
+
+    From e.g. a Provides-Dist value.
+
+    :param p: A value in a form 'foo (1.0)'
+    :return: The name and version as a tuple.
+    """
+    m = NAME_VERSION_RE.match(p)
+    if not m:
+        raise DistlibException('Ill-formed name/version string: \'%s\'' % p)
+    d = m.groupdict()
+    return d['name'].strip().lower(), d['ver']
+
+def get_extras(requested, available):
+    result = set()
+    requested = set(requested or [])
+    available = set(available or [])
+    if '*' in requested:
+        requested.remove('*')
+        result |= available
+    for r in requested:
+        if r == '-':
+            result.add(r)
+        elif r.startswith('-'):
+            unwanted = r[1:]
+            if unwanted not in available:
+                logger.warning('undeclared extra: %s' % unwanted)
+            if unwanted in result:
+                result.remove(unwanted)
+        else:
+            if r not in available:
+                logger.warning('undeclared extra: %s' % r)
+            result.add(r)
+    return result
+#
+# Extended metadata functionality
+#
+
+def _get_external_data(url):
+    result = {}
+    try:
+        # urlopen might fail if it runs into redirections,
+        # because of Python issue #13696. Fixed in locators
+        # using a custom redirect handler.
+        resp = urlopen(url)
+        headers = resp.info()
+        if headers.get('Content-Type') != 'application/json':
+            logger.debug('Unexpected response for JSON request')
+        else:
+            reader = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(resp)
+            #data = reader.read().decode('utf-8')
+            #result = json.loads(data)
+            result = json.load(reader)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.exception('Failed to get external data for %s: %s', url, e)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_project_data(name):
+    url = ('https://www.red-dove.com/pypi/projects/'
+           '%s/%s/project.json' % (name[0].upper(), name))
+    result = _get_external_data(url)
+    return result
+
+def get_package_data(name, version):
+    url = ('https://www.red-dove.com/pypi/projects/'
+           '%s/%s/package-%s.json' % (name[0].upper(), name, version))
+    return _get_external_data(url)
+
+
+class Cache(object):
+    """
+    A class implementing a cache for resources that need to live in the file system
+    e.g. shared libraries. This class was moved from resources to here because it
+    could be used by other modules, e.g. the wheel module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param base: The base directory where the cache should be located.
+        """
+        # we use 'isdir' instead of 'exists', because we want to
+        # fail if there's a file with that name
+        if not os.path.isdir(base):
+            os.makedirs(base)
+        if (os.stat(base).st_mode & 0o77) != 0:
+            logger.warning('Directory \'%s\' is not private', base)
+        self.base = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(base))
+
+    def prefix_to_dir(self, prefix):
+        """
+        Converts a resource prefix to a directory name in the cache.
+        """
+        return path_to_cache_dir(prefix)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache.
+        """
+        not_removed = []
+        for fn in os.listdir(self.base):
+            fn = os.path.join(self.base, fn)
+            try:
+                if os.path.islink(fn) or os.path.isfile(fn):
+                    os.remove(fn)
+                elif os.path.isdir(fn):
+                    shutil.rmtree(fn)
+            except Exception:
+                not_removed.append(fn)
+        return not_removed
+
+
+class EventMixin(object):
+    """
+    A very simple publish/subscribe system.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._subscribers = {}
+
+    def add(self, event, subscriber, append=True):
+        """
+        Add a subscriber for an event.
+
+        :param event: The name of an event.
+        :param subscriber: The subscriber to be added (and called when the
+                           event is published).
+        :param append: Whether to append or prepend the subscriber to an
+                       existing subscriber list for the event.
+        """
+        subs = self._subscribers
+        if event not in subs:
+            subs[event] = deque([subscriber])
+        else:
+            sq = subs[event]
+            if append:
+                sq.append(subscriber)
+            else:
+                sq.appendleft(subscriber)
+
+    def remove(self, event, subscriber):
+        """
+        Remove a subscriber for an event.
+
+        :param event: The name of an event.
+        :param subscriber: The subscriber to be removed.
+        """
+        subs = self._subscribers
+        if event not in subs:
+            raise ValueError('No subscribers: %r' % event)
+        subs[event].remove(subscriber)
+
+    def get_subscribers(self, event):
+        """
+        Return an iterator for the subscribers for an event.
+        :param event: The event to return subscribers for.
+        """
+        return iter(self._subscribers.get(event, ()))
+
+    def publish(self, event, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Publish a event and return a list of values returned by its
+        subscribers.
+
+        :param event: The event to publish.
+        :param args: The positional arguments to pass to the event's
+                     subscribers.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the event's
+                       subscribers.
+        """
+        result = []
+        for subscriber in self.get_subscribers(event):
+            try:
+                value = subscriber(event, *args, **kwargs)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception('Exception during event publication')
+                value = None
+            result.append(value)
+        logger.debug('publish %s: args = %s, kwargs = %s, result = %s',
+                     event, args, kwargs, result)
+        return result
+
+#
+# Simple sequencing
+#
+class Sequencer(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._preds = {}
+        self._succs = {}
+        self._nodes = set()     # nodes with no preds/succs
+
+    def add_node(self, node):
+        self._nodes.add(node)
+
+    def remove_node(self, node, edges=False):
+        if node in self._nodes:
+            self._nodes.remove(node)
+        if edges:
+            for p in set(self._preds.get(node, ())):
+                self.remove(p, node)
+            for s in set(self._succs.get(node, ())):
+                self.remove(node, s)
+            # Remove empties
+            for k, v in list(self._preds.items()):
+                if not v:
+                    del self._preds[k]
+            for k, v in list(self._succs.items()):
+                if not v:
+                    del self._succs[k]
+
+    def add(self, pred, succ):
+        assert pred != succ
+        self._preds.setdefault(succ, set()).add(pred)
+        self._succs.setdefault(pred, set()).add(succ)
+
+    def remove(self, pred, succ):
+        assert pred != succ
+        try:
+            preds = self._preds[succ]
+            succs = self._succs[pred]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError('%r not a successor of anything' % succ)
+        try:
+            preds.remove(pred)
+            succs.remove(succ)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError('%r not a successor of %r' % (succ, pred))
+
+    def is_step(self, step):
+        return (step in self._preds or step in self._succs or
+                step in self._nodes)
+
+    def get_steps(self, final):
+        if not self.is_step(final):
+            raise ValueError('Unknown: %r' % final)
+        result = []
+        todo = []
+        seen = set()
+        todo.append(final)
+        while todo:
+            step = todo.pop(0)
+            if step in seen:
+                # if a step was already seen,
+                # move it to the end (so it will appear earlier
+                # when reversed on return) ... but not for the
+                # final step, as that would be confusing for
+                # users
+                if step != final:
+                    result.remove(step)
+                    result.append(step)
+            else:
+                seen.add(step)
+                result.append(step)
+                preds = self._preds.get(step, ())
+                todo.extend(preds)
+        return reversed(result)
+
+    @property
+    def strong_connections(self):
+        #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s_strongly_connected_components_algorithm
+        index_counter = [0]
+        stack = []
+        lowlinks = {}
+        index = {}
+        result = []
+
+        graph = self._succs
+
+        def strongconnect(node):
+            # set the depth index for this node to the smallest unused index
+            index[node] = index_counter[0]
+            lowlinks[node] = index_counter[0]
+            index_counter[0] += 1
+            stack.append(node)
+
+            # Consider successors
+            try:
+                successors = graph[node]
+            except Exception:
+                successors = []
+            for successor in successors:
+                if successor not in lowlinks:
+                    # Successor has not yet been visited
+                    strongconnect(successor)
+                    lowlinks[node] = min(lowlinks[node],lowlinks[successor])
+                elif successor in stack:
+                    # the successor is in the stack and hence in the current
+                    # strongly connected component (SCC)
+                    lowlinks[node] = min(lowlinks[node],index[successor])
+
+            # If `node` is a root node, pop the stack and generate an SCC
+            if lowlinks[node] == index[node]:
+                connected_component = []
+
+                while True:
+                    successor = stack.pop()
+                    connected_component.append(successor)
+                    if successor == node: break
+                component = tuple(connected_component)
+                # storing the result
+                result.append(component)
+
+        for node in graph:
+            if node not in lowlinks:
+                strongconnect(node)
+
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def dot(self):
+        result = ['digraph G {']
+        for succ in self._preds:
+            preds = self._preds[succ]
+            for pred in preds:
+                result.append('  %s -> %s;' % (pred, succ))
+        for node in self._nodes:
+            result.append('  %s;' % node)
+        result.append('}')
+        return '\n'.join(result)
+
+#
+# Unarchiving functionality for zip, tar, tgz, tbz, whl
+#
+
+ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip',
+                      '.tgz', '.tbz', '.whl')
+
+def unarchive(archive_filename, dest_dir, format=None, check=True):
+
+    def check_path(path):
+        if not isinstance(path, text_type):
+            path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        p = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest_dir, path))
+        if not p.startswith(dest_dir) or p[plen] != os.sep:
+            raise ValueError('path outside destination: %r' % p)
+
+    dest_dir = os.path.abspath(dest_dir)
+    plen = len(dest_dir)
+    archive = None
+    if format is None:
+        if archive_filename.endswith(('.zip', '.whl')):
+            format = 'zip'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith(('.tar.gz', '.tgz')):
+            format = 'tgz'
+            mode = 'r:gz'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith(('.tar.bz2', '.tbz')):
+            format = 'tbz'
+            mode = 'r:bz2'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith('.tar'):
+            format = 'tar'
+            mode = 'r'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Unknown format for %r' % archive_filename)
+    try:
+        if format == 'zip':
+            archive = ZipFile(archive_filename, 'r')
+            if check:
+                names = archive.namelist()
+                for name in names:
+                    check_path(name)
+        else:
+            archive = tarfile.open(archive_filename, mode)
+            if check:
+                names = archive.getnames()
+                for name in names:
+                    check_path(name)
+        if format != 'zip' and sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            # See Python issue 17153. If the dest path contains Unicode,
+            # tarfile extraction fails on Python 2.x if a member path name
+            # contains non-ASCII characters - it leads to an implicit
+            # bytes -> unicode conversion using ASCII to decode.
+            for tarinfo in archive.getmembers():
+                if not isinstance(tarinfo.name, text_type):
+                    tarinfo.name = tarinfo.name.decode('utf-8')
+        archive.extractall(dest_dir)
+
+    finally:
+        if archive:
+            archive.close()
+
+
+def zip_dir(directory):
+    """zip a directory tree into a BytesIO object"""
+    result = io.BytesIO()
+    dlen = len(directory)
+    with ZipFile(result, "w") as zf:
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory):
+            for name in files:
+                full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                rel = root[dlen:]
+                dest = os.path.join(rel, name)
+                zf.write(full, dest)
+    return result
+
+#
+# Simple progress bar
+#
+
+UNITS = ('', 'K', 'M', 'G','T','P')
+
+
+class Progress(object):
+    unknown = 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def __init__(self, minval=0, maxval=100):
+        assert maxval is None or maxval >= minval
+        self.min = self.cur = minval
+        self.max = maxval
+        self.started = None
+        self.elapsed = 0
+        self.done = False
+
+    def update(self, curval):
+        assert self.min <= curval
+        assert self.max is None or curval <= self.max
+        self.cur = curval
+        now = time.time()
+        if self.started is None:
+            self.started = now
+        else:
+            self.elapsed = now - self.started
+
+    def increment(self, incr):
+        assert incr >= 0
+        self.update(self.cur + incr)
+
+    def start(self):
+        self.update(self.min)
+        return self
+
+    def stop(self):
+        if self.max is not None:
+            self.update(self.max)
+        self.done = True
+
+    @property
+    def maximum(self):
+        return self.unknown if self.max is None else self.max
+
+    @property
+    def percentage(self):
+        if self.done:
+            result = '100 %'
+        elif self.max is None:
+            result = ' ?? %'
+        else:
+            v = 100.0 * (self.cur - self.min) / (self.max - self.min)
+            result = '%3d %%' % v
+        return result
+
+    def format_duration(self, duration):
+        if (duration <= 0) and self.max is None or self.cur == self.min:
+            result = '??:??:??'
+        #elif duration < 1:
+        #    result = '--:--:--'
+        else:
+            result = time.strftime('%H:%M:%S', time.gmtime(duration))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def ETA(self):
+        if self.done:
+            prefix = 'Done'
+            t = self.elapsed
+            #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        else:
+            prefix = 'ETA '
+            if self.max is None:
+                t = -1
+            elif self.elapsed == 0 or (self.cur == self.min):
+                t = 0
+            else:
+                #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+                t = float(self.max - self.min)
+                t /= self.cur - self.min
+                t = (t - 1) * self.elapsed
+        return '%s: %s' % (prefix, self.format_duration(t))
+
+    @property
+    def speed(self):
+        if self.elapsed == 0:
+            result = 0.0
+        else:
+            result = (self.cur - self.min) / self.elapsed
+        for unit in UNITS:
+            if result < 1000:
+                break
+            result /= 1000.0
+        return '%d %sB/s' % (result, unit)
+
+#
+# Glob functionality
+#
+
+RICH_GLOB = re.compile(r'\{([^}]*)\}')
+_CHECK_RECURSIVE_GLOB = re.compile(r'[^/\\,{]\*\*|\*\*[^/\\,}]')
+_CHECK_MISMATCH_SET = re.compile(r'^[^{]*\}|\{[^}]*$')
+
+
+def iglob(path_glob):
+    """Extended globbing function that supports ** and {opt1,opt2,opt3}."""
+    if _CHECK_RECURSIVE_GLOB.search(path_glob):
+        msg = """invalid glob %r: recursive glob "**" must be used alone"""
+        raise ValueError(msg % path_glob)
+    if _CHECK_MISMATCH_SET.search(path_glob):
+        msg = """invalid glob %r: mismatching set marker '{' or '}'"""
+        raise ValueError(msg % path_glob)
+    return _iglob(path_glob)
+
+
+def _iglob(path_glob):
+    rich_path_glob = RICH_GLOB.split(path_glob, 1)
+    if len(rich_path_glob) > 1:
+        assert len(rich_path_glob) == 3, rich_path_glob
+        prefix, set, suffix = rich_path_glob
+        for item in set.split(','):
+            for path in _iglob(''.join((prefix, item, suffix))):
+                yield path
+    else:
+        if '**' not in path_glob:
+            for item in std_iglob(path_glob):
+                yield item
+        else:
+            prefix, radical = path_glob.split('**', 1)
+            if prefix == '':
+                prefix = '.'
+            if radical == '':
+                radical = '*'
+            else:
+                # we support both
+                radical = radical.lstrip('/')
+                radical = radical.lstrip('\\')
+            for path, dir, files in os.walk(prefix):
+                path = os.path.normpath(path)
+                for fn in _iglob(os.path.join(path, radical)):
+                    yield fn
+
+
+
+#
+# HTTPSConnection which verifies certificates/matches domains
+#
+
+class HTTPSConnection(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
+    ca_certs = None # set this to the path to the certs file (.pem)
+    check_domain = True # only used if ca_certs is not None
+
+    # noinspection PyPropertyAccess
+    def connect(self):
+        sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), self.timeout)
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', False):
+            self.sock = sock
+            self._tunnel()
+
+        if not hasattr(ssl, 'SSLContext'):
+            # For 2.x
+            if self.ca_certs:
+                cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+            else:
+                cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+                                        cert_reqs=cert_reqs,
+                                        ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23,
+                                        ca_certs=self.ca_certs)
+        else:
+            context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+            context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
+            if self.cert_file:
+                context.load_cert_chain(self.cert_file, self.key_file)
+            kwargs = {}
+            if self.ca_certs:
+                context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+                context.load_verify_locations(cafile=self.ca_certs)
+                if getattr(ssl, 'HAS_SNI', False):
+                    kwargs['server_hostname'] = self.host
+            self.sock = context.wrap_socket(sock, **kwargs)
+        if self.ca_certs and self.check_domain:
+            try:
+                match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), self.host)
+                logger.debug('Host verified: %s', self.host)
+            except CertificateError:
+                self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+                self.sock.close()
+                raise
+
+class HTTPSHandler(BaseHTTPSHandler):
+    def __init__(self, ca_certs, check_domain=True):
+        BaseHTTPSHandler.__init__(self)
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.check_domain = check_domain
+
+    def _conn_maker(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        This is called to create a connection instance. Normally you'd
+        pass a connection class to do_open, but it doesn't actually check for
+        a class, and just expects a callable. As long as we behave just as a
+        constructor would have, we should be OK. If it ever changes so that
+        we *must* pass a class, we'll create an UnsafeHTTPSConnection class
+        which just sets check_domain to False in the class definition, and
+        choose which one to pass to do_open.
+        """
+        result = HTTPSConnection(*args, **kwargs)
+        if self.ca_certs:
+            result.ca_certs = self.ca_certs
+            result.check_domain = self.check_domain
+        return result
+
+    def https_open(self, req):
+        try:
+            return self.do_open(self._conn_maker, req)
+        except URLError as e:
+            if 'certificate verify failed' in str(e.reason):
+                raise CertificateError('Unable to verify server certificate '
+                                       'for %s' % req.host)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+#
+# To prevent against mixing HTTP traffic with HTTPS (examples: A Man-In-The-
+# Middle proxy using HTTP listens on port 443, or an index mistakenly serves
+# HTML containing a http://xyz link when it should be https://xyz),
+# you can use the following handler class, which does not allow HTTP traffic.
+#
+# It works by inheriting from HTTPHandler - so build_opener won't add a
+# handler for HTTP itself.
+#
+class HTTPSOnlyHandler(HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler):
+    def http_open(self, req):
+        raise URLError('Unexpected HTTP request on what should be a secure '
+                       'connection: %s' % req)
+
+#
+# XML-RPC with timeouts
+#
+
+_ver_info = sys.version_info[:2]
+
+if _ver_info == (2, 6):
+    class HTTP(httplib.HTTP):
+        def __init__(self, host='', port=None, **kwargs):
+            if port == 0:   # 0 means use port 0, not the default port
+                port = None
+            self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, **kwargs))
+
+
+    class HTTPS(httplib.HTTPS):
+        def __init__(self, host='', port=None, **kwargs):
+            if port == 0:   # 0 means use port 0, not the default port
+                port = None
+            self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, **kwargs))
+
+
+class Transport(xmlrpclib.Transport):
+    def __init__(self, timeout, use_datetime=0):
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        xmlrpclib.Transport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+
+    def make_connection(self, host):
+        h, eh, x509 = self.get_host_info(host)
+        if _ver_info == (2, 6):
+            result = HTTP(h, timeout=self.timeout)
+        else:
+            if not self._connection or host != self._connection[0]:
+                self._extra_headers = eh
+                self._connection = host, httplib.HTTPConnection(h)
+            result = self._connection[1]
+        return result
+
+class SafeTransport(xmlrpclib.SafeTransport):
+    def __init__(self, timeout, use_datetime=0):
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        xmlrpclib.SafeTransport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+
+    def make_connection(self, host):
+        h, eh, kwargs = self.get_host_info(host)
+        if not kwargs:
+            kwargs = {}
+        kwargs['timeout'] = self.timeout
+        if _ver_info == (2, 6):
+            result = HTTPS(host, None, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            if not self._connection or host != self._connection[0]:
+                self._extra_headers = eh
+                self._connection = host, httplib.HTTPSConnection(h, None,
+                                                                 **kwargs)
+            result = self._connection[1]
+        return result
+
+
+class ServerProxy(xmlrpclib.ServerProxy):
+    def __init__(self, uri, **kwargs):
+        self.timeout = timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', None)
+        # The above classes only come into play if a timeout
+        # is specified
+        if timeout is not None:
+            scheme, _ = splittype(uri)
+            use_datetime = kwargs.get('use_datetime', 0)
+            if scheme == 'https':
+                tcls = SafeTransport
+            else:
+                tcls = Transport
+            kwargs['transport'] = t = tcls(timeout, use_datetime=use_datetime)
+            self.transport = t
+        xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.__init__(self, uri, **kwargs)
+
+#
+# CSV functionality. This is provided because on 2.x, the csv module can't
+# handle Unicode. However, we need to deal with Unicode in e.g. RECORD files.
+#
+
+def _csv_open(fn, mode, **kwargs):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        mode += 'b'
+    else:
+        kwargs['newline'] = ''
+    return open(fn, mode, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CSVBase(object):
+    defaults = {
+        'delimiter': str(','),      # The strs are used because we need native
+        'quotechar': str('"'),      # str in the csv API (2.x won't take
+        'lineterminator': str('\n') # Unicode)
+    }
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        self.stream.close()
+
+
+class CSVReader(CSVBase):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        if 'stream' in kwargs:
+            stream = kwargs['stream']
+            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+                # needs to be a text stream
+                stream = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stream)
+            self.stream = stream
+        else:
+            self.stream = _csv_open(kwargs['path'], 'r')
+        self.reader = csv.reader(self.stream, **self.defaults)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def next(self):
+        result = next(self.reader)
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            for i, item in enumerate(result):
+                if not isinstance(item, text_type):
+                    result[i] = item.decode('utf-8')
+        return result
+
+    __next__ = next
+
+class CSVWriter(CSVBase):
+    def __init__(self, fn, **kwargs):
+        self.stream = _csv_open(fn, 'w')
+        self.writer = csv.writer(self.stream, **self.defaults)
+
+    def writerow(self, row):
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            r = []
+            for item in row:
+                if isinstance(item, text_type):
+                    item = item.encode('utf-8')
+                r.append(item)
+            row = r
+        self.writer.writerow(row)
+
+#
+#   Configurator functionality
+#
+
+class Configurator(BaseConfigurator):
+
+    value_converters = dict(BaseConfigurator.value_converters)
+    value_converters['inc'] = 'inc_convert'
+
+    def __init__(self, config, base=None):
+        super(Configurator, self).__init__(config)
+        self.base = base or os.getcwd()
+
+    def configure_custom(self, config):
+        def convert(o):
+            if isinstance(o, (list, tuple)):
+                result = type(o)([convert(i) for i in o])
+            elif isinstance(o, dict):
+                if '()' in o:
+                    result = self.configure_custom(o)
+                else:
+                    result = {}
+                    for k in o:
+                        result[k] = convert(o[k])
+            else:
+                result = self.convert(o)
+            return result
+
+        c = config.pop('()')
+        if not callable(c):
+            c = self.resolve(c)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
+        # Check for valid identifiers
+        args = config.pop('[]', ())
+        if args:
+            args = tuple([convert(o) for o in args])
+        items = [(k, convert(config[k])) for k in config if valid_ident(k)]
+        kwargs = dict(items)
+        result = c(*args, **kwargs)
+        if props:
+            for n, v in props.items():
+                setattr(result, n, convert(v))
+        return result
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        result = self.config[key]
+        if isinstance(result, dict) and '()' in result:
+            self.config[key] = result = self.configure_custom(result)
+        return result
+
+    def inc_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the inc:// protocol."""
+        if not os.path.isabs(value):
+            value = os.path.join(self.base, value)
+        with codecs.open(value, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            result = json.load(f)
+        return result
+
+#
+# Mixin for running subprocesses and capturing their output
+#
+
+class SubprocessMixin(object):
+    def __init__(self, verbose=False, progress=None):
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.progress = progress
+
+    def reader(self, stream, context):
+        """
+        Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress
+        callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
+        """
+        progress = self.progress
+        verbose = self.verbose
+        while True:
+            s = stream.readline()
+            if not s:
+                break
+            if progress is not None:
+                progress(s, context)
+            else:
+                if not verbose:
+                    sys.stderr.write('.')
+                else:
+                    sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8'))
+                sys.stderr.flush()
+        stream.close()
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, **kwargs):
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, **kwargs)
+        t1 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
+        t1.start()
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
+        t2.start()
+        p.wait()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+        if self.progress is not None:
+            self.progress('done.', 'main')
+        elif self.verbose:
+            sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
+        return p
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9c438a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,742 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2014 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Implementation of a flexible versioning scheme providing support for PEP-386,
+distribute-compatible and semantic versioning.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import re
+
+from .compat import string_types
+
+__all__ = ['NormalizedVersion', 'NormalizedMatcher',
+           'LegacyVersion', 'LegacyMatcher',
+           'SemanticVersion', 'SemanticMatcher',
+           'UnsupportedVersionError', 'get_scheme']
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UnsupportedVersionError(ValueError):
+    """This is an unsupported version."""
+    pass
+
+
+class Version(object):
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        self._string = s = s.strip()
+        self._parts = parts = self.parse(s)
+        assert isinstance(parts, tuple)
+        assert len(parts) > 0
+
+    def parse(self, s):
+        raise NotImplementedError('please implement in a subclass')
+
+    def _check_compatible(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other):
+            raise TypeError('cannot compare %r and %r' % (self, other))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self._parts == other._parts
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self._parts < other._parts
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return not (self.__lt__(other) or self.__eq__(other))
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.__lt__(other) or self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.__gt__(other) or self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s('%s')" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._string)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._string
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in subclasses.')
+
+
+class Matcher(object):
+    version_class = None
+
+    dist_re = re.compile(r"^(\w[\s\w'.-]*)(\((.*)\))?")
+    comp_re = re.compile(r'^(<=|>=|<|>|!=|={2,3}|~=)?\s*([^\s,]+)$')
+    num_re = re.compile(r'^\d+(\.\d+)*$')
+
+    # value is either a callable or the name of a method
+    _operators = {
+        '<': lambda v, c, p: v < c,
+        '>': lambda v, c, p: v > c,
+        '<=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v < c,
+        '>=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v > c,
+        '==': lambda v, c, p: v == c,
+        '===': lambda v, c, p: v == c,
+        # by default, compatible => >=.
+        '~=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v > c,
+        '!=': lambda v, c, p: v != c,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        if self.version_class is None:
+            raise ValueError('Please specify a version class')
+        self._string = s = s.strip()
+        m = self.dist_re.match(s)
+        if not m:
+            raise ValueError('Not valid: %r' % s)
+        groups = m.groups('')
+        self.name = groups[0].strip()
+        self.key = self.name.lower()    # for case-insensitive comparisons
+        clist = []
+        if groups[2]:
+            constraints = [c.strip() for c in groups[2].split(',')]
+            for c in constraints:
+                m = self.comp_re.match(c)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError('Invalid %r in %r' % (c, s))
+                groups = m.groups()
+                op = groups[0] or '~='
+                s = groups[1]
+                if s.endswith('.*'):
+                    if op not in ('==', '!='):
+                        raise ValueError('\'.*\' not allowed for '
+                                         '%r constraints' % op)
+                    # Could be a partial version (e.g. for '2.*') which
+                    # won't parse as a version, so keep it as a string
+                    vn, prefix = s[:-2], True
+                    if not self.num_re.match(vn):
+                        # Just to check that vn is a valid version
+                        self.version_class(vn)
+                else:
+                    # Should parse as a version, so we can create an
+                    # instance for the comparison
+                    vn, prefix = self.version_class(s), False
+                clist.append((op, vn, prefix))
+        self._parts = tuple(clist)
+
+    def match(self, version):
+        """
+        Check if the provided version matches the constraints.
+
+        :param version: The version to match against this instance.
+        :type version: Strring or :class:`Version` instance.
+        """
+        if isinstance(version, string_types):
+            version = self.version_class(version)
+        for operator, constraint, prefix in self._parts:
+            f = self._operators.get(operator)
+            if isinstance(f, string_types):
+                f = getattr(self, f)
+            if not f:
+                msg = ('%r not implemented '
+                       'for %s' % (operator, self.__class__.__name__))
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            if not f(version, constraint, prefix):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def exact_version(self):
+        result = None
+        if len(self._parts) == 1 and self._parts[0][0] in ('==', '==='):
+            result = self._parts[0][1]
+        return result
+
+    def _check_compatible(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other) or self.name != other.name:
+            raise TypeError('cannot compare %s and %s' % (self, other))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self.key == other.key and self._parts == other._parts
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.key) + hash(self._parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._string)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._string
+
+
+PEP440_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'^v?(\d+!)?(\d+(\.\d+)*)((a|b|c|rc)(\d+))?'
+                               r'(\.(post)(\d+))?(\.(dev)(\d+))?'
+                               r'(\+([a-zA-Z\d]+(\.[a-zA-Z\d]+)?))?$')
+
+
+def _pep_440_key(s):
+    s = s.strip()
+    m = PEP440_VERSION_RE.match(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise UnsupportedVersionError('Not a valid version: %s' % s)
+    groups = m.groups()
+    nums = tuple(int(v) for v in groups[1].split('.'))
+    while len(nums) > 1 and nums[-1] == 0:
+        nums = nums[:-1]
+
+    if not groups[0]:
+        epoch = 0
+    else:
+        epoch = int(groups[0])
+    pre = groups[4:6]
+    post = groups[7:9]
+    dev = groups[10:12]
+    local = groups[13]
+    if pre == (None, None):
+        pre = ()
+    else:
+        pre = pre[0], int(pre[1])
+    if post == (None, None):
+        post = ()
+    else:
+        post = post[0], int(post[1])
+    if dev == (None, None):
+        dev = ()
+    else:
+        dev = dev[0], int(dev[1])
+    if local is None:
+        local = ()
+    else:
+        parts = []
+        for part in local.split('.'):
+            # to ensure that numeric compares as > lexicographic, avoid
+            # comparing them directly, but encode a tuple which ensures
+            # correct sorting
+            if part.isdigit():
+                part = (1, int(part))
+            else:
+                part = (0, part)
+            parts.append(part)
+        local = tuple(parts)
+    if not pre:
+        # either before pre-release, or final release and after
+        if not post and dev:
+            # before pre-release
+            pre = ('a', -1)     # to sort before a0
+        else:
+            pre = ('z',)        # to sort after all pre-releases
+    # now look at the state of post and dev.
+    if not post:
+        post = ('_',)   # sort before 'a'
+    if not dev:
+        dev = ('final',)
+
+    #print('%s -> %s' % (s, m.groups()))
+    return epoch, nums, pre, post, dev, local
+
+
+_normalized_key = _pep_440_key
+
+
+class NormalizedVersion(Version):
+    """A rational version.
+
+    Good:
+        1.2         # equivalent to "1.2.0"
+        1.2.0
+        1.2a1
+        1.2.3a2
+        1.2.3b1
+        1.2.3c1
+        1.2.3.4
+        TODO: fill this out
+
+    Bad:
+        1           # mininum two numbers
+        1.2a        # release level must have a release serial
+        1.2.3b
+    """
+    def parse(self, s):
+        result = _normalized_key(s)
+        # _normalized_key loses trailing zeroes in the release
+        # clause, since that's needed to ensure that X.Y == X.Y.0 == X.Y.0.0
+        # However, PEP 440 prefix matching needs it: for example,
+        # (~= 1.4.5.0) matches differently to (~= 1.4.5.0.0).
+        m = PEP440_VERSION_RE.match(s)      # must succeed
+        groups = m.groups()
+        self._release_clause = tuple(int(v) for v in groups[1].split('.'))
+        return result
+
+    PREREL_TAGS = set(['a', 'b', 'c', 'rc', 'dev'])
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return any(t[0] in self.PREREL_TAGS for t in self._parts if t)
+
+
+def _match_prefix(x, y):
+    x = str(x)
+    y = str(y)
+    if x == y:
+        return True
+    if not x.startswith(y):
+        return False
+    n = len(y)
+    return x[n] == '.'
+
+
+class NormalizedMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = NormalizedVersion
+
+    # value is either a callable or the name of a method
+    _operators = {
+        '~=': '_match_compatible',
+        '<': '_match_lt',
+        '>': '_match_gt',
+        '<=': '_match_le',
+        '>=': '_match_ge',
+        '==': '_match_eq',
+        '===': '_match_arbitrary',
+        '!=': '_match_ne',
+    }
+
+    def _adjust_local(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        if prefix:
+            strip_local = '+' not in constraint and version._parts[-1]
+        else:
+            # both constraint and version are
+            # NormalizedVersion instances.
+            # If constraint does not have a local component,
+            # ensure the version doesn't, either.
+            strip_local = not constraint._parts[-1] and version._parts[-1]
+        if strip_local:
+            s = version._string.split('+', 1)[0]
+            version = self.version_class(s)
+        return version, constraint
+
+    def _match_lt(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version >= constraint:
+            return False
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return not _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+    def _match_gt(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version <= constraint:
+            return False
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return not _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+    def _match_le(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        return version <= constraint
+
+    def _match_ge(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        return version >= constraint
+
+    def _match_eq(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if not prefix:
+            result = (version == constraint)
+        else:
+            result = _match_prefix(version, constraint)
+        return result
+
+    def _match_arbitrary(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        return str(version) == str(constraint)
+
+    def _match_ne(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if not prefix:
+            result = (version != constraint)
+        else:
+            result = not _match_prefix(version, constraint)
+        return result
+
+    def _match_compatible(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version == constraint:
+            return True
+        if version < constraint:
+            return False
+#        if not prefix:
+#            return True
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        if len(release_clause) > 1:
+            release_clause = release_clause[:-1]
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+_REPLACEMENTS = (
+    (re.compile('[.+-]$'), ''),                     # remove trailing puncts
+    (re.compile(r'^[.](\d)'), r'0.\1'),             # .N -> 0.N at start
+    (re.compile('^[.-]'), ''),                      # remove leading puncts
+    (re.compile(r'^\((.*)\)$'), r'\1'),             # remove parentheses
+    (re.compile(r'^v(ersion)?\s*(\d+)'), r'\2'),    # remove leading v(ersion)
+    (re.compile(r'^r(ev)?\s*(\d+)'), r'\2'),        # remove leading v(ersion)
+    (re.compile('[.]{2,}'), '.'),                   # multiple runs of '.'
+    (re.compile(r'\b(alfa|apha)\b'), 'alpha'),      # misspelt alpha
+    (re.compile(r'\b(pre-alpha|prealpha)\b'),
+                'pre.alpha'),                       # standardise
+    (re.compile(r'\(beta\)$'), 'beta'),             # remove parentheses
+)
+
+_SUFFIX_REPLACEMENTS = (
+    (re.compile('^[:~._+-]+'), ''),                   # remove leading puncts
+    (re.compile('[,*")([\]]'), ''),                   # remove unwanted chars
+    (re.compile('[~:+_ -]'), '.'),                    # replace illegal chars
+    (re.compile('[.]{2,}'), '.'),                   # multiple runs of '.'
+    (re.compile(r'\.$'), ''),                       # trailing '.'
+)
+
+_NUMERIC_PREFIX = re.compile(r'(\d+(\.\d+)*)')
+
+
+def _suggest_semantic_version(s):
+    """
+    Try to suggest a semantic form for a version for which
+    _suggest_normalized_version couldn't come up with anything.
+    """
+    result = s.strip().lower()
+    for pat, repl in _REPLACEMENTS:
+        result = pat.sub(repl, result)
+    if not result:
+        result = '0.0.0'
+
+    # Now look for numeric prefix, and separate it out from
+    # the rest.
+    #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+    m = _NUMERIC_PREFIX.match(result)
+    if not m:
+        prefix = '0.0.0'
+        suffix = result
+    else:
+        prefix = m.groups()[0].split('.')
+        prefix = [int(i) for i in prefix]
+        while len(prefix) < 3:
+            prefix.append(0)
+        if len(prefix) == 3:
+            suffix = result[m.end():]
+        else:
+            suffix = '.'.join([str(i) for i in prefix[3:]]) + result[m.end():]
+            prefix = prefix[:3]
+        prefix = '.'.join([str(i) for i in prefix])
+        suffix = suffix.strip()
+    if suffix:
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        # massage the suffix.
+        for pat, repl in _SUFFIX_REPLACEMENTS:
+            suffix = pat.sub(repl, suffix)
+
+    if not suffix:
+        result = prefix
+    else:
+        sep = '-' if 'dev' in suffix else '+'
+        result = prefix + sep + suffix
+    if not is_semver(result):
+        result = None
+    return result
+
+
+def _suggest_normalized_version(s):
+    """Suggest a normalized version close to the given version string.
+
+    If you have a version string that isn't rational (i.e. NormalizedVersion
+    doesn't like it) then you might be able to get an equivalent (or close)
+    rational version from this function.
+
+    This does a number of simple normalizations to the given string, based
+    on observation of versions currently in use on PyPI. Given a dump of
+    those version during PyCon 2009, 4287 of them:
+    - 2312 (53.93%) match NormalizedVersion without change
+      with the automatic suggestion
+    - 3474 (81.04%) match when using this suggestion method
+
+    @param s {str} An irrational version string.
+    @returns A rational version string, or None, if couldn't determine one.
+    """
+    try:
+        _normalized_key(s)
+        return s   # already rational
+    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+        pass
+
+    rs = s.lower()
+
+    # part of this could use maketrans
+    for orig, repl in (('-alpha', 'a'), ('-beta', 'b'), ('alpha', 'a'),
+                       ('beta', 'b'), ('rc', 'c'), ('-final', ''),
+                       ('-pre', 'c'),
+                       ('-release', ''), ('.release', ''), ('-stable', ''),
+                       ('+', '.'), ('_', '.'), (' ', ''), ('.final', ''),
+                       ('final', '')):
+        rs = rs.replace(orig, repl)
+
+    # if something ends with dev or pre, we add a 0
+    rs = re.sub(r"pre$", r"pre0", rs)
+    rs = re.sub(r"dev$", r"dev0", rs)
+
+    # if we have something like "b-2" or "a.2" at the end of the
+    # version, that is pobably beta, alpha, etc
+    # let's remove the dash or dot
+    rs = re.sub(r"([abc]|rc)[\-\.](\d+)$", r"\1\2", rs)
+
+    # 1.0-dev-r371 -> 1.0.dev371
+    # 0.1-dev-r79 -> 0.1.dev79
+    rs = re.sub(r"[\-\.](dev)[\-\.]?r?(\d+)$", r".\1\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean: 2.0.a.3, 2.0.b1, 0.9.0~c1
+    rs = re.sub(r"[.~]?([abc])\.?", r"\1", rs)
+
+    # Clean: v0.3, v1.0
+    if rs.startswith('v'):
+        rs = rs[1:]
+
+    # Clean leading '0's on numbers.
+    #TODO: unintended side-effect on, e.g., "2003.05.09"
+    # PyPI stats: 77 (~2%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\b0+(\d+)(?!\d)", r"\1", rs)
+
+    # Clean a/b/c with no version. E.g. "1.0a" -> "1.0a0". Setuptools infers
+    # zero.
+    # PyPI stats: 245 (7.56%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"(\d+[abc])$", r"\g<1>0", rs)
+
+    # the 'dev-rNNN' tag is a dev tag
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(dev-r|dev\.r)\.?(\d+)$", r".dev\2", rs)
+
+    # clean the - when used as a pre delimiter
+    rs = re.sub(r"-(a|b|c)(\d+)$", r"\1\2", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "dev" or "devel" can be changed into ".dev0"
+    rs = re.sub(r"[\.\-](dev|devel)$", r".dev0", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "dev" can be changed into ".dev0"
+    rs = re.sub(r"(?![\.\-])dev$", r".dev0", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "final" or "stable" can be removed
+    rs = re.sub(r"(final|stable)$", "", rs)
+
+    # The 'r' and the '-' tags are post release tags
+    #   0.4a1.r10       ->  0.4a1.post10
+    #   0.9.33-17222    ->  0.9.33.post17222
+    #   0.9.33-r17222   ->  0.9.33.post17222
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(r|-|-r)\.?(\d+)$", r".post\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean 'r' instead of 'dev' usage:
+    #   0.9.33+r17222   ->  0.9.33.dev17222
+    #   1.0dev123       ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   1.0.git123      ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   1.0.bzr123      ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   0.1a0dev.123    ->  0.1a0.dev123
+    # PyPI stats:  ~150 (~4%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(dev|git|bzr)\.?(\d+)$", r".dev\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean '.pre' (normalized from '-pre' above) instead of 'c' usage:
+    #   0.2.pre1        ->  0.2c1
+    #   0.2-c1         ->  0.2c1
+    #   1.0preview123   ->  1.0c123
+    # PyPI stats: ~21 (0.62%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(pre|preview|-c)(\d+)$", r"c\g<2>", rs)
+
+    # Tcl/Tk uses "px" for their post release markers
+    rs = re.sub(r"p(\d+)$", r".post\1", rs)
+
+    try:
+        _normalized_key(rs)
+    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+        rs = None
+    return rs
+
+#
+#   Legacy version processing (distribute-compatible)
+#
+
+_VERSION_PART = re.compile(r'([a-z]+|\d+|[\.-])', re.I)
+_VERSION_REPLACE = {
+    'pre': 'c',
+    'preview': 'c',
+    '-': 'final-',
+    'rc': 'c',
+    'dev': '@',
+    '': None,
+    '.': None,
+}
+
+
+def _legacy_key(s):
+    def get_parts(s):
+        result = []
+        for p in _VERSION_PART.split(s.lower()):
+            p = _VERSION_REPLACE.get(p, p)
+            if p:
+                if '0' <= p[:1] <= '9':
+                    p = p.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    p = '*' + p
+                result.append(p)
+        result.append('*final')
+        return result
+
+    result = []
+    for p in get_parts(s):
+        if p.startswith('*'):
+            if p < '*final':
+                while result and result[-1] == '*final-':
+                    result.pop()
+            while result and result[-1] == '00000000':
+                result.pop()
+        result.append(p)
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(Version):
+    def parse(self, s):
+        return _legacy_key(s)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        result = False
+        for x in self._parts:
+            if (isinstance(x, string_types) and x.startswith('*') and
+                x < '*final'):
+                result = True
+                break
+        return result
+
+
+class LegacyMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = LegacyVersion
+
+    _operators = dict(Matcher._operators)
+    _operators['~='] = '_match_compatible'
+
+    numeric_re = re.compile('^(\d+(\.\d+)*)')
+
+    def _match_compatible(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        if version < constraint:
+            return False
+        m = self.numeric_re.match(str(constraint))
+        if not m:
+            logger.warning('Cannot compute compatible match for version %s '
+                           ' and constraint %s', version, constraint)
+            return True
+        s = m.groups()[0]
+        if '.' in s:
+            s = s.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+        return _match_prefix(version, s)
+
+#
+#   Semantic versioning
+#
+
+_SEMVER_RE = re.compile(r'^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)'
+                        r'(-[a-z0-9]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*)?'
+                        r'(\+[a-z0-9]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*)?$', re.I)
+
+
+def is_semver(s):
+    return _SEMVER_RE.match(s)
+
+
+def _semantic_key(s):
+    def make_tuple(s, absent):
+        if s is None:
+            result = (absent,)
+        else:
+            parts = s[1:].split('.')
+            # We can't compare ints and strings on Python 3, so fudge it
+            # by zero-filling numeric values so simulate a numeric comparison
+            result = tuple([p.zfill(8) if p.isdigit() else p for p in parts])
+        return result
+
+    m = is_semver(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise UnsupportedVersionError(s)
+    groups = m.groups()
+    major, minor, patch = [int(i) for i in groups[:3]]
+    # choose the '|' and '*' so that versions sort correctly
+    pre, build = make_tuple(groups[3], '|'), make_tuple(groups[5], '*')
+    return (major, minor, patch), pre, build
+
+
+class SemanticVersion(Version):
+    def parse(self, s):
+        return _semantic_key(s)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return self._parts[1][0] != '|'
+
+
+class SemanticMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = SemanticVersion
+
+
+class VersionScheme(object):
+    def __init__(self, key, matcher, suggester=None):
+        self.key = key
+        self.matcher = matcher
+        self.suggester = suggester
+
+    def is_valid_version(self, s):
+        try:
+            self.matcher.version_class(s)
+            result = True
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+    def is_valid_matcher(self, s):
+        try:
+            self.matcher(s)
+            result = True
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+    def is_valid_constraint_list(self, s):
+        """
+        Used for processing some metadata fields
+        """
+        return self.is_valid_matcher('dummy_name (%s)' % s)
+
+    def suggest(self, s):
+        if self.suggester is None:
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = self.suggester(s)
+        return result
+
+_SCHEMES = {
+    'normalized': VersionScheme(_normalized_key, NormalizedMatcher,
+                                _suggest_normalized_version),
+    'legacy': VersionScheme(_legacy_key, LegacyMatcher, lambda self, s: s),
+    'semantic': VersionScheme(_semantic_key, SemanticMatcher,
+                              _suggest_semantic_version),
+}
+
+_SCHEMES['default'] = _SCHEMES['normalized']
+
+
+def get_scheme(name):
+    if name not in _SCHEMES:
+        raise ValueError('unknown scheme name: %r' % name)
+    return _SCHEMES[name]
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a537681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,976 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2014 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import datetime
+import distutils.util
+from email import message_from_file
+import hashlib
+import imp
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+
+from . import __version__, DistlibException
+from .compat import sysconfig, ZipFile, fsdecode, text_type, filter
+from .database import InstalledDistribution
+from .metadata import Metadata, METADATA_FILENAME
+from .util import (FileOperator, convert_path, CSVReader, CSVWriter, Cache,
+                   cached_property, get_cache_base, read_exports, tempdir)
+from .version import NormalizedVersion, UnsupportedVersionError
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+cache = None    # created when needed
+
+if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'pp'
+elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'jy'
+elif sys.platform == 'cli':
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'ip'
+else:
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'cp'
+
+VER_SUFFIX = sysconfig.get_config_var('py_version_nodot')
+if not VER_SUFFIX:   # pragma: no cover
+    VER_SUFFIX = '%s%s' % sys.version_info[:2]
+PYVER = 'py' + VER_SUFFIX
+IMPVER = IMP_PREFIX + VER_SUFFIX
+
+ARCH = distutils.util.get_platform().replace('-', '_').replace('.', '_')
+
+ABI = sysconfig.get_config_var('SOABI')
+if ABI and ABI.startswith('cpython-'):
+    ABI = ABI.replace('cpython-', 'cp')
+else:
+    def _derive_abi():
+        parts = ['cp', VER_SUFFIX]
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_DEBUG'):
+            parts.append('d')
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('WITH_PYMALLOC'):
+            parts.append('m')
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_UNICODE_SIZE') == 4:
+            parts.append('u')
+        return ''.join(parts)
+    ABI = _derive_abi()
+    del _derive_abi
+
+FILENAME_RE = re.compile(r'''
+(?P<nm>[^-]+)
+-(?P<vn>\d+[^-]*)
+(-(?P<bn>\d+[^-]*))?
+-(?P<py>\w+\d+(\.\w+\d+)*)
+-(?P<bi>\w+)
+-(?P<ar>\w+(\.\w+)*)
+\.whl$
+''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'''
+(?P<nm>[^-]+)
+-(?P<vn>\d+[^-]*)
+(-(?P<bn>\d+[^-]*))?$
+''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+SHEBANG_RE = re.compile(br'\s*#![^\r\n]*')
+SHEBANG_DETAIL_RE = re.compile(br'^(\s*#!("[^"]+"|\S+))\s+(.*)$')
+SHEBANG_PYTHON = b'#!python'
+SHEBANG_PYTHONW = b'#!pythonw'
+
+if os.sep == '/':
+    to_posix = lambda o: o
+else:
+    to_posix = lambda o: o.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+
+class Mounter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.impure_wheels = {}
+        self.libs = {}
+
+    def add(self, pathname, extensions):
+        self.impure_wheels[pathname] = extensions
+        self.libs.update(extensions)
+
+    def remove(self, pathname):
+        extensions = self.impure_wheels.pop(pathname)
+        for k, v in extensions:
+            if k in self.libs:
+                del self.libs[k]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.libs:
+            result = self
+        else:
+            result = None
+        return result
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        if fullname in sys.modules:
+            result = sys.modules[fullname]
+        else:
+            if fullname not in self.libs:
+                raise ImportError('unable to find extension for %s' % fullname)
+            result = imp.load_dynamic(fullname, self.libs[fullname])
+            result.__loader__ = self
+            parts = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
+            if len(parts) > 1:
+                result.__package__ = parts[0]
+        return result
+
+_hook = Mounter()
+
+
+class Wheel(object):
+    """
+    Class to build and install from Wheel files (PEP 427).
+    """
+
+    wheel_version = (1, 1)
+    hash_kind = 'sha256'
+
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, sign=False, verify=False):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance using a (valid) filename.
+        """
+        self.sign = sign
+        self.should_verify = verify
+        self.buildver = ''
+        self.pyver = [PYVER]
+        self.abi = ['none']
+        self.arch = ['any']
+        self.dirname = os.getcwd()
+        if filename is None:
+            self.name = 'dummy'
+            self.version = '0.1'
+            self._filename = self.filename
+        else:
+            m = NAME_VERSION_RE.match(filename)
+            if m:
+                info = m.groupdict('')
+                self.name = info['nm']
+                # Reinstate the local version separator
+                self.version = info['vn'].replace('_', '-')
+                self.buildver = info['bn']
+                self._filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                dirname, filename = os.path.split(filename)
+                m = FILENAME_RE.match(filename)
+                if not m:
+                    raise DistlibException('Invalid name or '
+                                           'filename: %r' % filename)
+                if dirname:
+                    self.dirname = os.path.abspath(dirname)
+                self._filename = filename
+                info = m.groupdict('')
+                self.name = info['nm']
+                self.version = info['vn']
+                self.buildver = info['bn']
+                self.pyver = info['py'].split('.')
+                self.abi = info['bi'].split('.')
+                self.arch = info['ar'].split('.')
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        """
+        Build and return a filename from the various components.
+        """
+        if self.buildver:
+            buildver = '-' + self.buildver
+        else:
+            buildver = ''
+        pyver = '.'.join(self.pyver)
+        abi = '.'.join(self.abi)
+        arch = '.'.join(self.arch)
+        # replace - with _ as a local version separator
+        version = self.version.replace('-', '_')
+        return '%s-%s%s-%s-%s-%s.whl' % (self.name, version, buildver,
+                                         pyver, abi, arch)
+
+    @property
+    def exists(self):
+        path = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        return os.path.isfile(path)
+
+    @property
+    def tags(self):
+        for pyver in self.pyver:
+            for abi in self.abi:
+                for arch in self.arch:
+                    yield pyver, abi, arch
+
+    @cached_property
+    def metadata(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            wheel_metadata = self.get_wheel_metadata(zf)
+            wv = wheel_metadata['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            if file_version < (1, 1):
+                fn = 'METADATA'
+            else:
+                fn = METADATA_FILENAME
+            try:
+                metadata_filename = posixpath.join(info_dir, fn)
+                with zf.open(metadata_filename) as bf:
+                    wf = wrapper(bf)
+                    result = Metadata(fileobj=wf)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid wheel, because %s is '
+                                 'missing' % fn)
+        return result
+
+    def get_wheel_metadata(self, zf):
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        metadata_filename = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        with zf.open(metadata_filename) as bf:
+            wf = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(bf)
+            message = message_from_file(wf)
+        return dict(message)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def info(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            result = self.get_wheel_metadata(zf)
+        return result
+
+    def process_shebang(self, data):
+        m = SHEBANG_RE.match(data)
+        if m:
+            end = m.end()
+            shebang, data_after_shebang = data[:end], data[end:]
+            # Preserve any arguments after the interpreter
+            if b'pythonw' in shebang.lower():
+                shebang_python = SHEBANG_PYTHONW
+            else:
+                shebang_python = SHEBANG_PYTHON
+            m = SHEBANG_DETAIL_RE.match(shebang)
+            if m:
+                args = b' ' + m.groups()[-1]
+            else:
+                args = b''
+            shebang = shebang_python + args
+            data = shebang + data_after_shebang
+        else:
+            cr = data.find(b'\r')
+            lf = data.find(b'\n')
+            if cr < 0 or cr > lf:
+                term = b'\n'
+            else:
+                if data[cr:cr + 2] == b'\r\n':
+                    term = b'\r\n'
+                else:
+                    term = b'\r'
+            data = SHEBANG_PYTHON + term + data
+        return data
+
+    def get_hash(self, data, hash_kind=None):
+        if hash_kind is None:
+            hash_kind = self.hash_kind
+        try:
+            hasher = getattr(hashlib, hash_kind)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistlibException('Unsupported hash algorithm: %r' % hash_kind)
+        result = hasher(data).digest()
+        result = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(result).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')
+        return hash_kind, result
+
+    def write_record(self, records, record_path, base):
+        with CSVWriter(record_path) as writer:
+            for row in records:
+                writer.writerow(row)
+            p = to_posix(os.path.relpath(record_path, base))
+            writer.writerow((p, '', ''))
+
+    def write_records(self, info, libdir, archive_paths):
+        records = []
+        distinfo, info_dir = info
+        hasher = getattr(hashlib, self.hash_kind)
+        for ap, p in archive_paths:
+            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                data = f.read()
+            digest = '%s=%s' % self.get_hash(data)
+            size = os.path.getsize(p)
+            records.append((ap, digest, size))
+
+        p = os.path.join(distinfo, 'RECORD')
+        self.write_record(records, p, libdir)
+        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, 'RECORD'))
+        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+    def build_zip(self, pathname, archive_paths):
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
+            for ap, p in archive_paths:
+                logger.debug('Wrote %s to %s in wheel', p, ap)
+                zf.write(p, ap)
+
+    def build(self, paths, tags=None, wheel_version=None):
+        """
+        Build a wheel from files in specified paths, and use any specified tags
+        when determining the name of the wheel.
+        """
+        if tags is None:
+            tags = {}
+
+        libkey = list(filter(lambda o: o in paths, ('purelib', 'platlib')))[0]
+        if libkey == 'platlib':
+            is_pure = 'false'
+            default_pyver = [IMPVER]
+            default_abi = [ABI]
+            default_arch = [ARCH]
+        else:
+            is_pure = 'true'
+            default_pyver = [PYVER]
+            default_abi = ['none']
+            default_arch = ['any']
+
+        self.pyver = tags.get('pyver', default_pyver)
+        self.abi = tags.get('abi', default_abi)
+        self.arch = tags.get('arch', default_arch)
+
+        libdir = paths[libkey]
+
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        archive_paths = []
+
+        # First, stuff which is not in site-packages
+        for key in ('data', 'headers', 'scripts'):
+            if key not in paths:
+                continue
+            path = paths[key]
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                    for fn in files:
+                        p = fsdecode(os.path.join(root, fn))
+                        rp = os.path.relpath(p, path)
+                        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(data_dir, key, rp))
+                        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+                        if key == 'scripts' and not p.endswith('.exe'):
+                            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                                data = f.read()
+                            data = self.process_shebang(data)
+                            with open(p, 'wb') as f:
+                                f.write(data)
+
+        # Now, stuff which is in site-packages, other than the
+        # distinfo stuff.
+        path = libdir
+        distinfo = None
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+            if root == path:
+                # At the top level only, save distinfo for later
+                # and skip it for now
+                for i, dn in enumerate(dirs):
+                    dn = fsdecode(dn)
+                    if dn.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                        distinfo = os.path.join(root, dn)
+                        del dirs[i]
+                        break
+                assert distinfo, '.dist-info directory expected, not found'
+
+            for fn in files:
+                # comment out next suite to leave .pyc files in
+                if fsdecode(fn).endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    continue
+                p = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                rp = to_posix(os.path.relpath(p, path))
+                archive_paths.append((rp, p))
+
+        # Now distinfo. Assumed to be flat, i.e. os.listdir is enough.
+        files = os.listdir(distinfo)
+        for fn in files:
+            if fn not in ('RECORD', 'INSTALLER', 'SHARED', 'WHEEL'):
+                p = fsdecode(os.path.join(distinfo, fn))
+                ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, fn))
+                archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+        wheel_metadata = [
+            'Wheel-Version: %d.%d' % (wheel_version or self.wheel_version),
+            'Generator: distlib %s' % __version__,
+            'Root-Is-Purelib: %s' % is_pure,
+        ]
+        for pyver, abi, arch in self.tags:
+            wheel_metadata.append('Tag: %s-%s-%s' % (pyver, abi, arch))
+        p = os.path.join(distinfo, 'WHEEL')
+        with open(p, 'w') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(wheel_metadata))
+        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL'))
+        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+        # Now, at last, RECORD.
+        # Paths in here are archive paths - nothing else makes sense.
+        self.write_records((distinfo, info_dir), libdir, archive_paths)
+        # Now, ready to build the zip file
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        self.build_zip(pathname, archive_paths)
+        return pathname
+
+    def install(self, paths, maker, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Install a wheel to the specified paths. If kwarg ``warner`` is
+        specified, it should be a callable, which will be called with two
+        tuples indicating the wheel version of this software and the wheel
+        version in the file, if there is a discrepancy in the versions.
+        This can be used to issue any warnings to raise any exceptions.
+        If kwarg ``lib_only`` is True, only the purelib/platlib files are
+        installed, and the headers, scripts, data and dist-info metadata are
+        not written.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`InstalledDistribution` instance unless
+        ``options.lib_only`` is True, in which case the return value is ``None``.
+        """
+
+        dry_run = maker.dry_run
+        warner = kwargs.get('warner')
+        lib_only = kwargs.get('lib_only', False)
+
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, METADATA_FILENAME)
+        wheel_metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            with zf.open(wheel_metadata_name) as bwf:
+                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                message = message_from_file(wf)
+            wv = message['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            if (file_version != self.wheel_version) and warner:
+                warner(self.wheel_version, file_version)
+
+            if message['Root-Is-Purelib'] == 'true':
+                libdir = paths['purelib']
+            else:
+                libdir = paths['platlib']
+
+            records = {}
+            with zf.open(record_name) as bf:
+                with CSVReader(stream=bf) as reader:
+                    for row in reader:
+                        p = row[0]
+                        records[p] = row
+
+            data_pfx = posixpath.join(data_dir, '')
+            info_pfx = posixpath.join(info_dir, '')
+            script_pfx = posixpath.join(data_dir, 'scripts', '')
+
+            # make a new instance rather than a copy of maker's,
+            # as we mutate it
+            fileop = FileOperator(dry_run=dry_run)
+            fileop.record = True    # so we can rollback if needed
+
+            bc = not sys.dont_write_bytecode    # Double negatives. Lovely!
+
+            outfiles = []   # for RECORD writing
+
+            # for script copying/shebang processing
+            workdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            # set target dir later
+            # we default add_launchers to False, as the
+            # Python Launcher should be used instead
+            maker.source_dir = workdir
+            maker.target_dir = None
+            try:
+                for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                    arcname = zinfo.filename
+                    if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                        u_arcname = arcname
+                    else:
+                        u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                    # The signature file won't be in RECORD,
+                    # and we  don't currently don't do anything with it
+                    if u_arcname.endswith('/RECORD.jws'):
+                        continue
+                    row = records[u_arcname]
+                    if row[2] and str(zinfo.file_size) != row[2]:
+                        raise DistlibException('size mismatch for '
+                                               '%s' % u_arcname)
+                    if row[1]:
+                        kind, value = row[1].split('=', 1)
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            data = bf.read()
+                        _, digest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                        if digest != value:
+                            raise DistlibException('digest mismatch for '
+                                                   '%s' % arcname)
+
+                    if lib_only and u_arcname.startswith((info_pfx, data_pfx)):
+                        logger.debug('lib_only: skipping %s', u_arcname)
+                        continue
+                    is_script = (u_arcname.startswith(script_pfx)
+                                 and not u_arcname.endswith('.exe'))
+
+                    if u_arcname.startswith(data_pfx):
+                        _, where, rp = u_arcname.split('/', 2)
+                        outfile = os.path.join(paths[where], convert_path(rp))
+                    else:
+                        # meant for site-packages.
+                        if u_arcname in (wheel_metadata_name, record_name):
+                            continue
+                        outfile = os.path.join(libdir, convert_path(u_arcname))
+                    if not is_script:
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            fileop.copy_stream(bf, outfile)
+                        outfiles.append(outfile)
+                        # Double check the digest of the written file
+                        if not dry_run and row[1]:
+                            with open(outfile, 'rb') as bf:
+                                data = bf.read()
+                                _, newdigest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                                if newdigest != digest:
+                                    raise DistlibException('digest mismatch '
+                                                           'on write for '
+                                                           '%s' % outfile)
+                        if bc and outfile.endswith('.py'):
+                            try:
+                                pyc = fileop.byte_compile(outfile)
+                                outfiles.append(pyc)
+                            except Exception:
+                                # Don't give up if byte-compilation fails,
+                                # but log it and perhaps warn the user
+                                logger.warning('Byte-compilation failed',
+                                               exc_info=True)
+                    else:
+                        fn = os.path.basename(convert_path(arcname))
+                        workname = os.path.join(workdir, fn)
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            fileop.copy_stream(bf, workname)
+
+                        dn, fn = os.path.split(outfile)
+                        maker.target_dir = dn
+                        filenames = maker.make(fn)
+                        fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+                        outfiles.extend(filenames)
+
+                if lib_only:
+                    logger.debug('lib_only: returning None')
+                    dist = None
+                else:
+                    # Generate scripts
+
+                    # Try to get pydist.json so we can see if there are
+                    # any commands to generate. If this fails (e.g. because
+                    # of a legacy wheel), log a warning but don't give up.
+                    commands = None
+                    file_version = self.info['Wheel-Version']
+                    if file_version == '1.0':
+                        # Use legacy info
+                        ep = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'entry_points.txt')
+                        try:
+                            with zf.open(ep) as bwf:
+                                epdata = read_exports(bwf)
+                            commands = {}
+                            for key in ('console', 'gui'):
+                                k = '%s_scripts' % key
+                                if k in epdata:
+                                    commands['wrap_%s' % key] = d = {}
+                                    for v in epdata[k].values():
+                                        s = '%s:%s' % (v.prefix, v.suffix)
+                                        if v.flags:
+                                            s += ' %s' % v.flags
+                                        d[v.name] = s
+                        except Exception:
+                            logger.warning('Unable to read legacy script '
+                                           'metadata, so cannot generate '
+                                           'scripts')
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            with zf.open(metadata_name) as bwf:
+                                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                                commands = json.load(wf).get('extensions')
+                                if commands:
+                                    commands = commands.get('python.commands')
+                        except Exception:
+                            logger.warning('Unable to read JSON metadata, so '
+                                           'cannot generate scripts')
+                    if commands:
+                        console_scripts = commands.get('wrap_console', {})
+                        gui_scripts = commands.get('wrap_gui', {})
+                        if console_scripts or gui_scripts:
+                            script_dir = paths.get('scripts', '')
+                            if not os.path.isdir(script_dir):
+                                raise ValueError('Valid script path not '
+                                                 'specified')
+                            maker.target_dir = script_dir
+                            for k, v in console_scripts.items():
+                                script = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                                filenames = maker.make(script)
+                                fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+
+                            if gui_scripts:
+                                options = {'gui': True }
+                                for k, v in gui_scripts.items():
+                                    script = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                                    filenames = maker.make(script, options)
+                                    fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+
+                    p = os.path.join(libdir, info_dir)
+                    dist = InstalledDistribution(p)
+
+                    # Write SHARED
+                    paths = dict(paths)     # don't change passed in dict
+                    del paths['purelib']
+                    del paths['platlib']
+                    paths['lib'] = libdir
+                    p = dist.write_shared_locations(paths, dry_run)
+                    if p:
+                        outfiles.append(p)
+
+                    # Write RECORD
+                    dist.write_installed_files(outfiles, paths['prefix'],
+                                               dry_run)
+                return dist
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.exception('installation failed.')
+                fileop.rollback()
+                raise
+            finally:
+                shutil.rmtree(workdir)
+
+    def _get_dylib_cache(self):
+        global cache
+        if cache is None:
+            # Use native string to avoid issues on 2.x: see Python #20140.
+            base = os.path.join(get_cache_base(), str('dylib-cache'),
+                                sys.version[:3])
+            cache = Cache(base)
+        return cache
+
+    def _get_extensions(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        arcname = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'EXTENSIONS')
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+        result = []
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            try:
+                with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                    wf = wrapper(bf)
+                    extensions = json.load(wf)
+                    cache = self._get_dylib_cache()
+                    prefix = cache.prefix_to_dir(pathname)
+                    cache_base = os.path.join(cache.base, prefix)
+                    if not os.path.isdir(cache_base):
+                        os.makedirs(cache_base)
+                    for name, relpath in extensions.items():
+                        dest = os.path.join(cache_base, convert_path(relpath))
+                        if not os.path.exists(dest):
+                            extract = True
+                        else:
+                            file_time = os.stat(dest).st_mtime
+                            file_time = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(file_time)
+                            info = zf.getinfo(relpath)
+                            wheel_time = datetime.datetime(*info.date_time)
+                            extract = wheel_time > file_time
+                        if extract:
+                            zf.extract(relpath, cache_base)
+                        result.append((name, dest))
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def is_compatible(self):
+        """
+        Determine if a wheel is compatible with the running system.
+        """
+        return is_compatible(self)
+
+    def is_mountable(self):
+        """
+        Determine if a wheel is asserted as mountable by its metadata.
+        """
+        return True # for now - metadata details TBD
+
+    def mount(self, append=False):
+        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename))
+        if not self.is_compatible():
+            msg = 'Wheel %s not compatible with this Python.' % pathname
+            raise DistlibException(msg)
+        if not self.is_mountable():
+            msg = 'Wheel %s is marked as not mountable.' % pathname
+            raise DistlibException(msg)
+        if pathname in sys.path:
+            logger.debug('%s already in path', pathname)
+        else:
+            if append:
+                sys.path.append(pathname)
+            else:
+                sys.path.insert(0, pathname)
+            extensions = self._get_extensions()
+            if extensions:
+                if _hook not in sys.meta_path:
+                    sys.meta_path.append(_hook)
+                _hook.add(pathname, extensions)
+
+    def unmount(self):
+        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename))
+        if pathname not in sys.path:
+            logger.debug('%s not in path', pathname)
+        else:
+            sys.path.remove(pathname)
+            if pathname in _hook.impure_wheels:
+                _hook.remove(pathname)
+            if not _hook.impure_wheels:
+                if _hook in sys.meta_path:
+                    sys.meta_path.remove(_hook)
+
+    def verify(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, METADATA_FILENAME)
+        wheel_metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            with zf.open(wheel_metadata_name) as bwf:
+                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                message = message_from_file(wf)
+            wv = message['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            # TODO version verification
+
+            records = {}
+            with zf.open(record_name) as bf:
+                with CSVReader(stream=bf) as reader:
+                    for row in reader:
+                        p = row[0]
+                        records[p] = row
+
+            for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                arcname = zinfo.filename
+                if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                    u_arcname = arcname
+                else:
+                    u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                if '..' in u_arcname:
+                    raise DistlibException('invalid entry in '
+                                           'wheel: %r' % u_arcname)
+
+                # The signature file won't be in RECORD,
+                # and we  don't currently don't do anything with it
+                if u_arcname.endswith('/RECORD.jws'):
+                    continue
+                row = records[u_arcname]
+                if row[2] and str(zinfo.file_size) != row[2]:
+                    raise DistlibException('size mismatch for '
+                                           '%s' % u_arcname)
+                if row[1]:
+                    kind, value = row[1].split('=', 1)
+                    with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                        data = bf.read()
+                    _, digest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                    if digest != value:
+                        raise DistlibException('digest mismatch for '
+                                               '%s' % arcname)
+
+    def update(self, modifier, dest_dir=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Update the contents of a wheel in a generic way. The modifier should
+        be a callable which expects a dictionary argument: its keys are
+        archive-entry paths, and its values are absolute filesystem paths
+        where the contents the corresponding archive entries can be found. The
+        modifier is free to change the contents of the files pointed to, add
+        new entries and remove entries, before returning. This method will
+        extract the entire contents of the wheel to a temporary location, call
+        the modifier, and then use the passed (and possibly updated)
+        dictionary to write a new wheel. If ``dest_dir`` is specified, the new
+        wheel is written there -- otherwise, the original wheel is overwritten.
+
+        The modifier should return True if it updated the wheel, else False.
+        This method returns the same value the modifier returns.
+        """
+
+        def get_version(path_map, info_dir):
+            version = path = None
+            key = '%s/%s' % (info_dir, METADATA_FILENAME)
+            if key not in path_map:
+                key = '%s/PKG-INFO' % info_dir
+            if key in path_map:
+                path = path_map[key]
+                version = Metadata(path=path).version
+            return version, path
+
+        def update_version(version, path):
+            updated = None
+            try:
+                v = NormalizedVersion(version)
+                i = version.find('-')
+                if i < 0:
+                    updated = '%s+1' % version
+                else:
+                    parts = [int(s) for s in version[i + 1:].split('.')]
+                    parts[-1] += 1
+                    updated = '%s+%s' % (version[:i],
+                                         '.'.join(str(i) for i in parts))
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                logger.debug('Cannot update non-compliant (PEP-440) '
+                             'version %r', version)
+            if updated:
+                md = Metadata(path=path)
+                md.version = updated
+                legacy = not path.endswith(METADATA_FILENAME)
+                md.write(path=path, legacy=legacy)
+                logger.debug('Version updated from %r to %r', version,
+                             updated)
+
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+        with tempdir() as workdir:
+            with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+                path_map = {}
+                for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                    arcname = zinfo.filename
+                    if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                        u_arcname = arcname
+                    else:
+                        u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                    if u_arcname == record_name:
+                        continue
+                    if '..' in u_arcname:
+                        raise DistlibException('invalid entry in '
+                                               'wheel: %r' % u_arcname)
+                    zf.extract(zinfo, workdir)
+                    path = os.path.join(workdir, convert_path(u_arcname))
+                    path_map[u_arcname] = path
+
+            # Remember the version.
+            original_version, _ = get_version(path_map, info_dir)
+            # Files extracted. Call the modifier.
+            modified = modifier(path_map, **kwargs)
+            if modified:
+                # Something changed - need to build a new wheel.
+                current_version, path = get_version(path_map, info_dir)
+                if current_version and (current_version == original_version):
+                    # Add or update local version to signify changes.
+                    update_version(current_version, path)
+                # Decide where the new wheel goes.
+                if dest_dir is None:
+                    fd, newpath = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.whl',
+                                                   prefix='wheel-update-',
+                                                   dir=workdir)
+                    os.close(fd)
+                else:
+                    if not os.path.isdir(dest_dir):
+                        raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' % dest_dir)
+                    newpath = os.path.join(dest_dir, self.filename)
+                archive_paths = list(path_map.items())
+                distinfo = os.path.join(workdir, info_dir)
+                info = distinfo, info_dir
+                self.write_records(info, workdir, archive_paths)
+                self.build_zip(newpath, archive_paths)
+                if dest_dir is None:
+                    shutil.copyfile(newpath, pathname)
+        return modified
+
+def compatible_tags():
+    """
+    Return (pyver, abi, arch) tuples compatible with this Python.
+    """
+    versions = [VER_SUFFIX]
+    major = VER_SUFFIX[0]
+    for minor in range(sys.version_info[1] - 1, - 1, -1):
+        versions.append(''.join([major, str(minor)]))
+
+    abis = []
+    for suffix, _, _ in imp.get_suffixes():
+        if suffix.startswith('.abi'):
+            abis.append(suffix.split('.', 2)[1])
+    abis.sort()
+    if ABI != 'none':
+        abis.insert(0, ABI)
+    abis.append('none')
+    result = []
+
+    arches = [ARCH]
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        m = re.match('(\w+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(\w+)$', ARCH)
+        if m:
+            name, major, minor, arch = m.groups()
+            minor = int(minor)
+            matches = [arch]
+            if arch in ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                matches.append('fat')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('fat3')
+            if arch in ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('fat64')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('intel')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'x86_64', 'intel', 'ppc', 'ppc64'):
+                matches.append('universal')
+            while minor >= 0:
+                for match in matches:
+                    s = '%s_%s_%s_%s' % (name, major, minor, match)
+                    if s != ARCH:   # already there
+                        arches.append(s)
+                minor -= 1
+
+    # Most specific - our Python version, ABI and arch
+    for abi in abis:
+        for arch in arches:
+            result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi, arch))
+
+    # where no ABI / arch dependency, but IMP_PREFIX dependency
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, version)), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, version[0])), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    # no IMP_PREFIX, ABI or arch dependency
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        result.append((''.join(('py', version)), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            result.append((''.join(('py', version[0])), 'none', 'any'))
+    return set(result)
+
+
+COMPATIBLE_TAGS = compatible_tags()
+
+del compatible_tags
+
+
+def is_compatible(wheel, tags=None):
+    if not isinstance(wheel, Wheel):
+        wheel = Wheel(wheel)    # assume it's a filename
+    result = False
+    if tags is None:
+        tags = COMPATIBLE_TAGS
+    for ver, abi, arch in tags:
+        if ver in wheel.pyver and abi in wheel.abi and arch in wheel.arch:
+            result = True
+            break
+    return result
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9484fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""
+HTML parsing library based on the WHATWG "HTML5"
+specification. The parser is designed to be compatible with existing
+HTML found in the wild and implements well-defined error recovery that
+is largely compatible with modern desktop web browsers.
+
+Example usage:
+
+import html5lib
+f = open("my_document.html")
+tree = html5lib.parse(f)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from .html5parser import HTMLParser, parse, parseFragment
+from .treebuilders import getTreeBuilder
+from .treewalkers import getTreeWalker
+from .serializer import serialize
+
+__all__ = ["HTMLParser", "parse", "parseFragment", "getTreeBuilder",
+           "getTreeWalker", "serialize"]
+
+# this has to be at the top level, see how setup.py parses this
+__version__ = "1.0b8"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d938e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3102 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import string
+
+EOF = None
+
+E = {
+    "null-character":
+        "Null character in input stream, replaced with U+FFFD.",
+    "invalid-codepoint":
+        "Invalid codepoint in stream.",
+    "incorrectly-placed-solidus":
+        "Solidus (/) incorrectly placed in tag.",
+    "incorrect-cr-newline-entity":
+        "Incorrect CR newline entity, replaced with LF.",
+    "illegal-windows-1252-entity":
+        "Entity used with illegal number (windows-1252 reference).",
+    "cant-convert-numeric-entity":
+        "Numeric entity couldn't be converted to character "
+        "(codepoint U+%(charAsInt)08x).",
+    "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity":
+        "Numeric entity represents an illegal codepoint: "
+        "U+%(charAsInt)08x.",
+    "numeric-entity-without-semicolon":
+        "Numeric entity didn't end with ';'.",
+    "expected-numeric-entity-but-got-eof":
+        "Numeric entity expected. Got end of file instead.",
+    "expected-numeric-entity":
+        "Numeric entity expected but none found.",
+    "named-entity-without-semicolon":
+        "Named entity didn't end with ';'.",
+    "expected-named-entity":
+        "Named entity expected. Got none.",
+    "attributes-in-end-tag":
+        "End tag contains unexpected attributes.",
+    'self-closing-flag-on-end-tag':
+        "End tag contains unexpected self-closing flag.",
+    "expected-tag-name-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Expected tag name. Got '>' instead.",
+    "expected-tag-name-but-got-question-mark":
+        "Expected tag name. Got '?' instead. (HTML doesn't "
+        "support processing instructions.)",
+    "expected-tag-name":
+        "Expected tag name. Got something else instead",
+    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Expected closing tag. Got '>' instead. Ignoring '</>'.",
+    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-eof":
+        "Expected closing tag. Unexpected end of file.",
+    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-char":
+        "Expected closing tag. Unexpected character '%(data)s' found.",
+    "eof-in-tag-name":
+        "Unexpected end of file in the tag name.",
+    "expected-attribute-name-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected attribute name instead.",
+    "eof-in-attribute-name":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute name.",
+    "invalid-character-in-attribute-name":
+        "Invalid character in attribute name",
+    "duplicate-attribute":
+        "Dropped duplicate attribute on tag.",
+    "expected-end-of-tag-name-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected = or end of tag.",
+    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected attribute value.",
+    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Expected attribute value. Got '>' instead.",
+    'equals-in-unquoted-attribute-value':
+        "Unexpected = in unquoted attribute",
+    'unexpected-character-in-unquoted-attribute-value':
+        "Unexpected character in unquoted attribute",
+    "invalid-character-after-attribute-name":
+        "Unexpected character after attribute name.",
+    "unexpected-character-after-attribute-value":
+        "Unexpected character after attribute value.",
+    "eof-in-attribute-value-double-quote":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute value (\").",
+    "eof-in-attribute-value-single-quote":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute value (').",
+    "eof-in-attribute-value-no-quotes":
+        "Unexpected end of file in attribute value.",
+    "unexpected-EOF-after-solidus-in-tag":
+        "Unexpected end of file in tag. Expected >",
+    "unexpected-character-after-solidus-in-tag":
+        "Unexpected character after / in tag. Expected >",
+    "expected-dashes-or-doctype":
+        "Expected '--' or 'DOCTYPE'. Not found.",
+    "unexpected-bang-after-double-dash-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected ! after -- in comment",
+    "unexpected-space-after-double-dash-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected space after -- in comment",
+    "incorrect-comment":
+        "Incorrect comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment-end-dash":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment (-)",
+    "unexpected-dash-after-double-dash-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected '-' after '--' found in comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment-double-dash":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment (--).",
+    "eof-in-comment-end-space-state":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment.",
+    "eof-in-comment-end-bang-state":
+        "Unexpected end of file in comment.",
+    "unexpected-char-in-comment":
+        "Unexpected character in comment found.",
+    "need-space-after-doctype":
+        "No space after literal string 'DOCTYPE'.",
+    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-right-bracket":
+        "Unexpected > character. Expected DOCTYPE name.",
+    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected DOCTYPE name.",
+    "eof-in-doctype-name":
+        "Unexpected end of file in DOCTYPE name.",
+    "eof-in-doctype":
+        "Unexpected end of file in DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-space-or-right-bracket-in-doctype":
+        "Expected space or '>'. Got '%(data)s'",
+    "unexpected-end-of-doctype":
+        "Unexpected end of DOCTYPE.",
+    "unexpected-char-in-doctype":
+        "Unexpected character in DOCTYPE.",
+    "eof-in-innerhtml":
+        "XXX innerHTML EOF",
+    "unexpected-doctype":
+        "Unexpected DOCTYPE. Ignored.",
+    "non-html-root":
+        "html needs to be the first start tag.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected End of file. Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "unknown-doctype":
+        "Erroneous DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-chars":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters. Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-start-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s). Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "expected-doctype-but-got-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s). Expected DOCTYPE.",
+    "end-tag-after-implied-root":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) after the (implied) root element.",
+    "expected-named-closing-tag-but-got-eof":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected end tag (%(name)s).",
+    "two-heads-are-not-better-than-one":
+        "Unexpected start tag head in existing head. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s). Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-out-of-my-head":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s) that can be in head. Moved.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s).",
+    "missing-end-tag":
+        "Missing end tag (%(name)s).",
+    "missing-end-tags":
+        "Missing end tags (%(name)s).",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(startName)s) "
+        "implies end tag (%(endName)s).",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-treated-as":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(originalName)s). Treated as %(newName)s.",
+    "deprecated-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag %(name)s. Don't use it!",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-ignored":
+        "Unexpected start tag %(name)s. Ignored.",
+    "expected-one-end-tag-but-got-another":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(gotName)s). "
+        "Missing end tag (%(expectedName)s).",
+    "end-tag-too-early":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) seen too early. Expected other end tag.",
+    "end-tag-too-early-named":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(gotName)s). Expected end tag (%(expectedName)s).",
+    "end-tag-too-early-ignored":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) seen too early. Ignored.",
+    "adoption-agency-1.1":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 1, "
+        "paragraph 1 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "adoption-agency-1.2":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 1, "
+        "paragraph 2 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "adoption-agency-1.3":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 1, "
+        "paragraph 3 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "adoption-agency-4.4":
+        "End tag (%(name)s) violates step 4, "
+        "paragraph 4 of the adoption agency algorithm.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-treated-as":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(originalName)s). Treated as %(newName)s.",
+    "no-end-tag":
+        "This element (%(name)s) has no end tag.",
+    "unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table":
+        "Unexpected implied end tag (%(name)s) in the table phase.",
+    "unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table-body":
+        "Unexpected implied end tag (%(name)s) in the table body phase.",
+    "unexpected-char-implies-table-voodoo":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters in "
+        "table context caused voodoo mode.",
+    "unexpected-hidden-input-in-table":
+        "Unexpected input with type hidden in table context.",
+    "unexpected-form-in-table":
+        "Unexpected form in table context.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-implies-table-voodoo":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s) in "
+        "table context caused voodoo mode.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-implies-table-voodoo":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in "
+        "table context caused voodoo mode.",
+    "unexpected-cell-in-table-body":
+        "Unexpected table cell start tag (%(name)s) "
+        "in the table body phase.",
+    "unexpected-cell-end-tag":
+        "Got table cell end tag (%(name)s) "
+        "while required end tags are missing.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-table-body":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in the table body phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table-row":
+        "Unexpected implied end tag (%(name)s) in the table row phase.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-table-row":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in the table row phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-select-in-select":
+        "Unexpected select start tag in the select phase "
+        "treated as select end tag.",
+    "unexpected-input-in-select":
+        "Unexpected input start tag in the select phase.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-in-select":
+        "Unexpected start tag token (%(name)s in the select phase. "
+        "Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-select":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) in the select phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-table-element-start-tag-in-select-in-table":
+        "Unexpected table element start tag (%(name)s) in the select in table phase.",
+    "unexpected-table-element-end-tag-in-select-in-table":
+        "Unexpected table element end tag (%(name)s) in the select in table phase.",
+    "unexpected-char-after-body":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters in the after body phase.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-after-body":
+        "Unexpected start tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after body phase.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-after-body":
+        "Unexpected end tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after body phase.",
+    "unexpected-char-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected characters in the frameset phase. Characters ignored.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected start tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-frameset-in-frameset-innerhtml":
+        "Unexpected end tag token (frameset) "
+        "in the frameset phase (innerHTML).",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected end tag token (%(name)s)"
+        " in the frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-char-after-frameset":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters in the "
+        "after frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-start-tag-after-frameset":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-after-frameset":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s)"
+        " in the after frameset phase. Ignored.",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-after-body-innerhtml":
+        "Unexpected end tag after body(innerHtml)",
+    "expected-eof-but-got-char":
+        "Unexpected non-space characters. Expected end of file.",
+    "expected-eof-but-got-start-tag":
+        "Unexpected start tag (%(name)s)"
+        ". Expected end of file.",
+    "expected-eof-but-got-end-tag":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s)"
+        ". Expected end of file.",
+    "eof-in-table":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected table content.",
+    "eof-in-select":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected select content.",
+    "eof-in-frameset":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected frameset content.",
+    "eof-in-script-in-script":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected script content.",
+    "eof-in-foreign-lands":
+        "Unexpected end of file. Expected foreign content",
+    "non-void-element-with-trailing-solidus":
+        "Trailing solidus not allowed on element %(name)s",
+    "unexpected-html-element-in-foreign-content":
+        "Element %(name)s not allowed in a non-html context",
+    "unexpected-end-tag-before-html":
+        "Unexpected end tag (%(name)s) before html.",
+    "XXX-undefined-error":
+        "Undefined error (this sucks and should be fixed)",
+}
+
+namespaces = {
+    "html": "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml",
+    "mathml": "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",
+    "svg": "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",
+    "xlink": "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink",
+    "xml": "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace",
+    "xmlns": "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/"
+}
+
+scopingElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["html"], "applet"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "caption"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "html"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "marquee"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "object"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "table"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "td"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "th"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mi"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mo"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mn"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "ms"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mtext"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "annotation-xml"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "foreignObject"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "desc"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "title"),
+])
+
+formattingElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["html"], "a"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "b"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "big"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "code"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "em"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "font"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "i"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "nobr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "s"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "small"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "strike"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "strong"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tt"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "u")
+])
+
+specialElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["html"], "address"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "applet"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "area"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "article"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "aside"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "base"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "basefont"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "bgsound"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "blockquote"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "body"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "br"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "button"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "caption"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "center"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "col"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "colgroup"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "command"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dd"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "details"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dir"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "div"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dl"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "dt"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "embed"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "fieldset"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "figure"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "footer"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "form"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "frame"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "frameset"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h1"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h2"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h3"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h4"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h5"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "h6"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "head"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "header"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "hr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "html"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "iframe"),
+    # Note that image is commented out in the spec as "this isn't an
+    # element that can end up on the stack, so it doesn't matter,"
+    (namespaces["html"], "image"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "img"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "input"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "isindex"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "li"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "link"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "listing"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "marquee"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "menu"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "meta"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "nav"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "noembed"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "noframes"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "noscript"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "object"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "ol"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "p"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "param"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "plaintext"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "pre"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "script"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "section"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "select"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "style"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "table"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tbody"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "td"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "textarea"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tfoot"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "th"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "thead"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "title"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "tr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "ul"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "wbr"),
+    (namespaces["html"], "xmp"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "foreignObject")
+])
+
+htmlIntegrationPointElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "annotaion-xml"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "foreignObject"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "desc"),
+    (namespaces["svg"], "title")
+])
+
+mathmlTextIntegrationPointElements = frozenset([
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mi"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mo"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mn"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "ms"),
+    (namespaces["mathml"], "mtext")
+])
+
+adjustForeignAttributes = {
+    "xlink:actuate": ("xlink", "actuate", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:arcrole": ("xlink", "arcrole", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:href": ("xlink", "href", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:role": ("xlink", "role", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:show": ("xlink", "show", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:title": ("xlink", "title", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xlink:type": ("xlink", "type", namespaces["xlink"]),
+    "xml:base": ("xml", "base", namespaces["xml"]),
+    "xml:lang": ("xml", "lang", namespaces["xml"]),
+    "xml:space": ("xml", "space", namespaces["xml"]),
+    "xmlns": (None, "xmlns", namespaces["xmlns"]),
+    "xmlns:xlink": ("xmlns", "xlink", namespaces["xmlns"])
+}
+
+unadjustForeignAttributes = dict([((ns, local), qname) for qname, (prefix, local, ns) in
+                                  adjustForeignAttributes.items()])
+
+spaceCharacters = frozenset([
+    "\t",
+    "\n",
+    "\u000C",
+    " ",
+    "\r"
+])
+
+tableInsertModeElements = frozenset([
+    "table",
+    "tbody",
+    "tfoot",
+    "thead",
+    "tr"
+])
+
+asciiLowercase = frozenset(string.ascii_lowercase)
+asciiUppercase = frozenset(string.ascii_uppercase)
+asciiLetters = frozenset(string.ascii_letters)
+digits = frozenset(string.digits)
+hexDigits = frozenset(string.hexdigits)
+
+asciiUpper2Lower = dict([(ord(c), ord(c.lower()))
+                         for c in string.ascii_uppercase])
+
+# Heading elements need to be ordered
+headingElements = (
+    "h1",
+    "h2",
+    "h3",
+    "h4",
+    "h5",
+    "h6"
+)
+
+voidElements = frozenset([
+    "base",
+    "command",
+    "event-source",
+    "link",
+    "meta",
+    "hr",
+    "br",
+    "img",
+    "embed",
+    "param",
+    "area",
+    "col",
+    "input",
+    "source",
+    "track"
+])
+
+cdataElements = frozenset(['title', 'textarea'])
+
+rcdataElements = frozenset([
+    'style',
+    'script',
+    'xmp',
+    'iframe',
+    'noembed',
+    'noframes',
+    'noscript'
+])
+
+booleanAttributes = {
+    "": frozenset(["irrelevant"]),
+    "style": frozenset(["scoped"]),
+    "img": frozenset(["ismap"]),
+    "audio": frozenset(["autoplay", "controls"]),
+    "video": frozenset(["autoplay", "controls"]),
+    "script": frozenset(["defer", "async"]),
+    "details": frozenset(["open"]),
+    "datagrid": frozenset(["multiple", "disabled"]),
+    "command": frozenset(["hidden", "disabled", "checked", "default"]),
+    "hr": frozenset(["noshade"]),
+    "menu": frozenset(["autosubmit"]),
+    "fieldset": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly"]),
+    "option": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly", "selected"]),
+    "optgroup": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly"]),
+    "button": frozenset(["disabled", "autofocus"]),
+    "input": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly", "required", "autofocus", "checked", "ismap"]),
+    "select": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly", "autofocus", "multiple"]),
+    "output": frozenset(["disabled", "readonly"]),
+}
+
+# entitiesWindows1252 has to be _ordered_ and needs to have an index. It
+# therefore can't be a frozenset.
+entitiesWindows1252 = (
+    8364,   # 0x80  0x20AC  EURO SIGN
+    65533,  # 0x81          UNDEFINED
+    8218,   # 0x82  0x201A  SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
+    402,    # 0x83  0x0192  LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK
+    8222,   # 0x84  0x201E  DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
+    8230,   # 0x85  0x2026  HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
+    8224,   # 0x86  0x2020  DAGGER
+    8225,   # 0x87  0x2021  DOUBLE DAGGER
+    710,    # 0x88  0x02C6  MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
+    8240,   # 0x89  0x2030  PER MILLE SIGN
+    352,    # 0x8A  0x0160  LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
+    8249,   # 0x8B  0x2039  SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    338,    # 0x8C  0x0152  LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE
+    65533,  # 0x8D          UNDEFINED
+    381,    # 0x8E  0x017D  LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON
+    65533,  # 0x8F          UNDEFINED
+    65533,  # 0x90          UNDEFINED
+    8216,   # 0x91  0x2018  LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8217,   # 0x92  0x2019  RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8220,   # 0x93  0x201C  LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8221,   # 0x94  0x201D  RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
+    8226,   # 0x95  0x2022  BULLET
+    8211,   # 0x96  0x2013  EN DASH
+    8212,   # 0x97  0x2014  EM DASH
+    732,    # 0x98  0x02DC  SMALL TILDE
+    8482,   # 0x99  0x2122  TRADE MARK SIGN
+    353,    # 0x9A  0x0161  LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
+    8250,   # 0x9B  0x203A  SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
+    339,    # 0x9C  0x0153  LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
+    65533,  # 0x9D          UNDEFINED
+    382,    # 0x9E  0x017E  LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON
+    376     # 0x9F  0x0178  LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
+)
+
+xmlEntities = frozenset(['lt;', 'gt;', 'amp;', 'apos;', 'quot;'])
+
+entities = {
+    "AElig": "\xc6",
+    "AElig;": "\xc6",
+    "AMP": "&",
+    "AMP;": "&",
+    "Aacute": "\xc1",
+    "Aacute;": "\xc1",
+    "Abreve;": "\u0102",
+    "Acirc": "\xc2",
+    "Acirc;": "\xc2",
+    "Acy;": "\u0410",
+    "Afr;": "\U0001d504",
+    "Agrave": "\xc0",
+    "Agrave;": "\xc0",
+    "Alpha;": "\u0391",
+    "Amacr;": "\u0100",
+    "And;": "\u2a53",
+    "Aogon;": "\u0104",
+    "Aopf;": "\U0001d538",
+    "ApplyFunction;": "\u2061",
+    "Aring": "\xc5",
+    "Aring;": "\xc5",
+    "Ascr;": "\U0001d49c",
+    "Assign;": "\u2254",
+    "Atilde": "\xc3",
+    "Atilde;": "\xc3",
+    "Auml": "\xc4",
+    "Auml;": "\xc4",
+    "Backslash;": "\u2216",
+    "Barv;": "\u2ae7",
+    "Barwed;": "\u2306",
+    "Bcy;": "\u0411",
+    "Because;": "\u2235",
+    "Bernoullis;": "\u212c",
+    "Beta;": "\u0392",
+    "Bfr;": "\U0001d505",
+    "Bopf;": "\U0001d539",
+    "Breve;": "\u02d8",
+    "Bscr;": "\u212c",
+    "Bumpeq;": "\u224e",
+    "CHcy;": "\u0427",
+    "COPY": "\xa9",
+    "COPY;": "\xa9",
+    "Cacute;": "\u0106",
+    "Cap;": "\u22d2",
+    "CapitalDifferentialD;": "\u2145",
+    "Cayleys;": "\u212d",
+    "Ccaron;": "\u010c",
+    "Ccedil": "\xc7",
+    "Ccedil;": "\xc7",
+    "Ccirc;": "\u0108",
+    "Cconint;": "\u2230",
+    "Cdot;": "\u010a",
+    "Cedilla;": "\xb8",
+    "CenterDot;": "\xb7",
+    "Cfr;": "\u212d",
+    "Chi;": "\u03a7",
+    "CircleDot;": "\u2299",
+    "CircleMinus;": "\u2296",
+    "CirclePlus;": "\u2295",
+    "CircleTimes;": "\u2297",
+    "ClockwiseContourIntegral;": "\u2232",
+    "CloseCurlyDoubleQuote;": "\u201d",
+    "CloseCurlyQuote;": "\u2019",
+    "Colon;": "\u2237",
+    "Colone;": "\u2a74",
+    "Congruent;": "\u2261",
+    "Conint;": "\u222f",
+    "ContourIntegral;": "\u222e",
+    "Copf;": "\u2102",
+    "Coproduct;": "\u2210",
+    "CounterClockwiseContourIntegral;": "\u2233",
+    "Cross;": "\u2a2f",
+    "Cscr;": "\U0001d49e",
+    "Cup;": "\u22d3",
+    "CupCap;": "\u224d",
+    "DD;": "\u2145",
+    "DDotrahd;": "\u2911",
+    "DJcy;": "\u0402",
+    "DScy;": "\u0405",
+    "DZcy;": "\u040f",
+    "Dagger;": "\u2021",
+    "Darr;": "\u21a1",
+    "Dashv;": "\u2ae4",
+    "Dcaron;": "\u010e",
+    "Dcy;": "\u0414",
+    "Del;": "\u2207",
+    "Delta;": "\u0394",
+    "Dfr;": "\U0001d507",
+    "DiacriticalAcute;": "\xb4",
+    "DiacriticalDot;": "\u02d9",
+    "DiacriticalDoubleAcute;": "\u02dd",
+    "DiacriticalGrave;": "`",
+    "DiacriticalTilde;": "\u02dc",
+    "Diamond;": "\u22c4",
+    "DifferentialD;": "\u2146",
+    "Dopf;": "\U0001d53b",
+    "Dot;": "\xa8",
+    "DotDot;": "\u20dc",
+    "DotEqual;": "\u2250",
+    "DoubleContourIntegral;": "\u222f",
+    "DoubleDot;": "\xa8",
+    "DoubleDownArrow;": "\u21d3",
+    "DoubleLeftArrow;": "\u21d0",
+    "DoubleLeftRightArrow;": "\u21d4",
+    "DoubleLeftTee;": "\u2ae4",
+    "DoubleLongLeftArrow;": "\u27f8",
+    "DoubleLongLeftRightArrow;": "\u27fa",
+    "DoubleLongRightArrow;": "\u27f9",
+    "DoubleRightArrow;": "\u21d2",
+    "DoubleRightTee;": "\u22a8",
+    "DoubleUpArrow;": "\u21d1",
+    "DoubleUpDownArrow;": "\u21d5",
+    "DoubleVerticalBar;": "\u2225",
+    "DownArrow;": "\u2193",
+    "DownArrowBar;": "\u2913",
+    "DownArrowUpArrow;": "\u21f5",
+    "DownBreve;": "\u0311",
+    "DownLeftRightVector;": "\u2950",
+    "DownLeftTeeVector;": "\u295e",
+    "DownLeftVector;": "\u21bd",
+    "DownLeftVectorBar;": "\u2956",
+    "DownRightTeeVector;": "\u295f",
+    "DownRightVector;": "\u21c1",
+    "DownRightVectorBar;": "\u2957",
+    "DownTee;": "\u22a4",
+    "DownTeeArrow;": "\u21a7",
+    "Downarrow;": "\u21d3",
+    "Dscr;": "\U0001d49f",
+    "Dstrok;": "\u0110",
+    "ENG;": "\u014a",
+    "ETH": "\xd0",
+    "ETH;": "\xd0",
+    "Eacute": "\xc9",
+    "Eacute;": "\xc9",
+    "Ecaron;": "\u011a",
+    "Ecirc": "\xca",
+    "Ecirc;": "\xca",
+    "Ecy;": "\u042d",
+    "Edot;": "\u0116",
+    "Efr;": "\U0001d508",
+    "Egrave": "\xc8",
+    "Egrave;": "\xc8",
+    "Element;": "\u2208",
+    "Emacr;": "\u0112",
+    "EmptySmallSquare;": "\u25fb",
+    "EmptyVerySmallSquare;": "\u25ab",
+    "Eogon;": "\u0118",
+    "Eopf;": "\U0001d53c",
+    "Epsilon;": "\u0395",
+    "Equal;": "\u2a75",
+    "EqualTilde;": "\u2242",
+    "Equilibrium;": "\u21cc",
+    "Escr;": "\u2130",
+    "Esim;": "\u2a73",
+    "Eta;": "\u0397",
+    "Euml": "\xcb",
+    "Euml;": "\xcb",
+    "Exists;": "\u2203",
+    "ExponentialE;": "\u2147",
+    "Fcy;": "\u0424",
+    "Ffr;": "\U0001d509",
+    "FilledSmallSquare;": "\u25fc",
+    "FilledVerySmallSquare;": "\u25aa",
+    "Fopf;": "\U0001d53d",
+    "ForAll;": "\u2200",
+    "Fouriertrf;": "\u2131",
+    "Fscr;": "\u2131",
+    "GJcy;": "\u0403",
+    "GT": ">",
+    "GT;": ">",
+    "Gamma;": "\u0393",
+    "Gammad;": "\u03dc",
+    "Gbreve;": "\u011e",
+    "Gcedil;": "\u0122",
+    "Gcirc;": "\u011c",
+    "Gcy;": "\u0413",
+    "Gdot;": "\u0120",
+    "Gfr;": "\U0001d50a",
+    "Gg;": "\u22d9",
+    "Gopf;": "\U0001d53e",
+    "GreaterEqual;": "\u2265",
+    "GreaterEqualLess;": "\u22db",
+    "GreaterFullEqual;": "\u2267",
+    "GreaterGreater;": "\u2aa2",
+    "GreaterLess;": "\u2277",
+    "GreaterSlantEqual;": "\u2a7e",
+    "GreaterTilde;": "\u2273",
+    "Gscr;": "\U0001d4a2",
+    "Gt;": "\u226b",
+    "HARDcy;": "\u042a",
+    "Hacek;": "\u02c7",
+    "Hat;": "^",
+    "Hcirc;": "\u0124",
+    "Hfr;": "\u210c",
+    "HilbertSpace;": "\u210b",
+    "Hopf;": "\u210d",
+    "HorizontalLine;": "\u2500",
+    "Hscr;": "\u210b",
+    "Hstrok;": "\u0126",
+    "HumpDownHump;": "\u224e",
+    "HumpEqual;": "\u224f",
+    "IEcy;": "\u0415",
+    "IJlig;": "\u0132",
+    "IOcy;": "\u0401",
+    "Iacute": "\xcd",
+    "Iacute;": "\xcd",
+    "Icirc": "\xce",
+    "Icirc;": "\xce",
+    "Icy;": "\u0418",
+    "Idot;": "\u0130",
+    "Ifr;": "\u2111",
+    "Igrave": "\xcc",
+    "Igrave;": "\xcc",
+    "Im;": "\u2111",
+    "Imacr;": "\u012a",
+    "ImaginaryI;": "\u2148",
+    "Implies;": "\u21d2",
+    "Int;": "\u222c",
+    "Integral;": "\u222b",
+    "Intersection;": "\u22c2",
+    "InvisibleComma;": "\u2063",
+    "InvisibleTimes;": "\u2062",
+    "Iogon;": "\u012e",
+    "Iopf;": "\U0001d540",
+    "Iota;": "\u0399",
+    "Iscr;": "\u2110",
+    "Itilde;": "\u0128",
+    "Iukcy;": "\u0406",
+    "Iuml": "\xcf",
+    "Iuml;": "\xcf",
+    "Jcirc;": "\u0134",
+    "Jcy;": "\u0419",
+    "Jfr;": "\U0001d50d",
+    "Jopf;": "\U0001d541",
+    "Jscr;": "\U0001d4a5",
+    "Jsercy;": "\u0408",
+    "Jukcy;": "\u0404",
+    "KHcy;": "\u0425",
+    "KJcy;": "\u040c",
+    "Kappa;": "\u039a",
+    "Kcedil;": "\u0136",
+    "Kcy;": "\u041a",
+    "Kfr;": "\U0001d50e",
+    "Kopf;": "\U0001d542",
+    "Kscr;": "\U0001d4a6",
+    "LJcy;": "\u0409",
+    "LT": "<",
+    "LT;": "<",
+    "Lacute;": "\u0139",
+    "Lambda;": "\u039b",
+    "Lang;": "\u27ea",
+    "Laplacetrf;": "\u2112",
+    "Larr;": "\u219e",
+    "Lcaron;": "\u013d",
+    "Lcedil;": "\u013b",
+    "Lcy;": "\u041b",
+    "LeftAngleBracket;": "\u27e8",
+    "LeftArrow;": "\u2190",
+    "LeftArrowBar;": "\u21e4",
+    "LeftArrowRightArrow;": "\u21c6",
+    "LeftCeiling;": "\u2308",
+    "LeftDoubleBracket;": "\u27e6",
+    "LeftDownTeeVector;": "\u2961",
+    "LeftDownVector;": "\u21c3",
+    "LeftDownVectorBar;": "\u2959",
+    "LeftFloor;": "\u230a",
+    "LeftRightArrow;": "\u2194",
+    "LeftRightVector;": "\u294e",
+    "LeftTee;": "\u22a3",
+    "LeftTeeArrow;": "\u21a4",
+    "LeftTeeVector;": "\u295a",
+    "LeftTriangle;": "\u22b2",
+    "LeftTriangleBar;": "\u29cf",
+    "LeftTriangleEqual;": "\u22b4",
+    "LeftUpDownVector;": "\u2951",
+    "LeftUpTeeVector;": "\u2960",
+    "LeftUpVector;": "\u21bf",
+    "LeftUpVectorBar;": "\u2958",
+    "LeftVector;": "\u21bc",
+    "LeftVectorBar;": "\u2952",
+    "Leftarrow;": "\u21d0",
+    "Leftrightarrow;": "\u21d4",
+    "LessEqualGreater;": "\u22da",
+    "LessFullEqual;": "\u2266",
+    "LessGreater;": "\u2276",
+    "LessLess;": "\u2aa1",
+    "LessSlantEqual;": "\u2a7d",
+    "LessTilde;": "\u2272",
+    "Lfr;": "\U0001d50f",
+    "Ll;": "\u22d8",
+    "Lleftarrow;": "\u21da",
+    "Lmidot;": "\u013f",
+    "LongLeftArrow;": "\u27f5",
+    "LongLeftRightArrow;": "\u27f7",
+    "LongRightArrow;": "\u27f6",
+    "Longleftarrow;": "\u27f8",
+    "Longleftrightarrow;": "\u27fa",
+    "Longrightarrow;": "\u27f9",
+    "Lopf;": "\U0001d543",
+    "LowerLeftArrow;": "\u2199",
+    "LowerRightArrow;": "\u2198",
+    "Lscr;": "\u2112",
+    "Lsh;": "\u21b0",
+    "Lstrok;": "\u0141",
+    "Lt;": "\u226a",
+    "Map;": "\u2905",
+    "Mcy;": "\u041c",
+    "MediumSpace;": "\u205f",
+    "Mellintrf;": "\u2133",
+    "Mfr;": "\U0001d510",
+    "MinusPlus;": "\u2213",
+    "Mopf;": "\U0001d544",
+    "Mscr;": "\u2133",
+    "Mu;": "\u039c",
+    "NJcy;": "\u040a",
+    "Nacute;": "\u0143",
+    "Ncaron;": "\u0147",
+    "Ncedil;": "\u0145",
+    "Ncy;": "\u041d",
+    "NegativeMediumSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NegativeThickSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NegativeThinSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NegativeVeryThinSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "NestedGreaterGreater;": "\u226b",
+    "NestedLessLess;": "\u226a",
+    "NewLine;": "\n",
+    "Nfr;": "\U0001d511",
+    "NoBreak;": "\u2060",
+    "NonBreakingSpace;": "\xa0",
+    "Nopf;": "\u2115",
+    "Not;": "\u2aec",
+    "NotCongruent;": "\u2262",
+    "NotCupCap;": "\u226d",
+    "NotDoubleVerticalBar;": "\u2226",
+    "NotElement;": "\u2209",
+    "NotEqual;": "\u2260",
+    "NotEqualTilde;": "\u2242\u0338",
+    "NotExists;": "\u2204",
+    "NotGreater;": "\u226f",
+    "NotGreaterEqual;": "\u2271",
+    "NotGreaterFullEqual;": "\u2267\u0338",
+    "NotGreaterGreater;": "\u226b\u0338",
+    "NotGreaterLess;": "\u2279",
+    "NotGreaterSlantEqual;": "\u2a7e\u0338",
+    "NotGreaterTilde;": "\u2275",
+    "NotHumpDownHump;": "\u224e\u0338",
+    "NotHumpEqual;": "\u224f\u0338",
+    "NotLeftTriangle;": "\u22ea",
+    "NotLeftTriangleBar;": "\u29cf\u0338",
+    "NotLeftTriangleEqual;": "\u22ec",
+    "NotLess;": "\u226e",
+    "NotLessEqual;": "\u2270",
+    "NotLessGreater;": "\u2278",
+    "NotLessLess;": "\u226a\u0338",
+    "NotLessSlantEqual;": "\u2a7d\u0338",
+    "NotLessTilde;": "\u2274",
+    "NotNestedGreaterGreater;": "\u2aa2\u0338",
+    "NotNestedLessLess;": "\u2aa1\u0338",
+    "NotPrecedes;": "\u2280",
+    "NotPrecedesEqual;": "\u2aaf\u0338",
+    "NotPrecedesSlantEqual;": "\u22e0",
+    "NotReverseElement;": "\u220c",
+    "NotRightTriangle;": "\u22eb",
+    "NotRightTriangleBar;": "\u29d0\u0338",
+    "NotRightTriangleEqual;": "\u22ed",
+    "NotSquareSubset;": "\u228f\u0338",
+    "NotSquareSubsetEqual;": "\u22e2",
+    "NotSquareSuperset;": "\u2290\u0338",
+    "NotSquareSupersetEqual;": "\u22e3",
+    "NotSubset;": "\u2282\u20d2",
+    "NotSubsetEqual;": "\u2288",
+    "NotSucceeds;": "\u2281",
+    "NotSucceedsEqual;": "\u2ab0\u0338",
+    "NotSucceedsSlantEqual;": "\u22e1",
+    "NotSucceedsTilde;": "\u227f\u0338",
+    "NotSuperset;": "\u2283\u20d2",
+    "NotSupersetEqual;": "\u2289",
+    "NotTilde;": "\u2241",
+    "NotTildeEqual;": "\u2244",
+    "NotTildeFullEqual;": "\u2247",
+    "NotTildeTilde;": "\u2249",
+    "NotVerticalBar;": "\u2224",
+    "Nscr;": "\U0001d4a9",
+    "Ntilde": "\xd1",
+    "Ntilde;": "\xd1",
+    "Nu;": "\u039d",
+    "OElig;": "\u0152",
+    "Oacute": "\xd3",
+    "Oacute;": "\xd3",
+    "Ocirc": "\xd4",
+    "Ocirc;": "\xd4",
+    "Ocy;": "\u041e",
+    "Odblac;": "\u0150",
+    "Ofr;": "\U0001d512",
+    "Ograve": "\xd2",
+    "Ograve;": "\xd2",
+    "Omacr;": "\u014c",
+    "Omega;": "\u03a9",
+    "Omicron;": "\u039f",
+    "Oopf;": "\U0001d546",
+    "OpenCurlyDoubleQuote;": "\u201c",
+    "OpenCurlyQuote;": "\u2018",
+    "Or;": "\u2a54",
+    "Oscr;": "\U0001d4aa",
+    "Oslash": "\xd8",
+    "Oslash;": "\xd8",
+    "Otilde": "\xd5",
+    "Otilde;": "\xd5",
+    "Otimes;": "\u2a37",
+    "Ouml": "\xd6",
+    "Ouml;": "\xd6",
+    "OverBar;": "\u203e",
+    "OverBrace;": "\u23de",
+    "OverBracket;": "\u23b4",
+    "OverParenthesis;": "\u23dc",
+    "PartialD;": "\u2202",
+    "Pcy;": "\u041f",
+    "Pfr;": "\U0001d513",
+    "Phi;": "\u03a6",
+    "Pi;": "\u03a0",
+    "PlusMinus;": "\xb1",
+    "Poincareplane;": "\u210c",
+    "Popf;": "\u2119",
+    "Pr;": "\u2abb",
+    "Precedes;": "\u227a",
+    "PrecedesEqual;": "\u2aaf",
+    "PrecedesSlantEqual;": "\u227c",
+    "PrecedesTilde;": "\u227e",
+    "Prime;": "\u2033",
+    "Product;": "\u220f",
+    "Proportion;": "\u2237",
+    "Proportional;": "\u221d",
+    "Pscr;": "\U0001d4ab",
+    "Psi;": "\u03a8",
+    "QUOT": "\"",
+    "QUOT;": "\"",
+    "Qfr;": "\U0001d514",
+    "Qopf;": "\u211a",
+    "Qscr;": "\U0001d4ac",
+    "RBarr;": "\u2910",
+    "REG": "\xae",
+    "REG;": "\xae",
+    "Racute;": "\u0154",
+    "Rang;": "\u27eb",
+    "Rarr;": "\u21a0",
+    "Rarrtl;": "\u2916",
+    "Rcaron;": "\u0158",
+    "Rcedil;": "\u0156",
+    "Rcy;": "\u0420",
+    "Re;": "\u211c",
+    "ReverseElement;": "\u220b",
+    "ReverseEquilibrium;": "\u21cb",
+    "ReverseUpEquilibrium;": "\u296f",
+    "Rfr;": "\u211c",
+    "Rho;": "\u03a1",
+    "RightAngleBracket;": "\u27e9",
+    "RightArrow;": "\u2192",
+    "RightArrowBar;": "\u21e5",
+    "RightArrowLeftArrow;": "\u21c4",
+    "RightCeiling;": "\u2309",
+    "RightDoubleBracket;": "\u27e7",
+    "RightDownTeeVector;": "\u295d",
+    "RightDownVector;": "\u21c2",
+    "RightDownVectorBar;": "\u2955",
+    "RightFloor;": "\u230b",
+    "RightTee;": "\u22a2",
+    "RightTeeArrow;": "\u21a6",
+    "RightTeeVector;": "\u295b",
+    "RightTriangle;": "\u22b3",
+    "RightTriangleBar;": "\u29d0",
+    "RightTriangleEqual;": "\u22b5",
+    "RightUpDownVector;": "\u294f",
+    "RightUpTeeVector;": "\u295c",
+    "RightUpVector;": "\u21be",
+    "RightUpVectorBar;": "\u2954",
+    "RightVector;": "\u21c0",
+    "RightVectorBar;": "\u2953",
+    "Rightarrow;": "\u21d2",
+    "Ropf;": "\u211d",
+    "RoundImplies;": "\u2970",
+    "Rrightarrow;": "\u21db",
+    "Rscr;": "\u211b",
+    "Rsh;": "\u21b1",
+    "RuleDelayed;": "\u29f4",
+    "SHCHcy;": "\u0429",
+    "SHcy;": "\u0428",
+    "SOFTcy;": "\u042c",
+    "Sacute;": "\u015a",
+    "Sc;": "\u2abc",
+    "Scaron;": "\u0160",
+    "Scedil;": "\u015e",
+    "Scirc;": "\u015c",
+    "Scy;": "\u0421",
+    "Sfr;": "\U0001d516",
+    "ShortDownArrow;": "\u2193",
+    "ShortLeftArrow;": "\u2190",
+    "ShortRightArrow;": "\u2192",
+    "ShortUpArrow;": "\u2191",
+    "Sigma;": "\u03a3",
+    "SmallCircle;": "\u2218",
+    "Sopf;": "\U0001d54a",
+    "Sqrt;": "\u221a",
+    "Square;": "\u25a1",
+    "SquareIntersection;": "\u2293",
+    "SquareSubset;": "\u228f",
+    "SquareSubsetEqual;": "\u2291",
+    "SquareSuperset;": "\u2290",
+    "SquareSupersetEqual;": "\u2292",
+    "SquareUnion;": "\u2294",
+    "Sscr;": "\U0001d4ae",
+    "Star;": "\u22c6",
+    "Sub;": "\u22d0",
+    "Subset;": "\u22d0",
+    "SubsetEqual;": "\u2286",
+    "Succeeds;": "\u227b",
+    "SucceedsEqual;": "\u2ab0",
+    "SucceedsSlantEqual;": "\u227d",
+    "SucceedsTilde;": "\u227f",
+    "SuchThat;": "\u220b",
+    "Sum;": "\u2211",
+    "Sup;": "\u22d1",
+    "Superset;": "\u2283",
+    "SupersetEqual;": "\u2287",
+    "Supset;": "\u22d1",
+    "THORN": "\xde",
+    "THORN;": "\xde",
+    "TRADE;": "\u2122",
+    "TSHcy;": "\u040b",
+    "TScy;": "\u0426",
+    "Tab;": "\t",
+    "Tau;": "\u03a4",
+    "Tcaron;": "\u0164",
+    "Tcedil;": "\u0162",
+    "Tcy;": "\u0422",
+    "Tfr;": "\U0001d517",
+    "Therefore;": "\u2234",
+    "Theta;": "\u0398",
+    "ThickSpace;": "\u205f\u200a",
+    "ThinSpace;": "\u2009",
+    "Tilde;": "\u223c",
+    "TildeEqual;": "\u2243",
+    "TildeFullEqual;": "\u2245",
+    "TildeTilde;": "\u2248",
+    "Topf;": "\U0001d54b",
+    "TripleDot;": "\u20db",
+    "Tscr;": "\U0001d4af",
+    "Tstrok;": "\u0166",
+    "Uacute": "\xda",
+    "Uacute;": "\xda",
+    "Uarr;": "\u219f",
+    "Uarrocir;": "\u2949",
+    "Ubrcy;": "\u040e",
+    "Ubreve;": "\u016c",
+    "Ucirc": "\xdb",
+    "Ucirc;": "\xdb",
+    "Ucy;": "\u0423",
+    "Udblac;": "\u0170",
+    "Ufr;": "\U0001d518",
+    "Ugrave": "\xd9",
+    "Ugrave;": "\xd9",
+    "Umacr;": "\u016a",
+    "UnderBar;": "_",
+    "UnderBrace;": "\u23df",
+    "UnderBracket;": "\u23b5",
+    "UnderParenthesis;": "\u23dd",
+    "Union;": "\u22c3",
+    "UnionPlus;": "\u228e",
+    "Uogon;": "\u0172",
+    "Uopf;": "\U0001d54c",
+    "UpArrow;": "\u2191",
+    "UpArrowBar;": "\u2912",
+    "UpArrowDownArrow;": "\u21c5",
+    "UpDownArrow;": "\u2195",
+    "UpEquilibrium;": "\u296e",
+    "UpTee;": "\u22a5",
+    "UpTeeArrow;": "\u21a5",
+    "Uparrow;": "\u21d1",
+    "Updownarrow;": "\u21d5",
+    "UpperLeftArrow;": "\u2196",
+    "UpperRightArrow;": "\u2197",
+    "Upsi;": "\u03d2",
+    "Upsilon;": "\u03a5",
+    "Uring;": "\u016e",
+    "Uscr;": "\U0001d4b0",
+    "Utilde;": "\u0168",
+    "Uuml": "\xdc",
+    "Uuml;": "\xdc",
+    "VDash;": "\u22ab",
+    "Vbar;": "\u2aeb",
+    "Vcy;": "\u0412",
+    "Vdash;": "\u22a9",
+    "Vdashl;": "\u2ae6",
+    "Vee;": "\u22c1",
+    "Verbar;": "\u2016",
+    "Vert;": "\u2016",
+    "VerticalBar;": "\u2223",
+    "VerticalLine;": "|",
+    "VerticalSeparator;": "\u2758",
+    "VerticalTilde;": "\u2240",
+    "VeryThinSpace;": "\u200a",
+    "Vfr;": "\U0001d519",
+    "Vopf;": "\U0001d54d",
+    "Vscr;": "\U0001d4b1",
+    "Vvdash;": "\u22aa",
+    "Wcirc;": "\u0174",
+    "Wedge;": "\u22c0",
+    "Wfr;": "\U0001d51a",
+    "Wopf;": "\U0001d54e",
+    "Wscr;": "\U0001d4b2",
+    "Xfr;": "\U0001d51b",
+    "Xi;": "\u039e",
+    "Xopf;": "\U0001d54f",
+    "Xscr;": "\U0001d4b3",
+    "YAcy;": "\u042f",
+    "YIcy;": "\u0407",
+    "YUcy;": "\u042e",
+    "Yacute": "\xdd",
+    "Yacute;": "\xdd",
+    "Ycirc;": "\u0176",
+    "Ycy;": "\u042b",
+    "Yfr;": "\U0001d51c",
+    "Yopf;": "\U0001d550",
+    "Yscr;": "\U0001d4b4",
+    "Yuml;": "\u0178",
+    "ZHcy;": "\u0416",
+    "Zacute;": "\u0179",
+    "Zcaron;": "\u017d",
+    "Zcy;": "\u0417",
+    "Zdot;": "\u017b",
+    "ZeroWidthSpace;": "\u200b",
+    "Zeta;": "\u0396",
+    "Zfr;": "\u2128",
+    "Zopf;": "\u2124",
+    "Zscr;": "\U0001d4b5",
+    "aacute": "\xe1",
+    "aacute;": "\xe1",
+    "abreve;": "\u0103",
+    "ac;": "\u223e",
+    "acE;": "\u223e\u0333",
+    "acd;": "\u223f",
+    "acirc": "\xe2",
+    "acirc;": "\xe2",
+    "acute": "\xb4",
+    "acute;": "\xb4",
+    "acy;": "\u0430",
+    "aelig": "\xe6",
+    "aelig;": "\xe6",
+    "af;": "\u2061",
+    "afr;": "\U0001d51e",
+    "agrave": "\xe0",
+    "agrave;": "\xe0",
+    "alefsym;": "\u2135",
+    "aleph;": "\u2135",
+    "alpha;": "\u03b1",
+    "amacr;": "\u0101",
+    "amalg;": "\u2a3f",
+    "amp": "&",
+    "amp;": "&",
+    "and;": "\u2227",
+    "andand;": "\u2a55",
+    "andd;": "\u2a5c",
+    "andslope;": "\u2a58",
+    "andv;": "\u2a5a",
+    "ang;": "\u2220",
+    "ange;": "\u29a4",
+    "angle;": "\u2220",
+    "angmsd;": "\u2221",
+    "angmsdaa;": "\u29a8",
+    "angmsdab;": "\u29a9",
+    "angmsdac;": "\u29aa",
+    "angmsdad;": "\u29ab",
+    "angmsdae;": "\u29ac",
+    "angmsdaf;": "\u29ad",
+    "angmsdag;": "\u29ae",
+    "angmsdah;": "\u29af",
+    "angrt;": "\u221f",
+    "angrtvb;": "\u22be",
+    "angrtvbd;": "\u299d",
+    "angsph;": "\u2222",
+    "angst;": "\xc5",
+    "angzarr;": "\u237c",
+    "aogon;": "\u0105",
+    "aopf;": "\U0001d552",
+    "ap;": "\u2248",
+    "apE;": "\u2a70",
+    "apacir;": "\u2a6f",
+    "ape;": "\u224a",
+    "apid;": "\u224b",
+    "apos;": "'",
+    "approx;": "\u2248",
+    "approxeq;": "\u224a",
+    "aring": "\xe5",
+    "aring;": "\xe5",
+    "ascr;": "\U0001d4b6",
+    "ast;": "*",
+    "asymp;": "\u2248",
+    "asympeq;": "\u224d",
+    "atilde": "\xe3",
+    "atilde;": "\xe3",
+    "auml": "\xe4",
+    "auml;": "\xe4",
+    "awconint;": "\u2233",
+    "awint;": "\u2a11",
+    "bNot;": "\u2aed",
+    "backcong;": "\u224c",
+    "backepsilon;": "\u03f6",
+    "backprime;": "\u2035",
+    "backsim;": "\u223d",
+    "backsimeq;": "\u22cd",
+    "barvee;": "\u22bd",
+    "barwed;": "\u2305",
+    "barwedge;": "\u2305",
+    "bbrk;": "\u23b5",
+    "bbrktbrk;": "\u23b6",
+    "bcong;": "\u224c",
+    "bcy;": "\u0431",
+    "bdquo;": "\u201e",
+    "becaus;": "\u2235",
+    "because;": "\u2235",
+    "bemptyv;": "\u29b0",
+    "bepsi;": "\u03f6",
+    "bernou;": "\u212c",
+    "beta;": "\u03b2",
+    "beth;": "\u2136",
+    "between;": "\u226c",
+    "bfr;": "\U0001d51f",
+    "bigcap;": "\u22c2",
+    "bigcirc;": "\u25ef",
+    "bigcup;": "\u22c3",
+    "bigodot;": "\u2a00",
+    "bigoplus;": "\u2a01",
+    "bigotimes;": "\u2a02",
+    "bigsqcup;": "\u2a06",
+    "bigstar;": "\u2605",
+    "bigtriangledown;": "\u25bd",
+    "bigtriangleup;": "\u25b3",
+    "biguplus;": "\u2a04",
+    "bigvee;": "\u22c1",
+    "bigwedge;": "\u22c0",
+    "bkarow;": "\u290d",
+    "blacklozenge;": "\u29eb",
+    "blacksquare;": "\u25aa",
+    "blacktriangle;": "\u25b4",
+    "blacktriangledown;": "\u25be",
+    "blacktriangleleft;": "\u25c2",
+    "blacktriangleright;": "\u25b8",
+    "blank;": "\u2423",
+    "blk12;": "\u2592",
+    "blk14;": "\u2591",
+    "blk34;": "\u2593",
+    "block;": "\u2588",
+    "bne;": "=\u20e5",
+    "bnequiv;": "\u2261\u20e5",
+    "bnot;": "\u2310",
+    "bopf;": "\U0001d553",
+    "bot;": "\u22a5",
+    "bottom;": "\u22a5",
+    "bowtie;": "\u22c8",
+    "boxDL;": "\u2557",
+    "boxDR;": "\u2554",
+    "boxDl;": "\u2556",
+    "boxDr;": "\u2553",
+    "boxH;": "\u2550",
+    "boxHD;": "\u2566",
+    "boxHU;": "\u2569",
+    "boxHd;": "\u2564",
+    "boxHu;": "\u2567",
+    "boxUL;": "\u255d",
+    "boxUR;": "\u255a",
+    "boxUl;": "\u255c",
+    "boxUr;": "\u2559",
+    "boxV;": "\u2551",
+    "boxVH;": "\u256c",
+    "boxVL;": "\u2563",
+    "boxVR;": "\u2560",
+    "boxVh;": "\u256b",
+    "boxVl;": "\u2562",
+    "boxVr;": "\u255f",
+    "boxbox;": "\u29c9",
+    "boxdL;": "\u2555",
+    "boxdR;": "\u2552",
+    "boxdl;": "\u2510",
+    "boxdr;": "\u250c",
+    "boxh;": "\u2500",
+    "boxhD;": "\u2565",
+    "boxhU;": "\u2568",
+    "boxhd;": "\u252c",
+    "boxhu;": "\u2534",
+    "boxminus;": "\u229f",
+    "boxplus;": "\u229e",
+    "boxtimes;": "\u22a0",
+    "boxuL;": "\u255b",
+    "boxuR;": "\u2558",
+    "boxul;": "\u2518",
+    "boxur;": "\u2514",
+    "boxv;": "\u2502",
+    "boxvH;": "\u256a",
+    "boxvL;": "\u2561",
+    "boxvR;": "\u255e",
+    "boxvh;": "\u253c",
+    "boxvl;": "\u2524",
+    "boxvr;": "\u251c",
+    "bprime;": "\u2035",
+    "breve;": "\u02d8",
+    "brvbar": "\xa6",
+    "brvbar;": "\xa6",
+    "bscr;": "\U0001d4b7",
+    "bsemi;": "\u204f",
+    "bsim;": "\u223d",
+    "bsime;": "\u22cd",
+    "bsol;": "\\",
+    "bsolb;": "\u29c5",
+    "bsolhsub;": "\u27c8",
+    "bull;": "\u2022",
+    "bullet;": "\u2022",
+    "bump;": "\u224e",
+    "bumpE;": "\u2aae",
+    "bumpe;": "\u224f",
+    "bumpeq;": "\u224f",
+    "cacute;": "\u0107",
+    "cap;": "\u2229",
+    "capand;": "\u2a44",
+    "capbrcup;": "\u2a49",
+    "capcap;": "\u2a4b",
+    "capcup;": "\u2a47",
+    "capdot;": "\u2a40",
+    "caps;": "\u2229\ufe00",
+    "caret;": "\u2041",
+    "caron;": "\u02c7",
+    "ccaps;": "\u2a4d",
+    "ccaron;": "\u010d",
+    "ccedil": "\xe7",
+    "ccedil;": "\xe7",
+    "ccirc;": "\u0109",
+    "ccups;": "\u2a4c",
+    "ccupssm;": "\u2a50",
+    "cdot;": "\u010b",
+    "cedil": "\xb8",
+    "cedil;": "\xb8",
+    "cemptyv;": "\u29b2",
+    "cent": "\xa2",
+    "cent;": "\xa2",
+    "centerdot;": "\xb7",
+    "cfr;": "\U0001d520",
+    "chcy;": "\u0447",
+    "check;": "\u2713",
+    "checkmark;": "\u2713",
+    "chi;": "\u03c7",
+    "cir;": "\u25cb",
+    "cirE;": "\u29c3",
+    "circ;": "\u02c6",
+    "circeq;": "\u2257",
+    "circlearrowleft;": "\u21ba",
+    "circlearrowright;": "\u21bb",
+    "circledR;": "\xae",
+    "circledS;": "\u24c8",
+    "circledast;": "\u229b",
+    "circledcirc;": "\u229a",
+    "circleddash;": "\u229d",
+    "cire;": "\u2257",
+    "cirfnint;": "\u2a10",
+    "cirmid;": "\u2aef",
+    "cirscir;": "\u29c2",
+    "clubs;": "\u2663",
+    "clubsuit;": "\u2663",
+    "colon;": ":",
+    "colone;": "\u2254",
+    "coloneq;": "\u2254",
+    "comma;": ",",
+    "commat;": "@",
+    "comp;": "\u2201",
+    "compfn;": "\u2218",
+    "complement;": "\u2201",
+    "complexes;": "\u2102",
+    "cong;": "\u2245",
+    "congdot;": "\u2a6d",
+    "conint;": "\u222e",
+    "copf;": "\U0001d554",
+    "coprod;": "\u2210",
+    "copy": "\xa9",
+    "copy;": "\xa9",
+    "copysr;": "\u2117",
+    "crarr;": "\u21b5",
+    "cross;": "\u2717",
+    "cscr;": "\U0001d4b8",
+    "csub;": "\u2acf",
+    "csube;": "\u2ad1",
+    "csup;": "\u2ad0",
+    "csupe;": "\u2ad2",
+    "ctdot;": "\u22ef",
+    "cudarrl;": "\u2938",
+    "cudarrr;": "\u2935",
+    "cuepr;": "\u22de",
+    "cuesc;": "\u22df",
+    "cularr;": "\u21b6",
+    "cularrp;": "\u293d",
+    "cup;": "\u222a",
+    "cupbrcap;": "\u2a48",
+    "cupcap;": "\u2a46",
+    "cupcup;": "\u2a4a",
+    "cupdot;": "\u228d",
+    "cupor;": "\u2a45",
+    "cups;": "\u222a\ufe00",
+    "curarr;": "\u21b7",
+    "curarrm;": "\u293c",
+    "curlyeqprec;": "\u22de",
+    "curlyeqsucc;": "\u22df",
+    "curlyvee;": "\u22ce",
+    "curlywedge;": "\u22cf",
+    "curren": "\xa4",
+    "curren;": "\xa4",
+    "curvearrowleft;": "\u21b6",
+    "curvearrowright;": "\u21b7",
+    "cuvee;": "\u22ce",
+    "cuwed;": "\u22cf",
+    "cwconint;": "\u2232",
+    "cwint;": "\u2231",
+    "cylcty;": "\u232d",
+    "dArr;": "\u21d3",
+    "dHar;": "\u2965",
+    "dagger;": "\u2020",
+    "daleth;": "\u2138",
+    "darr;": "\u2193",
+    "dash;": "\u2010",
+    "dashv;": "\u22a3",
+    "dbkarow;": "\u290f",
+    "dblac;": "\u02dd",
+    "dcaron;": "\u010f",
+    "dcy;": "\u0434",
+    "dd;": "\u2146",
+    "ddagger;": "\u2021",
+    "ddarr;": "\u21ca",
+    "ddotseq;": "\u2a77",
+    "deg": "\xb0",
+    "deg;": "\xb0",
+    "delta;": "\u03b4",
+    "demptyv;": "\u29b1",
+    "dfisht;": "\u297f",
+    "dfr;": "\U0001d521",
+    "dharl;": "\u21c3",
+    "dharr;": "\u21c2",
+    "diam;": "\u22c4",
+    "diamond;": "\u22c4",
+    "diamondsuit;": "\u2666",
+    "diams;": "\u2666",
+    "die;": "\xa8",
+    "digamma;": "\u03dd",
+    "disin;": "\u22f2",
+    "div;": "\xf7",
+    "divide": "\xf7",
+    "divide;": "\xf7",
+    "divideontimes;": "\u22c7",
+    "divonx;": "\u22c7",
+    "djcy;": "\u0452",
+    "dlcorn;": "\u231e",
+    "dlcrop;": "\u230d",
+    "dollar;": "$",
+    "dopf;": "\U0001d555",
+    "dot;": "\u02d9",
+    "doteq;": "\u2250",
+    "doteqdot;": "\u2251",
+    "dotminus;": "\u2238",
+    "dotplus;": "\u2214",
+    "dotsquare;": "\u22a1",
+    "doublebarwedge;": "\u2306",
+    "downarrow;": "\u2193",
+    "downdownarrows;": "\u21ca",
+    "downharpoonleft;": "\u21c3",
+    "downharpoonright;": "\u21c2",
+    "drbkarow;": "\u2910",
+    "drcorn;": "\u231f",
+    "drcrop;": "\u230c",
+    "dscr;": "\U0001d4b9",
+    "dscy;": "\u0455",
+    "dsol;": "\u29f6",
+    "dstrok;": "\u0111",
+    "dtdot;": "\u22f1",
+    "dtri;": "\u25bf",
+    "dtrif;": "\u25be",
+    "duarr;": "\u21f5",
+    "duhar;": "\u296f",
+    "dwangle;": "\u29a6",
+    "dzcy;": "\u045f",
+    "dzigrarr;": "\u27ff",
+    "eDDot;": "\u2a77",
+    "eDot;": "\u2251",
+    "eacute": "\xe9",
+    "eacute;": "\xe9",
+    "easter;": "\u2a6e",
+    "ecaron;": "\u011b",
+    "ecir;": "\u2256",
+    "ecirc": "\xea",
+    "ecirc;": "\xea",
+    "ecolon;": "\u2255",
+    "ecy;": "\u044d",
+    "edot;": "\u0117",
+    "ee;": "\u2147",
+    "efDot;": "\u2252",
+    "efr;": "\U0001d522",
+    "eg;": "\u2a9a",
+    "egrave": "\xe8",
+    "egrave;": "\xe8",
+    "egs;": "\u2a96",
+    "egsdot;": "\u2a98",
+    "el;": "\u2a99",
+    "elinters;": "\u23e7",
+    "ell;": "\u2113",
+    "els;": "\u2a95",
+    "elsdot;": "\u2a97",
+    "emacr;": "\u0113",
+    "empty;": "\u2205",
+    "emptyset;": "\u2205",
+    "emptyv;": "\u2205",
+    "emsp13;": "\u2004",
+    "emsp14;": "\u2005",
+    "emsp;": "\u2003",
+    "eng;": "\u014b",
+    "ensp;": "\u2002",
+    "eogon;": "\u0119",
+    "eopf;": "\U0001d556",
+    "epar;": "\u22d5",
+    "eparsl;": "\u29e3",
+    "eplus;": "\u2a71",
+    "epsi;": "\u03b5",
+    "epsilon;": "\u03b5",
+    "epsiv;": "\u03f5",
+    "eqcirc;": "\u2256",
+    "eqcolon;": "\u2255",
+    "eqsim;": "\u2242",
+    "eqslantgtr;": "\u2a96",
+    "eqslantless;": "\u2a95",
+    "equals;": "=",
+    "equest;": "\u225f",
+    "equiv;": "\u2261",
+    "equivDD;": "\u2a78",
+    "eqvparsl;": "\u29e5",
+    "erDot;": "\u2253",
+    "erarr;": "\u2971",
+    "escr;": "\u212f",
+    "esdot;": "\u2250",
+    "esim;": "\u2242",
+    "eta;": "\u03b7",
+    "eth": "\xf0",
+    "eth;": "\xf0",
+    "euml": "\xeb",
+    "euml;": "\xeb",
+    "euro;": "\u20ac",
+    "excl;": "!",
+    "exist;": "\u2203",
+    "expectation;": "\u2130",
+    "exponentiale;": "\u2147",
+    "fallingdotseq;": "\u2252",
+    "fcy;": "\u0444",
+    "female;": "\u2640",
+    "ffilig;": "\ufb03",
+    "fflig;": "\ufb00",
+    "ffllig;": "\ufb04",
+    "ffr;": "\U0001d523",
+    "filig;": "\ufb01",
+    "fjlig;": "fj",
+    "flat;": "\u266d",
+    "fllig;": "\ufb02",
+    "fltns;": "\u25b1",
+    "fnof;": "\u0192",
+    "fopf;": "\U0001d557",
+    "forall;": "\u2200",
+    "fork;": "\u22d4",
+    "forkv;": "\u2ad9",
+    "fpartint;": "\u2a0d",
+    "frac12": "\xbd",
+    "frac12;": "\xbd",
+    "frac13;": "\u2153",
+    "frac14": "\xbc",
+    "frac14;": "\xbc",
+    "frac15;": "\u2155",
+    "frac16;": "\u2159",
+    "frac18;": "\u215b",
+    "frac23;": "\u2154",
+    "frac25;": "\u2156",
+    "frac34": "\xbe",
+    "frac34;": "\xbe",
+    "frac35;": "\u2157",
+    "frac38;": "\u215c",
+    "frac45;": "\u2158",
+    "frac56;": "\u215a",
+    "frac58;": "\u215d",
+    "frac78;": "\u215e",
+    "frasl;": "\u2044",
+    "frown;": "\u2322",
+    "fscr;": "\U0001d4bb",
+    "gE;": "\u2267",
+    "gEl;": "\u2a8c",
+    "gacute;": "\u01f5",
+    "gamma;": "\u03b3",
+    "gammad;": "\u03dd",
+    "gap;": "\u2a86",
+    "gbreve;": "\u011f",
+    "gcirc;": "\u011d",
+    "gcy;": "\u0433",
+    "gdot;": "\u0121",
+    "ge;": "\u2265",
+    "gel;": "\u22db",
+    "geq;": "\u2265",
+    "geqq;": "\u2267",
+    "geqslant;": "\u2a7e",
+    "ges;": "\u2a7e",
+    "gescc;": "\u2aa9",
+    "gesdot;": "\u2a80",
+    "gesdoto;": "\u2a82",
+    "gesdotol;": "\u2a84",
+    "gesl;": "\u22db\ufe00",
+    "gesles;": "\u2a94",
+    "gfr;": "\U0001d524",
+    "gg;": "\u226b",
+    "ggg;": "\u22d9",
+    "gimel;": "\u2137",
+    "gjcy;": "\u0453",
+    "gl;": "\u2277",
+    "glE;": "\u2a92",
+    "gla;": "\u2aa5",
+    "glj;": "\u2aa4",
+    "gnE;": "\u2269",
+    "gnap;": "\u2a8a",
+    "gnapprox;": "\u2a8a",
+    "gne;": "\u2a88",
+    "gneq;": "\u2a88",
+    "gneqq;": "\u2269",
+    "gnsim;": "\u22e7",
+    "gopf;": "\U0001d558",
+    "grave;": "`",
+    "gscr;": "\u210a",
+    "gsim;": "\u2273",
+    "gsime;": "\u2a8e",
+    "gsiml;": "\u2a90",
+    "gt": ">",
+    "gt;": ">",
+    "gtcc;": "\u2aa7",
+    "gtcir;": "\u2a7a",
+    "gtdot;": "\u22d7",
+    "gtlPar;": "\u2995",
+    "gtquest;": "\u2a7c",
+    "gtrapprox;": "\u2a86",
+    "gtrarr;": "\u2978",
+    "gtrdot;": "\u22d7",
+    "gtreqless;": "\u22db",
+    "gtreqqless;": "\u2a8c",
+    "gtrless;": "\u2277",
+    "gtrsim;": "\u2273",
+    "gvertneqq;": "\u2269\ufe00",
+    "gvnE;": "\u2269\ufe00",
+    "hArr;": "\u21d4",
+    "hairsp;": "\u200a",
+    "half;": "\xbd",
+    "hamilt;": "\u210b",
+    "hardcy;": "\u044a",
+    "harr;": "\u2194",
+    "harrcir;": "\u2948",
+    "harrw;": "\u21ad",
+    "hbar;": "\u210f",
+    "hcirc;": "\u0125",
+    "hearts;": "\u2665",
+    "heartsuit;": "\u2665",
+    "hellip;": "\u2026",
+    "hercon;": "\u22b9",
+    "hfr;": "\U0001d525",
+    "hksearow;": "\u2925",
+    "hkswarow;": "\u2926",
+    "hoarr;": "\u21ff",
+    "homtht;": "\u223b",
+    "hookleftarrow;": "\u21a9",
+    "hookrightarrow;": "\u21aa",
+    "hopf;": "\U0001d559",
+    "horbar;": "\u2015",
+    "hscr;": "\U0001d4bd",
+    "hslash;": "\u210f",
+    "hstrok;": "\u0127",
+    "hybull;": "\u2043",
+    "hyphen;": "\u2010",
+    "iacute": "\xed",
+    "iacute;": "\xed",
+    "ic;": "\u2063",
+    "icirc": "\xee",
+    "icirc;": "\xee",
+    "icy;": "\u0438",
+    "iecy;": "\u0435",
+    "iexcl": "\xa1",
+    "iexcl;": "\xa1",
+    "iff;": "\u21d4",
+    "ifr;": "\U0001d526",
+    "igrave": "\xec",
+    "igrave;": "\xec",
+    "ii;": "\u2148",
+    "iiiint;": "\u2a0c",
+    "iiint;": "\u222d",
+    "iinfin;": "\u29dc",
+    "iiota;": "\u2129",
+    "ijlig;": "\u0133",
+    "imacr;": "\u012b",
+    "image;": "\u2111",
+    "imagline;": "\u2110",
+    "imagpart;": "\u2111",
+    "imath;": "\u0131",
+    "imof;": "\u22b7",
+    "imped;": "\u01b5",
+    "in;": "\u2208",
+    "incare;": "\u2105",
+    "infin;": "\u221e",
+    "infintie;": "\u29dd",
+    "inodot;": "\u0131",
+    "int;": "\u222b",
+    "intcal;": "\u22ba",
+    "integers;": "\u2124",
+    "intercal;": "\u22ba",
+    "intlarhk;": "\u2a17",
+    "intprod;": "\u2a3c",
+    "iocy;": "\u0451",
+    "iogon;": "\u012f",
+    "iopf;": "\U0001d55a",
+    "iota;": "\u03b9",
+    "iprod;": "\u2a3c",
+    "iquest": "\xbf",
+    "iquest;": "\xbf",
+    "iscr;": "\U0001d4be",
+    "isin;": "\u2208",
+    "isinE;": "\u22f9",
+    "isindot;": "\u22f5",
+    "isins;": "\u22f4",
+    "isinsv;": "\u22f3",
+    "isinv;": "\u2208",
+    "it;": "\u2062",
+    "itilde;": "\u0129",
+    "iukcy;": "\u0456",
+    "iuml": "\xef",
+    "iuml;": "\xef",
+    "jcirc;": "\u0135",
+    "jcy;": "\u0439",
+    "jfr;": "\U0001d527",
+    "jmath;": "\u0237",
+    "jopf;": "\U0001d55b",
+    "jscr;": "\U0001d4bf",
+    "jsercy;": "\u0458",
+    "jukcy;": "\u0454",
+    "kappa;": "\u03ba",
+    "kappav;": "\u03f0",
+    "kcedil;": "\u0137",
+    "kcy;": "\u043a",
+    "kfr;": "\U0001d528",
+    "kgreen;": "\u0138",
+    "khcy;": "\u0445",
+    "kjcy;": "\u045c",
+    "kopf;": "\U0001d55c",
+    "kscr;": "\U0001d4c0",
+    "lAarr;": "\u21da",
+    "lArr;": "\u21d0",
+    "lAtail;": "\u291b",
+    "lBarr;": "\u290e",
+    "lE;": "\u2266",
+    "lEg;": "\u2a8b",
+    "lHar;": "\u2962",
+    "lacute;": "\u013a",
+    "laemptyv;": "\u29b4",
+    "lagran;": "\u2112",
+    "lambda;": "\u03bb",
+    "lang;": "\u27e8",
+    "langd;": "\u2991",
+    "langle;": "\u27e8",
+    "lap;": "\u2a85",
+    "laquo": "\xab",
+    "laquo;": "\xab",
+    "larr;": "\u2190",
+    "larrb;": "\u21e4",
+    "larrbfs;": "\u291f",
+    "larrfs;": "\u291d",
+    "larrhk;": "\u21a9",
+    "larrlp;": "\u21ab",
+    "larrpl;": "\u2939",
+    "larrsim;": "\u2973",
+    "larrtl;": "\u21a2",
+    "lat;": "\u2aab",
+    "latail;": "\u2919",
+    "late;": "\u2aad",
+    "lates;": "\u2aad\ufe00",
+    "lbarr;": "\u290c",
+    "lbbrk;": "\u2772",
+    "lbrace;": "{",
+    "lbrack;": "[",
+    "lbrke;": "\u298b",
+    "lbrksld;": "\u298f",
+    "lbrkslu;": "\u298d",
+    "lcaron;": "\u013e",
+    "lcedil;": "\u013c",
+    "lceil;": "\u2308",
+    "lcub;": "{",
+    "lcy;": "\u043b",
+    "ldca;": "\u2936",
+    "ldquo;": "\u201c",
+    "ldquor;": "\u201e",
+    "ldrdhar;": "\u2967",
+    "ldrushar;": "\u294b",
+    "ldsh;": "\u21b2",
+    "le;": "\u2264",
+    "leftarrow;": "\u2190",
+    "leftarrowtail;": "\u21a2",
+    "leftharpoondown;": "\u21bd",
+    "leftharpoonup;": "\u21bc",
+    "leftleftarrows;": "\u21c7",
+    "leftrightarrow;": "\u2194",
+    "leftrightarrows;": "\u21c6",
+    "leftrightharpoons;": "\u21cb",
+    "leftrightsquigarrow;": "\u21ad",
+    "leftthreetimes;": "\u22cb",
+    "leg;": "\u22da",
+    "leq;": "\u2264",
+    "leqq;": "\u2266",
+    "leqslant;": "\u2a7d",
+    "les;": "\u2a7d",
+    "lescc;": "\u2aa8",
+    "lesdot;": "\u2a7f",
+    "lesdoto;": "\u2a81",
+    "lesdotor;": "\u2a83",
+    "lesg;": "\u22da\ufe00",
+    "lesges;": "\u2a93",
+    "lessapprox;": "\u2a85",
+    "lessdot;": "\u22d6",
+    "lesseqgtr;": "\u22da",
+    "lesseqqgtr;": "\u2a8b",
+    "lessgtr;": "\u2276",
+    "lesssim;": "\u2272",
+    "lfisht;": "\u297c",
+    "lfloor;": "\u230a",
+    "lfr;": "\U0001d529",
+    "lg;": "\u2276",
+    "lgE;": "\u2a91",
+    "lhard;": "\u21bd",
+    "lharu;": "\u21bc",
+    "lharul;": "\u296a",
+    "lhblk;": "\u2584",
+    "ljcy;": "\u0459",
+    "ll;": "\u226a",
+    "llarr;": "\u21c7",
+    "llcorner;": "\u231e",
+    "llhard;": "\u296b",
+    "lltri;": "\u25fa",
+    "lmidot;": "\u0140",
+    "lmoust;": "\u23b0",
+    "lmoustache;": "\u23b0",
+    "lnE;": "\u2268",
+    "lnap;": "\u2a89",
+    "lnapprox;": "\u2a89",
+    "lne;": "\u2a87",
+    "lneq;": "\u2a87",
+    "lneqq;": "\u2268",
+    "lnsim;": "\u22e6",
+    "loang;": "\u27ec",
+    "loarr;": "\u21fd",
+    "lobrk;": "\u27e6",
+    "longleftarrow;": "\u27f5",
+    "longleftrightarrow;": "\u27f7",
+    "longmapsto;": "\u27fc",
+    "longrightarrow;": "\u27f6",
+    "looparrowleft;": "\u21ab",
+    "looparrowright;": "\u21ac",
+    "lopar;": "\u2985",
+    "lopf;": "\U0001d55d",
+    "loplus;": "\u2a2d",
+    "lotimes;": "\u2a34",
+    "lowast;": "\u2217",
+    "lowbar;": "_",
+    "loz;": "\u25ca",
+    "lozenge;": "\u25ca",
+    "lozf;": "\u29eb",
+    "lpar;": "(",
+    "lparlt;": "\u2993",
+    "lrarr;": "\u21c6",
+    "lrcorner;": "\u231f",
+    "lrhar;": "\u21cb",
+    "lrhard;": "\u296d",
+    "lrm;": "\u200e",
+    "lrtri;": "\u22bf",
+    "lsaquo;": "\u2039",
+    "lscr;": "\U0001d4c1",
+    "lsh;": "\u21b0",
+    "lsim;": "\u2272",
+    "lsime;": "\u2a8d",
+    "lsimg;": "\u2a8f",
+    "lsqb;": "[",
+    "lsquo;": "\u2018",
+    "lsquor;": "\u201a",
+    "lstrok;": "\u0142",
+    "lt": "<",
+    "lt;": "<",
+    "ltcc;": "\u2aa6",
+    "ltcir;": "\u2a79",
+    "ltdot;": "\u22d6",
+    "lthree;": "\u22cb",
+    "ltimes;": "\u22c9",
+    "ltlarr;": "\u2976",
+    "ltquest;": "\u2a7b",
+    "ltrPar;": "\u2996",
+    "ltri;": "\u25c3",
+    "ltrie;": "\u22b4",
+    "ltrif;": "\u25c2",
+    "lurdshar;": "\u294a",
+    "luruhar;": "\u2966",
+    "lvertneqq;": "\u2268\ufe00",
+    "lvnE;": "\u2268\ufe00",
+    "mDDot;": "\u223a",
+    "macr": "\xaf",
+    "macr;": "\xaf",
+    "male;": "\u2642",
+    "malt;": "\u2720",
+    "maltese;": "\u2720",
+    "map;": "\u21a6",
+    "mapsto;": "\u21a6",
+    "mapstodown;": "\u21a7",
+    "mapstoleft;": "\u21a4",
+    "mapstoup;": "\u21a5",
+    "marker;": "\u25ae",
+    "mcomma;": "\u2a29",
+    "mcy;": "\u043c",
+    "mdash;": "\u2014",
+    "measuredangle;": "\u2221",
+    "mfr;": "\U0001d52a",
+    "mho;": "\u2127",
+    "micro": "\xb5",
+    "micro;": "\xb5",
+    "mid;": "\u2223",
+    "midast;": "*",
+    "midcir;": "\u2af0",
+    "middot": "\xb7",
+    "middot;": "\xb7",
+    "minus;": "\u2212",
+    "minusb;": "\u229f",
+    "minusd;": "\u2238",
+    "minusdu;": "\u2a2a",
+    "mlcp;": "\u2adb",
+    "mldr;": "\u2026",
+    "mnplus;": "\u2213",
+    "models;": "\u22a7",
+    "mopf;": "\U0001d55e",
+    "mp;": "\u2213",
+    "mscr;": "\U0001d4c2",
+    "mstpos;": "\u223e",
+    "mu;": "\u03bc",
+    "multimap;": "\u22b8",
+    "mumap;": "\u22b8",
+    "nGg;": "\u22d9\u0338",
+    "nGt;": "\u226b\u20d2",
+    "nGtv;": "\u226b\u0338",
+    "nLeftarrow;": "\u21cd",
+    "nLeftrightarrow;": "\u21ce",
+    "nLl;": "\u22d8\u0338",
+    "nLt;": "\u226a\u20d2",
+    "nLtv;": "\u226a\u0338",
+    "nRightarrow;": "\u21cf",
+    "nVDash;": "\u22af",
+    "nVdash;": "\u22ae",
+    "nabla;": "\u2207",
+    "nacute;": "\u0144",
+    "nang;": "\u2220\u20d2",
+    "nap;": "\u2249",
+    "napE;": "\u2a70\u0338",
+    "napid;": "\u224b\u0338",
+    "napos;": "\u0149",
+    "napprox;": "\u2249",
+    "natur;": "\u266e",
+    "natural;": "\u266e",
+    "naturals;": "\u2115",
+    "nbsp": "\xa0",
+    "nbsp;": "\xa0",
+    "nbump;": "\u224e\u0338",
+    "nbumpe;": "\u224f\u0338",
+    "ncap;": "\u2a43",
+    "ncaron;": "\u0148",
+    "ncedil;": "\u0146",
+    "ncong;": "\u2247",
+    "ncongdot;": "\u2a6d\u0338",
+    "ncup;": "\u2a42",
+    "ncy;": "\u043d",
+    "ndash;": "\u2013",
+    "ne;": "\u2260",
+    "neArr;": "\u21d7",
+    "nearhk;": "\u2924",
+    "nearr;": "\u2197",
+    "nearrow;": "\u2197",
+    "nedot;": "\u2250\u0338",
+    "nequiv;": "\u2262",
+    "nesear;": "\u2928",
+    "nesim;": "\u2242\u0338",
+    "nexist;": "\u2204",
+    "nexists;": "\u2204",
+    "nfr;": "\U0001d52b",
+    "ngE;": "\u2267\u0338",
+    "nge;": "\u2271",
+    "ngeq;": "\u2271",
+    "ngeqq;": "\u2267\u0338",
+    "ngeqslant;": "\u2a7e\u0338",
+    "nges;": "\u2a7e\u0338",
+    "ngsim;": "\u2275",
+    "ngt;": "\u226f",
+    "ngtr;": "\u226f",
+    "nhArr;": "\u21ce",
+    "nharr;": "\u21ae",
+    "nhpar;": "\u2af2",
+    "ni;": "\u220b",
+    "nis;": "\u22fc",
+    "nisd;": "\u22fa",
+    "niv;": "\u220b",
+    "njcy;": "\u045a",
+    "nlArr;": "\u21cd",
+    "nlE;": "\u2266\u0338",
+    "nlarr;": "\u219a",
+    "nldr;": "\u2025",
+    "nle;": "\u2270",
+    "nleftarrow;": "\u219a",
+    "nleftrightarrow;": "\u21ae",
+    "nleq;": "\u2270",
+    "nleqq;": "\u2266\u0338",
+    "nleqslant;": "\u2a7d\u0338",
+    "nles;": "\u2a7d\u0338",
+    "nless;": "\u226e",
+    "nlsim;": "\u2274",
+    "nlt;": "\u226e",
+    "nltri;": "\u22ea",
+    "nltrie;": "\u22ec",
+    "nmid;": "\u2224",
+    "nopf;": "\U0001d55f",
+    "not": "\xac",
+    "not;": "\xac",
+    "notin;": "\u2209",
+    "notinE;": "\u22f9\u0338",
+    "notindot;": "\u22f5\u0338",
+    "notinva;": "\u2209",
+    "notinvb;": "\u22f7",
+    "notinvc;": "\u22f6",
+    "notni;": "\u220c",
+    "notniva;": "\u220c",
+    "notnivb;": "\u22fe",
+    "notnivc;": "\u22fd",
+    "npar;": "\u2226",
+    "nparallel;": "\u2226",
+    "nparsl;": "\u2afd\u20e5",
+    "npart;": "\u2202\u0338",
+    "npolint;": "\u2a14",
+    "npr;": "\u2280",
+    "nprcue;": "\u22e0",
+    "npre;": "\u2aaf\u0338",
+    "nprec;": "\u2280",
+    "npreceq;": "\u2aaf\u0338",
+    "nrArr;": "\u21cf",
+    "nrarr;": "\u219b",
+    "nrarrc;": "\u2933\u0338",
+    "nrarrw;": "\u219d\u0338",
+    "nrightarrow;": "\u219b",
+    "nrtri;": "\u22eb",
+    "nrtrie;": "\u22ed",
+    "nsc;": "\u2281",
+    "nsccue;": "\u22e1",
+    "nsce;": "\u2ab0\u0338",
+    "nscr;": "\U0001d4c3",
+    "nshortmid;": "\u2224",
+    "nshortparallel;": "\u2226",
+    "nsim;": "\u2241",
+    "nsime;": "\u2244",
+    "nsimeq;": "\u2244",
+    "nsmid;": "\u2224",
+    "nspar;": "\u2226",
+    "nsqsube;": "\u22e2",
+    "nsqsupe;": "\u22e3",
+    "nsub;": "\u2284",
+    "nsubE;": "\u2ac5\u0338",
+    "nsube;": "\u2288",
+    "nsubset;": "\u2282\u20d2",
+    "nsubseteq;": "\u2288",
+    "nsubseteqq;": "\u2ac5\u0338",
+    "nsucc;": "\u2281",
+    "nsucceq;": "\u2ab0\u0338",
+    "nsup;": "\u2285",
+    "nsupE;": "\u2ac6\u0338",
+    "nsupe;": "\u2289",
+    "nsupset;": "\u2283\u20d2",
+    "nsupseteq;": "\u2289",
+    "nsupseteqq;": "\u2ac6\u0338",
+    "ntgl;": "\u2279",
+    "ntilde": "\xf1",
+    "ntilde;": "\xf1",
+    "ntlg;": "\u2278",
+    "ntriangleleft;": "\u22ea",
+    "ntrianglelefteq;": "\u22ec",
+    "ntriangleright;": "\u22eb",
+    "ntrianglerighteq;": "\u22ed",
+    "nu;": "\u03bd",
+    "num;": "#",
+    "numero;": "\u2116",
+    "numsp;": "\u2007",
+    "nvDash;": "\u22ad",
+    "nvHarr;": "\u2904",
+    "nvap;": "\u224d\u20d2",
+    "nvdash;": "\u22ac",
+    "nvge;": "\u2265\u20d2",
+    "nvgt;": ">\u20d2",
+    "nvinfin;": "\u29de",
+    "nvlArr;": "\u2902",
+    "nvle;": "\u2264\u20d2",
+    "nvlt;": "<\u20d2",
+    "nvltrie;": "\u22b4\u20d2",
+    "nvrArr;": "\u2903",
+    "nvrtrie;": "\u22b5\u20d2",
+    "nvsim;": "\u223c\u20d2",
+    "nwArr;": "\u21d6",
+    "nwarhk;": "\u2923",
+    "nwarr;": "\u2196",
+    "nwarrow;": "\u2196",
+    "nwnear;": "\u2927",
+    "oS;": "\u24c8",
+    "oacute": "\xf3",
+    "oacute;": "\xf3",
+    "oast;": "\u229b",
+    "ocir;": "\u229a",
+    "ocirc": "\xf4",
+    "ocirc;": "\xf4",
+    "ocy;": "\u043e",
+    "odash;": "\u229d",
+    "odblac;": "\u0151",
+    "odiv;": "\u2a38",
+    "odot;": "\u2299",
+    "odsold;": "\u29bc",
+    "oelig;": "\u0153",
+    "ofcir;": "\u29bf",
+    "ofr;": "\U0001d52c",
+    "ogon;": "\u02db",
+    "ograve": "\xf2",
+    "ograve;": "\xf2",
+    "ogt;": "\u29c1",
+    "ohbar;": "\u29b5",
+    "ohm;": "\u03a9",
+    "oint;": "\u222e",
+    "olarr;": "\u21ba",
+    "olcir;": "\u29be",
+    "olcross;": "\u29bb",
+    "oline;": "\u203e",
+    "olt;": "\u29c0",
+    "omacr;": "\u014d",
+    "omega;": "\u03c9",
+    "omicron;": "\u03bf",
+    "omid;": "\u29b6",
+    "ominus;": "\u2296",
+    "oopf;": "\U0001d560",
+    "opar;": "\u29b7",
+    "operp;": "\u29b9",
+    "oplus;": "\u2295",
+    "or;": "\u2228",
+    "orarr;": "\u21bb",
+    "ord;": "\u2a5d",
+    "order;": "\u2134",
+    "orderof;": "\u2134",
+    "ordf": "\xaa",
+    "ordf;": "\xaa",
+    "ordm": "\xba",
+    "ordm;": "\xba",
+    "origof;": "\u22b6",
+    "oror;": "\u2a56",
+    "orslope;": "\u2a57",
+    "orv;": "\u2a5b",
+    "oscr;": "\u2134",
+    "oslash": "\xf8",
+    "oslash;": "\xf8",
+    "osol;": "\u2298",
+    "otilde": "\xf5",
+    "otilde;": "\xf5",
+    "otimes;": "\u2297",
+    "otimesas;": "\u2a36",
+    "ouml": "\xf6",
+    "ouml;": "\xf6",
+    "ovbar;": "\u233d",
+    "par;": "\u2225",
+    "para": "\xb6",
+    "para;": "\xb6",
+    "parallel;": "\u2225",
+    "parsim;": "\u2af3",
+    "parsl;": "\u2afd",
+    "part;": "\u2202",
+    "pcy;": "\u043f",
+    "percnt;": "%",
+    "period;": ".",
+    "permil;": "\u2030",
+    "perp;": "\u22a5",
+    "pertenk;": "\u2031",
+    "pfr;": "\U0001d52d",
+    "phi;": "\u03c6",
+    "phiv;": "\u03d5",
+    "phmmat;": "\u2133",
+    "phone;": "\u260e",
+    "pi;": "\u03c0",
+    "pitchfork;": "\u22d4",
+    "piv;": "\u03d6",
+    "planck;": "\u210f",
+    "planckh;": "\u210e",
+    "plankv;": "\u210f",
+    "plus;": "+",
+    "plusacir;": "\u2a23",
+    "plusb;": "\u229e",
+    "pluscir;": "\u2a22",
+    "plusdo;": "\u2214",
+    "plusdu;": "\u2a25",
+    "pluse;": "\u2a72",
+    "plusmn": "\xb1",
+    "plusmn;": "\xb1",
+    "plussim;": "\u2a26",
+    "plustwo;": "\u2a27",
+    "pm;": "\xb1",
+    "pointint;": "\u2a15",
+    "popf;": "\U0001d561",
+    "pound": "\xa3",
+    "pound;": "\xa3",
+    "pr;": "\u227a",
+    "prE;": "\u2ab3",
+    "prap;": "\u2ab7",
+    "prcue;": "\u227c",
+    "pre;": "\u2aaf",
+    "prec;": "\u227a",
+    "precapprox;": "\u2ab7",
+    "preccurlyeq;": "\u227c",
+    "preceq;": "\u2aaf",
+    "precnapprox;": "\u2ab9",
+    "precneqq;": "\u2ab5",
+    "precnsim;": "\u22e8",
+    "precsim;": "\u227e",
+    "prime;": "\u2032",
+    "primes;": "\u2119",
+    "prnE;": "\u2ab5",
+    "prnap;": "\u2ab9",
+    "prnsim;": "\u22e8",
+    "prod;": "\u220f",
+    "profalar;": "\u232e",
+    "profline;": "\u2312",
+    "profsurf;": "\u2313",
+    "prop;": "\u221d",
+    "propto;": "\u221d",
+    "prsim;": "\u227e",
+    "prurel;": "\u22b0",
+    "pscr;": "\U0001d4c5",
+    "psi;": "\u03c8",
+    "puncsp;": "\u2008",
+    "qfr;": "\U0001d52e",
+    "qint;": "\u2a0c",
+    "qopf;": "\U0001d562",
+    "qprime;": "\u2057",
+    "qscr;": "\U0001d4c6",
+    "quaternions;": "\u210d",
+    "quatint;": "\u2a16",
+    "quest;": "?",
+    "questeq;": "\u225f",
+    "quot": "\"",
+    "quot;": "\"",
+    "rAarr;": "\u21db",
+    "rArr;": "\u21d2",
+    "rAtail;": "\u291c",
+    "rBarr;": "\u290f",
+    "rHar;": "\u2964",
+    "race;": "\u223d\u0331",
+    "racute;": "\u0155",
+    "radic;": "\u221a",
+    "raemptyv;": "\u29b3",
+    "rang;": "\u27e9",
+    "rangd;": "\u2992",
+    "range;": "\u29a5",
+    "rangle;": "\u27e9",
+    "raquo": "\xbb",
+    "raquo;": "\xbb",
+    "rarr;": "\u2192",
+    "rarrap;": "\u2975",
+    "rarrb;": "\u21e5",
+    "rarrbfs;": "\u2920",
+    "rarrc;": "\u2933",
+    "rarrfs;": "\u291e",
+    "rarrhk;": "\u21aa",
+    "rarrlp;": "\u21ac",
+    "rarrpl;": "\u2945",
+    "rarrsim;": "\u2974",
+    "rarrtl;": "\u21a3",
+    "rarrw;": "\u219d",
+    "ratail;": "\u291a",
+    "ratio;": "\u2236",
+    "rationals;": "\u211a",
+    "rbarr;": "\u290d",
+    "rbbrk;": "\u2773",
+    "rbrace;": "}",
+    "rbrack;": "]",
+    "rbrke;": "\u298c",
+    "rbrksld;": "\u298e",
+    "rbrkslu;": "\u2990",
+    "rcaron;": "\u0159",
+    "rcedil;": "\u0157",
+    "rceil;": "\u2309",
+    "rcub;": "}",
+    "rcy;": "\u0440",
+    "rdca;": "\u2937",
+    "rdldhar;": "\u2969",
+    "rdquo;": "\u201d",
+    "rdquor;": "\u201d",
+    "rdsh;": "\u21b3",
+    "real;": "\u211c",
+    "realine;": "\u211b",
+    "realpart;": "\u211c",
+    "reals;": "\u211d",
+    "rect;": "\u25ad",
+    "reg": "\xae",
+    "reg;": "\xae",
+    "rfisht;": "\u297d",
+    "rfloor;": "\u230b",
+    "rfr;": "\U0001d52f",
+    "rhard;": "\u21c1",
+    "rharu;": "\u21c0",
+    "rharul;": "\u296c",
+    "rho;": "\u03c1",
+    "rhov;": "\u03f1",
+    "rightarrow;": "\u2192",
+    "rightarrowtail;": "\u21a3",
+    "rightharpoondown;": "\u21c1",
+    "rightharpoonup;": "\u21c0",
+    "rightleftarrows;": "\u21c4",
+    "rightleftharpoons;": "\u21cc",
+    "rightrightarrows;": "\u21c9",
+    "rightsquigarrow;": "\u219d",
+    "rightthreetimes;": "\u22cc",
+    "ring;": "\u02da",
+    "risingdotseq;": "\u2253",
+    "rlarr;": "\u21c4",
+    "rlhar;": "\u21cc",
+    "rlm;": "\u200f",
+    "rmoust;": "\u23b1",
+    "rmoustache;": "\u23b1",
+    "rnmid;": "\u2aee",
+    "roang;": "\u27ed",
+    "roarr;": "\u21fe",
+    "robrk;": "\u27e7",
+    "ropar;": "\u2986",
+    "ropf;": "\U0001d563",
+    "roplus;": "\u2a2e",
+    "rotimes;": "\u2a35",
+    "rpar;": ")",
+    "rpargt;": "\u2994",
+    "rppolint;": "\u2a12",
+    "rrarr;": "\u21c9",
+    "rsaquo;": "\u203a",
+    "rscr;": "\U0001d4c7",
+    "rsh;": "\u21b1",
+    "rsqb;": "]",
+    "rsquo;": "\u2019",
+    "rsquor;": "\u2019",
+    "rthree;": "\u22cc",
+    "rtimes;": "\u22ca",
+    "rtri;": "\u25b9",
+    "rtrie;": "\u22b5",
+    "rtrif;": "\u25b8",
+    "rtriltri;": "\u29ce",
+    "ruluhar;": "\u2968",
+    "rx;": "\u211e",
+    "sacute;": "\u015b",
+    "sbquo;": "\u201a",
+    "sc;": "\u227b",
+    "scE;": "\u2ab4",
+    "scap;": "\u2ab8",
+    "scaron;": "\u0161",
+    "sccue;": "\u227d",
+    "sce;": "\u2ab0",
+    "scedil;": "\u015f",
+    "scirc;": "\u015d",
+    "scnE;": "\u2ab6",
+    "scnap;": "\u2aba",
+    "scnsim;": "\u22e9",
+    "scpolint;": "\u2a13",
+    "scsim;": "\u227f",
+    "scy;": "\u0441",
+    "sdot;": "\u22c5",
+    "sdotb;": "\u22a1",
+    "sdote;": "\u2a66",
+    "seArr;": "\u21d8",
+    "searhk;": "\u2925",
+    "searr;": "\u2198",
+    "searrow;": "\u2198",
+    "sect": "\xa7",
+    "sect;": "\xa7",
+    "semi;": ";",
+    "seswar;": "\u2929",
+    "setminus;": "\u2216",
+    "setmn;": "\u2216",
+    "sext;": "\u2736",
+    "sfr;": "\U0001d530",
+    "sfrown;": "\u2322",
+    "sharp;": "\u266f",
+    "shchcy;": "\u0449",
+    "shcy;": "\u0448",
+    "shortmid;": "\u2223",
+    "shortparallel;": "\u2225",
+    "shy": "\xad",
+    "shy;": "\xad",
+    "sigma;": "\u03c3",
+    "sigmaf;": "\u03c2",
+    "sigmav;": "\u03c2",
+    "sim;": "\u223c",
+    "simdot;": "\u2a6a",
+    "sime;": "\u2243",
+    "simeq;": "\u2243",
+    "simg;": "\u2a9e",
+    "simgE;": "\u2aa0",
+    "siml;": "\u2a9d",
+    "simlE;": "\u2a9f",
+    "simne;": "\u2246",
+    "simplus;": "\u2a24",
+    "simrarr;": "\u2972",
+    "slarr;": "\u2190",
+    "smallsetminus;": "\u2216",
+    "smashp;": "\u2a33",
+    "smeparsl;": "\u29e4",
+    "smid;": "\u2223",
+    "smile;": "\u2323",
+    "smt;": "\u2aaa",
+    "smte;": "\u2aac",
+    "smtes;": "\u2aac\ufe00",
+    "softcy;": "\u044c",
+    "sol;": "/",
+    "solb;": "\u29c4",
+    "solbar;": "\u233f",
+    "sopf;": "\U0001d564",
+    "spades;": "\u2660",
+    "spadesuit;": "\u2660",
+    "spar;": "\u2225",
+    "sqcap;": "\u2293",
+    "sqcaps;": "\u2293\ufe00",
+    "sqcup;": "\u2294",
+    "sqcups;": "\u2294\ufe00",
+    "sqsub;": "\u228f",
+    "sqsube;": "\u2291",
+    "sqsubset;": "\u228f",
+    "sqsubseteq;": "\u2291",
+    "sqsup;": "\u2290",
+    "sqsupe;": "\u2292",
+    "sqsupset;": "\u2290",
+    "sqsupseteq;": "\u2292",
+    "squ;": "\u25a1",
+    "square;": "\u25a1",
+    "squarf;": "\u25aa",
+    "squf;": "\u25aa",
+    "srarr;": "\u2192",
+    "sscr;": "\U0001d4c8",
+    "ssetmn;": "\u2216",
+    "ssmile;": "\u2323",
+    "sstarf;": "\u22c6",
+    "star;": "\u2606",
+    "starf;": "\u2605",
+    "straightepsilon;": "\u03f5",
+    "straightphi;": "\u03d5",
+    "strns;": "\xaf",
+    "sub;": "\u2282",
+    "subE;": "\u2ac5",
+    "subdot;": "\u2abd",
+    "sube;": "\u2286",
+    "subedot;": "\u2ac3",
+    "submult;": "\u2ac1",
+    "subnE;": "\u2acb",
+    "subne;": "\u228a",
+    "subplus;": "\u2abf",
+    "subrarr;": "\u2979",
+    "subset;": "\u2282",
+    "subseteq;": "\u2286",
+    "subseteqq;": "\u2ac5",
+    "subsetneq;": "\u228a",
+    "subsetneqq;": "\u2acb",
+    "subsim;": "\u2ac7",
+    "subsub;": "\u2ad5",
+    "subsup;": "\u2ad3",
+    "succ;": "\u227b",
+    "succapprox;": "\u2ab8",
+    "succcurlyeq;": "\u227d",
+    "succeq;": "\u2ab0",
+    "succnapprox;": "\u2aba",
+    "succneqq;": "\u2ab6",
+    "succnsim;": "\u22e9",
+    "succsim;": "\u227f",
+    "sum;": "\u2211",
+    "sung;": "\u266a",
+    "sup1": "\xb9",
+    "sup1;": "\xb9",
+    "sup2": "\xb2",
+    "sup2;": "\xb2",
+    "sup3": "\xb3",
+    "sup3;": "\xb3",
+    "sup;": "\u2283",
+    "supE;": "\u2ac6",
+    "supdot;": "\u2abe",
+    "supdsub;": "\u2ad8",
+    "supe;": "\u2287",
+    "supedot;": "\u2ac4",
+    "suphsol;": "\u27c9",
+    "suphsub;": "\u2ad7",
+    "suplarr;": "\u297b",
+    "supmult;": "\u2ac2",
+    "supnE;": "\u2acc",
+    "supne;": "\u228b",
+    "supplus;": "\u2ac0",
+    "supset;": "\u2283",
+    "supseteq;": "\u2287",
+    "supseteqq;": "\u2ac6",
+    "supsetneq;": "\u228b",
+    "supsetneqq;": "\u2acc",
+    "supsim;": "\u2ac8",
+    "supsub;": "\u2ad4",
+    "supsup;": "\u2ad6",
+    "swArr;": "\u21d9",
+    "swarhk;": "\u2926",
+    "swarr;": "\u2199",
+    "swarrow;": "\u2199",
+    "swnwar;": "\u292a",
+    "szlig": "\xdf",
+    "szlig;": "\xdf",
+    "target;": "\u2316",
+    "tau;": "\u03c4",
+    "tbrk;": "\u23b4",
+    "tcaron;": "\u0165",
+    "tcedil;": "\u0163",
+    "tcy;": "\u0442",
+    "tdot;": "\u20db",
+    "telrec;": "\u2315",
+    "tfr;": "\U0001d531",
+    "there4;": "\u2234",
+    "therefore;": "\u2234",
+    "theta;": "\u03b8",
+    "thetasym;": "\u03d1",
+    "thetav;": "\u03d1",
+    "thickapprox;": "\u2248",
+    "thicksim;": "\u223c",
+    "thinsp;": "\u2009",
+    "thkap;": "\u2248",
+    "thksim;": "\u223c",
+    "thorn": "\xfe",
+    "thorn;": "\xfe",
+    "tilde;": "\u02dc",
+    "times": "\xd7",
+    "times;": "\xd7",
+    "timesb;": "\u22a0",
+    "timesbar;": "\u2a31",
+    "timesd;": "\u2a30",
+    "tint;": "\u222d",
+    "toea;": "\u2928",
+    "top;": "\u22a4",
+    "topbot;": "\u2336",
+    "topcir;": "\u2af1",
+    "topf;": "\U0001d565",
+    "topfork;": "\u2ada",
+    "tosa;": "\u2929",
+    "tprime;": "\u2034",
+    "trade;": "\u2122",
+    "triangle;": "\u25b5",
+    "triangledown;": "\u25bf",
+    "triangleleft;": "\u25c3",
+    "trianglelefteq;": "\u22b4",
+    "triangleq;": "\u225c",
+    "triangleright;": "\u25b9",
+    "trianglerighteq;": "\u22b5",
+    "tridot;": "\u25ec",
+    "trie;": "\u225c",
+    "triminus;": "\u2a3a",
+    "triplus;": "\u2a39",
+    "trisb;": "\u29cd",
+    "tritime;": "\u2a3b",
+    "trpezium;": "\u23e2",
+    "tscr;": "\U0001d4c9",
+    "tscy;": "\u0446",
+    "tshcy;": "\u045b",
+    "tstrok;": "\u0167",
+    "twixt;": "\u226c",
+    "twoheadleftarrow;": "\u219e",
+    "twoheadrightarrow;": "\u21a0",
+    "uArr;": "\u21d1",
+    "uHar;": "\u2963",
+    "uacute": "\xfa",
+    "uacute;": "\xfa",
+    "uarr;": "\u2191",
+    "ubrcy;": "\u045e",
+    "ubreve;": "\u016d",
+    "ucirc": "\xfb",
+    "ucirc;": "\xfb",
+    "ucy;": "\u0443",
+    "udarr;": "\u21c5",
+    "udblac;": "\u0171",
+    "udhar;": "\u296e",
+    "ufisht;": "\u297e",
+    "ufr;": "\U0001d532",
+    "ugrave": "\xf9",
+    "ugrave;": "\xf9",
+    "uharl;": "\u21bf",
+    "uharr;": "\u21be",
+    "uhblk;": "\u2580",
+    "ulcorn;": "\u231c",
+    "ulcorner;": "\u231c",
+    "ulcrop;": "\u230f",
+    "ultri;": "\u25f8",
+    "umacr;": "\u016b",
+    "uml": "\xa8",
+    "uml;": "\xa8",
+    "uogon;": "\u0173",
+    "uopf;": "\U0001d566",
+    "uparrow;": "\u2191",
+    "updownarrow;": "\u2195",
+    "upharpoonleft;": "\u21bf",
+    "upharpoonright;": "\u21be",
+    "uplus;": "\u228e",
+    "upsi;": "\u03c5",
+    "upsih;": "\u03d2",
+    "upsilon;": "\u03c5",
+    "upuparrows;": "\u21c8",
+    "urcorn;": "\u231d",
+    "urcorner;": "\u231d",
+    "urcrop;": "\u230e",
+    "uring;": "\u016f",
+    "urtri;": "\u25f9",
+    "uscr;": "\U0001d4ca",
+    "utdot;": "\u22f0",
+    "utilde;": "\u0169",
+    "utri;": "\u25b5",
+    "utrif;": "\u25b4",
+    "uuarr;": "\u21c8",
+    "uuml": "\xfc",
+    "uuml;": "\xfc",
+    "uwangle;": "\u29a7",
+    "vArr;": "\u21d5",
+    "vBar;": "\u2ae8",
+    "vBarv;": "\u2ae9",
+    "vDash;": "\u22a8",
+    "vangrt;": "\u299c",
+    "varepsilon;": "\u03f5",
+    "varkappa;": "\u03f0",
+    "varnothing;": "\u2205",
+    "varphi;": "\u03d5",
+    "varpi;": "\u03d6",
+    "varpropto;": "\u221d",
+    "varr;": "\u2195",
+    "varrho;": "\u03f1",
+    "varsigma;": "\u03c2",
+    "varsubsetneq;": "\u228a\ufe00",
+    "varsubsetneqq;": "\u2acb\ufe00",
+    "varsupsetneq;": "\u228b\ufe00",
+    "varsupsetneqq;": "\u2acc\ufe00",
+    "vartheta;": "\u03d1",
+    "vartriangleleft;": "\u22b2",
+    "vartriangleright;": "\u22b3",
+    "vcy;": "\u0432",
+    "vdash;": "\u22a2",
+    "vee;": "\u2228",
+    "veebar;": "\u22bb",
+    "veeeq;": "\u225a",
+    "vellip;": "\u22ee",
+    "verbar;": "|",
+    "vert;": "|",
+    "vfr;": "\U0001d533",
+    "vltri;": "\u22b2",
+    "vnsub;": "\u2282\u20d2",
+    "vnsup;": "\u2283\u20d2",
+    "vopf;": "\U0001d567",
+    "vprop;": "\u221d",
+    "vrtri;": "\u22b3",
+    "vscr;": "\U0001d4cb",
+    "vsubnE;": "\u2acb\ufe00",
+    "vsubne;": "\u228a\ufe00",
+    "vsupnE;": "\u2acc\ufe00",
+    "vsupne;": "\u228b\ufe00",
+    "vzigzag;": "\u299a",
+    "wcirc;": "\u0175",
+    "wedbar;": "\u2a5f",
+    "wedge;": "\u2227",
+    "wedgeq;": "\u2259",
+    "weierp;": "\u2118",
+    "wfr;": "\U0001d534",
+    "wopf;": "\U0001d568",
+    "wp;": "\u2118",
+    "wr;": "\u2240",
+    "wreath;": "\u2240",
+    "wscr;": "\U0001d4cc",
+    "xcap;": "\u22c2",
+    "xcirc;": "\u25ef",
+    "xcup;": "\u22c3",
+    "xdtri;": "\u25bd",
+    "xfr;": "\U0001d535",
+    "xhArr;": "\u27fa",
+    "xharr;": "\u27f7",
+    "xi;": "\u03be",
+    "xlArr;": "\u27f8",
+    "xlarr;": "\u27f5",
+    "xmap;": "\u27fc",
+    "xnis;": "\u22fb",
+    "xodot;": "\u2a00",
+    "xopf;": "\U0001d569",
+    "xoplus;": "\u2a01",
+    "xotime;": "\u2a02",
+    "xrArr;": "\u27f9",
+    "xrarr;": "\u27f6",
+    "xscr;": "\U0001d4cd",
+    "xsqcup;": "\u2a06",
+    "xuplus;": "\u2a04",
+    "xutri;": "\u25b3",
+    "xvee;": "\u22c1",
+    "xwedge;": "\u22c0",
+    "yacute": "\xfd",
+    "yacute;": "\xfd",
+    "yacy;": "\u044f",
+    "ycirc;": "\u0177",
+    "ycy;": "\u044b",
+    "yen": "\xa5",
+    "yen;": "\xa5",
+    "yfr;": "\U0001d536",
+    "yicy;": "\u0457",
+    "yopf;": "\U0001d56a",
+    "yscr;": "\U0001d4ce",
+    "yucy;": "\u044e",
+    "yuml": "\xff",
+    "yuml;": "\xff",
+    "zacute;": "\u017a",
+    "zcaron;": "\u017e",
+    "zcy;": "\u0437",
+    "zdot;": "\u017c",
+    "zeetrf;": "\u2128",
+    "zeta;": "\u03b6",
+    "zfr;": "\U0001d537",
+    "zhcy;": "\u0436",
+    "zigrarr;": "\u21dd",
+    "zopf;": "\U0001d56b",
+    "zscr;": "\U0001d4cf",
+    "zwj;": "\u200d",
+    "zwnj;": "\u200c",
+}
+
+replacementCharacters = {
+    0x0: "\uFFFD",
+    0x0d: "\u000D",
+    0x80: "\u20AC",
+    0x81: "\u0081",
+    0x81: "\u0081",
+    0x82: "\u201A",
+    0x83: "\u0192",
+    0x84: "\u201E",
+    0x85: "\u2026",
+    0x86: "\u2020",
+    0x87: "\u2021",
+    0x88: "\u02C6",
+    0x89: "\u2030",
+    0x8A: "\u0160",
+    0x8B: "\u2039",
+    0x8C: "\u0152",
+    0x8D: "\u008D",
+    0x8E: "\u017D",
+    0x8F: "\u008F",
+    0x90: "\u0090",
+    0x91: "\u2018",
+    0x92: "\u2019",
+    0x93: "\u201C",
+    0x94: "\u201D",
+    0x95: "\u2022",
+    0x96: "\u2013",
+    0x97: "\u2014",
+    0x98: "\u02DC",
+    0x99: "\u2122",
+    0x9A: "\u0161",
+    0x9B: "\u203A",
+    0x9C: "\u0153",
+    0x9D: "\u009D",
+    0x9E: "\u017E",
+    0x9F: "\u0178",
+}
+
+encodings = {
+    '437': 'cp437',
+    '850': 'cp850',
+    '852': 'cp852',
+    '855': 'cp855',
+    '857': 'cp857',
+    '860': 'cp860',
+    '861': 'cp861',
+    '862': 'cp862',
+    '863': 'cp863',
+    '865': 'cp865',
+    '866': 'cp866',
+    '869': 'cp869',
+    'ansix341968': 'ascii',
+    'ansix341986': 'ascii',
+    'arabic': 'iso8859-6',
+    'ascii': 'ascii',
+    'asmo708': 'iso8859-6',
+    'big5': 'big5',
+    'big5hkscs': 'big5hkscs',
+    'chinese': 'gbk',
+    'cp037': 'cp037',
+    'cp1026': 'cp1026',
+    'cp154': 'ptcp154',
+    'cp367': 'ascii',
+    'cp424': 'cp424',
+    'cp437': 'cp437',
+    'cp500': 'cp500',
+    'cp775': 'cp775',
+    'cp819': 'windows-1252',
+    'cp850': 'cp850',
+    'cp852': 'cp852',
+    'cp855': 'cp855',
+    'cp857': 'cp857',
+    'cp860': 'cp860',
+    'cp861': 'cp861',
+    'cp862': 'cp862',
+    'cp863': 'cp863',
+    'cp864': 'cp864',
+    'cp865': 'cp865',
+    'cp866': 'cp866',
+    'cp869': 'cp869',
+    'cp936': 'gbk',
+    'cpgr': 'cp869',
+    'cpis': 'cp861',
+    'csascii': 'ascii',
+    'csbig5': 'big5',
+    'cseuckr': 'cp949',
+    'cseucpkdfmtjapanese': 'euc_jp',
+    'csgb2312': 'gbk',
+    'cshproman8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'csibm037': 'cp037',
+    'csibm1026': 'cp1026',
+    'csibm424': 'cp424',
+    'csibm500': 'cp500',
+    'csibm855': 'cp855',
+    'csibm857': 'cp857',
+    'csibm860': 'cp860',
+    'csibm861': 'cp861',
+    'csibm863': 'cp863',
+    'csibm864': 'cp864',
+    'csibm865': 'cp865',
+    'csibm866': 'cp866',
+    'csibm869': 'cp869',
+    'csiso2022jp': 'iso2022_jp',
+    'csiso2022jp2': 'iso2022_jp_2',
+    'csiso2022kr': 'iso2022_kr',
+    'csiso58gb231280': 'gbk',
+    'csisolatin1': 'windows-1252',
+    'csisolatin2': 'iso8859-2',
+    'csisolatin3': 'iso8859-3',
+    'csisolatin4': 'iso8859-4',
+    'csisolatin5': 'windows-1254',
+    'csisolatin6': 'iso8859-10',
+    'csisolatinarabic': 'iso8859-6',
+    'csisolatincyrillic': 'iso8859-5',
+    'csisolatingreek': 'iso8859-7',
+    'csisolatinhebrew': 'iso8859-8',
+    'cskoi8r': 'koi8-r',
+    'csksc56011987': 'cp949',
+    'cspc775baltic': 'cp775',
+    'cspc850multilingual': 'cp850',
+    'cspc862latinhebrew': 'cp862',
+    'cspc8codepage437': 'cp437',
+    'cspcp852': 'cp852',
+    'csptcp154': 'ptcp154',
+    'csshiftjis': 'shift_jis',
+    'csunicode11utf7': 'utf-7',
+    'cyrillic': 'iso8859-5',
+    'cyrillicasian': 'ptcp154',
+    'ebcdiccpbe': 'cp500',
+    'ebcdiccpca': 'cp037',
+    'ebcdiccpch': 'cp500',
+    'ebcdiccphe': 'cp424',
+    'ebcdiccpnl': 'cp037',
+    'ebcdiccpus': 'cp037',
+    'ebcdiccpwt': 'cp037',
+    'ecma114': 'iso8859-6',
+    'ecma118': 'iso8859-7',
+    'elot928': 'iso8859-7',
+    'eucjp': 'euc_jp',
+    'euckr': 'cp949',
+    'extendedunixcodepackedformatforjapanese': 'euc_jp',
+    'gb18030': 'gb18030',
+    'gb2312': 'gbk',
+    'gb231280': 'gbk',
+    'gbk': 'gbk',
+    'greek': 'iso8859-7',
+    'greek8': 'iso8859-7',
+    'hebrew': 'iso8859-8',
+    'hproman8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'hzgb2312': 'hz',
+    'ibm037': 'cp037',
+    'ibm1026': 'cp1026',
+    'ibm367': 'ascii',
+    'ibm424': 'cp424',
+    'ibm437': 'cp437',
+    'ibm500': 'cp500',
+    'ibm775': 'cp775',
+    'ibm819': 'windows-1252',
+    'ibm850': 'cp850',
+    'ibm852': 'cp852',
+    'ibm855': 'cp855',
+    'ibm857': 'cp857',
+    'ibm860': 'cp860',
+    'ibm861': 'cp861',
+    'ibm862': 'cp862',
+    'ibm863': 'cp863',
+    'ibm864': 'cp864',
+    'ibm865': 'cp865',
+    'ibm866': 'cp866',
+    'ibm869': 'cp869',
+    'iso2022jp': 'iso2022_jp',
+    'iso2022jp2': 'iso2022_jp_2',
+    'iso2022kr': 'iso2022_kr',
+    'iso646irv1991': 'ascii',
+    'iso646us': 'ascii',
+    'iso88591': 'windows-1252',
+    'iso885910': 'iso8859-10',
+    'iso8859101992': 'iso8859-10',
+    'iso885911987': 'windows-1252',
+    'iso885913': 'iso8859-13',
+    'iso885914': 'iso8859-14',
+    'iso8859141998': 'iso8859-14',
+    'iso885915': 'iso8859-15',
+    'iso885916': 'iso8859-16',
+    'iso8859162001': 'iso8859-16',
+    'iso88592': 'iso8859-2',
+    'iso885921987': 'iso8859-2',
+    'iso88593': 'iso8859-3',
+    'iso885931988': 'iso8859-3',
+    'iso88594': 'iso8859-4',
+    'iso885941988': 'iso8859-4',
+    'iso88595': 'iso8859-5',
+    'iso885951988': 'iso8859-5',
+    'iso88596': 'iso8859-6',
+    'iso885961987': 'iso8859-6',
+    'iso88597': 'iso8859-7',
+    'iso885971987': 'iso8859-7',
+    'iso88598': 'iso8859-8',
+    'iso885981988': 'iso8859-8',
+    'iso88599': 'windows-1254',
+    'iso885991989': 'windows-1254',
+    'isoceltic': 'iso8859-14',
+    'isoir100': 'windows-1252',
+    'isoir101': 'iso8859-2',
+    'isoir109': 'iso8859-3',
+    'isoir110': 'iso8859-4',
+    'isoir126': 'iso8859-7',
+    'isoir127': 'iso8859-6',
+    'isoir138': 'iso8859-8',
+    'isoir144': 'iso8859-5',
+    'isoir148': 'windows-1254',
+    'isoir149': 'cp949',
+    'isoir157': 'iso8859-10',
+    'isoir199': 'iso8859-14',
+    'isoir226': 'iso8859-16',
+    'isoir58': 'gbk',
+    'isoir6': 'ascii',
+    'koi8r': 'koi8-r',
+    'koi8u': 'koi8-u',
+    'korean': 'cp949',
+    'ksc5601': 'cp949',
+    'ksc56011987': 'cp949',
+    'ksc56011989': 'cp949',
+    'l1': 'windows-1252',
+    'l10': 'iso8859-16',
+    'l2': 'iso8859-2',
+    'l3': 'iso8859-3',
+    'l4': 'iso8859-4',
+    'l5': 'windows-1254',
+    'l6': 'iso8859-10',
+    'l8': 'iso8859-14',
+    'latin1': 'windows-1252',
+    'latin10': 'iso8859-16',
+    'latin2': 'iso8859-2',
+    'latin3': 'iso8859-3',
+    'latin4': 'iso8859-4',
+    'latin5': 'windows-1254',
+    'latin6': 'iso8859-10',
+    'latin8': 'iso8859-14',
+    'latin9': 'iso8859-15',
+    'ms936': 'gbk',
+    'mskanji': 'shift_jis',
+    'pt154': 'ptcp154',
+    'ptcp154': 'ptcp154',
+    'r8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'roman8': 'hp-roman8',
+    'shiftjis': 'shift_jis',
+    'tis620': 'cp874',
+    'unicode11utf7': 'utf-7',
+    'us': 'ascii',
+    'usascii': 'ascii',
+    'utf16': 'utf-16',
+    'utf16be': 'utf-16-be',
+    'utf16le': 'utf-16-le',
+    'utf8': 'utf-8',
+    'windows1250': 'cp1250',
+    'windows1251': 'cp1251',
+    'windows1252': 'cp1252',
+    'windows1253': 'cp1253',
+    'windows1254': 'cp1254',
+    'windows1255': 'cp1255',
+    'windows1256': 'cp1256',
+    'windows1257': 'cp1257',
+    'windows1258': 'cp1258',
+    'windows936': 'gbk',
+    'x-x-big5': 'big5'}
+
+tokenTypes = {
+    "Doctype": 0,
+    "Characters": 1,
+    "SpaceCharacters": 2,
+    "StartTag": 3,
+    "EndTag": 4,
+    "EmptyTag": 5,
+    "Comment": 6,
+    "ParseError": 7
+}
+
+tagTokenTypes = frozenset([tokenTypes["StartTag"], tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                           tokenTypes["EmptyTag"]])
+
+
+prefixes = dict([(v, k) for k, v in namespaces.items()])
+prefixes["http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"] = "math"
+
+
+class DataLossWarning(UserWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class ReparseException(Exception):
+    pass
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7dbaed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+
+class Filter(object):
+    def __init__(self, source):
+        self.source = source
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.source)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.source, name)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/alphabeticalattributes.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/alphabeticalattributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fed6996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/alphabeticalattributes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    from ordereddict import OrderedDict
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            if token["type"] in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                attrs = OrderedDict()
+                for name, value in sorted(token["data"].items(),
+                                          key=lambda x: x[0]):
+                    attrs[name] = value
+                token["data"] = attrs
+            yield token
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca33b70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/inject_meta_charset.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def __init__(self, source, encoding):
+        _base.Filter.__init__(self, source)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        state = "pre_head"
+        meta_found = (self.encoding is None)
+        pending = []
+
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                if token["name"].lower() == "head":
+                    state = "in_head"
+
+            elif type == "EmptyTag":
+                if token["name"].lower() == "meta":
+                    # replace charset with actual encoding
+                    has_http_equiv_content_type = False
+                    for (namespace, name), value in token["data"].items():
+                        if namespace is not None:
+                            continue
+                        elif name.lower() == 'charset':
+                            token["data"][(namespace, name)] = self.encoding
+                            meta_found = True
+                            break
+                        elif name == 'http-equiv' and value.lower() == 'content-type':
+                            has_http_equiv_content_type = True
+                    else:
+                        if has_http_equiv_content_type and (None, "content") in token["data"]:
+                            token["data"][(None, "content")] = 'text/html; charset=%s' % self.encoding
+                            meta_found = True
+
+                elif token["name"].lower() == "head" and not meta_found:
+                    # insert meta into empty head
+                    yield {"type": "StartTag", "name": "head",
+                           "data": token["data"]}
+                    yield {"type": "EmptyTag", "name": "meta",
+                           "data": {(None, "charset"): self.encoding}}
+                    yield {"type": "EndTag", "name": "head"}
+                    meta_found = True
+                    continue
+
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                if token["name"].lower() == "head" and pending:
+                    # insert meta into head (if necessary) and flush pending queue
+                    yield pending.pop(0)
+                    if not meta_found:
+                        yield {"type": "EmptyTag", "name": "meta",
+                               "data": {(None, "charset"): self.encoding}}
+                    while pending:
+                        yield pending.pop(0)
+                    meta_found = True
+                    state = "post_head"
+
+            if state == "in_head":
+                pending.append(token)
+            else:
+                yield token
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8884696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/lint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+from ..constants import cdataElements, rcdataElements, voidElements
+
+from ..constants import spaceCharacters
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+
+class LintError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        open_elements = []
+        contentModelFlag = "PCDATA"
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                name = token["name"]
+                if contentModelFlag != "PCDATA":
+                    raise LintError("StartTag not in PCDATA content model flag: %(tag)s" % {"tag": name})
+                if not isinstance(name, str):
+                    raise LintError("Tag name is not a string: %(tag)r" % {"tag": name})
+                if not name:
+                    raise LintError("Empty tag name")
+                if type == "StartTag" and name in voidElements:
+                    raise LintError("Void element reported as StartTag token: %(tag)s" % {"tag": name})
+                elif type == "EmptyTag" and name not in voidElements:
+                    raise LintError("Non-void element reported as EmptyTag token: %(tag)s" % {"tag": token["name"]})
+                if type == "StartTag":
+                    open_elements.append(name)
+                for name, value in token["data"]:
+                    if not isinstance(name, str):
+                        raise LintError("Attribute name is not a string: %(name)r" % {"name": name})
+                    if not name:
+                        raise LintError("Empty attribute name")
+                    if not isinstance(value, str):
+                        raise LintError("Attribute value is not a string: %(value)r" % {"value": value})
+                if name in cdataElements:
+                    contentModelFlag = "CDATA"
+                elif name in rcdataElements:
+                    contentModelFlag = "RCDATA"
+                elif name == "plaintext":
+                    contentModelFlag = "PLAINTEXT"
+
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                name = token["name"]
+                if not isinstance(name, str):
+                    raise LintError("Tag name is not a string: %(tag)r" % {"tag": name})
+                if not name:
+                    raise LintError("Empty tag name")
+                if name in voidElements:
+                    raise LintError("Void element reported as EndTag token: %(tag)s" % {"tag": name})
+                start_name = open_elements.pop()
+                if start_name != name:
+                    raise LintError("EndTag (%(end)s) does not match StartTag (%(start)s)" % {"end": name, "start": start_name})
+                contentModelFlag = "PCDATA"
+
+            elif type == "Comment":
+                if contentModelFlag != "PCDATA":
+                    raise LintError("Comment not in PCDATA content model flag")
+
+            elif type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                data = token["data"]
+                if not isinstance(data, str):
+                    raise LintError("Attribute name is not a string: %(name)r" % {"name": data})
+                if not data:
+                    raise LintError("%(type)s token with empty data" % {"type": type})
+                if type == "SpaceCharacters":
+                    data = data.strip(spaceCharacters)
+                    if data:
+                        raise LintError("Non-space character(s) found in SpaceCharacters token: %(token)r" % {"token": data})
+
+            elif type == "Doctype":
+                name = token["name"]
+                if contentModelFlag != "PCDATA":
+                    raise LintError("Doctype not in PCDATA content model flag: %(name)s" % {"name": name})
+                if not isinstance(name, str):
+                    raise LintError("Tag name is not a string: %(tag)r" % {"tag": name})
+                # XXX: what to do with token["data"] ?
+
+            elif type in ("ParseError", "SerializeError"):
+                pass
+
+            else:
+                raise LintError("Unknown token type: %(type)s" % {"type": type})
+
+            yield token
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fefe0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/optionaltags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+    def slider(self):
+        previous1 = previous2 = None
+        for token in self.source:
+            if previous1 is not None:
+                yield previous2, previous1, token
+            previous2 = previous1
+            previous1 = token
+        yield previous2, previous1, None
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for previous, token, next in self.slider():
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                if (token["data"] or
+                        not self.is_optional_start(token["name"], previous, next)):
+                    yield token
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                if not self.is_optional_end(token["name"], next):
+                    yield token
+            else:
+                yield token
+
+    def is_optional_start(self, tagname, previous, next):
+        type = next and next["type"] or None
+        if tagname in 'html':
+            # An html element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the html element is not a space character or a comment.
+            return type not in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters")
+        elif tagname == 'head':
+            # A head element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the head element is an element.
+            # XXX: we also omit the start tag if the head element is empty
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                return True
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                return next["name"] == "head"
+        elif tagname == 'body':
+            # A body element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the body element is not a space character or a comment,
+            # except if the first thing inside the body element is a script
+            # or style element and the node immediately preceding the body
+            # element is a head element whose end tag has been omitted.
+            if type in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                return False
+            elif type == "StartTag":
+                # XXX: we do not look at the preceding event, so we never omit
+                # the body element's start tag if it's followed by a script or
+                # a style element.
+                return next["name"] not in ('script', 'style')
+            else:
+                return True
+        elif tagname == 'colgroup':
+            # A colgroup element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the colgroup element is a col element, and if the element
+            # is not immediately preceeded by another colgroup element whose
+            # end tag has been omitted.
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                # XXX: we do not look at the preceding event, so instead we never
+                # omit the colgroup element's end tag when it is immediately
+                # followed by another colgroup element. See is_optional_end.
+                return next["name"] == "col"
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif tagname == 'tbody':
+            # A tbody element's start tag may be omitted if the first thing
+            # inside the tbody element is a tr element, and if the element is
+            # not immediately preceeded by a tbody, thead, or tfoot element
+            # whose end tag has been omitted.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                # omit the thead and tfoot elements' end tag when they are
+                # immediately followed by a tbody element. See is_optional_end.
+                if previous and previous['type'] == 'EndTag' and \
+                        previous['name'] in ('tbody', 'thead', 'tfoot'):
+                    return False
+                return next["name"] == 'tr'
+            else:
+                return False
+        return False
+
+    def is_optional_end(self, tagname, next):
+        type = next and next["type"] or None
+        if tagname in ('html', 'head', 'body'):
+            # An html element's end tag may be omitted if the html element
+            # is not immediately followed by a space character or a comment.
+            return type not in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters")
+        elif tagname in ('li', 'optgroup', 'tr'):
+            # A li element's end tag may be omitted if the li element is
+            # immediately followed by another li element or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            # An optgroup element's end tag may be omitted if the optgroup
+            # element is immediately followed by another optgroup element,
+            # or if there is no more content in the parent element.
+            # A tr element's end tag may be omitted if the tr element is
+            # immediately followed by another tr element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] == tagname
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname in ('dt', 'dd'):
+            # A dt element's end tag may be omitted if the dt element is
+            # immediately followed by another dt element or a dd element.
+            # A dd element's end tag may be omitted if the dd element is
+            # immediately followed by another dd element or a dt element,
+            # or if there is no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('dt', 'dd')
+            elif tagname == 'dd':
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif tagname == 'p':
+            # A p element's end tag may be omitted if the p element is
+            # immediately followed by an address, article, aside,
+            # blockquote, datagrid, dialog, dir, div, dl, fieldset,
+            # footer, form, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, header, hr, menu,
+            # nav, ol, p, pre, section, table, or ul, element, or if
+            # there is no more content in the parent element.
+            if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                return next["name"] in ('address', 'article', 'aside',
+                                        'blockquote', 'datagrid', 'dialog',
+                                        'dir', 'div', 'dl', 'fieldset', 'footer',
+                                        'form', 'h1', 'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6',
+                                        'header', 'hr', 'menu', 'nav', 'ol',
+                                        'p', 'pre', 'section', 'table', 'ul')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname == 'option':
+            # An option element's end tag may be omitted if the option
+            # element is immediately followed by another option element,
+            # or if it is immediately followed by an <code>optgroup</code>
+            # element, or if there is no more content in the parent
+            # element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('option', 'optgroup')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname in ('rt', 'rp'):
+            # An rt element's end tag may be omitted if the rt element is
+            # immediately followed by an rt or rp element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            # An rp element's end tag may be omitted if the rp element is
+            # immediately followed by an rt or rp element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('rt', 'rp')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname == 'colgroup':
+            # A colgroup element's end tag may be omitted if the colgroup
+            # element is not immediately followed by a space character or
+            # a comment.
+            if type in ("Comment", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                return False
+            elif type == "StartTag":
+                # XXX: we also look for an immediately following colgroup
+                # element. See is_optional_start.
+                return next["name"] != 'colgroup'
+            else:
+                return True
+        elif tagname in ('thead', 'tbody'):
+            # A thead element's end tag may be omitted if the thead element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody or tfoot element.
+            # A tbody element's end tag may be omitted if the tbody element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody or tfoot element, or if
+            # there is no more content in the parent element.
+            # A tfoot element's end tag may be omitted if the tfoot element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody element, or if there is no
+            # more content in the parent element.
+            # XXX: we never omit the end tag when the following element is
+            # a tbody. See is_optional_start.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ['tbody', 'tfoot']
+            elif tagname == 'tbody':
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif tagname == 'tfoot':
+            # A tfoot element's end tag may be omitted if the tfoot element
+            # is immediately followed by a tbody element, or if there is no
+            # more content in the parent element.
+            # XXX: we never omit the end tag when the following element is
+            # a tbody. See is_optional_start.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] == 'tbody'
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        elif tagname in ('td', 'th'):
+            # A td element's end tag may be omitted if the td element is
+            # immediately followed by a td or th element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            # A th element's end tag may be omitted if the th element is
+            # immediately followed by a td or th element, or if there is
+            # no more content in the parent element.
+            if type == "StartTag":
+                return next["name"] in ('td', 'th')
+            else:
+                return type == "EndTag" or type is None
+        return False
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b206b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/sanitizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from . import _base
+from ..sanitizer import HTMLSanitizerMixin
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter, HTMLSanitizerMixin):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            token = self.sanitize_token(token)
+            if token:
+                yield token
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfc60ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/filters/whitespace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+
+from . import _base
+from ..constants import rcdataElements, spaceCharacters
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+SPACES_REGEX = re.compile("[%s]+" % spaceCharacters)
+
+
+class Filter(_base.Filter):
+
+    spacePreserveElements = frozenset(["pre", "textarea"] + list(rcdataElements))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        preserve = 0
+        for token in _base.Filter.__iter__(self):
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "StartTag" \
+                    and (preserve or token["name"] in self.spacePreserveElements):
+                preserve += 1
+
+            elif type == "EndTag" and preserve:
+                preserve -= 1
+
+            elif not preserve and type == "SpaceCharacters" and token["data"]:
+                # Test on token["data"] above to not introduce spaces where there were not
+                token["data"] = " "
+
+            elif not preserve and type == "Characters":
+                token["data"] = collapse_spaces(token["data"])
+
+            yield token
+
+
+def collapse_spaces(text):
+    return SPACES_REGEX.sub(' ', text)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40f3d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/html5parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2724 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import with_metaclass
+
+import types
+
+from . import inputstream
+from . import tokenizer
+
+from . import treebuilders
+from .treebuilders._base import Marker
+
+from . import utils
+from . import constants
+from .constants import spaceCharacters, asciiUpper2Lower
+from .constants import specialElements
+from .constants import headingElements
+from .constants import cdataElements, rcdataElements
+from .constants import tokenTypes, ReparseException, namespaces
+from .constants import htmlIntegrationPointElements, mathmlTextIntegrationPointElements
+from .constants import adjustForeignAttributes as adjustForeignAttributesMap
+from .constants import E
+
+
+def parse(doc, treebuilder="etree", encoding=None,
+          namespaceHTMLElements=True):
+    """Parse a string or file-like object into a tree"""
+    tb = treebuilders.getTreeBuilder(treebuilder)
+    p = HTMLParser(tb, namespaceHTMLElements=namespaceHTMLElements)
+    return p.parse(doc, encoding=encoding)
+
+
+def parseFragment(doc, container="div", treebuilder="etree", encoding=None,
+                  namespaceHTMLElements=True):
+    tb = treebuilders.getTreeBuilder(treebuilder)
+    p = HTMLParser(tb, namespaceHTMLElements=namespaceHTMLElements)
+    return p.parseFragment(doc, container=container, encoding=encoding)
+
+
+def method_decorator_metaclass(function):
+    class Decorated(type):
+        def __new__(meta, classname, bases, classDict):
+            for attributeName, attribute in classDict.items():
+                if isinstance(attribute, types.FunctionType):
+                    attribute = function(attribute)
+
+                classDict[attributeName] = attribute
+            return type.__new__(meta, classname, bases, classDict)
+    return Decorated
+
+
+class HTMLParser(object):
+    """HTML parser. Generates a tree structure from a stream of (possibly
+        malformed) HTML"""
+
+    def __init__(self, tree=None, tokenizer=tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer,
+                 strict=False, namespaceHTMLElements=True, debug=False):
+        """
+        strict - raise an exception when a parse error is encountered
+
+        tree - a treebuilder class controlling the type of tree that will be
+        returned. Built in treebuilders can be accessed through
+        html5lib.treebuilders.getTreeBuilder(treeType)
+
+        tokenizer - a class that provides a stream of tokens to the treebuilder.
+        This may be replaced for e.g. a sanitizer which converts some tags to
+        text
+        """
+
+        # Raise an exception on the first error encountered
+        self.strict = strict
+
+        if tree is None:
+            tree = treebuilders.getTreeBuilder("etree")
+        self.tree = tree(namespaceHTMLElements)
+        self.tokenizer_class = tokenizer
+        self.errors = []
+
+        self.phases = dict([(name, cls(self, self.tree)) for name, cls in
+                            getPhases(debug).items()])
+
+    def _parse(self, stream, innerHTML=False, container="div",
+               encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True, **kwargs):
+
+        self.innerHTMLMode = innerHTML
+        self.container = container
+        self.tokenizer = self.tokenizer_class(stream, encoding=encoding,
+                                              parseMeta=parseMeta,
+                                              useChardet=useChardet,
+                                              parser=self, **kwargs)
+        self.reset()
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                self.mainLoop()
+                break
+            except ReparseException:
+                self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.tree.reset()
+        self.firstStartTag = False
+        self.errors = []
+        self.log = []  # only used with debug mode
+        # "quirks" / "limited quirks" / "no quirks"
+        self.compatMode = "no quirks"
+
+        if self.innerHTMLMode:
+            self.innerHTML = self.container.lower()
+
+            if self.innerHTML in cdataElements:
+                self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rcdataState
+            elif self.innerHTML in rcdataElements:
+                self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rawtextState
+            elif self.innerHTML == 'plaintext':
+                self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.plaintextState
+            else:
+                # state already is data state
+                # self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.dataState
+                pass
+            self.phase = self.phases["beforeHtml"]
+            self.phase.insertHtmlElement()
+            self.resetInsertionMode()
+        else:
+            self.innerHTML = False
+            self.phase = self.phases["initial"]
+
+        self.lastPhase = None
+
+        self.beforeRCDataPhase = None
+
+        self.framesetOK = True
+
+    @property
+    def documentEncoding(self):
+        """The name of the character encoding
+        that was used to decode the input stream,
+        or :obj:`None` if that is not determined yet.
+
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, 'tokenizer'):
+            return None
+        return self.tokenizer.stream.charEncoding[0]
+
+    def isHTMLIntegrationPoint(self, element):
+        if (element.name == "annotation-xml" and
+                element.namespace == namespaces["mathml"]):
+            return ("encoding" in element.attributes and
+                    element.attributes["encoding"].translate(
+                        asciiUpper2Lower) in
+                    ("text/html", "application/xhtml+xml"))
+        else:
+            return (element.namespace, element.name) in htmlIntegrationPointElements
+
+    def isMathMLTextIntegrationPoint(self, element):
+        return (element.namespace, element.name) in mathmlTextIntegrationPointElements
+
+    def mainLoop(self):
+        CharactersToken = tokenTypes["Characters"]
+        SpaceCharactersToken = tokenTypes["SpaceCharacters"]
+        StartTagToken = tokenTypes["StartTag"]
+        EndTagToken = tokenTypes["EndTag"]
+        CommentToken = tokenTypes["Comment"]
+        DoctypeToken = tokenTypes["Doctype"]
+        ParseErrorToken = tokenTypes["ParseError"]
+
+        for token in self.normalizedTokens():
+            new_token = token
+            while new_token is not None:
+                currentNode = self.tree.openElements[-1] if self.tree.openElements else None
+                currentNodeNamespace = currentNode.namespace if currentNode else None
+                currentNodeName = currentNode.name if currentNode else None
+
+                type = new_token["type"]
+
+                if type == ParseErrorToken:
+                    self.parseError(new_token["data"], new_token.get("datavars", {}))
+                    new_token = None
+                else:
+                    if (len(self.tree.openElements) == 0 or
+                        currentNodeNamespace == self.tree.defaultNamespace or
+                        (self.isMathMLTextIntegrationPoint(currentNode) and
+                         ((type == StartTagToken and
+                           token["name"] not in frozenset(["mglyph", "malignmark"])) or
+                          type in (CharactersToken, SpaceCharactersToken))) or
+                        (currentNodeNamespace == namespaces["mathml"] and
+                         currentNodeName == "annotation-xml" and
+                         token["name"] == "svg") or
+                        (self.isHTMLIntegrationPoint(currentNode) and
+                         type in (StartTagToken, CharactersToken, SpaceCharactersToken))):
+                        phase = self.phase
+                    else:
+                        phase = self.phases["inForeignContent"]
+
+                    if type == CharactersToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processCharacters(new_token)
+                    elif type == SpaceCharactersToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processSpaceCharacters(new_token)
+                    elif type == StartTagToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processStartTag(new_token)
+                    elif type == EndTagToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processEndTag(new_token)
+                    elif type == CommentToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processComment(new_token)
+                    elif type == DoctypeToken:
+                        new_token = phase.processDoctype(new_token)
+
+            if (type == StartTagToken and token["selfClosing"]
+                    and not token["selfClosingAcknowledged"]):
+                self.parseError("non-void-element-with-trailing-solidus",
+                                {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        # When the loop finishes it's EOF
+        reprocess = True
+        phases = []
+        while reprocess:
+            phases.append(self.phase)
+            reprocess = self.phase.processEOF()
+            if reprocess:
+                assert self.phase not in phases
+
+    def normalizedTokens(self):
+        for token in self.tokenizer:
+            yield self.normalizeToken(token)
+
+    def parse(self, stream, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True):
+        """Parse a HTML document into a well-formed tree
+
+        stream - a filelike object or string containing the HTML to be parsed
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+        """
+        self._parse(stream, innerHTML=False, encoding=encoding,
+                    parseMeta=parseMeta, useChardet=useChardet)
+        return self.tree.getDocument()
+
+    def parseFragment(self, stream, container="div", encoding=None,
+                      parseMeta=False, useChardet=True):
+        """Parse a HTML fragment into a well-formed tree fragment
+
+        container - name of the element we're setting the innerHTML property
+        if set to None, default to 'div'
+
+        stream - a filelike object or string containing the HTML to be parsed
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+        """
+        self._parse(stream, True, container=container, encoding=encoding)
+        return self.tree.getFragment()
+
+    def parseError(self, errorcode="XXX-undefined-error", datavars={}):
+        # XXX The idea is to make errorcode mandatory.
+        self.errors.append((self.tokenizer.stream.position(), errorcode, datavars))
+        if self.strict:
+            raise ParseError(E[errorcode] % datavars)
+
+    def normalizeToken(self, token):
+        """ HTML5 specific normalizations to the token stream """
+
+        if token["type"] == tokenTypes["StartTag"]:
+            token["data"] = dict(token["data"][::-1])
+
+        return token
+
+    def adjustMathMLAttributes(self, token):
+        replacements = {"definitionurl": "definitionURL"}
+        for k, v in replacements.items():
+            if k in token["data"]:
+                token["data"][v] = token["data"][k]
+                del token["data"][k]
+
+    def adjustSVGAttributes(self, token):
+        replacements = {
+            "attributename": "attributeName",
+            "attributetype": "attributeType",
+            "basefrequency": "baseFrequency",
+            "baseprofile": "baseProfile",
+            "calcmode": "calcMode",
+            "clippathunits": "clipPathUnits",
+            "contentscripttype": "contentScriptType",
+            "contentstyletype": "contentStyleType",
+            "diffuseconstant": "diffuseConstant",
+            "edgemode": "edgeMode",
+            "externalresourcesrequired": "externalResourcesRequired",
+            "filterres": "filterRes",
+            "filterunits": "filterUnits",
+            "glyphref": "glyphRef",
+            "gradienttransform": "gradientTransform",
+            "gradientunits": "gradientUnits",
+            "kernelmatrix": "kernelMatrix",
+            "kernelunitlength": "kernelUnitLength",
+            "keypoints": "keyPoints",
+            "keysplines": "keySplines",
+            "keytimes": "keyTimes",
+            "lengthadjust": "lengthAdjust",
+            "limitingconeangle": "limitingConeAngle",
+            "markerheight": "markerHeight",
+            "markerunits": "markerUnits",
+            "markerwidth": "markerWidth",
+            "maskcontentunits": "maskContentUnits",
+            "maskunits": "maskUnits",
+            "numoctaves": "numOctaves",
+            "pathlength": "pathLength",
+            "patterncontentunits": "patternContentUnits",
+            "patterntransform": "patternTransform",
+            "patternunits": "patternUnits",
+            "pointsatx": "pointsAtX",
+            "pointsaty": "pointsAtY",
+            "pointsatz": "pointsAtZ",
+            "preservealpha": "preserveAlpha",
+            "preserveaspectratio": "preserveAspectRatio",
+            "primitiveunits": "primitiveUnits",
+            "refx": "refX",
+            "refy": "refY",
+            "repeatcount": "repeatCount",
+            "repeatdur": "repeatDur",
+            "requiredextensions": "requiredExtensions",
+            "requiredfeatures": "requiredFeatures",
+            "specularconstant": "specularConstant",
+            "specularexponent": "specularExponent",
+            "spreadmethod": "spreadMethod",
+            "startoffset": "startOffset",
+            "stddeviation": "stdDeviation",
+            "stitchtiles": "stitchTiles",
+            "surfacescale": "surfaceScale",
+            "systemlanguage": "systemLanguage",
+            "tablevalues": "tableValues",
+            "targetx": "targetX",
+            "targety": "targetY",
+            "textlength": "textLength",
+            "viewbox": "viewBox",
+            "viewtarget": "viewTarget",
+            "xchannelselector": "xChannelSelector",
+            "ychannelselector": "yChannelSelector",
+            "zoomandpan": "zoomAndPan"
+        }
+        for originalName in list(token["data"].keys()):
+            if originalName in replacements:
+                svgName = replacements[originalName]
+                token["data"][svgName] = token["data"][originalName]
+                del token["data"][originalName]
+
+    def adjustForeignAttributes(self, token):
+        replacements = adjustForeignAttributesMap
+
+        for originalName in token["data"].keys():
+            if originalName in replacements:
+                foreignName = replacements[originalName]
+                token["data"][foreignName] = token["data"][originalName]
+                del token["data"][originalName]
+
+    def reparseTokenNormal(self, token):
+        self.parser.phase()
+
+    def resetInsertionMode(self):
+        # The name of this method is mostly historical. (It's also used in the
+        # specification.)
+        last = False
+        newModes = {
+            "select": "inSelect",
+            "td": "inCell",
+            "th": "inCell",
+            "tr": "inRow",
+            "tbody": "inTableBody",
+            "thead": "inTableBody",
+            "tfoot": "inTableBody",
+            "caption": "inCaption",
+            "colgroup": "inColumnGroup",
+            "table": "inTable",
+            "head": "inBody",
+            "body": "inBody",
+            "frameset": "inFrameset",
+            "html": "beforeHead"
+        }
+        for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+            nodeName = node.name
+            new_phase = None
+            if node == self.tree.openElements[0]:
+                assert self.innerHTML
+                last = True
+                nodeName = self.innerHTML
+            # Check for conditions that should only happen in the innerHTML
+            # case
+            if nodeName in ("select", "colgroup", "head", "html"):
+                assert self.innerHTML
+
+            if not last and node.namespace != self.tree.defaultNamespace:
+                continue
+
+            if nodeName in newModes:
+                new_phase = self.phases[newModes[nodeName]]
+                break
+            elif last:
+                new_phase = self.phases["inBody"]
+                break
+
+        self.phase = new_phase
+
+    def parseRCDataRawtext(self, token, contentType):
+        """Generic RCDATA/RAWTEXT Parsing algorithm
+        contentType - RCDATA or RAWTEXT
+        """
+        assert contentType in ("RAWTEXT", "RCDATA")
+
+        self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        if contentType == "RAWTEXT":
+            self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rawtextState
+        else:
+            self.tokenizer.state = self.tokenizer.rcdataState
+
+        self.originalPhase = self.phase
+
+        self.phase = self.phases["text"]
+
+
+def getPhases(debug):
+    def log(function):
+        """Logger that records which phase processes each token"""
+        type_names = dict((value, key) for key, value in
+                          constants.tokenTypes.items())
+
+        def wrapped(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            if function.__name__.startswith("process") and len(args) > 0:
+                token = args[0]
+                try:
+                    info = {"type": type_names[token['type']]}
+                except:
+                    raise
+                if token['type'] in constants.tagTokenTypes:
+                    info["name"] = token['name']
+
+                self.parser.log.append((self.parser.tokenizer.state.__name__,
+                                        self.parser.phase.__class__.__name__,
+                                        self.__class__.__name__,
+                                        function.__name__,
+                                        info))
+                return function(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                return function(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        return wrapped
+
+    def getMetaclass(use_metaclass, metaclass_func):
+        if use_metaclass:
+            return method_decorator_metaclass(metaclass_func)
+        else:
+            return type
+
+    class Phase(with_metaclass(getMetaclass(debug, log))):
+        """Base class for helper object that implements each phase of processing
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            self.parser = parser
+            self.tree = tree
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            # For most phases the following is correct. Where it's not it will be
+            # overridden.
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.openElements[-1])
+
+        def processDoctype(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-doctype")
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            return self.startTagHandler[token["name"]](token)
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            if not self.parser.firstStartTag and token["name"] == "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("non-html-root")
+            # XXX Need a check here to see if the first start tag token emitted is
+            # this token... If it's not, invoke self.parser.parseError().
+            for attr, value in token["data"].items():
+                if attr not in self.tree.openElements[0].attributes:
+                    self.tree.openElements[0].attributes[attr] = value
+            self.parser.firstStartTag = False
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            return self.endTagHandler[token["name"]](token)
+
+    class InitialPhase(Phase):
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processDoctype(self, token):
+            name = token["name"]
+            publicId = token["publicId"]
+            systemId = token["systemId"]
+            correct = token["correct"]
+
+            if (name != "html" or publicId is not None or
+                    systemId is not None and systemId != "about:legacy-compat"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unknown-doctype")
+
+            if publicId is None:
+                publicId = ""
+
+            self.tree.insertDoctype(token)
+
+            if publicId != "":
+                publicId = publicId.translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+
+            if (not correct or token["name"] != "html"
+                or publicId.startswith(
+                    ("+//silmaril//dtd html pro v0r11 19970101//",
+                     "-//advasoft ltd//dtd html 3.0 aswedit + extensions//",
+                     "-//as//dtd html 3.0 aswedit + extensions//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 strict level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 strict level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0 strict//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 2.1e//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3.0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3.2 final//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3.2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html 3//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html level 3//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 0//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 1//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 2//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict level 3//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html strict//",
+                     "-//ietf//dtd html//",
+                     "-//metrius//dtd metrius presentational//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 2.0 html strict//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 2.0 html//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 2.0 tables//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 3.0 html strict//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 3.0 html//",
+                     "-//microsoft//dtd internet explorer 3.0 tables//",
+                     "-//netscape comm. corp.//dtd html//",
+                     "-//netscape comm. corp.//dtd strict html//",
+                     "-//o'reilly and associates//dtd html 2.0//",
+                     "-//o'reilly and associates//dtd html extended 1.0//",
+                     "-//o'reilly and associates//dtd html extended relaxed 1.0//",
+                     "-//softquad software//dtd hotmetal pro 6.0::19990601::extensions to html 4.0//",
+                     "-//softquad//dtd hotmetal pro 4.0::19971010::extensions to html 4.0//",
+                     "-//spyglass//dtd html 2.0 extended//",
+                     "-//sq//dtd html 2.0 hotmetal + extensions//",
+                     "-//sun microsystems corp.//dtd hotjava html//",
+                     "-//sun microsystems corp.//dtd hotjava strict html//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3 1995-03-24//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2 draft//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2 final//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 3.2s draft//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 frameset//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html experimental 19960712//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html experimental 970421//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd w3 html//",
+                     "-//w3o//dtd w3 html 3.0//",
+                     "-//webtechs//dtd mozilla html 2.0//",
+                     "-//webtechs//dtd mozilla html//"))
+                or publicId in
+                    ("-//w3o//dtd w3 html strict 3.0//en//",
+                     "-/w3c/dtd html 4.0 transitional/en",
+                     "html")
+                or publicId.startswith(
+                    ("-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 frameset//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//")) and
+                    systemId is None
+                    or systemId and systemId.lower() == "http://www.ibm.com/data/dtd/v11/ibmxhtml1-transitional.dtd"):
+                self.parser.compatMode = "quirks"
+            elif (publicId.startswith(
+                    ("-//w3c//dtd xhtml 1.0 frameset//",
+                     "-//w3c//dtd xhtml 1.0 transitional//"))
+                  or publicId.startswith(
+                      ("-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 frameset//",
+                       "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//")) and
+                  systemId is not None):
+                self.parser.compatMode = "limited quirks"
+
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["beforeHtml"]
+
+        def anythingElse(self):
+            self.parser.compatMode = "quirks"
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["beforeHtml"]
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-chars")
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-start-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-end-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-doctype-but-got-eof")
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return True
+
+    class BeforeHtmlPhase(Phase):
+        # helper methods
+        def insertHtmlElement(self):
+            self.tree.insertRoot(impliedTagToken("html", "StartTag"))
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["beforeHead"]
+
+        # other
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.insertHtmlElement()
+            return True
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            pass
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.insertHtmlElement()
+            return token
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            if token["name"] == "html":
+                self.parser.firstStartTag = True
+            self.insertHtmlElement()
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            if token["name"] not in ("head", "body", "html", "br"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-before-html",
+                                       {"name": token["name"]})
+            else:
+                self.insertHtmlElement()
+                return token
+
+    class BeforeHeadPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("head", self.startTagHead)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("head", "body", "html", "br"), self.endTagImplyHead)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return True
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            pass
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagHead(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.headPointer = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inHead"]
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def endTagImplyHead(self, token):
+            self.startTagHead(impliedTagToken("head", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("end-tag-after-implied-root",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class InHeadPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("title", self.startTagTitle),
+                (("noscript", "noframes", "style"), self.startTagNoScriptNoFramesStyle),
+                ("script", self.startTagScript),
+                (("base", "basefont", "bgsound", "command", "link"),
+                 self.startTagBaseLinkCommand),
+                ("meta", self.startTagMeta),
+                ("head", self.startTagHead)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self. endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("head", self.endTagHead),
+                (("br", "html", "body"), self.endTagHtmlBodyBr)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # the real thing
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagHead(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("two-heads-are-not-better-than-one")
+
+        def startTagBaseLinkCommand(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagMeta(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+            attributes = token["data"]
+            if self.parser.tokenizer.stream.charEncoding[1] == "tentative":
+                if "charset" in attributes:
+                    self.parser.tokenizer.stream.changeEncoding(attributes["charset"])
+                elif ("content" in attributes and
+                      "http-equiv" in attributes and
+                      attributes["http-equiv"].lower() == "content-type"):
+                    # Encoding it as UTF-8 here is a hack, as really we should pass
+                    # the abstract Unicode string, and just use the
+                    # ContentAttrParser on that, but using UTF-8 allows all chars
+                    # to be encoded and as a ASCII-superset works.
+                    data = inputstream.EncodingBytes(attributes["content"].encode("utf-8"))
+                    parser = inputstream.ContentAttrParser(data)
+                    codec = parser.parse()
+                    self.parser.tokenizer.stream.changeEncoding(codec)
+
+        def startTagTitle(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RCDATA")
+
+        def startTagNoScriptNoFramesStyle(self, token):
+            # Need to decide whether to implement the scripting-disabled case
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RAWTEXT")
+
+        def startTagScript(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.tokenizer.state = self.parser.tokenizer.scriptDataState
+            self.parser.originalPhase = self.parser.phase
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["text"]
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagHead(self, token):
+            node = self.parser.tree.openElements.pop()
+            assert node.name == "head", "Expected head got %s" % node.name
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterHead"]
+
+        def endTagHtmlBodyBr(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def anythingElse(self):
+            self.endTagHead(impliedTagToken("head"))
+
+    # XXX If we implement a parser for which scripting is disabled we need to
+    # implement this phase.
+    #
+    # class InHeadNoScriptPhase(Phase):
+    class AfterHeadPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("body", self.startTagBody),
+                ("frameset", self.startTagFrameset),
+                (("base", "basefont", "bgsound", "link", "meta", "noframes", "script",
+                  "style", "title"),
+                 self.startTagFromHead),
+                ("head", self.startTagHead)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([(("body", "html", "br"),
+                                                          self.endTagHtmlBodyBr)])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagBody(self, token):
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+
+        def startTagFrameset(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inFrameset"]
+
+        def startTagFromHead(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-out-of-my-head",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.tree.openElements.append(self.tree.headPointer)
+            self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+            for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+                if node.name == "head":
+                    self.tree.openElements.remove(node)
+                    break
+
+        def startTagHead(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagHtmlBodyBr(self, token):
+            self.anythingElse()
+            return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def anythingElse(self):
+            self.tree.insertElement(impliedTagToken("body", "StartTag"))
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            self.parser.framesetOK = True
+
+    class InBodyPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#parsing-main-inbody
+        # the really-really-really-very crazy mode
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            # Keep a ref to this for special handling of whitespace in <pre>
+            self.processSpaceCharactersNonPre = self.processSpaceCharacters
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("base", "basefont", "bgsound", "command", "link", "meta",
+                  "script", "style", "title"),
+                 self.startTagProcessInHead),
+                ("body", self.startTagBody),
+                ("frameset", self.startTagFrameset),
+                (("address", "article", "aside", "blockquote", "center", "details",
+                  "details", "dir", "div", "dl", "fieldset", "figcaption", "figure",
+                  "footer", "header", "hgroup", "main", "menu", "nav", "ol", "p",
+                  "section", "summary", "ul"),
+                 self.startTagCloseP),
+                (headingElements, self.startTagHeading),
+                (("pre", "listing"), self.startTagPreListing),
+                ("form", self.startTagForm),
+                (("li", "dd", "dt"), self.startTagListItem),
+                ("plaintext", self.startTagPlaintext),
+                ("a", self.startTagA),
+                (("b", "big", "code", "em", "font", "i", "s", "small", "strike",
+                  "strong", "tt", "u"), self.startTagFormatting),
+                ("nobr", self.startTagNobr),
+                ("button", self.startTagButton),
+                (("applet", "marquee", "object"), self.startTagAppletMarqueeObject),
+                ("xmp", self.startTagXmp),
+                ("table", self.startTagTable),
+                (("area", "br", "embed", "img", "keygen", "wbr"),
+                 self.startTagVoidFormatting),
+                (("param", "source", "track"), self.startTagParamSource),
+                ("input", self.startTagInput),
+                ("hr", self.startTagHr),
+                ("image", self.startTagImage),
+                ("isindex", self.startTagIsIndex),
+                ("textarea", self.startTagTextarea),
+                ("iframe", self.startTagIFrame),
+                (("noembed", "noframes", "noscript"), self.startTagRawtext),
+                ("select", self.startTagSelect),
+                (("rp", "rt"), self.startTagRpRt),
+                (("option", "optgroup"), self.startTagOpt),
+                (("math"), self.startTagMath),
+                (("svg"), self.startTagSvg),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "frame", "head",
+                  "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th", "thead",
+                  "tr"), self.startTagMisplaced)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("body", self.endTagBody),
+                ("html", self.endTagHtml),
+                (("address", "article", "aside", "blockquote", "button", "center",
+                  "details", "dialog", "dir", "div", "dl", "fieldset", "figcaption", "figure",
+                  "footer", "header", "hgroup", "listing", "main", "menu", "nav", "ol", "pre",
+                  "section", "summary", "ul"), self.endTagBlock),
+                ("form", self.endTagForm),
+                ("p", self.endTagP),
+                (("dd", "dt", "li"), self.endTagListItem),
+                (headingElements, self.endTagHeading),
+                (("a", "b", "big", "code", "em", "font", "i", "nobr", "s", "small",
+                  "strike", "strong", "tt", "u"), self.endTagFormatting),
+                (("applet", "marquee", "object"), self.endTagAppletMarqueeObject),
+                ("br", self.endTagBr),
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def isMatchingFormattingElement(self, node1, node2):
+            if node1.name != node2.name or node1.namespace != node2.namespace:
+                return False
+            elif len(node1.attributes) != len(node2.attributes):
+                return False
+            else:
+                attributes1 = sorted(node1.attributes.items())
+                attributes2 = sorted(node2.attributes.items())
+                for attr1, attr2 in zip(attributes1, attributes2):
+                    if attr1 != attr2:
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        # helper
+        def addFormattingElement(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            element = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+
+            matchingElements = []
+            for node in self.tree.activeFormattingElements[::-1]:
+                if node is Marker:
+                    break
+                elif self.isMatchingFormattingElement(node, element):
+                    matchingElements.append(node)
+
+            assert len(matchingElements) <= 3
+            if len(matchingElements) == 3:
+                self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(matchingElements[-1])
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(element)
+
+        # the real deal
+        def processEOF(self):
+            allowed_elements = frozenset(("dd", "dt", "li", "p", "tbody", "td",
+                                          "tfoot", "th", "thead", "tr", "body",
+                                          "html"))
+            for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+                if node.name not in allowed_elements:
+                    self.parser.parseError("expected-closing-tag-but-got-eof")
+                    break
+            # Stop parsing
+
+        def processSpaceCharactersDropNewline(self, token):
+            # Sometimes (start of <pre>, <listing>, and <textarea> blocks) we
+            # want to drop leading newlines
+            data = token["data"]
+            self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersNonPre
+            if (data.startswith("\n") and
+                self.tree.openElements[-1].name in ("pre", "listing", "textarea")
+                    and not self.tree.openElements[-1].hasContent()):
+                data = data[1:]
+            if data:
+                self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.tree.insertText(data)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                # The tokenizer should always emit null on its own
+                return
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+            # This must be bad for performance
+            if (self.parser.framesetOK and
+                any([char not in spaceCharacters
+                     for char in token["data"]])):
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def startTagProcessInHead(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagBody(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": "body"})
+            if (len(self.tree.openElements) == 1
+                    or self.tree.openElements[1].name != "body"):
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+            else:
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+                for attr, value in token["data"].items():
+                    if attr not in self.tree.openElements[1].attributes:
+                        self.tree.openElements[1].attributes[attr] = value
+
+        def startTagFrameset(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": "frameset"})
+            if (len(self.tree.openElements) == 1 or self.tree.openElements[1].name != "body"):
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+            elif not self.parser.framesetOK:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if self.tree.openElements[1].parent:
+                    self.tree.openElements[1].parent.removeChild(self.tree.openElements[1])
+                while self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inFrameset"]
+
+        def startTagCloseP(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagPreListing(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersDropNewline
+
+        def startTagForm(self, token):
+            if self.tree.formPointer:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": "form"})
+            else:
+                if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                    self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.tree.formPointer = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+
+        def startTagListItem(self, token):
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+            stopNamesMap = {"li": ["li"],
+                            "dt": ["dt", "dd"],
+                            "dd": ["dt", "dd"]}
+            stopNames = stopNamesMap[token["name"]]
+            for node in reversed(self.tree.openElements):
+                if node.name in stopNames:
+                    self.parser.phase.processEndTag(
+                        impliedTagToken(node.name, "EndTag"))
+                    break
+                if (node.nameTuple in specialElements and
+                        node.name not in ("address", "div", "p")):
+                    break
+
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.parser.phase.processEndTag(
+                    impliedTagToken("p", "EndTag"))
+
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagPlaintext(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.tokenizer.state = self.parser.tokenizer.plaintextState
+
+        def startTagHeading(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name in headingElements:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagA(self, token):
+            afeAElement = self.tree.elementInActiveFormattingElements("a")
+            if afeAElement:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                       {"startName": "a", "endName": "a"})
+                self.endTagFormatting(impliedTagToken("a"))
+                if afeAElement in self.tree.openElements:
+                    self.tree.openElements.remove(afeAElement)
+                if afeAElement in self.tree.activeFormattingElements:
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(afeAElement)
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.addFormattingElement(token)
+
+        def startTagFormatting(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.addFormattingElement(token)
+
+        def startTagNobr(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("nobr"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                       {"startName": "nobr", "endName": "nobr"})
+                self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("nobr"))
+                # XXX Need tests that trigger the following
+                self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.addFormattingElement(token)
+
+        def startTagButton(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("button"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                       {"startName": "button", "endName": "button"})
+                self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("button"))
+                return token
+            else:
+                self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagAppletMarqueeObject(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(Marker)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagXmp(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RAWTEXT")
+
+        def startTagTable(self, token):
+            if self.parser.compatMode != "quirks":
+                if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                    self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+
+        def startTagVoidFormatting(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagInput(self, token):
+            framesetOK = self.parser.framesetOK
+            self.startTagVoidFormatting(token)
+            if ("type" in token["data"] and
+                    token["data"]["type"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower) == "hidden"):
+                # input type=hidden doesn't change framesetOK
+                self.parser.framesetOK = framesetOK
+
+        def startTagParamSource(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagHr(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p"))
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagImage(self, token):
+            # No really...
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-treated-as",
+                                   {"originalName": "image", "newName": "img"})
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("img", "StartTag",
+                                                 attributes=token["data"],
+                                                 selfClosing=token["selfClosing"]))
+
+        def startTagIsIndex(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("deprecated-tag", {"name": "isindex"})
+            if self.tree.formPointer:
+                return
+            form_attrs = {}
+            if "action" in token["data"]:
+                form_attrs["action"] = token["data"]["action"]
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("form", "StartTag",
+                                                 attributes=form_attrs))
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("hr", "StartTag"))
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("label", "StartTag"))
+            # XXX Localization ...
+            if "prompt" in token["data"]:
+                prompt = token["data"]["prompt"]
+            else:
+                prompt = "This is a searchable index. Enter search keywords: "
+            self.processCharacters(
+                {"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": prompt})
+            attributes = token["data"].copy()
+            if "action" in attributes:
+                del attributes["action"]
+            if "prompt" in attributes:
+                del attributes["prompt"]
+            attributes["name"] = "isindex"
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("input", "StartTag",
+                                                 attributes=attributes,
+                                                 selfClosing=token["selfClosing"]))
+            self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("label"))
+            self.processStartTag(impliedTagToken("hr", "StartTag"))
+            self.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("form"))
+
+        def startTagTextarea(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.tokenizer.state = self.parser.tokenizer.rcdataState
+            self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersDropNewline
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+
+        def startTagIFrame(self, token):
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            self.startTagRawtext(token)
+
+        def startTagRawtext(self, token):
+            """iframe, noembed noframes, noscript(if scripting enabled)"""
+            self.parser.parseRCDataRawtext(token, "RAWTEXT")
+
+        def startTagOpt(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("option"))
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagSelect(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            if self.parser.phase in (self.parser.phases["inTable"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inCaption"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inColumnGroup"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inTableBody"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inRow"],
+                                     self.parser.phases["inCell"]):
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inSelectInTable"]
+            else:
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inSelect"]
+
+        def startTagRpRt(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("ruby"):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "ruby":
+                    self.parser.parseError()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagMath(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.adjustMathMLAttributes(token)
+            self.parser.adjustForeignAttributes(token)
+            token["namespace"] = namespaces["mathml"]
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            # Need to get the parse error right for the case where the token
+            # has a namespace not equal to the xmlns attribute
+            if token["selfClosing"]:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagSvg(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.parser.adjustSVGAttributes(token)
+            self.parser.adjustForeignAttributes(token)
+            token["namespace"] = namespaces["svg"]
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            # Need to get the parse error right for the case where the token
+            # has a namespace not equal to the xmlns attribute
+            if token["selfClosing"]:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def startTagMisplaced(self, token):
+            """ Elements that should be children of other elements that have a
+            different insertion mode; here they are ignored
+            "caption", "col", "colgroup", "frame", "frameset", "head",
+            "option", "optgroup", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th", "thead",
+            "tr", "noscript"
+            """
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-ignored", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def endTagP(self, token):
+            if not self.tree.elementInScope("p", variant="button"):
+                self.startTagCloseP(impliedTagToken("p", "StartTag"))
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": "p"})
+                self.endTagP(impliedTagToken("p", "EndTag"))
+            else:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags("p")
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "p":
+                    self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": "p"})
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != "p":
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagBody(self, token):
+            if not self.tree.elementInScope("body"):
+                self.parser.parseError()
+                return
+            elif self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "body":
+                for node in self.tree.openElements[2:]:
+                    if node.name not in frozenset(("dd", "dt", "li", "optgroup",
+                                                   "option", "p", "rp", "rt",
+                                                   "tbody", "td", "tfoot",
+                                                   "th", "thead", "tr", "body",
+                                                   "html")):
+                        # Not sure this is the correct name for the parse error
+                        self.parser.parseError(
+                            "expected-one-end-tag-but-got-another",
+                            {"expectedName": "body", "gotName": node.name})
+                        break
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterBody"]
+
+        def endTagHtml(self, token):
+            # We repeat the test for the body end tag token being ignored here
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("body"):
+                self.endTagBody(impliedTagToken("body"))
+                return token
+
+        def endTagBlock(self, token):
+            # Put us back in the right whitespace handling mode
+            if token["name"] == "pre":
+                self.processSpaceCharacters = self.processSpaceCharactersNonPre
+            inScope = self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"])
+            if inScope:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early", {"name": token["name"]})
+            if inScope:
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != token["name"]:
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagForm(self, token):
+            node = self.tree.formPointer
+            self.tree.formPointer = None
+            if node is None or not self.tree.elementInScope(node):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag",
+                                       {"name": "form"})
+            else:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1] != node:
+                    self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early-ignored",
+                                           {"name": "form"})
+                self.tree.openElements.remove(node)
+
+        def endTagListItem(self, token):
+            if token["name"] == "li":
+                variant = "list"
+            else:
+                variant = None
+            if not self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant=variant):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+            else:
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags(exclude=token["name"])
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                    self.parser.parseError(
+                        "end-tag-too-early",
+                        {"name": token["name"]})
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != token["name"]:
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagHeading(self, token):
+            for item in headingElements:
+                if self.tree.elementInScope(item):
+                    self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                    break
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+            for item in headingElements:
+                if self.tree.elementInScope(item):
+                    item = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    while item.name not in headingElements:
+                        item = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    break
+
+        def endTagFormatting(self, token):
+            """The much-feared adoption agency algorithm"""
+            # http://svn.whatwg.org/webapps/complete.html#adoptionAgency revision 7867
+            # XXX Better parseError messages appreciated.
+
+            # Step 1
+            outerLoopCounter = 0
+
+            # Step 2
+            while outerLoopCounter < 8:
+
+                # Step 3
+                outerLoopCounter += 1
+
+                # Step 4:
+
+                # Let the formatting element be the last element in
+                # the list of active formatting elements that:
+                # - is between the end of the list and the last scope
+                # marker in the list, if any, or the start of the list
+                # otherwise, and
+                # - has the same tag name as the token.
+                formattingElement = self.tree.elementInActiveFormattingElements(
+                    token["name"])
+                if (not formattingElement or
+                    (formattingElement in self.tree.openElements and
+                     not self.tree.elementInScope(formattingElement.name))):
+                    # If there is no such node, then abort these steps
+                    # and instead act as described in the "any other
+                    # end tag" entry below.
+                    self.endTagOther(token)
+                    return
+
+                # Otherwise, if there is such a node, but that node is
+                # not in the stack of open elements, then this is a
+                # parse error; remove the element from the list, and
+                # abort these steps.
+                elif formattingElement not in self.tree.openElements:
+                    self.parser.parseError("adoption-agency-1.2", {"name": token["name"]})
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(formattingElement)
+                    return
+
+                # Otherwise, if there is such a node, and that node is
+                # also in the stack of open elements, but the element
+                # is not in scope, then this is a parse error; ignore
+                # the token, and abort these steps.
+                elif not self.tree.elementInScope(formattingElement.name):
+                    self.parser.parseError("adoption-agency-4.4", {"name": token["name"]})
+                    return
+
+                # Otherwise, there is a formatting element and that
+                # element is in the stack and is in scope. If the
+                # element is not the current node, this is a parse
+                # error. In any case, proceed with the algorithm as
+                # written in the following steps.
+                else:
+                    if formattingElement != self.tree.openElements[-1]:
+                        self.parser.parseError("adoption-agency-1.3", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+                # Step 5:
+
+                # Let the furthest block be the topmost node in the
+                # stack of open elements that is lower in the stack
+                # than the formatting element, and is an element in
+                # the special category. There might not be one.
+                afeIndex = self.tree.openElements.index(formattingElement)
+                furthestBlock = None
+                for element in self.tree.openElements[afeIndex:]:
+                    if element.nameTuple in specialElements:
+                        furthestBlock = element
+                        break
+
+                # Step 6:
+
+                # If there is no furthest block, then the UA must
+                # first pop all the nodes from the bottom of the stack
+                # of open elements, from the current node up to and
+                # including the formatting element, then remove the
+                # formatting element from the list of active
+                # formatting elements, and finally abort these steps.
+                if furthestBlock is None:
+                    element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    while element != formattingElement:
+                        element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(element)
+                    return
+
+                # Step 7
+                commonAncestor = self.tree.openElements[afeIndex - 1]
+
+                # Step 8:
+                # The bookmark is supposed to help us identify where to reinsert
+                # nodes in step 15. We have to ensure that we reinsert nodes after
+                # the node before the active formatting element. Note the bookmark
+                # can move in step 9.7
+                bookmark = self.tree.activeFormattingElements.index(formattingElement)
+
+                # Step 9
+                lastNode = node = furthestBlock
+                innerLoopCounter = 0
+
+                index = self.tree.openElements.index(node)
+                while innerLoopCounter < 3:
+                    innerLoopCounter += 1
+                    # Node is element before node in open elements
+                    index -= 1
+                    node = self.tree.openElements[index]
+                    if node not in self.tree.activeFormattingElements:
+                        self.tree.openElements.remove(node)
+                        continue
+                    # Step 9.6
+                    if node == formattingElement:
+                        break
+                    # Step 9.7
+                    if lastNode == furthestBlock:
+                        bookmark = self.tree.activeFormattingElements.index(node) + 1
+                    # Step 9.8
+                    clone = node.cloneNode()
+                    # Replace node with clone
+                    self.tree.activeFormattingElements[
+                        self.tree.activeFormattingElements.index(node)] = clone
+                    self.tree.openElements[
+                        self.tree.openElements.index(node)] = clone
+                    node = clone
+                    # Step 9.9
+                    # Remove lastNode from its parents, if any
+                    if lastNode.parent:
+                        lastNode.parent.removeChild(lastNode)
+                    node.appendChild(lastNode)
+                    # Step 9.10
+                    lastNode = node
+
+                # Step 10
+                # Foster parent lastNode if commonAncestor is a
+                # table, tbody, tfoot, thead, or tr we need to foster
+                # parent the lastNode
+                if lastNode.parent:
+                    lastNode.parent.removeChild(lastNode)
+
+                if commonAncestor.name in frozenset(("table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr")):
+                    parent, insertBefore = self.tree.getTableMisnestedNodePosition()
+                    parent.insertBefore(lastNode, insertBefore)
+                else:
+                    commonAncestor.appendChild(lastNode)
+
+                # Step 11
+                clone = formattingElement.cloneNode()
+
+                # Step 12
+                furthestBlock.reparentChildren(clone)
+
+                # Step 13
+                furthestBlock.appendChild(clone)
+
+                # Step 14
+                self.tree.activeFormattingElements.remove(formattingElement)
+                self.tree.activeFormattingElements.insert(bookmark, clone)
+
+                # Step 15
+                self.tree.openElements.remove(formattingElement)
+                self.tree.openElements.insert(
+                    self.tree.openElements.index(furthestBlock) + 1, clone)
+
+        def endTagAppletMarqueeObject(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"]):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"]):
+                element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while element.name != token["name"]:
+                    element = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.clearActiveFormattingElements()
+
+        def endTagBr(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-treated-as",
+                                   {"originalName": "br", "newName": "br element"})
+            self.tree.reconstructActiveFormattingElements()
+            self.tree.insertElement(impliedTagToken("br", "StartTag"))
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            for node in self.tree.openElements[::-1]:
+                if node.name == token["name"]:
+                    self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags(exclude=token["name"])
+                    if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                        self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+                    while self.tree.openElements.pop() != node:
+                        pass
+                    break
+                else:
+                    if node.nameTuple in specialElements:
+                        self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+                        break
+
+    class TextPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("script", self.endTagScript)])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-named-closing-tag-but-got-eof",
+                                   {"name": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.originalPhase
+            return True
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            assert False, "Tried to process start tag %s in RCDATA/RAWTEXT mode" % token['name']
+
+        def endTagScript(self, token):
+            node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            assert node.name == "script"
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.originalPhase
+            # The rest of this method is all stuff that only happens if
+            # document.write works
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.originalPhase
+
+    class InTablePhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-table
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("caption", self.startTagCaption),
+                ("colgroup", self.startTagColgroup),
+                ("col", self.startTagCol),
+                (("tbody", "tfoot", "thead"), self.startTagRowGroup),
+                (("td", "th", "tr"), self.startTagImplyTbody),
+                ("table", self.startTagTable),
+                (("style", "script"), self.startTagStyleScript),
+                ("input", self.startTagInput),
+                ("form", self.startTagForm)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html", "tbody", "td",
+                  "tfoot", "th", "thead", "tr"), self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper methods
+        def clearStackToTableContext(self):
+            # "clear the stack back to a table context"
+            while self.tree.openElements[-1].name not in ("table", "html"):
+                # self.parser.parseError("unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table",
+                #  {"name":  self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            # When the current node is <html> it's an innerHTML case
+
+        # processing methods
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("eof-in-table")
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+            # Stop parsing
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            originalPhase = self.parser.phase
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableText"]
+            self.parser.phase.originalPhase = originalPhase
+            self.parser.phase.processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            originalPhase = self.parser.phase
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableText"]
+            self.parser.phase.originalPhase = originalPhase
+            self.parser.phase.processCharacters(token)
+
+        def insertText(self, token):
+            # If we get here there must be at least one non-whitespace character
+            # Do the table magic!
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = True
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processCharacters(token)
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = False
+
+        def startTagCaption(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableContext()
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(Marker)
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inCaption"]
+
+        def startTagColgroup(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inColumnGroup"]
+
+        def startTagCol(self, token):
+            self.startTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagRowGroup(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableBody"]
+
+        def startTagImplyTbody(self, token):
+            self.startTagRowGroup(impliedTagToken("tbody", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-end-tag",
+                                   {"startName": "table", "endName": "table"})
+            self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("table"))
+            if not self.parser.innerHTML:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagStyleScript(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagInput(self, token):
+            if ("type" in token["data"] and
+                    token["data"]["type"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower) == "hidden"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-hidden-input-in-table")
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                # XXX associate with form
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            else:
+                self.startTagOther(token)
+
+        def startTagForm(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-form-in-table")
+            if self.tree.formPointer is None:
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                self.tree.formPointer = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-implies-table-voodoo", {"name": token["name"]})
+            # Do the table magic!
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = True
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = False
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("table", variant="table"):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "table":
+                    self.parser.parseError("end-tag-too-early-named",
+                                           {"gotName": "table",
+                                            "expectedName": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                while self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "table":
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.resetInsertionMode()
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-implies-table-voodoo", {"name": token["name"]})
+            # Do the table magic!
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = True
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEndTag(token)
+            self.tree.insertFromTable = False
+
+    class InTableTextPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.originalPhase = None
+            self.characterTokens = []
+
+        def flushCharacters(self):
+            data = "".join([item["data"] for item in self.characterTokens])
+            if any([item not in spaceCharacters for item in data]):
+                token = {"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data}
+                self.parser.phases["inTable"].insertText(token)
+            elif data:
+                self.tree.insertText(data)
+            self.characterTokens = []
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return token
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                return
+            self.characterTokens.append(token)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            # pretty sure we should never reach here
+            self.characterTokens.append(token)
+    #        assert False
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.flushCharacters()
+            self.parser.phase = self.originalPhase
+            return token
+
+    class InCaptionPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-caption
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th",
+                  "thead", "tr"), self.startTagTableElement)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("caption", self.endTagCaption),
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("body", "col", "colgroup", "html", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th",
+                  "thead", "tr"), self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def ignoreEndTagCaption(self):
+            return not self.tree.elementInScope("caption", variant="table")
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEOF()
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTableElement(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError()
+            # XXX Have to duplicate logic here to find out if the tag is ignored
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagCaption()
+            self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("caption"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagCaption(self, token):
+            if not self.ignoreEndTagCaption():
+                # AT this code is quite similar to endTagTable in "InTable"
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags()
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "caption":
+                    self.parser.parseError("expected-one-end-tag-but-got-another",
+                                           {"gotName": "caption",
+                                            "expectedName": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                while self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "caption":
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.clearActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError()
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagCaption()
+            self.parser.phase.processEndTag(impliedTagToken("caption"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InColumnGroupPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-column
+
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("col", self.startTagCol)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("colgroup", self.endTagColgroup),
+                ("col", self.endTagCol)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def ignoreEndTagColgroup(self):
+            return self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html"
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html":
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                return
+            else:
+                ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+                self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+                if not ignoreEndTag:
+                    return True
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+            self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagCol(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+            self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def endTagColgroup(self, token):
+            if self.ignoreEndTagColgroup():
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+            else:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+
+        def endTagCol(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("no-end-tag", {"name": "col"})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagColgroup()
+            self.endTagColgroup(impliedTagToken("colgroup"))
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+    class InTableBodyPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-table0
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("tr", self.startTagTr),
+                (("td", "th"), self.startTagTableCell),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead"),
+                 self.startTagTableOther)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("tbody", "tfoot", "thead"), self.endTagTableRowGroup),
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html", "td", "th",
+                  "tr"), self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper methods
+        def clearStackToTableBodyContext(self):
+            while self.tree.openElements[-1].name not in ("tbody", "tfoot",
+                                                          "thead", "html"):
+                # self.parser.parseError("unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table",
+                #  {"name": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html":
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        # the rest
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEOF()
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTr(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inRow"]
+
+        def startTagTableCell(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-cell-in-table-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.startTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr", "StartTag"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagTableOther(self, token):
+            # XXX AT Any ideas on how to share this with endTagTable?
+            if (self.tree.elementInScope("tbody", variant="table") or
+                self.tree.elementInScope("thead", variant="table") or
+                    self.tree.elementInScope("tfoot", variant="table")):
+                self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+                self.endTagTableRowGroup(
+                    impliedTagToken(self.tree.openElements[-1].name))
+                return token
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTableRowGroup(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTable"]
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-table-body",
+                                       {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            if (self.tree.elementInScope("tbody", variant="table") or
+                self.tree.elementInScope("thead", variant="table") or
+                    self.tree.elementInScope("tfoot", variant="table")):
+                self.clearStackToTableBodyContext()
+                self.endTagTableRowGroup(
+                    impliedTagToken(self.tree.openElements[-1].name))
+                return token
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-table-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InRowPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-row
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("td", "th"), self.startTagTableCell),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead",
+                  "tr"), self.startTagTableOther)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("tr", self.endTagTr),
+                ("table", self.endTagTable),
+                (("tbody", "tfoot", "thead"), self.endTagTableRowGroup),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html", "td", "th"),
+                 self.endTagIgnore)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper methods (XXX unify this with other table helper methods)
+        def clearStackToTableRowContext(self):
+            while self.tree.openElements[-1].name not in ("tr", "html"):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-implied-end-tag-in-table-row",
+                                       {"name": self.tree.openElements[-1].name})
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def ignoreEndTagTr(self):
+            return not self.tree.elementInScope("tr", variant="table")
+
+        # the rest
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEOF()
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTableCell(self, token):
+            self.clearStackToTableRowContext()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inCell"]
+            self.tree.activeFormattingElements.append(Marker)
+
+        def startTagTableOther(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagTr()
+            self.endTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr"))
+            # XXX how are we sure it's always ignored in the innerHTML case?
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTr(self, token):
+            if not self.ignoreEndTagTr():
+                self.clearStackToTableRowContext()
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inTableBody"]
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            ignoreEndTag = self.ignoreEndTagTr()
+            self.endTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr"))
+            # Reprocess the current tag if the tr end tag was not ignored
+            # XXX how are we sure it's always ignored in the innerHTML case?
+            if not ignoreEndTag:
+                return token
+
+        def endTagTableRowGroup(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.endTagTr(impliedTagToken("tr"))
+                return token
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-table-row",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inTable"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InCellPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-cell
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                (("caption", "col", "colgroup", "tbody", "td", "tfoot", "th",
+                  "thead", "tr"), self.startTagTableOther)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("td", "th"), self.endTagTableCell),
+                (("body", "caption", "col", "colgroup", "html"), self.endTagIgnore),
+                (("table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr"), self.endTagImply)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # helper
+        def closeCell(self):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("td", variant="table"):
+                self.endTagTableCell(impliedTagToken("td"))
+            elif self.tree.elementInScope("th", variant="table"):
+                self.endTagTableCell(impliedTagToken("th"))
+
+        # the rest
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEOF()
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTableOther(self, token):
+            if (self.tree.elementInScope("td", variant="table") or
+                    self.tree.elementInScope("th", variant="table")):
+                self.closeCell()
+                return token
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTableCell(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.tree.generateImpliedEndTags(token["name"])
+                if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != token["name"]:
+                    self.parser.parseError("unexpected-cell-end-tag",
+                                           {"name": token["name"]})
+                    while True:
+                        node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                        if node.name == token["name"]:
+                            break
+                else:
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.tree.clearActiveFormattingElements()
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inRow"]
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagIgnore(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagImply(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.closeCell()
+                return token
+            else:
+                # sometimes innerHTML case
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InSelectPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("option", self.startTagOption),
+                ("optgroup", self.startTagOptgroup),
+                ("select", self.startTagSelect),
+                (("input", "keygen", "textarea"), self.startTagInput),
+                ("script", self.startTagScript)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("option", self.endTagOption),
+                ("optgroup", self.endTagOptgroup),
+                ("select", self.endTagSelect)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-select
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("eof-in-select")
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                return
+            self.tree.insertText(token["data"])
+
+        def startTagOption(self, token):
+            # We need to imply </option> if <option> is the current node.
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagOptgroup(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "optgroup":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagSelect(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-select-in-select")
+            self.endTagSelect(impliedTagToken("select"))
+
+        def startTagInput(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-input-in-select")
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("select", variant="select"):
+                self.endTagSelect(impliedTagToken("select"))
+                return token
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        def startTagScript(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-in-select",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagOption(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-select",
+                                       {"name": "option"})
+
+        def endTagOptgroup(self, token):
+            # </optgroup> implicitly closes <option>
+            if (self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "option" and
+                    self.tree.openElements[-2].name == "optgroup"):
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            # It also closes </optgroup>
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "optgroup":
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            # But nothing else
+            else:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-select",
+                                       {"name": "optgroup"})
+
+        def endTagSelect(self, token):
+            if self.tree.elementInScope("select", variant="select"):
+                node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                while node.name != "select":
+                    node = self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                self.parser.resetInsertionMode()
+            else:
+                # innerHTML case
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+                self.parser.parseError()
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-select",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class InSelectInTablePhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("caption", "table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr", "td", "th"),
+                 self.startTagTable)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                (("caption", "table", "tbody", "tfoot", "thead", "tr", "td", "th"),
+                 self.endTagTable)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processEOF()
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processCharacters(token)
+
+        def startTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-table-element-start-tag-in-select-in-table", {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.endTagOther(impliedTagToken("select"))
+            return token
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def endTagTable(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-table-element-end-tag-in-select-in-table", {"name": token["name"]})
+            if self.tree.elementInScope(token["name"], variant="table"):
+                self.endTagOther(impliedTagToken("select"))
+                return token
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inSelect"].processEndTag(token)
+
+    class InForeignContentPhase(Phase):
+        breakoutElements = frozenset(["b", "big", "blockquote", "body", "br",
+                                      "center", "code", "dd", "div", "dl", "dt",
+                                      "em", "embed", "h1", "h2", "h3",
+                                      "h4", "h5", "h6", "head", "hr", "i", "img",
+                                      "li", "listing", "menu", "meta", "nobr",
+                                      "ol", "p", "pre", "ruby", "s", "small",
+                                      "span", "strong", "strike", "sub", "sup",
+                                      "table", "tt", "u", "ul", "var"])
+
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+        def adjustSVGTagNames(self, token):
+            replacements = {"altglyph": "altGlyph",
+                            "altglyphdef": "altGlyphDef",
+                            "altglyphitem": "altGlyphItem",
+                            "animatecolor": "animateColor",
+                            "animatemotion": "animateMotion",
+                            "animatetransform": "animateTransform",
+                            "clippath": "clipPath",
+                            "feblend": "feBlend",
+                            "fecolormatrix": "feColorMatrix",
+                            "fecomponenttransfer": "feComponentTransfer",
+                            "fecomposite": "feComposite",
+                            "feconvolvematrix": "feConvolveMatrix",
+                            "fediffuselighting": "feDiffuseLighting",
+                            "fedisplacementmap": "feDisplacementMap",
+                            "fedistantlight": "feDistantLight",
+                            "feflood": "feFlood",
+                            "fefunca": "feFuncA",
+                            "fefuncb": "feFuncB",
+                            "fefuncg": "feFuncG",
+                            "fefuncr": "feFuncR",
+                            "fegaussianblur": "feGaussianBlur",
+                            "feimage": "feImage",
+                            "femerge": "feMerge",
+                            "femergenode": "feMergeNode",
+                            "femorphology": "feMorphology",
+                            "feoffset": "feOffset",
+                            "fepointlight": "fePointLight",
+                            "fespecularlighting": "feSpecularLighting",
+                            "fespotlight": "feSpotLight",
+                            "fetile": "feTile",
+                            "feturbulence": "feTurbulence",
+                            "foreignobject": "foreignObject",
+                            "glyphref": "glyphRef",
+                            "lineargradient": "linearGradient",
+                            "radialgradient": "radialGradient",
+                            "textpath": "textPath"}
+
+            if token["name"] in replacements:
+                token["name"] = replacements[token["name"]]
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            if token["data"] == "\u0000":
+                token["data"] = "\uFFFD"
+            elif (self.parser.framesetOK and
+                  any(char not in spaceCharacters for char in token["data"])):
+                self.parser.framesetOK = False
+            Phase.processCharacters(self, token)
+
+        def processStartTag(self, token):
+            currentNode = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+            if (token["name"] in self.breakoutElements or
+                (token["name"] == "font" and
+                 set(token["data"].keys()) & set(["color", "face", "size"]))):
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-html-element-in-foreign-content",
+                                       {"name": token["name"]})
+                while (self.tree.openElements[-1].namespace !=
+                       self.tree.defaultNamespace and
+                       not self.parser.isHTMLIntegrationPoint(self.tree.openElements[-1]) and
+                       not self.parser.isMathMLTextIntegrationPoint(self.tree.openElements[-1])):
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                return token
+
+            else:
+                if currentNode.namespace == namespaces["mathml"]:
+                    self.parser.adjustMathMLAttributes(token)
+                elif currentNode.namespace == namespaces["svg"]:
+                    self.adjustSVGTagNames(token)
+                    self.parser.adjustSVGAttributes(token)
+                self.parser.adjustForeignAttributes(token)
+                token["namespace"] = currentNode.namespace
+                self.tree.insertElement(token)
+                if token["selfClosing"]:
+                    self.tree.openElements.pop()
+                    token["selfClosingAcknowledged"] = True
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            nodeIndex = len(self.tree.openElements) - 1
+            node = self.tree.openElements[-1]
+            if node.name != token["name"]:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag", {"name": token["name"]})
+
+            while True:
+                if node.name.translate(asciiUpper2Lower) == token["name"]:
+                    # XXX this isn't in the spec but it seems necessary
+                    if self.parser.phase == self.parser.phases["inTableText"]:
+                        self.parser.phase.flushCharacters()
+                        self.parser.phase = self.parser.phase.originalPhase
+                    while self.tree.openElements.pop() != node:
+                        assert self.tree.openElements
+                    new_token = None
+                    break
+                nodeIndex -= 1
+
+                node = self.tree.openElements[nodeIndex]
+                if node.namespace != self.tree.defaultNamespace:
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    new_token = self.parser.phase.processEndTag(token)
+                    break
+            return new_token
+
+    class AfterBodyPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([("html", self.endTagHtml)])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            # Stop parsing
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            # This is needed because data is to be appended to the <html> element
+            # here and not to whatever is currently open.
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.openElements[0])
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-char-after-body")
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-after-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def endTagHtml(self, name):
+            if self.parser.innerHTML:
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-after-body-innerhtml")
+            else:
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterAfterBody"]
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-after-body",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+    class InFramesetPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#in-frameset
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("frameset", self.startTagFrameset),
+                ("frame", self.startTagFrame),
+                ("noframes", self.startTagNoframes)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("frameset", self.endTagFrameset)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "html":
+                self.parser.parseError("eof-in-frameset")
+            else:
+                assert self.parser.innerHTML
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-char-in-frameset")
+
+        def startTagFrameset(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+
+        def startTagFrame(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertElement(token)
+            self.tree.openElements.pop()
+
+        def startTagNoframes(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-in-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagFrameset(self, token):
+            if self.tree.openElements[-1].name == "html":
+                # innerHTML case
+                self.parser.parseError("unexpected-frameset-in-frameset-innerhtml")
+            else:
+                self.tree.openElements.pop()
+            if (not self.parser.innerHTML and
+                    self.tree.openElements[-1].name != "frameset"):
+                # If we're not in innerHTML mode and the the current node is not a
+                # "frameset" element (anymore) then switch.
+                self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterFrameset"]
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-in-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class AfterFramesetPhase(Phase):
+        # http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/#after3
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("noframes", self.startTagNoframes)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+            self.endTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.endTagHtml)
+            ])
+            self.endTagHandler.default = self.endTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            # Stop parsing
+            pass
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-char-after-frameset")
+
+        def startTagNoframes(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-start-tag-after-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def endTagHtml(self, token):
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["afterAfterFrameset"]
+
+        def endTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("unexpected-end-tag-after-frameset",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    class AfterAfterBodyPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-char")
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-start-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-end-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+            self.parser.phase = self.parser.phases["inBody"]
+            return token
+
+    class AfterAfterFramesetPhase(Phase):
+        def __init__(self, parser, tree):
+            Phase.__init__(self, parser, tree)
+
+            self.startTagHandler = utils.MethodDispatcher([
+                ("html", self.startTagHtml),
+                ("noframes", self.startTagNoFrames)
+            ])
+            self.startTagHandler.default = self.startTagOther
+
+        def processEOF(self):
+            pass
+
+        def processComment(self, token):
+            self.tree.insertComment(token, self.tree.document)
+
+        def processSpaceCharacters(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processSpaceCharacters(token)
+
+        def processCharacters(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-char")
+
+        def startTagHtml(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inBody"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagNoFrames(self, token):
+            return self.parser.phases["inHead"].processStartTag(token)
+
+        def startTagOther(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-start-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+        def processEndTag(self, token):
+            self.parser.parseError("expected-eof-but-got-end-tag",
+                                   {"name": token["name"]})
+
+    return {
+        "initial": InitialPhase,
+        "beforeHtml": BeforeHtmlPhase,
+        "beforeHead": BeforeHeadPhase,
+        "inHead": InHeadPhase,
+        # XXX "inHeadNoscript": InHeadNoScriptPhase,
+        "afterHead": AfterHeadPhase,
+        "inBody": InBodyPhase,
+        "text": TextPhase,
+        "inTable": InTablePhase,
+        "inTableText": InTableTextPhase,
+        "inCaption": InCaptionPhase,
+        "inColumnGroup": InColumnGroupPhase,
+        "inTableBody": InTableBodyPhase,
+        "inRow": InRowPhase,
+        "inCell": InCellPhase,
+        "inSelect": InSelectPhase,
+        "inSelectInTable": InSelectInTablePhase,
+        "inForeignContent": InForeignContentPhase,
+        "afterBody": AfterBodyPhase,
+        "inFrameset": InFramesetPhase,
+        "afterFrameset": AfterFramesetPhase,
+        "afterAfterBody": AfterAfterBodyPhase,
+        "afterAfterFrameset": AfterAfterFramesetPhase,
+        # XXX after after frameset
+    }
+
+
+def impliedTagToken(name, type="EndTag", attributes=None,
+                    selfClosing=False):
+    if attributes is None:
+        attributes = {}
+    return {"type": tokenTypes[type], "name": name, "data": attributes,
+            "selfClosing": selfClosing}
+
+
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    """Error in parsed document"""
+    pass
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fc7930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/ihatexml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+import warnings
+
+from .constants import DataLossWarning
+
+baseChar = """
+[#x0041-#x005A] | [#x0061-#x007A] | [#x00C0-#x00D6] | [#x00D8-#x00F6] |
+[#x00F8-#x00FF] | [#x0100-#x0131] | [#x0134-#x013E] | [#x0141-#x0148] |
+[#x014A-#x017E] | [#x0180-#x01C3] | [#x01CD-#x01F0] | [#x01F4-#x01F5] |
+[#x01FA-#x0217] | [#x0250-#x02A8] | [#x02BB-#x02C1] | #x0386 |
+[#x0388-#x038A] | #x038C | [#x038E-#x03A1] | [#x03A3-#x03CE] |
+[#x03D0-#x03D6] | #x03DA | #x03DC | #x03DE | #x03E0 | [#x03E2-#x03F3] |
+[#x0401-#x040C] | [#x040E-#x044F] | [#x0451-#x045C] | [#x045E-#x0481] |
+[#x0490-#x04C4] | [#x04C7-#x04C8] | [#x04CB-#x04CC] | [#x04D0-#x04EB] |
+[#x04EE-#x04F5] | [#x04F8-#x04F9] | [#x0531-#x0556] | #x0559 |
+[#x0561-#x0586] | [#x05D0-#x05EA] | [#x05F0-#x05F2] | [#x0621-#x063A] |
+[#x0641-#x064A] | [#x0671-#x06B7] | [#x06BA-#x06BE] | [#x06C0-#x06CE] |
+[#x06D0-#x06D3] | #x06D5 | [#x06E5-#x06E6] | [#x0905-#x0939] | #x093D |
+[#x0958-#x0961] | [#x0985-#x098C] | [#x098F-#x0990] | [#x0993-#x09A8] |
+[#x09AA-#x09B0] | #x09B2 | [#x09B6-#x09B9] | [#x09DC-#x09DD] |
+[#x09DF-#x09E1] | [#x09F0-#x09F1] | [#x0A05-#x0A0A] | [#x0A0F-#x0A10] |
+[#x0A13-#x0A28] | [#x0A2A-#x0A30] | [#x0A32-#x0A33] | [#x0A35-#x0A36] |
+[#x0A38-#x0A39] | [#x0A59-#x0A5C] | #x0A5E | [#x0A72-#x0A74] |
+[#x0A85-#x0A8B] | #x0A8D | [#x0A8F-#x0A91] | [#x0A93-#x0AA8] |
+[#x0AAA-#x0AB0] | [#x0AB2-#x0AB3] | [#x0AB5-#x0AB9] | #x0ABD | #x0AE0 |
+[#x0B05-#x0B0C] | [#x0B0F-#x0B10] | [#x0B13-#x0B28] | [#x0B2A-#x0B30] |
+[#x0B32-#x0B33] | [#x0B36-#x0B39] | #x0B3D | [#x0B5C-#x0B5D] |
+[#x0B5F-#x0B61] | [#x0B85-#x0B8A] | [#x0B8E-#x0B90] | [#x0B92-#x0B95] |
+[#x0B99-#x0B9A] | #x0B9C | [#x0B9E-#x0B9F] | [#x0BA3-#x0BA4] |
+[#x0BA8-#x0BAA] | [#x0BAE-#x0BB5] | [#x0BB7-#x0BB9] | [#x0C05-#x0C0C] |
+[#x0C0E-#x0C10] | [#x0C12-#x0C28] | [#x0C2A-#x0C33] | [#x0C35-#x0C39] |
+[#x0C60-#x0C61] | [#x0C85-#x0C8C] | [#x0C8E-#x0C90] | [#x0C92-#x0CA8] |
+[#x0CAA-#x0CB3] | [#x0CB5-#x0CB9] | #x0CDE | [#x0CE0-#x0CE1] |
+[#x0D05-#x0D0C] | [#x0D0E-#x0D10] | [#x0D12-#x0D28] | [#x0D2A-#x0D39] |
+[#x0D60-#x0D61] | [#x0E01-#x0E2E] | #x0E30 | [#x0E32-#x0E33] |
+[#x0E40-#x0E45] | [#x0E81-#x0E82] | #x0E84 | [#x0E87-#x0E88] | #x0E8A |
+#x0E8D | [#x0E94-#x0E97] | [#x0E99-#x0E9F] | [#x0EA1-#x0EA3] | #x0EA5 |
+#x0EA7 | [#x0EAA-#x0EAB] | [#x0EAD-#x0EAE] | #x0EB0 | [#x0EB2-#x0EB3] |
+#x0EBD | [#x0EC0-#x0EC4] | [#x0F40-#x0F47] | [#x0F49-#x0F69] |
+[#x10A0-#x10C5] | [#x10D0-#x10F6] | #x1100 | [#x1102-#x1103] |
+[#x1105-#x1107] | #x1109 | [#x110B-#x110C] | [#x110E-#x1112] | #x113C |
+#x113E | #x1140 | #x114C | #x114E | #x1150 | [#x1154-#x1155] | #x1159 |
+[#x115F-#x1161] | #x1163 | #x1165 | #x1167 | #x1169 | [#x116D-#x116E] |
+[#x1172-#x1173] | #x1175 | #x119E | #x11A8 | #x11AB | [#x11AE-#x11AF] |
+[#x11B7-#x11B8] | #x11BA | [#x11BC-#x11C2] | #x11EB | #x11F0 | #x11F9 |
+[#x1E00-#x1E9B] | [#x1EA0-#x1EF9] | [#x1F00-#x1F15] | [#x1F18-#x1F1D] |
+[#x1F20-#x1F45] | [#x1F48-#x1F4D] | [#x1F50-#x1F57] | #x1F59 | #x1F5B |
+#x1F5D | [#x1F5F-#x1F7D] | [#x1F80-#x1FB4] | [#x1FB6-#x1FBC] | #x1FBE |
+[#x1FC2-#x1FC4] | [#x1FC6-#x1FCC] | [#x1FD0-#x1FD3] | [#x1FD6-#x1FDB] |
+[#x1FE0-#x1FEC] | [#x1FF2-#x1FF4] | [#x1FF6-#x1FFC] | #x2126 |
+[#x212A-#x212B] | #x212E | [#x2180-#x2182] | [#x3041-#x3094] |
+[#x30A1-#x30FA] | [#x3105-#x312C] | [#xAC00-#xD7A3]"""
+
+ideographic = """[#x4E00-#x9FA5] | #x3007 | [#x3021-#x3029]"""
+
+combiningCharacter = """
+[#x0300-#x0345] | [#x0360-#x0361] | [#x0483-#x0486] | [#x0591-#x05A1] |
+[#x05A3-#x05B9] | [#x05BB-#x05BD] | #x05BF | [#x05C1-#x05C2] | #x05C4 |
+[#x064B-#x0652] | #x0670 | [#x06D6-#x06DC] | [#x06DD-#x06DF] |
+[#x06E0-#x06E4] | [#x06E7-#x06E8] | [#x06EA-#x06ED] | [#x0901-#x0903] |
+#x093C | [#x093E-#x094C] | #x094D | [#x0951-#x0954] | [#x0962-#x0963] |
+[#x0981-#x0983] | #x09BC | #x09BE | #x09BF | [#x09C0-#x09C4] |
+[#x09C7-#x09C8] | [#x09CB-#x09CD] | #x09D7 | [#x09E2-#x09E3] | #x0A02 |
+#x0A3C | #x0A3E | #x0A3F | [#x0A40-#x0A42] | [#x0A47-#x0A48] |
+[#x0A4B-#x0A4D] | [#x0A70-#x0A71] | [#x0A81-#x0A83] | #x0ABC |
+[#x0ABE-#x0AC5] | [#x0AC7-#x0AC9] | [#x0ACB-#x0ACD] | [#x0B01-#x0B03] |
+#x0B3C | [#x0B3E-#x0B43] | [#x0B47-#x0B48] | [#x0B4B-#x0B4D] |
+[#x0B56-#x0B57] | [#x0B82-#x0B83] | [#x0BBE-#x0BC2] | [#x0BC6-#x0BC8] |
+[#x0BCA-#x0BCD] | #x0BD7 | [#x0C01-#x0C03] | [#x0C3E-#x0C44] |
+[#x0C46-#x0C48] | [#x0C4A-#x0C4D] | [#x0C55-#x0C56] | [#x0C82-#x0C83] |
+[#x0CBE-#x0CC4] | [#x0CC6-#x0CC8] | [#x0CCA-#x0CCD] | [#x0CD5-#x0CD6] |
+[#x0D02-#x0D03] | [#x0D3E-#x0D43] | [#x0D46-#x0D48] | [#x0D4A-#x0D4D] |
+#x0D57 | #x0E31 | [#x0E34-#x0E3A] | [#x0E47-#x0E4E] | #x0EB1 |
+[#x0EB4-#x0EB9] | [#x0EBB-#x0EBC] | [#x0EC8-#x0ECD] | [#x0F18-#x0F19] |
+#x0F35 | #x0F37 | #x0F39 | #x0F3E | #x0F3F | [#x0F71-#x0F84] |
+[#x0F86-#x0F8B] | [#x0F90-#x0F95] | #x0F97 | [#x0F99-#x0FAD] |
+[#x0FB1-#x0FB7] | #x0FB9 | [#x20D0-#x20DC] | #x20E1 | [#x302A-#x302F] |
+#x3099 | #x309A"""
+
+digit = """
+[#x0030-#x0039] | [#x0660-#x0669] | [#x06F0-#x06F9] | [#x0966-#x096F] |
+[#x09E6-#x09EF] | [#x0A66-#x0A6F] | [#x0AE6-#x0AEF] | [#x0B66-#x0B6F] |
+[#x0BE7-#x0BEF] | [#x0C66-#x0C6F] | [#x0CE6-#x0CEF] | [#x0D66-#x0D6F] |
+[#x0E50-#x0E59] | [#x0ED0-#x0ED9] | [#x0F20-#x0F29]"""
+
+extender = """
+#x00B7 | #x02D0 | #x02D1 | #x0387 | #x0640 | #x0E46 | #x0EC6 | #x3005 |
+#[#x3031-#x3035] | [#x309D-#x309E] | [#x30FC-#x30FE]"""
+
+letter = " | ".join([baseChar, ideographic])
+
+# Without the
+name = " | ".join([letter, digit, ".", "-", "_", combiningCharacter,
+                   extender])
+nameFirst = " | ".join([letter, "_"])
+
+reChar = re.compile(r"#x([\d|A-F]{4,4})")
+reCharRange = re.compile(r"\[#x([\d|A-F]{4,4})-#x([\d|A-F]{4,4})\]")
+
+
+def charStringToList(chars):
+    charRanges = [item.strip() for item in chars.split(" | ")]
+    rv = []
+    for item in charRanges:
+        foundMatch = False
+        for regexp in (reChar, reCharRange):
+            match = regexp.match(item)
+            if match is not None:
+                rv.append([hexToInt(item) for item in match.groups()])
+                if len(rv[-1]) == 1:
+                    rv[-1] = rv[-1] * 2
+                foundMatch = True
+                break
+        if not foundMatch:
+            assert len(item) == 1
+
+            rv.append([ord(item)] * 2)
+    rv = normaliseCharList(rv)
+    return rv
+
+
+def normaliseCharList(charList):
+    charList = sorted(charList)
+    for item in charList:
+        assert item[1] >= item[0]
+    rv = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(charList):
+        j = 1
+        rv.append(charList[i])
+        while i + j < len(charList) and charList[i + j][0] <= rv[-1][1] + 1:
+            rv[-1][1] = charList[i + j][1]
+            j += 1
+        i += j
+    return rv
+
+# We don't really support characters above the BMP :(
+max_unicode = int("FFFF", 16)
+
+
+def missingRanges(charList):
+    rv = []
+    if charList[0] != 0:
+        rv.append([0, charList[0][0] - 1])
+    for i, item in enumerate(charList[:-1]):
+        rv.append([item[1] + 1, charList[i + 1][0] - 1])
+    if charList[-1][1] != max_unicode:
+        rv.append([charList[-1][1] + 1, max_unicode])
+    return rv
+
+
+def listToRegexpStr(charList):
+    rv = []
+    for item in charList:
+        if item[0] == item[1]:
+            rv.append(escapeRegexp(chr(item[0])))
+        else:
+            rv.append(escapeRegexp(chr(item[0])) + "-" +
+                      escapeRegexp(chr(item[1])))
+    return "[%s]" % "".join(rv)
+
+
+def hexToInt(hex_str):
+    return int(hex_str, 16)
+
+
+def escapeRegexp(string):
+    specialCharacters = (".", "^", "$", "*", "+", "?", "{", "}",
+                         "[", "]", "|", "(", ")", "-")
+    for char in specialCharacters:
+        string = string.replace(char, "\\" + char)
+
+    return string
+
+# output from the above
+nonXmlNameBMPRegexp = re.compile('[\x00-,/:-@\\[-\\^`\\{-\xb6\xb8-\xbf\xd7\xf7\u0132-\u0133\u013f-\u0140\u0149\u017f\u01c4-\u01cc\u01f1-\u01f3\u01f6-\u01f9\u0218-\u024f\u02a9-\u02ba\u02c2-\u02cf\u02d2-\u02ff\u0346-\u035f\u0362-\u0385\u038b\u038d\u03a2\u03cf\u03d7-\u03d9\u03db\u03dd\u03df\u03e1\u03f4-\u0400\u040d\u0450\u045d\u0482\u0487-\u048f\u04c5-\u04c6\u04c9-\u04ca\u04cd-\u04cf\u04ec-\u04ed\u04f6-\u04f7\u04fa-\u0530\u0557-\u0558\u055a-\u0560\u0587-\u0590\u05a2\u05ba\u05be\u05c0\u05c3\u05c5-\u05cf\u05eb-\u05ef\u05f3-\u0620\u063b-\u063f\u0653-\u065f\u066a-\u066f\u06b8-\u06b9\u06bf\u06cf\u06d4\u06e9\u06ee-\u06ef\u06fa-\u0900\u0904\u093a-\u093b\u094e-\u0950\u0955-\u0957\u0964-\u0965\u0970-\u0980\u0984\u098d-\u098e\u0991-\u0992\u09a9\u09b1\u09b3-\u09b5\u09ba-\u09bb\u09bd\u09c5-\u09c6\u09c9-\u09ca\u09ce-\u09d6\u09d8-\u09db\u09de\u09e4-\u09e5\u09f2-\u0a01\u0a03-\u0a04\u0a0b-\u0a0e\u0a11-\u0a12\u0a29\u0a31\u0a34\u0a37\u0a3a-\u0a3b\u0a3d\u0a43-\u0a46\u0a49-\u0a4a\u0a4e-\u0a58\u0a5d\u0a5f-\u0a65\u0a75-\u0a80\u0a84\u0a8c\u0a8e\u0a92\u0aa9\u0ab1\u0ab4\u0aba-\u0abb\u0ac6\u0aca\u0ace-\u0adf\u0ae1-\u0ae5\u0af0-\u0b00\u0b04\u0b0d-\u0b0e\u0b11-\u0b12\u0b29\u0b31\u0b34-\u0b35\u0b3a-\u0b3b\u0b44-\u0b46\u0b49-\u0b4a\u0b4e-\u0b55\u0b58-\u0b5b\u0b5e\u0b62-\u0b65\u0b70-\u0b81\u0b84\u0b8b-\u0b8d\u0b91\u0b96-\u0b98\u0b9b\u0b9d\u0ba0-\u0ba2\u0ba5-\u0ba7\u0bab-\u0bad\u0bb6\u0bba-\u0bbd\u0bc3-\u0bc5\u0bc9\u0bce-\u0bd6\u0bd8-\u0be6\u0bf0-\u0c00\u0c04\u0c0d\u0c11\u0c29\u0c34\u0c3a-\u0c3d\u0c45\u0c49\u0c4e-\u0c54\u0c57-\u0c5f\u0c62-\u0c65\u0c70-\u0c81\u0c84\u0c8d\u0c91\u0ca9\u0cb4\u0cba-\u0cbd\u0cc5\u0cc9\u0cce-\u0cd4\u0cd7-\u0cdd\u0cdf\u0ce2-\u0ce5\u0cf0-\u0d01\u0d04\u0d0d\u0d11\u0d29\u0d3a-\u0d3d\u0d44-\u0d45\u0d49\u0d4e-\u0d56\u0d58-\u0d5f\u0d62-\u0d65\u0d70-\u0e00\u0e2f\u0e3b-\u0e3f\u0e4f\u0e5a-\u0e80\u0e83\u0e85-\u0e86\u0e89\u0e8b-\u0e8c\u0e8e-\u0e93\u0e98\u0ea0\u0ea4\u0ea6\u0ea8-\u0ea9\u0eac\u0eaf\u0eba\u0ebe-\u0ebf\u0ec5\u0ec7\u0ece-\u0ecf\u0eda-\u0f17\u0f1a-\u0f1f\u0f2a-\u0f34\u0f36\u0f38\u0f3a-\u0f3d\u0f48\u0f6a-\u0f70\u0f85\u0f8c-\u0f8f\u0f96\u0f98\u0fae-\u0fb0\u0fb8\u0fba-\u109f\u10c6-\u10cf\u10f7-\u10ff\u1101\u1104\u1108\u110a\u110d\u1113-\u113b\u113d\u113f\u1141-\u114b\u114d\u114f\u1151-\u1153\u1156-\u1158\u115a-\u115e\u1162\u1164\u1166\u1168\u116a-\u116c\u116f-\u1171\u1174\u1176-\u119d\u119f-\u11a7\u11a9-\u11aa\u11ac-\u11ad\u11b0-\u11b6\u11b9\u11bb\u11c3-\u11ea\u11ec-\u11ef\u11f1-\u11f8\u11fa-\u1dff\u1e9c-\u1e9f\u1efa-\u1eff\u1f16-\u1f17\u1f1e-\u1f1f\u1f46-\u1f47\u1f4e-\u1f4f\u1f58\u1f5a\u1f5c\u1f5e\u1f7e-\u1f7f\u1fb5\u1fbd\u1fbf-\u1fc1\u1fc5\u1fcd-\u1fcf\u1fd4-\u1fd5\u1fdc-\u1fdf\u1fed-\u1ff1\u1ff5\u1ffd-\u20cf\u20dd-\u20e0\u20e2-\u2125\u2127-\u2129\u212c-\u212d\u212f-\u217f\u2183-\u3004\u3006\u3008-\u3020\u3030\u3036-\u3040\u3095-\u3098\u309b-\u309c\u309f-\u30a0\u30fb\u30ff-\u3104\u312d-\u4dff\u9fa6-\uabff\ud7a4-\uffff]')
+
+nonXmlNameFirstBMPRegexp = re.compile('[\x00-@\\[-\\^`\\{-\xbf\xd7\xf7\u0132-\u0133\u013f-\u0140\u0149\u017f\u01c4-\u01cc\u01f1-\u01f3\u01f6-\u01f9\u0218-\u024f\u02a9-\u02ba\u02c2-\u0385\u0387\u038b\u038d\u03a2\u03cf\u03d7-\u03d9\u03db\u03dd\u03df\u03e1\u03f4-\u0400\u040d\u0450\u045d\u0482-\u048f\u04c5-\u04c6\u04c9-\u04ca\u04cd-\u04cf\u04ec-\u04ed\u04f6-\u04f7\u04fa-\u0530\u0557-\u0558\u055a-\u0560\u0587-\u05cf\u05eb-\u05ef\u05f3-\u0620\u063b-\u0640\u064b-\u0670\u06b8-\u06b9\u06bf\u06cf\u06d4\u06d6-\u06e4\u06e7-\u0904\u093a-\u093c\u093e-\u0957\u0962-\u0984\u098d-\u098e\u0991-\u0992\u09a9\u09b1\u09b3-\u09b5\u09ba-\u09db\u09de\u09e2-\u09ef\u09f2-\u0a04\u0a0b-\u0a0e\u0a11-\u0a12\u0a29\u0a31\u0a34\u0a37\u0a3a-\u0a58\u0a5d\u0a5f-\u0a71\u0a75-\u0a84\u0a8c\u0a8e\u0a92\u0aa9\u0ab1\u0ab4\u0aba-\u0abc\u0abe-\u0adf\u0ae1-\u0b04\u0b0d-\u0b0e\u0b11-\u0b12\u0b29\u0b31\u0b34-\u0b35\u0b3a-\u0b3c\u0b3e-\u0b5b\u0b5e\u0b62-\u0b84\u0b8b-\u0b8d\u0b91\u0b96-\u0b98\u0b9b\u0b9d\u0ba0-\u0ba2\u0ba5-\u0ba7\u0bab-\u0bad\u0bb6\u0bba-\u0c04\u0c0d\u0c11\u0c29\u0c34\u0c3a-\u0c5f\u0c62-\u0c84\u0c8d\u0c91\u0ca9\u0cb4\u0cba-\u0cdd\u0cdf\u0ce2-\u0d04\u0d0d\u0d11\u0d29\u0d3a-\u0d5f\u0d62-\u0e00\u0e2f\u0e31\u0e34-\u0e3f\u0e46-\u0e80\u0e83\u0e85-\u0e86\u0e89\u0e8b-\u0e8c\u0e8e-\u0e93\u0e98\u0ea0\u0ea4\u0ea6\u0ea8-\u0ea9\u0eac\u0eaf\u0eb1\u0eb4-\u0ebc\u0ebe-\u0ebf\u0ec5-\u0f3f\u0f48\u0f6a-\u109f\u10c6-\u10cf\u10f7-\u10ff\u1101\u1104\u1108\u110a\u110d\u1113-\u113b\u113d\u113f\u1141-\u114b\u114d\u114f\u1151-\u1153\u1156-\u1158\u115a-\u115e\u1162\u1164\u1166\u1168\u116a-\u116c\u116f-\u1171\u1174\u1176-\u119d\u119f-\u11a7\u11a9-\u11aa\u11ac-\u11ad\u11b0-\u11b6\u11b9\u11bb\u11c3-\u11ea\u11ec-\u11ef\u11f1-\u11f8\u11fa-\u1dff\u1e9c-\u1e9f\u1efa-\u1eff\u1f16-\u1f17\u1f1e-\u1f1f\u1f46-\u1f47\u1f4e-\u1f4f\u1f58\u1f5a\u1f5c\u1f5e\u1f7e-\u1f7f\u1fb5\u1fbd\u1fbf-\u1fc1\u1fc5\u1fcd-\u1fcf\u1fd4-\u1fd5\u1fdc-\u1fdf\u1fed-\u1ff1\u1ff5\u1ffd-\u2125\u2127-\u2129\u212c-\u212d\u212f-\u217f\u2183-\u3006\u3008-\u3020\u302a-\u3040\u3095-\u30a0\u30fb-\u3104\u312d-\u4dff\u9fa6-\uabff\ud7a4-\uffff]')
+
+# Simpler things
+nonPubidCharRegexp = re.compile("[^\x20\x0D\x0Aa-zA-Z0-9\-\'()+,./:=?;!*#@$_%]")
+
+
+class InfosetFilter(object):
+    replacementRegexp = re.compile(r"U[\dA-F]{5,5}")
+
+    def __init__(self, replaceChars=None,
+                 dropXmlnsLocalName=False,
+                 dropXmlnsAttrNs=False,
+                 preventDoubleDashComments=False,
+                 preventDashAtCommentEnd=False,
+                 replaceFormFeedCharacters=True,
+                 preventSingleQuotePubid=False):
+
+        self.dropXmlnsLocalName = dropXmlnsLocalName
+        self.dropXmlnsAttrNs = dropXmlnsAttrNs
+
+        self.preventDoubleDashComments = preventDoubleDashComments
+        self.preventDashAtCommentEnd = preventDashAtCommentEnd
+
+        self.replaceFormFeedCharacters = replaceFormFeedCharacters
+
+        self.preventSingleQuotePubid = preventSingleQuotePubid
+
+        self.replaceCache = {}
+
+    def coerceAttribute(self, name, namespace=None):
+        if self.dropXmlnsLocalName and name.startswith("xmlns:"):
+            warnings.warn("Attributes cannot begin with xmlns", DataLossWarning)
+            return None
+        elif (self.dropXmlnsAttrNs and
+              namespace == "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/"):
+            warnings.warn("Attributes cannot be in the xml namespace", DataLossWarning)
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.toXmlName(name)
+
+    def coerceElement(self, name, namespace=None):
+        return self.toXmlName(name)
+
+    def coerceComment(self, data):
+        if self.preventDoubleDashComments:
+            while "--" in data:
+                warnings.warn("Comments cannot contain adjacent dashes", DataLossWarning)
+                data = data.replace("--", "- -")
+        return data
+
+    def coerceCharacters(self, data):
+        if self.replaceFormFeedCharacters:
+            for i in range(data.count("\x0C")):
+                warnings.warn("Text cannot contain U+000C", DataLossWarning)
+            data = data.replace("\x0C", " ")
+        # Other non-xml characters
+        return data
+
+    def coercePubid(self, data):
+        dataOutput = data
+        for char in nonPubidCharRegexp.findall(data):
+            warnings.warn("Coercing non-XML pubid", DataLossWarning)
+            replacement = self.getReplacementCharacter(char)
+            dataOutput = dataOutput.replace(char, replacement)
+        if self.preventSingleQuotePubid and dataOutput.find("'") >= 0:
+            warnings.warn("Pubid cannot contain single quote", DataLossWarning)
+            dataOutput = dataOutput.replace("'", self.getReplacementCharacter("'"))
+        return dataOutput
+
+    def toXmlName(self, name):
+        nameFirst = name[0]
+        nameRest = name[1:]
+        m = nonXmlNameFirstBMPRegexp.match(nameFirst)
+        if m:
+            warnings.warn("Coercing non-XML name", DataLossWarning)
+            nameFirstOutput = self.getReplacementCharacter(nameFirst)
+        else:
+            nameFirstOutput = nameFirst
+
+        nameRestOutput = nameRest
+        replaceChars = set(nonXmlNameBMPRegexp.findall(nameRest))
+        for char in replaceChars:
+            warnings.warn("Coercing non-XML name", DataLossWarning)
+            replacement = self.getReplacementCharacter(char)
+            nameRestOutput = nameRestOutput.replace(char, replacement)
+        return nameFirstOutput + nameRestOutput
+
+    def getReplacementCharacter(self, char):
+        if char in self.replaceCache:
+            replacement = self.replaceCache[char]
+        else:
+            replacement = self.escapeChar(char)
+        return replacement
+
+    def fromXmlName(self, name):
+        for item in set(self.replacementRegexp.findall(name)):
+            name = name.replace(item, self.unescapeChar(item))
+        return name
+
+    def escapeChar(self, char):
+        replacement = "U%05X" % ord(char)
+        self.replaceCache[char] = replacement
+        return replacement
+
+    def unescapeChar(self, charcode):
+        return chr(int(charcode[1:], 16))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac0c5e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/inputstream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import http_client
+
+import codecs
+import re
+
+from .constants import EOF, spaceCharacters, asciiLetters, asciiUppercase
+from .constants import encodings, ReparseException
+from . import utils
+
+from io import StringIO
+
+try:
+    from io import BytesIO
+except ImportError:
+    BytesIO = StringIO
+
+try:
+    from io import BufferedIOBase
+except ImportError:
+    class BufferedIOBase(object):
+        pass
+
+# Non-unicode versions of constants for use in the pre-parser
+spaceCharactersBytes = frozenset([item.encode("ascii") for item in spaceCharacters])
+asciiLettersBytes = frozenset([item.encode("ascii") for item in asciiLetters])
+asciiUppercaseBytes = frozenset([item.encode("ascii") for item in asciiUppercase])
+spacesAngleBrackets = spaceCharactersBytes | frozenset([b">", b"<"])
+
+
+invalid_unicode_no_surrogate = "[\u0001-\u0008\u000B\u000E-\u001F\u007F-\u009F\uFDD0-\uFDEF\uFFFE\uFFFF\U0001FFFE\U0001FFFF\U0002FFFE\U0002FFFF\U0003FFFE\U0003FFFF\U0004FFFE\U0004FFFF\U0005FFFE\U0005FFFF\U0006FFFE\U0006FFFF\U0007FFFE\U0007FFFF\U0008FFFE\U0008FFFF\U0009FFFE\U0009FFFF\U000AFFFE\U000AFFFF\U000BFFFE\U000BFFFF\U000CFFFE\U000CFFFF\U000DFFFE\U000DFFFF\U000EFFFE\U000EFFFF\U000FFFFE\U000FFFFF\U0010FFFE\U0010FFFF]"
+
+if utils.supports_lone_surrogates:
+    # Use one extra step of indirection and create surrogates with
+    # unichr. Not using this indirection would introduce an illegal
+    # unicode literal on platforms not supporting such lone
+    # surrogates.
+    invalid_unicode_re = re.compile(invalid_unicode_no_surrogate +
+                                    eval('"\\uD800-\\uDFFF"'))
+else:
+    invalid_unicode_re = re.compile(invalid_unicode_no_surrogate)
+
+non_bmp_invalid_codepoints = set([0x1FFFE, 0x1FFFF, 0x2FFFE, 0x2FFFF, 0x3FFFE,
+                                  0x3FFFF, 0x4FFFE, 0x4FFFF, 0x5FFFE, 0x5FFFF,
+                                  0x6FFFE, 0x6FFFF, 0x7FFFE, 0x7FFFF, 0x8FFFE,
+                                  0x8FFFF, 0x9FFFE, 0x9FFFF, 0xAFFFE, 0xAFFFF,
+                                  0xBFFFE, 0xBFFFF, 0xCFFFE, 0xCFFFF, 0xDFFFE,
+                                  0xDFFFF, 0xEFFFE, 0xEFFFF, 0xFFFFE, 0xFFFFF,
+                                  0x10FFFE, 0x10FFFF])
+
+ascii_punctuation_re = re.compile("[\u0009-\u000D\u0020-\u002F\u003A-\u0040\u005B-\u0060\u007B-\u007E]")
+
+# Cache for charsUntil()
+charsUntilRegEx = {}
+
+
+class BufferedStream(object):
+    """Buffering for streams that do not have buffering of their own
+
+    The buffer is implemented as a list of chunks on the assumption that
+    joining many strings will be slow since it is O(n**2)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.buffer = []
+        self.position = [-1, 0]  # chunk number, offset
+
+    def tell(self):
+        pos = 0
+        for chunk in self.buffer[:self.position[0]]:
+            pos += len(chunk)
+        pos += self.position[1]
+        return pos
+
+    def seek(self, pos):
+        assert pos <= self._bufferedBytes()
+        offset = pos
+        i = 0
+        while len(self.buffer[i]) < offset:
+            offset -= len(self.buffer[i])
+            i += 1
+        self.position = [i, offset]
+
+    def read(self, bytes):
+        if not self.buffer:
+            return self._readStream(bytes)
+        elif (self.position[0] == len(self.buffer) and
+              self.position[1] == len(self.buffer[-1])):
+            return self._readStream(bytes)
+        else:
+            return self._readFromBuffer(bytes)
+
+    def _bufferedBytes(self):
+        return sum([len(item) for item in self.buffer])
+
+    def _readStream(self, bytes):
+        data = self.stream.read(bytes)
+        self.buffer.append(data)
+        self.position[0] += 1
+        self.position[1] = len(data)
+        return data
+
+    def _readFromBuffer(self, bytes):
+        remainingBytes = bytes
+        rv = []
+        bufferIndex = self.position[0]
+        bufferOffset = self.position[1]
+        while bufferIndex < len(self.buffer) and remainingBytes != 0:
+            assert remainingBytes > 0
+            bufferedData = self.buffer[bufferIndex]
+
+            if remainingBytes <= len(bufferedData) - bufferOffset:
+                bytesToRead = remainingBytes
+                self.position = [bufferIndex, bufferOffset + bytesToRead]
+            else:
+                bytesToRead = len(bufferedData) - bufferOffset
+                self.position = [bufferIndex, len(bufferedData)]
+                bufferIndex += 1
+            rv.append(bufferedData[bufferOffset:bufferOffset + bytesToRead])
+            remainingBytes -= bytesToRead
+
+            bufferOffset = 0
+
+        if remainingBytes:
+            rv.append(self._readStream(remainingBytes))
+
+        return b"".join(rv)
+
+
+def HTMLInputStream(source, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, chardet=True):
+    if isinstance(source, http_client.HTTPResponse):
+        # Work around Python bug #20007: read(0) closes the connection.
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue20007
+        isUnicode = False
+    elif hasattr(source, "read"):
+        isUnicode = isinstance(source.read(0), text_type)
+    else:
+        isUnicode = isinstance(source, text_type)
+
+    if isUnicode:
+        if encoding is not None:
+            raise TypeError("Cannot explicitly set an encoding with a unicode string")
+
+        return HTMLUnicodeInputStream(source)
+    else:
+        return HTMLBinaryInputStream(source, encoding, parseMeta, chardet)
+
+
+class HTMLUnicodeInputStream(object):
+    """Provides a unicode stream of characters to the HTMLTokenizer.
+
+    This class takes care of character encoding and removing or replacing
+    incorrect byte-sequences and also provides column and line tracking.
+
+    """
+
+    _defaultChunkSize = 10240
+
+    def __init__(self, source):
+        """Initialises the HTMLInputStream.
+
+        HTMLInputStream(source, [encoding]) -> Normalized stream from source
+        for use by html5lib.
+
+        source can be either a file-object, local filename or a string.
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+
+        parseMeta - Look for a <meta> element containing encoding information
+
+        """
+
+        if not utils.supports_lone_surrogates:
+            # Such platforms will have already checked for such
+            # surrogate errors, so no need to do this checking.
+            self.reportCharacterErrors = None
+            self.replaceCharactersRegexp = None
+        elif len("\U0010FFFF") == 1:
+            self.reportCharacterErrors = self.characterErrorsUCS4
+            self.replaceCharactersRegexp = re.compile(eval('"[\\uD800-\\uDFFF]"'))
+        else:
+            self.reportCharacterErrors = self.characterErrorsUCS2
+            self.replaceCharactersRegexp = re.compile(
+                eval('"([\\uD800-\\uDBFF](?![\\uDC00-\\uDFFF])|(?<![\\uD800-\\uDBFF])[\\uDC00-\\uDFFF])"'))
+
+        # List of where new lines occur
+        self.newLines = [0]
+
+        self.charEncoding = ("utf-8", "certain")
+        self.dataStream = self.openStream(source)
+
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.chunk = ""
+        self.chunkSize = 0
+        self.chunkOffset = 0
+        self.errors = []
+
+        # number of (complete) lines in previous chunks
+        self.prevNumLines = 0
+        # number of columns in the last line of the previous chunk
+        self.prevNumCols = 0
+
+        # Deal with CR LF and surrogates split over chunk boundaries
+        self._bufferedCharacter = None
+
+    def openStream(self, source):
+        """Produces a file object from source.
+
+        source can be either a file object, local filename or a string.
+
+        """
+        # Already a file object
+        if hasattr(source, 'read'):
+            stream = source
+        else:
+            stream = StringIO(source)
+
+        return stream
+
+    def _position(self, offset):
+        chunk = self.chunk
+        nLines = chunk.count('\n', 0, offset)
+        positionLine = self.prevNumLines + nLines
+        lastLinePos = chunk.rfind('\n', 0, offset)
+        if lastLinePos == -1:
+            positionColumn = self.prevNumCols + offset
+        else:
+            positionColumn = offset - (lastLinePos + 1)
+        return (positionLine, positionColumn)
+
+    def position(self):
+        """Returns (line, col) of the current position in the stream."""
+        line, col = self._position(self.chunkOffset)
+        return (line + 1, col)
+
+    def char(self):
+        """ Read one character from the stream or queue if available. Return
+            EOF when EOF is reached.
+        """
+        # Read a new chunk from the input stream if necessary
+        if self.chunkOffset >= self.chunkSize:
+            if not self.readChunk():
+                return EOF
+
+        chunkOffset = self.chunkOffset
+        char = self.chunk[chunkOffset]
+        self.chunkOffset = chunkOffset + 1
+
+        return char
+
+    def readChunk(self, chunkSize=None):
+        if chunkSize is None:
+            chunkSize = self._defaultChunkSize
+
+        self.prevNumLines, self.prevNumCols = self._position(self.chunkSize)
+
+        self.chunk = ""
+        self.chunkSize = 0
+        self.chunkOffset = 0
+
+        data = self.dataStream.read(chunkSize)
+
+        # Deal with CR LF and surrogates broken across chunks
+        if self._bufferedCharacter:
+            data = self._bufferedCharacter + data
+            self._bufferedCharacter = None
+        elif not data:
+            # We have no more data, bye-bye stream
+            return False
+
+        if len(data) > 1:
+            lastv = ord(data[-1])
+            if lastv == 0x0D or 0xD800 <= lastv <= 0xDBFF:
+                self._bufferedCharacter = data[-1]
+                data = data[:-1]
+
+        if self.reportCharacterErrors:
+            self.reportCharacterErrors(data)
+
+            # Replace invalid characters
+            # Note U+0000 is dealt with in the tokenizer
+            data = self.replaceCharactersRegexp.sub("\ufffd", data)
+
+        data = data.replace("\r\n", "\n")
+        data = data.replace("\r", "\n")
+
+        self.chunk = data
+        self.chunkSize = len(data)
+
+        return True
+
+    def characterErrorsUCS4(self, data):
+        for i in range(len(invalid_unicode_re.findall(data))):
+            self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+
+    def characterErrorsUCS2(self, data):
+        # Someone picked the wrong compile option
+        # You lose
+        skip = False
+        for match in invalid_unicode_re.finditer(data):
+            if skip:
+                continue
+            codepoint = ord(match.group())
+            pos = match.start()
+            # Pretty sure there should be endianness issues here
+            if utils.isSurrogatePair(data[pos:pos + 2]):
+                # We have a surrogate pair!
+                char_val = utils.surrogatePairToCodepoint(data[pos:pos + 2])
+                if char_val in non_bmp_invalid_codepoints:
+                    self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+                skip = True
+            elif (codepoint >= 0xD800 and codepoint <= 0xDFFF and
+                  pos == len(data) - 1):
+                self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+            else:
+                skip = False
+                self.errors.append("invalid-codepoint")
+
+    def charsUntil(self, characters, opposite=False):
+        """ Returns a string of characters from the stream up to but not
+        including any character in 'characters' or EOF. 'characters' must be
+        a container that supports the 'in' method and iteration over its
+        characters.
+        """
+
+        # Use a cache of regexps to find the required characters
+        try:
+            chars = charsUntilRegEx[(characters, opposite)]
+        except KeyError:
+            if __debug__:
+                for c in characters:
+                    assert(ord(c) < 128)
+            regex = "".join(["\\x%02x" % ord(c) for c in characters])
+            if not opposite:
+                regex = "^%s" % regex
+            chars = charsUntilRegEx[(characters, opposite)] = re.compile("[%s]+" % regex)
+
+        rv = []
+
+        while True:
+            # Find the longest matching prefix
+            m = chars.match(self.chunk, self.chunkOffset)
+            if m is None:
+                # If nothing matched, and it wasn't because we ran out of chunk,
+                # then stop
+                if self.chunkOffset != self.chunkSize:
+                    break
+            else:
+                end = m.end()
+                # If not the whole chunk matched, return everything
+                # up to the part that didn't match
+                if end != self.chunkSize:
+                    rv.append(self.chunk[self.chunkOffset:end])
+                    self.chunkOffset = end
+                    break
+            # If the whole remainder of the chunk matched,
+            # use it all and read the next chunk
+            rv.append(self.chunk[self.chunkOffset:])
+            if not self.readChunk():
+                # Reached EOF
+                break
+
+        r = "".join(rv)
+        return r
+
+    def unget(self, char):
+        # Only one character is allowed to be ungotten at once - it must
+        # be consumed again before any further call to unget
+        if char is not None:
+            if self.chunkOffset == 0:
+                # unget is called quite rarely, so it's a good idea to do
+                # more work here if it saves a bit of work in the frequently
+                # called char and charsUntil.
+                # So, just prepend the ungotten character onto the current
+                # chunk:
+                self.chunk = char + self.chunk
+                self.chunkSize += 1
+            else:
+                self.chunkOffset -= 1
+                assert self.chunk[self.chunkOffset] == char
+
+
+class HTMLBinaryInputStream(HTMLUnicodeInputStream):
+    """Provides a unicode stream of characters to the HTMLTokenizer.
+
+    This class takes care of character encoding and removing or replacing
+    incorrect byte-sequences and also provides column and line tracking.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, source, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, chardet=True):
+        """Initialises the HTMLInputStream.
+
+        HTMLInputStream(source, [encoding]) -> Normalized stream from source
+        for use by html5lib.
+
+        source can be either a file-object, local filename or a string.
+
+        The optional encoding parameter must be a string that indicates
+        the encoding.  If specified, that encoding will be used,
+        regardless of any BOM or later declaration (such as in a meta
+        element)
+
+        parseMeta - Look for a <meta> element containing encoding information
+
+        """
+        # Raw Stream - for unicode objects this will encode to utf-8 and set
+        #              self.charEncoding as appropriate
+        self.rawStream = self.openStream(source)
+
+        HTMLUnicodeInputStream.__init__(self, self.rawStream)
+
+        self.charEncoding = (codecName(encoding), "certain")
+
+        # Encoding Information
+        # Number of bytes to use when looking for a meta element with
+        # encoding information
+        self.numBytesMeta = 512
+        # Number of bytes to use when using detecting encoding using chardet
+        self.numBytesChardet = 100
+        # Encoding to use if no other information can be found
+        self.defaultEncoding = "windows-1252"
+
+        # Detect encoding iff no explicit "transport level" encoding is supplied
+        if (self.charEncoding[0] is None):
+            self.charEncoding = self.detectEncoding(parseMeta, chardet)
+
+        # Call superclass
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.dataStream = codecs.getreader(self.charEncoding[0])(self.rawStream,
+                                                                 'replace')
+        HTMLUnicodeInputStream.reset(self)
+
+    def openStream(self, source):
+        """Produces a file object from source.
+
+        source can be either a file object, local filename or a string.
+
+        """
+        # Already a file object
+        if hasattr(source, 'read'):
+            stream = source
+        else:
+            stream = BytesIO(source)
+
+        try:
+            stream.seek(stream.tell())
+        except:
+            stream = BufferedStream(stream)
+
+        return stream
+
+    def detectEncoding(self, parseMeta=True, chardet=True):
+        # First look for a BOM
+        # This will also read past the BOM if present
+        encoding = self.detectBOM()
+        confidence = "certain"
+        # If there is no BOM need to look for meta elements with encoding
+        # information
+        if encoding is None and parseMeta:
+            encoding = self.detectEncodingMeta()
+            confidence = "tentative"
+        # Guess with chardet, if avaliable
+        if encoding is None and chardet:
+            confidence = "tentative"
+            try:
+                try:
+                    from charade.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+                except ImportError:
+                    from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+                buffers = []
+                detector = UniversalDetector()
+                while not detector.done:
+                    buffer = self.rawStream.read(self.numBytesChardet)
+                    assert isinstance(buffer, bytes)
+                    if not buffer:
+                        break
+                    buffers.append(buffer)
+                    detector.feed(buffer)
+                detector.close()
+                encoding = detector.result['encoding']
+                self.rawStream.seek(0)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        # If all else fails use the default encoding
+        if encoding is None:
+            confidence = "tentative"
+            encoding = self.defaultEncoding
+
+        # Substitute for equivalent encodings:
+        encodingSub = {"iso-8859-1": "windows-1252"}
+
+        if encoding.lower() in encodingSub:
+            encoding = encodingSub[encoding.lower()]
+
+        return encoding, confidence
+
+    def changeEncoding(self, newEncoding):
+        assert self.charEncoding[1] != "certain"
+        newEncoding = codecName(newEncoding)
+        if newEncoding in ("utf-16", "utf-16-be", "utf-16-le"):
+            newEncoding = "utf-8"
+        if newEncoding is None:
+            return
+        elif newEncoding == self.charEncoding[0]:
+            self.charEncoding = (self.charEncoding[0], "certain")
+        else:
+            self.rawStream.seek(0)
+            self.reset()
+            self.charEncoding = (newEncoding, "certain")
+            raise ReparseException("Encoding changed from %s to %s" % (self.charEncoding[0], newEncoding))
+
+    def detectBOM(self):
+        """Attempts to detect at BOM at the start of the stream. If
+        an encoding can be determined from the BOM return the name of the
+        encoding otherwise return None"""
+        bomDict = {
+            codecs.BOM_UTF8: 'utf-8',
+            codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE: 'utf-16-le', codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE: 'utf-16-be',
+            codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE: 'utf-32-le', codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE: 'utf-32-be'
+        }
+
+        # Go to beginning of file and read in 4 bytes
+        string = self.rawStream.read(4)
+        assert isinstance(string, bytes)
+
+        # Try detecting the BOM using bytes from the string
+        encoding = bomDict.get(string[:3])         # UTF-8
+        seek = 3
+        if not encoding:
+            # Need to detect UTF-32 before UTF-16
+            encoding = bomDict.get(string)         # UTF-32
+            seek = 4
+            if not encoding:
+                encoding = bomDict.get(string[:2])  # UTF-16
+                seek = 2
+
+        # Set the read position past the BOM if one was found, otherwise
+        # set it to the start of the stream
+        self.rawStream.seek(encoding and seek or 0)
+
+        return encoding
+
+    def detectEncodingMeta(self):
+        """Report the encoding declared by the meta element
+        """
+        buffer = self.rawStream.read(self.numBytesMeta)
+        assert isinstance(buffer, bytes)
+        parser = EncodingParser(buffer)
+        self.rawStream.seek(0)
+        encoding = parser.getEncoding()
+
+        if encoding in ("utf-16", "utf-16-be", "utf-16-le"):
+            encoding = "utf-8"
+
+        return encoding
+
+
+class EncodingBytes(bytes):
+    """String-like object with an associated position and various extra methods
+    If the position is ever greater than the string length then an exception is
+    raised"""
+    def __new__(self, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, bytes)
+        return bytes.__new__(self, value.lower())
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self._position = -1
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        p = self._position = self._position + 1
+        if p >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        elif p < 0:
+            raise TypeError
+        return self[p:p + 1]
+
+    def next(self):
+        # Py2 compat
+        return self.__next__()
+
+    def previous(self):
+        p = self._position
+        if p >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        elif p < 0:
+            raise TypeError
+        self._position = p = p - 1
+        return self[p:p + 1]
+
+    def setPosition(self, position):
+        if self._position >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        self._position = position
+
+    def getPosition(self):
+        if self._position >= len(self):
+            raise StopIteration
+        if self._position >= 0:
+            return self._position
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    position = property(getPosition, setPosition)
+
+    def getCurrentByte(self):
+        return self[self.position:self.position + 1]
+
+    currentByte = property(getCurrentByte)
+
+    def skip(self, chars=spaceCharactersBytes):
+        """Skip past a list of characters"""
+        p = self.position               # use property for the error-checking
+        while p < len(self):
+            c = self[p:p + 1]
+            if c not in chars:
+                self._position = p
+                return c
+            p += 1
+        self._position = p
+        return None
+
+    def skipUntil(self, chars):
+        p = self.position
+        while p < len(self):
+            c = self[p:p + 1]
+            if c in chars:
+                self._position = p
+                return c
+            p += 1
+        self._position = p
+        return None
+
+    def matchBytes(self, bytes):
+        """Look for a sequence of bytes at the start of a string. If the bytes
+        are found return True and advance the position to the byte after the
+        match. Otherwise return False and leave the position alone"""
+        p = self.position
+        data = self[p:p + len(bytes)]
+        rv = data.startswith(bytes)
+        if rv:
+            self.position += len(bytes)
+        return rv
+
+    def jumpTo(self, bytes):
+        """Look for the next sequence of bytes matching a given sequence. If
+        a match is found advance the position to the last byte of the match"""
+        newPosition = self[self.position:].find(bytes)
+        if newPosition > -1:
+            # XXX: This is ugly, but I can't see a nicer way to fix this.
+            if self._position == -1:
+                self._position = 0
+            self._position += (newPosition + len(bytes) - 1)
+            return True
+        else:
+            raise StopIteration
+
+
+class EncodingParser(object):
+    """Mini parser for detecting character encoding from meta elements"""
+
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        """string - the data to work on for encoding detection"""
+        self.data = EncodingBytes(data)
+        self.encoding = None
+
+    def getEncoding(self):
+        methodDispatch = (
+            (b"<!--", self.handleComment),
+            (b"<meta", self.handleMeta),
+            (b"</", self.handlePossibleEndTag),
+            (b"<!", self.handleOther),
+            (b"<?", self.handleOther),
+            (b"<", self.handlePossibleStartTag))
+        for byte in self.data:
+            keepParsing = True
+            for key, method in methodDispatch:
+                if self.data.matchBytes(key):
+                    try:
+                        keepParsing = method()
+                        break
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        keepParsing = False
+                        break
+            if not keepParsing:
+                break
+
+        return self.encoding
+
+    def handleComment(self):
+        """Skip over comments"""
+        return self.data.jumpTo(b"-->")
+
+    def handleMeta(self):
+        if self.data.currentByte not in spaceCharactersBytes:
+            # if we have <meta not followed by a space so just keep going
+            return True
+        # We have a valid meta element we want to search for attributes
+        hasPragma = False
+        pendingEncoding = None
+        while True:
+            # Try to find the next attribute after the current position
+            attr = self.getAttribute()
+            if attr is None:
+                return True
+            else:
+                if attr[0] == b"http-equiv":
+                    hasPragma = attr[1] == b"content-type"
+                    if hasPragma and pendingEncoding is not None:
+                        self.encoding = pendingEncoding
+                        return False
+                elif attr[0] == b"charset":
+                    tentativeEncoding = attr[1]
+                    codec = codecName(tentativeEncoding)
+                    if codec is not None:
+                        self.encoding = codec
+                        return False
+                elif attr[0] == b"content":
+                    contentParser = ContentAttrParser(EncodingBytes(attr[1]))
+                    tentativeEncoding = contentParser.parse()
+                    if tentativeEncoding is not None:
+                        codec = codecName(tentativeEncoding)
+                        if codec is not None:
+                            if hasPragma:
+                                self.encoding = codec
+                                return False
+                            else:
+                                pendingEncoding = codec
+
+    def handlePossibleStartTag(self):
+        return self.handlePossibleTag(False)
+
+    def handlePossibleEndTag(self):
+        next(self.data)
+        return self.handlePossibleTag(True)
+
+    def handlePossibleTag(self, endTag):
+        data = self.data
+        if data.currentByte not in asciiLettersBytes:
+            # If the next byte is not an ascii letter either ignore this
+            # fragment (possible start tag case) or treat it according to
+            # handleOther
+            if endTag:
+                data.previous()
+                self.handleOther()
+            return True
+
+        c = data.skipUntil(spacesAngleBrackets)
+        if c == b"<":
+            # return to the first step in the overall "two step" algorithm
+            # reprocessing the < byte
+            data.previous()
+        else:
+            # Read all attributes
+            attr = self.getAttribute()
+            while attr is not None:
+                attr = self.getAttribute()
+        return True
+
+    def handleOther(self):
+        return self.data.jumpTo(b">")
+
+    def getAttribute(self):
+        """Return a name,value pair for the next attribute in the stream,
+        if one is found, or None"""
+        data = self.data
+        # Step 1 (skip chars)
+        c = data.skip(spaceCharactersBytes | frozenset([b"/"]))
+        assert c is None or len(c) == 1
+        # Step 2
+        if c in (b">", None):
+            return None
+        # Step 3
+        attrName = []
+        attrValue = []
+        # Step 4 attribute name
+        while True:
+            if c == b"=" and attrName:
+                break
+            elif c in spaceCharactersBytes:
+                # Step 6!
+                c = data.skip()
+                break
+            elif c in (b"/", b">"):
+                return b"".join(attrName), b""
+            elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+                attrName.append(c.lower())
+            elif c is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                attrName.append(c)
+            # Step 5
+            c = next(data)
+        # Step 7
+        if c != b"=":
+            data.previous()
+            return b"".join(attrName), b""
+        # Step 8
+        next(data)
+        # Step 9
+        c = data.skip()
+        # Step 10
+        if c in (b"'", b'"'):
+            # 10.1
+            quoteChar = c
+            while True:
+                # 10.2
+                c = next(data)
+                # 10.3
+                if c == quoteChar:
+                    next(data)
+                    return b"".join(attrName), b"".join(attrValue)
+                # 10.4
+                elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+                    attrValue.append(c.lower())
+                # 10.5
+                else:
+                    attrValue.append(c)
+        elif c == b">":
+            return b"".join(attrName), b""
+        elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+            attrValue.append(c.lower())
+        elif c is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            attrValue.append(c)
+        # Step 11
+        while True:
+            c = next(data)
+            if c in spacesAngleBrackets:
+                return b"".join(attrName), b"".join(attrValue)
+            elif c in asciiUppercaseBytes:
+                attrValue.append(c.lower())
+            elif c is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                attrValue.append(c)
+
+
+class ContentAttrParser(object):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        assert isinstance(data, bytes)
+        self.data = data
+
+    def parse(self):
+        try:
+            # Check if the attr name is charset
+            # otherwise return
+            self.data.jumpTo(b"charset")
+            self.data.position += 1
+            self.data.skip()
+            if not self.data.currentByte == b"=":
+                # If there is no = sign keep looking for attrs
+                return None
+            self.data.position += 1
+            self.data.skip()
+            # Look for an encoding between matching quote marks
+            if self.data.currentByte in (b'"', b"'"):
+                quoteMark = self.data.currentByte
+                self.data.position += 1
+                oldPosition = self.data.position
+                if self.data.jumpTo(quoteMark):
+                    return self.data[oldPosition:self.data.position]
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                # Unquoted value
+                oldPosition = self.data.position
+                try:
+                    self.data.skipUntil(spaceCharactersBytes)
+                    return self.data[oldPosition:self.data.position]
+                except StopIteration:
+                    # Return the whole remaining value
+                    return self.data[oldPosition:]
+        except StopIteration:
+            return None
+
+
+def codecName(encoding):
+    """Return the python codec name corresponding to an encoding or None if the
+    string doesn't correspond to a valid encoding."""
+    if isinstance(encoding, bytes):
+        try:
+            encoding = encoding.decode("ascii")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return None
+    if encoding:
+        canonicalName = ascii_punctuation_re.sub("", encoding).lower()
+        return encodings.get(canonicalName, None)
+    else:
+        return None
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b714e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/sanitizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import re
+from xml.sax.saxutils import escape, unescape
+from six.moves import urllib_parse as urlparse
+
+from .tokenizer import HTMLTokenizer
+from .constants import tokenTypes
+
+
+content_type_rgx = re.compile(r'''
+                               ^
+                               # Match a content type <application>/<type>
+                               (?P<content_type>[-a-zA-Z0-9.]+/[-a-zA-Z0-9.]+)
+                               # Match any character set and encoding
+                               (?:(?:;charset=(?:[-a-zA-Z0-9]+)(?:;(?:base64))?)
+                                 |(?:;(?:base64))?(?:;charset=(?:[-a-zA-Z0-9]+))?)
+                               # Assume the rest is data
+                               ,.*
+                               $
+                               ''',
+                              re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+class HTMLSanitizerMixin(object):
+    """ sanitization of XHTML+MathML+SVG and of inline style attributes."""
+
+    acceptable_elements = ['a', 'abbr', 'acronym', 'address', 'area',
+                           'article', 'aside', 'audio', 'b', 'big', 'blockquote', 'br', 'button',
+                           'canvas', 'caption', 'center', 'cite', 'code', 'col', 'colgroup',
+                           'command', 'datagrid', 'datalist', 'dd', 'del', 'details', 'dfn',
+                           'dialog', 'dir', 'div', 'dl', 'dt', 'em', 'event-source', 'fieldset',
+                           'figcaption', 'figure', 'footer', 'font', 'form', 'header', 'h1',
+                           'h2', 'h3', 'h4', 'h5', 'h6', 'hr', 'i', 'img', 'input', 'ins',
+                           'keygen', 'kbd', 'label', 'legend', 'li', 'm', 'map', 'menu', 'meter',
+                           'multicol', 'nav', 'nextid', 'ol', 'output', 'optgroup', 'option',
+                           'p', 'pre', 'progress', 'q', 's', 'samp', 'section', 'select',
+                           'small', 'sound', 'source', 'spacer', 'span', 'strike', 'strong',
+                           'sub', 'sup', 'table', 'tbody', 'td', 'textarea', 'time', 'tfoot',
+                           'th', 'thead', 'tr', 'tt', 'u', 'ul', 'var', 'video']
+
+    mathml_elements = ['maction', 'math', 'merror', 'mfrac', 'mi',
+                       'mmultiscripts', 'mn', 'mo', 'mover', 'mpadded', 'mphantom',
+                       'mprescripts', 'mroot', 'mrow', 'mspace', 'msqrt', 'mstyle', 'msub',
+                       'msubsup', 'msup', 'mtable', 'mtd', 'mtext', 'mtr', 'munder',
+                       'munderover', 'none']
+
+    svg_elements = ['a', 'animate', 'animateColor', 'animateMotion',
+                    'animateTransform', 'clipPath', 'circle', 'defs', 'desc', 'ellipse',
+                    'font-face', 'font-face-name', 'font-face-src', 'g', 'glyph', 'hkern',
+                    'linearGradient', 'line', 'marker', 'metadata', 'missing-glyph',
+                    'mpath', 'path', 'polygon', 'polyline', 'radialGradient', 'rect',
+                    'set', 'stop', 'svg', 'switch', 'text', 'title', 'tspan', 'use']
+
+    acceptable_attributes = ['abbr', 'accept', 'accept-charset', 'accesskey',
+                             'action', 'align', 'alt', 'autocomplete', 'autofocus', 'axis',
+                             'background', 'balance', 'bgcolor', 'bgproperties', 'border',
+                             'bordercolor', 'bordercolordark', 'bordercolorlight', 'bottompadding',
+                             'cellpadding', 'cellspacing', 'ch', 'challenge', 'char', 'charoff',
+                             'choff', 'charset', 'checked', 'cite', 'class', 'clear', 'color',
+                             'cols', 'colspan', 'compact', 'contenteditable', 'controls', 'coords',
+                             'data', 'datafld', 'datapagesize', 'datasrc', 'datetime', 'default',
+                             'delay', 'dir', 'disabled', 'draggable', 'dynsrc', 'enctype', 'end',
+                             'face', 'for', 'form', 'frame', 'galleryimg', 'gutter', 'headers',
+                             'height', 'hidefocus', 'hidden', 'high', 'href', 'hreflang', 'hspace',
+                             'icon', 'id', 'inputmode', 'ismap', 'keytype', 'label', 'leftspacing',
+                             'lang', 'list', 'longdesc', 'loop', 'loopcount', 'loopend',
+                             'loopstart', 'low', 'lowsrc', 'max', 'maxlength', 'media', 'method',
+                             'min', 'multiple', 'name', 'nohref', 'noshade', 'nowrap', 'open',
+                             'optimum', 'pattern', 'ping', 'point-size', 'poster', 'pqg', 'preload',
+                             'prompt', 'radiogroup', 'readonly', 'rel', 'repeat-max', 'repeat-min',
+                             'replace', 'required', 'rev', 'rightspacing', 'rows', 'rowspan',
+                             'rules', 'scope', 'selected', 'shape', 'size', 'span', 'src', 'start',
+                             'step', 'style', 'summary', 'suppress', 'tabindex', 'target',
+                             'template', 'title', 'toppadding', 'type', 'unselectable', 'usemap',
+                             'urn', 'valign', 'value', 'variable', 'volume', 'vspace', 'vrml',
+                             'width', 'wrap', 'xml:lang']
+
+    mathml_attributes = ['actiontype', 'align', 'columnalign', 'columnalign',
+                         'columnalign', 'columnlines', 'columnspacing', 'columnspan', 'depth',
+                         'display', 'displaystyle', 'equalcolumns', 'equalrows', 'fence',
+                         'fontstyle', 'fontweight', 'frame', 'height', 'linethickness', 'lspace',
+                         'mathbackground', 'mathcolor', 'mathvariant', 'mathvariant', 'maxsize',
+                         'minsize', 'other', 'rowalign', 'rowalign', 'rowalign', 'rowlines',
+                         'rowspacing', 'rowspan', 'rspace', 'scriptlevel', 'selection',
+                         'separator', 'stretchy', 'width', 'width', 'xlink:href', 'xlink:show',
+                         'xlink:type', 'xmlns', 'xmlns:xlink']
+
+    svg_attributes = ['accent-height', 'accumulate', 'additive', 'alphabetic',
+                      'arabic-form', 'ascent', 'attributeName', 'attributeType',
+                      'baseProfile', 'bbox', 'begin', 'by', 'calcMode', 'cap-height',
+                      'class', 'clip-path', 'color', 'color-rendering', 'content', 'cx',
+                      'cy', 'd', 'dx', 'dy', 'descent', 'display', 'dur', 'end', 'fill',
+                      'fill-opacity', 'fill-rule', 'font-family', 'font-size',
+                      'font-stretch', 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight', 'from',
+                      'fx', 'fy', 'g1', 'g2', 'glyph-name', 'gradientUnits', 'hanging',
+                      'height', 'horiz-adv-x', 'horiz-origin-x', 'id', 'ideographic', 'k',
+                      'keyPoints', 'keySplines', 'keyTimes', 'lang', 'marker-end',
+                      'marker-mid', 'marker-start', 'markerHeight', 'markerUnits',
+                      'markerWidth', 'mathematical', 'max', 'min', 'name', 'offset',
+                      'opacity', 'orient', 'origin', 'overline-position',
+                      'overline-thickness', 'panose-1', 'path', 'pathLength', 'points',
+                      'preserveAspectRatio', 'r', 'refX', 'refY', 'repeatCount',
+                      'repeatDur', 'requiredExtensions', 'requiredFeatures', 'restart',
+                      'rotate', 'rx', 'ry', 'slope', 'stemh', 'stemv', 'stop-color',
+                      'stop-opacity', 'strikethrough-position', 'strikethrough-thickness',
+                      'stroke', 'stroke-dasharray', 'stroke-dashoffset', 'stroke-linecap',
+                      'stroke-linejoin', 'stroke-miterlimit', 'stroke-opacity',
+                      'stroke-width', 'systemLanguage', 'target', 'text-anchor', 'to',
+                      'transform', 'type', 'u1', 'u2', 'underline-position',
+                      'underline-thickness', 'unicode', 'unicode-range', 'units-per-em',
+                      'values', 'version', 'viewBox', 'visibility', 'width', 'widths', 'x',
+                      'x-height', 'x1', 'x2', 'xlink:actuate', 'xlink:arcrole',
+                      'xlink:href', 'xlink:role', 'xlink:show', 'xlink:title', 'xlink:type',
+                      'xml:base', 'xml:lang', 'xml:space', 'xmlns', 'xmlns:xlink', 'y',
+                      'y1', 'y2', 'zoomAndPan']
+
+    attr_val_is_uri = ['href', 'src', 'cite', 'action', 'longdesc', 'poster', 'background', 'datasrc',
+                       'dynsrc', 'lowsrc', 'ping', 'poster', 'xlink:href', 'xml:base']
+
+    svg_attr_val_allows_ref = ['clip-path', 'color-profile', 'cursor', 'fill',
+                               'filter', 'marker', 'marker-start', 'marker-mid', 'marker-end',
+                               'mask', 'stroke']
+
+    svg_allow_local_href = ['altGlyph', 'animate', 'animateColor',
+                            'animateMotion', 'animateTransform', 'cursor', 'feImage', 'filter',
+                            'linearGradient', 'pattern', 'radialGradient', 'textpath', 'tref',
+                            'set', 'use']
+
+    acceptable_css_properties = ['azimuth', 'background-color',
+                                 'border-bottom-color', 'border-collapse', 'border-color',
+                                 'border-left-color', 'border-right-color', 'border-top-color', 'clear',
+                                 'color', 'cursor', 'direction', 'display', 'elevation', 'float', 'font',
+                                 'font-family', 'font-size', 'font-style', 'font-variant', 'font-weight',
+                                 'height', 'letter-spacing', 'line-height', 'overflow', 'pause',
+                                 'pause-after', 'pause-before', 'pitch', 'pitch-range', 'richness',
+                                 'speak', 'speak-header', 'speak-numeral', 'speak-punctuation',
+                                 'speech-rate', 'stress', 'text-align', 'text-decoration', 'text-indent',
+                                 'unicode-bidi', 'vertical-align', 'voice-family', 'volume',
+                                 'white-space', 'width']
+
+    acceptable_css_keywords = ['auto', 'aqua', 'black', 'block', 'blue',
+                               'bold', 'both', 'bottom', 'brown', 'center', 'collapse', 'dashed',
+                               'dotted', 'fuchsia', 'gray', 'green', '!important', 'italic', 'left',
+                               'lime', 'maroon', 'medium', 'none', 'navy', 'normal', 'nowrap', 'olive',
+                               'pointer', 'purple', 'red', 'right', 'solid', 'silver', 'teal', 'top',
+                               'transparent', 'underline', 'white', 'yellow']
+
+    acceptable_svg_properties = ['fill', 'fill-opacity', 'fill-rule',
+                                 'stroke', 'stroke-width', 'stroke-linecap', 'stroke-linejoin',
+                                 'stroke-opacity']
+
+    acceptable_protocols = ['ed2k', 'ftp', 'http', 'https', 'irc',
+                            'mailto', 'news', 'gopher', 'nntp', 'telnet', 'webcal',
+                            'xmpp', 'callto', 'feed', 'urn', 'aim', 'rsync', 'tag',
+                            'ssh', 'sftp', 'rtsp', 'afs', 'data']
+
+    acceptable_content_types = ['image/png', 'image/jpeg', 'image/gif', 'image/webp', 'image/bmp', 'text/plain']
+
+    # subclasses may define their own versions of these constants
+    allowed_elements = acceptable_elements + mathml_elements + svg_elements
+    allowed_attributes = acceptable_attributes + mathml_attributes + svg_attributes
+    allowed_css_properties = acceptable_css_properties
+    allowed_css_keywords = acceptable_css_keywords
+    allowed_svg_properties = acceptable_svg_properties
+    allowed_protocols = acceptable_protocols
+    allowed_content_types = acceptable_content_types
+
+    # Sanitize the +html+, escaping all elements not in ALLOWED_ELEMENTS, and
+    # stripping out all # attributes not in ALLOWED_ATTRIBUTES. Style
+    # attributes are parsed, and a restricted set, # specified by
+    # ALLOWED_CSS_PROPERTIES and ALLOWED_CSS_KEYWORDS, are allowed through.
+    # attributes in ATTR_VAL_IS_URI are scanned, and only URI schemes specified
+    # in ALLOWED_PROTOCOLS are allowed.
+    #
+    #   sanitize_html('<script> do_nasty_stuff() </script>')
+    #    => &lt;script> do_nasty_stuff() &lt;/script>
+    #   sanitize_html('<a href="javascript: sucker();">Click here for $100</a>')
+    #    => <a>Click here for $100</a>
+    def sanitize_token(self, token):
+
+        # accommodate filters which use token_type differently
+        token_type = token["type"]
+        if token_type in list(tokenTypes.keys()):
+            token_type = tokenTypes[token_type]
+
+        if token_type in (tokenTypes["StartTag"], tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                          tokenTypes["EmptyTag"]):
+            if token["name"] in self.allowed_elements:
+                return self.allowed_token(token, token_type)
+            else:
+                return self.disallowed_token(token, token_type)
+        elif token_type == tokenTypes["Comment"]:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return token
+
+    def allowed_token(self, token, token_type):
+        if "data" in token:
+            attrs = dict([(name, val) for name, val in
+                          token["data"][::-1]
+                          if name in self.allowed_attributes])
+            for attr in self.attr_val_is_uri:
+                if attr not in attrs:
+                    continue
+                val_unescaped = re.sub("[`\000-\040\177-\240\s]+", '',
+                                       unescape(attrs[attr])).lower()
+                # remove replacement characters from unescaped characters
+                val_unescaped = val_unescaped.replace("\ufffd", "")
+                try:
+                    uri = urlparse.urlparse(val_unescaped)
+                except ValueError:
+                    uri = None
+                    del attrs[attr]
+                if uri and uri.scheme:
+                    if uri.scheme not in self.allowed_protocols:
+                        del attrs[attr]
+                    if uri.scheme == 'data':
+                        m = content_type_rgx.match(uri.path)
+                        if not m:
+                            del attrs[attr]
+                        elif m.group('content_type') not in self.allowed_content_types:
+                            del attrs[attr]
+
+            for attr in self.svg_attr_val_allows_ref:
+                if attr in attrs:
+                    attrs[attr] = re.sub(r'url\s*\(\s*[^#\s][^)]+?\)',
+                                         ' ',
+                                         unescape(attrs[attr]))
+            if (token["name"] in self.svg_allow_local_href and
+                'xlink:href' in attrs and re.search('^\s*[^#\s].*',
+                                                    attrs['xlink:href'])):
+                del attrs['xlink:href']
+            if 'style' in attrs:
+                attrs['style'] = self.sanitize_css(attrs['style'])
+            token["data"] = [[name, val] for name, val in list(attrs.items())]
+        return token
+
+    def disallowed_token(self, token, token_type):
+        if token_type == tokenTypes["EndTag"]:
+            token["data"] = "</%s>" % token["name"]
+        elif token["data"]:
+            attrs = ''.join([' %s="%s"' % (k, escape(v)) for k, v in token["data"]])
+            token["data"] = "<%s%s>" % (token["name"], attrs)
+        else:
+            token["data"] = "<%s>" % token["name"]
+        if token.get("selfClosing"):
+            token["data"] = token["data"][:-1] + "/>"
+
+        if token["type"] in list(tokenTypes.keys()):
+            token["type"] = "Characters"
+        else:
+            token["type"] = tokenTypes["Characters"]
+
+        del token["name"]
+        return token
+
+    def sanitize_css(self, style):
+        # disallow urls
+        style = re.compile('url\s*\(\s*[^\s)]+?\s*\)\s*').sub(' ', style)
+
+        # gauntlet
+        if not re.match("""^([:,;#%.\sa-zA-Z0-9!]|\w-\w|'[\s\w]+'|"[\s\w]+"|\([\d,\s]+\))*$""", style):
+            return ''
+        if not re.match("^\s*([-\w]+\s*:[^:;]*(;\s*|$))*$", style):
+            return ''
+
+        clean = []
+        for prop, value in re.findall("([-\w]+)\s*:\s*([^:;]*)", style):
+            if not value:
+                continue
+            if prop.lower() in self.allowed_css_properties:
+                clean.append(prop + ': ' + value + ';')
+            elif prop.split('-')[0].lower() in ['background', 'border', 'margin',
+                                                'padding']:
+                for keyword in value.split():
+                    if keyword not in self.acceptable_css_keywords and \
+                            not re.match("^(#[0-9a-f]+|rgb\(\d+%?,\d*%?,?\d*%?\)?|\d{0,2}\.?\d{0,2}(cm|em|ex|in|mm|pc|pt|px|%|,|\))?)$", keyword):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    clean.append(prop + ': ' + value + ';')
+            elif prop.lower() in self.allowed_svg_properties:
+                clean.append(prop + ': ' + value + ';')
+
+        return ' '.join(clean)
+
+
+class HTMLSanitizer(HTMLTokenizer, HTMLSanitizerMixin):
+    def __init__(self, stream, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True,
+                 lowercaseElementName=False, lowercaseAttrName=False, parser=None):
+        # Change case matching defaults as we only output lowercase html anyway
+        # This solution doesn't seem ideal...
+        HTMLTokenizer.__init__(self, stream, encoding, parseMeta, useChardet,
+                               lowercaseElementName, lowercaseAttrName, parser=parser)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for token in HTMLTokenizer.__iter__(self):
+            token = self.sanitize_token(token)
+            if token:
+                yield token
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8380839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from .. import treewalkers
+
+from .htmlserializer import HTMLSerializer
+
+
+def serialize(input, tree="etree", format="html", encoding=None,
+              **serializer_opts):
+    # XXX: Should we cache this?
+    walker = treewalkers.getTreeWalker(tree)
+    if format == "html":
+        s = HTMLSerializer(**serializer_opts)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("type must be html")
+    return s.render(walker(input), encoding)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01d9c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/serializer/htmlserializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+try:
+    from functools import reduce
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from ..constants import voidElements, booleanAttributes, spaceCharacters
+from ..constants import rcdataElements, entities, xmlEntities
+from .. import utils
+from xml.sax.saxutils import escape
+
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+try:
+    from codecs import register_error, xmlcharrefreplace_errors
+except ImportError:
+    unicode_encode_errors = "strict"
+else:
+    unicode_encode_errors = "htmlentityreplace"
+
+    encode_entity_map = {}
+    is_ucs4 = len("\U0010FFFF") == 1
+    for k, v in list(entities.items()):
+        # skip multi-character entities
+        if ((is_ucs4 and len(v) > 1) or
+                (not is_ucs4 and len(v) > 2)):
+            continue
+        if v != "&":
+            if len(v) == 2:
+                v = utils.surrogatePairToCodepoint(v)
+            else:
+                v = ord(v)
+            if v not in encode_entity_map or k.islower():
+                # prefer &lt; over &LT; and similarly for &amp;, &gt;, etc.
+                encode_entity_map[v] = k
+
+    def htmlentityreplace_errors(exc):
+        if isinstance(exc, (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeTranslateError)):
+            res = []
+            codepoints = []
+            skip = False
+            for i, c in enumerate(exc.object[exc.start:exc.end]):
+                if skip:
+                    skip = False
+                    continue
+                index = i + exc.start
+                if utils.isSurrogatePair(exc.object[index:min([exc.end, index + 2])]):
+                    codepoint = utils.surrogatePairToCodepoint(exc.object[index:index + 2])
+                    skip = True
+                else:
+                    codepoint = ord(c)
+                codepoints.append(codepoint)
+            for cp in codepoints:
+                e = encode_entity_map.get(cp)
+                if e:
+                    res.append("&")
+                    res.append(e)
+                    if not e.endswith(";"):
+                        res.append(";")
+                else:
+                    res.append("&#x%s;" % (hex(cp)[2:]))
+            return ("".join(res), exc.end)
+        else:
+            return xmlcharrefreplace_errors(exc)
+
+    register_error(unicode_encode_errors, htmlentityreplace_errors)
+
+    del register_error
+
+
+class HTMLSerializer(object):
+
+    # attribute quoting options
+    quote_attr_values = False
+    quote_char = '"'
+    use_best_quote_char = True
+
+    # tag syntax options
+    omit_optional_tags = True
+    minimize_boolean_attributes = True
+    use_trailing_solidus = False
+    space_before_trailing_solidus = True
+
+    # escaping options
+    escape_lt_in_attrs = False
+    escape_rcdata = False
+    resolve_entities = True
+
+    # miscellaneous options
+    alphabetical_attributes = False
+    inject_meta_charset = True
+    strip_whitespace = False
+    sanitize = False
+
+    options = ("quote_attr_values", "quote_char", "use_best_quote_char",
+               "omit_optional_tags", "minimize_boolean_attributes",
+               "use_trailing_solidus", "space_before_trailing_solidus",
+               "escape_lt_in_attrs", "escape_rcdata", "resolve_entities",
+               "alphabetical_attributes", "inject_meta_charset",
+               "strip_whitespace", "sanitize")
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize HTMLSerializer.
+
+        Keyword options (default given first unless specified) include:
+
+        inject_meta_charset=True|False
+          Whether it insert a meta element to define the character set of the
+          document.
+        quote_attr_values=True|False
+          Whether to quote attribute values that don't require quoting
+          per HTML5 parsing rules.
+        quote_char=u'"'|u"'"
+          Use given quote character for attribute quoting. Default is to
+          use double quote unless attribute value contains a double quote,
+          in which case single quotes are used instead.
+        escape_lt_in_attrs=False|True
+          Whether to escape < in attribute values.
+        escape_rcdata=False|True
+          Whether to escape characters that need to be escaped within normal
+          elements within rcdata elements such as style.
+        resolve_entities=True|False
+          Whether to resolve named character entities that appear in the
+          source tree. The XML predefined entities &lt; &gt; &amp; &quot; &apos;
+          are unaffected by this setting.
+        strip_whitespace=False|True
+          Whether to remove semantically meaningless whitespace. (This
+          compresses all whitespace to a single space except within pre.)
+        minimize_boolean_attributes=True|False
+          Shortens boolean attributes to give just the attribute value,
+          for example <input disabled="disabled"> becomes <input disabled>.
+        use_trailing_solidus=False|True
+          Includes a close-tag slash at the end of the start tag of void
+          elements (empty elements whose end tag is forbidden). E.g. <hr/>.
+        space_before_trailing_solidus=True|False
+          Places a space immediately before the closing slash in a tag
+          using a trailing solidus. E.g. <hr />. Requires use_trailing_solidus.
+        sanitize=False|True
+          Strip all unsafe or unknown constructs from output.
+          See `html5lib user documentation`_
+        omit_optional_tags=True|False
+          Omit start/end tags that are optional.
+        alphabetical_attributes=False|True
+          Reorder attributes to be in alphabetical order.
+
+        .. _html5lib user documentation: http://code.google.com/p/html5lib/wiki/UserDocumentation
+        """
+        if 'quote_char' in kwargs:
+            self.use_best_quote_char = False
+        for attr in self.options:
+            setattr(self, attr, kwargs.get(attr, getattr(self, attr)))
+        self.errors = []
+        self.strict = False
+
+    def encode(self, string):
+        assert(isinstance(string, text_type))
+        if self.encoding:
+            return string.encode(self.encoding, unicode_encode_errors)
+        else:
+            return string
+
+    def encodeStrict(self, string):
+        assert(isinstance(string, text_type))
+        if self.encoding:
+            return string.encode(self.encoding, "strict")
+        else:
+            return string
+
+    def serialize(self, treewalker, encoding=None):
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        in_cdata = False
+        self.errors = []
+
+        if encoding and self.inject_meta_charset:
+            from ..filters.inject_meta_charset import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker, encoding)
+        # WhitespaceFilter should be used before OptionalTagFilter
+        # for maximum efficiently of this latter filter
+        if self.strip_whitespace:
+            from ..filters.whitespace import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+        if self.sanitize:
+            from ..filters.sanitizer import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+        if self.omit_optional_tags:
+            from ..filters.optionaltags import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+        # Alphabetical attributes must be last, as other filters
+        # could add attributes and alter the order
+        if self.alphabetical_attributes:
+            from ..filters.alphabeticalattributes import Filter
+            treewalker = Filter(treewalker)
+
+        for token in treewalker:
+            type = token["type"]
+            if type == "Doctype":
+                doctype = "<!DOCTYPE %s" % token["name"]
+
+                if token["publicId"]:
+                    doctype += ' PUBLIC "%s"' % token["publicId"]
+                elif token["systemId"]:
+                    doctype += " SYSTEM"
+                if token["systemId"]:
+                    if token["systemId"].find('"') >= 0:
+                        if token["systemId"].find("'") >= 0:
+                            self.serializeError("System identifer contains both single and double quote characters")
+                        quote_char = "'"
+                    else:
+                        quote_char = '"'
+                    doctype += " %s%s%s" % (quote_char, token["systemId"], quote_char)
+
+                doctype += ">"
+                yield self.encodeStrict(doctype)
+
+            elif type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+                if type == "SpaceCharacters" or in_cdata:
+                    if in_cdata and token["data"].find("</") >= 0:
+                        self.serializeError("Unexpected </ in CDATA")
+                    yield self.encode(token["data"])
+                else:
+                    yield self.encode(escape(token["data"]))
+
+            elif type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+                name = token["name"]
+                yield self.encodeStrict("<%s" % name)
+                if name in rcdataElements and not self.escape_rcdata:
+                    in_cdata = True
+                elif in_cdata:
+                    self.serializeError("Unexpected child element of a CDATA element")
+                for (attr_namespace, attr_name), attr_value in token["data"].items():
+                    # TODO: Add namespace support here
+                    k = attr_name
+                    v = attr_value
+                    yield self.encodeStrict(' ')
+
+                    yield self.encodeStrict(k)
+                    if not self.minimize_boolean_attributes or \
+                        (k not in booleanAttributes.get(name, tuple())
+                         and k not in booleanAttributes.get("", tuple())):
+                        yield self.encodeStrict("=")
+                        if self.quote_attr_values or not v:
+                            quote_attr = True
+                        else:
+                            quote_attr = reduce(lambda x, y: x or (y in v),
+                                                spaceCharacters + ">\"'=", False)
+                        v = v.replace("&", "&amp;")
+                        if self.escape_lt_in_attrs:
+                            v = v.replace("<", "&lt;")
+                        if quote_attr:
+                            quote_char = self.quote_char
+                            if self.use_best_quote_char:
+                                if "'" in v and '"' not in v:
+                                    quote_char = '"'
+                                elif '"' in v and "'" not in v:
+                                    quote_char = "'"
+                            if quote_char == "'":
+                                v = v.replace("'", "&#39;")
+                            else:
+                                v = v.replace('"', "&quot;")
+                            yield self.encodeStrict(quote_char)
+                            yield self.encode(v)
+                            yield self.encodeStrict(quote_char)
+                        else:
+                            yield self.encode(v)
+                if name in voidElements and self.use_trailing_solidus:
+                    if self.space_before_trailing_solidus:
+                        yield self.encodeStrict(" /")
+                    else:
+                        yield self.encodeStrict("/")
+                yield self.encode(">")
+
+            elif type == "EndTag":
+                name = token["name"]
+                if name in rcdataElements:
+                    in_cdata = False
+                elif in_cdata:
+                    self.serializeError("Unexpected child element of a CDATA element")
+                yield self.encodeStrict("</%s>" % name)
+
+            elif type == "Comment":
+                data = token["data"]
+                if data.find("--") >= 0:
+                    self.serializeError("Comment contains --")
+                yield self.encodeStrict("<!--%s-->" % token["data"])
+
+            elif type == "Entity":
+                name = token["name"]
+                key = name + ";"
+                if key not in entities:
+                    self.serializeError("Entity %s not recognized" % name)
+                if self.resolve_entities and key not in xmlEntities:
+                    data = entities[key]
+                else:
+                    data = "&%s;" % name
+                yield self.encodeStrict(data)
+
+            else:
+                self.serializeError(token["data"])
+
+    def render(self, treewalker, encoding=None):
+        if encoding:
+            return b"".join(list(self.serialize(treewalker, encoding)))
+        else:
+            return "".join(list(self.serialize(treewalker)))
+
+    def serializeError(self, data="XXX ERROR MESSAGE NEEDED"):
+        # XXX The idea is to make data mandatory.
+        self.errors.append(data)
+        if self.strict:
+            raise SerializeError
+
+
+def SerializeError(Exception):
+    """Error in serialized tree"""
+    pass
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7977457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/tokenizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1731 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+try:
+    chr = unichr # flake8: noqa
+except NameError:
+    pass
+
+from collections import deque
+
+from .constants import spaceCharacters
+from .constants import entities
+from .constants import asciiLetters, asciiUpper2Lower
+from .constants import digits, hexDigits, EOF
+from .constants import tokenTypes, tagTokenTypes
+from .constants import replacementCharacters
+
+from .inputstream import HTMLInputStream
+
+from .trie import Trie
+
+entitiesTrie = Trie(entities)
+
+
+class HTMLTokenizer(object):
+    """ This class takes care of tokenizing HTML.
+
+    * self.currentToken
+      Holds the token that is currently being processed.
+
+    * self.state
+      Holds a reference to the method to be invoked... XXX
+
+    * self.stream
+      Points to HTMLInputStream object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, encoding=None, parseMeta=True, useChardet=True,
+                 lowercaseElementName=True, lowercaseAttrName=True, parser=None):
+
+        self.stream = HTMLInputStream(stream, encoding, parseMeta, useChardet)
+        self.parser = parser
+
+        # Perform case conversions?
+        self.lowercaseElementName = lowercaseElementName
+        self.lowercaseAttrName = lowercaseAttrName
+
+        # Setup the initial tokenizer state
+        self.escapeFlag = False
+        self.lastFourChars = []
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        self.escape = False
+
+        # The current token being created
+        self.currentToken = None
+        super(HTMLTokenizer, self).__init__()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """ This is where the magic happens.
+
+        We do our usually processing through the states and when we have a token
+        to return we yield the token which pauses processing until the next token
+        is requested.
+        """
+        self.tokenQueue = deque([])
+        # Start processing. When EOF is reached self.state will return False
+        # instead of True and the loop will terminate.
+        while self.state():
+            while self.stream.errors:
+                yield {"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data": self.stream.errors.pop(0)}
+            while self.tokenQueue:
+                yield self.tokenQueue.popleft()
+
+    def consumeNumberEntity(self, isHex):
+        """This function returns either U+FFFD or the character based on the
+        decimal or hexadecimal representation. It also discards ";" if present.
+        If not present self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"]}) is invoked.
+        """
+
+        allowed = digits
+        radix = 10
+        if isHex:
+            allowed = hexDigits
+            radix = 16
+
+        charStack = []
+
+        # Consume all the characters that are in range while making sure we
+        # don't hit an EOF.
+        c = self.stream.char()
+        while c in allowed and c is not EOF:
+            charStack.append(c)
+            c = self.stream.char()
+
+        # Convert the set of characters consumed to an int.
+        charAsInt = int("".join(charStack), radix)
+
+        # Certain characters get replaced with others
+        if charAsInt in replacementCharacters:
+            char = replacementCharacters[charAsInt]
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity",
+                                    "datavars": {"charAsInt": charAsInt}})
+        elif ((0xD800 <= charAsInt <= 0xDFFF) or
+              (charAsInt > 0x10FFFF)):
+            char = "\uFFFD"
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity",
+                                    "datavars": {"charAsInt": charAsInt}})
+        else:
+            # Should speed up this check somehow (e.g. move the set to a constant)
+            if ((0x0001 <= charAsInt <= 0x0008) or
+                (0x000E <= charAsInt <= 0x001F) or
+                (0x007F <= charAsInt <= 0x009F) or
+                (0xFDD0 <= charAsInt <= 0xFDEF) or
+                charAsInt in frozenset([0x000B, 0xFFFE, 0xFFFF, 0x1FFFE,
+                                        0x1FFFF, 0x2FFFE, 0x2FFFF, 0x3FFFE,
+                                        0x3FFFF, 0x4FFFE, 0x4FFFF, 0x5FFFE,
+                                        0x5FFFF, 0x6FFFE, 0x6FFFF, 0x7FFFE,
+                                        0x7FFFF, 0x8FFFE, 0x8FFFF, 0x9FFFE,
+                                        0x9FFFF, 0xAFFFE, 0xAFFFF, 0xBFFFE,
+                                        0xBFFFF, 0xCFFFE, 0xCFFFF, 0xDFFFE,
+                                        0xDFFFF, 0xEFFFE, 0xEFFFF, 0xFFFFE,
+                                        0xFFFFF, 0x10FFFE, 0x10FFFF])):
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                        "data":
+                                        "illegal-codepoint-for-numeric-entity",
+                                        "datavars": {"charAsInt": charAsInt}})
+            try:
+                # Try/except needed as UCS-2 Python builds' unichar only works
+                # within the BMP.
+                char = chr(charAsInt)
+            except ValueError:
+                v = charAsInt - 0x10000
+                char = chr(0xD800 | (v >> 10)) + chr(0xDC00 | (v & 0x3FF))
+
+        # Discard the ; if present. Otherwise, put it back on the queue and
+        # invoke parseError on parser.
+        if c != ";":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "numeric-entity-without-semicolon"})
+            self.stream.unget(c)
+
+        return char
+
+    def consumeEntity(self, allowedChar=None, fromAttribute=False):
+        # Initialise to the default output for when no entity is matched
+        output = "&"
+
+        charStack = [self.stream.char()]
+        if (charStack[0] in spaceCharacters or charStack[0] in (EOF, "<", "&")
+                or (allowedChar is not None and allowedChar == charStack[0])):
+            self.stream.unget(charStack[0])
+
+        elif charStack[0] == "#":
+            # Read the next character to see if it's hex or decimal
+            hex = False
+            charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+            if charStack[-1] in ("x", "X"):
+                hex = True
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+
+            # charStack[-1] should be the first digit
+            if (hex and charStack[-1] in hexDigits) \
+                    or (not hex and charStack[-1] in digits):
+                # At least one digit found, so consume the whole number
+                self.stream.unget(charStack[-1])
+                output = self.consumeNumberEntity(hex)
+            else:
+                # No digits found
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                        "data": "expected-numeric-entity"})
+                self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                output = "&" + "".join(charStack)
+
+        else:
+            # At this point in the process might have named entity. Entities
+            # are stored in the global variable "entities".
+            #
+            # Consume characters and compare to these to a substring of the
+            # entity names in the list until the substring no longer matches.
+            while (charStack[-1] is not EOF):
+                if not entitiesTrie.has_keys_with_prefix("".join(charStack)):
+                    break
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+
+            # At this point we have a string that starts with some characters
+            # that may match an entity
+            # Try to find the longest entity the string will match to take care
+            # of &noti for instance.
+            try:
+                entityName = entitiesTrie.longest_prefix("".join(charStack[:-1]))
+                entityLength = len(entityName)
+            except KeyError:
+                entityName = None
+
+            if entityName is not None:
+                if entityName[-1] != ";":
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                            "named-entity-without-semicolon"})
+                if (entityName[-1] != ";" and fromAttribute and
+                    (charStack[entityLength] in asciiLetters or
+                     charStack[entityLength] in digits or
+                     charStack[entityLength] == "=")):
+                    self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                    output = "&" + "".join(charStack)
+                else:
+                    output = entities[entityName]
+                    self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                    output += "".join(charStack[entityLength:])
+            else:
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                        "expected-named-entity"})
+                self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+                output = "&" + "".join(charStack)
+
+        if fromAttribute:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += output
+        else:
+            if output in spaceCharacters:
+                tokenType = "SpaceCharacters"
+            else:
+                tokenType = "Characters"
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes[tokenType], "data": output})
+
+    def processEntityInAttribute(self, allowedChar):
+        """This method replaces the need for "entityInAttributeValueState".
+        """
+        self.consumeEntity(allowedChar=allowedChar, fromAttribute=True)
+
+    def emitCurrentToken(self):
+        """This method is a generic handler for emitting the tags. It also sets
+        the state to "data" because that's what's needed after a token has been
+        emitted.
+        """
+        token = self.currentToken
+        # Add token to the queue to be yielded
+        if (token["type"] in tagTokenTypes):
+            if self.lowercaseElementName:
+                token["name"] = token["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            if token["type"] == tokenTypes["EndTag"]:
+                if token["data"]:
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                            "data": "attributes-in-end-tag"})
+                if token["selfClosing"]:
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                            "data": "self-closing-flag-on-end-tag"})
+        self.tokenQueue.append(token)
+        self.state = self.dataState
+
+    # Below are the various tokenizer states worked out.
+    def dataState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "&":
+            self.state = self.entityDataState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.tagOpenState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\u0000"})
+        elif data is EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        elif data in spaceCharacters:
+            # Directly after emitting a token you switch back to the "data
+            # state". At that point spaceCharacters are important so they are
+            # emitted separately.
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["SpaceCharacters"], "data":
+                                    data + self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)})
+            # No need to update lastFourChars here, since the first space will
+            # have already been appended to lastFourChars and will have broken
+            # any <!-- or --> sequences
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("&", "<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def entityDataState(self):
+        self.consumeEntity()
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "&":
+            self.state = self.characterReferenceInRcdata
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.rcdataLessThanSignState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data in spaceCharacters:
+            # Directly after emitting a token you switch back to the "data
+            # state". At that point spaceCharacters are important so they are
+            # emitted separately.
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["SpaceCharacters"], "data":
+                                    data + self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)})
+            # No need to update lastFourChars here, since the first space will
+            # have already been appended to lastFourChars and will have broken
+            # any <!-- or --> sequences
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("&", "<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def characterReferenceInRcdata(self):
+        self.consumeEntity()
+        self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "<":
+            self.state = self.rawtextLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("<", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def plaintextState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == EOF:
+            # Tokenization ends.
+            return False
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + self.stream.charsUntil("\u0000")})
+        return True
+
+    def tagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "!":
+            self.state = self.markupDeclarationOpenState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.closeTagOpenState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["StartTag"],
+                                 "name": data, "data": [],
+                                 "selfClosing": False,
+                                 "selfClosingAcknowledged": False}
+            self.state = self.tagNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            # XXX In theory it could be something besides a tag name. But
+            # do we really care?
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-tag-name-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<>"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "?":
+            # XXX In theory it could be something besides a tag name. But
+            # do we really care?
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-tag-name-but-got-question-mark"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.bogusCommentState
+        else:
+            # XXX
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-tag-name"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
+
+    def closeTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"], "name": data,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.tagNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-eof"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            # XXX data can be _'_...
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-closing-tag-but-got-char",
+                                    "datavars": {"data": data}})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.bogusCommentState
+        return True
+
+    def tagNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-tag-name"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["name"] += "\uFFFD"
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["name"] += data
+            # (Don't use charsUntil here, because tag names are
+            # very short and it's faster to not do anything fancy)
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.rcdataEndTagOpenState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+            self.state = self.rcdataEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rcdataEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rcdataState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.rawtextEndTagOpenState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rawtextState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+            self.state = self.rawtextEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rawtextState
+        return True
+
+    def rawtextEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.rawtextState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEndTagOpenState
+        elif data == "!":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<!"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapeStartState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapeStartState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapeStartDashState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapeStartDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedDashDashState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            chars = self.stream.charsUntil(("<", "-", "\u0000"))
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data":
+                                    data + chars})
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedDashDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedDashDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": ">"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedEndTagOpenState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<" + data})
+            self.temporaryBuffer = data
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapeStartState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedEndTagOpenState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer = data
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedEndTagNameState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "</"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataEscapedEndTagNameState(self):
+        appropriate = self.currentToken and self.currentToken["name"].lower() == self.temporaryBuffer.lower()
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == ">" and appropriate:
+            self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["EndTag"],
+                                 "name": self.temporaryBuffer,
+                                 "data": [], "selfClosing": False}
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "</" + self.temporaryBuffer})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapeStartState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in (spaceCharacters | frozenset(("/", ">"))):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            if self.temporaryBuffer.lower() == "script":
+                self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+            else:
+                self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-script-in-script"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashDashState
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-script-in-script"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedDashDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "-"})
+        elif data == "<":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "<"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": ">"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": "\uFFFD"})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-script-in-script"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapedLessThanSignState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "/":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": "/"})
+            self.temporaryBuffer = ""
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapeEndState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def scriptDataDoubleEscapeEndState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in (spaceCharacters | frozenset(("/", ">"))):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            if self.temporaryBuffer.lower() == "script":
+                self.state = self.scriptDataEscapedState
+            else:
+                self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"], "data": data})
+            self.temporaryBuffer += data
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.scriptDataDoubleEscapedState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeAttributeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data in ("'", '"', "=", "<"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "invalid-character-in-attribute-name"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append(["\uFFFD", ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-attribute-name-but-got-eof"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def attributeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        leavingThisState = True
+        emitToken = False
+        if data == "=":
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeValueState
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += data +\
+                self.stream.charsUntil(asciiLetters, True)
+            leavingThisState = False
+        elif data == ">":
+            # XXX If we emit here the attributes are converted to a dict
+            # without being checked and when the code below runs we error
+            # because data is a dict not a list
+            emitToken = True
+        elif data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.afterAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += "\uFFFD"
+            leavingThisState = False
+        elif data in ("'", '"', "<"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data":
+                                    "invalid-character-in-attribute-name"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += data
+            leavingThisState = False
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "eof-in-attribute-name"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] += data
+            leavingThisState = False
+
+        if leavingThisState:
+            # Attributes are not dropped at this stage. That happens when the
+            # start tag token is emitted so values can still be safely appended
+            # to attributes, but we do want to report the parse error in time.
+            if self.lowercaseAttrName:
+                self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] = (
+                    self.currentToken["data"][-1][0].translate(asciiUpper2Lower))
+            for name, value in self.currentToken["data"][:-1]:
+                if self.currentToken["data"][-1][0] == name:
+                    self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                            "duplicate-attribute"})
+                    break
+            # XXX Fix for above XXX
+            if emitToken:
+                self.emitCurrentToken()
+        return True
+
+    def afterAttributeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)
+        elif data == "=":
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeValueState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data in asciiLetters:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append(["\uFFFD", ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data in ("'", '"', "<"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "invalid-character-after-attribute-name"})
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-end-of-tag-but-got-eof"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"].append([data, ""])
+            self.state = self.attributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeAttributeValueState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.stream.charsUntil(spaceCharacters, True)
+        elif data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.attributeValueDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.state = self.attributeValueSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+        elif data in ("=", "<", "`"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "equals-in-unquoted-attribute-value"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-attribute-value-but-got-eof"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data
+            self.state = self.attributeValueUnQuotedState
+        return True
+
+    def attributeValueDoubleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.afterAttributeValueState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.processEntityInAttribute('"')
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-attribute-value-double-quote"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data +\
+                self.stream.charsUntil(("\"", "&", "\u0000"))
+        return True
+
+    def attributeValueSingleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "'":
+            self.state = self.afterAttributeValueState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.processEntityInAttribute("'")
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-attribute-value-single-quote"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data +\
+                self.stream.charsUntil(("'", "&", "\u0000"))
+        return True
+
+    def attributeValueUnQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == "&":
+            self.processEntityInAttribute(">")
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data in ('"', "'", "=", "<", "`"):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-character-in-unquoted-attribute-value"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-attribute-value-no-quotes"})
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"][-1][1] += data + self.stream.charsUntil(
+                frozenset(("&", ">", '"', "'", "=", "<", "`", "\u0000")) | spaceCharacters)
+        return True
+
+    def afterAttributeValueState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data == "/":
+            self.state = self.selfClosingStartTagState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-EOF-after-attribute-value"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-character-after-attribute-value"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def selfClosingStartTagState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.currentToken["selfClosing"] = True
+            self.emitCurrentToken()
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data":
+                                    "unexpected-EOF-after-solidus-in-tag"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-character-after-solidus-in-tag"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeAttributeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def bogusCommentState(self):
+        # Make a new comment token and give it as value all the characters
+        # until the first > or EOF (charsUntil checks for EOF automatically)
+        # and emit it.
+        data = self.stream.charsUntil(">")
+        data = data.replace("\u0000", "\uFFFD")
+        self.tokenQueue.append(
+            {"type": tokenTypes["Comment"], "data": data})
+
+        # Eat the character directly after the bogus comment which is either a
+        # ">" or an EOF.
+        self.stream.char()
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
+
+    def markupDeclarationOpenState(self):
+        charStack = [self.stream.char()]
+        if charStack[-1] == "-":
+            charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+            if charStack[-1] == "-":
+                self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["Comment"], "data": ""}
+                self.state = self.commentStartState
+                return True
+        elif charStack[-1] in ('d', 'D'):
+            matched = True
+            for expected in (('o', 'O'), ('c', 'C'), ('t', 'T'),
+                             ('y', 'Y'), ('p', 'P'), ('e', 'E')):
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+                if charStack[-1] not in expected:
+                    matched = False
+                    break
+            if matched:
+                self.currentToken = {"type": tokenTypes["Doctype"],
+                                     "name": "",
+                                     "publicId": None, "systemId": None,
+                                     "correct": True}
+                self.state = self.doctypeState
+                return True
+        elif (charStack[-1] == "[" and
+              self.parser is not None and
+              self.parser.tree.openElements and
+              self.parser.tree.openElements[-1].namespace != self.parser.tree.defaultNamespace):
+            matched = True
+            for expected in ["C", "D", "A", "T", "A", "["]:
+                charStack.append(self.stream.char())
+                if charStack[-1] != expected:
+                    matched = False
+                    break
+            if matched:
+                self.state = self.cdataSectionState
+                return True
+
+        self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                "expected-dashes-or-doctype"})
+
+        while charStack:
+            self.stream.unget(charStack.pop())
+        self.state = self.bogusCommentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentStartState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentStartDashState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "incorrect-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentStartDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentEndState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "incorrect-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentEndDashState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "eof-in-comment"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += data + \
+                self.stream.charsUntil(("-", "\u0000"))
+        return True
+
+    def commentEndDashState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "-":
+            self.state = self.commentEndState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment-end-dash"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "-" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentEndState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        elif data == "!":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-bang-after-double-dash-in-comment"})
+            self.state = self.commentEndBangState
+        elif data == "-":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-dash-after-double-dash-in-comment"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += data
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment-double-dash"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            # XXX
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-comment"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def commentEndBangState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "-":
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--!"
+            self.state = self.commentEndDashState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--!\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-comment-end-bang-state"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["data"] += "--!" + data
+            self.state = self.commentState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-eof"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "need-space-after-doctype"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeDoctypeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-right-bracket"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["name"] = "\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.doctypeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-doctype-name-but-got-eof"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["name"] = data
+            self.state = self.doctypeNameState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.currentToken["name"] = self.currentToken["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypeNameState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.currentToken["name"] = self.currentToken["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["name"] += "\uFFFD"
+            self.state = self.doctypeNameState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype-name"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.currentToken["name"] = self.currentToken["name"].translate(asciiUpper2Lower)
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["name"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypeNameState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            if data in ("p", "P"):
+                matched = True
+                for expected in (("u", "U"), ("b", "B"), ("l", "L"),
+                                 ("i", "I"), ("c", "C")):
+                    data = self.stream.char()
+                    if data not in expected:
+                        matched = False
+                        break
+                if matched:
+                    self.state = self.afterDoctypePublicKeywordState
+                    return True
+            elif data in ("s", "S"):
+                matched = True
+                for expected in (("y", "Y"), ("s", "S"), ("t", "T"),
+                                 ("e", "E"), ("m", "M")):
+                    data = self.stream.char()
+                    if data not in expected:
+                        matched = False
+                        break
+                if matched:
+                    self.state = self.afterDoctypeSystemKeywordState
+                    return True
+
+            # All the characters read before the current 'data' will be
+            # [a-zA-Z], so they're garbage in the bogus doctype and can be
+            # discarded; only the latest character might be '>' or EOF
+            # and needs to be ungetted
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "expected-space-or-right-bracket-in-doctype", "datavars":
+                                    {"data": data}})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypePublicKeywordState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data in ("'", '"'):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeDoctypePublicIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == "\"":
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypePublicIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypePublicIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypePublicIdentifierDoubleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def doctypePublicIdentifierSingleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "'":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypePublicIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["publicId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypePublicIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.betweenDoctypePublicAndSystemIdentifiersState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == '"':
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def betweenDoctypePublicAndSystemIdentifiersState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data == '"':
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypeSystemKeywordState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data in ("'", '"'):
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.state = self.beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        return True
+
+    def beforeDoctypeSystemIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == "\"":
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState
+        elif data == "'":
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] = ""
+            self.state = self.doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeSystemIdentifierDoubleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "\"":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def doctypeSystemIdentifierSingleQuotedState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == "'":
+            self.state = self.afterDoctypeSystemIdentifierState
+        elif data == "\u0000":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                    "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += "\uFFFD"
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-end-of-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.currentToken["systemId"] += data
+        return True
+
+    def afterDoctypeSystemIdentifierState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data in spaceCharacters:
+            pass
+        elif data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "eof-in-doctype"})
+            self.currentToken["correct"] = False
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"], "data":
+                                    "unexpected-char-in-doctype"})
+            self.state = self.bogusDoctypeState
+        return True
+
+    def bogusDoctypeState(self):
+        data = self.stream.char()
+        if data == ">":
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        elif data is EOF:
+            # XXX EMIT
+            self.stream.unget(data)
+            self.tokenQueue.append(self.currentToken)
+            self.state = self.dataState
+        else:
+            pass
+        return True
+
+    def cdataSectionState(self):
+        data = []
+        while True:
+            data.append(self.stream.charsUntil("]"))
+            data.append(self.stream.charsUntil(">"))
+            char = self.stream.char()
+            if char == EOF:
+                break
+            else:
+                assert char == ">"
+                if data[-1][-2:] == "]]":
+                    data[-1] = data[-1][:-2]
+                    break
+                else:
+                    data.append(char)
+
+        data = "".join(data)
+        # Deal with null here rather than in the parser
+        nullCount = data.count("\u0000")
+        if nullCount > 0:
+            for i in range(nullCount):
+                self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["ParseError"],
+                                        "data": "invalid-codepoint"})
+            data = data.replace("\u0000", "\uFFFD")
+        if data:
+            self.tokenQueue.append({"type": tokenTypes["Characters"],
+                                    "data": data})
+        self.state = self.dataState
+        return True
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad47df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treeadapters/sax.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from xml.sax.xmlreader import AttributesNSImpl
+
+from ..constants import adjustForeignAttributes, unadjustForeignAttributes
+
+prefix_mapping = {}
+for prefix, localName, namespace in adjustForeignAttributes.values():
+    if prefix is not None:
+        prefix_mapping[prefix] = namespace
+
+
+def to_sax(walker, handler):
+    """Call SAX-like content handler based on treewalker walker"""
+    handler.startDocument()
+    for prefix, namespace in prefix_mapping.items():
+        handler.startPrefixMapping(prefix, namespace)
+
+    for token in walker:
+        type = token["type"]
+        if type == "Doctype":
+            continue
+        elif type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+            attrs = AttributesNSImpl(token["data"],
+                                     unadjustForeignAttributes)
+            handler.startElementNS((token["namespace"], token["name"]),
+                                   token["name"],
+                                   attrs)
+            if type == "EmptyTag":
+                handler.endElementNS((token["namespace"], token["name"]),
+                                     token["name"])
+        elif type == "EndTag":
+            handler.endElementNS((token["namespace"], token["name"]),
+                                 token["name"])
+        elif type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+            handler.characters(token["data"])
+        elif type == "Comment":
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert False, "Unknown token type"
+
+    for prefix, namespace in prefix_mapping.items():
+        handler.endPrefixMapping(prefix)
+    handler.endDocument()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a6b2a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+"""A collection of modules for building different kinds of tree from
+HTML documents.
+
+To create a treebuilder for a new type of tree, you need to do
+implement several things:
+
+1) A set of classes for various types of elements: Document, Doctype,
+Comment, Element. These must implement the interface of
+_base.treebuilders.Node (although comment nodes have a different
+signature for their constructor, see treebuilders.etree.Comment)
+Textual content may also be implemented as another node type, or not, as
+your tree implementation requires.
+
+2) A treebuilder object (called TreeBuilder by convention) that
+inherits from treebuilders._base.TreeBuilder. This has 4 required attributes:
+documentClass - the class to use for the bottommost node of a document
+elementClass - the class to use for HTML Elements
+commentClass - the class to use for comments
+doctypeClass - the class to use for doctypes
+It also has one required method:
+getDocument - Returns the root node of the complete document tree
+
+3) If you wish to run the unit tests, you must also create a
+testSerializer method on your treebuilder which accepts a node and
+returns a string containing Node and its children serialized according
+to the format used in the unittests
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from ..utils import default_etree
+
+treeBuilderCache = {}
+
+
+def getTreeBuilder(treeType, implementation=None, **kwargs):
+    """Get a TreeBuilder class for various types of tree with built-in support
+
+    treeType - the name of the tree type required (case-insensitive). Supported
+               values are:
+
+               "dom" - A generic builder for DOM implementations, defaulting to
+                       a xml.dom.minidom based implementation.
+               "etree" - A generic builder for tree implementations exposing an
+                         ElementTree-like interface, defaulting to
+                         xml.etree.cElementTree if available and
+                         xml.etree.ElementTree if not.
+               "lxml" - A etree-based builder for lxml.etree, handling
+                        limitations of lxml's implementation.
+
+    implementation - (Currently applies to the "etree" and "dom" tree types). A
+                      module implementing the tree type e.g.
+                      xml.etree.ElementTree or xml.etree.cElementTree."""
+
+    treeType = treeType.lower()
+    if treeType not in treeBuilderCache:
+        if treeType == "dom":
+            from . import dom
+            # Come up with a sane default (pref. from the stdlib)
+            if implementation is None:
+                from xml.dom import minidom
+                implementation = minidom
+            # NEVER cache here, caching is done in the dom submodule
+            return dom.getDomModule(implementation, **kwargs).TreeBuilder
+        elif treeType == "lxml":
+            from . import etree_lxml
+            treeBuilderCache[treeType] = etree_lxml.TreeBuilder
+        elif treeType == "etree":
+            from . import etree
+            if implementation is None:
+                implementation = default_etree
+            # NEVER cache here, caching is done in the etree submodule
+            return etree.getETreeModule(implementation, **kwargs).TreeBuilder
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("""Unrecognised treebuilder "%s" """ % treeType)
+    return treeBuilderCache.get(treeType)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..970c9ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from ..constants import scopingElements, tableInsertModeElements, namespaces
+
+# The scope markers are inserted when entering object elements,
+# marquees, table cells, and table captions, and are used to prevent formatting
+# from "leaking" into tables, object elements, and marquees.
+Marker = None
+
+listElementsMap = {
+    None: (frozenset(scopingElements), False),
+    "button": (frozenset(scopingElements | set([(namespaces["html"], "button")])), False),
+    "list": (frozenset(scopingElements | set([(namespaces["html"], "ol"),
+                                              (namespaces["html"], "ul")])), False),
+    "table": (frozenset([(namespaces["html"], "html"),
+                         (namespaces["html"], "table")]), False),
+    "select": (frozenset([(namespaces["html"], "optgroup"),
+                          (namespaces["html"], "option")]), True)
+}
+
+
+class Node(object):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        """Node representing an item in the tree.
+        name - The tag name associated with the node
+        parent - The parent of the current node (or None for the document node)
+        value - The value of the current node (applies to text nodes and
+        comments
+        attributes - a dict holding name, value pairs for attributes of the node
+        childNodes - a list of child nodes of the current node. This must
+        include all elements but not necessarily other node types
+        _flags - A list of miscellaneous flags that can be set on the node
+        """
+        self.name = name
+        self.parent = None
+        self.value = None
+        self.attributes = {}
+        self.childNodes = []
+        self._flags = []
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        attributesStr = " ".join(["%s=\"%s\"" % (name, value)
+                                  for name, value in
+                                  self.attributes.items()])
+        if attributesStr:
+            return "<%s %s>" % (self.name, attributesStr)
+        else:
+            return "<%s>" % (self.name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s>" % (self.name)
+
+    def appendChild(self, node):
+        """Insert node as a child of the current node
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+        """Insert data as text in the current node, positioned before the
+        start of node insertBefore or to the end of the node's text.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def insertBefore(self, node, refNode):
+        """Insert node as a child of the current node, before refNode in the
+        list of child nodes. Raises ValueError if refNode is not a child of
+        the current node"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def removeChild(self, node):
+        """Remove node from the children of the current node
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def reparentChildren(self, newParent):
+        """Move all the children of the current node to newParent.
+        This is needed so that trees that don't store text as nodes move the
+        text in the correct way
+        """
+        # XXX - should this method be made more general?
+        for child in self.childNodes:
+            newParent.appendChild(child)
+        self.childNodes = []
+
+    def cloneNode(self):
+        """Return a shallow copy of the current node i.e. a node with the same
+        name and attributes but with no parent or child nodes
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def hasContent(self):
+        """Return true if the node has children or text, false otherwise
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class ActiveFormattingElements(list):
+    def append(self, node):
+        equalCount = 0
+        if node != Marker:
+            for element in self[::-1]:
+                if element == Marker:
+                    break
+                if self.nodesEqual(element, node):
+                    equalCount += 1
+                if equalCount == 3:
+                    self.remove(element)
+                    break
+        list.append(self, node)
+
+    def nodesEqual(self, node1, node2):
+        if not node1.nameTuple == node2.nameTuple:
+            return False
+
+        if not node1.attributes == node2.attributes:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+class TreeBuilder(object):
+    """Base treebuilder implementation
+    documentClass - the class to use for the bottommost node of a document
+    elementClass - the class to use for HTML Elements
+    commentClass - the class to use for comments
+    doctypeClass - the class to use for doctypes
+    """
+
+    # Document class
+    documentClass = None
+
+    # The class to use for creating a node
+    elementClass = None
+
+    # The class to use for creating comments
+    commentClass = None
+
+    # The class to use for creating doctypes
+    doctypeClass = None
+
+    # Fragment class
+    fragmentClass = None
+
+    def __init__(self, namespaceHTMLElements):
+        if namespaceHTMLElements:
+            self.defaultNamespace = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+        else:
+            self.defaultNamespace = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.openElements = []
+        self.activeFormattingElements = ActiveFormattingElements()
+
+        # XXX - rename these to headElement, formElement
+        self.headPointer = None
+        self.formPointer = None
+
+        self.insertFromTable = False
+
+        self.document = self.documentClass()
+
+    def elementInScope(self, target, variant=None):
+
+        # If we pass a node in we match that. if we pass a string
+        # match any node with that name
+        exactNode = hasattr(target, "nameTuple")
+
+        listElements, invert = listElementsMap[variant]
+
+        for node in reversed(self.openElements):
+            if (node.name == target and not exactNode or
+                    node == target and exactNode):
+                return True
+            elif (invert ^ (node.nameTuple in listElements)):
+                return False
+
+        assert False  # We should never reach this point
+
+    def reconstructActiveFormattingElements(self):
+        # Within this algorithm the order of steps described in the
+        # specification is not quite the same as the order of steps in the
+        # code. It should still do the same though.
+
+        # Step 1: stop the algorithm when there's nothing to do.
+        if not self.activeFormattingElements:
+            return
+
+        # Step 2 and step 3: we start with the last element. So i is -1.
+        i = len(self.activeFormattingElements) - 1
+        entry = self.activeFormattingElements[i]
+        if entry == Marker or entry in self.openElements:
+            return
+
+        # Step 6
+        while entry != Marker and entry not in self.openElements:
+            if i == 0:
+                # This will be reset to 0 below
+                i = -1
+                break
+            i -= 1
+            # Step 5: let entry be one earlier in the list.
+            entry = self.activeFormattingElements[i]
+
+        while True:
+            # Step 7
+            i += 1
+
+            # Step 8
+            entry = self.activeFormattingElements[i]
+            clone = entry.cloneNode()  # Mainly to get a new copy of the attributes
+
+            # Step 9
+            element = self.insertElement({"type": "StartTag",
+                                          "name": clone.name,
+                                          "namespace": clone.namespace,
+                                          "data": clone.attributes})
+
+            # Step 10
+            self.activeFormattingElements[i] = element
+
+            # Step 11
+            if element == self.activeFormattingElements[-1]:
+                break
+
+    def clearActiveFormattingElements(self):
+        entry = self.activeFormattingElements.pop()
+        while self.activeFormattingElements and entry != Marker:
+            entry = self.activeFormattingElements.pop()
+
+    def elementInActiveFormattingElements(self, name):
+        """Check if an element exists between the end of the active
+        formatting elements and the last marker. If it does, return it, else
+        return false"""
+
+        for item in self.activeFormattingElements[::-1]:
+            # Check for Marker first because if it's a Marker it doesn't have a
+            # name attribute.
+            if item == Marker:
+                break
+            elif item.name == name:
+                return item
+        return False
+
+    def insertRoot(self, token):
+        element = self.createElement(token)
+        self.openElements.append(element)
+        self.document.appendChild(element)
+
+    def insertDoctype(self, token):
+        name = token["name"]
+        publicId = token["publicId"]
+        systemId = token["systemId"]
+
+        doctype = self.doctypeClass(name, publicId, systemId)
+        self.document.appendChild(doctype)
+
+    def insertComment(self, token, parent=None):
+        if parent is None:
+            parent = self.openElements[-1]
+        parent.appendChild(self.commentClass(token["data"]))
+
+    def createElement(self, token):
+        """Create an element but don't insert it anywhere"""
+        name = token["name"]
+        namespace = token.get("namespace", self.defaultNamespace)
+        element = self.elementClass(name, namespace)
+        element.attributes = token["data"]
+        return element
+
+    def _getInsertFromTable(self):
+        return self._insertFromTable
+
+    def _setInsertFromTable(self, value):
+        """Switch the function used to insert an element from the
+        normal one to the misnested table one and back again"""
+        self._insertFromTable = value
+        if value:
+            self.insertElement = self.insertElementTable
+        else:
+            self.insertElement = self.insertElementNormal
+
+    insertFromTable = property(_getInsertFromTable, _setInsertFromTable)
+
+    def insertElementNormal(self, token):
+        name = token["name"]
+        assert isinstance(name, text_type), "Element %s not unicode" % name
+        namespace = token.get("namespace", self.defaultNamespace)
+        element = self.elementClass(name, namespace)
+        element.attributes = token["data"]
+        self.openElements[-1].appendChild(element)
+        self.openElements.append(element)
+        return element
+
+    def insertElementTable(self, token):
+        """Create an element and insert it into the tree"""
+        element = self.createElement(token)
+        if self.openElements[-1].name not in tableInsertModeElements:
+            return self.insertElementNormal(token)
+        else:
+            # We should be in the InTable mode. This means we want to do
+            # special magic element rearranging
+            parent, insertBefore = self.getTableMisnestedNodePosition()
+            if insertBefore is None:
+                parent.appendChild(element)
+            else:
+                parent.insertBefore(element, insertBefore)
+            self.openElements.append(element)
+        return element
+
+    def insertText(self, data, parent=None):
+        """Insert text data."""
+        if parent is None:
+            parent = self.openElements[-1]
+
+        if (not self.insertFromTable or (self.insertFromTable and
+                                         self.openElements[-1].name
+                                         not in tableInsertModeElements)):
+            parent.insertText(data)
+        else:
+            # We should be in the InTable mode. This means we want to do
+            # special magic element rearranging
+            parent, insertBefore = self.getTableMisnestedNodePosition()
+            parent.insertText(data, insertBefore)
+
+    def getTableMisnestedNodePosition(self):
+        """Get the foster parent element, and sibling to insert before
+        (or None) when inserting a misnested table node"""
+        # The foster parent element is the one which comes before the most
+        # recently opened table element
+        # XXX - this is really inelegant
+        lastTable = None
+        fosterParent = None
+        insertBefore = None
+        for elm in self.openElements[::-1]:
+            if elm.name == "table":
+                lastTable = elm
+                break
+        if lastTable:
+            # XXX - we should really check that this parent is actually a
+            # node here
+            if lastTable.parent:
+                fosterParent = lastTable.parent
+                insertBefore = lastTable
+            else:
+                fosterParent = self.openElements[
+                    self.openElements.index(lastTable) - 1]
+        else:
+            fosterParent = self.openElements[0]
+        return fosterParent, insertBefore
+
+    def generateImpliedEndTags(self, exclude=None):
+        name = self.openElements[-1].name
+        # XXX td, th and tr are not actually needed
+        if (name in frozenset(("dd", "dt", "li", "option", "optgroup", "p", "rp", "rt"))
+                and name != exclude):
+            self.openElements.pop()
+            # XXX This is not entirely what the specification says. We should
+            # investigate it more closely.
+            self.generateImpliedEndTags(exclude)
+
+    def getDocument(self):
+        "Return the final tree"
+        return self.document
+
+    def getFragment(self):
+        "Return the final fragment"
+        # assert self.innerHTML
+        fragment = self.fragmentClass()
+        self.openElements[0].reparentChildren(fragment)
+        return fragment
+
+    def testSerializer(self, node):
+        """Serialize the subtree of node in the format required by unit tests
+        node - the node from which to start serializing"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..234233b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/dom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+
+from xml.dom import minidom, Node
+import weakref
+
+from . import _base
+from .. import constants
+from ..constants import namespaces
+from ..utils import moduleFactoryFactory
+
+
+def getDomBuilder(DomImplementation):
+    Dom = DomImplementation
+
+    class AttrList(object):
+        def __init__(self, element):
+            self.element = element
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return list(self.element.attributes.items()).__iter__()
+
+        def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+            self.element.setAttribute(name, value)
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(list(self.element.attributes.items()))
+
+        def items(self):
+            return [(item[0], item[1]) for item in
+                    list(self.element.attributes.items())]
+
+        def keys(self):
+            return list(self.element.attributes.keys())
+
+        def __getitem__(self, name):
+            return self.element.getAttribute(name)
+
+        def __contains__(self, name):
+            if isinstance(name, tuple):
+                raise NotImplementedError
+            else:
+                return self.element.hasAttribute(name)
+
+    class NodeBuilder(_base.Node):
+        def __init__(self, element):
+            _base.Node.__init__(self, element.nodeName)
+            self.element = element
+
+        namespace = property(lambda self: hasattr(self.element, "namespaceURI")
+                             and self.element.namespaceURI or None)
+
+        def appendChild(self, node):
+            node.parent = self
+            self.element.appendChild(node.element)
+
+        def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+            text = self.element.ownerDocument.createTextNode(data)
+            if insertBefore:
+                self.element.insertBefore(text, insertBefore.element)
+            else:
+                self.element.appendChild(text)
+
+        def insertBefore(self, node, refNode):
+            self.element.insertBefore(node.element, refNode.element)
+            node.parent = self
+
+        def removeChild(self, node):
+            if node.element.parentNode == self.element:
+                self.element.removeChild(node.element)
+            node.parent = None
+
+        def reparentChildren(self, newParent):
+            while self.element.hasChildNodes():
+                child = self.element.firstChild
+                self.element.removeChild(child)
+                newParent.element.appendChild(child)
+            self.childNodes = []
+
+        def getAttributes(self):
+            return AttrList(self.element)
+
+        def setAttributes(self, attributes):
+            if attributes:
+                for name, value in list(attributes.items()):
+                    if isinstance(name, tuple):
+                        if name[0] is not None:
+                            qualifiedName = (name[0] + ":" + name[1])
+                        else:
+                            qualifiedName = name[1]
+                        self.element.setAttributeNS(name[2], qualifiedName,
+                                                    value)
+                    else:
+                        self.element.setAttribute(
+                            name, value)
+        attributes = property(getAttributes, setAttributes)
+
+        def cloneNode(self):
+            return NodeBuilder(self.element.cloneNode(False))
+
+        def hasContent(self):
+            return self.element.hasChildNodes()
+
+        def getNameTuple(self):
+            if self.namespace is None:
+                return namespaces["html"], self.name
+            else:
+                return self.namespace, self.name
+
+        nameTuple = property(getNameTuple)
+
+    class TreeBuilder(_base.TreeBuilder):
+        def documentClass(self):
+            self.dom = Dom.getDOMImplementation().createDocument(None, None, None)
+            return weakref.proxy(self)
+
+        def insertDoctype(self, token):
+            name = token["name"]
+            publicId = token["publicId"]
+            systemId = token["systemId"]
+
+            domimpl = Dom.getDOMImplementation()
+            doctype = domimpl.createDocumentType(name, publicId, systemId)
+            self.document.appendChild(NodeBuilder(doctype))
+            if Dom == minidom:
+                doctype.ownerDocument = self.dom
+
+        def elementClass(self, name, namespace=None):
+            if namespace is None and self.defaultNamespace is None:
+                node = self.dom.createElement(name)
+            else:
+                node = self.dom.createElementNS(namespace, name)
+
+            return NodeBuilder(node)
+
+        def commentClass(self, data):
+            return NodeBuilder(self.dom.createComment(data))
+
+        def fragmentClass(self):
+            return NodeBuilder(self.dom.createDocumentFragment())
+
+        def appendChild(self, node):
+            self.dom.appendChild(node.element)
+
+        def testSerializer(self, element):
+            return testSerializer(element)
+
+        def getDocument(self):
+            return self.dom
+
+        def getFragment(self):
+            return _base.TreeBuilder.getFragment(self).element
+
+        def insertText(self, data, parent=None):
+            data = data
+            if parent != self:
+                _base.TreeBuilder.insertText(self, data, parent)
+            else:
+                # HACK: allow text nodes as children of the document node
+                if hasattr(self.dom, '_child_node_types'):
+                    if Node.TEXT_NODE not in self.dom._child_node_types:
+                        self.dom._child_node_types = list(self.dom._child_node_types)
+                        self.dom._child_node_types.append(Node.TEXT_NODE)
+                self.dom.appendChild(self.dom.createTextNode(data))
+
+        implementation = DomImplementation
+        name = None
+
+    def testSerializer(element):
+        element.normalize()
+        rv = []
+
+        def serializeElement(element, indent=0):
+            if element.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+                if element.name:
+                    if element.publicId or element.systemId:
+                        publicId = element.publicId or ""
+                        systemId = element.systemId or ""
+                        rv.append("""|%s<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" %
+                                  (' ' * indent, element.name, publicId, systemId))
+                    else:
+                        rv.append("|%s<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (' ' * indent, element.name))
+                else:
+                    rv.append("|%s<!DOCTYPE >" % (' ' * indent,))
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE:
+                rv.append("#document")
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE:
+                rv.append("#document-fragment")
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.COMMENT_NODE:
+                rv.append("|%s<!-- %s -->" % (' ' * indent, element.nodeValue))
+            elif element.nodeType == Node.TEXT_NODE:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * indent, element.nodeValue))
+            else:
+                if (hasattr(element, "namespaceURI") and
+                        element.namespaceURI is not None):
+                    name = "%s %s" % (constants.prefixes[element.namespaceURI],
+                                      element.nodeName)
+                else:
+                    name = element.nodeName
+                rv.append("|%s<%s>" % (' ' * indent, name))
+                if element.hasAttributes():
+                    attributes = []
+                    for i in range(len(element.attributes)):
+                        attr = element.attributes.item(i)
+                        name = attr.nodeName
+                        value = attr.value
+                        ns = attr.namespaceURI
+                        if ns:
+                            name = "%s %s" % (constants.prefixes[ns], attr.localName)
+                        else:
+                            name = attr.nodeName
+                        attributes.append((name, value))
+
+                    for name, value in sorted(attributes):
+                        rv.append('|%s%s="%s"' % (' ' * (indent + 2), name, value))
+            indent += 2
+            for child in element.childNodes:
+                serializeElement(child, indent)
+        serializeElement(element, 0)
+
+        return "\n".join(rv)
+
+    return locals()
+
+
+# The actual means to get a module!
+getDomModule = moduleFactoryFactory(getDomBuilder)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48fead7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+import re
+
+from . import _base
+from .. import ihatexml
+from .. import constants
+from ..constants import namespaces
+from ..utils import moduleFactoryFactory
+
+tag_regexp = re.compile("{([^}]*)}(.*)")
+
+
+def getETreeBuilder(ElementTreeImplementation, fullTree=False):
+    ElementTree = ElementTreeImplementation
+    ElementTreeCommentType = ElementTree.Comment("asd").tag
+
+    class Element(_base.Node):
+        def __init__(self, name, namespace=None):
+            self._name = name
+            self._namespace = namespace
+            self._element = ElementTree.Element(self._getETreeTag(name,
+                                                                  namespace))
+            if namespace is None:
+                self.nameTuple = namespaces["html"], self._name
+            else:
+                self.nameTuple = self._namespace, self._name
+            self.parent = None
+            self._childNodes = []
+            self._flags = []
+
+        def _getETreeTag(self, name, namespace):
+            if namespace is None:
+                etree_tag = name
+            else:
+                etree_tag = "{%s}%s" % (namespace, name)
+            return etree_tag
+
+        def _setName(self, name):
+            self._name = name
+            self._element.tag = self._getETreeTag(self._name, self._namespace)
+
+        def _getName(self):
+            return self._name
+
+        name = property(_getName, _setName)
+
+        def _setNamespace(self, namespace):
+            self._namespace = namespace
+            self._element.tag = self._getETreeTag(self._name, self._namespace)
+
+        def _getNamespace(self):
+            return self._namespace
+
+        namespace = property(_getNamespace, _setNamespace)
+
+        def _getAttributes(self):
+            return self._element.attrib
+
+        def _setAttributes(self, attributes):
+            # Delete existing attributes first
+            # XXX - there may be a better way to do this...
+            for key in list(self._element.attrib.keys()):
+                del self._element.attrib[key]
+            for key, value in attributes.items():
+                if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                    name = "{%s}%s" % (key[2], key[1])
+                else:
+                    name = key
+                self._element.set(name, value)
+
+        attributes = property(_getAttributes, _setAttributes)
+
+        def _getChildNodes(self):
+            return self._childNodes
+
+        def _setChildNodes(self, value):
+            del self._element[:]
+            self._childNodes = []
+            for element in value:
+                self.insertChild(element)
+
+        childNodes = property(_getChildNodes, _setChildNodes)
+
+        def hasContent(self):
+            """Return true if the node has children or text"""
+            return bool(self._element.text or len(self._element))
+
+        def appendChild(self, node):
+            self._childNodes.append(node)
+            self._element.append(node._element)
+            node.parent = self
+
+        def insertBefore(self, node, refNode):
+            index = list(self._element).index(refNode._element)
+            self._element.insert(index, node._element)
+            node.parent = self
+
+        def removeChild(self, node):
+            self._element.remove(node._element)
+            node.parent = None
+
+        def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+            if not(len(self._element)):
+                if not self._element.text:
+                    self._element.text = ""
+                self._element.text += data
+            elif insertBefore is None:
+                # Insert the text as the tail of the last child element
+                if not self._element[-1].tail:
+                    self._element[-1].tail = ""
+                self._element[-1].tail += data
+            else:
+                # Insert the text before the specified node
+                children = list(self._element)
+                index = children.index(insertBefore._element)
+                if index > 0:
+                    if not self._element[index - 1].tail:
+                        self._element[index - 1].tail = ""
+                    self._element[index - 1].tail += data
+                else:
+                    if not self._element.text:
+                        self._element.text = ""
+                    self._element.text += data
+
+        def cloneNode(self):
+            element = type(self)(self.name, self.namespace)
+            for name, value in self.attributes.items():
+                element.attributes[name] = value
+            return element
+
+        def reparentChildren(self, newParent):
+            if newParent.childNodes:
+                newParent.childNodes[-1]._element.tail += self._element.text
+            else:
+                if not newParent._element.text:
+                    newParent._element.text = ""
+                if self._element.text is not None:
+                    newParent._element.text += self._element.text
+            self._element.text = ""
+            _base.Node.reparentChildren(self, newParent)
+
+    class Comment(Element):
+        def __init__(self, data):
+            # Use the superclass constructor to set all properties on the
+            # wrapper element
+            self._element = ElementTree.Comment(data)
+            self.parent = None
+            self._childNodes = []
+            self._flags = []
+
+        def _getData(self):
+            return self._element.text
+
+        def _setData(self, value):
+            self._element.text = value
+
+        data = property(_getData, _setData)
+
+    class DocumentType(Element):
+        def __init__(self, name, publicId, systemId):
+            Element.__init__(self, "<!DOCTYPE>")
+            self._element.text = name
+            self.publicId = publicId
+            self.systemId = systemId
+
+        def _getPublicId(self):
+            return self._element.get("publicId", "")
+
+        def _setPublicId(self, value):
+            if value is not None:
+                self._element.set("publicId", value)
+
+        publicId = property(_getPublicId, _setPublicId)
+
+        def _getSystemId(self):
+            return self._element.get("systemId", "")
+
+        def _setSystemId(self, value):
+            if value is not None:
+                self._element.set("systemId", value)
+
+        systemId = property(_getSystemId, _setSystemId)
+
+    class Document(Element):
+        def __init__(self):
+            Element.__init__(self, "DOCUMENT_ROOT")
+
+    class DocumentFragment(Element):
+        def __init__(self):
+            Element.__init__(self, "DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT")
+
+    def testSerializer(element):
+        rv = []
+
+        def serializeElement(element, indent=0):
+            if not(hasattr(element, "tag")):
+                element = element.getroot()
+            if element.tag == "<!DOCTYPE>":
+                if element.get("publicId") or element.get("systemId"):
+                    publicId = element.get("publicId") or ""
+                    systemId = element.get("systemId") or ""
+                    rv.append("""<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" %
+                              (element.text, publicId, systemId))
+                else:
+                    rv.append("<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (element.text,))
+            elif element.tag == "DOCUMENT_ROOT":
+                rv.append("#document")
+                if element.text is not None:
+                    rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent + 2), element.text))
+                if element.tail is not None:
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have tail")
+                if hasattr(element, "attrib") and len(element.attrib):
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have attributes")
+            elif element.tag == ElementTreeCommentType:
+                rv.append("|%s<!-- %s -->" % (' ' * indent, element.text))
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(element.tag, text_type), \
+                    "Expected unicode, got %s, %s" % (type(element.tag), element.tag)
+                nsmatch = tag_regexp.match(element.tag)
+
+                if nsmatch is None:
+                    name = element.tag
+                else:
+                    ns, name = nsmatch.groups()
+                    prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                    name = "%s %s" % (prefix, name)
+                rv.append("|%s<%s>" % (' ' * indent, name))
+
+                if hasattr(element, "attrib"):
+                    attributes = []
+                    for name, value in element.attrib.items():
+                        nsmatch = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                        if nsmatch is not None:
+                            ns, name = nsmatch.groups()
+                            prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                            attr_string = "%s %s" % (prefix, name)
+                        else:
+                            attr_string = name
+                        attributes.append((attr_string, value))
+
+                    for name, value in sorted(attributes):
+                        rv.append('|%s%s="%s"' % (' ' * (indent + 2), name, value))
+                if element.text:
+                    rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent + 2), element.text))
+            indent += 2
+            for child in element:
+                serializeElement(child, indent)
+            if element.tail:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent - 2), element.tail))
+        serializeElement(element, 0)
+
+        return "\n".join(rv)
+
+    def tostring(element):
+        """Serialize an element and its child nodes to a string"""
+        rv = []
+        filter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+
+        def serializeElement(element):
+            if isinstance(element, ElementTree.ElementTree):
+                element = element.getroot()
+
+            if element.tag == "<!DOCTYPE>":
+                if element.get("publicId") or element.get("systemId"):
+                    publicId = element.get("publicId") or ""
+                    systemId = element.get("systemId") or ""
+                    rv.append("""<!DOCTYPE %s PUBLIC "%s" "%s">""" %
+                              (element.text, publicId, systemId))
+                else:
+                    rv.append("<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (element.text,))
+            elif element.tag == "DOCUMENT_ROOT":
+                if element.text is not None:
+                    rv.append(element.text)
+                if element.tail is not None:
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have tail")
+                if hasattr(element, "attrib") and len(element.attrib):
+                    raise TypeError("Document node cannot have attributes")
+
+                for child in element:
+                    serializeElement(child)
+
+            elif element.tag == ElementTreeCommentType:
+                rv.append("<!--%s-->" % (element.text,))
+            else:
+                # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+                if not element.attrib:
+                    rv.append("<%s>" % (filter.fromXmlName(element.tag),))
+                else:
+                    attr = " ".join(["%s=\"%s\"" % (
+                        filter.fromXmlName(name), value)
+                        for name, value in element.attrib.items()])
+                    rv.append("<%s %s>" % (element.tag, attr))
+                if element.text:
+                    rv.append(element.text)
+
+                for child in element:
+                    serializeElement(child)
+
+                rv.append("</%s>" % (element.tag,))
+
+            if element.tail:
+                rv.append(element.tail)
+
+        serializeElement(element)
+
+        return "".join(rv)
+
+    class TreeBuilder(_base.TreeBuilder):
+        documentClass = Document
+        doctypeClass = DocumentType
+        elementClass = Element
+        commentClass = Comment
+        fragmentClass = DocumentFragment
+        implementation = ElementTreeImplementation
+
+        def testSerializer(self, element):
+            return testSerializer(element)
+
+        def getDocument(self):
+            if fullTree:
+                return self.document._element
+            else:
+                if self.defaultNamespace is not None:
+                    return self.document._element.find(
+                        "{%s}html" % self.defaultNamespace)
+                else:
+                    return self.document._element.find("html")
+
+        def getFragment(self):
+            return _base.TreeBuilder.getFragment(self)._element
+
+    return locals()
+
+
+getETreeModule = moduleFactoryFactory(getETreeBuilder)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35d08ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treebuilders/etree_lxml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+"""Module for supporting the lxml.etree library. The idea here is to use as much
+of the native library as possible, without using fragile hacks like custom element
+names that break between releases. The downside of this is that we cannot represent
+all possible trees; specifically the following are known to cause problems:
+
+Text or comments as siblings of the root element
+Docypes with no name
+
+When any of these things occur, we emit a DataLossWarning
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+import warnings
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import _base
+from ..constants import DataLossWarning
+from .. import constants
+from . import etree as etree_builders
+from .. import ihatexml
+
+import lxml.etree as etree
+
+
+fullTree = True
+tag_regexp = re.compile("{([^}]*)}(.*)")
+
+comment_type = etree.Comment("asd").tag
+
+
+class DocumentType(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, publicId, systemId):
+        self.name = name
+        self.publicId = publicId
+        self.systemId = systemId
+
+
+class Document(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._elementTree = None
+        self._childNodes = []
+
+    def appendChild(self, element):
+        self._elementTree.getroot().addnext(element._element)
+
+    def _getChildNodes(self):
+        return self._childNodes
+
+    childNodes = property(_getChildNodes)
+
+
+def testSerializer(element):
+    rv = []
+    finalText = None
+    infosetFilter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+
+    def serializeElement(element, indent=0):
+        if not hasattr(element, "tag"):
+            if hasattr(element, "getroot"):
+                # Full tree case
+                rv.append("#document")
+                if element.docinfo.internalDTD:
+                    if not (element.docinfo.public_id or
+                            element.docinfo.system_url):
+                        dtd_str = "<!DOCTYPE %s>" % element.docinfo.root_name
+                    else:
+                        dtd_str = """<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" % (
+                            element.docinfo.root_name,
+                            element.docinfo.public_id,
+                            element.docinfo.system_url)
+                    rv.append("|%s%s" % (' ' * (indent + 2), dtd_str))
+                next_element = element.getroot()
+                while next_element.getprevious() is not None:
+                    next_element = next_element.getprevious()
+                while next_element is not None:
+                    serializeElement(next_element, indent + 2)
+                    next_element = next_element.getnext()
+            elif isinstance(element, str) or isinstance(element, bytes):
+                # Text in a fragment
+                assert isinstance(element, str) or sys.version_info.major == 2
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * indent, element))
+            else:
+                # Fragment case
+                rv.append("#document-fragment")
+                for next_element in element:
+                    serializeElement(next_element, indent + 2)
+        elif element.tag == comment_type:
+            rv.append("|%s<!-- %s -->" % (' ' * indent, element.text))
+            if hasattr(element, "tail") and element.tail:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * indent, element.tail))
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(element, etree._Element)
+            nsmatch = etree_builders.tag_regexp.match(element.tag)
+            if nsmatch is not None:
+                ns = nsmatch.group(1)
+                tag = nsmatch.group(2)
+                prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                rv.append("|%s<%s %s>" % (' ' * indent, prefix,
+                                          infosetFilter.fromXmlName(tag)))
+            else:
+                rv.append("|%s<%s>" % (' ' * indent,
+                                       infosetFilter.fromXmlName(element.tag)))
+
+            if hasattr(element, "attrib"):
+                attributes = []
+                for name, value in element.attrib.items():
+                    nsmatch = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                    if nsmatch is not None:
+                        ns, name = nsmatch.groups()
+                        name = infosetFilter.fromXmlName(name)
+                        prefix = constants.prefixes[ns]
+                        attr_string = "%s %s" % (prefix, name)
+                    else:
+                        attr_string = infosetFilter.fromXmlName(name)
+                    attributes.append((attr_string, value))
+
+                for name, value in sorted(attributes):
+                    rv.append('|%s%s="%s"' % (' ' * (indent + 2), name, value))
+
+            if element.text:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent + 2), element.text))
+            indent += 2
+            for child in element:
+                serializeElement(child, indent)
+            if hasattr(element, "tail") and element.tail:
+                rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * (indent - 2), element.tail))
+    serializeElement(element, 0)
+
+    if finalText is not None:
+        rv.append("|%s\"%s\"" % (' ' * 2, finalText))
+
+    return "\n".join(rv)
+
+
+def tostring(element):
+    """Serialize an element and its child nodes to a string"""
+    rv = []
+    finalText = None
+
+    def serializeElement(element):
+        if not hasattr(element, "tag"):
+            if element.docinfo.internalDTD:
+                if element.docinfo.doctype:
+                    dtd_str = element.docinfo.doctype
+                else:
+                    dtd_str = "<!DOCTYPE %s>" % element.docinfo.root_name
+                rv.append(dtd_str)
+            serializeElement(element.getroot())
+
+        elif element.tag == comment_type:
+            rv.append("<!--%s-->" % (element.text,))
+
+        else:
+            # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+            if not element.attrib:
+                rv.append("<%s>" % (element.tag,))
+            else:
+                attr = " ".join(["%s=\"%s\"" % (name, value)
+                                 for name, value in element.attrib.items()])
+                rv.append("<%s %s>" % (element.tag, attr))
+            if element.text:
+                rv.append(element.text)
+
+            for child in element:
+                serializeElement(child)
+
+            rv.append("</%s>" % (element.tag,))
+
+        if hasattr(element, "tail") and element.tail:
+            rv.append(element.tail)
+
+    serializeElement(element)
+
+    if finalText is not None:
+        rv.append("%s\"" % (' ' * 2, finalText))
+
+    return "".join(rv)
+
+
+class TreeBuilder(_base.TreeBuilder):
+    documentClass = Document
+    doctypeClass = DocumentType
+    elementClass = None
+    commentClass = None
+    fragmentClass = Document
+    implementation = etree
+
+    def __init__(self, namespaceHTMLElements, fullTree=False):
+        builder = etree_builders.getETreeModule(etree, fullTree=fullTree)
+        infosetFilter = self.infosetFilter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+        self.namespaceHTMLElements = namespaceHTMLElements
+
+        class Attributes(dict):
+            def __init__(self, element, value={}):
+                self._element = element
+                dict.__init__(self, value)
+                for key, value in self.items():
+                    if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                        name = "{%s}%s" % (key[2], infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key[1]))
+                    else:
+                        name = infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key)
+                    self._element._element.attrib[name] = value
+
+            def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+                dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+                if isinstance(key, tuple):
+                    name = "{%s}%s" % (key[2], infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key[1]))
+                else:
+                    name = infosetFilter.coerceAttribute(key)
+                self._element._element.attrib[name] = value
+
+        class Element(builder.Element):
+            def __init__(self, name, namespace):
+                name = infosetFilter.coerceElement(name)
+                builder.Element.__init__(self, name, namespace=namespace)
+                self._attributes = Attributes(self)
+
+            def _setName(self, name):
+                self._name = infosetFilter.coerceElement(name)
+                self._element.tag = self._getETreeTag(
+                    self._name, self._namespace)
+
+            def _getName(self):
+                return infosetFilter.fromXmlName(self._name)
+
+            name = property(_getName, _setName)
+
+            def _getAttributes(self):
+                return self._attributes
+
+            def _setAttributes(self, attributes):
+                self._attributes = Attributes(self, attributes)
+
+            attributes = property(_getAttributes, _setAttributes)
+
+            def insertText(self, data, insertBefore=None):
+                data = infosetFilter.coerceCharacters(data)
+                builder.Element.insertText(self, data, insertBefore)
+
+            def appendChild(self, child):
+                builder.Element.appendChild(self, child)
+
+        class Comment(builder.Comment):
+            def __init__(self, data):
+                data = infosetFilter.coerceComment(data)
+                builder.Comment.__init__(self, data)
+
+            def _setData(self, data):
+                data = infosetFilter.coerceComment(data)
+                self._element.text = data
+
+            def _getData(self):
+                return self._element.text
+
+            data = property(_getData, _setData)
+
+        self.elementClass = Element
+        self.commentClass = builder.Comment
+        # self.fragmentClass = builder.DocumentFragment
+        _base.TreeBuilder.__init__(self, namespaceHTMLElements)
+
+    def reset(self):
+        _base.TreeBuilder.reset(self)
+        self.insertComment = self.insertCommentInitial
+        self.initial_comments = []
+        self.doctype = None
+
+    def testSerializer(self, element):
+        return testSerializer(element)
+
+    def getDocument(self):
+        if fullTree:
+            return self.document._elementTree
+        else:
+            return self.document._elementTree.getroot()
+
+    def getFragment(self):
+        fragment = []
+        element = self.openElements[0]._element
+        if element.text:
+            fragment.append(element.text)
+        fragment.extend(list(element))
+        if element.tail:
+            fragment.append(element.tail)
+        return fragment
+
+    def insertDoctype(self, token):
+        name = token["name"]
+        publicId = token["publicId"]
+        systemId = token["systemId"]
+
+        if not name:
+            warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent empty doctype", DataLossWarning)
+            self.doctype = None
+        else:
+            coercedName = self.infosetFilter.coerceElement(name)
+            if coercedName != name:
+                warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent non-xml doctype", DataLossWarning)
+
+            doctype = self.doctypeClass(coercedName, publicId, systemId)
+            self.doctype = doctype
+
+    def insertCommentInitial(self, data, parent=None):
+        self.initial_comments.append(data)
+
+    def insertCommentMain(self, data, parent=None):
+        if (parent == self.document and
+                self.document._elementTree.getroot()[-1].tag == comment_type):
+                warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent adjacent comments beyond the root elements", DataLossWarning)
+        super(TreeBuilder, self).insertComment(data, parent)
+
+    def insertRoot(self, token):
+        """Create the document root"""
+        # Because of the way libxml2 works, it doesn't seem to be possible to
+        # alter information like the doctype after the tree has been parsed.
+        # Therefore we need to use the built-in parser to create our iniial
+        # tree, after which we can add elements like normal
+        docStr = ""
+        if self.doctype:
+            assert self.doctype.name
+            docStr += "<!DOCTYPE %s" % self.doctype.name
+            if (self.doctype.publicId is not None or
+                    self.doctype.systemId is not None):
+                docStr += (' PUBLIC "%s" ' %
+                           (self.infosetFilter.coercePubid(self.doctype.publicId or "")))
+                if self.doctype.systemId:
+                    sysid = self.doctype.systemId
+                    if sysid.find("'") >= 0 and sysid.find('"') >= 0:
+                        warnings.warn("DOCTYPE system cannot contain single and double quotes", DataLossWarning)
+                        sysid = sysid.replace("'", 'U00027')
+                    if sysid.find("'") >= 0:
+                        docStr += '"%s"' % sysid
+                    else:
+                        docStr += "'%s'" % sysid
+                else:
+                    docStr += "''"
+            docStr += ">"
+            if self.doctype.name != token["name"]:
+                warnings.warn("lxml cannot represent doctype with a different name to the root element", DataLossWarning)
+        docStr += "<THIS_SHOULD_NEVER_APPEAR_PUBLICLY/>"
+        root = etree.fromstring(docStr)
+
+        # Append the initial comments:
+        for comment_token in self.initial_comments:
+            root.addprevious(etree.Comment(comment_token["data"]))
+
+        # Create the root document and add the ElementTree to it
+        self.document = self.documentClass()
+        self.document._elementTree = root.getroottree()
+
+        # Give the root element the right name
+        name = token["name"]
+        namespace = token.get("namespace", self.defaultNamespace)
+        if namespace is None:
+            etree_tag = name
+        else:
+            etree_tag = "{%s}%s" % (namespace, name)
+        root.tag = etree_tag
+
+        # Add the root element to the internal child/open data structures
+        root_element = self.elementClass(name, namespace)
+        root_element._element = root
+        self.document._childNodes.append(root_element)
+        self.openElements.append(root_element)
+
+        # Reset to the default insert comment function
+        self.insertComment = self.insertCommentMain
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20b91b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+"""A collection of modules for iterating through different kinds of
+tree, generating tokens identical to those produced by the tokenizer
+module.
+
+To create a tree walker for a new type of tree, you need to do
+implement a tree walker object (called TreeWalker by convention) that
+implements a 'serialize' method taking a tree as sole argument and
+returning an iterator generating tokens.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+__all__ = ["getTreeWalker", "pprint", "dom", "etree", "genshistream", "lxmletree",
+           "pulldom"]
+
+import sys
+
+from .. import constants
+from ..utils import default_etree
+
+treeWalkerCache = {}
+
+
+def getTreeWalker(treeType, implementation=None, **kwargs):
+    """Get a TreeWalker class for various types of tree with built-in support
+
+    treeType - the name of the tree type required (case-insensitive). Supported
+               values are:
+
+                "dom" - The xml.dom.minidom DOM implementation
+                "pulldom" - The xml.dom.pulldom event stream
+                "etree" - A generic walker for tree implementations exposing an
+                          elementtree-like interface (known to work with
+                          ElementTree, cElementTree and lxml.etree).
+                "lxml" - Optimized walker for lxml.etree
+                "genshi" - a Genshi stream
+
+    implementation - (Currently applies to the "etree" tree type only). A module
+                      implementing the tree type e.g. xml.etree.ElementTree or
+                      cElementTree."""
+
+    treeType = treeType.lower()
+    if treeType not in treeWalkerCache:
+        if treeType in ("dom", "pulldom"):
+            name = "%s.%s" % (__name__, treeType)
+            __import__(name)
+            mod = sys.modules[name]
+            treeWalkerCache[treeType] = mod.TreeWalker
+        elif treeType == "genshi":
+            from . import genshistream
+            treeWalkerCache[treeType] = genshistream.TreeWalker
+        elif treeType == "lxml":
+            from . import lxmletree
+            treeWalkerCache[treeType] = lxmletree.TreeWalker
+        elif treeType == "etree":
+            from . import etree
+            if implementation is None:
+                implementation = default_etree
+            # XXX: NEVER cache here, caching is done in the etree submodule
+            return etree.getETreeModule(implementation, **kwargs).TreeWalker
+    return treeWalkerCache.get(treeType)
+
+
+def concatenateCharacterTokens(tokens):
+    pendingCharacters = []
+    for token in tokens:
+        type = token["type"]
+        if type in ("Characters", "SpaceCharacters"):
+            pendingCharacters.append(token["data"])
+        else:
+            if pendingCharacters:
+                yield {"type": "Characters", "data": "".join(pendingCharacters)}
+                pendingCharacters = []
+            yield token
+    if pendingCharacters:
+        yield {"type": "Characters", "data": "".join(pendingCharacters)}
+
+
+def pprint(walker):
+    """Pretty printer for tree walkers"""
+    output = []
+    indent = 0
+    for token in concatenateCharacterTokens(walker):
+        type = token["type"]
+        if type in ("StartTag", "EmptyTag"):
+            # tag name
+            if token["namespace"] and token["namespace"] != constants.namespaces["html"]:
+                if token["namespace"] in constants.prefixes:
+                    ns = constants.prefixes[token["namespace"]]
+                else:
+                    ns = token["namespace"]
+                name = "%s %s" % (ns, token["name"])
+            else:
+                name = token["name"]
+            output.append("%s<%s>" % (" " * indent, name))
+            indent += 2
+            # attributes (sorted for consistent ordering)
+            attrs = token["data"]
+            for (namespace, localname), value in sorted(attrs.items()):
+                if namespace:
+                    if namespace in constants.prefixes:
+                        ns = constants.prefixes[namespace]
+                    else:
+                        ns = namespace
+                    name = "%s %s" % (ns, localname)
+                else:
+                    name = localname
+                output.append("%s%s=\"%s\"" % (" " * indent, name, value))
+            # self-closing
+            if type == "EmptyTag":
+                indent -= 2
+
+        elif type == "EndTag":
+            indent -= 2
+
+        elif type == "Comment":
+            output.append("%s<!-- %s -->" % (" " * indent, token["data"]))
+
+        elif type == "Doctype":
+            if token["name"]:
+                if token["publicId"]:
+                    output.append("""%s<!DOCTYPE %s "%s" "%s">""" %
+                                  (" " * indent,
+                                   token["name"],
+                                   token["publicId"],
+                                   token["systemId"] if token["systemId"] else ""))
+                elif token["systemId"]:
+                    output.append("""%s<!DOCTYPE %s "" "%s">""" %
+                                  (" " * indent,
+                                   token["name"],
+                                   token["systemId"]))
+                else:
+                    output.append("%s<!DOCTYPE %s>" % (" " * indent,
+                                                       token["name"]))
+            else:
+                output.append("%s<!DOCTYPE >" % (" " * indent,))
+
+        elif type == "Characters":
+            output.append("%s\"%s\"" % (" " * indent, token["data"]))
+
+        elif type == "SpaceCharacters":
+            assert False, "concatenateCharacterTokens should have got rid of all Space tokens"
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown token type, %s" % type)
+
+    return "\n".join(output)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42a59a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type, string_types
+
+__all__ = ["DOCUMENT", "DOCTYPE", "TEXT", "ELEMENT", "COMMENT", "ENTITY", "UNKNOWN",
+           "TreeWalker", "NonRecursiveTreeWalker"]
+
+from xml.dom import Node
+
+DOCUMENT = Node.DOCUMENT_NODE
+DOCTYPE = Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE
+TEXT = Node.TEXT_NODE
+ELEMENT = Node.ELEMENT_NODE
+COMMENT = Node.COMMENT_NODE
+ENTITY = Node.ENTITY_NODE
+UNKNOWN = "<#UNKNOWN#>"
+
+from ..constants import voidElements, spaceCharacters
+spaceCharacters = "".join(spaceCharacters)
+
+
+def to_text(s, blank_if_none=True):
+    """Wrapper around six.text_type to convert None to empty string"""
+    if s is None:
+        if blank_if_none:
+            return ""
+        else:
+            return None
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        return text_type(s)
+
+
+def is_text_or_none(string):
+    """Wrapper around isinstance(string_types) or is None"""
+    return string is None or isinstance(string, string_types)
+
+
+class TreeWalker(object):
+    def __init__(self, tree):
+        self.tree = tree
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        return {"type": "SerializeError", "data": msg}
+
+    def emptyTag(self, namespace, name, attrs, hasChildren=False):
+        assert namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types), type(namespace)
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(name)
+        assert all((namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types)) and
+                   isinstance(name, string_types) and
+                   isinstance(value, string_types)
+                   for (namespace, name), value in attrs.items())
+
+        yield {"type": "EmptyTag", "name": to_text(name, False),
+               "namespace": to_text(namespace),
+               "data": attrs}
+        if hasChildren:
+            yield self.error("Void element has children")
+
+    def startTag(self, namespace, name, attrs):
+        assert namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types), type(namespace)
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(name)
+        assert all((namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types)) and
+                   isinstance(name, string_types) and
+                   isinstance(value, string_types)
+                   for (namespace, name), value in attrs.items())
+
+        return {"type": "StartTag",
+                "name": text_type(name),
+                "namespace": to_text(namespace),
+                "data": dict(((to_text(namespace, False), to_text(name)),
+                              to_text(value, False))
+                             for (namespace, name), value in attrs.items())}
+
+    def endTag(self, namespace, name):
+        assert namespace is None or isinstance(namespace, string_types), type(namespace)
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(namespace)
+
+        return {"type": "EndTag",
+                "name": to_text(name, False),
+                "namespace": to_text(namespace),
+                "data": {}}
+
+    def text(self, data):
+        assert isinstance(data, string_types), type(data)
+
+        data = to_text(data)
+        middle = data.lstrip(spaceCharacters)
+        left = data[:len(data) - len(middle)]
+        if left:
+            yield {"type": "SpaceCharacters", "data": left}
+        data = middle
+        middle = data.rstrip(spaceCharacters)
+        right = data[len(middle):]
+        if middle:
+            yield {"type": "Characters", "data": middle}
+        if right:
+            yield {"type": "SpaceCharacters", "data": right}
+
+    def comment(self, data):
+        assert isinstance(data, string_types), type(data)
+
+        return {"type": "Comment", "data": text_type(data)}
+
+    def doctype(self, name, publicId=None, systemId=None, correct=True):
+        assert is_text_or_none(name), type(name)
+        assert is_text_or_none(publicId), type(publicId)
+        assert is_text_or_none(systemId), type(systemId)
+
+        return {"type": "Doctype",
+                "name": to_text(name),
+                "publicId": to_text(publicId),
+                "systemId": to_text(systemId),
+                "correct": to_text(correct)}
+
+    def entity(self, name):
+        assert isinstance(name, string_types), type(name)
+
+        return {"type": "Entity", "name": text_type(name)}
+
+    def unknown(self, nodeType):
+        return self.error("Unknown node type: " + nodeType)
+
+
+class NonRecursiveTreeWalker(TreeWalker):
+    def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def getFirstChild(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def getNextSibling(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def getParentNode(self, node):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        currentNode = self.tree
+        while currentNode is not None:
+            details = self.getNodeDetails(currentNode)
+            type, details = details[0], details[1:]
+            hasChildren = False
+
+            if type == DOCTYPE:
+                yield self.doctype(*details)
+
+            elif type == TEXT:
+                for token in self.text(*details):
+                    yield token
+
+            elif type == ELEMENT:
+                namespace, name, attributes, hasChildren = details
+                if name in voidElements:
+                    for token in self.emptyTag(namespace, name, attributes,
+                                               hasChildren):
+                        yield token
+                    hasChildren = False
+                else:
+                    yield self.startTag(namespace, name, attributes)
+
+            elif type == COMMENT:
+                yield self.comment(details[0])
+
+            elif type == ENTITY:
+                yield self.entity(details[0])
+
+            elif type == DOCUMENT:
+                hasChildren = True
+
+            else:
+                yield self.unknown(details[0])
+
+            if hasChildren:
+                firstChild = self.getFirstChild(currentNode)
+            else:
+                firstChild = None
+
+            if firstChild is not None:
+                currentNode = firstChild
+            else:
+                while currentNode is not None:
+                    details = self.getNodeDetails(currentNode)
+                    type, details = details[0], details[1:]
+                    if type == ELEMENT:
+                        namespace, name, attributes, hasChildren = details
+                        if name not in voidElements:
+                            yield self.endTag(namespace, name)
+                    if self.tree is currentNode:
+                        currentNode = None
+                        break
+                    nextSibling = self.getNextSibling(currentNode)
+                    if nextSibling is not None:
+                        currentNode = nextSibling
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        currentNode = self.getParentNode(currentNode)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac4dcf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/dom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from xml.dom import Node
+
+from . import _base
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker):
+    def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+        if node.nodeType == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+            return _base.DOCTYPE, node.name, node.publicId, node.systemId
+
+        elif node.nodeType in (Node.TEXT_NODE, Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE):
+            return _base.TEXT, node.nodeValue
+
+        elif node.nodeType == Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
+            attrs = {}
+            for attr in list(node.attributes.keys()):
+                attr = node.getAttributeNode(attr)
+                if attr.namespaceURI:
+                    attrs[(attr.namespaceURI, attr.localName)] = attr.value
+                else:
+                    attrs[(None, attr.name)] = attr.value
+            return (_base.ELEMENT, node.namespaceURI, node.nodeName,
+                    attrs, node.hasChildNodes())
+
+        elif node.nodeType == Node.COMMENT_NODE:
+            return _base.COMMENT, node.nodeValue
+
+        elif node.nodeType in (Node.DOCUMENT_NODE, Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE):
+            return (_base.DOCUMENT,)
+
+        else:
+            return _base.UNKNOWN, node.nodeType
+
+    def getFirstChild(self, node):
+        return node.firstChild
+
+    def getNextSibling(self, node):
+        return node.nextSibling
+
+    def getParentNode(self, node):
+        return node.parentNode
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7163425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/etree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from ordereddict import OrderedDict
+    except ImportError:
+        OrderedDict = dict
+
+import re
+
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from . import _base
+from ..utils import moduleFactoryFactory
+
+tag_regexp = re.compile("{([^}]*)}(.*)")
+
+
+def getETreeBuilder(ElementTreeImplementation):
+    ElementTree = ElementTreeImplementation
+    ElementTreeCommentType = ElementTree.Comment("asd").tag
+
+    class TreeWalker(_base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker):
+        """Given the particular ElementTree representation, this implementation,
+        to avoid using recursion, returns "nodes" as tuples with the following
+        content:
+
+        1. The current element
+
+        2. The index of the element relative to its parent
+
+        3. A stack of ancestor elements
+
+        4. A flag "text", "tail" or None to indicate if the current node is a
+           text node; either the text or tail of the current element (1)
+        """
+        def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):  # It might be the root Element
+                elt, key, parents, flag = node
+                if flag in ("text", "tail"):
+                    return _base.TEXT, getattr(elt, flag)
+                else:
+                    node = elt
+
+            if not(hasattr(node, "tag")):
+                node = node.getroot()
+
+            if node.tag in ("DOCUMENT_ROOT", "DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT"):
+                return (_base.DOCUMENT,)
+
+            elif node.tag == "<!DOCTYPE>":
+                return (_base.DOCTYPE, node.text,
+                        node.get("publicId"), node.get("systemId"))
+
+            elif node.tag == ElementTreeCommentType:
+                return _base.COMMENT, node.text
+
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(node.tag, string_types), type(node.tag)
+                # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+                match = tag_regexp.match(node.tag)
+                if match:
+                    namespace, tag = match.groups()
+                else:
+                    namespace = None
+                    tag = node.tag
+                attrs = OrderedDict()
+                for name, value in list(node.attrib.items()):
+                    match = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                    if match:
+                        attrs[(match.group(1), match.group(2))] = value
+                    else:
+                        attrs[(None, name)] = value
+                return (_base.ELEMENT, namespace, tag,
+                        attrs, len(node) or node.text)
+
+        def getFirstChild(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):
+                element, key, parents, flag = node
+            else:
+                element, key, parents, flag = node, None, [], None
+
+            if flag in ("text", "tail"):
+                return None
+            else:
+                if element.text:
+                    return element, key, parents, "text"
+                elif len(element):
+                    parents.append(element)
+                    return element[0], 0, parents, None
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+        def getNextSibling(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):
+                element, key, parents, flag = node
+            else:
+                return None
+
+            if flag == "text":
+                if len(element):
+                    parents.append(element)
+                    return element[0], 0, parents, None
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                if element.tail and flag != "tail":
+                    return element, key, parents, "tail"
+                elif key < len(parents[-1]) - 1:
+                    return parents[-1][key + 1], key + 1, parents, None
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+        def getParentNode(self, node):
+            if isinstance(node, tuple):
+                element, key, parents, flag = node
+            else:
+                return None
+
+            if flag == "text":
+                if not parents:
+                    return element
+                else:
+                    return element, key, parents, None
+            else:
+                parent = parents.pop()
+                if not parents:
+                    return parent
+                else:
+                    return parent, list(parents[-1]).index(parent), parents, None
+
+    return locals()
+
+getETreeModule = moduleFactoryFactory(getETreeBuilder)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f559c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/genshistream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from genshi.core import QName
+from genshi.core import START, END, XML_NAMESPACE, DOCTYPE, TEXT
+from genshi.core import START_NS, END_NS, START_CDATA, END_CDATA, PI, COMMENT
+
+from . import _base
+
+from ..constants import voidElements, namespaces
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.TreeWalker):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Buffer the events so we can pass in the following one
+        previous = None
+        for event in self.tree:
+            if previous is not None:
+                for token in self.tokens(previous, event):
+                    yield token
+            previous = event
+
+        # Don't forget the final event!
+        if previous is not None:
+            for token in self.tokens(previous, None):
+                yield token
+
+    def tokens(self, event, next):
+        kind, data, pos = event
+        if kind == START:
+            tag, attribs = data
+            name = tag.localname
+            namespace = tag.namespace
+            converted_attribs = {}
+            for k, v in attribs:
+                if isinstance(k, QName):
+                    converted_attribs[(k.namespace, k.localname)] = v
+                else:
+                    converted_attribs[(None, k)] = v
+
+            if namespace == namespaces["html"] and name in voidElements:
+                for token in self.emptyTag(namespace, name, converted_attribs,
+                                           not next or next[0] != END
+                                           or next[1] != tag):
+                    yield token
+            else:
+                yield self.startTag(namespace, name, converted_attribs)
+
+        elif kind == END:
+            name = data.localname
+            namespace = data.namespace
+            if name not in voidElements:
+                yield self.endTag(namespace, name)
+
+        elif kind == COMMENT:
+            yield self.comment(data)
+
+        elif kind == TEXT:
+            for token in self.text(data):
+                yield token
+
+        elif kind == DOCTYPE:
+            yield self.doctype(*data)
+
+        elif kind in (XML_NAMESPACE, DOCTYPE, START_NS, END_NS,
+                      START_CDATA, END_CDATA, PI):
+            pass
+
+        else:
+            yield self.unknown(kind)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a485486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/lxmletree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from lxml import etree
+from ..treebuilders.etree import tag_regexp
+
+from . import _base
+
+from .. import ihatexml
+
+
+def ensure_str(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return None
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        return s.decode("utf-8", "strict")
+
+
+class Root(object):
+    def __init__(self, et):
+        self.elementtree = et
+        self.children = []
+        if et.docinfo.internalDTD:
+            self.children.append(Doctype(self,
+                                         ensure_str(et.docinfo.root_name),
+                                         ensure_str(et.docinfo.public_id),
+                                         ensure_str(et.docinfo.system_url)))
+        root = et.getroot()
+        node = root
+
+        while node.getprevious() is not None:
+            node = node.getprevious()
+        while node is not None:
+            self.children.append(node)
+            node = node.getnext()
+
+        self.text = None
+        self.tail = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.children[key]
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        return None
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return 1
+
+
+class Doctype(object):
+    def __init__(self, root_node, name, public_id, system_id):
+        self.root_node = root_node
+        self.name = name
+        self.public_id = public_id
+        self.system_id = system_id
+
+        self.text = None
+        self.tail = None
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        return self.root_node.children[1]
+
+
+class FragmentRoot(Root):
+    def __init__(self, children):
+        self.children = [FragmentWrapper(self, child) for child in children]
+        self.text = self.tail = None
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        return None
+
+
+class FragmentWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, fragment_root, obj):
+        self.root_node = fragment_root
+        self.obj = obj
+        if hasattr(self.obj, 'text'):
+            self.text = ensure_str(self.obj.text)
+        else:
+            self.text = None
+        if hasattr(self.obj, 'tail'):
+            self.tail = ensure_str(self.obj.tail)
+        else:
+            self.tail = None
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.obj, name)
+
+    def getnext(self):
+        siblings = self.root_node.children
+        idx = siblings.index(self)
+        if idx < len(siblings) - 1:
+            return siblings[idx + 1]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.obj[key]
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.obj)
+
+    def getparent(self):
+        return None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.obj)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        return str(self.obj)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.obj)
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker):
+    def __init__(self, tree):
+        if hasattr(tree, "getroot"):
+            tree = Root(tree)
+        elif isinstance(tree, list):
+            tree = FragmentRoot(tree)
+        _base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker.__init__(self, tree)
+        self.filter = ihatexml.InfosetFilter()
+
+    def getNodeDetails(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, tuple):  # Text node
+            node, key = node
+            assert key in ("text", "tail"), "Text nodes are text or tail, found %s" % key
+            return _base.TEXT, ensure_str(getattr(node, key))
+
+        elif isinstance(node, Root):
+            return (_base.DOCUMENT,)
+
+        elif isinstance(node, Doctype):
+            return _base.DOCTYPE, node.name, node.public_id, node.system_id
+
+        elif isinstance(node, FragmentWrapper) and not hasattr(node, "tag"):
+            return _base.TEXT, node.obj
+
+        elif node.tag == etree.Comment:
+            return _base.COMMENT, ensure_str(node.text)
+
+        elif node.tag == etree.Entity:
+            return _base.ENTITY, ensure_str(node.text)[1:-1]  # strip &;
+
+        else:
+            # This is assumed to be an ordinary element
+            match = tag_regexp.match(ensure_str(node.tag))
+            if match:
+                namespace, tag = match.groups()
+            else:
+                namespace = None
+                tag = ensure_str(node.tag)
+            attrs = {}
+            for name, value in list(node.attrib.items()):
+                name = ensure_str(name)
+                value = ensure_str(value)
+                match = tag_regexp.match(name)
+                if match:
+                    attrs[(match.group(1), match.group(2))] = value
+                else:
+                    attrs[(None, name)] = value
+            return (_base.ELEMENT, namespace, self.filter.fromXmlName(tag),
+                    attrs, len(node) > 0 or node.text)
+
+    def getFirstChild(self, node):
+        assert not isinstance(node, tuple), "Text nodes have no children"
+
+        assert len(node) or node.text, "Node has no children"
+        if node.text:
+            return (node, "text")
+        else:
+            return node[0]
+
+    def getNextSibling(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, tuple):  # Text node
+            node, key = node
+            assert key in ("text", "tail"), "Text nodes are text or tail, found %s" % key
+            if key == "text":
+                # XXX: we cannot use a "bool(node) and node[0] or None" construct here
+                # because node[0] might evaluate to False if it has no child element
+                if len(node):
+                    return node[0]
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:  # tail
+                return node.getnext()
+
+        return (node, "tail") if node.tail else node.getnext()
+
+    def getParentNode(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, tuple):  # Text node
+            node, key = node
+            assert key in ("text", "tail"), "Text nodes are text or tail, found %s" % key
+            if key == "text":
+                return node
+            # else: fallback to "normal" processing
+
+        return node.getparent()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b0f515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/treewalkers/pulldom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from xml.dom.pulldom import START_ELEMENT, END_ELEMENT, \
+    COMMENT, IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE, CHARACTERS
+
+from . import _base
+
+from ..constants import voidElements
+
+
+class TreeWalker(_base.TreeWalker):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        ignore_until = None
+        previous = None
+        for event in self.tree:
+            if previous is not None and \
+                    (ignore_until is None or previous[1] is ignore_until):
+                if previous[1] is ignore_until:
+                    ignore_until = None
+                for token in self.tokens(previous, event):
+                    yield token
+                    if token["type"] == "EmptyTag":
+                        ignore_until = previous[1]
+            previous = event
+        if ignore_until is None or previous[1] is ignore_until:
+            for token in self.tokens(previous, None):
+                yield token
+        elif ignore_until is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Illformed DOM event stream: void element without END_ELEMENT")
+
+    def tokens(self, event, next):
+        type, node = event
+        if type == START_ELEMENT:
+            name = node.nodeName
+            namespace = node.namespaceURI
+            attrs = {}
+            for attr in list(node.attributes.keys()):
+                attr = node.getAttributeNode(attr)
+                attrs[(attr.namespaceURI, attr.localName)] = attr.value
+            if name in voidElements:
+                for token in self.emptyTag(namespace,
+                                           name,
+                                           attrs,
+                                           not next or next[1] is not node):
+                    yield token
+            else:
+                yield self.startTag(namespace, name, attrs)
+
+        elif type == END_ELEMENT:
+            name = node.nodeName
+            namespace = node.namespaceURI
+            if name not in voidElements:
+                yield self.endTag(namespace, name)
+
+        elif type == COMMENT:
+            yield self.comment(node.nodeValue)
+
+        elif type in (IGNORABLE_WHITESPACE, CHARACTERS):
+            for token in self.text(node.nodeValue):
+                yield token
+
+        else:
+            yield self.unknown(type)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8cca8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from .py import Trie as PyTrie
+
+Trie = PyTrie
+
+try:
+    from .datrie import Trie as DATrie
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    Trie = DATrie
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..724486b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from collections import Mapping
+
+
+class Trie(Mapping):
+    """Abstract base class for tries"""
+
+    def keys(self, prefix=None):
+        keys = super().keys()
+
+        if prefix is None:
+            return set(keys)
+
+        # Python 2.6: no set comprehensions
+        return set([x for x in keys if x.startswith(prefix)])
+
+    def has_keys_with_prefix(self, prefix):
+        for key in self.keys():
+            if key.startswith(prefix):
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def longest_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if prefix in self:
+            return prefix
+
+        for i in range(1, len(prefix) + 1):
+            if prefix[:-i] in self:
+                return prefix[:-i]
+
+        raise KeyError(prefix)
+
+    def longest_prefix_item(self, prefix):
+        lprefix = self.longest_prefix(prefix)
+        return (lprefix, self[lprefix])
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2e5f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/datrie.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from datrie import Trie as DATrie
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from ._base import Trie as ABCTrie
+
+
+class Trie(ABCTrie):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        chars = set()
+        for key in data.keys():
+            if not isinstance(key, text_type):
+                raise TypeError("All keys must be strings")
+            for char in key:
+                chars.add(char)
+
+        self._data = DATrie("".join(chars))
+        for key, value in data.items():
+            self._data[key] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def keys(self, prefix=None):
+        return self._data.keys(prefix)
+
+    def has_keys_with_prefix(self, prefix):
+        return self._data.has_keys_with_prefix(prefix)
+
+    def longest_prefix(self, prefix):
+        return self._data.longest_prefix(prefix)
+
+    def longest_prefix_item(self, prefix):
+        return self._data.longest_prefix_item(prefix)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c178b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/trie/py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+from bisect import bisect_left
+
+from ._base import Trie as ABCTrie
+
+
+class Trie(ABCTrie):
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        if not all(isinstance(x, text_type) for x in data.keys()):
+            raise TypeError("All keys must be strings")
+
+        self._data = data
+        self._keys = sorted(data.keys())
+        self._cachestr = ""
+        self._cachepoints = (0, len(data))
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def keys(self, prefix=None):
+        if prefix is None or prefix == "" or not self._keys:
+            return set(self._keys)
+
+        if prefix.startswith(self._cachestr):
+            lo, hi = self._cachepoints
+            start = i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix, lo, hi)
+        else:
+            start = i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix)
+
+        keys = set()
+        if start == len(self._keys):
+            return keys
+
+        while self._keys[i].startswith(prefix):
+            keys.add(self._keys[i])
+            i += 1
+
+        self._cachestr = prefix
+        self._cachepoints = (start, i)
+
+        return keys
+
+    def has_keys_with_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if prefix in self._data:
+            return True
+
+        if prefix.startswith(self._cachestr):
+            lo, hi = self._cachepoints
+            i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix, lo, hi)
+        else:
+            i = bisect_left(self._keys, prefix)
+
+        if i == len(self._keys):
+            return False
+
+        return self._keys[i].startswith(prefix)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85f1459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/html5lib/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, unicode_literals
+
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+try:
+    import xml.etree.cElementTree as default_etree
+except ImportError:
+    import xml.etree.ElementTree as default_etree
+
+
+__all__ = ["default_etree", "MethodDispatcher", "isSurrogatePair",
+           "surrogatePairToCodepoint", "moduleFactoryFactory",
+           "supports_lone_surrogates"]
+
+
+# Platforms not supporting lone surrogates (\uD800-\uDFFF) should be
+# caught by the below test. In general this would be any platform
+# using UTF-16 as its encoding of unicode strings, such as
+# Jython. This is because UTF-16 itself is based on the use of such
+# surrogates, and there is no mechanism to further escape such
+# escapes.
+try:
+    _x = eval('"\\uD800"')
+    if not isinstance(_x, text_type):
+        # We need this with u"" because of http://bugs.jython.org/issue2039
+        _x = eval('u"\\uD800"')
+        assert isinstance(_x, text_type)
+except:
+    supports_lone_surrogates = False
+else:
+    supports_lone_surrogates = True
+
+
+class MethodDispatcher(dict):
+    """Dict with 2 special properties:
+
+    On initiation, keys that are lists, sets or tuples are converted to
+    multiple keys so accessing any one of the items in the original
+    list-like object returns the matching value
+
+    md = MethodDispatcher({("foo", "bar"):"baz"})
+    md["foo"] == "baz"
+
+    A default value which can be set through the default attribute.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, items=()):
+        # Using _dictEntries instead of directly assigning to self is about
+        # twice as fast. Please do careful performance testing before changing
+        # anything here.
+        _dictEntries = []
+        for name, value in items:
+            if type(name) in (list, tuple, frozenset, set):
+                for item in name:
+                    _dictEntries.append((item, value))
+            else:
+                _dictEntries.append((name, value))
+        dict.__init__(self, _dictEntries)
+        self.default = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return dict.get(self, key, self.default)
+
+
+# Some utility functions to dal with weirdness around UCS2 vs UCS4
+# python builds
+
+def isSurrogatePair(data):
+    return (len(data) == 2 and
+            ord(data[0]) >= 0xD800 and ord(data[0]) <= 0xDBFF and
+            ord(data[1]) >= 0xDC00 and ord(data[1]) <= 0xDFFF)
+
+
+def surrogatePairToCodepoint(data):
+    char_val = (0x10000 + (ord(data[0]) - 0xD800) * 0x400 +
+                (ord(data[1]) - 0xDC00))
+    return char_val
+
+# Module Factory Factory (no, this isn't Java, I know)
+# Here to stop this being duplicated all over the place.
+
+
+def moduleFactoryFactory(factory):
+    moduleCache = {}
+
+    def moduleFactory(baseModule, *args, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(ModuleType.__name__, type("")):
+            name = "_%s_factory" % baseModule.__name__
+        else:
+            name = b"_%s_factory" % baseModule.__name__
+
+        if name in moduleCache:
+            return moduleCache[name]
+        else:
+            mod = ModuleType(name)
+            objs = factory(baseModule, *args, **kwargs)
+            mod.__dict__.update(objs)
+            moduleCache[name] = mod
+            return mod
+
+    return moduleFactory
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7657fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/ipaddress.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2417 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
+#  Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""A fast, lightweight IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library in Python.
+
+This library is used to create/poke/manipulate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
+and networks.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+
+import itertools
+import struct
+
+__version__ = '1.0.16'
+
+# Compatibility functions
+_compat_int_types = (int,)
+try:
+    _compat_int_types = (int, long)
+except NameError:
+    pass
+try:
+    _compat_str = unicode
+except NameError:
+    _compat_str = str
+    assert bytes != str
+if b'\0'[0] == 0:  # Python 3 semantics
+    def _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(byt):
+        return byt
+else:
+    def _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(byt):
+        return [struct.unpack(b'!B', b)[0] for b in byt]
+try:
+    _compat_int_from_byte_vals = int.from_bytes
+except AttributeError:
+    def _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bytvals, endianess):
+        assert endianess == 'big'
+        res = 0
+        for bv in bytvals:
+            assert isinstance(bv, _compat_int_types)
+            res = (res << 8) + bv
+        return res
+
+
+def _compat_to_bytes(intval, length, endianess):
+    assert isinstance(intval, _compat_int_types)
+    assert endianess == 'big'
+    if length == 4:
+        if intval < 0 or intval >= 2 ** 32:
+            raise struct.error("integer out of range for 'I' format code")
+        return struct.pack(b'!I', intval)
+    elif length == 16:
+        if intval < 0 or intval >= 2 ** 128:
+            raise struct.error("integer out of range for 'QQ' format code")
+        return struct.pack(b'!QQ', intval >> 64, intval & 0xffffffffffffffff)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+if hasattr(int, 'bit_length'):
+    # Not int.bit_length , since that won't work in 2.7 where long exists
+    def _compat_bit_length(i):
+        return i.bit_length()
+else:
+    def _compat_bit_length(i):
+        for res in itertools.count():
+            if i >> res == 0:
+                return res
+
+
+def _compat_range(start, end, step=1):
+    assert step > 0
+    i = start
+    while i < end:
+        yield i
+        i += step
+
+
+class _TotalOrderingMixin(object):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # Helper that derives the other comparison operations from
+    # __lt__ and __eq__
+    # We avoid functools.total_ordering because it doesn't handle
+    # NotImplemented correctly yet (http://bugs.python.org/issue10042)
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        equal = self.__eq__(other)
+        if equal is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not equal
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        less = self.__lt__(other)
+        if less is NotImplemented or not less:
+            return self.__eq__(other)
+        return less
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        less = self.__lt__(other)
+        if less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        equal = self.__eq__(other)
+        if equal is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not (less or equal)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        less = self.__lt__(other)
+        if less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not less
+
+
+IPV4LENGTH = 32
+IPV6LENGTH = 128
+
+
+class AddressValueError(ValueError):
+    """A Value Error related to the address."""
+
+
+class NetmaskValueError(ValueError):
+    """A Value Error related to the netmask."""
+
+
+def ip_address(address):
+    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
+
+    Args:
+        address: A string or integer, the IP address.  Either IPv4 or
+          IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
+          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        An IPv4Address or IPv6Address object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the *address* passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
+          address
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return IPv4Address(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Address(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    if isinstance(address, bytes):
+        raise AddressValueError(
+            '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. '
+            'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of'
+            ' a unicode object?' % address)
+
+    raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address' %
+                     address)
+
+
+def ip_network(address, strict=True):
+    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
+
+    Args:
+        address: A string or integer, the IP network.  Either IPv4 or
+          IPv6 networks may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
+          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the string passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
+          address. Or if the network has host bits set.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return IPv4Network(address, strict)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Network(address, strict)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    if isinstance(address, bytes):
+        raise AddressValueError(
+            '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 network. '
+            'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of'
+            ' a unicode object?' % address)
+
+    raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 network' %
+                     address)
+
+
+def ip_interface(address):
+    """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type.
+
+    Args:
+        address: A string or integer, the IP address.  Either IPv4 or
+          IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will
+          be considered to be IPv4 by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        An IPv4Interface or IPv6Interface object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the string passed isn't either a v4 or a v6
+          address.
+
+    Notes:
+        The IPv?Interface classes describe an Address on a particular
+        Network, so they're basically a combination of both the Address
+        and Network classes.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return IPv4Interface(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Interface(address)
+    except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError):
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 interface' %
+                     address)
+
+
+def v4_int_to_packed(address):
+    """Represent an address as 4 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    Args:
+        address: An integer representation of an IPv4 IP address.
+
+    Returns:
+        The integer address packed as 4 bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the integer is negative or too large to be an
+          IPv4 IP address.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return _compat_to_bytes(address, 4, 'big')
+    except (struct.error, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError("Address negative or too large for IPv4")
+
+
+def v6_int_to_packed(address):
+    """Represent an address as 16 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    Args:
+        address: An integer representation of an IPv6 IP address.
+
+    Returns:
+        The integer address packed as 16 bytes in network (big-endian) order.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return _compat_to_bytes(address, 16, 'big')
+    except (struct.error, OverflowError):
+        raise ValueError("Address negative or too large for IPv6")
+
+
+def _split_optional_netmask(address):
+    """Helper to split the netmask and raise AddressValueError if needed"""
+    addr = _compat_str(address).split('/')
+    if len(addr) > 2:
+        raise AddressValueError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % address)
+    return addr
+
+
+def _find_address_range(addresses):
+    """Find a sequence of sorted deduplicated IPv#Address.
+
+    Args:
+        addresses: a list of IPv#Address objects.
+
+    Yields:
+        A tuple containing the first and last IP addresses in the sequence.
+
+    """
+    it = iter(addresses)
+    first = last = next(it)
+    for ip in it:
+        if ip._ip != last._ip + 1:
+            yield first, last
+            first = ip
+        last = ip
+    yield first, last
+
+
+def _count_righthand_zero_bits(number, bits):
+    """Count the number of zero bits on the right hand side.
+
+    Args:
+        number: an integer.
+        bits: maximum number of bits to count.
+
+    Returns:
+        The number of zero bits on the right hand side of the number.
+
+    """
+    if number == 0:
+        return bits
+    return min(bits, _compat_bit_length(~number & (number - 1)))
+
+
+def summarize_address_range(first, last):
+    """Summarize a network range given the first and last IP addresses.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> list(summarize_address_range(IPv4Address('192.0.2.0'),
+        ...                              IPv4Address('192.0.2.130')))
+        ...                                #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+        [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/31'),
+         IPv4Network('192.0.2.130/32')]
+
+    Args:
+        first: the first IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range.
+        last: the last IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterator of the summarized IPv(4|6) network objects.
+
+    Raise:
+        TypeError:
+            If the first and last objects are not IP addresses.
+            If the first and last objects are not the same version.
+        ValueError:
+            If the last object is not greater than the first.
+            If the version of the first address is not 4 or 6.
+
+    """
+    if (not (isinstance(first, _BaseAddress) and
+             isinstance(last, _BaseAddress))):
+        raise TypeError('first and last must be IP addresses, not networks')
+    if first.version != last.version:
+        raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                        first, last))
+    if first > last:
+        raise ValueError('last IP address must be greater than first')
+
+    if first.version == 4:
+        ip = IPv4Network
+    elif first.version == 6:
+        ip = IPv6Network
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('unknown IP version')
+
+    ip_bits = first._max_prefixlen
+    first_int = first._ip
+    last_int = last._ip
+    while first_int <= last_int:
+        nbits = min(_count_righthand_zero_bits(first_int, ip_bits),
+                    _compat_bit_length(last_int - first_int + 1) - 1)
+        net = ip((first_int, ip_bits - nbits))
+        yield net
+        first_int += 1 << nbits
+        if first_int - 1 == ip._ALL_ONES:
+            break
+
+
+def _collapse_addresses_internal(addresses):
+    """Loops through the addresses, collapsing concurrent netblocks.
+
+    Example:
+
+        ip1 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/26')
+        ip2 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.64/26')
+        ip3 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/26')
+        ip4 = IPv4Network('192.0.2.192/26')
+
+        _collapse_addresses_internal([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4]) ->
+          [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
+
+        This shouldn't be called directly; it is called via
+          collapse_addresses([]).
+
+    Args:
+        addresses: A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's depending on what we were
+        passed.
+
+    """
+    # First merge
+    to_merge = list(addresses)
+    subnets = {}
+    while to_merge:
+        net = to_merge.pop()
+        supernet = net.supernet()
+        existing = subnets.get(supernet)
+        if existing is None:
+            subnets[supernet] = net
+        elif existing != net:
+            # Merge consecutive subnets
+            del subnets[supernet]
+            to_merge.append(supernet)
+    # Then iterate over resulting networks, skipping subsumed subnets
+    last = None
+    for net in sorted(subnets.values()):
+        if last is not None:
+            # Since they are sorted,
+            # last.network_address <= net.network_address is a given.
+            if last.broadcast_address >= net.broadcast_address:
+                continue
+        yield net
+        last = net
+
+
+def collapse_addresses(addresses):
+    """Collapse a list of IP objects.
+
+    Example:
+        collapse_addresses([IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25'),
+                            IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')]) ->
+                           [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')]
+
+    Args:
+        addresses: An iterator of IPv4Network or IPv6Network objects.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterator of the collapsed IPv(4|6)Network objects.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If passed a list of mixed version objects.
+
+    """
+    addrs = []
+    ips = []
+    nets = []
+
+    # split IP addresses and networks
+    for ip in addresses:
+        if isinstance(ip, _BaseAddress):
+            if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version:
+                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                                ip, ips[-1]))
+            ips.append(ip)
+        elif ip._prefixlen == ip._max_prefixlen:
+            if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version:
+                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                                ip, ips[-1]))
+            try:
+                ips.append(ip.ip)
+            except AttributeError:
+                ips.append(ip.network_address)
+        else:
+            if nets and nets[-1]._version != ip._version:
+                raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                                ip, nets[-1]))
+            nets.append(ip)
+
+    # sort and dedup
+    ips = sorted(set(ips))
+
+    # find consecutive address ranges in the sorted sequence and summarize them
+    if ips:
+        for first, last in _find_address_range(ips):
+            addrs.extend(summarize_address_range(first, last))
+
+    return _collapse_addresses_internal(addrs + nets)
+
+
+def get_mixed_type_key(obj):
+    """Return a key suitable for sorting between networks and addresses.
+
+    Address and Network objects are not sortable by default; they're
+    fundamentally different so the expression
+
+        IPv4Address('192.0.2.0') <= IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
+
+    doesn't make any sense.  There are some times however, where you may wish
+    to have ipaddress sort these for you anyway. If you need to do this, you
+    can use this function as the key= argument to sorted().
+
+    Args:
+      obj: either a Network or Address object.
+    Returns:
+      appropriate key.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, _BaseNetwork):
+        return obj._get_networks_key()
+    elif isinstance(obj, _BaseAddress):
+        return obj._get_address_key()
+    return NotImplemented
+
+
+class _IPAddressBase(_TotalOrderingMixin):
+
+    """The mother class."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def exploded(self):
+        """Return the longhand version of the IP address as a string."""
+        return self._explode_shorthand_ip_string()
+
+    @property
+    def compressed(self):
+        """Return the shorthand version of the IP address as a string."""
+        return _compat_str(self)
+
+    @property
+    def reverse_pointer(self):
+        """The name of the reverse DNS pointer for the IP address, e.g.:
+            >>> ipaddress.ip_address("127.0.0.1").reverse_pointer
+            '1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'
+            >>> ipaddress.ip_address("2001:db8::1").reverse_pointer
+            '1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa'
+
+        """
+        return self._reverse_pointer()
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        msg = '%200s has no version specified' % (type(self),)
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def _check_int_address(self, address):
+        if address < 0:
+            msg = "%d (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv%d address"
+            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._version))
+        if address > self._ALL_ONES:
+            msg = "%d (>= 2**%d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address"
+            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._max_prefixlen,
+                                           self._version))
+
+    def _check_packed_address(self, address, expected_len):
+        address_len = len(address)
+        if address_len != expected_len:
+            msg = (
+                '%r (len %d != %d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address. '
+                'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of'
+                ' a unicode object?'
+            )
+            raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, address_len,
+                                           expected_len, self._version))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ip_int_from_prefix(cls, prefixlen):
+        """Turn the prefix length into a bitwise netmask
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen: An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer.
+
+        """
+        return cls._ALL_ONES ^ (cls._ALL_ONES >> prefixlen)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _prefix_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int):
+        """Return prefix length from the bitwise netmask.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_int: An integer, the netmask in expanded bitwise format
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input intermingles zeroes & ones
+        """
+        trailing_zeroes = _count_righthand_zero_bits(ip_int,
+                                                     cls._max_prefixlen)
+        prefixlen = cls._max_prefixlen - trailing_zeroes
+        leading_ones = ip_int >> trailing_zeroes
+        all_ones = (1 << prefixlen) - 1
+        if leading_ones != all_ones:
+            byteslen = cls._max_prefixlen // 8
+            details = _compat_to_bytes(ip_int, byteslen, 'big')
+            msg = 'Netmask pattern %r mixes zeroes & ones'
+            raise ValueError(msg % details)
+        return prefixlen
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _report_invalid_netmask(cls, netmask_str):
+        msg = '%r is not a valid netmask' % netmask_str
+        raise NetmaskValueError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _prefix_from_prefix_string(cls, prefixlen_str):
+        """Return prefix length from a numeric string
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen_str: The string to be converted
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Raises:
+            NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask
+        """
+        # int allows a leading +/- as well as surrounding whitespace,
+        # so we ensure that isn't the case
+        if not _BaseV4._DECIMAL_DIGITS.issuperset(prefixlen_str):
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
+        try:
+            prefixlen = int(prefixlen_str)
+        except ValueError:
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
+        if not (0 <= prefixlen <= cls._max_prefixlen):
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str)
+        return prefixlen
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _prefix_from_ip_string(cls, ip_str):
+        """Turn a netmask/hostmask string into a prefix length
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: The netmask/hostmask to be converted
+
+        Returns:
+            An integer, the prefix length.
+
+        Raises:
+            NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask/hostmask
+        """
+        # Parse the netmask/hostmask like an IP address.
+        try:
+            ip_int = cls._ip_int_from_string(ip_str)
+        except AddressValueError:
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str)
+
+        # Try matching a netmask (this would be /1*0*/ as a bitwise regexp).
+        # Note that the two ambiguous cases (all-ones and all-zeroes) are
+        # treated as netmasks.
+        try:
+            return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        # Invert the bits, and try matching a /0+1+/ hostmask instead.
+        ip_int ^= cls._ALL_ONES
+        try:
+            return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int)
+        except ValueError:
+            cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (_compat_str(self),)
+
+
+class _BaseAddress(_IPAddressBase):
+
+    """A generic IP object.
+
+    This IP class contains the version independent methods which are
+    used by single IP addresses.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return self._ip
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return (self._ip == other._ip and
+                    self._version == other._version)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _IPAddressBase):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseAddress):
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % (
+                self, other))
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same version' % (
+                self, other))
+        if self._ip != other._ip:
+            return self._ip < other._ip
+        return False
+
+    # Shorthand for Integer addition and subtraction. This is not
+    # meant to ever support addition/subtraction of addresses.
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _compat_int_types):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(int(self) + other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _compat_int_types):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(int(self) - other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, _compat_str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return _compat_str(self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(hex(int(self._ip)))
+
+    def _get_address_key(self):
+        return (self._version, self)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self._ip,)
+
+
+class _BaseNetwork(_IPAddressBase):
+
+    """A generic IP network object.
+
+    This IP class contains the version independent methods which are
+    used by networks.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        self._cache = {}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, _compat_str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self.network_address, self.prefixlen)
+
+    def hosts(self):
+        """Generate Iterator over usable hosts in a network.
+
+        This is like __iter__ except it doesn't return the network
+        or broadcast addresses.
+
+        """
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        for x in _compat_range(network + 1, broadcast):
+            yield self._address_class(x)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        for x in _compat_range(network, broadcast + 1):
+            yield self._address_class(x)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, n):
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        if n >= 0:
+            if network + n > broadcast:
+                raise IndexError
+            return self._address_class(network + n)
+        else:
+            n += 1
+            if broadcast + n < network:
+                raise IndexError
+            return self._address_class(broadcast + n)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, _IPAddressBase):
+            return NotImplemented
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % (
+                            self, other))
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same version' % (
+                            self, other))
+        if self.network_address != other.network_address:
+            return self.network_address < other.network_address
+        if self.netmask != other.netmask:
+            return self.netmask < other.netmask
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        try:
+            return (self._version == other._version and
+                    self.network_address == other.network_address and
+                    int(self.netmask) == int(other.netmask))
+        except AttributeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(int(self.network_address) ^ int(self.netmask))
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            return False
+        # dealing with another network.
+        if isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
+            return False
+        # dealing with another address
+        else:
+            # address
+            return (int(self.network_address) <= int(other._ip) <=
+                    int(self.broadcast_address))
+
+    def overlaps(self, other):
+        """Tell if self is partly contained in other."""
+        return self.network_address in other or (
+            self.broadcast_address in other or (
+                other.network_address in self or (
+                    other.broadcast_address in self)))
+
+    @property
+    def broadcast_address(self):
+        x = self._cache.get('broadcast_address')
+        if x is None:
+            x = self._address_class(int(self.network_address) |
+                                    int(self.hostmask))
+            self._cache['broadcast_address'] = x
+        return x
+
+    @property
+    def hostmask(self):
+        x = self._cache.get('hostmask')
+        if x is None:
+            x = self._address_class(int(self.netmask) ^ self._ALL_ONES)
+            self._cache['hostmask'] = x
+        return x
+
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self.network_address, self._prefixlen)
+
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self.network_address, self.netmask)
+
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self.network_address, self.hostmask)
+
+    @property
+    def num_addresses(self):
+        """Number of hosts in the current subnet."""
+        return int(self.broadcast_address) - int(self.network_address) + 1
+
+    @property
+    def _address_class(self):
+        # Returning bare address objects (rather than interfaces) allows for
+        # more consistent behaviour across the network address, broadcast
+        # address and individual host addresses.
+        msg = '%200s has no associated address class' % (type(self),)
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def prefixlen(self):
+        return self._prefixlen
+
+    def address_exclude(self, other):
+        """Remove an address from a larger block.
+
+        For example:
+
+            addr1 = ip_network('192.0.2.0/28')
+            addr2 = ip_network('192.0.2.1/32')
+            addr1.address_exclude(addr2) =
+                [IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/32'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.2/31'),
+                IPv4Network('192.0.2.4/30'), IPv4Network('192.0.2.8/29')]
+
+        or IPv6:
+
+            addr1 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/32')
+            addr2 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/128')
+            addr1.address_exclude(addr2) =
+                [ip_network('2001:db8::1/128'),
+                ip_network('2001:db8::2/127'),
+                ip_network('2001:db8::4/126'),
+                ip_network('2001:db8::8/125'),
+                ...
+                ip_network('2001:db8:8000::/33')]
+
+        Args:
+            other: An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object of the same type.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator of the IPv(4|6)Network objects which is self
+            minus other.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If self and other are of differing address
+              versions, or if other is not a network object.
+            ValueError: If other is not completely contained by self.
+
+        """
+        if not self._version == other._version:
+            raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % (
+                            self, other))
+
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork):
+            raise TypeError("%s is not a network object" % other)
+
+        if not other.subnet_of(self):
+            raise ValueError('%s not contained in %s' % (other, self))
+        if other == self:
+            return
+
+        # Make sure we're comparing the network of other.
+        other = other.__class__('%s/%s' % (other.network_address,
+                                           other.prefixlen))
+
+        s1, s2 = self.subnets()
+        while s1 != other and s2 != other:
+            if other.subnet_of(s1):
+                yield s2
+                s1, s2 = s1.subnets()
+            elif other.subnet_of(s2):
+                yield s1
+                s1, s2 = s2.subnets()
+            else:
+                # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere.
+                raise AssertionError('Error performing exclusion: '
+                                     's1: %s s2: %s other: %s' %
+                                     (s1, s2, other))
+        if s1 == other:
+            yield s2
+        elif s2 == other:
+            yield s1
+        else:
+            # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere.
+            raise AssertionError('Error performing exclusion: '
+                                 's1: %s s2: %s other: %s' %
+                                 (s1, s2, other))
+
+    def compare_networks(self, other):
+        """Compare two IP objects.
+
+        This is only concerned about the comparison of the integer
+        representation of the network addresses.  This means that the
+        host bits aren't considered at all in this method.  If you want
+        to compare host bits, you can easily enough do a
+        'HostA._ip < HostB._ip'
+
+        Args:
+            other: An IP object.
+
+        Returns:
+            If the IP versions of self and other are the same, returns:
+
+            -1 if self < other:
+              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25') < IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25')
+              IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') <
+                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124')
+            0 if self == other
+              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24') == IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
+              IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') ==
+                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124')
+            1 if self > other
+              eg: IPv4Network('192.0.2.128/25') > IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/25')
+                  IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124') >
+                      IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124')
+
+          Raises:
+              TypeError if the IP versions are different.
+
+        """
+        # does this need to raise a ValueError?
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % (
+                            self, other))
+        # self._version == other._version below here:
+        if self.network_address < other.network_address:
+            return -1
+        if self.network_address > other.network_address:
+            return 1
+        # self.network_address == other.network_address below here:
+        if self.netmask < other.netmask:
+            return -1
+        if self.netmask > other.netmask:
+            return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def _get_networks_key(self):
+        """Network-only key function.
+
+        Returns an object that identifies this address' network and
+        netmask. This function is a suitable "key" argument for sorted()
+        and list.sort().
+
+        """
+        return (self._version, self.network_address, self.netmask)
+
+    def subnets(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None):
+        """The subnets which join to make the current subnet.
+
+        In the case that self contains only one IP
+        (self._prefixlen == 32 for IPv4 or self._prefixlen == 128
+        for IPv6), yield an iterator with just ourself.
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length
+              should be increased by. This should not be set if
+              new_prefix is also set.
+            new_prefix: The desired new prefix length. This must be a
+              larger number (smaller prefix) than the existing prefix.
+              This should not be set if prefixlen_diff is also set.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator of IPv(4|6) objects.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: The prefixlen_diff is too small or too large.
+                OR
+            prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix
+              is a smaller number than the current prefix (smaller
+              number means a larger network)
+
+        """
+        if self._prefixlen == self._max_prefixlen:
+            yield self
+            return
+
+        if new_prefix is not None:
+            if new_prefix < self._prefixlen:
+                raise ValueError('new prefix must be longer')
+            if prefixlen_diff != 1:
+                raise ValueError('cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix')
+            prefixlen_diff = new_prefix - self._prefixlen
+
+        if prefixlen_diff < 0:
+            raise ValueError('prefix length diff must be > 0')
+        new_prefixlen = self._prefixlen + prefixlen_diff
+
+        if new_prefixlen > self._max_prefixlen:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'prefix length diff %d is invalid for netblock %s' % (
+                    new_prefixlen, self))
+
+        start = int(self.network_address)
+        end = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        step = (int(self.hostmask) + 1) >> prefixlen_diff
+        for new_addr in _compat_range(start, end, step):
+            current = self.__class__((new_addr, new_prefixlen))
+            yield current
+
+    def supernet(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None):
+        """The supernet containing the current network.
+
+        Args:
+            prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length of
+              the network should be decreased by.  For example, given a
+              /24 network and a prefixlen_diff of 3, a supernet with a
+              /21 netmask is returned.
+
+        Returns:
+            An IPv4 network object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff < 0. I.e., you have
+              a negative prefix length.
+                OR
+            If prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix is a
+              larger number than the current prefix (larger number means a
+              smaller network)
+
+        """
+        if self._prefixlen == 0:
+            return self
+
+        if new_prefix is not None:
+            if new_prefix > self._prefixlen:
+                raise ValueError('new prefix must be shorter')
+            if prefixlen_diff != 1:
+                raise ValueError('cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix')
+            prefixlen_diff = self._prefixlen - new_prefix
+
+        new_prefixlen = self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff
+        if new_prefixlen < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'current prefixlen is %d, cannot have a prefixlen_diff of %d' %
+                (self.prefixlen, prefixlen_diff))
+        return self.__class__((
+            int(self.network_address) & (int(self.netmask) << prefixlen_diff),
+            new_prefixlen
+        ))
+
+    @property
+    def is_multicast(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address.
+            See RFC 2373 2.7 for details.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_multicast and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_multicast)
+
+    def subnet_of(self, other):
+        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            return False
+        # dealing with another network.
+        if (hasattr(other, 'network_address') and
+                hasattr(other, 'broadcast_address')):
+            return (other.network_address <= self.network_address and
+                    other.broadcast_address >= self.broadcast_address)
+        # dealing with another address
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Unable to test subnet containment with element '
+                            'of type %s' % type(other))
+
+    def supernet_of(self, other):
+        # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6.
+        if self._version != other._version:
+            return False
+        # dealing with another network.
+        if (hasattr(other, 'network_address') and
+                hasattr(other, 'broadcast_address')):
+            return (other.network_address >= self.network_address and
+                    other.broadcast_address <= self.broadcast_address)
+        # dealing with another address
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Unable to test subnet containment with element '
+                            'of type %s' % type(other))
+
+    @property
+    def is_reserved(self):
+        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is within one of the
+            reserved IPv6 Network ranges.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_reserved and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_reserved)
+
+    @property
+    def is_link_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_link_local and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_link_local)
+
+    @property
+    def is_private(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_private and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_private)
+
+    @property
+    def is_global(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return not self.is_private
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        """Test if the address is unspecified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.2.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_unspecified and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_unspecified)
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.3.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_loopback and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_loopback)
+
+
+class _BaseV4(object):
+
+    """Base IPv4 object.
+
+    The following methods are used by IPv4 objects in both single IP
+    addresses and networks.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _version = 4
+    # Equivalent to 255.255.255.255 or 32 bits of 1's.
+    _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV4LENGTH) - 1
+    _DECIMAL_DIGITS = frozenset('0123456789')
+
+    # the valid octets for host and netmasks. only useful for IPv4.
+    _valid_mask_octets = frozenset([255, 254, 252, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128, 0])
+
+    _max_prefixlen = IPV4LENGTH
+    # There are only a handful of valid v4 netmasks, so we cache them all
+    # when constructed (see _make_netmask()).
+    _netmask_cache = {}
+
+    def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
+        return _compat_str(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _make_netmask(cls, arg):
+        """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument.
+
+        Argument can be:
+        - an integer (the prefix length)
+        - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24")
+        - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "255.255.255.0")
+        """
+        if arg not in cls._netmask_cache:
+            if isinstance(arg, _compat_int_types):
+                prefixlen = arg
+            else:
+                try:
+                    # Check for a netmask in prefix length form
+                    prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg)
+                except NetmaskValueError:
+                    # Check for a netmask or hostmask in dotted-quad form.
+                    # This may raise NetmaskValueError.
+                    prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_ip_string(arg)
+            netmask = IPv4Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen))
+            cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen
+        return cls._netmask_cache[arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str):
+        """Turn the given IP string into an integer for comparison.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the IP ip_str.
+
+        Returns:
+            The IP ip_str as an integer.
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv4 Address.
+
+        """
+        if not ip_str:
+            raise AddressValueError('Address cannot be empty')
+
+        octets = ip_str.split('.')
+        if len(octets) != 4:
+            raise AddressValueError("Expected 4 octets in %r" % ip_str)
+
+        try:
+            return _compat_int_from_byte_vals(
+                map(cls._parse_octet, octets), 'big')
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_octet(cls, octet_str):
+        """Convert a decimal octet into an integer.
+
+        Args:
+            octet_str: A string, the number to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            The octet as an integer.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the octet isn't strictly a decimal from [0..255].
+
+        """
+        if not octet_str:
+            raise ValueError("Empty octet not permitted")
+        # Whitelist the characters, since int() allows a lot of bizarre stuff.
+        if not cls._DECIMAL_DIGITS.issuperset(octet_str):
+            msg = "Only decimal digits permitted in %r"
+            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
+        # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error
+        # is likely to be more informative for the user
+        if len(octet_str) > 3:
+            msg = "At most 3 characters permitted in %r"
+            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
+        # Convert to integer (we know digits are legal)
+        octet_int = int(octet_str, 10)
+        # Any octets that look like they *might* be written in octal,
+        # and which don't look exactly the same in both octal and
+        # decimal are rejected as ambiguous
+        if octet_int > 7 and octet_str[0] == '0':
+            msg = "Ambiguous (octal/decimal) value in %r not permitted"
+            raise ValueError(msg % octet_str)
+        if octet_int > 255:
+            raise ValueError("Octet %d (> 255) not permitted" % octet_int)
+        return octet_int
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int):
+        """Turns a 32-bit integer into dotted decimal notation.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_int: An integer, the IP address.
+
+        Returns:
+            The IP address as a string in dotted decimal notation.
+
+        """
+        return '.'.join(_compat_str(struct.unpack(b'!B', b)[0]
+                                    if isinstance(b, bytes)
+                                    else b)
+                        for b in _compat_to_bytes(ip_int, 4, 'big'))
+
+    def _is_hostmask(self, ip_str):
+        """Test if the IP string is a hostmask (rather than a netmask).
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the potential hostmask.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the IP string is a hostmask.
+
+        """
+        bits = ip_str.split('.')
+        try:
+            parts = [x for x in map(int, bits) if x in self._valid_mask_octets]
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+        if len(parts) != len(bits):
+            return False
+        if parts[0] < parts[-1]:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _reverse_pointer(self):
+        """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv4 address.
+
+        This implements the method described in RFC1035 3.5.
+
+        """
+        reverse_octets = _compat_str(self).split('.')[::-1]
+        return '.'.join(reverse_octets) + '.in-addr.arpa'
+
+    @property
+    def max_prefixlen(self):
+        return self._max_prefixlen
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+
+class IPv4Address(_BaseV4, _BaseAddress):
+
+    """Represent and manipulate single IPv4 Addresses."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('_ip', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+
+        """
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IP
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv4Address('192.0.2.1') == IPv4Address(3221225985).
+              or, more generally
+              IPv4Address(int(IPv4Address('192.0.2.1'))) ==
+                IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address.
+
+        """
+        # Efficient constructor from integer.
+        if isinstance(address, _compat_int_types):
+            self._check_int_address(address)
+            self._ip = address
+            return
+
+        # Constructing from a packed address
+        if isinstance(address, bytes):
+            self._check_packed_address(address, 4)
+            bvs = _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(address)
+            self._ip = _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bvs, 'big')
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP string.
+        addr_str = _compat_str(address)
+        if '/' in addr_str:
+            raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %r" % address)
+        self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str)
+
+    @property
+    def packed(self):
+        """The binary representation of this address."""
+        return v4_int_to_packed(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def is_reserved(self):
+        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
+
+         Returns:
+             A boolean, True if the address is within the
+             reserved IPv4 Network range.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._reserved_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_private(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks)
+
+    @property
+    def is_multicast(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is multicast.
+            See RFC 3171 for details.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._multicast_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        """Test if the address is unspecified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
+            RFC 5735 3.
+
+        """
+        return self == self._constants._unspecified_address
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback per RFC 3330.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._loopback_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_link_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is link-local per RFC 3927.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._linklocal_network
+
+
+class IPv4Interface(IPv4Address):
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)):
+            IPv4Address.__init__(self, address)
+            self.network = IPv4Network(self._ip)
+            self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            IPv4Address.__init__(self, address[0])
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                self._prefixlen = int(address[1])
+            else:
+                self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+
+            self.network = IPv4Network(address, strict=False)
+            self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+            self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+            return
+
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+        IPv4Address.__init__(self, addr[0])
+
+        self.network = IPv4Network(address, strict=False)
+        self._prefixlen = self.network._prefixlen
+
+        self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+        self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.network.prefixlen)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        address_equal = IPv4Address.__eq__(self, other)
+        if not address_equal or address_equal is NotImplemented:
+            return address_equal
+        try:
+            return self.network == other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # An interface with an associated network is NOT the
+            # same as an unassociated address. That's why the hash
+            # takes the extra info into account.
+            return False
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        address_less = IPv4Address.__lt__(self, other)
+        if address_less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        try:
+            return self.network < other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # We *do* allow addresses and interfaces to be sorted. The
+            # unassociated address is considered less than all interfaces.
+            return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self._ip ^ self._prefixlen ^ int(self.network.network_address)
+
+    __reduce__ = _IPAddressBase.__reduce__
+
+    @property
+    def ip(self):
+        return IPv4Address(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self._prefixlen)
+
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.netmask)
+
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.hostmask)
+
+
+class IPv4Network(_BaseV4, _BaseNetwork):
+
+    """This class represents and manipulates 32-bit IPv4 network + addresses..
+
+    Attributes: [examples for IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/27')]
+        .network_address: IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
+        .hostmask: IPv4Address('0.0.0.31')
+        .broadcast_address: IPv4Address('192.0.2.32')
+        .netmask: IPv4Address('255.255.255.224')
+        .prefixlen: 27
+
+    """
+    # Class to use when creating address objects
+    _address_class = IPv4Address
+
+    def __init__(self, address, strict=True):
+
+        """Instantiate a new IPv4 network object.
+
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IP [& network].
+              '192.0.2.0/24'
+              '192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0'
+              '192.0.0.2/0.0.0.255'
+              are all functionally the same in IPv4. Similarly,
+              '192.0.2.1'
+              '192.0.2.1/255.255.255.255'
+              '192.0.2.1/32'
+              are also functionally equivalent. That is to say, failing to
+              provide a subnetmask will create an object with a mask of /32.
+
+              If the mask (portion after the / in the argument) is given in
+              dotted quad form, it is treated as a netmask if it starts with a
+              non-zero field (e.g. /255.0.0.0 == /8) and as a hostmask if it
+              starts with a zero field (e.g. 0.255.255.255 == /8), with the
+              single exception of an all-zero mask which is treated as a
+              netmask == /0. If no mask is given, a default of /32 is used.
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv4Network('192.0.2.1') == IPv4Network(3221225985)
+              or, more generally
+              IPv4Interface(int(IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1'))) ==
+                IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1')
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address.
+            NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for
+              an IPv4 address.
+            ValueError: If strict is True and a network address is not
+              supplied.
+
+        """
+        _BaseNetwork.__init__(self, address)
+
+        # Constructing from a packed address or integer
+        if isinstance(address, (_compat_int_types, bytes)):
+            self.network_address = IPv4Address(address)
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(
+                self._max_prefixlen)
+            # fixme: address/network test here.
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                arg = address[1]
+            else:
+                # We weren't given an address[1]
+                arg = self._max_prefixlen
+            self.network_address = IPv4Address(address[0])
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+            packed = int(self.network_address)
+            if packed & int(self.netmask) != packed:
+                if strict:
+                    raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+                else:
+                    self.network_address = IPv4Address(packed &
+                                                       int(self.netmask))
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string.
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+        self.network_address = IPv4Address(self._ip_int_from_string(addr[0]))
+
+        if len(addr) == 2:
+            arg = addr[1]
+        else:
+            arg = self._max_prefixlen
+        self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+
+        if strict:
+            if (IPv4Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) !=
+                    self.network_address):
+                raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+        self.network_address = IPv4Address(int(self.network_address) &
+                                           int(self.netmask))
+
+        if self._prefixlen == (self._max_prefixlen - 1):
+            self.hosts = self.__iter__
+
+    @property
+    def is_global(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per
+            iana-ipv4-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return (not (self.network_address in IPv4Network('100.64.0.0/10') and
+                self.broadcast_address in IPv4Network('100.64.0.0/10')) and
+                not self.is_private)
+
+
+class _IPv4Constants(object):
+
+    _linklocal_network = IPv4Network('169.254.0.0/16')
+
+    _loopback_network = IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8')
+
+    _multicast_network = IPv4Network('224.0.0.0/4')
+
+    _private_networks = [
+        IPv4Network('0.0.0.0/8'),
+        IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/8'),
+        IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8'),
+        IPv4Network('169.254.0.0/16'),
+        IPv4Network('172.16.0.0/12'),
+        IPv4Network('192.0.0.0/29'),
+        IPv4Network('192.0.0.170/31'),
+        IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24'),
+        IPv4Network('192.168.0.0/16'),
+        IPv4Network('198.18.0.0/15'),
+        IPv4Network('198.51.100.0/24'),
+        IPv4Network('203.0.113.0/24'),
+        IPv4Network('240.0.0.0/4'),
+        IPv4Network('255.255.255.255/32'),
+    ]
+
+    _reserved_network = IPv4Network('240.0.0.0/4')
+
+    _unspecified_address = IPv4Address('0.0.0.0')
+
+
+IPv4Address._constants = _IPv4Constants
+
+
+class _BaseV6(object):
+
+    """Base IPv6 object.
+
+    The following methods are used by IPv6 objects in both single IP
+    addresses and networks.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _version = 6
+    _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV6LENGTH) - 1
+    _HEXTET_COUNT = 8
+    _HEX_DIGITS = frozenset('0123456789ABCDEFabcdef')
+    _max_prefixlen = IPV6LENGTH
+
+    # There are only a bunch of valid v6 netmasks, so we cache them all
+    # when constructed (see _make_netmask()).
+    _netmask_cache = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _make_netmask(cls, arg):
+        """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument.
+
+        Argument can be:
+        - an integer (the prefix length)
+        - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24")
+        - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "255.255.255.0")
+        """
+        if arg not in cls._netmask_cache:
+            if isinstance(arg, _compat_int_types):
+                prefixlen = arg
+            else:
+                prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg)
+            netmask = IPv6Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen))
+            cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen
+        return cls._netmask_cache[arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str):
+        """Turn an IPv6 ip_str into an integer.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 ip_str.
+
+        Returns:
+            An int, the IPv6 address
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv6 Address.
+
+        """
+        if not ip_str:
+            raise AddressValueError('Address cannot be empty')
+
+        parts = ip_str.split(':')
+
+        # An IPv6 address needs at least 2 colons (3 parts).
+        _min_parts = 3
+        if len(parts) < _min_parts:
+            msg = "At least %d parts expected in %r" % (_min_parts, ip_str)
+            raise AddressValueError(msg)
+
+        # If the address has an IPv4-style suffix, convert it to hexadecimal.
+        if '.' in parts[-1]:
+            try:
+                ipv4_int = IPv4Address(parts.pop())._ip
+            except AddressValueError as exc:
+                raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str))
+            parts.append('%x' % ((ipv4_int >> 16) & 0xFFFF))
+            parts.append('%x' % (ipv4_int & 0xFFFF))
+
+        # An IPv6 address can't have more than 8 colons (9 parts).
+        # The extra colon comes from using the "::" notation for a single
+        # leading or trailing zero part.
+        _max_parts = cls._HEXTET_COUNT + 1
+        if len(parts) > _max_parts:
+            msg = "At most %d colons permitted in %r" % (
+                _max_parts - 1, ip_str)
+            raise AddressValueError(msg)
+
+        # Disregarding the endpoints, find '::' with nothing in between.
+        # This indicates that a run of zeroes has been skipped.
+        skip_index = None
+        for i in _compat_range(1, len(parts) - 1):
+            if not parts[i]:
+                if skip_index is not None:
+                    # Can't have more than one '::'
+                    msg = "At most one '::' permitted in %r" % ip_str
+                    raise AddressValueError(msg)
+                skip_index = i
+
+        # parts_hi is the number of parts to copy from above/before the '::'
+        # parts_lo is the number of parts to copy from below/after the '::'
+        if skip_index is not None:
+            # If we found a '::', then check if it also covers the endpoints.
+            parts_hi = skip_index
+            parts_lo = len(parts) - skip_index - 1
+            if not parts[0]:
+                parts_hi -= 1
+                if parts_hi:
+                    msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                    raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # ^: requires ^::
+            if not parts[-1]:
+                parts_lo -= 1
+                if parts_lo:
+                    msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                    raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # :$ requires ::$
+            parts_skipped = cls._HEXTET_COUNT - (parts_hi + parts_lo)
+            if parts_skipped < 1:
+                msg = "Expected at most %d other parts with '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT - 1, ip_str))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, allocate the entire address to parts_hi.  The
+            # endpoints could still be empty, but _parse_hextet() will check
+            # for that.
+            if len(parts) != cls._HEXTET_COUNT:
+                msg = "Exactly %d parts expected without '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT, ip_str))
+            if not parts[0]:
+                msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # ^: requires ^::
+            if not parts[-1]:
+                msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+                raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str)  # :$ requires ::$
+            parts_hi = len(parts)
+            parts_lo = 0
+            parts_skipped = 0
+
+        try:
+            # Now, parse the hextets into a 128-bit integer.
+            ip_int = 0
+            for i in range(parts_hi):
+                ip_int <<= 16
+                ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i])
+            ip_int <<= 16 * parts_skipped
+            for i in range(-parts_lo, 0):
+                ip_int <<= 16
+                ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i])
+            return ip_int
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_hextet(cls, hextet_str):
+        """Convert an IPv6 hextet string into an integer.
+
+        Args:
+            hextet_str: A string, the number to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            The hextet as an integer.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: if the input isn't strictly a hex number from
+              [0..FFFF].
+
+        """
+        # Whitelist the characters, since int() allows a lot of bizarre stuff.
+        if not cls._HEX_DIGITS.issuperset(hextet_str):
+            raise ValueError("Only hex digits permitted in %r" % hextet_str)
+        # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error
+        # is likely to be more informative for the user
+        if len(hextet_str) > 4:
+            msg = "At most 4 characters permitted in %r"
+            raise ValueError(msg % hextet_str)
+        # Length check means we can skip checking the integer value
+        return int(hextet_str, 16)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _compress_hextets(cls, hextets):
+        """Compresses a list of hextets.
+
+        Compresses a list of strings, replacing the longest continuous
+        sequence of "0" in the list with "" and adding empty strings at
+        the beginning or at the end of the string such that subsequently
+        calling ":".join(hextets) will produce the compressed version of
+        the IPv6 address.
+
+        Args:
+            hextets: A list of strings, the hextets to compress.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+
+        """
+        best_doublecolon_start = -1
+        best_doublecolon_len = 0
+        doublecolon_start = -1
+        doublecolon_len = 0
+        for index, hextet in enumerate(hextets):
+            if hextet == '0':
+                doublecolon_len += 1
+                if doublecolon_start == -1:
+                    # Start of a sequence of zeros.
+                    doublecolon_start = index
+                if doublecolon_len > best_doublecolon_len:
+                    # This is the longest sequence of zeros so far.
+                    best_doublecolon_len = doublecolon_len
+                    best_doublecolon_start = doublecolon_start
+            else:
+                doublecolon_len = 0
+                doublecolon_start = -1
+
+        if best_doublecolon_len > 1:
+            best_doublecolon_end = (best_doublecolon_start +
+                                    best_doublecolon_len)
+            # For zeros at the end of the address.
+            if best_doublecolon_end == len(hextets):
+                hextets += ['']
+            hextets[best_doublecolon_start:best_doublecolon_end] = ['']
+            # For zeros at the beginning of the address.
+            if best_doublecolon_start == 0:
+                hextets = [''] + hextets
+
+        return hextets
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int=None):
+        """Turns a 128-bit integer into hexadecimal notation.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_int: An integer, the IP address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string, the hexadecimal representation of the address.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: The address is bigger than 128 bits of all ones.
+
+        """
+        if ip_int is None:
+            ip_int = int(cls._ip)
+
+        if ip_int > cls._ALL_ONES:
+            raise ValueError('IPv6 address is too large')
+
+        hex_str = '%032x' % ip_int
+        hextets = ['%x' % int(hex_str[x:x + 4], 16) for x in range(0, 32, 4)]
+
+        hextets = cls._compress_hextets(hextets)
+        return ':'.join(hextets)
+
+    def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
+        """Expand a shortened IPv6 address.
+
+        Args:
+            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string, the expanded IPv6 address.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(self, IPv6Network):
+            ip_str = _compat_str(self.network_address)
+        elif isinstance(self, IPv6Interface):
+            ip_str = _compat_str(self.ip)
+        else:
+            ip_str = _compat_str(self)
+
+        ip_int = self._ip_int_from_string(ip_str)
+        hex_str = '%032x' % ip_int
+        parts = [hex_str[x:x + 4] for x in range(0, 32, 4)]
+        if isinstance(self, (_BaseNetwork, IPv6Interface)):
+            return '%s/%d' % (':'.join(parts), self._prefixlen)
+        return ':'.join(parts)
+
+    def _reverse_pointer(self):
+        """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv6 address.
+
+        This implements the method described in RFC3596 2.5.
+
+        """
+        reverse_chars = self.exploded[::-1].replace(':', '')
+        return '.'.join(reverse_chars) + '.ip6.arpa'
+
+    @property
+    def max_prefixlen(self):
+        return self._max_prefixlen
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+
+class IPv6Address(_BaseV6, _BaseAddress):
+
+    """Represent and manipulate single IPv6 Addresses."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('_ip', '__weakref__')
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        """Instantiate a new IPv6 address object.
+
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IP
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv6Address('2001:db8::') ==
+                IPv6Address(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
+              or, more generally
+              IPv6Address(int(IPv6Address('2001:db8::'))) ==
+                IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address.
+
+        """
+        # Efficient constructor from integer.
+        if isinstance(address, _compat_int_types):
+            self._check_int_address(address)
+            self._ip = address
+            return
+
+        # Constructing from a packed address
+        if isinstance(address, bytes):
+            self._check_packed_address(address, 16)
+            bvs = _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(address)
+            self._ip = _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bvs, 'big')
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP string.
+        addr_str = _compat_str(address)
+        if '/' in addr_str:
+            raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %r" % address)
+        self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str)
+
+    @property
+    def packed(self):
+        """The binary representation of this address."""
+        return v6_int_to_packed(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def is_multicast(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address.
+            See RFC 2373 2.7 for details.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._multicast_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_reserved(self):
+        """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is within one of the
+            reserved IPv6 Network ranges.
+
+        """
+        return any(self in x for x in self._constants._reserved_networks)
+
+    @property
+    def is_link_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for link-local.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._linklocal_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_site_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for site-local.
+
+        Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879.
+        Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local
+        addresses as defined by RFC 4193.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6.
+
+        """
+        return self in self._constants._sitelocal_network
+
+    @property
+    def is_private(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for private networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per
+            iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks)
+
+    @property
+    def is_global(self):
+        """Test if this address is allocated for public networks.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, true if the address is not reserved per
+            iana-ipv6-special-registry.
+
+        """
+        return not self.is_private
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        """Test if the address is unspecified.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.2.
+
+        """
+        return self._ip == 0
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        """Test if the address is a loopback address.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in
+            RFC 2373 2.5.3.
+
+        """
+        return self._ip == 1
+
+    @property
+    def ipv4_mapped(self):
+        """Return the IPv4 mapped address.
+
+        Returns:
+            If the IPv6 address is a v4 mapped address, return the
+            IPv4 mapped address. Return None otherwise.
+
+        """
+        if (self._ip >> 32) != 0xFFFF:
+            return None
+        return IPv4Address(self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+    @property
+    def teredo(self):
+        """Tuple of embedded teredo IPs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of the (server, client) IPs or None if the address
+            doesn't appear to be a teredo address (doesn't start with
+            2001::/32)
+
+        """
+        if (self._ip >> 96) != 0x20010000:
+            return None
+        return (IPv4Address((self._ip >> 64) & 0xFFFFFFFF),
+                IPv4Address(~self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF))
+
+    @property
+    def sixtofour(self):
+        """Return the IPv4 6to4 embedded address.
+
+        Returns:
+            The IPv4 6to4-embedded address if present or None if the
+            address doesn't appear to contain a 6to4 embedded address.
+
+        """
+        if (self._ip >> 112) != 0x2002:
+            return None
+        return IPv4Address((self._ip >> 80) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+
+class IPv6Interface(IPv6Address):
+
+    def __init__(self, address):
+        if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)):
+            IPv6Address.__init__(self, address)
+            self.network = IPv6Network(self._ip)
+            self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+            return
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            IPv6Address.__init__(self, address[0])
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                self._prefixlen = int(address[1])
+            else:
+                self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen
+            self.network = IPv6Network(address, strict=False)
+            self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+            self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+            return
+
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+        IPv6Address.__init__(self, addr[0])
+        self.network = IPv6Network(address, strict=False)
+        self.netmask = self.network.netmask
+        self._prefixlen = self.network._prefixlen
+        self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s/%d' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.network.prefixlen)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        address_equal = IPv6Address.__eq__(self, other)
+        if not address_equal or address_equal is NotImplemented:
+            return address_equal
+        try:
+            return self.network == other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # An interface with an associated network is NOT the
+            # same as an unassociated address. That's why the hash
+            # takes the extra info into account.
+            return False
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        address_less = IPv6Address.__lt__(self, other)
+        if address_less is NotImplemented:
+            return NotImplemented
+        try:
+            return self.network < other.network
+        except AttributeError:
+            # We *do* allow addresses and interfaces to be sorted. The
+            # unassociated address is considered less than all interfaces.
+            return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self._ip ^ self._prefixlen ^ int(self.network.network_address)
+
+    __reduce__ = _IPAddressBase.__reduce__
+
+    @property
+    def ip(self):
+        return IPv6Address(self._ip)
+
+    @property
+    def with_prefixlen(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self._prefixlen)
+
+    @property
+    def with_netmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.netmask)
+
+    @property
+    def with_hostmask(self):
+        return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip),
+                          self.hostmask)
+
+    @property
+    def is_unspecified(self):
+        return self._ip == 0 and self.network.is_unspecified
+
+    @property
+    def is_loopback(self):
+        return self._ip == 1 and self.network.is_loopback
+
+
+class IPv6Network(_BaseV6, _BaseNetwork):
+
+    """This class represents and manipulates 128-bit IPv6 networks.
+
+    Attributes: [examples for IPv6('2001:db8::1000/124')]
+        .network_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000')
+        .hostmask: IPv6Address('::f')
+        .broadcast_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::100f')
+        .netmask: IPv6Address('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0')
+        .prefixlen: 124
+
+    """
+
+    # Class to use when creating address objects
+    _address_class = IPv6Address
+
+    def __init__(self, address, strict=True):
+        """Instantiate a new IPv6 Network object.
+
+        Args:
+            address: A string or integer representing the IPv6 network or the
+              IP and prefix/netmask.
+              '2001:db8::/128'
+              '2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/128'
+              '2001:db8::'
+              are all functionally the same in IPv6.  That is to say,
+              failing to provide a subnetmask will create an object with
+              a mask of /128.
+
+              Additionally, an integer can be passed, so
+              IPv6Network('2001:db8::') ==
+                IPv6Network(42540766411282592856903984951653826560)
+              or, more generally
+              IPv6Network(int(IPv6Network('2001:db8::'))) ==
+                IPv6Network('2001:db8::')
+
+            strict: A boolean. If true, ensure that we have been passed
+              A true network address, eg, 2001:db8::1000/124 and not an
+              IP address on a network, eg, 2001:db8::1/124.
+
+        Raises:
+            AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address.
+            NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for
+              an IPv6 address.
+            ValueError: If strict was True and a network address was not
+              supplied.
+
+        """
+        _BaseNetwork.__init__(self, address)
+
+        # Efficient constructor from integer or packed address
+        if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)):
+            self.network_address = IPv6Address(address)
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(
+                self._max_prefixlen)
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(address, tuple):
+            if len(address) > 1:
+                arg = address[1]
+            else:
+                arg = self._max_prefixlen
+            self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+            self.network_address = IPv6Address(address[0])
+            packed = int(self.network_address)
+            if packed & int(self.netmask) != packed:
+                if strict:
+                    raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+                else:
+                    self.network_address = IPv6Address(packed &
+                                                       int(self.netmask))
+            return
+
+        # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation
+        # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string.
+        addr = _split_optional_netmask(address)
+
+        self.network_address = IPv6Address(self._ip_int_from_string(addr[0]))
+
+        if len(addr) == 2:
+            arg = addr[1]
+        else:
+            arg = self._max_prefixlen
+        self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg)
+
+        if strict:
+            if (IPv6Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) !=
+                    self.network_address):
+                raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self)
+        self.network_address = IPv6Address(int(self.network_address) &
+                                           int(self.netmask))
+
+        if self._prefixlen == (self._max_prefixlen - 1):
+            self.hosts = self.__iter__
+
+    def hosts(self):
+        """Generate Iterator over usable hosts in a network.
+
+          This is like __iter__ except it doesn't return the
+          Subnet-Router anycast address.
+
+        """
+        network = int(self.network_address)
+        broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address)
+        for x in _compat_range(network + 1, broadcast + 1):
+            yield self._address_class(x)
+
+    @property
+    def is_site_local(self):
+        """Test if the address is reserved for site-local.
+
+        Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879.
+        Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local
+        addresses as defined by RFC 4193.
+
+        Returns:
+            A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6.
+
+        """
+        return (self.network_address.is_site_local and
+                self.broadcast_address.is_site_local)
+
+
+class _IPv6Constants(object):
+
+    _linklocal_network = IPv6Network('fe80::/10')
+
+    _multicast_network = IPv6Network('ff00::/8')
+
+    _private_networks = [
+        IPv6Network('::1/128'),
+        IPv6Network('::/128'),
+        IPv6Network('::ffff:0:0/96'),
+        IPv6Network('100::/64'),
+        IPv6Network('2001::/23'),
+        IPv6Network('2001:2::/48'),
+        IPv6Network('2001:db8::/32'),
+        IPv6Network('2001:10::/28'),
+        IPv6Network('fc00::/7'),
+        IPv6Network('fe80::/10'),
+    ]
+
+    _reserved_networks = [
+        IPv6Network('::/8'), IPv6Network('100::/8'),
+        IPv6Network('200::/7'), IPv6Network('400::/6'),
+        IPv6Network('800::/5'), IPv6Network('1000::/4'),
+        IPv6Network('4000::/3'), IPv6Network('6000::/3'),
+        IPv6Network('8000::/3'), IPv6Network('A000::/3'),
+        IPv6Network('C000::/3'), IPv6Network('E000::/4'),
+        IPv6Network('F000::/5'), IPv6Network('F800::/6'),
+        IPv6Network('FE00::/9'),
+    ]
+
+    _sitelocal_network = IPv6Network('fec0::/10')
+
+
+IPv6Address._constants = _IPv6Constants
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6f44a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+lockfile.py - Platform-independent advisory file locks.
+
+Requires Python 2.5 unless you apply 2.4.diff
+Locking is done on a per-thread basis instead of a per-process basis.
+
+Usage:
+
+>>> lock = LockFile('somefile')
+>>> try:
+...     lock.acquire()
+... except AlreadyLocked:
+...     print 'somefile', 'is locked already.'
+... except LockFailed:
+...     print 'somefile', 'can\\'t be locked.'
+... else:
+...     print 'got lock'
+got lock
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+True
+>>> lock.release()
+
+>>> lock = LockFile('somefile')
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+False
+>>> with lock:
+...    print lock.is_locked()
+True
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+False
+
+>>> lock = LockFile('somefile')
+>>> # It is okay to lock twice from the same thread...
+>>> with lock:
+...     lock.acquire()
+...
+>>> # Though no counter is kept, so you can't unlock multiple times...
+>>> print lock.is_locked()
+False
+
+Exceptions:
+
+    Error - base class for other exceptions
+        LockError - base class for all locking exceptions
+            AlreadyLocked - Another thread or process already holds the lock
+            LockFailed - Lock failed for some other reason
+        UnlockError - base class for all unlocking exceptions
+            AlreadyUnlocked - File was not locked.
+            NotMyLock - File was locked but not by the current thread/process
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import os
+import socket
+import threading
+import warnings
+
+# Work with PEP8 and non-PEP8 versions of threading module.
+if not hasattr(threading, "current_thread"):
+    threading.current_thread = threading.currentThread
+if not hasattr(threading.Thread, "get_name"):
+    threading.Thread.get_name = threading.Thread.getName
+
+__all__ = ['Error', 'LockError', 'LockTimeout', 'AlreadyLocked',
+           'LockFailed', 'UnlockError', 'NotLocked', 'NotMyLock',
+           'LinkFileLock', 'MkdirFileLock', 'SQLiteFileLock',
+           'LockBase', 'locked']
+
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """
+    Base class for other exceptions.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise Error
+    ... except Exception:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class LockError(Error):
+    """
+    Base class for error arising from attempts to acquire the lock.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise LockError
+    ... except Error:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class LockTimeout(LockError):
+    """Raised when lock creation fails within a user-defined period of time.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise LockTimeout
+    ... except LockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class AlreadyLocked(LockError):
+    """Some other thread/process is locking the file.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise AlreadyLocked
+    ... except LockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class LockFailed(LockError):
+    """Lock file creation failed for some other reason.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise LockFailed
+    ... except LockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class UnlockError(Error):
+    """
+    Base class for errors arising from attempts to release the lock.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise UnlockError
+    ... except Error:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class NotLocked(UnlockError):
+    """Raised when an attempt is made to unlock an unlocked file.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise NotLocked
+    ... except UnlockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class NotMyLock(UnlockError):
+    """Raised when an attempt is made to unlock a file someone else locked.
+
+    >>> try:
+    ...   raise NotMyLock
+    ... except UnlockError:
+    ...   pass
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class _SharedBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        """
+        Acquire the lock.
+
+        * If timeout is omitted (or None), wait forever trying to lock the
+          file.
+
+        * If timeout > 0, try to acquire the lock for that many seconds.  If
+          the lock period expires and the file is still locked, raise
+          LockTimeout.
+
+        * If timeout <= 0, raise AlreadyLocked immediately if the file is
+          already locked.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def release(self):
+        """
+        Release the lock.
+
+        If the file is not locked, raise NotLocked.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """
+        Context manager support.
+        """
+        self.acquire()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_exc):
+        """
+        Context manager support.
+        """
+        self.release()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s: %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.path)
+
+
+class LockBase(_SharedBase):
+    """Base class for platform-specific lock classes."""
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        """
+        >>> lock = LockBase('somefile')
+        >>> lock = LockBase('somefile', threaded=False)
+        """
+        super(LockBase, self).__init__(path)
+        self.lock_file = os.path.abspath(path) + ".lock"
+        self.hostname = socket.gethostname()
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+        if threaded:
+            t = threading.current_thread()
+            # Thread objects in Python 2.4 and earlier do not have ident
+            # attrs.  Worm around that.
+            ident = getattr(t, "ident", hash(t))
+            self.tname = "-%x" % (ident & 0xffffffff)
+        else:
+            self.tname = ""
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(self.lock_file)
+
+        # unique name is mostly about the current process, but must
+        # also contain the path -- otherwise, two adjacent locked
+        # files conflict (one file gets locked, creating lock-file and
+        # unique file, the other one gets locked, creating lock-file
+        # and overwriting the already existing lock-file, then one
+        # gets unlocked, deleting both lock-file and unique file,
+        # finally the last lock errors out upon releasing.
+        self.unique_name = os.path.join(dirname,
+                                        "%s%s.%s%s" % (self.hostname,
+                                                       self.tname,
+                                                       self.pid,
+                                                       hash(self.path)))
+        self.timeout = timeout
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        """
+        Tell whether or not the file is locked.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        """
+        Return True if this object is locking the file.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        """
+        Remove a lock.  Useful if a locking thread failed to unlock.
+        """
+        raise NotImplemented("implement in subclass")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s: %r -- %r>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.unique_name,
+                                   self.path)
+
+
+def _fl_helper(cls, mod, *args, **kwds):
+    warnings.warn("Import from %s module instead of lockfile package" % mod,
+                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    # This is a bit funky, but it's only for awhile.  The way the unit tests
+    # are constructed this function winds up as an unbound method, so it
+    # actually takes three args, not two.  We want to toss out self.
+    if not isinstance(args[0], str):
+        # We are testing, avoid the first arg
+        args = args[1:]
+    if len(args) == 1 and not kwds:
+        kwds["threaded"] = True
+    return cls(*args, **kwds)
+
+
+def LinkFileLock(*args, **kwds):
+    """Factory function provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    Do not use in new code.  Instead, import LinkLockFile from the
+    lockfile.linklockfile module.
+    """
+    from . import linklockfile
+    return _fl_helper(linklockfile.LinkLockFile, "lockfile.linklockfile",
+                      *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def MkdirFileLock(*args, **kwds):
+    """Factory function provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    Do not use in new code.  Instead, import MkdirLockFile from the
+    lockfile.mkdirlockfile module.
+    """
+    from . import mkdirlockfile
+    return _fl_helper(mkdirlockfile.MkdirLockFile, "lockfile.mkdirlockfile",
+                      *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def SQLiteFileLock(*args, **kwds):
+    """Factory function provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    Do not use in new code.  Instead, import SQLiteLockFile from the
+    lockfile.mkdirlockfile module.
+    """
+    from . import sqlitelockfile
+    return _fl_helper(sqlitelockfile.SQLiteLockFile, "lockfile.sqlitelockfile",
+                      *args, **kwds)
+
+
+def locked(path, timeout=None):
+    """Decorator which enables locks for decorated function.
+
+    Arguments:
+     - path: path for lockfile.
+     - timeout (optional): Timeout for acquiring lock.
+
+     Usage:
+         @locked('/var/run/myname', timeout=0)
+         def myname(...):
+             ...
+    """
+    def decor(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            lock = FileLock(path, timeout=timeout)
+            lock.acquire()
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                lock.release()
+        return wrapper
+    return decor
+
+
+if hasattr(os, "link"):
+    from . import linklockfile as _llf
+    LockFile = _llf.LinkLockFile
+else:
+    from . import mkdirlockfile as _mlf
+    LockFile = _mlf.MkdirLockFile
+
+FileLock = LockFile
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ca9be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/linklockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import time
+import os
+
+from . import (LockBase, LockFailed, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout,
+               AlreadyLocked)
+
+
+class LinkLockFile(LockBase):
+    """Lock access to a file using atomic property of link(2).
+
+    >>> lock = LinkLockFile('somefile')
+    >>> lock = LinkLockFile('somefile', threaded=False)
+    """
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        try:
+            open(self.unique_name, "wb").close()
+        except IOError:
+            raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.unique_name)
+
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        while True:
+            # Try and create a hard link to it.
+            try:
+                os.link(self.unique_name, self.lock_file)
+            except OSError:
+                # Link creation failed.  Maybe we've double-locked?
+                nlinks = os.stat(self.unique_name).st_nlink
+                if nlinks == 2:
+                    # The original link plus the one I created == 2.  We're
+                    # good to go.
+                    return
+                else:
+                    # Otherwise the lock creation failed.
+                    if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                        os.unlink(self.unique_name)
+                        if timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(timeout is not None and timeout / 10 or 0.1)
+            else:
+                # Link creation succeeded.  We're good to go.
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        elif not os.path.exists(self.unique_name):
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        os.unlink(self.unique_name)
+        os.unlink(self.lock_file)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        return os.path.exists(self.lock_file)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        return (self.is_locked() and
+                os.path.exists(self.unique_name) and
+                os.stat(self.unique_name).st_nlink == 2)
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.lock_file):
+            os.unlink(self.lock_file)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05a8c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/mkdirlockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+
+import time
+import os
+import sys
+import errno
+
+from . import (LockBase, LockFailed, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout,
+               AlreadyLocked)
+
+
+class MkdirLockFile(LockBase):
+    """Lock file by creating a directory."""
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        """
+        >>> lock = MkdirLockFile('somefile')
+        >>> lock = MkdirLockFile('somefile', threaded=False)
+        """
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, threaded, timeout)
+        # Lock file itself is a directory.  Place the unique file name into
+        # it.
+        self.unique_name = os.path.join(self.lock_file,
+                                        "%s.%s%s" % (self.hostname,
+                                                     self.tname,
+                                                     self.pid))
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        if timeout is None:
+            wait = 0.1
+        else:
+            wait = max(0, timeout / 10)
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(self.lock_file)
+            except OSError:
+                err = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                if err.errno == errno.EEXIST:
+                    # Already locked.
+                    if os.path.exists(self.unique_name):
+                        # Already locked by me.
+                        return
+                    if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                        if timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            # Someone else has the lock.
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(wait)
+                else:
+                    # Couldn't create the lock for some other reason
+                    raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.lock_file)
+            else:
+                open(self.unique_name, "wb").close()
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        elif not os.path.exists(self.unique_name):
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        os.unlink(self.unique_name)
+        os.rmdir(self.lock_file)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        return os.path.exists(self.lock_file)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        return (self.is_locked() and
+                os.path.exists(self.unique_name))
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.lock_file):
+            for name in os.listdir(self.lock_file):
+                os.unlink(os.path.join(self.lock_file, name))
+            os.rmdir(self.lock_file)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..069e85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/pidlockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# pidlockfile.py
+#
+# Copyright © 2008–2009 Ben Finney <ben+python@benfinney.id.au>
+#
+# This is free software: you may copy, modify, and/or distribute this work
+# under the terms of the Python Software Foundation License, version 2 or
+# later as published by the Python Software Foundation.
+# No warranty expressed or implied. See the file LICENSE.PSF-2 for details.
+
+""" Lockfile behaviour implemented via Unix PID files.
+    """
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import os
+import time
+
+from . import (LockBase, AlreadyLocked, LockFailed, NotLocked, NotMyLock,
+               LockTimeout)
+
+
+class PIDLockFile(LockBase):
+    """ Lockfile implemented as a Unix PID file.
+
+    The lock file is a normal file named by the attribute `path`.
+    A lock's PID file contains a single line of text, containing
+    the process ID (PID) of the process that acquired the lock.
+
+    >>> lock = PIDLockFile('somefile')
+    >>> lock = PIDLockFile('somefile')
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=False, timeout=None):
+        # pid lockfiles don't support threaded operation, so always force
+        # False as the threaded arg.
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, False, timeout)
+        self.unique_name = self.path
+
+    def read_pid(self):
+        """ Get the PID from the lock file.
+            """
+        return read_pid_from_pidfile(self.path)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        """ Test if the lock is currently held.
+
+            The lock is held if the PID file for this lock exists.
+
+            """
+        return os.path.exists(self.path)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        """ Test if the lock is held by the current process.
+
+        Returns ``True`` if the current process ID matches the
+        number stored in the PID file.
+        """
+        return self.is_locked() and os.getpid() == self.read_pid()
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        """ Acquire the lock.
+
+        Creates the PID file for this lock, or raises an error if
+        the lock could not be acquired.
+        """
+
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                write_pid_to_pidfile(self.path)
+            except OSError as exc:
+                if exc.errno == errno.EEXIST:
+                    # The lock creation failed.  Maybe sleep a bit.
+                    if time.time() > end_time:
+                        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(timeout is not None and timeout / 10 or 0.1)
+                else:
+                    raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.path)
+            else:
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        """ Release the lock.
+
+            Removes the PID file to release the lock, or raises an
+            error if the current process does not hold the lock.
+
+            """
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        if not self.i_am_locking():
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        remove_existing_pidfile(self.path)
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        """ Break an existing lock.
+
+            Removes the PID file if it already exists, otherwise does
+            nothing.
+
+            """
+        remove_existing_pidfile(self.path)
+
+
+def read_pid_from_pidfile(pidfile_path):
+    """ Read the PID recorded in the named PID file.
+
+        Read and return the numeric PID recorded as text in the named
+        PID file. If the PID file cannot be read, or if the content is
+        not a valid PID, return ``None``.
+
+        """
+    pid = None
+    try:
+        pidfile = open(pidfile_path, 'r')
+    except IOError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        # According to the FHS 2.3 section on PID files in /var/run:
+        #
+        #   The file must consist of the process identifier in
+        #   ASCII-encoded decimal, followed by a newline character.
+        #
+        #   Programs that read PID files should be somewhat flexible
+        #   in what they accept; i.e., they should ignore extra
+        #   whitespace, leading zeroes, absence of the trailing
+        #   newline, or additional lines in the PID file.
+
+        line = pidfile.readline().strip()
+        try:
+            pid = int(line)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        pidfile.close()
+
+    return pid
+
+
+def write_pid_to_pidfile(pidfile_path):
+    """ Write the PID in the named PID file.
+
+        Get the numeric process ID (“PID”) of the current process
+        and write it to the named file as a line of text.
+
+        """
+    open_flags = (os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY)
+    open_mode = 0o644
+    pidfile_fd = os.open(pidfile_path, open_flags, open_mode)
+    pidfile = os.fdopen(pidfile_fd, 'w')
+
+    # According to the FHS 2.3 section on PID files in /var/run:
+    #
+    #   The file must consist of the process identifier in
+    #   ASCII-encoded decimal, followed by a newline character. For
+    #   example, if crond was process number 25, /var/run/crond.pid
+    #   would contain three characters: two, five, and newline.
+
+    pid = os.getpid()
+    pidfile.write("%s\n" % pid)
+    pidfile.close()
+
+
+def remove_existing_pidfile(pidfile_path):
+    """ Remove the named PID file if it exists.
+
+        Removing a PID file that doesn't already exist puts us in the
+        desired state, so we ignore the condition if the file does not
+        exist.
+
+        """
+    try:
+        os.remove(pidfile_path)
+    except OSError as exc:
+        if exc.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f997e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/sqlitelockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+
+import time
+import os
+
+try:
+    unicode
+except NameError:
+    unicode = str
+
+from . import LockBase, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout, AlreadyLocked
+
+
+class SQLiteLockFile(LockBase):
+    "Demonstrate SQL-based locking."
+
+    testdb = None
+
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        """
+        >>> lock = SQLiteLockFile('somefile')
+        >>> lock = SQLiteLockFile('somefile', threaded=False)
+        """
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, threaded, timeout)
+        self.lock_file = unicode(self.lock_file)
+        self.unique_name = unicode(self.unique_name)
+
+        if SQLiteLockFile.testdb is None:
+            import tempfile
+            _fd, testdb = tempfile.mkstemp()
+            os.close(_fd)
+            os.unlink(testdb)
+            del _fd, tempfile
+            SQLiteLockFile.testdb = testdb
+
+        import sqlite3
+        self.connection = sqlite3.connect(SQLiteLockFile.testdb)
+
+        c = self.connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            c.execute("create table locks"
+                      "("
+                      "   lock_file varchar(32),"
+                      "   unique_name varchar(32)"
+                      ")")
+        except sqlite3.OperationalError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.connection.commit()
+            import atexit
+            atexit.register(os.unlink, SQLiteLockFile.testdb)
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        if timeout is None:
+            wait = 0.1
+        elif timeout <= 0:
+            wait = 0
+        else:
+            wait = timeout / 10
+
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+
+        while True:
+            if not self.is_locked():
+                # Not locked.  Try to lock it.
+                cursor.execute("insert into locks"
+                               "  (lock_file, unique_name)"
+                               "  values"
+                               "  (?, ?)",
+                               (self.lock_file, self.unique_name))
+                self.connection.commit()
+
+                # Check to see if we are the only lock holder.
+                cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                               "  where unique_name = ?",
+                               (self.unique_name,))
+                rows = cursor.fetchall()
+                if len(rows) > 1:
+                    # Nope.  Someone else got there.  Remove our lock.
+                    cursor.execute("delete from locks"
+                                   "  where unique_name = ?",
+                                   (self.unique_name,))
+                    self.connection.commit()
+                else:
+                    # Yup.  We're done, so go home.
+                    return
+            else:
+                # Check to see if we are the only lock holder.
+                cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                               "  where unique_name = ?",
+                               (self.unique_name,))
+                rows = cursor.fetchall()
+                if len(rows) == 1:
+                    # We're the locker, so go home.
+                    return
+
+            # Maybe we should wait a bit longer.
+            if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                if timeout > 0:
+                    # No more waiting.
+                    raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                      " lock for %s" %
+                                      self.path)
+                else:
+                    # Someone else has the lock and we are impatient..
+                    raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" % self.path)
+
+            # Well, okay.  We'll give it a bit longer.
+            time.sleep(wait)
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        if not self.i_am_locking():
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me (by %s)" %
+                            (self.unique_name, self._who_is_locking()))
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("delete from locks"
+                       "  where unique_name = ?",
+                       (self.unique_name,))
+        self.connection.commit()
+
+    def _who_is_locking(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("select unique_name from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file,))
+        return cursor.fetchone()[0]
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file,))
+        rows = cursor.fetchall()
+        return not not rows
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("select * from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?"
+                       "    and unique_name = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file, self.unique_name))
+        return not not cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        cursor = self.connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("delete from locks"
+                       "  where lock_file = ?",
+                       (self.lock_file,))
+        self.connection.commit()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23b41f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/lockfile/symlinklockfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import time
+
+from . import (LockBase, NotLocked, NotMyLock, LockTimeout,
+               AlreadyLocked)
+
+
+class SymlinkLockFile(LockBase):
+    """Lock access to a file using symlink(2)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path, threaded=True, timeout=None):
+        # super(SymlinkLockFile).__init(...)
+        LockBase.__init__(self, path, threaded, timeout)
+        # split it back!
+        self.unique_name = os.path.split(self.unique_name)[1]
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
+        # Hopefully unnecessary for symlink.
+        # try:
+        #     open(self.unique_name, "wb").close()
+        # except IOError:
+        #     raise LockFailed("failed to create %s" % self.unique_name)
+        timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.timeout
+        end_time = time.time()
+        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
+            end_time += timeout
+
+        while True:
+            # Try and create a symbolic link to it.
+            try:
+                os.symlink(self.unique_name, self.lock_file)
+            except OSError:
+                # Link creation failed.  Maybe we've double-locked?
+                if self.i_am_locking():
+                    # Linked to out unique name. Proceed.
+                    return
+                else:
+                    # Otherwise the lock creation failed.
+                    if timeout is not None and time.time() > end_time:
+                        if timeout > 0:
+                            raise LockTimeout("Timeout waiting to acquire"
+                                              " lock for %s" %
+                                              self.path)
+                        else:
+                            raise AlreadyLocked("%s is already locked" %
+                                                self.path)
+                    time.sleep(timeout / 10 if timeout is not None else 0.1)
+            else:
+                # Link creation succeeded.  We're good to go.
+                return
+
+    def release(self):
+        if not self.is_locked():
+            raise NotLocked("%s is not locked" % self.path)
+        elif not self.i_am_locking():
+            raise NotMyLock("%s is locked, but not by me" % self.path)
+        os.unlink(self.lock_file)
+
+    def is_locked(self):
+        return os.path.islink(self.lock_file)
+
+    def i_am_locking(self):
+        return (os.path.islink(self.lock_file)
+                and os.readlink(self.lock_file) == self.unique_name)
+
+    def break_lock(self):
+        if os.path.islink(self.lock_file):  # exists && link
+            os.unlink(self.lock_file)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5e8408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "16.0"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft and individual contributors"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "BSD or Apache License, Version 2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014-2016 %s" % __author__
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ee6220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+from .__about__ import (
+    __author__, __copyright__, __email__, __license__, __summary__, __title__,
+    __uri__, __version__
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..210bb80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import sys
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """
+    Create a base class with a metaclass.
+    """
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccc2786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+
+class Infinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+Infinity = Infinity()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return Infinity
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinity()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dec8a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import operator
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import (
+    ParseException, ParseResults, stringStart, stringEnd,
+)
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import ZeroOrMore, Group, Forward, QuotedString
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import Literal as L  # noqa
+
+from ._compat import string_types
+from .specifiers import Specifier, InvalidSpecifier
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidMarker", "UndefinedComparison", "UndefinedEnvironmentName",
+    "Marker", "default_environment",
+]
+
+
+class InvalidMarker(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid marker was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedComparison(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid operation was attempted on a value that doesn't support it.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedEnvironmentName(ValueError):
+    """
+    A name was attempted to be used that does not exist inside of the
+    environment.
+    """
+
+
+class Node(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<{0}({1!r})>".format(self.__class__.__name__, str(self))
+
+
+class Variable(Node):
+    pass
+
+
+class Value(Node):
+    pass
+
+
+VARIABLE = (
+    L("implementation_version") |
+    L("platform_python_implementation") |
+    L("implementation_name") |
+    L("python_full_version") |
+    L("platform_release") |
+    L("platform_version") |
+    L("platform_machine") |
+    L("platform_system") |
+    L("python_version") |
+    L("sys_platform") |
+    L("os_name") |
+    L("extra")
+)
+VARIABLE.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Variable(t[0]))
+
+VERSION_CMP = (
+    L("===") |
+    L("==") |
+    L(">=") |
+    L("<=") |
+    L("!=") |
+    L("~=") |
+    L(">") |
+    L("<")
+)
+
+MARKER_OP = VERSION_CMP | L("not in") | L("in")
+
+MARKER_VALUE = QuotedString("'") | QuotedString('"')
+MARKER_VALUE.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Value(t[0]))
+
+BOOLOP = L("and") | L("or")
+
+MARKER_VAR = VARIABLE | MARKER_VALUE
+
+MARKER_ITEM = Group(MARKER_VAR + MARKER_OP + MARKER_VAR)
+MARKER_ITEM.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: tuple(t[0]))
+
+LPAREN = L("(").suppress()
+RPAREN = L(")").suppress()
+
+MARKER_EXPR = Forward()
+MARKER_ATOM = MARKER_ITEM | Group(LPAREN + MARKER_EXPR + RPAREN)
+MARKER_EXPR << MARKER_ATOM + ZeroOrMore(BOOLOP + MARKER_EXPR)
+
+MARKER = stringStart + MARKER_EXPR + stringEnd
+
+
+def _coerce_parse_result(results):
+    if isinstance(results, ParseResults):
+        return [_coerce_parse_result(i) for i in results]
+    else:
+        return results
+
+
+def _format_marker(marker, first=True):
+    assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, string_types))
+
+    # Sometimes we have a structure like [[...]] which is a single item list
+    # where the single item is itself it's own list. In that case we want skip
+    # the rest of this function so that we don't get extraneous () on the
+    # outside.
+    if (isinstance(marker, list) and len(marker) == 1 and
+            isinstance(marker[0], (list, tuple))):
+        return _format_marker(marker[0])
+
+    if isinstance(marker, list):
+        inner = (_format_marker(m, first=False) for m in marker)
+        if first:
+            return " ".join(inner)
+        else:
+            return "(" + " ".join(inner) + ")"
+    elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+        return '{0} {1} "{2}"'.format(*marker)
+    else:
+        return marker
+
+
+_operators = {
+    "in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs in rhs,
+    "not in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs not in rhs,
+    "<": operator.lt,
+    "<=": operator.le,
+    "==": operator.eq,
+    "!=": operator.ne,
+    ">=": operator.ge,
+    ">": operator.gt,
+}
+
+
+def _eval_op(lhs, op, rhs):
+    try:
+        spec = Specifier("".join([op, rhs]))
+    except InvalidSpecifier:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return spec.contains(lhs)
+
+    oper = _operators.get(op)
+    if oper is None:
+        raise UndefinedComparison(
+            "Undefined {0!r} on {1!r} and {2!r}.".format(op, lhs, rhs)
+        )
+
+    return oper(lhs, rhs)
+
+
+_undefined = object()
+
+
+def _get_env(environment, name):
+    value = environment.get(name, _undefined)
+
+    if value is _undefined:
+        raise UndefinedEnvironmentName(
+            "{0!r} does not exist in evaluation environment.".format(name)
+        )
+
+    return value
+
+
+def _evaluate_markers(markers, environment):
+    groups = [[]]
+
+    for marker in markers:
+        assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, string_types))
+
+        if isinstance(marker, list):
+            groups[-1].append(_evaluate_markers(marker, environment))
+        elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+            lhs, op, rhs = marker
+
+            if isinstance(lhs, Variable):
+                lhs_value = _get_env(environment, lhs.value)
+                rhs_value = rhs.value
+            else:
+                lhs_value = lhs.value
+                rhs_value = _get_env(environment, rhs.value)
+
+            groups[-1].append(_eval_op(lhs_value, op, rhs_value))
+        else:
+            assert marker in ["and", "or"]
+            if marker == "or":
+                groups.append([])
+
+    return any(all(item) for item in groups)
+
+
+def format_full_version(info):
+    version = '{0.major}.{0.minor}.{0.micro}'.format(info)
+    kind = info.releaselevel
+    if kind != 'final':
+        version += kind[0] + str(info.serial)
+    return version
+
+
+def default_environment():
+    if hasattr(sys, 'implementation'):
+        iver = format_full_version(sys.implementation.version)
+        implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    else:
+        iver = '0'
+        implementation_name = ''
+
+    return {
+        "implementation_name": implementation_name,
+        "implementation_version": iver,
+        "os_name": os.name,
+        "platform_machine": platform.machine(),
+        "platform_release": platform.release(),
+        "platform_system": platform.system(),
+        "platform_version": platform.version(),
+        "python_full_version": platform.python_version(),
+        "platform_python_implementation": platform.python_implementation(),
+        "python_version": platform.python_version()[:3],
+        "sys_platform": sys.platform,
+    }
+
+
+class Marker(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, marker):
+        try:
+            self._markers = _coerce_parse_result(MARKER.parseString(marker))
+        except ParseException as e:
+            err_str = "Invalid marker: {0!r}, parse error at {1!r}".format(
+                marker, marker[e.loc:e.loc + 8])
+            raise InvalidMarker(err_str)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return _format_marker(self._markers)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Marker({0!r})>".format(str(self))
+
+    def evaluate(self, environment=None):
+        """Evaluate a marker.
+
+        Return the boolean from evaluating the given marker against the
+        environment. environment is an optional argument to override all or
+        part of the determined environment.
+
+        The environment is determined from the current Python process.
+        """
+        current_environment = default_environment()
+        if environment is not None:
+            current_environment.update(environment)
+
+        return _evaluate_markers(self._markers, current_environment)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e37e098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,776 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import abc
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._compat import string_types, with_metaclass
+from .version import Version, LegacyVersion, parse
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid specifier was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(with_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta, object)):
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are not equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def prereleases(self):
+        """
+        Returns whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        """
+        Sets whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class _IndividualSpecifier(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    _operators = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, spec="", prereleases=None):
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier("Invalid specifier: '{0}'".format(spec))
+
+        self._spec = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<{0}({1!r}{2})>".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            str(self),
+            pre,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "{0}{1}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec == other._spec
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec != other._spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op):
+        return getattr(self, "_compare_{0}".format(self._operators[op]))
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            version = parse(version)
+        return version
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self):
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        return self._prereleases
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version or LegacyVersion, this allows us to have
+        # a shortcut for ``"2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        item = self._coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        return self._get_operator(self.operator)(item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = self._coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later incase nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if (parsed_version.is_prerelease and not
+                        (prereleases or self.prereleases)):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the begining.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+class LegacySpecifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(==|!=|<=|>=|<|>))
+        \s*
+        (?P<version>
+            [^\s]* # We just match everything, except for whitespace since this
+                   # is a "legacy" specifier and the version string can be just
+                   # about anything.
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+    }
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, LegacyVersion):
+            version = LegacyVersion(str(version))
+        return version
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective == self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective != self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective < self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective > self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+
+def _require_version_compare(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapped(self, prospective, spec):
+        if not isinstance(prospective, Version):
+            return False
+        return fn(self, prospective, spec)
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class Specifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s]*    # We just match everything, except for whitespace
+                          # since we are only testing for strict identity.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a dev or local version
+                # together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                    |
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore post and dev releases and we want to treat the pre-release as
+        # it's own separate segment.
+        prefix = ".".join(
+            list(
+                itertools.takewhile(
+                    lambda x: (not x.startswith("post") and not
+                               x.startswith("dev")),
+                    _version_split(spec),
+                )
+            )[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return (self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) and
+                self._get_operator("==")(prospective, prefix))
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # In the case of prefix matching we want to ignore local segment.
+            prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+            # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit
+            # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            spec = _version_split(spec[:-2])  # Remove the trailing .*
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there
+            # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release
+            # segment.
+            prospective = _version_split(str(prospective))
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            prospective = prospective[:len(spec)]
+
+            # Pad out our two sides with zeros so that they both equal the same
+            # length.
+            spec, prospective = _pad_version(spec, prospective)
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+        return prospective == spec
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is techincally greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective, spec):
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if parse(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version):
+    result = []
+    for item in version.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _pad_version(left, right):
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split[0]):])
+    right_split.append(right[len(right_split[0]):])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])),
+    )
+    right_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])),
+    )
+
+    return (
+        list(itertools.chain(*left_split)),
+        list(itertools.chain(*right_split)),
+    )
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    def __init__(self, specifiers="", prereleases=None):
+        # Split on , to break each indidivual specifier into it's own item, and
+        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+        specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+        # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a
+        # Specifier and falling back to a LegacySpecifier.
+        parsed = set()
+        for specifier in specifiers:
+            try:
+                parsed.add(Specifier(specifier))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                parsed.add(LegacySpecifier(specifier))
+
+        # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later.
+        self._specs = frozenset(parsed)
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<SpecifierSet({0!r}{1})>".format(str(self), pre)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs != other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version or LegacyVersion instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            item = parse(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(
+            s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases)
+            for s in self._specs
+        )
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iterable
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases, and which will filter out LegacyVersion in general.
+        else:
+            filtered = []
+            found_prereleases = []
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                # Ensure that we some kind of Version class for this item.
+                if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+                    parsed_version = parse(item)
+                else:
+                    parsed_version = item
+
+                # Filter out any item which is parsed as a LegacyVersion
+                if isinstance(parsed_version, LegacyVersion):
+                    continue
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return found_prereleases
+
+            return filtered
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83b5ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._structures import Infinity
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "parse", "Version", "LegacyVersion", "InvalidVersion", "VERSION_PATTERN"
+]
+
+
+_Version = collections.namedtuple(
+    "_Version",
+    ["epoch", "release", "dev", "pre", "post", "local"],
+)
+
+
+def parse(version):
+    """
+    Parse the given version string and return either a :class:`Version` object
+    or a :class:`LegacyVersion` object depending on if the given version is
+    a valid PEP 440 version or a legacy version.
+    """
+    try:
+        return Version(version)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        return LegacyVersion(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid version was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o)
+
+    def _compare(self, other, method):
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._key, other._key)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(_BaseVersion):
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self._version = str(version)
+        self._key = _legacy_cmpkey(self._version)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<LegacyVersion({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return False
+
+
+_legacy_version_component_re = re.compile(
+    r"(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)", re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+_legacy_version_replacement_map = {
+    "pre": "c", "preview": "c", "-": "final-", "rc": "c", "dev": "@",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_version_parts(s):
+    for part in _legacy_version_component_re.split(s):
+        part = _legacy_version_replacement_map.get(part, part)
+
+        if not part or part == ".":
+            continue
+
+        if part[:1] in "0123456789":
+            # pad for numeric comparison
+            yield part.zfill(8)
+        else:
+            yield "*" + part
+
+    # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+    yield "*final"
+
+
+def _legacy_cmpkey(version):
+    # We hardcode an epoch of -1 here. A PEP 440 version can only have a epoch
+    # greater than or equal to 0. This will effectively put the LegacyVersion,
+    # which uses the defacto standard originally implemented by setuptools,
+    # as before all PEP 440 versions.
+    epoch = -1
+
+    # This scheme is taken from pkg_resources.parse_version setuptools prior to
+    # it's adoption of the packaging library.
+    parts = []
+    for part in _parse_version_parts(version.lower()):
+        if part.startswith("*"):
+            # remove "-" before a prerelease tag
+            if part < "*final":
+                while parts and parts[-1] == "*final-":
+                    parts.pop()
+
+            # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+            while parts and parts[-1] == "00000000":
+                parts.pop()
+
+        parts.append(part)
+    parts = tuple(parts)
+
+    return epoch, parts
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion("Invalid version: '{0}'".format(version))
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("pre_l"),
+                match.group("pre_n"),
+            ),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"),
+                match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2"),
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("dev_l"),
+                match.group("dev_n"),
+            ),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Version({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self._version.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self._version.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self._version.post is not None:
+            parts.append(".post{0}".format(self._version.post[1]))
+
+        # Development release
+        if self._version.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(".dev{0}".format(self._version.dev[1]))
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self._version.local is not None:
+            parts.append(
+                "+{0}".format(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local))
+            )
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        version_string = str(self)
+        if "+" in version_string:
+            return version_string.split("+", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.dev or self._version.pre)
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.post)
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(letter, number):
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+
+_local_version_seperators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local):
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_seperators.split(local)
+        )
+
+
+def _cmpkey(epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local):
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(
+            itertools.dropwhile(
+                lambda x: x == 0,
+                reversed(release),
+            )
+        ))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        pre = -Infinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        pre = Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        post = -Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        dev = Infinity
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        local = -Infinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (-Infinity, i)
+            for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e62da92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3159 @@
+"""
+Package resource API
+--------------------
+
+A resource is a logical file contained within a package, or a logical
+subdirectory thereof.  The package resource API expects resource names
+to have their path parts separated with ``/``, *not* whatever the local
+path separator is.  Do not use os.path operations to manipulate resource
+names being passed into the API.
+
+The package resource API is designed to work with normal filesystem packages,
+.egg files, and unpacked .egg files.  It can also work in a limited way with
+.zip files and with custom PEP 302 loaders that support the ``get_data()``
+method.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import os
+import io
+import time
+import re
+import types
+import zipfile
+import zipimport
+import warnings
+import stat
+import functools
+import pkgutil
+import token
+import symbol
+import operator
+import platform
+import collections
+import plistlib
+import email.parser
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+from pkgutil import get_importer
+
+try:
+    import _imp
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.2 compatibility
+    import imp as _imp
+
+from pip._vendor import six
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import urllib, map
+
+# capture these to bypass sandboxing
+from os import utime
+try:
+    from os import mkdir, rename, unlink
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = True
+except ImportError:
+    # no write support, probably under GAE
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = False
+
+from os import open as os_open
+from os.path import isdir, split
+
+# Avoid try/except due to potential problems with delayed import mechanisms.
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) and sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
+    import importlib.machinery as importlib_machinery
+else:
+    importlib_machinery = None
+
+try:
+    import parser
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from pip._vendor import packaging
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.version')
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers')
+
+
+filter = six.moves.filter
+map = six.moves.map
+
+if (3, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+    msg = (
+        "Support for Python 3.0-3.2 has been dropped. Future versions "
+        "will fail here."
+    )
+    warnings.warn(msg)
+
+# declare some globals that will be defined later to
+# satisfy the linters.
+require = None
+working_set = None
+
+
+class PEP440Warning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """
+    Used when there is an issue with a version or specifier not complying with
+    PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _SetuptoolsVersionMixin(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__hash__()
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) < other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__lt__(other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) <= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__le__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) == other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) >= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ge__(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) > other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__gt__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) != other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ne__(other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return tuple(self)[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)', re.VERBOSE)
+        replace = {
+            'pre': 'c',
+            'preview': 'c',
+            '-': 'final-',
+            'rc': 'c',
+            'dev': '@',
+        }.get
+
+        def _parse_version_parts(s):
+            for part in component_re.split(s):
+                part = replace(part, part)
+                if not part or part == '.':
+                    continue
+                if part[:1] in '0123456789':
+                    # pad for numeric comparison
+                    yield part.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    yield '*'+part
+
+            # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+            yield '*final'
+
+        def old_parse_version(s):
+            parts = []
+            for part in _parse_version_parts(s.lower()):
+                if part.startswith('*'):
+                    # remove '-' before a prerelease tag
+                    if part < '*final':
+                        while parts and parts[-1] == '*final-':
+                            parts.pop()
+                    # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+                    while parts and parts[-1] == '00000000':
+                        parts.pop()
+                parts.append(part)
+            return tuple(parts)
+
+        # Warn for use of this function
+        warnings.warn(
+            "You have iterated over the result of "
+            "pkg_resources.parse_version. This is a legacy behavior which is "
+            "inconsistent with the new version class introduced in setuptools "
+            "8.0. In most cases, conversion to a tuple is unnecessary. For "
+            "comparison of versions, sort the Version instances directly. If "
+            "you have another use case requiring the tuple, please file a "
+            "bug with the setuptools project describing that need.",
+            RuntimeWarning,
+            stacklevel=1,
+        )
+
+        for part in old_parse_version(str(self)):
+            yield part
+
+
+class SetuptoolsVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, packaging.version.Version):
+    pass
+
+
+class SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin,
+                              packaging.version.LegacyVersion):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_version(v):
+    try:
+        return SetuptoolsVersion(v)
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        return SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(v)
+
+
+_state_vars = {}
+
+def _declare_state(vartype, **kw):
+    globals().update(kw)
+    _state_vars.update(dict.fromkeys(kw, vartype))
+
+def __getstate__():
+    state = {}
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in _state_vars.items():
+        state[k] = g['_sget_'+v](g[k])
+    return state
+
+def __setstate__(state):
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in state.items():
+        g['_sset_'+_state_vars[k]](k, g[k], v)
+    return state
+
+def _sget_dict(val):
+    return val.copy()
+
+def _sset_dict(key, ob, state):
+    ob.clear()
+    ob.update(state)
+
+def _sget_object(val):
+    return val.__getstate__()
+
+def _sset_object(key, ob, state):
+    ob.__setstate__(state)
+
+_sget_none = _sset_none = lambda *args: None
+
+
+def get_supported_platform():
+    """Return this platform's maximum compatible version.
+
+    distutils.util.get_platform() normally reports the minimum version
+    of Mac OS X that would be required to *use* extensions produced by
+    distutils.  But what we want when checking compatibility is to know the
+    version of Mac OS X that we are *running*.  To allow usage of packages that
+    explicitly require a newer version of Mac OS X, we must also know the
+    current version of the OS.
+
+    If this condition occurs for any other platform with a version in its
+    platform strings, this function should be extended accordingly.
+    """
+    plat = get_build_platform()
+    m = macosVersionString.match(plat)
+    if m is not None and sys.platform == "darwin":
+        try:
+            plat = 'macosx-%s-%s' % ('.'.join(_macosx_vers()[:2]), m.group(3))
+        except ValueError:
+            # not Mac OS X
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Basic resource access and distribution/entry point discovery
+    'require', 'run_script', 'get_provider',  'get_distribution',
+    'load_entry_point', 'get_entry_map', 'get_entry_info',
+    'iter_entry_points',
+    'resource_string', 'resource_stream', 'resource_filename',
+    'resource_listdir', 'resource_exists', 'resource_isdir',
+
+    # Environmental control
+    'declare_namespace', 'working_set', 'add_activation_listener',
+    'find_distributions', 'set_extraction_path', 'cleanup_resources',
+    'get_default_cache',
+
+    # Primary implementation classes
+    'Environment', 'WorkingSet', 'ResourceManager',
+    'Distribution', 'Requirement', 'EntryPoint',
+
+    # Exceptions
+    'ResolutionError', 'VersionConflict', 'DistributionNotFound',
+    'UnknownExtra', 'ExtractionError',
+
+    # Warnings
+    'PEP440Warning',
+
+    # Parsing functions and string utilities
+    'parse_requirements', 'parse_version', 'safe_name', 'safe_version',
+    'get_platform', 'compatible_platforms', 'yield_lines', 'split_sections',
+    'safe_extra', 'to_filename', 'invalid_marker', 'evaluate_marker',
+
+    # filesystem utilities
+    'ensure_directory', 'normalize_path',
+
+    # Distribution "precedence" constants
+    'EGG_DIST', 'BINARY_DIST', 'SOURCE_DIST', 'CHECKOUT_DIST', 'DEVELOP_DIST',
+
+    # "Provider" interfaces, implementations, and registration/lookup APIs
+    'IMetadataProvider', 'IResourceProvider', 'FileMetadata',
+    'PathMetadata', 'EggMetadata', 'EmptyProvider', 'empty_provider',
+    'NullProvider', 'EggProvider', 'DefaultProvider', 'ZipProvider',
+    'register_finder', 'register_namespace_handler', 'register_loader_type',
+    'fixup_namespace_packages', 'get_importer',
+
+    # Deprecated/backward compatibility only
+    'run_main', 'AvailableDistributions',
+]
+
+class ResolutionError(Exception):
+    """Abstract base for dependency resolution errors"""
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__class__.__name__+repr(self.args)
+
+
+class VersionConflict(ResolutionError):
+    """
+    An already-installed version conflicts with the requested version.
+
+    Should be initialized with the installed Distribution and the requested
+    Requirement.
+    """
+
+    _template = "{self.dist} is installed but {self.req} is required"
+
+    @property
+    def dist(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def with_context(self, required_by):
+        """
+        If required_by is non-empty, return a version of self that is a
+        ContextualVersionConflict.
+        """
+        if not required_by:
+            return self
+        args = self.args + (required_by,)
+        return ContextualVersionConflict(*args)
+
+
+class ContextualVersionConflict(VersionConflict):
+    """
+    A VersionConflict that accepts a third parameter, the set of the
+    requirements that required the installed Distribution.
+    """
+
+    _template = VersionConflict._template + ' by {self.required_by}'
+
+    @property
+    def required_by(self):
+        return self.args[2]
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(ResolutionError):
+    """A requested distribution was not found"""
+
+    _template = ("The '{self.req}' distribution was not found "
+                 "and is required by {self.requirers_str}")
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers_str(self):
+        if not self.requirers:
+            return 'the application'
+        return ', '.join(self.requirers)
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.report()
+
+
+class UnknownExtra(ResolutionError):
+    """Distribution doesn't have an "extra feature" of the given name"""
+_provider_factories = {}
+
+PY_MAJOR = sys.version[:3]
+EGG_DIST = 3
+BINARY_DIST = 2
+SOURCE_DIST = 1
+CHECKOUT_DIST = 0
+DEVELOP_DIST = -1
+
+def register_loader_type(loader_type, provider_factory):
+    """Register `provider_factory` to make providers for `loader_type`
+
+    `loader_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 ``module.__loader__``,
+    and `provider_factory` is a function that, passed a *module* object,
+    returns an ``IResourceProvider`` for that module.
+    """
+    _provider_factories[loader_type] = provider_factory
+
+def get_provider(moduleOrReq):
+    """Return an IResourceProvider for the named module or requirement"""
+    if isinstance(moduleOrReq, Requirement):
+        return working_set.find(moduleOrReq) or require(str(moduleOrReq))[0]
+    try:
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    except KeyError:
+        __import__(moduleOrReq)
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+    return _find_adapter(_provider_factories, loader)(module)
+
+def _macosx_vers(_cache=[]):
+    if not _cache:
+        version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+        # fallback for MacPorts
+        if version == '':
+            plist = '/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist'
+            if os.path.exists(plist):
+                if hasattr(plistlib, 'readPlist'):
+                    plist_content = plistlib.readPlist(plist)
+                    if 'ProductVersion' in plist_content:
+                        version = plist_content['ProductVersion']
+
+        _cache.append(version.split('.'))
+    return _cache[0]
+
+def _macosx_arch(machine):
+    return {'PowerPC': 'ppc', 'Power_Macintosh': 'ppc'}.get(machine, machine)
+
+def get_build_platform():
+    """Return this platform's string for platform-specific distributions
+
+    XXX Currently this is the same as ``distutils.util.get_platform()``, but it
+    needs some hacks for Linux and Mac OS X.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+        from sysconfig import get_platform
+    except ImportError:
+        from distutils.util import get_platform
+
+    plat = get_platform()
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and not plat.startswith('macosx-'):
+        try:
+            version = _macosx_vers()
+            machine = os.uname()[4].replace(" ", "_")
+            return "macosx-%d.%d-%s" % (int(version[0]), int(version[1]),
+                _macosx_arch(machine))
+        except ValueError:
+            # if someone is running a non-Mac darwin system, this will fall
+            # through to the default implementation
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+macosVersionString = re.compile(r"macosx-(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+darwinVersionString = re.compile(r"darwin-(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+# XXX backward compat
+get_platform = get_build_platform
+
+
+def compatible_platforms(provided, required):
+    """Can code for the `provided` platform run on the `required` platform?
+
+    Returns true if either platform is ``None``, or the platforms are equal.
+
+    XXX Needs compatibility checks for Linux and other unixy OSes.
+    """
+    if provided is None or required is None or provided==required:
+        # easy case
+        return True
+
+    # Mac OS X special cases
+    reqMac = macosVersionString.match(required)
+    if reqMac:
+        provMac = macosVersionString.match(provided)
+
+        # is this a Mac package?
+        if not provMac:
+            # this is backwards compatibility for packages built before
+            # setuptools 0.6. All packages built after this point will
+            # use the new macosx designation.
+            provDarwin = darwinVersionString.match(provided)
+            if provDarwin:
+                dversion = int(provDarwin.group(1))
+                macosversion = "%s.%s" % (reqMac.group(1), reqMac.group(2))
+                if dversion == 7 and macosversion >= "10.3" or \
+                        dversion == 8 and macosversion >= "10.4":
+                    return True
+            # egg isn't macosx or legacy darwin
+            return False
+
+        # are they the same major version and machine type?
+        if provMac.group(1) != reqMac.group(1) or \
+                provMac.group(3) != reqMac.group(3):
+            return False
+
+        # is the required OS major update >= the provided one?
+        if int(provMac.group(2)) > int(reqMac.group(2)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    # XXX Linux and other platforms' special cases should go here
+    return False
+
+
+def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
+    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
+    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+    name = ns['__name__']
+    ns.clear()
+    ns['__name__'] = name
+    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+# backward compatibility
+run_main = run_script
+
+def get_distribution(dist):
+    """Return a current distribution object for a Requirement or string"""
+    if isinstance(dist, six.string_types):
+        dist = Requirement.parse(dist)
+    if isinstance(dist, Requirement):
+        dist = get_provider(dist)
+    if not isinstance(dist, Distribution):
+        raise TypeError("Expected string, Requirement, or Distribution", dist)
+    return dist
+
+def load_entry_point(dist, group, name):
+    """Return `name` entry point of `group` for `dist` or raise ImportError"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
+
+def get_entry_map(dist, group=None):
+    """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_map(group)
+
+def get_entry_info(dist, group, name):
+    """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_info(group, name)
+
+
+class IMetadataProvider:
+
+    def has_metadata(name):
+        """Does the package's distribution contain the named metadata?"""
+
+    def get_metadata(name):
+        """The named metadata resource as a string"""
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(name):
+        """Yield named metadata resource as list of non-blank non-comment lines
+
+       Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line, and lines
+       with ``#`` as the first non-blank character are omitted."""
+
+    def metadata_isdir(name):
+        """Is the named metadata a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def metadata_listdir(name):
+        """List of metadata names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+    def run_script(script_name, namespace):
+        """Execute the named script in the supplied namespace dictionary"""
+
+
+class IResourceProvider(IMetadataProvider):
+    """An object that provides access to package resources"""
+
+    def get_resource_filename(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_stream(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_string(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a string containing the contents of `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def has_resource(resource_name):
+        """Does the package contain the named resource?"""
+
+    def resource_isdir(resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def resource_listdir(resource_name):
+        """List of resource names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+
+class WorkingSet(object):
+    """A collection of active distributions on sys.path (or a similar list)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, entries=None):
+        """Create working set from list of path entries (default=sys.path)"""
+        self.entries = []
+        self.entry_keys = {}
+        self.by_key = {}
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+        if entries is None:
+            entries = sys.path
+
+        for entry in entries:
+            self.add_entry(entry)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_master(cls):
+        """
+        Prepare the master working set.
+        """
+        ws = cls()
+        try:
+            from __main__ import __requires__
+        except ImportError:
+            # The main program does not list any requirements
+            return ws
+
+        # ensure the requirements are met
+        try:
+            ws.require(__requires__)
+        except VersionConflict:
+            return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__)
+
+        return ws
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_from_requirements(cls, req_spec):
+        """
+        Build a working set from a requirement spec. Rewrites sys.path.
+        """
+        # try it without defaults already on sys.path
+        # by starting with an empty path
+        ws = cls([])
+        reqs = parse_requirements(req_spec)
+        dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment())
+        for dist in dists:
+            ws.add(dist)
+
+        # add any missing entries from sys.path
+        for entry in sys.path:
+            if entry not in ws.entries:
+                ws.add_entry(entry)
+
+        # then copy back to sys.path
+        sys.path[:] = ws.entries
+        return ws
+
+    def add_entry(self, entry):
+        """Add a path item to ``.entries``, finding any distributions on it
+
+        ``find_distributions(entry, True)`` is used to find distributions
+        corresponding to the path entry, and they are added.  `entry` is
+        always appended to ``.entries``, even if it is already present.
+        (This is because ``sys.path`` can contain the same value more than
+        once, and the ``.entries`` of the ``sys.path`` WorkingSet should always
+        equal ``sys.path``.)
+        """
+        self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, [])
+        self.entries.append(entry)
+        for dist in find_distributions(entry, True):
+            self.add(dist, entry, False)
+
+    def __contains__(self, dist):
+        """True if `dist` is the active distribution for its project"""
+        return self.by_key.get(dist.key) == dist
+
+    def find(self, req):
+        """Find a distribution matching requirement `req`
+
+        If there is an active distribution for the requested project, this
+        returns it as long as it meets the version requirement specified by
+        `req`.  But, if there is an active distribution for the project and it
+        does *not* meet the `req` requirement, ``VersionConflict`` is raised.
+        If there is no active distribution for the requested project, ``None``
+        is returned.
+        """
+        dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+        if dist is not None and dist not in req:
+            # XXX add more info
+            raise VersionConflict(dist, req)
+        return dist
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self, group, name=None):
+        """Yield entry point objects from `group` matching `name`
+
+        If `name` is None, yields all entry points in `group` from all
+        distributions in the working set, otherwise only ones matching
+        both `group` and `name` are yielded (in distribution order).
+        """
+        for dist in self:
+            entries = dist.get_entry_map(group)
+            if name is None:
+                for ep in entries.values():
+                    yield ep
+            elif name in entries:
+                yield entries[name]
+
+    def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
+        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
+        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+        name = ns['__name__']
+        ns.clear()
+        ns['__name__'] = name
+        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield distributions for non-duplicate projects in the working set
+
+        The yield order is the order in which the items' path entries were
+        added to the working set.
+        """
+        seen = {}
+        for item in self.entries:
+            if item not in self.entry_keys:
+                # workaround a cache issue
+                continue
+
+            for key in self.entry_keys[item]:
+                if key not in seen:
+                    seen[key]=1
+                    yield self.by_key[key]
+
+    def add(self, dist, entry=None, insert=True, replace=False):
+        """Add `dist` to working set, associated with `entry`
+
+        If `entry` is unspecified, it defaults to the ``.location`` of `dist`.
+        On exit from this routine, `entry` is added to the end of the working
+        set's ``.entries`` (if it wasn't already present).
+
+        `dist` is only added to the working set if it's for a project that
+        doesn't already have a distribution in the set, unless `replace=True`.
+        If it's added, any callbacks registered with the ``subscribe()`` method
+        will be called.
+        """
+        if insert:
+            dist.insert_on(self.entries, entry, replace=replace)
+
+        if entry is None:
+            entry = dist.location
+        keys = self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry,[])
+        keys2 = self.entry_keys.setdefault(dist.location,[])
+        if not replace and dist.key in self.by_key:
+            # ignore hidden distros
+            return
+
+        self.by_key[dist.key] = dist
+        if dist.key not in keys:
+            keys.append(dist.key)
+        if dist.key not in keys2:
+            keys2.append(dist.key)
+        self._added_new(dist)
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, env=None, installer=None,
+            replace_conflicting=False):
+        """List all distributions needed to (recursively) meet `requirements`
+
+        `requirements` must be a sequence of ``Requirement`` objects.  `env`,
+        if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` instance.  If
+        not supplied, it defaults to all distributions available within any
+        entry or distribution in the working set.  `installer`, if supplied,
+        will be invoked with each requirement that cannot be met by an
+        already-installed distribution; it should return a ``Distribution`` or
+        ``None``.
+
+        Unless `replace_conflicting=True`, raises a VersionConflict exception if
+        any requirements are found on the path that have the correct name but
+        the wrong version.  Otherwise, if an `installer` is supplied it will be
+        invoked to obtain the correct version of the requirement and activate
+        it.
+        """
+
+        # set up the stack
+        requirements = list(requirements)[::-1]
+        # set of processed requirements
+        processed = {}
+        # key -> dist
+        best = {}
+        to_activate = []
+
+        # Mapping of requirement to set of distributions that required it;
+        # useful for reporting info about conflicts.
+        required_by = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        while requirements:
+            # process dependencies breadth-first
+            req = requirements.pop(0)
+            if req in processed:
+                # Ignore cyclic or redundant dependencies
+                continue
+            dist = best.get(req.key)
+            if dist is None:
+                # Find the best distribution and add it to the map
+                dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+                if dist is None or (dist not in req and replace_conflicting):
+                    ws = self
+                    if env is None:
+                        if dist is None:
+                            env = Environment(self.entries)
+                        else:
+                            # Use an empty environment and workingset to avoid
+                            # any further conflicts with the conflicting
+                            # distribution
+                            env = Environment([])
+                            ws = WorkingSet([])
+                    dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)
+                    if dist is None:
+                        requirers = required_by.get(req, None)
+                        raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers)
+                to_activate.append(dist)
+            if dist not in req:
+                # Oops, the "best" so far conflicts with a dependency
+                dependent_req = required_by[req]
+                raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req)
+
+            # push the new requirements onto the stack
+            new_requirements = dist.requires(req.extras)[::-1]
+            requirements.extend(new_requirements)
+
+            # Register the new requirements needed by req
+            for new_requirement in new_requirements:
+                required_by[new_requirement].add(req.project_name)
+
+            processed[req] = True
+
+        # return list of distros to activate
+        return to_activate
+
+    def find_plugins(self, plugin_env, full_env=None, installer=None,
+            fallback=True):
+        """Find all activatable distributions in `plugin_env`
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            distributions, errors = working_set.find_plugins(
+                Environment(plugin_dirlist)
+            )
+            # add plugins+libs to sys.path
+            map(working_set.add, distributions)
+            # display errors
+            print('Could not load', errors)
+
+        The `plugin_env` should be an ``Environment`` instance that contains
+        only distributions that are in the project's "plugin directory" or
+        directories. The `full_env`, if supplied, should be an ``Environment``
+        contains all currently-available distributions.  If `full_env` is not
+        supplied, one is created automatically from the ``WorkingSet`` this
+        method is called on, which will typically mean that every directory on
+        ``sys.path`` will be scanned for distributions.
+
+        `installer` is a standard installer callback as used by the
+        ``resolve()`` method. The `fallback` flag indicates whether we should
+        attempt to resolve older versions of a plugin if the newest version
+        cannot be resolved.
+
+        This method returns a 2-tuple: (`distributions`, `error_info`), where
+        `distributions` is a list of the distributions found in `plugin_env`
+        that were loadable, along with any other distributions that are needed
+        to resolve their dependencies.  `error_info` is a dictionary mapping
+        unloadable plugin distributions to an exception instance describing the
+        error that occurred. Usually this will be a ``DistributionNotFound`` or
+        ``VersionConflict`` instance.
+        """
+
+        plugin_projects = list(plugin_env)
+        # scan project names in alphabetic order
+        plugin_projects.sort()
+
+        error_info = {}
+        distributions = {}
+
+        if full_env is None:
+            env = Environment(self.entries)
+            env += plugin_env
+        else:
+            env = full_env + plugin_env
+
+        shadow_set = self.__class__([])
+        # put all our entries in shadow_set
+        list(map(shadow_set.add, self))
+
+        for project_name in plugin_projects:
+
+            for dist in plugin_env[project_name]:
+
+                req = [dist.as_requirement()]
+
+                try:
+                    resolvees = shadow_set.resolve(req, env, installer)
+
+                except ResolutionError as v:
+                    # save error info
+                    error_info[dist] = v
+                    if fallback:
+                        # try the next older version of project
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # give up on this project, keep going
+                        break
+
+                else:
+                    list(map(shadow_set.add, resolvees))
+                    distributions.update(dict.fromkeys(resolvees))
+
+                    # success, no need to try any more versions of this project
+                    break
+
+        distributions = list(distributions)
+        distributions.sort()
+
+        return distributions, error_info
+
+    def require(self, *requirements):
+        """Ensure that distributions matching `requirements` are activated
+
+        `requirements` must be a string or a (possibly-nested) sequence
+        thereof, specifying the distributions and versions required.  The
+        return value is a sequence of the distributions that needed to be
+        activated to fulfill the requirements; all relevant distributions are
+        included, even if they were already activated in this working set.
+        """
+        needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements))
+
+        for dist in needed:
+            self.add(dist)
+
+        return needed
+
+    def subscribe(self, callback):
+        """Invoke `callback` for all distributions (including existing ones)"""
+        if callback in self.callbacks:
+            return
+        self.callbacks.append(callback)
+        for dist in self:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def _added_new(self, dist):
+        for callback in self.callbacks:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (
+            self.entries[:], self.entry_keys.copy(), self.by_key.copy(),
+            self.callbacks[:]
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, e_k_b_c):
+        entries, keys, by_key, callbacks = e_k_b_c
+        self.entries = entries[:]
+        self.entry_keys = keys.copy()
+        self.by_key = by_key.copy()
+        self.callbacks = callbacks[:]
+
+
+class Environment(object):
+    """Searchable snapshot of distributions on a search path"""
+
+    def __init__(self, search_path=None, platform=get_supported_platform(),
+            python=PY_MAJOR):
+        """Snapshot distributions available on a search path
+
+        Any distributions found on `search_path` are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.
+
+        `platform` is an optional string specifying the name of the platform
+        that platform-specific distributions must be compatible with.  If
+        unspecified, it defaults to the current platform.  `python` is an
+        optional string naming the desired version of Python (e.g. ``'3.3'``);
+        it defaults to the current version.
+
+        You may explicitly set `platform` (and/or `python`) to ``None`` if you
+        wish to map *all* distributions, not just those compatible with the
+        running platform or Python version.
+        """
+        self._distmap = {}
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.python = python
+        self.scan(search_path)
+
+    def can_add(self, dist):
+        """Is distribution `dist` acceptable for this environment?
+
+        The distribution must match the platform and python version
+        requirements specified when this environment was created, or False
+        is returned.
+        """
+        return (self.python is None or dist.py_version is None
+            or dist.py_version==self.python) \
+            and compatible_platforms(dist.platform, self.platform)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the environment"""
+        self._distmap[dist.key].remove(dist)
+
+    def scan(self, search_path=None):
+        """Scan `search_path` for distributions usable in this environment
+
+        Any distributions found are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.  Only distributions conforming to
+        the platform/python version defined at initialization are added.
+        """
+        if search_path is None:
+            search_path = sys.path
+
+        for item in search_path:
+            for dist in find_distributions(item):
+                self.add(dist)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, project_name):
+        """Return a newest-to-oldest list of distributions for `project_name`
+
+        Uses case-insensitive `project_name` comparison, assuming all the
+        project's distributions use their project's name converted to all
+        lowercase as their key.
+
+        """
+        distribution_key = project_name.lower()
+        return self._distmap.get(distribution_key, [])
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` if we ``can_add()`` it and it has not already been added
+        """
+        if self.can_add(dist) and dist.has_version():
+            dists = self._distmap.setdefault(dist.key, [])
+            if dist not in dists:
+                dists.append(dist)
+                dists.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('hashcmp'), reverse=True)
+
+    def best_match(self, req, working_set, installer=None):
+        """Find distribution best matching `req` and usable on `working_set`
+
+        This calls the ``find(req)`` method of the `working_set` to see if a
+        suitable distribution is already active.  (This may raise
+        ``VersionConflict`` if an unsuitable version of the project is already
+        active in the specified `working_set`.)  If a suitable distribution
+        isn't active, this method returns the newest distribution in the
+        environment that meets the ``Requirement`` in `req`.  If no suitable
+        distribution is found, and `installer` is supplied, then the result of
+        calling the environment's ``obtain(req, installer)`` method will be
+        returned.
+        """
+        dist = working_set.find(req)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist
+        for dist in self[req.key]:
+            if dist in req:
+                return dist
+        # try to download/install
+        return self.obtain(req, installer)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        """Obtain a distribution matching `requirement` (e.g. via download)
+
+        Obtain a distro that matches requirement (e.g. via download).  In the
+        base ``Environment`` class, this routine just returns
+        ``installer(requirement)``, unless `installer` is None, in which case
+        None is returned instead.  This method is a hook that allows subclasses
+        to attempt other ways of obtaining a distribution before falling back
+        to the `installer` argument."""
+        if installer is not None:
+            return installer(requirement)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield the unique project names of the available distributions"""
+        for key in self._distmap.keys():
+            if self[key]:
+                yield key
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        """In-place addition of a distribution or environment"""
+        if isinstance(other, Distribution):
+            self.add(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, Environment):
+            for project in other:
+                for dist in other[project]:
+                    self.add(dist)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't add %r to environment" % (other,))
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Add an environment or distribution to an environment"""
+        new = self.__class__([], platform=None, python=None)
+        for env in self, other:
+            new += env
+        return new
+
+
+# XXX backward compatibility
+AvailableDistributions = Environment
+
+
+class ExtractionError(RuntimeError):
+    """An error occurred extracting a resource
+
+    The following attributes are available from instances of this exception:
+
+    manager
+        The resource manager that raised this exception
+
+    cache_path
+        The base directory for resource extraction
+
+    original_error
+        The exception instance that caused extraction to fail
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceManager:
+    """Manage resource extraction and packages"""
+    extraction_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cached_files = {}
+
+    def resource_exists(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Does the named resource exist?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).has_resource(resource_name)
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource an existing directory?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_isdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_filename(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_filename(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_stream(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_stream(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_string(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return specified resource as a string"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_string(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """List the contents of the named resource directory"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_listdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def extraction_error(self):
+        """Give an error message for problems extracting file(s)"""
+
+        old_exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        cache_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+
+        err = ExtractionError("""Can't extract file(s) to egg cache
+
+The following error occurred while trying to extract file(s) to the Python egg
+cache:
+
+  %s
+
+The Python egg cache directory is currently set to:
+
+  %s
+
+Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  You can
+change the cache directory by setting the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment
+variable to point to an accessible directory.
+""" % (old_exc, cache_path)
+        )
+        err.manager = self
+        err.cache_path = cache_path
+        err.original_error = old_exc
+        raise err
+
+    def get_cache_path(self, archive_name, names=()):
+        """Return absolute location in cache for `archive_name` and `names`
+
+        The parent directory of the resulting path will be created if it does
+        not already exist.  `archive_name` should be the base filename of the
+        enclosing egg (which may not be the name of the enclosing zipfile!),
+        including its ".egg" extension.  `names`, if provided, should be a
+        sequence of path name parts "under" the egg's extraction location.
+
+        This method should only be called by resource providers that need to
+        obtain an extraction location, and only for names they intend to
+        extract, as it tracks the generated names for possible cleanup later.
+        """
+        extract_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+        target_path = os.path.join(extract_path, archive_name+'-tmp', *names)
+        try:
+            _bypass_ensure_directory(target_path)
+        except:
+            self.extraction_error()
+
+        self._warn_unsafe_extraction_path(extract_path)
+
+        self.cached_files[target_path] = 1
+        return target_path
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _warn_unsafe_extraction_path(path):
+        """
+        If the default extraction path is overridden and set to an insecure
+        location, such as /tmp, it opens up an opportunity for an attacker to
+        replace an extracted file with an unauthorized payload. Warn the user
+        if a known insecure location is used.
+
+        See Distribute #375 for more details.
+        """
+        if os.name == 'nt' and not path.startswith(os.environ['windir']):
+            # On Windows, permissions are generally restrictive by default
+            #  and temp directories are not writable by other users, so
+            #  bypass the warning.
+            return
+        mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+        if mode & stat.S_IWOTH or mode & stat.S_IWGRP:
+            msg = ("%s is writable by group/others and vulnerable to attack "
+                "when "
+                "used with get_resource_filename. Consider a more secure "
+                "location (set with .set_extraction_path or the "
+                "PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment variable)." % path)
+            warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
+
+    def postprocess(self, tempname, filename):
+        """Perform any platform-specific postprocessing of `tempname`
+
+        This is where Mac header rewrites should be done; other platforms don't
+        have anything special they should do.
+
+        Resource providers should call this method ONLY after successfully
+        extracting a compressed resource.  They must NOT call it on resources
+        that are already in the filesystem.
+
+        `tempname` is the current (temporary) name of the file, and `filename`
+        is the name it will be renamed to by the caller after this routine
+        returns.
+        """
+
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            # Make the resource executable
+            mode = ((os.stat(tempname).st_mode) | 0o555) & 0o7777
+            os.chmod(tempname, mode)
+
+    def set_extraction_path(self, path):
+        """Set the base path where resources will be extracted to, if needed.
+
+        If you do not call this routine before any extractions take place, the
+        path defaults to the return value of ``get_default_cache()``.  (Which
+        is based on the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, with various
+        platform-specific fallbacks.  See that routine's documentation for more
+        details.)
+
+        Resources are extracted to subdirectories of this path based upon
+        information given by the ``IResourceProvider``.  You may set this to a
+        temporary directory, but then you must call ``cleanup_resources()`` to
+        delete the extracted files when done.  There is no guarantee that
+        ``cleanup_resources()`` will be able to remove all extracted files.
+
+        (Note: you may not change the extraction path for a given resource
+        manager once resources have been extracted, unless you first call
+        ``cleanup_resources()``.)
+        """
+        if self.cached_files:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't change extraction path, files already extracted"
+            )
+
+        self.extraction_path = path
+
+    def cleanup_resources(self, force=False):
+        """
+        Delete all extracted resource files and directories, returning a list
+        of the file and directory names that could not be successfully removed.
+        This function does not have any concurrency protection, so it should
+        generally only be called when the extraction path is a temporary
+        directory exclusive to a single process.  This method is not
+        automatically called; you must call it explicitly or register it as an
+        ``atexit`` function if you wish to ensure cleanup of a temporary
+        directory used for extractions.
+        """
+        # XXX
+
+def get_default_cache():
+    """Determine the default cache location
+
+    This returns the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, if set.
+    Otherwise, on Windows, it returns a "Python-Eggs" subdirectory of the
+    "Application Data" directory.  On all other systems, it's "~/.python-eggs".
+    """
+    try:
+        return os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE']
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+
+    if os.name!='nt':
+        return os.path.expanduser('~/.python-eggs')
+
+    # XXX this may be locale-specific!
+    app_data = 'Application Data'
+    app_homes = [
+        # best option, should be locale-safe
+        (('APPDATA',), None),
+        (('USERPROFILE',), app_data),
+        (('HOMEDRIVE','HOMEPATH'), app_data),
+        (('HOMEPATH',), app_data),
+        (('HOME',), None),
+        # 95/98/ME
+        (('WINDIR',), app_data),
+    ]
+
+    for keys, subdir in app_homes:
+        dirname = ''
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in os.environ:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, os.environ[key])
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            if subdir:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, subdir)
+            return os.path.join(dirname, 'Python-Eggs')
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Please set the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE enviroment variable"
+        )
+
+def safe_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name)
+
+
+def safe_version(version):
+    """
+    Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string
+    """
+    try:
+        # normalize the version
+        return str(packaging.version.Version(version))
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        version = version.replace(' ','.')
+        return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version)
+
+
+def safe_extra(extra):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_',
+    and the result is always lowercased.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '_', extra).lower()
+
+
+def to_filename(name):
+    """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form
+
+    Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'.
+    """
+    return name.replace('-','_')
+
+
+class MarkerEvaluation(object):
+    values = {
+        'os_name': lambda: os.name,
+        'sys_platform': lambda: sys.platform,
+        'python_full_version': platform.python_version,
+        'python_version': lambda: platform.python_version()[:3],
+        'platform_version': platform.version,
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine,
+        'platform_python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+        'python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_invalid_marker(cls, text):
+        """
+        Validate text as a PEP 426 environment marker; return an exception
+        if invalid or False otherwise.
+        """
+        try:
+            cls.evaluate_marker(text)
+        except SyntaxError as e:
+            return cls.normalize_exception(e)
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_exception(exc):
+        """
+        Given a SyntaxError from a marker evaluation, normalize the error
+        message:
+         - Remove indications of filename and line number.
+         - Replace platform-specific error messages with standard error
+           messages.
+        """
+        subs = {
+            'unexpected EOF while parsing': 'invalid syntax',
+            'parenthesis is never closed': 'invalid syntax',
+        }
+        exc.filename = None
+        exc.lineno = None
+        exc.msg = subs.get(exc.msg, exc.msg)
+        return exc
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.and_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.or_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def atom(cls, nodelist):
+        t = nodelist[1][0]
+        if t == token.LPAR:
+            if nodelist[2][0] == token.RPAR:
+                raise SyntaxError("Empty parentheses")
+            return cls.interpret(nodelist[2])
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def comparison(cls, nodelist):
+        if len(nodelist) > 4:
+            msg = "Chained comparison not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        comp = nodelist[2][1]
+        cop = comp[1]
+        if comp[0] == token.NAME:
+            if len(nodelist[2]) == 3:
+                if cop == 'not':
+                    cop = 'not in'
+                else:
+                    cop = 'is not'
+        try:
+            cop = cls.get_op(cop)
+        except KeyError:
+            msg = repr(cop) + " operator not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        return cop(cls.evaluate(nodelist[1]), cls.evaluate(nodelist[3]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_op(cls, op):
+        ops = {
+            symbol.test: cls.test,
+            symbol.and_test: cls.and_test,
+            symbol.atom: cls.atom,
+            symbol.comparison: cls.comparison,
+            'not in': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+            'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+            '==': operator.eq,
+            '!=': operator.ne,
+            '<':  operator.lt,
+            '>':  operator.gt,
+            '<=': operator.le,
+            '>=': operator.ge,
+        }
+        if hasattr(symbol, 'or_test'):
+            ops[symbol.or_test] = cls.test
+        return ops[op]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate_marker(cls, text, extra=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker on CPython 2.4+.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+
+        This implementation uses the 'parser' module, which is not implemented
+        on
+        Jython and has been superseded by the 'ast' module in Python 2.6 and
+        later.
+        """
+        return cls.interpret(parser.expr(text).totuple(1)[1])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _translate_metadata2(env):
+        """
+        Markerlib implements Metadata 1.2 (PEP 345) environment markers.
+        Translate the variables to Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426).
+        """
+        return dict(
+            (key.replace('.', '_'), value)
+            for key, value in env.items()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _markerlib_evaluate(cls, text):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker using markerlib.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+        """
+        from pip._vendor import _markerlib
+
+        env = cls._translate_metadata2(_markerlib.default_environment())
+        try:
+            result = _markerlib.interpret(text, env)
+        except NameError as e:
+            raise SyntaxError(e.args[0])
+        return result
+
+    if 'parser' not in globals():
+        # Fall back to less-complete _markerlib implementation if 'parser' module
+        # is not available.
+        evaluate_marker = _markerlib_evaluate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def interpret(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        try:
+            op = cls.get_op(nodelist[0])
+        except KeyError:
+            raise SyntaxError("Comparison or logical expression expected")
+        return op(nodelist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        kind = nodelist[0]
+        name = nodelist[1]
+        if kind==token.NAME:
+            try:
+                op = cls.values[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise SyntaxError("Unknown name %r" % name)
+            return op()
+        if kind==token.STRING:
+            s = nodelist[1]
+            if not cls._safe_string(s):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    "Only plain strings allowed in environment markers")
+            return s[1:-1]
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _safe_string(cand):
+        return (
+            cand[:1] in "'\"" and
+            not cand.startswith('"""') and
+            not cand.startswith("'''") and
+            '\\' not in cand
+        )
+
+invalid_marker = MarkerEvaluation.is_invalid_marker
+evaluate_marker = MarkerEvaluation.evaluate_marker
+
+class NullProvider:
+    """Try to implement resources and metadata for arbitrary PEP 302 loaders"""
+
+    egg_name = None
+    egg_info = None
+    loader = None
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.module_path = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_resource_string(manager, resource_name))
+
+    def get_resource_string(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._get(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_resource(self, resource_name):
+        return self._has(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._has(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    if sys.version_info <= (3,):
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+    else:
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)).decode("utf-8")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._isdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_isdir(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._isdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._listdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_listdir(self, name):
+        if self.egg_info:
+            return self._listdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+        return []
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name, namespace):
+        script = 'scripts/'+script_name
+        if not self.has_metadata(script):
+            raise ResolutionError("No script named %r" % script_name)
+        script_text = self.get_metadata(script).replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        script_text = script_text.replace('\r', '\n')
+        script_filename = self._fn(self.egg_info, script)
+        namespace['__file__'] = script_filename
+        if os.path.exists(script_filename):
+            source = open(script_filename).read()
+            code = compile(source, script_filename, 'exec')
+            exec(code, namespace, namespace)
+        else:
+            from linecache import cache
+            cache[script_filename] = (
+                len(script_text), 0, script_text.split('\n'), script_filename
+            )
+            script_code = compile(script_text, script_filename,'exec')
+            exec(script_code, namespace, namespace)
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _fn(self, base, resource_name):
+        if resource_name:
+            return os.path.join(base, *resource_name.split('/'))
+        return base
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_data'):
+            return self.loader.get_data(path)
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for loaders without 'get_data()'"
+        )
+
+register_loader_type(object, NullProvider)
+
+
+class EggProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider based on a virtual filesystem"""
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        NullProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+    def _setup_prefix(self):
+        # we assume here that our metadata may be nested inside a "basket"
+        # of multiple eggs; that's why we use module_path instead of .archive
+        path = self.module_path
+        old = None
+        while path!=old:
+            if _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+                self.egg_name = os.path.basename(path)
+                self.egg_info = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO')
+                self.egg_root = path
+                break
+            old = path
+            path, base = os.path.split(path)
+
+class DefaultProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Provides access to package resources in the filesystem"""
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        return os.path.isdir(path)
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        return os.listdir(path)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return open(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name), 'rb')
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+register_loader_type(type(None), DefaultProvider)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_loader_type(importlib_machinery.SourceFileLoader, DefaultProvider)
+
+
+class EmptyProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider that returns nothing for all requests"""
+
+    _isdir = _has = lambda self, path: False
+    _get = lambda self, path: ''
+    _listdir = lambda self, path: []
+    module_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+empty_provider = EmptyProvider()
+
+
+class ZipManifests(dict):
+    """
+    zip manifest builder
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path):
+        """
+        Build a dictionary similar to the zipimport directory
+        caches, except instead of tuples, store ZipInfo objects.
+
+        Use a platform-specific path separator (os.sep) for the path keys
+        for compatibility with pypy on Windows.
+        """
+        with ContextualZipFile(path) as zfile:
+            items = (
+                (
+                    name.replace('/', os.sep),
+                    zfile.getinfo(name),
+                )
+                for name in zfile.namelist()
+            )
+            return dict(items)
+
+    load = build
+
+
+class MemoizedZipManifests(ZipManifests):
+    """
+    Memoized zipfile manifests.
+    """
+    manifest_mod = collections.namedtuple('manifest_mod', 'manifest mtime')
+
+    def load(self, path):
+        """
+        Load a manifest at path or return a suitable manifest already loaded.
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(path)
+        mtime = os.stat(path).st_mtime
+
+        if path not in self or self[path].mtime != mtime:
+            manifest = self.build(path)
+            self[path] = self.manifest_mod(manifest, mtime)
+
+        return self[path].manifest
+
+
+class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """
+    Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a ZipFile or ContextualZipFile as appropriate
+        """
+        if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__'):
+            return zipfile.ZipFile(*args, **kwargs)
+        return super(ContextualZipFile, cls).__new__(cls)
+
+
+class ZipProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Resource support for zips and eggs"""
+
+    eagers = None
+    _zip_manifests = MemoizedZipManifests()
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        EggProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self.zip_pre = self.loader.archive+os.sep
+
+    def _zipinfo_name(self, fspath):
+        # Convert a virtual filename (full path to file) into a zipfile subpath
+        # usable with the zipimport directory cache for our target archive
+        if fspath.startswith(self.zip_pre):
+            return fspath[len(self.zip_pre):]
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.zip_pre)
+        )
+
+    def _parts(self, zip_path):
+        # Convert a zipfile subpath into an egg-relative path part list.
+        # pseudo-fs path
+        fspath = self.zip_pre+zip_path
+        if fspath.startswith(self.egg_root+os.sep):
+            return fspath[len(self.egg_root)+1:].split(os.sep)
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.egg_root)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def zipinfo(self):
+        return self._zip_manifests.load(self.loader.archive)
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        if not self.egg_name:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "resource_filename() only supported for .egg, not .zip"
+            )
+        # no need to lock for extraction, since we use temp names
+        zip_path = self._resource_to_zip(resource_name)
+        eagers = self._get_eager_resources()
+        if '/'.join(self._parts(zip_path)) in eagers:
+            for name in eagers:
+                self._extract_resource(manager, self._eager_to_zip(name))
+        return self._extract_resource(manager, zip_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_date_and_size(zip_stat):
+        size = zip_stat.file_size
+        # ymdhms+wday, yday, dst
+        date_time = zip_stat.date_time + (0, 0, -1)
+        # 1980 offset already done
+        timestamp = time.mktime(date_time)
+        return timestamp, size
+
+    def _extract_resource(self, manager, zip_path):
+
+        if zip_path in self._index():
+            for name in self._index()[zip_path]:
+                last = self._extract_resource(
+                    manager, os.path.join(zip_path, name)
+                )
+            # return the extracted directory name
+            return os.path.dirname(last)
+
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+
+        if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+            raise IOError('"os.rename" and "os.unlink" are not supported '
+                          'on this platform')
+        try:
+
+            real_path = manager.get_cache_path(
+                self.egg_name, self._parts(zip_path)
+            )
+
+            if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                return real_path
+
+            outf, tmpnam = _mkstemp(".$extract", dir=os.path.dirname(real_path))
+            os.write(outf, self.loader.get_data(zip_path))
+            os.close(outf)
+            utime(tmpnam, (timestamp, timestamp))
+            manager.postprocess(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            try:
+                rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            except os.error:
+                if os.path.isfile(real_path):
+                    if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                        # the file became current since it was checked above,
+                        #  so proceed.
+                        return real_path
+                    # Windows, del old file and retry
+                    elif os.name=='nt':
+                        unlink(real_path)
+                        rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+                        return real_path
+                raise
+
+        except os.error:
+            # report a user-friendly error
+            manager.extraction_error()
+
+        return real_path
+
+    def _is_current(self, file_path, zip_path):
+        """
+        Return True if the file_path is current for this zip_path
+        """
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
+            return False
+        stat = os.stat(file_path)
+        if stat.st_size!=size or stat.st_mtime!=timestamp:
+            return False
+        # check that the contents match
+        zip_contents = self.loader.get_data(zip_path)
+        with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
+            file_contents = f.read()
+        return zip_contents == file_contents
+
+    def _get_eager_resources(self):
+        if self.eagers is None:
+            eagers = []
+            for name in ('native_libs.txt', 'eager_resources.txt'):
+                if self.has_metadata(name):
+                    eagers.extend(self.get_metadata_lines(name))
+            self.eagers = eagers
+        return self.eagers
+
+    def _index(self):
+        try:
+            return self._dirindex
+        except AttributeError:
+            ind = {}
+            for path in self.zipinfo:
+                parts = path.split(os.sep)
+                while parts:
+                    parent = os.sep.join(parts[:-1])
+                    if parent in ind:
+                        ind[parent].append(parts[-1])
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        ind[parent] = [parts.pop()]
+            self._dirindex = ind
+            return ind
+
+    def _has(self, fspath):
+        zip_path = self._zipinfo_name(fspath)
+        return zip_path in self.zipinfo or zip_path in self._index()
+
+    def _isdir(self, fspath):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(fspath) in self._index()
+
+    def _listdir(self, fspath):
+        return list(self._index().get(self._zipinfo_name(fspath), ()))
+
+    def _eager_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.egg_root, resource_name))
+
+    def _resource_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+register_loader_type(zipimport.zipimporter, ZipProvider)
+
+
+class FileMetadata(EmptyProvider):
+    """Metadata handler for standalone PKG-INFO files
+
+    Usage::
+
+        metadata = FileMetadata("/path/to/PKG-INFO")
+
+    This provider rejects all data and metadata requests except for PKG-INFO,
+    which is treated as existing, and will be the contents of the file at
+    the provided location.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return name=='PKG-INFO' and os.path.isfile(self.path)
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name):
+        if name=='PKG-INFO':
+            with io.open(self.path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                metadata = f.read()
+            return metadata
+        raise KeyError("No metadata except PKG-INFO is available")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+
+class PathMetadata(DefaultProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for egg directories
+
+    Usage::
+
+        # Development eggs:
+
+        egg_info = "/path/to/PackageName.egg-info"
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        dist = Distribution(basedir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata)
+
+        # Unpacked egg directories:
+
+        egg_path = "/path/to/PackageName-ver-pyver-etc.egg"
+        metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,'EGG-INFO'))
+        dist = Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, egg_info):
+        self.module_path = path
+        self.egg_info = egg_info
+
+
+class EggMetadata(ZipProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for .egg files"""
+
+    def __init__(self, importer):
+        """Create a metadata provider from a zipimporter"""
+
+        self.zip_pre = importer.archive+os.sep
+        self.loader = importer
+        if importer.prefix:
+            self.module_path = os.path.join(importer.archive, importer.prefix)
+        else:
+            self.module_path = importer.archive
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+_declare_state('dict', _distribution_finders = {})
+
+def register_finder(importer_type, distribution_finder):
+    """Register `distribution_finder` to find distributions in sys.path items
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `distribution_finder` is a callable that, passed a path
+    item and the importer instance, yields ``Distribution`` instances found on
+    that path item.  See ``pkg_resources.find_on_path`` for an example."""
+    _distribution_finders[importer_type] = distribution_finder
+
+
+def find_distributions(path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible via `path_item`"""
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    finder = _find_adapter(_distribution_finders, importer)
+    return finder(importer, path_item, only)
+
+def find_eggs_in_zip(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """
+    Find eggs in zip files; possibly multiple nested eggs.
+    """
+    if importer.archive.endswith('.whl'):
+        # wheels are not supported with this finder
+        # they don't have PKG-INFO metadata, and won't ever contain eggs
+        return
+    metadata = EggMetadata(importer)
+    if metadata.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+        yield Distribution.from_filename(path_item, metadata=metadata)
+    if only:
+        # don't yield nested distros
+        return
+    for subitem in metadata.resource_listdir('/'):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(subitem):
+            subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem)
+            for dist in find_eggs_in_zip(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath), subpath):
+                yield dist
+
+register_finder(zipimport.zipimporter, find_eggs_in_zip)
+
+def find_nothing(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    return ()
+register_finder(object, find_nothing)
+
+def find_on_path(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible on a sys.path directory"""
+    path_item = _normalize_cached(path_item)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(path_item) and os.access(path_item, os.R_OK):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(path_item):
+            yield Distribution.from_filename(
+                path_item, metadata=PathMetadata(
+                    path_item, os.path.join(path_item,'EGG-INFO')
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # scan for .egg and .egg-info in directory
+            for entry in os.listdir(path_item):
+                lower = entry.lower()
+                if lower.endswith('.egg-info') or lower.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                    fullpath = os.path.join(path_item, entry)
+                    if os.path.isdir(fullpath):
+                        # egg-info directory, allow getting metadata
+                        metadata = PathMetadata(path_item, fullpath)
+                    else:
+                        metadata = FileMetadata(fullpath)
+                    yield Distribution.from_location(
+                        path_item, entry, metadata, precedence=DEVELOP_DIST
+                    )
+                elif not only and _is_unpacked_egg(entry):
+                    dists = find_distributions(os.path.join(path_item, entry))
+                    for dist in dists:
+                        yield dist
+                elif not only and lower.endswith('.egg-link'):
+                    with open(os.path.join(path_item, entry)) as entry_file:
+                        entry_lines = entry_file.readlines()
+                    for line in entry_lines:
+                        if not line.strip():
+                            continue
+                        path = os.path.join(path_item, line.rstrip())
+                        dists = find_distributions(path)
+                        for item in dists:
+                            yield item
+                        break
+register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_finder(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, find_on_path)
+
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_handlers={})
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_packages={})
+
+
+def register_namespace_handler(importer_type, namespace_handler):
+    """Register `namespace_handler` to declare namespace packages
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `namespace_handler` is a callable like this::
+
+        def namespace_handler(importer, path_entry, moduleName, module):
+            # return a path_entry to use for child packages
+
+    Namespace handlers are only called if the importer object has already
+    agreed that it can handle the relevant path item, and they should only
+    return a subpath if the module __path__ does not already contain an
+    equivalent subpath.  For an example namespace handler, see
+    ``pkg_resources.file_ns_handler``.
+    """
+    _namespace_handlers[importer_type] = namespace_handler
+
+def _handle_ns(packageName, path_item):
+    """Ensure that named package includes a subpath of path_item (if needed)"""
+
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    if importer is None:
+        return None
+    loader = importer.find_module(packageName)
+    if loader is None:
+        return None
+    module = sys.modules.get(packageName)
+    if module is None:
+        module = sys.modules[packageName] = types.ModuleType(packageName)
+        module.__path__ = []
+        _set_parent_ns(packageName)
+    elif not hasattr(module,'__path__'):
+        raise TypeError("Not a package:", packageName)
+    handler = _find_adapter(_namespace_handlers, importer)
+    subpath = handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module)
+    if subpath is not None:
+        path = module.__path__
+        path.append(subpath)
+        loader.load_module(packageName)
+
+        # Rebuild mod.__path__ ensuring that all entries are ordered
+        # corresponding to their sys.path order
+        sys_path= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in sys.path]
+        def sort_key(p):
+            parts = p.split(os.sep)
+            parts = parts[:-(packageName.count('.') + 1)]
+            return sys_path.index(_normalize_cached(os.sep.join(parts)))
+
+        path.sort(key=sort_key)
+        module.__path__[:] = [_normalize_cached(p) for p in path]
+    return subpath
+
+def declare_namespace(packageName):
+    """Declare that package 'packageName' is a namespace package"""
+
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        if packageName in _namespace_packages:
+            return
+
+        path, parent = sys.path, None
+        if '.' in packageName:
+            parent = '.'.join(packageName.split('.')[:-1])
+            declare_namespace(parent)
+            if parent not in _namespace_packages:
+                __import__(parent)
+            try:
+                path = sys.modules[parent].__path__
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError("Not a package:", parent)
+
+        # Track what packages are namespaces, so when new path items are added,
+        # they can be updated
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(parent,[]).append(packageName)
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(packageName,[])
+
+        for path_item in path:
+            # Ensure all the parent's path items are reflected in the child,
+            # if they apply
+            _handle_ns(packageName, path_item)
+
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def fixup_namespace_packages(path_item, parent=None):
+    """Ensure that previously-declared namespace packages include path_item"""
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        for package in _namespace_packages.get(parent,()):
+            subpath = _handle_ns(package, path_item)
+            if subpath:
+                fixup_namespace_packages(subpath, package)
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def file_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    """Compute an ns-package subpath for a filesystem or zipfile importer"""
+
+    subpath = os.path.join(path_item, packageName.split('.')[-1])
+    normalized = _normalize_cached(subpath)
+    for item in module.__path__:
+        if _normalize_cached(item)==normalized:
+            break
+    else:
+        # Only return the path if it's not already there
+        return subpath
+
+register_namespace_handler(pkgutil.ImpImporter, file_ns_handler)
+register_namespace_handler(zipimport.zipimporter, file_ns_handler)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_namespace_handler(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, file_ns_handler)
+
+
+def null_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    return None
+
+register_namespace_handler(object, null_ns_handler)
+
+
+def normalize_path(filename):
+    """Normalize a file/dir name for comparison purposes"""
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(filename))
+
+def _normalize_cached(filename, _cache={}):
+    try:
+        return _cache[filename]
+    except KeyError:
+        _cache[filename] = result = normalize_path(filename)
+        return result
+
+def _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+    """
+    Determine if given path appears to be an unpacked egg.
+    """
+    return (
+        path.lower().endswith('.egg')
+    )
+
+def _set_parent_ns(packageName):
+    parts = packageName.split('.')
+    name = parts.pop()
+    if parts:
+        parent = '.'.join(parts)
+        setattr(sys.modules[parent], name, sys.modules[packageName])
+
+
+def yield_lines(strs):
+    """Yield non-empty/non-comment lines of a string or sequence"""
+    if isinstance(strs, six.string_types):
+        for s in strs.splitlines():
+            s = s.strip()
+            # skip blank lines/comments
+            if s and not s.startswith('#'):
+                yield s
+    else:
+        for ss in strs:
+            for s in yield_lines(ss):
+                yield s
+
+# whitespace and comment
+LINE_END = re.compile(r"\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# line continuation
+CONTINUE = re.compile(r"\s*\\\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# Distribution or extra
+DISTRO = re.compile(r"\s*((\w|[-.])+)").match
+# ver. info
+VERSION = re.compile(r"\s*(<=?|>=?|===?|!=|~=)\s*((\w|[-.*_!+])+)").match
+# comma between items
+COMMA = re.compile(r"\s*,").match
+OBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\[").match
+CBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\]").match
+MODULE = re.compile(r"\w+(\.\w+)*$").match
+EGG_NAME = re.compile(
+    r"""
+    (?P<name>[^-]+) (
+        -(?P<ver>[^-]+) (
+            -py(?P<pyver>[^-]+) (
+                -(?P<plat>.+)
+            )?
+        )?
+    )?
+    """,
+    re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+).match
+
+
+class EntryPoint(object):
+    """Object representing an advertised importable object"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, module_name, attrs=(), extras=(), dist=None):
+        if not MODULE(module_name):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid module name", module_name)
+        self.name = name
+        self.module_name = module_name
+        self.attrs = tuple(attrs)
+        self.extras = Requirement.parse(("x[%s]" % ','.join(extras))).extras
+        self.dist = dist
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = "%s = %s" % (self.name, self.module_name)
+        if self.attrs:
+            s += ':' + '.'.join(self.attrs)
+        if self.extras:
+            s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(self.extras)
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "EntryPoint.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    def load(self, require=True, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Require packages for this EntryPoint, then resolve it.
+        """
+        if not require or args or kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Parameters to load are deprecated.  Call .resolve and "
+                ".require separately.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        if require:
+            self.require(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.resolve()
+
+    def resolve(self):
+        """
+        Resolve the entry point from its module and attrs.
+        """
+        module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
+        try:
+            return functools.reduce(getattr, self.attrs, module)
+        except AttributeError as exc:
+            raise ImportError(str(exc))
+
+    def require(self, env=None, installer=None):
+        if self.extras and not self.dist:
+            raise UnknownExtra("Can't require() without a distribution", self)
+        reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras)
+        items = working_set.resolve(reqs, env, installer)
+        list(map(working_set.add, items))
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'\s*'
+        r'(?P<name>.+?)\s*'
+        r'=\s*'
+        r'(?P<module>[\w.]+)\s*'
+        r'(:\s*(?P<attr>[\w.]+))?\s*'
+        r'(?P<extras>\[.*\])?\s*$'
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, src, dist=None):
+        """Parse a single entry point from string `src`
+
+        Entry point syntax follows the form::
+
+            name = some.module:some.attr [extra1, extra2]
+
+        The entry name and module name are required, but the ``:attrs`` and
+        ``[extras]`` parts are optional
+        """
+        m = cls.pattern.match(src)
+        if not m:
+            msg = "EntryPoint must be in 'name=module:attrs [extras]' format"
+            raise ValueError(msg, src)
+        res = m.groupdict()
+        extras = cls._parse_extras(res['extras'])
+        attrs = res['attr'].split('.') if res['attr'] else ()
+        return cls(res['name'], res['module'], attrs, extras, dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_extras(cls, extras_spec):
+        if not extras_spec:
+            return ()
+        req = Requirement.parse('x' + extras_spec)
+        if req.specs:
+            raise ValueError()
+        return req.extras
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_group(cls, group, lines, dist=None):
+        """Parse an entry point group"""
+        if not MODULE(group):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid group name", group)
+        this = {}
+        for line in yield_lines(lines):
+            ep = cls.parse(line, dist)
+            if ep.name in this:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate entry point", group, ep.name)
+            this[ep.name]=ep
+        return this
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_map(cls, data, dist=None):
+        """Parse a map of entry point groups"""
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            data = data.items()
+        else:
+            data = split_sections(data)
+        maps = {}
+        for group, lines in data:
+            if group is None:
+                if not lines:
+                    continue
+                raise ValueError("Entry points must be listed in groups")
+            group = group.strip()
+            if group in maps:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate group name", group)
+            maps[group] = cls.parse_group(group, lines, dist)
+        return maps
+
+
+def _remove_md5_fragment(location):
+    if not location:
+        return ''
+    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(location)
+    if parsed[-1].startswith('md5='):
+        return urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed[:-1] + ('',))
+    return location
+
+
+def _version_from_file(lines):
+    """
+    Given an iterable of lines from a Metadata file, return
+    the value of the Version field, if present, or None otherwise.
+    """
+    is_version_line = lambda line: line.lower().startswith('version:')
+    version_lines = filter(is_version_line, lines)
+    line = next(iter(version_lines), '')
+    _, _, value = line.partition(':')
+    return safe_version(value.strip()) or None
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'PKG-INFO'
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None, metadata=None, project_name=None,
+            version=None, py_version=PY_MAJOR, platform=None,
+            precedence=EGG_DIST):
+        self.project_name = safe_name(project_name or 'Unknown')
+        if version is not None:
+            self._version = safe_version(version)
+        self.py_version = py_version
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.location = location
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self._provider = metadata or empty_provider
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_location(cls, location, basename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        project_name, version, py_version, platform = [None]*4
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)
+        if ext.lower() in _distributionImpl:
+            cls = _distributionImpl[ext.lower()]
+
+            match = EGG_NAME(basename)
+            if match:
+                project_name, version, py_version, platform = match.group(
+                    'name', 'ver', 'pyver', 'plat'
+                )
+        return cls(
+            location, metadata, project_name=project_name, version=version,
+            py_version=py_version, platform=platform, **kw
+        )._reload_version()
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def hashcmp(self):
+        return (
+            self.parsed_version,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.key,
+            _remove_md5_fragment(self.location),
+            self.py_version or '',
+            self.platform or '',
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.hashcmp)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp < other.hashcmp
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp <= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp > other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp >= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            # It's not a Distribution, so they are not equal
+            return False
+        return self.hashcmp == other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # These properties have to be lazy so that we don't have to load any
+    # metadata until/unless it's actually needed.  (i.e., some distributions
+    # may not know their name or version without loading PKG-INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        try:
+            return self._key
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._key = key = self.project_name.lower()
+            return key
+
+    @property
+    def parsed_version(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_parsed_version"):
+            self._parsed_version = parse_version(self.version)
+
+        return self._parsed_version
+
+    def _warn_legacy_version(self):
+        LV = packaging.version.LegacyVersion
+        is_legacy = isinstance(self._parsed_version, LV)
+        if not is_legacy:
+            return
+
+        # While an empty version is technically a legacy version and
+        # is not a valid PEP 440 version, it's also unlikely to
+        # actually come from someone and instead it is more likely that
+        # it comes from setuptools attempting to parse a filename and
+        # including it in the list. So for that we'll gate this warning
+        # on if the version is anything at all or not.
+        if not self.version:
+            return
+
+        tmpl = textwrap.dedent("""
+            '{project_name} ({version})' is being parsed as a legacy,
+            non PEP 440,
+            version. You may find odd behavior and sort order.
+            In particular it will be sorted as less than 0.0. It
+            is recommended to migrate to PEP 440 compatible
+            versions.
+            """).strip().replace('\n', ' ')
+
+        warnings.warn(tmpl.format(**vars(self)), PEP440Warning)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        try:
+            return self._version
+        except AttributeError:
+            version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+            if version is None:
+                tmpl = "Missing 'Version:' header and/or %s file"
+                raise ValueError(tmpl % self.PKG_INFO, self)
+            return version
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+            for name in 'requires.txt', 'depends.txt':
+                for extra, reqs in split_sections(self._get_metadata(name)):
+                    if extra:
+                        if ':' in extra:
+                            extra, marker = extra.split(':', 1)
+                            if invalid_marker(marker):
+                                # XXX warn
+                                reqs=[]
+                            elif not evaluate_marker(marker):
+                                reqs=[]
+                        extra = safe_extra(extra) or None
+                    dm.setdefault(extra,[]).extend(parse_requirements(reqs))
+            return dm
+
+    def requires(self, extras=()):
+        """List of Requirements needed for this distro if `extras` are used"""
+        dm = self._dep_map
+        deps = []
+        deps.extend(dm.get(None, ()))
+        for ext in extras:
+            try:
+                deps.extend(dm[safe_extra(ext)])
+            except KeyError:
+                raise UnknownExtra(
+                    "%s has no such extra feature %r" % (self, ext)
+                )
+        return deps
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, name):
+        if self.has_metadata(name):
+            for line in self.get_metadata_lines(name):
+                yield line
+
+    def activate(self, path=None):
+        """Ensure distribution is importable on `path` (default=sys.path)"""
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.insert_on(path, replace=True)
+        if path is sys.path:
+            fixup_namespace_packages(self.location)
+            for pkg in self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                if pkg in sys.modules:
+                    declare_namespace(pkg)
+
+    def egg_name(self):
+        """Return what this distribution's standard .egg filename should be"""
+        filename = "%s-%s-py%s" % (
+            to_filename(self.project_name), to_filename(self.version),
+            self.py_version or PY_MAJOR
+        )
+
+        if self.platform:
+            filename += '-' + self.platform
+        return filename
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.location:
+            return "%s (%s)" % (self, self.location)
+        else:
+            return str(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            version = getattr(self, 'version', None)
+        except ValueError:
+            version = None
+        version = version or "[unknown version]"
+        return "%s %s" % (self.project_name, version)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Delegate all unrecognized public attributes to .metadata provider"""
+        if attr.startswith('_'):
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+        return getattr(self._provider, attr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_filename(cls, filename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        return cls.from_location(
+            _normalize_cached(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        """Return a ``Requirement`` that matches this distribution exactly"""
+        if isinstance(self.parsed_version, packaging.version.Version):
+            spec = "%s==%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+        else:
+            spec = "%s===%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+
+    def load_entry_point(self, group, name):
+        """Return the `name` entry point of `group` or raise ImportError"""
+        ep = self.get_entry_info(group, name)
+        if ep is None:
+            raise ImportError("Entry point %r not found" % ((group, name),))
+        return ep.load()
+
+    def get_entry_map(self, group=None):
+        """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+        try:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map = EntryPoint.parse_map(
+                self._get_metadata('entry_points.txt'), self
+            )
+        if group is not None:
+            return ep_map.get(group,{})
+        return ep_map
+
+    def get_entry_info(self, group, name):
+        """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+        return self.get_entry_map(group).get(name)
+
+    def insert_on(self, path, loc=None, replace=False):
+        """Insert self.location in path before its nearest parent directory"""
+
+        loc = loc or self.location
+        if not loc:
+            return
+
+        nloc = _normalize_cached(loc)
+        bdir = os.path.dirname(nloc)
+        npath= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in path]
+
+        for p, item in enumerate(npath):
+            if item == nloc:
+                break
+            elif item == bdir and self.precedence == EGG_DIST:
+                # if it's an .egg, give it precedence over its directory
+                if path is sys.path:
+                    self.check_version_conflict()
+                path.insert(p, loc)
+                npath.insert(p, nloc)
+                break
+        else:
+            if path is sys.path:
+                self.check_version_conflict()
+            if replace:
+                path.insert(0, loc)
+            else:
+                path.append(loc)
+            return
+
+        # p is the spot where we found or inserted loc; now remove duplicates
+        while True:
+            try:
+                np = npath.index(nloc, p+1)
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+            else:
+                del npath[np], path[np]
+                # ha!
+                p = np
+
+        return
+
+    def check_version_conflict(self):
+        if self.key == 'setuptools':
+            # ignore the inevitable setuptools self-conflicts  :(
+            return
+
+        nsp = dict.fromkeys(self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'))
+        loc = normalize_path(self.location)
+        for modname in self._get_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+            if (modname not in sys.modules or modname in nsp
+                    or modname in _namespace_packages):
+                continue
+            if modname in ('pkg_resources', 'setuptools', 'site'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(sys.modules[modname], '__file__', None)
+            if fn and (normalize_path(fn).startswith(loc) or
+                       fn.startswith(self.location)):
+                continue
+            issue_warning(
+                "Module %s was already imported from %s, but %s is being added"
+                " to sys.path" % (modname, fn, self.location),
+            )
+
+    def has_version(self):
+        try:
+            self.version
+        except ValueError:
+            issue_warning("Unbuilt egg for " + repr(self))
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def clone(self,**kw):
+        """Copy this distribution, substituting in any changed keyword args"""
+        names = 'project_name version py_version platform location precedence'
+        for attr in names.split():
+            kw.setdefault(attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+        kw.setdefault('metadata', self._provider)
+        return self.__class__(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def extras(self):
+        return [dep for dep in self._dep_map if dep]
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        """
+        Packages installed by distutils (e.g. numpy or scipy),
+        which uses an old safe_version, and so
+        their version numbers can get mangled when
+        converted to filenames (e.g., 1.11.0.dev0+2329eae to
+        1.11.0.dev0_2329eae). These distributions will not be
+        parsed properly
+        downstream by Distribution and safe_version, so
+        take an extra step and try to get the version number from
+        the metadata file itself instead of the filename.
+        """
+        md_version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+        if md_version:
+            self._version = md_version
+        return self
+
+
+class DistInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata, .dist-info style"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'METADATA'
+    EQEQ = re.compile(r"([\(,])\s*(\d.*?)\s*([,\)])")
+
+    @property
+    def _parsed_pkg_info(self):
+        """Parse and cache metadata"""
+        try:
+            return self._pkg_info
+        except AttributeError:
+            metadata = self.get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO)
+            self._pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(metadata)
+            return self._pkg_info
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__dep_map = self._compute_dependencies()
+            return self.__dep_map
+
+    def _preparse_requirement(self, requires_dist):
+        """Convert 'Foobar (1); baz' to ('Foobar ==1', 'baz')
+        Split environment marker, add == prefix to version specifiers as
+        necessary, and remove parenthesis.
+        """
+        parts = requires_dist.split(';', 1) + ['']
+        distvers = parts[0].strip()
+        mark = parts[1].strip()
+        distvers = re.sub(self.EQEQ, r"\1==\2\3", distvers)
+        distvers = distvers.replace('(', '').replace(')', '')
+        return (distvers, mark)
+
+    def _compute_dependencies(self):
+        """Recompute this distribution's dependencies."""
+        from pip._vendor._markerlib import compile as compile_marker
+        dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+
+        reqs = []
+        # Including any condition expressions
+        for req in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []:
+            distvers, mark = self._preparse_requirement(req)
+            parsed = next(parse_requirements(distvers))
+            parsed.marker_fn = compile_marker(mark)
+            reqs.append(parsed)
+
+        def reqs_for_extra(extra):
+            for req in reqs:
+                if req.marker_fn(override={'extra':extra}):
+                    yield req
+
+        common = frozenset(reqs_for_extra(None))
+        dm[None].extend(common)
+
+        for extra in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Provides-Extra') or []:
+            extra = safe_extra(extra.strip())
+            dm[extra] = list(frozenset(reqs_for_extra(extra)) - common)
+
+        return dm
+
+
+_distributionImpl = {
+    '.egg': Distribution,
+    '.egg-info': EggInfoDistribution,
+    '.dist-info': DistInfoDistribution,
+    }
+
+
+def issue_warning(*args,**kw):
+    level = 1
+    g = globals()
+    try:
+        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
+        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
+        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
+            level += 1
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw)
+
+
+class RequirementParseError(ValueError):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ' '.join(self.args)
+
+
+def parse_requirements(strs):
+    """Yield ``Requirement`` objects for each specification in `strs`
+
+    `strs` must be a string, or a (possibly-nested) iterable thereof.
+    """
+    # create a steppable iterator, so we can handle \-continuations
+    lines = iter(yield_lines(strs))
+
+    def scan_list(ITEM, TERMINATOR, line, p, groups, item_name):
+
+        items = []
+
+        while not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+            if CONTINUE(line, p):
+                try:
+                    line = next(lines)
+                    p = 0
+                except StopIteration:
+                    msg = "\\ must not appear on the last nonblank line"
+                    raise RequirementParseError(msg)
+
+            match = ITEM(line, p)
+            if not match:
+                msg = "Expected " + item_name + " in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+            items.append(match.group(*groups))
+            p = match.end()
+
+            match = COMMA(line, p)
+            if match:
+                # skip the comma
+                p = match.end()
+            elif not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+                msg = "Expected ',' or end-of-list in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+        match = TERMINATOR(line, p)
+        # skip the terminator, if any
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+        return line, p, items
+
+    for line in lines:
+        match = DISTRO(line)
+        if not match:
+            raise RequirementParseError("Missing distribution spec", line)
+        project_name = match.group(1)
+        p = match.end()
+        extras = []
+
+        match = OBRACKET(line, p)
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+            line, p, extras = scan_list(
+                DISTRO, CBRACKET, line, p, (1,), "'extra' name"
+            )
+
+        line, p, specs = scan_list(VERSION, LINE_END, line, p, (1, 2),
+            "version spec")
+        specs = [(op, val) for op, val in specs]
+        yield Requirement(project_name, specs, extras)
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    def __init__(self, project_name, specs, extras):
+        """DO NOT CALL THIS UNDOCUMENTED METHOD; use Requirement.parse()!"""
+        self.unsafe_name, project_name = project_name, safe_name(project_name)
+        self.project_name, self.key = project_name, project_name.lower()
+        self.specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            ",".join(["".join([x, y]) for x, y in specs])
+        )
+        self.specs = specs
+        self.extras = tuple(map(safe_extra, extras))
+        self.hashCmp = (
+            self.key,
+            self.specifier,
+            frozenset(self.extras),
+        )
+        self.__hash = hash(self.hashCmp)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        extras = ','.join(self.extras)
+        if extras:
+            extras = '[%s]' % extras
+        return '%s%s%s' % (self.project_name, extras, self.specifier)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, Requirement) and
+            self.hashCmp == other.hashCmp
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, Distribution):
+            if item.key != self.key:
+                return False
+
+            item = item.version
+
+        # Allow prereleases always in order to match the previous behavior of
+        # this method. In the future this should be smarter and follow PEP 440
+        # more accurately.
+        return self.specifier.contains(item, prereleases=True)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self.__hash
+
+    def __repr__(self): return "Requirement.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse(s):
+        req, = parse_requirements(s)
+        return req
+
+
+def _get_mro(cls):
+    """Get an mro for a type or classic class"""
+    if not isinstance(cls, type):
+        class cls(cls, object): pass
+        return cls.__mro__[1:]
+    return cls.__mro__
+
+def _find_adapter(registry, ob):
+    """Return an adapter factory for `ob` from `registry`"""
+    for t in _get_mro(getattr(ob, '__class__', type(ob))):
+        if t in registry:
+            return registry[t]
+
+
+def ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+
+def _bypass_ensure_directory(path):
+    """Sandbox-bypassing version of ensure_directory()"""
+    if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+        raise IOError('"os.mkdir" not supported on this platform.')
+    dirname, filename = split(path)
+    if dirname and filename and not isdir(dirname):
+        _bypass_ensure_directory(dirname)
+        mkdir(dirname, 0o755)
+
+
+def split_sections(s):
+    """Split a string or iterable thereof into (section, content) pairs
+
+    Each ``section`` is a stripped version of the section header ("[section]")
+    and each ``content`` is a list of stripped lines excluding blank lines and
+    comment-only lines.  If there are any such lines before the first section
+    header, they're returned in a first ``section`` of ``None``.
+    """
+    section = None
+    content = []
+    for line in yield_lines(s):
+        if line.startswith("["):
+            if line.endswith("]"):
+                if section or content:
+                    yield section, content
+                section = line[1:-1].strip()
+                content = []
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid section heading", line)
+        else:
+            content.append(line)
+
+    # wrap up last segment
+    yield section, content
+
+def _mkstemp(*args,**kw):
+    old_open = os.open
+    try:
+        # temporarily bypass sandboxing
+        os.open = os_open
+        return tempfile.mkstemp(*args,**kw)
+    finally:
+        # and then put it back
+        os.open = old_open
+
+
+# Silence the PEP440Warning by default, so that end users don't get hit by it
+# randomly just because they use pkg_resources. We want to append the rule
+# because we want earlier uses of filterwarnings to take precedence over this
+# one.
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=PEP440Warning, append=True)
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 1.3
+def _call_aside(f, *args, **kwargs):
+    f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return f
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize(g=globals()):
+    "Set up global resource manager (deliberately not state-saved)"
+    manager = ResourceManager()
+    g['_manager'] = manager
+    for name in dir(manager):
+        if not name.startswith('_'):
+            g[name] = getattr(manager, name)
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize_master_working_set():
+    """
+    Prepare the master working set and make the ``require()``
+    API available.
+
+    This function has explicit effects on the global state
+    of pkg_resources. It is intended to be invoked once at
+    the initialization of this module.
+
+    Invocation by other packages is unsupported and done
+    at their own risk.
+    """
+    working_set = WorkingSet._build_master()
+    _declare_state('object', working_set=working_set)
+
+    require = working_set.require
+    iter_entry_points = working_set.iter_entry_points
+    add_activation_listener = working_set.subscribe
+    run_script = working_set.run_script
+    # backward compatibility
+    run_main = run_script
+    # Activate all distributions already on sys.path, and ensure that
+    # all distributions added to the working set in the future (e.g. by
+    # calling ``require()``) will get activated as well.
+    add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+    working_set.entries=[]
+    # match order
+    list(map(working_set.add_entry, sys.path))
+    globals().update(locals())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5107bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import division
+
+from collections import deque
+from datetime import timedelta
+from math import ceil
+from sys import stderr
+from time import time
+
+
+__version__ = '1.2'
+
+
+class Infinite(object):
+    file = stderr
+    sma_window = 10
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.index = 0
+        self.start_ts = time()
+        self._ts = self.start_ts
+        self._dt = deque(maxlen=self.sma_window)
+        for key, val in kwargs.items():
+            setattr(self, key, val)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith('_'):
+            return None
+        return getattr(self, key, None)
+
+    @property
+    def avg(self):
+        return sum(self._dt) / len(self._dt) if self._dt else 0
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self):
+        return int(time() - self.start_ts)
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed_td(self):
+        return timedelta(seconds=self.elapsed)
+
+    def update(self):
+        pass
+
+    def start(self):
+        pass
+
+    def finish(self):
+        pass
+
+    def next(self, n=1):
+        if n > 0:
+            now = time()
+            dt = (now - self._ts) / n
+            self._dt.append(dt)
+            self._ts = now
+
+        self.index = self.index + n
+        self.update()
+
+    def iter(self, it):
+        for x in it:
+            yield x
+            self.next()
+        self.finish()
+
+
+class Progress(Infinite):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Progress, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.max = kwargs.get('max', 100)
+
+    @property
+    def eta(self):
+        return int(ceil(self.avg * self.remaining))
+
+    @property
+    def eta_td(self):
+        return timedelta(seconds=self.eta)
+
+    @property
+    def percent(self):
+        return self.progress * 100
+
+    @property
+    def progress(self):
+        return min(1, self.index / self.max)
+
+    @property
+    def remaining(self):
+        return max(self.max - self.index, 0)
+
+    def start(self):
+        self.update()
+
+    def goto(self, index):
+        incr = index - self.index
+        self.next(incr)
+
+    def iter(self, it):
+        try:
+            self.max = len(it)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        for x in it:
+            yield x
+            self.next()
+        self.finish()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ce1461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/bar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from . import Progress
+from .helpers import WritelnMixin
+
+
+class Bar(WritelnMixin, Progress):
+    width = 32
+    message = ''
+    suffix = '%(index)d/%(max)d'
+    bar_prefix = ' |'
+    bar_suffix = '| '
+    empty_fill = ' '
+    fill = '#'
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        filled_length = int(self.width * self.progress)
+        empty_length = self.width - filled_length
+
+        message = self.message % self
+        bar = self.fill * filled_length
+        empty = self.empty_fill * empty_length
+        suffix = self.suffix % self
+        line = ''.join([message, self.bar_prefix, bar, empty, self.bar_suffix,
+                        suffix])
+        self.writeln(line)
+
+
+class ChargingBar(Bar):
+    suffix = '%(percent)d%%'
+    bar_prefix = ' '
+    bar_suffix = ' '
+    empty_fill = u'∙'
+    fill = u'█'
+
+
+class FillingSquaresBar(ChargingBar):
+    empty_fill = u'▢'
+    fill = u'▣'
+
+
+class FillingCirclesBar(ChargingBar):
+    empty_fill = u'◯'
+    fill = u'◉'
+
+
+class IncrementalBar(Bar):
+    phases = (u' ', u'▏', u'▎', u'▍', u'▌', u'▋', u'▊', u'▉', u'█')
+
+    def update(self):
+        nphases = len(self.phases)
+        expanded_length = int(nphases * self.width * self.progress)
+        filled_length = int(self.width * self.progress)
+        empty_length = self.width - filled_length
+        phase = expanded_length - (filled_length * nphases)
+
+        message = self.message % self
+        bar = self.phases[-1] * filled_length
+        current = self.phases[phase] if phase > 0 else ''
+        empty = self.empty_fill * max(0, empty_length - len(current))
+        suffix = self.suffix % self
+        line = ''.join([message, self.bar_prefix, bar, current, empty,
+                        self.bar_suffix, suffix])
+        self.writeln(line)
+
+
+class ShadyBar(IncrementalBar):
+    phases = (u' ', u'░', u'▒', u'▓', u'█')
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caaddc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/counter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from . import Infinite, Progress
+from .helpers import WriteMixin
+
+
+class Counter(WriteMixin, Infinite):
+    message = ''
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.write(str(self.index))
+
+
+class Countdown(WriteMixin, Progress):
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        self.write(str(self.remaining))
+
+
+class Stack(WriteMixin, Progress):
+    phases = (u' ', u'▁', u'▂', u'▃', u'▄', u'▅', u'▆', u'▇', u'█')
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        nphases = len(self.phases)
+        i = min(nphases - 1, int(self.progress * nphases))
+        self.write(self.phases[i])
+
+
+class Pie(Stack):
+    phases = (u'○', u'◔', u'◑', u'◕', u'●')
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ed90b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+
+HIDE_CURSOR = '\x1b[?25l'
+SHOW_CURSOR = '\x1b[?25h'
+
+
+class WriteMixin(object):
+    hide_cursor = False
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None, **kwargs):
+        super(WriteMixin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._width = 0
+        if message:
+            self.message = message
+
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            if self.hide_cursor:
+                print(HIDE_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+            print(self.message, end='', file=self.file)
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            b = '\b' * self._width
+            c = s.ljust(self._width)
+            print(b + c, end='', file=self.file)
+            self._width = max(self._width, len(s))
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def finish(self):
+        if self.file.isatty() and self.hide_cursor:
+            print(SHOW_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+
+
+class WritelnMixin(object):
+    hide_cursor = False
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None, **kwargs):
+        super(WritelnMixin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        if message:
+            self.message = message
+
+        if self.file.isatty() and self.hide_cursor:
+            print(HIDE_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+
+    def clearln(self):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            print('\r\x1b[K', end='', file=self.file)
+
+    def writeln(self, line):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            self.clearln()
+            print(line, end='', file=self.file)
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def finish(self):
+        if self.file.isatty():
+            print(file=self.file)
+            if self.hide_cursor:
+                print(SHOW_CURSOR, end='', file=self.file)
+
+
+from signal import signal, SIGINT
+from sys import exit
+
+
+class SigIntMixin(object):
+    """Registers a signal handler that calls finish on SIGINT"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(SigIntMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        signal(SIGINT, self._sigint_handler)
+
+    def _sigint_handler(self, signum, frame):
+        self.finish()
+        exit(0)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..969bfbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/progress/spinner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Giorgos Verigakis <verigak@gmail.com>
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from . import Infinite
+from .helpers import WriteMixin
+
+
+class Spinner(WriteMixin, Infinite):
+    message = ''
+    phases = ('-', '\\', '|', '/')
+    hide_cursor = True
+
+    def update(self):
+        i = self.index % len(self.phases)
+        self.write(self.phases[i])
+
+
+class PieSpinner(Spinner):
+    phases = [u'◷', u'◶', u'◵', u'◴']
+
+
+class MoonSpinner(Spinner):
+    phases = [u'◑', u'◒', u'◐', u'◓']
+
+
+class LineSpinner(Spinner):
+    phases = [u'⎺', u'⎻', u'⎼', u'⎽', u'⎼', u'⎻']
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed96aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3801 @@
+# module pyparsing.py
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2003-2015  Paul T. McGuire
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+# CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+# TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+# SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+__doc__ = \
+"""
+pyparsing module - Classes and methods to define and execute parsing grammars
+
+The pyparsing module is an alternative approach to creating and executing simple grammars,
+vs. the traditional lex/yacc approach, or the use of regular expressions.  With pyparsing, you
+don't need to learn a new syntax for defining grammars or matching expressions - the parsing module
+provides a library of classes that you use to construct the grammar directly in Python.
+
+Here is a program to parse "Hello, World!" (or any greeting of the form C{"<salutation>, <addressee>!"})::
+
+    from pyparsing import Word, alphas
+
+    # define grammar of a greeting
+    greet = Word( alphas ) + "," + Word( alphas ) + "!"
+
+    hello = "Hello, World!"
+    print (hello, "->", greet.parseString( hello ))
+
+The program outputs the following::
+
+    Hello, World! -> ['Hello', ',', 'World', '!']
+
+The Python representation of the grammar is quite readable, owing to the self-explanatory
+class names, and the use of '+', '|' and '^' operators.
+
+The parsed results returned from C{parseString()} can be accessed as a nested list, a dictionary, or an
+object with named attributes.
+
+The pyparsing module handles some of the problems that are typically vexing when writing text parsers:
+ - extra or missing whitespace (the above program will also handle "Hello,World!", "Hello  ,  World  !", etc.)
+ - quoted strings
+ - embedded comments
+"""
+
+__version__ = "2.0.7"
+__versionTime__ = "17 Dec 2015 04:11"
+__author__ = "Paul McGuire <ptmcg@users.sourceforge.net>"
+
+import string
+from weakref import ref as wkref
+import copy
+import sys
+import warnings
+import re
+import sre_constants
+import collections
+import pprint
+import functools
+import itertools
+
+#~ sys.stderr.write( "testing pyparsing module, version %s, %s\n" % (__version__,__versionTime__ ) )
+
+__all__ = [
+'And', 'CaselessKeyword', 'CaselessLiteral', 'CharsNotIn', 'Combine', 'Dict', 'Each', 'Empty',
+'FollowedBy', 'Forward', 'GoToColumn', 'Group', 'Keyword', 'LineEnd', 'LineStart', 'Literal',
+'MatchFirst', 'NoMatch', 'NotAny', 'OneOrMore', 'OnlyOnce', 'Optional', 'Or',
+'ParseBaseException', 'ParseElementEnhance', 'ParseException', 'ParseExpression', 'ParseFatalException',
+'ParseResults', 'ParseSyntaxException', 'ParserElement', 'QuotedString', 'RecursiveGrammarException',
+'Regex', 'SkipTo', 'StringEnd', 'StringStart', 'Suppress', 'Token', 'TokenConverter', 'Upcase',
+'White', 'Word', 'WordEnd', 'WordStart', 'ZeroOrMore',
+'alphanums', 'alphas', 'alphas8bit', 'anyCloseTag', 'anyOpenTag', 'cStyleComment', 'col',
+'commaSeparatedList', 'commonHTMLEntity', 'countedArray', 'cppStyleComment', 'dblQuotedString',
+'dblSlashComment', 'delimitedList', 'dictOf', 'downcaseTokens', 'empty', 'hexnums',
+'htmlComment', 'javaStyleComment', 'keepOriginalText', 'line', 'lineEnd', 'lineStart', 'lineno',
+'makeHTMLTags', 'makeXMLTags', 'matchOnlyAtCol', 'matchPreviousExpr', 'matchPreviousLiteral',
+'nestedExpr', 'nullDebugAction', 'nums', 'oneOf', 'opAssoc', 'operatorPrecedence', 'printables',
+'punc8bit', 'pythonStyleComment', 'quotedString', 'removeQuotes', 'replaceHTMLEntity', 
+'replaceWith', 'restOfLine', 'sglQuotedString', 'srange', 'stringEnd',
+'stringStart', 'traceParseAction', 'unicodeString', 'upcaseTokens', 'withAttribute',
+'indentedBlock', 'originalTextFor', 'ungroup', 'infixNotation','locatedExpr', 'withClass',
+]
+
+PY_3 = sys.version.startswith('3')
+if PY_3:
+    _MAX_INT = sys.maxsize
+    basestring = str
+    unichr = chr
+    _ustr = str
+
+    # build list of single arg builtins, that can be used as parse actions
+    singleArgBuiltins = [sum, len, sorted, reversed, list, tuple, set, any, all, min, max]
+
+else:
+    _MAX_INT = sys.maxint
+    range = xrange
+
+    def _ustr(obj):
+        """Drop-in replacement for str(obj) that tries to be Unicode friendly. It first tries
+           str(obj). If that fails with a UnicodeEncodeError, then it tries unicode(obj). It
+           then < returns the unicode object | encodes it with the default encoding | ... >.
+        """
+        if isinstance(obj,unicode):
+            return obj
+
+        try:
+            # If this works, then _ustr(obj) has the same behaviour as str(obj), so
+            # it won't break any existing code.
+            return str(obj)
+
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            # Else encode it
+            ret = unicode(obj).encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(), 'xmlcharrefreplace')
+            xmlcharref = Regex('&#\d+;')
+            xmlcharref.setParseAction(lambda t: '\\u' + hex(int(t[0][2:-1]))[2:])
+            return xmlcharref.transformString(ret)
+
+    # build list of single arg builtins, tolerant of Python version, that can be used as parse actions
+    singleArgBuiltins = []
+    import __builtin__
+    for fname in "sum len sorted reversed list tuple set any all min max".split():
+        try:
+            singleArgBuiltins.append(getattr(__builtin__,fname))
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+            
+_generatorType = type((y for y in range(1)))
+ 
+def _xml_escape(data):
+    """Escape &, <, >, ", ', etc. in a string of data."""
+
+    # ampersand must be replaced first
+    from_symbols = '&><"\''
+    to_symbols = ('&'+s+';' for s in "amp gt lt quot apos".split())
+    for from_,to_ in zip(from_symbols, to_symbols):
+        data = data.replace(from_, to_)
+    return data
+
+class _Constants(object):
+    pass
+
+alphas = string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase
+nums       = "0123456789"
+hexnums    = nums + "ABCDEFabcdef"
+alphanums  = alphas + nums
+_bslash    = chr(92)
+printables = "".join(c for c in string.printable if c not in string.whitespace)
+
+class ParseBaseException(Exception):
+    """base exception class for all parsing runtime exceptions"""
+    # Performance tuning: we construct a *lot* of these, so keep this
+    # constructor as small and fast as possible
+    def __init__( self, pstr, loc=0, msg=None, elem=None ):
+        self.loc = loc
+        if msg is None:
+            self.msg = pstr
+            self.pstr = ""
+        else:
+            self.msg = msg
+            self.pstr = pstr
+        self.parserElement = elem
+
+    def __getattr__( self, aname ):
+        """supported attributes by name are:
+            - lineno - returns the line number of the exception text
+            - col - returns the column number of the exception text
+            - line - returns the line containing the exception text
+        """
+        if( aname == "lineno" ):
+            return lineno( self.loc, self.pstr )
+        elif( aname in ("col", "column") ):
+            return col( self.loc, self.pstr )
+        elif( aname == "line" ):
+            return line( self.loc, self.pstr )
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(aname)
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return "%s (at char %d), (line:%d, col:%d)" % \
+                ( self.msg, self.loc, self.lineno, self.column )
+    def __repr__( self ):
+        return _ustr(self)
+    def markInputline( self, markerString = ">!<" ):
+        """Extracts the exception line from the input string, and marks
+           the location of the exception with a special symbol.
+        """
+        line_str = self.line
+        line_column = self.column - 1
+        if markerString:
+            line_str = "".join((line_str[:line_column],
+                                markerString, line_str[line_column:]))
+        return line_str.strip()
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return "lineno col line".split() + dir(type(self))
+
+class ParseException(ParseBaseException):
+    """exception thrown when parse expressions don't match class;
+       supported attributes by name are:
+        - lineno - returns the line number of the exception text
+        - col - returns the column number of the exception text
+        - line - returns the line containing the exception text
+    """
+    pass
+
+class ParseFatalException(ParseBaseException):
+    """user-throwable exception thrown when inconsistent parse content
+       is found; stops all parsing immediately"""
+    pass
+
+class ParseSyntaxException(ParseFatalException):
+    """just like C{L{ParseFatalException}}, but thrown internally when an
+       C{L{ErrorStop<And._ErrorStop>}} ('-' operator) indicates that parsing is to stop immediately because
+       an unbacktrackable syntax error has been found"""
+    def __init__(self, pe):
+        super(ParseSyntaxException, self).__init__(
+                                    pe.pstr, pe.loc, pe.msg, pe.parserElement)
+
+#~ class ReparseException(ParseBaseException):
+    #~ """Experimental class - parse actions can raise this exception to cause
+       #~ pyparsing to reparse the input string:
+        #~ - with a modified input string, and/or
+        #~ - with a modified start location
+       #~ Set the values of the ReparseException in the constructor, and raise the
+       #~ exception in a parse action to cause pyparsing to use the new string/location.
+       #~ Setting the values as None causes no change to be made.
+       #~ """
+    #~ def __init_( self, newstring, restartLoc ):
+        #~ self.newParseText = newstring
+        #~ self.reparseLoc = restartLoc
+
+class RecursiveGrammarException(Exception):
+    """exception thrown by C{validate()} if the grammar could be improperly recursive"""
+    def __init__( self, parseElementList ):
+        self.parseElementTrace = parseElementList
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return "RecursiveGrammarException: %s" % self.parseElementTrace
+
+class _ParseResultsWithOffset(object):
+    def __init__(self,p1,p2):
+        self.tup = (p1,p2)
+    def __getitem__(self,i):
+        return self.tup[i]
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.tup)
+    def setOffset(self,i):
+        self.tup = (self.tup[0],i)
+
+class ParseResults(object):
+    """Structured parse results, to provide multiple means of access to the parsed data:
+       - as a list (C{len(results)})
+       - by list index (C{results[0], results[1]}, etc.)
+       - by attribute (C{results.<resultsName>})
+       """
+    def __new__(cls, toklist, name=None, asList=True, modal=True ):
+        if isinstance(toklist, cls):
+            return toklist
+        retobj = object.__new__(cls)
+        retobj.__doinit = True
+        return retobj
+
+    # Performance tuning: we construct a *lot* of these, so keep this
+    # constructor as small and fast as possible
+    def __init__( self, toklist, name=None, asList=True, modal=True, isinstance=isinstance ):
+        if self.__doinit:
+            self.__doinit = False
+            self.__name = None
+            self.__parent = None
+            self.__accumNames = {}
+            if isinstance(toklist, list):
+                self.__toklist = toklist[:]
+            elif isinstance(toklist, _generatorType):
+                self.__toklist = list(toklist)
+            else:
+                self.__toklist = [toklist]
+            self.__tokdict = dict()
+
+        if name is not None and name:
+            if not modal:
+                self.__accumNames[name] = 0
+            if isinstance(name,int):
+                name = _ustr(name) # will always return a str, but use _ustr for consistency
+            self.__name = name
+            if not (isinstance(toklist, (type(None), basestring, list)) and toklist in (None,'',[])):
+                if isinstance(toklist,basestring):
+                    toklist = [ toklist ]
+                if asList:
+                    if isinstance(toklist,ParseResults):
+                        self[name] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(toklist.copy(),0)
+                    else:
+                        self[name] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(ParseResults(toklist[0]),0)
+                    self[name].__name = name
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        self[name] = toklist[0]
+                    except (KeyError,TypeError,IndexError):
+                        self[name] = toklist
+
+    def __getitem__( self, i ):
+        if isinstance( i, (int,slice) ):
+            return self.__toklist[i]
+        else:
+            if i not in self.__accumNames:
+                return self.__tokdict[i][-1][0]
+            else:
+                return ParseResults([ v[0] for v in self.__tokdict[i] ])
+
+    def __setitem__( self, k, v, isinstance=isinstance ):
+        if isinstance(v,_ParseResultsWithOffset):
+            self.__tokdict[k] = self.__tokdict.get(k,list()) + [v]
+            sub = v[0]
+        elif isinstance(k,int):
+            self.__toklist[k] = v
+            sub = v
+        else:
+            self.__tokdict[k] = self.__tokdict.get(k,list()) + [_ParseResultsWithOffset(v,0)]
+            sub = v
+        if isinstance(sub,ParseResults):
+            sub.__parent = wkref(self)
+
+    def __delitem__( self, i ):
+        if isinstance(i,(int,slice)):
+            mylen = len( self.__toklist )
+            del self.__toklist[i]
+
+            # convert int to slice
+            if isinstance(i, int):
+                if i < 0:
+                    i += mylen
+                i = slice(i, i+1)
+            # get removed indices
+            removed = list(range(*i.indices(mylen)))
+            removed.reverse()
+            # fixup indices in token dictionary
+            #~ for name in self.__tokdict:
+                #~ occurrences = self.__tokdict[name]
+                #~ for j in removed:
+                    #~ for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                        #~ occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position - (position > j))
+            for name,occurrences in self.__tokdict.items():
+                for j in removed:
+                    for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                        occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position - (position > j))
+        else:
+            del self.__tokdict[i]
+
+    def __contains__( self, k ):
+        return k in self.__tokdict
+
+    def __len__( self ): return len( self.__toklist )
+    def __bool__(self): return len( self.__toklist ) > 0
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+    def __iter__( self ): return iter( self.__toklist )
+    def __reversed__( self ): return iter( self.__toklist[::-1] )
+    def iterkeys( self ):
+        """Returns all named result keys."""
+        if hasattr(self.__tokdict, "iterkeys"):
+            return self.__tokdict.iterkeys()
+        else:
+            return iter(self.__tokdict)
+
+    def itervalues( self ):
+        """Returns all named result values."""
+        return (self[k] for k in self.iterkeys())
+            
+    def iteritems( self ):
+        return ((k, self[k]) for k in self.iterkeys())
+
+    if PY_3:
+        keys = iterkeys
+        values = itervalues
+        items = iteritems
+    else:
+        def keys( self ):
+            """Returns all named result keys."""
+            return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+        def values( self ):
+            """Returns all named result values."""
+            return list(self.itervalues())
+                
+        def items( self ):
+            """Returns all named result keys and values as a list of tuples."""
+            return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def haskeys( self ):
+        """Since keys() returns an iterator, this method is helpful in bypassing
+           code that looks for the existence of any defined results names."""
+        return bool(self.__tokdict)
+        
+    def pop( self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Removes and returns item at specified index (default=last).
+           Supports both list and dict semantics for pop(). If passed no
+           argument or an integer argument, it will use list semantics
+           and pop tokens from the list of parsed tokens. If passed a 
+           non-integer argument (most likely a string), it will use dict
+           semantics and pop the corresponding value from any defined 
+           results names. A second default return value argument is 
+           supported, just as in dict.pop()."""
+        if not args:
+            args = [-1]
+        for k,v in kwargs.items():
+            if k == 'default':
+                args = (args[0], v)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("pop() got an unexpected keyword argument '%s'" % k)
+        if (isinstance(args[0], int) or 
+                        len(args) == 1 or 
+                        args[0] in self):
+            index = args[0]
+            ret = self[index]
+            del self[index]
+            return ret
+        else:
+            defaultvalue = args[1]
+            return defaultvalue
+
+    def get(self, key, defaultValue=None):
+        """Returns named result matching the given key, or if there is no
+           such name, then returns the given C{defaultValue} or C{None} if no
+           C{defaultValue} is specified."""
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return defaultValue
+
+    def insert( self, index, insStr ):
+        """Inserts new element at location index in the list of parsed tokens."""
+        self.__toklist.insert(index, insStr)
+        # fixup indices in token dictionary
+        #~ for name in self.__tokdict:
+            #~ occurrences = self.__tokdict[name]
+            #~ for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                #~ occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position + (position > index))
+        for name,occurrences in self.__tokdict.items():
+            for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(value, position + (position > index))
+
+    def append( self, item ):
+        """Add single element to end of ParseResults list of elements."""
+        self.__toklist.append(item)
+
+    def extend( self, itemseq ):
+        """Add sequence of elements to end of ParseResults list of elements."""
+        if isinstance(itemseq, ParseResults):
+            self += itemseq
+        else:
+            self.__toklist.extend(itemseq)
+
+    def clear( self ):
+        """Clear all elements and results names."""
+        del self.__toklist[:]
+        self.__tokdict.clear()
+
+    def __getattr__( self, name ):
+        try:
+            return self[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            return ""
+            
+        if name in self.__tokdict:
+            if name not in self.__accumNames:
+                return self.__tokdict[name][-1][0]
+            else:
+                return ParseResults([ v[0] for v in self.__tokdict[name] ])
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def __add__( self, other ):
+        ret = self.copy()
+        ret += other
+        return ret
+
+    def __iadd__( self, other ):
+        if other.__tokdict:
+            offset = len(self.__toklist)
+            addoffset = lambda a: offset if a<0 else a+offset
+            otheritems = other.__tokdict.items()
+            otherdictitems = [(k, _ParseResultsWithOffset(v[0],addoffset(v[1])) )
+                                for (k,vlist) in otheritems for v in vlist]
+            for k,v in otherdictitems:
+                self[k] = v
+                if isinstance(v[0],ParseResults):
+                    v[0].__parent = wkref(self)
+            
+        self.__toklist += other.__toklist
+        self.__accumNames.update( other.__accumNames )
+        return self
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other,int) and other == 0:
+            return self.copy()
+        
+    def __repr__( self ):
+        return "(%s, %s)" % ( repr( self.__toklist ), repr( self.__tokdict ) )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return '[' + ', '.join(_ustr(i) if isinstance(i, ParseResults) else repr(i) for i in self.__toklist) + ']'
+
+    def _asStringList( self, sep='' ):
+        out = []
+        for item in self.__toklist:
+            if out and sep:
+                out.append(sep)
+            if isinstance( item, ParseResults ):
+                out += item._asStringList()
+            else:
+                out.append( _ustr(item) )
+        return out
+
+    def asList( self ):
+        """Returns the parse results as a nested list of matching tokens, all converted to strings."""
+        return [res.asList() if isinstance(res,ParseResults) else res for res in self.__toklist]
+
+    def asDict( self ):
+        """Returns the named parse results as dictionary."""
+        if PY_3:
+            return dict( self.items() )
+        else:
+            return dict( self.iteritems() )
+
+    def copy( self ):
+        """Returns a new copy of a C{ParseResults} object."""
+        ret = ParseResults( self.__toklist )
+        ret.__tokdict = self.__tokdict.copy()
+        ret.__parent = self.__parent
+        ret.__accumNames.update( self.__accumNames )
+        ret.__name = self.__name
+        return ret
+
+    def asXML( self, doctag=None, namedItemsOnly=False, indent="", formatted=True ):
+        """Returns the parse results as XML. Tags are created for tokens and lists that have defined results names."""
+        nl = "\n"
+        out = []
+        namedItems = dict((v[1],k) for (k,vlist) in self.__tokdict.items()
+                                                            for v in vlist)
+        nextLevelIndent = indent + "  "
+
+        # collapse out indents if formatting is not desired
+        if not formatted:
+            indent = ""
+            nextLevelIndent = ""
+            nl = ""
+
+        selfTag = None
+        if doctag is not None:
+            selfTag = doctag
+        else:
+            if self.__name:
+                selfTag = self.__name
+
+        if not selfTag:
+            if namedItemsOnly:
+                return ""
+            else:
+                selfTag = "ITEM"
+
+        out += [ nl, indent, "<", selfTag, ">" ]
+
+        for i,res in enumerate(self.__toklist):
+            if isinstance(res,ParseResults):
+                if i in namedItems:
+                    out += [ res.asXML(namedItems[i],
+                                        namedItemsOnly and doctag is None,
+                                        nextLevelIndent,
+                                        formatted)]
+                else:
+                    out += [ res.asXML(None,
+                                        namedItemsOnly and doctag is None,
+                                        nextLevelIndent,
+                                        formatted)]
+            else:
+                # individual token, see if there is a name for it
+                resTag = None
+                if i in namedItems:
+                    resTag = namedItems[i]
+                if not resTag:
+                    if namedItemsOnly:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        resTag = "ITEM"
+                xmlBodyText = _xml_escape(_ustr(res))
+                out += [ nl, nextLevelIndent, "<", resTag, ">",
+                                                xmlBodyText,
+                                                "</", resTag, ">" ]
+
+        out += [ nl, indent, "</", selfTag, ">" ]
+        return "".join(out)
+
+    def __lookup(self,sub):
+        for k,vlist in self.__tokdict.items():
+            for v,loc in vlist:
+                if sub is v:
+                    return k
+        return None
+
+    def getName(self):
+        """Returns the results name for this token expression."""
+        if self.__name:
+            return self.__name
+        elif self.__parent:
+            par = self.__parent()
+            if par:
+                return par.__lookup(self)
+            else:
+                return None
+        elif (len(self) == 1 and
+               len(self.__tokdict) == 1 and
+               self.__tokdict.values()[0][0][1] in (0,-1)):
+            return self.__tokdict.keys()[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def dump(self,indent='',depth=0):
+        """Diagnostic method for listing out the contents of a C{ParseResults}.
+           Accepts an optional C{indent} argument so that this string can be embedded
+           in a nested display of other data."""
+        out = []
+        NL = '\n'
+        out.append( indent+_ustr(self.asList()) )
+        if self.haskeys():
+            items = sorted(self.items())
+            for k,v in items:
+                if out:
+                    out.append(NL)
+                out.append( "%s%s- %s: " % (indent,('  '*depth), k) )
+                if isinstance(v,ParseResults):
+                    if v:
+                        out.append( v.dump(indent,depth+1) )
+                    else:
+                        out.append(_ustr(v))
+                else:
+                    out.append(_ustr(v))
+        elif any(isinstance(vv,ParseResults) for vv in self):
+            v = self
+            for i,vv in enumerate(v):
+                if isinstance(vv,ParseResults):
+                    out.append("\n%s%s[%d]:\n%s%s%s" % (indent,('  '*(depth)),i,indent,('  '*(depth+1)),vv.dump(indent,depth+1) ))
+                else:
+                    out.append("\n%s%s[%d]:\n%s%s%s" % (indent,('  '*(depth)),i,indent,('  '*(depth+1)),_ustr(vv)))
+            
+        return "".join(out)
+
+    def pprint(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Pretty-printer for parsed results as a list, using the C{pprint} module.
+           Accepts additional positional or keyword args as defined for the 
+           C{pprint.pprint} method. (U{http://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html#pprint.pprint})"""
+        pprint.pprint(self.asList(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+    # add support for pickle protocol
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return ( self.__toklist,
+                 ( self.__tokdict.copy(),
+                   self.__parent is not None and self.__parent() or None,
+                   self.__accumNames,
+                   self.__name ) )
+
+    def __setstate__(self,state):
+        self.__toklist = state[0]
+        (self.__tokdict,
+         par,
+         inAccumNames,
+         self.__name) = state[1]
+        self.__accumNames = {}
+        self.__accumNames.update(inAccumNames)
+        if par is not None:
+            self.__parent = wkref(par)
+        else:
+            self.__parent = None
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return (dir(type(self)) + list(self.keys()))
+
+collections.MutableMapping.register(ParseResults)
+
+def col (loc,strg):
+    """Returns current column within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+   The first column is number 1.
+
+   Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+   before starting the parsing process.  See L{I{ParserElement.parseString}<ParserElement.parseString>} for more information
+   on parsing strings containing C{<TAB>}s, and suggested methods to maintain a
+   consistent view of the parsed string, the parse location, and line and column
+   positions within the parsed string.
+   """
+    s = strg
+    return 1 if loc<len(s) and s[loc] == '\n' else loc - s.rfind("\n", 0, loc)
+
+def lineno(loc,strg):
+    """Returns current line number within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+   The first line is number 1.
+
+   Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+   before starting the parsing process.  See L{I{ParserElement.parseString}<ParserElement.parseString>} for more information
+   on parsing strings containing C{<TAB>}s, and suggested methods to maintain a
+   consistent view of the parsed string, the parse location, and line and column
+   positions within the parsed string.
+   """
+    return strg.count("\n",0,loc) + 1
+
+def line( loc, strg ):
+    """Returns the line of text containing loc within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+       """
+    lastCR = strg.rfind("\n", 0, loc)
+    nextCR = strg.find("\n", loc)
+    if nextCR >= 0:
+        return strg[lastCR+1:nextCR]
+    else:
+        return strg[lastCR+1:]
+
+def _defaultStartDebugAction( instring, loc, expr ):
+    print (("Match " + _ustr(expr) + " at loc " + _ustr(loc) + "(%d,%d)" % ( lineno(loc,instring), col(loc,instring) )))
+
+def _defaultSuccessDebugAction( instring, startloc, endloc, expr, toks ):
+    print ("Matched " + _ustr(expr) + " -> " + str(toks.asList()))
+
+def _defaultExceptionDebugAction( instring, loc, expr, exc ):
+    print ("Exception raised:" + _ustr(exc))
+
+def nullDebugAction(*args):
+    """'Do-nothing' debug action, to suppress debugging output during parsing."""
+    pass
+
+# Only works on Python 3.x - nonlocal is toxic to Python 2 installs
+#~ 'decorator to trim function calls to match the arity of the target'
+#~ def _trim_arity(func, maxargs=3):
+    #~ if func in singleArgBuiltins:
+        #~ return lambda s,l,t: func(t)
+    #~ limit = 0
+    #~ foundArity = False
+    #~ def wrapper(*args):
+        #~ nonlocal limit,foundArity
+        #~ while 1:
+            #~ try:
+                #~ ret = func(*args[limit:])
+                #~ foundArity = True
+                #~ return ret
+            #~ except TypeError:
+                #~ if limit == maxargs or foundArity:
+                    #~ raise
+                #~ limit += 1
+                #~ continue
+    #~ return wrapper
+
+# this version is Python 2.x-3.x cross-compatible
+'decorator to trim function calls to match the arity of the target'
+def _trim_arity(func, maxargs=2):
+    if func in singleArgBuiltins:
+        return lambda s,l,t: func(t)
+    limit = [0]
+    foundArity = [False]
+    def wrapper(*args):
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                ret = func(*args[limit[0]:])
+                foundArity[0] = True
+                return ret
+            except TypeError:
+                if limit[0] <= maxargs and not foundArity[0]:
+                    limit[0] += 1
+                    continue
+                raise
+    return wrapper
+ 
+class ParserElement(object):
+    """Abstract base level parser element class."""
+    DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS = " \n\t\r"
+    verbose_stacktrace = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def setDefaultWhitespaceChars( chars ):
+        """Overrides the default whitespace chars
+        """
+        ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS = chars
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def inlineLiteralsUsing(cls):
+        """
+        Set class to be used for inclusion of string literals into a parser.
+        """
+        ParserElement.literalStringClass = cls
+
+    def __init__( self, savelist=False ):
+        self.parseAction = list()
+        self.failAction = None
+        #~ self.name = "<unknown>"  # don't define self.name, let subclasses try/except upcall
+        self.strRepr = None
+        self.resultsName = None
+        self.saveAsList = savelist
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.whiteChars = ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+        self.copyDefaultWhiteChars = True
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False # used when checking for left-recursion
+        self.keepTabs = False
+        self.ignoreExprs = list()
+        self.debug = False
+        self.streamlined = False
+        self.mayIndexError = True # used to optimize exception handling for subclasses that don't advance parse index
+        self.errmsg = ""
+        self.modalResults = True # used to mark results names as modal (report only last) or cumulative (list all)
+        self.debugActions = ( None, None, None ) #custom debug actions
+        self.re = None
+        self.callPreparse = True # used to avoid redundant calls to preParse
+        self.callDuringTry = False
+
+    def copy( self ):
+        """Make a copy of this C{ParserElement}.  Useful for defining different parse actions
+           for the same parsing pattern, using copies of the original parse element."""
+        cpy = copy.copy( self )
+        cpy.parseAction = self.parseAction[:]
+        cpy.ignoreExprs = self.ignoreExprs[:]
+        if self.copyDefaultWhiteChars:
+            cpy.whiteChars = ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+        return cpy
+
+    def setName( self, name ):
+        """Define name for this expression, for use in debugging."""
+        self.name = name
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        if hasattr(self,"exception"):
+            self.exception.msg = self.errmsg
+        return self
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        """Define name for referencing matching tokens as a nested attribute
+           of the returned parse results.
+           NOTE: this returns a *copy* of the original C{ParserElement} object;
+           this is so that the client can define a basic element, such as an
+           integer, and reference it in multiple places with different names.
+           
+           You can also set results names using the abbreviated syntax,
+           C{expr("name")} in place of C{expr.setResultsName("name")} - 
+           see L{I{__call__}<__call__>}.
+        """
+        newself = self.copy()
+        if name.endswith("*"):
+            name = name[:-1]
+            listAllMatches=True
+        newself.resultsName = name
+        newself.modalResults = not listAllMatches
+        return newself
+
+    def setBreak(self,breakFlag = True):
+        """Method to invoke the Python pdb debugger when this element is
+           about to be parsed. Set C{breakFlag} to True to enable, False to
+           disable.
+        """
+        if breakFlag:
+            _parseMethod = self._parse
+            def breaker(instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True):
+                import pdb
+                pdb.set_trace()
+                return _parseMethod( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse )
+            breaker._originalParseMethod = _parseMethod
+            self._parse = breaker
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self._parse,"_originalParseMethod"):
+                self._parse = self._parse._originalParseMethod
+        return self
+
+    def setParseAction( self, *fns, **kwargs ):
+        """Define action to perform when successfully matching parse element definition.
+           Parse action fn is a callable method with 0-3 arguments, called as C{fn(s,loc,toks)},
+           C{fn(loc,toks)}, C{fn(toks)}, or just C{fn()}, where:
+            - s   = the original string being parsed (see note below)
+            - loc = the location of the matching substring
+            - toks = a list of the matched tokens, packaged as a C{L{ParseResults}} object
+           If the functions in fns modify the tokens, they can return them as the return
+           value from fn, and the modified list of tokens will replace the original.
+           Otherwise, fn does not need to return any value.
+
+           Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+           before starting the parsing process.  See L{I{parseString}<parseString>} for more information
+           on parsing strings containing C{<TAB>}s, and suggested methods to maintain a
+           consistent view of the parsed string, the parse location, and line and column
+           positions within the parsed string.
+           """
+        self.parseAction = list(map(_trim_arity, list(fns)))
+        self.callDuringTry = kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        return self
+
+    def addParseAction( self, *fns, **kwargs ):
+        """Add parse action to expression's list of parse actions. See L{I{setParseAction}<setParseAction>}."""
+        self.parseAction += list(map(_trim_arity, list(fns)))
+        self.callDuringTry = self.callDuringTry or kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        return self
+
+    def addCondition(self, *fns, **kwargs):
+        """Add a boolean predicate function to expression's list of parse actions. See 
+        L{I{setParseAction}<setParseAction>}. Optional keyword argument C{message} can
+        be used to define a custom message to be used in the raised exception."""
+        msg = kwargs.get("message") or "failed user-defined condition"
+        for fn in fns:
+            def pa(s,l,t):
+                if not bool(_trim_arity(fn)(s,l,t)):
+                    raise ParseException(s,l,msg)
+                return t
+            self.parseAction.append(pa)
+        self.callDuringTry = self.callDuringTry or kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        return self
+
+    def setFailAction( self, fn ):
+        """Define action to perform if parsing fails at this expression.
+           Fail acton fn is a callable function that takes the arguments
+           C{fn(s,loc,expr,err)} where:
+            - s = string being parsed
+            - loc = location where expression match was attempted and failed
+            - expr = the parse expression that failed
+            - err = the exception thrown
+           The function returns no value.  It may throw C{L{ParseFatalException}}
+           if it is desired to stop parsing immediately."""
+        self.failAction = fn
+        return self
+
+    def _skipIgnorables( self, instring, loc ):
+        exprsFound = True
+        while exprsFound:
+            exprsFound = False
+            for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+                try:
+                    while 1:
+                        loc,dummy = e._parse( instring, loc )
+                        exprsFound = True
+                except ParseException:
+                    pass
+        return loc
+
+    def preParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        if self.ignoreExprs:
+            loc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+
+        if self.skipWhitespace:
+            wt = self.whiteChars
+            instrlen = len(instring)
+            while loc < instrlen and instring[loc] in wt:
+                loc += 1
+
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        return loc, []
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return tokenlist
+
+    #~ @profile
+    def _parseNoCache( self, instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True ):
+        debugging = ( self.debug ) #and doActions )
+
+        if debugging or self.failAction:
+            #~ print ("Match",self,"at loc",loc,"(%d,%d)" % ( lineno(loc,instring), col(loc,instring) ))
+            if (self.debugActions[0] ):
+                self.debugActions[0]( instring, loc, self )
+            if callPreParse and self.callPreparse:
+                preloc = self.preParse( instring, loc )
+            else:
+                preloc = loc
+            tokensStart = preloc
+            try:
+                try:
+                    loc,tokens = self.parseImpl( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseException( instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self )
+            except ParseBaseException as err:
+                #~ print ("Exception raised:", err)
+                if self.debugActions[2]:
+                    self.debugActions[2]( instring, tokensStart, self, err )
+                if self.failAction:
+                    self.failAction( instring, tokensStart, self, err )
+                raise
+        else:
+            if callPreParse and self.callPreparse:
+                preloc = self.preParse( instring, loc )
+            else:
+                preloc = loc
+            tokensStart = preloc
+            if self.mayIndexError or loc >= len(instring):
+                try:
+                    loc,tokens = self.parseImpl( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseException( instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self )
+            else:
+                loc,tokens = self.parseImpl( instring, preloc, doActions )
+
+        tokens = self.postParse( instring, loc, tokens )
+
+        retTokens = ParseResults( tokens, self.resultsName, asList=self.saveAsList, modal=self.modalResults )
+        if self.parseAction and (doActions or self.callDuringTry):
+            if debugging:
+                try:
+                    for fn in self.parseAction:
+                        tokens = fn( instring, tokensStart, retTokens )
+                        if tokens is not None:
+                            retTokens = ParseResults( tokens,
+                                                      self.resultsName,
+                                                      asList=self.saveAsList and isinstance(tokens,(ParseResults,list)),
+                                                      modal=self.modalResults )
+                except ParseBaseException as err:
+                    #~ print "Exception raised in user parse action:", err
+                    if (self.debugActions[2] ):
+                        self.debugActions[2]( instring, tokensStart, self, err )
+                    raise
+            else:
+                for fn in self.parseAction:
+                    tokens = fn( instring, tokensStart, retTokens )
+                    if tokens is not None:
+                        retTokens = ParseResults( tokens,
+                                                  self.resultsName,
+                                                  asList=self.saveAsList and isinstance(tokens,(ParseResults,list)),
+                                                  modal=self.modalResults )
+
+        if debugging:
+            #~ print ("Matched",self,"->",retTokens.asList())
+            if (self.debugActions[1] ):
+                self.debugActions[1]( instring, tokensStart, loc, self, retTokens )
+
+        return loc, retTokens
+
+    def tryParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        try:
+            return self._parse( instring, loc, doActions=False )[0]
+        except ParseFatalException:
+            raise ParseException( instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+    # this method gets repeatedly called during backtracking with the same arguments -
+    # we can cache these arguments and save ourselves the trouble of re-parsing the contained expression
+    def _parseCache( self, instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True ):
+        lookup = (self,instring,loc,callPreParse,doActions)
+        if lookup in ParserElement._exprArgCache:
+            value = ParserElement._exprArgCache[ lookup ]
+            if isinstance(value, Exception):
+                raise value
+            return (value[0],value[1].copy())
+        else:
+            try:
+                value = self._parseNoCache( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse )
+                ParserElement._exprArgCache[ lookup ] = (value[0],value[1].copy())
+                return value
+            except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                pe.__traceback__ = None
+                ParserElement._exprArgCache[ lookup ] = pe
+                raise
+
+    _parse = _parseNoCache
+
+    # argument cache for optimizing repeated calls when backtracking through recursive expressions
+    _exprArgCache = {}
+    @staticmethod
+    def resetCache():
+        ParserElement._exprArgCache.clear()
+
+    _packratEnabled = False
+    @staticmethod
+    def enablePackrat():
+        """Enables "packrat" parsing, which adds memoizing to the parsing logic.
+           Repeated parse attempts at the same string location (which happens
+           often in many complex grammars) can immediately return a cached value,
+           instead of re-executing parsing/validating code.  Memoizing is done of
+           both valid results and parsing exceptions.
+
+           This speedup may break existing programs that use parse actions that
+           have side-effects.  For this reason, packrat parsing is disabled when
+           you first import pyparsing.  To activate the packrat feature, your
+           program must call the class method C{ParserElement.enablePackrat()}.  If
+           your program uses C{psyco} to "compile as you go", you must call
+           C{enablePackrat} before calling C{psyco.full()}.  If you do not do this,
+           Python will crash.  For best results, call C{enablePackrat()} immediately
+           after importing pyparsing.
+        """
+        if not ParserElement._packratEnabled:
+            ParserElement._packratEnabled = True
+            ParserElement._parse = ParserElement._parseCache
+
+    def parseString( self, instring, parseAll=False ):
+        """Execute the parse expression with the given string.
+           This is the main interface to the client code, once the complete
+           expression has been built.
+
+           If you want the grammar to require that the entire input string be
+           successfully parsed, then set C{parseAll} to True (equivalent to ending
+           the grammar with C{L{StringEnd()}}).
+
+           Note: C{parseString} implicitly calls C{expandtabs()} on the input string,
+           in order to report proper column numbers in parse actions.
+           If the input string contains tabs and
+           the grammar uses parse actions that use the C{loc} argument to index into the
+           string being parsed, you can ensure you have a consistent view of the input
+           string by:
+            - calling C{parseWithTabs} on your grammar before calling C{parseString}
+              (see L{I{parseWithTabs}<parseWithTabs>})
+            - define your parse action using the full C{(s,loc,toks)} signature, and
+              reference the input string using the parse action's C{s} argument
+            - explictly expand the tabs in your input string before calling
+              C{parseString}
+        """
+        ParserElement.resetCache()
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamline()
+            #~ self.saveAsList = True
+        for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+            e.streamline()
+        if not self.keepTabs:
+            instring = instring.expandtabs()
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self._parse( instring, 0 )
+            if parseAll:
+                loc = self.preParse( instring, loc )
+                se = Empty() + StringEnd()
+                se._parse( instring, loc )
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+        else:
+            return tokens
+
+    def scanString( self, instring, maxMatches=_MAX_INT, overlap=False ):
+        """Scan the input string for expression matches.  Each match will return the
+           matching tokens, start location, and end location.  May be called with optional
+           C{maxMatches} argument, to clip scanning after 'n' matches are found.  If
+           C{overlap} is specified, then overlapping matches will be reported.
+
+           Note that the start and end locations are reported relative to the string
+           being parsed.  See L{I{parseString}<parseString>} for more information on parsing
+           strings with embedded tabs."""
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamline()
+        for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+            e.streamline()
+
+        if not self.keepTabs:
+            instring = _ustr(instring).expandtabs()
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        loc = 0
+        preparseFn = self.preParse
+        parseFn = self._parse
+        ParserElement.resetCache()
+        matches = 0
+        try:
+            while loc <= instrlen and matches < maxMatches:
+                try:
+                    preloc = preparseFn( instring, loc )
+                    nextLoc,tokens = parseFn( instring, preloc, callPreParse=False )
+                except ParseException:
+                    loc = preloc+1
+                else:
+                    if nextLoc > loc:
+                        matches += 1
+                        yield tokens, preloc, nextLoc
+                        if overlap:
+                            nextloc = preparseFn( instring, loc )
+                            if nextloc > loc:
+                                loc = nextLoc
+                            else:
+                                loc += 1
+                        else:
+                            loc = nextLoc
+                    else:
+                        loc = preloc+1
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def transformString( self, instring ):
+        """Extension to C{L{scanString}}, to modify matching text with modified tokens that may
+           be returned from a parse action.  To use C{transformString}, define a grammar and
+           attach a parse action to it that modifies the returned token list.
+           Invoking C{transformString()} on a target string will then scan for matches,
+           and replace the matched text patterns according to the logic in the parse
+           action.  C{transformString()} returns the resulting transformed string."""
+        out = []
+        lastE = 0
+        # force preservation of <TAB>s, to minimize unwanted transformation of string, and to
+        # keep string locs straight between transformString and scanString
+        self.keepTabs = True
+        try:
+            for t,s,e in self.scanString( instring ):
+                out.append( instring[lastE:s] )
+                if t:
+                    if isinstance(t,ParseResults):
+                        out += t.asList()
+                    elif isinstance(t,list):
+                        out += t
+                    else:
+                        out.append(t)
+                lastE = e
+            out.append(instring[lastE:])
+            out = [o for o in out if o]
+            return "".join(map(_ustr,_flatten(out)))
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def searchString( self, instring, maxMatches=_MAX_INT ):
+        """Another extension to C{L{scanString}}, simplifying the access to the tokens found
+           to match the given parse expression.  May be called with optional
+           C{maxMatches} argument, to clip searching after 'n' matches are found.
+        """
+        try:
+            return ParseResults([ t for t,s,e in self.scanString( instring, maxMatches ) ])
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def __add__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of + operator - returns C{L{And}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return And( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of + operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other + self
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        """Implementation of - operator, returns C{L{And}} with error stop"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return And( [ self, And._ErrorStop(), other ] )
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of - operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other - self
+
+    def __mul__(self,other):
+        """Implementation of * operator, allows use of C{expr * 3} in place of
+           C{expr + expr + expr}.  Expressions may also me multiplied by a 2-integer
+           tuple, similar to C{{min,max}} multipliers in regular expressions.  Tuples
+           may also include C{None} as in:
+            - C{expr*(n,None)} or C{expr*(n,)} is equivalent
+              to C{expr*n + L{ZeroOrMore}(expr)}
+              (read as "at least n instances of C{expr}")
+            - C{expr*(None,n)} is equivalent to C{expr*(0,n)}
+              (read as "0 to n instances of C{expr}")
+            - C{expr*(None,None)} is equivalent to C{L{ZeroOrMore}(expr)}
+            - C{expr*(1,None)} is equivalent to C{L{OneOrMore}(expr)}
+
+           Note that C{expr*(None,n)} does not raise an exception if
+           more than n exprs exist in the input stream; that is,
+           C{expr*(None,n)} does not enforce a maximum number of expr
+           occurrences.  If this behavior is desired, then write
+           C{expr*(None,n) + ~expr}
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(other,int):
+            minElements, optElements = other,0
+        elif isinstance(other,tuple):
+            other = (other + (None, None))[:2]
+            if other[0] is None:
+                other = (0, other[1])
+            if isinstance(other[0],int) and other[1] is None:
+                if other[0] == 0:
+                    return ZeroOrMore(self)
+                if other[0] == 1:
+                    return OneOrMore(self)
+                else:
+                    return self*other[0] + ZeroOrMore(self)
+            elif isinstance(other[0],int) and isinstance(other[1],int):
+                minElements, optElements = other
+                optElements -= minElements
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot multiply 'ParserElement' and ('%s','%s') objects", type(other[0]),type(other[1]))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("cannot multiply 'ParserElement' and '%s' objects", type(other))
+
+        if minElements < 0:
+            raise ValueError("cannot multiply ParserElement by negative value")
+        if optElements < 0:
+            raise ValueError("second tuple value must be greater or equal to first tuple value")
+        if minElements == optElements == 0:
+            raise ValueError("cannot multiply ParserElement by 0 or (0,0)")
+
+        if (optElements):
+            def makeOptionalList(n):
+                if n>1:
+                    return Optional(self + makeOptionalList(n-1))
+                else:
+                    return Optional(self)
+            if minElements:
+                if minElements == 1:
+                    ret = self + makeOptionalList(optElements)
+                else:
+                    ret = And([self]*minElements) + makeOptionalList(optElements)
+            else:
+                ret = makeOptionalList(optElements)
+        else:
+            if minElements == 1:
+                ret = self
+            else:
+                ret = And([self]*minElements)
+        return ret
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__mul__(other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of | operator - returns C{L{MatchFirst}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return MatchFirst( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __ror__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of | operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other | self
+
+    def __xor__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of ^ operator - returns C{L{Or}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return Or( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __rxor__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of ^ operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other ^ self
+
+    def __and__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of & operator - returns C{L{Each}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return Each( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __rand__(self, other ):
+        """Implementation of & operator when left operand is not a C{L{ParserElement}}"""
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        if not isinstance( other, ParserElement ):
+            warnings.warn("Cannot combine element of type %s with ParserElement" % type(other),
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            return None
+        return other & self
+
+    def __invert__( self ):
+        """Implementation of ~ operator - returns C{L{NotAny}}"""
+        return NotAny( self )
+
+    def __call__(self, name=None):
+        """Shortcut for C{L{setResultsName}}, with C{listAllMatches=default}::
+             userdata = Word(alphas).setResultsName("name") + Word(nums+"-").setResultsName("socsecno")
+           could be written as::
+             userdata = Word(alphas)("name") + Word(nums+"-")("socsecno")
+             
+           If C{name} is given with a trailing C{'*'} character, then C{listAllMatches} will be
+           passed as C{True}.
+           
+           If C{name} is omitted, same as calling C{L{copy}}.
+           """
+        if name is not None:
+            return self.setResultsName(name)
+        else:
+            return self.copy()
+
+    def suppress( self ):
+        """Suppresses the output of this C{ParserElement}; useful to keep punctuation from
+           cluttering up returned output.
+        """
+        return Suppress( self )
+
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        """Disables the skipping of whitespace before matching the characters in the
+           C{ParserElement}'s defined pattern.  This is normally only used internally by
+           the pyparsing module, but may be needed in some whitespace-sensitive grammars.
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        return self
+
+    def setWhitespaceChars( self, chars ):
+        """Overrides the default whitespace chars
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.whiteChars = chars
+        self.copyDefaultWhiteChars = False
+        return self
+
+    def parseWithTabs( self ):
+        """Overrides default behavior to expand C{<TAB>}s to spaces before parsing the input string.
+           Must be called before C{parseString} when the input grammar contains elements that
+           match C{<TAB>} characters."""
+        self.keepTabs = True
+        return self
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        """Define expression to be ignored (e.g., comments) while doing pattern
+           matching; may be called repeatedly, to define multiple comment or other
+           ignorable patterns.
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, basestring):
+            other = Suppress(other)
+
+        if isinstance( other, Suppress ):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                self.ignoreExprs.append(other)
+        else:
+            self.ignoreExprs.append( Suppress( other.copy() ) )
+        return self
+
+    def setDebugActions( self, startAction, successAction, exceptionAction ):
+        """Enable display of debugging messages while doing pattern matching."""
+        self.debugActions = (startAction or _defaultStartDebugAction,
+                             successAction or _defaultSuccessDebugAction,
+                             exceptionAction or _defaultExceptionDebugAction)
+        self.debug = True
+        return self
+
+    def setDebug( self, flag=True ):
+        """Enable display of debugging messages while doing pattern matching.
+           Set C{flag} to True to enable, False to disable."""
+        if flag:
+            self.setDebugActions( _defaultStartDebugAction, _defaultSuccessDebugAction, _defaultExceptionDebugAction )
+        else:
+            self.debug = False
+        return self
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return self.name
+
+    def __repr__( self ):
+        return _ustr(self)
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        self.streamlined = True
+        self.strRepr = None
+        return self
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        pass
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        """Check defined expressions for valid structure, check for infinite recursive definitions."""
+        self.checkRecursion( [] )
+
+    def parseFile( self, file_or_filename, parseAll=False ):
+        """Execute the parse expression on the given file or filename.
+           If a filename is specified (instead of a file object),
+           the entire file is opened, read, and closed before parsing.
+        """
+        try:
+            file_contents = file_or_filename.read()
+        except AttributeError:
+            f = open(file_or_filename, "r")
+            file_contents = f.read()
+            f.close()
+        try:
+            return self.parseString(file_contents, parseAll)
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc
+
+    def __eq__(self,other):
+        if isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return self is other or self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+        elif isinstance(other, basestring):
+            try:
+                self.parseString(_ustr(other), parseAll=True)
+                return True
+            except ParseBaseException:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return super(ParserElement,self)==other
+
+    def __ne__(self,other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(id(self))
+
+    def __req__(self,other):
+        return self == other
+
+    def __rne__(self,other):
+        return not (self == other)
+
+    def runTests(self, tests, parseAll=False):
+        """Execute the parse expression on a series of test strings, showing each
+           test, the parsed results or where the parse failed. Quick and easy way to
+           run a parse expression against a list of sample strings.
+           
+           Parameters:
+            - tests - a list of separate test strings, or a multiline string of test strings
+            - parseAll - (default=False) - flag to pass to C{L{parseString}} when running tests           
+        """
+        if isinstance(tests, basestring):
+            tests = map(str.strip, tests.splitlines())
+        for t in tests:
+            out = [t]
+            try:
+                out.append(self.parseString(t, parseAll=parseAll).dump())
+            except ParseException as pe:
+                if '\n' in t:
+                    out.append(line(pe.loc, t))
+                    out.append(' '*(col(pe.loc,t)-1) + '^')
+                else:
+                    out.append(' '*pe.loc + '^')
+                out.append(str(pe))
+            out.append('')
+            print('\n'.join(out))
+
+        
+class Token(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract C{ParserElement} subclass, for defining atomic matching patterns."""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(Token,self).__init__( savelist=False )
+
+
+class Empty(Token):
+    """An empty token, will always match."""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(Empty,self).__init__()
+        self.name = "Empty"
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+
+class NoMatch(Token):
+    """A token that will never match."""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(NoMatch,self).__init__()
+        self.name = "NoMatch"
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.errmsg = "Unmatchable token"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class Literal(Token):
+    """Token to exactly match a specified string."""
+    def __init__( self, matchString ):
+        super(Literal,self).__init__()
+        self.match = matchString
+        self.matchLen = len(matchString)
+        try:
+            self.firstMatchChar = matchString[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            warnings.warn("null string passed to Literal; use Empty() instead",
+                            SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            self.__class__ = Empty
+        self.name = '"%s"' % _ustr(self.match)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    # Performance tuning: this routine gets called a *lot*
+    # if this is a single character match string  and the first character matches,
+    # short-circuit as quickly as possible, and avoid calling startswith
+    #~ @profile
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if (instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar and
+            (self.matchLen==1 or instring.startswith(self.match,loc)) ):
+            return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+_L = Literal
+ParserElement.literalStringClass = Literal
+
+class Keyword(Token):
+    """Token to exactly match a specified string as a keyword, that is, it must be
+       immediately followed by a non-keyword character.  Compare with C{L{Literal}}::
+         Literal("if") will match the leading C{'if'} in C{'ifAndOnlyIf'}.
+         Keyword("if") will not; it will only match the leading C{'if'} in C{'if x=1'}, or C{'if(y==2)'}
+       Accepts two optional constructor arguments in addition to the keyword string:
+       C{identChars} is a string of characters that would be valid identifier characters,
+       defaulting to all alphanumerics + "_" and "$"; C{caseless} allows case-insensitive
+       matching, default is C{False}.
+    """
+    DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = alphanums+"_$"
+
+    def __init__( self, matchString, identChars=DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS, caseless=False ):
+        super(Keyword,self).__init__()
+        self.match = matchString
+        self.matchLen = len(matchString)
+        try:
+            self.firstMatchChar = matchString[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            warnings.warn("null string passed to Keyword; use Empty() instead",
+                            SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        self.name = '"%s"' % self.match
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.caseless = caseless
+        if caseless:
+            self.caselessmatch = matchString.upper()
+            identChars = identChars.upper()
+        self.identChars = set(identChars)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.caseless:
+            if ( (instring[ loc:loc+self.matchLen ].upper() == self.caselessmatch) and
+                 (loc >= len(instring)-self.matchLen or instring[loc+self.matchLen].upper() not in self.identChars) and
+                 (loc == 0 or instring[loc-1].upper() not in self.identChars) ):
+                return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        else:
+            if (instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar and
+                (self.matchLen==1 or instring.startswith(self.match,loc)) and
+                (loc >= len(instring)-self.matchLen or instring[loc+self.matchLen] not in self.identChars) and
+                (loc == 0 or instring[loc-1] not in self.identChars) ):
+                return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        c = super(Keyword,self).copy()
+        c.identChars = Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS
+        return c
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def setDefaultKeywordChars( chars ):
+        """Overrides the default Keyword chars
+        """
+        Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = chars
+
+class CaselessLiteral(Literal):
+    """Token to match a specified string, ignoring case of letters.
+       Note: the matched results will always be in the case of the given
+       match string, NOT the case of the input text.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, matchString ):
+        super(CaselessLiteral,self).__init__( matchString.upper() )
+        # Preserve the defining literal.
+        self.returnString = matchString
+        self.name = "'%s'" % self.returnString
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if instring[ loc:loc+self.matchLen ].upper() == self.match:
+            return loc+self.matchLen, self.returnString
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class CaselessKeyword(Keyword):
+    def __init__( self, matchString, identChars=Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS ):
+        super(CaselessKeyword,self).__init__( matchString, identChars, caseless=True )
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if ( (instring[ loc:loc+self.matchLen ].upper() == self.caselessmatch) and
+             (loc >= len(instring)-self.matchLen or instring[loc+self.matchLen].upper() not in self.identChars) ):
+            return loc+self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class Word(Token):
+    """Token for matching words composed of allowed character sets.
+       Defined with string containing all allowed initial characters,
+       an optional string containing allowed body characters (if omitted,
+       defaults to the initial character set), and an optional minimum,
+       maximum, and/or exact length.  The default value for C{min} is 1 (a
+       minimum value < 1 is not valid); the default values for C{max} and C{exact}
+       are 0, meaning no maximum or exact length restriction. An optional
+       C{exclude} parameter can list characters that might be found in 
+       the input C{bodyChars} string; useful to define a word of all printables
+       except for one or two characters, for instance.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, initChars, bodyChars=None, min=1, max=0, exact=0, asKeyword=False, excludeChars=None ):
+        super(Word,self).__init__()
+        if excludeChars:
+            initChars = ''.join(c for c in initChars if c not in excludeChars)
+            if bodyChars:
+                bodyChars = ''.join(c for c in bodyChars if c not in excludeChars)
+        self.initCharsOrig = initChars
+        self.initChars = set(initChars)
+        if bodyChars :
+            self.bodyCharsOrig = bodyChars
+            self.bodyChars = set(bodyChars)
+        else:
+            self.bodyCharsOrig = initChars
+            self.bodyChars = set(initChars)
+
+        self.maxSpecified = max > 0
+
+        if min < 1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot specify a minimum length < 1; use Optional(Word()) if zero-length word is permitted")
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.asKeyword = asKeyword
+
+        if ' ' not in self.initCharsOrig+self.bodyCharsOrig and (min==1 and max==0 and exact==0):
+            if self.bodyCharsOrig == self.initCharsOrig:
+                self.reString = "[%s]+" % _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.initCharsOrig)
+            elif len(self.initCharsOrig) == 1:
+                self.reString = "%s[%s]*" % \
+                                      (re.escape(self.initCharsOrig),
+                                      _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.bodyCharsOrig),)
+            else:
+                self.reString = "[%s][%s]*" % \
+                                      (_escapeRegexRangeChars(self.initCharsOrig),
+                                      _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.bodyCharsOrig),)
+            if self.asKeyword:
+                self.reString = r"\b"+self.reString+r"\b"
+            try:
+                self.re = re.compile( self.reString )
+            except:
+                self.re = None
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.re:
+            result = self.re.match(instring,loc)
+            if not result:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+            loc = result.end()
+            return loc, result.group()
+
+        if not(instring[ loc ] in self.initChars):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        bodychars = self.bodyChars
+        maxloc = start + self.maxLen
+        maxloc = min( maxloc, instrlen )
+        while loc < maxloc and instring[loc] in bodychars:
+            loc += 1
+
+        throwException = False
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            throwException = True
+        if self.maxSpecified and loc < instrlen and instring[loc] in bodychars:
+            throwException = True
+        if self.asKeyword:
+            if (start>0 and instring[start-1] in bodychars) or (loc<instrlen and instring[loc] in bodychars):
+                throwException = True
+
+        if throwException:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(Word,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+
+            def charsAsStr(s):
+                if len(s)>4:
+                    return s[:4]+"..."
+                else:
+                    return s
+
+            if ( self.initCharsOrig != self.bodyCharsOrig ):
+                self.strRepr = "W:(%s,%s)" % ( charsAsStr(self.initCharsOrig), charsAsStr(self.bodyCharsOrig) )
+            else:
+                self.strRepr = "W:(%s)" % charsAsStr(self.initCharsOrig)
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class Regex(Token):
+    """Token for matching strings that match a given regular expression.
+       Defined with string specifying the regular expression in a form recognized by the inbuilt Python re module.
+    """
+    compiledREtype = type(re.compile("[A-Z]"))
+    def __init__( self, pattern, flags=0):
+        """The parameters C{pattern} and C{flags} are passed to the C{re.compile()} function as-is. See the Python C{re} module for an explanation of the acceptable patterns and flags."""
+        super(Regex,self).__init__()
+
+        if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
+            if len(pattern) == 0:
+                warnings.warn("null string passed to Regex; use Empty() instead",
+                        SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+            self.pattern = pattern
+            self.flags = flags
+
+            try:
+                self.re = re.compile(self.pattern, self.flags)
+                self.reString = self.pattern
+            except sre_constants.error:
+                warnings.warn("invalid pattern (%s) passed to Regex" % pattern,
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                raise
+
+        elif isinstance(pattern, Regex.compiledREtype):
+            self.re = pattern
+            self.pattern = \
+            self.reString = str(pattern)
+            self.flags = flags
+            
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Regex may only be constructed with a string or a compiled RE object")
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        result = self.re.match(instring,loc)
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        d = result.groupdict()
+        ret = ParseResults(result.group())
+        if d:
+            for k in d:
+                ret[k] = d[k]
+        return loc,ret
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(Regex,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "Re:(%s)" % repr(self.pattern)
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class QuotedString(Token):
+    """Token for matching strings that are delimited by quoting characters.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, quoteChar, escChar=None, escQuote=None, multiline=False, unquoteResults=True, endQuoteChar=None):
+        """
+           Defined with the following parameters:
+            - quoteChar - string of one or more characters defining the quote delimiting string
+            - escChar - character to escape quotes, typically backslash (default=None)
+            - escQuote - special quote sequence to escape an embedded quote string (such as SQL's "" to escape an embedded ") (default=None)
+            - multiline - boolean indicating whether quotes can span multiple lines (default=C{False})
+            - unquoteResults - boolean indicating whether the matched text should be unquoted (default=C{True})
+            - endQuoteChar - string of one or more characters defining the end of the quote delimited string (default=C{None} => same as quoteChar)
+        """
+        super(QuotedString,self).__init__()
+
+        # remove white space from quote chars - wont work anyway
+        quoteChar = quoteChar.strip()
+        if len(quoteChar) == 0:
+            warnings.warn("quoteChar cannot be the empty string",SyntaxWarning,stacklevel=2)
+            raise SyntaxError()
+
+        if endQuoteChar is None:
+            endQuoteChar = quoteChar
+        else:
+            endQuoteChar = endQuoteChar.strip()
+            if len(endQuoteChar) == 0:
+                warnings.warn("endQuoteChar cannot be the empty string",SyntaxWarning,stacklevel=2)
+                raise SyntaxError()
+
+        self.quoteChar = quoteChar
+        self.quoteCharLen = len(quoteChar)
+        self.firstQuoteChar = quoteChar[0]
+        self.endQuoteChar = endQuoteChar
+        self.endQuoteCharLen = len(endQuoteChar)
+        self.escChar = escChar
+        self.escQuote = escQuote
+        self.unquoteResults = unquoteResults
+
+        if multiline:
+            self.flags = re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+            self.pattern = r'%s(?:[^%s%s]' % \
+                ( re.escape(self.quoteChar),
+                  _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.endQuoteChar[0]),
+                  (escChar is not None and _escapeRegexRangeChars(escChar) or '') )
+        else:
+            self.flags = 0
+            self.pattern = r'%s(?:[^%s\n\r%s]' % \
+                ( re.escape(self.quoteChar),
+                  _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.endQuoteChar[0]),
+                  (escChar is not None and _escapeRegexRangeChars(escChar) or '') )
+        if len(self.endQuoteChar) > 1:
+            self.pattern += (
+                '|(?:' + ')|(?:'.join("%s[^%s]" % (re.escape(self.endQuoteChar[:i]),
+                                               _escapeRegexRangeChars(self.endQuoteChar[i]))
+                                    for i in range(len(self.endQuoteChar)-1,0,-1)) + ')'
+                )
+        if escQuote:
+            self.pattern += (r'|(?:%s)' % re.escape(escQuote))
+        if escChar:
+            self.pattern += (r'|(?:%s.)' % re.escape(escChar))
+            self.escCharReplacePattern = re.escape(self.escChar)+"(.)"
+        self.pattern += (r')*%s' % re.escape(self.endQuoteChar))
+
+        try:
+            self.re = re.compile(self.pattern, self.flags)
+            self.reString = self.pattern
+        except sre_constants.error:
+            warnings.warn("invalid pattern (%s) passed to Regex" % self.pattern,
+                SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            raise
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        result = instring[loc] == self.firstQuoteChar and self.re.match(instring,loc) or None
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        ret = result.group()
+
+        if self.unquoteResults:
+
+            # strip off quotes
+            ret = ret[self.quoteCharLen:-self.endQuoteCharLen]
+
+            if isinstance(ret,basestring):
+                # replace escaped characters
+                if self.escChar:
+                    ret = re.sub(self.escCharReplacePattern,"\g<1>",ret)
+
+                # replace escaped quotes
+                if self.escQuote:
+                    ret = ret.replace(self.escQuote, self.endQuoteChar)
+
+        return loc, ret
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(QuotedString,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "quoted string, starting with %s ending with %s" % (self.quoteChar, self.endQuoteChar)
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class CharsNotIn(Token):
+    """Token for matching words composed of characters *not* in a given set.
+       Defined with string containing all disallowed characters, and an optional
+       minimum, maximum, and/or exact length.  The default value for C{min} is 1 (a
+       minimum value < 1 is not valid); the default values for C{max} and C{exact}
+       are 0, meaning no maximum or exact length restriction.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, notChars, min=1, max=0, exact=0 ):
+        super(CharsNotIn,self).__init__()
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.notChars = notChars
+
+        if min < 1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot specify a minimum length < 1; use Optional(CharsNotIn()) if zero-length char group is permitted")
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+        self.name = _ustr(self)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = ( self.minLen == 0 )
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if instring[loc] in self.notChars:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        notchars = self.notChars
+        maxlen = min( start+self.maxLen, len(instring) )
+        while loc < maxlen and \
+              (instring[loc] not in notchars):
+            loc += 1
+
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(CharsNotIn, self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            if len(self.notChars) > 4:
+                self.strRepr = "!W:(%s...)" % self.notChars[:4]
+            else:
+                self.strRepr = "!W:(%s)" % self.notChars
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+class White(Token):
+    """Special matching class for matching whitespace.  Normally, whitespace is ignored
+       by pyparsing grammars.  This class is included when some whitespace structures
+       are significant.  Define with a string containing the whitespace characters to be
+       matched; default is C{" \\t\\r\\n"}.  Also takes optional C{min}, C{max}, and C{exact} arguments,
+       as defined for the C{L{Word}} class."""
+    whiteStrs = {
+        " " : "<SPC>",
+        "\t": "<TAB>",
+        "\n": "<LF>",
+        "\r": "<CR>",
+        "\f": "<FF>",
+        }
+    def __init__(self, ws=" \t\r\n", min=1, max=0, exact=0):
+        super(White,self).__init__()
+        self.matchWhite = ws
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( "".join(c for c in self.whiteChars if c not in self.matchWhite) )
+        #~ self.leaveWhitespace()
+        self.name = ("".join(White.whiteStrs[c] for c in self.matchWhite))
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if not(instring[ loc ] in self.matchWhite):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        maxloc = start + self.maxLen
+        maxloc = min( maxloc, len(instring) )
+        while loc < maxloc and instring[loc] in self.matchWhite:
+            loc += 1
+
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+
+class _PositionToken(Token):
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(_PositionToken,self).__init__()
+        self.name=self.__class__.__name__
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+class GoToColumn(_PositionToken):
+    """Token to advance to a specific column of input text; useful for tabular report scraping."""
+    def __init__( self, colno ):
+        super(GoToColumn,self).__init__()
+        self.col = colno
+
+    def preParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        if col(loc,instring) != self.col:
+            instrlen = len(instring)
+            if self.ignoreExprs:
+                loc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+            while loc < instrlen and instring[loc].isspace() and col( loc, instring ) != self.col :
+                loc += 1
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        thiscol = col( loc, instring )
+        if thiscol > self.col:
+            raise ParseException( instring, loc, "Text not in expected column", self )
+        newloc = loc + self.col - thiscol
+        ret = instring[ loc: newloc ]
+        return newloc, ret
+
+class LineStart(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the beginning of a line within the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(LineStart,self).__init__()
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS.replace("\n","") )
+        self.errmsg = "Expected start of line"
+
+    def preParse( self, instring, loc ):
+        preloc = super(LineStart,self).preParse(instring,loc)
+        if instring[preloc] == "\n":
+            loc += 1
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if not( loc==0 or
+            (loc == self.preParse( instring, 0 )) or
+            (instring[loc-1] == "\n") ): #col(loc, instring) != 1:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+class LineEnd(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the end of a line within the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(LineEnd,self).__init__()
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS.replace("\n","") )
+        self.errmsg = "Expected end of line"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc<len(instring):
+            if instring[loc] == "\n":
+                return loc+1, "\n"
+            else:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        elif loc == len(instring):
+            return loc+1, []
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class StringStart(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the beginning of the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(StringStart,self).__init__()
+        self.errmsg = "Expected start of text"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc != 0:
+            # see if entire string up to here is just whitespace and ignoreables
+            if loc != self.preParse( instring, 0 ):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+class StringEnd(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the end of the parse string"""
+    def __init__( self ):
+        super(StringEnd,self).__init__()
+        self.errmsg = "Expected end of text"
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc < len(instring):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        elif loc == len(instring):
+            return loc+1, []
+        elif loc > len(instring):
+            return loc, []
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class WordStart(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if the current position is at the beginning of a Word, and
+       is not preceded by any character in a given set of C{wordChars}
+       (default=C{printables}). To emulate the C{\b} behavior of regular expressions,
+       use C{WordStart(alphanums)}. C{WordStart} will also match at the beginning of
+       the string being parsed, or at the beginning of a line.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, wordChars = printables):
+        super(WordStart,self).__init__()
+        self.wordChars = set(wordChars)
+        self.errmsg = "Not at the start of a word"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if loc != 0:
+            if (instring[loc-1] in self.wordChars or
+                instring[loc] not in self.wordChars):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+class WordEnd(_PositionToken):
+    """Matches if the current position is at the end of a Word, and
+       is not followed by any character in a given set of C{wordChars}
+       (default=C{printables}). To emulate the C{\b} behavior of regular expressions,
+       use C{WordEnd(alphanums)}. C{WordEnd} will also match at the end of
+       the string being parsed, or at the end of a line.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, wordChars = printables):
+        super(WordEnd,self).__init__()
+        self.wordChars = set(wordChars)
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.errmsg = "Not at the end of a word"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        if instrlen>0 and loc<instrlen:
+            if (instring[loc] in self.wordChars or
+                instring[loc-1] not in self.wordChars):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class ParseExpression(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract subclass of ParserElement, for combining and post-processing parsed tokens."""
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = False ):
+        super(ParseExpression,self).__init__(savelist)
+        if isinstance( exprs, _generatorType ):
+            exprs = list(exprs)
+
+        if isinstance( exprs, basestring ):
+            self.exprs = [ Literal( exprs ) ]
+        elif isinstance( exprs, collections.Sequence ):
+            # if sequence of strings provided, wrap with Literal
+            if all(isinstance(expr, basestring) for expr in exprs):
+                exprs = map(Literal, exprs)
+            self.exprs = list(exprs)
+        else:
+            try:
+                self.exprs = list( exprs )
+            except TypeError:
+                self.exprs = [ exprs ]
+        self.callPreparse = False
+
+    def __getitem__( self, i ):
+        return self.exprs[i]
+
+    def append( self, other ):
+        self.exprs.append( other )
+        self.strRepr = None
+        return self
+
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        """Extends C{leaveWhitespace} defined in base class, and also invokes C{leaveWhitespace} on
+           all contained expressions."""
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.exprs = [ e.copy() for e in self.exprs ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.leaveWhitespace()
+        return self
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, Suppress ):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                super( ParseExpression, self).ignore( other )
+                for e in self.exprs:
+                    e.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        else:
+            super( ParseExpression, self).ignore( other )
+            for e in self.exprs:
+                e.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        return self
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(ParseExpression,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "%s:(%s)" % ( self.__class__.__name__, _ustr(self.exprs) )
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        super(ParseExpression,self).streamline()
+
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.streamline()
+
+        # collapse nested And's of the form And( And( And( a,b), c), d) to And( a,b,c,d )
+        # but only if there are no parse actions or resultsNames on the nested And's
+        # (likewise for Or's and MatchFirst's)
+        if ( len(self.exprs) == 2 ):
+            other = self.exprs[0]
+            if ( isinstance( other, self.__class__ ) and
+                  not(other.parseAction) and
+                  other.resultsName is None and
+                  not other.debug ):
+                self.exprs = other.exprs[:] + [ self.exprs[1] ]
+                self.strRepr = None
+                self.mayReturnEmpty |= other.mayReturnEmpty
+                self.mayIndexError  |= other.mayIndexError
+
+            other = self.exprs[-1]
+            if ( isinstance( other, self.__class__ ) and
+                  not(other.parseAction) and
+                  other.resultsName is None and
+                  not other.debug ):
+                self.exprs = self.exprs[:-1] + other.exprs[:]
+                self.strRepr = None
+                self.mayReturnEmpty |= other.mayReturnEmpty
+                self.mayIndexError  |= other.mayIndexError
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + _ustr(self)
+        
+        return self
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        ret = super(ParseExpression,self).setResultsName(name,listAllMatches)
+        return ret
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        tmp = validateTrace[:]+[self]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.validate(tmp)
+        self.checkRecursion( [] )
+        
+    def copy(self):
+        ret = super(ParseExpression,self).copy()
+        ret.exprs = [e.copy() for e in self.exprs]
+        return ret
+
+class And(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires all given C{ParseExpression}s to be found in the given order.
+       Expressions may be separated by whitespace.
+       May be constructed using the C{'+'} operator.
+    """
+
+    class _ErrorStop(Empty):
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            super(And._ErrorStop,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+            self.name = '-'
+            self.leaveWhitespace()
+
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = True ):
+        super(And,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( self.exprs[0].whiteChars )
+        self.skipWhitespace = self.exprs[0].skipWhitespace
+        self.callPreparse = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        # pass False as last arg to _parse for first element, since we already
+        # pre-parsed the string as part of our And pre-parsing
+        loc, resultlist = self.exprs[0]._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        errorStop = False
+        for e in self.exprs[1:]:
+            if isinstance(e, And._ErrorStop):
+                errorStop = True
+                continue
+            if errorStop:
+                try:
+                    loc, exprtokens = e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+                except ParseSyntaxException:
+                    raise
+                except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                    pe.__traceback__ = None
+                    raise ParseSyntaxException(pe)
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseSyntaxException( ParseException(instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self) )
+            else:
+                loc, exprtokens = e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+            if exprtokens or exprtokens.haskeys():
+                resultlist += exprtokens
+        return loc, resultlist
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = Literal( other )
+        return self.append( other ) #And( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+            if not e.mayReturnEmpty:
+                break
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class Or(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires that at least one C{ParseExpression} is found.
+       If two expressions match, the expression that matches the longest string will be used.
+       May be constructed using the C{'^'} operator.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = False ):
+        super(Or,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        maxExcLoc = -1
+        maxException = None
+        matches = []
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            try:
+                loc2 = e.tryParse( instring, loc )
+            except ParseException as err:
+                err.__traceback__ = None
+                if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = err
+                    maxExcLoc = err.loc
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(instring) > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = ParseException(instring,len(instring),e.errmsg,self)
+                    maxExcLoc = len(instring)
+            else:
+                # save match among all matches, to retry longest to shortest
+                matches.append((loc2, e))
+
+        if matches:
+            matches.sort(key=lambda x: -x[0])
+            for _,e in matches:
+                try:
+                    return e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+                except ParseException as err:
+                    err.__traceback__ = None
+                    if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                        maxException = err
+                        maxExcLoc = err.loc
+
+        if maxException is not None:
+            maxException.msg = self.errmsg
+            raise maxException
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, "no defined alternatives to match", self)
+
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        return self.append( other ) #Or( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " ^ ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+
+class MatchFirst(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires that at least one C{ParseExpression} is found.
+       If two expressions match, the first one listed is the one that will match.
+       May be constructed using the C{'|'} operator.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = False ):
+        super(MatchFirst,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        maxExcLoc = -1
+        maxException = None
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            try:
+                ret = e._parse( instring, loc, doActions )
+                return ret
+            except ParseException as err:
+                if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = err
+                    maxExcLoc = err.loc
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(instring) > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = ParseException(instring,len(instring),e.errmsg,self)
+                    maxExcLoc = len(instring)
+
+        # only got here if no expression matched, raise exception for match that made it the furthest
+        else:
+            if maxException is not None:
+                maxException.msg = self.errmsg
+                raise maxException
+            else:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, "no defined alternatives to match", self)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass( other )
+        return self.append( other ) #MatchFirst( [ self, other ] )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " | ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+
+class Each(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires all given C{ParseExpression}s to be found, but in any order.
+       Expressions may be separated by whitespace.
+       May be constructed using the C{'&'} operator.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, exprs, savelist = True ):
+        super(Each,self).__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.initExprGroups = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.initExprGroups:
+            self.opt1map = dict((id(e.expr),e) for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,Optional))
+            opt1 = [ e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,Optional) ]
+            opt2 = [ e for e in self.exprs if e.mayReturnEmpty and not isinstance(e,Optional)]
+            self.optionals = opt1 + opt2
+            self.multioptionals = [ e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,ZeroOrMore) ]
+            self.multirequired = [ e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,OneOrMore) ]
+            self.required = [ e for e in self.exprs if not isinstance(e,(Optional,ZeroOrMore,OneOrMore)) ]
+            self.required += self.multirequired
+            self.initExprGroups = False
+        tmpLoc = loc
+        tmpReqd = self.required[:]
+        tmpOpt  = self.optionals[:]
+        matchOrder = []
+
+        keepMatching = True
+        while keepMatching:
+            tmpExprs = tmpReqd + tmpOpt + self.multioptionals + self.multirequired
+            failed = []
+            for e in tmpExprs:
+                try:
+                    tmpLoc = e.tryParse( instring, tmpLoc )
+                except ParseException:
+                    failed.append(e)
+                else:
+                    matchOrder.append(self.opt1map.get(id(e),e))
+                    if e in tmpReqd:
+                        tmpReqd.remove(e)
+                    elif e in tmpOpt:
+                        tmpOpt.remove(e)
+            if len(failed) == len(tmpExprs):
+                keepMatching = False
+
+        if tmpReqd:
+            missing = ", ".join(_ustr(e) for e in tmpReqd)
+            raise ParseException(instring,loc,"Missing one or more required elements (%s)" % missing )
+
+        # add any unmatched Optionals, in case they have default values defined
+        matchOrder += [e for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e,Optional) and e.expr in tmpOpt]
+
+        resultlist = []
+        for e in matchOrder:
+            loc,results = e._parse(instring,loc,doActions)
+            resultlist.append(results)
+
+        finalResults = ParseResults([])
+        for r in resultlist:
+            dups = {}
+            for k in r.keys():
+                if k in finalResults:
+                    tmp = ParseResults(finalResults[k])
+                    tmp += ParseResults(r[k])
+                    dups[k] = tmp
+            finalResults += ParseResults(r)
+            for k,v in dups.items():
+                finalResults[k] = v
+        return loc, finalResults
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + " & ".join(_ustr(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+
+class ParseElementEnhance(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract subclass of C{ParserElement}, for combining and post-processing parsed tokens."""
+    def __init__( self, expr, savelist=False ):
+        super(ParseElementEnhance,self).__init__(savelist)
+        if isinstance( expr, basestring ):
+            expr = Literal(expr)
+        self.expr = expr
+        self.strRepr = None
+        if expr is not None:
+            self.mayIndexError = expr.mayIndexError
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = expr.mayReturnEmpty
+            self.setWhitespaceChars( expr.whiteChars )
+            self.skipWhitespace = expr.skipWhitespace
+            self.saveAsList = expr.saveAsList
+            self.callPreparse = expr.callPreparse
+            self.ignoreExprs.extend(expr.ignoreExprs)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            return self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        else:
+            raise ParseException("",loc,self.errmsg,self)
+
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.expr = self.expr.copy()
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.leaveWhitespace()
+        return self
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, Suppress ):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                super( ParseElementEnhance, self).ignore( other )
+                if self.expr is not None:
+                    self.expr.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        else:
+            super( ParseElementEnhance, self).ignore( other )
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.ignore( self.ignoreExprs[-1] )
+        return self
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        super(ParseElementEnhance,self).streamline()
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.streamline()
+        return self
+
+    def checkRecursion( self, parseElementList ):
+        if self in parseElementList:
+            raise RecursiveGrammarException( parseElementList+[self] )
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [ self ]
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.checkRecursion( subRecCheckList )
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        tmp = validateTrace[:]+[self]
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.validate(tmp)
+        self.checkRecursion( [] )
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        try:
+            return super(ParseElementEnhance,self).__str__()
+        except:
+            pass
+
+        if self.strRepr is None and self.expr is not None:
+            self.strRepr = "%s:(%s)" % ( self.__class__.__name__, _ustr(self.expr) )
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class FollowedBy(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Lookahead matching of the given parse expression.  C{FollowedBy}
+    does *not* advance the parsing position within the input string, it only
+    verifies that the specified parse expression matches at the current
+    position.  C{FollowedBy} always returns a null token list."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(FollowedBy,self).__init__(expr)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        self.expr.tryParse( instring, loc )
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class NotAny(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Lookahead to disallow matching with the given parse expression.  C{NotAny}
+    does *not* advance the parsing position within the input string, it only
+    verifies that the specified parse expression does *not* match at the current
+    position.  Also, C{NotAny} does *not* skip over leading whitespace. C{NotAny}
+    always returns a null token list.  May be constructed using the '~' operator."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(NotAny,self).__init__(expr)
+        #~ self.leaveWhitespace()
+        self.skipWhitespace = False  # do NOT use self.leaveWhitespace(), don't want to propagate to exprs
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.errmsg = "Found unwanted token, "+_ustr(self.expr)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        try:
+            self.expr.tryParse( instring, loc )
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "~{" + _ustr(self.expr) + "}"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class ZeroOrMore(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Optional repetition of zero or more of the given expression."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(ZeroOrMore,self).__init__(expr)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        tokens = []
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+            hasIgnoreExprs = ( len(self.ignoreExprs) > 0 )
+            while 1:
+                if hasIgnoreExprs:
+                    preloc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+                else:
+                    preloc = loc
+                loc, tmptokens = self.expr._parse( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                if tmptokens or tmptokens.haskeys():
+                    tokens += tmptokens
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            pass
+
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "[" + _ustr(self.expr) + "]..."
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        ret = super(ZeroOrMore,self).setResultsName(name,listAllMatches)
+        ret.saveAsList = True
+        return ret
+
+
+class OneOrMore(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Repetition of one or more of the given expression."""
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        # must be at least one
+        loc, tokens = self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        try:
+            hasIgnoreExprs = ( len(self.ignoreExprs) > 0 )
+            while 1:
+                if hasIgnoreExprs:
+                    preloc = self._skipIgnorables( instring, loc )
+                else:
+                    preloc = loc
+                loc, tmptokens = self.expr._parse( instring, preloc, doActions )
+                if tmptokens or tmptokens.haskeys():
+                    tokens += tmptokens
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            pass
+
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "{" + _ustr(self.expr) + "}..."
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+    def setResultsName( self, name, listAllMatches=False ):
+        ret = super(OneOrMore,self).setResultsName(name,listAllMatches)
+        ret.saveAsList = True
+        return ret
+
+class _NullToken(object):
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return False
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ""
+
+_optionalNotMatched = _NullToken()
+class Optional(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Optional matching of the given expression.
+       A default return string can also be specified, if the optional expression
+       is not found.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, expr, default=_optionalNotMatched ):
+        super(Optional,self).__init__( expr, savelist=False )
+        self.defaultValue = default
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self.expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False )
+        except (ParseException,IndexError):
+            if self.defaultValue is not _optionalNotMatched:
+                if self.expr.resultsName:
+                    tokens = ParseResults([ self.defaultValue ])
+                    tokens[self.expr.resultsName] = self.defaultValue
+                else:
+                    tokens = [ self.defaultValue ]
+            else:
+                tokens = []
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+
+        if self.strRepr is None:
+            self.strRepr = "[" + _ustr(self.expr) + "]"
+
+        return self.strRepr
+
+
+class SkipTo(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Token for skipping over all undefined text until the matched expression is found.
+       If C{include} is set to true, the matched expression is also parsed (the skipped text
+       and matched expression are returned as a 2-element list).  The C{ignore}
+       argument is used to define grammars (typically quoted strings and comments) that
+       might contain false matches.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, other, include=False, ignore=None, failOn=None ):
+        super( SkipTo, self ).__init__( other )
+        self.ignoreExpr = ignore
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.includeMatch = include
+        self.asList = False
+        if failOn is not None and isinstance(failOn, basestring):
+            self.failOn = Literal(failOn)
+        else:
+            self.failOn = failOn
+        self.errmsg = "No match found for "+_ustr(self.expr)
+
+    def parseImpl( self, instring, loc, doActions=True ):
+        startLoc = loc
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        expr = self.expr
+        failParse = False
+        while loc <= instrlen:
+            try:
+                if self.failOn:
+                    try:
+                        self.failOn.tryParse(instring, loc)
+                    except ParseBaseException:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        failParse = True
+                        raise ParseException(instring, loc, "Found expression " + str(self.failOn))
+                    failParse = False
+                if self.ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    while 1:
+                        try:
+                            loc = self.ignoreExpr.tryParse(instring,loc)
+                            # print("found ignoreExpr, advance to", loc)
+                        except ParseBaseException:
+                            break
+                expr._parse( instring, loc, doActions=False, callPreParse=False )
+                skipText = instring[startLoc:loc]
+                if self.includeMatch:
+                    loc,mat = expr._parse(instring,loc,doActions,callPreParse=False)
+                    if mat:
+                        skipRes = ParseResults( skipText )
+                        skipRes += mat
+                        return loc, [ skipRes ]
+                    else:
+                        return loc, [ skipText ]
+                else:
+                    return loc, [ skipText ]
+            except (ParseException,IndexError):
+                if failParse:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    loc += 1
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+class Forward(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Forward declaration of an expression to be defined later -
+       used for recursive grammars, such as algebraic infix notation.
+       When the expression is known, it is assigned to the C{Forward} variable using the '<<' operator.
+
+       Note: take care when assigning to C{Forward} not to overlook precedence of operators.
+       Specifically, '|' has a lower precedence than '<<', so that::
+          fwdExpr << a | b | c
+       will actually be evaluated as::
+          (fwdExpr << a) | b | c
+       thereby leaving b and c out as parseable alternatives.  It is recommended that you
+       explicitly group the values inserted into the C{Forward}::
+          fwdExpr << (a | b | c)
+       Converting to use the '<<=' operator instead will avoid this problem.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, other=None ):
+        super(Forward,self).__init__( other, savelist=False )
+
+    def __lshift__( self, other ):
+        if isinstance( other, basestring ):
+            other = ParserElement.literalStringClass(other)
+        self.expr = other
+        self.strRepr = None
+        self.mayIndexError = self.expr.mayIndexError
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = self.expr.mayReturnEmpty
+        self.setWhitespaceChars( self.expr.whiteChars )
+        self.skipWhitespace = self.expr.skipWhitespace
+        self.saveAsList = self.expr.saveAsList
+        self.ignoreExprs.extend(self.expr.ignoreExprs)
+        return self
+        
+    def __ilshift__(self, other):
+        return self << other
+    
+    def leaveWhitespace( self ):
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        return self
+
+    def streamline( self ):
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamlined = True
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.streamline()
+        return self
+
+    def validate( self, validateTrace=[] ):
+        if self not in validateTrace:
+            tmp = validateTrace[:]+[self]
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.validate(tmp)
+        self.checkRecursion([])
+
+    def __str__( self ):
+        if hasattr(self,"name"):
+            return self.name
+        return self.__class__.__name__ + ": ..."
+
+        # stubbed out for now - creates awful memory and perf issues
+        self._revertClass = self.__class__
+        self.__class__ = _ForwardNoRecurse
+        try:
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                retString = _ustr(self.expr)
+            else:
+                retString = "None"
+        finally:
+            self.__class__ = self._revertClass
+        return self.__class__.__name__ + ": " + retString
+
+    def copy(self):
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            return super(Forward,self).copy()
+        else:
+            ret = Forward()
+            ret <<= self
+            return ret
+
+class _ForwardNoRecurse(Forward):
+    def __str__( self ):
+        return "..."
+
+class TokenConverter(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Abstract subclass of C{ParseExpression}, for converting parsed results."""
+    def __init__( self, expr, savelist=False ):
+        super(TokenConverter,self).__init__( expr )#, savelist )
+        self.saveAsList = False
+
+class Upcase(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to upper case all matching tokens."""
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        super(Upcase,self).__init__(*args)
+        warnings.warn("Upcase class is deprecated, use upcaseTokens parse action instead",
+                       DeprecationWarning,stacklevel=2)
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return list(map( str.upper, tokenlist ))
+
+
+class Combine(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to concatenate all matching tokens to a single string.
+       By default, the matching patterns must also be contiguous in the input string;
+       this can be disabled by specifying C{'adjacent=False'} in the constructor.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, expr, joinString="", adjacent=True ):
+        super(Combine,self).__init__( expr )
+        # suppress whitespace-stripping in contained parse expressions, but re-enable it on the Combine itself
+        if adjacent:
+            self.leaveWhitespace()
+        self.adjacent = adjacent
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.joinString = joinString
+        self.callPreparse = True
+
+    def ignore( self, other ):
+        if self.adjacent:
+            ParserElement.ignore(self, other)
+        else:
+            super( Combine, self).ignore( other )
+        return self
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        retToks = tokenlist.copy()
+        del retToks[:]
+        retToks += ParseResults([ "".join(tokenlist._asStringList(self.joinString)) ], modal=self.modalResults)
+
+        if self.resultsName and retToks.haskeys():
+            return [ retToks ]
+        else:
+            return retToks
+
+class Group(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to return the matched tokens as a list - useful for returning tokens of C{L{ZeroOrMore}} and C{L{OneOrMore}} expressions."""
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(Group,self).__init__( expr )
+        self.saveAsList = True
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return [ tokenlist ]
+
+class Dict(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to return a repetitive expression as a list, but also as a dictionary.
+       Each element can also be referenced using the first token in the expression as its key.
+       Useful for tabular report scraping when the first column can be used as a item key.
+    """
+    def __init__( self, expr ):
+        super(Dict,self).__init__( expr )
+        self.saveAsList = True
+
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        for i,tok in enumerate(tokenlist):
+            if len(tok) == 0:
+                continue
+            ikey = tok[0]
+            if isinstance(ikey,int):
+                ikey = _ustr(tok[0]).strip()
+            if len(tok)==1:
+                tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset("",i)
+            elif len(tok)==2 and not isinstance(tok[1],ParseResults):
+                tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(tok[1],i)
+            else:
+                dictvalue = tok.copy() #ParseResults(i)
+                del dictvalue[0]
+                if len(dictvalue)!= 1 or (isinstance(dictvalue,ParseResults) and dictvalue.haskeys()):
+                    tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(dictvalue,i)
+                else:
+                    tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(dictvalue[0],i)
+
+        if self.resultsName:
+            return [ tokenlist ]
+        else:
+            return tokenlist
+
+
+class Suppress(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter for ignoring the results of a parsed expression."""
+    def postParse( self, instring, loc, tokenlist ):
+        return []
+
+    def suppress( self ):
+        return self
+
+
+class OnlyOnce(object):
+    """Wrapper for parse actions, to ensure they are only called once."""
+    def __init__(self, methodCall):
+        self.callable = _trim_arity(methodCall)
+        self.called = False
+    def __call__(self,s,l,t):
+        if not self.called:
+            results = self.callable(s,l,t)
+            self.called = True
+            return results
+        raise ParseException(s,l,"")
+    def reset(self):
+        self.called = False
+
+def traceParseAction(f):
+    """Decorator for debugging parse actions."""
+    f = _trim_arity(f)
+    def z(*paArgs):
+        thisFunc = f.func_name
+        s,l,t = paArgs[-3:]
+        if len(paArgs)>3:
+            thisFunc = paArgs[0].__class__.__name__ + '.' + thisFunc
+        sys.stderr.write( ">>entering %s(line: '%s', %d, %s)\n" % (thisFunc,line(l,s),l,t) )
+        try:
+            ret = f(*paArgs)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            sys.stderr.write( "<<leaving %s (exception: %s)\n" % (thisFunc,exc) )
+            raise
+        sys.stderr.write( "<<leaving %s (ret: %s)\n" % (thisFunc,ret) )
+        return ret
+    try:
+        z.__name__ = f.__name__
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    return z
+
+#
+# global helpers
+#
+def delimitedList( expr, delim=",", combine=False ):
+    """Helper to define a delimited list of expressions - the delimiter defaults to ','.
+       By default, the list elements and delimiters can have intervening whitespace, and
+       comments, but this can be overridden by passing C{combine=True} in the constructor.
+       If C{combine} is set to C{True}, the matching tokens are returned as a single token
+       string, with the delimiters included; otherwise, the matching tokens are returned
+       as a list of tokens, with the delimiters suppressed.
+    """
+    dlName = _ustr(expr)+" ["+_ustr(delim)+" "+_ustr(expr)+"]..."
+    if combine:
+        return Combine( expr + ZeroOrMore( delim + expr ) ).setName(dlName)
+    else:
+        return ( expr + ZeroOrMore( Suppress( delim ) + expr ) ).setName(dlName)
+
+def countedArray( expr, intExpr=None ):
+    """Helper to define a counted list of expressions.
+       This helper defines a pattern of the form::
+           integer expr expr expr...
+       where the leading integer tells how many expr expressions follow.
+       The matched tokens returns the array of expr tokens as a list - the leading count token is suppressed.
+    """
+    arrayExpr = Forward()
+    def countFieldParseAction(s,l,t):
+        n = t[0]
+        arrayExpr << (n and Group(And([expr]*n)) or Group(empty))
+        return []
+    if intExpr is None:
+        intExpr = Word(nums).setParseAction(lambda t:int(t[0]))
+    else:
+        intExpr = intExpr.copy()
+    intExpr.setName("arrayLen")
+    intExpr.addParseAction(countFieldParseAction, callDuringTry=True)
+    return ( intExpr + arrayExpr )
+
+def _flatten(L):
+    ret = []
+    for i in L:
+        if isinstance(i,list):
+            ret.extend(_flatten(i))
+        else:
+            ret.append(i)
+    return ret
+
+def matchPreviousLiteral(expr):
+    """Helper to define an expression that is indirectly defined from
+       the tokens matched in a previous expression, that is, it looks
+       for a 'repeat' of a previous expression.  For example::
+           first = Word(nums)
+           second = matchPreviousLiteral(first)
+           matchExpr = first + ":" + second
+       will match C{"1:1"}, but not C{"1:2"}.  Because this matches a
+       previous literal, will also match the leading C{"1:1"} in C{"1:10"}.
+       If this is not desired, use C{matchPreviousExpr}.
+       Do *not* use with packrat parsing enabled.
+    """
+    rep = Forward()
+    def copyTokenToRepeater(s,l,t):
+        if t:
+            if len(t) == 1:
+                rep << t[0]
+            else:
+                # flatten t tokens
+                tflat = _flatten(t.asList())
+                rep << And( [ Literal(tt) for tt in tflat ] )
+        else:
+            rep << Empty()
+    expr.addParseAction(copyTokenToRepeater, callDuringTry=True)
+    return rep
+
+def matchPreviousExpr(expr):
+    """Helper to define an expression that is indirectly defined from
+       the tokens matched in a previous expression, that is, it looks
+       for a 'repeat' of a previous expression.  For example::
+           first = Word(nums)
+           second = matchPreviousExpr(first)
+           matchExpr = first + ":" + second
+       will match C{"1:1"}, but not C{"1:2"}.  Because this matches by
+       expressions, will *not* match the leading C{"1:1"} in C{"1:10"};
+       the expressions are evaluated first, and then compared, so
+       C{"1"} is compared with C{"10"}.
+       Do *not* use with packrat parsing enabled.
+    """
+    rep = Forward()
+    e2 = expr.copy()
+    rep <<= e2
+    def copyTokenToRepeater(s,l,t):
+        matchTokens = _flatten(t.asList())
+        def mustMatchTheseTokens(s,l,t):
+            theseTokens = _flatten(t.asList())
+            if  theseTokens != matchTokens:
+                raise ParseException("",0,"")
+        rep.setParseAction( mustMatchTheseTokens, callDuringTry=True )
+    expr.addParseAction(copyTokenToRepeater, callDuringTry=True)
+    return rep
+
+def _escapeRegexRangeChars(s):
+    #~  escape these chars: ^-]
+    for c in r"\^-]":
+        s = s.replace(c,_bslash+c)
+    s = s.replace("\n",r"\n")
+    s = s.replace("\t",r"\t")
+    return _ustr(s)
+
+def oneOf( strs, caseless=False, useRegex=True ):
+    """Helper to quickly define a set of alternative Literals, and makes sure to do
+       longest-first testing when there is a conflict, regardless of the input order,
+       but returns a C{L{MatchFirst}} for best performance.
+
+       Parameters:
+        - strs - a string of space-delimited literals, or a list of string literals
+        - caseless - (default=False) - treat all literals as caseless
+        - useRegex - (default=True) - as an optimization, will generate a Regex
+          object; otherwise, will generate a C{MatchFirst} object (if C{caseless=True}, or
+          if creating a C{Regex} raises an exception)
+    """
+    if caseless:
+        isequal = ( lambda a,b: a.upper() == b.upper() )
+        masks = ( lambda a,b: b.upper().startswith(a.upper()) )
+        parseElementClass = CaselessLiteral
+    else:
+        isequal = ( lambda a,b: a == b )
+        masks = ( lambda a,b: b.startswith(a) )
+        parseElementClass = Literal
+
+    symbols = []
+    if isinstance(strs,basestring):
+        symbols = strs.split()
+    elif isinstance(strs, collections.Sequence):
+        symbols = list(strs[:])
+    elif isinstance(strs, _generatorType):
+        symbols = list(strs)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn("Invalid argument to oneOf, expected string or list",
+                SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    if not symbols:
+        return NoMatch()
+
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(symbols)-1:
+        cur = symbols[i]
+        for j,other in enumerate(symbols[i+1:]):
+            if ( isequal(other, cur) ):
+                del symbols[i+j+1]
+                break
+            elif ( masks(cur, other) ):
+                del symbols[i+j+1]
+                symbols.insert(i,other)
+                cur = other
+                break
+        else:
+            i += 1
+
+    if not caseless and useRegex:
+        #~ print (strs,"->", "|".join( [ _escapeRegexChars(sym) for sym in symbols] ))
+        try:
+            if len(symbols)==len("".join(symbols)):
+                return Regex( "[%s]" % "".join(_escapeRegexRangeChars(sym) for sym in symbols) )
+            else:
+                return Regex( "|".join(re.escape(sym) for sym in symbols) )
+        except:
+            warnings.warn("Exception creating Regex for oneOf, building MatchFirst",
+                    SyntaxWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+
+    # last resort, just use MatchFirst
+    return MatchFirst( [ parseElementClass(sym) for sym in symbols ] )
+
+def dictOf( key, value ):
+    """Helper to easily and clearly define a dictionary by specifying the respective patterns
+       for the key and value.  Takes care of defining the C{L{Dict}}, C{L{ZeroOrMore}}, and C{L{Group}} tokens
+       in the proper order.  The key pattern can include delimiting markers or punctuation,
+       as long as they are suppressed, thereby leaving the significant key text.  The value
+       pattern can include named results, so that the C{Dict} results can include named token
+       fields.
+    """
+    return Dict( ZeroOrMore( Group ( key + value ) ) )
+
+def originalTextFor(expr, asString=True):
+    """Helper to return the original, untokenized text for a given expression.  Useful to
+       restore the parsed fields of an HTML start tag into the raw tag text itself, or to
+       revert separate tokens with intervening whitespace back to the original matching
+       input text. Simpler to use than the parse action C{L{keepOriginalText}}, and does not
+       require the inspect module to chase up the call stack.  By default, returns a 
+       string containing the original parsed text.  
+       
+       If the optional C{asString} argument is passed as C{False}, then the return value is a 
+       C{L{ParseResults}} containing any results names that were originally matched, and a 
+       single token containing the original matched text from the input string.  So if 
+       the expression passed to C{L{originalTextFor}} contains expressions with defined
+       results names, you must set C{asString} to C{False} if you want to preserve those
+       results name values."""
+    locMarker = Empty().setParseAction(lambda s,loc,t: loc)
+    endlocMarker = locMarker.copy()
+    endlocMarker.callPreparse = False
+    matchExpr = locMarker("_original_start") + expr + endlocMarker("_original_end")
+    if asString:
+        extractText = lambda s,l,t: s[t._original_start:t._original_end]
+    else:
+        def extractText(s,l,t):
+            del t[:]
+            t.insert(0, s[t._original_start:t._original_end])
+            del t["_original_start"]
+            del t["_original_end"]
+    matchExpr.setParseAction(extractText)
+    return matchExpr
+
+def ungroup(expr): 
+    """Helper to undo pyparsing's default grouping of And expressions, even
+       if all but one are non-empty."""
+    return TokenConverter(expr).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0])
+
+def locatedExpr(expr):
+    """Helper to decorate a returned token with its starting and ending locations in the input string.
+       This helper adds the following results names:
+        - locn_start = location where matched expression begins
+        - locn_end = location where matched expression ends
+        - value = the actual parsed results
+
+       Be careful if the input text contains C{<TAB>} characters, you may want to call
+       C{L{ParserElement.parseWithTabs}}
+    """
+    locator = Empty().setParseAction(lambda s,l,t: l)
+    return Group(locator("locn_start") + expr("value") + locator.copy().leaveWhitespace()("locn_end"))
+
+
+# convenience constants for positional expressions
+empty       = Empty().setName("empty")
+lineStart   = LineStart().setName("lineStart")
+lineEnd     = LineEnd().setName("lineEnd")
+stringStart = StringStart().setName("stringStart")
+stringEnd   = StringEnd().setName("stringEnd")
+
+_escapedPunc = Word( _bslash, r"\[]-*.$+^?()~ ", exact=2 ).setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:t[0][1])
+_escapedHexChar = Regex(r"\\0?[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:unichr(int(t[0].lstrip(r'\0x'),16)))
+_escapedOctChar = Regex(r"\\0[0-7]+").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:unichr(int(t[0][1:],8)))
+_singleChar = _escapedPunc | _escapedHexChar | _escapedOctChar | Word(printables, excludeChars=r'\]', exact=1) | Regex(r"\w", re.UNICODE)
+_charRange = Group(_singleChar + Suppress("-") + _singleChar)
+_reBracketExpr = Literal("[") + Optional("^").setResultsName("negate") + Group( OneOrMore( _charRange | _singleChar ) ).setResultsName("body") + "]"
+
+def srange(s):
+    r"""Helper to easily define string ranges for use in Word construction.  Borrows
+       syntax from regexp '[]' string range definitions::
+          srange("[0-9]")   -> "0123456789"
+          srange("[a-z]")   -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+          srange("[a-z$_]") -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz$_"
+       The input string must be enclosed in []'s, and the returned string is the expanded
+       character set joined into a single string.
+       The values enclosed in the []'s may be::
+          a single character
+          an escaped character with a leading backslash (such as \- or \])
+          an escaped hex character with a leading '\x' (\x21, which is a '!' character) 
+            (\0x## is also supported for backwards compatibility) 
+          an escaped octal character with a leading '\0' (\041, which is a '!' character)
+          a range of any of the above, separated by a dash ('a-z', etc.)
+          any combination of the above ('aeiouy', 'a-zA-Z0-9_$', etc.)
+    """
+    _expanded = lambda p: p if not isinstance(p,ParseResults) else ''.join(unichr(c) for c in range(ord(p[0]),ord(p[1])+1))
+    try:
+        return "".join(_expanded(part) for part in _reBracketExpr.parseString(s).body)
+    except:
+        return ""
+
+def matchOnlyAtCol(n):
+    """Helper method for defining parse actions that require matching at a specific
+       column in the input text.
+    """
+    def verifyCol(strg,locn,toks):
+        if col(locn,strg) != n:
+            raise ParseException(strg,locn,"matched token not at column %d" % n)
+    return verifyCol
+
+def replaceWith(replStr):
+    """Helper method for common parse actions that simply return a literal value.  Especially
+       useful when used with C{L{transformString<ParserElement.transformString>}()}.
+    """
+    #def _replFunc(*args):
+    #    return [replStr]
+    #return _replFunc
+    return functools.partial(next, itertools.repeat([replStr]))
+
+def removeQuotes(s,l,t):
+    """Helper parse action for removing quotation marks from parsed quoted strings.
+       To use, add this parse action to quoted string using::
+         quotedString.setParseAction( removeQuotes )
+    """
+    return t[0][1:-1]
+
+def upcaseTokens(s,l,t):
+    """Helper parse action to convert tokens to upper case."""
+    return [ tt.upper() for tt in map(_ustr,t) ]
+
+def downcaseTokens(s,l,t):
+    """Helper parse action to convert tokens to lower case."""
+    return [ tt.lower() for tt in map(_ustr,t) ]
+
+def keepOriginalText(s,startLoc,t):
+    """DEPRECATED - use new helper method C{L{originalTextFor}}.
+       Helper parse action to preserve original parsed text,
+       overriding any nested parse actions."""
+    try:
+        endloc = getTokensEndLoc()
+    except ParseException:
+        raise ParseFatalException("incorrect usage of keepOriginalText - may only be called as a parse action")
+    del t[:]
+    t += ParseResults(s[startLoc:endloc])
+    return t
+
+def getTokensEndLoc():
+    """Method to be called from within a parse action to determine the end
+       location of the parsed tokens."""
+    import inspect
+    fstack = inspect.stack()
+    try:
+        # search up the stack (through intervening argument normalizers) for correct calling routine
+        for f in fstack[2:]:
+            if f[3] == "_parseNoCache":
+                endloc = f[0].f_locals["loc"]
+                return endloc
+        else:
+            raise ParseFatalException("incorrect usage of getTokensEndLoc - may only be called from within a parse action")
+    finally:
+        del fstack
+
+def _makeTags(tagStr, xml):
+    """Internal helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions, given a tag name"""
+    if isinstance(tagStr,basestring):
+        resname = tagStr
+        tagStr = Keyword(tagStr, caseless=not xml)
+    else:
+        resname = tagStr.name
+
+    tagAttrName = Word(alphas,alphanums+"_-:")
+    if (xml):
+        tagAttrValue = dblQuotedString.copy().setParseAction( removeQuotes )
+        openTag = Suppress("<") + tagStr("tag") + \
+                Dict(ZeroOrMore(Group( tagAttrName + Suppress("=") + tagAttrValue ))) + \
+                Optional("/",default=[False]).setResultsName("empty").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:t[0]=='/') + Suppress(">")
+    else:
+        printablesLessRAbrack = "".join(c for c in printables if c not in ">")
+        tagAttrValue = quotedString.copy().setParseAction( removeQuotes ) | Word(printablesLessRAbrack)
+        openTag = Suppress("<") + tagStr("tag") + \
+                Dict(ZeroOrMore(Group( tagAttrName.setParseAction(downcaseTokens) + \
+                Optional( Suppress("=") + tagAttrValue ) ))) + \
+                Optional("/",default=[False]).setResultsName("empty").setParseAction(lambda s,l,t:t[0]=='/') + Suppress(">")
+    closeTag = Combine(_L("</") + tagStr + ">")
+
+    openTag = openTag.setResultsName("start"+"".join(resname.replace(":"," ").title().split())).setName("<%s>" % tagStr)
+    closeTag = closeTag.setResultsName("end"+"".join(resname.replace(":"," ").title().split())).setName("</%s>" % tagStr)
+    openTag.tag = resname
+    closeTag.tag = resname
+    return openTag, closeTag
+
+def makeHTMLTags(tagStr):
+    """Helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions for HTML, given a tag name"""
+    return _makeTags( tagStr, False )
+
+def makeXMLTags(tagStr):
+    """Helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions for XML, given a tag name"""
+    return _makeTags( tagStr, True )
+
+def withAttribute(*args,**attrDict):
+    """Helper to create a validating parse action to be used with start tags created
+       with C{L{makeXMLTags}} or C{L{makeHTMLTags}}. Use C{withAttribute} to qualify a starting tag
+       with a required attribute value, to avoid false matches on common tags such as
+       C{<TD>} or C{<DIV>}.
+
+       Call C{withAttribute} with a series of attribute names and values. Specify the list
+       of filter attributes names and values as:
+        - keyword arguments, as in C{(align="right")}, or
+        - as an explicit dict with C{**} operator, when an attribute name is also a Python
+          reserved word, as in C{**{"class":"Customer", "align":"right"}}
+        - a list of name-value tuples, as in ( ("ns1:class", "Customer"), ("ns2:align","right") )
+       For attribute names with a namespace prefix, you must use the second form.  Attribute
+       names are matched insensitive to upper/lower case.
+       
+       If just testing for C{class} (with or without a namespace), use C{L{withClass}}.
+
+       To verify that the attribute exists, but without specifying a value, pass
+       C{withAttribute.ANY_VALUE} as the value.
+       """
+    if args:
+        attrs = args[:]
+    else:
+        attrs = attrDict.items()
+    attrs = [(k,v) for k,v in attrs]
+    def pa(s,l,tokens):
+        for attrName,attrValue in attrs:
+            if attrName not in tokens:
+                raise ParseException(s,l,"no matching attribute " + attrName)
+            if attrValue != withAttribute.ANY_VALUE and tokens[attrName] != attrValue:
+                raise ParseException(s,l,"attribute '%s' has value '%s', must be '%s'" %
+                                            (attrName, tokens[attrName], attrValue))
+    return pa
+withAttribute.ANY_VALUE = object()
+
+def withClass(classname, namespace=''):
+    """Simplified version of C{L{withAttribute}} when matching on a div class - made
+       difficult because C{class} is a reserved word in Python.
+       """
+    classattr = "%s:class" % namespace if namespace else "class"
+    return withAttribute(**{classattr : classname})        
+
+opAssoc = _Constants()
+opAssoc.LEFT = object()
+opAssoc.RIGHT = object()
+
+def infixNotation( baseExpr, opList, lpar=Suppress('('), rpar=Suppress(')') ):
+    """Helper method for constructing grammars of expressions made up of
+       operators working in a precedence hierarchy.  Operators may be unary or
+       binary, left- or right-associative.  Parse actions can also be attached
+       to operator expressions.
+
+       Parameters:
+        - baseExpr - expression representing the most basic element for the nested
+        - opList - list of tuples, one for each operator precedence level in the
+          expression grammar; each tuple is of the form
+          (opExpr, numTerms, rightLeftAssoc, parseAction), where:
+           - opExpr is the pyparsing expression for the operator;
+              may also be a string, which will be converted to a Literal;
+              if numTerms is 3, opExpr is a tuple of two expressions, for the
+              two operators separating the 3 terms
+           - numTerms is the number of terms for this operator (must
+              be 1, 2, or 3)
+           - rightLeftAssoc is the indicator whether the operator is
+              right or left associative, using the pyparsing-defined
+              constants C{opAssoc.RIGHT} and C{opAssoc.LEFT}.
+           - parseAction is the parse action to be associated with
+              expressions matching this operator expression (the
+              parse action tuple member may be omitted)
+        - lpar - expression for matching left-parentheses (default=Suppress('('))
+        - rpar - expression for matching right-parentheses (default=Suppress(')'))
+    """
+    ret = Forward()
+    lastExpr = baseExpr | ( lpar + ret + rpar )
+    for i,operDef in enumerate(opList):
+        opExpr,arity,rightLeftAssoc,pa = (operDef + (None,))[:4]
+        if arity == 3:
+            if opExpr is None or len(opExpr) != 2:
+                raise ValueError("if numterms=3, opExpr must be a tuple or list of two expressions")
+            opExpr1, opExpr2 = opExpr
+        thisExpr = Forward()#.setName("expr%d" % i)
+        if rightLeftAssoc == opAssoc.LEFT:
+            if arity == 1:
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( opExpr ) )
+            elif arity == 2:
+                if opExpr is not None:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr + lastExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( opExpr + lastExpr ) )
+                else:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr+lastExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore(lastExpr) )
+            elif arity == 3:
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr1 + lastExpr + opExpr2 + lastExpr) + \
+                            Group( lastExpr + opExpr1 + lastExpr + opExpr2 + lastExpr )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("operator must be unary (1), binary (2), or ternary (3)")
+        elif rightLeftAssoc == opAssoc.RIGHT:
+            if arity == 1:
+                # try to avoid LR with this extra test
+                if not isinstance(opExpr, Optional):
+                    opExpr = Optional(opExpr)
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(opExpr.expr + thisExpr) + Group( opExpr + thisExpr )
+            elif arity == 2:
+                if opExpr is not None:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr + thisExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( opExpr + thisExpr ) )
+                else:
+                    matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + thisExpr) + Group( lastExpr + OneOrMore( thisExpr ) )
+            elif arity == 3:
+                matchExpr = FollowedBy(lastExpr + opExpr1 + thisExpr + opExpr2 + thisExpr) + \
+                            Group( lastExpr + opExpr1 + thisExpr + opExpr2 + thisExpr )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("operator must be unary (1), binary (2), or ternary (3)")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("operator must indicate right or left associativity")
+        if pa:
+            matchExpr.setParseAction( pa )
+        thisExpr <<= ( matchExpr | lastExpr )
+        lastExpr = thisExpr
+    ret <<= lastExpr
+    return ret
+operatorPrecedence = infixNotation
+
+dblQuotedString = Regex(r'"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:"")|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*"').setName("string enclosed in double quotes")
+sglQuotedString = Regex(r"'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:'')|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*'").setName("string enclosed in single quotes")
+quotedString = Regex(r'''(?:"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:"")|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*")|(?:'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:'')|(?:\\x[0-9a-fA-F]+)|(?:\\.))*')''').setName("quotedString using single or double quotes")
+unicodeString = Combine(_L('u') + quotedString.copy())
+
+def nestedExpr(opener="(", closer=")", content=None, ignoreExpr=quotedString.copy()):
+    """Helper method for defining nested lists enclosed in opening and closing
+       delimiters ("(" and ")" are the default).
+
+       Parameters:
+        - opener - opening character for a nested list (default="("); can also be a pyparsing expression
+        - closer - closing character for a nested list (default=")"); can also be a pyparsing expression
+        - content - expression for items within the nested lists (default=None)
+        - ignoreExpr - expression for ignoring opening and closing delimiters (default=quotedString)
+
+       If an expression is not provided for the content argument, the nested
+       expression will capture all whitespace-delimited content between delimiters
+       as a list of separate values.
+
+       Use the C{ignoreExpr} argument to define expressions that may contain
+       opening or closing characters that should not be treated as opening
+       or closing characters for nesting, such as quotedString or a comment
+       expression.  Specify multiple expressions using an C{L{Or}} or C{L{MatchFirst}}.
+       The default is L{quotedString}, but if no expressions are to be ignored,
+       then pass C{None} for this argument.
+    """
+    if opener == closer:
+        raise ValueError("opening and closing strings cannot be the same")
+    if content is None:
+        if isinstance(opener,basestring) and isinstance(closer,basestring):
+            if len(opener) == 1 and len(closer)==1:
+                if ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    content = (Combine(OneOrMore(~ignoreExpr +
+                                    CharsNotIn(opener+closer+ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,exact=1))
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+                else:
+                    content = (empty.copy()+CharsNotIn(opener+closer+ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+            else:
+                if ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    content = (Combine(OneOrMore(~ignoreExpr + 
+                                    ~Literal(opener) + ~Literal(closer) +
+                                    CharsNotIn(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,exact=1))
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+                else:
+                    content = (Combine(OneOrMore(~Literal(opener) + ~Literal(closer) +
+                                    CharsNotIn(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,exact=1))
+                                ).setParseAction(lambda t:t[0].strip()))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("opening and closing arguments must be strings if no content expression is given")
+    ret = Forward()
+    if ignoreExpr is not None:
+        ret <<= Group( Suppress(opener) + ZeroOrMore( ignoreExpr | ret | content ) + Suppress(closer) )
+    else:
+        ret <<= Group( Suppress(opener) + ZeroOrMore( ret | content )  + Suppress(closer) )
+    return ret
+
+def indentedBlock(blockStatementExpr, indentStack, indent=True):
+    """Helper method for defining space-delimited indentation blocks, such as
+       those used to define block statements in Python source code.
+
+       Parameters:
+        - blockStatementExpr - expression defining syntax of statement that
+            is repeated within the indented block
+        - indentStack - list created by caller to manage indentation stack
+            (multiple statementWithIndentedBlock expressions within a single grammar
+            should share a common indentStack)
+        - indent - boolean indicating whether block must be indented beyond the
+            the current level; set to False for block of left-most statements
+            (default=True)
+
+       A valid block must contain at least one C{blockStatement}.
+    """
+    def checkPeerIndent(s,l,t):
+        if l >= len(s): return
+        curCol = col(l,s)
+        if curCol != indentStack[-1]:
+            if curCol > indentStack[-1]:
+                raise ParseFatalException(s,l,"illegal nesting")
+            raise ParseException(s,l,"not a peer entry")
+
+    def checkSubIndent(s,l,t):
+        curCol = col(l,s)
+        if curCol > indentStack[-1]:
+            indentStack.append( curCol )
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(s,l,"not a subentry")
+
+    def checkUnindent(s,l,t):
+        if l >= len(s): return
+        curCol = col(l,s)
+        if not(indentStack and curCol < indentStack[-1] and curCol <= indentStack[-2]):
+            raise ParseException(s,l,"not an unindent")
+        indentStack.pop()
+
+    NL = OneOrMore(LineEnd().setWhitespaceChars("\t ").suppress())
+    INDENT = Empty() + Empty().setParseAction(checkSubIndent)
+    PEER   = Empty().setParseAction(checkPeerIndent)
+    UNDENT = Empty().setParseAction(checkUnindent)
+    if indent:
+        smExpr = Group( Optional(NL) +
+            #~ FollowedBy(blockStatementExpr) +
+            INDENT + (OneOrMore( PEER + Group(blockStatementExpr) + Optional(NL) )) + UNDENT)
+    else:
+        smExpr = Group( Optional(NL) +
+            (OneOrMore( PEER + Group(blockStatementExpr) + Optional(NL) )) )
+    blockStatementExpr.ignore(_bslash + LineEnd())
+    return smExpr
+
+alphas8bit = srange(r"[\0xc0-\0xd6\0xd8-\0xf6\0xf8-\0xff]")
+punc8bit = srange(r"[\0xa1-\0xbf\0xd7\0xf7]")
+
+anyOpenTag,anyCloseTag = makeHTMLTags(Word(alphas,alphanums+"_:"))
+commonHTMLEntity = Combine(_L("&") + oneOf("gt lt amp nbsp quot").setResultsName("entity") +";").streamline()
+_htmlEntityMap = dict(zip("gt lt amp nbsp quot".split(),'><& "'))
+replaceHTMLEntity = lambda t : t.entity in _htmlEntityMap and _htmlEntityMap[t.entity] or None
+
+# it's easy to get these comment structures wrong - they're very common, so may as well make them available
+cStyleComment = Regex(r"/\*(?:[^*]*\*+)+?/").setName("C style comment")
+
+htmlComment = Regex(r"<!--[\s\S]*?-->")
+restOfLine = Regex(r".*").leaveWhitespace()
+dblSlashComment = Regex(r"\/\/(\\\n|.)*").setName("// comment")
+cppStyleComment = Regex(r"/(?:\*(?:[^*]*\*+)+?/|/[^\n]*(?:\n[^\n]*)*?(?:(?<!\\)|\Z))").setName("C++ style comment")
+
+javaStyleComment = cppStyleComment
+pythonStyleComment = Regex(r"#.*").setName("Python style comment")
+_commasepitem = Combine(OneOrMore(Word(printables, excludeChars=',') +
+                                  Optional( Word(" \t") +
+                                            ~Literal(",") + ~LineEnd() ) ) ).streamline().setName("commaItem")
+commaSeparatedList = delimitedList( Optional( quotedString.copy() | _commasepitem, default="") ).setName("commaSeparatedList")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    selectToken    = CaselessLiteral( "select" )
+    fromToken      = CaselessLiteral( "from" )
+
+    ident          = Word( alphas, alphanums + "_$" )
+    columnName     = delimitedList( ident, ".", combine=True ).setParseAction( upcaseTokens )
+    columnNameList = Group( delimitedList( columnName ) ).setName("columns")
+    tableName      = delimitedList( ident, ".", combine=True ).setParseAction( upcaseTokens )
+    tableNameList  = Group( delimitedList( tableName ) ).setName("tables")
+    simpleSQL      = ( selectToken + \
+                     ( '*' | columnNameList ).setResultsName( "columns" ) + \
+                     fromToken + \
+                     tableNameList.setResultsName( "tables" ) )
+
+    simpleSQL.runTests("""\
+          SELECT * from XYZZY, ABC
+          select * from SYS.XYZZY
+          Select A from Sys.dual
+          Select AA,BB,CC from Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C from Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C from Sys.dual
+          Xelect A, B, C from Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C frox Sys.dual
+          Select
+          Select ^^^ frox Sys.dual
+          Select A, B, C from Sys.dual, Table2""")
+    
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a52123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/re-vendor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import pip
+import glob
+import shutil
+
+here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+def usage():
+    print("Usage: re-vendor.py [clean|vendor]")
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+def clean():
+    for fn in os.listdir(here):
+        dirname = os.path.join(here, fn)
+        if os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            shutil.rmtree(dirname)
+    # six is a single file, not a package
+    os.unlink(os.path.join(here, 'six.py'))
+
+def vendor():
+    pip.main(['install', '-t', here, '-r', 'vendor.txt'])
+    for dirname in glob.glob('*.egg-info'):
+        shutil.rmtree(dirname)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        usage()
+    if sys.argv[1] == 'clean':
+        clean()
+    elif sys.argv[1] == 'vendor':
+        vendor()
+    else:
+        usage()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd5b5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+#   __
+#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
+# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
+#          /
+
+"""
+Requests HTTP library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
+usage:
+
+   >>> import requests
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
+   >>> r.status_code
+   200
+   >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   True
+
+... or POST:
+
+   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
+   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> print(r.text)
+   {
+     ...
+     "form": {
+       "key2": "value2",
+       "key1": "value1"
+     },
+     ...
+   }
+
+The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
+is at <http://python-requests.org>.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2015 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
+
+"""
+
+__title__ = 'requests'
+__version__ = '2.9.1'
+__build__ = 0x020901
+__author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
+__license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz'
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
+try:
+    from .packages.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+    pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from . import utils
+from .models import Request, Response, PreparedRequest
+from .api import request, get, head, post, patch, put, delete, options
+from .sessions import session, Session
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .exceptions import (
+    RequestException, Timeout, URLRequired,
+    TooManyRedirects, HTTPError, ConnectionError,
+    FileModeWarning,
+)
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+import warnings
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', FileModeWarning, append=True)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6266d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.adapters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
+and maintain connections.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import socket
+
+from .models import Response
+from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
+from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+from .compat import urlparse, basestring
+from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth,
+                    select_proxy)
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import NewConnectionError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
+                         ProxyError, RetryError)
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+
+DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
+DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
+DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
+
+
+class BaseAdapter(object):
+    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(BaseAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+    def send(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
+
+    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
+    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
+    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
+    covers.
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+    :param int max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
+      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
+    """
+    __attrs__ = ['max_retries', 'config', '_pool_connections', '_pool_maxsize',
+                 '_pool_block']
+
+    def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+                 pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+                 pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
+        self.config = {}
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+
+        super(HTTPAdapter, self).__init__()
+
+        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
+        self._pool_block = pool_block
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in
+                    self.__attrs__)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+        self.config = {}
+
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize,
+                              block=self._pool_block)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
+        """
+        # save these values for pickling
+        self._pool_connections = connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
+        self._pool_block = block
+
+        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
+                                       block=block, strict=True, **pool_kwargs)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        """
+        if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs)
+
+        return self.proxy_manager[proxy]
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Whether we should actually verify the certificate.
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith('https') and verify:
+
+            cert_loc = None
+
+            # Allow self-specified cert location.
+            if verify is not True:
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                cert_loc = DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                raise Exception("Could not find a suitable SSL CA certificate bundle.")
+
+            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+
+    def build_response(self, req, resp):
+        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
+        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
+        for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
+
+        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
+        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
+        """
+        response = Response()
+
+        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, 'status', None)
+
+        # Make headers case-insensitive.
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, 'headers', {}))
+
+        # Set encoding.
+        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+        response.raw = resp
+        response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
+        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
+            response.url = req.url.decode('utf-8')
+        else:
+            response.url = req.url
+
+        # Add new cookies from the server.
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
+        # Give the Response some context.
+        response.request = req
+        response.connection = self
+
+        return response
+
+    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
+        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
+        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param url: The URL to connect to.
+        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Disposes of any internal state.
+
+        Currently, this just closes the PoolManager, which closes pooled
+        connections.
+        """
+        self.poolmanager.clear()
+
+    def request_url(self, request, proxies):
+        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
+
+        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
+        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
+        if proxy and scheme != 'https':
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+        else:
+            url = request.path_url
+
+        return url
+
+    def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
+        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
+        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def proxy_headers(self, proxy):
+        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
+        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
+        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
+        CONNECT is being used.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxies: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        """
+        headers = {}
+        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
+        if username and password:
+            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username,
+                                                             password)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def send(self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param verify: (optional) Whether to verify SSL certificates.
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        """
+
+        conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
+        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
+        self.add_headers(request)
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                # this may raise a string formatting error.
+                err = ("Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
+                       "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
+                       "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout))
+                raise ValueError(err)
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
+        try:
+            if not chunked:
+                resp = conn.urlopen(
+                    method=request.method,
+                    url=url,
+                    body=request.body,
+                    headers=request.headers,
+                    redirect=False,
+                    assert_same_host=False,
+                    preload_content=False,
+                    decode_content=False,
+                    retries=self.max_retries,
+                    timeout=timeout
+                )
+
+            # Send the request.
+            else:
+                if hasattr(conn, 'proxy_pool'):
+                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
+
+                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
+
+                try:
+                    low_conn.putrequest(request.method,
+                                        url,
+                                        skip_accept_encoding=True)
+
+                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
+                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
+
+                    low_conn.endheaders()
+
+                    for i in request.body:
+                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode('utf-8'))
+                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                        low_conn.send(i)
+                        low_conn.send(b'\r\n')
+                    low_conn.send(b'0\r\n\r\n')
+
+                    # Receive the response from the server
+                    try:
+                        # For Python 2.7+ versions, use buffering of HTTP
+                        # responses
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # For compatibility with Python 2.6 versions and back
+                        r = low_conn.getresponse()
+
+                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
+                        r,
+                        pool=conn,
+                        connection=low_conn,
+                        preload_content=False,
+                        decode_content=False
+                    )
+                except:
+                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
+                    # Then, reraise so that we can handle the actual exception.
+                    low_conn.close()
+                    raise
+
+        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
+
+        except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except _ProxyError as e:
+            raise ProxyError(e)
+
+        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
+            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        return self.build_response(request, resp)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21a1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.api
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module implements the Requests API.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2012 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
+
+"""
+
+from . import sessions
+
+
+def request(method, url, **kwargs):
+    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
+
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
+    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
+        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
+    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
+    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
+    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
+    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
+    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
+    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
+        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a GET request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
+
+
+def options(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a OPTIONS request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+    return request('options', url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def head(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a HEAD request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
+    return request('head', url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a POST request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+
+def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a PUT request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a PATCH request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('patch', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def delete(url, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a DELETE request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request('delete', url, **kwargs)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2af55fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.auth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
+"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import time
+import hashlib
+import threading
+
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from .compat import urlparse, str
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .utils import parse_dict_header, to_native_string
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
+
+
+def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
+    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
+
+
+class AuthBase(object):
+    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Auth hooks must be callable.')
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, 'init'):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ''
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
+
+    def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal['realm']
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal['nonce']
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get('qop')
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get('algorithm')
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get('opaque')
+
+        if algorithm is None:
+            _algorithm = 'MD5'
+        else:
+            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if _algorithm == 'MD5' or _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+            def md5_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
+            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == 'SHA':
+            def sha_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode('utf-8')
+                return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
+            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
+
+        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8("%s:%s" % (s, d))
+
+        if hash_utf8 is None:
+            return None
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        entdig = None
+        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
+        if p_parsed.query:
+            path += '?' + p_parsed.query
+
+        A1 = '%s:%s:%s' % (self.username, realm, self.password)
+        A2 = '%s:%s' % (method, path)
+
+        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
+        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = '%08x' % self._thread_local.nonce_count
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode('utf-8')
+        s += nonce.encode('utf-8')
+        s += time.ctime().encode('utf-8')
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
+        if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
+            HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
+
+        if not qop:
+            respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
+        elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
+            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
+                nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2
+                )
+            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            return None
+
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+        base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
+               'response="%s"' % (self.username, realm, nonce, path, respdig)
+        if opaque:
+            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
+        if algorithm:
+            base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
+        if entdig:
+            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
+        if qop:
+            base += ', qop="auth", nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
+
+        return 'Digest %s' % (base)
+
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed."""
+
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
+            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
+            # it was to resend the request.
+            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
+        s_auth = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '')
+
+        if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
+            pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+            prep.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url)
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+        return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            r.headers['Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
+        try:
+            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+        return r
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a66daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cacert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,5616 @@
+
+# Issuer: O=Equifax OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
+# Subject: O=Equifax OU=Equifax Secure Certificate Authority
+# Label: "Equifax Secure CA"
+# Serial: 903804111
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 67:cb:9d:c0:13:24:8a:82:9b:b2:17:1e:d1:1b:ec:d4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d2:32:09:ad:23:d3:14:23:21:74:e4:0d:7f:9d:62:13:97:86:63:3a
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 08:29:7a:40:47:db:a2:36:80:c7:31:db:6e:31:76:53:ca:78:48:e1:be:bd:3a:0b:01:79:a7:07:f9:2c:f1:78
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIDIDCCAomgAwIBAgIENd70zzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBOMQswCQYDVQQGEwJV
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA"
+# Serial: 4835703278459707669005204
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3e:45:52:15:09:51:92:e1:b7:5d:37:9f:b1:87:29:8a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b1:bc:96:8b:d4:f4:9d:62:2a:a8:9a:81:f2:15:01:52:a4:1d:82:9c
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: eb:d4:10:40:e4:bb:3e:c7:42:c9:e3:81:d3:1e:f2:a4:1a:48:b6:68:5c:96:e7:ce:f3:c1:df:6c:d4:33:1c:99
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R2
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R2
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R2"
+# Serial: 4835703278459682885658125
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 94:14:77:7e:3e:5e:fd:8f:30:bd:41:b0:cf:e7:d0:30
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 75:e0:ab:b6:13:85:12:27:1c:04:f8:5f:dd:de:38:e4:b7:24:2e:fe
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3"
+# Serial: 206684696279472310254277870180966723415
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cd:68:b6:a7:c7:c4:ce:75:e0:1d:4f:57:44:61:92:09
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 1999 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "Verisign Class 4 Public Primary Certification Authority - G3"
+# Serial: 314531972711909413743075096039378935511
+# MD5 Fingerprint: db:c8:f2:27:2e:b1:ea:6a:29:23:5d:fe:56:3e:33:df
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Premium 2048 Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 946069240
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Subject: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Label: "Baltimore CyberTrust Root"
+# Serial: 33554617
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Class 1 CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Class 1 CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Low-Value Services Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust External CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust External TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust External CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust External TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust External Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Public CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Public CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Public Services Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AddTrust Qualified CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Subject: CN=AddTrust Qualified CA Root O=AddTrust AB OU=AddTrust TTP Network
+# Label: "AddTrust Qualified Certificates Root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1164660820
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=RSA Security Inc OU=RSA Security 2048 V3
+# Subject: O=RSA Security Inc OU=RSA Security 2048 V3
+# Label: "RSA Security 2048 v3"
+# Serial: 13297492616345471454730593562152402946
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 77:0d:19:b1:21:fd:00:42:9c:3e:0c:a5:dd:0b:02:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Global CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Global CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Global CA"
+# Serial: 144470
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f7:75:ab:29:fb:51:4e:b7:77:5e:ff:05:3c:99:8e:f5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: de:28:f4:a4:ff:e5:b9:2f:a3:c5:03:d1:a3:49:a7:f9:96:2a:82:12
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Global CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Global CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Global CA 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0e:40:a7:6c:de:03:5d:8f:d1:0f:e4:d1:8d:f9:6c:a9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Universal CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Universal CA O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Universal CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 92:65:58:8b:a2:1a:31:72:73:68:5c:b4:a5:7a:07:48
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Universal CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Universal CA 2 O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Universal CA 2"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Visa eCommerce Root O=VISA OU=Visa International Service Association
+# Subject: CN=Visa eCommerce Root O=VISA OU=Visa International Service Association
+# Label: "Visa eCommerce Root"
+# Serial: 25952180776285836048024890241505565794
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum CA O=Unizeto Sp. z o.o.
+# Subject: CN=Certum CA O=Unizeto Sp. z o.o.
+# Label: "Certum Root CA"
+# Serial: 65568
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo AAA Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Secure Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo Secure Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Trusted Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Trusted Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo Trusted Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root Certification Authority O=QuoVadis Limited OU=Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root Certification Authority O=QuoVadis Limited OU=Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA"
+# Serial: 985026699
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 1289
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 1478
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication Root CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Sonera Class2 CA O=Sonera
+# Subject: CN=Sonera Class2 CA O=Sonera
+# Label: "Sonera Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 29
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a3:ec:75:0f:2e:88:df:fa:48:01:4e:0b:5c:48:6f:fb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA"
+# Serial: 10000010
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 60:84:7c:5a:ce:db:0c:d4:cb:a7:e9:fe:02:c6:a9:c0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=UTN - DATACorp SGC O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Subject: CN=UTN - DATACorp SGC O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Label: "UTN DATACorp SGC Root CA"
+# Serial: 91374294542884689855167577680241077609
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=UTN-USERFirst-Hardware O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Subject: CN=UTN-USERFirst-Hardware O=The USERTRUST Network OU=http://www.usertrust.com
+# Label: "UTN USERFirst Hardware Root CA"
+# Serial: 91374294542884704022267039221184531197
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Subject: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Label: "Camerfirma Chambers of Commerce Root"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Global Chambersign Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Subject: CN=Global Chambersign Root O=AC Camerfirma SA CIF A82743287 OU=http://www.chambersign.org
+# Label: "Camerfirma Global Chambersign Root"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Kozjegyzoi (Class A) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Kozjegyzoi (Class A) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Notary (Class A) Root"
+# Serial: 259
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=XRamp Global Certification Authority O=XRamp Security Services Inc OU=www.xrampsecurity.com
+# Subject: CN=XRamp Global Certification Authority O=XRamp Security Services Inc OU=www.xrampsecurity.com
+# Label: "XRamp Global CA Root"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Go Daddy Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Starfield Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=Government Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Government Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "Taiwan GRCA"
+# Serial: 42023070807708724159991140556527066870
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:85:44:53:32:45:1f:20:f0:f3:95:e1:25:c4:43:4e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root CA 1 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root CA 1 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 122348795730808398873664200247279986742
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:38:7c:77:88:df:2c:16:68:2e:c2:e2:52:4b:b8:f9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root CA"
+# Serial: 17154717934120587862167794914071425081
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 87:ce:0b:7b:2a:0e:49:00:e1:58:71:9b:37:a8:93:72
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 10944719598952040374951832963794454346
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 79:e4:a9:84:0d:7d:3a:96:d7:c0:4f:e2:43:4c:89:2e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a8:98:5d:3a:65:e5:e5:c4:b2:d7:d6:6d:40:c6:dd:2f:b1:9c:54:36
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 3553400076410547919724730734378100087
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d4:74:de:57:5c:39:b2:d3:9c:85:83:c5:c0:65:49:8a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 5f:b7:ee:06:33:e2:59:db:ad:0c:4c:9a:e6:d3:8f:1a:61:c7:dc:25
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Class 2 Primary CA O=Certplus
+# Subject: CN=Class 2 Primary CA O=Certplus
+# Label: "Certplus Class 2 Primary CA"
+# Serial: 177770208045934040241468760488327595043
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 88:2c:8c:52:b8:a2:3c:f3:f7:bb:03:ea:ae:ac:42:0b
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:20:74:41:72:9c:dd:92:ec:79:31:d8:23:10:8d:c2:81:92:e2:bb
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 0f:99:3c:8a:ef:97:ba:af:56:87:14:0e:d5:9a:d1:82:1b:b4:af:ac:f0:aa:9a:58:b5:d5:7a:33:8a:3a:fb:cb
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DST Root CA X3 O=Digital Signature Trust Co.
+# Subject: CN=DST Root CA X3 O=Digital Signature Trust Co.
+# Label: "DST Root CA X3"
+# Serial: 91299735575339953335919266965803778155
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 41:03:52:dc:0f:f7:50:1b:16:f0:02:8e:ba:6f:45:c5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DST ACES CA X6 O=Digital Signature Trust OU=DST ACES
+# Subject: CN=DST ACES CA X6 O=Digital Signature Trust OU=DST ACES
+# Label: "DST ACES CA X6"
+# Serial: 17771143917277623872238992636097467865
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 21:d8:4c:82:2b:99:09:33:a2:eb:14:24:8d:8e:5f:e8
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 40:54:da:6f:1c:3f:40:74:ac:ed:0f:ec:cd:db:79:d1:53:fb:90:1d
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 76:7c:95:5a:76:41:2c:89:af:68:8e:90:a1:c7:0f:55:6c:fd:6b:60:25:db:ea:10:41:6d:7e:b6:83:1f:8c:40
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Kasım 2005
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Kasım 2005
+# Label: "TURKTRUST Certificate Services Provider Root 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:a5:6e:d4:b1:25:84:97:b7:fd:56:15:7a:f9:a2:00
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b4:35:d4:e1:11:9d:1c:66:90:a7:49:eb:b3:94:bd:63:7b:a7:82:b7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Gold CA - G2"
+# Serial: 13492815561806991280
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 24:77:d9:a8:91:d1:3b:fa:88:2d:c2:ff:f8:cd:33:93
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d8:c5:38:8a:b7:30:1b:1b:6e:d4:7a:e6:45:25:3a:6f:9f:1a:27:61
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Silver CA - G2"
+# Serial: 5700383053117599563
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e0:06:a1:c9:7d:cf:c9:fc:0d:c0:56:75:96:d8:62:13
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9b:aa:e5:9f:56:ee:21:cb:43:5a:be:25:93:df:a7:f0:40:d1:1d:cb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority O=GeoTrust Inc.
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 32798226551256963324313806436981982369
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 02:26:c3:01:5e:08:30:37:43:a9:d0:7d:cf:37:e6:bf
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 32:3c:11:8e:1b:f7:b8:b6:52:54:e2:e2:10:0d:d6:02:90:37:f0:96
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2006 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2006 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA"
+# Serial: 69529181992039203566298953787712940909
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "SecureTrust CA"
+# Serial: 17199774589125277788362757014266862032
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "Secure Global CA"
+# Serial: 9751836167731051554232119481456978597
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO Certification Authority"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Network Solutions Certificate Authority O=Network Solutions L.L.C.
+# Subject: CN=Network Solutions Certificate Authority O=Network Solutions L.L.C.
+# Label: "Network Solutions Certificate Authority"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority O=Wells Fargo WellsSecure OU=Wells Fargo Bank NA
+# Subject: CN=WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority O=Wells Fargo WellsSecure OU=Wells Fargo Bank NA
+# Label: "WellsSecure Public Root Certificate Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 41578283867086692638256921589707938090
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IGC/A O=PM/SGDN OU=DCSSI
+# Subject: CN=IGC/A O=PM/SGDN OU=DCSSI
+# Label: "IGC/A"
+# Serial: 245102874772
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication EV RootCA1
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication EV RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication EV RootCA1"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 22:2d:a6:01:ea:7c:0a:f7:f0:6c:56:43:3f:77:76:d3
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA O=WISeKey OU=Copyright (c) 2005/OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Subject: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA O=WISeKey OU=Copyright (c) 2005/OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Label: "OISTE WISeKey Global Root GA CA"
+# Serial: 86718877871133159090080555911823548314
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA O=Microsec Ltd. OU=e-Szigno CA
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA O=Microsec Ltd. OU=e-Szigno CA
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Subject: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Label: "Certigna"
+# Serial: 18364802974209362175
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2 O=Deutsche Telekom AG OU=T-TeleSec Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2 O=Deutsche Telekom AG OU=T-TeleSec Trust Center
+# Label: "Deutsche Telekom Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 38
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 74:01:4a:91:b1:08:c4:58:ce:47:cd:f0:dd:11:53:08
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 85:a4:08:c0:9c:19:3e:5d:51:58:7d:cd:d6:13:30:fd:8c:de:37:bf
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Cybertrust Global Root O=Cybertrust, Inc
+# Subject: CN=Cybertrust Global Root O=Cybertrust, Inc
+# Label: "Cybertrust Global Root"
+# Serial: 4835703278459682877484360
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 72:e4:4a:87:e3:69:40:80:77:ea:bc:e3:f4:ff:f0:e1
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 5f:43:e5:b1:bf:f8:78:8c:ac:1c:c7:ca:4a:9a:c6:22:2b:cc:34:c6
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "ePKI Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 28956088682735189655030529057352760477
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:2e:00:ca:26:06:90:3d:ad:fe:6f:15:68:d3:6b:b3
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 67:65:0d:f1:7e:8e:7e:5b:82:40:a4:f4:56:4b:cf:e2:3d:69:c6:f0
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: c0:a6:f4:dc:63:a2:4b:fd:cf:54:ef:2a:6a:08:2a:0a:72:de:35:80:3e:2f:f5:ff:52:7a:e5:d8:72:06:df:d5
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜBİTAK UEKAE Kök Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı - Sürüm 3 O=Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu - TÜBİTAK OU=Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü - UEKAE/Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Subject: CN=TÜBİTAK UEKAE Kök Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı - Sürüm 3 O=Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu - TÜBİTAK OU=Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü - UEKAE/Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Label: "T\xc3\x9c\x42\xC4\xB0TAK UEKAE K\xC3\xB6k Sertifika Hizmet Sa\xC4\x9Flay\xc4\xb1\x63\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1 - S\xC3\xBCr\xC3\xBCm 3"
+# Serial: 17
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ed:41:f5:8c:50:c5:2b:9c:73:e6:ee:6c:eb:c2:a8:26
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 1b:4b:39:61:26:27:6b:64:91:a2:68:6d:d7:02:43:21:2d:1f:1d:96
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 CA 1 O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 CA 1 O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 CA 1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "EBG Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sa\xC4\x9Flay\xc4\xb1\x63\xc4\xb1s\xc4\xb1"
+# Serial: 5525761995591021570
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+# Issuer: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Subject: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Label: "certSIGN ROOT CA"
+# Serial: 35210227249154
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 18:98:c0:d6:e9:3a:fc:f9:b0:f5:0c:f7:4b:01:44:17
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CNNIC ROOT O=CNNIC
+# Subject: CN=CNNIC ROOT O=CNNIC
+# Label: "CNNIC ROOT"
+# Serial: 1228079105
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=Japanese Government OU=ApplicationCA
+# Subject: O=Japanese Government OU=ApplicationCA
+# Label: "ApplicationCA - Japanese Government"
+# Serial: 49
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2008 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2008 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G3"
+# Serial: 28809105769928564313984085209975885599
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G2 O=thawte, Inc. OU=(c) 2007 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G2 O=thawte, Inc. OU=(c) 2007 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA - G2"
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+# Issuer: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G3 O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2008 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=thawte Primary Root CA - G3 O=thawte, Inc. OU=Certification Services Division/(c) 2008 thawte, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "thawte Primary Root CA - G3"
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+# Issuer: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2007 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2 O=GeoTrust Inc. OU=(c) 2007 GeoTrust Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "GeoTrust Primary Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 80682863203381065782177908751794619243
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2008 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2008 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Universal Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 85209574734084581917763752644031726877
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2007 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4 O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=VeriSign Trust Network/(c) 2007 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only
+# Label: "VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G4"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services)
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tanúsítványkiadók (Certification Services)
+# Label: "NetLock Arany (Class Gold) Főtanúsítvány"
+# Serial: 80544274841616
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c5:a1:b7:ff:73:dd:d6:d7:34:32:18:df:fc:3c:ad:88
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "CA Disig"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Juur-SK O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Subject: CN=Juur-SK O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Label: "Juur-SK"
+# Serial: 999181308
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 1 O=Hongkong Post
+# Subject: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 1 O=Hongkong Post
+# Label: "Hongkong Post Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 1000
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Label: "SecureSign RootCA11"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=ACEDICOM Root O=EDICOM OU=PKI
+# Subject: CN=ACEDICOM Root O=EDICOM OU=PKI
+# Label: "ACEDICOM Root"
+# Serial: 7029493972724711941
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009"
+# Serial: 14014712776195784473
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
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+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R3"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Subject: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Label: "Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068"
+# Serial: 6047274297262753887
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Izenpe.com O=IZENPE S.A.
+# Subject: CN=Izenpe.com O=IZENPE S.A.
+# Label: "Izenpe.com"
+# Serial: 917563065490389241595536686991402621
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root - 2008 O=AC Camerfirma S.A.
+# Subject: CN=Chambers of Commerce Root - 2008 O=AC Camerfirma S.A.
+# Label: "Chambers of Commerce Root - 2008"
+# Serial: 11806822484801597146
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=Starfield Technologies, Inc.
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+# Label: "Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+# Label: "Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Commercial"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Networking"
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium"
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+
+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Subject: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium ECC"
+# Serial: 8401224907861490260
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Network CA"
+# Serial: 279744
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certinomis - Autorité Racine O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Subject: CN=Certinomis - Autorité Racine O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Label: "Certinomis - Autorité Racine"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Root CA Generalitat Valenciana O=Generalitat Valenciana OU=PKIGVA
+# Subject: CN=Root CA Generalitat Valenciana O=Generalitat Valenciana OU=PKIGVA
+# Label: "Root CA Generalitat Valenciana"
+# Serial: 994436456
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2011"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=Trustis Limited OU=Trustis FPS Root CA
+# Subject: O=Trustis Limited OU=Trustis FPS Root CA
+# Label: "Trustis FPS Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority O=StartCom Ltd. OU=Secure Digital Certificate Signing
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 45
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=StartCom Certification Authority G2 O=StartCom Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=StartCom Certification Authority G2 O=StartCom Ltd.
+# Label: "StartCom Certification Authority G2"
+# Serial: 59
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:4b:fb:9e:64:82:0a:d3:b8:4c:62:f3:64:f2:90:64
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 46:a7:d2:fe:45:fb:64:5a:a8:59:90:9b:78:44:9b:29
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 3 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=EE Certification Centre Root CA O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Subject: CN=EE Certification Centre Root CA O=AS Sertifitseerimiskeskus
+# Label: "EE Certification Centre Root CA"
+# Serial: 112324828676200291871926431888494945866
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 43:5e:88:d4:7d:1a:4a:7e:fd:84:2e:52:eb:01:d4:6f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Aralık 2007
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş. (c) Aralık 2007
+# Label: "TURKTRUST Certificate Services Provider Root 2007"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:70:20:56:86:82:a0:18:c8:07:53:12:28:70:21:72
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f1:7f:6f:b6:31:dc:99:e3:a3:c8:7f:fe:1c:f1:81:10:88:d9:60:33
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009"
+# Serial: 623603
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cd:e0:25:69:8d:47:ac:9c:89:35:90:f7:fd:51:3d:2f
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 58:e8:ab:b0:36:15:33:fb:80:f7:9b:1b:6d:29:d3:ff:8d:5f:00:f0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009"
+# Serial: 623604
+# MD5 Fingerprint: aa:c6:43:2c:5e:2d:cd:c4:34:c0:50:4f:11:02:4f:b6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 96:c9:1b:0b:95:b4:10:98:42:fa:d0:d8:22:79:fe:60:fa:b9:16:83
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Raiz del Estado Venezolano O=Sistema Nacional de Certificacion Electronica OU=Superintendencia de Servicios de Certificacion Electronica
+# Subject: CN=PSCProcert O=Sistema Nacional de Certificacion Electronica OU=Proveedor de Certificados PROCERT
+# Label: "PSCProcert"
+# Serial: 11
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e6:24:e9:12:01:ae:0c:de:8e:85:c4:ce:a3:12:dd:ec
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 70:c1:8d:74:b4:28:81:0a:e4:fd:a5:75:d7:01:9f:99:b0:3d:50:74
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root O=China Internet Network Information Center
+# Subject: CN=China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root O=China Internet Network Information Center
+# Label: "China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root"
+# Serial: 1218379777
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 40698052477090394928831521023204026294
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Swisscom Root EV CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Subject: CN=Swisscom Root EV CA 2 O=Swisscom OU=Digital Certificate Services
+# Label: "Swisscom Root EV CA 2"
+# Serial: 322973295377129385374608406479535262296
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R1 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R1 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R1"
+# Serial: 14052245610670616104
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R2"
+# Serial: 10572350602393338211
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "ACCVRAIZ1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 3262
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f9:03:7e:cf:e6:9e:3c:73:7a:2a:90:07:69:ff:2b:96
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Subject: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Label: "TeliaSonera Root CA v1"
+# Serial: 199041966741090107964904287217786801558
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=E-Tugra Certification Authority O=E-Tuğra EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş. OU=E-Tugra Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Subject: CN=E-Tugra Certification Authority O=E-Tuğra EBG Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Hizmetleri A.Ş. OU=E-Tugra Sertifikasyon Merkezi
+# Label: "E-Tugra Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 7667447206703254355
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:9b:9e:e4:7b:6c:1f:00:72:1a:cc:c1:77:79:df:6a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot 2011"
+# Serial: 6643877497813316402
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ae:b9:c4:32:4b:ac:7f:5d:66:cc:77:94:bb:2a:77:56
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3"
+# Serial: 687049649626669250736271037606554624078720034195
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a4:bc:5b:3f:fe:37:9a:fa:64:f0:e2:fa:05:3d:0b:ab
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3"
+# Serial: 390156079458959257446133169266079962026824725800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3"
+# Serial: 268090761170461462463995952157327242137089239581
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G2"
+# Serial: 15385348160840213938643033620894905419
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 92:38:b9:f8:63:24:82:65:2c:57:33:e6:fe:81:8f:9d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G3"
+# Serial: 15459312981008553731928384953135426796
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7c:7f:65:31:0c:81:df:8d:ba:3e:99:e2:5c:ad:6e:fb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f5:17:a2:4f:9a:48:c6:c9:f8:a2:00:26:9f:dc:0f:48:2c:ab:30:89
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G2"
+# Serial: 4293743540046975378534879503202253541
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e4:a6:8a:c8:54:ac:52:42:46:0a:fd:72:48:1b:2a:44
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G3"
+# Serial: 7089244469030293291760083333884364146
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f5:5d:a4:50:a5:fb:28:7e:1e:0f:0d:cc:96:57:56:ca
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Trusted Root G4"
+# Serial: 7451500558977370777930084869016614236
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:f2:fc:aa:60:1f:2f:b4:eb:c9:37:ba:53:2e:75:49
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certification Authority of WoSign O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=Certification Authority of WoSign O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Label: "WoSign"
+# Serial: 125491772294754854453622855443212256657
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=CA 沃通根证书 O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=CA 沃通根证书 O=WoSign CA Limited
+# Label: "WoSign China"
+# Serial: 106921963437422998931660691310149453965
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:83:5b:52:16:76:c4:24:3b:83:78:e8:ac:da:9a:93
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 101909084537582093308941363524873193117
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:31:b0:71:40:36:cc:14:36:91:ad:c4:3e:fd:ec:18
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: af:e5:d2:44:a8:d1:19:42:30:ff:47:9f:e2:f8:97:bb:cd:7a:8c:b4
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 52:f0:e1:c4:e5:8e:c6:29:29:1b:60:31:7f:07:46:71:b8:5d:7e:a8:0d:5b:07:27:34:63:53:4b:32:b4:02:34
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2645093764781058787591871645665788717
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:fe:69:d1:91:b7:19:33:a3:72:a8:0f:e1:55:e5:b5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2b:8f:1b:57:33:0d:bb:a2:d0:7a:6c:51:f7:0e:e9:0d:da:b9:ad:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 123013823720199481456569720443997572134
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fa:68:bc:d9:b5:7f:ad:fd:c9:1d:06:83:28:cc:24:c1
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d1:cb:ca:5d:b2:d5:2a:7f:69:3b:67:4d:e5:f0:5a:1d:0c:95:7d:f0
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 4f:f4:60:d5:4b:9c:86:da:bf:bc:fc:57:12:e0:40:0d:2b:ed:3f:bc:4d:4f:bd:aa:86:e0:6a:dc:d2:a9:ad:7a
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4"
+# Serial: 14367148294922964480859022125800977897474
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5"
+# Serial: 32785792099990507226680698011560947931244
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 9f:ad:3b:1c:02:1e:8a:ba:17:74:38:81:0c:a2:bc:08
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3 O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden Root CA - G3"
+# Serial: 10003001
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0b:46:67:07:db:10:2f:19:8c:35:50:60:d1:0b:f4:37
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Subject: CN=Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA O=Staat der Nederlanden
+# Label: "Staat der Nederlanden EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 10000013
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fc:06:af:7b:e8:1a:f1:9a:b4:e8:d2:70:1f:c0:f5:ba
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 76:e2:7e:c1:4f:db:82:c1:c0:a6:75:b5:05:be:3d:29:b4:ed:db:bb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Subject: CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Label: "IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 13298821034946342390520003877796839426
+# MD5 Fingerprint: b3:3e:77:73:75:ee:a0:d3:e3:7e:49:63:49:59:bb:c7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Subject: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Label: "IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 13298821034946342390521976156843933698
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:06:a5:b0:fc:89:9d:ba:f4:6b:8c:1a:64:cd:d5:ba
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ba:29:41:60:77:98:3f:f4:f3:ef:f2:31:05:3b:2e:ea:6d:4d:45:fd
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 1246989352
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Label: "CFCA EV ROOT"
+# Serial: 407555286
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Subject: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
+# Label: "TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H5"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TÜRKTRUST Elektronik Sertifika Hizmet Sağlayıcısı H6 O=TÜRKTRUST Bilgi İletişim ve Bilişim Güvenliği Hizmetleri A.Ş.
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certinomis - Root CA O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Subject: CN=Certinomis - Root CA O=Certinomis OU=0002 433998903
+# Label: "Certinomis - Root CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 14:0a:fd:8d:a8:28:b5:38:69:db:56:7e:61:22:03:3f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Secure Server Certification Authority O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Secure Server Certification Authority O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 927650371
+# MD5 Fingerprint: df:f2:80:73:cc:f1:e6:61:73:fc:f5:42:e9:c5:7c:ee
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 99:a6:9b:e6:1a:fe:88:6b:4d:2b:82:00:7c:b8:54:fc:31:7e:15:39
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 2 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "ValiCert Class 2 VA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a9:23:75:9b:ba:49:36:6e:31:c2:db:f2:e7:66:ba:87
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 31:7a:2a:d0:7f:2b:33:5e:f5:a1:c3:4e:4b:57:e8:b7:d8:f1:fc:a6
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Expressz (Class C) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Expressz (Class C) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Express (Class C) Root"
+# Serial: 104
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 4f:eb:f1:f0:70:c2:80:63:5d:58:9f:da:12:3c:a9:c4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: e3:92:51:2f:0a:cf:f5:05:df:f6:de:06:7f:75:37:e1:65:ea:57:4b
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Uzleti (Class B) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Uzleti (Class B) Tanusitvanykiado O=NetLock Halozatbiztonsagi Kft. OU=Tanusitvanykiadok
+# Label: "NetLock Business (Class B) Root"
+# Serial: 105
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 39:16:aa:b9:6a:41:e1:14:69:df:9e:6c:3b:72:dc:b6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 87:9f:4b:ee:05:df:98:58:3b:e3:60:d6:33:e7:0d:3f:fe:98:71:af
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 3 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 3 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "RSA Root Certificate 1"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a2:6f:53:b7:ee:40:db:4a:68:e7:fa:18:d9:10:4b:72
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 69:bd:8c:f4:9c:d3:00:fb:59:2e:17:93:ca:55:6a:f3:ec:aa:35:fb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority
+# Subject: CN=http://www.valicert.com/ O=ValiCert, Inc. OU=ValiCert Class 1 Policy Validation Authority
+# Label: "ValiCert Class 1 VA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 65:58:ab:15:ad:57:6c:1e:a8:a7:b5:69:ac:bf:ff:eb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: e5:df:74:3c:b6:01:c4:9b:98:43:dc:ab:8c:e8:6a:81:10:9f:e4:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Equifax Secure eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Label: "Equifax Secure eBusiness CA 1"
+# Serial: 4
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 64:9c:ef:2e:44:fc:c6:8f:52:07:d0:51:73:8f:cb:3d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: da:40:18:8b:91:89:a3:ed:ee:ae:da:97:fe:2f:9d:f5:b7:d1:8a:41
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA-1 O=Equifax Secure Inc.
+# Label: "Equifax Secure Global eBusiness CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 8f:5d:77:06:27:c4:98:3c:5b:93:78:e7:d7:7d:9b:cc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 7e:78:4a:10:1c:82:65:cc:2d:e1:f1:6d:47:b4:40:ca:d9:0a:19:45
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Thawte Premium Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Subject: CN=Thawte Premium Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Label: "Thawte Premium Server CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 06:9f:69:79:16:66:90:02:1b:8c:8c:a2:c3:07:6f:3a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 62:7f:8d:78:27:65:63:99:d2:7d:7f:90:44:c9:fe:b3:f3:3e:fa:9a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Thawte Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Subject: CN=Thawte Server CA O=Thawte Consulting cc OU=Certification Services Division
+# Label: "Thawte Server CA"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c5:70:c4:a2:ed:53:78:0c:c8:10:53:81:64:cb:d0:1d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 23:e5:94:94:51:95:f2:41:48:03:b4:d5:64:d2:a3:a3:f5:d8:8b:8c
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 149843929435818692848040365716851702463
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 10:fc:63:5d:f6:26:3e:0d:f3:25:be:5f:79:cd:67:67
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:2c:31:92:e6:07:e4:24:eb:45:49:54:2b:e1:bb:c5:3e:61:74:e2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 80507572722862485515306429940691309246
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ef:5a:f1:33:ef:f1:cd:bb:51:02:ee:12:14:4b:96:c4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+ADCBiQKBgQDJXFme8huKARS0EN8EQNvjV69qRUCPhAwL0TPZ2RHP7gJYHyX3KqhE
+BarsAx94f56TuZoAqiN91qyFomNFx3InzPRMxnVx0jnvT0Lwdd8KkMaOIG+YD/is
+I19wKTakyYbnsZogy1Olhec9vn2a/iRFM9x2Fe0PonFkTGUugWhFpwIDAQABMA0G
+CSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4GBABByUqkFFBkyCEHwxWsKzH4PIRnN5GfcX6kb5sroc50i
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+2HUw19JlYD1n1khVdWk/kfVIC0dpImmClr7JyDiGSnoscxlIaU5rfGW/D/xwzoiQ
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2/(c) 1998 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/VeriSign Trust Network
+# Subject: O=VeriSign, Inc. OU=Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2/(c) 1998 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only/VeriSign Trust Network
+# Label: "Verisign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 167285380242319648451154478808036881606
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a2:33:9b:4c:74:78:73:d4:6c:e7:c1:f3:8d:cb:5c:e9
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 85:37:1c:a6:e5:50:14:3d:ce:28:03:47:1b:de:3a:09:e8:f8:77:0f
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 83:ce:3c:12:29:68:8a:59:3d:48:5f:81:97:3c:0f:91:95:43:1e:da:37:cc:5e:36:43:0e:79:c7:a8:88:63:8b
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIDAjCCAmsCEH3Z/gfPqB63EHln+6eJNMYwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwgcExCzAJ
+BgNVBAYTAlVTMRcwFQYDVQQKEw5WZXJpU2lnbiwgSW5jLjE8MDoGA1UECxMzQ2xh
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+oJ2daZH9
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root O=GTE Corporation OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root O=GTE Corporation OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc.
+# Label: "GTE CyberTrust Global Root"
+# Serial: 421
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ca:3d:d3:68:f1:03:5c:d0:32:fa:b8:2b:59:e8:5a:db
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 97:81:79:50:d8:1c:96:70:cc:34:d8:09:cf:79:44:31:36:7e:f4:74
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: a5:31:25:18:8d:21:10:aa:96:4b:02:c7:b7:c6:da:32:03:17:08:94:e5:fb:71:ff:fb:66:67:d5:e6:81:0a:36
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIICWjCCAcMCAgGlMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBAUAMHUxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRgwFgYD
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+lZPvy5TYnh+dXIVtx6quTx8itc2VrbqnzPmrC3p/
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07e6475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+certs.py
+~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the preferred default CA certificate bundle.
+
+If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
+environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
+packaged CA bundle.
+"""
+import os.path
+
+try:
+    from certifi import where
+except ImportError:
+    def where():
+        """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
+        # vendored bundle inside Requests
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(where())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70edff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+pythoncompat
+"""
+
+from .packages import chardet
+
+import sys
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = (_ver[0] == 2)
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = (_ver[0] == 3)
+
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
+    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it throws a SyntaxError
+    # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
+    import json
+
+# ---------
+# Specifics
+# ---------
+
+if is_py2:
+    from urllib import quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urlencode, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urldefrag
+    from urllib2 import parse_http_list
+    import cookielib
+    from Cookie import Morsel
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    from .packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
+
+    builtin_str = str
+    bytes = str
+    str = unicode
+    basestring = basestring
+    numeric_types = (int, long, float)
+
+elif is_py3:
+    from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlencode, quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urldefrag
+    from urllib.request import parse_http_list, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+    from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+    from http.cookies import Morsel
+    from io import StringIO
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+
+    builtin_str = str
+    str = str
+    bytes = bytes
+    basestring = (str, bytes)
+    numeric_types = (int, float)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b85fd2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
+
+requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
+"""
+
+import copy
+import time
+import calendar
+import collections
+from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
+
+try:
+    import threading
+    # grr, pyflakes: this fixes "redefinition of unused 'threading'"
+    threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+
+class MockRequest(object):
+    """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
+
+    The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
+    manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
+    domains of the request and the cookie.
+
+    The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting
+    the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You
+    probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self._r = request
+        self._new_headers = {}
+        self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
+
+    def get_type(self):
+        return self.type
+
+    def get_host(self):
+        return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
+
+    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+    def get_full_url(self):
+        # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
+        # header
+        if not self._r.headers.get('Host'):
+            return self._r.url
+        # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
+        host = self._r.headers['Host']
+        parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
+        # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
+        return urlunparse([
+            parsed.scheme, host, parsed.path, parsed.params, parsed.query,
+            parsed.fragment
+        ])
+
+    def is_unverifiable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def has_header(self, name):
+        return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
+
+    def add_header(self, key, val):
+        """cookielib has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()")
+
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
+        self._new_headers[name] = value
+
+    def get_new_headers(self):
+        return self._new_headers
+
+    @property
+    def unverifiable(self):
+        return self.is_unverifiable()
+
+    @property
+    def origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_origin_req_host()
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+
+class MockResponse(object):
+    """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
+
+    ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
+    the way `cookielib` expects to see them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        """Make a MockResponse for `cookielib` to read.
+
+        :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
+        """
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    def info(self):
+        return self._headers
+
+    def getheaders(self, name):
+        self._headers.getheaders(name)
+
+
+def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
+    """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
+
+    :param jar: cookielib.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
+    :param request: our own requests.Request object
+    :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
+    """
+    if not (hasattr(response, '_original_response') and
+            response._original_response):
+        return
+    # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
+    req = MockRequest(request)
+    # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
+    res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
+    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
+
+
+def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
+    """Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None."""
+    r = MockRequest(request)
+    jar.add_cookie_header(r)
+    return r.get_new_headers().get('Cookie')
+
+
+def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
+
+    Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
+    """
+    clearables = []
+    for cookie in cookiejar:
+        if cookie.name != name:
+            continue
+        if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
+            continue
+        if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
+            continue
+        clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+
+    for domain, path, name in clearables:
+        cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
+
+
+class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
+    """There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar.
+    Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific."""
+
+
+class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
+    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
+
+    This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
+    don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
+    session.cookies to support dict operations.
+
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
+
+    Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
+
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
+    def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        try:
+            return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
+        """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains."""
+        # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
+        if value is None:
+            remove_cookie_by_name(self, name, domain=kwargs.get('domain'), path=kwargs.get('path'))
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(value, Morsel):
+            c = morsel_to_cookie(value)
+        else:
+            c = create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs)
+        self.set_cookie(c)
+        return c
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar. See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar. See values() and items()."""
+        return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.value
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar. See keys() and items()."""
+        return list(self.itervalues())
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name, cookie.value
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call
+        ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a vanilla python dict of key value
+        pairs."""
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def list_domains(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain not in domains:
+                domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return domains
+
+    def list_paths(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
+        paths = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.path not in paths:
+                paths.append(cookie.path)
+        return paths
+
+    def multiple_domains(self):
+        """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
+        Returns False otherwise."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
+                return True
+            domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return False  # there is only one domain in jar
+
+    def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements."""
+        dictionary = {}
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (path is None
+                                                or cookie.path == path):
+                dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+        return dictionary
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+
+        return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead."""
+
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``."""
+        remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
+
+    def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
+        if hasattr(cookie.value, 'startswith') and cookie.value.startswith('"') and cookie.value.endswith('"'):
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', '')
+        return super(RequestsCookieJar, self).set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
+        if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            for cookie in other:
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+        else:
+            super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
+
+    def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as
+        args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If
+        there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one. See
+        _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies."""
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        return cookie.value
+
+        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+
+    def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests. Takes as args name and optional domain and
+        path. Returns a cookie.value. Throws KeyError if cookie is not found
+        and CookieConflictError if there are multiple cookies that match name
+        and optionally domain and path."""
+        toReturn = None
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        if toReturn is not None:  # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                            raise CookieConflictError('There are multiple cookies with name, %r' % (name))
+                        toReturn = cookie.value  # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+
+        if toReturn:
+            return toReturn
+        raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        state = self.__dict__.copy()
+        # remove the unpickleable RLock object
+        state.pop('_cookies_lock')
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        if '_cookies_lock' not in self.__dict__:
+            self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
+        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.update(self)
+        return new_cj
+
+
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+        # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
+def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
+    """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
+
+    By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
+    and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
+    """
+    result = dict(
+        version=0,
+        name=name,
+        value=value,
+        port=None,
+        domain='',
+        path='/',
+        secure=False,
+        expires=None,
+        discard=True,
+        comment=None,
+        comment_url=None,
+        rest={'HttpOnly': None},
+        rfc2109=False,)
+
+    badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
+    if badargs:
+        err = 'create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: %s'
+        raise TypeError(err % list(badargs))
+
+    result.update(kwargs)
+    result['port_specified'] = bool(result['port'])
+    result['domain_specified'] = bool(result['domain'])
+    result['domain_initial_dot'] = result['domain'].startswith('.')
+    result['path_specified'] = bool(result['path'])
+
+    return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
+
+
+def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
+    """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
+
+    expires = None
+    if morsel['max-age']:
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel['max-age']))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError('max-age: %s must be integer' % morsel['max-age'])
+    elif morsel['expires']:
+        time_template = '%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT'
+        expires = calendar.timegm(
+            time.strptime(morsel['expires'], time_template)
+        )
+    return create_cookie(
+        comment=morsel['comment'],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel['comment']),
+        discard=False,
+        domain=morsel['domain'],
+        expires=expires,
+        name=morsel.key,
+        path=morsel['path'],
+        port=None,
+        rest={'HttpOnly': morsel['httponly']},
+        rfc2109=False,
+        secure=bool(morsel['secure']),
+        value=morsel.value,
+        version=morsel['version'] or 0,
+    )
+
+
+def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
+    :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
+        already in the jar with new ones.
+    """
+    if cookiejar is None:
+        cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
+
+    if cookie_dict is not None:
+        names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
+        for name in cookie_dict:
+            if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
+
+    return cookiejar
+
+
+def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
+    """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
+
+    :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
+    :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
+
+    if isinstance(cookies, dict):
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
+            cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
+    elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        try:
+            cookiejar.update(cookies)
+        except AttributeError:
+            for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
+
+    return cookiejar
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba0b910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
+
+"""
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
+
+
+class RequestException(IOError):
+    """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
+    request."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects.
+        """
+        response = kwargs.pop('response', None)
+        self.response = response
+        self.request = kwargs.pop('request', None)
+        if (response is not None and not self.request and
+                hasattr(response, 'request')):
+            self.request = self.response.request
+        super(RequestException, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HTTPError(RequestException):
+    """An HTTP error occurred."""
+
+
+class ConnectionError(RequestException):
+    """A Connection error occurred."""
+
+
+class ProxyError(ConnectionError):
+    """A proxy error occurred."""
+
+
+class SSLError(ConnectionError):
+    """An SSL error occurred."""
+
+
+class Timeout(RequestException):
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
+
+
+class URLRequired(RequestException):
+    """A valid URL is required to make a request."""
+
+
+class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
+    """Too many redirects."""
+
+
+class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL schema (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
+
+
+class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """See defaults.py for valid schemas."""
+
+
+class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """ The URL provided was somehow invalid. """
+
+
+class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
+    """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
+
+
+class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
+    """Failed to decode response content"""
+
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class RequestsWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning for Requests."""
+    pass
+
+
+class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    """
+    A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length.
+    """
+    pass
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9da9436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.hooks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system.
+
+Available hooks:
+
+``response``:
+    The response generated from a Request.
+
+"""
+HOOKS = ['response']
+
+def default_hooks():
+    return dict((event, []) for event in HOOKS)
+
+# TODO: response is the only one
+
+
+def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
+    """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
+    hooks = hooks or dict()
+    hooks = hooks.get(key)
+    if hooks:
+        if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):
+            hooks = [hooks]
+        for hook in hooks:
+            _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
+            if _hook_data is not None:
+                hook_data = _hook_data
+    return hook_data
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bcbc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.models
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the primary objects that power Requests.
+"""
+
+import collections
+import datetime
+
+from io import BytesIO, UnsupportedOperation
+from .hooks import default_hooks
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header, _copy_cookie_jar
+from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
+from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError)
+from .exceptions import (
+    HTTPError, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, StreamConsumedError)
+from .utils import (
+    guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri,
+    stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links,
+    iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string)
+from .compat import (
+    cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO,
+    is_py2, chardet, builtin_str, basestring)
+from .compat import json as complexjson
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+#: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
+#: processable redirect.
+REDIRECT_STATI = (
+    codes.moved,              # 301
+    codes.found,              # 302
+    codes.other,              # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect, # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect, # 308
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
+CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
+ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
+
+
+class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
+    @property
+    def path_url(self):
+        """Build the path URL to use."""
+
+        url = []
+
+        p = urlsplit(self.url)
+
+        path = p.path
+        if not path:
+            path = '/'
+
+        url.append(path)
+
+        query = p.query
+        if query:
+            url.append('?')
+            url.append(query)
+
+        return ''.join(url)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_params(data):
+        """Encode parameters in a piece of data.
+
+        Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, 'read'):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, '__iter__'):
+            result = []
+            for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data):
+                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, '__iter__'):
+                    vs = [vs]
+                for v in vs:
+                    if v is not None:
+                        result.append(
+                            (k.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(k, str) else k,
+                             v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v))
+            return urlencode(result, doseq=True)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_files(files, data):
+        """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request.
+
+        Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+
+        """
+        if (not files):
+            raise ValueError("Files must be provided.")
+        elif isinstance(data, basestring):
+            raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.")
+
+        new_fields = []
+        fields = to_key_val_list(data or {})
+        files = to_key_val_list(files or {})
+
+        for field, val in fields:
+            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, '__iter__'):
+                val = [val]
+            for v in val:
+                if v is not None:
+                    # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong.
+                    if not isinstance(v, bytes):
+                        v = str(v)
+
+                    new_fields.append(
+                        (field.decode('utf-8') if isinstance(field, bytes) else field,
+                         v.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(v, str) else v))
+
+        for (k, v) in files:
+            # support for explicit filename
+            ft = None
+            fh = None
+            if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(v) == 2:
+                    fn, fp = v
+                elif len(v) == 3:
+                    fn, fp, ft = v
+                else:
+                    fn, fp, ft, fh = v
+            else:
+                fn = guess_filename(v) or k
+                fp = v
+
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            else:
+                fdata = fp.read()
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh)
+            rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
+            new_fields.append(rf)
+
+        body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields)
+
+        return body, content_type
+
+
+class RequestHooksMixin(object):
+    def register_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Properly register a hook."""
+
+        if event not in self.hooks:
+            raise ValueError('Unsupported event specified, with event name "%s"' % (event))
+
+        if isinstance(hook, collections.Callable):
+            self.hooks[event].append(hook)
+        elif hasattr(hook, '__iter__'):
+            self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, collections.Callable))
+
+    def deregister_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Deregister a previously registered hook.
+        Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            self.hooks[event].remove(hook)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+
+class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
+    """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object.
+
+    Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server.
+
+    :param method: HTTP method to use.
+    :param url: URL to send.
+    :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
+    :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
+    :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
+    :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
+    :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
+    :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
+
+        # Default empty dicts for dict params.
+        data = [] if data is None else data
+        files = [] if files is None else files
+        headers = {} if headers is None else headers
+        params = {} if params is None else params
+        hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks
+
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        for (k, v) in list(hooks.items()):
+            self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v)
+
+        self.method = method
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.files = files
+        self.data = data
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+        self.auth = auth
+        self.cookies = cookies
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Request [%s]>' % (self.method)
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it."""
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=self.method,
+            url=self.url,
+            headers=self.headers,
+            files=self.files,
+            data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
+            params=self.params,
+            auth=self.auth,
+            cookies=self.cookies,
+            hooks=self.hooks,
+        )
+        return p
+
+
+class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
+    """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object,
+    containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.
+
+    Generated from either a :class:`Request <Request>` object or manually.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> r = req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.send(r)
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: HTTP verb to send to the server.
+        self.method = None
+        #: HTTP URL to send the request to.
+        self.url = None
+        #: dictionary of HTTP headers.
+        self.headers = None
+        # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here
+        # after prepare_cookies is called
+        self._cookies = None
+        #: request body to send to the server.
+        self.body = None
+        #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+    def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
+        data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None):
+        """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
+
+        self.prepare_method(method)
+        self.prepare_url(url, params)
+        self.prepare_headers(headers)
+        self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
+        self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
+
+        # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
+        # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
+
+        # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook
+        self.prepare_hooks(hooks)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<PreparedRequest [%s]>' % (self.method)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.method = self.method
+        p.url = self.url
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
+        p.body = self.body
+        p.hooks = self.hooks
+        return p
+
+    def prepare_method(self, method):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP method."""
+        self.method = method
+        if self.method is not None:
+            self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper())
+
+    def prepare_url(self, url, params):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
+        #: Accept objects that have string representations.
+        #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode('utf8')
+        else:
+            url = unicode(url) if is_py2 else str(url)
+
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
+        if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'):
+            self.url = url
+            return
+
+        # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
+
+        if not scheme:
+            error = ("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. Perhaps you meant http://{0}?")
+            error = error.format(to_native_string(url, 'utf8'))
+
+            raise MissingSchema(error)
+
+        if not host:
+            raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url)
+
+        # Only want to apply IDNA to the hostname
+        try:
+            host = host.encode('idna').decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeError:
+            raise InvalidURL('URL has an invalid label.')
+
+        # Carefully reconstruct the network location
+        netloc = auth or ''
+        if netloc:
+            netloc += '@'
+        netloc += host
+        if port:
+            netloc += ':' + str(port)
+
+        # Bare domains aren't valid URLs.
+        if not path:
+            path = '/'
+
+        if is_py2:
+            if isinstance(scheme, str):
+                scheme = scheme.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(netloc, str):
+                netloc = netloc.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(path, str):
+                path = path.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(query, str):
+                query = query.encode('utf-8')
+            if isinstance(fragment, str):
+                fragment = fragment.encode('utf-8')
+
+        if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)):
+            params = to_native_string(params)
+
+        enc_params = self._encode_params(params)
+        if enc_params:
+            if query:
+                query = '%s&%s' % (query, enc_params)
+            else:
+                query = enc_params
+
+        url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment]))
+        self.url = url
+
+    def prepare_headers(self, headers):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP headers."""
+
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict((to_native_string(name), value) for name, value in headers.items())
+        else:
+            self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
+
+        # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
+        # If not, run through normal process.
+
+        # Nottin' on you.
+        body = None
+        content_type = None
+        length = None
+
+        if not data and json is not None:
+            content_type = 'application/json'
+            body = complexjson.dumps(json)
+
+        is_stream = all([
+            hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
+            not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, dict))
+        ])
+
+        try:
+            length = super_len(data)
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
+            length = None
+
+        if is_stream:
+            body = data
+
+            if files:
+                raise NotImplementedError('Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive.')
+
+            if length:
+                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(length)
+            else:
+                self.headers['Transfer-Encoding'] = 'chunked'
+        else:
+            # Multi-part file uploads.
+            if files:
+                (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
+            else:
+                if data:
+                    body = self._encode_params(data)
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                        content_type = None
+                    else:
+                        content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            self.prepare_content_length(body)
+
+            # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
+            if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers):
+                self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+
+        self.body = body
+
+    def prepare_content_length(self, body):
+        if hasattr(body, 'seek') and hasattr(body, 'tell'):
+            body.seek(0, 2)
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(body.tell())
+            body.seek(0, 0)
+        elif body is not None:
+            l = super_len(body)
+            if l:
+                self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(l)
+        elif (self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')) and (self.headers.get('Content-Length') is None):
+            self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
+
+    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP auth data."""
+
+        # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first.
+        if auth is None:
+            url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url)
+            auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None
+
+        if auth:
+            if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2:
+                # special-case basic HTTP auth
+                auth = HTTPBasicAuth(*auth)
+
+            # Allow auth to make its changes.
+            r = auth(self)
+
+            # Update self to reflect the auth changes.
+            self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__)
+
+            # Recompute Content-Length
+            self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
+
+    def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand."""
+
+        if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            self._cookies = cookies
+        else:
+            self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self)
+        if cookie_header is not None:
+            self.headers['Cookie'] = cookie_header
+
+    def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
+        """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
+        for event in hooks:
+            self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
+
+
+class Response(object):
+    """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
+    server's response to an HTTP request.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        '_content', 'status_code', 'headers', 'url', 'history',
+        'encoding', 'reason', 'cookies', 'elapsed', 'request'
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(Response, self).__init__()
+
+        self._content = False
+        self._content_consumed = False
+
+        #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.
+        self.status_code = None
+
+        #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers.
+        #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+        #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header.
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+        #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage).
+        #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request.
+        # This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.
+        self.raw = None
+
+        #: Final URL location of Response.
+        self.url = None
+
+        #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from
+        #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end
+        #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.
+        self.history = []
+
+        #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK".
+        self.reason = None
+
+        #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
+        self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
+        # sure the content has been fully read.
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.content
+
+        return dict(
+            (attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+            for attr in self.__attrs__
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+
+        # pickled objects do not have .raw
+        setattr(self, '_content_consumed', True)
+        setattr(self, 'raw', None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Response [%s]>' % (self.status_code)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'."""
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Returns true if :attr:`status_code` is 'OK'."""
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
+        return self.iter_content(128)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        try:
+            self.raise_for_status()
+        except HTTPError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
+        been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
+        """
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI)
+
+    @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect"""
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
+
+    @property
+    def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library"""
+        return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
+
+    def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False):
+        """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
+        request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for
+        large responses.  The chunk size is the number of bytes it should
+        read into memory.  This is not necessarily the length of each item
+        returned as decoding can take place.
+
+        If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
+        available encoding based on the response.
+        """
+
+        def generate():
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            if hasattr(self.raw, 'stream'):
+                try:
+                    for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
+                        yield chunk
+                except ProtocolError as e:
+                    raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
+                except DecodeError as e:
+                    raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
+            else:
+                # Standard file-like object.
+                while True:
+                    chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    yield chunk
+
+            self._content_consumed = True
+
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
+        # simulate reading small chunks of the content
+        reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
+
+        stream_chunks = generate()
+
+        chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks
+
+        if decode_unicode:
+            chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
+
+        return chunks
+
+    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None, delimiter=None):
+        """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
+        stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
+        content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
+        """
+
+        pending = None
+
+        for chunk in self.iter_content(chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode):
+
+            if pending is not None:
+                chunk = pending + chunk
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
+                pending = lines.pop()
+            else:
+                pending = None
+
+            for line in lines:
+                yield line
+
+        if pending is not None:
+            yield pending
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        """Content of the response, in bytes."""
+
+        if self._content is False:
+            # Read the contents.
+            try:
+                if self._content_consumed:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        'The content for this response was already consumed')
+
+                if self.status_code == 0:
+                    self._content = None
+                else:
+                    self._content = bytes().join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or bytes()
+
+            except AttributeError:
+                self._content = None
+
+        self._content_consumed = True
+        # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
+        # since we exhausted the data.
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        """Content of the response, in unicode.
+
+        If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
+        ``chardet``.
+
+        The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP
+        headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of
+        non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should
+        set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property.
+        """
+
+        # Try charset from content-type
+        content = None
+        encoding = self.encoding
+
+        if not self.content:
+            return str('')
+
+        # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
+        if self.encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.apparent_encoding
+
+        # Decode unicode from given encoding.
+        try:
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+        except (LookupError, TypeError):
+            # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
+            # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
+            #
+            # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
+            #
+            # So we try blindly encoding.
+            content = str(self.content, errors='replace')
+
+        return content
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs):
+        """Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.
+
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes.
+        """
+
+        if not self.encoding and len(self.content) > 3:
+            # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect
+            # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or
+            # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using chardet to make
+            # a best guess).
+            encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
+            if encoding is not None:
+                try:
+                    return complexjson.loads(
+                        self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs
+                    )
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
+                    # but some other 8-bit codec.  This is an RFC violation,
+                    # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was*
+                    # used.
+                    pass
+        return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
+
+        header = self.headers.get('link')
+
+        # l = MultiDict()
+        l = {}
+
+        if header:
+            links = parse_header_links(header)
+
+            for link in links:
+                key = link.get('rel') or link.get('url')
+                l[key] = link
+
+        return l
+
+    def raise_for_status(self):
+        """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
+
+        http_error_msg = ''
+
+        if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
+            http_error_msg = '%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
+
+        elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
+            http_error_msg = '%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, self.reason, self.url)
+
+        if http_error_msg:
+            raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been
+        called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again.
+
+        *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
+        """
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            return self.raw.close()
+
+        return self.raw.release_conn()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..971c2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+'''
+Debian and other distributions "unbundle" requests' vendored dependencies, and
+rewrite all imports to use the global versions of ``urllib3`` and ``chardet``.
+The problem with this is that not only requests itself imports those
+dependencies, but third-party code outside of the distros' control too.
+
+In reaction to these problems, the distro maintainers replaced
+``requests.packages`` with a magical "stub module" that imports the correct
+modules. The implementations were varying in quality and all had severe
+problems. For example, a symlink (or hardlink) that links the correct modules
+into place introduces problems regarding object identity, since you now have
+two modules in `sys.modules` with the same API, but different identities::
+
+    requests.packages.urllib3 is not urllib3
+
+With version ``2.5.2``, requests started to maintain its own stub, so that
+distro-specific breakage would be reduced to a minimum, even though the whole
+issue is not requests' fault in the first place. See
+https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2375 for the corresponding pull
+request.
+'''
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from . import urllib3
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib3
+    sys.modules['%s.urllib3' % __name__] = urllib3
+
+try:
+    from . import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    import chardet
+    sys.modules['%s.chardet' % __name__] = chardet
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82c2a48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+__version__ = "2.3.0"
+from sys import version_info
+
+
+def detect(aBuf):
+    if ((version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(aBuf, unicode)) or
+            (version_info >= (3, 0) and not isinstance(aBuf, bytes))):
+        raise ValueError('Expected a bytes object, not a unicode object')
+
+    from . import universaldetector
+    u = universaldetector.UniversalDetector()
+    u.reset()
+    u.feed(aBuf)
+    u.close()
+    return u.result
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65bffc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,925 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Big5 frequency table
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http://www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+#
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+#Char to FreqOrder table
+BIG5_TABLE_SIZE = 5376
+
+Big5CharToFreqOrder = (
+   1,1801,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,5008, 177, 202,3681,1256,2821, 110, #   16
+3814,  33,3274, 261,  76,  44,2114,  16,2946,2187,1176, 659,3971,  26,3451,2653, #   32
+1198,3972,3350,4202, 410,2215, 302, 590, 361,1964,   8, 204,  58,4510,5009,1932, #   48
+  63,5010,5011, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4203,2417,1480,5012,3555,3091, 224,2822, #   64
+3682,   3,  10,3973,1471,  29,2787,1135,2866,1940, 873, 130,3275,1123, 312,5013, #   80
+4511,2052, 507, 252, 682,5014, 142,1915, 124, 206,2947,  34,3556,3204,  64, 604, #   96
+5015,2501,1977,1978, 155,1991, 645, 641,1606,5016,3452, 337,  72, 406,5017,  80, #  112
+ 630, 238,3205,1509, 263, 939,1092,2654, 756,1440,1094,3453, 449,  69,2987, 591, #  128
+ 179,2096, 471, 115,2035,1844,  60,  50,2988, 134, 806,1869, 734,2036,3454, 180, #  144
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2907, 688,5018, 319,1305, 779,2145, 514,2379, 298,4512, 359, #  160
+2502,  90,2716,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2553,  20,2441, 182, 532,1716,5019, 732, #  176
+1376,4204,1311,1420,3206,  25,2317,1056, 113, 399, 382,1950, 242,3455,2474, 529, #  192
+3276, 475,1447,3683,5020, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2300,2334,3557,5021, 126,4205, #  208
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4513,  71,1118,2037,4206, 145,3092,  85, 835, 486,2115,1246, #  224
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,5022,2128,2359, 347,3815, 221, #  240
+3558,3135,5023,1956,1153,4207,  83, 296,1199,3093, 192, 624,  93,5024, 822,1898, #  256
+2823,3136, 795,2065, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2867, 859, 139,1456, 860,4514, #  272
+ 437, 712,3974, 164,2397,3137, 695, 211,3037,2097, 195,3975,1608,3559,3560,3684, #  288
+3976, 234, 811,2989,2098,3977,2233,1441,3561,1615,2380, 668,2077,1638, 305, 228, #  304
+1664,4515, 467, 415,5025, 262,2099,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2078, #  320
+5026,5027,2176,3207,3685,2682, 593, 845,1062,3277,  88,1723,2038,3978,1951, 212, #  336
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1899,4208,4516,  77, 187,5028,3038,  37,   5,2990,5029,3979, #  352
+5030,5031,  39,2524,4517,2908,3208,2079,  55, 148,  74,4518, 545, 483,1474,1029, #  368
+1665, 217,1870,1531,3138,1104,2655,4209,  24, 172,3562, 900,3980,3563,3564,4519, #  384
+  32,1408,2824,1312, 329, 487,2360,2251,2717, 784,2683,   4,3039,3351,1427,1789, #  400
+ 188, 109, 499,5032,3686,1717,1790, 888,1217,3040,4520,5033,3565,5034,3352,1520, #  416
+3687,3981, 196,1034, 775,5035,5036, 929,1816, 249, 439,  38,5037,1063,5038, 794, #  432
+3982,1435,2301,  46, 178,3278,2066,5039,2381,5040, 214,1709,4521, 804,  35, 707, #  448
+ 324,3688,1601,2554, 140, 459,4210,5041,5042,1365, 839, 272, 978,2262,2580,3456, #  464
+2129,1363,3689,1423, 697, 100,3094,  48,  70,1231, 495,3139,2196,5043,1294,5044, #  480
+2080, 462, 586,1042,3279, 853, 256, 988, 185,2382,3457,1698, 434,1084,5045,3458, #  496
+ 314,2625,2788,4522,2335,2336, 569,2285, 637,1817,2525, 757,1162,1879,1616,3459, #  512
+ 287,1577,2116, 768,4523,1671,2868,3566,2526,1321,3816, 909,2418,5046,4211, 933, #  528
+3817,4212,2053,2361,1222,4524, 765,2419,1322, 786,4525,5047,1920,1462,1677,2909, #  544
+1699,5048,4526,1424,2442,3140,3690,2600,3353,1775,1941,3460,3983,4213, 309,1369, #  560
+1130,2825, 364,2234,1653,1299,3984,3567,3985,3986,2656, 525,1085,3041, 902,2001, #  576
+1475, 964,4527, 421,1845,1415,1057,2286, 940,1364,3141, 376,4528,4529,1381,   7, #  592
+2527, 983,2383, 336,1710,2684,1846, 321,3461, 559,1131,3042,2752,1809,1132,1313, #  608
+ 265,1481,1858,5049, 352,1203,2826,3280, 167,1089, 420,2827, 776, 792,1724,3568, #  624
+4214,2443,3281,5050,4215,5051, 446, 229, 333,2753, 901,3818,1200,1557,4530,2657, #  640
+1921, 395,2754,2685,3819,4216,1836, 125, 916,3209,2626,4531,5052,5053,3820,5054, #  656
+5055,5056,4532,3142,3691,1133,2555,1757,3462,1510,2318,1409,3569,5057,2146, 438, #  672
+2601,2910,2384,3354,1068, 958,3043, 461, 311,2869,2686,4217,1916,3210,4218,1979, #  688
+ 383, 750,2755,2627,4219, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,5058,1154,1965, 384, 561, 210, #  704
+  98,1295,2556,3570,5059,1711,2420,1482,3463,3987,2911,1257, 129,5060,3821, 642, #  720
+ 523,2789,2790,2658,5061, 141,2235,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4220, 603,2602, #  736
+ 710, 171,3464, 404, 549,  18,3143,2398,1410,3692,1666,5062,3571,4533,2912,4534, #  752
+5063,2991, 368,5064, 146, 366,  99, 871,3693,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2263, #  768
+ 379,3822,3211,5065,3212, 505,1942,2628,1992,1382,2319,5066, 380,2362, 218, 702, #  784
+1818,1248,3465,3044,3572,3355,3282,5067,2992,3694, 930,3283,3823,5068,  59,5069, #  800
+ 585, 601,4221, 497,3466,1112,1314,4535,1802,5070,1223,1472,2177,5071, 749,1837, #  816
+ 690,1900,3824,1773,3988,1476, 429,1043,1791,2236,2117, 917,4222, 447,1086,1629, #  832
+5072, 556,5073,5074,2021,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2828,1008,1783, 686, #  848
+1095,5075,2287, 793,1602,5076,3573,2603,4536,4223,2948,2302,4537,3825, 980,2503, #  864
+ 544, 353, 527,4538, 908,2687,2913,5077, 381,2629,1943,1348,5078,1341,1252, 560, #  880
+3095,5079,3467,2870,5080,2054, 973, 886,2081, 143,4539,5081,5082, 157,3989, 496, #  896
+4224,  57, 840, 540,2039,4540,4541,3468,2118,1445, 970,2264,1748,1966,2082,4225, #  912
+3144,1234,1776,3284,2829,3695, 773,1206,2130,1066,2040,1326,3990,1738,1725,4226, #  928
+ 279,3145,  51,1544,2604, 423,1578,2131,2067, 173,4542,1880,5083,5084,1583, 264, #  944
+ 610,3696,4543,2444, 280, 154,5085,5086,5087,1739, 338,1282,3096, 693,2871,1411, #  960
+1074,3826,2445,5088,4544,5089,5090,1240, 952,2399,5091,2914,1538,2688, 685,1483, #  976
+4227,2475,1436, 953,4228,2055,4545, 671,2400,  79,4229,2446,3285, 608, 567,2689, #  992
+3469,4230,4231,1691, 393,1261,1792,2401,5092,4546,5093,5094,5095,5096,1383,1672, # 1008
+3827,3213,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4547,3991,1432,3574, 609,4548,2690, # 1024
+2402,5097,5098,5099,4232,3045,   0,5100,2476, 315, 231,2447, 301,3356,4549,2385, # 1040
+5101, 233,4233,3697,1819,4550,4551,5102,  96,1777,1315,2083,5103, 257,5104,1810, # 1056
+3698,2718,1139,1820,4234,2022,1124,2164,2791,1778,2659,5105,3097, 363,1655,3214, # 1072
+5106,2993,5107,5108,5109,3992,1567,3993, 718, 103,3215, 849,1443, 341,3357,2949, # 1088
+1484,5110,1712, 127,  67, 339,4235,2403, 679,1412, 821,5111,5112, 834, 738, 351, # 1104
+2994,2147, 846, 235,1497,1881, 418,1993,3828,2719, 186,1100,2148,2756,3575,1545, # 1120
+1355,2950,2872,1377, 583,3994,4236,2581,2995,5113,1298,3699,1078,2557,3700,2363, # 1136
+  78,3829,3830, 267,1289,2100,2002,1594,4237, 348, 369,1274,2197,2178,1838,4552, # 1152
+1821,2830,3701,2757,2288,2003,4553,2951,2758, 144,3358, 882,4554,3995,2759,3470, # 1168
+4555,2915,5114,4238,1726, 320,5115,3996,3046, 788,2996,5116,2831,1774,1327,2873, # 1184
+3997,2832,5117,1306,4556,2004,1700,3831,3576,2364,2660, 787,2023, 506, 824,3702, # 1200
+ 534, 323,4557,1044,3359,2024,1901, 946,3471,5118,1779,1500,1678,5119,1882,4558, # 1216
+ 165, 243,4559,3703,2528, 123, 683,4239, 764,4560,  36,3998,1793, 589,2916, 816, # 1232
+ 626,1667,3047,2237,1639,1555,1622,3832,3999,5120,4000,2874,1370,1228,1933, 891, # 1248
+2084,2917, 304,4240,5121, 292,2997,2720,3577, 691,2101,4241,1115,4561, 118, 662, # 1264
+5122, 611,1156, 854,2386,1316,2875,   2, 386, 515,2918,5123,5124,3286, 868,2238, # 1280
+1486, 855,2661, 785,2216,3048,5125,1040,3216,3578,5126,3146, 448,5127,1525,5128, # 1296
+2165,4562,5129,3833,5130,4242,2833,3579,3147, 503, 818,4001,3148,1568, 814, 676, # 1312
+1444, 306,1749,5131,3834,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2834,1501,4563,5132,5133,5134, # 1328
+1994,5135,4564,5136,5137,2198,  13,2792,3704,2998,3149,1229,1917,5138,3835,2132, # 1344
+5139,4243,4565,2404,3580,5140,2217,1511,1727,1120,5141,5142, 646,3836,2448, 307, # 1360
+5143,5144,1595,3217,5145,5146,5147,3705,1113,1356,4002,1465,2529,2530,5148, 519, # 1376
+5149, 128,2133,  92,2289,1980,5150,4003,1512, 342,3150,2199,5151,2793,2218,1981, # 1392
+3360,4244, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2365,5152,3837,4566, 562, 581,4004,5153, 401, # 1408
+4567,2252,  94,4568,5154,1399,2794,5155,1463,2025,4569,3218,1944,5156, 828,1105, # 1424
+4245,1262,1394,5157,4246, 605,4570,5158,1784,2876,5159,2835, 819,2102, 578,2200, # 1440
+2952,5160,1502, 436,3287,4247,3288,2836,4005,2919,3472,3473,5161,2721,2320,5162, # 1456
+5163,2337,2068,  23,4571, 193, 826,3838,2103, 699,1630,4248,3098, 390,1794,1064, # 1472
+3581,5164,1579,3099,3100,1400,5165,4249,1839,1640,2877,5166,4572,4573, 137,4250, # 1488
+ 598,3101,1967, 780, 104, 974,2953,5167, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339, # 1504
+5168,4006,1275,4574,2582,2558,5169,3706,3049,3102,2253, 565,1334,2722, 863,  41, # 1520
+5170,5171,4575,5172,1657,2338,  19, 463,2760,4251, 606,5173,2999,3289,1087,2085, # 1536
+1323,2662,3000,5174,1631,1623,1750,4252,2691,5175,2878, 791,2723,2663,2339, 232, # 1552
+2421,5176,3001,1498,5177,2664,2630, 755,1366,3707,3290,3151,2026,1609, 119,1918, # 1568
+3474, 862,1026,4253,5178,4007,3839,4576,4008,4577,2265,1952,2477,5179,1125, 817, # 1584
+4254,4255,4009,1513,1766,2041,1487,4256,3050,3291,2837,3840,3152,5180,5181,1507, # 1600
+5182,2692, 733,  40,1632,1106,2879, 345,4257, 841,2531, 230,4578,3002,1847,3292, # 1616
+3475,5183,1263, 986,3476,5184, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562, # 1632
+4010,4011,2954, 967,2761,2665,1349, 592,2134,1692,3361,3003,1995,4258,1679,4012, # 1648
+1902,2188,5185, 739,3708,2724,1296,1290,5186,4259,2201,2202,1922,1563,2605,2559, # 1664
+1871,2762,3004,5187, 435,5188, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4579,2239,3477,3709,5189, # 1680
+4580, 294,3582,2955,1693, 477, 979, 281,2042,3583, 643,2043,3710,2631,2795,2266, # 1696
+1031,2340,2135,2303,3584,4581, 367,1249,2560,5190,3585,5191,4582,1283,3362,2005, # 1712
+ 240,1762,3363,4583,4584, 836,1069,3153, 474,5192,2149,2532, 268,3586,5193,3219, # 1728
+1521,1284,5194,1658,1546,4260,5195,3587,3588,5196,4261,3364,2693,1685,4262, 961, # 1744
+1673,2632, 190,2006,2203,3841,4585,4586,5197, 570,2504,3711,1490,5198,4587,2633, # 1760
+3293,1957,4588, 584,1514, 396,1045,1945,5199,4589,1968,2449,5200,5201,4590,4013, # 1776
+ 619,5202,3154,3294, 215,2007,2796,2561,3220,4591,3221,4592, 763,4263,3842,4593, # 1792
+5203,5204,1958,1767,2956,3365,3712,1174, 452,1477,4594,3366,3155,5205,2838,1253, # 1808
+2387,2189,1091,2290,4264, 492,5206, 638,1169,1825,2136,1752,4014, 648, 926,1021, # 1824
+1324,4595, 520,4596, 997, 847,1007, 892,4597,3843,2267,1872,3713,2405,1785,4598, # 1840
+1953,2957,3103,3222,1728,4265,2044,3714,4599,2008,1701,3156,1551,  30,2268,4266, # 1856
+5207,2027,4600,3589,5208, 501,5209,4267, 594,3478,2166,1822,3590,3479,3591,3223, # 1872
+ 829,2839,4268,5210,1680,3157,1225,4269,5211,3295,4601,4270,3158,2341,5212,4602, # 1888
+4271,5213,4015,4016,5214,1848,2388,2606,3367,5215,4603, 374,4017, 652,4272,4273, # 1904
+ 375,1140, 798,5216,5217,5218,2366,4604,2269, 546,1659, 138,3051,2450,4605,5219, # 1920
+2254, 612,1849, 910, 796,3844,1740,1371, 825,3845,3846,5220,2920,2562,5221, 692, # 1936
+ 444,3052,2634, 801,4606,4274,5222,1491, 244,1053,3053,4275,4276, 340,5223,4018, # 1952
+1041,3005, 293,1168,  87,1357,5224,1539, 959,5225,2240, 721, 694,4277,3847, 219, # 1968
+1478, 644,1417,3368,2666,1413,1401,1335,1389,4019,5226,5227,3006,2367,3159,1826, # 1984
+ 730,1515, 184,2840,  66,4607,5228,1660,2958, 246,3369, 378,1457, 226,3480, 975, # 2000
+4020,2959,1264,3592, 674, 696,5229, 163,5230,1141,2422,2167, 713,3593,3370,4608, # 2016
+4021,5231,5232,1186,  15,5233,1079,1070,5234,1522,3224,3594, 276,1050,2725, 758, # 2032
+1126, 653,2960,3296,5235,2342, 889,3595,4022,3104,3007, 903,1250,4609,4023,3481, # 2048
+3596,1342,1681,1718, 766,3297, 286,  89,2961,3715,5236,1713,5237,2607,3371,3008, # 2064
+5238,2962,2219,3225,2880,5239,4610,2505,2533, 181, 387,1075,4024, 731,2190,3372, # 2080
+5240,3298, 310, 313,3482,2304, 770,4278,  54,3054, 189,4611,3105,3848,4025,5241, # 2096
+1230,1617,1850, 355,3597,4279,4612,3373, 111,4280,3716,1350,3160,3483,3055,4281, # 2112
+2150,3299,3598,5242,2797,4026,4027,3009, 722,2009,5243,1071, 247,1207,2343,2478, # 2128
+1378,4613,2010, 864,1437,1214,4614, 373,3849,1142,2220, 667,4615, 442,2763,2563, # 2144
+3850,4028,1969,4282,3300,1840, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1883,5244,5245,2119,4283, # 2160
+2841, 743,1569,5246,4616,4284, 582,2389,1418,3484,5247,1803,5248, 357,1395,1729, # 2176
+3717,3301,2423,1564,2241,5249,3106,3851,1633,4617,1114,2086,4285,1532,5250, 482, # 2192
+2451,4618,5251,5252,1492, 833,1466,5253,2726,3599,1641,2842,5254,1526,1272,3718, # 2208
+4286,1686,1795, 416,2564,1903,1954,1804,5255,3852,2798,3853,1159,2321,5256,2881, # 2224
+4619,1610,1584,3056,2424,2764, 443,3302,1163,3161,5257,5258,4029,5259,4287,2506, # 2240
+3057,4620,4030,3162,2104,1647,3600,2011,1873,4288,5260,4289, 431,3485,5261, 250, # 2256
+  97,  81,4290,5262,1648,1851,1558, 160, 848,5263, 866, 740,1694,5264,2204,2843, # 2272
+3226,4291,4621,3719,1687, 950,2479, 426, 469,3227,3720,3721,4031,5265,5266,1188, # 2288
+ 424,1996, 861,3601,4292,3854,2205,2694, 168,1235,3602,4293,5267,2087,1674,4622, # 2304
+3374,3303, 220,2565,1009,5268,3855, 670,3010, 332,1208, 717,5269,5270,3603,2452, # 2320
+4032,3375,5271, 513,5272,1209,2882,3376,3163,4623,1080,5273,5274,5275,5276,2534, # 2336
+3722,3604, 815,1587,4033,4034,5277,3605,3486,3856,1254,4624,1328,3058,1390,4035, # 2352
+1741,4036,3857,4037,5278, 236,3858,2453,3304,5279,5280,3723,3859,1273,3860,4625, # 2368
+5281, 308,5282,4626, 245,4627,1852,2480,1307,2583, 430, 715,2137,2454,5283, 270, # 2384
+ 199,2883,4038,5284,3606,2727,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1841,4628,3487,3724,5285, # 2400
+5286, 587,  14,3305, 227,2608, 326, 480,2270, 943,2765,3607, 291, 650,1884,5287, # 2416
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3488, 904,4629,3489,1164,4294,5288,5289,1224,1548,2766, # 2432
+ 391, 498,1493,5290,1386,1419,5291,2056,1177,4630, 813, 880,1081,2368, 566,1145, # 2448
+4631,2291,1001,1035,2566,2609,2242, 394,1286,5292,5293,2069,5294,  86,1494,1730, # 2464
+4039, 491,1588, 745, 897,2963, 843,3377,4040,2767,2884,3306,1768, 998,2221,2070, # 2480
+ 397,1827,1195,1970,3725,3011,3378, 284,5295,3861,2507,2138,2120,1904,5296,4041, # 2496
+2151,4042,4295,1036,3490,1905, 114,2567,4296, 209,1527,5297,5298,2964,2844,2635, # 2512
+2390,2728,3164, 812,2568,5299,3307,5300,1559, 737,1885,3726,1210, 885,  28,2695, # 2528
+3608,3862,5301,4297,1004,1780,4632,5302, 346,1982,2222,2696,4633,3863,1742, 797, # 2544
+1642,4043,1934,1072,1384,2152, 896,4044,3308,3727,3228,2885,3609,5303,2569,1959, # 2560
+4634,2455,1786,5304,5305,5306,4045,4298,1005,1308,3728,4299,2729,4635,4636,1528, # 2576
+2610, 161,1178,4300,1983, 987,4637,1101,4301, 631,4046,1157,3229,2425,1343,1241, # 2592
+1016,2243,2570, 372, 877,2344,2508,1160, 555,1935, 911,4047,5307, 466,1170, 169, # 2608
+1051,2921,2697,3729,2481,3012,1182,2012,2571,1251,2636,5308, 992,2345,3491,1540, # 2624
+2730,1201,2071,2406,1997,2482,5309,4638, 528,1923,2191,1503,1874,1570,2369,3379, # 2640
+3309,5310, 557,1073,5311,1828,3492,2088,2271,3165,3059,3107, 767,3108,2799,4639, # 2656
+1006,4302,4640,2346,1267,2179,3730,3230, 778,4048,3231,2731,1597,2667,5312,4641, # 2672
+5313,3493,5314,5315,5316,3310,2698,1433,3311, 131,  95,1504,4049, 723,4303,3166, # 2688
+1842,3610,2768,2192,4050,2028,2105,3731,5317,3013,4051,1218,5318,3380,3232,4052, # 2704
+4304,2584, 248,1634,3864, 912,5319,2845,3732,3060,3865, 654,  53,5320,3014,5321, # 2720
+1688,4642, 777,3494,1032,4053,1425,5322, 191, 820,2121,2846, 971,4643, 931,3233, # 2736
+ 135, 664, 783,3866,1998, 772,2922,1936,4054,3867,4644,2923,3234, 282,2732, 640, # 2752
+1372,3495,1127, 922, 325,3381,5323,5324, 711,2045,5325,5326,4055,2223,2800,1937, # 2768
+4056,3382,2224,2255,3868,2305,5327,4645,3869,1258,3312,4057,3235,2139,2965,4058, # 2784
+4059,5328,2225, 258,3236,4646, 101,1227,5329,3313,1755,5330,1391,3314,5331,2924, # 2800
+2057, 893,5332,5333,5334,1402,4305,2347,5335,5336,3237,3611,5337,5338, 878,1325, # 2816
+1781,2801,4647, 259,1385,2585, 744,1183,2272,4648,5339,4060,2509,5340, 684,1024, # 2832
+4306,5341, 472,3612,3496,1165,3315,4061,4062, 322,2153, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 2848
+ 660, 554,2154,4649,1058,4650,4307, 830,1065,3383,4063,4651,1924,5342,1703,1919, # 2864
+5343, 932,2273, 122,5344,4652, 947, 677,5345,3870,2637, 297,1906,1925,2274,4653, # 2880
+2322,3316,5346,5347,4308,5348,4309,  84,4310, 112, 989,5349, 547,1059,4064, 701, # 2896
+3613,1019,5350,4311,5351,3497, 942, 639, 457,2306,2456, 993,2966, 407, 851, 494, # 2912
+4654,3384, 927,5352,1237,5353,2426,3385, 573,4312, 680, 921,2925,1279,1875, 285, # 2928
+ 790,1448,1984, 719,2168,5354,5355,4655,4065,4066,1649,5356,1541, 563,5357,1077, # 2944
+5358,3386,3061,3498, 511,3015,4067,4068,3733,4069,1268,2572,3387,3238,4656,4657, # 2960
+5359, 535,1048,1276,1189,2926,2029,3167,1438,1373,2847,2967,1134,2013,5360,4313, # 2976
+1238,2586,3109,1259,5361, 700,5362,2968,3168,3734,4314,5363,4315,1146,1876,1907, # 2992
+4658,2611,4070, 781,2427, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2802,2407, 898,1787,2155,4071, # 3008
+4072,5364,3871,2803,5365,5366,4659,4660,5367,3239,5368,1635,3872, 965,5369,1805, # 3024
+2699,1516,3614,1121,1082,1329,3317,4073,1449,3873,  65,1128,2848,2927,2769,1590, # 3040
+3874,5370,5371,  12,2668,  45, 976,2587,3169,4661, 517,2535,1013,1037,3240,5372, # 3056
+3875,2849,5373,3876,5374,3499,5375,2612, 614,1999,2323,3877,3110,2733,2638,5376, # 3072
+2588,4316, 599,1269,5377,1811,3735,5378,2700,3111, 759,1060, 489,1806,3388,3318, # 3088
+1358,5379,5380,2391,1387,1215,2639,2256, 490,5381,5382,4317,1759,2392,2348,5383, # 3104
+4662,3878,1908,4074,2640,1807,3241,4663,3500,3319,2770,2349, 874,5384,5385,3501, # 3120
+3736,1859,  91,2928,3737,3062,3879,4664,5386,3170,4075,2669,5387,3502,1202,1403, # 3136
+3880,2969,2536,1517,2510,4665,3503,2511,5388,4666,5389,2701,1886,1495,1731,4076, # 3152
+2370,4667,5390,2030,5391,5392,4077,2702,1216, 237,2589,4318,2324,4078,3881,4668, # 3168
+4669,2703,3615,3504, 445,4670,5393,5394,5395,5396,2771,  61,4079,3738,1823,4080, # 3184
+5397, 687,2046, 935, 925, 405,2670, 703,1096,1860,2734,4671,4081,1877,1367,2704, # 3200
+3389, 918,2106,1782,2483, 334,3320,1611,1093,4672, 564,3171,3505,3739,3390, 945, # 3216
+2641,2058,4673,5398,1926, 872,4319,5399,3506,2705,3112, 349,4320,3740,4082,4674, # 3232
+3882,4321,3741,2156,4083,4675,4676,4322,4677,2408,2047, 782,4084, 400, 251,4323, # 3248
+1624,5400,5401, 277,3742, 299,1265, 476,1191,3883,2122,4324,4325,1109, 205,5402, # 3264
+2590,1000,2157,3616,1861,5403,5404,5405,4678,5406,4679,2573, 107,2484,2158,4085, # 3280
+3507,3172,5407,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4326,2886,3617,5408,1696, 370,1088,4327, # 3296
+4680,3618, 579, 327, 440, 162,2244, 269,1938,1374,3508, 968,3063,  56,1396,3113, # 3312
+2107,3321,3391,5409,1927,2159,4681,3016,5410,3619,5411,5412,3743,4682,2485,5413, # 3328
+2804,5414,1650,4683,5415,2613,5416,5417,4086,2671,3392,1149,3393,4087,3884,4088, # 3344
+5418,1076,  49,5419, 951,3242,3322,3323, 450,2850, 920,5420,1812,2805,2371,4328, # 3360
+1909,1138,2372,3885,3509,5421,3243,4684,1910,1147,1518,2428,4685,3886,5422,4686, # 3376
+2393,2614, 260,1796,3244,5423,5424,3887,3324, 708,5425,3620,1704,5426,3621,1351, # 3392
+1618,3394,3017,1887, 944,4329,3395,4330,3064,3396,4331,5427,3744, 422, 413,1714, # 3408
+3325, 500,2059,2350,4332,2486,5428,1344,1911, 954,5429,1668,5430,5431,4089,2409, # 3424
+4333,3622,3888,4334,5432,2307,1318,2512,3114, 133,3115,2887,4687, 629,  31,2851, # 3440
+2706,3889,4688, 850, 949,4689,4090,2970,1732,2089,4335,1496,1853,5433,4091, 620, # 3456
+3245, 981,1242,3745,3397,1619,3746,1643,3326,2140,2457,1971,1719,3510,2169,5434, # 3472
+3246,5435,5436,3398,1829,5437,1277,4690,1565,2048,5438,1636,3623,3116,5439, 869, # 3488
+2852, 655,3890,3891,3117,4092,3018,3892,1310,3624,4691,5440,5441,5442,1733, 558, # 3504
+4692,3747, 335,1549,3065,1756,4336,3748,1946,3511,1830,1291,1192, 470,2735,2108, # 3520
+2806, 913,1054,4093,5443,1027,5444,3066,4094,4693, 982,2672,3399,3173,3512,3247, # 3536
+3248,1947,2807,5445, 571,4694,5446,1831,5447,3625,2591,1523,2429,5448,2090, 984, # 3552
+4695,3749,1960,5449,3750, 852, 923,2808,3513,3751, 969,1519, 999,2049,2325,1705, # 3568
+5450,3118, 615,1662, 151, 597,4095,2410,2326,1049, 275,4696,3752,4337, 568,3753, # 3584
+3626,2487,4338,3754,5451,2430,2275, 409,3249,5452,1566,2888,3514,1002, 769,2853, # 3600
+ 194,2091,3174,3755,2226,3327,4339, 628,1505,5453,5454,1763,2180,3019,4096, 521, # 3616
+1161,2592,1788,2206,2411,4697,4097,1625,4340,4341, 412,  42,3119, 464,5455,2642, # 3632
+4698,3400,1760,1571,2889,3515,2537,1219,2207,3893,2643,2141,2373,4699,4700,3328, # 3648
+1651,3401,3627,5456,5457,3628,2488,3516,5458,3756,5459,5460,2276,2092, 460,5461, # 3664
+4701,5462,3020, 962, 588,3629, 289,3250,2644,1116,  52,5463,3067,1797,5464,5465, # 3680
+5466,1467,5467,1598,1143,3757,4342,1985,1734,1067,4702,1280,3402, 465,4703,1572, # 3696
+ 510,5468,1928,2245,1813,1644,3630,5469,4704,3758,5470,5471,2673,1573,1534,5472, # 3712
+5473, 536,1808,1761,3517,3894,3175,2645,5474,5475,5476,4705,3518,2929,1912,2809, # 3728
+5477,3329,1122, 377,3251,5478, 360,5479,5480,4343,1529, 551,5481,2060,3759,1769, # 3744
+2431,5482,2930,4344,3330,3120,2327,2109,2031,4706,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672,1171, # 3760
+3252,2308, 271,3176,5483,2772,5484,2050, 678,2736, 865,1948,4707,5485,2014,4098, # 3776
+2971,5486,2737,2227,1397,3068,3760,4708,4709,1735,2931,3403,3631,5487,3895, 509, # 3792
+2854,2458,2890,3896,5488,5489,3177,3178,4710,4345,2538,4711,2309,1166,1010, 552, # 3808
+ 681,1888,5490,5491,2972,2973,4099,1287,1596,1862,3179, 358, 453, 736, 175, 478, # 3824
+1117, 905,1167,1097,5492,1854,1530,5493,1706,5494,2181,3519,2292,3761,3520,3632, # 3840
+4346,2093,4347,5495,3404,1193,2489,4348,1458,2193,2208,1863,1889,1421,3331,2932, # 3856
+3069,2182,3521, 595,2123,5496,4100,5497,5498,4349,1707,2646, 223,3762,1359, 751, # 3872
+3121, 183,3522,5499,2810,3021, 419,2374, 633, 704,3897,2394, 241,5500,5501,5502, # 3888
+ 838,3022,3763,2277,2773,2459,3898,1939,2051,4101,1309,3122,2246,1181,5503,1136, # 3904
+2209,3899,2375,1446,4350,2310,4712,5504,5505,4351,1055,2615, 484,3764,5506,4102, # 3920
+ 625,4352,2278,3405,1499,4353,4103,5507,4104,4354,3253,2279,2280,3523,5508,5509, # 3936
+2774, 808,2616,3765,3406,4105,4355,3123,2539, 526,3407,3900,4356, 955,5510,1620, # 3952
+4357,2647,2432,5511,1429,3766,1669,1832, 994, 928,5512,3633,1260,5513,5514,5515, # 3968
+1949,2293, 741,2933,1626,4358,2738,2460, 867,1184, 362,3408,1392,5516,5517,4106, # 3984
+4359,1770,1736,3254,2934,4713,4714,1929,2707,1459,1158,5518,3070,3409,2891,1292, # 4000
+1930,2513,2855,3767,1986,1187,2072,2015,2617,4360,5519,2574,2514,2170,3768,2490, # 4016
+3332,5520,3769,4715,5521,5522, 666,1003,3023,1022,3634,4361,5523,4716,1814,2257, # 4032
+ 574,3901,1603, 295,1535, 705,3902,4362, 283, 858, 417,5524,5525,3255,4717,4718, # 4048
+3071,1220,1890,1046,2281,2461,4107,1393,1599, 689,2575, 388,4363,5526,2491, 802, # 4064
+5527,2811,3903,2061,1405,2258,5528,4719,3904,2110,1052,1345,3256,1585,5529, 809, # 4080
+5530,5531,5532, 575,2739,3524, 956,1552,1469,1144,2328,5533,2329,1560,2462,3635, # 4096
+3257,4108, 616,2210,4364,3180,2183,2294,5534,1833,5535,3525,4720,5536,1319,3770, # 4112
+3771,1211,3636,1023,3258,1293,2812,5537,5538,5539,3905, 607,2311,3906, 762,2892, # 4128
+1439,4365,1360,4721,1485,3072,5540,4722,1038,4366,1450,2062,2648,4367,1379,4723, # 4144
+2593,5541,5542,4368,1352,1414,2330,2935,1172,5543,5544,3907,3908,4724,1798,1451, # 4160
+5545,5546,5547,5548,2936,4109,4110,2492,2351, 411,4111,4112,3637,3333,3124,4725, # 4176
+1561,2674,1452,4113,1375,5549,5550,  47,2974, 316,5551,1406,1591,2937,3181,5552, # 4192
+1025,2142,3125,3182, 354,2740, 884,2228,4369,2412, 508,3772, 726,3638, 996,2433, # 4208
+3639, 729,5553, 392,2194,1453,4114,4726,3773,5554,5555,2463,3640,2618,1675,2813, # 4224
+ 919,2352,2975,2353,1270,4727,4115,  73,5556,5557, 647,5558,3259,2856,2259,1550, # 4240
+1346,3024,5559,1332, 883,3526,5560,5561,5562,5563,3334,2775,5564,1212, 831,1347, # 4256
+4370,4728,2331,3909,1864,3073, 720,3910,4729,4730,3911,5565,4371,5566,5567,4731, # 4272
+5568,5569,1799,4732,3774,2619,4733,3641,1645,2376,4734,5570,2938, 669,2211,2675, # 4288
+2434,5571,2893,5572,5573,1028,3260,5574,4372,2413,5575,2260,1353,5576,5577,4735, # 4304
+3183, 518,5578,4116,5579,4373,1961,5580,2143,4374,5581,5582,3025,2354,2355,3912, # 4320
+ 516,1834,1454,4117,2708,4375,4736,2229,2620,1972,1129,3642,5583,2776,5584,2976, # 4336
+1422, 577,1470,3026,1524,3410,5585,5586, 432,4376,3074,3527,5587,2594,1455,2515, # 4352
+2230,1973,1175,5588,1020,2741,4118,3528,4737,5589,2742,5590,1743,1361,3075,3529, # 4368
+2649,4119,4377,4738,2295, 895, 924,4378,2171, 331,2247,3076, 166,1627,3077,1098, # 4384
+5591,1232,2894,2231,3411,4739, 657, 403,1196,2377, 542,3775,3412,1600,4379,3530, # 4400
+5592,4740,2777,3261, 576, 530,1362,4741,4742,2540,2676,3776,4120,5593, 842,3913, # 4416
+5594,2814,2032,1014,4121, 213,2709,3413, 665, 621,4380,5595,3777,2939,2435,5596, # 4432
+2436,3335,3643,3414,4743,4381,2541,4382,4744,3644,1682,4383,3531,1380,5597, 724, # 4448
+2282, 600,1670,5598,1337,1233,4745,3126,2248,5599,1621,4746,5600, 651,4384,5601, # 4464
+1612,4385,2621,5602,2857,5603,2743,2312,3078,5604, 716,2464,3079, 174,1255,2710, # 4480
+4122,3645, 548,1320,1398, 728,4123,1574,5605,1891,1197,3080,4124,5606,3081,3082, # 4496
+3778,3646,3779, 747,5607, 635,4386,4747,5608,5609,5610,4387,5611,5612,4748,5613, # 4512
+3415,4749,2437, 451,5614,3780,2542,2073,4388,2744,4389,4125,5615,1764,4750,5616, # 4528
+4390, 350,4751,2283,2395,2493,5617,4391,4126,2249,1434,4127, 488,4752, 458,4392, # 4544
+4128,3781, 771,1330,2396,3914,2576,3184,2160,2414,1553,2677,3185,4393,5618,2494, # 4560
+2895,2622,1720,2711,4394,3416,4753,5619,2543,4395,5620,3262,4396,2778,5621,2016, # 4576
+2745,5622,1155,1017,3782,3915,5623,3336,2313, 201,1865,4397,1430,5624,4129,5625, # 4592
+5626,5627,5628,5629,4398,1604,5630, 414,1866, 371,2595,4754,4755,3532,2017,3127, # 4608
+4756,1708, 960,4399, 887, 389,2172,1536,1663,1721,5631,2232,4130,2356,2940,1580, # 4624
+5632,5633,1744,4757,2544,4758,4759,5634,4760,5635,2074,5636,4761,3647,3417,2896, # 4640
+4400,5637,4401,2650,3418,2815, 673,2712,2465, 709,3533,4131,3648,4402,5638,1148, # 4656
+ 502, 634,5639,5640,1204,4762,3649,1575,4763,2623,3783,5641,3784,3128, 948,3263, # 4672
+ 121,1745,3916,1110,5642,4403,3083,2516,3027,4132,3785,1151,1771,3917,1488,4133, # 4688
+1987,5643,2438,3534,5644,5645,2094,5646,4404,3918,1213,1407,2816, 531,2746,2545, # 4704
+3264,1011,1537,4764,2779,4405,3129,1061,5647,3786,3787,1867,2897,5648,2018, 120, # 4720
+4406,4407,2063,3650,3265,2314,3919,2678,3419,1955,4765,4134,5649,3535,1047,2713, # 4736
+1266,5650,1368,4766,2858, 649,3420,3920,2546,2747,1102,2859,2679,5651,5652,2000, # 4752
+5653,1111,3651,2977,5654,2495,3921,3652,2817,1855,3421,3788,5655,5656,3422,2415, # 4768
+2898,3337,3266,3653,5657,2577,5658,3654,2818,4135,1460, 856,5659,3655,5660,2899, # 4784
+2978,5661,2900,3922,5662,4408, 632,2517, 875,3923,1697,3924,2296,5663,5664,4767, # 4800
+3028,1239, 580,4768,4409,5665, 914, 936,2075,1190,4136,1039,2124,5666,5667,5668, # 4816
+5669,3423,1473,5670,1354,4410,3925,4769,2173,3084,4137, 915,3338,4411,4412,3339, # 4832
+1605,1835,5671,2748, 398,3656,4413,3926,4138, 328,1913,2860,4139,3927,1331,4414, # 4848
+3029, 937,4415,5672,3657,4140,4141,3424,2161,4770,3425, 524, 742, 538,3085,1012, # 4864
+5673,5674,3928,2466,5675, 658,1103, 225,3929,5676,5677,4771,5678,4772,5679,3267, # 4880
+1243,5680,4142, 963,2250,4773,5681,2714,3658,3186,5682,5683,2596,2332,5684,4774, # 4896
+5685,5686,5687,3536, 957,3426,2547,2033,1931,2941,2467, 870,2019,3659,1746,2780, # 4912
+2781,2439,2468,5688,3930,5689,3789,3130,3790,3537,3427,3791,5690,1179,3086,5691, # 4928
+3187,2378,4416,3792,2548,3188,3131,2749,4143,5692,3428,1556,2549,2297, 977,2901, # 4944
+2034,4144,1205,3429,5693,1765,3430,3189,2125,1271, 714,1689,4775,3538,5694,2333, # 4960
+3931, 533,4417,3660,2184, 617,5695,2469,3340,3539,2315,5696,5697,3190,5698,5699, # 4976
+3932,1988, 618, 427,2651,3540,3431,5700,5701,1244,1690,5702,2819,4418,4776,5703, # 4992
+3541,4777,5704,2284,1576, 473,3661,4419,3432, 972,5705,3662,5706,3087,5707,5708, # 5008
+4778,4779,5709,3793,4145,4146,5710, 153,4780, 356,5711,1892,2902,4420,2144, 408, # 5024
+ 803,2357,5712,3933,5713,4421,1646,2578,2518,4781,4782,3934,5714,3935,4422,5715, # 5040
+2416,3433, 752,5716,5717,1962,3341,2979,5718, 746,3030,2470,4783,4423,3794, 698, # 5056
+4784,1893,4424,3663,2550,4785,3664,3936,5719,3191,3434,5720,1824,1302,4147,2715, # 5072
+3937,1974,4425,5721,4426,3192, 823,1303,1288,1236,2861,3542,4148,3435, 774,3938, # 5088
+5722,1581,4786,1304,2862,3939,4787,5723,2440,2162,1083,3268,4427,4149,4428, 344, # 5104
+1173, 288,2316, 454,1683,5724,5725,1461,4788,4150,2597,5726,5727,4789, 985, 894, # 5120
+5728,3436,3193,5729,1914,2942,3795,1989,5730,2111,1975,5731,4151,5732,2579,1194, # 5136
+ 425,5733,4790,3194,1245,3796,4429,5734,5735,2863,5736, 636,4791,1856,3940, 760, # 5152
+1800,5737,4430,2212,1508,4792,4152,1894,1684,2298,5738,5739,4793,4431,4432,2213, # 5168
+ 479,5740,5741, 832,5742,4153,2496,5743,2980,2497,3797, 990,3132, 627,1815,2652, # 5184
+4433,1582,4434,2126,2112,3543,4794,5744, 799,4435,3195,5745,4795,2113,1737,3031, # 5200
+1018, 543, 754,4436,3342,1676,4796,4797,4154,4798,1489,5746,3544,5747,2624,2903, # 5216
+4155,5748,5749,2981,5750,5751,5752,5753,3196,4799,4800,2185,1722,5754,3269,3270, # 5232
+1843,3665,1715, 481, 365,1976,1857,5755,5756,1963,2498,4801,5757,2127,3666,3271, # 5248
+ 433,1895,2064,2076,5758, 602,2750,5759,5760,5761,5762,5763,3032,1628,3437,5764, # 5264
+3197,4802,4156,2904,4803,2519,5765,2551,2782,5766,5767,5768,3343,4804,2905,5769, # 5280
+4805,5770,2864,4806,4807,1221,2982,4157,2520,5771,5772,5773,1868,1990,5774,5775, # 5296
+5776,1896,5777,5778,4808,1897,4158, 318,5779,2095,4159,4437,5780,5781, 485,5782, # 5312
+ 938,3941, 553,2680, 116,5783,3942,3667,5784,3545,2681,2783,3438,3344,2820,5785, # 5328
+3668,2943,4160,1747,2944,2983,5786,5787, 207,5788,4809,5789,4810,2521,5790,3033, # 5344
+ 890,3669,3943,5791,1878,3798,3439,5792,2186,2358,3440,1652,5793,5794,5795, 941, # 5360
+2299, 208,3546,4161,2020, 330,4438,3944,2906,2499,3799,4439,4811,5796,5797,5798, # 5376  #last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2522,1613,4812,5799,3345,3945,2523,5800,4162,5801,1637,4163,2471,4813,3946,5802, # 5392
+2500,3034,3800,5803,5804,2195,4814,5805,2163,5806,5807,5808,5809,5810,5811,5812, # 5408
+5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824,5825,5826,5827,5828, # 5424
+5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840,5841,5842,5843,5844, # 5440
+5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856,5857,5858,5859,5860, # 5456
+5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872,5873,5874,5875,5876, # 5472
+5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888,5889,5890,5891,5892, # 5488
+5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904,5905,5906,5907,5908, # 5504
+5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920,5921,5922,5923,5924, # 5520
+5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936,5937,5938,5939,5940, # 5536
+5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952,5953,5954,5955,5956, # 5552
+5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968,5969,5970,5971,5972, # 5568
+5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984,5985,5986,5987,5988, # 5584
+5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000,6001,6002,6003,6004, # 5600
+6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016,6017,6018,6019,6020, # 5616
+6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032,6033,6034,6035,6036, # 5632
+6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048,6049,6050,6051,6052, # 5648
+6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064,6065,6066,6067,6068, # 5664
+6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080,6081,6082,6083,6084, # 5680
+6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096,6097,6098,6099,6100, # 5696
+6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112,6113,6114,6115,6116, # 5712
+6117,6118,6119,6120,6121,6122,6123,6124,6125,6126,6127,6128,6129,6130,6131,6132, # 5728
+6133,6134,6135,6136,6137,6138,6139,6140,6141,6142,6143,6144,6145,6146,6147,6148, # 5744
+6149,6150,6151,6152,6153,6154,6155,6156,6157,6158,6159,6160,6161,6162,6163,6164, # 5760
+6165,6166,6167,6168,6169,6170,6171,6172,6173,6174,6175,6176,6177,6178,6179,6180, # 5776
+6181,6182,6183,6184,6185,6186,6187,6188,6189,6190,6191,6192,6193,6194,6195,6196, # 5792
+6197,6198,6199,6200,6201,6202,6203,6204,6205,6206,6207,6208,6209,6210,6211,6212, # 5808
+6213,6214,6215,6216,6217,6218,6219,6220,6221,6222,6223,3670,6224,6225,6226,6227, # 5824
+6228,6229,6230,6231,6232,6233,6234,6235,6236,6237,6238,6239,6240,6241,6242,6243, # 5840
+6244,6245,6246,6247,6248,6249,6250,6251,6252,6253,6254,6255,6256,6257,6258,6259, # 5856
+6260,6261,6262,6263,6264,6265,6266,6267,6268,6269,6270,6271,6272,6273,6274,6275, # 5872
+6276,6277,6278,6279,6280,6281,6282,6283,6284,6285,4815,6286,6287,6288,6289,6290, # 5888
+6291,6292,4816,6293,6294,6295,6296,6297,6298,6299,6300,6301,6302,6303,6304,6305, # 5904
+6306,6307,6308,6309,6310,6311,4817,4818,6312,6313,6314,6315,6316,6317,6318,4819, # 5920
+6319,6320,6321,6322,6323,6324,6325,6326,6327,6328,6329,6330,6331,6332,6333,6334, # 5936
+6335,6336,6337,4820,6338,6339,6340,6341,6342,6343,6344,6345,6346,6347,6348,6349, # 5952
+6350,6351,6352,6353,6354,6355,6356,6357,6358,6359,6360,6361,6362,6363,6364,6365, # 5968
+6366,6367,6368,6369,6370,6371,6372,6373,6374,6375,6376,6377,6378,6379,6380,6381, # 5984
+6382,6383,6384,6385,6386,6387,6388,6389,6390,6391,6392,6393,6394,6395,6396,6397, # 6000
+6398,6399,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404,6405,6406,6407,6408,6409,6410,3441,6411,6412, # 6016
+6413,6414,6415,6416,6417,6418,6419,6420,6421,6422,6423,6424,6425,4440,6426,6427, # 6032
+6428,6429,6430,6431,6432,6433,6434,6435,6436,6437,6438,6439,6440,6441,6442,6443, # 6048
+6444,6445,6446,6447,6448,6449,6450,6451,6452,6453,6454,4821,6455,6456,6457,6458, # 6064
+6459,6460,6461,6462,6463,6464,6465,6466,6467,6468,6469,6470,6471,6472,6473,6474, # 6080
+6475,6476,6477,3947,3948,6478,6479,6480,6481,3272,4441,6482,6483,6484,6485,4442, # 6096
+6486,6487,6488,6489,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,4822,6497,6498,6499,6500, # 6112
+6501,6502,6503,6504,6505,6506,6507,6508,6509,6510,6511,6512,6513,6514,6515,6516, # 6128
+6517,6518,6519,6520,6521,6522,6523,6524,6525,6526,6527,6528,6529,6530,6531,6532, # 6144
+6533,6534,6535,6536,6537,6538,6539,6540,6541,6542,6543,6544,6545,6546,6547,6548, # 6160
+6549,6550,6551,6552,6553,6554,6555,6556,2784,6557,4823,6558,6559,6560,6561,6562, # 6176
+6563,6564,6565,6566,6567,6568,6569,3949,6570,6571,6572,4824,6573,6574,6575,6576, # 6192
+6577,6578,6579,6580,6581,6582,6583,4825,6584,6585,6586,3950,2785,6587,6588,6589, # 6208
+6590,6591,6592,6593,6594,6595,6596,6597,6598,6599,6600,6601,6602,6603,6604,6605, # 6224
+6606,6607,6608,6609,6610,6611,6612,4826,6613,6614,6615,4827,6616,6617,6618,6619, # 6240
+6620,6621,6622,6623,6624,6625,4164,6626,6627,6628,6629,6630,6631,6632,6633,6634, # 6256
+3547,6635,4828,6636,6637,6638,6639,6640,6641,6642,3951,2984,6643,6644,6645,6646, # 6272
+6647,6648,6649,4165,6650,4829,6651,6652,4830,6653,6654,6655,6656,6657,6658,6659, # 6288
+6660,6661,6662,4831,6663,6664,6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,6670,6671,4166,6672,4832, # 6304
+3952,6673,6674,6675,6676,4833,6677,6678,6679,4167,6680,6681,6682,3198,6683,6684, # 6320
+6685,6686,6687,6688,6689,6690,6691,6692,6693,6694,6695,6696,6697,4834,6698,6699, # 6336
+6700,6701,6702,6703,6704,6705,6706,6707,6708,6709,6710,6711,6712,6713,6714,6715, # 6352
+6716,6717,6718,6719,6720,6721,6722,6723,6724,6725,6726,6727,6728,6729,6730,6731, # 6368
+6732,6733,6734,4443,6735,6736,6737,6738,6739,6740,6741,6742,6743,6744,6745,4444, # 6384
+6746,6747,6748,6749,6750,6751,6752,6753,6754,6755,6756,6757,6758,6759,6760,6761, # 6400
+6762,6763,6764,6765,6766,6767,6768,6769,6770,6771,6772,6773,6774,6775,6776,6777, # 6416
+6778,6779,6780,6781,4168,6782,6783,3442,6784,6785,6786,6787,6788,6789,6790,6791, # 6432
+4169,6792,6793,6794,6795,6796,6797,6798,6799,6800,6801,6802,6803,6804,6805,6806, # 6448
+6807,6808,6809,6810,6811,4835,6812,6813,6814,4445,6815,6816,4446,6817,6818,6819, # 6464
+6820,6821,6822,6823,6824,6825,6826,6827,6828,6829,6830,6831,6832,6833,6834,6835, # 6480
+3548,6836,6837,6838,6839,6840,6841,6842,6843,6844,6845,6846,4836,6847,6848,6849, # 6496
+6850,6851,6852,6853,6854,3953,6855,6856,6857,6858,6859,6860,6861,6862,6863,6864, # 6512
+6865,6866,6867,6868,6869,6870,6871,6872,6873,6874,6875,6876,6877,3199,6878,6879, # 6528
+6880,6881,6882,4447,6883,6884,6885,6886,6887,6888,6889,6890,6891,6892,6893,6894, # 6544
+6895,6896,6897,6898,6899,6900,6901,6902,6903,6904,4170,6905,6906,6907,6908,6909, # 6560
+6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915,6916,6917,6918,6919,6920,6921,6922,6923,6924,6925, # 6576
+6926,6927,4837,6928,6929,6930,6931,6932,6933,6934,6935,6936,3346,6937,6938,4838, # 6592
+6939,6940,6941,4448,6942,6943,6944,6945,6946,4449,6947,6948,6949,6950,6951,6952, # 6608
+6953,6954,6955,6956,6957,6958,6959,6960,6961,6962,6963,6964,6965,6966,6967,6968, # 6624
+6969,6970,6971,6972,6973,6974,6975,6976,6977,6978,6979,6980,6981,6982,6983,6984, # 6640
+6985,6986,6987,6988,6989,6990,6991,6992,6993,6994,3671,6995,6996,6997,6998,4839, # 6656
+6999,7000,7001,7002,3549,7003,7004,7005,7006,7007,7008,7009,7010,7011,7012,7013, # 6672
+7014,7015,7016,7017,7018,7019,7020,7021,7022,7023,7024,7025,7026,7027,7028,7029, # 6688
+7030,4840,7031,7032,7033,7034,7035,7036,7037,7038,4841,7039,7040,7041,7042,7043, # 6704
+7044,7045,7046,7047,7048,7049,7050,7051,7052,7053,7054,7055,7056,7057,7058,7059, # 6720
+7060,7061,7062,7063,7064,7065,7066,7067,7068,7069,7070,2985,7071,7072,7073,7074, # 6736
+7075,7076,7077,7078,7079,7080,4842,7081,7082,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087,7088,7089, # 6752
+7090,7091,7092,7093,7094,7095,7096,7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,7103,7104,7105, # 6768
+7106,7107,7108,7109,7110,7111,7112,7113,7114,7115,7116,7117,7118,4450,7119,7120, # 6784
+7121,7122,7123,7124,7125,7126,7127,7128,7129,7130,7131,7132,7133,7134,7135,7136, # 6800
+7137,7138,7139,7140,7141,7142,7143,4843,7144,7145,7146,7147,7148,7149,7150,7151, # 6816
+7152,7153,7154,7155,7156,7157,7158,7159,7160,7161,7162,7163,7164,7165,7166,7167, # 6832
+7168,7169,7170,7171,7172,7173,7174,7175,7176,7177,7178,7179,7180,7181,7182,7183, # 6848
+7184,7185,7186,7187,7188,4171,4172,7189,7190,7191,7192,7193,7194,7195,7196,7197, # 6864
+7198,7199,7200,7201,7202,7203,7204,7205,7206,7207,7208,7209,7210,7211,7212,7213, # 6880
+7214,7215,7216,7217,7218,7219,7220,7221,7222,7223,7224,7225,7226,7227,7228,7229, # 6896
+7230,7231,7232,7233,7234,7235,7236,7237,7238,7239,7240,7241,7242,7243,7244,7245, # 6912
+7246,7247,7248,7249,7250,7251,7252,7253,7254,7255,7256,7257,7258,7259,7260,7261, # 6928
+7262,7263,7264,7265,7266,7267,7268,7269,7270,7271,7272,7273,7274,7275,7276,7277, # 6944
+7278,7279,7280,7281,7282,7283,7284,7285,7286,7287,7288,7289,7290,7291,7292,7293, # 6960
+7294,7295,7296,4844,7297,7298,7299,7300,7301,7302,7303,7304,7305,7306,7307,7308, # 6976
+7309,7310,7311,7312,7313,7314,7315,7316,4451,7317,7318,7319,7320,7321,7322,7323, # 6992
+7324,7325,7326,7327,7328,7329,7330,7331,7332,7333,7334,7335,7336,7337,7338,7339, # 7008
+7340,7341,7342,7343,7344,7345,7346,7347,7348,7349,7350,7351,7352,7353,4173,7354, # 7024
+7355,4845,7356,7357,7358,7359,7360,7361,7362,7363,7364,7365,7366,7367,7368,7369, # 7040
+7370,7371,7372,7373,7374,7375,7376,7377,7378,7379,7380,7381,7382,7383,7384,7385, # 7056
+7386,7387,7388,4846,7389,7390,7391,7392,7393,7394,7395,7396,7397,7398,7399,7400, # 7072
+7401,7402,7403,7404,7405,3672,7406,7407,7408,7409,7410,7411,7412,7413,7414,7415, # 7088
+7416,7417,7418,7419,7420,7421,7422,7423,7424,7425,7426,7427,7428,7429,7430,7431, # 7104
+7432,7433,7434,7435,7436,7437,7438,7439,7440,7441,7442,7443,7444,7445,7446,7447, # 7120
+7448,7449,7450,7451,7452,7453,4452,7454,3200,7455,7456,7457,7458,7459,7460,7461, # 7136
+7462,7463,7464,7465,7466,7467,7468,7469,7470,7471,7472,7473,7474,4847,7475,7476, # 7152
+7477,3133,7478,7479,7480,7481,7482,7483,7484,7485,7486,7487,7488,7489,7490,7491, # 7168
+7492,7493,7494,7495,7496,7497,7498,7499,7500,7501,7502,3347,7503,7504,7505,7506, # 7184
+7507,7508,7509,7510,7511,7512,7513,7514,7515,7516,7517,7518,7519,7520,7521,4848, # 7200
+7522,7523,7524,7525,7526,7527,7528,7529,7530,7531,7532,7533,7534,7535,7536,7537, # 7216
+7538,7539,7540,7541,7542,7543,7544,7545,7546,7547,7548,7549,3801,4849,7550,7551, # 7232
+7552,7553,7554,7555,7556,7557,7558,7559,7560,7561,7562,7563,7564,7565,7566,7567, # 7248
+7568,7569,3035,7570,7571,7572,7573,7574,7575,7576,7577,7578,7579,7580,7581,7582, # 7264
+7583,7584,7585,7586,7587,7588,7589,7590,7591,7592,7593,7594,7595,7596,7597,7598, # 7280
+7599,7600,7601,7602,7603,7604,7605,7606,7607,7608,7609,7610,7611,7612,7613,7614, # 7296
+7615,7616,4850,7617,7618,3802,7619,7620,7621,7622,7623,7624,7625,7626,7627,7628, # 7312
+7629,7630,7631,7632,4851,7633,7634,7635,7636,7637,7638,7639,7640,7641,7642,7643, # 7328
+7644,7645,7646,7647,7648,7649,7650,7651,7652,7653,7654,7655,7656,7657,7658,7659, # 7344
+7660,7661,7662,7663,7664,7665,7666,7667,7668,7669,7670,4453,7671,7672,7673,7674, # 7360
+7675,7676,7677,7678,7679,7680,7681,7682,7683,7684,7685,7686,7687,7688,7689,7690, # 7376
+7691,7692,7693,7694,7695,7696,7697,3443,7698,7699,7700,7701,7702,4454,7703,7704, # 7392
+7705,7706,7707,7708,7709,7710,7711,7712,7713,2472,7714,7715,7716,7717,7718,7719, # 7408
+7720,7721,7722,7723,7724,7725,7726,7727,7728,7729,7730,7731,3954,7732,7733,7734, # 7424
+7735,7736,7737,7738,7739,7740,7741,7742,7743,7744,7745,7746,7747,7748,7749,7750, # 7440
+3134,7751,7752,4852,7753,7754,7755,4853,7756,7757,7758,7759,7760,4174,7761,7762, # 7456
+7763,7764,7765,7766,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,7772,7773,7774,7775,7776,7777,7778, # 7472
+7779,7780,7781,7782,7783,7784,7785,7786,7787,7788,7789,7790,7791,7792,7793,7794, # 7488
+7795,7796,7797,7798,7799,7800,7801,7802,7803,7804,7805,4854,7806,7807,7808,7809, # 7504
+7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,7824,7825, # 7520
+4855,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,7840, # 7536
+7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,3955,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855, # 7552
+7856,7857,7858,7859,7860,3444,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870, # 7568
+7871,7872,7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886, # 7584
+7887,7888,7889,7890,7891,4175,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,4856,4857,7897,7898,7899, # 7600
+7900,2598,7901,7902,7903,7904,7905,7906,7907,7908,4455,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913, # 7616
+7914,3201,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920,7921,4858,7922,7923,7924,7925,7926,7927, # 7632
+7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935,7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943, # 7648
+7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951,7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959, # 7664
+7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967,7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975, # 7680
+7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,4859,7982,7983,7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990, # 7696
+7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,4860,7997,7998,7999,8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005, # 7712
+8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015,8016,4176,8017,8018,8019,8020, # 7728
+8021,8022,8023,4861,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031,8032,8033,8034,8035, # 7744
+8036,4862,4456,8037,8038,8039,8040,4863,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047,8048, # 7760
+8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063,8064, # 7776
+8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079,8080, # 7792
+8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095,8096, # 7808
+8097,8098,8099,4864,4177,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110, # 7824
+8111,8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,4178,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125, # 7840
+8126,8127,8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141, # 7856
+8142,8143,8144,8145,4865,4866,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155, # 7872
+8156,8157,8158,8159,8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,4179,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170, # 7888
+8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,4457,8182,8183,8184,8185, # 7904
+8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201, # 7920
+8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217, # 7936
+8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233, # 7952
+8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249, # 7968
+8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,8256,3445,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,4458,8263, # 7984
+8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,8272,4459,8273,8274,8275,8276,3550,8277, # 8000
+8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,8288,8289,4460,8290,8291,8292, # 8016
+8293,8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,8304,8305,8306,8307,4867, # 8032
+8308,8309,8310,8311,8312,3551,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,8320,8321,8322, # 8048
+8323,8324,8325,8326,4868,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,8336,8337, # 8064
+8338,8339,8340,8341,8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353, # 8080
+8354,8355,8356,8357,8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,4869,4461,8364,8365,8366,8367, # 8096
+8368,8369,8370,4870,8371,8372,8373,8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382, # 8112
+8383,8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389,8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398, # 8128
+8399,8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,4871,8411,8412,8413, # 8144
+8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,4462,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428, # 8160
+8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,2986,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443, # 8176
+8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459, # 8192
+8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475, # 8208
+8476,8477,8478,4180,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485,8486,8487,8488,8489,8490, # 8224
+8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506, # 8240
+8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8520,8521,8522, # 8256
+8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538, # 8272
+8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549,8550,8551,8552,8553,8554, # 8288
+8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,4872,8565,8566,8567,8568,8569, # 8304
+8570,8571,8572,8573,4873,8574,8575,8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581,8582,8583,8584, # 8320
+8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597,8598,8599,8600, # 8336
+8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,3803,8606,8607,8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613,4874,3804, # 8352
+8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,3956,8622,8623,8624,8625,8626,8627,8628, # 8368
+8629,8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,2865,8639,8640,8641,8642,8643, # 8384
+8644,8645,8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,8656,4463,8657,8658, # 8400
+8659,4875,4876,8660,8661,8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,8672, # 8416
+8673,8674,8675,8676,8677,8678,8679,8680,8681,4464,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687, # 8432
+8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693,8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703, # 8448
+8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,2261,8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718, # 8464
+8719,8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725,8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,4181, # 8480
+8734,8735,8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741,8742,8743,8744,8745,8746,8747,8748,8749, # 8496
+8750,8751,8752,8753,8754,8755,8756,8757,8758,8759,8760,8761,8762,8763,4877,8764, # 8512
+8765,8766,8767,8768,8769,8770,8771,8772,8773,8774,8775,8776,8777,8778,8779,8780, # 8528
+8781,8782,8783,8784,8785,8786,8787,8788,4878,8789,4879,8790,8791,8792,4880,8793, # 8544
+8794,8795,8796,8797,8798,8799,8800,8801,4881,8802,8803,8804,8805,8806,8807,8808, # 8560
+8809,8810,8811,8812,8813,8814,8815,3957,8816,8817,8818,8819,8820,8821,8822,8823, # 8576
+8824,8825,8826,8827,8828,8829,8830,8831,8832,8833,8834,8835,8836,8837,8838,8839, # 8592
+8840,8841,8842,8843,8844,8845,8846,8847,4882,8848,8849,8850,8851,8852,8853,8854, # 8608
+8855,8856,8857,8858,8859,8860,8861,8862,8863,8864,8865,8866,8867,8868,8869,8870, # 8624
+8871,8872,8873,8874,8875,8876,8877,8878,8879,8880,8881,8882,8883,8884,3202,8885, # 8640
+8886,8887,8888,8889,8890,8891,8892,8893,8894,8895,8896,8897,8898,8899,8900,8901, # 8656
+8902,8903,8904,8905,8906,8907,8908,8909,8910,8911,8912,8913,8914,8915,8916,8917, # 8672
+8918,8919,8920,8921,8922,8923,8924,4465,8925,8926,8927,8928,8929,8930,8931,8932, # 8688
+4883,8933,8934,8935,8936,8937,8938,8939,8940,8941,8942,8943,2214,8944,8945,8946, # 8704
+8947,8948,8949,8950,8951,8952,8953,8954,8955,8956,8957,8958,8959,8960,8961,8962, # 8720
+8963,8964,8965,4884,8966,8967,8968,8969,8970,8971,8972,8973,8974,8975,8976,8977, # 8736
+8978,8979,8980,8981,8982,8983,8984,8985,8986,8987,8988,8989,8990,8991,8992,4885, # 8752
+8993,8994,8995,8996,8997,8998,8999,9000,9001,9002,9003,9004,9005,9006,9007,9008, # 8768
+9009,9010,9011,9012,9013,9014,9015,9016,9017,9018,9019,9020,9021,4182,9022,9023, # 8784
+9024,9025,9026,9027,9028,9029,9030,9031,9032,9033,9034,9035,9036,9037,9038,9039, # 8800
+9040,9041,9042,9043,9044,9045,9046,9047,9048,9049,9050,9051,9052,9053,9054,9055, # 8816
+9056,9057,9058,9059,9060,9061,9062,9063,4886,9064,9065,9066,9067,9068,9069,4887, # 8832
+9070,9071,9072,9073,9074,9075,9076,9077,9078,9079,9080,9081,9082,9083,9084,9085, # 8848
+9086,9087,9088,9089,9090,9091,9092,9093,9094,9095,9096,9097,9098,9099,9100,9101, # 8864
+9102,9103,9104,9105,9106,9107,9108,9109,9110,9111,9112,9113,9114,9115,9116,9117, # 8880
+9118,9119,9120,9121,9122,9123,9124,9125,9126,9127,9128,9129,9130,9131,9132,9133, # 8896
+9134,9135,9136,9137,9138,9139,9140,9141,3958,9142,9143,9144,9145,9146,9147,9148, # 8912
+9149,9150,9151,4888,9152,9153,9154,9155,9156,9157,9158,9159,9160,9161,9162,9163, # 8928
+9164,9165,9166,9167,9168,9169,9170,9171,9172,9173,9174,9175,4889,9176,9177,9178, # 8944
+9179,9180,9181,9182,9183,9184,9185,9186,9187,9188,9189,9190,9191,9192,9193,9194, # 8960
+9195,9196,9197,9198,9199,9200,9201,9202,9203,4890,9204,9205,9206,9207,9208,9209, # 8976
+9210,9211,9212,9213,9214,9215,9216,9217,9218,9219,9220,9221,9222,4466,9223,9224, # 8992
+9225,9226,9227,9228,9229,9230,9231,9232,9233,9234,9235,9236,9237,9238,9239,9240, # 9008
+9241,9242,9243,9244,9245,4891,9246,9247,9248,9249,9250,9251,9252,9253,9254,9255, # 9024
+9256,9257,4892,9258,9259,9260,9261,4893,4894,9262,9263,9264,9265,9266,9267,9268, # 9040
+9269,9270,9271,9272,9273,4467,9274,9275,9276,9277,9278,9279,9280,9281,9282,9283, # 9056
+9284,9285,3673,9286,9287,9288,9289,9290,9291,9292,9293,9294,9295,9296,9297,9298, # 9072
+9299,9300,9301,9302,9303,9304,9305,9306,9307,9308,9309,9310,9311,9312,9313,9314, # 9088
+9315,9316,9317,9318,9319,9320,9321,9322,4895,9323,9324,9325,9326,9327,9328,9329, # 9104
+9330,9331,9332,9333,9334,9335,9336,9337,9338,9339,9340,9341,9342,9343,9344,9345, # 9120
+9346,9347,4468,9348,9349,9350,9351,9352,9353,9354,9355,9356,9357,9358,9359,9360, # 9136
+9361,9362,9363,9364,9365,9366,9367,9368,9369,9370,9371,9372,9373,4896,9374,4469, # 9152
+9375,9376,9377,9378,9379,4897,9380,9381,9382,9383,9384,9385,9386,9387,9388,9389, # 9168
+9390,9391,9392,9393,9394,9395,9396,9397,9398,9399,9400,9401,9402,9403,9404,9405, # 9184
+9406,4470,9407,2751,9408,9409,3674,3552,9410,9411,9412,9413,9414,9415,9416,9417, # 9200
+9418,9419,9420,9421,4898,9422,9423,9424,9425,9426,9427,9428,9429,3959,9430,9431, # 9216
+9432,9433,9434,9435,9436,4471,9437,9438,9439,9440,9441,9442,9443,9444,9445,9446, # 9232
+9447,9448,9449,9450,3348,9451,9452,9453,9454,9455,9456,9457,9458,9459,9460,9461, # 9248
+9462,9463,9464,9465,9466,9467,9468,9469,9470,9471,9472,4899,9473,9474,9475,9476, # 9264
+9477,4900,9478,9479,9480,9481,9482,9483,9484,9485,9486,9487,9488,3349,9489,9490, # 9280
+9491,9492,9493,9494,9495,9496,9497,9498,9499,9500,9501,9502,9503,9504,9505,9506, # 9296
+9507,9508,9509,9510,9511,9512,9513,9514,9515,9516,9517,9518,9519,9520,4901,9521, # 9312
+9522,9523,9524,9525,9526,4902,9527,9528,9529,9530,9531,9532,9533,9534,9535,9536, # 9328
+9537,9538,9539,9540,9541,9542,9543,9544,9545,9546,9547,9548,9549,9550,9551,9552, # 9344
+9553,9554,9555,9556,9557,9558,9559,9560,9561,9562,9563,9564,9565,9566,9567,9568, # 9360
+9569,9570,9571,9572,9573,9574,9575,9576,9577,9578,9579,9580,9581,9582,9583,9584, # 9376
+3805,9585,9586,9587,9588,9589,9590,9591,9592,9593,9594,9595,9596,9597,9598,9599, # 9392
+9600,9601,9602,4903,9603,9604,9605,9606,9607,4904,9608,9609,9610,9611,9612,9613, # 9408
+9614,4905,9615,9616,9617,9618,9619,9620,9621,9622,9623,9624,9625,9626,9627,9628, # 9424
+9629,9630,9631,9632,4906,9633,9634,9635,9636,9637,9638,9639,9640,9641,9642,9643, # 9440
+4907,9644,9645,9646,9647,9648,9649,9650,9651,9652,9653,9654,9655,9656,9657,9658, # 9456
+9659,9660,9661,9662,9663,9664,9665,9666,9667,9668,9669,9670,9671,9672,4183,9673, # 9472
+9674,9675,9676,9677,4908,9678,9679,9680,9681,4909,9682,9683,9684,9685,9686,9687, # 9488
+9688,9689,9690,4910,9691,9692,9693,3675,9694,9695,9696,2945,9697,9698,9699,9700, # 9504
+9701,9702,9703,9704,9705,4911,9706,9707,9708,9709,9710,9711,9712,9713,9714,9715, # 9520
+9716,9717,9718,9719,9720,9721,9722,9723,9724,9725,9726,9727,9728,9729,9730,9731, # 9536
+9732,9733,9734,9735,4912,9736,9737,9738,9739,9740,4913,9741,9742,9743,9744,9745, # 9552
+9746,9747,9748,9749,9750,9751,9752,9753,9754,9755,9756,9757,9758,4914,9759,9760, # 9568
+9761,9762,9763,9764,9765,9766,9767,9768,9769,9770,9771,9772,9773,9774,9775,9776, # 9584
+9777,9778,9779,9780,9781,9782,4915,9783,9784,9785,9786,9787,9788,9789,9790,9791, # 9600
+9792,9793,4916,9794,9795,9796,9797,9798,9799,9800,9801,9802,9803,9804,9805,9806, # 9616
+9807,9808,9809,9810,9811,9812,9813,9814,9815,9816,9817,9818,9819,9820,9821,9822, # 9632
+9823,9824,9825,9826,9827,9828,9829,9830,9831,9832,9833,9834,9835,9836,9837,9838, # 9648
+9839,9840,9841,9842,9843,9844,9845,9846,9847,9848,9849,9850,9851,9852,9853,9854, # 9664
+9855,9856,9857,9858,9859,9860,9861,9862,9863,9864,9865,9866,9867,9868,4917,9869, # 9680
+9870,9871,9872,9873,9874,9875,9876,9877,9878,9879,9880,9881,9882,9883,9884,9885, # 9696
+9886,9887,9888,9889,9890,9891,9892,4472,9893,9894,9895,9896,9897,3806,9898,9899, # 9712
+9900,9901,9902,9903,9904,9905,9906,9907,9908,9909,9910,9911,9912,9913,9914,4918, # 9728
+9915,9916,9917,4919,9918,9919,9920,9921,4184,9922,9923,9924,9925,9926,9927,9928, # 9744
+9929,9930,9931,9932,9933,9934,9935,9936,9937,9938,9939,9940,9941,9942,9943,9944, # 9760
+9945,9946,4920,9947,9948,9949,9950,9951,9952,9953,9954,9955,4185,9956,9957,9958, # 9776
+9959,9960,9961,9962,9963,9964,9965,4921,9966,9967,9968,4473,9969,9970,9971,9972, # 9792
+9973,9974,9975,9976,9977,4474,9978,9979,9980,9981,9982,9983,9984,9985,9986,9987, # 9808
+9988,9989,9990,9991,9992,9993,9994,9995,9996,9997,9998,9999,10000,10001,10002,10003, # 9824
+10004,10005,10006,10007,10008,10009,10010,10011,10012,10013,10014,10015,10016,10017,10018,10019, # 9840
+10020,10021,4922,10022,4923,10023,10024,10025,10026,10027,10028,10029,10030,10031,10032,10033, # 9856
+10034,10035,10036,10037,10038,10039,10040,10041,10042,10043,10044,10045,10046,10047,10048,4924, # 9872
+10049,10050,10051,10052,10053,10054,10055,10056,10057,10058,10059,10060,10061,10062,10063,10064, # 9888
+10065,10066,10067,10068,10069,10070,10071,10072,10073,10074,10075,10076,10077,10078,10079,10080, # 9904
+10081,10082,10083,10084,10085,10086,10087,4475,10088,10089,10090,10091,10092,10093,10094,10095, # 9920
+10096,10097,4476,10098,10099,10100,10101,10102,10103,10104,10105,10106,10107,10108,10109,10110, # 9936
+10111,2174,10112,10113,10114,10115,10116,10117,10118,10119,10120,10121,10122,10123,10124,10125, # 9952
+10126,10127,10128,10129,10130,10131,10132,10133,10134,10135,10136,10137,10138,10139,10140,3807, # 9968
+4186,4925,10141,10142,10143,10144,10145,10146,10147,4477,4187,10148,10149,10150,10151,10152, # 9984
+10153,4188,10154,10155,10156,10157,10158,10159,10160,10161,4926,10162,10163,10164,10165,10166, #10000
+10167,10168,10169,10170,10171,10172,10173,10174,10175,10176,10177,10178,10179,10180,10181,10182, #10016
+10183,10184,10185,10186,10187,10188,10189,10190,10191,10192,3203,10193,10194,10195,10196,10197, #10032
+10198,10199,10200,4478,10201,10202,10203,10204,4479,10205,10206,10207,10208,10209,10210,10211, #10048
+10212,10213,10214,10215,10216,10217,10218,10219,10220,10221,10222,10223,10224,10225,10226,10227, #10064
+10228,10229,10230,10231,10232,10233,10234,4927,10235,10236,10237,10238,10239,10240,10241,10242, #10080
+10243,10244,10245,10246,10247,10248,10249,10250,10251,10252,10253,10254,10255,10256,10257,10258, #10096
+10259,10260,10261,10262,10263,10264,10265,10266,10267,10268,10269,10270,10271,10272,10273,4480, #10112
+4928,4929,10274,10275,10276,10277,10278,10279,10280,10281,10282,10283,10284,10285,10286,10287, #10128
+10288,10289,10290,10291,10292,10293,10294,10295,10296,10297,10298,10299,10300,10301,10302,10303, #10144
+10304,10305,10306,10307,10308,10309,10310,10311,10312,10313,10314,10315,10316,10317,10318,10319, #10160
+10320,10321,10322,10323,10324,10325,10326,10327,10328,10329,10330,10331,10332,10333,10334,4930, #10176
+10335,10336,10337,10338,10339,10340,10341,10342,4931,10343,10344,10345,10346,10347,10348,10349, #10192
+10350,10351,10352,10353,10354,10355,3088,10356,2786,10357,10358,10359,10360,4189,10361,10362, #10208
+10363,10364,10365,10366,10367,10368,10369,10370,10371,10372,10373,10374,10375,4932,10376,10377, #10224
+10378,10379,10380,10381,10382,10383,10384,10385,10386,10387,10388,10389,10390,10391,10392,4933, #10240
+10393,10394,10395,4934,10396,10397,10398,10399,10400,10401,10402,10403,10404,10405,10406,10407, #10256
+10408,10409,10410,10411,10412,3446,10413,10414,10415,10416,10417,10418,10419,10420,10421,10422, #10272
+10423,4935,10424,10425,10426,10427,10428,10429,10430,4936,10431,10432,10433,10434,10435,10436, #10288
+10437,10438,10439,10440,10441,10442,10443,4937,10444,10445,10446,10447,4481,10448,10449,10450, #10304
+10451,10452,10453,10454,10455,10456,10457,10458,10459,10460,10461,10462,10463,10464,10465,10466, #10320
+10467,10468,10469,10470,10471,10472,10473,10474,10475,10476,10477,10478,10479,10480,10481,10482, #10336
+10483,10484,10485,10486,10487,10488,10489,10490,10491,10492,10493,10494,10495,10496,10497,10498, #10352
+10499,10500,10501,10502,10503,10504,10505,4938,10506,10507,10508,10509,10510,2552,10511,10512, #10368
+10513,10514,10515,10516,3447,10517,10518,10519,10520,10521,10522,10523,10524,10525,10526,10527, #10384
+10528,10529,10530,10531,10532,10533,10534,10535,10536,10537,10538,10539,10540,10541,10542,10543, #10400
+4482,10544,4939,10545,10546,10547,10548,10549,10550,10551,10552,10553,10554,10555,10556,10557, #10416
+10558,10559,10560,10561,10562,10563,10564,10565,10566,10567,3676,4483,10568,10569,10570,10571, #10432
+10572,3448,10573,10574,10575,10576,10577,10578,10579,10580,10581,10582,10583,10584,10585,10586, #10448
+10587,10588,10589,10590,10591,10592,10593,10594,10595,10596,10597,10598,10599,10600,10601,10602, #10464
+10603,10604,10605,10606,10607,10608,10609,10610,10611,10612,10613,10614,10615,10616,10617,10618, #10480
+10619,10620,10621,10622,10623,10624,10625,10626,10627,4484,10628,10629,10630,10631,10632,4940, #10496
+10633,10634,10635,10636,10637,10638,10639,10640,10641,10642,10643,10644,10645,10646,10647,10648, #10512
+10649,10650,10651,10652,10653,10654,10655,10656,4941,10657,10658,10659,2599,10660,10661,10662, #10528
+10663,10664,10665,10666,3089,10667,10668,10669,10670,10671,10672,10673,10674,10675,10676,10677, #10544
+10678,10679,10680,4942,10681,10682,10683,10684,10685,10686,10687,10688,10689,10690,10691,10692, #10560
+10693,10694,10695,10696,10697,4485,10698,10699,10700,10701,10702,10703,10704,4943,10705,3677, #10576
+10706,10707,10708,10709,10710,10711,10712,4944,10713,10714,10715,10716,10717,10718,10719,10720, #10592
+10721,10722,10723,10724,10725,10726,10727,10728,4945,10729,10730,10731,10732,10733,10734,10735, #10608
+10736,10737,10738,10739,10740,10741,10742,10743,10744,10745,10746,10747,10748,10749,10750,10751, #10624
+10752,10753,10754,10755,10756,10757,10758,10759,10760,10761,4946,10762,10763,10764,10765,10766, #10640
+10767,4947,4948,10768,10769,10770,10771,10772,10773,10774,10775,10776,10777,10778,10779,10780, #10656
+10781,10782,10783,10784,10785,10786,10787,10788,10789,10790,10791,10792,10793,10794,10795,10796, #10672
+10797,10798,10799,10800,10801,10802,10803,10804,10805,10806,10807,10808,10809,10810,10811,10812, #10688
+10813,10814,10815,10816,10817,10818,10819,10820,10821,10822,10823,10824,10825,10826,10827,10828, #10704
+10829,10830,10831,10832,10833,10834,10835,10836,10837,10838,10839,10840,10841,10842,10843,10844, #10720
+10845,10846,10847,10848,10849,10850,10851,10852,10853,10854,10855,10856,10857,10858,10859,10860, #10736
+10861,10862,10863,10864,10865,10866,10867,10868,10869,10870,10871,10872,10873,10874,10875,10876, #10752
+10877,10878,4486,10879,10880,10881,10882,10883,10884,10885,4949,10886,10887,10888,10889,10890, #10768
+10891,10892,10893,10894,10895,10896,10897,10898,10899,10900,10901,10902,10903,10904,10905,10906, #10784
+10907,10908,10909,10910,10911,10912,10913,10914,10915,10916,10917,10918,10919,4487,10920,10921, #10800
+10922,10923,10924,10925,10926,10927,10928,10929,10930,10931,10932,4950,10933,10934,10935,10936, #10816
+10937,10938,10939,10940,10941,10942,10943,10944,10945,10946,10947,10948,10949,4488,10950,10951, #10832
+10952,10953,10954,10955,10956,10957,10958,10959,4190,10960,10961,10962,10963,10964,10965,10966, #10848
+10967,10968,10969,10970,10971,10972,10973,10974,10975,10976,10977,10978,10979,10980,10981,10982, #10864
+10983,10984,10985,10986,10987,10988,10989,10990,10991,10992,10993,10994,10995,10996,10997,10998, #10880
+10999,11000,11001,11002,11003,11004,11005,11006,3960,11007,11008,11009,11010,11011,11012,11013, #10896
+11014,11015,11016,11017,11018,11019,11020,11021,11022,11023,11024,11025,11026,11027,11028,11029, #10912
+11030,11031,11032,4951,11033,11034,11035,11036,11037,11038,11039,11040,11041,11042,11043,11044, #10928
+11045,11046,11047,4489,11048,11049,11050,11051,4952,11052,11053,11054,11055,11056,11057,11058, #10944
+4953,11059,11060,11061,11062,11063,11064,11065,11066,11067,11068,11069,11070,11071,4954,11072, #10960
+11073,11074,11075,11076,11077,11078,11079,11080,11081,11082,11083,11084,11085,11086,11087,11088, #10976
+11089,11090,11091,11092,11093,11094,11095,11096,11097,11098,11099,11100,11101,11102,11103,11104, #10992
+11105,11106,11107,11108,11109,11110,11111,11112,11113,11114,11115,3808,11116,11117,11118,11119, #11008
+11120,11121,11122,11123,11124,11125,11126,11127,11128,11129,11130,11131,11132,11133,11134,4955, #11024
+11135,11136,11137,11138,11139,11140,11141,11142,11143,11144,11145,11146,11147,11148,11149,11150, #11040
+11151,11152,11153,11154,11155,11156,11157,11158,11159,11160,11161,4956,11162,11163,11164,11165, #11056
+11166,11167,11168,11169,11170,11171,11172,11173,11174,11175,11176,11177,11178,11179,11180,4957, #11072
+11181,11182,11183,11184,11185,11186,4958,11187,11188,11189,11190,11191,11192,11193,11194,11195, #11088
+11196,11197,11198,11199,11200,3678,11201,11202,11203,11204,11205,11206,4191,11207,11208,11209, #11104
+11210,11211,11212,11213,11214,11215,11216,11217,11218,11219,11220,11221,11222,11223,11224,11225, #11120
+11226,11227,11228,11229,11230,11231,11232,11233,11234,11235,11236,11237,11238,11239,11240,11241, #11136
+11242,11243,11244,11245,11246,11247,11248,11249,11250,11251,4959,11252,11253,11254,11255,11256, #11152
+11257,11258,11259,11260,11261,11262,11263,11264,11265,11266,11267,11268,11269,11270,11271,11272, #11168
+11273,11274,11275,11276,11277,11278,11279,11280,11281,11282,11283,11284,11285,11286,11287,11288, #11184
+11289,11290,11291,11292,11293,11294,11295,11296,11297,11298,11299,11300,11301,11302,11303,11304, #11200
+11305,11306,11307,11308,11309,11310,11311,11312,11313,11314,3679,11315,11316,11317,11318,4490, #11216
+11319,11320,11321,11322,11323,11324,11325,11326,11327,11328,11329,11330,11331,11332,11333,11334, #11232
+11335,11336,11337,11338,11339,11340,11341,11342,11343,11344,11345,11346,11347,4960,11348,11349, #11248
+11350,11351,11352,11353,11354,11355,11356,11357,11358,11359,11360,11361,11362,11363,11364,11365, #11264
+11366,11367,11368,11369,11370,11371,11372,11373,11374,11375,11376,11377,3961,4961,11378,11379, #11280
+11380,11381,11382,11383,11384,11385,11386,11387,11388,11389,11390,11391,11392,11393,11394,11395, #11296
+11396,11397,4192,11398,11399,11400,11401,11402,11403,11404,11405,11406,11407,11408,11409,11410, #11312
+11411,4962,11412,11413,11414,11415,11416,11417,11418,11419,11420,11421,11422,11423,11424,11425, #11328
+11426,11427,11428,11429,11430,11431,11432,11433,11434,11435,11436,11437,11438,11439,11440,11441, #11344
+11442,11443,11444,11445,11446,11447,11448,11449,11450,11451,11452,11453,11454,11455,11456,11457, #11360
+11458,11459,11460,11461,11462,11463,11464,11465,11466,11467,11468,11469,4963,11470,11471,4491, #11376
+11472,11473,11474,11475,4964,11476,11477,11478,11479,11480,11481,11482,11483,11484,11485,11486, #11392
+11487,11488,11489,11490,11491,11492,4965,11493,11494,11495,11496,11497,11498,11499,11500,11501, #11408
+11502,11503,11504,11505,11506,11507,11508,11509,11510,11511,11512,11513,11514,11515,11516,11517, #11424
+11518,11519,11520,11521,11522,11523,11524,11525,11526,11527,11528,11529,3962,11530,11531,11532, #11440
+11533,11534,11535,11536,11537,11538,11539,11540,11541,11542,11543,11544,11545,11546,11547,11548, #11456
+11549,11550,11551,11552,11553,11554,11555,11556,11557,11558,11559,11560,11561,11562,11563,11564, #11472
+4193,4194,11565,11566,11567,11568,11569,11570,11571,11572,11573,11574,11575,11576,11577,11578, #11488
+11579,11580,11581,11582,11583,11584,11585,11586,11587,11588,11589,11590,11591,4966,4195,11592, #11504
+11593,11594,11595,11596,11597,11598,11599,11600,11601,11602,11603,11604,3090,11605,11606,11607, #11520
+11608,11609,11610,4967,11611,11612,11613,11614,11615,11616,11617,11618,11619,11620,11621,11622, #11536
+11623,11624,11625,11626,11627,11628,11629,11630,11631,11632,11633,11634,11635,11636,11637,11638, #11552
+11639,11640,11641,11642,11643,11644,11645,11646,11647,11648,11649,11650,11651,11652,11653,11654, #11568
+11655,11656,11657,11658,11659,11660,11661,11662,11663,11664,11665,11666,11667,11668,11669,11670, #11584
+11671,11672,11673,11674,4968,11675,11676,11677,11678,11679,11680,11681,11682,11683,11684,11685, #11600
+11686,11687,11688,11689,11690,11691,11692,11693,3809,11694,11695,11696,11697,11698,11699,11700, #11616
+11701,11702,11703,11704,11705,11706,11707,11708,11709,11710,11711,11712,11713,11714,11715,11716, #11632
+11717,11718,3553,11719,11720,11721,11722,11723,11724,11725,11726,11727,11728,11729,11730,4969, #11648
+11731,11732,11733,11734,11735,11736,11737,11738,11739,11740,4492,11741,11742,11743,11744,11745, #11664
+11746,11747,11748,11749,11750,11751,11752,4970,11753,11754,11755,11756,11757,11758,11759,11760, #11680
+11761,11762,11763,11764,11765,11766,11767,11768,11769,11770,11771,11772,11773,11774,11775,11776, #11696
+11777,11778,11779,11780,11781,11782,11783,11784,11785,11786,11787,11788,11789,11790,4971,11791, #11712
+11792,11793,11794,11795,11796,11797,4972,11798,11799,11800,11801,11802,11803,11804,11805,11806, #11728
+11807,11808,11809,11810,4973,11811,11812,11813,11814,11815,11816,11817,11818,11819,11820,11821, #11744
+11822,11823,11824,11825,11826,11827,11828,11829,11830,11831,11832,11833,11834,3680,3810,11835, #11760
+11836,4974,11837,11838,11839,11840,11841,11842,11843,11844,11845,11846,11847,11848,11849,11850, #11776
+11851,11852,11853,11854,11855,11856,11857,11858,11859,11860,11861,11862,11863,11864,11865,11866, #11792
+11867,11868,11869,11870,11871,11872,11873,11874,11875,11876,11877,11878,11879,11880,11881,11882, #11808
+11883,11884,4493,11885,11886,11887,11888,11889,11890,11891,11892,11893,11894,11895,11896,11897, #11824
+11898,11899,11900,11901,11902,11903,11904,11905,11906,11907,11908,11909,11910,11911,11912,11913, #11840
+11914,11915,4975,11916,11917,11918,11919,11920,11921,11922,11923,11924,11925,11926,11927,11928, #11856
+11929,11930,11931,11932,11933,11934,11935,11936,11937,11938,11939,11940,11941,11942,11943,11944, #11872
+11945,11946,11947,11948,11949,4976,11950,11951,11952,11953,11954,11955,11956,11957,11958,11959, #11888
+11960,11961,11962,11963,11964,11965,11966,11967,11968,11969,11970,11971,11972,11973,11974,11975, #11904
+11976,11977,11978,11979,11980,11981,11982,11983,11984,11985,11986,11987,4196,11988,11989,11990, #11920
+11991,11992,4977,11993,11994,11995,11996,11997,11998,11999,12000,12001,12002,12003,12004,12005, #11936
+12006,12007,12008,12009,12010,12011,12012,12013,12014,12015,12016,12017,12018,12019,12020,12021, #11952
+12022,12023,12024,12025,12026,12027,12028,12029,12030,12031,12032,12033,12034,12035,12036,12037, #11968
+12038,12039,12040,12041,12042,12043,12044,12045,12046,12047,12048,12049,12050,12051,12052,12053, #11984
+12054,12055,12056,12057,12058,12059,12060,12061,4978,12062,12063,12064,12065,12066,12067,12068, #12000
+12069,12070,12071,12072,12073,12074,12075,12076,12077,12078,12079,12080,12081,12082,12083,12084, #12016
+12085,12086,12087,12088,12089,12090,12091,12092,12093,12094,12095,12096,12097,12098,12099,12100, #12032
+12101,12102,12103,12104,12105,12106,12107,12108,12109,12110,12111,12112,12113,12114,12115,12116, #12048
+12117,12118,12119,12120,12121,12122,12123,4979,12124,12125,12126,12127,12128,4197,12129,12130, #12064
+12131,12132,12133,12134,12135,12136,12137,12138,12139,12140,12141,12142,12143,12144,12145,12146, #12080
+12147,12148,12149,12150,12151,12152,12153,12154,4980,12155,12156,12157,12158,12159,12160,4494, #12096
+12161,12162,12163,12164,3811,12165,12166,12167,12168,12169,4495,12170,12171,4496,12172,12173, #12112
+12174,12175,12176,3812,12177,12178,12179,12180,12181,12182,12183,12184,12185,12186,12187,12188, #12128
+12189,12190,12191,12192,12193,12194,12195,12196,12197,12198,12199,12200,12201,12202,12203,12204, #12144
+12205,12206,12207,12208,12209,12210,12211,12212,12213,12214,12215,12216,12217,12218,12219,12220, #12160
+12221,4981,12222,12223,12224,12225,12226,12227,12228,12229,12230,12231,12232,12233,12234,12235, #12176
+4982,12236,12237,12238,12239,12240,12241,12242,12243,12244,12245,4983,12246,12247,12248,12249, #12192
+4984,12250,12251,12252,12253,12254,12255,12256,12257,12258,12259,12260,12261,12262,12263,12264, #12208
+4985,12265,4497,12266,12267,12268,12269,12270,12271,12272,12273,12274,12275,12276,12277,12278, #12224
+12279,12280,12281,12282,12283,12284,12285,12286,12287,4986,12288,12289,12290,12291,12292,12293, #12240
+12294,12295,12296,2473,12297,12298,12299,12300,12301,12302,12303,12304,12305,12306,12307,12308, #12256
+12309,12310,12311,12312,12313,12314,12315,12316,12317,12318,12319,3963,12320,12321,12322,12323, #12272
+12324,12325,12326,12327,12328,12329,12330,12331,12332,4987,12333,12334,12335,12336,12337,12338, #12288
+12339,12340,12341,12342,12343,12344,12345,12346,12347,12348,12349,12350,12351,12352,12353,12354, #12304
+12355,12356,12357,12358,12359,3964,12360,12361,12362,12363,12364,12365,12366,12367,12368,12369, #12320
+12370,3965,12371,12372,12373,12374,12375,12376,12377,12378,12379,12380,12381,12382,12383,12384, #12336
+12385,12386,12387,12388,12389,12390,12391,12392,12393,12394,12395,12396,12397,12398,12399,12400, #12352
+12401,12402,12403,12404,12405,12406,12407,12408,4988,12409,12410,12411,12412,12413,12414,12415, #12368
+12416,12417,12418,12419,12420,12421,12422,12423,12424,12425,12426,12427,12428,12429,12430,12431, #12384
+12432,12433,12434,12435,12436,12437,12438,3554,12439,12440,12441,12442,12443,12444,12445,12446, #12400
+12447,12448,12449,12450,12451,12452,12453,12454,12455,12456,12457,12458,12459,12460,12461,12462, #12416
+12463,12464,4989,12465,12466,12467,12468,12469,12470,12471,12472,12473,12474,12475,12476,12477, #12432
+12478,12479,12480,4990,12481,12482,12483,12484,12485,12486,12487,12488,12489,4498,12490,12491, #12448
+12492,12493,12494,12495,12496,12497,12498,12499,12500,12501,12502,12503,12504,12505,12506,12507, #12464
+12508,12509,12510,12511,12512,12513,12514,12515,12516,12517,12518,12519,12520,12521,12522,12523, #12480
+12524,12525,12526,12527,12528,12529,12530,12531,12532,12533,12534,12535,12536,12537,12538,12539, #12496
+12540,12541,12542,12543,12544,12545,12546,12547,12548,12549,12550,12551,4991,12552,12553,12554, #12512
+12555,12556,12557,12558,12559,12560,12561,12562,12563,12564,12565,12566,12567,12568,12569,12570, #12528
+12571,12572,12573,12574,12575,12576,12577,12578,3036,12579,12580,12581,12582,12583,3966,12584, #12544
+12585,12586,12587,12588,12589,12590,12591,12592,12593,12594,12595,12596,12597,12598,12599,12600, #12560
+12601,12602,12603,12604,12605,12606,12607,12608,12609,12610,12611,12612,12613,12614,12615,12616, #12576
+12617,12618,12619,12620,12621,12622,12623,12624,12625,12626,12627,12628,12629,12630,12631,12632, #12592
+12633,12634,12635,12636,12637,12638,12639,12640,12641,12642,12643,12644,12645,12646,4499,12647, #12608
+12648,12649,12650,12651,12652,12653,12654,12655,12656,12657,12658,12659,12660,12661,12662,12663, #12624
+12664,12665,12666,12667,12668,12669,12670,12671,12672,12673,12674,12675,12676,12677,12678,12679, #12640
+12680,12681,12682,12683,12684,12685,12686,12687,12688,12689,12690,12691,12692,12693,12694,12695, #12656
+12696,12697,12698,4992,12699,12700,12701,12702,12703,12704,12705,12706,12707,12708,12709,12710, #12672
+12711,12712,12713,12714,12715,12716,12717,12718,12719,12720,12721,12722,12723,12724,12725,12726, #12688
+12727,12728,12729,12730,12731,12732,12733,12734,12735,12736,12737,12738,12739,12740,12741,12742, #12704
+12743,12744,12745,12746,12747,12748,12749,12750,12751,12752,12753,12754,12755,12756,12757,12758, #12720
+12759,12760,12761,12762,12763,12764,12765,12766,12767,12768,12769,12770,12771,12772,12773,12774, #12736
+12775,12776,12777,12778,4993,2175,12779,12780,12781,12782,12783,12784,12785,12786,4500,12787, #12752
+12788,12789,12790,12791,12792,12793,12794,12795,12796,12797,12798,12799,12800,12801,12802,12803, #12768
+12804,12805,12806,12807,12808,12809,12810,12811,12812,12813,12814,12815,12816,12817,12818,12819, #12784
+12820,12821,12822,12823,12824,12825,12826,4198,3967,12827,12828,12829,12830,12831,12832,12833, #12800
+12834,12835,12836,12837,12838,12839,12840,12841,12842,12843,12844,12845,12846,12847,12848,12849, #12816
+12850,12851,12852,12853,12854,12855,12856,12857,12858,12859,12860,12861,4199,12862,12863,12864, #12832
+12865,12866,12867,12868,12869,12870,12871,12872,12873,12874,12875,12876,12877,12878,12879,12880, #12848
+12881,12882,12883,12884,12885,12886,12887,4501,12888,12889,12890,12891,12892,12893,12894,12895, #12864
+12896,12897,12898,12899,12900,12901,12902,12903,12904,12905,12906,12907,12908,12909,12910,12911, #12880
+12912,4994,12913,12914,12915,12916,12917,12918,12919,12920,12921,12922,12923,12924,12925,12926, #12896
+12927,12928,12929,12930,12931,12932,12933,12934,12935,12936,12937,12938,12939,12940,12941,12942, #12912
+12943,12944,12945,12946,12947,12948,12949,12950,12951,12952,12953,12954,12955,12956,1772,12957, #12928
+12958,12959,12960,12961,12962,12963,12964,12965,12966,12967,12968,12969,12970,12971,12972,12973, #12944
+12974,12975,12976,12977,12978,12979,12980,12981,12982,12983,12984,12985,12986,12987,12988,12989, #12960
+12990,12991,12992,12993,12994,12995,12996,12997,4502,12998,4503,12999,13000,13001,13002,13003, #12976
+4504,13004,13005,13006,13007,13008,13009,13010,13011,13012,13013,13014,13015,13016,13017,13018, #12992
+13019,13020,13021,13022,13023,13024,13025,13026,13027,13028,13029,3449,13030,13031,13032,13033, #13008
+13034,13035,13036,13037,13038,13039,13040,13041,13042,13043,13044,13045,13046,13047,13048,13049, #13024
+13050,13051,13052,13053,13054,13055,13056,13057,13058,13059,13060,13061,13062,13063,13064,13065, #13040
+13066,13067,13068,13069,13070,13071,13072,13073,13074,13075,13076,13077,13078,13079,13080,13081, #13056
+13082,13083,13084,13085,13086,13087,13088,13089,13090,13091,13092,13093,13094,13095,13096,13097, #13072
+13098,13099,13100,13101,13102,13103,13104,13105,13106,13107,13108,13109,13110,13111,13112,13113, #13088
+13114,13115,13116,13117,13118,3968,13119,4995,13120,13121,13122,13123,13124,13125,13126,13127, #13104
+4505,13128,13129,13130,13131,13132,13133,13134,4996,4506,13135,13136,13137,13138,13139,4997, #13120
+13140,13141,13142,13143,13144,13145,13146,13147,13148,13149,13150,13151,13152,13153,13154,13155, #13136
+13156,13157,13158,13159,4998,13160,13161,13162,13163,13164,13165,13166,13167,13168,13169,13170, #13152
+13171,13172,13173,13174,13175,13176,4999,13177,13178,13179,13180,13181,13182,13183,13184,13185, #13168
+13186,13187,13188,13189,13190,13191,13192,13193,13194,13195,13196,13197,13198,13199,13200,13201, #13184
+13202,13203,13204,13205,13206,5000,13207,13208,13209,13210,13211,13212,13213,13214,13215,13216, #13200
+13217,13218,13219,13220,13221,13222,13223,13224,13225,13226,13227,4200,5001,13228,13229,13230, #13216
+13231,13232,13233,13234,13235,13236,13237,13238,13239,13240,3969,13241,13242,13243,13244,3970, #13232
+13245,13246,13247,13248,13249,13250,13251,13252,13253,13254,13255,13256,13257,13258,13259,13260, #13248
+13261,13262,13263,13264,13265,13266,13267,13268,3450,13269,13270,13271,13272,13273,13274,13275, #13264
+13276,5002,13277,13278,13279,13280,13281,13282,13283,13284,13285,13286,13287,13288,13289,13290, #13280
+13291,13292,13293,13294,13295,13296,13297,13298,13299,13300,13301,13302,3813,13303,13304,13305, #13296
+13306,13307,13308,13309,13310,13311,13312,13313,13314,13315,13316,13317,13318,13319,13320,13321, #13312
+13322,13323,13324,13325,13326,13327,13328,4507,13329,13330,13331,13332,13333,13334,13335,13336, #13328
+13337,13338,13339,13340,13341,5003,13342,13343,13344,13345,13346,13347,13348,13349,13350,13351, #13344
+13352,13353,13354,13355,13356,13357,13358,13359,13360,13361,13362,13363,13364,13365,13366,13367, #13360
+5004,13368,13369,13370,13371,13372,13373,13374,13375,13376,13377,13378,13379,13380,13381,13382, #13376
+13383,13384,13385,13386,13387,13388,13389,13390,13391,13392,13393,13394,13395,13396,13397,13398, #13392
+13399,13400,13401,13402,13403,13404,13405,13406,13407,13408,13409,13410,13411,13412,13413,13414, #13408
+13415,13416,13417,13418,13419,13420,13421,13422,13423,13424,13425,13426,13427,13428,13429,13430, #13424
+13431,13432,4508,13433,13434,13435,4201,13436,13437,13438,13439,13440,13441,13442,13443,13444, #13440
+13445,13446,13447,13448,13449,13450,13451,13452,13453,13454,13455,13456,13457,5005,13458,13459, #13456
+13460,13461,13462,13463,13464,13465,13466,13467,13468,13469,13470,4509,13471,13472,13473,13474, #13472
+13475,13476,13477,13478,13479,13480,13481,13482,13483,13484,13485,13486,13487,13488,13489,13490, #13488
+13491,13492,13493,13494,13495,13496,13497,13498,13499,13500,13501,13502,13503,13504,13505,13506, #13504
+13507,13508,13509,13510,13511,13512,13513,13514,13515,13516,13517,13518,13519,13520,13521,13522, #13520
+13523,13524,13525,13526,13527,13528,13529,13530,13531,13532,13533,13534,13535,13536,13537,13538, #13536
+13539,13540,13541,13542,13543,13544,13545,13546,13547,13548,13549,13550,13551,13552,13553,13554, #13552
+13555,13556,13557,13558,13559,13560,13561,13562,13563,13564,13565,13566,13567,13568,13569,13570, #13568
+13571,13572,13573,13574,13575,13576,13577,13578,13579,13580,13581,13582,13583,13584,13585,13586, #13584
+13587,13588,13589,13590,13591,13592,13593,13594,13595,13596,13597,13598,13599,13600,13601,13602, #13600
+13603,13604,13605,13606,13607,13608,13609,13610,13611,13612,13613,13614,13615,13616,13617,13618, #13616
+13619,13620,13621,13622,13623,13624,13625,13626,13627,13628,13629,13630,13631,13632,13633,13634, #13632
+13635,13636,13637,13638,13639,13640,13641,13642,5006,13643,13644,13645,13646,13647,13648,13649, #13648
+13650,13651,5007,13652,13653,13654,13655,13656,13657,13658,13659,13660,13661,13662,13663,13664, #13664
+13665,13666,13667,13668,13669,13670,13671,13672,13673,13674,13675,13676,13677,13678,13679,13680, #13680
+13681,13682,13683,13684,13685,13686,13687,13688,13689,13690,13691,13692,13693,13694,13695,13696, #13696
+13697,13698,13699,13700,13701,13702,13703,13704,13705,13706,13707,13708,13709,13710,13711,13712, #13712
+13713,13714,13715,13716,13717,13718,13719,13720,13721,13722,13723,13724,13725,13726,13727,13728, #13728
+13729,13730,13731,13732,13733,13734,13735,13736,13737,13738,13739,13740,13741,13742,13743,13744, #13744
+13745,13746,13747,13748,13749,13750,13751,13752,13753,13754,13755,13756,13757,13758,13759,13760, #13760
+13761,13762,13763,13764,13765,13766,13767,13768,13769,13770,13771,13772,13773,13774,3273,13775, #13776
+13776,13777,13778,13779,13780,13781,13782,13783,13784,13785,13786,13787,13788,13789,13790,13791, #13792
+13792,13793,13794,13795,13796,13797,13798,13799,13800,13801,13802,13803,13804,13805,13806,13807, #13808
+13808,13809,13810,13811,13812,13813,13814,13815,13816,13817,13818,13819,13820,13821,13822,13823, #13824
+13824,13825,13826,13827,13828,13829,13830,13831,13832,13833,13834,13835,13836,13837,13838,13839, #13840
+13840,13841,13842,13843,13844,13845,13846,13847,13848,13849,13850,13851,13852,13853,13854,13855, #13856
+13856,13857,13858,13859,13860,13861,13862,13863,13864,13865,13866,13867,13868,13869,13870,13871, #13872
+13872,13873,13874,13875,13876,13877,13878,13879,13880,13881,13882,13883,13884,13885,13886,13887, #13888
+13888,13889,13890,13891,13892,13893,13894,13895,13896,13897,13898,13899,13900,13901,13902,13903, #13904
+13904,13905,13906,13907,13908,13909,13910,13911,13912,13913,13914,13915,13916,13917,13918,13919, #13920
+13920,13921,13922,13923,13924,13925,13926,13927,13928,13929,13930,13931,13932,13933,13934,13935, #13936
+13936,13937,13938,13939,13940,13941,13942,13943,13944,13945,13946,13947,13948,13949,13950,13951, #13952
+13952,13953,13954,13955,13956,13957,13958,13959,13960,13961,13962,13963,13964,13965,13966,13967, #13968
+13968,13969,13970,13971,13972) #13973
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..becce81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/big5prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import Big5DistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import Big5SMModel
+
+
+class Big5Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(Big5SMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = Big5DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "Big5"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffe892f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+"""
+Script which takes one or more file paths and reports on their detected
+encodings
+
+Example::
+
+    % chardetect somefile someotherfile
+    somefile: windows-1252 with confidence 0.5
+    someotherfile: ascii with confidence 1.0
+
+If no paths are provided, it takes its input from stdin.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from io import open
+
+from chardet import __version__
+from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+
+
+def description_of(lines, name='stdin'):
+    """
+    Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file or
+    list of strings.
+
+    :param lines: The lines to get the encoding of.
+    :type lines: Iterable of bytes
+    :param name: Name of file or collection of lines
+    :type name: str
+    """
+    u = UniversalDetector()
+    for line in lines:
+        u.feed(line)
+    u.close()
+    result = u.result
+    if result['encoding']:
+        return '{0}: {1} with confidence {2}'.format(name, result['encoding'],
+                                                     result['confidence'])
+    else:
+        return '{0}: no result'.format(name)
+
+
+def main(argv=None):
+    '''
+    Handles command line arguments and gets things started.
+
+    :param argv: List of arguments, as if specified on the command-line.
+                 If None, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used instead.
+    :type argv: list of str
+    '''
+    # Get command line arguments
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Takes one or more file paths and reports their detected \
+                     encodings",
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+        conflict_handler='resolve')
+    parser.add_argument('input',
+                        help='File whose encoding we would like to determine.',
+                        type=argparse.FileType('rb'), nargs='*',
+                        default=[sys.stdin])
+    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
+                        version='%(prog)s {0}'.format(__version__))
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for f in args.input:
+        if f.isatty():
+            print("You are running chardetect interactively. Press " +
+                  "CTRL-D twice at the start of a blank line to signal the " +
+                  "end of your input. If you want help, run chardetect " +
+                  "--help\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        print(description_of(f, f.name))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e64a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/chardistribution.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .euctwfreq import (EUCTWCharToFreqOrder, EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE,
+                        EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .euckrfreq import (EUCKRCharToFreqOrder, EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE,
+                        EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .gb2312freq import (GB2312CharToFreqOrder, GB2312_TABLE_SIZE,
+                         GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .big5freq import (Big5CharToFreqOrder, BIG5_TABLE_SIZE,
+                       BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .jisfreq import (JISCharToFreqOrder, JIS_TABLE_SIZE,
+                      JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO)
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD = 1024
+SURE_YES = 0.99
+SURE_NO = 0.01
+MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 3
+
+
+class CharDistributionAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Mapping table to get frequency order from char order (get from
+        # GetOrder())
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = None
+        self._mTableSize = None  # Size of above table
+        # This is a constant value which varies from language to language,
+        # used in calculating confidence.  See
+        # http://www.mozilla.org/projects/intl/UniversalCharsetDetection.html
+        # for further detail.
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """reset analyser, clear any state"""
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._mDone = False
+        self._mTotalChars = 0  # Total characters encountered
+        # The number of characters whose frequency order is less than 512
+        self._mFreqChars = 0
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf, aCharLen):
+        """feed a character with known length"""
+        if aCharLen == 2:
+            # we only care about 2-bytes character in our distribution analysis
+            order = self.get_order(aBuf)
+        else:
+            order = -1
+        if order >= 0:
+            self._mTotalChars += 1
+            # order is valid
+            if order < self._mTableSize:
+                if 512 > self._mCharToFreqOrder[order]:
+                    self._mFreqChars += 1
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        """return confidence based on existing data"""
+        # if we didn't receive any character in our consideration range,
+        # return negative answer
+        if self._mTotalChars <= 0 or self._mFreqChars <= MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return SURE_NO
+
+        if self._mTotalChars != self._mFreqChars:
+            r = (self._mFreqChars / ((self._mTotalChars - self._mFreqChars)
+                 * self._mTypicalDistributionRatio))
+            if r < SURE_YES:
+                return r
+
+        # normalize confidence (we don't want to be 100% sure)
+        return SURE_YES
+
+    def got_enough_data(self):
+        # It is not necessary to receive all data to draw conclusion.
+        # For charset detection, certain amount of data is enough
+        return self._mTotalChars > ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # We do not handle characters based on the original encoding string,
+        # but convert this encoding string to a number, here called order.
+        # This allows multiple encodings of a language to share one frequency
+        # table.
+        return -1
+
+
+class EUCTWDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = EUCTWCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-TW encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xc4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if first_char >= 0xC4:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xC4) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class EUCKRDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = EUCKRCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-KR encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if first_char >= 0xB0:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class GB2312DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = GB2312CharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = GB2312_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for GB2312 encoding, we are interested
+        #  first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #  second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if (first_char >= 0xB0) and (second_char >= 0xA1):
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + second_char - 0xA1
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class Big5DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = Big5CharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = BIG5_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for big5 encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e , 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if first_char >= 0xA4:
+            if second_char >= 0xA1:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0xA1 + 63
+            else:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0x40
+        else:
+            return -1
+
+
+class SJISDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = JISCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for sjis encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0x81 -- 0x9f , 0xe0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e,  0x81 -- oxfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0]), wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+        if (first_char >= 0x81) and (first_char <= 0x9F):
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0x81)
+        elif (first_char >= 0xE0) and (first_char <= 0xEF):
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0xE0 + 31)
+        else:
+            return -1
+        order = order + second_char - 0x40
+        if second_char > 0x7F:
+            order = -1
+        return order
+
+
+class EUCJPDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharDistributionAnalysis.__init__(self)
+        self._mCharToFreqOrder = JISCharToFreqOrder
+        self._mTableSize = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self._mTypicalDistributionRatio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        # for euc-JP encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if char >= 0xA0:
+            return 94 * (char - 0xA1) + wrap_ord(aBuf[1]) - 0xa1
+        else:
+            return -1
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85e7a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+# 
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+# 
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import sys
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+
+
+class CharSetGroupProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mActiveNum = 0
+        self._mProbers = []
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mActiveNum = 0
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if prober:
+                prober.reset()
+                prober.active = True
+                self._mActiveNum += 1
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+            self.get_confidence()
+            if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+                return None
+#                self._mBestGuessProber = self._mProbers[0]
+        return self._mBestGuessProber.get_charset_name()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if not prober:
+                continue
+            if not prober.active:
+                continue
+            st = prober.feed(aBuf)
+            if not st:
+                continue
+            if st == constants.eFoundIt:
+                self._mBestGuessProber = prober
+                return self.get_state()
+            elif st == constants.eNotMe:
+                prober.active = False
+                self._mActiveNum -= 1
+                if self._mActiveNum <= 0:
+                    self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                    return self.get_state()
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        st = self.get_state()
+        if st == constants.eFoundIt:
+            return 0.99
+        elif st == constants.eNotMe:
+            return 0.01
+        bestConf = 0.0
+        self._mBestGuessProber = None
+        for prober in self._mProbers:
+            if not prober:
+                continue
+            if not prober.active:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(prober.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' not active\n')
+                continue
+            cf = prober.get_confidence()
+            if constants._debug:
+                sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s\n' %
+                                 (prober.get_charset_name(), cf))
+            if bestConf < cf:
+                bestConf = cf
+                self._mBestGuessProber = prober
+        if not self._mBestGuessProber:
+            return 0.0
+        return bestConf
+#        else:
+#            self._mBestGuessProber = self._mProbers[0]
+#            return self._mBestGuessProber.get_confidence()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9758171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/charsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import re
+
+
+class CharSetProber:
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mState = constants.eDetecting
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return None
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        pass
+
+    def get_state(self):
+        return self._mState
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        return 0.0
+
+    def filter_high_bit_only(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = re.sub(b'([\x00-\x7F])+', b' ', aBuf)
+        return aBuf
+
+    def filter_without_english_letters(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = re.sub(b'([A-Za-z])+', b' ', aBuf)
+        return aBuf
+
+    def filter_with_english_letters(self, aBuf):
+        # TODO
+        return aBuf
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8dd8c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+
+class CodingStateMachine:
+    def __init__(self, sm):
+        self._mModel = sm
+        self._mCurrentBytePos = 0
+        self._mCurrentCharLen = 0
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mCurrentState = eStart
+
+    def next_state(self, c):
+        # for each byte we get its class
+        # if it is first byte, we also get byte length
+        # PY3K: aBuf is a byte stream, so c is an int, not a byte
+        byteCls = self._mModel['classTable'][wrap_ord(c)]
+        if self._mCurrentState == eStart:
+            self._mCurrentBytePos = 0
+            self._mCurrentCharLen = self._mModel['charLenTable'][byteCls]
+        # from byte's class and stateTable, we get its next state
+        curr_state = (self._mCurrentState * self._mModel['classFactor']
+                      + byteCls)
+        self._mCurrentState = self._mModel['stateTable'][curr_state]
+        self._mCurrentBytePos += 1
+        return self._mCurrentState
+
+    def get_current_charlen(self):
+        return self._mCurrentCharLen
+
+    def get_coding_state_machine(self):
+        return self._mModel['name']
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9e30ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Ian Cordasco - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    base_str = (str, unicode)
+else:
+    base_str = (bytes, str)
+
+
+def wrap_ord(a):
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(a, base_str):
+        return ord(a)
+    else:
+        return a
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4d148b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+_debug = 0
+
+eDetecting = 0
+eFoundIt = 1
+eNotMe = 2
+
+eStart = 0
+eError = 1
+eItsMe = 2
+
+SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff4272f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/cp949prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import CP949SMModel
+
+
+class CP949Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(CP949SMModel)
+        # NOTE: CP949 is a superset of EUC-KR, so the distribution should be
+        #       not different.
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "CP949"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80a844f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+from .escsm import (HZSMModel, ISO2022CNSMModel, ISO2022JPSMModel,
+                    ISO2022KRSMModel)
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+
+class EscCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = [
+            CodingStateMachine(HZSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022CNSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022JPSMModel),
+            CodingStateMachine(ISO2022KRSMModel)
+        ]
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        for codingSM in self._mCodingSM:
+            if not codingSM:
+                continue
+            codingSM.active = True
+            codingSM.reset()
+        self._mActiveSM = len(self._mCodingSM)
+        self._mDetectedCharset = None
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self._mDetectedCharset
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        if self._mDetectedCharset:
+            return 0.99
+        else:
+            return 0.00
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for c in aBuf:
+            # PY3K: aBuf is a byte array, so c is an int, not a byte
+            for codingSM in self._mCodingSM:
+                if not codingSM:
+                    continue
+                if not codingSM.active:
+                    continue
+                codingState = codingSM.next_state(wrap_ord(c))
+                if codingState == constants.eError:
+                    codingSM.active = False
+                    self._mActiveSM -= 1
+                    if self._mActiveSM <= 0:
+                        self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                        return self.get_state()
+                elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                    self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                    self._mDetectedCharset = codingSM.get_coding_state_machine()  # nopep8
+                    return self.get_state()
+
+        return self.get_state()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd302b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/escsm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart, eError, eItsMe
+
+HZ_cls = (
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,4,0,5,2,0,  # 78 - 7f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 80 - 87
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 88 - 8f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 90 - 97
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 98 - 9f
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a0 - a7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a8 - af
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b0 - b7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b8 - bf
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # c0 - c7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # c8 - cf
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # d0 - d7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # d8 - df
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # e0 - e7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # e8 - ef
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # f0 - f7
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+HZ_st = (
+eStart,eError,     3,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,# 00-07
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 08-0f
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,     4,eError,# 10-17
+     5,eError,     6,eError,     5,     5,     4,eError,# 18-1f
+     4,eError,     4,     4,     4,eError,     4,eError,# 20-27
+     4,eItsMe,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 28-2f
+)
+
+HZCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+HZSMModel = {'classTable': HZ_cls,
+             'classFactor': 6,
+             'stateTable': HZ_st,
+             'charLenTable': HZCharLenTable,
+             'name': "HZ-GB-2312"}
+
+ISO2022CN_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022CN_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 00-07
+eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 08-0f
+eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 10-17
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 20-27
+     5,     6,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 28-2f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 30-37
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eStart,# 38-3f
+)
+
+ISO2022CNCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022CNSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022CN_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 9,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022CN_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022CNCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-CN"}
+
+ISO2022JP_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,7,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+6,0,4,0,8,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,9,5,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022JP_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 00-07
+eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 08-0f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 10-17
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,eError,# 20-27
+eError,eError,eError,     6,eItsMe,eError,eItsMe,eError,# 28-2f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 30-37
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,eError,# 38-3f
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,eStart,eStart,# 40-47
+)
+
+ISO2022JPCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022JPSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022JP_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 10,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022JP_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022JPCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-JP"}
+
+ISO2022KR_cls = (
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+0,0,0,5,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 80 - 87
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 88 - 8f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 90 - 97
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 98 - 9f
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022KR_st = (
+eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,# 00-07
+eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,# 08-0f
+eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eError,     4,eError,eError,# 10-17
+eError,eError,eError,eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,# 18-1f
+eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,# 20-27
+)
+
+ISO2022KRCharLenTable = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022KRSMModel = {'classTable': ISO2022KR_cls,
+                    'classFactor': 6,
+                    'stateTable': ISO2022KR_st,
+                    'charLenTable': ISO2022KRCharLenTable,
+                    'name': "ISO-2022-KR"}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e64fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/eucjpprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCJPDistributionAnalysis
+from .jpcntx import EUCJPContextAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCJPSMModel
+
+
+class EUCJPProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCJPSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCJPDistributionAnalysis()
+        self._mContextAnalyzer = EUCJPContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-JP"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            # PY3K: aBuf is a byte array, so aBuf[i] is an int, not a byte
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1], charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mContextAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+               (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        contxtCf = self._mContextAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        distribCf = self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(contxtCf, distribCf)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a179e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+
+# 128  --> 0.79
+# 256  --> 0.92
+# 512  --> 0.986
+# 1024 --> 0.99944
+# 2048 --> 0.99999
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.98653 / (1-0.98653) = 73.24
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2350-512) = 0.279.
+# 
+# Typical Distribution Ratio  
+
+EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 6.0
+
+EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE = 2352
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table , 
+EUCKRCharToFreqOrder = ( \
+  13, 130, 120,1396, 481,1719,1720, 328, 609, 212,1721, 707, 400, 299,1722,  87,
+1397,1723, 104, 536,1117,1203,1724,1267, 685,1268, 508,1725,1726,1727,1728,1398,
+1399,1729,1730,1731, 141, 621, 326,1057, 368,1732, 267, 488,  20,1733,1269,1734,
+ 945,1400,1735,  47, 904,1270,1736,1737, 773, 248,1738, 409, 313, 786, 429,1739,
+ 116, 987, 813,1401, 683,  75,1204, 145,1740,1741,1742,1743,  16, 847, 667, 622,
+ 708,1744,1745,1746, 966, 787, 304, 129,1747,  60, 820, 123, 676,1748,1749,1750,
+1751, 617,1752, 626,1753,1754,1755,1756, 653,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762, 856,
+ 344,1763,1764,1765,1766,  89, 401, 418, 806, 905, 848,1767,1768,1769, 946,1205,
+ 709,1770,1118,1771, 241,1772,1773,1774,1271,1775, 569,1776, 999,1777,1778,1779,
+1780, 337, 751,1058,  28, 628, 254,1781, 177, 906, 270, 349, 891,1079,1782,  19,
+1783, 379,1784, 315,1785, 629, 754,1402, 559,1786, 636, 203,1206,1787, 710, 567,
+1788, 935, 814,1789,1790,1207, 766, 528,1791,1792,1208,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,
+1403,1798,1799, 533,1059,1404,1405,1156,1406, 936, 884,1080,1800, 351,1801,1802,
+1803,1804,1805, 801,1806,1807,1808,1119,1809,1157, 714, 474,1407,1810, 298, 899,
+ 885,1811,1120, 802,1158,1812, 892,1813,1814,1408, 659,1815,1816,1121,1817,1818,
+1819,1820,1821,1822, 319,1823, 594, 545,1824, 815, 937,1209,1825,1826, 573,1409,
+1022,1827,1210,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833, 556, 722, 807,1122,1060,1834, 697,
+1835, 900, 557, 715,1836,1410, 540,1411, 752,1159, 294, 597,1211, 976, 803, 770,
+1412,1837,1838,  39, 794,1413, 358,1839, 371, 925,1840, 453, 661, 788, 531, 723,
+ 544,1023,1081, 869,  91,1841, 392, 430, 790, 602,1414, 677,1082, 457,1415,1416,
+1842,1843, 475, 327,1024,1417, 795, 121,1844, 733, 403,1418,1845,1846,1847, 300,
+ 119, 711,1212, 627,1848,1272, 207,1849,1850, 796,1213, 382,1851, 519,1852,1083,
+ 893,1853,1854,1855, 367, 809, 487, 671,1856, 663,1857,1858, 956, 471, 306, 857,
+1859,1860,1160,1084,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1061,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,
+ 282,  96, 574,1872, 502,1085,1873,1214,1874, 907,1875,1876, 827, 977,1419,1420,
+1421, 268,1877,1422,1878,1879,1880, 308,1881,   2, 537,1882,1883,1215,1884,1885,
+ 127, 791,1886,1273,1423,1887,  34, 336, 404, 643,1888, 571, 654, 894, 840,1889,
+   0, 886,1274, 122, 575, 260, 908, 938,1890,1275, 410, 316,1891,1892, 100,1893,
+1894,1123,  48,1161,1124,1025,1895, 633, 901,1276,1896,1897, 115, 816,1898, 317,
+1899, 694,1900, 909, 734,1424, 572, 866,1425, 691,  85, 524,1010, 543, 394, 841,
+1901,1902,1903,1026,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,  30, 451, 651, 988, 310,1910,
+1911,1426, 810,1216,  93,1912,1913,1277,1217,1914, 858, 759,  45,  58, 181, 610,
+ 269,1915,1916, 131,1062, 551, 443,1000, 821,1427, 957, 895,1086,1917,1918, 375,
+1919, 359,1920, 687,1921, 822,1922, 293,1923,1924,  40, 662, 118, 692,  29, 939,
+ 887, 640, 482, 174,1925,  69,1162, 728,1428, 910,1926,1278,1218,1279, 386, 870,
+ 217, 854,1163, 823,1927,1928,1929,1930, 834,1931,  78,1932, 859,1933,1063,1934,
+1935,1936,1937, 438,1164, 208, 595,1938,1939,1940,1941,1219,1125,1942, 280, 888,
+1429,1430,1220,1431,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1280, 150, 510,1432,1948,1949,1950,
+1951,1952,1953,1954,1011,1087,1955,1433,1043,1956, 881,1957, 614, 958,1064,1065,
+1221,1958, 638,1001, 860, 967, 896,1434, 989, 492, 553,1281,1165,1959,1282,1002,
+1283,1222,1960,1961,1962,1963,  36, 383, 228, 753, 247, 454,1964, 876, 678,1965,
+1966,1284, 126, 464, 490, 835, 136, 672, 529, 940,1088,1435, 473,1967,1968, 467,
+  50, 390, 227, 587, 279, 378, 598, 792, 968, 240, 151, 160, 849, 882,1126,1285,
+ 639,1044, 133, 140, 288, 360, 811, 563,1027, 561, 142, 523,1969,1970,1971,   7,
+ 103, 296, 439, 407, 506, 634, 990,1972,1973,1974,1975, 645,1976,1977,1978,1979,
+1980,1981, 236,1982,1436,1983,1984,1089, 192, 828, 618, 518,1166, 333,1127,1985,
+ 818,1223,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993, 342,1128,1286, 746, 842,1994,
+1995, 560, 223,1287,  98,   8, 189, 650, 978,1288,1996,1437,1997,  17, 345, 250,
+ 423, 277, 234, 512, 226,  97, 289,  42, 167,1998, 201,1999,2000, 843, 836, 824,
+ 532, 338, 783,1090, 182, 576, 436,1438,1439, 527, 500,2001, 947, 889,2002,2003,
+2004,2005, 262, 600, 314, 447,2006, 547,2007, 693, 738,1129,2008,  71,1440, 745,
+ 619, 688,2009, 829,2010,2011, 147,2012,  33, 948,2013,2014,  74, 224,2015,  61,
+ 191, 918, 399, 637,2016,1028,1130, 257, 902,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,
+2024,2025,2026, 837,2027,2028,2029,2030, 179, 874, 591,  52, 724, 246,2031,2032,
+2033,2034,1167, 969,2035,1289, 630, 605, 911,1091,1168,2036,2037,2038,1441, 912,
+2039, 623,2040,2041, 253,1169,1290,2042,1442, 146, 620, 611, 577, 433,2043,1224,
+ 719,1170, 959, 440, 437, 534,  84, 388, 480,1131, 159, 220, 198, 679,2044,1012,
+ 819,1066,1443, 113,1225, 194, 318,1003,1029,2045,2046,2047,2048,1067,2049,2050,
+2051,2052,2053,  59, 913, 112,2054, 632,2055, 455, 144, 739,1291,2056, 273, 681,
+ 499,2057, 448,2058,2059, 760,2060,2061, 970, 384, 169, 245,1132,2062,2063, 414,
+1444,2064,2065,  41, 235,2066, 157, 252, 877, 568, 919, 789, 580,2067, 725,2068,
+2069,1292,2070,2071,1445,2072,1446,2073,2074,  55, 588,  66,1447, 271,1092,2075,
+1226,2076, 960,1013, 372,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,1293,2082,2083,2084,2085, 850,
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+ 949,1135,2104,2105,1094,1453,1454,1455,2106,1095,2107,2108,2109,2110,2111,2112,
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+2122,2123,2124, 720, 701,1297, 992,1457, 927,1004,2125,2126,2127,2128,2129,2130,
+  22, 417,2131, 303,2132, 385,2133, 971, 520, 513,2134,1174,  73,1096, 231, 274,
+ 962,1458, 673,2135,1459,2136, 152,1137,2137,2138,2139,2140,1005,1138,1460,1139,
+2141,2142,2143,2144,  11, 374, 844,2145, 154,1232,  46,1461,2146, 838, 830, 721,
+1233, 106,2147,  90, 428, 462, 578, 566,1175, 352,2148,2149, 538,1234, 124,1298,
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+2168,2169,2170,2171,1464, 669,2172,2173,2174,2175,2176,1465,2177,  23, 530, 285,
+2178, 335, 729,2179, 397,2180,2181,2182,1030,2183,2184, 698,2185,2186, 325,2187,
+2188, 369,2189, 799,1097,1015, 348,2190,1069, 680,2191, 851,1466,2192,2193,  10,
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+1032, 525, 301, 582,1176,2196, 674,1045,2197,2198,1467, 730, 762,2199,2200,2201,
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+1476,1477,   4, 554, 343, 798,1099,2260,1100,2261,  43, 171,1303, 139, 215,2262,
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+1243,2459,2460,2461,2462,2463, 114,2464, 493,1146, 366, 163,1516, 961,1104,2465,
+ 291,2466,1318,1105,2467,1517, 365,2468, 355, 951,1244,2469,1319,2470, 631,2471,
+2472, 218,1320, 364, 320, 756,1518,1519,1321,1520,1322,2473,2474,2475,2476, 997,
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+ 797,2487,1051,1186,2488,2489,2490,1522,2491,2492, 370,2493,1039,1187,  65,2494,
+ 434, 205, 463,1188,2495, 125, 812, 391, 402, 826, 699, 286, 398, 155, 781, 771,
+ 585,2496, 590, 505,1073,2497, 599, 244, 219, 917,1018, 952, 646,1523,2498,1323,
+2499,2500,  49, 984, 354, 741,2501, 625,2502,1324,2503,1019, 190, 357, 757, 491,
+  95, 782, 868,2504,2505,2506,2507,2508,2509, 134,1524,1074, 422,1525, 898,2510,
+ 161,2511,2512,2513,2514, 769,2515,1526,2516,2517, 411,1325,2518, 472,1527,2519,
+2520,2521,2522,2523,2524, 985,2525,2526,2527,2528,2529,2530, 764,2531,1245,2532,
+2533,  25, 204, 311,2534, 496,2535,1052,2536,2537,2538,2539,2540,2541,2542, 199,
+ 704, 504, 468, 758, 657,1528, 196,  44, 839,1246, 272, 750,2543, 765, 862,2544,
+2545,1326,2546, 132, 615, 933,2547, 732,2548,2549,2550,1189,1529,2551, 283,1247,
+1053, 607, 929,2552,2553,2554, 930, 183, 872, 616,1040,1147,2555,1148,1020, 441,
+ 249,1075,2556,2557,2558, 466, 743,2559,2560,2561,  92, 514, 426, 420, 526,2562,
+2563,2564,2565,2566,2567,2568, 185,2569,2570,2571,2572, 776,1530, 658,2573, 362,
+2574, 361, 922,1076, 793,2575,2576,2577,2578,2579,2580,1531, 251,2581,2582,2583,
+2584,1532,  54, 612, 237,1327,2585,2586, 275, 408, 647, 111,2587,1533,1106, 465,
+   3, 458,   9,  38,2588, 107, 110, 890, 209,  26, 737, 498,2589,1534,2590, 431,
+ 202,  88,1535, 356, 287,1107, 660,1149,2591, 381,1536, 986,1150, 445,1248,1151,
+ 974,2592,2593, 846,2594, 446, 953, 184,1249,1250, 727,2595, 923, 193, 883,2596,
+2597,2598, 102, 324, 539, 817,2599, 421,1041,2600, 832,2601,  94, 175, 197, 406,
+2602, 459,2603,2604,2605,2606,2607, 330, 555,2608,2609,2610, 706,1108, 389,2611,
+2612,2613,2614, 233,2615, 833, 558, 931, 954,1251,2616,2617,1537, 546,2618,2619,
+1009,2620,2621,2622,1538, 690,1328,2623, 955,2624,1539,2625,2626, 772,2627,2628,
+2629,2630,2631, 924, 648, 863, 603,2632,2633, 934,1540, 864, 865,2634, 642,1042,
+ 670,1190,2635,2636,2637,2638, 168,2639, 652, 873, 542,1054,1541,2640,2641,2642,  # 512, 256
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2643,2644,2645,2646,2647,2648,2649,2650,2651,2652,2653,2654,2655,2656,2657,2658,
+2659,2660,2661,2662,2663,2664,2665,2666,2667,2668,2669,2670,2671,2672,2673,2674,
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+1341,3500,3501,3502,3503,3504,3505,3506,3507,3508,3509,3510,3511,1342,3512,3513,
+3514,3515,3516,1574,1343,3517,3518,3519,1575,3520,1576,3521,3522,3523,3524,3525,
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+8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389,8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398,8399,
+8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405,8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,
+8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421,8422,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,
+8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437,8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,
+8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453,8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,
+8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469,8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,
+8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485,8486,8487,8488,8489,8490,8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,
+8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501,8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,
+8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517,8518,8519,8520,8521,8522,8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,
+8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533,8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,
+8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549,8550,8551,8552,8553,8554,8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,
+8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,8565,8566,8567,8568,8569,8570,8571,8572,8573,8574,8575,
+8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581,8582,8583,8584,8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,
+8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597,8598,8599,8600,8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,8606,8607,
+8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613,8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,8622,8623,
+8624,8625,8626,8627,8628,8629,8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,8639,
+8640,8641,8642,8643,8644,8645,8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,
+8656,8657,8658,8659,8660,8661,8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,
+8672,8673,8674,8675,8676,8677,8678,8679,8680,8681,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687,
+8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693,8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703,
+8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709,8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718,8719,
+8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725,8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,8734,8735,
+8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741)
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5982a46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euckrprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCKRSMModel
+
+
+class EUCKRProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCKRSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-KR"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..576e750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# EUCTW frequency table
+# Converted from big5 work
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http:#www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE = 8102
+
+EUCTWCharToFreqOrder = (
+   1,1800,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,7310, 177, 202,3615,1256,2808, 110, # 2742
+3735,  33,3241, 261,  76,  44,2113,  16,2931,2184,1176, 659,3868,  26,3404,2643, # 2758
+1198,3869,3313,4060, 410,2211, 302, 590, 361,1963,   8, 204,  58,4296,7311,1931, # 2774
+  63,7312,7313, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4061,2412,1480,7314,3500,3068, 224,2809, # 2790
+3616,   3,  10,3870,1471,  29,2774,1135,2852,1939, 873, 130,3242,1123, 312,7315, # 2806
+4297,2051, 507, 252, 682,7316, 142,1914, 124, 206,2932,  34,3501,3173,  64, 604, # 2822
+7317,2494,1976,1977, 155,1990, 645, 641,1606,7318,3405, 337,  72, 406,7319,  80, # 2838
+ 630, 238,3174,1509, 263, 939,1092,2644, 756,1440,1094,3406, 449,  69,2969, 591, # 2854
+ 179,2095, 471, 115,2034,1843,  60,  50,2970, 134, 806,1868, 734,2035,3407, 180, # 2870
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2893, 688,7320, 319,1305, 779,2144, 514,2374, 298,4298, 359, # 2886
+2495,  90,2707,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2545,  20,2436, 182, 532,1716,7321, 732, # 2902
+1376,4062,1311,1420,3175,  25,2312,1056, 113, 399, 382,1949, 242,3408,2467, 529, # 2918
+3243, 475,1447,3617,7322, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2295,2329,3502,7323, 126,4063, # 2934
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4299,  71,1118,2036,4064, 145,3069,  85, 835, 486,2114,1246, # 2950
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,7324,2127,2354, 347,3736, 221, # 2966
+3503,3110,7325,1955,1153,4065,  83, 296,1199,3070, 192, 624,  93,7326, 822,1897, # 2982
+2810,3111, 795,2064, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2853, 859, 139,1456, 860,4300, # 2998
+ 437, 712,3871, 164,2392,3112, 695, 211,3017,2096, 195,3872,1608,3504,3505,3618, # 3014
+3873, 234, 811,2971,2097,3874,2229,1441,3506,1615,2375, 668,2076,1638, 305, 228, # 3030
+1664,4301, 467, 415,7327, 262,2098,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2077, # 3046
+7328,7329,2173,3176,3619,2673, 593, 845,1062,3244,  88,1723,2037,3875,1950, 212, # 3062
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1898,4066,4302,  77, 187,7330,3018,  37,   5,2972,7331,3876, # 3078
+7332,7333,  39,2517,4303,2894,3177,2078,  55, 148,  74,4304, 545, 483,1474,1029, # 3094
+1665, 217,1869,1531,3113,1104,2645,4067,  24, 172,3507, 900,3877,3508,3509,4305, # 3110
+  32,1408,2811,1312, 329, 487,2355,2247,2708, 784,2674,   4,3019,3314,1427,1788, # 3126
+ 188, 109, 499,7334,3620,1717,1789, 888,1217,3020,4306,7335,3510,7336,3315,1520, # 3142
+3621,3878, 196,1034, 775,7337,7338, 929,1815, 249, 439,  38,7339,1063,7340, 794, # 3158
+3879,1435,2296,  46, 178,3245,2065,7341,2376,7342, 214,1709,4307, 804,  35, 707, # 3174
+ 324,3622,1601,2546, 140, 459,4068,7343,7344,1365, 839, 272, 978,2257,2572,3409, # 3190
+2128,1363,3623,1423, 697, 100,3071,  48,  70,1231, 495,3114,2193,7345,1294,7346, # 3206
+2079, 462, 586,1042,3246, 853, 256, 988, 185,2377,3410,1698, 434,1084,7347,3411, # 3222
+ 314,2615,2775,4308,2330,2331, 569,2280, 637,1816,2518, 757,1162,1878,1616,3412, # 3238
+ 287,1577,2115, 768,4309,1671,2854,3511,2519,1321,3737, 909,2413,7348,4069, 933, # 3254
+3738,7349,2052,2356,1222,4310, 765,2414,1322, 786,4311,7350,1919,1462,1677,2895, # 3270
+1699,7351,4312,1424,2437,3115,3624,2590,3316,1774,1940,3413,3880,4070, 309,1369, # 3286
+1130,2812, 364,2230,1653,1299,3881,3512,3882,3883,2646, 525,1085,3021, 902,2000, # 3302
+1475, 964,4313, 421,1844,1415,1057,2281, 940,1364,3116, 376,4314,4315,1381,   7, # 3318
+2520, 983,2378, 336,1710,2675,1845, 321,3414, 559,1131,3022,2742,1808,1132,1313, # 3334
+ 265,1481,1857,7352, 352,1203,2813,3247, 167,1089, 420,2814, 776, 792,1724,3513, # 3350
+4071,2438,3248,7353,4072,7354, 446, 229, 333,2743, 901,3739,1200,1557,4316,2647, # 3366
+1920, 395,2744,2676,3740,4073,1835, 125, 916,3178,2616,4317,7355,7356,3741,7357, # 3382
+7358,7359,4318,3117,3625,1133,2547,1757,3415,1510,2313,1409,3514,7360,2145, 438, # 3398
+2591,2896,2379,3317,1068, 958,3023, 461, 311,2855,2677,4074,1915,3179,4075,1978, # 3414
+ 383, 750,2745,2617,4076, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,7361,1154,1964, 384, 561, 210, # 3430
+  98,1295,2548,3515,7362,1711,2415,1482,3416,3884,2897,1257, 129,7363,3742, 642, # 3446
+ 523,2776,2777,2648,7364, 141,2231,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4077, 603,2592, # 3462
+ 710, 171,3417, 404, 549,  18,3118,2393,1410,3626,1666,7365,3516,4319,2898,4320, # 3478
+7366,2973, 368,7367, 146, 366,  99, 871,3627,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2258, # 3494
+ 379,3743,3180,7368,3181, 505,1941,2618,1991,1382,2314,7369, 380,2357, 218, 702, # 3510
+1817,1248,3418,3024,3517,3318,3249,7370,2974,3628, 930,3250,3744,7371,  59,7372, # 3526
+ 585, 601,4078, 497,3419,1112,1314,4321,1801,7373,1223,1472,2174,7374, 749,1836, # 3542
+ 690,1899,3745,1772,3885,1476, 429,1043,1790,2232,2116, 917,4079, 447,1086,1629, # 3558
+7375, 556,7376,7377,2020,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2815,1008,1782, 686, # 3574
+1095,7378,2282, 793,1602,7379,3518,2593,4322,4080,2933,2297,4323,3746, 980,2496, # 3590
+ 544, 353, 527,4324, 908,2678,2899,7380, 381,2619,1942,1348,7381,1341,1252, 560, # 3606
+3072,7382,3420,2856,7383,2053, 973, 886,2080, 143,4325,7384,7385, 157,3886, 496, # 3622
+4081,  57, 840, 540,2038,4326,4327,3421,2117,1445, 970,2259,1748,1965,2081,4082, # 3638
+3119,1234,1775,3251,2816,3629, 773,1206,2129,1066,2039,1326,3887,1738,1725,4083, # 3654
+ 279,3120,  51,1544,2594, 423,1578,2130,2066, 173,4328,1879,7386,7387,1583, 264, # 3670
+ 610,3630,4329,2439, 280, 154,7388,7389,7390,1739, 338,1282,3073, 693,2857,1411, # 3686
+1074,3747,2440,7391,4330,7392,7393,1240, 952,2394,7394,2900,1538,2679, 685,1483, # 3702
+4084,2468,1436, 953,4085,2054,4331, 671,2395,  79,4086,2441,3252, 608, 567,2680, # 3718
+3422,4087,4088,1691, 393,1261,1791,2396,7395,4332,7396,7397,7398,7399,1383,1672, # 3734
+3748,3182,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4333,3888,1432,3519, 609,4334,2681, # 3750
+2397,7400,7401,7402,4089,3025,   0,7403,2469, 315, 231,2442, 301,3319,4335,2380, # 3766
+7404, 233,4090,3631,1818,4336,4337,7405,  96,1776,1315,2082,7406, 257,7407,1809, # 3782
+3632,2709,1139,1819,4091,2021,1124,2163,2778,1777,2649,7408,3074, 363,1655,3183, # 3798
+7409,2975,7410,7411,7412,3889,1567,3890, 718, 103,3184, 849,1443, 341,3320,2934, # 3814
+1484,7413,1712, 127,  67, 339,4092,2398, 679,1412, 821,7414,7415, 834, 738, 351, # 3830
+2976,2146, 846, 235,1497,1880, 418,1992,3749,2710, 186,1100,2147,2746,3520,1545, # 3846
+1355,2935,2858,1377, 583,3891,4093,2573,2977,7416,1298,3633,1078,2549,3634,2358, # 3862
+  78,3750,3751, 267,1289,2099,2001,1594,4094, 348, 369,1274,2194,2175,1837,4338, # 3878
+1820,2817,3635,2747,2283,2002,4339,2936,2748, 144,3321, 882,4340,3892,2749,3423, # 3894
+4341,2901,7417,4095,1726, 320,7418,3893,3026, 788,2978,7419,2818,1773,1327,2859, # 3910
+3894,2819,7420,1306,4342,2003,1700,3752,3521,2359,2650, 787,2022, 506, 824,3636, # 3926
+ 534, 323,4343,1044,3322,2023,1900, 946,3424,7421,1778,1500,1678,7422,1881,4344, # 3942
+ 165, 243,4345,3637,2521, 123, 683,4096, 764,4346,  36,3895,1792, 589,2902, 816, # 3958
+ 626,1667,3027,2233,1639,1555,1622,3753,3896,7423,3897,2860,1370,1228,1932, 891, # 3974
+2083,2903, 304,4097,7424, 292,2979,2711,3522, 691,2100,4098,1115,4347, 118, 662, # 3990
+7425, 611,1156, 854,2381,1316,2861,   2, 386, 515,2904,7426,7427,3253, 868,2234, # 4006
+1486, 855,2651, 785,2212,3028,7428,1040,3185,3523,7429,3121, 448,7430,1525,7431, # 4022
+2164,4348,7432,3754,7433,4099,2820,3524,3122, 503, 818,3898,3123,1568, 814, 676, # 4038
+1444, 306,1749,7434,3755,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2821,1501,4349,7435,7436,7437, # 4054
+1993,7438,4350,7439,7440,2195,  13,2779,3638,2980,3124,1229,1916,7441,3756,2131, # 4070
+7442,4100,4351,2399,3525,7443,2213,1511,1727,1120,7444,7445, 646,3757,2443, 307, # 4086
+7446,7447,1595,3186,7448,7449,7450,3639,1113,1356,3899,1465,2522,2523,7451, 519, # 4102
+7452, 128,2132,  92,2284,1979,7453,3900,1512, 342,3125,2196,7454,2780,2214,1980, # 4118
+3323,7455, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2360,7456,3758,4352, 562, 581,3901,7457, 401, # 4134
+4353,2248,  94,4354,1399,2781,7458,1463,2024,4355,3187,1943,7459, 828,1105,4101, # 4150
+1262,1394,7460,4102, 605,4356,7461,1783,2862,7462,2822, 819,2101, 578,2197,2937, # 4166
+7463,1502, 436,3254,4103,3255,2823,3902,2905,3425,3426,7464,2712,2315,7465,7466, # 4182
+2332,2067,  23,4357, 193, 826,3759,2102, 699,1630,4104,3075, 390,1793,1064,3526, # 4198
+7467,1579,3076,3077,1400,7468,4105,1838,1640,2863,7469,4358,4359, 137,4106, 598, # 4214
+3078,1966, 780, 104, 974,2938,7470, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339,7471, # 4230
+3903,1275,4360,2574,2550,7472,3640,3029,3079,2249, 565,1334,2713, 863,  41,7473, # 4246
+7474,4361,7475,1657,2333,  19, 463,2750,4107, 606,7476,2981,3256,1087,2084,1323, # 4262
+2652,2982,7477,1631,1623,1750,4108,2682,7478,2864, 791,2714,2653,2334, 232,2416, # 4278
+7479,2983,1498,7480,2654,2620, 755,1366,3641,3257,3126,2025,1609, 119,1917,3427, # 4294
+ 862,1026,4109,7481,3904,3760,4362,3905,4363,2260,1951,2470,7482,1125, 817,4110, # 4310
+4111,3906,1513,1766,2040,1487,4112,3030,3258,2824,3761,3127,7483,7484,1507,7485, # 4326
+2683, 733,  40,1632,1106,2865, 345,4113, 841,2524, 230,4364,2984,1846,3259,3428, # 4342
+7486,1263, 986,3429,7487, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562,3907, # 4358
+3908,2939, 967,2751,2655,1349, 592,2133,1692,3324,2985,1994,4114,1679,3909,1901, # 4374
+2185,7488, 739,3642,2715,1296,1290,7489,4115,2198,2199,1921,1563,2595,2551,1870, # 4390
+2752,2986,7490, 435,7491, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4365,2235,3430,3643,7492,4366, # 4406
+ 294,3527,2940,1693, 477, 979, 281,2041,3528, 643,2042,3644,2621,2782,2261,1031, # 4422
+2335,2134,2298,3529,4367, 367,1249,2552,7493,3530,7494,4368,1283,3325,2004, 240, # 4438
+1762,3326,4369,4370, 836,1069,3128, 474,7495,2148,2525, 268,3531,7496,3188,1521, # 4454
+1284,7497,1658,1546,4116,7498,3532,3533,7499,4117,3327,2684,1685,4118, 961,1673, # 4470
+2622, 190,2005,2200,3762,4371,4372,7500, 570,2497,3645,1490,7501,4373,2623,3260, # 4486
+1956,4374, 584,1514, 396,1045,1944,7502,4375,1967,2444,7503,7504,4376,3910, 619, # 4502
+7505,3129,3261, 215,2006,2783,2553,3189,4377,3190,4378, 763,4119,3763,4379,7506, # 4518
+7507,1957,1767,2941,3328,3646,1174, 452,1477,4380,3329,3130,7508,2825,1253,2382, # 4534
+2186,1091,2285,4120, 492,7509, 638,1169,1824,2135,1752,3911, 648, 926,1021,1324, # 4550
+4381, 520,4382, 997, 847,1007, 892,4383,3764,2262,1871,3647,7510,2400,1784,4384, # 4566
+1952,2942,3080,3191,1728,4121,2043,3648,4385,2007,1701,3131,1551,  30,2263,4122, # 4582
+7511,2026,4386,3534,7512, 501,7513,4123, 594,3431,2165,1821,3535,3432,3536,3192, # 4598
+ 829,2826,4124,7514,1680,3132,1225,4125,7515,3262,4387,4126,3133,2336,7516,4388, # 4614
+4127,7517,3912,3913,7518,1847,2383,2596,3330,7519,4389, 374,3914, 652,4128,4129, # 4630
+ 375,1140, 798,7520,7521,7522,2361,4390,2264, 546,1659, 138,3031,2445,4391,7523, # 4646
+2250, 612,1848, 910, 796,3765,1740,1371, 825,3766,3767,7524,2906,2554,7525, 692, # 4662
+ 444,3032,2624, 801,4392,4130,7526,1491, 244,1053,3033,4131,4132, 340,7527,3915, # 4678
+1041,2987, 293,1168,  87,1357,7528,1539, 959,7529,2236, 721, 694,4133,3768, 219, # 4694
+1478, 644,1417,3331,2656,1413,1401,1335,1389,3916,7530,7531,2988,2362,3134,1825, # 4710
+ 730,1515, 184,2827,  66,4393,7532,1660,2943, 246,3332, 378,1457, 226,3433, 975, # 4726
+3917,2944,1264,3537, 674, 696,7533, 163,7534,1141,2417,2166, 713,3538,3333,4394, # 4742
+3918,7535,7536,1186,  15,7537,1079,1070,7538,1522,3193,3539, 276,1050,2716, 758, # 4758
+1126, 653,2945,3263,7539,2337, 889,3540,3919,3081,2989, 903,1250,4395,3920,3434, # 4774
+3541,1342,1681,1718, 766,3264, 286,  89,2946,3649,7540,1713,7541,2597,3334,2990, # 4790
+7542,2947,2215,3194,2866,7543,4396,2498,2526, 181, 387,1075,3921, 731,2187,3335, # 4806
+7544,3265, 310, 313,3435,2299, 770,4134,  54,3034, 189,4397,3082,3769,3922,7545, # 4822
+1230,1617,1849, 355,3542,4135,4398,3336, 111,4136,3650,1350,3135,3436,3035,4137, # 4838
+2149,3266,3543,7546,2784,3923,3924,2991, 722,2008,7547,1071, 247,1207,2338,2471, # 4854
+1378,4399,2009, 864,1437,1214,4400, 373,3770,1142,2216, 667,4401, 442,2753,2555, # 4870
+3771,3925,1968,4138,3267,1839, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1882,7548,7549,2118,4139, # 4886
+2828, 743,1569,7550,4402,4140, 582,2384,1418,3437,7551,1802,7552, 357,1395,1729, # 4902
+3651,3268,2418,1564,2237,7553,3083,3772,1633,4403,1114,2085,4141,1532,7554, 482, # 4918
+2446,4404,7555,7556,1492, 833,1466,7557,2717,3544,1641,2829,7558,1526,1272,3652, # 4934
+4142,1686,1794, 416,2556,1902,1953,1803,7559,3773,2785,3774,1159,2316,7560,2867, # 4950
+4405,1610,1584,3036,2419,2754, 443,3269,1163,3136,7561,7562,3926,7563,4143,2499, # 4966
+3037,4406,3927,3137,2103,1647,3545,2010,1872,4144,7564,4145, 431,3438,7565, 250, # 4982
+  97,  81,4146,7566,1648,1850,1558, 160, 848,7567, 866, 740,1694,7568,2201,2830, # 4998
+3195,4147,4407,3653,1687, 950,2472, 426, 469,3196,3654,3655,3928,7569,7570,1188, # 5014
+ 424,1995, 861,3546,4148,3775,2202,2685, 168,1235,3547,4149,7571,2086,1674,4408, # 5030
+3337,3270, 220,2557,1009,7572,3776, 670,2992, 332,1208, 717,7573,7574,3548,2447, # 5046
+3929,3338,7575, 513,7576,1209,2868,3339,3138,4409,1080,7577,7578,7579,7580,2527, # 5062
+3656,3549, 815,1587,3930,3931,7581,3550,3439,3777,1254,4410,1328,3038,1390,3932, # 5078
+1741,3933,3778,3934,7582, 236,3779,2448,3271,7583,7584,3657,3780,1273,3781,4411, # 5094
+7585, 308,7586,4412, 245,4413,1851,2473,1307,2575, 430, 715,2136,2449,7587, 270, # 5110
+ 199,2869,3935,7588,3551,2718,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1840,4414,3440,3658,7589, # 5126
+7590, 587,  14,3272, 227,2598, 326, 480,2265, 943,2755,3552, 291, 650,1883,7591, # 5142
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3441, 904,4415,3442,1164,4150,7592,7593,1224,1548,2756, # 5158
+ 391, 498,1493,7594,1386,1419,7595,2055,1177,4416, 813, 880,1081,2363, 566,1145, # 5174
+4417,2286,1001,1035,2558,2599,2238, 394,1286,7596,7597,2068,7598,  86,1494,1730, # 5190
+3936, 491,1588, 745, 897,2948, 843,3340,3937,2757,2870,3273,1768, 998,2217,2069, # 5206
+ 397,1826,1195,1969,3659,2993,3341, 284,7599,3782,2500,2137,2119,1903,7600,3938, # 5222
+2150,3939,4151,1036,3443,1904, 114,2559,4152, 209,1527,7601,7602,2949,2831,2625, # 5238
+2385,2719,3139, 812,2560,7603,3274,7604,1559, 737,1884,3660,1210, 885,  28,2686, # 5254
+3553,3783,7605,4153,1004,1779,4418,7606, 346,1981,2218,2687,4419,3784,1742, 797, # 5270
+1642,3940,1933,1072,1384,2151, 896,3941,3275,3661,3197,2871,3554,7607,2561,1958, # 5286
+4420,2450,1785,7608,7609,7610,3942,4154,1005,1308,3662,4155,2720,4421,4422,1528, # 5302
+2600, 161,1178,4156,1982, 987,4423,1101,4157, 631,3943,1157,3198,2420,1343,1241, # 5318
+1016,2239,2562, 372, 877,2339,2501,1160, 555,1934, 911,3944,7611, 466,1170, 169, # 5334
+1051,2907,2688,3663,2474,2994,1182,2011,2563,1251,2626,7612, 992,2340,3444,1540, # 5350
+2721,1201,2070,2401,1996,2475,7613,4424, 528,1922,2188,1503,1873,1570,2364,3342, # 5366
+3276,7614, 557,1073,7615,1827,3445,2087,2266,3140,3039,3084, 767,3085,2786,4425, # 5382
+1006,4158,4426,2341,1267,2176,3664,3199, 778,3945,3200,2722,1597,2657,7616,4427, # 5398
+7617,3446,7618,7619,7620,3277,2689,1433,3278, 131,  95,1504,3946, 723,4159,3141, # 5414
+1841,3555,2758,2189,3947,2027,2104,3665,7621,2995,3948,1218,7622,3343,3201,3949, # 5430
+4160,2576, 248,1634,3785, 912,7623,2832,3666,3040,3786, 654,  53,7624,2996,7625, # 5446
+1688,4428, 777,3447,1032,3950,1425,7626, 191, 820,2120,2833, 971,4429, 931,3202, # 5462
+ 135, 664, 783,3787,1997, 772,2908,1935,3951,3788,4430,2909,3203, 282,2723, 640, # 5478
+1372,3448,1127, 922, 325,3344,7627,7628, 711,2044,7629,7630,3952,2219,2787,1936, # 5494
+3953,3345,2220,2251,3789,2300,7631,4431,3790,1258,3279,3954,3204,2138,2950,3955, # 5510
+3956,7632,2221, 258,3205,4432, 101,1227,7633,3280,1755,7634,1391,3281,7635,2910, # 5526
+2056, 893,7636,7637,7638,1402,4161,2342,7639,7640,3206,3556,7641,7642, 878,1325, # 5542
+1780,2788,4433, 259,1385,2577, 744,1183,2267,4434,7643,3957,2502,7644, 684,1024, # 5558
+4162,7645, 472,3557,3449,1165,3282,3958,3959, 322,2152, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 5574
+ 660, 554,2153,4435,1058,4436,4163, 830,1065,3346,3960,4437,1923,7646,1703,1918, # 5590
+7647, 932,2268, 122,7648,4438, 947, 677,7649,3791,2627, 297,1905,1924,2269,4439, # 5606
+2317,3283,7650,7651,4164,7652,4165,  84,4166, 112, 989,7653, 547,1059,3961, 701, # 5622
+3558,1019,7654,4167,7655,3450, 942, 639, 457,2301,2451, 993,2951, 407, 851, 494, # 5638
+4440,3347, 927,7656,1237,7657,2421,3348, 573,4168, 680, 921,2911,1279,1874, 285, # 5654
+ 790,1448,1983, 719,2167,7658,7659,4441,3962,3963,1649,7660,1541, 563,7661,1077, # 5670
+7662,3349,3041,3451, 511,2997,3964,3965,3667,3966,1268,2564,3350,3207,4442,4443, # 5686
+7663, 535,1048,1276,1189,2912,2028,3142,1438,1373,2834,2952,1134,2012,7664,4169, # 5702
+1238,2578,3086,1259,7665, 700,7666,2953,3143,3668,4170,7667,4171,1146,1875,1906, # 5718
+4444,2601,3967, 781,2422, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2789,2402, 898,1786,2154,3968, # 5734
+3969,7668,3792,2790,7669,7670,4445,4446,7671,3208,7672,1635,3793, 965,7673,1804, # 5750
+2690,1516,3559,1121,1082,1329,3284,3970,1449,3794,  65,1128,2835,2913,2759,1590, # 5766
+3795,7674,7675,  12,2658,  45, 976,2579,3144,4447, 517,2528,1013,1037,3209,7676, # 5782
+3796,2836,7677,3797,7678,3452,7679,2602, 614,1998,2318,3798,3087,2724,2628,7680, # 5798
+2580,4172, 599,1269,7681,1810,3669,7682,2691,3088, 759,1060, 489,1805,3351,3285, # 5814
+1358,7683,7684,2386,1387,1215,2629,2252, 490,7685,7686,4173,1759,2387,2343,7687, # 5830
+4448,3799,1907,3971,2630,1806,3210,4449,3453,3286,2760,2344, 874,7688,7689,3454, # 5846
+3670,1858,  91,2914,3671,3042,3800,4450,7690,3145,3972,2659,7691,3455,1202,1403, # 5862
+3801,2954,2529,1517,2503,4451,3456,2504,7692,4452,7693,2692,1885,1495,1731,3973, # 5878
+2365,4453,7694,2029,7695,7696,3974,2693,1216, 237,2581,4174,2319,3975,3802,4454, # 5894
+4455,2694,3560,3457, 445,4456,7697,7698,7699,7700,2761,  61,3976,3672,1822,3977, # 5910
+7701, 687,2045, 935, 925, 405,2660, 703,1096,1859,2725,4457,3978,1876,1367,2695, # 5926
+3352, 918,2105,1781,2476, 334,3287,1611,1093,4458, 564,3146,3458,3673,3353, 945, # 5942
+2631,2057,4459,7702,1925, 872,4175,7703,3459,2696,3089, 349,4176,3674,3979,4460, # 5958
+3803,4177,3675,2155,3980,4461,4462,4178,4463,2403,2046, 782,3981, 400, 251,4179, # 5974
+1624,7704,7705, 277,3676, 299,1265, 476,1191,3804,2121,4180,4181,1109, 205,7706, # 5990
+2582,1000,2156,3561,1860,7707,7708,7709,4464,7710,4465,2565, 107,2477,2157,3982, # 6006
+3460,3147,7711,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4182,2872,3562,7712,1696, 370,1088,4183, # 6022
+4466,3563, 579, 327, 440, 162,2240, 269,1937,1374,3461, 968,3043,  56,1396,3090, # 6038
+2106,3288,3354,7713,1926,2158,4467,2998,7714,3564,7715,7716,3677,4468,2478,7717, # 6054
+2791,7718,1650,4469,7719,2603,7720,7721,3983,2661,3355,1149,3356,3984,3805,3985, # 6070
+7722,1076,  49,7723, 951,3211,3289,3290, 450,2837, 920,7724,1811,2792,2366,4184, # 6086
+1908,1138,2367,3806,3462,7725,3212,4470,1909,1147,1518,2423,4471,3807,7726,4472, # 6102
+2388,2604, 260,1795,3213,7727,7728,3808,3291, 708,7729,3565,1704,7730,3566,1351, # 6118
+1618,3357,2999,1886, 944,4185,3358,4186,3044,3359,4187,7731,3678, 422, 413,1714, # 6134
+3292, 500,2058,2345,4188,2479,7732,1344,1910, 954,7733,1668,7734,7735,3986,2404, # 6150
+4189,3567,3809,4190,7736,2302,1318,2505,3091, 133,3092,2873,4473, 629,  31,2838, # 6166
+2697,3810,4474, 850, 949,4475,3987,2955,1732,2088,4191,1496,1852,7737,3988, 620, # 6182
+3214, 981,1242,3679,3360,1619,3680,1643,3293,2139,2452,1970,1719,3463,2168,7738, # 6198
+3215,7739,7740,3361,1828,7741,1277,4476,1565,2047,7742,1636,3568,3093,7743, 869, # 6214
+2839, 655,3811,3812,3094,3989,3000,3813,1310,3569,4477,7744,7745,7746,1733, 558, # 6230
+4478,3681, 335,1549,3045,1756,4192,3682,1945,3464,1829,1291,1192, 470,2726,2107, # 6246
+2793, 913,1054,3990,7747,1027,7748,3046,3991,4479, 982,2662,3362,3148,3465,3216, # 6262
+3217,1946,2794,7749, 571,4480,7750,1830,7751,3570,2583,1523,2424,7752,2089, 984, # 6278
+4481,3683,1959,7753,3684, 852, 923,2795,3466,3685, 969,1519, 999,2048,2320,1705, # 6294
+7754,3095, 615,1662, 151, 597,3992,2405,2321,1049, 275,4482,3686,4193, 568,3687, # 6310
+3571,2480,4194,3688,7755,2425,2270, 409,3218,7756,1566,2874,3467,1002, 769,2840, # 6326
+ 194,2090,3149,3689,2222,3294,4195, 628,1505,7757,7758,1763,2177,3001,3993, 521, # 6342
+1161,2584,1787,2203,2406,4483,3994,1625,4196,4197, 412,  42,3096, 464,7759,2632, # 6358
+4484,3363,1760,1571,2875,3468,2530,1219,2204,3814,2633,2140,2368,4485,4486,3295, # 6374
+1651,3364,3572,7760,7761,3573,2481,3469,7762,3690,7763,7764,2271,2091, 460,7765, # 6390
+4487,7766,3002, 962, 588,3574, 289,3219,2634,1116,  52,7767,3047,1796,7768,7769, # 6406
+7770,1467,7771,1598,1143,3691,4198,1984,1734,1067,4488,1280,3365, 465,4489,1572, # 6422
+ 510,7772,1927,2241,1812,1644,3575,7773,4490,3692,7774,7775,2663,1573,1534,7776, # 6438
+7777,4199, 536,1807,1761,3470,3815,3150,2635,7778,7779,7780,4491,3471,2915,1911, # 6454
+2796,7781,3296,1122, 377,3220,7782, 360,7783,7784,4200,1529, 551,7785,2059,3693, # 6470
+1769,2426,7786,2916,4201,3297,3097,2322,2108,2030,4492,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672, # 6486
+1171,3221,2303, 271,3151,7787,2762,7788,2049, 678,2727, 865,1947,4493,7789,2013, # 6502
+3995,2956,7790,2728,2223,1397,3048,3694,4494,4495,1735,2917,3366,3576,7791,3816, # 6518
+ 509,2841,2453,2876,3817,7792,7793,3152,3153,4496,4202,2531,4497,2304,1166,1010, # 6534
+ 552, 681,1887,7794,7795,2957,2958,3996,1287,1596,1861,3154, 358, 453, 736, 175, # 6550
+ 478,1117, 905,1167,1097,7796,1853,1530,7797,1706,7798,2178,3472,2287,3695,3473, # 6566
+3577,4203,2092,4204,7799,3367,1193,2482,4205,1458,2190,2205,1862,1888,1421,3298, # 6582
+2918,3049,2179,3474, 595,2122,7800,3997,7801,7802,4206,1707,2636, 223,3696,1359, # 6598
+ 751,3098, 183,3475,7803,2797,3003, 419,2369, 633, 704,3818,2389, 241,7804,7805, # 6614
+7806, 838,3004,3697,2272,2763,2454,3819,1938,2050,3998,1309,3099,2242,1181,7807, # 6630
+1136,2206,3820,2370,1446,4207,2305,4498,7808,7809,4208,1055,2605, 484,3698,7810, # 6646
+3999, 625,4209,2273,3368,1499,4210,4000,7811,4001,4211,3222,2274,2275,3476,7812, # 6662
+7813,2764, 808,2606,3699,3369,4002,4212,3100,2532, 526,3370,3821,4213, 955,7814, # 6678
+1620,4214,2637,2427,7815,1429,3700,1669,1831, 994, 928,7816,3578,1260,7817,7818, # 6694
+7819,1948,2288, 741,2919,1626,4215,2729,2455, 867,1184, 362,3371,1392,7820,7821, # 6710
+4003,4216,1770,1736,3223,2920,4499,4500,1928,2698,1459,1158,7822,3050,3372,2877, # 6726
+1292,1929,2506,2842,3701,1985,1187,2071,2014,2607,4217,7823,2566,2507,2169,3702, # 6742
+2483,3299,7824,3703,4501,7825,7826, 666,1003,3005,1022,3579,4218,7827,4502,1813, # 6758
+2253, 574,3822,1603, 295,1535, 705,3823,4219, 283, 858, 417,7828,7829,3224,4503, # 6774
+4504,3051,1220,1889,1046,2276,2456,4004,1393,1599, 689,2567, 388,4220,7830,2484, # 6790
+ 802,7831,2798,3824,2060,1405,2254,7832,4505,3825,2109,1052,1345,3225,1585,7833, # 6806
+ 809,7834,7835,7836, 575,2730,3477, 956,1552,1469,1144,2323,7837,2324,1560,2457, # 6822
+3580,3226,4005, 616,2207,3155,2180,2289,7838,1832,7839,3478,4506,7840,1319,3704, # 6838
+3705,1211,3581,1023,3227,1293,2799,7841,7842,7843,3826, 607,2306,3827, 762,2878, # 6854
+1439,4221,1360,7844,1485,3052,7845,4507,1038,4222,1450,2061,2638,4223,1379,4508, # 6870
+2585,7846,7847,4224,1352,1414,2325,2921,1172,7848,7849,3828,3829,7850,1797,1451, # 6886
+7851,7852,7853,7854,2922,4006,4007,2485,2346, 411,4008,4009,3582,3300,3101,4509, # 6902
+1561,2664,1452,4010,1375,7855,7856,  47,2959, 316,7857,1406,1591,2923,3156,7858, # 6918
+1025,2141,3102,3157, 354,2731, 884,2224,4225,2407, 508,3706, 726,3583, 996,2428, # 6934
+3584, 729,7859, 392,2191,1453,4011,4510,3707,7860,7861,2458,3585,2608,1675,2800, # 6950
+ 919,2347,2960,2348,1270,4511,4012,  73,7862,7863, 647,7864,3228,2843,2255,1550, # 6966
+1346,3006,7865,1332, 883,3479,7866,7867,7868,7869,3301,2765,7870,1212, 831,1347, # 6982
+4226,4512,2326,3830,1863,3053, 720,3831,4513,4514,3832,7871,4227,7872,7873,4515, # 6998
+7874,7875,1798,4516,3708,2609,4517,3586,1645,2371,7876,7877,2924, 669,2208,2665, # 7014
+2429,7878,2879,7879,7880,1028,3229,7881,4228,2408,7882,2256,1353,7883,7884,4518, # 7030
+3158, 518,7885,4013,7886,4229,1960,7887,2142,4230,7888,7889,3007,2349,2350,3833, # 7046
+ 516,1833,1454,4014,2699,4231,4519,2225,2610,1971,1129,3587,7890,2766,7891,2961, # 7062
+1422, 577,1470,3008,1524,3373,7892,7893, 432,4232,3054,3480,7894,2586,1455,2508, # 7078
+2226,1972,1175,7895,1020,2732,4015,3481,4520,7896,2733,7897,1743,1361,3055,3482, # 7094
+2639,4016,4233,4521,2290, 895, 924,4234,2170, 331,2243,3056, 166,1627,3057,1098, # 7110
+7898,1232,2880,2227,3374,4522, 657, 403,1196,2372, 542,3709,3375,1600,4235,3483, # 7126
+7899,4523,2767,3230, 576, 530,1362,7900,4524,2533,2666,3710,4017,7901, 842,3834, # 7142
+7902,2801,2031,1014,4018, 213,2700,3376, 665, 621,4236,7903,3711,2925,2430,7904, # 7158
+2431,3302,3588,3377,7905,4237,2534,4238,4525,3589,1682,4239,3484,1380,7906, 724, # 7174
+2277, 600,1670,7907,1337,1233,4526,3103,2244,7908,1621,4527,7909, 651,4240,7910, # 7190
+1612,4241,2611,7911,2844,7912,2734,2307,3058,7913, 716,2459,3059, 174,1255,2701, # 7206
+4019,3590, 548,1320,1398, 728,4020,1574,7914,1890,1197,3060,4021,7915,3061,3062, # 7222
+3712,3591,3713, 747,7916, 635,4242,4528,7917,7918,7919,4243,7920,7921,4529,7922, # 7238
+3378,4530,2432, 451,7923,3714,2535,2072,4244,2735,4245,4022,7924,1764,4531,7925, # 7254
+4246, 350,7926,2278,2390,2486,7927,4247,4023,2245,1434,4024, 488,4532, 458,4248, # 7270
+4025,3715, 771,1330,2391,3835,2568,3159,2159,2409,1553,2667,3160,4249,7928,2487, # 7286
+2881,2612,1720,2702,4250,3379,4533,7929,2536,4251,7930,3231,4252,2768,7931,2015, # 7302
+2736,7932,1155,1017,3716,3836,7933,3303,2308, 201,1864,4253,1430,7934,4026,7935, # 7318
+7936,7937,7938,7939,4254,1604,7940, 414,1865, 371,2587,4534,4535,3485,2016,3104, # 7334
+4536,1708, 960,4255, 887, 389,2171,1536,1663,1721,7941,2228,4027,2351,2926,1580, # 7350
+7942,7943,7944,1744,7945,2537,4537,4538,7946,4539,7947,2073,7948,7949,3592,3380, # 7366
+2882,4256,7950,4257,2640,3381,2802, 673,2703,2460, 709,3486,4028,3593,4258,7951, # 7382
+1148, 502, 634,7952,7953,1204,4540,3594,1575,4541,2613,3717,7954,3718,3105, 948, # 7398
+3232, 121,1745,3837,1110,7955,4259,3063,2509,3009,4029,3719,1151,1771,3838,1488, # 7414
+4030,1986,7956,2433,3487,7957,7958,2093,7959,4260,3839,1213,1407,2803, 531,2737, # 7430
+2538,3233,1011,1537,7960,2769,4261,3106,1061,7961,3720,3721,1866,2883,7962,2017, # 7446
+ 120,4262,4263,2062,3595,3234,2309,3840,2668,3382,1954,4542,7963,7964,3488,1047, # 7462
+2704,1266,7965,1368,4543,2845, 649,3383,3841,2539,2738,1102,2846,2669,7966,7967, # 7478
+1999,7968,1111,3596,2962,7969,2488,3842,3597,2804,1854,3384,3722,7970,7971,3385, # 7494
+2410,2884,3304,3235,3598,7972,2569,7973,3599,2805,4031,1460, 856,7974,3600,7975, # 7510
+2885,2963,7976,2886,3843,7977,4264, 632,2510, 875,3844,1697,3845,2291,7978,7979, # 7526
+4544,3010,1239, 580,4545,4265,7980, 914, 936,2074,1190,4032,1039,2123,7981,7982, # 7542
+7983,3386,1473,7984,1354,4266,3846,7985,2172,3064,4033, 915,3305,4267,4268,3306, # 7558
+1605,1834,7986,2739, 398,3601,4269,3847,4034, 328,1912,2847,4035,3848,1331,4270, # 7574
+3011, 937,4271,7987,3602,4036,4037,3387,2160,4546,3388, 524, 742, 538,3065,1012, # 7590
+7988,7989,3849,2461,7990, 658,1103, 225,3850,7991,7992,4547,7993,4548,7994,3236, # 7606
+1243,7995,4038, 963,2246,4549,7996,2705,3603,3161,7997,7998,2588,2327,7999,4550, # 7622
+8000,8001,8002,3489,3307, 957,3389,2540,2032,1930,2927,2462, 870,2018,3604,1746, # 7638
+2770,2771,2434,2463,8003,3851,8004,3723,3107,3724,3490,3390,3725,8005,1179,3066, # 7654
+8006,3162,2373,4272,3726,2541,3163,3108,2740,4039,8007,3391,1556,2542,2292, 977, # 7670
+2887,2033,4040,1205,3392,8008,1765,3393,3164,2124,1271,1689, 714,4551,3491,8009, # 7686
+2328,3852, 533,4273,3605,2181, 617,8010,2464,3308,3492,2310,8011,8012,3165,8013, # 7702
+8014,3853,1987, 618, 427,2641,3493,3394,8015,8016,1244,1690,8017,2806,4274,4552, # 7718
+8018,3494,8019,8020,2279,1576, 473,3606,4275,3395, 972,8021,3607,8022,3067,8023, # 7734
+8024,4553,4554,8025,3727,4041,4042,8026, 153,4555, 356,8027,1891,2888,4276,2143, # 7750
+ 408, 803,2352,8028,3854,8029,4277,1646,2570,2511,4556,4557,3855,8030,3856,4278, # 7766
+8031,2411,3396, 752,8032,8033,1961,2964,8034, 746,3012,2465,8035,4279,3728, 698, # 7782
+4558,1892,4280,3608,2543,4559,3609,3857,8036,3166,3397,8037,1823,1302,4043,2706, # 7798
+3858,1973,4281,8038,4282,3167, 823,1303,1288,1236,2848,3495,4044,3398, 774,3859, # 7814
+8039,1581,4560,1304,2849,3860,4561,8040,2435,2161,1083,3237,4283,4045,4284, 344, # 7830
+1173, 288,2311, 454,1683,8041,8042,1461,4562,4046,2589,8043,8044,4563, 985, 894, # 7846
+8045,3399,3168,8046,1913,2928,3729,1988,8047,2110,1974,8048,4047,8049,2571,1194, # 7862
+ 425,8050,4564,3169,1245,3730,4285,8051,8052,2850,8053, 636,4565,1855,3861, 760, # 7878
+1799,8054,4286,2209,1508,4566,4048,1893,1684,2293,8055,8056,8057,4287,4288,2210, # 7894
+ 479,8058,8059, 832,8060,4049,2489,8061,2965,2490,3731, 990,3109, 627,1814,2642, # 7910
+4289,1582,4290,2125,2111,3496,4567,8062, 799,4291,3170,8063,4568,2112,1737,3013, # 7926
+1018, 543, 754,4292,3309,1676,4569,4570,4050,8064,1489,8065,3497,8066,2614,2889, # 7942
+4051,8067,8068,2966,8069,8070,8071,8072,3171,4571,4572,2182,1722,8073,3238,3239, # 7958
+1842,3610,1715, 481, 365,1975,1856,8074,8075,1962,2491,4573,8076,2126,3611,3240, # 7974
+ 433,1894,2063,2075,8077, 602,2741,8078,8079,8080,8081,8082,3014,1628,3400,8083, # 7990
+3172,4574,4052,2890,4575,2512,8084,2544,2772,8085,8086,8087,3310,4576,2891,8088, # 8006
+4577,8089,2851,4578,4579,1221,2967,4053,2513,8090,8091,8092,1867,1989,8093,8094, # 8022
+8095,1895,8096,8097,4580,1896,4054, 318,8098,2094,4055,4293,8099,8100, 485,8101, # 8038
+ 938,3862, 553,2670, 116,8102,3863,3612,8103,3498,2671,2773,3401,3311,2807,8104, # 8054
+3613,2929,4056,1747,2930,2968,8105,8106, 207,8107,8108,2672,4581,2514,8109,3015, # 8070
+ 890,3614,3864,8110,1877,3732,3402,8111,2183,2353,3403,1652,8112,8113,8114, 941, # 8086
+2294, 208,3499,4057,2019, 330,4294,3865,2892,2492,3733,4295,8115,8116,8117,8118, # 8102
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2515,1613,4582,8119,3312,3866,2516,8120,4058,8121,1637,4059,2466,4583,3867,8122, # 8118
+2493,3016,3734,8123,8124,2192,8125,8126,2162,8127,8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133, # 8134
+8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143,8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149, # 8150
+8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159,8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165, # 8166
+8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175,8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181, # 8182
+8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191,8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197, # 8198
+8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207,8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213, # 8214
+8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223,8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229, # 8230
+8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239,8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245, # 8246
+8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255,8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261, # 8262
+8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271,8272,8273,8274,8275,8276,8277, # 8278
+8278,8279,8280,8281,8282,8283,8284,8285,8286,8287,8288,8289,8290,8291,8292,8293, # 8294
+8294,8295,8296,8297,8298,8299,8300,8301,8302,8303,8304,8305,8306,8307,8308,8309, # 8310
+8310,8311,8312,8313,8314,8315,8316,8317,8318,8319,8320,8321,8322,8323,8324,8325, # 8326
+8326,8327,8328,8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,8334,8335,8336,8337,8338,8339,8340,8341, # 8342
+8342,8343,8344,8345,8346,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353,8354,8355,8356,8357, # 8358
+8358,8359,8360,8361,8362,8363,8364,8365,8366,8367,8368,8369,8370,8371,8372,8373, # 8374
+8374,8375,8376,8377,8378,8379,8380,8381,8382,8383,8384,8385,8386,8387,8388,8389, # 8390
+8390,8391,8392,8393,8394,8395,8396,8397,8398,8399,8400,8401,8402,8403,8404,8405, # 8406
+8406,8407,8408,8409,8410,8411,8412,8413,8414,8415,8416,8417,8418,8419,8420,8421, # 8422
+8422,8423,8424,8425,8426,8427,8428,8429,8430,8431,8432,8433,8434,8435,8436,8437, # 8438
+8438,8439,8440,8441,8442,8443,8444,8445,8446,8447,8448,8449,8450,8451,8452,8453, # 8454
+8454,8455,8456,8457,8458,8459,8460,8461,8462,8463,8464,8465,8466,8467,8468,8469, # 8470
+8470,8471,8472,8473,8474,8475,8476,8477,8478,8479,8480,8481,8482,8483,8484,8485, # 8486
+8486,8487,8488,8489,8490,8491,8492,8493,8494,8495,8496,8497,8498,8499,8500,8501, # 8502
+8502,8503,8504,8505,8506,8507,8508,8509,8510,8511,8512,8513,8514,8515,8516,8517, # 8518
+8518,8519,8520,8521,8522,8523,8524,8525,8526,8527,8528,8529,8530,8531,8532,8533, # 8534
+8534,8535,8536,8537,8538,8539,8540,8541,8542,8543,8544,8545,8546,8547,8548,8549, # 8550
+8550,8551,8552,8553,8554,8555,8556,8557,8558,8559,8560,8561,8562,8563,8564,8565, # 8566
+8566,8567,8568,8569,8570,8571,8572,8573,8574,8575,8576,8577,8578,8579,8580,8581, # 8582
+8582,8583,8584,8585,8586,8587,8588,8589,8590,8591,8592,8593,8594,8595,8596,8597, # 8598
+8598,8599,8600,8601,8602,8603,8604,8605,8606,8607,8608,8609,8610,8611,8612,8613, # 8614
+8614,8615,8616,8617,8618,8619,8620,8621,8622,8623,8624,8625,8626,8627,8628,8629, # 8630
+8630,8631,8632,8633,8634,8635,8636,8637,8638,8639,8640,8641,8642,8643,8644,8645, # 8646
+8646,8647,8648,8649,8650,8651,8652,8653,8654,8655,8656,8657,8658,8659,8660,8661, # 8662
+8662,8663,8664,8665,8666,8667,8668,8669,8670,8671,8672,8673,8674,8675,8676,8677, # 8678
+8678,8679,8680,8681,8682,8683,8684,8685,8686,8687,8688,8689,8690,8691,8692,8693, # 8694
+8694,8695,8696,8697,8698,8699,8700,8701,8702,8703,8704,8705,8706,8707,8708,8709, # 8710
+8710,8711,8712,8713,8714,8715,8716,8717,8718,8719,8720,8721,8722,8723,8724,8725, # 8726
+8726,8727,8728,8729,8730,8731,8732,8733,8734,8735,8736,8737,8738,8739,8740,8741) # 8742
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe652fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/euctwprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import EUCTWDistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import EUCTWSMModel
+
+class EUCTWProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(EUCTWSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = EUCTWDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "EUC-TW"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1238f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# GB2312 most frequently used character table
+#
+# Char to FreqOrder table , from hz6763
+
+# 512  --> 0.79  -- 0.79
+# 1024 --> 0.92  -- 0.13
+# 2048 --> 0.98  -- 0.06
+# 6768 --> 1.00  -- 0.02
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.79135/(1-0.79135) = 3.79
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (3755 - 512) = 0.157
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher that RDR
+
+GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.9
+
+GB2312_TABLE_SIZE = 3760
+
+GB2312CharToFreqOrder = (
+1671, 749,1443,2364,3924,3807,2330,3921,1704,3463,2691,1511,1515, 572,3191,2205,
+2361, 224,2558, 479,1711, 963,3162, 440,4060,1905,2966,2947,3580,2647,3961,3842,
+2204, 869,4207, 970,2678,5626,2944,2956,1479,4048, 514,3595, 588,1346,2820,3409,
+ 249,4088,1746,1873,2047,1774, 581,1813, 358,1174,3590,1014,1561,4844,2245, 670,
+1636,3112, 889,1286, 953, 556,2327,3060,1290,3141, 613, 185,3477,1367, 850,3820,
+1715,2428,2642,2303,2732,3041,2562,2648,3566,3946,1349, 388,3098,2091,1360,3585,
+ 152,1687,1539, 738,1559,  59,1232,2925,2267,1388,1249,1741,1679,2960, 151,1566,
+1125,1352,4271, 924,4296, 385,3166,4459, 310,1245,2850,  70,3285,2729,3534,3575,
+2398,3298,3466,1960,2265, 217,3647, 864,1909,2084,4401,2773,1010,3269,5152, 853,
+3051,3121,1244,4251,1895, 364,1499,1540,2313,1180,3655,2268, 562, 715,2417,3061,
+ 544, 336,3768,2380,1752,4075, 950, 280,2425,4382, 183,2759,3272, 333,4297,2155,
+1688,2356,1444,1039,4540, 736,1177,3349,2443,2368,2144,2225, 565, 196,1482,3406,
+ 927,1335,4147, 692, 878,1311,1653,3911,3622,1378,4200,1840,2969,3149,2126,1816,
+2534,1546,2393,2760, 737,2494,  13, 447, 245,2747,  38,2765,2129,2589,1079, 606,
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+1401,2003,1690, 506, 647,1242,2828,1761,1649,3208,2249,1589,3709,2931,5156,1708,
+ 498, 666,2613, 834,3817,1231, 184,2851,1124, 883,3197,2261,3710,1765,1553,2658,
+1178,2639,2351,  93,1193, 942,2538,2141,4402, 235,1821, 870,1591,2192,1709,1871,
+3341,1618,4126,2595,2334, 603, 651,  69, 701, 268,2662,3411,2555,1380,1606, 503,
+ 448, 254,2371,2646, 574,1187,2309,1770, 322,2235,1292,1801, 305, 566,1133, 229,
+2067,2057, 706, 167, 483,2002,2672,3295,1820,3561,3067, 316, 378,2746,3452,1112,
+ 136,1981, 507,1651,2917,1117, 285,4591, 182,2580,3522,1304, 335,3303,1835,2504,
+1795,1792,2248, 674,1018,2106,2449,1857,2292,2845, 976,3047,1781,2600,2727,1389,
+1281,  52,3152, 153, 265,3950, 672,3485,3951,4463, 430,1183, 365, 278,2169,  27,
+1407,1336,2304, 209,1340,1730,2202,1852,2403,2883, 979,1737,1062, 631,2829,2542,
+3876,2592, 825,2086,2226,3048,3625, 352,1417,3724, 542, 991, 431,1351,3938,1861,
+2294, 826,1361,2927,3142,3503,1738, 463,2462,2723, 582,1916,1595,2808, 400,3845,
+3891,2868,3621,2254,  58,2492,1123, 910,2160,2614,1372,1603,1196,1072,3385,1700,
+3267,1980, 696, 480,2430, 920, 799,1570,2920,1951,2041,4047,2540,1321,4223,2469,
+3562,2228,1271,2602, 401,2833,3351,2575,5157, 907,2312,1256, 410, 263,3507,1582,
+ 996, 678,1849,2316,1480, 908,3545,2237, 703,2322, 667,1826,2849,1531,2604,2999,
+2407,3146,2151,2630,1786,3711, 469,3542, 497,3899,2409, 858, 837,4446,3393,1274,
+ 786, 620,1845,2001,3311, 484, 308,3367,1204,1815,3691,2332,1532,2557,1842,2020,
+2724,1927,2333,4440, 567,  22,1673,2728,4475,1987,1858,1144,1597, 101,1832,3601,
+  12, 974,3783,4391, 951,1412,   1,3720, 453,4608,4041, 528,1041,1027,3230,2628,
+1129, 875,1051,3291,1203,2262,1069,2860,2799,2149,2615,3278, 144,1758,3040,  31,
+ 475,1680, 366,2685,3184, 311,1642,4008,2466,5036,1593,1493,2809, 216,1420,1668,
+ 233, 304,2128,3284, 232,1429,1768,1040,2008,3407,2740,2967,2543, 242,2133, 778,
+1565,2022,2620, 505,2189,2756,1098,2273, 372,1614, 708, 553,2846,2094,2278, 169,
+3626,2835,4161, 228,2674,3165, 809,1454,1309, 466,1705,1095, 900,3423, 880,2667,
+3751,5258,2317,3109,2571,4317,2766,1503,1342, 866,4447,1118,  63,2076, 314,1881,
+1348,1061, 172, 978,3515,1747, 532, 511,3970,   6, 601, 905,2699,3300,1751, 276,
+1467,3725,2668,  65,4239,2544,2779,2556,1604, 578,2451,1802, 992,2331,2624,1320,
+3446, 713,1513,1013, 103,2786,2447,1661, 886,1702, 916, 654,3574,2031,1556, 751,
+2178,2821,2179,1498,1538,2176, 271, 914,2251,2080,1325, 638,1953,2937,3877,2432,
+2754,  95,3265,1716, 260,1227,4083, 775, 106,1357,3254, 426,1607, 555,2480, 772,
+1985, 244,2546, 474, 495,1046,2611,1851,2061,  71,2089,1675,2590, 742,3758,2843,
+3222,1433, 267,2180,2576,2826,2233,2092,3913,2435, 956,1745,3075, 856,2113,1116,
+ 451,   3,1988,2896,1398, 993,2463,1878,2049,1341,2718,2721,2870,2108, 712,2904,
+4363,2753,2324, 277,2872,2349,2649, 384, 987, 435, 691,3000, 922, 164,3939, 652,
+1500,1184,4153,2482,3373,2165,4848,2335,3775,3508,3154,2806,2830,1554,2102,1664,
+2530,1434,2408, 893,1547,2623,3447,2832,2242,2532,3169,2856,3223,2078,  49,3770,
+3469, 462, 318, 656,2259,3250,3069, 679,1629,2758, 344,1138,1104,3120,1836,1283,
+3115,2154,1437,4448, 934, 759,1999, 794,2862,1038, 533,2560,1722,2342, 855,2626,
+1197,1663,4476,3127,  85,4240,2528,  25,1111,1181,3673, 407,3470,4561,2679,2713,
+ 768,1925,2841,3986,1544,1165, 932, 373,1240,2146,1930,2673, 721,4766, 354,4333,
+ 391,2963, 187,  61,3364,1442,1102, 330,1940,1767, 341,3809,4118, 393,2496,2062,
+2211, 105, 331, 300, 439, 913,1332, 626, 379,3304,1557, 328, 689,3952, 309,1555,
+ 931, 317,2517,3027, 325, 569, 686,2107,3084,  60,1042,1333,2794, 264,3177,4014,
+1628, 258,3712,   7,4464,1176,1043,1778, 683, 114,1975,  78,1492, 383,1886, 510,
+ 386, 645,5291,2891,2069,3305,4138,3867,2939,2603,2493,1935,1066,1848,3588,1015,
+1282,1289,4609, 697,1453,3044,2666,3611,1856,2412,  54, 719,1330, 568,3778,2459,
+1748, 788, 492, 551,1191,1000, 488,3394,3763, 282,1799, 348,2016,1523,3155,2390,
+1049, 382,2019,1788,1170, 729,2968,3523, 897,3926,2785,2938,3292, 350,2319,3238,
+1718,1717,2655,3453,3143,4465, 161,2889,2980,2009,1421,  56,1908,1640,2387,2232,
+1917,1874,2477,4921, 148,  83,3438, 592,4245,2882,1822,1055, 741, 115,1496,1624,
+ 381,1638,4592,1020, 516,3214, 458, 947,4575,1432, 211,1514,2926,1865,2142, 189,
+ 852,1221,1400,1486, 882,2299,4036, 351,  28,1122, 700,6479,6480,6481,6482,6483,  # last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+5508,6484,3900,3414,3974,4441,4024,3537,4037,5628,5099,3633,6485,3148,6486,3636,
+5509,3257,5510,5973,5445,5872,4941,4403,3174,4627,5873,6276,2286,4230,5446,5874,
+5122,6102,6103,4162,5447,5123,5323,4849,6277,3980,3851,5066,4246,5774,5067,6278,
+3001,2807,5695,3346,5775,5974,5158,5448,6487,5975,5976,5776,3598,6279,5696,4806,
+4211,4154,6280,6488,6489,6490,6281,4212,5037,3374,4171,6491,4562,4807,4722,4827,
+5977,6104,4532,4079,5159,5324,5160,4404,3858,5359,5875,3975,4288,4610,3486,4512,
+5325,3893,5360,6282,6283,5560,2522,4231,5978,5186,5449,2569,3878,6284,5401,3578,
+4415,6285,4656,5124,5979,2506,4247,4449,3219,3417,4334,4969,4329,6492,4576,4828,
+4172,4416,4829,5402,6286,3927,3852,5361,4369,4830,4477,4867,5876,4173,6493,6105,
+4657,6287,6106,5877,5450,6494,4155,4868,5451,3700,5629,4384,6288,6289,5878,3189,
+4881,6107,6290,6495,4513,6496,4692,4515,4723,5100,3356,6497,6291,3810,4080,5561,
+3570,4430,5980,6498,4355,5697,6499,4724,6108,6109,3764,4050,5038,5879,4093,3226,
+6292,5068,5217,4693,3342,5630,3504,4831,4377,4466,4309,5698,4431,5777,6293,5778,
+4272,3706,6110,5326,3752,4676,5327,4273,5403,4767,5631,6500,5699,5880,3475,5039,
+6294,5562,5125,4348,4301,4482,4068,5126,4593,5700,3380,3462,5981,5563,3824,5404,
+4970,5511,3825,4738,6295,6501,5452,4516,6111,5881,5564,6502,6296,5982,6503,4213,
+4163,3454,6504,6112,4009,4450,6113,4658,6297,6114,3035,6505,6115,3995,4904,4739,
+4563,4942,4110,5040,3661,3928,5362,3674,6506,5292,3612,4791,5565,4149,5983,5328,
+5259,5021,4725,4577,4564,4517,4364,6298,5405,4578,5260,4594,4156,4157,5453,3592,
+3491,6507,5127,5512,4709,4922,5984,5701,4726,4289,6508,4015,6116,5128,4628,3424,
+4241,5779,6299,4905,6509,6510,5454,5702,5780,6300,4365,4923,3971,6511,5161,3270,
+3158,5985,4100, 867,5129,5703,6117,5363,3695,3301,5513,4467,6118,6512,5455,4232,
+4242,4629,6513,3959,4478,6514,5514,5329,5986,4850,5162,5566,3846,4694,6119,5456,
+4869,5781,3779,6301,5704,5987,5515,4710,6302,5882,6120,4392,5364,5705,6515,6121,
+6516,6517,3736,5988,5457,5989,4695,2457,5883,4551,5782,6303,6304,6305,5130,4971,
+6122,5163,6123,4870,3263,5365,3150,4871,6518,6306,5783,5069,5706,3513,3498,4409,
+5330,5632,5366,5458,5459,3991,5990,4502,3324,5991,5784,3696,4518,5633,4119,6519,
+4630,5634,4417,5707,4832,5992,3418,6124,5993,5567,4768,5218,6520,4595,3458,5367,
+6125,5635,6126,4202,6521,4740,4924,6307,3981,4069,4385,6308,3883,2675,4051,3834,
+4302,4483,5568,5994,4972,4101,5368,6309,5164,5884,3922,6127,6522,6523,5261,5460,
+5187,4164,5219,3538,5516,4111,3524,5995,6310,6311,5369,3181,3386,2484,5188,3464,
+5569,3627,5708,6524,5406,5165,4677,4492,6312,4872,4851,5885,4468,5996,6313,5709,
+5710,6128,2470,5886,6314,5293,4882,5785,3325,5461,5101,6129,5711,5786,6525,4906,
+6526,6527,4418,5887,5712,4808,2907,3701,5713,5888,6528,3765,5636,5331,6529,6530,
+3593,5889,3637,4943,3692,5714,5787,4925,6315,6130,5462,4405,6131,6132,6316,5262,
+6531,6532,5715,3859,5716,5070,4696,5102,3929,5788,3987,4792,5997,6533,6534,3920,
+4809,5000,5998,6535,2974,5370,6317,5189,5263,5717,3826,6536,3953,5001,4883,3190,
+5463,5890,4973,5999,4741,6133,6134,3607,5570,6000,4711,3362,3630,4552,5041,6318,
+6001,2950,2953,5637,4646,5371,4944,6002,2044,4120,3429,6319,6537,5103,4833,6538,
+6539,4884,4647,3884,6003,6004,4758,3835,5220,5789,4565,5407,6540,6135,5294,4697,
+4852,6320,6321,3206,4907,6541,6322,4945,6542,6136,6543,6323,6005,4631,3519,6544,
+5891,6545,5464,3784,5221,6546,5571,4659,6547,6324,6137,5190,6548,3853,6549,4016,
+4834,3954,6138,5332,3827,4017,3210,3546,4469,5408,5718,3505,4648,5790,5131,5638,
+5791,5465,4727,4318,6325,6326,5792,4553,4010,4698,3439,4974,3638,4335,3085,6006,
+5104,5042,5166,5892,5572,6327,4356,4519,5222,5573,5333,5793,5043,6550,5639,5071,
+4503,6328,6139,6551,6140,3914,3901,5372,6007,5640,4728,4793,3976,3836,4885,6552,
+4127,6553,4451,4102,5002,6554,3686,5105,6555,5191,5072,5295,4611,5794,5296,6556,
+5893,5264,5894,4975,5466,5265,4699,4976,4370,4056,3492,5044,4886,6557,5795,4432,
+4769,4357,5467,3940,4660,4290,6141,4484,4770,4661,3992,6329,4025,4662,5022,4632,
+4835,4070,5297,4663,4596,5574,5132,5409,5895,6142,4504,5192,4664,5796,5896,3885,
+5575,5797,5023,4810,5798,3732,5223,4712,5298,4084,5334,5468,6143,4052,4053,4336,
+4977,4794,6558,5335,4908,5576,5224,4233,5024,4128,5469,5225,4873,6008,5045,4729,
+4742,4633,3675,4597,6559,5897,5133,5577,5003,5641,5719,6330,6560,3017,2382,3854,
+4406,4811,6331,4393,3964,4946,6561,2420,3722,6562,4926,4378,3247,1736,4442,6332,
+5134,6333,5226,3996,2918,5470,4319,4003,4598,4743,4744,4485,3785,3902,5167,5004,
+5373,4394,5898,6144,4874,1793,3997,6334,4085,4214,5106,5642,4909,5799,6009,4419,
+4189,3330,5899,4165,4420,5299,5720,5227,3347,6145,4081,6335,2876,3930,6146,3293,
+3786,3910,3998,5900,5300,5578,2840,6563,5901,5579,6147,3531,5374,6564,6565,5580,
+4759,5375,6566,6148,3559,5643,6336,6010,5517,6337,6338,5721,5902,3873,6011,6339,
+6567,5518,3868,3649,5722,6568,4771,4947,6569,6149,4812,6570,2853,5471,6340,6341,
+5644,4795,6342,6012,5723,6343,5724,6013,4349,6344,3160,6150,5193,4599,4514,4493,
+5168,4320,6345,4927,3666,4745,5169,5903,5005,4928,6346,5725,6014,4730,4203,5046,
+4948,3395,5170,6015,4150,6016,5726,5519,6347,5047,3550,6151,6348,4197,4310,5904,
+6571,5581,2965,6152,4978,3960,4291,5135,6572,5301,5727,4129,4026,5905,4853,5728,
+5472,6153,6349,4533,2700,4505,5336,4678,3583,5073,2994,4486,3043,4554,5520,6350,
+6017,5800,4487,6351,3931,4103,5376,6352,4011,4321,4311,4190,5136,6018,3988,3233,
+4350,5906,5645,4198,6573,5107,3432,4191,3435,5582,6574,4139,5410,6353,5411,3944,
+5583,5074,3198,6575,6354,4358,6576,5302,4600,5584,5194,5412,6577,6578,5585,5413,
+5303,4248,5414,3879,4433,6579,4479,5025,4854,5415,6355,4760,4772,3683,2978,4700,
+3797,4452,3965,3932,3721,4910,5801,6580,5195,3551,5907,3221,3471,3029,6019,3999,
+5908,5909,5266,5267,3444,3023,3828,3170,4796,5646,4979,4259,6356,5647,5337,3694,
+6357,5648,5338,4520,4322,5802,3031,3759,4071,6020,5586,4836,4386,5048,6581,3571,
+4679,4174,4949,6154,4813,3787,3402,3822,3958,3215,3552,5268,4387,3933,4950,4359,
+6021,5910,5075,3579,6358,4234,4566,5521,6359,3613,5049,6022,5911,3375,3702,3178,
+4911,5339,4521,6582,6583,4395,3087,3811,5377,6023,6360,6155,4027,5171,5649,4421,
+4249,2804,6584,2270,6585,4000,4235,3045,6156,5137,5729,4140,4312,3886,6361,4330,
+6157,4215,6158,3500,3676,4929,4331,3713,4930,5912,4265,3776,3368,5587,4470,4855,
+3038,4980,3631,6159,6160,4132,4680,6161,6362,3923,4379,5588,4255,6586,4121,6587,
+6363,4649,6364,3288,4773,4774,6162,6024,6365,3543,6588,4274,3107,3737,5050,5803,
+4797,4522,5589,5051,5730,3714,4887,5378,4001,4523,6163,5026,5522,4701,4175,2791,
+3760,6589,5473,4224,4133,3847,4814,4815,4775,3259,5416,6590,2738,6164,6025,5304,
+3733,5076,5650,4816,5590,6591,6165,6592,3934,5269,6593,3396,5340,6594,5804,3445,
+3602,4042,4488,5731,5732,3525,5591,4601,5196,6166,6026,5172,3642,4612,3202,4506,
+4798,6366,3818,5108,4303,5138,5139,4776,3332,4304,2915,3415,4434,5077,5109,4856,
+2879,5305,4817,6595,5913,3104,3144,3903,4634,5341,3133,5110,5651,5805,6167,4057,
+5592,2945,4371,5593,6596,3474,4182,6367,6597,6168,4507,4279,6598,2822,6599,4777,
+4713,5594,3829,6169,3887,5417,6170,3653,5474,6368,4216,2971,5228,3790,4579,6369,
+5733,6600,6601,4951,4746,4555,6602,5418,5475,6027,3400,4665,5806,6171,4799,6028,
+5052,6172,3343,4800,4747,5006,6370,4556,4217,5476,4396,5229,5379,5477,3839,5914,
+5652,5807,4714,3068,4635,5808,6173,5342,4192,5078,5419,5523,5734,6174,4557,6175,
+4602,6371,6176,6603,5809,6372,5735,4260,3869,5111,5230,6029,5112,6177,3126,4681,
+5524,5915,2706,3563,4748,3130,6178,4018,5525,6604,6605,5478,4012,4837,6606,4534,
+4193,5810,4857,3615,5479,6030,4082,3697,3539,4086,5270,3662,4508,4931,5916,4912,
+5811,5027,3888,6607,4397,3527,3302,3798,2775,2921,2637,3966,4122,4388,4028,4054,
+1633,4858,5079,3024,5007,3982,3412,5736,6608,3426,3236,5595,3030,6179,3427,3336,
+3279,3110,6373,3874,3039,5080,5917,5140,4489,3119,6374,5812,3405,4494,6031,4666,
+4141,6180,4166,6032,5813,4981,6609,5081,4422,4982,4112,3915,5653,3296,3983,6375,
+4266,4410,5654,6610,6181,3436,5082,6611,5380,6033,3819,5596,4535,5231,5306,5113,
+6612,4952,5918,4275,3113,6613,6376,6182,6183,5814,3073,4731,4838,5008,3831,6614,
+4888,3090,3848,4280,5526,5232,3014,5655,5009,5737,5420,5527,6615,5815,5343,5173,
+5381,4818,6616,3151,4953,6617,5738,2796,3204,4360,2989,4281,5739,5174,5421,5197,
+3132,5141,3849,5142,5528,5083,3799,3904,4839,5480,2880,4495,3448,6377,6184,5271,
+5919,3771,3193,6034,6035,5920,5010,6036,5597,6037,6378,6038,3106,5422,6618,5423,
+5424,4142,6619,4889,5084,4890,4313,5740,6620,3437,5175,5307,5816,4199,5198,5529,
+5817,5199,5656,4913,5028,5344,3850,6185,2955,5272,5011,5818,4567,4580,5029,5921,
+3616,5233,6621,6622,6186,4176,6039,6379,6380,3352,5200,5273,2908,5598,5234,3837,
+5308,6623,6624,5819,4496,4323,5309,5201,6625,6626,4983,3194,3838,4167,5530,5922,
+5274,6381,6382,3860,3861,5599,3333,4292,4509,6383,3553,5481,5820,5531,4778,6187,
+3955,3956,4324,4389,4218,3945,4325,3397,2681,5923,4779,5085,4019,5482,4891,5382,
+5383,6040,4682,3425,5275,4094,6627,5310,3015,5483,5657,4398,5924,3168,4819,6628,
+5925,6629,5532,4932,4613,6041,6630,4636,6384,4780,4204,5658,4423,5821,3989,4683,
+5822,6385,4954,6631,5345,6188,5425,5012,5384,3894,6386,4490,4104,6632,5741,5053,
+6633,5823,5926,5659,5660,5927,6634,5235,5742,5824,4840,4933,4820,6387,4859,5928,
+4955,6388,4143,3584,5825,5346,5013,6635,5661,6389,5014,5484,5743,4337,5176,5662,
+6390,2836,6391,3268,6392,6636,6042,5236,6637,4158,6638,5744,5663,4471,5347,3663,
+4123,5143,4293,3895,6639,6640,5311,5929,5826,3800,6189,6393,6190,5664,5348,3554,
+3594,4749,4603,6641,5385,4801,6043,5827,4183,6642,5312,5426,4761,6394,5665,6191,
+4715,2669,6643,6644,5533,3185,5427,5086,5930,5931,5386,6192,6044,6645,4781,4013,
+5745,4282,4435,5534,4390,4267,6045,5746,4984,6046,2743,6193,3501,4087,5485,5932,
+5428,4184,4095,5747,4061,5054,3058,3862,5933,5600,6646,5144,3618,6395,3131,5055,
+5313,6396,4650,4956,3855,6194,3896,5202,4985,4029,4225,6195,6647,5828,5486,5829,
+3589,3002,6648,6397,4782,5276,6649,6196,6650,4105,3803,4043,5237,5830,6398,4096,
+3643,6399,3528,6651,4453,3315,4637,6652,3984,6197,5535,3182,3339,6653,3096,2660,
+6400,6654,3449,5934,4250,4236,6047,6401,5831,6655,5487,3753,4062,5832,6198,6199,
+6656,3766,6657,3403,4667,6048,6658,4338,2897,5833,3880,2797,3780,4326,6659,5748,
+5015,6660,5387,4351,5601,4411,6661,3654,4424,5935,4339,4072,5277,4568,5536,6402,
+6662,5238,6663,5349,5203,6200,5204,6201,5145,4536,5016,5056,4762,5834,4399,4957,
+6202,6403,5666,5749,6664,4340,6665,5936,5177,5667,6666,6667,3459,4668,6404,6668,
+6669,4543,6203,6670,4276,6405,4480,5537,6671,4614,5205,5668,6672,3348,2193,4763,
+6406,6204,5937,5602,4177,5669,3419,6673,4020,6205,4443,4569,5388,3715,3639,6407,
+6049,4058,6206,6674,5938,4544,6050,4185,4294,4841,4651,4615,5488,6207,6408,6051,
+5178,3241,3509,5835,6208,4958,5836,4341,5489,5278,6209,2823,5538,5350,5206,5429,
+6675,4638,4875,4073,3516,4684,4914,4860,5939,5603,5389,6052,5057,3237,5490,3791,
+6676,6409,6677,4821,4915,4106,5351,5058,4243,5539,4244,5604,4842,4916,5239,3028,
+3716,5837,5114,5605,5390,5940,5430,6210,4332,6678,5540,4732,3667,3840,6053,4305,
+3408,5670,5541,6410,2744,5240,5750,6679,3234,5606,6680,5607,5671,3608,4283,4159,
+4400,5352,4783,6681,6411,6682,4491,4802,6211,6412,5941,6413,6414,5542,5751,6683,
+4669,3734,5942,6684,6415,5943,5059,3328,4670,4144,4268,6685,6686,6687,6688,4372,
+3603,6689,5944,5491,4373,3440,6416,5543,4784,4822,5608,3792,4616,5838,5672,3514,
+5391,6417,4892,6690,4639,6691,6054,5673,5839,6055,6692,6056,5392,6212,4038,5544,
+5674,4497,6057,6693,5840,4284,5675,4021,4545,5609,6418,4454,6419,6213,4113,4472,
+5314,3738,5087,5279,4074,5610,4959,4063,3179,4750,6058,6420,6214,3476,4498,4716,
+5431,4960,4685,6215,5241,6694,6421,6216,6695,5841,5945,6422,3748,5946,5179,3905,
+5752,5545,5947,4374,6217,4455,6423,4412,6218,4803,5353,6696,3832,5280,6219,4327,
+4702,6220,6221,6059,4652,5432,6424,3749,4751,6425,5753,4986,5393,4917,5948,5030,
+5754,4861,4733,6426,4703,6697,6222,4671,5949,4546,4961,5180,6223,5031,3316,5281,
+6698,4862,4295,4934,5207,3644,6427,5842,5950,6428,6429,4570,5843,5282,6430,6224,
+5088,3239,6060,6699,5844,5755,6061,6431,2701,5546,6432,5115,5676,4039,3993,3327,
+4752,4425,5315,6433,3941,6434,5677,4617,4604,3074,4581,6225,5433,6435,6226,6062,
+4823,5756,5116,6227,3717,5678,4717,5845,6436,5679,5846,6063,5847,6064,3977,3354,
+6437,3863,5117,6228,5547,5394,4499,4524,6229,4605,6230,4306,4500,6700,5951,6065,
+3693,5952,5089,4366,4918,6701,6231,5548,6232,6702,6438,4704,5434,6703,6704,5953,
+4168,6705,5680,3420,6706,5242,4407,6066,3812,5757,5090,5954,4672,4525,3481,5681,
+4618,5395,5354,5316,5955,6439,4962,6707,4526,6440,3465,4673,6067,6441,5682,6708,
+5435,5492,5758,5683,4619,4571,4674,4804,4893,4686,5493,4753,6233,6068,4269,6442,
+6234,5032,4705,5146,5243,5208,5848,6235,6443,4963,5033,4640,4226,6236,5849,3387,
+6444,6445,4436,4437,5850,4843,5494,4785,4894,6709,4361,6710,5091,5956,3331,6237,
+4987,5549,6069,6711,4342,3517,4473,5317,6070,6712,6071,4706,6446,5017,5355,6713,
+6714,4988,5436,6447,4734,5759,6715,4735,4547,4456,4754,6448,5851,6449,6450,3547,
+5852,5318,6451,6452,5092,4205,6716,6238,4620,4219,5611,6239,6072,4481,5760,5957,
+5958,4059,6240,6453,4227,4537,6241,5761,4030,4186,5244,5209,3761,4457,4876,3337,
+5495,5181,6242,5959,5319,5612,5684,5853,3493,5854,6073,4169,5613,5147,4895,6074,
+5210,6717,5182,6718,3830,6243,2798,3841,6075,6244,5855,5614,3604,4606,5496,5685,
+5118,5356,6719,6454,5960,5357,5961,6720,4145,3935,4621,5119,5962,4261,6721,6455,
+4786,5963,4375,4582,6245,6246,6247,6076,5437,4877,5856,3376,4380,6248,4160,6722,
+5148,6456,5211,6457,6723,4718,6458,6724,6249,5358,4044,3297,6459,6250,5857,5615,
+5497,5245,6460,5498,6725,6251,6252,5550,3793,5499,2959,5396,6461,6462,4572,5093,
+5500,5964,3806,4146,6463,4426,5762,5858,6077,6253,4755,3967,4220,5965,6254,4989,
+5501,6464,4352,6726,6078,4764,2290,5246,3906,5438,5283,3767,4964,2861,5763,5094,
+6255,6256,4622,5616,5859,5860,4707,6727,4285,4708,4824,5617,6257,5551,4787,5212,
+4965,4935,4687,6465,6728,6466,5686,6079,3494,4413,2995,5247,5966,5618,6729,5967,
+5764,5765,5687,5502,6730,6731,6080,5397,6467,4990,6258,6732,4538,5060,5619,6733,
+4719,5688,5439,5018,5149,5284,5503,6734,6081,4607,6259,5120,3645,5861,4583,6260,
+4584,4675,5620,4098,5440,6261,4863,2379,3306,4585,5552,5689,4586,5285,6735,4864,
+6736,5286,6082,6737,4623,3010,4788,4381,4558,5621,4587,4896,3698,3161,5248,4353,
+4045,6262,3754,5183,4588,6738,6263,6739,6740,5622,3936,6741,6468,6742,6264,5095,
+6469,4991,5968,6743,4992,6744,6083,4897,6745,4256,5766,4307,3108,3968,4444,5287,
+3889,4343,6084,4510,6085,4559,6086,4898,5969,6746,5623,5061,4919,5249,5250,5504,
+5441,6265,5320,4878,3242,5862,5251,3428,6087,6747,4237,5624,5442,6266,5553,4539,
+6748,2585,3533,5398,4262,6088,5150,4736,4438,6089,6267,5505,4966,6749,6268,6750,
+6269,5288,5554,3650,6090,6091,4624,6092,5690,6751,5863,4270,5691,4277,5555,5864,
+6752,5692,4720,4865,6470,5151,4688,4825,6753,3094,6754,6471,3235,4653,6755,5213,
+5399,6756,3201,4589,5865,4967,6472,5866,6473,5019,3016,6757,5321,4756,3957,4573,
+6093,4993,5767,4721,6474,6758,5625,6759,4458,6475,6270,6760,5556,4994,5214,5252,
+6271,3875,5768,6094,5034,5506,4376,5769,6761,2120,6476,5253,5770,6762,5771,5970,
+3990,5971,5557,5558,5772,6477,6095,2787,4641,5972,5121,6096,6097,6272,6763,3703,
+5867,5507,6273,4206,6274,4789,6098,6764,3619,3646,3833,3804,2394,3788,4936,3978,
+4866,4899,6099,6100,5559,6478,6765,3599,5868,6101,5869,5870,6275,6766,4527,6767)
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0325a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/gb2312prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+# 
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+# 
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import GB2312DistributionAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import GB2312SMModel
+
+class GB2312Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(GB2312SMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = GB2312DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "GB2312"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba225c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/hebrewprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Shy Shalom
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .constants import eNotMe, eDetecting
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+# This prober doesn't actually recognize a language or a charset.
+# It is a helper prober for the use of the Hebrew model probers
+
+### General ideas of the Hebrew charset recognition ###
+#
+# Four main charsets exist in Hebrew:
+# "ISO-8859-8" - Visual Hebrew
+# "windows-1255" - Logical Hebrew
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" - Logical Hebrew
+# "x-mac-hebrew" - ?? Logical Hebrew ??
+#
+# Both "ISO" charsets use a completely identical set of code points, whereas
+# "windows-1255" and "x-mac-hebrew" are two different proper supersets of
+# these code points. windows-1255 defines additional characters in the range
+# 0x80-0x9F as some misc punctuation marks as well as some Hebrew-specific
+# diacritics and additional 'Yiddish' ligature letters in the range 0xc0-0xd6.
+# x-mac-hebrew defines similar additional code points but with a different
+# mapping.
+#
+# As far as an average Hebrew text with no diacritics is concerned, all four
+# charsets are identical with respect to code points. Meaning that for the
+# main Hebrew alphabet, all four map the same values to all 27 Hebrew letters
+# (including final letters).
+#
+# The dominant difference between these charsets is their directionality.
+# "Visual" directionality means that the text is ordered as if the renderer is
+# not aware of a BIDI rendering algorithm. The renderer sees the text and
+# draws it from left to right. The text itself when ordered naturally is read
+# backwards. A buffer of Visual Hebrew generally looks like so:
+# "[last word of first line spelled backwards] [whole line ordered backwards
+# and spelled backwards] [first word of first line spelled backwards]
+# [end of line] [last word of second line] ... etc' "
+# adding punctuation marks, numbers and English text to visual text is
+# naturally also "visual" and from left to right.
+#
+# "Logical" directionality means the text is ordered "naturally" according to
+# the order it is read. It is the responsibility of the renderer to display
+# the text from right to left. A BIDI algorithm is used to place general
+# punctuation marks, numbers and English text in the text.
+#
+# Texts in x-mac-hebrew are almost impossible to find on the Internet. From
+# what little evidence I could find, it seems that its general directionality
+# is Logical.
+#
+# To sum up all of the above, the Hebrew probing mechanism knows about two
+# charsets:
+# Visual Hebrew - "ISO-8859-8" - backwards text - Words and sentences are
+#    backwards while line order is natural. For charset recognition purposes
+#    the line order is unimportant (In fact, for this implementation, even
+#    word order is unimportant).
+# Logical Hebrew - "windows-1255" - normal, naturally ordered text.
+#
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" is a subset of windows-1255 and doesn't need to be
+#    specifically identified.
+# "x-mac-hebrew" is also identified as windows-1255. A text in x-mac-hebrew
+#    that contain special punctuation marks or diacritics is displayed with
+#    some unconverted characters showing as question marks. This problem might
+#    be corrected using another model prober for x-mac-hebrew. Due to the fact
+#    that x-mac-hebrew texts are so rare, writing another model prober isn't
+#    worth the effort and performance hit.
+#
+#### The Prober ####
+#
+# The prober is divided between two SBCharSetProbers and a HebrewProber,
+# all of which are managed, created, fed data, inquired and deleted by the
+# SBCSGroupProber. The two SBCharSetProbers identify that the text is in
+# fact some kind of Hebrew, Logical or Visual. The final decision about which
+# one is it is made by the HebrewProber by combining final-letter scores
+# with the scores of the two SBCharSetProbers to produce a final answer.
+#
+# The SBCSGroupProber is responsible for stripping the original text of HTML
+# tags, English characters, numbers, low-ASCII punctuation characters, spaces
+# and new lines. It reduces any sequence of such characters to a single space.
+# The buffer fed to each prober in the SBCS group prober is pure text in
+# high-ASCII.
+# The two SBCharSetProbers (model probers) share the same language model:
+# Win1255Model.
+# The first SBCharSetProber uses the model normally as any other
+# SBCharSetProber does, to recognize windows-1255, upon which this model was
+# built. The second SBCharSetProber is told to make the pair-of-letter
+# lookup in the language model backwards. This in practice exactly simulates
+# a visual Hebrew model using the windows-1255 logical Hebrew model.
+#
+# The HebrewProber is not using any language model. All it does is look for
+# final-letter evidence suggesting the text is either logical Hebrew or visual
+# Hebrew. Disjointed from the model probers, the results of the HebrewProber
+# alone are meaningless. HebrewProber always returns 0.00 as confidence
+# since it never identifies a charset by itself. Instead, the pointer to the
+# HebrewProber is passed to the model probers as a helper "Name Prober".
+# When the Group prober receives a positive identification from any prober,
+# it asks for the name of the charset identified. If the prober queried is a
+# Hebrew model prober, the model prober forwards the call to the
+# HebrewProber to make the final decision. In the HebrewProber, the
+# decision is made according to the final-letters scores maintained and Both
+# model probers scores. The answer is returned in the form of the name of the
+# charset identified, either "windows-1255" or "ISO-8859-8".
+
+# windows-1255 / ISO-8859-8 code points of interest
+FINAL_KAF = 0xea
+NORMAL_KAF = 0xeb
+FINAL_MEM = 0xed
+NORMAL_MEM = 0xee
+FINAL_NUN = 0xef
+NORMAL_NUN = 0xf0
+FINAL_PE = 0xf3
+NORMAL_PE = 0xf4
+FINAL_TSADI = 0xf5
+NORMAL_TSADI = 0xf6
+
+# Minimum Visual vs Logical final letter score difference.
+# If the difference is below this, don't rely solely on the final letter score
+# distance.
+MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE = 5
+
+# Minimum Visual vs Logical model score difference.
+# If the difference is below this, don't rely at all on the model score
+# distance.
+MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE = 0.01
+
+VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME = "ISO-8859-8"
+LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME = "windows-1255"
+
+
+class HebrewProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mLogicalProber = None
+        self._mVisualProber = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mFinalCharLogicalScore = 0
+        self._mFinalCharVisualScore = 0
+        # The two last characters seen in the previous buffer,
+        # mPrev and mBeforePrev are initialized to space in order to simulate
+        # a word delimiter at the beginning of the data
+        self._mPrev = ' '
+        self._mBeforePrev = ' '
+        # These probers are owned by the group prober.
+
+    def set_model_probers(self, logicalProber, visualProber):
+        self._mLogicalProber = logicalProber
+        self._mVisualProber = visualProber
+
+    def is_final(self, c):
+        return wrap_ord(c) in [FINAL_KAF, FINAL_MEM, FINAL_NUN, FINAL_PE,
+                               FINAL_TSADI]
+
+    def is_non_final(self, c):
+        # The normal Tsadi is not a good Non-Final letter due to words like
+        # 'lechotet' (to chat) containing an apostrophe after the tsadi. This
+        # apostrophe is converted to a space in FilterWithoutEnglishLetters
+        # causing the Non-Final tsadi to appear at an end of a word even
+        # though this is not the case in the original text.
+        # The letters Pe and Kaf rarely display a related behavior of not being
+        # a good Non-Final letter. Words like 'Pop', 'Winamp' and 'Mubarak'
+        # for example legally end with a Non-Final Pe or Kaf. However, the
+        # benefit of these letters as Non-Final letters outweighs the damage
+        # since these words are quite rare.
+        return wrap_ord(c) in [NORMAL_KAF, NORMAL_MEM, NORMAL_NUN, NORMAL_PE]
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        # Final letter analysis for logical-visual decision.
+        # Look for evidence that the received buffer is either logical Hebrew
+        # or visual Hebrew.
+        # The following cases are checked:
+        # 1) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a final letter. This is
+        #    an indication that the text is laid out "naturally" since the
+        #    final letter really appears at the end. +1 for logical score.
+        # 2) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a Non-Final letter. In
+        #    normal Hebrew, words ending with Kaf, Mem, Nun, Pe or Tsadi,
+        #    should not end with the Non-Final form of that letter. Exceptions
+        #    to this rule are mentioned above in isNonFinal(). This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score
+        # 3) A word longer than 1 letter, starting with a final letter. Final
+        #    letters should not appear at the beginning of a word. This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score.
+        #
+        # The visual score and logical score are accumulated throughout the
+        # text and are finally checked against each other in GetCharSetName().
+        # No checking for final letters in the middle of words is done since
+        # that case is not an indication for either Logical or Visual text.
+        #
+        # We automatically filter out all 7-bit characters (replace them with
+        # spaces) so the word boundary detection works properly. [MAP]
+
+        if self.get_state() == eNotMe:
+            # Both model probers say it's not them. No reason to continue.
+            return eNotMe
+
+        aBuf = self.filter_high_bit_only(aBuf)
+
+        for cur in aBuf:
+            if cur == ' ':
+                # We stand on a space - a word just ended
+                if self._mBeforePrev != ' ':
+                    # next-to-last char was not a space so self._mPrev is not a
+                    # 1 letter word
+                    if self.is_final(self._mPrev):
+                        # case (1) [-2:not space][-1:final letter][cur:space]
+                        self._mFinalCharLogicalScore += 1
+                    elif self.is_non_final(self._mPrev):
+                        # case (2) [-2:not space][-1:Non-Final letter][
+                        #  cur:space]
+                        self._mFinalCharVisualScore += 1
+            else:
+                # Not standing on a space
+                if ((self._mBeforePrev == ' ') and
+                        (self.is_final(self._mPrev)) and (cur != ' ')):
+                    # case (3) [-2:space][-1:final letter][cur:not space]
+                    self._mFinalCharVisualScore += 1
+            self._mBeforePrev = self._mPrev
+            self._mPrev = cur
+
+        # Forever detecting, till the end or until both model probers return
+        # eNotMe (handled above)
+        return eDetecting
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        # Make the decision: is it Logical or Visual?
+        # If the final letter score distance is dominant enough, rely on it.
+        finalsub = self._mFinalCharLogicalScore - self._mFinalCharVisualScore
+        if finalsub >= MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if finalsub <= -MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # It's not dominant enough, try to rely on the model scores instead.
+        modelsub = (self._mLogicalProber.get_confidence()
+                    - self._mVisualProber.get_confidence())
+        if modelsub > MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if modelsub < -MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # Still no good, back to final letter distance, maybe it'll save the
+        # day.
+        if finalsub < 0.0:
+            return VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # (finalsub > 0 - Logical) or (don't know what to do) default to
+        # Logical.
+        return LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+    def get_state(self):
+        # Remain active as long as any of the model probers are active.
+        if (self._mLogicalProber.get_state() == eNotMe) and \
+           (self._mVisualProber.get_state() == eNotMe):
+            return eNotMe
+        return eDetecting
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..064345b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jisfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+#
+# Japanese frequency table, applied to both S-JIS and EUC-JP
+# They are sorted in order.
+
+# 128  --> 0.77094
+# 256  --> 0.85710
+# 512  --> 0.92635
+# 1024 --> 0.97130
+# 2048 --> 0.99431
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.92635 / (1-0.92635) = 12.58
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2965+62+83+86-512) = 0.191
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio, 25% of IDR
+
+JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 3.0
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+JIS_TABLE_SIZE = 4368
+
+JISCharToFreqOrder = (
+  40,   1,   6, 182, 152, 180, 295,2127, 285, 381,3295,4304,3068,4606,3165,3510, #   16
+3511,1822,2785,4607,1193,2226,5070,4608, 171,2996,1247,  18, 179,5071, 856,1661, #   32
+1262,5072, 619, 127,3431,3512,3230,1899,1700, 232, 228,1294,1298, 284, 283,2041, #   48
+2042,1061,1062,  48,  49,  44,  45, 433, 434,1040,1041, 996, 787,2997,1255,4305, #   64
+2108,4609,1684,1648,5073,5074,5075,5076,5077,5078,3687,5079,4610,5080,3927,3928, #   80
+5081,3296,3432, 290,2285,1471,2187,5082,2580,2825,1303,2140,1739,1445,2691,3375, #   96
+1691,3297,4306,4307,4611, 452,3376,1182,2713,3688,3069,4308,5083,5084,5085,5086, #  112
+5087,5088,5089,5090,5091,5092,5093,5094,5095,5096,5097,5098,5099,5100,5101,5102, #  128
+5103,5104,5105,5106,5107,5108,5109,5110,5111,5112,4097,5113,5114,5115,5116,5117, #  144
+5118,5119,5120,5121,5122,5123,5124,5125,5126,5127,5128,5129,5130,5131,5132,5133, #  160
+5134,5135,5136,5137,5138,5139,5140,5141,5142,5143,5144,5145,5146,5147,5148,5149, #  176
+5150,5151,5152,4612,5153,5154,5155,5156,5157,5158,5159,5160,5161,5162,5163,5164, #  192
+5165,5166,5167,5168,5169,5170,5171,5172,5173,5174,5175,1472, 598, 618, 820,1205, #  208
+1309,1412,1858,1307,1692,5176,5177,5178,5179,5180,5181,5182,1142,1452,1234,1172, #  224
+1875,2043,2149,1793,1382,2973, 925,2404,1067,1241, 960,1377,2935,1491, 919,1217, #  240
+1865,2030,1406,1499,2749,4098,5183,5184,5185,5186,5187,5188,2561,4099,3117,1804, #  256
+2049,3689,4309,3513,1663,5189,3166,3118,3298,1587,1561,3433,5190,3119,1625,2998, #  272
+3299,4613,1766,3690,2786,4614,5191,5192,5193,5194,2161,  26,3377,   2,3929,  20, #  288
+3691,  47,4100,  50,  17,  16,  35, 268,  27, 243,  42, 155,  24, 154,  29, 184, #  304
+   4,  91,  14,  92,  53, 396,  33, 289,   9,  37,  64, 620,  21,  39, 321,   5, #  320
+  12,  11,  52,  13,   3, 208, 138,   0,   7,  60, 526, 141, 151,1069, 181, 275, #  336
+1591,  83, 132,1475, 126, 331, 829,  15,  69, 160,  59,  22, 157,  55,1079, 312, #  352
+ 109,  38,  23,  25,  10,  19,  79,5195,  61, 382,1124,   8,  30,5196,5197,5198, #  368
+5199,5200,5201,5202,5203,5204,5205,5206,  89,  62,  74,  34,2416, 112, 139, 196, #  384
+ 271, 149,  84, 607, 131, 765,  46,  88, 153, 683,  76, 874, 101, 258,  57,  80, #  400
+  32, 364, 121,1508, 169,1547,  68, 235, 145,2999,  41, 360,3027,  70,  63,  31, #  416
+  43, 259, 262,1383,  99, 533, 194,  66,  93, 846, 217, 192,  56, 106,  58, 565, #  432
+ 280, 272, 311, 256, 146,  82, 308,  71, 100, 128, 214, 655, 110, 261, 104,1140, #  448
+  54,  51,  36,  87,  67,3070, 185,2618,2936,2020,  28,1066,2390,2059,5207,5208, #  464
+5209,5210,5211,5212,5213,5214,5215,5216,4615,5217,5218,5219,5220,5221,5222,5223, #  480
+5224,5225,5226,5227,5228,5229,5230,5231,5232,5233,5234,5235,5236,3514,5237,5238, #  496
+5239,5240,5241,5242,5243,5244,2297,2031,4616,4310,3692,5245,3071,5246,3598,5247, #  512
+4617,3231,3515,5248,4101,4311,4618,3808,4312,4102,5249,4103,4104,3599,5250,5251, #  528
+5252,5253,5254,5255,5256,5257,5258,5259,5260,5261,5262,5263,5264,5265,5266,5267, #  544
+5268,5269,5270,5271,5272,5273,5274,5275,5276,5277,5278,5279,5280,5281,5282,5283, #  560
+5284,5285,5286,5287,5288,5289,5290,5291,5292,5293,5294,5295,5296,5297,5298,5299, #  576
+5300,5301,5302,5303,5304,5305,5306,5307,5308,5309,5310,5311,5312,5313,5314,5315, #  592
+5316,5317,5318,5319,5320,5321,5322,5323,5324,5325,5326,5327,5328,5329,5330,5331, #  608
+5332,5333,5334,5335,5336,5337,5338,5339,5340,5341,5342,5343,5344,5345,5346,5347, #  624
+5348,5349,5350,5351,5352,5353,5354,5355,5356,5357,5358,5359,5360,5361,5362,5363, #  640
+5364,5365,5366,5367,5368,5369,5370,5371,5372,5373,5374,5375,5376,5377,5378,5379, #  656
+5380,5381, 363, 642,2787,2878,2788,2789,2316,3232,2317,3434,2011, 165,1942,3930, #  672
+3931,3932,3933,5382,4619,5383,4620,5384,5385,5386,5387,5388,5389,5390,5391,5392, #  688
+5393,5394,5395,5396,5397,5398,5399,5400,5401,5402,5403,5404,5405,5406,5407,5408, #  704
+5409,5410,5411,5412,5413,5414,5415,5416,5417,5418,5419,5420,5421,5422,5423,5424, #  720
+5425,5426,5427,5428,5429,5430,5431,5432,5433,5434,5435,5436,5437,5438,5439,5440, #  736
+5441,5442,5443,5444,5445,5446,5447,5448,5449,5450,5451,5452,5453,5454,5455,5456, #  752
+5457,5458,5459,5460,5461,5462,5463,5464,5465,5466,5467,5468,5469,5470,5471,5472, #  768
+5473,5474,5475,5476,5477,5478,5479,5480,5481,5482,5483,5484,5485,5486,5487,5488, #  784
+5489,5490,5491,5492,5493,5494,5495,5496,5497,5498,5499,5500,5501,5502,5503,5504, #  800
+5505,5506,5507,5508,5509,5510,5511,5512,5513,5514,5515,5516,5517,5518,5519,5520, #  816
+5521,5522,5523,5524,5525,5526,5527,5528,5529,5530,5531,5532,5533,5534,5535,5536, #  832
+5537,5538,5539,5540,5541,5542,5543,5544,5545,5546,5547,5548,5549,5550,5551,5552, #  848
+5553,5554,5555,5556,5557,5558,5559,5560,5561,5562,5563,5564,5565,5566,5567,5568, #  864
+5569,5570,5571,5572,5573,5574,5575,5576,5577,5578,5579,5580,5581,5582,5583,5584, #  880
+5585,5586,5587,5588,5589,5590,5591,5592,5593,5594,5595,5596,5597,5598,5599,5600, #  896
+5601,5602,5603,5604,5605,5606,5607,5608,5609,5610,5611,5612,5613,5614,5615,5616, #  912
+5617,5618,5619,5620,5621,5622,5623,5624,5625,5626,5627,5628,5629,5630,5631,5632, #  928
+5633,5634,5635,5636,5637,5638,5639,5640,5641,5642,5643,5644,5645,5646,5647,5648, #  944
+5649,5650,5651,5652,5653,5654,5655,5656,5657,5658,5659,5660,5661,5662,5663,5664, #  960
+5665,5666,5667,5668,5669,5670,5671,5672,5673,5674,5675,5676,5677,5678,5679,5680, #  976
+5681,5682,5683,5684,5685,5686,5687,5688,5689,5690,5691,5692,5693,5694,5695,5696, #  992
+5697,5698,5699,5700,5701,5702,5703,5704,5705,5706,5707,5708,5709,5710,5711,5712, # 1008
+5713,5714,5715,5716,5717,5718,5719,5720,5721,5722,5723,5724,5725,5726,5727,5728, # 1024
+5729,5730,5731,5732,5733,5734,5735,5736,5737,5738,5739,5740,5741,5742,5743,5744, # 1040
+5745,5746,5747,5748,5749,5750,5751,5752,5753,5754,5755,5756,5757,5758,5759,5760, # 1056
+5761,5762,5763,5764,5765,5766,5767,5768,5769,5770,5771,5772,5773,5774,5775,5776, # 1072
+5777,5778,5779,5780,5781,5782,5783,5784,5785,5786,5787,5788,5789,5790,5791,5792, # 1088
+5793,5794,5795,5796,5797,5798,5799,5800,5801,5802,5803,5804,5805,5806,5807,5808, # 1104
+5809,5810,5811,5812,5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824, # 1120
+5825,5826,5827,5828,5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840, # 1136
+5841,5842,5843,5844,5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856, # 1152
+5857,5858,5859,5860,5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872, # 1168
+5873,5874,5875,5876,5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888, # 1184
+5889,5890,5891,5892,5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904, # 1200
+5905,5906,5907,5908,5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920, # 1216
+5921,5922,5923,5924,5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936, # 1232
+5937,5938,5939,5940,5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952, # 1248
+5953,5954,5955,5956,5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968, # 1264
+5969,5970,5971,5972,5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984, # 1280
+5985,5986,5987,5988,5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000, # 1296
+6001,6002,6003,6004,6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016, # 1312
+6017,6018,6019,6020,6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032, # 1328
+6033,6034,6035,6036,6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048, # 1344
+6049,6050,6051,6052,6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064, # 1360
+6065,6066,6067,6068,6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080, # 1376
+6081,6082,6083,6084,6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096, # 1392
+6097,6098,6099,6100,6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112, # 1408
+6113,6114,2044,2060,4621, 997,1235, 473,1186,4622, 920,3378,6115,6116, 379,1108, # 1424
+4313,2657,2735,3934,6117,3809, 636,3233, 573,1026,3693,3435,2974,3300,2298,4105, # 1440
+ 854,2937,2463, 393,2581,2417, 539, 752,1280,2750,2480, 140,1161, 440, 708,1569, # 1456
+ 665,2497,1746,1291,1523,3000, 164,1603, 847,1331, 537,1997, 486, 508,1693,2418, # 1472
+1970,2227, 878,1220, 299,1030, 969, 652,2751, 624,1137,3301,2619,  65,3302,2045, # 1488
+1761,1859,3120,1930,3694,3516, 663,1767, 852, 835,3695, 269, 767,2826,2339,1305, # 1504
+ 896,1150, 770,1616,6118, 506,1502,2075,1012,2519, 775,2520,2975,2340,2938,4314, # 1520
+3028,2086,1224,1943,2286,6119,3072,4315,2240,1273,1987,3935,1557, 175, 597, 985, # 1536
+3517,2419,2521,1416,3029, 585, 938,1931,1007,1052,1932,1685,6120,3379,4316,4623, # 1552
+ 804, 599,3121,1333,2128,2539,1159,1554,2032,3810, 687,2033,2904, 952, 675,1467, # 1568
+3436,6121,2241,1096,1786,2440,1543,1924, 980,1813,2228, 781,2692,1879, 728,1918, # 1584
+3696,4624, 548,1950,4625,1809,1088,1356,3303,2522,1944, 502, 972, 373, 513,2827, # 1600
+ 586,2377,2391,1003,1976,1631,6122,2464,1084, 648,1776,4626,2141, 324, 962,2012, # 1616
+2177,2076,1384, 742,2178,1448,1173,1810, 222, 102, 301, 445, 125,2420, 662,2498, # 1632
+ 277, 200,1476,1165,1068, 224,2562,1378,1446, 450,1880, 659, 791, 582,4627,2939, # 1648
+3936,1516,1274, 555,2099,3697,1020,1389,1526,3380,1762,1723,1787,2229, 412,2114, # 1664
+1900,2392,3518, 512,2597, 427,1925,2341,3122,1653,1686,2465,2499, 697, 330, 273, # 1680
+ 380,2162, 951, 832, 780, 991,1301,3073, 965,2270,3519, 668,2523,2636,1286, 535, # 1696
+1407, 518, 671, 957,2658,2378, 267, 611,2197,3030,6123, 248,2299, 967,1799,2356, # 1712
+ 850,1418,3437,1876,1256,1480,2828,1718,6124,6125,1755,1664,2405,6126,4628,2879, # 1728
+2829, 499,2179, 676,4629, 557,2329,2214,2090, 325,3234, 464, 811,3001, 992,2342, # 1744
+2481,1232,1469, 303,2242, 466,1070,2163, 603,1777,2091,4630,2752,4631,2714, 322, # 1760
+2659,1964,1768, 481,2188,1463,2330,2857,3600,2092,3031,2421,4632,2318,2070,1849, # 1776
+2598,4633,1302,2254,1668,1701,2422,3811,2905,3032,3123,2046,4106,1763,1694,4634, # 1792
+1604, 943,1724,1454, 917, 868,2215,1169,2940, 552,1145,1800,1228,1823,1955, 316, # 1808
+1080,2510, 361,1807,2830,4107,2660,3381,1346,1423,1134,4108,6127, 541,1263,1229, # 1824
+1148,2540, 545, 465,1833,2880,3438,1901,3074,2482, 816,3937, 713,1788,2500, 122, # 1840
+1575, 195,1451,2501,1111,6128, 859, 374,1225,2243,2483,4317, 390,1033,3439,3075, # 1856
+2524,1687, 266, 793,1440,2599, 946, 779, 802, 507, 897,1081, 528,2189,1292, 711, # 1872
+1866,1725,1167,1640, 753, 398,2661,1053, 246, 348,4318, 137,1024,3440,1600,2077, # 1888
+2129, 825,4319, 698, 238, 521, 187,2300,1157,2423,1641,1605,1464,1610,1097,2541, # 1904
+1260,1436, 759,2255,1814,2150, 705,3235, 409,2563,3304, 561,3033,2005,2564, 726, # 1920
+1956,2343,3698,4109, 949,3812,3813,3520,1669, 653,1379,2525, 881,2198, 632,2256, # 1936
+1027, 778,1074, 733,1957, 514,1481,2466, 554,2180, 702,3938,1606,1017,1398,6129, # 1952
+1380,3521, 921, 993,1313, 594, 449,1489,1617,1166, 768,1426,1360, 495,1794,3601, # 1968
+1177,3602,1170,4320,2344, 476, 425,3167,4635,3168,1424, 401,2662,1171,3382,1998, # 1984
+1089,4110, 477,3169, 474,6130,1909, 596,2831,1842, 494, 693,1051,1028,1207,3076, # 2000
+ 606,2115, 727,2790,1473,1115, 743,3522, 630, 805,1532,4321,2021, 366,1057, 838, # 2016
+ 684,1114,2142,4322,2050,1492,1892,1808,2271,3814,2424,1971,1447,1373,3305,1090, # 2032
+1536,3939,3523,3306,1455,2199, 336, 369,2331,1035, 584,2393, 902, 718,2600,6131, # 2048
+2753, 463,2151,1149,1611,2467, 715,1308,3124,1268, 343,1413,3236,1517,1347,2663, # 2064
+2093,3940,2022,1131,1553,2100,2941,1427,3441,2942,1323,2484,6132,1980, 872,2368, # 2080
+2441,2943, 320,2369,2116,1082, 679,1933,3941,2791,3815, 625,1143,2023, 422,2200, # 2096
+3816,6133, 730,1695, 356,2257,1626,2301,2858,2637,1627,1778, 937, 883,2906,2693, # 2112
+3002,1769,1086, 400,1063,1325,3307,2792,4111,3077, 456,2345,1046, 747,6134,1524, # 2128
+ 884,1094,3383,1474,2164,1059, 974,1688,2181,2258,1047, 345,1665,1187, 358, 875, # 2144
+3170, 305, 660,3524,2190,1334,1135,3171,1540,1649,2542,1527, 927, 968,2793, 885, # 2160
+1972,1850, 482, 500,2638,1218,1109,1085,2543,1654,2034, 876,  78,2287,1482,1277, # 2176
+ 861,1675,1083,1779, 724,2754, 454, 397,1132,1612,2332, 893, 672,1237, 257,2259, # 2192
+2370, 135,3384, 337,2244, 547, 352, 340, 709,2485,1400, 788,1138,2511, 540, 772, # 2208
+1682,2260,2272,2544,2013,1843,1902,4636,1999,1562,2288,4637,2201,1403,1533, 407, # 2224
+ 576,3308,1254,2071, 978,3385, 170, 136,1201,3125,2664,3172,2394, 213, 912, 873, # 2240
+3603,1713,2202, 699,3604,3699, 813,3442, 493, 531,1054, 468,2907,1483, 304, 281, # 2256
+4112,1726,1252,2094, 339,2319,2130,2639, 756,1563,2944, 748, 571,2976,1588,2425, # 2272
+2715,1851,1460,2426,1528,1392,1973,3237, 288,3309, 685,3386, 296, 892,2716,2216, # 2288
+1570,2245, 722,1747,2217, 905,3238,1103,6135,1893,1441,1965, 251,1805,2371,3700, # 2304
+2601,1919,1078,  75,2182,1509,1592,1270,2640,4638,2152,6136,3310,3817, 524, 706, # 2320
+1075, 292,3818,1756,2602, 317,  98,3173,3605,3525,1844,2218,3819,2502, 814, 567, # 2336
+ 385,2908,1534,6137, 534,1642,3239, 797,6138,1670,1529, 953,4323, 188,1071, 538, # 2352
+ 178, 729,3240,2109,1226,1374,2000,2357,2977, 731,2468,1116,2014,2051,6139,1261, # 2368
+1593, 803,2859,2736,3443, 556, 682, 823,1541,6140,1369,2289,1706,2794, 845, 462, # 2384
+2603,2665,1361, 387, 162,2358,1740, 739,1770,1720,1304,1401,3241,1049, 627,1571, # 2400
+2427,3526,1877,3942,1852,1500, 431,1910,1503, 677, 297,2795, 286,1433,1038,1198, # 2416
+2290,1133,1596,4113,4639,2469,1510,1484,3943,6141,2442, 108, 712,4640,2372, 866, # 2432
+3701,2755,3242,1348, 834,1945,1408,3527,2395,3243,1811, 824, 994,1179,2110,1548, # 2448
+1453, 790,3003, 690,4324,4325,2832,2909,3820,1860,3821, 225,1748, 310, 346,1780, # 2464
+2470, 821,1993,2717,2796, 828, 877,3528,2860,2471,1702,2165,2910,2486,1789, 453, # 2480
+ 359,2291,1676,  73,1164,1461,1127,3311, 421, 604, 314,1037, 589, 116,2487, 737, # 2496
+ 837,1180, 111, 244, 735,6142,2261,1861,1362, 986, 523, 418, 581,2666,3822, 103, # 2512
+ 855, 503,1414,1867,2488,1091, 657,1597, 979, 605,1316,4641,1021,2443,2078,2001, # 2528
+1209,  96, 587,2166,1032, 260,1072,2153, 173,  94, 226,3244, 819,2006,4642,4114, # 2544
+2203, 231,1744, 782,  97,2667, 786,3387, 887, 391, 442,2219,4326,1425,6143,2694, # 2560
+ 633,1544,1202, 483,2015, 592,2052,1958,2472,1655, 419, 129,4327,3444,3312,1714, # 2576
+1257,3078,4328,1518,1098, 865,1310,1019,1885,1512,1734, 469,2444, 148, 773, 436, # 2592
+1815,1868,1128,1055,4329,1245,2756,3445,2154,1934,1039,4643, 579,1238, 932,2320, # 2608
+ 353, 205, 801, 115,2428, 944,2321,1881, 399,2565,1211, 678, 766,3944, 335,2101, # 2624
+1459,1781,1402,3945,2737,2131,1010, 844, 981,1326,1013, 550,1816,1545,2620,1335, # 2640
+1008, 371,2881, 936,1419,1613,3529,1456,1395,2273,1834,2604,1317,2738,2503, 416, # 2656
+1643,4330, 806,1126, 229, 591,3946,1314,1981,1576,1837,1666, 347,1790, 977,3313, # 2672
+ 764,2861,1853, 688,2429,1920,1462,  77, 595, 415,2002,3034, 798,1192,4115,6144, # 2688
+2978,4331,3035,2695,2582,2072,2566, 430,2430,1727, 842,1396,3947,3702, 613, 377, # 2704
+ 278, 236,1417,3388,3314,3174, 757,1869, 107,3530,6145,1194, 623,2262, 207,1253, # 2720
+2167,3446,3948, 492,1117,1935, 536,1838,2757,1246,4332, 696,2095,2406,1393,1572, # 2736
+3175,1782, 583, 190, 253,1390,2230, 830,3126,3389, 934,3245,1703,1749,2979,1870, # 2752
+2545,1656,2204, 869,2346,4116,3176,1817, 496,1764,4644, 942,1504, 404,1903,1122, # 2768
+1580,3606,2945,1022, 515, 372,1735, 955,2431,3036,6146,2797,1110,2302,2798, 617, # 2784
+6147, 441, 762,1771,3447,3607,3608,1904, 840,3037,  86, 939,1385, 572,1370,2445, # 2800
+1336, 114,3703, 898, 294, 203,3315, 703,1583,2274, 429, 961,4333,1854,1951,3390, # 2816
+2373,3704,4334,1318,1381, 966,1911,2322,1006,1155, 309, 989, 458,2718,1795,1372, # 2832
+1203, 252,1689,1363,3177, 517,1936, 168,1490, 562, 193,3823,1042,4117,1835, 551, # 2848
+ 470,4645, 395, 489,3448,1871,1465,2583,2641, 417,1493, 279,1295, 511,1236,1119, # 2864
+  72,1231,1982,1812,3004, 871,1564, 984,3449,1667,2696,2096,4646,2347,2833,1673, # 2880
+3609, 695,3246,2668, 807,1183,4647, 890, 388,2333,1801,1457,2911,1765,1477,1031, # 2896
+3316,3317,1278,3391,2799,2292,2526, 163,3450,4335,2669,1404,1802,6148,2323,2407, # 2912
+1584,1728,1494,1824,1269, 298, 909,3318,1034,1632, 375, 776,1683,2061, 291, 210, # 2928
+1123, 809,1249,1002,2642,3038, 206,1011,2132, 144, 975, 882,1565, 342, 667, 754, # 2944
+1442,2143,1299,2303,2062, 447, 626,2205,1221,2739,2912,1144,1214,2206,2584, 760, # 2960
+1715, 614, 950,1281,2670,2621, 810, 577,1287,2546,4648, 242,2168, 250,2643, 691, # 2976
+ 123,2644, 647, 313,1029, 689,1357,2946,1650, 216, 771,1339,1306, 808,2063, 549, # 2992
+ 913,1371,2913,2914,6149,1466,1092,1174,1196,1311,2605,2396,1783,1796,3079, 406, # 3008
+2671,2117,3949,4649, 487,1825,2220,6150,2915, 448,2348,1073,6151,2397,1707, 130, # 3024
+ 900,1598, 329, 176,1959,2527,1620,6152,2275,4336,3319,1983,2191,3705,3610,2155, # 3040
+3706,1912,1513,1614,6153,1988, 646, 392,2304,1589,3320,3039,1826,1239,1352,1340, # 3056
+2916, 505,2567,1709,1437,2408,2547, 906,6154,2672, 384,1458,1594,1100,1329, 710, # 3072
+ 423,3531,2064,2231,2622,1989,2673,1087,1882, 333, 841,3005,1296,2882,2379, 580, # 3088
+1937,1827,1293,2585, 601, 574, 249,1772,4118,2079,1120, 645, 901,1176,1690, 795, # 3104
+2207, 478,1434, 516,1190,1530, 761,2080, 930,1264, 355, 435,1552, 644,1791, 987, # 3120
+ 220,1364,1163,1121,1538, 306,2169,1327,1222, 546,2645, 218, 241, 610,1704,3321, # 3136
+1984,1839,1966,2528, 451,6155,2586,3707,2568, 907,3178, 254,2947, 186,1845,4650, # 3152
+ 745, 432,1757, 428,1633, 888,2246,2221,2489,3611,2118,1258,1265, 956,3127,1784, # 3168
+4337,2490, 319, 510, 119, 457,3612, 274,2035,2007,4651,1409,3128, 970,2758, 590, # 3184
+2800, 661,2247,4652,2008,3950,1420,1549,3080,3322,3951,1651,1375,2111, 485,2491, # 3200
+1429,1156,6156,2548,2183,1495, 831,1840,2529,2446, 501,1657, 307,1894,3247,1341, # 3216
+ 666, 899,2156,1539,2549,1559, 886, 349,2208,3081,2305,1736,3824,2170,2759,1014, # 3232
+1913,1386, 542,1397,2948, 490, 368, 716, 362, 159, 282,2569,1129,1658,1288,1750, # 3248
+2674, 276, 649,2016, 751,1496, 658,1818,1284,1862,2209,2087,2512,3451, 622,2834, # 3264
+ 376, 117,1060,2053,1208,1721,1101,1443, 247,1250,3179,1792,3952,2760,2398,3953, # 3280
+6157,2144,3708, 446,2432,1151,2570,3452,2447,2761,2835,1210,2448,3082, 424,2222, # 3296
+1251,2449,2119,2836, 504,1581,4338, 602, 817, 857,3825,2349,2306, 357,3826,1470, # 3312
+1883,2883, 255, 958, 929,2917,3248, 302,4653,1050,1271,1751,2307,1952,1430,2697, # 3328
+2719,2359, 354,3180, 777, 158,2036,4339,1659,4340,4654,2308,2949,2248,1146,2232, # 3344
+3532,2720,1696,2623,3827,6158,3129,1550,2698,1485,1297,1428, 637, 931,2721,2145, # 3360
+ 914,2550,2587,  81,2450, 612, 827,2646,1242,4655,1118,2884, 472,1855,3181,3533, # 3376
+3534, 569,1353,2699,1244,1758,2588,4119,2009,2762,2171,3709,1312,1531,6159,1152, # 3392
+1938, 134,1830, 471,3710,2276,1112,1535,3323,3453,3535, 982,1337,2950, 488, 826, # 3408
+ 674,1058,1628,4120,2017, 522,2399, 211, 568,1367,3454, 350, 293,1872,1139,3249, # 3424
+1399,1946,3006,1300,2360,3324, 588, 736,6160,2606, 744, 669,3536,3828,6161,1358, # 3440
+ 199, 723, 848, 933, 851,1939,1505,1514,1338,1618,1831,4656,1634,3613, 443,2740, # 3456
+3829, 717,1947, 491,1914,6162,2551,1542,4121,1025,6163,1099,1223, 198,3040,2722, # 3472
+ 370, 410,1905,2589, 998,1248,3182,2380, 519,1449,4122,1710, 947, 928,1153,4341, # 3488
+2277, 344,2624,1511, 615, 105, 161,1212,1076,1960,3130,2054,1926,1175,1906,2473, # 3504
+ 414,1873,2801,6164,2309, 315,1319,3325, 318,2018,2146,2157, 963, 631, 223,4342, # 3520
+4343,2675, 479,3711,1197,2625,3712,2676,2361,6165,4344,4123,6166,2451,3183,1886, # 3536
+2184,1674,1330,1711,1635,1506, 799, 219,3250,3083,3954,1677,3713,3326,2081,3614, # 3552
+1652,2073,4657,1147,3041,1752, 643,1961, 147,1974,3955,6167,1716,2037, 918,3007, # 3568
+1994, 120,1537, 118, 609,3184,4345, 740,3455,1219, 332,1615,3830,6168,1621,2980, # 3584
+1582, 783, 212, 553,2350,3714,1349,2433,2082,4124, 889,6169,2310,1275,1410, 973, # 3600
+ 166,1320,3456,1797,1215,3185,2885,1846,2590,2763,4658, 629, 822,3008, 763, 940, # 3616
+1990,2862, 439,2409,1566,1240,1622, 926,1282,1907,2764, 654,2210,1607, 327,1130, # 3632
+3956,1678,1623,6170,2434,2192, 686, 608,3831,3715, 903,3957,3042,6171,2741,1522, # 3648
+1915,1105,1555,2552,1359, 323,3251,4346,3457, 738,1354,2553,2311,2334,1828,2003, # 3664
+3832,1753,2351,1227,6172,1887,4125,1478,6173,2410,1874,1712,1847, 520,1204,2607, # 3680
+ 264,4659, 836,2677,2102, 600,4660,3833,2278,3084,6174,4347,3615,1342, 640, 532, # 3696
+ 543,2608,1888,2400,2591,1009,4348,1497, 341,1737,3616,2723,1394, 529,3252,1321, # 3712
+ 983,4661,1515,2120, 971,2592, 924, 287,1662,3186,4349,2700,4350,1519, 908,1948, # 3728
+2452, 156, 796,1629,1486,2223,2055, 694,4126,1259,1036,3392,1213,2249,2742,1889, # 3744
+1230,3958,1015, 910, 408, 559,3617,4662, 746, 725, 935,4663,3959,3009,1289, 563, # 3760
+ 867,4664,3960,1567,2981,2038,2626, 988,2263,2381,4351, 143,2374, 704,1895,6175, # 3776
+1188,3716,2088, 673,3085,2362,4352, 484,1608,1921,2765,2918, 215, 904,3618,3537, # 3792
+ 894, 509, 976,3043,2701,3961,4353,2837,2982, 498,6176,6177,1102,3538,1332,3393, # 3808
+1487,1636,1637, 233, 245,3962, 383, 650, 995,3044, 460,1520,1206,2352, 749,3327, # 3824
+ 530, 700, 389,1438,1560,1773,3963,2264, 719,2951,2724,3834, 870,1832,1644,1000, # 3840
+ 839,2474,3717, 197,1630,3394, 365,2886,3964,1285,2133, 734, 922, 818,1106, 732, # 3856
+ 480,2083,1774,3458, 923,2279,1350, 221,3086,  85,2233,2234,3835,1585,3010,2147, # 3872
+1387,1705,2382,1619,2475, 133, 239,2802,1991,1016,2084,2383, 411,2838,1113, 651, # 3888
+1985,1160,3328, 990,1863,3087,1048,1276,2647, 265,2627,1599,3253,2056, 150, 638, # 3904
+2019, 656, 853, 326,1479, 680,1439,4354,1001,1759, 413,3459,3395,2492,1431, 459, # 3920
+4355,1125,3329,2265,1953,1450,2065,2863, 849, 351,2678,3131,3254,3255,1104,1577, # 3936
+ 227,1351,1645,2453,2193,1421,2887, 812,2121, 634,  95,2435, 201,2312,4665,1646, # 3952
+1671,2743,1601,2554,2702,2648,2280,1315,1366,2089,3132,1573,3718,3965,1729,1189, # 3968
+ 328,2679,1077,1940,1136, 558,1283, 964,1195, 621,2074,1199,1743,3460,3619,1896, # 3984
+1916,1890,3836,2952,1154,2112,1064, 862, 378,3011,2066,2113,2803,1568,2839,6178, # 4000
+3088,2919,1941,1660,2004,1992,2194, 142, 707,1590,1708,1624,1922,1023,1836,1233, # 4016
+1004,2313, 789, 741,3620,6179,1609,2411,1200,4127,3719,3720,4666,2057,3721, 593, # 4032
+2840, 367,2920,1878,6180,3461,1521, 628,1168, 692,2211,2649, 300, 720,2067,2571, # 4048
+2953,3396, 959,2504,3966,3539,3462,1977, 701,6181, 954,1043, 800, 681, 183,3722, # 4064
+1803,1730,3540,4128,2103, 815,2314, 174, 467, 230,2454,1093,2134, 755,3541,3397, # 4080
+1141,1162,6182,1738,2039, 270,3256,2513,1005,1647,2185,3837, 858,1679,1897,1719, # 4096
+2954,2324,1806, 402, 670, 167,4129,1498,2158,2104, 750,6183, 915, 189,1680,1551, # 4112
+ 455,4356,1501,2455, 405,1095,2955, 338,1586,1266,1819, 570, 641,1324, 237,1556, # 4128
+2650,1388,3723,6184,1368,2384,1343,1978,3089,2436, 879,3724, 792,1191, 758,3012, # 4144
+1411,2135,1322,4357, 240,4667,1848,3725,1574,6185, 420,3045,1546,1391, 714,4358, # 4160
+1967, 941,1864, 863, 664, 426, 560,1731,2680,1785,2864,1949,2363, 403,3330,1415, # 4176
+1279,2136,1697,2335, 204, 721,2097,3838,  90,6186,2085,2505, 191,3967, 124,2148, # 4192
+1376,1798,1178,1107,1898,1405, 860,4359,1243,1272,2375,2983,1558,2456,1638, 113, # 4208
+3621, 578,1923,2609, 880, 386,4130, 784,2186,2266,1422,2956,2172,1722, 497, 263, # 4224
+2514,1267,2412,2610, 177,2703,3542, 774,1927,1344, 616,1432,1595,1018, 172,4360, # 4240
+2325, 911,4361, 438,1468,3622, 794,3968,2024,2173,1681,1829,2957, 945, 895,3090, # 4256
+ 575,2212,2476, 475,2401,2681, 785,2744,1745,2293,2555,1975,3133,2865, 394,4668, # 4272
+3839, 635,4131, 639, 202,1507,2195,2766,1345,1435,2572,3726,1908,1184,1181,2457, # 4288
+3727,3134,4362, 843,2611, 437, 916,4669, 234, 769,1884,3046,3047,3623, 833,6187, # 4304
+1639,2250,2402,1355,1185,2010,2047, 999, 525,1732,1290,1488,2612, 948,1578,3728, # 4320
+2413,2477,1216,2725,2159, 334,3840,1328,3624,2921,1525,4132, 564,1056, 891,4363, # 4336
+1444,1698,2385,2251,3729,1365,2281,2235,1717,6188, 864,3841,2515, 444, 527,2767, # 4352
+2922,3625, 544, 461,6189, 566, 209,2437,3398,2098,1065,2068,3331,3626,3257,2137, # 4368  #last 512
+#Everything below is of no interest for detection purpose
+2138,2122,3730,2888,1995,1820,1044,6190,6191,6192,6193,6194,6195,6196,6197,6198, # 4384
+6199,6200,6201,6202,6203,6204,6205,4670,6206,6207,6208,6209,6210,6211,6212,6213, # 4400
+6214,6215,6216,6217,6218,6219,6220,6221,6222,6223,6224,6225,6226,6227,6228,6229, # 4416
+6230,6231,6232,6233,6234,6235,6236,6237,3187,6238,6239,3969,6240,6241,6242,6243, # 4432
+6244,4671,6245,6246,4672,6247,6248,4133,6249,6250,4364,6251,2923,2556,2613,4673, # 4448
+4365,3970,6252,6253,6254,6255,4674,6256,6257,6258,2768,2353,4366,4675,4676,3188, # 4464
+4367,3463,6259,4134,4677,4678,6260,2267,6261,3842,3332,4368,3543,6262,6263,6264, # 4480
+3013,1954,1928,4135,4679,6265,6266,2478,3091,6267,4680,4369,6268,6269,1699,6270, # 4496
+3544,4136,4681,6271,4137,6272,4370,2804,6273,6274,2593,3971,3972,4682,6275,2236, # 4512
+4683,6276,6277,4684,6278,6279,4138,3973,4685,6280,6281,3258,6282,6283,6284,6285, # 4528
+3974,4686,2841,3975,6286,6287,3545,6288,6289,4139,4687,4140,6290,4141,6291,4142, # 4544
+6292,6293,3333,6294,6295,6296,4371,6297,3399,6298,6299,4372,3976,6300,6301,6302, # 4560
+4373,6303,6304,3843,3731,6305,4688,4374,6306,6307,3259,2294,6308,3732,2530,4143, # 4576
+6309,4689,6310,6311,6312,3048,6313,6314,4690,3733,2237,6315,6316,2282,3334,6317, # 4592
+6318,3844,6319,6320,4691,6321,3400,4692,6322,4693,6323,3049,6324,4375,6325,3977, # 4608
+6326,6327,6328,3546,6329,4694,3335,6330,4695,4696,6331,6332,6333,6334,4376,3978, # 4624
+6335,4697,3979,4144,6336,3980,4698,6337,6338,6339,6340,6341,4699,4700,4701,6342, # 4640
+6343,4702,6344,6345,4703,6346,6347,4704,6348,4705,4706,3135,6349,4707,6350,4708, # 4656
+6351,4377,6352,4709,3734,4145,6353,2506,4710,3189,6354,3050,4711,3981,6355,3547, # 4672
+3014,4146,4378,3735,2651,3845,3260,3136,2224,1986,6356,3401,6357,4712,2594,3627, # 4688
+3137,2573,3736,3982,4713,3628,4714,4715,2682,3629,4716,6358,3630,4379,3631,6359, # 4704
+6360,6361,3983,6362,6363,6364,6365,4147,3846,4717,6366,6367,3737,2842,6368,4718, # 4720
+2628,6369,3261,6370,2386,6371,6372,3738,3984,4719,3464,4720,3402,6373,2924,3336, # 4736
+4148,2866,6374,2805,3262,4380,2704,2069,2531,3138,2806,2984,6375,2769,6376,4721, # 4752
+4722,3403,6377,6378,3548,6379,6380,2705,3092,1979,4149,2629,3337,2889,6381,3338, # 4768
+4150,2557,3339,4381,6382,3190,3263,3739,6383,4151,4723,4152,2558,2574,3404,3191, # 4784
+6384,6385,4153,6386,4724,4382,6387,6388,4383,6389,6390,4154,6391,4725,3985,6392, # 4800
+3847,4155,6393,6394,6395,6396,6397,3465,6398,4384,6399,6400,6401,6402,6403,6404, # 4816
+4156,6405,6406,6407,6408,2123,6409,6410,2326,3192,4726,6411,6412,6413,6414,4385, # 4832
+4157,6415,6416,4158,6417,3093,3848,6418,3986,6419,6420,3849,6421,6422,6423,4159, # 4848
+6424,6425,4160,6426,3740,6427,6428,6429,6430,3987,6431,4727,6432,2238,6433,6434, # 4864
+4386,3988,6435,6436,3632,6437,6438,2843,6439,6440,6441,6442,3633,6443,2958,6444, # 4880
+6445,3466,6446,2364,4387,3850,6447,4388,2959,3340,6448,3851,6449,4728,6450,6451, # 4896
+3264,4729,6452,3193,6453,4389,4390,2706,3341,4730,6454,3139,6455,3194,6456,3051, # 4912
+2124,3852,1602,4391,4161,3853,1158,3854,4162,3989,4392,3990,4731,4732,4393,2040, # 4928
+4163,4394,3265,6457,2807,3467,3855,6458,6459,6460,3991,3468,4733,4734,6461,3140, # 4944
+2960,6462,4735,6463,6464,6465,6466,4736,4737,4738,4739,6467,6468,4164,2403,3856, # 4960
+6469,6470,2770,2844,6471,4740,6472,6473,6474,6475,6476,6477,6478,3195,6479,4741, # 4976
+4395,6480,2867,6481,4742,2808,6482,2493,4165,6483,6484,6485,6486,2295,4743,6487, # 4992
+6488,6489,3634,6490,6491,6492,6493,6494,6495,6496,2985,4744,6497,6498,4745,6499, # 5008
+6500,2925,3141,4166,6501,6502,4746,6503,6504,4747,6505,6506,6507,2890,6508,6509, # 5024
+6510,6511,6512,6513,6514,6515,6516,6517,6518,6519,3469,4167,6520,6521,6522,4748, # 5040
+4396,3741,4397,4749,4398,3342,2125,4750,6523,4751,4752,4753,3052,6524,2961,4168, # 5056
+6525,4754,6526,4755,4399,2926,4169,6527,3857,6528,4400,4170,6529,4171,6530,6531, # 5072
+2595,6532,6533,6534,6535,3635,6536,6537,6538,6539,6540,6541,6542,4756,6543,6544, # 5088
+6545,6546,6547,6548,4401,6549,6550,6551,6552,4402,3405,4757,4403,6553,6554,6555, # 5104
+4172,3742,6556,6557,6558,3992,3636,6559,6560,3053,2726,6561,3549,4173,3054,4404, # 5120
+6562,6563,3993,4405,3266,3550,2809,4406,6564,6565,6566,4758,4759,6567,3743,6568, # 5136
+4760,3744,4761,3470,6569,6570,6571,4407,6572,3745,4174,6573,4175,2810,4176,3196, # 5152
+4762,6574,4177,6575,6576,2494,2891,3551,6577,6578,3471,6579,4408,6580,3015,3197, # 5168
+6581,3343,2532,3994,3858,6582,3094,3406,4409,6583,2892,4178,4763,4410,3016,4411, # 5184
+6584,3995,3142,3017,2683,6585,4179,6586,6587,4764,4412,6588,6589,4413,6590,2986, # 5200
+6591,2962,3552,6592,2963,3472,6593,6594,4180,4765,6595,6596,2225,3267,4414,6597, # 5216
+3407,3637,4766,6598,6599,3198,6600,4415,6601,3859,3199,6602,3473,4767,2811,4416, # 5232
+1856,3268,3200,2575,3996,3997,3201,4417,6603,3095,2927,6604,3143,6605,2268,6606, # 5248
+3998,3860,3096,2771,6607,6608,3638,2495,4768,6609,3861,6610,3269,2745,4769,4181, # 5264
+3553,6611,2845,3270,6612,6613,6614,3862,6615,6616,4770,4771,6617,3474,3999,4418, # 5280
+4419,6618,3639,3344,6619,4772,4182,6620,2126,6621,6622,6623,4420,4773,6624,3018, # 5296
+6625,4774,3554,6626,4183,2025,3746,6627,4184,2707,6628,4421,4422,3097,1775,4185, # 5312
+3555,6629,6630,2868,6631,6632,4423,6633,6634,4424,2414,2533,2928,6635,4186,2387, # 5328
+6636,4775,6637,4187,6638,1891,4425,3202,3203,6639,6640,4776,6641,3345,6642,6643, # 5344
+3640,6644,3475,3346,3641,4000,6645,3144,6646,3098,2812,4188,3642,3204,6647,3863, # 5360
+3476,6648,3864,6649,4426,4001,6650,6651,6652,2576,6653,4189,4777,6654,6655,6656, # 5376
+2846,6657,3477,3205,4002,6658,4003,6659,3347,2252,6660,6661,6662,4778,6663,6664, # 5392
+6665,6666,6667,6668,6669,4779,4780,2048,6670,3478,3099,6671,3556,3747,4004,6672, # 5408
+6673,6674,3145,4005,3748,6675,6676,6677,6678,6679,3408,6680,6681,6682,6683,3206, # 5424
+3207,6684,6685,4781,4427,6686,4782,4783,4784,6687,6688,6689,4190,6690,6691,3479, # 5440
+6692,2746,6693,4428,6694,6695,6696,6697,6698,6699,4785,6700,6701,3208,2727,6702, # 5456
+3146,6703,6704,3409,2196,6705,4429,6706,6707,6708,2534,1996,6709,6710,6711,2747, # 5472
+6712,6713,6714,4786,3643,6715,4430,4431,6716,3557,6717,4432,4433,6718,6719,6720, # 5488
+6721,3749,6722,4006,4787,6723,6724,3644,4788,4434,6725,6726,4789,2772,6727,6728, # 5504
+6729,6730,6731,2708,3865,2813,4435,6732,6733,4790,4791,3480,6734,6735,6736,6737, # 5520
+4436,3348,6738,3410,4007,6739,6740,4008,6741,6742,4792,3411,4191,6743,6744,6745, # 5536
+6746,6747,3866,6748,3750,6749,6750,6751,6752,6753,6754,6755,3867,6756,4009,6757, # 5552
+4793,4794,6758,2814,2987,6759,6760,6761,4437,6762,6763,6764,6765,3645,6766,6767, # 5568
+3481,4192,6768,3751,6769,6770,2174,6771,3868,3752,6772,6773,6774,4193,4795,4438, # 5584
+3558,4796,4439,6775,4797,6776,6777,4798,6778,4799,3559,4800,6779,6780,6781,3482, # 5600
+6782,2893,6783,6784,4194,4801,4010,6785,6786,4440,6787,4011,6788,6789,6790,6791, # 5616
+6792,6793,4802,6794,6795,6796,4012,6797,6798,6799,6800,3349,4803,3483,6801,4804, # 5632
+4195,6802,4013,6803,6804,4196,6805,4014,4015,6806,2847,3271,2848,6807,3484,6808, # 5648
+6809,6810,4441,6811,4442,4197,4443,3272,4805,6812,3412,4016,1579,6813,6814,4017, # 5664
+6815,3869,6816,2964,6817,4806,6818,6819,4018,3646,6820,6821,4807,4019,4020,6822, # 5680
+6823,3560,6824,6825,4021,4444,6826,4198,6827,6828,4445,6829,6830,4199,4808,6831, # 5696
+6832,6833,3870,3019,2458,6834,3753,3413,3350,6835,4809,3871,4810,3561,4446,6836, # 5712
+6837,4447,4811,4812,6838,2459,4448,6839,4449,6840,6841,4022,3872,6842,4813,4814, # 5728
+6843,6844,4815,4200,4201,4202,6845,4023,6846,6847,4450,3562,3873,6848,6849,4816, # 5744
+4817,6850,4451,4818,2139,6851,3563,6852,6853,3351,6854,6855,3352,4024,2709,3414, # 5760
+4203,4452,6856,4204,6857,6858,3874,3875,6859,6860,4819,6861,6862,6863,6864,4453, # 5776
+3647,6865,6866,4820,6867,6868,6869,6870,4454,6871,2869,6872,6873,4821,6874,3754, # 5792
+6875,4822,4205,6876,6877,6878,3648,4206,4455,6879,4823,6880,4824,3876,6881,3055, # 5808
+4207,6882,3415,6883,6884,6885,4208,4209,6886,4210,3353,6887,3354,3564,3209,3485, # 5824
+2652,6888,2728,6889,3210,3755,6890,4025,4456,6891,4825,6892,6893,6894,6895,4211, # 5840
+6896,6897,6898,4826,6899,6900,4212,6901,4827,6902,2773,3565,6903,4828,6904,6905, # 5856
+6906,6907,3649,3650,6908,2849,3566,6909,3567,3100,6910,6911,6912,6913,6914,6915, # 5872
+4026,6916,3355,4829,3056,4457,3756,6917,3651,6918,4213,3652,2870,6919,4458,6920, # 5888
+2438,6921,6922,3757,2774,4830,6923,3356,4831,4832,6924,4833,4459,3653,2507,6925, # 5904
+4834,2535,6926,6927,3273,4027,3147,6928,3568,6929,6930,6931,4460,6932,3877,4461, # 5920
+2729,3654,6933,6934,6935,6936,2175,4835,2630,4214,4028,4462,4836,4215,6937,3148, # 5936
+4216,4463,4837,4838,4217,6938,6939,2850,4839,6940,4464,6941,6942,6943,4840,6944, # 5952
+4218,3274,4465,6945,6946,2710,6947,4841,4466,6948,6949,2894,6950,6951,4842,6952, # 5968
+4219,3057,2871,6953,6954,6955,6956,4467,6957,2711,6958,6959,6960,3275,3101,4843, # 5984
+6961,3357,3569,6962,4844,6963,6964,4468,4845,3570,6965,3102,4846,3758,6966,4847, # 6000
+3878,4848,4849,4029,6967,2929,3879,4850,4851,6968,6969,1733,6970,4220,6971,6972, # 6016
+6973,6974,6975,6976,4852,6977,6978,6979,6980,6981,6982,3759,6983,6984,6985,3486, # 6032
+3487,6986,3488,3416,6987,6988,6989,6990,6991,6992,6993,6994,6995,6996,6997,4853, # 6048
+6998,6999,4030,7000,7001,3211,7002,7003,4221,7004,7005,3571,4031,7006,3572,7007, # 6064
+2614,4854,2577,7008,7009,2965,3655,3656,4855,2775,3489,3880,4222,4856,3881,4032, # 6080
+3882,3657,2730,3490,4857,7010,3149,7011,4469,4858,2496,3491,4859,2283,7012,7013, # 6096
+7014,2365,4860,4470,7015,7016,3760,7017,7018,4223,1917,7019,7020,7021,4471,7022, # 6112
+2776,4472,7023,7024,7025,7026,4033,7027,3573,4224,4861,4034,4862,7028,7029,1929, # 6128
+3883,4035,7030,4473,3058,7031,2536,3761,3884,7032,4036,7033,2966,2895,1968,4474, # 6144
+3276,4225,3417,3492,4226,2105,7034,7035,1754,2596,3762,4227,4863,4475,3763,4864, # 6160
+3764,2615,2777,3103,3765,3658,3418,4865,2296,3766,2815,7036,7037,7038,3574,2872, # 6176
+3277,4476,7039,4037,4477,7040,7041,4038,7042,7043,7044,7045,7046,7047,2537,7048, # 6192
+7049,7050,7051,7052,7053,7054,4478,7055,7056,3767,3659,4228,3575,7057,7058,4229, # 6208
+7059,7060,7061,3660,7062,3212,7063,3885,4039,2460,7064,7065,7066,7067,7068,7069, # 6224
+7070,7071,7072,7073,7074,4866,3768,4867,7075,7076,7077,7078,4868,3358,3278,2653, # 6240
+7079,7080,4479,3886,7081,7082,4869,7083,7084,7085,7086,7087,7088,2538,7089,7090, # 6256
+7091,4040,3150,3769,4870,4041,2896,3359,4230,2930,7092,3279,7093,2967,4480,3213, # 6272
+4481,3661,7094,7095,7096,7097,7098,7099,7100,7101,7102,2461,3770,7103,7104,4231, # 6288
+3151,7105,7106,7107,4042,3662,7108,7109,4871,3663,4872,4043,3059,7110,7111,7112, # 6304
+3493,2988,7113,4873,7114,7115,7116,3771,4874,7117,7118,4232,4875,7119,3576,2336, # 6320
+4876,7120,4233,3419,4044,4877,4878,4482,4483,4879,4484,4234,7121,3772,4880,1045, # 6336
+3280,3664,4881,4882,7122,7123,7124,7125,4883,7126,2778,7127,4485,4486,7128,4884, # 6352
+3214,3887,7129,7130,3215,7131,4885,4045,7132,7133,4046,7134,7135,7136,7137,7138, # 6368
+7139,7140,7141,7142,7143,4235,7144,4886,7145,7146,7147,4887,7148,7149,7150,4487, # 6384
+4047,4488,7151,7152,4888,4048,2989,3888,7153,3665,7154,4049,7155,7156,7157,7158, # 6400
+7159,7160,2931,4889,4890,4489,7161,2631,3889,4236,2779,7162,7163,4891,7164,3060, # 6416
+7165,1672,4892,7166,4893,4237,3281,4894,7167,7168,3666,7169,3494,7170,7171,4050, # 6432
+7172,7173,3104,3360,3420,4490,4051,2684,4052,7174,4053,7175,7176,7177,2253,4054, # 6448
+7178,7179,4895,7180,3152,3890,3153,4491,3216,7181,7182,7183,2968,4238,4492,4055, # 6464
+7184,2990,7185,2479,7186,7187,4493,7188,7189,7190,7191,7192,4896,7193,4897,2969, # 6480
+4494,4898,7194,3495,7195,7196,4899,4495,7197,3105,2731,7198,4900,7199,7200,7201, # 6496
+4056,7202,3361,7203,7204,4496,4901,4902,7205,4497,7206,7207,2315,4903,7208,4904, # 6512
+7209,4905,2851,7210,7211,3577,7212,3578,4906,7213,4057,3667,4907,7214,4058,2354, # 6528
+3891,2376,3217,3773,7215,7216,7217,7218,7219,4498,7220,4908,3282,2685,7221,3496, # 6544
+4909,2632,3154,4910,7222,2337,7223,4911,7224,7225,7226,4912,4913,3283,4239,4499, # 6560
+7227,2816,7228,7229,7230,7231,7232,7233,7234,4914,4500,4501,7235,7236,7237,2686, # 6576
+7238,4915,7239,2897,4502,7240,4503,7241,2516,7242,4504,3362,3218,7243,7244,7245, # 6592
+4916,7246,7247,4505,3363,7248,7249,7250,7251,3774,4506,7252,7253,4917,7254,7255, # 6608
+3284,2991,4918,4919,3219,3892,4920,3106,3497,4921,7256,7257,7258,4922,7259,4923, # 6624
+3364,4507,4508,4059,7260,4240,3498,7261,7262,4924,7263,2992,3893,4060,3220,7264, # 6640
+7265,7266,7267,7268,7269,4509,3775,7270,2817,7271,4061,4925,4510,3776,7272,4241, # 6656
+4511,3285,7273,7274,3499,7275,7276,7277,4062,4512,4926,7278,3107,3894,7279,7280, # 6672
+4927,7281,4513,7282,7283,3668,7284,7285,4242,4514,4243,7286,2058,4515,4928,4929, # 6688
+4516,7287,3286,4244,7288,4517,7289,7290,7291,3669,7292,7293,4930,4931,4932,2355, # 6704
+4933,7294,2633,4518,7295,4245,7296,7297,4519,7298,7299,4520,4521,4934,7300,4246, # 6720
+4522,7301,7302,7303,3579,7304,4247,4935,7305,4936,7306,7307,7308,7309,3777,7310, # 6736
+4523,7311,7312,7313,4248,3580,7314,4524,3778,4249,7315,3581,7316,3287,7317,3221, # 6752
+7318,4937,7319,7320,7321,7322,7323,7324,4938,4939,7325,4525,7326,7327,7328,4063, # 6768
+7329,7330,4940,7331,7332,4941,7333,4526,7334,3500,2780,1741,4942,2026,1742,7335, # 6784
+7336,3582,4527,2388,7337,7338,7339,4528,7340,4250,4943,7341,7342,7343,4944,7344, # 6800
+7345,7346,3020,7347,4945,7348,7349,7350,7351,3895,7352,3896,4064,3897,7353,7354, # 6816
+7355,4251,7356,7357,3898,7358,3779,7359,3780,3288,7360,7361,4529,7362,4946,4530, # 6832
+2027,7363,3899,4531,4947,3222,3583,7364,4948,7365,7366,7367,7368,4949,3501,4950, # 6848
+3781,4951,4532,7369,2517,4952,4252,4953,3155,7370,4954,4955,4253,2518,4533,7371, # 6864
+7372,2712,4254,7373,7374,7375,3670,4956,3671,7376,2389,3502,4065,7377,2338,7378, # 6880
+7379,7380,7381,3061,7382,4957,7383,7384,7385,7386,4958,4534,7387,7388,2993,7389, # 6896
+3062,7390,4959,7391,7392,7393,4960,3108,4961,7394,4535,7395,4962,3421,4536,7396, # 6912
+4963,7397,4964,1857,7398,4965,7399,7400,2176,3584,4966,7401,7402,3422,4537,3900, # 6928
+3585,7403,3782,7404,2852,7405,7406,7407,4538,3783,2654,3423,4967,4539,7408,3784, # 6944
+3586,2853,4540,4541,7409,3901,7410,3902,7411,7412,3785,3109,2327,3903,7413,7414, # 6960
+2970,4066,2932,7415,7416,7417,3904,3672,3424,7418,4542,4543,4544,7419,4968,7420, # 6976
+7421,4255,7422,7423,7424,7425,7426,4067,7427,3673,3365,4545,7428,3110,2559,3674, # 6992
+7429,7430,3156,7431,7432,3503,7433,3425,4546,7434,3063,2873,7435,3223,4969,4547, # 7008
+4548,2898,4256,4068,7436,4069,3587,3786,2933,3787,4257,4970,4971,3788,7437,4972, # 7024
+3064,7438,4549,7439,7440,7441,7442,7443,4973,3905,7444,2874,7445,7446,7447,7448, # 7040
+3021,7449,4550,3906,3588,4974,7450,7451,3789,3675,7452,2578,7453,4070,7454,7455, # 7056
+7456,4258,3676,7457,4975,7458,4976,4259,3790,3504,2634,4977,3677,4551,4260,7459, # 7072
+7460,7461,7462,3907,4261,4978,7463,7464,7465,7466,4979,4980,7467,7468,2213,4262, # 7088
+7469,7470,7471,3678,4981,7472,2439,7473,4263,3224,3289,7474,3908,2415,4982,7475, # 7104
+4264,7476,4983,2655,7477,7478,2732,4552,2854,2875,7479,7480,4265,7481,4553,4984, # 7120
+7482,7483,4266,7484,3679,3366,3680,2818,2781,2782,3367,3589,4554,3065,7485,4071, # 7136
+2899,7486,7487,3157,2462,4072,4555,4073,4985,4986,3111,4267,2687,3368,4556,4074, # 7152
+3791,4268,7488,3909,2783,7489,2656,1962,3158,4557,4987,1963,3159,3160,7490,3112, # 7168
+4988,4989,3022,4990,4991,3792,2855,7491,7492,2971,4558,7493,7494,4992,7495,7496, # 7184
+7497,7498,4993,7499,3426,4559,4994,7500,3681,4560,4269,4270,3910,7501,4075,4995, # 7200
+4271,7502,7503,4076,7504,4996,7505,3225,4997,4272,4077,2819,3023,7506,7507,2733, # 7216
+4561,7508,4562,7509,3369,3793,7510,3590,2508,7511,7512,4273,3113,2994,2616,7513, # 7232
+7514,7515,7516,7517,7518,2820,3911,4078,2748,7519,7520,4563,4998,7521,7522,7523, # 7248
+7524,4999,4274,7525,4564,3682,2239,4079,4565,7526,7527,7528,7529,5000,7530,7531, # 7264
+5001,4275,3794,7532,7533,7534,3066,5002,4566,3161,7535,7536,4080,7537,3162,7538, # 7280
+7539,4567,7540,7541,7542,7543,7544,7545,5003,7546,4568,7547,7548,7549,7550,7551, # 7296
+7552,7553,7554,7555,7556,5004,7557,7558,7559,5005,7560,3795,7561,4569,7562,7563, # 7312
+7564,2821,3796,4276,4277,4081,7565,2876,7566,5006,7567,7568,2900,7569,3797,3912, # 7328
+7570,7571,7572,4278,7573,7574,7575,5007,7576,7577,5008,7578,7579,4279,2934,7580, # 7344
+7581,5009,7582,4570,7583,4280,7584,7585,7586,4571,4572,3913,7587,4573,3505,7588, # 7360
+5010,7589,7590,7591,7592,3798,4574,7593,7594,5011,7595,4281,7596,7597,7598,4282, # 7376
+5012,7599,7600,5013,3163,7601,5014,7602,3914,7603,7604,2734,4575,4576,4577,7605, # 7392
+7606,7607,7608,7609,3506,5015,4578,7610,4082,7611,2822,2901,2579,3683,3024,4579, # 7408
+3507,7612,4580,7613,3226,3799,5016,7614,7615,7616,7617,7618,7619,7620,2995,3290, # 7424
+7621,4083,7622,5017,7623,7624,7625,7626,7627,4581,3915,7628,3291,7629,5018,7630, # 7440
+7631,7632,7633,4084,7634,7635,3427,3800,7636,7637,4582,7638,5019,4583,5020,7639, # 7456
+3916,7640,3801,5021,4584,4283,7641,7642,3428,3591,2269,7643,2617,7644,4585,3592, # 7472
+7645,4586,2902,7646,7647,3227,5022,7648,4587,7649,4284,7650,7651,7652,4588,2284, # 7488
+7653,5023,7654,7655,7656,4589,5024,3802,7657,7658,5025,3508,4590,7659,7660,7661, # 7504
+1969,5026,7662,7663,3684,1821,2688,7664,2028,2509,4285,7665,2823,1841,7666,2689, # 7520
+3114,7667,3917,4085,2160,5027,5028,2972,7668,5029,7669,7670,7671,3593,4086,7672, # 7536
+4591,4087,5030,3803,7673,7674,7675,7676,7677,7678,7679,4286,2366,4592,4593,3067, # 7552
+2328,7680,7681,4594,3594,3918,2029,4287,7682,5031,3919,3370,4288,4595,2856,7683, # 7568
+3509,7684,7685,5032,5033,7686,7687,3804,2784,7688,7689,7690,7691,3371,7692,7693, # 7584
+2877,5034,7694,7695,3920,4289,4088,7696,7697,7698,5035,7699,5036,4290,5037,5038, # 7600
+5039,7700,7701,7702,5040,5041,3228,7703,1760,7704,5042,3229,4596,2106,4089,7705, # 7616
+4597,2824,5043,2107,3372,7706,4291,4090,5044,7707,4091,7708,5045,3025,3805,4598, # 7632
+4292,4293,4294,3373,7709,4599,7710,5046,7711,7712,5047,5048,3806,7713,7714,7715, # 7648
+5049,7716,7717,7718,7719,4600,5050,7720,7721,7722,5051,7723,4295,3429,7724,7725, # 7664
+7726,7727,3921,7728,3292,5052,4092,7729,7730,7731,7732,7733,7734,7735,5053,5054, # 7680
+7736,7737,7738,7739,3922,3685,7740,7741,7742,7743,2635,5055,7744,5056,4601,7745, # 7696
+7746,2560,7747,7748,7749,7750,3923,7751,7752,7753,7754,7755,4296,2903,7756,7757, # 7712
+7758,7759,7760,3924,7761,5057,4297,7762,7763,5058,4298,7764,4093,7765,7766,5059, # 7728
+3925,7767,7768,7769,7770,7771,7772,7773,7774,7775,7776,3595,7777,4299,5060,4094, # 7744
+7778,3293,5061,7779,7780,4300,7781,7782,4602,7783,3596,7784,7785,3430,2367,7786, # 7760
+3164,5062,5063,4301,7787,7788,4095,5064,5065,7789,3374,3115,7790,7791,7792,7793, # 7776
+7794,7795,7796,3597,4603,7797,7798,3686,3116,3807,5066,7799,7800,5067,7801,7802, # 7792
+4604,4302,5068,4303,4096,7803,7804,3294,7805,7806,5069,4605,2690,7807,3026,7808, # 7808
+7809,7810,7811,7812,7813,7814,7815,7816,7817,7818,7819,7820,7821,7822,7823,7824, # 7824
+7825,7826,7827,7828,7829,7830,7831,7832,7833,7834,7835,7836,7837,7838,7839,7840, # 7840
+7841,7842,7843,7844,7845,7846,7847,7848,7849,7850,7851,7852,7853,7854,7855,7856, # 7856
+7857,7858,7859,7860,7861,7862,7863,7864,7865,7866,7867,7868,7869,7870,7871,7872, # 7872
+7873,7874,7875,7876,7877,7878,7879,7880,7881,7882,7883,7884,7885,7886,7887,7888, # 7888
+7889,7890,7891,7892,7893,7894,7895,7896,7897,7898,7899,7900,7901,7902,7903,7904, # 7904
+7905,7906,7907,7908,7909,7910,7911,7912,7913,7914,7915,7916,7917,7918,7919,7920, # 7920
+7921,7922,7923,7924,3926,7925,7926,7927,7928,7929,7930,7931,7932,7933,7934,7935, # 7936
+7936,7937,7938,7939,7940,7941,7942,7943,7944,7945,7946,7947,7948,7949,7950,7951, # 7952
+7952,7953,7954,7955,7956,7957,7958,7959,7960,7961,7962,7963,7964,7965,7966,7967, # 7968
+7968,7969,7970,7971,7972,7973,7974,7975,7976,7977,7978,7979,7980,7981,7982,7983, # 7984
+7984,7985,7986,7987,7988,7989,7990,7991,7992,7993,7994,7995,7996,7997,7998,7999, # 8000
+8000,8001,8002,8003,8004,8005,8006,8007,8008,8009,8010,8011,8012,8013,8014,8015, # 8016
+8016,8017,8018,8019,8020,8021,8022,8023,8024,8025,8026,8027,8028,8029,8030,8031, # 8032
+8032,8033,8034,8035,8036,8037,8038,8039,8040,8041,8042,8043,8044,8045,8046,8047, # 8048
+8048,8049,8050,8051,8052,8053,8054,8055,8056,8057,8058,8059,8060,8061,8062,8063, # 8064
+8064,8065,8066,8067,8068,8069,8070,8071,8072,8073,8074,8075,8076,8077,8078,8079, # 8080
+8080,8081,8082,8083,8084,8085,8086,8087,8088,8089,8090,8091,8092,8093,8094,8095, # 8096
+8096,8097,8098,8099,8100,8101,8102,8103,8104,8105,8106,8107,8108,8109,8110,8111, # 8112
+8112,8113,8114,8115,8116,8117,8118,8119,8120,8121,8122,8123,8124,8125,8126,8127, # 8128
+8128,8129,8130,8131,8132,8133,8134,8135,8136,8137,8138,8139,8140,8141,8142,8143, # 8144
+8144,8145,8146,8147,8148,8149,8150,8151,8152,8153,8154,8155,8156,8157,8158,8159, # 8160
+8160,8161,8162,8163,8164,8165,8166,8167,8168,8169,8170,8171,8172,8173,8174,8175, # 8176
+8176,8177,8178,8179,8180,8181,8182,8183,8184,8185,8186,8187,8188,8189,8190,8191, # 8192
+8192,8193,8194,8195,8196,8197,8198,8199,8200,8201,8202,8203,8204,8205,8206,8207, # 8208
+8208,8209,8210,8211,8212,8213,8214,8215,8216,8217,8218,8219,8220,8221,8222,8223, # 8224
+8224,8225,8226,8227,8228,8229,8230,8231,8232,8233,8234,8235,8236,8237,8238,8239, # 8240
+8240,8241,8242,8243,8244,8245,8246,8247,8248,8249,8250,8251,8252,8253,8254,8255, # 8256
+8256,8257,8258,8259,8260,8261,8262,8263,8264,8265,8266,8267,8268,8269,8270,8271) # 8272
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59aeb6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+NUM_OF_CATEGORY = 6
+DONT_KNOW = -1
+ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 100
+MAX_REL_THRESHOLD = 1000
+MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 4
+
+# This is hiragana 2-char sequence table, the number in each cell represents its frequency category
+jp2CharContext = (
+(0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1),
+(2,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,0,3,4,4,4,2,4,3,3,4,3,2,3,3,4,2,3,3,3,2,4,1,4,3,3,1,5,4,3,4,3,4,3,5,3,0,3,5,4,2,0,3,1,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,1,1,0,4,3,0,3,3,0,4,0,2,0,3,5,5,5,5,4,0,4,1,0,3,4),
+(0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,4,0,5,0,5,0,4,0,4,5,4,4,3,5,3,5,1,5,3,4,3,4,4,3,4,3,3,4,3,5,4,4,3,5,5,3,5,5,5,3,5,5,3,4,5,5,3,1,3,2,0,3,4,0,4,2,0,4,2,1,5,3,2,3,5,0,4,0,2,0,5,4,4,5,4,5,0,4,0,0,4,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,3,0,4,0,3,0,3,0,4,5,4,3,3,3,3,4,3,5,4,4,3,5,4,4,3,4,3,4,4,4,4,5,3,4,4,3,4,5,5,4,5,5,1,4,5,4,3,0,3,3,1,3,3,0,4,4,0,3,3,1,5,3,3,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,3,4,3,3,0,4,1,1,3,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,4,0,3,0,3,0,4,0,3,4,4,3,2,2,1,2,1,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,1,3,3,5,3,3,0,4,3,0,5,4,3,3,5,4,4,3,4,4,5,0,1,2,0,1,2,0,2,2,0,1,0,0,5,2,2,1,4,0,3,0,1,0,4,4,3,5,4,3,0,2,1,0,4,3),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,3,0,5,0,4,0,2,1,4,4,2,4,1,4,2,4,2,4,3,3,3,4,3,3,3,3,1,4,2,3,3,3,1,4,4,1,1,1,4,3,3,2,0,2,4,3,2,0,3,3,0,3,1,1,0,0,0,3,3,0,4,2,2,3,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,5,3,4,4,0,3,0,0,1,4),
+(1,4,0,4,0,4,0,4,0,3,5,4,4,3,4,3,5,4,3,3,4,3,5,4,4,4,4,3,4,2,4,3,3,1,5,4,3,2,4,5,4,5,5,4,4,5,4,4,0,3,2,2,3,3,0,4,3,1,3,2,1,4,3,3,4,5,0,3,0,2,0,4,5,5,4,5,4,0,4,0,0,5,4),
+(0,5,0,5,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,3,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,4,4,3,4,3,4,3,3,1,4,2,4,3,4,0,5,4,1,4,5,4,4,5,3,2,4,3,4,3,2,4,1,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,4,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,5,4,4,4,3,0,4,1,0,1,3),
+(0,3,1,4,0,3,0,2,0,3,4,4,3,1,4,2,3,3,4,3,4,3,4,3,4,4,3,2,3,1,5,4,4,1,4,4,3,5,4,4,3,5,5,4,3,4,4,3,1,2,3,1,2,2,0,3,2,0,3,1,0,5,3,3,3,4,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,4,2,0,3,3,2,4,3),
+(0,2,0,3,0,1,0,1,0,0,3,2,0,0,2,0,1,0,2,1,3,3,3,1,2,3,1,0,1,0,4,2,1,1,3,3,0,4,3,3,1,4,3,3,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,4,1,0,2,3,2,2,2,1,3,3,3,4,4,3,2,0,3,1,0,3,3),
+(0,4,0,4,0,3,0,3,0,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,4,2,4,3,4,3,3,2,4,3,4,5,4,1,4,5,3,5,4,5,3,5,4,0,3,5,5,3,1,3,3,2,2,3,0,3,4,1,3,3,2,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,5,4,4,5,3,0,4,1,0,3,4),
+(0,2,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,2,2,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,1,3,1,0,3,1,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,1,3,1,3,4,0,0,3,1,1,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,3,3,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,3,4,3,4,3,3,0,3,0,0,2,3),
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+(0,0,0,3,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,0,3,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,2,0,2,3,0,0,2,2,3,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,3),
+(2,4,0,5,0,5,0,4,0,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,4,5,5,5,2,3,0,5,5,4,1,5,4,3,1,5,4,3,4,4,3,3,4,3,3,0,3,2,0,2,3,0,3,0,0,3,3,0,5,3,2,3,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,4,5,4,5,3,0,4,3,0,3,4),
+(0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,4,3,2,3,2,3,0,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,4,3,3,1,3,4,3,4,4,4,3,4,4,3,2,4,4,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,3,1,0,5,3,2,1,3,0,3,0,1,2,4,3,2,4,3,3,0,3,2,0,4,4),
+(0,3,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,1,4,3,3,2,3,1,3,1,4,2,3,2,4,2,3,4,3,0,2,2,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,0,3,4,1,3,3,0,3,4,3,3,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,4,0,3,0,0,3,1,2,1,3,0,4,0,1,0,4,3,3,4,3,3,0,2,0,0,3,3),
+(0,3,0,4,0,1,0,3,0,3,4,3,3,0,3,3,3,1,3,1,3,3,4,3,3,3,0,0,3,1,5,3,3,1,3,3,2,5,4,3,3,4,5,3,2,5,3,4,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,4,2,2,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,4,4,3,5,3,2,0,1,1,0,3,4),
+(0,5,0,4,0,5,0,2,0,4,4,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,4,3,4,1,5,3,4,3,4,0,4,2,4,3,4,1,5,4,0,4,4,4,4,5,4,1,3,5,4,2,1,4,1,1,3,2,0,3,1,0,3,2,1,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,4,3,3,3,0,4,2,0,3,4),
+(1,4,0,4,0,3,0,1,0,3,3,3,1,1,3,3,2,2,3,3,1,0,3,2,2,1,2,0,3,1,2,1,2,0,3,2,0,2,2,3,3,4,3,0,3,3,1,2,0,1,1,3,1,2,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,3,2,2,3,3,0,3,0,0,0,2,3,3,4,3,3,0,1,0,0,1,4),
+(0,4,0,4,0,4,0,0,0,3,4,4,3,1,4,2,3,2,3,3,3,1,4,3,4,0,3,0,4,2,3,3,2,2,5,4,2,1,3,4,3,4,3,1,3,3,4,2,0,2,1,0,3,3,0,0,2,0,3,1,0,4,4,3,4,3,0,4,0,1,0,2,4,4,4,4,4,0,3,2,0,3,3),
+(0,0,0,1,0,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,2,0,3,0,4,0,4,0,1,3,3,3,0,4,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,3,1,1,0,1,0,3,1,0,0,3,3,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,2,2,0,3,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,2,0,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,3,3,4,3,1,0,1,0,3,0,2),
+(0,0,0,3,0,5,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,3,1,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,4,0,0,0,2,3,0,1,4,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,3),
+(0,2,0,5,0,5,0,1,0,2,4,3,3,2,5,1,3,2,3,3,3,0,4,1,2,0,3,0,4,0,2,2,1,1,5,3,0,0,1,4,2,3,2,0,3,3,3,2,0,2,4,1,1,2,0,1,1,0,3,1,0,1,3,1,2,3,0,2,0,0,0,1,3,5,4,4,4,0,3,0,0,1,3),
+(0,4,0,5,0,4,0,4,0,4,5,4,3,3,4,3,3,3,4,3,4,4,5,3,4,5,4,2,4,2,3,4,3,1,4,4,1,3,5,4,4,5,5,4,4,5,5,5,2,3,3,1,4,3,1,3,3,0,3,3,1,4,3,4,4,4,0,3,0,4,0,3,3,4,4,5,0,0,4,3,0,4,5),
+(0,4,0,4,0,3,0,3,0,3,4,4,4,3,3,2,4,3,4,3,4,3,5,3,4,3,2,1,4,2,4,4,3,1,3,4,2,4,5,5,3,4,5,4,1,5,4,3,0,3,2,2,3,2,1,3,1,0,3,3,3,5,3,3,3,5,4,4,2,3,3,4,3,3,3,2,1,0,3,2,1,4,3),
+(0,4,0,5,0,4,0,3,0,3,5,5,3,2,4,3,4,0,5,4,4,1,4,4,4,3,3,3,4,3,5,5,2,3,3,4,1,2,5,5,3,5,5,2,3,5,5,4,0,3,2,0,3,3,1,1,5,1,4,1,0,4,3,2,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,5,4,3,4,3,0,0,4,1,0,4,4),
+(1,3,0,4,0,2,0,2,0,2,5,5,3,3,3,3,3,0,4,2,3,4,4,4,3,4,0,0,3,4,5,4,3,3,3,3,2,5,5,4,5,5,5,4,3,5,5,5,1,3,1,0,1,0,0,3,2,0,4,2,0,5,2,3,2,4,1,3,0,3,0,4,5,4,5,4,3,0,4,2,0,5,4),
+(0,3,0,4,0,5,0,3,0,3,4,4,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,4,3,3,2,2,0,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,4,4,3,4,4,1,1,4,4,2,0,3,1,0,1,1,0,4,1,0,2,3,1,3,3,1,3,4,0,3,0,1,0,3,1,3,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,4,4),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0),
+(0,3,0,3,0,2,0,3,0,1,5,4,3,3,3,1,4,2,1,2,3,4,4,2,4,4,5,0,3,1,4,3,4,0,4,3,3,3,2,3,2,5,3,4,3,2,2,3,0,0,3,0,2,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,3,1,0,2,0,4,0,3,4,4,4,5,2,0,2,0,0,1,3),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,4,2,1,1,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,3,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,4,0,4,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1),
+(0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2),
+(0,4,0,4,0,4,0,3,0,4,4,3,4,2,4,3,2,0,4,4,4,3,5,3,5,3,3,2,4,2,4,3,4,3,1,4,0,2,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,4,1,3,4,3,2,1,2,1,3,3,3,4,4,3,3,5,0,4,0,3,0,4,3,3,3,2,1,0,3,0,0,3,3),
+(0,4,0,3,0,3,0,3,0,3,5,5,3,3,3,3,4,3,4,3,3,3,4,4,4,3,3,3,3,4,3,5,3,3,1,3,2,4,5,5,5,5,4,3,4,5,5,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,4,3,3,3,4,0,4,0,2,0,4,3,2,2,1,2,0,3,0,0,4,1),
+)
+
+class JapaneseContextAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mTotalRel = 0  # total sequence received
+        # category counters, each interger counts sequence in its category
+        self._mRelSample = [0] * NUM_OF_CATEGORY
+        # if last byte in current buffer is not the last byte of a character,
+        # we need to know how many bytes to skip in next buffer
+        self._mNeedToSkipCharNum = 0
+        self._mLastCharOrder = -1  # The order of previous char
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._mDone = False
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf, aLen):
+        if self._mDone:
+            return
+
+        # The buffer we got is byte oriented, and a character may span in more than one
+        # buffers. In case the last one or two byte in last buffer is not
+        # complete, we record how many byte needed to complete that character
+        # and skip these bytes here.  We can choose to record those bytes as
+        # well and analyse the character once it is complete, but since a
+        # character will not make much difference, by simply skipping
+        # this character will simply our logic and improve performance.
+        i = self._mNeedToSkipCharNum
+        while i < aLen:
+            order, charLen = self.get_order(aBuf[i:i + 2])
+            i += charLen
+            if i > aLen:
+                self._mNeedToSkipCharNum = i - aLen
+                self._mLastCharOrder = -1
+            else:
+                if (order != -1) and (self._mLastCharOrder != -1):
+                    self._mTotalRel += 1
+                    if self._mTotalRel > MAX_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                        self._mDone = True
+                        break
+                    self._mRelSample[jp2CharContext[self._mLastCharOrder][order]] += 1
+                self._mLastCharOrder = order
+
+    def got_enough_data(self):
+        return self._mTotalRel > ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        # This is just one way to calculate confidence. It works well for me.
+        if self._mTotalRel > MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return (self._mTotalRel - self._mRelSample[0]) / self._mTotalRel
+        else:
+            return DONT_KNOW
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        return -1, 1
+
+class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.charset_name = "SHIFT_JIS"
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self.charset_name
+
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        if not aBuf:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if ((0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F) or (0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xFC)):
+            charLen = 2
+            if (first_char == 0x87) or (0xFA <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+                self.charset_name = "CP932"
+        else:
+            charLen = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(aBuf) > 1:
+            second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+            if (first_char == 202) and (0x9F <= second_char <= 0xF1):
+                return second_char - 0x9F, charLen
+
+        return -1, charLen
+
+class EUCJPContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def get_order(self, aBuf):
+        if not aBuf:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
+        if (first_char == 0x8E) or (0xA1 <= first_char <= 0xFE):
+            charLen = 2
+        elif first_char == 0x8F:
+            charLen = 3
+        else:
+            charLen = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(aBuf) > 1:
+            second_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[1])
+            if (first_char == 0xA4) and (0xA1 <= second_char <= 0xF3):
+                return second_char - 0xA1, charLen
+
+        return -1, charLen
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5788fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+# this table is modified base on win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap, so
+# only number <64 is sure valid
+
+Latin5_BulgarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 77, 90, 99,100, 72,109,107,101, 79,185, 81,102, 76, 94, 82,  # 40
+110,186,108, 91, 74,119, 84, 96,111,187,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 65, 69, 70, 66, 63, 68,112,103, 92,194,104, 95, 86, 87, 71,  # 60
+116,195, 85, 93, 97,113,196,197,198,199,200,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,  # 80
+210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,  # 90
+ 81,226,227,228,229,230,105,231,232,233,234,235,236, 45,237,238,  # a0
+ 31, 32, 35, 43, 37, 44, 55, 47, 40, 59, 33, 46, 38, 36, 41, 30,  # b0
+ 39, 28, 34, 51, 48, 49, 53, 50, 54, 57, 61,239, 67,240, 60, 56,  # c0
+  1, 18,  9, 20, 11,  3, 23, 15,  2, 26, 12, 10, 14,  6,  4, 13,  # d0
+  7,  8,  5, 19, 29, 25, 22, 21, 27, 24, 17, 75, 52,241, 42, 16,  # e0
+ 62,242,243,244, 58,245, 98,246,247,248,249,250,251, 91,252,253,  # f0
+)
+
+win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 77, 90, 99,100, 72,109,107,101, 79,185, 81,102, 76, 94, 82,  # 40
+110,186,108, 91, 74,119, 84, 96,111,187,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 65, 69, 70, 66, 63, 68,112,103, 92,194,104, 95, 86, 87, 71,  # 60
+116,195, 85, 93, 97,113,196,197,198,199,200,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,120,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,  # 80
+221, 78, 64, 83,121, 98,117,105,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,  # 90
+ 88,230,231,232,233,122, 89,106,234,235,236,237,238, 45,239,240,  # a0
+ 73, 80,118,114,241,242,243,244,245, 62, 58,246,247,248,249,250,  # b0
+ 31, 32, 35, 43, 37, 44, 55, 47, 40, 59, 33, 46, 38, 36, 41, 30,  # c0
+ 39, 28, 34, 51, 48, 49, 53, 50, 54, 57, 61,251, 67,252, 60, 56,  # d0
+  1, 18,  9, 20, 11,  3, 23, 15,  2, 26, 12, 10, 14,  6,  4, 13,  # e0
+  7,  8,  5, 19, 29, 25, 22, 21, 27, 24, 17, 75, 52,253, 42, 16,  # f0
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 96.9392%
+# first 1024 sequences:3.0618%
+# rest  sequences:     0.2992%
+# negative sequences:  0.0020%
+BulgarianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,1,2,2,
+3,1,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,0,2,0,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,3,0,3,0,2,0,0,
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+1,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
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+2,2,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
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+2,0,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
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+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
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+1,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+)
+
+Latin5BulgarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin5_BulgarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': BulgarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.969392,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-5"
+}
+
+Win1251BulgarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1251BulgarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': BulgarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.969392,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1251"
+}
+
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a86f54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langcyrillicmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# KOI8-R language model
+# Character Mapping Table:
+KOI8R_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,  # 80
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,  # 90
+223,224,225, 68,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,  # a0
+238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,  # b0
+ 27,  3, 21, 28, 13,  2, 39, 19, 26,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1,  # c0
+ 15, 16,  9,  7,  6, 14, 24, 10, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 29, 22, 54,  # d0
+ 59, 37, 44, 58, 41, 48, 53, 46, 55, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34,  # e0
+ 35, 43, 45, 32, 40, 52, 56, 33, 61, 62, 51, 57, 47, 63, 50, 70,  # f0
+)
+
+win1251_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246, 68,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+)
+
+latin5_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+239, 68,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,255,
+)
+
+macCyrillic_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252, 68, 16,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27,255,
+)
+
+IBM855_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+191,192,193,194, 68,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217, 27, 59, 54, 70,
+  3, 37, 21, 44, 28, 58, 13, 41,  2, 48, 39, 53, 19, 46,218,219,
+220,221,222,223,224, 26, 55,  4, 42,225,226,227,228, 23, 60,229,
+230,231,232,233,234,235, 11, 36,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,
+  8, 49, 12, 38,  5, 31,  1, 34, 15,244,245,246,247, 35, 16,248,
+ 43,  9, 45,  7, 32,  6, 40, 14, 52, 24, 56, 10, 33, 17, 61,249,
+250, 18, 62, 20, 51, 25, 57, 30, 47, 29, 63, 22, 50,251,252,255,
+)
+
+IBM866_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152, 74,153, 75,154,  # 40
+155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 71,172, 66,173, 65,174, 76,175, 64,176,177, 77, 72,178, 69,  # 60
+ 67,179, 78, 73,180,181, 79,182,183,184,185,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+ 37, 44, 33, 46, 41, 48, 56, 51, 42, 60, 36, 49, 38, 31, 34, 35,
+ 45, 32, 40, 52, 53, 55, 58, 50, 57, 63, 70, 62, 61, 47, 59, 43,
+  3, 21, 10, 19, 13,  2, 24, 20,  4, 23, 11,  8, 12,  5,  1, 15,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,
+207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,
+223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,
+  9,  7,  6, 14, 39, 26, 28, 22, 25, 29, 54, 18, 17, 30, 27, 16,
+239, 68,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,255,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 97.6601%
+# first 1024 sequences: 2.3389%
+# rest  sequences:      0.1237%
+# negative sequences:   0.0009%
+RussianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,2,
+3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,1,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,3,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,2,3,3,2,1,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,0,3,2,2,3,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,0,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,0,1,3,2,1,2,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,1,3,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,1,3,2,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,3,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,0,0,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,0,2,1,0,3,2,3,2,3,0,0,1,2,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,0,0,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,0,2,3,2,3,0,1,2,3,3,2,0,2,3,0,0,2,3,2,2,0,1,3,1,3,2,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,2,0,0,2,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,2,2,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,1,3,2,3,1,1,2,1,0,2,2,2,2,1,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,1,3,1,0,3,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,1,1,3,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,3,1,1,2,0,0,2,2,1,3,0,0,2,1,1,2,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,3,3,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,2,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,2,2,3,2,0,3,2,0,3,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,1,2,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,3,0,2,1,0,0,2,2,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,1,1,0,1,1,2,2,1,1,3,0,0,1,3,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,3,3,3,2,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,0,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,2,3,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,0,0,1,0,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,0,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,3,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,2,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,
+1,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+2,3,2,3,3,2,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,2,0,1,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,3,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,3,2,0,0,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,2,0,1,1,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,
+1,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+1,3,2,3,2,1,0,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,
+1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,
+3,1,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+3,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,
+1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,
+1,3,3,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,3,2,3,2,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,
+1,1,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+1,3,2,2,2,1,0,0,2,2,1,0,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,
+2,0,2,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,2,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,2,0,
+1,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+2,1,2,2,2,0,3,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+1,2,2,3,2,2,0,0,1,1,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+2,2,1,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,2,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+)
+
+Koi8rModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': KOI8R_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "KOI8-R"
+}
+
+Win1251CyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1251_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1251"
+}
+
+Latin5CyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': latin5_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-5"
+}
+
+MacCyrillicModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': macCyrillic_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "MacCyrillic"
+};
+
+Ibm866Model = {
+  'charToOrderMap': IBM866_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "IBM866"
+}
+
+Ibm855Model = {
+  'charToOrderMap': IBM855_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': RussianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.976601,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "IBM855"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddb5837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+Latin7_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 82,100,104, 94, 98,101,116,102,111,187,117, 92, 88,113, 85,  # 40
+ 79,118,105, 83, 67,114,119, 95, 99,109,188,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 72, 70, 80, 81, 60, 96, 93, 89, 68,120, 97, 77, 86, 69, 55,  # 60
+ 78,115, 65, 66, 58, 76,106,103, 87,107,112,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 80
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 90
+253,233, 90,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253, 74,253,253,  # a0
+253,253,253,253,247,248, 61, 36, 46, 71, 73,253, 54,253,108,123,  # b0
+110, 31, 51, 43, 41, 34, 91, 40, 52, 47, 44, 53, 38, 49, 59, 39,  # c0
+ 35, 48,250, 37, 33, 45, 56, 50, 84, 57,120,121, 17, 18, 22, 15,  # d0
+124,  1, 29, 20, 21,  3, 32, 13, 25,  5, 11, 16, 10,  6, 30,  4,  # e0
+  9,  8, 14,  7,  2, 12, 28, 23, 42, 24, 64, 75, 19, 26, 27,253,  # f0
+)
+
+win1253_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 82,100,104, 94, 98,101,116,102,111,187,117, 92, 88,113, 85,  # 40
+ 79,118,105, 83, 67,114,119, 95, 99,109,188,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 72, 70, 80, 81, 60, 96, 93, 89, 68,120, 97, 77, 86, 69, 55,  # 60
+ 78,115, 65, 66, 58, 76,106,103, 87,107,112,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 80
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 90
+253,233, 61,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253, 74,253,253,  # a0
+253,253,253,253,247,253,253, 36, 46, 71, 73,253, 54,253,108,123,  # b0
+110, 31, 51, 43, 41, 34, 91, 40, 52, 47, 44, 53, 38, 49, 59, 39,  # c0
+ 35, 48,250, 37, 33, 45, 56, 50, 84, 57,120,121, 17, 18, 22, 15,  # d0
+124,  1, 29, 20, 21,  3, 32, 13, 25,  5, 11, 16, 10,  6, 30,  4,  # e0
+  9,  8, 14,  7,  2, 12, 28, 23, 42, 24, 64, 75, 19, 26, 27,253,  # f0
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 98.2851%
+# first 1024 sequences:1.7001%
+# rest  sequences:     0.0359%
+# negative sequences:  0.0148%
+GreekLangModel = (
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,0,2,2,3,3,0,3,0,3,2,0,3,3,3,0,
+3,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,3,0,3,3,2,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,0,
+2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,3,0,
+2,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,0,0,0,0,3,3,0,3,1,3,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,2,2,3,0,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,0,3,1,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,0,
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+)
+
+Latin7GreekModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin7_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': GreekLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.982851,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-7"
+}
+
+Win1253GreekModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1253_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': GreekLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.982851,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1253"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75f2bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Simon Montagu
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Shoshannah Forbes - original C code (?)
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Windows-1255 language model
+# Character Mapping Table:
+win1255_CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 69, 91, 79, 80, 92, 89, 97, 90, 68,111,112, 82, 73, 95, 85,  # 40
+ 78,121, 86, 71, 67,102,107, 84,114,103,115,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 50, 74, 60, 61, 42, 76, 70, 64, 53,105, 93, 56, 65, 54, 49,  # 60
+ 66,110, 51, 43, 44, 63, 81, 77, 98, 75,108,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+124,202,203,204,205, 40, 58,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,
+215, 83, 52, 47, 46, 72, 32, 94,216,113,217,109,218,219,220,221,
+ 34,116,222,118,100,223,224,117,119,104,125,225,226, 87, 99,227,
+106,122,123,228, 55,229,230,101,231,232,120,233, 48, 39, 57,234,
+ 30, 59, 41, 88, 33, 37, 36, 31, 29, 35,235, 62, 28,236,126,237,
+238, 38, 45,239,240,241,242,243,127,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,
+  9,  8, 20, 16,  3,  2, 24, 14, 22,  1, 25, 15,  4, 11,  6, 23,
+ 12, 19, 13, 26, 18, 27, 21, 17,  7, 10,  5,251,252,128, 96,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 98.4004%
+# first 1024 sequences: 1.5981%
+# rest  sequences:      0.087%
+# negative sequences:   0.0015%
+HebrewLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,2,0,1,0,0,
+3,0,3,1,0,0,1,3,2,0,1,1,2,0,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,0,2,2,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,3,1,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,1,2,2,1,3,
+1,2,1,1,2,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,2,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,1,2,2,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,0,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,2,2,2,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,2,0,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,1,2,1,1,1,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,1,2,0,2,1,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,2,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,1,2,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,
+0,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,1,2,3,0,2,1,2,2,
+0,2,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,3,3,1,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,
+0,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,1,2,2,2,2,3,2,3,1,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,2,2,2,
+0,1,0,1,2,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,3,3,3,
+0,3,0,2,2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,2,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,3,1,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,2,
+0,2,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,2,0,2,0,2,0,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,2,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,
+0,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,2,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,2,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,2,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+0,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+)
+
+Win1255HebrewModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1255_CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HebrewLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.984004,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1255"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49d2f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+Latin2_HungarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 28, 40, 54, 45, 32, 50, 49, 38, 39, 53, 36, 41, 34, 35, 47,
+ 46, 71, 43, 33, 37, 57, 48, 64, 68, 55, 52,253,253,253,253,253,
+253,  2, 18, 26, 17,  1, 27, 12, 20,  9, 22,  7,  6, 13,  4,  8,
+ 23, 67, 10,  5,  3, 21, 19, 65, 62, 16, 11,253,253,253,253,253,
+159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,
+175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197, 75,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+ 79,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,
+221, 51, 81,222, 78,223,224,225,226, 44,227,228,229, 61,230,231,
+232,233,234, 58,235, 66, 59,236,237,238, 60, 69, 63,239,240,241,
+ 82, 14, 74,242, 70, 80,243, 72,244, 15, 83, 77, 84, 30, 76, 85,
+245,246,247, 25, 73, 42, 24,248,249,250, 31, 56, 29,251,252,253,
+)
+
+win1250HungarianCharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253, 28, 40, 54, 45, 32, 50, 49, 38, 39, 53, 36, 41, 34, 35, 47,
+ 46, 72, 43, 33, 37, 57, 48, 64, 68, 55, 52,253,253,253,253,253,
+253,  2, 18, 26, 17,  1, 27, 12, 20,  9, 22,  7,  6, 13,  4,  8,
+ 23, 67, 10,  5,  3, 21, 19, 65, 62, 16, 11,253,253,253,253,253,
+161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,
+177,178,179,180, 78,181, 69,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,
+191,192,193,194,195,196,197, 76,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,
+ 81,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,
+221, 51, 83,222, 80,223,224,225,226, 44,227,228,229, 61,230,231,
+232,233,234, 58,235, 66, 59,236,237,238, 60, 70, 63,239,240,241,
+ 84, 14, 75,242, 71, 82,243, 73,244, 15, 85, 79, 86, 30, 77, 87,
+245,246,247, 25, 74, 42, 24,248,249,250, 31, 56, 29,251,252,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 94.7368%
+# first 1024 sequences:5.2623%
+# rest  sequences:     0.8894%
+# negative sequences:  0.0009%
+HungarianLangModel = (
+0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,
+3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,1,1,3,3,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,3,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,2,2,0,3,2,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,0,3,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,0,3,3,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,2,
+0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,1,1,3,3,2,1,3,2,2,3,2,1,3,2,2,1,0,3,3,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,1,1,3,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,0,1,1,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,0,3,2,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,3,1,1,3,3,1,1,0,3,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,3,1,3,3,2,2,1,3,3,3,1,1,3,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,3,2,2,3,2,1,0,3,2,0,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,1,1,0,3,3,3,3,0,2,3,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,3,0,1,2,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,1,2,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,2,1,2,3,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,1,3,3,1,1,0,2,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,3,1,1,3,2,1,2,3,1,1,0,2,2,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,1,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,3,3,1,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,2,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,1,1,2,1,1,3,3,1,0,1,1,3,3,2,0,1,1,2,3,1,0,2,2,1,0,0,1,3,2,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,2,1,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,2,3,3,2,1,1,3,2,3,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,3,3,0,3,2,1,2,3,2,1,3,3,1,1,0,2,1,3,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,2,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,2,1,0,2,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,2,3,0,0,0,2,3,3,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,1,0,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,1,0,2,2,0,1,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,1,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,1,1,3,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,2,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,3,1,1,1,1,1,3,3,3,0,1,1,3,3,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,0,3,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,0,1,2,1,2,2,0,1,2,3,1,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,1,2,0,2,0,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,
+1,1,1,2,3,2,3,3,0,1,2,2,3,1,0,1,0,2,1,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,3,2,2,1,0,0,3,2,3,2,0,0,0,1,1,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,2,2,3,3,1,0,1,3,2,3,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,3,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,1,2,3,3,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,
+3,2,2,1,0,0,1,1,2,2,0,3,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,3,3,1,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,2,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,0,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,2,2,0,1,0,1,0,2,3,2,0,0,1,2,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,2,2,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,
+2,2,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,2,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,3,0,0,0,1,0,3,2,1,0,0,1,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,2,1,
+1,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,0,0,2,1,2,2,1,0,0,2,1,2,2,0,0,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,3,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,3,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+3,1,1,2,2,2,3,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,0,1,0,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,2,3,2,1,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,1,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,3,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,1,0,2,1,1,2,2,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,2,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,
+1,2,3,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,1,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,1,2,1,1,1,1,0,1,2,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,
+2,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,2,1,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,2,0,1,1,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,
+2,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,
+1,1,2,0,0,3,1,0,2,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,
+1,2,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
+2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+1,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,2,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+Latin2HungarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': Latin2_HungarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HungarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.947368,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': True,
+  'charsetName': "ISO-8859-2"
+}
+
+Win1250HungarianModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': win1250HungarianCharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': HungarianLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.947368,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': True,
+  'charsetName': "windows-1250"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0508b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/langthaimodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# 255: Control characters that usually does not exist in any text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+
+# The following result for thai was collected from a limited sample (1M).
+
+# Character Mapping Table:
+TIS620CharToOrderMap = (
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,254,255,255,254,255,255,  # 00
+255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,  # 10
+253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 20
+252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,252,253,253,253,253,253,253,  # 30
+253,182,106,107,100,183,184,185,101, 94,186,187,108,109,110,111,  # 40
+188,189,190, 89, 95,112,113,191,192,193,194,253,253,253,253,253,  # 50
+253, 64, 72, 73,114, 74,115,116,102, 81,201,117, 90,103, 78, 82,  # 60
+ 96,202, 91, 79, 84,104,105, 97, 98, 92,203,253,253,253,253,253,  # 70
+209,210,211,212,213, 88,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,118,221,222,
+223,224, 99, 85, 83,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,
+236,  5, 30,237, 24,238, 75,  8, 26, 52, 34, 51,119, 47, 58, 57,
+ 49, 53, 55, 43, 20, 19, 44, 14, 48,  3, 17, 25, 39, 62, 31, 54,
+ 45,  9, 16,  2, 61, 15,239, 12, 42, 46, 18, 21, 76,  4, 66, 63,
+ 22, 10,  1, 36, 23, 13, 40, 27, 32, 35, 86,240,241,242,243,244,
+ 11, 28, 41, 29, 33,245, 50, 37,  6,  7, 67, 77, 38, 93,246,247,
+ 68, 56, 59, 65, 69, 60, 70, 80, 71, 87,248,249,250,251,252,253,
+)
+
+# Model Table:
+# total sequences: 100%
+# first 512 sequences: 92.6386%
+# first 1024 sequences:7.3177%
+# rest  sequences:     1.0230%
+# negative sequences:  0.0436%
+ThaiLangModel = (
+0,1,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,
+0,3,3,0,0,0,1,3,0,3,3,2,3,3,0,1,2,3,3,3,3,0,2,0,2,0,0,3,2,1,2,2,
+3,0,3,3,2,3,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0,3,2,3,0,2,2,2,3,
+0,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,3,1,1,3,2,2,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,2,
+3,1,2,3,0,3,3,2,2,1,2,3,3,1,2,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,
+3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,2,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,2,2,
+3,3,1,2,3,1,2,2,3,3,1,0,2,1,0,0,3,1,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,1,1,3,1,2,1,1,
+3,2,1,0,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,1,1,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,1,
+2,2,1,1,3,3,2,1,0,1,2,2,0,1,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,2,1,1,
+3,3,2,3,3,2,0,0,3,3,0,3,3,0,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,1,1,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,1,1,
+0,2,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,2,0,0,3,3,0,2,3,0,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,0,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,1,1,
+0,2,1,0,2,0,0,2,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,3,2,3,2,0,2,2,1,3,2,1,3,2,1,2,3,2,2,3,0,2,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,
+1,2,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,1,2,3,2,2,3,1,3,2,2,2,3,2,2,2,3,
+3,2,1,3,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,0,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0,1,1,3,0,0,0,0,2,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,0,0,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,3,3,3,3,0,0,2,3,0,0,3,0,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,3,3,3,0,0,0,3,3,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,2,1,1,3,0,0,1,0,0,2,3,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,2,1,3,3,2,2,1,2,2,2,3,1,1,2,0,2,1,2,1,
+2,2,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,2,1,2,3,3,3,0,2,0,2,2,0,2,1,3,2,2,1,2,1,0,0,2,2,1,0,2,1,2,2,
+0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,3,3,1,1,3,0,2,3,1,1,3,2,1,1,2,0,2,2,3,2,1,1,1,1,1,2,
+3,0,0,1,3,1,2,1,2,0,3,0,0,0,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,
+3,3,1,1,3,2,3,3,3,1,3,2,1,3,2,1,3,2,2,2,2,1,3,3,1,2,1,3,1,2,3,0,
+2,1,1,3,2,2,2,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,
+3,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,3,2,3,2,3,3,2,1,0,3,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,1,2,2,1,2,1,1,
+2,2,2,3,0,1,3,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,2,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,3,2,2,1,1,3,2,3,2,3,2,0,3,2,2,1,2,0,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,1,
+3,2,1,2,2,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,3,3,3,3,2,3,1,2,3,3,2,2,3,0,1,1,2,0,3,3,2,2,3,0,1,1,3,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,0,3,3,0,2,0,2,1,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,2,3,2,3,3,0,1,3,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,3,1,1,0,2,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
+3,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,2,2,1,1,2,1,3,3,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,3,1,2,2,1,2,0,3,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,1,
+3,2,1,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,1,3,3,0,2,1,0,3,2,0,0,3,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+1,0,0,1,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,2,2,2,3,0,0,1,3,0,3,2,0,3,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,1,0,2,2,2,0,2,2,1,2,
+0,2,3,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,0,2,3,1,3,3,2,3,3,0,3,3,0,3,2,2,3,2,3,3,3,0,0,2,2,3,0,1,1,1,3,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,1,3,0,1,2,2,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+3,2,3,3,2,0,3,3,2,2,3,1,3,2,1,3,2,0,1,2,2,0,2,3,2,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,2,3,1,3,0,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,1,3,2,2,2,1,2,0,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,0,2,1,0,1,
+1,2,0,0,0,3,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,0,0,1,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,1,3,1,1,1,2,0,1,1,2,1,2,1,3,2,0,0,3,1,1,1,1,1,
+3,1,0,2,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,2,3,0,3,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,2,3,1,3,0,0,1,2,0,0,2,0,3,3,2,3,3,3,2,3,0,0,2,2,2,0,0,0,2,2,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,3,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,3,1,3,3,0,0,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,0,3,0,2,2,1,0,2,1,1,2,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,3,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,3,3,2,1,0,1,1,1,3,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,0,3,1,0,1,3,1,1,1,1,
+1,1,0,2,0,1,3,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,1,
+3,0,2,2,1,3,3,2,3,3,0,1,1,0,2,2,1,2,1,3,3,1,0,0,3,2,0,0,0,0,2,1,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,1,1,3,1,1,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,3,0,0,3,0,3,1,0,1,1,1,3,2,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,2,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,1,3,2,1,3,3,1,2,2,0,1,2,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,2,0,3,3,3,2,2,0,1,1,0,1,3,0,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,3,1,0,1,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,2,3,1,2,0,0,2,1,0,3,1,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,1,3,0,0,3,1,1,0,2,2,1,1,
+0,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,3,1,2,0,0,2,2,0,1,2,0,1,0,1,3,1,2,1,0,0,0,2,0,3,0,0,0,1,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,1,1,2,2,0,0,0,2,0,2,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,2,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,1,
+0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,
+0,0,0,2,0,1,3,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,3,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,3,3,3,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,2,3,2,2,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,3,2,1,2,2,3,0,0,0,2,3,1,0,0,0,1,1,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,2,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,2,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,3,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,1,1,1,1,2,3,0,0,2,1,1,1,1,1,0,2,1,1,0,0,0,2,1,0,1,2,1,1,0,1,
+2,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,3,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,1,3,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,3,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,1,2,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,1,0,
+0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,3,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,1,0,1,2,0,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,2,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,0,2,1,3,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,1,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,3,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,
+1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,1,1,0,0,2,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
+)
+
+TIS620ThaiModel = {
+  'charToOrderMap': TIS620CharToOrderMap,
+  'precedenceMatrix': ThaiLangModel,
+  'mTypicalPositiveRatio': 0.926386,
+  'keepEnglishLetter': False,
+  'charsetName': "TIS-620"
+}
+
+# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eef3573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .constants import eNotMe
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+FREQ_CAT_NUM = 4
+
+UDF = 0  # undefined
+OTH = 1  # other
+ASC = 2  # ascii capital letter
+ASS = 3  # ascii small letter
+ACV = 4  # accent capital vowel
+ACO = 5  # accent capital other
+ASV = 6  # accent small vowel
+ASO = 7  # accent small other
+CLASS_NUM = 8  # total classes
+
+Latin1_CharToClass = (
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 00 - 07
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 08 - 0F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 10 - 17
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 18 - 1F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 20 - 27
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 28 - 2F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 30 - 37
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 38 - 3F
+    OTH, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 40 - 47
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 48 - 4F
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 50 - 57
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 58 - 5F
+    OTH, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 60 - 67
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 68 - 6F
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 70 - 77
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 78 - 7F
+    OTH, UDF, OTH, ASO, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 80 - 87
+    OTH, OTH, ACO, OTH, ACO, UDF, ACO, UDF,   # 88 - 8F
+    UDF, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 90 - 97
+    OTH, OTH, ASO, OTH, ASO, UDF, ASO, ACO,   # 98 - 9F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A0 - A7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A8 - AF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B0 - B7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B8 - BF
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO,   # C0 - C7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV,   # C8 - CF
+    ACO, ACO, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, OTH,   # D0 - D7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO, ACO,   # D8 - DF
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO,   # E0 - E7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV,   # E8 - EF
+    ASO, ASO, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, OTH,   # F0 - F7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO, ASO,   # F8 - FF
+)
+
+# 0 : illegal
+# 1 : very unlikely
+# 2 : normal
+# 3 : very likely
+Latin1ClassModel = (
+    # UDF OTH ASC ASS ACV ACO ASV ASO
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  # UDF
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # OTH
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ASC
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASS
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  2,  1,  2,  # ACV
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ACO
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,  3,  # ASV
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASO
+)
+
+
+class Latin1Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._mLastCharClass = OTH
+        self._mFreqCounter = [0] * FREQ_CAT_NUM
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "windows-1252"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aBuf = self.filter_with_english_letters(aBuf)
+        for c in aBuf:
+            charClass = Latin1_CharToClass[wrap_ord(c)]
+            freq = Latin1ClassModel[(self._mLastCharClass * CLASS_NUM)
+                                    + charClass]
+            if freq == 0:
+                self._mState = eNotMe
+                break
+            self._mFreqCounter[freq] += 1
+            self._mLastCharClass = charClass
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        if self.get_state() == eNotMe:
+            return 0.01
+
+        total = sum(self._mFreqCounter)
+        if total < 0.01:
+            confidence = 0.0
+        else:
+            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] - self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0)
+                          / total)
+        if confidence < 0.0:
+            confidence = 0.0
+        # lower the confidence of latin1 so that other more accurate
+        # detector can take priority.
+        confidence = confidence * 0.73
+        return confidence
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb42f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+
+
+class MultiByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = None
+        self._mCodingSM = None
+        self._mLastChar = [0, 0]
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        if self._mCodingSM:
+            self._mCodingSM.reset()
+        if self._mDistributionAnalyzer:
+            self._mDistributionAnalyzer.reset()
+        self._mLastChar = [0, 0]
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        pass
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mDistributionAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+                    (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        return self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03c9dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .utf8prober import UTF8Prober
+from .sjisprober import SJISProber
+from .eucjpprober import EUCJPProber
+from .gb2312prober import GB2312Prober
+from .euckrprober import EUCKRProber
+from .cp949prober import CP949Prober
+from .big5prober import Big5Prober
+from .euctwprober import EUCTWProber
+
+
+class MBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetGroupProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mProbers = [
+            UTF8Prober(),
+            SJISProber(),
+            EUCJPProber(),
+            GB2312Prober(),
+            EUCKRProber(),
+            CP949Prober(),
+            Big5Prober(),
+            EUCTWProber()
+        ]
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efe678c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .constants import eStart, eError, eItsMe
+
+# BIG5
+
+BIG5_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07    #allow 0x00 as legal value
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 80 - 87
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 90 - 97
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 98 - 9f
+    4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # a0 - a7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # a8 - af
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # b0 - b7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # b8 - bf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c0 - c7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c8 - cf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d0 - d7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+BIG5_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,#08-0f
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart#10-17
+)
+
+Big5CharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0)
+
+Big5SMModel = {'classTable': BIG5_cls,
+               'classFactor': 5,
+               'stateTable': BIG5_st,
+               'charLenTable': Big5CharLenTable,
+               'name': 'Big5'}
+
+# CP949
+
+CP949_cls  = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 00 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 3f
+    1,4,4,4,4,4,4,4, 4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 40 - 4f
+    4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 5f
+    1,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 60 - 6f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 5,5,5,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 7f
+    0,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 80 - 8f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 90 - 9f
+    6,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,  # a0 - af
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # b0 - bf
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,9,2, 2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - df
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - ef
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0,  # f0 - ff
+)
+
+CP949_st = (
+#cls=    0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9  # previous state =
+    eError,eStart,     3,eError,eStart,eStart,     4,     5,eError,     6, # eStart
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError, # eError
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe, # eItsMe
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 3
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 4
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 5
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart, # 6
+)
+
+CP949CharLenTable = (0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2)
+
+CP949SMModel = {'classTable': CP949_cls,
+                'classFactor': 10,
+                'stateTable': CP949_st,
+                'charLenTable': CP949CharLenTable,
+                'name': 'CP949'}
+
+# EUC-JP
+
+EUCJP_cls = (
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 00 - 07
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,  # 08 - 0f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 10 - 17
+    4,4,4,5,4,4,4,4,  # 18 - 1f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 20 - 27
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 28 - 2f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 30 - 37
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 38 - 3f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 40 - 47
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 48 - 4f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 50 - 57
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 58 - 5f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 60 - 67
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 68 - 6f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 70 - 77
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 80 - 87
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,1,3,  # 88 - 8f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 90 - 97
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # 98 - 9f
+    5,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,5  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCJP_st = (
+          3,     4,     3,     5,eStart,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,eStart,eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,#10-17
+     eError,eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,     3,eError,#18-1f
+          3,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart#20-27
+)
+
+EUCJPCharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 0)
+
+EUCJPSMModel = {'classTable': EUCJP_cls,
+                'classFactor': 6,
+                'stateTable': EUCJP_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCJPCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'EUC-JP'}
+
+# EUC-KR
+
+EUCKR_cls  = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e0 - e7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # e8 - ef
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # f0 - f7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCKR_st = (
+    eError,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart #08-0f
+)
+
+EUCKRCharLenTable = (0, 1, 2, 0)
+
+EUCKRSMModel = {'classTable': EUCKR_cls,
+                'classFactor': 4,
+                'stateTable': EUCKR_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCKRCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'EUC-KR'}
+
+# EUC-TW
+
+EUCTW_cls = (
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 00 - 07
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 10 - 17
+    2,2,2,0,2,2,2,2,  # 18 - 1f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 20 - 27
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 28 - 2f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 30 - 37
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,6,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # a0 - a7
+    5,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # a8 - af
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b0 - b7
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # b8 - bf
+    1,1,3,1,3,3,3,3,  # c0 - c7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # c8 - cf
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d0 - d7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCTW_st = (
+    eError,eError,eStart,     3,     3,     3,     4,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eStart,eError,#10-17
+    eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+         5,eError,eError,eError,eStart,eError,eStart,eStart,#20-27
+    eStart,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #28-2f
+)
+
+EUCTWCharLenTable = (0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3)
+
+EUCTWSMModel = {'classTable': EUCTW_cls,
+                'classFactor': 7,
+                'stateTable': EUCTW_st,
+                'charLenTable': EUCTWCharLenTable,
+                'name': 'x-euc-tw'}
+
+# GB2312
+
+GB2312_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 30 - 37
+    3,3,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 80 - 87
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 88 - 8f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 90 - 97
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # 98 - 9f
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # a0 - a7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # a8 - af
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # b0 - b7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # b8 - bf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c0 - c7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c8 - cf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d0 - d7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d8 - df
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # e0 - e7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # e8 - ef
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # f0 - f7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+GB2312_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,#10-17
+         4,eError,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+    eError,eError,     5,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eError,#20-27
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #28-2f
+)
+
+# To be accurate, the length of class 6 can be either 2 or 4.
+# But it is not necessary to discriminate between the two since
+# it is used for frequency analysis only, and we are validing
+# each code range there as well. So it is safe to set it to be
+# 2 here.
+GB2312CharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2)
+
+GB2312SMModel = {'classTable': GB2312_cls,
+                  'classFactor': 7,
+                  'stateTable': GB2312_st,
+                  'charLenTable': GB2312CharLenTable,
+                  'name': 'GB2312'}
+
+# Shift_JIS
+
+SJIS_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 40 - 47
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 50 - 57
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 60 - 67
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,  # 80 - 87
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 88 - 8f
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 90 - 97
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 98 - 9f
+    #0xa0 is illegal in sjis encoding, but some pages does
+    #contain such byte. We need to be more error forgiven.
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a0 - a7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # a8 - af
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b0 - b7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # b8 - bf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c0 - c7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # c8 - cf
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d0 - d7
+    2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
+    3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,  # e8 - ef
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0)  # f8 - ff
+
+
+SJIS_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eStart,     3,eError,eError,eError,eError,#00-07
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart #10-17
+)
+
+SJISCharLenTable = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+
+SJISSMModel = {'classTable': SJIS_cls,
+               'classFactor': 6,
+               'stateTable': SJIS_st,
+               'charLenTable': SJISCharLenTable,
+               'name': 'Shift_JIS'}
+
+# UCS2-BE
+
+UCS2BE_cls = (
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+    0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+    0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+    0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a0 - a7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a8 - af
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b0 - b7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c0 - c7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c8 - cf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d0 - d7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2BE_st  = (
+          5,     7,     7,eError,     4,     3,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,     6,     6,     6,     6,eError,eError,#10-17
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     6,eItsMe,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     5,     7,     7,eError,#20-27
+          5,     8,     6,     6,eError,     6,     6,     6,#28-2f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,eError,eError,eStart,eStart #30-37
+)
+
+UCS2BECharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2BESMModel = {'classTable': UCS2BE_cls,
+                 'classFactor': 6,
+                 'stateTable': UCS2BE_st,
+                 'charLenTable': UCS2BECharLenTable,
+                 'name': 'UTF-16BE'}
+
+# UCS2-LE
+
+UCS2LE_cls = (
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 00 - 07
+    0,0,1,0,0,2,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 10 - 17
+    0,0,0,3,0,0,0,0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 20 - 27
+    0,3,3,3,3,3,0,0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 30 - 37
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 40 - 47
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 50 - 57
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 60 - 67
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 70 - 77
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 80 - 87
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 90 - 97
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a0 - a7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # a8 - af
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b0 - b7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c0 - c7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # c8 - cf
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d0 - d7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # d8 - df
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e0 - e7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # e8 - ef
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,  # f0 - f7
+    0,0,0,0,0,0,4,5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2LE_st = (
+          6,     6,     7,     6,     4,     3,eError,eError,#00-07
+     eError,eError,eError,eError,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#08-0f
+     eItsMe,eItsMe,     5,     5,     5,eError,eItsMe,eError,#10-17
+          5,     5,     5,eError,     5,eError,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          7,     6,     8,     8,     5,     5,     5,eError,#20-27
+          5,     5,     5,eError,eError,eError,     5,     5,#28-2f
+          5,     5,     5,eError,     5,eError,eStart,eStart #30-37
+)
+
+UCS2LECharLenTable = (2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2LESMModel = {'classTable': UCS2LE_cls,
+                 'classFactor': 6,
+                 'stateTable': UCS2LE_st,
+                 'charLenTable': UCS2LECharLenTable,
+                 'name': 'UTF-16LE'}
+
+# UTF-8
+
+UTF8_cls = (
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 00 - 07  #allow 0x00 as a legal value
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 10 - 17
+    1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 20 - 27
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 30 - 37
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 78 - 7f
+    2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,  # 80 - 87
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 90 - 97
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 98 - 9f
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # a0 - a7
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # a8 - af
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # b0 - b7
+    5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,  # b8 - bf
+    0,0,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c0 - c7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # c8 - cf
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d0 - d7
+    6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,  # d8 - df
+    7,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,  # e0 - e7
+    8,8,8,8,8,9,8,8,  # e8 - ef
+    10,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,  # f0 - f7
+    12,13,13,13,14,15,0,0    # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UTF8_st = (
+    eError,eStart,eError,eError,eError,eError,     12,   10,#00-07
+         9,     11,     8,     7,     6,     5,     4,    3,#08-0f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#10-17
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#18-1f
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#20-27
+    eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,eItsMe,#28-2f
+    eError,eError,     5,     5,     5,     5,eError,eError,#30-37
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#38-3f
+    eError,eError,eError,     5,     5,     5,eError,eError,#40-47
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#48-4f
+    eError,eError,     7,     7,     7,     7,eError,eError,#50-57
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#58-5f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,     7,     7,eError,eError,#60-67
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#68-6f
+    eError,eError,     9,     9,     9,     9,eError,eError,#70-77
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#78-7f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,     9,eError,eError,#80-87
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#88-8f
+    eError,eError,    12,    12,    12,    12,eError,eError,#90-97
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#98-9f
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,    12,eError,eError,#a0-a7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#a8-af
+    eError,eError,    12,    12,    12,eError,eError,eError,#b0-b7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,#b8-bf
+    eError,eError,eStart,eStart,eStart,eStart,eError,eError,#c0-c7
+    eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError,eError #c8-cf
+)
+
+UTF8CharLenTable = (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6)
+
+UTF8SMModel = {'classTable': UTF8_cls,
+               'classFactor': 16,
+               'stateTable': UTF8_st,
+               'charLenTable': UTF8CharLenTable,
+               'name': 'UTF-8'}
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37291bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .compat import wrap_ord
+
+SAMPLE_SIZE = 64
+SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 1024
+POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
+NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.05
+SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER = 250
+NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT = 4
+POSITIVE_CAT = NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT - 1
+#NEGATIVE_CAT = 0
+
+
+class SingleByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self, model, reversed=False, nameProber=None):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mModel = model
+        # TRUE if we need to reverse every pair in the model lookup
+        self._mReversed = reversed
+        # Optional auxiliary prober for name decision
+        self._mNameProber = nameProber
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        # char order of last character
+        self._mLastOrder = 255
+        self._mSeqCounters = [0] * NUMBER_OF_SEQ_CAT
+        self._mTotalSeqs = 0
+        self._mTotalChar = 0
+        # characters that fall in our sampling range
+        self._mFreqChar = 0
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        if self._mNameProber:
+            return self._mNameProber.get_charset_name()
+        else:
+            return self._mModel['charsetName']
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        if not self._mModel['keepEnglishLetter']:
+            aBuf = self.filter_without_english_letters(aBuf)
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        if not aLen:
+            return self.get_state()
+        for c in aBuf:
+            order = self._mModel['charToOrderMap'][wrap_ord(c)]
+            if order < SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER:
+                self._mTotalChar += 1
+            if order < SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                self._mFreqChar += 1
+                if self._mLastOrder < SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                    self._mTotalSeqs += 1
+                    if not self._mReversed:
+                        i = (self._mLastOrder * SAMPLE_SIZE) + order
+                        model = self._mModel['precedenceMatrix'][i]
+                    else:  # reverse the order of the letters in the lookup
+                        i = (order * SAMPLE_SIZE) + self._mLastOrder
+                        model = self._mModel['precedenceMatrix'][i]
+                    self._mSeqCounters[model] += 1
+            self._mLastOrder = order
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if self._mTotalSeqs > SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                cf = self.get_confidence()
+                if cf > POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    if constants._debug:
+                        sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s, we have a'
+                                         'winner\n' %
+                                         (self._mModel['charsetName'], cf))
+                    self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                elif cf < NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    if constants._debug:
+                        sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s, below negative'
+                                         'shortcut threshhold %s\n' %
+                                         (self._mModel['charsetName'], cf,
+                                          NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD))
+                    self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        r = 0.01
+        if self._mTotalSeqs > 0:
+            r = ((1.0 * self._mSeqCounters[POSITIVE_CAT]) / self._mTotalSeqs
+                 / self._mModel['mTypicalPositiveRatio'])
+            r = r * self._mFreqChar / self._mTotalChar
+            if r >= 1.0:
+                r = 0.99
+        return r
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b6196c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetProber
+from .langcyrillicmodel import (Win1251CyrillicModel, Koi8rModel,
+                                Latin5CyrillicModel, MacCyrillicModel,
+                                Ibm866Model, Ibm855Model)
+from .langgreekmodel import Latin7GreekModel, Win1253GreekModel
+from .langbulgarianmodel import Latin5BulgarianModel, Win1251BulgarianModel
+from .langhungarianmodel import Latin2HungarianModel, Win1250HungarianModel
+from .langthaimodel import TIS620ThaiModel
+from .langhebrewmodel import Win1255HebrewModel
+from .hebrewprober import HebrewProber
+
+
+class SBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetGroupProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mProbers = [
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1251CyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Koi8rModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin5CyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(MacCyrillicModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Ibm866Model),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Ibm855Model),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin7GreekModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1253GreekModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin5BulgarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1251BulgarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Latin2HungarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1250HungarianModel),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(TIS620ThaiModel),
+        ]
+        hebrewProber = HebrewProber()
+        logicalHebrewProber = SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1255HebrewModel,
+                                                      False, hebrewProber)
+        visualHebrewProber = SingleByteCharSetProber(Win1255HebrewModel, True,
+                                                     hebrewProber)
+        hebrewProber.set_model_probers(logicalHebrewProber, visualHebrewProber)
+        self._mProbers.extend([hebrewProber, logicalHebrewProber,
+                               visualHebrewProber])
+
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd0e9e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import sys
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .chardistribution import SJISDistributionAnalysis
+from .jpcntx import SJISContextAnalysis
+from .mbcssm import SJISSMModel
+from . import constants
+
+
+class SJISProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(SJISSMModel)
+        self._mDistributionAnalyzer = SJISDistributionAnalysis()
+        self._mContextAnalyzer = SJISContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        MultiByteCharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self._mContextAnalyzer.get_charset_name()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        for i in range(0, aLen):
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(aBuf[i])
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                if constants._debug:
+                    sys.stderr.write(self.get_charset_name()
+                                     + ' prober hit error at byte ' + str(i)
+                                     + '\n')
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                charLen = self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._mLastChar[1] = aBuf[0]
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar[2 - charLen:],
+                                                charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(self._mLastChar, charLen)
+                else:
+                    self._mContextAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i + 1 - charLen:i + 3
+                                                     - charLen], charLen)
+                    self._mDistributionAnalyzer.feed(aBuf[i - 1:i + 1],
+                                                     charLen)
+
+        self._mLastChar[0] = aBuf[aLen - 1]
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if (self._mContextAnalyzer.got_enough_data() and
+               (self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD)):
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        contxtCf = self._mContextAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        distribCf = self._mDistributionAnalyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(contxtCf, distribCf)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..476522b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+import sys
+import codecs
+from .latin1prober import Latin1Prober  # windows-1252
+from .mbcsgroupprober import MBCSGroupProber  # multi-byte character sets
+from .sbcsgroupprober import SBCSGroupProber  # single-byte character sets
+from .escprober import EscCharSetProber  # ISO-2122, etc.
+import re
+
+MINIMUM_THRESHOLD = 0.20
+ePureAscii = 0
+eEscAscii = 1
+eHighbyte = 2
+
+
+class UniversalDetector:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._highBitDetector = re.compile(b'[\x80-\xFF]')
+        self._escDetector = re.compile(b'(\033|~{)')
+        self._mEscCharSetProber = None
+        self._mCharSetProbers = []
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.result = {'encoding': None, 'confidence': 0.0}
+        self.done = False
+        self._mStart = True
+        self._mGotData = False
+        self._mInputState = ePureAscii
+        self._mLastChar = b''
+        if self._mEscCharSetProber:
+            self._mEscCharSetProber.reset()
+        for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+            prober.reset()
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        if self.done:
+            return
+
+        aLen = len(aBuf)
+        if not aLen:
+            return
+
+        if not self._mGotData:
+            # If the data starts with BOM, we know it is UTF
+            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+                # EF BB BF  UTF-8 with BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8-SIG", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE:
+                # FF FE 00 00  UTF-32, little-endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE:
+                # 00 00 FE FF  UTF-32, big-endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32BE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:4] == b'\xFE\xFF\x00\x00':
+                # FE FF 00 00  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (3412)
+                self.result = {
+                    'encoding': "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-3412",
+                    'confidence': 1.0
+                }
+            elif aBuf[:4] == b'\x00\x00\xFF\xFE':
+                # 00 00 FF FE  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (2143)
+                self.result = {
+                    'encoding': "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-2143",
+                    'confidence': 1.0
+                }
+            elif aBuf[:2] == codecs.BOM_LE:
+                # FF FE  UTF-16, little endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-16LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+            elif aBuf[:2] == codecs.BOM_BE:
+                # FE FF  UTF-16, big endian BOM
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-16BE", 'confidence': 1.0}
+
+        self._mGotData = True
+        if self.result['encoding'] and (self.result['confidence'] > 0.0):
+            self.done = True
+            return
+
+        if self._mInputState == ePureAscii:
+            if self._highBitDetector.search(aBuf):
+                self._mInputState = eHighbyte
+            elif ((self._mInputState == ePureAscii) and
+                    self._escDetector.search(self._mLastChar + aBuf)):
+                self._mInputState = eEscAscii
+
+        self._mLastChar = aBuf[-1:]
+
+        if self._mInputState == eEscAscii:
+            if not self._mEscCharSetProber:
+                self._mEscCharSetProber = EscCharSetProber()
+            if self._mEscCharSetProber.feed(aBuf) == constants.eFoundIt:
+                self.result = {'encoding': self._mEscCharSetProber.get_charset_name(),
+                               'confidence': self._mEscCharSetProber.get_confidence()}
+                self.done = True
+        elif self._mInputState == eHighbyte:
+            if not self._mCharSetProbers:
+                self._mCharSetProbers = [MBCSGroupProber(), SBCSGroupProber(),
+                                         Latin1Prober()]
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+                if prober.feed(aBuf) == constants.eFoundIt:
+                    self.result = {'encoding': prober.get_charset_name(),
+                                   'confidence': prober.get_confidence()}
+                    self.done = True
+                    break
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.done:
+            return
+        if not self._mGotData:
+            if constants._debug:
+                sys.stderr.write('no data received!\n')
+            return
+        self.done = True
+
+        if self._mInputState == ePureAscii:
+            self.result = {'encoding': 'ascii', 'confidence': 1.0}
+            return self.result
+
+        if self._mInputState == eHighbyte:
+            proberConfidence = None
+            maxProberConfidence = 0.0
+            maxProber = None
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                proberConfidence = prober.get_confidence()
+                if proberConfidence > maxProberConfidence:
+                    maxProberConfidence = proberConfidence
+                    maxProber = prober
+            if maxProber and (maxProberConfidence > MINIMUM_THRESHOLD):
+                self.result = {'encoding': maxProber.get_charset_name(),
+                               'confidence': maxProber.get_confidence()}
+                return self.result
+
+        if constants._debug:
+            sys.stderr.write('no probers hit minimum threshhold\n')
+            for prober in self._mCharSetProbers[0].mProbers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                sys.stderr.write('%s confidence = %s\n' %
+                                 (prober.get_charset_name(),
+                                  prober.get_confidence()))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c0bb5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/chardet/utf8prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from . import constants
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcssm import UTF8SMModel
+
+ONE_CHAR_PROB = 0.5
+
+
+class UTF8Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self):
+        CharSetProber.__init__(self)
+        self._mCodingSM = CodingStateMachine(UTF8SMModel)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        CharSetProber.reset(self)
+        self._mCodingSM.reset()
+        self._mNumOfMBChar = 0
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return "utf-8"
+
+    def feed(self, aBuf):
+        for c in aBuf:
+            codingState = self._mCodingSM.next_state(c)
+            if codingState == constants.eError:
+                self._mState = constants.eNotMe
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eItsMe:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+                break
+            elif codingState == constants.eStart:
+                if self._mCodingSM.get_current_charlen() >= 2:
+                    self._mNumOfMBChar += 1
+
+        if self.get_state() == constants.eDetecting:
+            if self.get_confidence() > constants.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                self._mState = constants.eFoundIt
+
+        return self.get_state()
+
+    def get_confidence(self):
+        unlike = 0.99
+        if self._mNumOfMBChar < 6:
+            for i in range(0, self._mNumOfMBChar):
+                unlike = unlike * ONE_CHAR_PROB
+            return 1.0 - unlike
+        else:
+            return unlike
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e43991a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""
+urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import warnings
+
+from .connectionpool import (
+    HTTPConnectionPool,
+    HTTPSConnectionPool,
+    connection_from_url
+)
+
+from . import exceptions
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.url import get_host
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+__author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
+__license__ = 'MIT'
+__version__ = '1.13.1'
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HTTPConnectionPool',
+    'HTTPSConnectionPool',
+    'PoolManager',
+    'ProxyManager',
+    'HTTPResponse',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'add_stderr_logger',
+    'connection_from_url',
+    'disable_warnings',
+    'encode_multipart_formdata',
+    'get_host',
+    'make_headers',
+    'proxy_from_url',
+)
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+
+def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for
+    debugging.
+
+    Returns the handler after adding it.
+    """
+    # This method needs to be in this __init__.py to get the __name__ correct
+    # even if urllib3 is vendored within another package.
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+    logger.setLevel(level)
+    logger.debug('Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
+    return handler
+
+# ... Clean up.
+del NullHandler
+
+
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# SubjectAltNameWarning's should go off once per host
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning,
+                      append=True)
+# SNIMissingWarnings should go off only once.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.SNIMissingWarning)
+
+
+def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f3ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
+try:
+    from threading import RLock
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
+    class RLock:
+        def __enter__(self):
+            pass
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+            pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 2.7+
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    from .packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
+from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
+
+
+__all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
+
+
+_Null = object()
+
+
+class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    Provides a thread-safe dict-like container which maintains up to
+    ``maxsize`` keys while throwing away the least-recently-used keys beyond
+    ``maxsize``.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Maximum number of recent elements to retain.
+
+    :param dispose_func:
+        Every time an item is evicted from the container,
+        ``dispose_func(value)`` is called.  Callback which will get called
+    """
+
+    ContainerCls = OrderedDict
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=10, dispose_func=None):
+        self._maxsize = maxsize
+        self.dispose_func = dispose_func
+
+        self._container = self.ContainerCls()
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # Re-insert the item, moving it to the end of the eviction line.
+        with self.lock:
+            item = self._container.pop(key)
+            self._container[key] = item
+            return item
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        evicted_value = _Null
+        with self.lock:
+            # Possibly evict the existing value of 'key'
+            evicted_value = self._container.get(key, _Null)
+            self._container[key] = value
+
+            # If we didn't evict an existing value, we might have to evict the
+            # least recently used item from the beginning of the container.
+            if len(self._container) > self._maxsize:
+                _key, evicted_value = self._container.popitem(last=False)
+
+        if self.dispose_func and evicted_value is not _Null:
+            self.dispose_func(evicted_value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        with self.lock:
+            value = self._container.pop(key)
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe.')
+
+    def clear(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
+            values = list(itervalues(self._container))
+            self._container.clear()
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            for value in values:
+                self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return list(iterkeys(self._container))
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    :param headers:
+        An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
+        when compared case-insensitively.
+
+    :param kwargs:
+        Additional field-value pairs to pass in to ``dict.update``.
+
+    A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
+
+    Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    case-insensitive pair.
+
+    Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
+    case-insensitively in order to maintain ``dict``'s api. For fields that
+    compare equal, instead create a new ``HTTPHeaderDict`` and use ``.add``
+    in a loop.
+
+    If multiple fields that are equal case-insensitively are passed to the
+    constructor or ``.update``, the behavior is undefined and some will be
+    lost.
+
+    >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+    >>> headers.add('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar')
+    >>> headers.add('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')
+    >>> headers['content-length'] = '7'
+    >>> headers['SET-cookie']
+    'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
+    >>> headers['Content-Length']
+    '7'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
+        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
+        self._container = {}
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        self._container[key.lower()] = (key, val)
+        return self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
+        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key.lower() in self._container
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return (dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) ==
+                dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged()))
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    if not PY3:  # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+        '''
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
+        """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
+        exists.
+
+        >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict(foo='bar')
+        >>> headers.add('Foo', 'baz')
+        >>> headers['foo']
+        'bar, baz'
+        """
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = key, val
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
+            if isinstance(vals, list):
+                # If already several items got inserted, we have a list
+                vals.append(val)
+            else:
+                # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                self._container[key_lower] = [vals[0], vals[1], val]
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({0} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def getlist(self, key):
+        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
+        empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vals, tuple):
+                return [vals[1]]
+            else:
+                return vals[1:]
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key] + val
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
+            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message):  # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e4cd41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import datetime
+import os
+import sys
+import socket
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
+import warnings
+from .packages import six
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from http.client import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
+except ImportError:
+    from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+    from httplib import HTTPException  # noqa: unused in this module
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
+    import ssl
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
+    ssl = None
+
+    class BaseSSLError(BaseException):
+        pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 3:
+    # Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+except NameError:  # Python 2:
+    class ConnectionError(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
+from .exceptions import (
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    SubjectAltNameWarning,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
+)
+from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
+
+from .util.ssl_ import (
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+)
+
+
+from .util import connection
+
+port_by_scheme = {
+    'http': 80,
+    'https': 443,
+}
+
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
+
+
+class DummyConnection(object):
+    """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
+    """
+    Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor
+    backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+      - ``strict``: See the documentation on :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+      - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+
+        .. note:: This is ignored for Python 2.6. It is only applied for 2.7 and 3.x
+
+      - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+        defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+        Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+        For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+        you might pass::
+
+            HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+                (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+            ]
+
+        Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
+    """
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme['http']
+
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        if six.PY3:  # Python 3
+            kw.pop('strict', None)
+
+        # Pre-set source_address in case we have an older Python like 2.6.
+        self.source_address = kw.get('source_address')
+
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6
+            # _HTTPConnection on Python 2.6 will balk at this keyword arg, but
+            # not newer versions. We can still use it when creating a
+            # connection though, so we pop it *after* we have saved it as
+            # self.source_address.
+            kw.pop('source_address', None)
+
+        #: The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
+        #: provided, we use the default options.
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop('socket_options', self.default_socket_options)
+
+        # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
+        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """ Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
+
+        :return: New socket connection.
+        """
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw['source_address'] = self.source_address
+
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = connection.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)
+
+        except SocketTimeout as e:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
+                (self.host, self.timeout))
+
+        except SocketError as e:
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        self.sock = conn
+        # the _tunnel_host attribute was added in python 2.6.3 (via
+        # http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f) so pythons 2.6(0-2) do
+        # not have them.
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+
+class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    default_port = port_by_scheme['https']
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                 strict=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, **kw):
+
+        HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict=strict,
+                                timeout=timeout, **kw)
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+
+        # Required property for Google AppEngine 1.9.0 which otherwise causes
+        # HTTPS requests to go out as HTTP. (See Issue #356)
+        self._protocol = 'https'
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
+
+
+class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
+    """
+    Based on httplib.HTTPSConnection but wraps the socket with
+    SSL certification.
+    """
+    cert_reqs = None
+    ca_certs = None
+    ca_cert_dir = None
+    ssl_version = None
+    assert_fingerprint = None
+
+    def set_cert(self, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                 cert_reqs=None, ca_certs=None,
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None):
+
+        if (ca_certs or ca_cert_dir) and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+
+    def connect(self):
+        # Add certificate verification
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+
+        resolved_cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs)
+        resolved_ssl_version = resolve_ssl_version(self.ssl_version)
+
+        hostname = self.host
+        if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            # _tunnel_host was added in Python 2.6.3
+            # (See: http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f)
+
+            self.sock = conn
+            # Calls self._set_hostport(), so self.host is
+            # self._tunnel_host below.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+            # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
+            hostname = self._tunnel_host
+
+        is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+        if is_time_off:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
+                'lead to SSL verification errors').format(RECENT_DATE),
+                SystemTimeWarning
+            )
+
+        # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
+        # trusted_root_certs
+        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+                                    cert_reqs=resolved_cert_reqs,
+                                    ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                                    ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                                    server_hostname=hostname,
+                                    ssl_version=resolved_ssl_version)
+
+        if self.assert_fingerprint:
+            assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
+                               self.assert_fingerprint)
+        elif resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE \
+                and self.assert_hostname is not False:
+            cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+                warnings.warn((
+                    'Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a '
+                    '`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and '
+                    'deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 '
+                    'for details.)'.format(hostname)),
+                    SubjectAltNameWarning
+                )
+
+            # In case the hostname is an IPv6 address, strip the square
+            # brackets from it before using it to validate. This is because
+            # a certificate with an IPv6 address in it won't have square
+            # brackets around that address. Sadly, match_hostname won't do this
+            # for us: it expects the plain host part without any extra work
+            # that might have been done to make it palatable to httplib.
+            asserted_hostname = self.assert_hostname or hostname
+            asserted_hostname = asserted_hostname.strip('[]')
+            match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname)
+
+        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED or
+                            self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
+
+
+if ssl:
+    # Make a copy for testing.
+    UnverifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
+    HTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+else:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..995b416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,818 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import logging
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
+import socket
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
+except ImportError:
+    from Queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
+    # Queue is imported for side effects on MS Windows
+    import Queue as _unused_module_Queue  # noqa: unused
+
+
+from .exceptions import (
+    ClosedPoolError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    EmptyPoolError,
+    HeaderParsingError,
+    HostChangedError,
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+    NewConnectionError,
+)
+from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+from .packages import six
+from .connection import (
+    port_by_scheme,
+    DummyConnection,
+    HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
+    HTTPException, BaseSSLError,
+)
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.response import assert_header_parsing
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import get_host, Url
+
+
+xrange = six.moves.xrange
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_Default = object()
+
+
+# Pool objects
+class ConnectionPool(object):
+    """
+    Base class for all connection pools, such as
+    :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
+    """
+
+    scheme = None
+    QueueCls = LifoQueue
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None):
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (type(self).__name__,
+                                         self.host, self.port)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close():
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+# This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
+_blocking_errnos = set([errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK])
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
+
+    :param host:
+        Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. "localhost"), passed into
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param port:
+        Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed
+        into :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param strict:
+        Causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can't be parsed
+        as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line, passed into
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection`.
+
+        .. note::
+           Only works in Python 2. This parameter is ignored in Python 3.
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can
+        be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request,
+        or an instance of :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more
+        fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has
+        been parsed, this is always a `urllib3.util.Timeout` object.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful
+        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to False, more
+        connections will be created but they will not be saved once they've
+        been used.
+
+    :param block:
+        If set to True, no more than ``maxsize`` connections will be used at
+        a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block
+        until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for
+        particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more
+        than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
+    :param _proxy:
+        Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param _proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
+        instead, see :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param \**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'http'
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=False,
+                 timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1, block=False,
+                 headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 **conn_kw):
+        ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+
+        self.strict = strict
+
+        if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
+
+        self.pool = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
+        self.block = block
+
+        self.proxy = _proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = _proxy_headers or {}
+
+        # Fill the queue up so that doing get() on it will block properly
+        for _ in xrange(maxsize):
+            self.pool.put(None)
+
+        # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
+        self.num_connections = 0
+        self.num_requests = 0
+        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
+
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.info("Starting new HTTP connection (%d): %s" %
+                 (self.num_connections, self.host))
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port,
+                                  timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
+        return conn
+
+    def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
+        """
+        Get a connection. Will return a pooled connection if one is available.
+
+        If no connections are available and :prop:`.block` is ``False``, then a
+        fresh connection is returned.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Seconds to wait before giving up and raising
+            :class:`urllib3.exceptions.EmptyPoolError` if the pool is empty and
+            :prop:`.block` is ``True``.
+        """
+        conn = None
+        try:
+            conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
+
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
+            raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
+
+        except Empty:
+            if self.block:
+                raise EmptyPoolError(self,
+                                     "Pool reached maximum size and no more "
+                                     "connections are allowed.")
+            pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
+
+        # If this is a persistent connection, check if it got disconnected
+        if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
+            log.info("Resetting dropped connection: %s" % self.host)
+            conn.close()
+            if getattr(conn, 'auto_open', 1) == 0:
+                # This is a proxied connection that has been mutated by
+                # httplib._tunnel() and cannot be reused (since it would
+                # attempt to bypass the proxy)
+                conn = None
+
+        return conn or self._new_conn()
+
+    def _put_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Put a connection back into the pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            Connection object for the current host and port as returned by
+            :meth:`._new_conn` or :meth:`._get_conn`.
+
+        If the pool is already full, the connection is closed and discarded
+        because we exceeded maxsize. If connections are discarded frequently,
+        then maxsize should be increased.
+
+        If the pool is closed, then the connection will be closed and discarded.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
+            return  # Everything is dandy, done.
+        except AttributeError:
+            # self.pool is None.
+            pass
+        except Full:
+            # This should never happen if self.block == True
+            log.warning(
+                "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s" %
+                self.host)
+
+        # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
+        if conn:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
+    def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
+        """ Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` """
+        if timeout is _Default:
+            return self.timeout.clone()
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            return timeout.clone()
+        else:
+            # User passed us an int/float. This is for backwards compatibility,
+            # can be removed later
+            return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+    def _raise_timeout(self, err, url, timeout_value):
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
+        # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
+        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
+        # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
+        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(err):  # Python 2.6
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+    def _make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default,
+                      **httplib_request_kw):
+        """
+        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
+        pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            a connection from one of our connection pools
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
+            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
+            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
+            control over your timeouts.
+        """
+        self.num_requests += 1
+
+        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
+        try:
+            self._validate_conn(conn)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
+
+        # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
+        read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
+
+        # App Engine doesn't have a sock attr
+        if getattr(conn, 'sock', None):
+            # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
+            # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
+            # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
+            # the exception and assuming all BadStatusLine exceptions are read
+            # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
+            if read_timeout == 0:
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
+            if read_timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                conn.sock.settimeout(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
+            else:  # None or a value
+                conn.sock.settimeout(read_timeout)
+
+        # Receive the response from the server
+        try:
+            try:  # Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+            except TypeError:  # Python 2.6 and older
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
+        http_version = getattr(conn, '_http_vsn_str', 'HTTP/?')
+        log.debug("\"%s %s %s\" %s %s" % (method, url, http_version,
+                                          httplib_response.status,
+                                          httplib_response.length))
+
+        try:
+            assert_header_parsing(httplib_response.msg)
+        except HeaderParsingError as hpe:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            log.warning(
+                'Failed to parse headers (url=%s): %s',
+                self._absolute_url(url), hpe, exc_info=True)
+
+        return httplib_response
+
+    def _absolute_url(self, path):
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
+
+    def close(self):
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        # Disable access to the pool
+        old_pool, self.pool = self.pool, None
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                conn = old_pool.get(block=False)
+                if conn:
+                    conn.close()
+
+        except Empty:
+            pass  # Done.
+
+    def is_same_host(self, url):
+        """
+        Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
+        connection pool.
+        """
+        if url.startswith('/'):
+            return True
+
+        # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
+        scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+
+        # Use explicit default port for comparison when none is given
+        if self.port and not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        elif not self.port and port == port_by_scheme.get(scheme):
+            port = None
+
+        return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=_Default,
+                pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
+        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
+        the raw details.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
+           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
+           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
+           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
+           breaking backwards compatibility.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body (useful for creating
+            POST requests, see HTTPConnectionPool.post_url for
+            more convenience).
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param retries:
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+        :param redirect:
+            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
+            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
+            will disable redirect, too.
+
+        :param assert_same_host:
+            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
+            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When False, you can
+            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+        :param pool_timeout:
+            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
+            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
+            connection is available within the time period.
+
+        :param release_conn:
+            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
+            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
+            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
+            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
+            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
+            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
+            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
+            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
+
+        :param \**response_kw:
+            Additional parameters are passed to
+            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if release_conn is None:
+            release_conn = response_kw.get('preload_content', True)
+
+        # Check host
+        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
+
+        conn = None
+
+        # Merge the proxy headers. Only do this in HTTP. We have to copy the
+        # headers dict so we can safely change it without those changes being
+        # reflected in anyone else's copy.
+        if self.scheme == 'http':
+            headers = headers.copy()
+            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
+
+        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
+        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
+        err = None
+
+        try:
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
+
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(conn, 'sock', None)
+            if is_new_proxy_conn:
+                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+
+            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
+            httplib_response = self._make_request(conn, method, url,
+                                                  timeout=timeout_obj,
+                                                  body=body, headers=headers)
+
+            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
+            # the request doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
+            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
+            # mess.
+            response_conn = not release_conn and conn
+
+            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
+            response = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(httplib_response,
+                                                 pool=self,
+                                                 connection=response_conn,
+                                                 **response_kw)
+
+            # else:
+            #     The connection will be put back into the pool when
+            #     ``response.release_conn()`` is called (implicitly by
+            #     ``response.read()``)
+
+        except Empty:
+            # Timed out by queue.
+            raise EmptyPoolError(self, "No pool connections are available.")
+
+        except (BaseSSLError, CertificateError) as e:
+            # Close the connection. If a connection is reused on which there
+            # was a Certificate error, the next request will certainly raise
+            # another Certificate error.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except SSLError:
+            # Treat SSLError separately from BaseSSLError to preserve
+            # traceback.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+            raise
+
+        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ProtocolError) as e:
+            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
+            # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
+            conn = conn and conn.close()
+            release_conn = True
+
+            if isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
+                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
+
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e, _pool=self,
+                                        _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
+            retries.sleep()
+
+            # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
+            err = e
+
+        finally:
+            if release_conn:
+                # Put the connection back to be reused. If the connection is
+                # expired then it will be None, which will get replaced with a
+                # fresh connection during _get_conn.
+                self._put_conn(conn)
+
+        if not conn:
+            # Try again
+            log.warning("Retrying (%r) after connection "
+                        "broken by '%r': %s" % (retries, err, url))
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries,
+                                redirect, assert_same_host,
+                                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Handle redirect?
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if redirect_location:
+            if response.status == 303:
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    # Release the connection for this response, since we're not
+                    # returning it to be released manually.
+                    response.release_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, redirect_location, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            retries.sleep()
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url, body, headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Same as :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.
+
+    When Python is compiled with the :mod:`ssl` module, then
+    :class:`.VerifiedHTTPSConnection` is used, which *can* verify certificates,
+    instead of :class:`.HTTPSConnection`.
+
+    :class:`.VerifiedHTTPSConnection` uses one of ``assert_fingerprint``,
+    ``assert_hostname`` and ``host`` in this order to verify connections.
+    If ``assert_hostname`` is False, no verification is done.
+
+    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs``,
+    ``ca_cert_dir``, and ``ssl_version`` are only used if :mod:`ssl` is
+    available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
+    the connection socket into an SSL socket.
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'https'
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPSConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None,
+                 strict=False, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1,
+                 block=False, headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                 ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None,
+                 assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
+                 ca_cert_dir=None, **conn_kw):
+
+        HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, maxsize,
+                                    block, headers, retries, _proxy, _proxy_headers,
+                                    **conn_kw)
+
+        if ca_certs and cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = 'CERT_REQUIRED'
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Prepare the ``connection`` for :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket`
+        and establish the tunnel if proxy is used.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(conn, VerifiedHTTPSConnection):
+            conn.set_cert(key_file=self.key_file,
+                          cert_file=self.cert_file,
+                          cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+                          ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                          ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                          assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
+                          assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
+            conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        """
+        Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
+        would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
+        """
+        # Python 2.7+
+        try:
+            set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
+        except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+            set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
+
+        if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
+        else:
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
+        conn.connect()
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`httplib.HTTPSConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.info("Starting new HTTPS connection (%d): %s"
+                 % (self.num_connections, self.host))
+
+        if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
+            raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "
+                           "module is not available.")
+
+        actual_host = self.host
+        actual_port = self.port
+        if self.proxy is not None:
+            actual_host = self.proxy.host
+            actual_port = self.proxy.port
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=actual_host, port=actual_port,
+                                  timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
+
+        return self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super(HTTPSConnectionPool, self)._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if not getattr(conn, 'sock', None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
+            conn.connect()
+
+        if not conn.is_verified:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
+                'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'),
+                InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+
+def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
+    """
+    Given a url, return an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance of its host.
+
+    This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port
+    of the url before creating an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance.
+
+    :param url:
+        Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional.
+
+    :param \**kw:
+        Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate
+        :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
+        timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')
+    """
+    scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+    if scheme == 'https':
+        return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
+    else:
+        return HTTPConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..884cdb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    HTTPError,
+    HTTPWarning,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    SSLError
+)
+
+from ..packages.six import BytesIO
+from ..request import RequestMethods
+from ..response import HTTPResponse
+from ..util.timeout import Timeout
+from ..util.retry import Retry
+
+try:
+    from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
+except ImportError:
+    urlfetch = None
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformError(HTTPError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Connection manager for Google App Engine sandbox applications.
+
+    This manager uses the URLFetch service directly instead of using the
+    emulated httplib, and is subject to URLFetch limitations as described in
+    the App Engine documentation here:
+
+        https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/urlfetch
+
+    Notably it will raise an AppEnginePlatformError if:
+        * URLFetch is not available.
+        * If you attempt to use this on GAEv2 (Managed VMs), as full socket
+          support is available.
+        * If a request size is more than 10 megabytes.
+        * If a response size is more than 32 megabtyes.
+        * If you use an unsupported request method such as OPTIONS.
+
+    Beyond those cases, it will raise normal urllib3 errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, retries=None, validate_certificate=True):
+        if not urlfetch:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch is not available in this environment.")
+
+        if is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "Use normal urllib3.PoolManager instead of AppEngineManager"
+                "on Managed VMs, as using URLFetch is not necessary in "
+                "this environment.")
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "urllib3 is using URLFetch on Google App Engine sandbox instead "
+            "of sockets. To use sockets directly instead of URLFetch see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/contrib.html.",
+            AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.validate_certificate = validate_certificate
+
+        self.retries = retries or Retry.DEFAULT
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                retries=None, redirect=True, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                **response_kw):
+
+        retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
+
+        try:
+            response = urlfetch.fetch(
+                url,
+                payload=body,
+                method=method,
+                headers=headers or {},
+                allow_truncated=False,
+                follow_redirects=(
+                    redirect and
+                    retries.redirect != 0 and
+                    retries.total),
+                deadline=self._get_absolute_timeout(timeout),
+                validate_certificate=self.validate_certificate,
+            )
+        except urlfetch.DeadlineExceededError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(self, e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
+            if 'too large' in str(e):
+                raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                    "URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
+                    "supports requests up to 10mb in size.", e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
+            if 'Too many redirects' in str(e):
+                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.ResponseTooLargeError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch response too large, URLFetch only supports"
+                "responses up to 32mb in size.", e)
+
+        except urlfetch.SSLCertificateError as e:
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidMethodError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch does not support method: %s" % method, e)
+
+        http_response = self._urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
+            response, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check for redirect response
+        if (http_response.get_redirect_location() and
+                retries.raise_on_redirect and redirect):
+            raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=http_response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(
+                method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            retries.sleep()
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method, url,
+                body=body, headers=headers,
+                retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                timeout=timeout, **response_kw)
+
+        return http_response
+
+    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
+
+        if is_prod_appengine():
+            # Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
+            # not remove the encoding header.
+            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get('content-encoding')
+
+            if content_encoding == 'deflate':
+                del urlfetch_resp.headers['content-encoding']
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            # In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
+            # a file-like object.
+            body=BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
+            headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
+            status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+
+    def _get_absolute_timeout(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return 5  # 5s is the default timeout for URLFetch.
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            if timeout.read is not timeout.connect:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "URLFetch does not support granular timeout settings, "
+                    "reverting to total timeout.", AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+            return timeout.total
+        return timeout
+
+    def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(
+                retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
+                "recognize connect, read, or redirect retry parameters.",
+                AppEnginePlatformWarning)
+
+        return retries
+
+
+def is_appengine():
+    return (is_local_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine() or
+            is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_appengine_sandbox():
+    return is_appengine() and not is_prod_appengine_mvms()
+
+
+def is_local_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Development/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine():
+    return ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+            'Google App Engine/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] and
+            not is_prod_appengine_mvms())
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+    return os.environ.get('GAE_VM', False) == 'true'
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c136a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""
+NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
+
+Issue #10, see: http://code.google.com/p/urllib3/issues/detail?id=10
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from http.client import HTTPSConnection
+except ImportError:
+    from httplib import HTTPSConnection
+from logging import getLogger
+from ntlm import ntlm
+
+from urllib3 import HTTPSConnectionPool
+
+
+log = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class NTLMConnectionPool(HTTPSConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Implements an NTLM authentication version of an urllib3 connection pool
+    """
+
+    scheme = 'https'
+
+    def __init__(self, user, pw, authurl, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        authurl is a random URL on the server that is protected by NTLM.
+        user is the Windows user, probably in the DOMAIN\\username format.
+        pw is the password for the user.
+        """
+        super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.authurl = authurl
+        self.rawuser = user
+        user_parts = user.split('\\', 1)
+        self.domain = user_parts[0].upper()
+        self.user = user_parts[1]
+        self.pw = pw
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        # Performs the NTLM handshake that secures the connection. The socket
+        # must be kept open while requests are performed.
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug('Starting NTLM HTTPS connection no. %d: https://%s%s' %
+                  (self.num_connections, self.host, self.authurl))
+
+        headers = {}
+        headers['Connection'] = 'Keep-Alive'
+        req_header = 'Authorization'
+        resp_header = 'www-authenticate'
+
+        conn = HTTPSConnection(host=self.host, port=self.port)
+
+        # Send negotiation message
+        headers[req_header] = (
+            'NTLM %s' % ntlm.create_NTLM_NEGOTIATE_MESSAGE(self.rawuser))
+        log.debug('Request headers: %s' % headers)
+        conn.request('GET', self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        reshdr = dict(res.getheaders())
+        log.debug('Response status: %s %s' % (res.status, res.reason))
+        log.debug('Response headers: %s' % reshdr)
+        log.debug('Response data: %s [...]' % res.read(100))
+
+        # Remove the reference to the socket, so that it can not be closed by
+        # the response object (we want to keep the socket open)
+        res.fp = None
+
+        # Server should respond with a challenge message
+        auth_header_values = reshdr[resp_header].split(', ')
+        auth_header_value = None
+        for s in auth_header_values:
+            if s[:5] == 'NTLM ':
+                auth_header_value = s[5:]
+        if auth_header_value is None:
+            raise Exception('Unexpected %s response header: %s' %
+                            (resp_header, reshdr[resp_header]))
+
+        # Send authentication message
+        ServerChallenge, NegotiateFlags = \
+            ntlm.parse_NTLM_CHALLENGE_MESSAGE(auth_header_value)
+        auth_msg = ntlm.create_NTLM_AUTHENTICATE_MESSAGE(ServerChallenge,
+                                                         self.user,
+                                                         self.domain,
+                                                         self.pw,
+                                                         NegotiateFlags)
+        headers[req_header] = 'NTLM %s' % auth_msg
+        log.debug('Request headers: %s' % headers)
+        conn.request('GET', self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        log.debug('Response status: %s %s' % (res.status, res.reason))
+        log.debug('Response headers: %s' % dict(res.getheaders()))
+        log.debug('Response data: %s [...]' % res.read()[:100])
+        if res.status != 200:
+            if res.status == 401:
+                raise Exception('Server rejected request: wrong '
+                                'username or password')
+            raise Exception('Wrong server response: %s %s' %
+                            (res.status, res.reason))
+
+        res.fp = None
+        log.debug('Connection established')
+        return conn
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=3,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True):
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        headers['Connection'] = 'Keep-Alive'
+        return super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).urlopen(method, url, body,
+                                                       headers, retries,
+                                                       redirect,
+                                                       assert_same_host)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5996153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+'''SSL with SNI_-support for Python 2. Follow these instructions if you would
+like to verify SSL certificates in Python 2. Note, the default libraries do
+*not* do certificate checking; you need to do additional work to validate
+certificates yourself.
+
+This needs the following packages installed:
+
+* pyOpenSSL (tested with 0.13)
+* ndg-httpsclient (tested with 0.3.2)
+* pyasn1 (tested with 0.1.6)
+
+You can install them with the following command:
+
+    pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1
+
+To activate certificate checking, call
+:func:`~urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3` from your Python code
+before you begin making HTTP requests. This can be done in a ``sitecustomize``
+module, or at any other time before your application begins using ``urllib3``,
+like this::
+
+    try:
+        import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl
+        urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
+when the required modules are installed.
+
+Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
+compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
+
+If you want to configure the default list of supported cipher suites, you can
+set the ``urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST`` variable.
+
+Module Variables
+----------------
+
+:var DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST: The list of supported SSL/TLS cipher suites.
+
+.. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
+.. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
+
+'''
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+    from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+except SyntaxError as e:
+    raise ImportError(e)
+
+import OpenSSL.SSL
+from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
+from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
+from socket import _fileobject, timeout, error as SocketError
+import ssl
+import select
+
+from .. import connection
+from .. import util
+
+__all__ = ['inject_into_urllib3', 'extract_from_urllib3']
+
+# SNI only *really* works if we can read the subjectAltName of certificates.
+HAS_SNI = SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+
+# Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
+_openssl_versions = {
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
+}
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_1_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2') and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, 'TLSv1_2_METHOD'):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
+
+try:
+    _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+
+_openssl_verify = {
+    ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
+    ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED:
+        OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+}
+
+DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS
+
+# OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
+orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket = connection.ssl_wrap_socket
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3():
+    'Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.'
+
+    connection.ssl_wrap_socket = ssl_wrap_socket
+    util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3():
+    'Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`.'
+
+    connection.ssl_wrap_socket = orig_connection_ssl_wrap_socket
+    util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+
+
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+class SubjectAltName(BaseSubjectAltName):
+    '''ASN.1 implementation for subjectAltNames support'''
+
+    # There is no limit to how many SAN certificates a certificate may have,
+    #   however this needs to have some limit so we'll set an arbitrarily high
+    #   limit.
+    sizeSpec = univ.SequenceOf.sizeSpec + \
+        constraint.ValueSizeConstraint(1, 1024)
+
+
+# Note: This is a slightly bug-fixed version of same from ndg-httpsclient.
+def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
+    # Search through extensions
+    dns_name = []
+    if not SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT:
+        return dns_name
+
+    general_names = SubjectAltName()
+    for i in range(peer_cert.get_extension_count()):
+        ext = peer_cert.get_extension(i)
+        ext_name = ext.get_short_name()
+        if ext_name != 'subjectAltName':
+            continue
+
+        # PyOpenSSL returns extension data in ASN.1 encoded form
+        ext_dat = ext.get_data()
+        decoded_dat = der_decoder.decode(ext_dat,
+                                         asn1Spec=general_names)
+
+        for name in decoded_dat:
+            if not isinstance(name, SubjectAltName):
+                continue
+            for entry in range(len(name)):
+                component = name.getComponentByPosition(entry)
+                if component.getName() != 'dNSName':
+                    continue
+                dns_name.append(str(component.getComponent()))
+
+    return dns_name
+
+
+class WrappedSocket(object):
+    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
+
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of pypy.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+    def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise SocketError(e)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, wd, ed = select.select(
+                [self.socket], [], [], self.socket.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    def settimeout(self, timeout):
+        return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
+
+    def _send_until_done(self, data):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
+                _, wlist, _ = select.select([], [self.socket], [],
+                                            self.socket.gettimeout())
+                if not wlist:
+                    raise timeout()
+                continue
+
+    def sendall(self, data):
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(data[total_sent:total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # FIXME rethrow compatible exceptions should we ever use this
+        self.connection.shutdown()
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.close()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
+                return
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
+        x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
+
+        if not x509:
+            return x509
+
+        if binary_form:
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(
+                OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1,
+                x509)
+
+        return {
+            'subject': (
+                (('commonName', x509.get_subject().CN),),
+            ),
+            'subjectAltName': [
+                ('DNS', value)
+                for value in get_subj_alt_name(x509)
+            ]
+        }
+
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+
+def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
+    return err_no == 0
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ca_cert_dir=None):
+    ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(_openssl_versions[ssl_version])
+    if certfile:
+        keyfile = keyfile or certfile  # Match behaviour of the normal python ssl library
+        ctx.use_certificate_file(certfile)
+    if keyfile:
+        ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile)
+    if cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE:
+        ctx.set_verify(_openssl_verify[cert_reqs], _verify_callback)
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
+        try:
+            ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad ca_certs: %r' % ca_certs, e)
+    else:
+        ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    # Disable TLS compression to migitate CRIME attack (issue #309)
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+    ctx.set_options(OP_NO_COMPRESSION)
+
+    # Set list of supported ciphersuites.
+    ctx.set_cipher_list(DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST)
+
+    cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(ctx, sock)
+    cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
+    cnx.set_connect_state()
+    while True:
+        try:
+            cnx.do_handshake()
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, _, _ = select.select([sock], [], [], sock.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('select timed out')
+            continue
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake: %r' % e)
+        break
+
+    return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e07eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# Base Exceptions
+
+
+class HTTPError(Exception):
+    "Base exception used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    "Base warning used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
+class PoolError(HTTPError):
+    "Base exception for errors caused within a pool."
+    def __init__(self, pool, message):
+        self.pool = pool
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, "%s: %s" % (pool, message))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, None)
+
+
+class RequestError(PoolError):
+    "Base exception for PoolErrors that have associated URLs."
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, message):
+        self.url = url
+        PoolError.__init__(self, pool, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.url, None)
+
+
+class SSLError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when SSL certificate fails in an HTTPS connection."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxyError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when the connection to a proxy fails."
+    pass
+
+
+class DecodeError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."
+    pass
+
+
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
+# Leaf Exceptions
+
+class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param string url: The requested Url
+    :param exceptions.Exception reason: The underlying error
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
+        self.reason = reason
+
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (
+            url, reason)
+
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+
+
+class HostChangedError(RequestError):
+    "Raised when an existing pool gets a request for a foreign host."
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, retries=3):
+        message = "Tried to open a foreign host with url: %s" % url
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+        self.retries = retries
+
+
+class TimeoutStateError(HTTPError):
+    """ Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout """
+    pass
+
+
+class TimeoutError(HTTPError):
+    """ Raised when a socket timeout error occurs.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both :exc:`ReadTimeoutErrors
+    <ReadTimeoutError>` and :exc:`ConnectTimeoutErrors <ConnectTimeoutError>`.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadTimeoutError(TimeoutError, RequestError):
+    "Raised when a socket timeout occurs while receiving data from a server"
+    pass
+
+
+# This timeout error does not have a URL attached and needs to inherit from the
+# base HTTPError
+class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
+    "Raised when a socket timeout occurs while connecting to a server"
+    pass
+
+
+class NewConnectionError(ConnectTimeoutError, PoolError):
+    "Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED."
+    pass
+
+
+class EmptyPoolError(PoolError):
+    "Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed."
+    pass
+
+
+class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
+    "Raised when a request enters a pool after the pool has been closed."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    "Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
+    "Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."
+
+    def __init__(self, location):
+        message = "Failed to parse: %s" % location
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, message)
+
+        self.location = location
+
+
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    "Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."
+    GENERIC_ERROR = 'too many error responses'
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = 'too many {status_code} error responses'
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when perfoming security reducing actions"
+    pass
+
+
+class SubjectAltNameWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when connecting to a host with a certificate missing a SAN."
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform."
+    pass
+
+
+class SNIMissingWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when making a HTTPS request without SNI available."
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    "Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnknown(AssertionError, ValueError):
+    "ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme"
+    # TODO(t-8ch): Stop inheriting from AssertionError in v2.0.
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme):
+        message = "Not supported proxy scheme %s" % scheme
+        super(ProxySchemeUnknown, self).__init__(message)
+
+
+class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."
+    def __init__(self, defects, unparsed_data):
+        message = '%s, unparsed data: %r' % (defects or 'Unknown', unparsed_data)
+        super(HeaderParsingError, self).__init__(message)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7d4811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import email.utils
+import mimetypes
+
+from .packages import six
+
+
+def guess_content_type(filename, default='application/octet-stream'):
+    """
+    Guess the "Content-Type" of a file.
+
+    :param filename:
+        The filename to guess the "Content-Type" of using :mod:`mimetypes`.
+    :param default:
+        If no "Content-Type" can be guessed, default to `default`.
+    """
+    if filename:
+        return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or default
+    return default
+
+
+def format_header_param(name, value):
+    """
+    Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter.
+
+    Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain
+    non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows RFC 2231, as
+    suggested by RFC 2388 Section 4.4.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+    """
+    if not any(ch in value for ch in '"\\\r\n'):
+        result = '%s="%s"' % (name, value)
+        try:
+            result.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return result
+    if not six.PY3:  # Python 2:
+        value = value.encode('utf-8')
+    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, 'utf-8')
+    value = '%s*=%s' % (name, value)
+    return value
+
+
+class RequestField(object):
+    """
+    A data container for request body parameters.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of this request field.
+    :param data:
+        The data/value body.
+    :param filename:
+        An optional filename of the request field.
+    :param headers:
+        An optional dict-like object of headers to initially use for the field.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, data, filename=None, headers=None):
+        self._name = name
+        self._filename = filename
+        self.data = data
+        self.headers = {}
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = dict(headers)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_tuples(cls, fieldname, value):
+        """
+        A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
+
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
+
+            'foo': 'bar',
+            'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+            'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+            'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(), 'image/jpeg'),
+            'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+
+        Field names and filenames must be unicode.
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            if len(value) == 3:
+                filename, data, content_type = value
+            else:
+                filename, data = value
+                content_type = guess_content_type(filename)
+        else:
+            filename = None
+            content_type = None
+            data = value
+
+        request_param = cls(fieldname, data, filename=filename)
+        request_param.make_multipart(content_type=content_type)
+
+        return request_param
+
+    def _render_part(self, name, value):
+        """
+        Overridable helper function to format a single header parameter.
+
+        :param name:
+            The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+        :param value:
+            The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+        """
+        return format_header_param(name, value)
+
+    def _render_parts(self, header_parts):
+        """
+        Helper function to format and quote a single header.
+
+        Useful for single headers that are composed of multiple items. E.g.,
+        'Content-Disposition' fields.
+
+        :param header_parts:
+            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+        """
+        parts = []
+        iterable = header_parts
+        if isinstance(header_parts, dict):
+            iterable = header_parts.items()
+
+        for name, value in iterable:
+            if value:
+                parts.append(self._render_part(name, value))
+
+        return '; '.join(parts)
+
+    def render_headers(self):
+        """
+        Renders the headers for this request field.
+        """
+        lines = []
+
+        sort_keys = ['Content-Disposition', 'Content-Type', 'Content-Location']
+        for sort_key in sort_keys:
+            if self.headers.get(sort_key, False):
+                lines.append('%s: %s' % (sort_key, self.headers[sort_key]))
+
+        for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
+            if header_name not in sort_keys:
+                if header_value:
+                    lines.append('%s: %s' % (header_name, header_value))
+
+        lines.append('\r\n')
+        return '\r\n'.join(lines)
+
+    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None,
+                       content_location=None):
+        """
+        Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
+
+        This method overrides "Content-Disposition", "Content-Type" and
+        "Content-Location" headers to the request parameter.
+
+        :param content_type:
+            The 'Content-Type' of the request body.
+        :param content_location:
+            The 'Content-Location' of the request body.
+
+        """
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = content_disposition or 'form-data'
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join([
+            '', self._render_parts(
+                (('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename))
+            )
+        ])
+        self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+        self.headers['Content-Location'] = content_location
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97a2843
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import codecs
+
+from uuid import uuid4
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six import b
+from .fields import RequestField
+
+writer = codecs.lookup('utf-8')[3]
+
+
+def choose_boundary():
+    """
+    Our embarassingly-simple replacement for mimetools.choose_boundary.
+    """
+    return uuid4().hex
+
+
+def iter_field_objects(fields):
+    """
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts, and lists of
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        i = six.iteritems(fields)
+    else:
+        i = iter(fields)
+
+    for field in i:
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+
+
+def iter_fields(fields):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.6
+
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    The addition of :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` makes this function
+    obsolete. Instead, use :func:`iter_field_objects`, which returns
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` objects.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts.
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        return ((k, v) for k, v in six.iteritems(fields))
+
+    return ((k, v) for k, v in fields)
+
+
+def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=None):
+    """
+    Encode a dictionary of ``fields`` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.
+
+    :param fields:
+        Dictionary of fields or list of (key, :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`).
+
+    :param boundary:
+        If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using
+        :func:`mimetools.choose_boundary`.
+    """
+    body = BytesIO()
+    if boundary is None:
+        boundary = choose_boundary()
+
+    for field in iter_field_objects(fields):
+        body.write(b('--%s\r\n' % (boundary)))
+
+        writer(body).write(field.render_headers())
+        data = field.data
+
+        if isinstance(data, int):
+            data = str(data)  # Backwards compatibility
+
+        if isinstance(data, six.text_type):
+            writer(body).write(data)
+        else:
+            body.write(data)
+
+        body.write(b'\r\n')
+
+    body.write(b('--%s--\r\n' % (boundary)))
+
+    content_type = str('multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary)
+
+    return body.getvalue(), content_type
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..170e974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from . import ssl_match_hostname
+
+__all__ = ('ssl_match_hostname', )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4479363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# Backport of OrderedDict() class that runs on Python 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and pypy.
+# Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
+# Copyright 2009 Raymond Hettinger, released under the MIT License.
+# http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
+try:
+    from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+except ImportError:
+    from dummy_thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+
+try:
+    from _abcoll import KeysView, ValuesView, ItemsView
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class OrderedDict(dict):
+    'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+    # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
+    # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
+    # The remaining methods are order-aware.
+    # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as for regular dictionaries.
+
+    # The internal self.__map dictionary maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.
+    # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.
+    # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
+    # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+        regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
+        because their insertion order is arbitrary.
+
+        '''
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
+        try:
+            self.__root
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__root = root = []                     # sentinel node
+            root[:] = [root, root, None]
+            self.__map = {}
+        self.__update(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
+        'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+        # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
+        # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
+        if key not in self:
+            root = self.__root
+            last = root[0]
+            last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]
+        dict_setitem(self, key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
+        'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+        # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
+        # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
+        dict_delitem(self, key)
+        link_prev, link_next, key = self.__map.pop(key)
+        link_prev[1] = link_next
+        link_next[0] = link_prev
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[1]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[1]
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[0]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[0]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+        try:
+            for node in self.__map.itervalues():
+                del node[:]
+            root = self.__root
+            root[:] = [root, root, None]
+            self.__map.clear()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        dict.clear(self)
+
+    def popitem(self, last=True):
+        '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+        Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
+
+        '''
+        if not self:
+            raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+        root = self.__root
+        if last:
+            link = root[0]
+            link_prev = link[0]
+            link_prev[1] = root
+            root[0] = link_prev
+        else:
+            link = root[1]
+            link_next = link[1]
+            root[1] = link_next
+            link_next[0] = root
+        key = link[2]
+        del self.__map[key]
+        value = dict.pop(self, key)
+        return key, value
+
+    # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
+
+    def keys(self):
+        'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+        return list(self)
+
+    def values(self):
+        'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+        return [self[key] for key in self]
+
+    def items(self):
+        'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+        return iter(self)
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+        for k in self:
+            yield self[k]
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+        for k in self:
+            yield (k, self[k])
+
+    def update(*args, **kwds):
+        '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+
+        If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
+        If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
+        Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
+        In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
+
+        '''
+        if len(args) > 2:
+            raise TypeError('update() takes at most 2 positional '
+                            'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args),))
+        elif not args:
+            raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+        self = args[0]
+        # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
+        other = ()
+        if len(args) == 2:
+            other = args[1]
+        if isinstance(other, dict):
+            for key in other:
+                self[key] = other[key]
+        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self[key] = other[key]
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self[key] = value
+        for key, value in kwds.items():
+            self[key] = value
+
+    __update = update  # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+
+        '''
+        if key in self:
+            result = self[key]
+            del self[key]
+            return result
+        if default is self.__marker:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+        'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        self[key] = default
+        return default
+
+    def __repr__(self, _repr_running={}):
+        'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+        call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
+        if call_key in _repr_running:
+            return '...'
+        _repr_running[call_key] = 1
+        try:
+            if not self:
+                return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
+            return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+        finally:
+            del _repr_running[call_key]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        'Return state information for pickling'
+        items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
+        inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
+        for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
+            inst_dict.pop(k, None)
+        if inst_dict:
+            return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)
+        return self.__class__, (items,)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+        return self.__class__(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
+        '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+        and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
+
+        '''
+        d = cls()
+        for key in iterable:
+            d[key] = value
+        return d
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+        while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
+
+        '''
+        if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
+            return len(self)==len(other) and self.items() == other.items()
+        return dict.__eq__(self, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
+
+    def viewkeys(self):
+        "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
+        return KeysView(self)
+
+    def viewvalues(self):
+        "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"
+        return ValuesView(self)
+
+    def viewitems(self):
+        "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"
+        return ItemsView(self)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27d8011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+#Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Benjamin Peterson
+
+#Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+#this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+#the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+#use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+#the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+#subject to the following conditions:
+
+#The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+#copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+#THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+#IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+#FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+#COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+#IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+#CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.2.0"  # Revision 41c74fef2ded
+
+
+# True if we are running on Python 3.
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+            del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again.
+        delattr(tp, self.name)
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+
+class _MovedItems(types.ModuleType):
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+]
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+moves = sys.modules[__name__ + ".moves"] = _MovedItems("moves")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+
+    _iterkeys = "keys"
+    _itervalues = "values"
+    _iteritems = "items"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+
+    _iterkeys = "iterkeys"
+    _itervalues = "itervalues"
+    _iteritems = "iteritems"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    Iterator = object
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+
+
+def iterkeys(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iterkeys)())
+
+def itervalues(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _itervalues)())
+
+def iteritems(d):
+    """Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary."""
+    return iter(getattr(d, _iteritems)())
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        def int2byte(i):
+            return bytes((i,))
+    else:
+        # This is about 2x faster than the implementation above on 3.2+
+        int2byte = operator.methodcaller("to_bytes", 1, "big")
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s, "unicode_escape")
+    int2byte = chr
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    import builtins
+    exec_ = getattr(builtins, "exec")
+
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+
+    print_ = getattr(builtins, "print")
+    del builtins
+
+else:
+    def exec_(code, globs=None, locs=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if globs is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            globs = frame.f_globals
+            if locs is None:
+                locs = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif locs is None:
+            locs = globs
+        exec("""exec code in globs, locs""")
+
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, base=object):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    return meta("NewBase", (base,), {})
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd59a75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+try:
+    # Python 3.2+
+    from ssl import CertificateError, match_hostname
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        # Backport of the function from a pypi module
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError, match_hostname
+    except ImportError:
+        # Our vendored copy
+        from ._implementation import CertificateError, match_hostname
+
+# Not needed, but documenting what we provide.
+__all__ = ('CertificateError', 'match_hostname')
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52f4287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ssl_match_hostname/_implementation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""The match_hostname() function from Python 3.3.3, essential when using SSL."""
+
+# Note: This file is under the PSF license as the code comes from the python
+# stdlib.   http://docs.python.org/3/license.html
+
+import re
+
+__version__ = '3.4.0.2'
+
+class CertificateError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+    """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+    """
+    pats = []
+    if not dn:
+        return False
+
+    # Ported from python3-syntax:
+    # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+    parts = dn.split(r'.')
+    leftmost = parts[0]
+    remainder = parts[1:]
+
+    wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+    if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+        # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+        # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+        # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+        # reasonable choice.
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+    # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+    if not wildcards:
+        return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+    # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+    # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+    if leftmost == '*':
+        # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # fragment.
+        pats.append('[^.]+')
+    elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+        # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+        # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+    else:
+        # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+    # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+    for frag in remainder:
+        pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+    pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+    return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+    """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+    rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+    CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+    returns nothing.
+    """
+    if not cert:
+        raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
+    dnsnames = []
+    san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+    for key, value in san:
+        if key == 'DNS':
+            if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+    if not dnsnames:
+        # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+        # in subjectAltName
+        for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+            for key, value in sub:
+                # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                # must be used.
+                if key == 'commonName':
+                    if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                        return
+                    dnsnames.append(value)
+    if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match either of %s"
+            % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+    elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match %r"
+            % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+    else:
+        raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+            "subjectAltName fields were found")
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f13e673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import logging
+
+try:  # Python 3
+    from urllib.parse import urljoin
+except ImportError:
+    from urlparse import urljoin
+
+from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
+from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError, ProxySchemeUnknown
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .util.url import parse_url
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+
+__all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
+
+
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {
+    'http': HTTPConnectionPool,
+    'https': HTTPSConnectionPool,
+}
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SSL_KEYWORDS = ('key_file', 'cert_file', 'cert_reqs', 'ca_certs',
+                'ssl_version', 'ca_cert_dir')
+
+
+class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of
+    necessary connection pools for you.
+
+    :param num_pools:
+        Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least
+        recently used pool.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param \**connection_pool_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/mail')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://yahoo.com/')
+        >>> len(manager.pools)
+        2
+
+    """
+
+    proxy = None
+
+    def __init__(self, num_pools=10, headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools,
+                                           dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def _new_pool(self, scheme, host, port):
+        """
+        Create a new :class:`ConnectionPool` based on host, port and scheme.
+
+        This method is used to actually create the connection pools handed out
+        by :meth:`connection_from_url` and companion methods. It is intended
+        to be overridden for customization.
+        """
+        pool_cls = pool_classes_by_scheme[scheme]
+        kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw
+        if scheme == 'http':
+            kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+            for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
+                kwargs.pop(kw, None)
+
+        return pool_cls(host, port, **kwargs)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.
+
+        This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be
+        re-used after completion.
+        """
+        self.pools.clear()
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme='http'):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
+
+        If ``port`` isn't given, it will be derived from the ``scheme`` using
+        ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``.
+        """
+
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        scheme = scheme or 'http'
+        port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
+        pool_key = (scheme, host, port)
+
+        with self.pools.lock:
+            # If the scheme, host, or port doesn't match existing open
+            # connections, open a new ConnectionPool.
+            pool = self.pools.get(pool_key)
+            if pool:
+                return pool
+
+            # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port)
+            self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
+        return pool
+
+    def connection_from_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Similar to :func:`urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url` but
+        doesn't pass any additional parameters to the
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` constructor.
+
+        Additional parameters are taken from the :class:`.PoolManager`
+        constructor.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        return self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        """
+        Same as :meth:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen`
+        with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri
+        portion of the ``url``.
+
+        The given ``url`` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+        kw['assert_same_host'] = False
+        kw['redirect'] = False
+        if 'headers' not in kw:
+            kw['headers'] = self.headers
+
+        if self.proxy is not None and u.scheme == "http":
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
+        else:
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, u.request_uri, **kw)
+
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if not redirect_location:
+            return response
+
+        # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
+        redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
+
+        # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
+        if response.status == 303:
+            method = 'GET'
+
+        retries = kw.get('retries')
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw['retries'] = retries
+        kw['redirect'] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
+        return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
+
+
+class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    Behaves just like :class:`PoolManager`, but sends all requests through
+    the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.
+
+    :param proxy_url:
+        The URL of the proxy to be used.
+
+    :param proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary contaning headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case
+        of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the
+        HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy
+        authentication.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://localhost:3128/')
+        >>> r1 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r2 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        1
+        >>> r3 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> r4 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://twitter.com/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, proxy_url, num_pools=10, headers=None,
+                 proxy_headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+
+        if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
+            proxy_url = '%s://%s:%i' % (proxy_url.scheme, proxy_url.host,
+                                        proxy_url.port)
+        proxy = parse_url(proxy_url)
+        if not proxy.port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
+            proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        if proxy.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnknown(proxy.scheme)
+
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
+
+        connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
+
+        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
+            num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme='http'):
+        if scheme == "https":
+            return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+                host, port, scheme)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme)
+
+    def _set_proxy_headers(self, url, headers=None):
+        """
+        Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
+        headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
+        """
+        headers_ = {'Accept': '*/*'}
+
+        netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
+        if netloc:
+            headers_['Host'] = netloc
+
+        if headers:
+            headers_.update(headers)
+        return headers_
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        "Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, ``url`` must be absolute."
+        u = parse_url(url)
+
+        if u.scheme == "http":
+            # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
+            # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
+            # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
+            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
+            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
+
+
+def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
+    return ProxyManager(proxy_url=url, **kw)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5aa62d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import urlencode
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib import urlencode
+
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+
+
+__all__ = ['RequestMethods']
+
+
+class RequestMethods(object):
+    """
+    Convenience mixin for classes who implement a :meth:`urlopen` method, such
+    as :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool` and
+    :class:`~urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager`.
+
+    Provides behavior for making common types of HTTP request methods and
+    decides which type of request field encoding to use.
+
+    Specifically,
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
+    (such as for POST, PUT, PATCH).
+
+    :meth:`.request` is for making any kind of request, it will look up the
+    appropriate encoding format and use one of the above two methods to make
+    the request.
+
+    Initializer parameters:
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+    """
+
+    _encode_url_methods = set(['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'])
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None):
+        self.headers = headers or {}
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
+                encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
+                **kw):  # Abstract
+        raise NotImplemented("Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
+                             "their own ``urlopen`` method.")
+
+    def request(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the appropriate encoding of
+        ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
+
+        This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
+        or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
+        """
+        method = method.upper()
+
+        if method in self._encode_url_methods:
+            return self.request_encode_url(method, url, fields=fields,
+                                           headers=headers,
+                                           **urlopen_kw)
+        else:
+            return self.request_encode_body(method, url, fields=fields,
+                                            headers=headers,
+                                            **urlopen_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                           **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': headers}
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        if fields:
+            url += '?' + urlencode(fields)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_body(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None,
+                            encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
+                            **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
+
+        When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
+        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :meth:`urllib.urlencode` is used with the
+        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
+
+        Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
+
+        Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
+        key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
+
+            fields = {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+                'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+                'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+                'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(),
+                              'image/jpeg'),
+                'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+            }
+
+        When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
+        tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimick behavior of browsers.
+
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
+        string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {'headers': {}}
+
+        if fields:
+            if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one.")
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=multipart_boundary)
+            else:
+                body, content_type = urlencode(fields), 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            extra_kw['body'] = body
+            extra_kw['headers'] = {'Content-Type': content_type}
+
+        extra_kw['headers'].update(headers)
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f2a1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import zlib
+import io
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+from socket import error as SocketError
+
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ResponseNotChunked
+)
+from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type, PY3
+from .packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
+
+
+class DeflateDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._first_try = True
+        self._data = binary_type()
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
+        if not self._first_try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+        self._data += data
+        try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+        except zlib.error:
+            self._first_try = False
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+            try:
+                return self.decompress(self._data)
+            finally:
+                self._data = None
+
+
+class GzipDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+        return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+
+def _get_decoder(mode):
+    if mode == 'gzip':
+        return GzipDecoder()
+
+    return DeflateDecoder()
+
+
+class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Response container.
+
+    Backwards-compatible to httplib's HTTPResponse but the response ``body`` is
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
+
+    Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:
+
+    :param preload_content:
+        If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.
+
+    :param decode_content:
+        If True, attempts to decode specific content-encoding's based on headers
+        (like 'gzip' and 'deflate') will be skipped and raw data will be used
+        instead.
+
+    :param original_response:
+        When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an httplib.HTTPResponse
+        object, it's convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It's
+        otherwise unused.
+    """
+
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ['gzip', 'deflate']
+    REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
+
+    def __init__(self, body='', headers=None, status=0, version=0, reason=None,
+                 strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True,
+                 original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None):
+
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
+        self.status = status
+        self.version = version
+        self.reason = reason
+        self.strict = strict
+        self.decode_content = decode_content
+
+        self._decoder = None
+        self._body = None
+        self._fp = None
+        self._original_response = original_response
+        self._fp_bytes_read = 0
+
+        if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
+            self._body = body
+
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        if hasattr(body, 'read'):
+            self._fp = body
+
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # If requested, preload the body.
+        if preload_content and not self._body:
+            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
+
+    def get_redirect_location(self):
+        """
+        Should we redirect and where to?
+
+        :returns: Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status
+            code and valid location. ``None`` if redirect status and no
+            location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
+        """
+        if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            return self.headers.get('location')
+
+        return False
+
+    def release_conn(self):
+        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
+            return
+
+        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
+        self._connection = None
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        # For backwords-compat with earlier urllib3 0.4 and earlier.
+        if self._body:
+            return self._body
+
+        if self._fp:
+            return self.read(cache_content=True)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """
+        Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from
+        the amount of content returned by :meth:``HTTPResponse.read`` if bytes
+        are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).
+        """
+        return self._fp_bytes_read
+
+    def _init_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessar.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+            self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    def _decode(self, data, decode_content, flush_decoder):
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        try:
+            if decode_content and self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+        except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
+
+        if flush_decoder and decode_content:
+            data += self._flush_decoder()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _flush_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
+        being used.
+        """
+        if self._decoder:
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b'')
+            return buf + self._decoder.flush()
+
+        return b''
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self):
+        """
+        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
+        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
+        high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        try:
+            try:
+                yield
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
+                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
+                    raise
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except (HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
+
+        except Exception:
+            # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it anymore
+            # so close it now to ensure that the connection is released back to the pool.
+            if self._original_response and not self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self._original_response.close()
+
+            # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
+            # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
+            # too.
+            if self._connection is not None:
+                self._connection.close()
+
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self.release_conn()
+
+    def read(self, amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`httplib.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
+        parameters: ``decode_content`` and ``cache_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param cache_content:
+            If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is
+            returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This
+            is useful if you want the ``.data`` property to continue working
+            after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
+            set.)
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        if decode_content is None:
+            decode_content = self.decode_content
+
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return
+
+        flush_decoder = False
+        data = None
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            if amt is None:
+                # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
+                data = self._fp.read()
+                flush_decoder = True
+            else:
+                cache_content = False
+                data = self._fp.read(amt)
+                if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                    #
+                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                    # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                    # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                    self._fp.close()
+                    flush_decoder = True
+
+        if data:
+            self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
+
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+
+            if cache_content:
+                self._body = data
+
+        return data
+
+    def stream(self, amt=2**16, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
+        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
+        connection is closed.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
+            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
+            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
+            never be returned.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        if self.chunked:
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+
+                if data:
+                    yield data
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Given an :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse` instance ``r``, return a
+        corresponding :class:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse` object.
+
+        Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along
+        with ``original_response=r``.
+        """
+        headers = r.msg
+
+        if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            if PY3:  # Python 3
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
+            else:  # Python 2
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
+
+        # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
+        strict = getattr(r, 'strict', 0)
+        resp = ResponseCls(body=r,
+                           headers=headers,
+                           status=r.status,
+                           version=r.version,
+                           reason=r.reason,
+                           strict=strict,
+                           original_response=r,
+                           **response_kw)
+        return resp
+
+    # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
+    def getheaders(self):
+        return self.headers
+
+    def getheader(self, name, default=None):
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    # Overrides from io.IOBase
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self._fp.close()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return True
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'closed'):
+            return self._fp.closed
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, 'isclosed'):  # Python 2
+            return self._fp.isclosed()
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            raise IOError("HTTPResponse has no file to get a fileno from")
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
+            return self._fp.fileno()
+        else:
+            raise IOError("The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+                          "around has no file descriptor")
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self._fp is not None and hasattr(self._fp, 'flush'):
+            return self._fp.flush()
+
+    def readable(self):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self):
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+        line = line.split(b';', 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+            self.close()
+            raise httplib.IncompleteRead(line)
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt):
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked(
+                "Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing.")
+
+        # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+        if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
+            self._original_response.close()
+            return
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            while True:
+                self._update_chunk_length()
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+                decoded = self._decode(chunk, decode_content=decode_content,
+                                       flush_decoder=False)
+                if decoded:
+                    yield decoded
+
+            if decode_content:
+                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
+                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
+                # lets defensively do it anyway.
+                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
+                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
+                    yield decoded
+
+            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+            while True:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                    break
+                if line == b'\r\n':
+                    break
+
+            # We read everything; close the "file".
+            if self._original_response:
+                self._original_response.close()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6c6243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
+from .connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .request import make_headers
+from .response import is_fp_closed
+from .ssl_ import (
+    SSLContext,
+    HAS_SNI,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .timeout import (
+    current_time,
+    Timeout,
+)
+
+from .retry import Retry
+from .url import (
+    get_host,
+    parse_url,
+    split_first,
+    Url,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    'HAS_SNI',
+    'SSLContext',
+    'Retry',
+    'Timeout',
+    'Url',
+    'assert_fingerprint',
+    'current_time',
+    'is_connection_dropped',
+    'is_fp_closed',
+    'get_host',
+    'parse_url',
+    'make_headers',
+    'resolve_cert_reqs',
+    'resolve_ssl_version',
+    'split_first',
+    'ssl_wrap_socket',
+)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01a4812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import socket
+try:
+    from select import poll, POLLIN
+except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
+    poll = False
+    try:
+        from select import select
+    except ImportError:  # `select` doesn't exist on AppEngine.
+        select = False
+
+
+def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
+
+    :param conn:
+        :class:`httplib.HTTPConnection` object.
+
+    Note: For platforms like AppEngine, this will always return ``False`` to
+    let the platform handle connection recycling transparently for us.
+    """
+    sock = getattr(conn, 'sock', False)
+    if sock is False:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+        return False
+    if sock is None:  # Connection already closed (such as by httplib).
+        return True
+
+    if not poll:
+        if not select:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            return select([sock], [], [], 0.0)[0]
+        except socket.error:
+            return True
+
+    # This version is better on platforms that support it.
+    p = poll()
+    p.register(sock, POLLIN)
+    for (fno, ev) in p.poll(0.0):
+        if fno == sock.fileno():
+            # Either data is buffered (bad), or the connection is dropped.
+            return True
+
+
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                      source_address=None, socket_options=None):
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
+
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    if host.startswith('['):
+        host = host.strip('[]')
+    err = None
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            # This is the only addition urllib3 makes to this function.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            return sock
+
+        except socket.error as e:
+            err = e
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+                sock = None
+
+    if err is not None:
+        raise err
+
+    raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(sock, options):
+    if options is None:
+        return
+
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7377931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from ..packages.six import b
+
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = 'gzip,deflate'
+
+
+def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
+                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None, disable_cache=None):
+    """
+    Shortcuts for generating request headers.
+
+    :param keep_alive:
+        If ``True``, adds 'connection: keep-alive' header.
+
+    :param accept_encoding:
+        Can be a boolean, list, or string.
+        ``True`` translates to 'gzip,deflate'.
+        List will get joined by comma.
+        String will be used as provided.
+
+    :param user_agent:
+        String representing the user-agent you want, such as
+        "python-urllib3/0.6"
+
+    :param basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param proxy_basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
+        {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
+        >>> make_headers(accept_encoding=True)
+        {'accept-encoding': 'gzip,deflate'}
+    """
+    headers = {}
+    if accept_encoding:
+        if isinstance(accept_encoding, str):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(accept_encoding, list):
+            accept_encoding = ','.join(accept_encoding)
+        else:
+            accept_encoding = ACCEPT_ENCODING
+        headers['accept-encoding'] = accept_encoding
+
+    if user_agent:
+        headers['user-agent'] = user_agent
+
+    if keep_alive:
+        headers['connection'] = 'keep-alive'
+
+    if basic_auth:
+        headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
+            b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if proxy_basic_auth:
+        headers['proxy-authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
+            b64encode(b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
+
+    return headers
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc72327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from ..packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+
+from ..exceptions import HeaderParsingError
+
+
+def is_fp_closed(obj):
+    """
+    Checks whether a given file-like object is closed.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The file-like object to check.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
+        return obj.fp is None
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
+
+
+def assert_header_parsing(headers):
+    """
+    Asserts whether all headers have been successfully parsed.
+    Extracts encountered errors from the result of parsing headers.
+
+    Only works on Python 3.
+
+    :param headers: Headers to verify.
+    :type headers: `httplib.HTTPMessage`.
+
+    :raises urllib3.exceptions.HeaderParsingError:
+        If parsing errors are found.
+    """
+
+    # This will fail silently if we pass in the wrong kind of parameter.
+    # To make debugging easier add an explicit check.
+    if not isinstance(headers, httplib.HTTPMessage):
+        raise TypeError('expected httplib.Message, got {0}.'.format(
+            type(headers)))
+
+    defects = getattr(headers, 'defects', None)
+    get_payload = getattr(headers, 'get_payload', None)
+
+    unparsed_data = None
+    if get_payload:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.
+        unparsed_data = get_payload()
+
+    if defects or unparsed_data:
+        raise HeaderParsingError(defects=defects, unparsed_data=unparsed_data)
+
+
+def is_response_to_head(response):
+    """
+    Checks, wether a the request of a response has been a HEAD-request.
+    Handles the quirks of AppEngine.
+
+    :param conn:
+    :type conn: :class:`httplib.HTTPResponse`
+    """
+    # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+    method = response._method
+    if isinstance(method, int):  # Platform-specific: Appengine
+        return method == 3
+    return method.upper() == 'HEAD'
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03a0124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import time
+import logging
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Retry(object):
+    """ Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts. It's a good idea to set this to some sensibly-high value to
+        account for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param iterable method_whitelist:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        indempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST`.
+
+    :param iterable status_forcelist:
+        A set of HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts. urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ^ ({number of total retries} - 1))
+
+        seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
+        for [0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
+        than :attr:`Retry.BACKOFF_MAX`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST = frozenset([
+        'HEAD', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE'])
+
+    #: Maximum backoff time.
+    BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    def __init__(self, total=10, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None,
+                 method_whitelist=DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST, status_forcelist=None,
+                 backoff_factor=0, raise_on_redirect=True, _observed_errors=0):
+
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.method_whitelist = method_whitelist
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors  # TODO: use .history instead?
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect, read=self.read, redirect=self.redirect,
+            method_whitelist=self.method_whitelist,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            _observed_errors=self._observed_errors,
+        )
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(cls, retries, redirect=True, default=None):
+        """ Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r" % (retries, new_retries))
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self):
+        """ Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        if self._observed_errors <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (self._observed_errors - 1))
+        return min(self.BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
+
+    def sleep(self):
+        """ Sleep between retry attempts using an exponential backoff.
+
+        By default, the backoff factor is 0 and this method will return
+        immediately.
+        """
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def is_forced_retry(self, method, status_code):
+        """ Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
+        """
+        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
+            return False
+
+        return self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist
+
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """ Are we out of retries? """
+        retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect)
+        retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None,
+                  _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
+        """ Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        _observed_errors = self._observed_errors
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+        cause = 'unknown'
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+            cause = 'too many redirects'
+
+        else:
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and a the given method is in the whitelist
+            _observed_errors += 1
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(
+                    status_code=response.status)
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect, read=read, redirect=redirect,
+            _observed_errors=_observed_errors)
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r" % (url, new_retry))
+
+        return new_retry
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
+                'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect})').format(
+                    cls=type(self), self=self)
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f8344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+import errno
+import warnings
+import hmac
+
+from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
+from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
+
+from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning, SNIMissingWarning
+
+
+SSLContext = None
+HAS_SNI = False
+create_default_context = None
+
+# Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing this digest
+HASHFUNC_MAP = {
+    32: md5,
+    40: sha1,
+    64: sha256,
+}
+
+
+def _const_compare_digest_backport(a, b):
+    """
+    Compare two digests of equal length in constant time.
+
+    The digests must be of type str/bytes.
+    Returns True if the digests match, and False otherwise.
+    """
+    result = abs(len(a) - len(b))
+    for l, r in zip(bytearray(a), bytearray(b)):
+        result |= l ^ r
+    return result == 0
+
+
+_const_compare_digest = getattr(hmac, 'compare_digest',
+                                _const_compare_digest_backport)
+
+
+try:  # Test for SSL features
+    import ssl
+    from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+    from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
+# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
+    'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
+    'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
+    '!eNULL:!MD5'
+)
+
+try:
+    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
+except ImportError:
+    import sys
+
+    class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
+        supports_set_ciphers = ((2, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3,) or
+                                (3, 2) <= sys.version_info)
+
+        def __init__(self, protocol_version):
+            self.protocol = protocol_version
+            # Use default values from a real SSLContext
+            self.check_hostname = False
+            self.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.ca_certs = None
+            self.options = 0
+            self.certfile = None
+            self.keyfile = None
+            self.ciphers = None
+
+        def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile):
+            self.certfile = certfile
+            self.keyfile = keyfile
+
+        def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None):
+            self.ca_certs = cafile
+
+            if capath is not None:
+                raise SSLError("CA directories not supported in older Pythons")
+
+        def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
+            if not self.supports_set_ciphers:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Your version of Python does not support setting '
+                    'a custom cipher suite. Please upgrade to Python '
+                    '2.7, 3.2, or later if you need this functionality.'
+                )
+            self.ciphers = cipher_suite
+
+        def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
+                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
+                'certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+                '#insecureplatformwarning.',
+                InsecurePlatformWarning
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                'keyfile': self.keyfile,
+                'certfile': self.certfile,
+                'ca_certs': self.ca_certs,
+                'cert_reqs': self.verify_mode,
+                'ssl_version': self.protocol,
+            }
+            if self.supports_set_ciphers:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.7+
+                return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
+            else:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+                return wrap_socket(socket, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
+    """
+    Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
+
+    :param cert:
+        Certificate as bytes object.
+    :param fingerprint:
+        Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
+    """
+
+    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
+    digest_length = len(fingerprint)
+    hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
+    if not hashfunc:
+        raise SSLError(
+            'Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}'.format(fingerprint))
+
+    # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
+    fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
+
+    cert_digest = hashfunc(cert).digest()
+
+    if not _const_compare_digest(cert_digest, fingerprint_bytes):
+        raise SSLError('Fingerprints did not match. Expected "{0}", got "{1}".'
+                       .format(fingerprint, hexlify(cert_digest)))
+
+
+def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate):
+    """
+    Resolves the argument to a numeric constant, which can be passed to
+    the wrap_socket function/method from the ssl module.
+    Defaults to :data:`ssl.CERT_NONE`.
+    If given a string it is assumed to be the name of the constant in the
+    :mod:`ssl` module or its abbrevation.
+    (So you can specify `REQUIRED` instead of `CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If it's neither `None` nor a string we assume it is already the numeric
+    constant which can directly be passed to wrap_socket.
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return CERT_NONE
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, 'CERT_' + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
+    """
+    like resolve_cert_reqs
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return PROTOCOL_SSLv23
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, 'PROTOCOL_' + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                           options=None, ciphers=None):
+    """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
+
+    By default, this function does a lot of the same work that
+    ``ssl.create_default_context`` does on Python 3.4+. It:
+
+    - Disables SSLv2, SSLv3, and compression
+    - Sets a restricted set of server ciphers
+
+    If you wish to enable SSLv3, you can do::
+
+        from urllib3.util import ssl_
+        context = ssl_.create_urllib3_context()
+        context.options &= ~ssl_.OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+    You can do the same to enable compression (substituting ``COMPRESSION``
+    for ``SSLv3`` in the last line above).
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    context = SSLContext(ssl_version or ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    if getattr(context, 'supports_set_ciphers', True):  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+
+    context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+    if getattr(context, 'check_hostname', None) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+        # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
+        # hostnames. So disable it here
+        context.check_hostname = False
+    return context
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None,
+                    ca_cert_dir=None):
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname, ssl_context, and ca_cert_dir have
+    the same meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support. This is not
+        supported on Python 2.6 as the ssl module does not support it.
+    :param ca_cert_dir:
+        A directory containing CA certificates in multiple separate files, as
+        supported by OpenSSL's -CApath flag or the capath argument to
+        SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs,
+                                         ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir)
+        except IOError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
+            raise SSLError(e)
+        # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError which subclasses OSError
+        # These are not equivalent unless we check the errno attribute
+        except OSError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.3 and beyond
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise SSLError(e)
+            raise
+
+    if certfile:
+        context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+    if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
+        return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        'An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Subject Name '
+        'Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. '
+        'This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS '
+        'certificate, which can cause validation failures. For more '
+        'information, see '
+        'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+        '#snimissingwarning.',
+        SNIMissingWarning
+    )
+    return context.wrap_socket(sock)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff62f47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+# The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was
+# specified by the user
+from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+import time
+
+from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
+
+# A sentinel value to indicate that no timeout was specified by the user in
+# urllib3
+_Default = object()
+
+
+def current_time():
+    """
+    Retrieve the current time. This function is mocked out in unit testing.
+    """
+    return time.time()
+
+
+class Timeout(object):
+    """ Timeout configuration.
+
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+        http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``::
+
+        no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)
+
+
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: integer, float, or None
+
+    :param connect:
+        The maximum amount of time to wait for a connection attempt to a server
+        to succeed. Omitting the parameter will default the connect timeout to
+        the system default, probably `the global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout for connection attempts.
+
+    :type connect: integer, float, or None
+
+    :param read:
+        The maximum amount of time to wait between consecutive
+        read operations for a response from the server. Omitting
+        the parameter will default the read timeout to the system
+        default, probably `the global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout.
+
+    :type read: integer, float, or None
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
+
+        In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
+        read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
+        not the total amount of time for the request to return a complete
+        response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
+        has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
+        the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
+
+        If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock
+        time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
+        request.
+    """
+
+    #: A sentinel object representing the default timeout value
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+    def __init__(self, total=None, connect=_Default, read=_Default):
+        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, 'connect')
+        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, 'read')
+        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, 'total')
+        self._start_connect = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)' % (
+            type(self).__name__, self._connect, self._read, self.total)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_timeout(cls, value, name):
+        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
+
+        :param value: The timeout value to validate
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
+            is a numeric value less than zero.
+        """
+        if value is _Default:
+            return cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if value is None or value is cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return value
+
+        try:
+            float(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                             "int or float." % (name, value))
+
+        try:
+            if value < 0:
+                raise ValueError("Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
+                                 "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
+                                 "than 0." % (name, value))
+        except TypeError:  # Python 3
+            raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                             "int or float." % (name, value))
+
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_float(cls, timeout):
+        """ Create a new Timeout from a legacy timeout value.
+
+        The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
+        connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
+
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
+        :type timeout: integer, float, sentinel default object, or None
+        :return: Timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """ Create a copy of the timeout object
+
+        Timeout properties are stored per-pool but each request needs a fresh
+        Timeout object to ensure each one has its own start/stop configured.
+
+        :return: a copy of the timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        # We can't use copy.deepcopy because that will also create a new object
+        # for _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, which socket.py uses as a sentinel to
+        # detect the user default.
+        return Timeout(connect=self._connect, read=self._read,
+                       total=self.total)
+
+    def start_connect(self):
+        """ Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt
+
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to start a timer that has been started already.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is not None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Timeout timer has already been started.")
+        self._start_connect = current_time()
+        return self._start_connect
+
+    def get_connect_duration(self):
+        """ Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
+
+        :return: Elapsed time.
+        :rtype: float
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Can't get connect duration for timer "
+                                    "that has not started.")
+        return current_time() - self._start_connect
+
+    @property
+    def connect_timeout(self):
+        """ Get the value to use when setting a connection timeout.
+
+        This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
+        (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
+
+        :return: Connect timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        """
+        if self.total is None:
+            return self._connect
+
+        if self._connect is None or self._connect is self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return self.total
+
+        return min(self._connect, self.total)
+
+    @property
+    def read_timeout(self):
+        """ Get the value for the read timeout.
+
+        This assumes some time has elapsed in the connection timeout and
+        computes the read timeout appropriately.
+
+        If self.total is set, the read timeout is dependent on the amount of
+        time taken by the connect timeout. If the connection time has not been
+        established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
+        raised.
+
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
+            has not yet been called on this object.
+        """
+        if (self.total is not None and
+                self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
+                self._read is not None and
+                self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            if self._start_connect is None:
+                return self._read
+            return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(),
+                              self._read))
+        elif self.total is not None and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return max(0, self.total - self.get_connect_duration())
+        else:
+            return self._read
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e996204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+
+
+url_attrs = ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+
+
+class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
+    """
+    Datastructure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
+    :func:`parse_url`.
+    """
+    slots = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
+                query=None, fragment=None):
+        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
+            path = '/' + path
+        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
+                                       query, fragment)
+
+    @property
+    def hostname(self):
+        """For backwards-compatibility with urlparse. We're nice like that."""
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def request_uri(self):
+        """Absolute path including the query string."""
+        uri = self.path or '/'
+
+        if self.query is not None:
+            uri += '?' + self.query
+
+        return uri
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self):
+        """Network location including host and port"""
+        if self.port:
+            return '%s:%d' % (self.host, self.port)
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            >>> U = parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+            >>> U.url
+            'http://google.com/mail/'
+            >>> Url('http', 'username:password', 'host.com', 80,
+            ... '/path', 'query', 'fragment').url
+            'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = ''
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + '://'
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + '@'
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += ':' + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += '?' + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += '#' + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
+
+
+def split_first(s, delims):
+    """
+    Given a string and an iterable of delimiters, split on the first found
+    delimiter. Return two split parts and the matched delimiter.
+
+    If not found, then the first part is the full input string.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '?/=')
+        ('foo', 'bar?baz', '/')
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '123')
+        ('foo/bar?baz', '', None)
+
+    Scales linearly with number of delims. Not ideal for large number of delims.
+    """
+    min_idx = None
+    min_delim = None
+    for d in delims:
+        idx = s.find(d)
+        if idx < 0:
+            continue
+
+        if min_idx is None or idx < min_idx:
+            min_idx = idx
+            min_delim = d
+
+    if min_idx is None or min_idx < 0:
+        return s, '', None
+
+    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1:], min_delim
+
+
+def parse_url(url):
+    """
+    Given a url, return a parsed :class:`.Url` namedtuple. Best-effort is
+    performed to parse incomplete urls. Fields not provided will be None.
+
+    Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urlparse`.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
+        >>> parse_url('google.com:80')
+        Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
+        >>> parse_url('/foo?bar')
+        Url(scheme=None, host=None, port=None, path='/foo', query='bar', ...)
+    """
+
+    # While this code has overlap with stdlib's urlparse, it is much
+    # simplified for our needs and less annoying.
+    # Additionally, this implementations does silly things to be optimal
+    # on CPython.
+
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
+    scheme = None
+    auth = None
+    host = None
+    port = None
+    path = None
+    fragment = None
+    query = None
+
+    # Scheme
+    if '://' in url:
+        scheme, url = url.split('://', 1)
+
+    # Find the earliest Authority Terminator
+    # (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2)
+    url, path_, delim = split_first(url, ['/', '?', '#'])
+
+    if delim:
+        # Reassemble the path
+        path = delim + path_
+
+    # Auth
+    if '@' in url:
+        # Last '@' denotes end of auth part
+        auth, url = url.rsplit('@', 1)
+
+    # IPv6
+    if url and url[0] == '[':
+        host, url = url.split(']', 1)
+        host += ']'
+
+    # Port
+    if ':' in url:
+        _host, port = url.split(':', 1)
+
+        if not host:
+            host = _host
+
+        if port:
+            # If given, ports must be integers.
+            if not port.isdigit():
+                raise LocationParseError(url)
+            port = int(port)
+        else:
+            # Blank ports are cool, too. (rfc3986#section-3.2.3)
+            port = None
+
+    elif not host and url:
+        host = url
+
+    if not path:
+        return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+    # Fragment
+    if '#' in path:
+        path, fragment = path.split('#', 1)
+
+    # Query
+    if '?' in path:
+        path, query = path.split('?', 1)
+
+    return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+
+def get_host(url):
+    """
+    Deprecated. Use :func:`.parse_url` instead.
+    """
+    p = parse_url(url)
+    return p.scheme or 'http', p.hostname, p.port
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eaa36a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.session
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across
+requests (cookies, auth, proxies).
+
+"""
+import os
+from collections import Mapping
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse
+from .cookies import (
+    cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookieJar, merge_cookies)
+from .models import Request, PreparedRequest, DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
+from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers, to_native_string
+from .exceptions import (
+    TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+from .packages.urllib3._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .utils import (
+    requote_uri, get_environ_proxies, get_netrc_auth, should_bypass_proxies,
+    get_auth_from_url
+)
+
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+# formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
+from .models import REDIRECT_STATI
+
+REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE = 1000
+
+
+def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """
+    Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account the
+    explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a
+    setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class`
+    """
+
+    if session_setting is None:
+        return request_setting
+
+    if request_setting is None:
+        return session_setting
+
+    # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify)
+    if not (
+            isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and
+            isinstance(request_setting, Mapping)
+    ):
+        return request_setting
+
+    merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
+    merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
+
+    # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
+    # the dictionary during iteration.
+    none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
+    for key in none_keys:
+        del merged_setting[key]
+
+    return merged_setting
+
+
+def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """
+    Properly merges both requests and session hooks.
+
+    This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the
+    merge breaks Session hooks entirely.
+    """
+    if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get('response') == []:
+        return request_hooks
+
+    if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get('response') == []:
+        return session_hooks
+
+    return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class)
+
+
+class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
+    def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
+                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
+
+        i = 0
+        hist = [] # keep track of history
+
+        while resp.is_redirect:
+            prepared_request = req.copy()
+
+            if i > 0:
+                # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+                hist.append(resp)
+                new_hist = list(hist)
+                resp.history = new_hist
+
+            try:
+                resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
+            except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
+                resp.raw.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            if i >= self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects('Exceeded %s redirects.' % self.max_redirects)
+
+            # Release the connection back into the pool.
+            resp.close()
+
+            url = resp.headers['location']
+            method = req.method
+
+            # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
+            if url.startswith('//'):
+                parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
+                url = '%s:%s' % (parsed_rurl.scheme, url)
+
+            # The scheme should be lower case...
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
+            # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
+            # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
+            if not parsed.netloc:
+                url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
+            else:
+                url = requote_uri(url)
+
+            prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+            # Cache the url, unless it redirects to itself.
+            if resp.is_permanent_redirect and req.url != prepared_request.url:
+                self.redirect_cache[req.url] = prepared_request.url
+
+            # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+            if (resp.status_code == codes.see_other and
+                    method != 'HEAD'):
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            # Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
+            # First, turn 302s into GETs.
+            if resp.status_code == codes.found and method != 'HEAD':
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            # Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
+            # This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704.
+            if resp.status_code == codes.moved and method == 'POST':
+                method = 'GET'
+
+            prepared_request.method = method
+
+            # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1084
+            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect):
+                if 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers:
+                    del prepared_request.headers['Content-Length']
+
+                prepared_request.body = None
+
+            headers = prepared_request.headers
+            try:
+                del headers['Cookie']
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
+            prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
+            prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
+
+            # Rebuild auth and proxy information.
+            proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
+            self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # Override the original request.
+            req = prepared_request
+
+            resp = self.send(
+                req,
+                stream=stream,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                verify=verify,
+                cert=cert,
+                proxies=proxies,
+                allow_redirects=False,
+                **adapter_kwargs
+            )
+
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+
+            i += 1
+            yield resp
+
+    def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """
+        When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the
+        request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes
+        and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+
+        if 'Authorization' in headers:
+            # If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any
+            # authentication headers.
+            original_parsed = urlparse(response.request.url)
+            redirect_parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+            if (original_parsed.hostname != redirect_parsed.hostname):
+                del headers['Authorization']
+
+        # .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host.
+        new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None
+        if new_auth is not None:
+            prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth)
+
+        return
+
+    def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):
+        """
+        This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the
+        environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by
+        NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing
+        proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous
+        redirect).
+
+        This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where
+        necessary.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+        scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
+        new_proxies = proxies.copy() if proxies is not None else {}
+
+        if self.trust_env and not should_bypass_proxies(url):
+            environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url)
+
+            proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme)
+
+            if proxy:
+                new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, environ_proxies[scheme])
+
+        if 'Proxy-Authorization' in headers:
+            del headers['Proxy-Authorization']
+
+        try:
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme])
+        except KeyError:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+        if username and password:
+            headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return new_proxies
+
+
+class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
+    """A Requests session.
+
+    Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.
+
+    Basic Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    Or as a context manager::
+
+      >>> with requests.Session() as s:
+      >>>     s.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
+        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
+        'max_redirects',
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+
+        #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this
+        #: :class:`Session <Session>`.
+        self.headers = default_headers()
+
+        #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.auth = None
+
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.proxies = {}
+
+        #: Event-handling hooks.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+        #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for
+        #: representing multivalued query parameters.
+        self.params = {}
+
+        #: Stream response content default.
+        self.stream = False
+
+        #: SSL Verification default.
+        self.verify = True
+
+        #: SSL certificate default.
+        self.cert = None
+
+        #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this
+        #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
+        self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+
+        #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
+        #: authentication and similar.
+        self.trust_env = True
+
+        #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
+        #: session. By default it is a
+        #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but
+        #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        # Default connection adapters.
+        self.adapters = OrderedDict()
+        self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
+        self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
+
+        # Only store 1000 redirects to prevent using infinite memory
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def prepare_request(self, request):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for
+        transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings
+        merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the
+        :class:`Session`.
+
+        :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this
+            session's settings.
+        """
+        cookies = request.cookies or {}
+
+        # Bootstrap CookieJar.
+        if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        # Merge with session cookies
+        merged_cookies = merge_cookies(
+            merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies)
+
+
+        # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set.
+        auth = request.auth
+        if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth:
+            auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url)
+
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=request.method.upper(),
+            url=request.url,
+            files=request.files,
+            data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
+            headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict),
+            params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
+            auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
+            cookies=merged_cookies,
+            hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),
+        )
+        return p
+
+    def request(self, method, url,
+        params=None,
+        data=None,
+        headers=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        files=None,
+        auth=None,
+        timeout=None,
+        allow_redirects=True,
+        proxies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        stream=None,
+        verify=None,
+        cert=None,
+        json=None):
+        """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
+        Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
+
+        :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
+            string for the :class:`Request`.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send
+            in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
+            for multipart encoding upload.
+        :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
+            Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
+        :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
+            content. Defaults to ``False``.
+        :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified.
+            A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
+        :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
+            If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        """
+        # Create the Request.
+        req = Request(
+            method = method.upper(),
+            url = url,
+            headers = headers,
+            files = files,
+            data = data or {},
+            json = json,
+            params = params or {},
+            auth = auth,
+            cookies = cookies,
+            hooks = hooks,
+        )
+        prep = self.prepare_request(req)
+
+        proxies = proxies or {}
+
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
+
+        # Send the request.
+        send_kwargs = {
+            'timeout': timeout,
+            'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
+        }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
+        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+        return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def options(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
+        return self.request('OPTIONS', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def head(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
+        return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+    def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('PUT', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('PATCH', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        """
+
+        return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)
+
+    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Send a given PreparedRequest."""
+        # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have
+        # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request.
+        kwargs.setdefault('stream', self.stream)
+        kwargs.setdefault('verify', self.verify)
+        kwargs.setdefault('cert', self.cert)
+        kwargs.setdefault('proxies', self.proxies)
+
+        # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object.
+        # Guard against that specific failure case.
+        if not isinstance(request, PreparedRequest):
+            raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.')
+
+        checked_urls = set()
+        while request.url in self.redirect_cache:
+            checked_urls.add(request.url)
+            new_url = self.redirect_cache.get(request.url)
+            if new_url in checked_urls:
+                break
+            request.url = new_url
+
+        # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
+        allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
+        stream = kwargs.get('stream')
+        hooks = request.hooks
+
+        # Get the appropriate adapter to use
+        adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
+
+        # Start time (approximately) of the request
+        start = datetime.utcnow()
+
+        # Send the request
+        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
+        r.elapsed = datetime.utcnow() - start
+
+        # Response manipulation hooks
+        r = dispatch_hook('response', hooks, r, **kwargs)
+
+        # Persist cookies
+        if r.history:
+
+            # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too
+            for resp in r.history:
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
+
+        # Redirect resolving generator.
+        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Resolve redirects if allowed.
+        history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
+
+        # Shuffle things around if there's history.
+        if history:
+            # Insert the first (original) request at the start
+            history.insert(0, r)
+            # Get the last request made
+            r = history.pop()
+            r.history = history
+
+        if not stream:
+            r.content
+
+        return r
+
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """Check the environment and merge it with some settings."""
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
+            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration and be compatible
+            # with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') or
+                          os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE'))
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {'verify': verify, 'proxies': proxies, 'stream': stream,
+                'cert': cert}
+
+    def get_adapter(self, url):
+        """Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL."""
+        for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
+
+            if url.lower().startswith(prefix):
+                return adapter
+
+        # Nothing matches :-/
+        raise InvalidSchema("No connection adapters were found for '%s'" % url)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes all adapters and as such the session"""
+        for v in self.adapters.values():
+            v.close()
+
+    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
+        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
+
+        Adapters are sorted in descending order by key length."""
+
+        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
+        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
+
+        for key in keys_to_move:
+            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state['redirect_cache'] = dict(self.redirect_cache)
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        redirect_cache = state.pop('redirect_cache', {})
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+        for redirect, to in redirect_cache.items():
+            self.redirect_cache[redirect] = to
+
+
+def session():
+    """Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management."""
+
+    return Session()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a852574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from .structures import LookupDict
+
+_codes = {
+
+    # Informational.
+    100: ('continue',),
+    101: ('switching_protocols',),
+    102: ('processing',),
+    103: ('checkpoint',),
+    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
+    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
+    201: ('created',),
+    202: ('accepted',),
+    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
+    204: ('no_content',),
+    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
+    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
+    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
+    208: ('already_reported',),
+    226: ('im_used',),
+
+    # Redirection.
+    300: ('multiple_choices',),
+    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
+    302: ('found',),
+    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
+    304: ('not_modified',),
+    305: ('use_proxy',),
+    306: ('switch_proxy',),
+    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
+    308: ('permanent_redirect',
+          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
+
+    # Client Error.
+    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
+    401: ('unauthorized',),
+    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
+    403: ('forbidden',),
+    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
+    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
+    406: ('not_acceptable',),
+    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
+    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
+    409: ('conflict',),
+    410: ('gone',),
+    411: ('length_required',),
+    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
+    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
+    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
+    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
+    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
+    417: ('expectation_failed',),
+    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
+    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
+    423: ('locked',),
+    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
+    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
+    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
+    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
+    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
+    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
+    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
+    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
+    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
+    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
+    499: ('client_closed_request',),
+
+    # Server Error.
+    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
+    501: ('not_implemented',),
+    502: ('bad_gateway',),
+    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
+    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
+    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
+    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
+    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
+    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
+    510: ('not_extended',),
+    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
+}
+
+codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
+
+for code, titles in _codes.items():
+    for title in titles:
+        setattr(codes, title, code)
+        if not title.startswith('\\'):
+            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e5f2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.structures
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Data structures that power Requests.
+
+"""
+
+import collections
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
+    """
+    A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
+
+    Implements all methods and operations of
+    ``collections.MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
+    provides ``lower_items``.
+
+    All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
+    case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
+    ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
+    will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
+    testing is case insensitive::
+
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'  # True
+        list(cid) == ['Accept']  # True
+
+    For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+    value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless
+    of how the header name was originally stored.
+
+    If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison
+    operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
+    behavior is undefined.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
+        self._store = dict()
+        if data is None:
+            data = {}
+        self.update(data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual
+        # key alongside the value.
+        self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._store[key.lower()][1]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._store[key.lower()]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._store)
+
+    def lower_items(self):
+        """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
+        return (
+            (lowerkey, keyval[1])
+            for (lowerkey, keyval)
+            in self._store.items()
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, collections.Mapping):
+            other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+        # Compare insensitively
+        return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
+
+    # Copy is required
+    def copy(self):
+        return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(dict(self.items()))
+
+class LookupDict(dict):
+    """Dictionary lookup object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None):
+        self.name = name
+        super(LookupDict, self).__init__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<lookup \'%s\'>' % (self.name)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
+
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, default)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5c3fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,721 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""
+requests.utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests
+that are also useful for external consumption.
+
+"""
+
+import cgi
+import codecs
+import collections
+import io
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import socket
+import struct
+import warnings
+
+from . import __version__
+from . import certs
+from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2,
+                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse,
+                     basestring)
+from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .exceptions import InvalidURL, FileModeWarning
+
+_hush_pyflakes = (RequestsCookieJar,)
+
+NETRC_FILES = ('.netrc', '_netrc')
+
+DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where()
+
+
+def dict_to_sequence(d):
+    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update."""
+
+    if hasattr(d, 'items'):
+        d = d.items()
+
+    return d
+
+
+def super_len(o):
+    total_length = 0
+    current_position = 0
+
+    if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
+        total_length = len(o)
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'len'):
+        total_length = o.len
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
+        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
+        total_length = len(o.getvalue())
+
+    elif hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
+        try:
+            fileno = o.fileno()
+        except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+            pass
+        else:
+            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+
+            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
+            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
+            if 'b' not in o.mode:
+                warnings.warn((
+                    "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
+                    "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
+                    "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
+                    "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
+                    "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
+                    "for files in text mode."),
+                    FileModeWarning
+                )
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'tell'):
+        current_position = o.tell()
+
+    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
+
+
+def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
+    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
+
+    try:
+        from netrc import netrc, NetrcParseError
+
+        netrc_path = None
+
+        for f in NETRC_FILES:
+            try:
+                loc = os.path.expanduser('~/{0}'.format(f))
+            except KeyError:
+                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and
+                # getpwuid fails. See http://bugs.python.org/issue20164 &
+                # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1846
+                return
+
+            if os.path.exists(loc):
+                netrc_path = loc
+                break
+
+        # Abort early if there isn't one.
+        if netrc_path is None:
+            return
+
+        ri = urlparse(url)
+
+        # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is
+        # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals.
+        splitstr = b':'
+        if isinstance(url, str):
+            splitstr = splitstr.decode('ascii')
+        host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0]
+
+        try:
+            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host)
+            if _netrc:
+                # Return with login / password
+                login_i = (0 if _netrc[0] else 1)
+                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
+        except (NetrcParseError, IOError):
+            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
+            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
+            if raise_errors:
+                raise
+
+    # AppEngine hackiness.
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+
+
+def guess_filename(obj):
+    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
+    name = getattr(obj, 'name', None)
+    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and
+            name[-1] != '>'):
+        return os.path.basename(name)
+
+
+def from_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an
+    OrderedDict, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+        >>> from_key_val_list('string')
+        ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack
+        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
+
+    return OrderedDict(value)
+
+
+def to_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list('string')
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples.
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')
+
+    if isinstance(value, collections.Mapping):
+        value = value.items()
+
+    return list(value)
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_list_header(value):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
+
+    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
+    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
+
+    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
+
+    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
+    ['token', 'quoted value']
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a list header.
+    :return: :class:`list`
+    """
+    result = []
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
+            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
+        result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_dict_header(value):
+    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
+    convert them into a python dict:
+
+    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
+    >>> type(d) is dict
+    True
+    >>> sorted(d.items())
+    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
+
+    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
+
+    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
+    {'key_without_value': None}
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a dict header.
+    :return: :class:`dict`
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if '=' not in item:
+            result[item] = None
+            continue
+        name, value = item.split('=', 1)
+        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
+            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
+        result[name] = value
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
+    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
+    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
+    using for quoting.
+
+    :param value: the header value to unquote.
+    """
+    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
+        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
+        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
+        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
+        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
+        value = value[1:-1]
+
+        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
+        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
+        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
+        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
+        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
+        if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\':
+            return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
+    return value
+
+
+def dict_from_cookiejar(cj):
+    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
+    """
+
+    cookie_dict = {}
+
+    for cookie in cj:
+        cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+
+    return cookie_dict
+
+
+def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into.
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    """
+
+    cj2 = cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict)
+    cj.update(cj2)
+    return cj
+
+
+def get_encodings_from_content(content):
+    """Returns encodings from given content string.
+
+    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
+    """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
+
+    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]')
+
+    return (charset_re.findall(content) +
+            pragma_re.findall(content) +
+            xml_re.findall(content))
+
+
+def get_encoding_from_headers(headers):
+    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.
+
+    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from.
+    """
+
+    content_type = headers.get('content-type')
+
+    if not content_type:
+        return None
+
+    content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_type)
+
+    if 'charset' in params:
+        return params['charset'].strip("'\"")
+
+    if 'text' in content_type:
+        return 'ISO-8859-1'
+
+
+def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r):
+    """Stream decodes a iterator."""
+
+    if r.encoding is None:
+        for item in iterator:
+            yield item
+        return
+
+    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors='replace')
+    for chunk in iterator:
+        rv = decoder.decode(chunk)
+        if rv:
+            yield rv
+    rv = decoder.decode(b'', final=True)
+    if rv:
+        yield rv
+
+
+def iter_slices(string, slice_length):
+    """Iterate over slices of a string."""
+    pos = 0
+    while pos < len(string):
+        yield string[pos:pos + slice_length]
+        pos += slice_length
+
+
+def get_unicode_from_response(r):
+    """Returns the requested content back in unicode.
+
+    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from.
+
+    Tried:
+
+    1. charset from content-type
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+
+    """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
+
+    tried_encodings = []
+
+    # Try charset from content-type
+    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers)
+
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(r.content, encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.append(encoding)
+
+    # Fall back:
+    try:
+        return str(r.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+    except TypeError:
+        return r.content
+
+
+# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986)
+UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+    + "0123456789-._~")
+
+
+def unquote_unreserved(uri):
+    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved
+    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded.
+    """
+    parts = uri.split('%')
+    for i in range(1, len(parts)):
+        h = parts[i][0:2]
+        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum():
+            try:
+                c = chr(int(h, 16))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise InvalidURL("Invalid percent-escape sequence: '%s'" % h)
+
+            if c in UNRESERVED_SET:
+                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:]
+            else:
+                parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
+        else:
+            parts[i] = '%' + parts[i]
+    return ''.join(parts)
+
+
+def requote_uri(uri):
+    """Re-quote the given URI.
+
+    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
+    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
+    """
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
+
+
+def address_in_network(ip, net):
+    """
+    This function allows you to check if on IP belongs to a network subnet
+    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24
+             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24
+    """
+    ipaddr = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(ip))[0]
+    netaddr, bits = net.split('/')
+    netmask = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0]
+    network = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask
+    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask)
+
+
+def dotted_netmask(mask):
+    """
+    Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
+    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0
+    """
+    bits = 0xffffffff ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1
+    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('>I', bits))
+
+
+def is_ipv4_address(string_ip):
+    try:
+        socket.inet_aton(string_ip)
+    except socket.error:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_valid_cidr(string_network):
+    """Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable"""
+    if string_network.count('/') == 1:
+        try:
+            mask = int(string_network.split('/')[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        if mask < 1 or mask > 32:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split('/')[0])
+        except socket.error:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def should_bypass_proxies(url):
+    """
+    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not.
+    """
+    get_proxy = lambda k: os.environ.get(k) or os.environ.get(k.upper())
+
+    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL
+    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list.
+    no_proxy = get_proxy('no_proxy')
+    netloc = urlparse(url).netloc
+
+    if no_proxy:
+        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
+        # the end of the netloc, both with and without the port.
+        no_proxy = (
+            host for host in no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',') if host
+        )
+
+        ip = netloc.split(':')[0]
+        if is_ipv4_address(ip):
+            for proxy_ip in no_proxy:
+                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip):
+                    if address_in_network(ip, proxy_ip):
+                        return True
+        else:
+            for host in no_proxy:
+                if netloc.endswith(host) or netloc.split(':')[0].endswith(host):
+                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want
+                    # to apply the proxies on this URL.
+                    return True
+
+    # If the system proxy settings indicate that this URL should be bypassed,
+    # don't proxy.
+    # The proxy_bypass function is incredibly buggy on OS X in early versions
+    # of Python 2.6, so allow this call to fail. Only catch the specific
+    # exceptions we've seen, though: this call failing in other ways can reveal
+    # legitimate problems.
+    try:
+        bypass = proxy_bypass(netloc)
+    except (TypeError, socket.gaierror):
+        bypass = False
+
+    if bypass:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+def get_environ_proxies(url):
+    """Return a dict of environment proxies."""
+    if should_bypass_proxies(url):
+        return {}
+    else:
+        return getproxies()
+
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme+'://'+urlparts.hostname)
+    if proxy is None:
+        proxy = proxies.get(urlparts.scheme)
+    return proxy
+
+def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
+    """Return a string representing the default user agent."""
+    return '%s/%s' % (name, __version__)
+
+
+def default_headers():
+    return CaseInsensitiveDict({
+        'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
+        'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
+        'Accept': '*/*',
+        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
+    })
+
+
+def parse_header_links(value):
+    """Return a dict of parsed link headers proxies.
+
+    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg"
+
+    """
+
+    links = []
+
+    replace_chars = " '\""
+
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
+        try:
+            url, params = val.split(";", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            url, params = val, ''
+
+        link = {}
+
+        link["url"] = url.strip("<> '\"")
+
+        for param in params.split(";"):
+            try:
+                key, value = param.split("=")
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+
+            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
+
+        links.append(link)
+
+    return links
+
+
+# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf
+_null = '\x00'.encode('ascii')  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3
+_null2 = _null * 2
+_null3 = _null * 3
+
+
+def guess_json_utf(data):
+    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as
+    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count
+    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present.
+    sample = data[:4]
+    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM32_BE):
+        return 'utf-32'     # BOM included
+    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+        return 'utf-8-sig'  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged)
+    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+        return 'utf-16'     # BOM included
+    nullcount = sample.count(_null)
+    if nullcount == 0:
+        return 'utf-8'
+    if nullcount == 2:
+        if sample[::2] == _null2:   # 1st and 3rd are null
+            return 'utf-16-be'
+        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null
+            return 'utf-16-le'
+        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters
+    if nullcount == 3:
+        if sample[:3] == _null3:
+            return 'utf-32-be'
+        if sample[1:] == _null3:
+            return 'utf-32-le'
+        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character
+    return None
+
+
+def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme):
+    '''Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme.
+    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.'''
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url, new_scheme)
+
+    # urlparse is a finicky beast, and sometimes decides that there isn't a
+    # netloc present. Assume that it's being over-cautious, and switch netloc
+    # and path if urlparse decided there was no netloc.
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment))
+
+
+def get_auth_from_url(url):
+    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of
+    username,password."""
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    try:
+        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password))
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        auth = ('', '')
+
+    return auth
+
+
+def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
+    """
+    Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of that
+    string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where necessary.
+    This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
+    """
+    out = None
+
+    if isinstance(string, builtin_str):
+        out = string
+    else:
+        if is_py2:
+            out = string.encode(encoding)
+        else:
+            out = string.decode(encoding)
+
+    return out
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d1e627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/retrying.py
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+## Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+##
+## Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+## you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+## You may obtain a copy of the License at
+##
+## http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+##
+## Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+## distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+## WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+## See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+## limitations under the License.
+
+import random
+from pip._vendor import six
+import sys
+import time
+import traceback
+
+
+# sys.maxint / 2, since Python 3.2 doesn't have a sys.maxint...
+MAX_WAIT = 1073741823
+
+
+def retry(*dargs, **dkw):
+    """
+    Decorator function that instantiates the Retrying object
+    @param *dargs: positional arguments passed to Retrying object
+    @param **dkw: keyword arguments passed to the Retrying object
+    """
+    # support both @retry and @retry() as valid syntax
+    if len(dargs) == 1 and callable(dargs[0]):
+        def wrap_simple(f):
+
+            @six.wraps(f)
+            def wrapped_f(*args, **kw):
+                return Retrying().call(f, *args, **kw)
+
+            return wrapped_f
+
+        return wrap_simple(dargs[0])
+
+    else:
+        def wrap(f):
+
+            @six.wraps(f)
+            def wrapped_f(*args, **kw):
+                return Retrying(*dargs, **dkw).call(f, *args, **kw)
+
+            return wrapped_f
+
+        return wrap
+
+
+class Retrying(object):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 stop=None, wait=None,
+                 stop_max_attempt_number=None,
+                 stop_max_delay=None,
+                 wait_fixed=None,
+                 wait_random_min=None, wait_random_max=None,
+                 wait_incrementing_start=None, wait_incrementing_increment=None,
+                 wait_exponential_multiplier=None, wait_exponential_max=None,
+                 retry_on_exception=None,
+                 retry_on_result=None,
+                 wrap_exception=False,
+                 stop_func=None,
+                 wait_func=None,
+                 wait_jitter_max=None):
+
+        self._stop_max_attempt_number = 5 if stop_max_attempt_number is None else stop_max_attempt_number
+        self._stop_max_delay = 100 if stop_max_delay is None else stop_max_delay
+        self._wait_fixed = 1000 if wait_fixed is None else wait_fixed
+        self._wait_random_min = 0 if wait_random_min is None else wait_random_min
+        self._wait_random_max = 1000 if wait_random_max is None else wait_random_max
+        self._wait_incrementing_start = 0 if wait_incrementing_start is None else wait_incrementing_start
+        self._wait_incrementing_increment = 100 if wait_incrementing_increment is None else wait_incrementing_increment
+        self._wait_exponential_multiplier = 1 if wait_exponential_multiplier is None else wait_exponential_multiplier
+        self._wait_exponential_max = MAX_WAIT if wait_exponential_max is None else wait_exponential_max
+        self._wait_jitter_max = 0 if wait_jitter_max is None else wait_jitter_max
+
+        # TODO add chaining of stop behaviors
+        # stop behavior
+        stop_funcs = []
+        if stop_max_attempt_number is not None:
+            stop_funcs.append(self.stop_after_attempt)
+
+        if stop_max_delay is not None:
+            stop_funcs.append(self.stop_after_delay)
+
+        if stop_func is not None:
+            self.stop = stop_func
+
+        elif stop is None:
+            self.stop = lambda attempts, delay: any(f(attempts, delay) for f in stop_funcs)
+
+        else:
+            self.stop = getattr(self, stop)
+
+        # TODO add chaining of wait behaviors
+        # wait behavior
+        wait_funcs = [lambda *args, **kwargs: 0]
+        if wait_fixed is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.fixed_sleep)
+
+        if wait_random_min is not None or wait_random_max is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.random_sleep)
+
+        if wait_incrementing_start is not None or wait_incrementing_increment is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.incrementing_sleep)
+
+        if wait_exponential_multiplier is not None or wait_exponential_max is not None:
+            wait_funcs.append(self.exponential_sleep)
+
+        if wait_func is not None:
+            self.wait = wait_func
+
+        elif wait is None:
+            self.wait = lambda attempts, delay: max(f(attempts, delay) for f in wait_funcs)
+
+        else:
+            self.wait = getattr(self, wait)
+
+        # retry on exception filter
+        if retry_on_exception is None:
+            self._retry_on_exception = self.always_reject
+        else:
+            self._retry_on_exception = retry_on_exception
+
+        # TODO simplify retrying by Exception types
+        # retry on result filter
+        if retry_on_result is None:
+            self._retry_on_result = self.never_reject
+        else:
+            self._retry_on_result = retry_on_result
+
+        self._wrap_exception = wrap_exception
+
+    def stop_after_attempt(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Stop after the previous attempt >= stop_max_attempt_number."""
+        return previous_attempt_number >= self._stop_max_attempt_number
+
+    def stop_after_delay(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Stop after the time from the first attempt >= stop_max_delay."""
+        return delay_since_first_attempt_ms >= self._stop_max_delay
+
+    def no_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Don't sleep at all before retrying."""
+        return 0
+
+    def fixed_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Sleep a fixed amount of time between each retry."""
+        return self._wait_fixed
+
+    def random_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """Sleep a random amount of time between wait_random_min and wait_random_max"""
+        return random.randint(self._wait_random_min, self._wait_random_max)
+
+    def incrementing_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        """
+        Sleep an incremental amount of time after each attempt, starting at
+        wait_incrementing_start and incrementing by wait_incrementing_increment
+        """
+        result = self._wait_incrementing_start + (self._wait_incrementing_increment * (previous_attempt_number - 1))
+        if result < 0:
+            result = 0
+        return result
+
+    def exponential_sleep(self, previous_attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+        exp = 2 ** previous_attempt_number
+        result = self._wait_exponential_multiplier * exp
+        if result > self._wait_exponential_max:
+            result = self._wait_exponential_max
+        if result < 0:
+            result = 0
+        return result
+
+    def never_reject(self, result):
+        return False
+
+    def always_reject(self, result):
+        return True
+
+    def should_reject(self, attempt):
+        reject = False
+        if attempt.has_exception:
+            reject |= self._retry_on_exception(attempt.value[1])
+        else:
+            reject |= self._retry_on_result(attempt.value)
+
+        return reject
+
+    def call(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        start_time = int(round(time.time() * 1000))
+        attempt_number = 1
+        while True:
+            try:
+                attempt = Attempt(fn(*args, **kwargs), attempt_number, False)
+            except:
+                tb = sys.exc_info()
+                attempt = Attempt(tb, attempt_number, True)
+
+            if not self.should_reject(attempt):
+                return attempt.get(self._wrap_exception)
+
+            delay_since_first_attempt_ms = int(round(time.time() * 1000)) - start_time
+            if self.stop(attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms):
+                if not self._wrap_exception and attempt.has_exception:
+                    # get() on an attempt with an exception should cause it to be raised, but raise just in case
+                    raise attempt.get()
+                else:
+                    raise RetryError(attempt)
+            else:
+                sleep = self.wait(attempt_number, delay_since_first_attempt_ms)
+                if self._wait_jitter_max:
+                    jitter = random.random() * self._wait_jitter_max
+                    sleep = sleep + max(0, jitter)
+                time.sleep(sleep / 1000.0)
+
+            attempt_number += 1
+
+
+class Attempt(object):
+    """
+    An Attempt encapsulates a call to a target function that may end as a
+    normal return value from the function or an Exception depending on what
+    occurred during the execution.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value, attempt_number, has_exception):
+        self.value = value
+        self.attempt_number = attempt_number
+        self.has_exception = has_exception
+
+    def get(self, wrap_exception=False):
+        """
+        Return the return value of this Attempt instance or raise an Exception.
+        If wrap_exception is true, this Attempt is wrapped inside of a
+        RetryError before being raised.
+        """
+        if self.has_exception:
+            if wrap_exception:
+                raise RetryError(self)
+            else:
+                six.reraise(self.value[0], self.value[1], self.value[2])
+        else:
+            return self.value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.has_exception:
+            return "Attempts: {0}, Error:\n{1}".format(self.attempt_number, "".join(traceback.format_tb(self.value[2])))
+        else:
+            return "Attempts: {0}, Value: {1}".format(self.attempt_number, self.value)
+
+
+class RetryError(Exception):
+    """
+    A RetryError encapsulates the last Attempt instance right before giving up.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, last_attempt):
+        self.last_attempt = last_attempt
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "RetryError[{0}]".format(self.last_attempt)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..190c023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.10.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = tp()
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    if from_value is None:
+        raise value
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+elif sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        def wrapper(f):
+            f = functools.wraps(wrapped, assigned, updated)(f)
+            f.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+            return f
+        return wrapper
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a07043a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/basecommand.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+"""Base Command class, and related routines"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import optparse
+import warnings
+
+from pip import cmdoptions
+from pip.index import PackageFinder
+from pip.locations import running_under_virtualenv
+from pip.download import PipSession
+from pip.exceptions import (BadCommand, InstallationError, UninstallationError,
+                            CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError)
+
+from pip.compat import logging_dictConfig
+from pip.baseparser import ConfigOptionParser, UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter
+from pip.req import InstallRequirement, parse_requirements
+from pip.status_codes import (
+    SUCCESS, ERROR, UNKNOWN_ERROR, VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND,
+    PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR,
+)
+from pip.utils import deprecation, get_prog, normalize_path
+from pip.utils.logging import IndentingFormatter
+from pip.utils.outdated import pip_version_check
+
+
+__all__ = ['Command']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Command(object):
+    name = None
+    usage = None
+    hidden = False
+    log_streams = ("ext://sys.stdout", "ext://sys.stderr")
+
+    def __init__(self, isolated=False):
+        parser_kw = {
+            'usage': self.usage,
+            'prog': '%s %s' % (get_prog(), self.name),
+            'formatter': UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(),
+            'add_help_option': False,
+            'name': self.name,
+            'description': self.__doc__,
+            'isolated': isolated,
+        }
+
+        self.parser = ConfigOptionParser(**parser_kw)
+
+        # Commands should add options to this option group
+        optgroup_name = '%s Options' % self.name.capitalize()
+        self.cmd_opts = optparse.OptionGroup(self.parser, optgroup_name)
+
+        # Add the general options
+        gen_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.general_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+        self.parser.add_option_group(gen_opts)
+
+    def _build_session(self, options, retries=None, timeout=None):
+        session = PipSession(
+            cache=(
+                normalize_path(os.path.join(options.cache_dir, "http"))
+                if options.cache_dir else None
+            ),
+            retries=retries if retries is not None else options.retries,
+            insecure_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+        )
+
+        # Handle custom ca-bundles from the user
+        if options.cert:
+            session.verify = options.cert
+
+        # Handle SSL client certificate
+        if options.client_cert:
+            session.cert = options.client_cert
+
+        # Handle timeouts
+        if options.timeout or timeout:
+            session.timeout = (
+                timeout if timeout is not None else options.timeout
+            )
+
+        # Handle configured proxies
+        if options.proxy:
+            session.proxies = {
+                "http": options.proxy,
+                "https": options.proxy,
+            }
+
+        # Determine if we can prompt the user for authentication or not
+        session.auth.prompting = not options.no_input
+
+        return session
+
+    def parse_args(self, args):
+        # factored out for testability
+        return self.parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    def main(self, args):
+        options, args = self.parse_args(args)
+
+        if options.quiet:
+            if options.quiet == 1:
+                level = "WARNING"
+            if options.quiet == 2:
+                level = "ERROR"
+            else:
+                level = "CRITICAL"
+        elif options.verbose:
+            level = "DEBUG"
+        else:
+            level = "INFO"
+
+        logging_dictConfig({
+            "version": 1,
+            "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+            "filters": {
+                "exclude_warnings": {
+                    "()": "pip.utils.logging.MaxLevelFilter",
+                    "level": logging.WARNING,
+                },
+            },
+            "formatters": {
+                "indent": {
+                    "()": IndentingFormatter,
+                    "format": "%(message)s",
+                },
+            },
+            "handlers": {
+                "console": {
+                    "level": level,
+                    "class": "pip.utils.logging.ColorizedStreamHandler",
+                    "stream": self.log_streams[0],
+                    "filters": ["exclude_warnings"],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                "console_errors": {
+                    "level": "WARNING",
+                    "class": "pip.utils.logging.ColorizedStreamHandler",
+                    "stream": self.log_streams[1],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                "user_log": {
+                    "level": "DEBUG",
+                    "class": "pip.utils.logging.BetterRotatingFileHandler",
+                    "filename": options.log or "/dev/null",
+                    "delay": True,
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+            },
+            "root": {
+                "level": level,
+                "handlers": list(filter(None, [
+                    "console",
+                    "console_errors",
+                    "user_log" if options.log else None,
+                ])),
+            },
+            # Disable any logging besides WARNING unless we have DEBUG level
+            # logging enabled. These use both pip._vendor and the bare names
+            # for the case where someone unbundles our libraries.
+            "loggers": dict(
+                (
+                    name,
+                    {
+                        "level": (
+                            "WARNING"
+                            if level in ["INFO", "ERROR"]
+                            else "DEBUG"
+                        ),
+                    },
+                )
+                for name in ["pip._vendor", "distlib", "requests", "urllib3"]
+            ),
+        })
+
+        if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Python 2.6 is no longer supported by the Python core team, "
+                "please upgrade your Python. A future version of pip will "
+                "drop support for Python 2.6",
+                deprecation.Python26DeprecationWarning
+            )
+
+        # TODO: try to get these passing down from the command?
+        #      without resorting to os.environ to hold these.
+
+        if options.no_input:
+            os.environ['PIP_NO_INPUT'] = '1'
+
+        if options.exists_action:
+            os.environ['PIP_EXISTS_ACTION'] = ' '.join(options.exists_action)
+
+        if options.require_venv:
+            # If a venv is required check if it can really be found
+            if not running_under_virtualenv():
+                logger.critical(
+                    'Could not find an activated virtualenv (required).'
+                )
+                sys.exit(VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND)
+
+        try:
+            status = self.run(options, args)
+            # FIXME: all commands should return an exit status
+            # and when it is done, isinstance is not needed anymore
+            if isinstance(status, int):
+                return status
+        except PreviousBuildDirError as exc:
+            logger.critical(str(exc))
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR
+        except (InstallationError, UninstallationError, BadCommand) as exc:
+            logger.critical(str(exc))
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return ERROR
+        except CommandError as exc:
+            logger.critical('ERROR: %s', exc)
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return ERROR
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            logger.critical('Operation cancelled by user')
+            logger.debug('Exception information:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return ERROR
+        except:
+            logger.critical('Exception:', exc_info=True)
+
+            return UNKNOWN_ERROR
+        finally:
+            # Check if we're using the latest version of pip available
+            if (not options.disable_pip_version_check and not
+                    getattr(options, "no_index", False)):
+                with self._build_session(
+                        options,
+                        retries=0,
+                        timeout=min(5, options.timeout)) as session:
+                    pip_version_check(session)
+
+        return SUCCESS
+
+
+class RequirementCommand(Command):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def populate_requirement_set(requirement_set, args, options, finder,
+                                 session, name, wheel_cache):
+        """
+        Marshal cmd line args into a requirement set.
+        """
+        for filename in options.constraints:
+            for req in parse_requirements(
+                    filename,
+                    constraint=True, finder=finder, options=options,
+                    session=session, wheel_cache=wheel_cache):
+                requirement_set.add_requirement(req)
+
+        for req in args:
+            requirement_set.add_requirement(
+                InstallRequirement.from_line(
+                    req, None, isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+                )
+            )
+
+        for req in options.editables:
+            requirement_set.add_requirement(
+                InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+                    req,
+                    default_vcs=options.default_vcs,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+                )
+            )
+
+        found_req_in_file = False
+        for filename in options.requirements:
+            for req in parse_requirements(
+                    filename,
+                    finder=finder, options=options, session=session,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache):
+                found_req_in_file = True
+                requirement_set.add_requirement(req)
+        # If --require-hashes was a line in a requirements file, tell
+        # RequirementSet about it:
+        requirement_set.require_hashes = options.require_hashes
+
+        if not (args or options.editables or found_req_in_file):
+            opts = {'name': name}
+            if options.find_links:
+                msg = ('You must give at least one requirement to '
+                       '%(name)s (maybe you meant "pip %(name)s '
+                       '%(links)s"?)' %
+                       dict(opts, links=' '.join(options.find_links)))
+            else:
+                msg = ('You must give at least one requirement '
+                       'to %(name)s (see "pip help %(name)s")' % opts)
+            logger.warning(msg)
+
+    def _build_package_finder(self, options, session):
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to this requirement command.
+        """
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index:
+            logger.info('Ignoring indexes: %s', ','.join(index_urls))
+            index_urls = []
+
+        return PackageFinder(
+            find_links=options.find_links,
+            format_control=options.format_control,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            trusted_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+            process_dependency_links=options.process_dependency_links,
+            session=session,
+        )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccbf36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/baseparser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+"""Base option parser setup"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import optparse
+import os
+import re
+import textwrap
+from distutils.util import strtobool
+
+from pip._vendor.six import string_types
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+from pip.locations import (
+    legacy_config_file, config_basename, running_under_virtualenv,
+    site_config_files
+)
+from pip.utils import appdirs, get_terminal_size
+
+
+_environ_prefix_re = re.compile(r"^PIP_", re.I)
+
+
+class PrettyHelpFormatter(optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter):
+    """A prettier/less verbose help formatter for optparse."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # help position must be aligned with __init__.parseopts.description
+        kwargs['max_help_position'] = 30
+        kwargs['indent_increment'] = 1
+        kwargs['width'] = get_terminal_size()[0] - 2
+        optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def format_option_strings(self, option):
+        return self._format_option_strings(option, ' <%s>', ', ')
+
+    def _format_option_strings(self, option, mvarfmt=' <%s>', optsep=', '):
+        """
+        Return a comma-separated list of option strings and metavars.
+
+        :param option:  tuple of (short opt, long opt), e.g: ('-f', '--format')
+        :param mvarfmt: metavar format string - evaluated as mvarfmt % metavar
+        :param optsep:  separator
+        """
+        opts = []
+
+        if option._short_opts:
+            opts.append(option._short_opts[0])
+        if option._long_opts:
+            opts.append(option._long_opts[0])
+        if len(opts) > 1:
+            opts.insert(1, optsep)
+
+        if option.takes_value():
+            metavar = option.metavar or option.dest.lower()
+            opts.append(mvarfmt % metavar.lower())
+
+        return ''.join(opts)
+
+    def format_heading(self, heading):
+        if heading == 'Options':
+            return ''
+        return heading + ':\n'
+
+    def format_usage(self, usage):
+        """
+        Ensure there is only one newline between usage and the first heading
+        if there is no description.
+        """
+        msg = '\nUsage: %s\n' % self.indent_lines(textwrap.dedent(usage), "  ")
+        return msg
+
+    def format_description(self, description):
+        # leave full control over description to us
+        if description:
+            if hasattr(self.parser, 'main'):
+                label = 'Commands'
+            else:
+                label = 'Description'
+            # some doc strings have initial newlines, some don't
+            description = description.lstrip('\n')
+            # some doc strings have final newlines and spaces, some don't
+            description = description.rstrip()
+            # dedent, then reindent
+            description = self.indent_lines(textwrap.dedent(description), "  ")
+            description = '%s:\n%s\n' % (label, description)
+            return description
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def format_epilog(self, epilog):
+        # leave full control over epilog to us
+        if epilog:
+            return epilog
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def indent_lines(self, text, indent):
+        new_lines = [indent + line for line in text.split('\n')]
+        return "\n".join(new_lines)
+
+
+class UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(PrettyHelpFormatter):
+    """Custom help formatter for use in ConfigOptionParser.
+
+    This is updates the defaults before expanding them, allowing
+    them to show up correctly in the help listing.
+    """
+
+    def expand_default(self, option):
+        if self.parser is not None:
+            self.parser._update_defaults(self.parser.defaults)
+        return optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter.expand_default(self, option)
+
+
+class CustomOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
+    def insert_option_group(self, idx, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Insert an OptionGroup at a given position."""
+        group = self.add_option_group(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.option_groups.pop()
+        self.option_groups.insert(idx, group)
+
+        return group
+
+    @property
+    def option_list_all(self):
+        """Get a list of all options, including those in option groups."""
+        res = self.option_list[:]
+        for i in self.option_groups:
+            res.extend(i.option_list)
+
+        return res
+
+
+class ConfigOptionParser(CustomOptionParser):
+    """Custom option parser which updates its defaults by checking the
+    configuration files and environmental variables"""
+
+    isolated = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.config = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+        self.name = kwargs.pop('name')
+        self.isolated = kwargs.pop("isolated", False)
+        self.files = self.get_config_files()
+        if self.files:
+            self.config.read(self.files)
+        assert self.name
+        optparse.OptionParser.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_config_files(self):
+        # the files returned by this method will be parsed in order with the
+        # first files listed being overridden by later files in standard
+        # ConfigParser fashion
+        config_file = os.environ.get('PIP_CONFIG_FILE', False)
+        if config_file == os.devnull:
+            return []
+
+        # at the base we have any site-wide configuration
+        files = list(site_config_files)
+
+        # per-user configuration next
+        if not self.isolated:
+            if config_file and os.path.exists(config_file):
+                files.append(config_file)
+            else:
+                # This is the legacy config file, we consider it to be a lower
+                # priority than the new file location.
+                files.append(legacy_config_file)
+
+                # This is the new config file, we consider it to be a higher
+                # priority than the legacy file.
+                files.append(
+                    os.path.join(
+                        appdirs.user_config_dir("pip"),
+                        config_basename,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        # finally virtualenv configuration first trumping others
+        if running_under_virtualenv():
+            venv_config_file = os.path.join(
+                sys.prefix,
+                config_basename,
+            )
+            if os.path.exists(venv_config_file):
+                files.append(venv_config_file)
+
+        return files
+
+    def check_default(self, option, key, val):
+        try:
+            return option.check_value(key, val)
+        except optparse.OptionValueError as exc:
+            print("An error occurred during configuration: %s" % exc)
+            sys.exit(3)
+
+    def _update_defaults(self, defaults):
+        """Updates the given defaults with values from the config files and
+        the environ. Does a little special handling for certain types of
+        options (lists)."""
+        # Then go and look for the other sources of configuration:
+        config = {}
+        # 1. config files
+        for section in ('global', self.name):
+            config.update(
+                self.normalize_keys(self.get_config_section(section))
+            )
+        # 2. environmental variables
+        if not self.isolated:
+            config.update(self.normalize_keys(self.get_environ_vars()))
+        # Accumulate complex default state.
+        self.values = optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+        late_eval = set()
+        # Then set the options with those values
+        for key, val in config.items():
+            # ignore empty values
+            if not val:
+                continue
+
+            option = self.get_option(key)
+            # Ignore options not present in this parser. E.g. non-globals put
+            # in [global] by users that want them to apply to all applicable
+            # commands.
+            if option is None:
+                continue
+
+            if option.action in ('store_true', 'store_false', 'count'):
+                val = strtobool(val)
+            elif option.action == 'append':
+                val = val.split()
+                val = [self.check_default(option, key, v) for v in val]
+            elif option.action == 'callback':
+                late_eval.add(option.dest)
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                val = option.convert_value(opt_str, val)
+                # From take_action
+                args = option.callback_args or ()
+                kwargs = option.callback_kwargs or {}
+                option.callback(option, opt_str, val, self, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                val = self.check_default(option, key, val)
+
+            defaults[option.dest] = val
+
+        for key in late_eval:
+            defaults[key] = getattr(self.values, key)
+        self.values = None
+        return defaults
+
+    def normalize_keys(self, items):
+        """Return a config dictionary with normalized keys regardless of
+        whether the keys were specified in environment variables or in config
+        files"""
+        normalized = {}
+        for key, val in items:
+            key = key.replace('_', '-')
+            if not key.startswith('--'):
+                key = '--%s' % key  # only prefer long opts
+            normalized[key] = val
+        return normalized
+
+    def get_config_section(self, name):
+        """Get a section of a configuration"""
+        if self.config.has_section(name):
+            return self.config.items(name)
+        return []
+
+    def get_environ_vars(self):
+        """Returns a generator with all environmental vars with prefix PIP_"""
+        for key, val in os.environ.items():
+            if _environ_prefix_re.search(key):
+                yield (_environ_prefix_re.sub("", key).lower(), val)
+
+    def get_default_values(self):
+        """Overridding to make updating the defaults after instantiation of
+        the option parser possible, _update_defaults() does the dirty work."""
+        if not self.process_default_values:
+            # Old, pre-Optik 1.5 behaviour.
+            return optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+
+        defaults = self._update_defaults(self.defaults.copy())  # ours
+        for option in self._get_all_options():
+            default = defaults.get(option.dest)
+            if isinstance(default, string_types):
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                defaults[option.dest] = option.check_value(opt_str, default)
+        return optparse.Values(defaults)
+
+    def error(self, msg):
+        self.print_usage(sys.stderr)
+        self.exit(2, "%s\n" % msg)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aced0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/cmdoptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+"""
+shared options and groups
+
+The principle here is to define options once, but *not* instantiate them
+globally. One reason being that options with action='append' can carry state
+between parses. pip parses general options twice internally, and shouldn't
+pass on state. To be consistent, all options will follow this design.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from functools import partial
+from optparse import OptionGroup, SUPPRESS_HELP, Option
+import warnings
+
+from pip.index import (
+    FormatControl, fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude, fmt_ctl_no_binary,
+    fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel)
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.locations import USER_CACHE_DIR, src_prefix
+from pip.utils.hashes import STRONG_HASHES
+
+
+def make_option_group(group, parser):
+    """
+    Return an OptionGroup object
+    group  -- assumed to be dict with 'name' and 'options' keys
+    parser -- an optparse Parser
+    """
+    option_group = OptionGroup(parser, group['name'])
+    for option in group['options']:
+        option_group.add_option(option())
+    return option_group
+
+
+def resolve_wheel_no_use_binary(options):
+    if not options.use_wheel:
+        control = options.format_control
+        fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel(control)
+
+
+def check_install_build_global(options, check_options=None):
+    """Disable wheels if per-setup.py call options are set.
+
+    :param options: The OptionParser options to update.
+    :param check_options: The options to check, if not supplied defaults to
+        options.
+    """
+    if check_options is None:
+        check_options = options
+
+    def getname(n):
+        return getattr(check_options, n, None)
+    names = ["build_options", "global_options", "install_options"]
+    if any(map(getname, names)):
+        control = options.format_control
+        fmt_ctl_no_binary(control)
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Disabling all use of wheels due to the use of --build-options '
+            '/ --global-options / --install-options.', stacklevel=2)
+
+
+###########
+# options #
+###########
+
+help_ = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-h', '--help',
+    dest='help',
+    action='help',
+    help='Show help.')
+
+isolated_mode = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--isolated",
+    dest="isolated_mode",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=(
+        "Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user "
+        "configuration."
+    ),
+)
+
+require_virtualenv = partial(
+    Option,
+    # Run only if inside a virtualenv, bail if not.
+    '--require-virtualenv', '--require-venv',
+    dest='require_venv',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+verbose = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-v', '--verbose',
+    dest='verbose',
+    action='count',
+    default=0,
+    help='Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.'
+)
+
+version = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-V', '--version',
+    dest='version',
+    action='store_true',
+    help='Show version and exit.')
+
+quiet = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-q', '--quiet',
+    dest='quiet',
+    action='count',
+    default=0,
+    help='Give less output.')
+
+log = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--log", "--log-file", "--local-log",
+    dest="log",
+    metavar="path",
+    help="Path to a verbose appending log."
+)
+
+no_input = partial(
+    Option,
+    # Don't ask for input
+    '--no-input',
+    dest='no_input',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+proxy = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--proxy',
+    dest='proxy',
+    type='str',
+    default='',
+    help="Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.")
+
+retries = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--retries',
+    dest='retries',
+    type='int',
+    default=5,
+    help="Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt "
+         "(default %default times).")
+
+timeout = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--timeout', '--default-timeout',
+    metavar='sec',
+    dest='timeout',
+    type='float',
+    default=15,
+    help='Set the socket timeout (default %default seconds).')
+
+default_vcs = partial(
+    Option,
+    # The default version control system for editables, e.g. 'svn'
+    '--default-vcs',
+    dest='default_vcs',
+    type='str',
+    default='',
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+skip_requirements_regex = partial(
+    Option,
+    # A regex to be used to skip requirements
+    '--skip-requirements-regex',
+    dest='skip_requirements_regex',
+    type='str',
+    default='',
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
+
+
+def exists_action():
+    return Option(
+        # Option when path already exist
+        '--exists-action',
+        dest='exists_action',
+        type='choice',
+        choices=['s', 'i', 'w', 'b'],
+        default=[],
+        action='append',
+        metavar='action',
+        help="Default action when a path already exists: "
+        "(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup.")
+
+
+cert = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--cert',
+    dest='cert',
+    type='str',
+    metavar='path',
+    help="Path to alternate CA bundle.")
+
+client_cert = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--client-cert',
+    dest='client_cert',
+    type='str',
+    default=None,
+    metavar='path',
+    help="Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the "
+         "private key and the certificate in PEM format.")
+
+index_url = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-i', '--index-url', '--pypi-url',
+    dest='index_url',
+    metavar='URL',
+    default=PyPI.simple_url,
+    help='Base URL of Python Package Index (default %default).')
+
+
+def extra_index_url():
+    return Option(
+        '--extra-index-url',
+        dest='extra_index_urls',
+        metavar='URL',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        help='Extra URLs of package indexes to use in addition to --index-url.'
+    )
+
+
+no_index = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-index',
+    dest='no_index',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help='Ignore package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).')
+
+
+def find_links():
+    return Option(
+        '-f', '--find-links',
+        dest='find_links',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='url',
+        help="If a url or path to an html file, then parse for links to "
+             "archives. If a local path or file:// url that's a directory,"
+             "then look for archives in the directory listing.")
+
+
+def allow_external():
+    return Option(
+        "--allow-external",
+        dest="allow_external",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="PACKAGE",
+        help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+    )
+
+
+allow_all_external = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--allow-all-external",
+    dest="allow_all_external",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+def trusted_host():
+    return Option(
+        "--trusted-host",
+        dest="trusted_hosts",
+        action="append",
+        metavar="HOSTNAME",
+        default=[],
+        help="Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid "
+             "or any HTTPS.",
+    )
+
+
+# Remove after 7.0
+no_allow_external = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-allow-external",
+    dest="allow_all_external",
+    action="store_false",
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+# Remove --allow-insecure after 7.0
+def allow_unsafe():
+    return Option(
+        "--allow-unverified", "--allow-insecure",
+        dest="allow_unverified",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="PACKAGE",
+        help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+    )
+
+# Remove after 7.0
+no_allow_unsafe = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-allow-insecure",
+    dest="allow_all_insecure",
+    action="store_false",
+    default=False,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP
+)
+
+# Remove after 1.5
+process_dependency_links = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--process-dependency-links",
+    dest="process_dependency_links",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Enable the processing of dependency links.",
+)
+
+
+def constraints():
+    return Option(
+        '-c', '--constraint',
+        dest='constraints',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='file',
+        help='Constrain versions using the given constraints file. '
+        'This option can be used multiple times.')
+
+
+def requirements():
+    return Option(
+        '-r', '--requirement',
+        dest='requirements',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='file',
+        help='Install from the given requirements file. '
+        'This option can be used multiple times.')
+
+
+def editable():
+    return Option(
+        '-e', '--editable',
+        dest='editables',
+        action='append',
+        default=[],
+        metavar='path/url',
+        help=('Install a project in editable mode (i.e. setuptools '
+              '"develop mode") from a local project path or a VCS url.'),
+    )
+
+src = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--src', '--source', '--source-dir', '--source-directory',
+    dest='src_dir',
+    metavar='dir',
+    default=src_prefix,
+    help='Directory to check out editable projects into. '
+    'The default in a virtualenv is "<venv path>/src". '
+    'The default for global installs is "<current dir>/src".'
+)
+
+# XXX: deprecated, remove in 9.0
+use_wheel = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--use-wheel',
+    dest='use_wheel',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=True,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+# XXX: deprecated, remove in 9.0
+no_use_wheel = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-use-wheel',
+    dest='use_wheel',
+    action='store_false',
+    default=True,
+    help=('Do not Find and prefer wheel archives when searching indexes and '
+          'find-links locations. DEPRECATED in favour of --no-binary.'),
+)
+
+
+def _get_format_control(values, option):
+    """Get a format_control object."""
+    return getattr(values, option.dest)
+
+
+def _handle_no_binary(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+    existing = getattr(parser.values, option.dest)
+    fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(
+        value, existing.no_binary, existing.only_binary)
+
+
+def _handle_only_binary(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+    existing = getattr(parser.values, option.dest)
+    fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(
+        value, existing.only_binary, existing.no_binary)
+
+
+def no_binary():
+    return Option(
+        "--no-binary", dest="format_control", action="callback",
+        callback=_handle_no_binary, type="str",
+        default=FormatControl(set(), set()),
+        help="Do not use binary packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and "
+             "each time adds to the existing value. Accepts either :all: to "
+             "disable all binary packages, :none: to empty the set, or one or "
+             "more package names with commas between them. Note that some "
+             "packages are tricky to compile and may fail to install when "
+             "this option is used on them.")
+
+
+def only_binary():
+    return Option(
+        "--only-binary", dest="format_control", action="callback",
+        callback=_handle_only_binary, type="str",
+        default=FormatControl(set(), set()),
+        help="Do not use source packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and "
+             "each time adds to the existing value. Accepts either :all: to "
+             "disable all source packages, :none: to empty the set, or one or "
+             "more package names with commas between them. Packages without "
+             "binary distributions will fail to install when this option is "
+             "used on them.")
+
+
+cache_dir = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--cache-dir",
+    dest="cache_dir",
+    default=USER_CACHE_DIR,
+    metavar="dir",
+    help="Store the cache data in <dir>."
+)
+
+no_cache = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-cache-dir",
+    dest="cache_dir",
+    action="store_false",
+    help="Disable the cache.",
+)
+
+no_deps = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-deps', '--no-dependencies',
+    dest='ignore_dependencies',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't install package dependencies.")
+
+build_dir = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-b', '--build', '--build-dir', '--build-directory',
+    dest='build_dir',
+    metavar='dir',
+    help='Directory to unpack packages into and build in.'
+)
+
+install_options = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--install-option',
+    dest='install_options',
+    action='append',
+    metavar='options',
+    help="Extra arguments to be supplied to the setup.py install "
+         "command (use like --install-option=\"--install-scripts=/usr/local/"
+         "bin\"). Use multiple --install-option options to pass multiple "
+         "options to setup.py install. If you are using an option with a "
+         "directory path, be sure to use absolute path.")
+
+global_options = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--global-option',
+    dest='global_options',
+    action='append',
+    metavar='options',
+    help="Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py "
+         "call before the install command.")
+
+no_clean = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--no-clean',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't clean up build directories.")
+
+pre = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--pre',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help="Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+         "pip only finds stable versions.")
+
+disable_pip_version_check = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--disable-pip-version-check",
+    dest="disable_pip_version_check",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version "
+         "of pip is available for download. Implied with --no-index.")
+
+# Deprecated, Remove later
+always_unzip = partial(
+    Option,
+    '-Z', '--always-unzip',
+    dest='always_unzip',
+    action='store_true',
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+def _merge_hash(option, opt_str, value, parser):
+    """Given a value spelled "algo:digest", append the digest to a list
+    pointed to in a dict by the algo name."""
+    if not parser.values.hashes:
+        parser.values.hashes = {}
+    try:
+        algo, digest = value.split(':', 1)
+    except ValueError:
+        parser.error('Arguments to %s must be a hash name '
+                     'followed by a value, like --hash=sha256:abcde...' %
+                     opt_str)
+    if algo not in STRONG_HASHES:
+        parser.error('Allowed hash algorithms for %s are %s.' %
+                     (opt_str, ', '.join(STRONG_HASHES)))
+    parser.values.hashes.setdefault(algo, []).append(digest)
+
+
+hash = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--hash',
+    # Hash values eventually end up in InstallRequirement.hashes due to
+    # __dict__ copying in process_line().
+    dest='hashes',
+    action='callback',
+    callback=_merge_hash,
+    type='string',
+    help="Verify that the package's archive matches this "
+         'hash before installing. Example: --hash=sha256:abcdef...')
+
+
+require_hashes = partial(
+    Option,
+    '--require-hashes',
+    dest='require_hashes',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help='Require a hash to check each requirement against, for '
+         'repeatable installs. This option is implied when any package in a '
+         'requirements file has a --hash option.')
+
+
+##########
+# groups #
+##########
+
+general_group = {
+    'name': 'General Options',
+    'options': [
+        help_,
+        isolated_mode,
+        require_virtualenv,
+        verbose,
+        version,
+        quiet,
+        log,
+        no_input,
+        proxy,
+        retries,
+        timeout,
+        default_vcs,
+        skip_requirements_regex,
+        exists_action,
+        trusted_host,
+        cert,
+        client_cert,
+        cache_dir,
+        no_cache,
+        disable_pip_version_check,
+    ]
+}
+
+non_deprecated_index_group = {
+    'name': 'Package Index Options',
+    'options': [
+        index_url,
+        extra_index_url,
+        no_index,
+        find_links,
+        process_dependency_links,
+    ]
+}
+
+index_group = {
+    'name': 'Package Index Options (including deprecated options)',
+    'options': non_deprecated_index_group['options'] + [
+        allow_external,
+        allow_all_external,
+        no_allow_external,
+        allow_unsafe,
+        no_allow_unsafe,
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6910f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""
+Package containing all pip commands
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from pip.commands.completion import CompletionCommand
+from pip.commands.download import DownloadCommand
+from pip.commands.freeze import FreezeCommand
+from pip.commands.hash import HashCommand
+from pip.commands.help import HelpCommand
+from pip.commands.list import ListCommand
+from pip.commands.search import SearchCommand
+from pip.commands.show import ShowCommand
+from pip.commands.install import InstallCommand
+from pip.commands.uninstall import UninstallCommand
+from pip.commands.wheel import WheelCommand
+
+
+commands_dict = {
+    CompletionCommand.name: CompletionCommand,
+    FreezeCommand.name: FreezeCommand,
+    HashCommand.name: HashCommand,
+    HelpCommand.name: HelpCommand,
+    SearchCommand.name: SearchCommand,
+    ShowCommand.name: ShowCommand,
+    InstallCommand.name: InstallCommand,
+    UninstallCommand.name: UninstallCommand,
+    DownloadCommand.name: DownloadCommand,
+    ListCommand.name: ListCommand,
+    WheelCommand.name: WheelCommand,
+}
+
+
+commands_order = [
+    InstallCommand,
+    DownloadCommand,
+    UninstallCommand,
+    FreezeCommand,
+    ListCommand,
+    ShowCommand,
+    SearchCommand,
+    WheelCommand,
+    HashCommand,
+    HelpCommand,
+]
+
+
+def get_summaries(ignore_hidden=True, ordered=True):
+    """Yields sorted (command name, command summary) tuples."""
+
+    if ordered:
+        cmditems = _sort_commands(commands_dict, commands_order)
+    else:
+        cmditems = commands_dict.items()
+
+    for name, command_class in cmditems:
+        if ignore_hidden and command_class.hidden:
+            continue
+
+        yield (name, command_class.summary)
+
+
+def get_similar_commands(name):
+    """Command name auto-correct."""
+    from difflib import get_close_matches
+
+    name = name.lower()
+
+    close_commands = get_close_matches(name, commands_dict.keys())
+
+    if close_commands:
+        return close_commands[0]
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _sort_commands(cmddict, order):
+    def keyfn(key):
+        try:
+            return order.index(key[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            # unordered items should come last
+            return 0xff
+
+    return sorted(cmddict.items(), key=keyfn)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10f19e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+
+BASE_COMPLETION = """
+# pip %(shell)s completion start%(script)s# pip %(shell)s completion end
+"""
+
+COMPLETION_SCRIPTS = {
+    'bash': """
+_pip_completion()
+{
+    COMPREPLY=( $( COMP_WORDS="${COMP_WORDS[*]}" \\
+                   COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD \\
+                   PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1 $1 ) )
+}
+complete -o default -F _pip_completion pip
+""", 'zsh': """
+function _pip_completion {
+  local words cword
+  read -Ac words
+  read -cn cword
+  reply=( $( COMP_WORDS="$words[*]" \\
+             COMP_CWORD=$(( cword-1 )) \\
+             PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1 $words[1] ) )
+}
+compctl -K _pip_completion pip
+"""}
+
+
+class CompletionCommand(Command):
+    """A helper command to be used for command completion."""
+    name = 'completion'
+    summary = 'A helper command to be used for command completion'
+    hidden = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(CompletionCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--bash', '-b',
+            action='store_const',
+            const='bash',
+            dest='shell',
+            help='Emit completion code for bash')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--zsh', '-z',
+            action='store_const',
+            const='zsh',
+            dest='shell',
+            help='Emit completion code for zsh')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        """Prints the completion code of the given shell"""
+        shells = COMPLETION_SCRIPTS.keys()
+        shell_options = ['--' + shell for shell in sorted(shells)]
+        if options.shell in shells:
+            script = COMPLETION_SCRIPTS.get(options.shell, '')
+            print(BASE_COMPLETION % {'script': script, 'shell': options.shell})
+        else:
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                'ERROR: You must pass %s\n' % ' or '.join(shell_options)
+            )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/download.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/download.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4155e05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/download.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip.req import RequirementSet
+from pip.basecommand import RequirementCommand
+from pip import cmdoptions
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir, normalize_path
+from pip.utils.build import BuildDirectory
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class DownloadCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Download packages from:
+
+    - PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
+    - VCS project urls.
+    - Local project directories.
+    - Local or remote source archives.
+
+    pip also supports downloading from "requirements files", which provide
+    an easy way to specify a whole environment to be downloaded.
+    """
+    name = 'download'
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    summary = 'Download packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(DownloadCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-d', '--dest', '--destination-dir', '--destination-directory',
+            dest='download_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=os.curdir,
+            help=("Download packages into <dir>."),
+        )
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.non_deprecated_index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        options.ignore_installed = True
+        options.src_dir = os.path.abspath(options.src_dir)
+        options.download_dir = normalize_path(options.download_dir)
+
+        ensure_dir(options.download_dir)
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+            build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
+            if options.cache_dir and not check_path_owner(options.cache_dir):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned "
+                    "by the current user and caching wheels has been "
+                    "disabled. check the permissions and owner of that "
+                    "directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want "
+                    "sudo's -H flag.",
+                    options.cache_dir,
+                )
+                options.cache_dir = None
+
+            with BuildDirectory(options.build_dir,
+                                delete=build_delete) as build_dir:
+
+                requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                    build_dir=build_dir,
+                    src_dir=options.src_dir,
+                    download_dir=options.download_dir,
+                    ignore_installed=True,
+                    ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                    session=session,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    require_hashes=options.require_hashes
+                )
+                self.populate_requirement_set(
+                    requirement_set,
+                    args,
+                    options,
+                    finder,
+                    session,
+                    self.name,
+                    None
+                )
+
+                if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                    return
+
+                requirement_set.prepare_files(finder)
+
+                downloaded = ' '.join([
+                    req.name for req in requirement_set.successfully_downloaded
+                ])
+                if downloaded:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Successfully downloaded %s', downloaded
+                    )
+
+                # Clean up
+                if not options.no_clean:
+                    requirement_set.cleanup_files()
+
+        return requirement_set
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef4c624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+import pip
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.operations.freeze import freeze
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache
+
+
+class FreezeCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Output installed packages in requirements format.
+
+    packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
+    """
+    name = 'freeze'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+    summary = 'Output installed packages in requirements format.'
+    log_streams = ("ext://sys.stderr", "ext://sys.stderr")
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(FreezeCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-r', '--requirement',
+            dest='requirement',
+            action='store',
+            default=None,
+            metavar='file',
+            help="Use the order in the given requirements file and its "
+                 "comments when generating output.")
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-f', '--find-links',
+            dest='find_links',
+            action='append',
+            default=[],
+            metavar='URL',
+            help='URL for finding packages, which will be added to the '
+                 'output.')
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-l', '--local',
+            dest='local',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not output '
+                 'globally-installed packages.')
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--user',
+            dest='user',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='Only output packages installed in user-site.')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        format_control = pip.index.FormatControl(set(), set())
+        wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, format_control)
+        freeze_kwargs = dict(
+            requirement=options.requirement,
+            find_links=options.find_links,
+            local_only=options.local,
+            user_only=options.user,
+            skip_regex=options.skip_requirements_regex,
+            isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache)
+
+        for line in freeze(**freeze_kwargs):
+            sys.stdout.write(line + '\n')
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27cca0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/hash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import sys
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.status_codes import ERROR
+from pip.utils import read_chunks
+from pip.utils.hashes import FAVORITE_HASH, STRONG_HASHES
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class HashCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Compute a hash of a local package archive.
+
+    These can be used with --hash in a requirements file to do repeatable
+    installs.
+
+    """
+    name = 'hash'
+    usage = '%prog [options] <file> ...'
+    summary = 'Compute hashes of package archives.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(HashCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-a', '--algorithm',
+            dest='algorithm',
+            choices=STRONG_HASHES,
+            action='store',
+            default=FAVORITE_HASH,
+            help='The hash algorithm to use: one of %s' %
+                 ', '.join(STRONG_HASHES))
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if not args:
+            self.parser.print_usage(sys.stderr)
+            return ERROR
+
+        algorithm = options.algorithm
+        for path in args:
+            logger.info('%s:\n--hash=%s:%s',
+                        path, algorithm, _hash_of_file(path, algorithm))
+
+
+def _hash_of_file(path, algorithm):
+    """Return the hash digest of a file."""
+    with open(path, 'rb') as archive:
+        hash = hashlib.new(algorithm)
+        for chunk in read_chunks(archive):
+            hash.update(chunk)
+    return hash.hexdigest()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/help.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11722f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command, SUCCESS
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError
+
+
+class HelpCommand(Command):
+    """Show help for commands"""
+    name = 'help'
+    usage = """
+      %prog <command>"""
+    summary = 'Show help for commands.'
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        from pip.commands import commands_dict, get_similar_commands
+
+        try:
+            # 'pip help' with no args is handled by pip.__init__.parseopt()
+            cmd_name = args[0]  # the command we need help for
+        except IndexError:
+            return SUCCESS
+
+        if cmd_name not in commands_dict:
+            guess = get_similar_commands(cmd_name)
+
+            msg = ['unknown command "%s"' % cmd_name]
+            if guess:
+                msg.append('maybe you meant "%s"' % guess)
+
+            raise CommandError(' - '.join(msg))
+
+        command = commands_dict[cmd_name]()
+        command.parser.print_help()
+
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ddde93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import operator
+import os
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import warnings
+try:
+    import wheel
+except ImportError:
+    wheel = None
+
+from pip.req import RequirementSet
+from pip.basecommand import RequirementCommand
+from pip.locations import virtualenv_no_global, distutils_scheme
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError, CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError,
+)
+from pip import cmdoptions
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir
+from pip.utils.build import BuildDirectory
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache, WheelBuilder
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Install packages from:
+
+    - PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
+    - VCS project urls.
+    - Local project directories.
+    - Local or remote source archives.
+
+    pip also supports installing from "requirements files", which provide
+    an easy way to specify a whole environment to be installed.
+    """
+    name = 'install'
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    summary = 'Install packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(InstallCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-t', '--target',
+            dest='target_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help='Install packages into <dir>. '
+                 'By default this will not replace existing files/folders in '
+                 '<dir>. Use --upgrade to replace existing packages in <dir> '
+                 'with new versions.'
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-d', '--download', '--download-dir', '--download-directory',
+            dest='download_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help=("Download packages into <dir> instead of installing them, "
+                  "regardless of what's already installed."),
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-U', '--upgrade',
+            dest='upgrade',
+            action='store_true',
+            help='Upgrade all specified packages to the newest available '
+                 'version. This process is recursive regardless of whether '
+                 'a dependency is already satisfied.'
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--force-reinstall',
+            dest='force_reinstall',
+            action='store_true',
+            help='When upgrading, reinstall all packages even if they are '
+                 'already up-to-date.')
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-I', '--ignore-installed',
+            dest='ignore_installed',
+            action='store_true',
+            help='Ignore the installed packages (reinstalling instead).')
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.install_options())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--user',
+            dest='use_user_site',
+            action='store_true',
+            help="Install to the Python user install directory for your "
+                 "platform. Typically ~/.local/, or %APPDATA%\Python on "
+                 "Windows. (See the Python documentation for site.USER_BASE "
+                 "for full details.)")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--egg',
+            dest='as_egg',
+            action='store_true',
+            help="Install packages as eggs, not 'flat', like pip normally "
+                 "does. This option is not about installing *from* eggs. "
+                 "(WARNING: Because this option overrides pip's normal install"
+                 " logic, requirements files may not behave as expected.)")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--root',
+            dest='root_path',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help="Install everything relative to this alternate root "
+                 "directory.")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--prefix',
+            dest='prefix_path',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=None,
+            help="Installation prefix where lib, bin and other top-level "
+                 "folders are placed")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--compile",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="compile",
+            default=True,
+            help="Compile py files to pyc",
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-compile",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="compile",
+            help="Do not compile py files to pyc",
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        cmdoptions.resolve_wheel_no_use_binary(options)
+        cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options)
+
+        if options.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.download_dir:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "pip install --download has been deprecated and will be "
+                "removed in the future. Pip now has a download command that "
+                "should be used instead.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+            options.ignore_installed = True
+
+        if options.build_dir:
+            options.build_dir = os.path.abspath(options.build_dir)
+
+        options.src_dir = os.path.abspath(options.src_dir)
+        install_options = options.install_options or []
+        if options.use_user_site:
+            if options.prefix_path:
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Can not combine '--user' and '--prefix' as they imply "
+                    "different installation locations"
+                )
+            if virtualenv_no_global():
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Can not perform a '--user' install. User site-packages "
+                    "are not visible in this virtualenv."
+                )
+            install_options.append('--user')
+            install_options.append('--prefix=')
+
+        temp_target_dir = None
+        if options.target_dir:
+            options.ignore_installed = True
+            temp_target_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            options.target_dir = os.path.abspath(options.target_dir)
+            if (os.path.exists(options.target_dir) and not
+                    os.path.isdir(options.target_dir)):
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Target path exists but is not a directory, will not "
+                    "continue."
+                )
+            install_options.append('--home=' + temp_target_dir)
+
+        global_options = options.global_options or []
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+            build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, options.format_control)
+            if options.cache_dir and not check_path_owner(options.cache_dir):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned "
+                    "by the current user and caching wheels has been "
+                    "disabled. check the permissions and owner of that "
+                    "directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want "
+                    "sudo's -H flag.",
+                    options.cache_dir,
+                )
+                options.cache_dir = None
+
+            with BuildDirectory(options.build_dir,
+                                delete=build_delete) as build_dir:
+                requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                    build_dir=build_dir,
+                    src_dir=options.src_dir,
+                    download_dir=options.download_dir,
+                    upgrade=options.upgrade,
+                    as_egg=options.as_egg,
+                    ignore_installed=options.ignore_installed,
+                    ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                    force_reinstall=options.force_reinstall,
+                    use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
+                    target_dir=temp_target_dir,
+                    session=session,
+                    pycompile=options.compile,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    require_hashes=options.require_hashes,
+                )
+
+                self.populate_requirement_set(
+                    requirement_set, args, options, finder, session, self.name,
+                    wheel_cache
+                )
+
+                if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                    return
+
+                try:
+                    if (options.download_dir or not wheel or not
+                            options.cache_dir):
+                        # on -d don't do complex things like building
+                        # wheels, and don't try to build wheels when wheel is
+                        # not installed.
+                        requirement_set.prepare_files(finder)
+                    else:
+                        # build wheels before install.
+                        wb = WheelBuilder(
+                            requirement_set,
+                            finder,
+                            build_options=[],
+                            global_options=[],
+                        )
+                        # Ignore the result: a failed wheel will be
+                        # installed from the sdist/vcs whatever.
+                        wb.build(autobuilding=True)
+
+                    if not options.download_dir:
+                        requirement_set.install(
+                            install_options,
+                            global_options,
+                            root=options.root_path,
+                            prefix=options.prefix_path,
+                        )
+                        reqs = sorted(
+                            requirement_set.successfully_installed,
+                            key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
+                        items = []
+                        for req in reqs:
+                            item = req.name
+                            try:
+                                if hasattr(req, 'installed_version'):
+                                    if req.installed_version:
+                                        item += '-' + req.installed_version
+                            except Exception:
+                                pass
+                            items.append(item)
+                        installed = ' '.join(items)
+                        if installed:
+                            logger.info('Successfully installed %s', installed)
+                    else:
+                        downloaded = ' '.join([
+                            req.name
+                            for req in requirement_set.successfully_downloaded
+                        ])
+                        if downloaded:
+                            logger.info(
+                                'Successfully downloaded %s', downloaded
+                            )
+                except PreviousBuildDirError:
+                    options.no_clean = True
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    # Clean up
+                    if not options.no_clean:
+                        requirement_set.cleanup_files()
+
+        if options.target_dir:
+            ensure_dir(options.target_dir)
+
+            lib_dir = distutils_scheme('', home=temp_target_dir)['purelib']
+
+            for item in os.listdir(lib_dir):
+                target_item_dir = os.path.join(options.target_dir, item)
+                if os.path.exists(target_item_dir):
+                    if not options.upgrade:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            'Target directory %s already exists. Specify '
+                            '--upgrade to force replacement.',
+                            target_item_dir
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    if os.path.islink(target_item_dir):
+                        logger.warning(
+                            'Target directory %s already exists and is '
+                            'a link. Pip will not automatically replace '
+                            'links, please remove if replacement is '
+                            'desired.',
+                            target_item_dir
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    if os.path.isdir(target_item_dir):
+                        shutil.rmtree(target_item_dir)
+                    else:
+                        os.remove(target_item_dir)
+
+                shutil.move(
+                    os.path.join(lib_dir, item),
+                    target_item_dir
+                )
+            shutil.rmtree(temp_target_dir)
+        return requirement_set
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/list.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/list.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5346488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip.index import PackageFinder
+from pip.utils import (
+    get_installed_distributions, dist_is_editable)
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.cmdoptions import make_option_group, index_group
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ListCommand(Command):
+    """
+    List installed packages, including editables.
+
+    Packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
+    """
+    name = 'list'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+    summary = 'List installed packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(ListCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-o', '--outdated',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='List outdated packages')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-u', '--uptodate',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='List uptodate packages')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-e', '--editable',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='List editable projects.')
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-l', '--local',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help=('If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not list '
+                  'globally-installed packages.'),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--user',
+            dest='user',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='Only output packages installed in user-site.')
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--pre',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help=("Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+                  "pip only finds stable versions."),
+        )
+
+        index_opts = make_option_group(index_group, self.parser)
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def _build_package_finder(self, options, index_urls, session):
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to this list command.
+        """
+        return PackageFinder(
+            find_links=options.find_links,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+            trusted_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+            process_dependency_links=options.process_dependency_links,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if options.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+        if options.outdated and options.uptodate:
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Options --outdated and --uptodate cannot be combined.")
+
+        if options.outdated:
+            self.run_outdated(options)
+        elif options.uptodate:
+            self.run_uptodate(options)
+        else:
+            self.run_listing(options)
+
+    def run_outdated(self, options):
+        for dist, latest_version, typ in sorted(
+                self.find_packages_latest_versions(options),
+                key=lambda p: p[0].project_name.lower()):
+            if latest_version > dist.parsed_version:
+                logger.info(
+                    '%s - Latest: %s [%s]',
+                    self.output_package(dist), latest_version, typ,
+                )
+
+    def find_packages_latest_versions(self, options):
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index:
+            logger.info('Ignoring indexes: %s', ','.join(index_urls))
+            index_urls = []
+
+        dependency_links = []
+        for dist in get_installed_distributions(
+                local_only=options.local,
+                user_only=options.user,
+                editables_only=options.editable):
+            if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt'):
+                dependency_links.extend(
+                    dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt'),
+                )
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, index_urls, session)
+            finder.add_dependency_links(dependency_links)
+
+            installed_packages = get_installed_distributions(
+                local_only=options.local,
+                user_only=options.user,
+                editables_only=options.editable,
+            )
+            for dist in installed_packages:
+                typ = 'unknown'
+                all_candidates = finder.find_all_candidates(dist.key)
+                if not options.pre:
+                    # Remove prereleases
+                    all_candidates = [candidate for candidate in all_candidates
+                                      if not candidate.version.is_prerelease]
+
+                if not all_candidates:
+                    continue
+                best_candidate = max(all_candidates,
+                                     key=finder._candidate_sort_key)
+                remote_version = best_candidate.version
+                if best_candidate.location.is_wheel:
+                    typ = 'wheel'
+                else:
+                    typ = 'sdist'
+                yield dist, remote_version, typ
+
+    def run_listing(self, options):
+        installed_packages = get_installed_distributions(
+            local_only=options.local,
+            user_only=options.user,
+            editables_only=options.editable,
+        )
+        self.output_package_listing(installed_packages)
+
+    def output_package(self, dist):
+        if dist_is_editable(dist):
+            return '%s (%s, %s)' % (
+                dist.project_name,
+                dist.version,
+                dist.location,
+            )
+        else:
+            return '%s (%s)' % (dist.project_name, dist.version)
+
+    def output_package_listing(self, installed_packages):
+        installed_packages = sorted(
+            installed_packages,
+            key=lambda dist: dist.project_name.lower(),
+        )
+        for dist in installed_packages:
+            logger.info(self.output_package(dist))
+
+    def run_uptodate(self, options):
+        uptodate = []
+        for dist, version, typ in self.find_packages_latest_versions(options):
+            if dist.parsed_version == version:
+                uptodate.append(dist)
+        self.output_package_listing(uptodate)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/search.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/search.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..977eb36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import sys
+import textwrap
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command, SUCCESS
+from pip.download import PipXmlrpcTransport
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.utils import get_terminal_size
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip.status_codes import NO_MATCHES_FOUND
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import xmlrpc_client
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SearchCommand(Command):
+    """Search for PyPI packages whose name or summary contains <query>."""
+    name = 'search'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <query>"""
+    summary = 'Search PyPI for packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(SearchCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--index',
+            dest='index',
+            metavar='URL',
+            default=PyPI.pypi_url,
+            help='Base URL of Python Package Index (default %default)')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if not args:
+            raise CommandError('Missing required argument (search query).')
+        query = args
+        pypi_hits = self.search(query, options)
+        hits = transform_hits(pypi_hits)
+
+        terminal_width = None
+        if sys.stdout.isatty():
+            terminal_width = get_terminal_size()[0]
+
+        print_results(hits, terminal_width=terminal_width)
+        if pypi_hits:
+            return SUCCESS
+        return NO_MATCHES_FOUND
+
+    def search(self, query, options):
+        index_url = options.index
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            transport = PipXmlrpcTransport(index_url, session)
+            pypi = xmlrpc_client.ServerProxy(index_url, transport)
+            hits = pypi.search({'name': query, 'summary': query}, 'or')
+            return hits
+
+
+def transform_hits(hits):
+    """
+    The list from pypi is really a list of versions. We want a list of
+    packages with the list of versions stored inline. This converts the
+    list from pypi into one we can use.
+    """
+    packages = {}
+    for hit in hits:
+        name = hit['name']
+        summary = hit['summary']
+        version = hit['version']
+        score = hit['_pypi_ordering']
+        if score is None:
+            score = 0
+
+        if name not in packages.keys():
+            packages[name] = {
+                'name': name,
+                'summary': summary,
+                'versions': [version],
+                'score': score,
+            }
+        else:
+            packages[name]['versions'].append(version)
+
+            # if this is the highest version, replace summary and score
+            if version == highest_version(packages[name]['versions']):
+                packages[name]['summary'] = summary
+                packages[name]['score'] = score
+
+    # each record has a unique name now, so we will convert the dict into a
+    # list sorted by score
+    package_list = sorted(
+        packages.values(),
+        key=lambda x: x['score'],
+        reverse=True,
+    )
+    return package_list
+
+
+def print_results(hits, name_column_width=None, terminal_width=None):
+    if not hits:
+        return
+    if name_column_width is None:
+        name_column_width = max((len(hit['name']) for hit in hits)) + 4
+    installed_packages = [p.project_name for p in pkg_resources.working_set]
+    for hit in hits:
+        name = hit['name']
+        summary = hit['summary'] or ''
+        if terminal_width is not None:
+            # wrap and indent summary to fit terminal
+            summary = textwrap.wrap(
+                summary,
+                terminal_width - name_column_width - 5,
+            )
+            summary = ('\n' + ' ' * (name_column_width + 3)).join(summary)
+        line = '%s - %s' % (name.ljust(name_column_width), summary)
+        try:
+            logger.info(line)
+            if name in installed_packages:
+                dist = pkg_resources.get_distribution(name)
+                with indent_log():
+                    latest = highest_version(hit['versions'])
+                    if dist.version == latest:
+                        logger.info('INSTALLED: %s (latest)', dist.version)
+                    else:
+                        logger.info('INSTALLED: %s', dist.version)
+                        logger.info('LATEST:    %s', latest)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def highest_version(versions):
+    return next(iter(
+        sorted(versions, key=pkg_resources.parse_version, reverse=True)
+    ))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/show.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/show.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9df0cc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/show.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from email.parser import FeedParser
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.status_codes import SUCCESS, ERROR
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ShowCommand(Command):
+    """Show information about one or more installed packages."""
+    name = 'show'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <package> ..."""
+    summary = 'Show information about installed packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(ShowCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-f', '--files',
+            dest='files',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help='Show the full list of installed files for each package.')
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        if not args:
+            logger.warning('ERROR: Please provide a package name or names.')
+            return ERROR
+        query = args
+
+        results = search_packages_info(query)
+        if not print_results(results, options.files):
+            return ERROR
+        return SUCCESS
+
+
+def search_packages_info(query):
+    """
+    Gather details from installed distributions. Print distribution name,
+    version, location, and installed files. Installed files requires a
+    pip generated 'installed-files.txt' in the distributions '.egg-info'
+    directory.
+    """
+    installed = dict(
+        [(p.project_name.lower(), p) for p in pkg_resources.working_set])
+    query_names = [name.lower() for name in query]
+    for dist in [installed[pkg] for pkg in query_names if pkg in installed]:
+        package = {
+            'name': dist.project_name,
+            'version': dist.version,
+            'location': dist.location,
+            'requires': [dep.project_name for dep in dist.requires()],
+        }
+        file_list = None
+        metadata = None
+        if isinstance(dist, pkg_resources.DistInfoDistribution):
+            # RECORDs should be part of .dist-info metadatas
+            if dist.has_metadata('RECORD'):
+                lines = dist.get_metadata_lines('RECORD')
+                paths = [l.split(',')[0] for l in lines]
+                paths = [os.path.join(dist.location, p) for p in paths]
+                file_list = [os.path.relpath(p, dist.location) for p in paths]
+
+            if dist.has_metadata('METADATA'):
+                metadata = dist.get_metadata('METADATA')
+        else:
+            # Otherwise use pip's log for .egg-info's
+            if dist.has_metadata('installed-files.txt'):
+                paths = dist.get_metadata_lines('installed-files.txt')
+                paths = [os.path.join(dist.egg_info, p) for p in paths]
+                file_list = [os.path.relpath(p, dist.location) for p in paths]
+
+            if dist.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+                metadata = dist.get_metadata('PKG-INFO')
+
+        if dist.has_metadata('entry_points.txt'):
+            entry_points = dist.get_metadata_lines('entry_points.txt')
+            package['entry_points'] = entry_points
+
+        # @todo: Should pkg_resources.Distribution have a
+        # `get_pkg_info` method?
+        feed_parser = FeedParser()
+        feed_parser.feed(metadata)
+        pkg_info_dict = feed_parser.close()
+        for key in ('metadata-version', 'summary',
+                    'home-page', 'author', 'author-email', 'license'):
+            package[key] = pkg_info_dict.get(key)
+
+        if file_list:
+            package['files'] = sorted(file_list)
+        yield package
+
+
+def print_results(distributions, list_all_files):
+    """
+    Print the informations from installed distributions found.
+    """
+    results_printed = False
+    for dist in distributions:
+        results_printed = True
+        logger.info("---")
+        logger.info("Metadata-Version: %s", dist.get('metadata-version'))
+        logger.info("Name: %s", dist['name'])
+        logger.info("Version: %s", dist['version'])
+        logger.info("Summary: %s", dist.get('summary'))
+        logger.info("Home-page: %s", dist.get('home-page'))
+        logger.info("Author: %s", dist.get('author'))
+        logger.info("Author-email: %s", dist.get('author-email'))
+        logger.info("License: %s", dist.get('license'))
+        logger.info("Location: %s", dist['location'])
+        logger.info("Requires: %s", ', '.join(dist['requires']))
+        if list_all_files:
+            logger.info("Files:")
+            if 'files' in dist:
+                for line in dist['files']:
+                    logger.info("  %s", line.strip())
+            else:
+                logger.info("Cannot locate installed-files.txt")
+        if 'entry_points' in dist:
+            logger.info("Entry-points:")
+            for line in dist['entry_points']:
+                logger.info("  %s", line.strip())
+    return results_printed
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ba1a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/uninstall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import pip
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache
+from pip.req import InstallRequirement, RequirementSet, parse_requirements
+from pip.basecommand import Command
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError
+
+
+class UninstallCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Uninstall packages.
+
+    pip is able to uninstall most installed packages. Known exceptions are:
+
+    - Pure distutils packages installed with ``python setup.py install``, which
+      leave behind no metadata to determine what files were installed.
+    - Script wrappers installed by ``python setup.py develop``.
+    """
+    name = 'uninstall'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <package> ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> ..."""
+    summary = 'Uninstall packages.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(UninstallCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-r', '--requirement',
+            dest='requirements',
+            action='append',
+            default=[],
+            metavar='file',
+            help='Uninstall all the packages listed in the given requirements '
+                 'file.  This option can be used multiple times.',
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-y', '--yes',
+            dest='yes',
+            action='store_true',
+            help="Don't ask for confirmation of uninstall deletions.")
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            format_control = pip.index.FormatControl(set(), set())
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, format_control)
+            requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                build_dir=None,
+                src_dir=None,
+                download_dir=None,
+                isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                session=session,
+                wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+            )
+            for name in args:
+                requirement_set.add_requirement(
+                    InstallRequirement.from_line(
+                        name, isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+                    )
+                )
+            for filename in options.requirements:
+                for req in parse_requirements(
+                        filename,
+                        options=options,
+                        session=session,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache):
+                    requirement_set.add_requirement(req)
+            if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    'You must give at least one requirement to %(name)s (see '
+                    '"pip help %(name)s")' % dict(name=self.name)
+                )
+            requirement_set.uninstall(auto_confirm=options.yes)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d77fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/commands/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import warnings
+
+from pip.basecommand import RequirementCommand
+from pip.exceptions import CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError
+from pip.req import RequirementSet
+from pip.utils import import_or_raise
+from pip.utils.build import BuildDirectory
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.wheel import WheelCache, WheelBuilder
+from pip import cmdoptions
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class WheelCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Build Wheel archives for your requirements and dependencies.
+
+    Wheel is a built-package format, and offers the advantage of not
+    recompiling your software during every install. For more details, see the
+    wheel docs: http://wheel.readthedocs.org/en/latest.
+
+    Requirements: setuptools>=0.8, and wheel.
+
+    'pip wheel' uses the bdist_wheel setuptools extension from the wheel
+    package to build individual wheels.
+
+    """
+
+    name = 'wheel'
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    summary = 'Build wheels from your requirements.'
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super(WheelCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '-w', '--wheel-dir',
+            dest='wheel_dir',
+            metavar='dir',
+            default=os.curdir,
+            help=("Build wheels into <dir>, where the default is the "
+                  "current working directory."),
+        )
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_wheel())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--build-option',
+            dest='build_options',
+            metavar='options',
+            action='append',
+            help="Extra arguments to be supplied to 'setup.py bdist_wheel'.")
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--global-option',
+            dest='global_options',
+            action='append',
+            metavar='options',
+            help="Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py "
+            "call before the 'bdist_wheel' command.")
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(
+            '--pre',
+            action='store_true',
+            default=False,
+            help=("Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+                  "pip only finds stable versions."),
+        )
+
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+        cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
+
+    def check_required_packages(self):
+        import_or_raise(
+            'wheel.bdist_wheel',
+            CommandError,
+            "'pip wheel' requires the 'wheel' package. To fix this, run: "
+            "pip install wheel"
+        )
+        pkg_resources = import_or_raise(
+            'pkg_resources',
+            CommandError,
+            "'pip wheel' requires setuptools >= 0.8 for dist-info support."
+            " To fix this, run: pip install --upgrade setuptools"
+        )
+        if not hasattr(pkg_resources, 'DistInfoDistribution'):
+            raise CommandError(
+                "'pip wheel' requires setuptools >= 0.8 for dist-info "
+                "support. To fix this, run: pip install --upgrade "
+                "setuptools"
+            )
+
+    def run(self, options, args):
+        self.check_required_packages()
+        cmdoptions.resolve_wheel_no_use_binary(options)
+        cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options)
+
+        if options.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if options.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index:
+            logger.info('Ignoring indexes: %s', ','.join(index_urls))
+            index_urls = []
+
+        if options.build_dir:
+            options.build_dir = os.path.abspath(options.build_dir)
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+            build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, options.format_control)
+            with BuildDirectory(options.build_dir,
+                                delete=build_delete) as build_dir:
+                requirement_set = RequirementSet(
+                    build_dir=build_dir,
+                    src_dir=options.src_dir,
+                    download_dir=None,
+                    ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                    ignore_installed=True,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    session=session,
+                    wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    wheel_download_dir=options.wheel_dir,
+                    require_hashes=options.require_hashes
+                )
+
+                self.populate_requirement_set(
+                    requirement_set, args, options, finder, session, self.name,
+                    wheel_cache
+                )
+
+                if not requirement_set.has_requirements:
+                    return
+
+                try:
+                    # build wheels
+                    wb = WheelBuilder(
+                        requirement_set,
+                        finder,
+                        build_options=options.build_options or [],
+                        global_options=options.global_options or [],
+                    )
+                    if not wb.build():
+                        raise CommandError(
+                            "Failed to build one or more wheels"
+                        )
+                except PreviousBuildDirError:
+                    options.no_clean = True
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    if not options.no_clean:
+                        requirement_set.cleanup_files()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b01763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+"""Stuff that differs in different Python versions and platform
+distributions."""
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor.six import text_type
+
+try:
+    from logging.config import dictConfig as logging_dictConfig
+except ImportError:
+    from pip.compat.dictconfig import dictConfig as logging_dictConfig
+
+try:
+    import ipaddress
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from pip._vendor import ipaddress
+    except ImportError:
+        import ipaddr as ipaddress
+        ipaddress.ip_address = ipaddress.IPAddress
+        ipaddress.ip_network = ipaddress.IPNetwork
+
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+
+    def get_stdlib():
+        paths = [
+            sysconfig.get_path("stdlib"),
+            sysconfig.get_path("platstdlib"),
+        ]
+        return set(filter(bool, paths))
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils import sysconfig
+
+    def get_stdlib():
+        paths = [
+            sysconfig.get_python_lib(standard_lib=True),
+            sysconfig.get_python_lib(standard_lib=True, plat_specific=True),
+        ]
+        return set(filter(bool, paths))
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "logging_dictConfig", "ipaddress", "uses_pycache", "console_to_str",
+    "native_str", "get_path_uid", "stdlib_pkgs", "WINDOWS", "samefile"
+]
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 4):
+    uses_pycache = True
+    from importlib.util import cache_from_source
+else:
+    import imp
+    uses_pycache = hasattr(imp, 'cache_from_source')
+    if uses_pycache:
+        cache_from_source = imp.cache_from_source
+    else:
+        cache_from_source = None
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3,):
+    def console_to_str(s):
+        try:
+            return s.decode(sys.__stdout__.encoding)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return s.decode('utf_8')
+
+    def native_str(s, replace=False):
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s.decode('utf-8', 'replace' if replace else 'strict')
+        return s
+
+else:
+    def console_to_str(s):
+        return s
+
+    def native_str(s, replace=False):
+        # Replace is ignored -- unicode to UTF-8 can't fail
+        if isinstance(s, text_type):
+            return s.encode('utf-8')
+        return s
+
+
+def total_seconds(td):
+    if hasattr(td, "total_seconds"):
+        return td.total_seconds()
+    else:
+        val = td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10 ** 6
+        return val / 10 ** 6
+
+
+def get_path_uid(path):
+    """
+    Return path's uid.
+
+    Does not follow symlinks:
+        https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/935#discussion_r5307003
+
+    Placed this function in compat due to differences on AIX and
+    Jython, that should eventually go away.
+
+    :raises OSError: When path is a symlink or can't be read.
+    """
+    if hasattr(os, 'O_NOFOLLOW'):
+        fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOFOLLOW)
+        file_uid = os.fstat(fd).st_uid
+        os.close(fd)
+    else:  # AIX and Jython
+        # WARNING: time of check vulnerabity, but best we can do w/o NOFOLLOW
+        if not os.path.islink(path):
+            # older versions of Jython don't have `os.fstat`
+            file_uid = os.stat(path).st_uid
+        else:
+            # raise OSError for parity with os.O_NOFOLLOW above
+            raise OSError(
+                "%s is a symlink; Will not return uid for symlinks" % path
+            )
+    return file_uid
+
+
+def expanduser(path):
+    """
+    Expand ~ and ~user constructions.
+
+    Includes a workaround for http://bugs.python.org/issue14768
+    """
+    expanded = os.path.expanduser(path)
+    if path.startswith('~/') and expanded.startswith('//'):
+        expanded = expanded[1:]
+    return expanded
+
+
+# packages in the stdlib that may have installation metadata, but should not be
+# considered 'installed'.  this theoretically could be determined based on
+# dist.location (py27:`sysconfig.get_paths()['stdlib']`,
+# py26:sysconfig.get_config_vars('LIBDEST')), but fear platform variation may
+# make this ineffective, so hard-coding
+stdlib_pkgs = ['python', 'wsgiref']
+if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
+    stdlib_pkgs.extend(['argparse'])
+
+
+# windows detection, covers cpython and ironpython
+WINDOWS = (sys.platform.startswith("win") or
+           (sys.platform == 'cli' and os.name == 'nt'))
+
+
+def samefile(file1, file2):
+    """Provide an alternative for os.path.samefile on Windows/Python2"""
+    if hasattr(os.path, 'samefile'):
+        return os.path.samefile(file1, file2)
+    else:
+        path1 = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(file1))
+        path2 = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(file2))
+        return path1 == path2
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec684aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/compat/dictconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+# This is a copy of the Python logging.config.dictconfig module,
+# reproduced with permission. It is provided here for backwards
+# compatibility for Python versions prior to 2.7.
+#
+# Copyright 2009-2010 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+# both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation, and that the name of Vinay Sajip
+# not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
+# of the software without specific, written prior permission.
+# VINAY SAJIP DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING
+# ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+# VINAY SAJIP BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
+# ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER
+# IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+# OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging.handlers
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+
+from pip._vendor import six
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+IDENTIFIER = re.compile('^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$', re.I)
+
+
+def valid_ident(s):
+    m = IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise ValueError('Not a valid Python identifier: %r' % s)
+    return True
+
+#
+# This function is defined in logging only in recent versions of Python
+#
+try:
+    from logging import _checkLevel
+except ImportError:
+    def _checkLevel(level):
+        if isinstance(level, int):
+            rv = level
+        elif str(level) == level:
+            if level not in logging._levelNames:
+                raise ValueError('Unknown level: %r' % level)
+            rv = logging._levelNames[level]
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Level not an integer or a '
+                            'valid string: %r' % level)
+        return rv
+
+# The ConvertingXXX classes are wrappers around standard Python containers,
+# and they serve to convert any suitable values in the container. The
+# conversion converts base dicts, lists and tuples to their wrapped
+# equivalents, whereas strings which match a conversion format are converted
+# appropriately.
+#
+# Each wrapper should have a configurator attribute holding the actual
+# configurator to use for conversion.
+
+
+class ConvertingDict(dict):
+    """A converting dictionary wrapper."""
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+        if value is not result:
+            self[key] = result
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.get(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+        if value is not result:
+            self[key] = result
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+
+class ConvertingList(list):
+    """A converting list wrapper."""
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = list.__getitem__(self, key)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+        if value is not result:
+            self[key] = result
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    def pop(self, idx=-1):
+        value = list.pop(self, idx)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+        return result
+
+
+class ConvertingTuple(tuple):
+    """A converting tuple wrapper."""
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        value = tuple.__getitem__(self, key)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+
+class BaseConfigurator(object):
+    """
+    The configurator base class which defines some useful defaults.
+    """
+
+    CONVERT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^(?P<prefix>[a-z]+)://(?P<suffix>.*)$')
+
+    WORD_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\s*(\w+)\s*')
+    DOT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\.\s*(\w+)\s*')
+    INDEX_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\[\s*(\w+)\s*\]\s*')
+    DIGIT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\d+$')
+
+    value_converters = {
+        'ext' : 'ext_convert',
+        'cfg' : 'cfg_convert',
+    }
+
+    # We might want to use a different one, e.g. importlib
+    importer = __import__
+
+    def __init__(self, config):
+        self.config = ConvertingDict(config)
+        self.config.configurator = self
+
+    def resolve(self, s):
+        """
+        Resolve strings to objects using standard import and attribute
+        syntax.
+        """
+        name = s.split('.')
+        used = name.pop(0)
+        try:
+            found = self.importer(used)
+            for frag in name:
+                used += '.' + frag
+                try:
+                    found = getattr(found, frag)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    self.importer(used)
+                    found = getattr(found, frag)
+            return found
+        except ImportError:
+            e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+            v = ValueError('Cannot resolve %r: %s' % (s, e))
+            v.__cause__, v.__traceback__ = e, tb
+            raise v
+
+    def ext_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the ext:// protocol."""
+        return self.resolve(value)
+
+    def cfg_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the cfg:// protocol."""
+        rest = value
+        m = self.WORD_PATTERN.match(rest)
+        if m is None:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to convert %r" % value)
+        else:
+            rest = rest[m.end():]
+            d = self.config[m.groups()[0]]
+            # print d, rest
+            while rest:
+                m = self.DOT_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                if m:
+                    d = d[m.groups()[0]]
+                else:
+                    m = self.INDEX_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                    if m:
+                        idx = m.groups()[0]
+                        if not self.DIGIT_PATTERN.match(idx):
+                            d = d[idx]
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                n = int(idx)  # try as number first (most likely)
+                                d = d[n]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                d = d[idx]
+                if m:
+                    rest = rest[m.end():]
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError('Unable to convert '
+                                     '%r at %r' % (value, rest))
+        # rest should be empty
+        return d
+
+    def convert(self, value):
+        """
+        Convert values to an appropriate type. dicts, lists and tuples are
+        replaced by their converting alternatives. Strings are checked to
+        see if they have a conversion format and are converted if they do.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(value, ConvertingDict) and isinstance(value, dict):
+            value = ConvertingDict(value)
+            value.configurator = self
+        elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingList) and isinstance(value, list):
+            value = ConvertingList(value)
+            value.configurator = self
+        elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and\
+                 isinstance(value, tuple):
+            value = ConvertingTuple(value)
+            value.configurator = self
+        elif isinstance(value, six.string_types):  # str for py3k
+            m = self.CONVERT_PATTERN.match(value)
+            if m:
+                d = m.groupdict()
+                prefix = d['prefix']
+                converter = self.value_converters.get(prefix, None)
+                if converter:
+                    suffix = d['suffix']
+                    converter = getattr(self, converter)
+                    value = converter(suffix)
+        return value
+
+    def configure_custom(self, config):
+        """Configure an object with a user-supplied factory."""
+        c = config.pop('()')
+        if not hasattr(c, '__call__') and hasattr(types, 'ClassType') and type(c) != types.ClassType:
+            c = self.resolve(c)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
+        # Check for valid identifiers
+        kwargs = dict((k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k))
+        result = c(**kwargs)
+        if props:
+            for name, value in props.items():
+                setattr(result, name, value)
+        return result
+
+    def as_tuple(self, value):
+        """Utility function which converts lists to tuples."""
+        if isinstance(value, list):
+            value = tuple(value)
+        return value
+
+
+class DictConfigurator(BaseConfigurator):
+    """
+    Configure logging using a dictionary-like object to describe the
+    configuration.
+    """
+
+    def configure(self):
+        """Do the configuration."""
+
+        config = self.config
+        if 'version' not in config:
+            raise ValueError("dictionary doesn't specify a version")
+        if config['version'] != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Unsupported version: %s" % config['version'])
+        incremental = config.pop('incremental', False)
+        EMPTY_DICT = {}
+        logging._acquireLock()
+        try:
+            if incremental:
+                handlers = config.get('handlers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                # incremental handler config only if handler name
+                # ties in to logging._handlers (Python 2.7)
+                if sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 7):
+                    for name in handlers:
+                        if name not in logging._handlers:
+                            raise ValueError('No handler found with '
+                                             'name %r'  % name)
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                handler = logging._handlers[name]
+                                handler_config = handlers[name]
+                                level = handler_config.get('level', None)
+                                if level:
+                                    handler.setLevel(_checkLevel(level))
+                            except StandardError as e:
+                                raise ValueError('Unable to configure handler '
+                                                 '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+                loggers = config.get('loggers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in loggers:
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_logger(name, loggers[name], True)
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure logger '
+                                         '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+                root = config.get('root', None)
+                if root:
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_root(root, True)
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure root '
+                                         'logger: %s' % e)
+            else:
+                disable_existing = config.pop('disable_existing_loggers', True)
+
+                logging._handlers.clear()
+                del logging._handlerList[:]
+
+                # Do formatters first - they don't refer to anything else
+                formatters = config.get('formatters', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in formatters:
+                    try:
+                        formatters[name] = self.configure_formatter(
+                                                            formatters[name])
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure '
+                                         'formatter %r: %s' % (name, e))
+                # Next, do filters - they don't refer to anything else, either
+                filters = config.get('filters', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in filters:
+                    try:
+                        filters[name] = self.configure_filter(filters[name])
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure '
+                                         'filter %r: %s' % (name, e))
+
+                # Next, do handlers - they refer to formatters and filters
+                # As handlers can refer to other handlers, sort the keys
+                # to allow a deterministic order of configuration
+                handlers = config.get('handlers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in sorted(handlers):
+                    try:
+                        handler = self.configure_handler(handlers[name])
+                        handler.name = name
+                        handlers[name] = handler
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure handler '
+                                         '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+                # Next, do loggers - they refer to handlers and filters
+
+                # we don't want to lose the existing loggers,
+                # since other threads may have pointers to them.
+                # existing is set to contain all existing loggers,
+                # and as we go through the new configuration we
+                # remove any which are configured. At the end,
+                # what's left in existing is the set of loggers
+                # which were in the previous configuration but
+                # which are not in the new configuration.
+                root = logging.root
+                existing = list(root.manager.loggerDict)
+                # The list needs to be sorted so that we can
+                # avoid disabling child loggers of explicitly
+                # named loggers. With a sorted list it is easier
+                # to find the child loggers.
+                existing.sort()
+                # We'll keep the list of existing loggers
+                # which are children of named loggers here...
+                child_loggers = []
+                # now set up the new ones...
+                loggers = config.get('loggers', EMPTY_DICT)
+                for name in loggers:
+                    if name in existing:
+                        i = existing.index(name)
+                        prefixed = name + "."
+                        pflen = len(prefixed)
+                        num_existing = len(existing)
+                        i = i + 1  # look at the entry after name
+                        while (i < num_existing) and\
+                              (existing[i][:pflen] == prefixed):
+                            child_loggers.append(existing[i])
+                            i = i + 1
+                        existing.remove(name)
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_logger(name, loggers[name])
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure logger '
+                                         '%r: %s' % (name, e))
+
+                # Disable any old loggers. There's no point deleting
+                # them as other threads may continue to hold references
+                # and by disabling them, you stop them doing any logging.
+                # However, don't disable children of named loggers, as that's
+                # probably not what was intended by the user.
+                for log in existing:
+                    logger = root.manager.loggerDict[log]
+                    if log in child_loggers:
+                        logger.level = logging.NOTSET
+                        logger.handlers = []
+                        logger.propagate = True
+                    elif disable_existing:
+                        logger.disabled = True
+
+                # And finally, do the root logger
+                root = config.get('root', None)
+                if root:
+                    try:
+                        self.configure_root(root)
+                    except StandardError as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to configure root '
+                                         'logger: %s' % e)
+        finally:
+            logging._releaseLock()
+
+    def configure_formatter(self, config):
+        """Configure a formatter from a dictionary."""
+        if '()' in config:
+            factory = config['()']  # for use in exception handler
+            try:
+                result = self.configure_custom(config)
+            except TypeError as te:
+                if "'format'" not in str(te):
+                    raise
+                # Name of parameter changed from fmt to format.
+                # Retry with old name.
+                # This is so that code can be used with older Python versions
+                #(e.g. by Django)
+                config['fmt'] = config.pop('format')
+                config['()'] = factory
+                result = self.configure_custom(config)
+        else:
+            fmt = config.get('format', None)
+            dfmt = config.get('datefmt', None)
+            result = logging.Formatter(fmt, dfmt)
+        return result
+
+    def configure_filter(self, config):
+        """Configure a filter from a dictionary."""
+        if '()' in config:
+            result = self.configure_custom(config)
+        else:
+            name = config.get('name', '')
+            result = logging.Filter(name)
+        return result
+
+    def add_filters(self, filterer, filters):
+        """Add filters to a filterer from a list of names."""
+        for f in filters:
+            try:
+                filterer.addFilter(self.config['filters'][f])
+            except StandardError as e:
+                raise ValueError('Unable to add filter %r: %s' % (f, e))
+
+    def configure_handler(self, config):
+        """Configure a handler from a dictionary."""
+        formatter = config.pop('formatter', None)
+        if formatter:
+            try:
+                formatter = self.config['formatters'][formatter]
+            except StandardError as e:
+                raise ValueError('Unable to set formatter '
+                                 '%r: %s' % (formatter, e))
+        level = config.pop('level', None)
+        filters = config.pop('filters', None)
+        if '()' in config:
+            c = config.pop('()')
+            if not hasattr(c, '__call__') and hasattr(types, 'ClassType') and type(c) != types.ClassType:
+                c = self.resolve(c)
+            factory = c
+        else:
+            klass = self.resolve(config.pop('class'))
+            # Special case for handler which refers to another handler
+            if issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.MemoryHandler) and\
+                'target' in config:
+                try:
+                    config['target'] = self.config['handlers'][config['target']]
+                except StandardError as e:
+                    raise ValueError('Unable to set target handler '
+                                     '%r: %s' % (config['target'], e))
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SMTPHandler) and\
+                'mailhost' in config:
+                config['mailhost'] = self.as_tuple(config['mailhost'])
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SysLogHandler) and\
+                'address' in config:
+                config['address'] = self.as_tuple(config['address'])
+            factory = klass
+        kwargs = dict((k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k))
+        try:
+            result = factory(**kwargs)
+        except TypeError as te:
+            if "'stream'" not in str(te):
+                raise
+            # The argument name changed from strm to stream
+            # Retry with old name.
+            # This is so that code can be used with older Python versions
+            #(e.g. by Django)
+            kwargs['strm'] = kwargs.pop('stream')
+            result = factory(**kwargs)
+        if formatter:
+            result.setFormatter(formatter)
+        if level is not None:
+            result.setLevel(_checkLevel(level))
+        if filters:
+            self.add_filters(result, filters)
+        return result
+
+    def add_handlers(self, logger, handlers):
+        """Add handlers to a logger from a list of names."""
+        for h in handlers:
+            try:
+                logger.addHandler(self.config['handlers'][h])
+            except StandardError as e:
+                raise ValueError('Unable to add handler %r: %s' % (h, e))
+
+    def common_logger_config(self, logger, config, incremental=False):
+        """
+        Perform configuration which is common to root and non-root loggers.
+        """
+        level = config.get('level', None)
+        if level is not None:
+            logger.setLevel(_checkLevel(level))
+        if not incremental:
+            # Remove any existing handlers
+            for h in logger.handlers[:]:
+                logger.removeHandler(h)
+            handlers = config.get('handlers', None)
+            if handlers:
+                self.add_handlers(logger, handlers)
+            filters = config.get('filters', None)
+            if filters:
+                self.add_filters(logger, filters)
+
+    def configure_logger(self, name, config, incremental=False):
+        """Configure a non-root logger from a dictionary."""
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+        self.common_logger_config(logger, config, incremental)
+        propagate = config.get('propagate', None)
+        if propagate is not None:
+            logger.propagate = propagate
+
+    def configure_root(self, config, incremental=False):
+        """Configure a root logger from a dictionary."""
+        root = logging.getLogger()
+        self.common_logger_config(root, config, incremental)
+
+dictConfigClass = DictConfigurator
+
+
+def dictConfig(config):
+    """Configure logging using a dictionary."""
+    dictConfigClass(config).configure()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e447b01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/download.py
@@ -0,0 +1,894 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import cgi
+import email.utils
+import getpass
+import json
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+import platform
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+try:
+    import ssl  # noqa
+    HAS_TLS = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_TLS = False
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import request as urllib_request
+
+import pip
+
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError, HashMismatch
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.utils import (splitext, rmtree, format_size, display_path,
+                       backup_dir, ask_path_exists, unpack_file,
+                       ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS, consume, call_subprocess)
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.utils.setuptools_build import SETUPTOOLS_SHIM
+from pip.utils.ui import DownloadProgressBar, DownloadProgressSpinner
+from pip.locations import write_delete_marker_file
+from pip.vcs import vcs
+from pip._vendor import requests, six
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import BaseAdapter, HTTPAdapter
+from pip._vendor.requests.auth import AuthBase, HTTPBasicAuth
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import Response
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from pip._vendor.requests.packages import urllib3
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.caches import FileCache
+from pip._vendor.lockfile import LockError
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import xmlrpc_client
+
+
+__all__ = ['get_file_content',
+           'is_url', 'url_to_path', 'path_to_url',
+           'is_archive_file', 'unpack_vcs_link',
+           'unpack_file_url', 'is_vcs_url', 'is_file_url',
+           'unpack_http_url', 'unpack_url']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def user_agent():
+    """
+    Return a string representing the user agent.
+    """
+    data = {
+        "installer": {"name": "pip", "version": pip.__version__},
+        "python": platform.python_version(),
+        "implementation": {
+            "name": platform.python_implementation(),
+        },
+    }
+
+    if data["implementation"]["name"] == 'CPython':
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == 'PyPy':
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel == 'final':
+            pypy_version_info = sys.pypy_version_info[:3]
+        else:
+            pypy_version_info = sys.pypy_version_info
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = ".".join(
+            [str(x) for x in pypy_version_info]
+        )
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == 'Jython':
+        # Complete Guess
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == 'IronPython':
+        # Complete Guess
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        distro = dict(filter(
+            lambda x: x[1],
+            zip(["name", "version", "id"], platform.linux_distribution()),
+        ))
+        libc = dict(filter(
+            lambda x: x[1],
+            zip(["lib", "version"], platform.libc_ver()),
+        ))
+        if libc:
+            distro["libc"] = libc
+        if distro:
+            data["distro"] = distro
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") and platform.mac_ver()[0]:
+        data["distro"] = {"name": "OS X", "version": platform.mac_ver()[0]}
+
+    if platform.system():
+        data.setdefault("system", {})["name"] = platform.system()
+
+    if platform.release():
+        data.setdefault("system", {})["release"] = platform.release()
+
+    if platform.machine():
+        data["cpu"] = platform.machine()
+
+    # Python 2.6 doesn't have ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION.
+    if HAS_TLS and sys.version_info[:2] > (2, 6):
+        data["openssl_version"] = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION
+
+    return "{data[installer][name]}/{data[installer][version]} {json}".format(
+        data=data,
+        json=json.dumps(data, separators=(",", ":"), sort_keys=True),
+    )
+
+
+class MultiDomainBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, prompting=True):
+        self.prompting = prompting
+        self.passwords = {}
+
+    def __call__(self, req):
+        parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(req.url)
+
+        # Get the netloc without any embedded credentials
+        netloc = parsed.netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[-1]
+
+        # Set the url of the request to the url without any credentials
+        req.url = urllib_parse.urlunparse(parsed[:1] + (netloc,) + parsed[2:])
+
+        # Use any stored credentials that we have for this netloc
+        username, password = self.passwords.get(netloc, (None, None))
+
+        # Extract credentials embedded in the url if we have none stored
+        if username is None:
+            username, password = self.parse_credentials(parsed.netloc)
+
+        if username or password:
+            # Store the username and password
+            self.passwords[netloc] = (username, password)
+
+            # Send the basic auth with this request
+            req = HTTPBasicAuth(username or "", password or "")(req)
+
+        # Attach a hook to handle 401 responses
+        req.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+
+        return req
+
+    def handle_401(self, resp, **kwargs):
+        # We only care about 401 responses, anything else we want to just
+        #   pass through the actual response
+        if resp.status_code != 401:
+            return resp
+
+        # We are not able to prompt the user so simple return the response
+        if not self.prompting:
+            return resp
+
+        parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(resp.url)
+
+        # Prompt the user for a new username and password
+        username = six.moves.input("User for %s: " % parsed.netloc)
+        password = getpass.getpass("Password: ")
+
+        # Store the new username and password to use for future requests
+        if username or password:
+            self.passwords[parsed.netloc] = (username, password)
+
+        # Consume content and release the original connection to allow our new
+        #   request to reuse the same one.
+        resp.content
+        resp.raw.release_conn()
+
+        # Add our new username and password to the request
+        req = HTTPBasicAuth(username or "", password or "")(resp.request)
+
+        # Send our new request
+        new_resp = resp.connection.send(req, **kwargs)
+        new_resp.history.append(resp)
+
+        return new_resp
+
+    def parse_credentials(self, netloc):
+        if "@" in netloc:
+            userinfo = netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[0]
+            if ":" in userinfo:
+                return userinfo.split(":", 1)
+            return userinfo, None
+        return None, None
+
+
+class LocalFSAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+
+    def send(self, request, stream=None, timeout=None, verify=None, cert=None,
+             proxies=None):
+        pathname = url_to_path(request.url)
+
+        resp = Response()
+        resp.status_code = 200
+        resp.url = request.url
+
+        try:
+            stats = os.stat(pathname)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            resp.status_code = 404
+            resp.raw = exc
+        else:
+            modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
+            content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(pathname)[0] or "text/plain"
+            resp.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict({
+                "Content-Type": content_type,
+                "Content-Length": stats.st_size,
+                "Last-Modified": modified,
+            })
+
+            resp.raw = open(pathname, "rb")
+            resp.close = resp.raw.close
+
+        return resp
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class SafeFileCache(FileCache):
+    """
+    A file based cache which is safe to use even when the target directory may
+    not be accessible or writable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(SafeFileCache, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Check to ensure that the directory containing our cache directory
+        # is owned by the user current executing pip. If it does not exist
+        # we will check the parent directory until we find one that does exist.
+        # If it is not owned by the user executing pip then we will disable
+        # the cache and log a warning.
+        if not check_path_owner(self.directory):
+            logger.warning(
+                "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned by "
+                "the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please "
+                "check the permissions and owner of that directory. If "
+                "executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.",
+                self.directory,
+            )
+
+            # Set our directory to None to disable the Cache
+            self.directory = None
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # If we don't have a directory, then the cache should be a no-op.
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            return super(SafeFileCache, self).get(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (LockError, OSError, IOError):
+            # We intentionally silence this error, if we can't access the cache
+            # then we can just skip caching and process the request as if
+            # caching wasn't enabled.
+            pass
+
+    def set(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # If we don't have a directory, then the cache should be a no-op.
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            return super(SafeFileCache, self).set(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (LockError, OSError, IOError):
+            # We intentionally silence this error, if we can't access the cache
+            # then we can just skip caching and process the request as if
+            # caching wasn't enabled.
+            pass
+
+    def delete(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # If we don't have a directory, then the cache should be a no-op.
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            return super(SafeFileCache, self).delete(*args, **kwargs)
+        except (LockError, OSError, IOError):
+            # We intentionally silence this error, if we can't access the cache
+            # then we can just skip caching and process the request as if
+            # caching wasn't enabled.
+            pass
+
+
+class InsecureHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        conn.cert_reqs = 'CERT_NONE'
+        conn.ca_certs = None
+
+
+class PipSession(requests.Session):
+
+    timeout = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        retries = kwargs.pop("retries", 0)
+        cache = kwargs.pop("cache", None)
+        insecure_hosts = kwargs.pop("insecure_hosts", [])
+
+        super(PipSession, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Attach our User Agent to the request
+        self.headers["User-Agent"] = user_agent()
+
+        # Attach our Authentication handler to the session
+        self.auth = MultiDomainBasicAuth()
+
+        # Create our urllib3.Retry instance which will allow us to customize
+        # how we handle retries.
+        retries = urllib3.Retry(
+            # Set the total number of retries that a particular request can
+            # have.
+            total=retries,
+
+            # A 503 error from PyPI typically means that the Fastly -> Origin
+            # connection got interupted in some way. A 503 error in general
+            # is typically considered a transient error so we'll go ahead and
+            # retry it.
+            status_forcelist=[503],
+
+            # Add a small amount of back off between failed requests in
+            # order to prevent hammering the service.
+            backoff_factor=0.25,
+        )
+
+        # We want to _only_ cache responses on securely fetched origins. We do
+        # this because we can't validate the response of an insecurely fetched
+        # origin, and we don't want someone to be able to poison the cache and
+        # require manual eviction from the cache to fix it.
+        if cache:
+            secure_adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+                cache=SafeFileCache(cache, use_dir_lock=True),
+                max_retries=retries,
+            )
+        else:
+            secure_adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries)
+
+        # Our Insecure HTTPAdapter disables HTTPS validation. It does not
+        # support caching (see above) so we'll use it for all http:// URLs as
+        # well as any https:// host that we've marked as ignoring TLS errors
+        # for.
+        insecure_adapter = InsecureHTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries)
+
+        self.mount("https://", secure_adapter)
+        self.mount("http://", insecure_adapter)
+
+        # Enable file:// urls
+        self.mount("file://", LocalFSAdapter())
+
+        # We want to use a non-validating adapter for any requests which are
+        # deemed insecure.
+        for host in insecure_hosts:
+            self.mount("https://{0}/".format(host), insecure_adapter)
+
+    def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
+        # Allow setting a default timeout on a session
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", self.timeout)
+
+        # Dispatch the actual request
+        return super(PipSession, self).request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get_file_content(url, comes_from=None, session=None):
+    """Gets the content of a file; it may be a filename, file: URL, or
+    http: URL.  Returns (location, content).  Content is unicode."""
+    if session is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "get_file_content() missing 1 required keyword argument: 'session'"
+        )
+
+    match = _scheme_re.search(url)
+    if match:
+        scheme = match.group(1).lower()
+        if (scheme == 'file' and comes_from and
+                comes_from.startswith('http')):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                'Requirements file %s references URL %s, which is local'
+                % (comes_from, url))
+        if scheme == 'file':
+            path = url.split(':', 1)[1]
+            path = path.replace('\\', '/')
+            match = _url_slash_drive_re.match(path)
+            if match:
+                path = match.group(1) + ':' + path.split('|', 1)[1]
+            path = urllib_parse.unquote(path)
+            if path.startswith('/'):
+                path = '/' + path.lstrip('/')
+            url = path
+        else:
+            # FIXME: catch some errors
+            resp = session.get(url)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+
+            if six.PY3:
+                return resp.url, resp.text
+            else:
+                return resp.url, resp.content
+    try:
+        with open(url) as f:
+            content = f.read()
+    except IOError as exc:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            'Could not open requirements file: %s' % str(exc)
+        )
+    return url, content
+
+
+_scheme_re = re.compile(r'^(http|https|file):', re.I)
+_url_slash_drive_re = re.compile(r'/*([a-z])\|', re.I)
+
+
+def is_url(name):
+    """Returns true if the name looks like a URL"""
+    if ':' not in name:
+        return False
+    scheme = name.split(':', 1)[0].lower()
+    return scheme in ['http', 'https', 'file', 'ftp'] + vcs.all_schemes
+
+
+def url_to_path(url):
+    """
+    Convert a file: URL to a path.
+    """
+    assert url.startswith('file:'), (
+        "You can only turn file: urls into filenames (not %r)" % url)
+
+    _, netloc, path, _, _ = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+
+    # if we have a UNC path, prepend UNC share notation
+    if netloc:
+        netloc = '\\\\' + netloc
+
+    path = urllib_request.url2pathname(netloc + path)
+    return path
+
+
+def path_to_url(path):
+    """
+    Convert a path to a file: URL.  The path will be made absolute and have
+    quoted path parts.
+    """
+    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(path))
+    url = urllib_parse.urljoin('file:', urllib_request.pathname2url(path))
+    return url
+
+
+def is_archive_file(name):
+    """Return True if `name` is a considered as an archive file."""
+    ext = splitext(name)[1].lower()
+    if ext in ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def unpack_vcs_link(link, location):
+    vcs_backend = _get_used_vcs_backend(link)
+    vcs_backend.unpack(location)
+
+
+def _get_used_vcs_backend(link):
+    for backend in vcs.backends:
+        if link.scheme in backend.schemes:
+            vcs_backend = backend(link.url)
+            return vcs_backend
+
+
+def is_vcs_url(link):
+    return bool(_get_used_vcs_backend(link))
+
+
+def is_file_url(link):
+    return link.url.lower().startswith('file:')
+
+
+def is_dir_url(link):
+    """Return whether a file:// Link points to a directory.
+
+    ``link`` must not have any other scheme but file://. Call is_file_url()
+    first.
+
+    """
+    link_path = url_to_path(link.url_without_fragment)
+    return os.path.isdir(link_path)
+
+
+def _progress_indicator(iterable, *args, **kwargs):
+    return iterable
+
+
+def _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes):
+    try:
+        total_length = int(resp.headers['content-length'])
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError):
+        total_length = 0
+
+    cached_resp = getattr(resp, "from_cache", False)
+
+    if logger.getEffectiveLevel() > logging.INFO:
+        show_progress = False
+    elif cached_resp:
+        show_progress = False
+    elif total_length > (40 * 1000):
+        show_progress = True
+    elif not total_length:
+        show_progress = True
+    else:
+        show_progress = False
+
+    show_url = link.show_url
+
+    def resp_read(chunk_size):
+        try:
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            for chunk in resp.raw.stream(
+                    chunk_size,
+                    # We use decode_content=False here because we don't
+                    # want urllib3 to mess with the raw bytes we get
+                    # from the server. If we decompress inside of
+                    # urllib3 then we cannot verify the checksum
+                    # because the checksum will be of the compressed
+                    # file. This breakage will only occur if the
+                    # server adds a Content-Encoding header, which
+                    # depends on how the server was configured:
+                    # - Some servers will notice that the file isn't a
+                    #   compressible file and will leave the file alone
+                    #   and with an empty Content-Encoding
+                    # - Some servers will notice that the file is
+                    #   already compressed and will leave the file
+                    #   alone and will add a Content-Encoding: gzip
+                    #   header
+                    # - Some servers won't notice anything at all and
+                    #   will take a file that's already been compressed
+                    #   and compress it again and set the
+                    #   Content-Encoding: gzip header
+                    #
+                    # By setting this not to decode automatically we
+                    # hope to eliminate problems with the second case.
+                    decode_content=False):
+                yield chunk
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Standard file-like object.
+            while True:
+                chunk = resp.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                if not chunk:
+                    break
+                yield chunk
+
+    def written_chunks(chunks):
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            content_file.write(chunk)
+            yield chunk
+
+    progress_indicator = _progress_indicator
+
+    if link.netloc == PyPI.netloc:
+        url = show_url
+    else:
+        url = link.url_without_fragment
+
+    if show_progress:  # We don't show progress on cached responses
+        if total_length:
+            logger.info("Downloading %s (%s)", url, format_size(total_length))
+            progress_indicator = DownloadProgressBar(max=total_length).iter
+        else:
+            logger.info("Downloading %s", url)
+            progress_indicator = DownloadProgressSpinner().iter
+    elif cached_resp:
+        logger.info("Using cached %s", url)
+    else:
+        logger.info("Downloading %s", url)
+
+    logger.debug('Downloading from URL %s', link)
+
+    downloaded_chunks = written_chunks(progress_indicator(resp_read(4096),
+                                                          4096))
+    if hashes:
+        hashes.check_against_chunks(downloaded_chunks)
+    else:
+        consume(downloaded_chunks)
+
+
+def _copy_file(filename, location, link):
+    copy = True
+    download_location = os.path.join(location, link.filename)
+    if os.path.exists(download_location):
+        response = ask_path_exists(
+            'The file %s exists. (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ' %
+            display_path(download_location), ('i', 'w', 'b'))
+        if response == 'i':
+            copy = False
+        elif response == 'w':
+            logger.warning('Deleting %s', display_path(download_location))
+            os.remove(download_location)
+        elif response == 'b':
+            dest_file = backup_dir(download_location)
+            logger.warning(
+                'Backing up %s to %s',
+                display_path(download_location),
+                display_path(dest_file),
+            )
+            shutil.move(download_location, dest_file)
+    if copy:
+        shutil.copy(filename, download_location)
+        logger.info('Saved %s', display_path(download_location))
+
+
+def unpack_http_url(link, location, download_dir=None,
+                    session=None, hashes=None):
+    if session is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "unpack_http_url() missing 1 required keyword argument: 'session'"
+        )
+
+    temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-unpack', 'pip-')
+
+    # If a download dir is specified, is the file already downloaded there?
+    already_downloaded_path = None
+    if download_dir:
+        already_downloaded_path = _check_download_dir(link,
+                                                      download_dir,
+                                                      hashes)
+
+    if already_downloaded_path:
+        from_path = already_downloaded_path
+        content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(from_path)[0]
+    else:
+        # let's download to a tmp dir
+        from_path, content_type = _download_http_url(link,
+                                                     session,
+                                                     temp_dir,
+                                                     hashes)
+
+    # unpack the archive to the build dir location. even when only downloading
+    # archives, they have to be unpacked to parse dependencies
+    unpack_file(from_path, location, content_type, link)
+
+    # a download dir is specified; let's copy the archive there
+    if download_dir and not already_downloaded_path:
+        _copy_file(from_path, download_dir, link)
+
+    if not already_downloaded_path:
+        os.unlink(from_path)
+    rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+
+def unpack_file_url(link, location, download_dir=None, hashes=None):
+    """Unpack link into location.
+
+    If download_dir is provided and link points to a file, make a copy
+    of the link file inside download_dir.
+    """
+    link_path = url_to_path(link.url_without_fragment)
+
+    # If it's a url to a local directory
+    if is_dir_url(link):
+        if os.path.isdir(location):
+            rmtree(location)
+        shutil.copytree(link_path, location, symlinks=True)
+        if download_dir:
+            logger.info('Link is a directory, ignoring download_dir')
+        return
+
+    # If --require-hashes is off, `hashes` is either empty, the
+    # link's embeddded hash, or MissingHashes; it is required to
+    # match. If --require-hashes is on, we are satisfied by any
+    # hash in `hashes` matching: a URL-based or an option-based
+    # one; no internet-sourced hash will be in `hashes`.
+    if hashes:
+        hashes.check_against_path(link_path)
+
+    # If a download dir is specified, is the file already there and valid?
+    already_downloaded_path = None
+    if download_dir:
+        already_downloaded_path = _check_download_dir(link,
+                                                      download_dir,
+                                                      hashes)
+
+    if already_downloaded_path:
+        from_path = already_downloaded_path
+    else:
+        from_path = link_path
+
+    content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(from_path)[0]
+
+    # unpack the archive to the build dir location. even when only downloading
+    # archives, they have to be unpacked to parse dependencies
+    unpack_file(from_path, location, content_type, link)
+
+    # a download dir is specified and not already downloaded
+    if download_dir and not already_downloaded_path:
+        _copy_file(from_path, download_dir, link)
+
+
+def _copy_dist_from_dir(link_path, location):
+    """Copy distribution files in `link_path` to `location`.
+
+    Invoked when user requests to install a local directory. E.g.:
+
+        pip install .
+        pip install ~/dev/git-repos/python-prompt-toolkit
+
+    """
+
+    # Note: This is currently VERY SLOW if you have a lot of data in the
+    # directory, because it copies everything with `shutil.copytree`.
+    # What it should really do is build an sdist and install that.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/2195
+
+    if os.path.isdir(location):
+        rmtree(location)
+
+    # build an sdist
+    setup_py = 'setup.py'
+    sdist_args = [sys.executable]
+    sdist_args.append('-c')
+    sdist_args.append(SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % setup_py)
+    sdist_args.append('sdist')
+    sdist_args += ['--dist-dir', location]
+    logger.info('Running setup.py sdist for %s', link_path)
+
+    with indent_log():
+        call_subprocess(sdist_args, cwd=link_path, show_stdout=False)
+
+    # unpack sdist into `location`
+    sdist = os.path.join(location, os.listdir(location)[0])
+    logger.info('Unpacking sdist %s into %s', sdist, location)
+    unpack_file(sdist, location, content_type=None, link=None)
+
+
+class PipXmlrpcTransport(xmlrpc_client.Transport):
+    """Provide a `xmlrpclib.Transport` implementation via a `PipSession`
+    object.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, index_url, session, use_datetime=False):
+        xmlrpc_client.Transport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+        index_parts = urllib_parse.urlparse(index_url)
+        self._scheme = index_parts.scheme
+        self._session = session
+
+    def request(self, host, handler, request_body, verbose=False):
+        parts = (self._scheme, host, handler, None, None, None)
+        url = urllib_parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        try:
+            headers = {'Content-Type': 'text/xml'}
+            response = self._session.post(url, data=request_body,
+                                          headers=headers, stream=True)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            self.verbose = verbose
+            return self.parse_response(response.raw)
+        except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+            logger.critical(
+                "HTTP error %s while getting %s",
+                exc.response.status_code, url,
+            )
+            raise
+
+
+def unpack_url(link, location, download_dir=None,
+               only_download=False, session=None, hashes=None):
+    """Unpack link.
+       If link is a VCS link:
+         if only_download, export into download_dir and ignore location
+          else unpack into location
+       for other types of link:
+         - unpack into location
+         - if download_dir, copy the file into download_dir
+         - if only_download, mark location for deletion
+
+    :param hashes: A Hashes object, one of whose embedded hashes must match,
+        or HashMismatch will be raised. If the Hashes is empty, no matches are
+        required, and unhashable types of requirements (like VCS ones, which
+        would ordinarily raise HashUnsupported) are allowed.
+    """
+    # non-editable vcs urls
+    if is_vcs_url(link):
+        unpack_vcs_link(link, location)
+
+    # file urls
+    elif is_file_url(link):
+        unpack_file_url(link, location, download_dir, hashes=hashes)
+
+    # http urls
+    else:
+        if session is None:
+            session = PipSession()
+
+        unpack_http_url(
+            link,
+            location,
+            download_dir,
+            session,
+            hashes=hashes
+        )
+    if only_download:
+        write_delete_marker_file(location)
+
+
+def _download_http_url(link, session, temp_dir, hashes):
+    """Download link url into temp_dir using provided session"""
+    target_url = link.url.split('#', 1)[0]
+    try:
+        resp = session.get(
+            target_url,
+            # We use Accept-Encoding: identity here because requests
+            # defaults to accepting compressed responses. This breaks in
+            # a variety of ways depending on how the server is configured.
+            # - Some servers will notice that the file isn't a compressible
+            #   file and will leave the file alone and with an empty
+            #   Content-Encoding
+            # - Some servers will notice that the file is already
+            #   compressed and will leave the file alone and will add a
+            #   Content-Encoding: gzip header
+            # - Some servers won't notice anything at all and will take
+            #   a file that's already been compressed and compress it again
+            #   and set the Content-Encoding: gzip header
+            # By setting this to request only the identity encoding We're
+            # hoping to eliminate the third case. Hopefully there does not
+            # exist a server which when given a file will notice it is
+            # already compressed and that you're not asking for a
+            # compressed file and will then decompress it before sending
+            # because if that's the case I don't think it'll ever be
+            # possible to make this work.
+            headers={"Accept-Encoding": "identity"},
+            stream=True,
+        )
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+    except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+        logger.critical(
+            "HTTP error %s while getting %s", exc.response.status_code, link,
+        )
+        raise
+
+    content_type = resp.headers.get('content-type', '')
+    filename = link.filename  # fallback
+    # Have a look at the Content-Disposition header for a better guess
+    content_disposition = resp.headers.get('content-disposition')
+    if content_disposition:
+        type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_disposition)
+        # We use ``or`` here because we don't want to use an "empty" value
+        # from the filename param.
+        filename = params.get('filename') or filename
+    ext = splitext(filename)[1]
+    if not ext:
+        ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(content_type)
+        if ext:
+            filename += ext
+    if not ext and link.url != resp.url:
+        ext = os.path.splitext(resp.url)[1]
+        if ext:
+            filename += ext
+    file_path = os.path.join(temp_dir, filename)
+    with open(file_path, 'wb') as content_file:
+        _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes)
+    return file_path, content_type
+
+
+def _check_download_dir(link, download_dir, hashes):
+    """ Check download_dir for previously downloaded file with correct hash
+        If a correct file is found return its path else None
+    """
+    download_path = os.path.join(download_dir, link.filename)
+    if os.path.exists(download_path):
+        # If already downloaded, does its hash match?
+        logger.info('File was already downloaded %s', download_path)
+        if hashes:
+            try:
+                hashes.check_against_path(download_path)
+            except HashMismatch:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Previously-downloaded file %s has bad hash. '
+                    'Re-downloading.',
+                    download_path
+                )
+                os.unlink(download_path)
+                return None
+        return download_path
+    return None
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9b639f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""Exceptions used throughout package"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from itertools import chain, groupby, repeat
+
+from pip._vendor.six import iteritems
+
+
+class PipError(Exception):
+    """Base pip exception"""
+
+
+class InstallationError(PipError):
+    """General exception during installation"""
+
+
+class UninstallationError(PipError):
+    """General exception during uninstallation"""
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(InstallationError):
+    """Raised when a distribution cannot be found to satisfy a requirement"""
+
+
+class RequirementsFileParseError(InstallationError):
+    """Raised when a general error occurs parsing a requirements file line."""
+
+
+class BestVersionAlreadyInstalled(PipError):
+    """Raised when the most up-to-date version of a package is already
+    installed."""
+
+
+class BadCommand(PipError):
+    """Raised when virtualenv or a command is not found"""
+
+
+class CommandError(PipError):
+    """Raised when there is an error in command-line arguments"""
+
+
+class PreviousBuildDirError(PipError):
+    """Raised when there's a previous conflicting build directory"""
+
+
+class InvalidWheelFilename(InstallationError):
+    """Invalid wheel filename."""
+
+
+class UnsupportedWheel(InstallationError):
+    """Unsupported wheel."""
+
+
+class HashErrors(InstallationError):
+    """Multiple HashError instances rolled into one for reporting"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.errors = []
+
+    def append(self, error):
+        self.errors.append(error)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+        self.errors.sort(key=lambda e: e.order)
+        for cls, errors_of_cls in groupby(self.errors, lambda e: e.__class__):
+            lines.append(cls.head)
+            lines.extend(e.body() for e in errors_of_cls)
+        if lines:
+            return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return bool(self.errors)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self.__nonzero__()
+
+
+class HashError(InstallationError):
+    """
+    A failure to verify a package against known-good hashes
+
+    :cvar order: An int sorting hash exception classes by difficulty of
+        recovery (lower being harder), so the user doesn't bother fretting
+        about unpinned packages when he has deeper issues, like VCS
+        dependencies, to deal with. Also keeps error reports in a
+        deterministic order.
+    :cvar head: A section heading for display above potentially many
+        exceptions of this kind
+    :ivar req: The InstallRequirement that triggered this error. This is
+        pasted on after the exception is instantiated, because it's not
+        typically available earlier.
+
+    """
+    req = None
+    head = ''
+
+    def body(self):
+        """Return a summary of me for display under the heading.
+
+        This default implementation simply prints a description of the
+        triggering requirement.
+
+        :param req: The InstallRequirement that provoked this error, with
+            populate_link() having already been called
+
+        """
+        return '    %s' % self._requirement_name()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%s\n%s' % (self.head, self.body())
+
+    def _requirement_name(self):
+        """Return a description of the requirement that triggered me.
+
+        This default implementation returns long description of the req, with
+        line numbers
+
+        """
+        return str(self.req) if self.req else 'unknown package'
+
+
+class VcsHashUnsupported(HashError):
+    """A hash was provided for a version-control-system-based requirement, but
+    we don't have a method for hashing those."""
+
+    order = 0
+    head = ("Can't verify hashes for these requirements because we don't "
+            "have a way to hash version control repositories:")
+
+
+class DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported(HashError):
+    """A hash was provided for a version-control-system-based requirement, but
+    we don't have a method for hashing those."""
+
+    order = 1
+    head = ("Can't verify hashes for these file:// requirements because they "
+            "point to directories:")
+
+
+class HashMissing(HashError):
+    """A hash was needed for a requirement but is absent."""
+
+    order = 2
+    head = ('Hashes are required in --require-hashes mode, but they are '
+            'missing from some requirements. Here is a list of those '
+            'requirements along with the hashes their downloaded archives '
+            'actually had. Add lines like these to your requirements files to '
+            'prevent tampering. (If you did not enable --require-hashes '
+            'manually, note that it turns on automatically when any package '
+            'has a hash.)')
+
+    def __init__(self, gotten_hash):
+        """
+        :param gotten_hash: The hash of the (possibly malicious) archive we
+            just downloaded
+        """
+        self.gotten_hash = gotten_hash
+
+    def body(self):
+        from pip.utils.hashes import FAVORITE_HASH  # Dodge circular import.
+
+        package_name = (self.req.req if self.req and
+                        # In case someone feeds something
+                        # downright stupid to
+                        # InstallRequirement's constructor:
+                        getattr(self.req, 'req', None)
+                        else 'unknown package')
+        return '    %s --hash=%s:%s' % (package_name,
+                                        FAVORITE_HASH,
+                                        self.gotten_hash)
+
+
+class HashUnpinned(HashError):
+    """A requirement had a hash specified but was not pinned to a specific
+    version."""
+
+    order = 3
+    head = ('In --require-hashes mode, all requirements must have their '
+            'versions pinned with ==. These do not:')
+
+
+class HashMismatch(HashError):
+    """
+    Distribution file hash values don't match.
+
+    :ivar package_name: The name of the package that triggered the hash
+        mismatch. Feel free to write to this after the exception is raise to
+        improve its error message.
+
+    """
+    order = 4
+    head = ('THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM THE REQUIREMENTS '
+            'FILE. If you have updated the package versions, please update '
+            'the hashes. Otherwise, examine the package contents carefully; '
+            'someone may have tampered with them.')
+
+    def __init__(self, allowed, gots):
+        """
+        :param allowed: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed
+            hex digests
+        :param gots: A dict of algorithm names pointing to hashes we
+            actually got from the files under suspicion
+        """
+        self.allowed = allowed
+        self.gots = gots
+
+    def body(self):
+        return '    %s:\n%s' % (self._requirement_name(),
+                                self._hash_comparison())
+
+    def _hash_comparison(self):
+        """
+        Return a comparison of actual and expected hash values.
+
+        Example::
+
+               Expected sha256 abcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcde
+                            or 123451234512345123451234512345123451234512345
+                    Got        bcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdef
+
+        """
+        def hash_then_or(hash_name):
+            # For now, all the decent hashes have 6-char names, so we can get
+            # away with hard-coding space literals.
+            return chain([hash_name], repeat('    or'))
+
+        lines = []
+        for hash_name, expecteds in iteritems(self.allowed):
+            prefix = hash_then_or(hash_name)
+            lines.extend(('        Expected %s %s' % (next(prefix), e))
+                         for e in expecteds)
+            lines.append('             Got        %s\n' %
+                         self.gots[hash_name].hexdigest())
+            prefix = '    or'
+        return '\n'.join(lines)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18c8fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@
+"""Routines related to PyPI, indexes"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import cgi
+from collections import namedtuple
+import itertools
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import mimetypes
+import posixpath
+import warnings
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import request as urllib_request
+
+from pip.compat import ipaddress
+from pip.utils import (
+    cached_property, splitext, normalize_path,
+    ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS, SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS, canonicalize_name)
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip9Warning
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    DistributionNotFound, BestVersionAlreadyInstalled, InvalidWheelFilename,
+    UnsupportedWheel,
+)
+from pip.download import HAS_TLS, is_url, path_to_url, url_to_path
+from pip.wheel import Wheel, wheel_ext
+from pip.pep425tags import supported_tags
+from pip._vendor import html5lib, requests, six
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+from pip._vendor.requests.exceptions import SSLError
+
+
+__all__ = ['FormatControl', 'fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude', 'PackageFinder']
+
+
+SECURE_ORIGINS = [
+    # protocol, hostname, port
+    # Taken from Chrome's list of secure origins (See: http://bit.ly/1qrySKC)
+    ("https", "*", "*"),
+    ("*", "localhost", "*"),
+    ("*", "127.0.0.0/8", "*"),
+    ("*", "::1/128", "*"),
+    ("file", "*", None),
+    # ssh is always secure.
+    ("ssh", "*", "*"),
+]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallationCandidate(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, project, version, location):
+        self.project = project
+        self.version = parse_version(version)
+        self.location = location
+        self._key = (self.project, self.version, self.location)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<InstallationCandidate({0!r}, {1!r}, {2!r})>".format(
+            self.project, self.version, self.location,
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o)
+
+    def _compare(self, other, method):
+        if not isinstance(other, InstallationCandidate):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._key, other._key)
+
+
+class PackageFinder(object):
+    """This finds packages.
+
+    This is meant to match easy_install's technique for looking for
+    packages, by reading pages and looking for appropriate links.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, find_links, index_urls, allow_all_prereleases=False,
+                 trusted_hosts=None, process_dependency_links=False,
+                 session=None, format_control=None):
+        """Create a PackageFinder.
+
+        :param format_control: A FormatControl object or None. Used to control
+            the selection of source packages / binary packages when consulting
+            the index and links.
+        """
+        if session is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "PackageFinder() missing 1 required keyword argument: "
+                "'session'"
+            )
+
+        # Build find_links. If an argument starts with ~, it may be
+        # a local file relative to a home directory. So try normalizing
+        # it and if it exists, use the normalized version.
+        # This is deliberately conservative - it might be fine just to
+        # blindly normalize anything starting with a ~...
+        self.find_links = []
+        for link in find_links:
+            if link.startswith('~'):
+                new_link = normalize_path(link)
+                if os.path.exists(new_link):
+                    link = new_link
+            self.find_links.append(link)
+
+        self.index_urls = index_urls
+        self.dependency_links = []
+
+        # These are boring links that have already been logged somehow:
+        self.logged_links = set()
+
+        self.format_control = format_control or FormatControl(set(), set())
+
+        # Domains that we won't emit warnings for when not using HTTPS
+        self.secure_origins = [
+            ("*", host, "*")
+            for host in (trusted_hosts if trusted_hosts else [])
+        ]
+
+        # Do we want to allow _all_ pre-releases?
+        self.allow_all_prereleases = allow_all_prereleases
+
+        # Do we process dependency links?
+        self.process_dependency_links = process_dependency_links
+
+        # The Session we'll use to make requests
+        self.session = session
+
+        # If we don't have TLS enabled, then WARN if anyplace we're looking
+        # relies on TLS.
+        if not HAS_TLS:
+            for link in itertools.chain(self.index_urls, self.find_links):
+                parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(link)
+                if parsed.scheme == "https":
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "pip is configured with locations that require "
+                        "TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not "
+                        "available."
+                    )
+                    break
+
+    def add_dependency_links(self, links):
+        # # FIXME: this shouldn't be global list this, it should only
+        # # apply to requirements of the package that specifies the
+        # # dependency_links value
+        # # FIXME: also, we should track comes_from (i.e., use Link)
+        if self.process_dependency_links:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Dependency Links processing has been deprecated and will be "
+                "removed in a future release.",
+                RemovedInPip9Warning,
+            )
+            self.dependency_links.extend(links)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _sort_locations(locations, expand_dir=False):
+        """
+        Sort locations into "files" (archives) and "urls", and return
+        a pair of lists (files,urls)
+        """
+        files = []
+        urls = []
+
+        # puts the url for the given file path into the appropriate list
+        def sort_path(path):
+            url = path_to_url(path)
+            if mimetypes.guess_type(url, strict=False)[0] == 'text/html':
+                urls.append(url)
+            else:
+                files.append(url)
+
+        for url in locations:
+
+            is_local_path = os.path.exists(url)
+            is_file_url = url.startswith('file:')
+
+            if is_local_path or is_file_url:
+                if is_local_path:
+                    path = url
+                else:
+                    path = url_to_path(url)
+                if os.path.isdir(path):
+                    if expand_dir:
+                        path = os.path.realpath(path)
+                        for item in os.listdir(path):
+                            sort_path(os.path.join(path, item))
+                    elif is_file_url:
+                        urls.append(url)
+                elif os.path.isfile(path):
+                    sort_path(path)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Url '%s' is ignored: it is neither a file "
+                        "nor a directory.", url)
+            elif is_url(url):
+                # Only add url with clear scheme
+                urls.append(url)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Url '%s' is ignored. It is either a non-existing "
+                    "path or lacks a specific scheme.", url)
+
+        return files, urls
+
+    def _candidate_sort_key(self, candidate):
+        """
+        Function used to generate link sort key for link tuples.
+        The greater the return value, the more preferred it is.
+        If not finding wheels, then sorted by version only.
+        If finding wheels, then the sort order is by version, then:
+          1. existing installs
+          2. wheels ordered via Wheel.support_index_min()
+          3. source archives
+        Note: it was considered to embed this logic into the Link
+              comparison operators, but then different sdist links
+              with the same version, would have to be considered equal
+        """
+        support_num = len(supported_tags)
+        if candidate.location.is_wheel:
+            # can raise InvalidWheelFilename
+            wheel = Wheel(candidate.location.filename)
+            if not wheel.supported():
+                raise UnsupportedWheel(
+                    "%s is not a supported wheel for this platform. It "
+                    "can't be sorted." % wheel.filename
+                )
+            pri = -(wheel.support_index_min())
+        else:  # sdist
+            pri = -(support_num)
+        return (candidate.version, pri)
+
+    def _validate_secure_origin(self, logger, location):
+        # Determine if this url used a secure transport mechanism
+        parsed = urllib_parse.urlparse(str(location))
+        origin = (parsed.scheme, parsed.hostname, parsed.port)
+
+        # The protocol to use to see if the protocol matches.
+        # Don't count the repository type as part of the protocol: in
+        # cases such as "git+ssh", only use "ssh". (I.e., Only verify against
+        # the last scheme.)
+        protocol = origin[0].rsplit('+', 1)[-1]
+
+        # Determine if our origin is a secure origin by looking through our
+        # hardcoded list of secure origins, as well as any additional ones
+        # configured on this PackageFinder instance.
+        for secure_origin in (SECURE_ORIGINS + self.secure_origins):
+            if protocol != secure_origin[0] and secure_origin[0] != "*":
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                # We need to do this decode dance to ensure that we have a
+                # unicode object, even on Python 2.x.
+                addr = ipaddress.ip_address(
+                    origin[1]
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(origin[1], six.text_type) or
+                        origin[1] is None
+                    )
+                    else origin[1].decode("utf8")
+                )
+                network = ipaddress.ip_network(
+                    secure_origin[1]
+                    if isinstance(secure_origin[1], six.text_type)
+                    else secure_origin[1].decode("utf8")
+                )
+            except ValueError:
+                # We don't have both a valid address or a valid network, so
+                # we'll check this origin against hostnames.
+                if origin[1] != secure_origin[1] and secure_origin[1] != "*":
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # We have a valid address and network, so see if the address
+                # is contained within the network.
+                if addr not in network:
+                    continue
+
+            # Check to see if the port patches
+            if (origin[2] != secure_origin[2] and
+                    secure_origin[2] != "*" and
+                    secure_origin[2] is not None):
+                continue
+
+            # If we've gotten here, then this origin matches the current
+            # secure origin and we should return True
+            return True
+
+        # If we've gotten to this point, then the origin isn't secure and we
+        # will not accept it as a valid location to search. We will however
+        # log a warning that we are ignoring it.
+        logger.warning(
+            "The repository located at %s is not a trusted or secure host and "
+            "is being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS it "
+            "is recommended to use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silence "
+            "this warning and allow it anyways with '--trusted-host %s'.",
+            parsed.hostname,
+            parsed.hostname,
+        )
+
+        return False
+
+    def _get_index_urls_locations(self, project_name):
+        """Returns the locations found via self.index_urls
+
+        Checks the url_name on the main (first in the list) index and
+        use this url_name to produce all locations
+        """
+
+        def mkurl_pypi_url(url):
+            loc = posixpath.join(url, urllib_parse.quote(project_name.lower()))
+            # For maximum compatibility with easy_install, ensure the path
+            # ends in a trailing slash.  Although this isn't in the spec
+            # (and PyPI can handle it without the slash) some other index
+            # implementations might break if they relied on easy_install's
+            # behavior.
+            if not loc.endswith('/'):
+                loc = loc + '/'
+            return loc
+
+        return [mkurl_pypi_url(url) for url in self.index_urls]
+
+    def find_all_candidates(self, project_name):
+        """Find all available InstallationCandidate for project_name
+
+        This checks index_urls, find_links and dependency_links.
+        All versions found are returned as an InstallationCandidate list.
+
+        See _link_package_versions for details on which files are accepted
+        """
+        index_locations = self._get_index_urls_locations(project_name)
+        index_file_loc, index_url_loc = self._sort_locations(index_locations)
+        fl_file_loc, fl_url_loc = self._sort_locations(
+            self.find_links, expand_dir=True)
+        dep_file_loc, dep_url_loc = self._sort_locations(self.dependency_links)
+
+        file_locations = (
+            Link(url) for url in itertools.chain(
+                index_file_loc, fl_file_loc, dep_file_loc)
+        )
+
+        # We trust every url that the user has given us whether it was given
+        #   via --index-url or --find-links
+        # We explicitly do not trust links that came from dependency_links
+        # We want to filter out any thing which does not have a secure origin.
+        url_locations = [
+            link for link in itertools.chain(
+                (Link(url) for url in index_url_loc),
+                (Link(url) for url in fl_url_loc),
+                (Link(url) for url in dep_url_loc),
+            )
+            if self._validate_secure_origin(logger, link)
+        ]
+
+        logger.debug('%d location(s) to search for versions of %s:',
+                     len(url_locations), project_name)
+
+        for location in url_locations:
+            logger.debug('* %s', location)
+
+        canonical_name = canonicalize_name(project_name)
+        formats = fmt_ctl_formats(self.format_control, canonical_name)
+        search = Search(project_name, canonical_name, formats)
+        find_links_versions = self._package_versions(
+            # We trust every directly linked archive in find_links
+            (Link(url, '-f') for url in self.find_links),
+            search
+        )
+
+        page_versions = []
+        for page in self._get_pages(url_locations, project_name):
+            logger.debug('Analyzing links from page %s', page.url)
+            with indent_log():
+                page_versions.extend(
+                    self._package_versions(page.links, search)
+                )
+
+        dependency_versions = self._package_versions(
+            (Link(url) for url in self.dependency_links), search
+        )
+        if dependency_versions:
+            logger.debug(
+                'dependency_links found: %s',
+                ', '.join([
+                    version.location.url for version in dependency_versions
+                ])
+            )
+
+        file_versions = self._package_versions(file_locations, search)
+        if file_versions:
+            file_versions.sort(reverse=True)
+            logger.debug(
+                'Local files found: %s',
+                ', '.join([
+                    url_to_path(candidate.location.url)
+                    for candidate in file_versions
+                ])
+            )
+
+        # This is an intentional priority ordering
+        return (
+            file_versions + find_links_versions + page_versions +
+            dependency_versions
+        )
+
+    def find_requirement(self, req, upgrade):
+        """Try to find a Link matching req
+
+        Expects req, an InstallRequirement and upgrade, a boolean
+        Returns a Link if found,
+        Raises DistributionNotFound or BestVersionAlreadyInstalled otherwise
+        """
+        all_candidates = self.find_all_candidates(req.name)
+
+        # Filter out anything which doesn't match our specifier
+        compatible_versions = set(
+            req.specifier.filter(
+                # We turn the version object into a str here because otherwise
+                # when we're debundled but setuptools isn't, Python will see
+                # packaging.version.Version and
+                # pkg_resources._vendor.packaging.version.Version as different
+                # types. This way we'll use a str as a common data interchange
+                # format. If we stop using the pkg_resources provided specifier
+                # and start using our own, we can drop the cast to str().
+                [str(c.version) for c in all_candidates],
+                prereleases=(
+                    self.allow_all_prereleases
+                    if self.allow_all_prereleases else None
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        applicable_candidates = [
+            # Again, converting to str to deal with debundling.
+            c for c in all_candidates if str(c.version) in compatible_versions
+        ]
+
+        if applicable_candidates:
+            best_candidate = max(applicable_candidates,
+                                 key=self._candidate_sort_key)
+        else:
+            best_candidate = None
+
+        if req.satisfied_by is not None:
+            installed_version = parse_version(req.satisfied_by.version)
+        else:
+            installed_version = None
+
+        if installed_version is None and best_candidate is None:
+            logger.critical(
+                'Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement %s '
+                '(from versions: %s)',
+                req,
+                ', '.join(
+                    sorted(
+                        set(str(c.version) for c in all_candidates),
+                        key=parse_version,
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            raise DistributionNotFound(
+                'No matching distribution found for %s' % req
+            )
+
+        best_installed = False
+        if installed_version and (
+                best_candidate is None or
+                best_candidate.version <= installed_version):
+            best_installed = True
+
+        if not upgrade and installed_version is not None:
+            if best_installed:
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Existing installed version (%s) is most up-to-date and '
+                    'satisfies requirement',
+                    installed_version,
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Existing installed version (%s) satisfies requirement '
+                    '(most up-to-date version is %s)',
+                    installed_version,
+                    best_candidate.version,
+                )
+            return None
+
+        if best_installed:
+            # We have an existing version, and its the best version
+            logger.debug(
+                'Installed version (%s) is most up-to-date (past versions: '
+                '%s)',
+                installed_version,
+                ', '.join(sorted(compatible_versions, key=parse_version)) or
+                "none",
+            )
+            raise BestVersionAlreadyInstalled
+
+        logger.debug(
+            'Using version %s (newest of versions: %s)',
+            best_candidate.version,
+            ', '.join(sorted(compatible_versions, key=parse_version))
+        )
+        return best_candidate.location
+
+    def _get_pages(self, locations, project_name):
+        """
+        Yields (page, page_url) from the given locations, skipping
+        locations that have errors.
+        """
+        seen = set()
+        for location in locations:
+            if location in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(location)
+
+            page = self._get_page(location)
+            if page is None:
+                continue
+
+            yield page
+
+    _py_version_re = re.compile(r'-py([123]\.?[0-9]?)$')
+
+    def _sort_links(self, links):
+        """
+        Returns elements of links in order, non-egg links first, egg links
+        second, while eliminating duplicates
+        """
+        eggs, no_eggs = [], []
+        seen = set()
+        for link in links:
+            if link not in seen:
+                seen.add(link)
+                if link.egg_fragment:
+                    eggs.append(link)
+                else:
+                    no_eggs.append(link)
+        return no_eggs + eggs
+
+    def _package_versions(self, links, search):
+        result = []
+        for link in self._sort_links(links):
+            v = self._link_package_versions(link, search)
+            if v is not None:
+                result.append(v)
+        return result
+
+    def _log_skipped_link(self, link, reason):
+        if link not in self.logged_links:
+            logger.debug('Skipping link %s; %s', link, reason)
+            self.logged_links.add(link)
+
+    def _link_package_versions(self, link, search):
+        """Return an InstallationCandidate or None"""
+
+        version = None
+        if link.egg_fragment:
+            egg_info = link.egg_fragment
+            ext = link.ext
+        else:
+            egg_info, ext = link.splitext()
+            if not ext:
+                self._log_skipped_link(link, 'not a file')
+                return
+            if ext not in SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS:
+                self._log_skipped_link(
+                    link, 'unsupported archive format: %s' % ext)
+                return
+            if "binary" not in search.formats and ext == wheel_ext:
+                self._log_skipped_link(
+                    link, 'No binaries permitted for %s' % search.supplied)
+                return
+            if "macosx10" in link.path and ext == '.zip':
+                self._log_skipped_link(link, 'macosx10 one')
+                return
+            if ext == wheel_ext:
+                try:
+                    wheel = Wheel(link.filename)
+                except InvalidWheelFilename:
+                    self._log_skipped_link(link, 'invalid wheel filename')
+                    return
+                if canonicalize_name(wheel.name) != search.canonical:
+                    self._log_skipped_link(
+                        link, 'wrong project name (not %s)' % search.supplied)
+                    return
+                if not wheel.supported():
+                    self._log_skipped_link(
+                        link, 'it is not compatible with this Python')
+                    return
+
+                version = wheel.version
+
+        # This should be up by the search.ok_binary check, but see issue 2700.
+        if "source" not in search.formats and ext != wheel_ext:
+            self._log_skipped_link(
+                link, 'No sources permitted for %s' % search.supplied)
+            return
+
+        if not version:
+            version = egg_info_matches(egg_info, search.supplied, link)
+        if version is None:
+            self._log_skipped_link(
+                link, 'wrong project name (not %s)' % search.supplied)
+            return
+
+        match = self._py_version_re.search(version)
+        if match:
+            version = version[:match.start()]
+            py_version = match.group(1)
+            if py_version != sys.version[:3]:
+                self._log_skipped_link(
+                    link, 'Python version is incorrect')
+                return
+        logger.debug('Found link %s, version: %s', link, version)
+
+        return InstallationCandidate(search.supplied, version, link)
+
+    def _get_page(self, link):
+        return HTMLPage.get_page(link, session=self.session)
+
+
+def egg_info_matches(
+        egg_info, search_name, link,
+        _egg_info_re=re.compile(r'([a-z0-9_.]+)-([a-z0-9_.!+-]+)', re.I)):
+    """Pull the version part out of a string.
+
+    :param egg_info: The string to parse. E.g. foo-2.1
+    :param search_name: The name of the package this belongs to. None to
+        infer the name. Note that this cannot unambiguously parse strings
+        like foo-2-2 which might be foo, 2-2 or foo-2, 2.
+    :param link: The link the string came from, for logging on failure.
+    """
+    match = _egg_info_re.search(egg_info)
+    if not match:
+        logger.debug('Could not parse version from link: %s', link)
+        return None
+    if search_name is None:
+        full_match = match.group(0)
+        return full_match[full_match.index('-'):]
+    name = match.group(0).lower()
+    # To match the "safe" name that pkg_resources creates:
+    name = name.replace('_', '-')
+    # project name and version must be separated by a dash
+    look_for = search_name.lower() + "-"
+    if name.startswith(look_for):
+        return match.group(0)[len(look_for):]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+class HTMLPage(object):
+    """Represents one page, along with its URL"""
+
+    def __init__(self, content, url, headers=None):
+        # Determine if we have any encoding information in our headers
+        encoding = None
+        if headers and "Content-Type" in headers:
+            content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(headers["Content-Type"])
+
+            if "charset" in params:
+                encoding = params['charset']
+
+        self.content = content
+        self.parsed = html5lib.parse(
+            self.content,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            namespaceHTMLElements=False,
+        )
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_page(cls, link, skip_archives=True, session=None):
+        if session is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "get_page() missing 1 required keyword argument: 'session'"
+            )
+
+        url = link.url
+        url = url.split('#', 1)[0]
+
+        # Check for VCS schemes that do not support lookup as web pages.
+        from pip.vcs import VcsSupport
+        for scheme in VcsSupport.schemes:
+            if url.lower().startswith(scheme) and url[len(scheme)] in '+:':
+                logger.debug('Cannot look at %s URL %s', scheme, link)
+                return None
+
+        try:
+            if skip_archives:
+                filename = link.filename
+                for bad_ext in ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+                    if filename.endswith(bad_ext):
+                        content_type = cls._get_content_type(
+                            url, session=session,
+                        )
+                        if content_type.lower().startswith('text/html'):
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            logger.debug(
+                                'Skipping page %s because of Content-Type: %s',
+                                link,
+                                content_type,
+                            )
+                            return
+
+            logger.debug('Getting page %s', url)
+
+            # Tack index.html onto file:// URLs that point to directories
+            (scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment) = \
+                urllib_parse.urlparse(url)
+            if (scheme == 'file' and
+                    os.path.isdir(urllib_request.url2pathname(path))):
+                # add trailing slash if not present so urljoin doesn't trim
+                # final segment
+                if not url.endswith('/'):
+                    url += '/'
+                url = urllib_parse.urljoin(url, 'index.html')
+                logger.debug(' file: URL is directory, getting %s', url)
+
+            resp = session.get(
+                url,
+                headers={
+                    "Accept": "text/html",
+                    "Cache-Control": "max-age=600",
+                },
+            )
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+
+            # The check for archives above only works if the url ends with
+            #   something that looks like an archive. However that is not a
+            #   requirement of an url. Unless we issue a HEAD request on every
+            #   url we cannot know ahead of time for sure if something is HTML
+            #   or not. However we can check after we've downloaded it.
+            content_type = resp.headers.get('Content-Type', 'unknown')
+            if not content_type.lower().startswith("text/html"):
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Skipping page %s because of Content-Type: %s',
+                    link,
+                    content_type,
+                )
+                return
+
+            inst = cls(resp.content, resp.url, resp.headers)
+        except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+            cls._handle_fail(link, exc, url)
+        except SSLError as exc:
+            reason = ("There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: "
+                      "%s" % exc)
+            cls._handle_fail(link, reason, url, meth=logger.info)
+        except requests.ConnectionError as exc:
+            cls._handle_fail(link, "connection error: %s" % exc, url)
+        except requests.Timeout:
+            cls._handle_fail(link, "timed out", url)
+        else:
+            return inst
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _handle_fail(link, reason, url, meth=None):
+        if meth is None:
+            meth = logger.debug
+
+        meth("Could not fetch URL %s: %s - skipping", link, reason)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_content_type(url, session):
+        """Get the Content-Type of the given url, using a HEAD request"""
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+        if scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
+            # FIXME: some warning or something?
+            # assertion error?
+            return ''
+
+        resp = session.head(url, allow_redirects=True)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+
+        return resp.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+
+    @cached_property
+    def base_url(self):
+        bases = [
+            x for x in self.parsed.findall(".//base")
+            if x.get("href") is not None
+        ]
+        if bases and bases[0].get("href"):
+            return bases[0].get("href")
+        else:
+            return self.url
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Yields all links in the page"""
+        for anchor in self.parsed.findall(".//a"):
+            if anchor.get("href"):
+                href = anchor.get("href")
+                url = self.clean_link(
+                    urllib_parse.urljoin(self.base_url, href)
+                )
+                yield Link(url, self)
+
+    _clean_re = re.compile(r'[^a-z0-9$&+,/:;=?@.#%_\\|-]', re.I)
+
+    def clean_link(self, url):
+        """Makes sure a link is fully encoded.  That is, if a ' ' shows up in
+        the link, it will be rewritten to %20 (while not over-quoting
+        % or other characters)."""
+        return self._clean_re.sub(
+            lambda match: '%%%2x' % ord(match.group(0)), url)
+
+
+class Link(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, url, comes_from=None):
+
+        # url can be a UNC windows share
+        if url.startswith('\\\\'):
+            url = path_to_url(url)
+
+        self.url = url
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.comes_from:
+            return '%s (from %s)' % (self.url, self.comes_from)
+        else:
+            return str(self.url)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Link %s>' % self
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url == other.url
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url != other.url
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url < other.url
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url <= other.url
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url > other.url
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Link):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.url >= other.url
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.url)
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        _, netloc, path, _, _ = urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)
+        name = posixpath.basename(path.rstrip('/')) or netloc
+        name = urllib_parse.unquote(name)
+        assert name, ('URL %r produced no filename' % self.url)
+        return name
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self):
+        return urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self):
+        return urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return urllib_parse.unquote(urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)[2])
+
+    def splitext(self):
+        return splitext(posixpath.basename(self.path.rstrip('/')))
+
+    @property
+    def ext(self):
+        return self.splitext()[1]
+
+    @property
+    def url_without_fragment(self):
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urllib_parse.urlsplit(self.url)
+        return urllib_parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, None))
+
+    _egg_fragment_re = re.compile(r'#egg=([^&]*)')
+
+    @property
+    def egg_fragment(self):
+        match = self._egg_fragment_re.search(self.url)
+        if not match:
+            return None
+        return match.group(1)
+
+    _hash_re = re.compile(
+        r'(sha1|sha224|sha384|sha256|sha512|md5)=([a-f0-9]+)'
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def hash(self):
+        match = self._hash_re.search(self.url)
+        if match:
+            return match.group(2)
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def hash_name(self):
+        match = self._hash_re.search(self.url)
+        if match:
+            return match.group(1)
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def show_url(self):
+        return posixpath.basename(self.url.split('#', 1)[0].split('?', 1)[0])
+
+    @property
+    def is_wheel(self):
+        return self.ext == wheel_ext
+
+    @property
+    def is_artifact(self):
+        """
+        Determines if this points to an actual artifact (e.g. a tarball) or if
+        it points to an "abstract" thing like a path or a VCS location.
+        """
+        from pip.vcs import vcs
+
+        if self.scheme in vcs.all_schemes:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+FormatControl = namedtuple('FormatControl', 'no_binary only_binary')
+"""This object has two fields, no_binary and only_binary.
+
+If a field is falsy, it isn't set. If it is {':all:'}, it should match all
+packages except those listed in the other field. Only one field can be set
+to {':all:'} at a time. The rest of the time exact package name matches
+are listed, with any given package only showing up in one field at a time.
+"""
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(value, target, other):
+    new = value.split(',')
+    while ':all:' in new:
+        other.clear()
+        target.clear()
+        target.add(':all:')
+        del new[:new.index(':all:') + 1]
+        if ':none:' not in new:
+            # Without a none, we want to discard everything as :all: covers it
+            return
+    for name in new:
+        if name == ':none:':
+            target.clear()
+            continue
+        name = canonicalize_name(name)
+        other.discard(name)
+        target.add(name)
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_formats(fmt_ctl, canonical_name):
+    result = set(["binary", "source"])
+    if canonical_name in fmt_ctl.only_binary:
+        result.discard('source')
+    elif canonical_name in fmt_ctl.no_binary:
+        result.discard('binary')
+    elif ':all:' in fmt_ctl.only_binary:
+        result.discard('source')
+    elif ':all:' in fmt_ctl.no_binary:
+        result.discard('binary')
+    return frozenset(result)
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_no_binary(fmt_ctl):
+    fmt_ctl_handle_mutual_exclude(
+        ':all:', fmt_ctl.no_binary, fmt_ctl.only_binary)
+
+
+def fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel(fmt_ctl):
+    fmt_ctl_no_binary(fmt_ctl)
+    warnings.warn(
+        '--no-use-wheel is deprecated and will be removed in the future. '
+        ' Please use --no-binary :all: instead.', DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2)
+
+
+Search = namedtuple('Search', 'supplied canonical formats')
+"""Capture key aspects of a search.
+
+:attribute supplied: The user supplied package.
+:attribute canonical: The canonical package name.
+:attribute formats: The formats allowed for this package. Should be a set
+    with 'binary' or 'source' or both in it.
+"""
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bd0fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/locations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+"""Locations where we look for configs, install stuff, etc"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import site
+import sys
+
+from distutils import sysconfig
+from distutils.command.install import install, SCHEME_KEYS  # noqa
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS, expanduser
+from pip.utils import appdirs
+
+
+# Application Directories
+USER_CACHE_DIR = appdirs.user_cache_dir("pip")
+
+
+DELETE_MARKER_MESSAGE = '''\
+This file is placed here by pip to indicate the source was put
+here by pip.
+
+Once this package is successfully installed this source code will be
+deleted (unless you remove this file).
+'''
+PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME = 'pip-delete-this-directory.txt'
+
+
+def write_delete_marker_file(directory):
+    """
+    Write the pip delete marker file into this directory.
+    """
+    filepath = os.path.join(directory, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME)
+    with open(filepath, 'w') as marker_fp:
+        marker_fp.write(DELETE_MARKER_MESSAGE)
+
+
+def running_under_virtualenv():
+    """
+    Return True if we're running inside a virtualenv, False otherwise.
+
+    """
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        return True
+    elif sys.prefix != getattr(sys, "base_prefix", sys.prefix):
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def virtualenv_no_global():
+    """
+    Return True if in a venv and no system site packages.
+    """
+    # this mirrors the logic in virtualenv.py for locating the
+    # no-global-site-packages.txt file
+    site_mod_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(site.__file__))
+    no_global_file = os.path.join(site_mod_dir, 'no-global-site-packages.txt')
+    if running_under_virtualenv() and os.path.isfile(no_global_file):
+        return True
+
+
+if running_under_virtualenv():
+    src_prefix = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'src')
+else:
+    # FIXME: keep src in cwd for now (it is not a temporary folder)
+    try:
+        src_prefix = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'src')
+    except OSError:
+        # In case the current working directory has been renamed or deleted
+        sys.exit(
+            "The folder you are executing pip from can no longer be found."
+        )
+
+# under Mac OS X + virtualenv sys.prefix is not properly resolved
+# it is something like /path/to/python/bin/..
+# Note: using realpath due to tmp dirs on OSX being symlinks
+src_prefix = os.path.abspath(src_prefix)
+
+# FIXME doesn't account for venv linked to global site-packages
+
+site_packages = sysconfig.get_python_lib()
+user_site = site.USER_SITE
+user_dir = expanduser('~')
+if WINDOWS:
+    bin_py = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'Scripts')
+    bin_user = os.path.join(user_site, 'Scripts')
+    # buildout uses 'bin' on Windows too?
+    if not os.path.exists(bin_py):
+        bin_py = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin')
+        bin_user = os.path.join(user_site, 'bin')
+
+    config_basename = 'pip.ini'
+
+    legacy_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, 'pip')
+    legacy_config_file = os.path.join(
+        legacy_storage_dir,
+        config_basename,
+    )
+else:
+    bin_py = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'bin')
+    bin_user = os.path.join(user_site, 'bin')
+
+    config_basename = 'pip.conf'
+
+    legacy_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, '.pip')
+    legacy_config_file = os.path.join(
+        legacy_storage_dir,
+        config_basename,
+    )
+
+    # Forcing to use /usr/local/bin for standard Mac OS X framework installs
+    # Also log to ~/Library/Logs/ for use with the Console.app log viewer
+    if sys.platform[:6] == 'darwin' and sys.prefix[:16] == '/System/Library/':
+        bin_py = '/usr/local/bin'
+
+site_config_files = [
+    os.path.join(path, config_basename)
+    for path in appdirs.site_config_dirs('pip')
+]
+
+
+def distutils_scheme(dist_name, user=False, home=None, root=None,
+                     isolated=False, prefix=None):
+    """
+    Return a distutils install scheme
+    """
+    from distutils.dist import Distribution
+
+    scheme = {}
+
+    if isolated:
+        extra_dist_args = {"script_args": ["--no-user-cfg"]}
+    else:
+        extra_dist_args = {}
+    dist_args = {'name': dist_name}
+    dist_args.update(extra_dist_args)
+
+    d = Distribution(dist_args)
+    d.parse_config_files()
+    i = d.get_command_obj('install', create=True)
+    # NOTE: setting user or home has the side-effect of creating the home dir
+    # or user base for installations during finalize_options()
+    # ideally, we'd prefer a scheme class that has no side-effects.
+    assert not (user and prefix), "user={0} prefix={1}".format(user, prefix)
+    i.user = user or i.user
+    if user:
+        i.prefix = ""
+    i.prefix = prefix or i.prefix
+    i.home = home or i.home
+    i.root = root or i.root
+    i.finalize_options()
+    for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+        scheme[key] = getattr(i, 'install_' + key)
+
+    # install_lib specified in setup.cfg should install *everything*
+    # into there (i.e. it takes precedence over both purelib and
+    # platlib).  Note, i.install_lib is *always* set after
+    # finalize_options(); we only want to override here if the user
+    # has explicitly requested it hence going back to the config
+    if 'install_lib' in d.get_option_dict('install'):
+        scheme.update(dict(purelib=i.install_lib, platlib=i.install_lib))
+
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        scheme['headers'] = os.path.join(
+            sys.prefix,
+            'include',
+            'site',
+            'python' + sys.version[:3],
+            dist_name,
+        )
+
+        if root is not None:
+            path_no_drive = os.path.splitdrive(
+                os.path.abspath(scheme["headers"]))[1]
+            scheme["headers"] = os.path.join(
+                root,
+                path_no_drive[1:],
+            )
+
+    return scheme
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d727d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from pip.models.index import Index, PyPI
+
+
+__all__ = ["Index", "PyPI"]
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/index.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be99119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/models/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+
+class Index(object):
+    def __init__(self, url):
+        self.url = url
+        self.netloc = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url).netloc
+        self.simple_url = self.url_to_path('simple')
+        self.pypi_url = self.url_to_path('pypi')
+        self.pip_json_url = self.url_to_path('pypi/pip/json')
+
+    def url_to_path(self, path):
+        return urllib_parse.urljoin(self.url, path)
+
+
+PyPI = Index('https://pypi.python.org/')
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74ff7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/operations/freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import re
+
+import pip
+from pip.compat import stdlib_pkgs
+from pip.req import InstallRequirement
+from pip.utils import get_installed_distributions
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# packages to exclude from freeze output
+freeze_excludes = stdlib_pkgs + ['setuptools', 'pip', 'distribute']
+
+
+def freeze(
+        requirement=None,
+        find_links=None, local_only=None, user_only=None, skip_regex=None,
+        default_vcs=None,
+        isolated=False,
+        wheel_cache=None):
+    find_links = find_links or []
+    skip_match = None
+
+    if skip_regex:
+        skip_match = re.compile(skip_regex)
+
+    dependency_links = []
+
+    for dist in pkg_resources.working_set:
+        if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt'):
+            dependency_links.extend(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+    for link in find_links:
+        if '#egg=' in link:
+            dependency_links.append(link)
+    for link in find_links:
+        yield '-f %s' % link
+    installations = {}
+    for dist in get_installed_distributions(local_only=local_only,
+                                            skip=freeze_excludes,
+                                            user_only=user_only):
+        req = pip.FrozenRequirement.from_dist(
+            dist,
+            dependency_links
+        )
+        installations[req.name] = req
+
+    if requirement:
+        with open(requirement) as req_file:
+            for line in req_file:
+                if (not line.strip() or
+                        line.strip().startswith('#') or
+                        (skip_match and skip_match.search(line)) or
+                        line.startswith((
+                            '-r', '--requirement',
+                            '-Z', '--always-unzip',
+                            '-f', '--find-links',
+                            '-i', '--index-url',
+                            '--extra-index-url'))):
+                    yield line.rstrip()
+                    continue
+
+                if line.startswith('-e') or line.startswith('--editable'):
+                    if line.startswith('-e'):
+                        line = line[2:].strip()
+                    else:
+                        line = line[len('--editable'):].strip().lstrip('=')
+                    line_req = InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+                        line,
+                        default_vcs=default_vcs,
+                        isolated=isolated,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    line_req = InstallRequirement.from_line(
+                        line,
+                        isolated=isolated,
+                        wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                    )
+
+                if not line_req.name:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Skipping line because it's not clear what it "
+                        "would install: %s",
+                        line.strip(),
+                    )
+                    logger.info(
+                        "  (add #egg=PackageName to the URL to avoid"
+                        " this warning)"
+                    )
+                elif line_req.name not in installations:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Requirement file contains %s, but that package is"
+                        " not installed",
+                        line.strip(),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    yield str(installations[line_req.name]).rstrip()
+                    del installations[line_req.name]
+
+        yield(
+            '## The following requirements were added by '
+            'pip freeze:'
+        )
+    for installation in sorted(
+            installations.values(), key=lambda x: x.name.lower()):
+        yield str(installation).rstrip()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d91ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/pep425tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+"""Generate and work with PEP 425 Compatibility Tags."""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+import platform
+import logging
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
+    # Python < 2.7
+    import distutils.sysconfig as sysconfig
+import distutils.util
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+_osx_arch_pat = re.compile(r'(.+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(.+)')
+
+
+def get_config_var(var):
+    try:
+        return sysconfig.get_config_var(var)
+    except IOError as e:  # Issue #1074
+        warnings.warn("{0}".format(e), RuntimeWarning)
+        return None
+
+
+def get_abbr_impl():
+    """Return abbreviated implementation name."""
+    if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+        pyimpl = 'pp'
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        pyimpl = 'jy'
+    elif sys.platform == 'cli':
+        pyimpl = 'ip'
+    else:
+        pyimpl = 'cp'
+    return pyimpl
+
+
+def get_impl_ver():
+    """Return implementation version."""
+    impl_ver = get_config_var("py_version_nodot")
+    if not impl_ver or get_abbr_impl() == 'pp':
+        impl_ver = ''.join(map(str, get_impl_version_info()))
+    return impl_ver
+
+
+def get_impl_version_info():
+    """Return sys.version_info-like tuple for use in decrementing the minor
+    version."""
+    if get_abbr_impl() == 'pp':
+        # as per https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/2882
+        return (sys.version_info[0], sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+                sys.pypy_version_info.minor)
+    else:
+        return sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]
+
+
+def get_impl_tag():
+    """
+    Returns the Tag for this specific implementation.
+    """
+    return "{0}{1}".format(get_abbr_impl(), get_impl_ver())
+
+
+def get_flag(var, fallback, expected=True, warn=True):
+    """Use a fallback method for determining SOABI flags if the needed config
+    var is unset or unavailable."""
+    val = get_config_var(var)
+    if val is None:
+        if warn:
+            logger.debug("Config variable '%s' is unset, Python ABI tag may "
+                         "be incorrect", var)
+        return fallback()
+    return val == expected
+
+
+def get_abi_tag():
+    """Return the ABI tag based on SOABI (if available) or emulate SOABI
+    (CPython 2, PyPy)."""
+    soabi = get_config_var('SOABI')
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+    if not soabi and impl in ('cp', 'pp') and hasattr(sys, 'maxunicode'):
+        d = ''
+        m = ''
+        u = ''
+        if get_flag('Py_DEBUG',
+                    lambda: hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'),
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp')):
+            d = 'd'
+        if get_flag('WITH_PYMALLOC',
+                    lambda: impl == 'cp',
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp')):
+            m = 'm'
+        if get_flag('Py_UNICODE_SIZE',
+                    lambda: sys.maxunicode == 0x10ffff,
+                    expected=4,
+                    warn=(impl == 'cp' and
+                          sys.version_info < (3, 3))) \
+                and sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+            u = 'u'
+        abi = '%s%s%s%s%s' % (impl, get_impl_ver(), d, m, u)
+    elif soabi and soabi.startswith('cpython-'):
+        abi = 'cp' + soabi.split('-')[1]
+    elif soabi:
+        abi = soabi.replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    else:
+        abi = None
+    return abi
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """Return our platform name 'win32', 'linux_x86_64'"""
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        # distutils.util.get_platform() returns the release based on the value
+        # of MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET on which Python was built, which may
+        # be signficantly older than the user's current machine.
+        release, _, machine = platform.mac_ver()
+        split_ver = release.split('.')
+        return 'macosx_{0}_{1}_{2}'.format(split_ver[0], split_ver[1], machine)
+    # XXX remove distutils dependency
+    return distutils.util.get_platform().replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+
+
+def get_supported(versions=None, noarch=False):
+    """Return a list of supported tags for each version specified in
+    `versions`.
+
+    :param versions: a list of string versions, of the form ["33", "32"],
+        or None. The first version will be assumed to support our ABI.
+    """
+    supported = []
+
+    # Versions must be given with respect to the preference
+    if versions is None:
+        versions = []
+        version_info = get_impl_version_info()
+        major = version_info[:-1]
+        # Support all previous minor Python versions.
+        for minor in range(version_info[-1], -1, -1):
+            versions.append(''.join(map(str, major + (minor,))))
+
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+
+    abis = []
+
+    abi = get_abi_tag()
+    if abi:
+        abis[0:0] = [abi]
+
+    abi3s = set()
+    import imp
+    for suffix in imp.get_suffixes():
+        if suffix[0].startswith('.abi'):
+            abi3s.add(suffix[0].split('.', 2)[1])
+
+    abis.extend(sorted(list(abi3s)))
+
+    abis.append('none')
+
+    if not noarch:
+        arch = get_platform()
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            # support macosx-10.6-intel on macosx-10.9-x86_64
+            match = _osx_arch_pat.match(arch)
+            if match:
+                name, major, minor, actual_arch = match.groups()
+                actual_arches = [actual_arch]
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                    actual_arches.append('fat')
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('intel')
+                if actual_arch in ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('fat64')
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('fat32')
+                if actual_arch in ('i386', 'x86_64', 'intel', 'ppc', 'ppc64'):
+                    actual_arches.append('universal')
+                tpl = '{0}_{1}_%i_%s'.format(name, major)
+                arches = []
+                for m in reversed(range(int(minor) + 1)):
+                    for a in actual_arches:
+                        arches.append(tpl % (m, a))
+            else:
+                # arch pattern didn't match (?!)
+                arches = [arch]
+        else:
+            arches = [arch]
+
+        # Current version, current API (built specifically for our Python):
+        for abi in abis:
+            for arch in arches:
+                supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0]), abi, arch))
+
+        # Has binaries, does not use the Python API:
+        supported.append(('py%s' % (versions[0][0]), 'none', arch))
+
+    # No abi / arch, but requires our implementation:
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, version), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            # Tagged specifically as being cross-version compatible
+            # (with just the major version specified)
+            supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0][0]), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    # No abi / arch, generic Python
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('py%s' % (version,), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            supported.append(('py%s' % (version[0]), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    return supported
+
+supported_tags = get_supported()
+supported_tags_noarch = get_supported(noarch=True)
+
+implementation_tag = get_impl_tag()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00185a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .req_install import InstallRequirement
+from .req_set import RequirementSet, Requirements
+from .req_file import parse_requirements
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RequirementSet", "Requirements", "InstallRequirement",
+    "parse_requirements",
+]
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c92c930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+"""
+Requirements file parsing
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import optparse
+import warnings
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import filterfalse
+
+import pip
+from pip.download import get_file_content
+from pip.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip.exceptions import (RequirementsFileParseError)
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip import cmdoptions
+
+__all__ = ['parse_requirements']
+
+SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r'^(http|https|file):', re.I)
+COMMENT_RE = re.compile(r'(^|\s)+#.*$')
+
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS = [
+    cmdoptions.constraints,
+    cmdoptions.editable,
+    cmdoptions.requirements,
+    cmdoptions.no_index,
+    cmdoptions.index_url,
+    cmdoptions.find_links,
+    cmdoptions.extra_index_url,
+    cmdoptions.allow_external,
+    cmdoptions.allow_all_external,
+    cmdoptions.no_allow_external,
+    cmdoptions.allow_unsafe,
+    cmdoptions.no_allow_unsafe,
+    cmdoptions.use_wheel,
+    cmdoptions.no_use_wheel,
+    cmdoptions.always_unzip,
+    cmdoptions.no_binary,
+    cmdoptions.only_binary,
+    cmdoptions.pre,
+    cmdoptions.process_dependency_links,
+    cmdoptions.trusted_host,
+    cmdoptions.require_hashes,
+]
+
+# options to be passed to requirements
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ = [
+    cmdoptions.install_options,
+    cmdoptions.global_options,
+    cmdoptions.hash,
+]
+
+# the 'dest' string values
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ_DEST = [o().dest for o in SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ]
+
+
+def parse_requirements(filename, finder=None, comes_from=None, options=None,
+                       session=None, constraint=False, wheel_cache=None):
+    """Parse a requirements file and yield InstallRequirement instances.
+
+    :param filename:    Path or url of requirements file.
+    :param finder:      Instance of pip.index.PackageFinder.
+    :param comes_from:  Origin description of requirements.
+    :param options:     cli options.
+    :param session:     Instance of pip.download.PipSession.
+    :param constraint:  If true, parsing a constraint file rather than
+        requirements file.
+    :param wheel_cache: Instance of pip.wheel.WheelCache
+    """
+    if session is None:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "parse_requirements() missing 1 required keyword argument: "
+            "'session'"
+        )
+
+    _, content = get_file_content(
+        filename, comes_from=comes_from, session=session
+    )
+
+    lines_enum = preprocess(content, options)
+
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        req_iter = process_line(line, filename, line_number, finder,
+                                comes_from, options, session, wheel_cache,
+                                constraint=constraint)
+        for req in req_iter:
+            yield req
+
+
+def preprocess(content, options):
+    """Split, filter, and join lines, and return a line iterator
+
+    :param content: the content of the requirements file
+    :param options: cli options
+    """
+    lines_enum = enumerate(content.splitlines(), start=1)
+    lines_enum = join_lines(lines_enum)
+    lines_enum = ignore_comments(lines_enum)
+    lines_enum = skip_regex(lines_enum, options)
+    return lines_enum
+
+
+def process_line(line, filename, line_number, finder=None, comes_from=None,
+                 options=None, session=None, wheel_cache=None,
+                 constraint=False):
+    """Process a single requirements line; This can result in creating/yielding
+    requirements, or updating the finder.
+
+    For lines that contain requirements, the only options that have an effect
+    are from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ, and they are scoped to the
+    requirement. Other options from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS may be present, but are
+    ignored.
+
+    For lines that do not contain requirements, the only options that have an
+    effect are from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS. Options from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ may
+    be present, but are ignored. These lines may contain multiple options
+    (although our docs imply only one is supported), and all our parsed and
+    affect the finder.
+
+    :param constraint: If True, parsing a constraints file.
+    :param options: OptionParser options that we may update
+    """
+    parser = build_parser()
+    defaults = parser.get_default_values()
+    defaults.index_url = None
+    if finder:
+        # `finder.format_control` will be updated during parsing
+        defaults.format_control = finder.format_control
+    args_str, options_str = break_args_options(line)
+    opts, _ = parser.parse_args(shlex.split(options_str), defaults)
+
+    # preserve for the nested code path
+    line_comes_from = '%s %s (line %s)' % (
+        '-c' if constraint else '-r', filename, line_number)
+
+    # yield a line requirement
+    if args_str:
+        isolated = options.isolated_mode if options else False
+        if options:
+            cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options, opts)
+        # get the options that apply to requirements
+        req_options = {}
+        for dest in SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ_DEST:
+            if dest in opts.__dict__ and opts.__dict__[dest]:
+                req_options[dest] = opts.__dict__[dest]
+        yield InstallRequirement.from_line(
+            args_str, line_comes_from, constraint=constraint,
+            isolated=isolated, options=req_options, wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+        )
+
+    # yield an editable requirement
+    elif opts.editables:
+        isolated = options.isolated_mode if options else False
+        default_vcs = options.default_vcs if options else None
+        yield InstallRequirement.from_editable(
+            opts.editables[0], comes_from=line_comes_from,
+            constraint=constraint, default_vcs=default_vcs, isolated=isolated,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+        )
+
+    # parse a nested requirements file
+    elif opts.requirements or opts.constraints:
+        if opts.requirements:
+            req_path = opts.requirements[0]
+            nested_constraint = False
+        else:
+            req_path = opts.constraints[0]
+            nested_constraint = True
+        # original file is over http
+        if SCHEME_RE.search(filename):
+            # do a url join so relative paths work
+            req_path = urllib_parse.urljoin(filename, req_path)
+        # original file and nested file are paths
+        elif not SCHEME_RE.search(req_path):
+            # do a join so relative paths work
+            req_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename), req_path)
+        # TODO: Why not use `comes_from='-r {} (line {})'` here as well?
+        parser = parse_requirements(
+            req_path, finder, comes_from, options, session,
+            constraint=nested_constraint, wheel_cache=wheel_cache
+        )
+        for req in parser:
+            yield req
+
+    # percolate hash-checking option upward
+    elif opts.require_hashes:
+        options.require_hashes = opts.require_hashes
+
+    # set finder options
+    elif finder:
+        if opts.allow_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-external has been deprecated and will be removed in "
+                "the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it no "
+                "longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if opts.allow_all_external:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-all-external has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if opts.allow_unverified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "--allow-unverified has been deprecated and will be removed "
+                "in the future. Due to changes in the repository protocol, it "
+                "no longer has any effect.",
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+
+        if opts.index_url:
+            finder.index_urls = [opts.index_url]
+        if opts.use_wheel is False:
+            finder.use_wheel = False
+            pip.index.fmt_ctl_no_use_wheel(finder.format_control)
+        if opts.no_index is True:
+            finder.index_urls = []
+        if opts.extra_index_urls:
+            finder.index_urls.extend(opts.extra_index_urls)
+        if opts.find_links:
+            # FIXME: it would be nice to keep track of the source
+            # of the find_links: support a find-links local path
+            # relative to a requirements file.
+            value = opts.find_links[0]
+            req_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename))
+            relative_to_reqs_file = os.path.join(req_dir, value)
+            if os.path.exists(relative_to_reqs_file):
+                value = relative_to_reqs_file
+            finder.find_links.append(value)
+        if opts.pre:
+            finder.allow_all_prereleases = True
+        if opts.process_dependency_links:
+            finder.process_dependency_links = True
+        if opts.trusted_hosts:
+            finder.secure_origins.extend(
+                ("*", host, "*") for host in opts.trusted_hosts)
+
+
+def break_args_options(line):
+    """Break up the line into an args and options string.  We only want to shlex
+    (and then optparse) the options, not the args.  args can contain markers
+    which are corrupted by shlex.
+    """
+    tokens = line.split(' ')
+    args = []
+    options = tokens[:]
+    for token in tokens:
+        if token.startswith('-') or token.startswith('--'):
+            break
+        else:
+            args.append(token)
+            options.pop(0)
+    return ' '.join(args), ' '.join(options)
+
+
+def build_parser():
+    """
+    Return a parser for parsing requirement lines
+    """
+    parser = optparse.OptionParser(add_help_option=False)
+
+    option_factories = SUPPORTED_OPTIONS + SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ
+    for option_factory in option_factories:
+        option = option_factory()
+        parser.add_option(option)
+
+    # By default optparse sys.exits on parsing errors. We want to wrap
+    # that in our own exception.
+    def parser_exit(self, msg):
+        raise RequirementsFileParseError(msg)
+    parser.exit = parser_exit
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def join_lines(lines_enum):
+    """Joins a line ending in '\' with the previous line (except when following
+    comments).  The joined line takes on the index of the first line.
+    """
+    primary_line_number = None
+    new_line = []
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        if not line.endswith('\\') or COMMENT_RE.match(line):
+            if COMMENT_RE.match(line):
+                # this ensures comments are always matched later
+                line = ' ' + line
+            if new_line:
+                new_line.append(line)
+                yield primary_line_number, ''.join(new_line)
+                new_line = []
+            else:
+                yield line_number, line
+        else:
+            if not new_line:
+                primary_line_number = line_number
+            new_line.append(line.strip('\\'))
+
+    # last line contains \
+    if new_line:
+        yield primary_line_number, ''.join(new_line)
+
+    # TODO: handle space after '\'.
+
+
+def ignore_comments(lines_enum):
+    """
+    Strips comments and filter empty lines.
+    """
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        line = COMMENT_RE.sub('', line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line:
+            yield line_number, line
+
+
+def skip_regex(lines_enum, options):
+    """
+    Skip lines that match '--skip-requirements-regex' pattern
+
+    Note: the regex pattern is only built once
+    """
+    skip_regex = options.skip_requirements_regex if options else None
+    if skip_regex:
+        pattern = re.compile(skip_regex)
+        lines_enum = filterfalse(
+            lambda e: pattern.search(e[1]),
+            lines_enum)
+    return lines_enum
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b48431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1217 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import traceback
+import warnings
+import zipfile
+
+from distutils import sysconfig
+from distutils.util import change_root
+from email.parser import FeedParser
+
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources, six
+from pip._vendor.distlib.markers import interpret as markers_interpret
+from pip._vendor.packaging import specifiers
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+
+import pip.wheel
+
+from pip.compat import native_str, get_stdlib, WINDOWS
+from pip.download import is_url, url_to_path, path_to_url, is_archive_file
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError, UninstallationError, UnsupportedWheel,
+)
+from pip.locations import (
+    bin_py, running_under_virtualenv, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME, bin_user,
+)
+from pip.utils import (
+    display_path, rmtree, ask_path_exists, backup_dir, is_installable_dir,
+    dist_in_usersite, dist_in_site_packages, egg_link_path,
+    call_subprocess, read_text_file, FakeFile, _make_build_dir, ensure_dir,
+    get_installed_version, canonicalize_name, normalize_path, dist_is_local,
+)
+
+from pip.utils.hashes import Hashes
+from pip.utils.deprecation import RemovedInPip10Warning
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.utils.setuptools_build import SETUPTOOLS_SHIM
+from pip.utils.ui import open_spinner
+from pip.req.req_uninstall import UninstallPathSet
+from pip.vcs import vcs
+from pip.wheel import move_wheel_files, Wheel
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import Version
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+operators = specifiers.Specifier._operators.keys()
+
+
+def _strip_extras(path):
+    m = re.match(r'^(.+)(\[[^\]]+\])$', path)
+    extras = None
+    if m:
+        path_no_extras = m.group(1)
+        extras = m.group(2)
+    else:
+        path_no_extras = path
+
+    return path_no_extras, extras
+
+
+class InstallRequirement(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, req, comes_from, source_dir=None, editable=False,
+                 link=None, as_egg=False, update=True, editable_options=None,
+                 pycompile=True, markers=None, isolated=False, options=None,
+                 wheel_cache=None, constraint=False):
+        self.extras = ()
+        if isinstance(req, six.string_types):
+            try:
+                req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(req)
+            except pkg_resources.RequirementParseError:
+                if os.path.sep in req:
+                    add_msg = "It looks like a path. Does it exist ?"
+                elif '=' in req and not any(op in req for op in operators):
+                    add_msg = "= is not a valid operator. Did you mean == ?"
+                else:
+                    add_msg = traceback.format_exc()
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Invalid requirement: '%s'\n%s" % (req, add_msg))
+            self.extras = req.extras
+
+        self.req = req
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+        self.constraint = constraint
+        self.source_dir = source_dir
+        self.editable = editable
+
+        if editable_options is None:
+            editable_options = {}
+
+        self.editable_options = editable_options
+        self._wheel_cache = wheel_cache
+        self.link = self.original_link = link
+        self.as_egg = as_egg
+        self.markers = markers
+        self._egg_info_path = None
+        # This holds the pkg_resources.Distribution object if this requirement
+        # is already available:
+        self.satisfied_by = None
+        # This hold the pkg_resources.Distribution object if this requirement
+        # conflicts with another installed distribution:
+        self.conflicts_with = None
+        # Temporary build location
+        self._temp_build_dir = None
+        # Used to store the global directory where the _temp_build_dir should
+        # have been created. Cf _correct_build_location method.
+        self._ideal_build_dir = None
+        # True if the editable should be updated:
+        self.update = update
+        # Set to True after successful installation
+        self.install_succeeded = None
+        # UninstallPathSet of uninstalled distribution (for possible rollback)
+        self.uninstalled = None
+        # Set True if a legitimate do-nothing-on-uninstall has happened - e.g.
+        # system site packages, stdlib packages.
+        self.nothing_to_uninstall = False
+        self.use_user_site = False
+        self.target_dir = None
+        self.options = options if options else {}
+        self.pycompile = pycompile
+        # Set to True after successful preparation of this requirement
+        self.prepared = False
+
+        self.isolated = isolated
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_editable(cls, editable_req, comes_from=None, default_vcs=None,
+                      isolated=False, options=None, wheel_cache=None,
+                      constraint=False):
+        from pip.index import Link
+
+        name, url, extras_override, editable_options = parse_editable(
+            editable_req, default_vcs)
+        if url.startswith('file:'):
+            source_dir = url_to_path(url)
+        else:
+            source_dir = None
+
+        res = cls(name, comes_from, source_dir=source_dir,
+                  editable=True,
+                  link=Link(url),
+                  constraint=constraint,
+                  editable_options=editable_options,
+                  isolated=isolated,
+                  options=options if options else {},
+                  wheel_cache=wheel_cache)
+
+        if extras_override is not None:
+            res.extras = extras_override
+
+        return res
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_line(
+            cls, name, comes_from=None, isolated=False, options=None,
+            wheel_cache=None, constraint=False):
+        """Creates an InstallRequirement from a name, which might be a
+        requirement, directory containing 'setup.py', filename, or URL.
+        """
+        from pip.index import Link
+
+        if is_url(name):
+            marker_sep = '; '
+        else:
+            marker_sep = ';'
+        if marker_sep in name:
+            name, markers = name.split(marker_sep, 1)
+            markers = markers.strip()
+            if not markers:
+                markers = None
+        else:
+            markers = None
+        name = name.strip()
+        req = None
+        path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(name))
+        link = None
+        extras = None
+
+        if is_url(name):
+            link = Link(name)
+        else:
+            p, extras = _strip_extras(path)
+            if (os.path.isdir(p) and
+                    (os.path.sep in name or name.startswith('.'))):
+
+                if not is_installable_dir(p):
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        "Directory %r is not installable. File 'setup.py' "
+                        "not found." % name
+                    )
+                link = Link(path_to_url(p))
+            elif is_archive_file(p):
+                if not os.path.isfile(p):
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Requirement %r looks like a filename, but the '
+                        'file does not exist',
+                        name
+                    )
+                link = Link(path_to_url(p))
+
+        # it's a local file, dir, or url
+        if link:
+            # Handle relative file URLs
+            if link.scheme == 'file' and re.search(r'\.\./', link.url):
+                link = Link(
+                    path_to_url(os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(link.path))))
+            # wheel file
+            if link.is_wheel:
+                wheel = Wheel(link.filename)  # can raise InvalidWheelFilename
+                if not wheel.supported():
+                    raise UnsupportedWheel(
+                        "%s is not a supported wheel on this platform." %
+                        wheel.filename
+                    )
+                req = "%s==%s" % (wheel.name, wheel.version)
+            else:
+                # set the req to the egg fragment.  when it's not there, this
+                # will become an 'unnamed' requirement
+                req = link.egg_fragment
+
+        # a requirement specifier
+        else:
+            req = name
+
+        options = options if options else {}
+        res = cls(req, comes_from, link=link, markers=markers,
+                  isolated=isolated, options=options,
+                  wheel_cache=wheel_cache, constraint=constraint)
+
+        if extras:
+            res.extras = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse('__placeholder__' +
+                                                         extras).extras
+
+        return res
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.req:
+            s = str(self.req)
+            if self.link:
+                s += ' from %s' % self.link.url
+        else:
+            s = self.link.url if self.link else None
+        if self.satisfied_by is not None:
+            s += ' in %s' % display_path(self.satisfied_by.location)
+        if self.comes_from:
+            if isinstance(self.comes_from, six.string_types):
+                comes_from = self.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = self.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                s += ' (from %s)' % comes_from
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s object: %s editable=%r>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__, str(self), self.editable)
+
+    def populate_link(self, finder, upgrade, require_hashes):
+        """Ensure that if a link can be found for this, that it is found.
+
+        Note that self.link may still be None - if Upgrade is False and the
+        requirement is already installed.
+
+        If require_hashes is True, don't use the wheel cache, because cached
+        wheels, always built locally, have different hashes than the files
+        downloaded from the index server and thus throw false hash mismatches.
+        Furthermore, cached wheels at present have undeterministic contents due
+        to file modification times.
+        """
+        if self.link is None:
+            self.link = finder.find_requirement(self, upgrade)
+        if self._wheel_cache is not None and not require_hashes:
+            old_link = self.link
+            self.link = self._wheel_cache.cached_wheel(self.link, self.name)
+            if old_link != self.link:
+                logger.debug('Using cached wheel link: %s', self.link)
+
+    @property
+    def specifier(self):
+        return self.req.specifier
+
+    @property
+    def is_pinned(self):
+        """Return whether I am pinned to an exact version.
+
+        For example, some-package==1.2 is pinned; some-package>1.2 is not.
+        """
+        specifiers = self.specifier
+        return (len(specifiers) == 1 and
+                next(iter(specifiers)).operator in ('==', '==='))
+
+    def from_path(self):
+        if self.req is None:
+            return None
+        s = str(self.req)
+        if self.comes_from:
+            if isinstance(self.comes_from, six.string_types):
+                comes_from = self.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = self.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                s += '->' + comes_from
+        return s
+
+    def build_location(self, build_dir):
+        if self._temp_build_dir is not None:
+            return self._temp_build_dir
+        if self.req is None:
+            # for requirement via a path to a directory: the name of the
+            # package is not available yet so we create a temp directory
+            # Once run_egg_info will have run, we'll be able
+            # to fix it via _correct_build_location
+            self._temp_build_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-build', 'pip-')
+            self._ideal_build_dir = build_dir
+            return self._temp_build_dir
+        if self.editable:
+            name = self.name.lower()
+        else:
+            name = self.name
+        # FIXME: Is there a better place to create the build_dir? (hg and bzr
+        # need this)
+        if not os.path.exists(build_dir):
+            logger.debug('Creating directory %s', build_dir)
+            _make_build_dir(build_dir)
+        return os.path.join(build_dir, name)
+
+    def _correct_build_location(self):
+        """Move self._temp_build_dir to self._ideal_build_dir/self.req.name
+
+        For some requirements (e.g. a path to a directory), the name of the
+        package is not available until we run egg_info, so the build_location
+        will return a temporary directory and store the _ideal_build_dir.
+
+        This is only called by self.egg_info_path to fix the temporary build
+        directory.
+        """
+        if self.source_dir is not None:
+            return
+        assert self.req is not None
+        assert self._temp_build_dir
+        assert self._ideal_build_dir
+        old_location = self._temp_build_dir
+        self._temp_build_dir = None
+        new_location = self.build_location(self._ideal_build_dir)
+        if os.path.exists(new_location):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                'A package already exists in %s; please remove it to continue'
+                % display_path(new_location))
+        logger.debug(
+            'Moving package %s from %s to new location %s',
+            self, display_path(old_location), display_path(new_location),
+        )
+        shutil.move(old_location, new_location)
+        self._temp_build_dir = new_location
+        self._ideal_build_dir = None
+        self.source_dir = new_location
+        self._egg_info_path = None
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        if self.req is None:
+            return None
+        return native_str(self.req.project_name)
+
+    @property
+    def setup_py(self):
+        assert self.source_dir, "No source dir for %s" % self
+        try:
+            import setuptools  # noqa
+        except ImportError:
+            if get_installed_version('setuptools') is None:
+                add_msg = "Please install setuptools."
+            else:
+                add_msg = traceback.format_exc()
+            # Setuptools is not available
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Could not import setuptools which is required to "
+                "install from a source distribution.\n%s" % add_msg
+            )
+
+        setup_file = 'setup.py'
+
+        if self.editable_options and 'subdirectory' in self.editable_options:
+            setup_py = os.path.join(self.source_dir,
+                                    self.editable_options['subdirectory'],
+                                    setup_file)
+
+        else:
+            setup_py = os.path.join(self.source_dir, setup_file)
+
+        # Python2 __file__ should not be unicode
+        if six.PY2 and isinstance(setup_py, six.text_type):
+            setup_py = setup_py.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+        return setup_py
+
+    def run_egg_info(self):
+        assert self.source_dir
+        if self.name:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package %s',
+                self.setup_py, self.name,
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package from %s',
+                self.setup_py, self.link,
+            )
+
+        with indent_log():
+            script = SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % self.setup_py
+            base_cmd = [sys.executable, '-c', script]
+            if self.isolated:
+                base_cmd += ["--no-user-cfg"]
+            egg_info_cmd = base_cmd + ['egg_info']
+            # We can't put the .egg-info files at the root, because then the
+            # source code will be mistaken for an installed egg, causing
+            # problems
+            if self.editable:
+                egg_base_option = []
+            else:
+                egg_info_dir = os.path.join(self.source_dir, 'pip-egg-info')
+                ensure_dir(egg_info_dir)
+                egg_base_option = ['--egg-base', 'pip-egg-info']
+            cwd = self.source_dir
+            if self.editable_options and \
+                    'subdirectory' in self.editable_options:
+                cwd = os.path.join(cwd, self.editable_options['subdirectory'])
+            call_subprocess(
+                egg_info_cmd + egg_base_option,
+                cwd=cwd,
+                show_stdout=False,
+                command_level=logging.DEBUG,
+                command_desc='python setup.py egg_info')
+
+        if not self.req:
+            if isinstance(
+                    pkg_resources.parse_version(self.pkg_info()["Version"]),
+                    Version):
+                op = "=="
+            else:
+                op = "==="
+            self.req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(
+                "".join([
+                    self.pkg_info()["Name"],
+                    op,
+                    self.pkg_info()["Version"],
+                ]))
+            self._correct_build_location()
+        else:
+            metadata_name = canonicalize_name(self.pkg_info()["Name"])
+            if canonicalize_name(self.req.project_name) != metadata_name:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package %s '
+                    'produced metadata for project name %s. Fix your '
+                    '#egg=%s fragments.',
+                    self.setup_py, self.name, metadata_name, self.name
+                )
+                self.req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(metadata_name)
+
+    def egg_info_data(self, filename):
+        if self.satisfied_by is not None:
+            if not self.satisfied_by.has_metadata(filename):
+                return None
+            return self.satisfied_by.get_metadata(filename)
+        assert self.source_dir
+        filename = self.egg_info_path(filename)
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            return None
+        data = read_text_file(filename)
+        return data
+
+    def egg_info_path(self, filename):
+        if self._egg_info_path is None:
+            if self.editable:
+                base = self.source_dir
+            else:
+                base = os.path.join(self.source_dir, 'pip-egg-info')
+            filenames = os.listdir(base)
+            if self.editable:
+                filenames = []
+                for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base):
+                    for dir in vcs.dirnames:
+                        if dir in dirs:
+                            dirs.remove(dir)
+                    # Iterate over a copy of ``dirs``, since mutating
+                    # a list while iterating over it can cause trouble.
+                    # (See https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/462.)
+                    for dir in list(dirs):
+                        # Don't search in anything that looks like a virtualenv
+                        # environment
+                        if (
+                                os.path.exists(
+                                    os.path.join(root, dir, 'bin', 'python')
+                                ) or
+                                os.path.exists(
+                                    os.path.join(
+                                        root, dir, 'Scripts', 'Python.exe'
+                                    )
+                                )):
+                            dirs.remove(dir)
+                        # Also don't search through tests
+                        elif dir == 'test' or dir == 'tests':
+                            dirs.remove(dir)
+                    filenames.extend([os.path.join(root, dir)
+                                     for dir in dirs])
+                filenames = [f for f in filenames if f.endswith('.egg-info')]
+
+            if not filenames:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    'No files/directories in %s (from %s)' % (base, filename)
+                )
+            assert filenames, \
+                "No files/directories in %s (from %s)" % (base, filename)
+
+            # if we have more than one match, we pick the toplevel one.  This
+            # can easily be the case if there is a dist folder which contains
+            # an extracted tarball for testing purposes.
+            if len(filenames) > 1:
+                filenames.sort(
+                    key=lambda x: x.count(os.path.sep) +
+                    (os.path.altsep and x.count(os.path.altsep) or 0)
+                )
+            self._egg_info_path = os.path.join(base, filenames[0])
+        return os.path.join(self._egg_info_path, filename)
+
+    def pkg_info(self):
+        p = FeedParser()
+        data = self.egg_info_data('PKG-INFO')
+        if not data:
+            logger.warning(
+                'No PKG-INFO file found in %s',
+                display_path(self.egg_info_path('PKG-INFO')),
+            )
+        p.feed(data or '')
+        return p.close()
+
+    _requirements_section_re = re.compile(r'\[(.*?)\]')
+
+    @property
+    def installed_version(self):
+        return get_installed_version(self.name)
+
+    def assert_source_matches_version(self):
+        assert self.source_dir
+        version = self.pkg_info()['version']
+        if version not in self.req:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Requested %s, but installing version %s',
+                self,
+                self.installed_version,
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Source in %s has version %s, which satisfies requirement %s',
+                display_path(self.source_dir),
+                version,
+                self,
+            )
+
+    def update_editable(self, obtain=True):
+        if not self.link:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Cannot update repository at %s; repository location is "
+                "unknown",
+                self.source_dir,
+            )
+            return
+        assert self.editable
+        assert self.source_dir
+        if self.link.scheme == 'file':
+            # Static paths don't get updated
+            return
+        assert '+' in self.link.url, "bad url: %r" % self.link.url
+        if not self.update:
+            return
+        vc_type, url = self.link.url.split('+', 1)
+        backend = vcs.get_backend(vc_type)
+        if backend:
+            vcs_backend = backend(self.link.url)
+            if obtain:
+                vcs_backend.obtain(self.source_dir)
+            else:
+                vcs_backend.export(self.source_dir)
+        else:
+            assert 0, (
+                'Unexpected version control type (in %s): %s'
+                % (self.link, vc_type))
+
+    def uninstall(self, auto_confirm=False):
+        """
+        Uninstall the distribution currently satisfying this requirement.
+
+        Prompts before removing or modifying files unless
+        ``auto_confirm`` is True.
+
+        Refuses to delete or modify files outside of ``sys.prefix`` -
+        thus uninstallation within a virtual environment can only
+        modify that virtual environment, even if the virtualenv is
+        linked to global site-packages.
+
+        """
+        if not self.check_if_exists():
+            raise UninstallationError(
+                "Cannot uninstall requirement %s, not installed" % (self.name,)
+            )
+        dist = self.satisfied_by or self.conflicts_with
+
+        dist_path = normalize_path(dist.location)
+        if not dist_is_local(dist):
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s at %s, outside environment %s",
+                dist.key,
+                dist_path,
+                sys.prefix,
+            )
+            self.nothing_to_uninstall = True
+            return
+
+        if dist_path in get_stdlib():
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s at %s, as it is in the standard library.",
+                dist.key,
+                dist_path,
+            )
+            self.nothing_to_uninstall = True
+            return
+
+        paths_to_remove = UninstallPathSet(dist)
+        develop_egg_link = egg_link_path(dist)
+        develop_egg_link_egg_info = '{0}.egg-info'.format(
+            pkg_resources.to_filename(dist.project_name))
+        egg_info_exists = dist.egg_info and os.path.exists(dist.egg_info)
+        # Special case for distutils installed package
+        distutils_egg_info = getattr(dist._provider, 'path', None)
+
+        # Uninstall cases order do matter as in the case of 2 installs of the
+        # same package, pip needs to uninstall the currently detected version
+        if (egg_info_exists and dist.egg_info.endswith('.egg-info') and
+                not dist.egg_info.endswith(develop_egg_link_egg_info)):
+            # if dist.egg_info.endswith(develop_egg_link_egg_info), we
+            # are in fact in the develop_egg_link case
+            paths_to_remove.add(dist.egg_info)
+            if dist.has_metadata('installed-files.txt'):
+                for installed_file in dist.get_metadata(
+                        'installed-files.txt').splitlines():
+                    path = os.path.normpath(
+                        os.path.join(dist.egg_info, installed_file)
+                    )
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path)
+            # FIXME: need a test for this elif block
+            # occurs with --single-version-externally-managed/--record outside
+            # of pip
+            elif dist.has_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+                if dist.has_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                    namespaces = dist.get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt')
+                else:
+                    namespaces = []
+                for top_level_pkg in [
+                        p for p
+                        in dist.get_metadata('top_level.txt').splitlines()
+                        if p and p not in namespaces]:
+                    path = os.path.join(dist.location, top_level_pkg)
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path)
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path + '.py')
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path + '.pyc')
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path + '.pyo')
+
+        elif distutils_egg_info:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Uninstalling a distutils installed project ({0}) has been "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future version. This is "
+                "due to the fact that uninstalling a distutils project will "
+                "only partially uninstall the project.".format(self.name),
+                RemovedInPip10Warning,
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add(distutils_egg_info)
+
+        elif dist.location.endswith('.egg'):
+            # package installed by easy_install
+            # We cannot match on dist.egg_name because it can slightly vary
+            # i.e. setuptools-0.6c11-py2.6.egg vs setuptools-0.6rc11-py2.6.egg
+            paths_to_remove.add(dist.location)
+            easy_install_egg = os.path.split(dist.location)[1]
+            easy_install_pth = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(dist.location),
+                                            'easy-install.pth')
+            paths_to_remove.add_pth(easy_install_pth, './' + easy_install_egg)
+
+        elif develop_egg_link:
+            # develop egg
+            with open(develop_egg_link, 'r') as fh:
+                link_pointer = os.path.normcase(fh.readline().strip())
+            assert (link_pointer == dist.location), (
+                'Egg-link %s does not match installed location of %s '
+                '(at %s)' % (link_pointer, self.name, dist.location)
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add(develop_egg_link)
+            easy_install_pth = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(develop_egg_link),
+                                            'easy-install.pth')
+            paths_to_remove.add_pth(easy_install_pth, dist.location)
+
+        elif egg_info_exists and dist.egg_info.endswith('.dist-info'):
+            for path in pip.wheel.uninstallation_paths(dist):
+                paths_to_remove.add(path)
+
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                'Not sure how to uninstall: %s - Check: %s',
+                dist, dist.location)
+
+        # find distutils scripts= scripts
+        if dist.has_metadata('scripts') and dist.metadata_isdir('scripts'):
+            for script in dist.metadata_listdir('scripts'):
+                if dist_in_usersite(dist):
+                    bin_dir = bin_user
+                else:
+                    bin_dir = bin_py
+                paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, script))
+                if WINDOWS:
+                    paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, script) + '.bat')
+
+        # find console_scripts
+        if dist.has_metadata('entry_points.txt'):
+            config = configparser.SafeConfigParser()
+            config.readfp(
+                FakeFile(dist.get_metadata_lines('entry_points.txt'))
+            )
+            if config.has_section('console_scripts'):
+                for name, value in config.items('console_scripts'):
+                    if dist_in_usersite(dist):
+                        bin_dir = bin_user
+                    else:
+                        bin_dir = bin_py
+                    paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, name))
+                    if WINDOWS:
+                        paths_to_remove.add(
+                            os.path.join(bin_dir, name) + '.exe'
+                        )
+                        paths_to_remove.add(
+                            os.path.join(bin_dir, name) + '.exe.manifest'
+                        )
+                        paths_to_remove.add(
+                            os.path.join(bin_dir, name) + '-script.py'
+                        )
+
+        paths_to_remove.remove(auto_confirm)
+        self.uninstalled = paths_to_remove
+
+    def rollback_uninstall(self):
+        if self.uninstalled:
+            self.uninstalled.rollback()
+        else:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't rollback %s, nothing uninstalled.", self.name,
+            )
+
+    def commit_uninstall(self):
+        if self.uninstalled:
+            self.uninstalled.commit()
+        elif not self.nothing_to_uninstall:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't commit %s, nothing uninstalled.", self.name,
+            )
+
+    def archive(self, build_dir):
+        assert self.source_dir
+        create_archive = True
+        archive_name = '%s-%s.zip' % (self.name, self.pkg_info()["version"])
+        archive_path = os.path.join(build_dir, archive_name)
+        if os.path.exists(archive_path):
+            response = ask_path_exists(
+                'The file %s exists. (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ' %
+                display_path(archive_path), ('i', 'w', 'b'))
+            if response == 'i':
+                create_archive = False
+            elif response == 'w':
+                logger.warning('Deleting %s', display_path(archive_path))
+                os.remove(archive_path)
+            elif response == 'b':
+                dest_file = backup_dir(archive_path)
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Backing up %s to %s',
+                    display_path(archive_path),
+                    display_path(dest_file),
+                )
+                shutil.move(archive_path, dest_file)
+        if create_archive:
+            zip = zipfile.ZipFile(
+                archive_path, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED,
+                allowZip64=True
+            )
+            dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(self.source_dir))
+            for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dir):
+                if 'pip-egg-info' in dirnames:
+                    dirnames.remove('pip-egg-info')
+                for dirname in dirnames:
+                    dirname = os.path.join(dirpath, dirname)
+                    name = self._clean_zip_name(dirname, dir)
+                    zipdir = zipfile.ZipInfo(self.name + '/' + name + '/')
+                    zipdir.external_attr = 0x1ED << 16  # 0o755
+                    zip.writestr(zipdir, '')
+                for filename in filenames:
+                    if filename == PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME:
+                        continue
+                    filename = os.path.join(dirpath, filename)
+                    name = self._clean_zip_name(filename, dir)
+                    zip.write(filename, self.name + '/' + name)
+            zip.close()
+            logger.info('Saved %s', display_path(archive_path))
+
+    def _clean_zip_name(self, name, prefix):
+        assert name.startswith(prefix + os.path.sep), (
+            "name %r doesn't start with prefix %r" % (name, prefix)
+        )
+        name = name[len(prefix) + 1:]
+        name = name.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        return name
+
+    def match_markers(self):
+        if self.markers is not None:
+            return markers_interpret(self.markers)
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def install(self, install_options, global_options=[], root=None,
+                prefix=None):
+        if self.editable:
+            self.install_editable(
+                install_options, global_options, prefix=prefix)
+            return
+        if self.is_wheel:
+            version = pip.wheel.wheel_version(self.source_dir)
+            pip.wheel.check_compatibility(version, self.name)
+
+            self.move_wheel_files(self.source_dir, root=root, prefix=prefix)
+            self.install_succeeded = True
+            return
+
+        # Extend the list of global and install options passed on to
+        # the setup.py call with the ones from the requirements file.
+        # Options specified in requirements file override those
+        # specified on the command line, since the last option given
+        # to setup.py is the one that is used.
+        global_options += self.options.get('global_options', [])
+        install_options += self.options.get('install_options', [])
+
+        if self.isolated:
+            global_options = list(global_options) + ["--no-user-cfg"]
+
+        temp_location = tempfile.mkdtemp('-record', 'pip-')
+        record_filename = os.path.join(temp_location, 'install-record.txt')
+        try:
+            install_args = [sys.executable, "-u"]
+            install_args.append('-c')
+            install_args.append(SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % self.setup_py)
+            install_args += list(global_options) + \
+                ['install', '--record', record_filename]
+
+            if not self.as_egg:
+                install_args += ['--single-version-externally-managed']
+
+            if root is not None:
+                install_args += ['--root', root]
+            if prefix is not None:
+                install_args += ['--prefix', prefix]
+
+            if self.pycompile:
+                install_args += ["--compile"]
+            else:
+                install_args += ["--no-compile"]
+
+            if running_under_virtualenv():
+                py_ver_str = 'python' + sysconfig.get_python_version()
+                install_args += ['--install-headers',
+                                 os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'include', 'site',
+                                              py_ver_str, self.name)]
+            msg = 'Running setup.py install for %s' % (self.name,)
+            with open_spinner(msg) as spinner:
+                with indent_log():
+                    call_subprocess(
+                        install_args + install_options,
+                        cwd=self.source_dir,
+                        show_stdout=False,
+                        spinner=spinner,
+                    )
+
+            if not os.path.exists(record_filename):
+                logger.debug('Record file %s not found', record_filename)
+                return
+            self.install_succeeded = True
+            if self.as_egg:
+                # there's no --always-unzip option we can pass to install
+                # command so we unable to save the installed-files.txt
+                return
+
+            def prepend_root(path):
+                if root is None or not os.path.isabs(path):
+                    return path
+                else:
+                    return change_root(root, path)
+
+            with open(record_filename) as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    directory = os.path.dirname(line)
+                    if directory.endswith('.egg-info'):
+                        egg_info_dir = prepend_root(directory)
+                        break
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Could not find .egg-info directory in install record'
+                        ' for %s',
+                        self,
+                    )
+                    # FIXME: put the record somewhere
+                    # FIXME: should this be an error?
+                    return
+            new_lines = []
+            with open(record_filename) as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    filename = line.strip()
+                    if os.path.isdir(filename):
+                        filename += os.path.sep
+                    new_lines.append(
+                        os.path.relpath(
+                            prepend_root(filename), egg_info_dir)
+                    )
+            inst_files_path = os.path.join(egg_info_dir, 'installed-files.txt')
+            with open(inst_files_path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write('\n'.join(new_lines) + '\n')
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(record_filename):
+                os.remove(record_filename)
+            rmtree(temp_location)
+
+    def ensure_has_source_dir(self, parent_dir):
+        """Ensure that a source_dir is set.
+
+        This will create a temporary build dir if the name of the requirement
+        isn't known yet.
+
+        :param parent_dir: The ideal pip parent_dir for the source_dir.
+            Generally src_dir for editables and build_dir for sdists.
+        :return: self.source_dir
+        """
+        if self.source_dir is None:
+            self.source_dir = self.build_location(parent_dir)
+        return self.source_dir
+
+    def remove_temporary_source(self):
+        """Remove the source files from this requirement, if they are marked
+        for deletion"""
+        if self.source_dir and os.path.exists(
+                os.path.join(self.source_dir, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME)):
+            logger.debug('Removing source in %s', self.source_dir)
+            rmtree(self.source_dir)
+        self.source_dir = None
+        if self._temp_build_dir and os.path.exists(self._temp_build_dir):
+            rmtree(self._temp_build_dir)
+        self._temp_build_dir = None
+
+    def install_editable(self, install_options,
+                         global_options=(), prefix=None):
+        logger.info('Running setup.py develop for %s', self.name)
+
+        if self.isolated:
+            global_options = list(global_options) + ["--no-user-cfg"]
+
+        if prefix:
+            prefix_param = ['--prefix={0}'.format(prefix)]
+            install_options = list(install_options) + prefix_param
+
+        with indent_log():
+            # FIXME: should we do --install-headers here too?
+            cwd = self.source_dir
+            if self.editable_options and \
+                    'subdirectory' in self.editable_options:
+                cwd = os.path.join(cwd, self.editable_options['subdirectory'])
+            call_subprocess(
+                [
+                    sys.executable,
+                    '-c',
+                    SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % self.setup_py
+                ] +
+                list(global_options) +
+                ['develop', '--no-deps'] +
+                list(install_options),
+
+                cwd=cwd,
+                show_stdout=False)
+
+        self.install_succeeded = True
+
+    def check_if_exists(self):
+        """Find an installed distribution that satisfies or conflicts
+        with this requirement, and set self.satisfied_by or
+        self.conflicts_with appropriately.
+        """
+        if self.req is None:
+            return False
+        try:
+            self.satisfied_by = pkg_resources.get_distribution(self.req)
+        except pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound:
+            return False
+        except pkg_resources.VersionConflict:
+            existing_dist = pkg_resources.get_distribution(
+                self.req.project_name
+            )
+            if self.use_user_site:
+                if dist_in_usersite(existing_dist):
+                    self.conflicts_with = existing_dist
+                elif (running_under_virtualenv() and
+                        dist_in_site_packages(existing_dist)):
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        "Will not install to the user site because it will "
+                        "lack sys.path precedence to %s in %s" %
+                        (existing_dist.project_name, existing_dist.location)
+                    )
+            else:
+                self.conflicts_with = existing_dist
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_wheel(self):
+        return self.link and self.link.is_wheel
+
+    def move_wheel_files(self, wheeldir, root=None, prefix=None):
+        move_wheel_files(
+            self.name, self.req, wheeldir,
+            user=self.use_user_site,
+            home=self.target_dir,
+            root=root,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            pycompile=self.pycompile,
+            isolated=self.isolated,
+        )
+
+    def get_dist(self):
+        """Return a pkg_resources.Distribution built from self.egg_info_path"""
+        egg_info = self.egg_info_path('').rstrip('/')
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = pkg_resources.PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        return pkg_resources.Distribution(
+            os.path.dirname(egg_info),
+            project_name=dist_name,
+            metadata=metadata)
+
+    @property
+    def has_hash_options(self):
+        """Return whether any known-good hashes are specified as options.
+
+        These activate --require-hashes mode; hashes specified as part of a
+        URL do not.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.options.get('hashes', {}))
+
+    def hashes(self, trust_internet=True):
+        """Return a hash-comparer that considers my option- and URL-based
+        hashes to be known-good.
+
+        Hashes in URLs--ones embedded in the requirements file, not ones
+        downloaded from an index server--are almost peers with ones from
+        flags. They satisfy --require-hashes (whether it was implicitly or
+        explicitly activated) but do not activate it. md5 and sha224 are not
+        allowed in flags, which should nudge people toward good algos. We
+        always OR all hashes together, even ones from URLs.
+
+        :param trust_internet: Whether to trust URL-based (#md5=...) hashes
+            downloaded from the internet, as by populate_link()
+
+        """
+        good_hashes = self.options.get('hashes', {}).copy()
+        link = self.link if trust_internet else self.original_link
+        if link and link.hash:
+            good_hashes.setdefault(link.hash_name, []).append(link.hash)
+        return Hashes(good_hashes)
+
+
+def _strip_postfix(req):
+    """
+        Strip req postfix ( -dev, 0.2, etc )
+    """
+    # FIXME: use package_to_requirement?
+    match = re.search(r'^(.*?)(?:-dev|-\d.*)$', req)
+    if match:
+        # Strip off -dev, -0.2, etc.
+        req = match.group(1)
+    return req
+
+
+def _build_req_from_url(url):
+
+    parts = [p for p in url.split('#', 1)[0].split('/') if p]
+
+    req = None
+    if parts[-2] in ('tags', 'branches', 'tag', 'branch'):
+        req = parts[-3]
+    elif parts[-1] == 'trunk':
+        req = parts[-2]
+    return req
+
+
+def _build_editable_options(req):
+
+    """
+        This method generates a dictionary of the query string
+        parameters contained in a given editable URL.
+    """
+    regexp = re.compile(r"[\?#&](?P<name>[^&=]+)=(?P<value>[^&=]+)")
+    matched = regexp.findall(req)
+
+    if matched:
+        ret = dict()
+        for option in matched:
+            (name, value) = option
+            if name in ret:
+                raise Exception("%s option already defined" % name)
+            ret[name] = value
+        return ret
+    return None
+
+
+def parse_editable(editable_req, default_vcs=None):
+    """Parses an editable requirement into:
+        - a requirement name
+        - an URL
+        - extras
+        - editable options
+    Accepted requirements:
+        svn+http://blahblah@rev#egg=Foobar[baz]&subdirectory=version_subdir
+        .[some_extra]
+    """
+
+    from pip.index import Link
+
+    url = editable_req
+    extras = None
+
+    # If a file path is specified with extras, strip off the extras.
+    m = re.match(r'^(.+)(\[[^\]]+\])$', url)
+    if m:
+        url_no_extras = m.group(1)
+        extras = m.group(2)
+    else:
+        url_no_extras = url
+
+    if os.path.isdir(url_no_extras):
+        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(url_no_extras, 'setup.py')):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Directory %r is not installable. File 'setup.py' not found." %
+                url_no_extras
+            )
+        # Treating it as code that has already been checked out
+        url_no_extras = path_to_url(url_no_extras)
+
+    if url_no_extras.lower().startswith('file:'):
+        package_name = Link(url_no_extras).egg_fragment
+        if extras:
+            return (
+                package_name,
+                url_no_extras,
+                pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(
+                    '__placeholder__' + extras
+                ).extras,
+                {},
+            )
+        else:
+            return package_name, url_no_extras, None, {}
+
+    for version_control in vcs:
+        if url.lower().startswith('%s:' % version_control):
+            url = '%s+%s' % (version_control, url)
+            break
+
+    if '+' not in url:
+        if default_vcs:
+            url = default_vcs + '+' + url
+        else:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                '%s should either be a path to a local project or a VCS url '
+                'beginning with svn+, git+, hg+, or bzr+' %
+                editable_req
+            )
+
+    vc_type = url.split('+', 1)[0].lower()
+
+    if not vcs.get_backend(vc_type):
+        error_message = 'For --editable=%s only ' % editable_req + \
+            ', '.join([backend.name + '+URL' for backend in vcs.backends]) + \
+            ' is currently supported'
+        raise InstallationError(error_message)
+
+    try:
+        options = _build_editable_options(editable_req)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            '--editable=%s error in editable options:%s' % (editable_req, exc)
+        )
+    if not options or 'egg' not in options:
+        req = _build_req_from_url(editable_req)
+        if not req:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                '--editable=%s is not the right format; it must have '
+                '#egg=Package' % editable_req
+            )
+    else:
+        req = options['egg']
+
+    package = _strip_postfix(req)
+    return package, url, None, options
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b484dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_set.py
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import chain
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor import requests
+
+from pip.compat import expanduser
+from pip.download import (is_file_url, is_dir_url, is_vcs_url, url_to_path,
+                          unpack_url)
+from pip.exceptions import (InstallationError, BestVersionAlreadyInstalled,
+                            DistributionNotFound, PreviousBuildDirError,
+                            HashError, HashErrors, HashUnpinned,
+                            DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported, VcsHashUnsupported)
+from pip.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip.utils import (
+    display_path, dist_in_usersite, ensure_dir, normalize_path)
+from pip.utils.hashes import MissingHashes
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.vcs import vcs
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Requirements(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._keys = []
+        self._dict = {}
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return self._keys
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [self._dict[key] for key in self._keys]
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self._keys
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if key not in self._keys:
+            self._keys.append(key)
+        self._dict[key] = value
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._dict[key]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        values = ['%s: %s' % (repr(k), repr(self[k])) for k in self.keys()]
+        return 'Requirements({%s})' % ', '.join(values)
+
+
+class DistAbstraction(object):
+    """Abstracts out the wheel vs non-wheel prepare_files logic.
+
+    The requirements for anything installable are as follows:
+     - we must be able to determine the requirement name
+       (or we can't correctly handle the non-upgrade case).
+     - we must be able to generate a list of run-time dependencies
+       without installing any additional packages (or we would
+       have to either burn time by doing temporary isolated installs
+       or alternatively violate pips 'don't start installing unless
+       all requirements are available' rule - neither of which are
+       desirable).
+     - for packages with setup requirements, we must also be able
+       to determine their requirements without installing additional
+       packages (for the same reason as run-time dependencies)
+     - we must be able to create a Distribution object exposing the
+       above metadata.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, req_to_install):
+        self.req_to_install = req_to_install
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        """Return a setuptools Dist object."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.dist)
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        """Ensure that we can get a Dist for this requirement."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.dist)
+
+
+def make_abstract_dist(req_to_install):
+    """Factory to make an abstract dist object.
+
+    Preconditions: Either an editable req with a source_dir, or satisfied_by or
+    a wheel link, or a non-editable req with a source_dir.
+
+    :return: A concrete DistAbstraction.
+    """
+    if req_to_install.editable:
+        return IsSDist(req_to_install)
+    elif req_to_install.link and req_to_install.link.is_wheel:
+        return IsWheel(req_to_install)
+    else:
+        return IsSDist(req_to_install)
+
+
+class IsWheel(DistAbstraction):
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        return list(pkg_resources.find_distributions(
+            self.req_to_install.source_dir))[0]
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        # FIXME:https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1112
+        pass
+
+
+class IsSDist(DistAbstraction):
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        dist = self.req_to_install.get_dist()
+        # FIXME: shouldn't be globally added:
+        if dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt'):
+            finder.add_dependency_links(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+        return dist
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        self.req_to_install.run_egg_info()
+        self.req_to_install.assert_source_matches_version()
+
+
+class Installed(DistAbstraction):
+
+    def dist(self, finder):
+        return self.req_to_install.satisfied_by
+
+    def prep_for_dist(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class RequirementSet(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, build_dir, src_dir, download_dir, upgrade=False,
+                 ignore_installed=False, as_egg=False, target_dir=None,
+                 ignore_dependencies=False, force_reinstall=False,
+                 use_user_site=False, session=None, pycompile=True,
+                 isolated=False, wheel_download_dir=None,
+                 wheel_cache=None, require_hashes=False):
+        """Create a RequirementSet.
+
+        :param wheel_download_dir: Where still-packed .whl files should be
+            written to. If None they are written to the download_dir parameter.
+            Separate to download_dir to permit only keeping wheel archives for
+            pip wheel.
+        :param download_dir: Where still packed archives should be written to.
+            If None they are not saved, and are deleted immediately after
+            unpacking.
+        :param wheel_cache: The pip wheel cache, for passing to
+            InstallRequirement.
+        """
+        if session is None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "RequirementSet() missing 1 required keyword argument: "
+                "'session'"
+            )
+
+        self.build_dir = build_dir
+        self.src_dir = src_dir
+        # XXX: download_dir and wheel_download_dir overlap semantically and may
+        # be combined if we're willing to have non-wheel archives present in
+        # the wheelhouse output by 'pip wheel'.
+        self.download_dir = download_dir
+        self.upgrade = upgrade
+        self.ignore_installed = ignore_installed
+        self.force_reinstall = force_reinstall
+        self.requirements = Requirements()
+        # Mapping of alias: real_name
+        self.requirement_aliases = {}
+        self.unnamed_requirements = []
+        self.ignore_dependencies = ignore_dependencies
+        self.successfully_downloaded = []
+        self.successfully_installed = []
+        self.reqs_to_cleanup = []
+        self.as_egg = as_egg
+        self.use_user_site = use_user_site
+        self.target_dir = target_dir  # set from --target option
+        self.session = session
+        self.pycompile = pycompile
+        self.isolated = isolated
+        if wheel_download_dir:
+            wheel_download_dir = normalize_path(wheel_download_dir)
+        self.wheel_download_dir = wheel_download_dir
+        self._wheel_cache = wheel_cache
+        self.require_hashes = require_hashes
+        # Maps from install_req -> dependencies_of_install_req
+        self._dependencies = defaultdict(list)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        reqs = [req for req in self.requirements.values()
+                if not req.comes_from]
+        reqs.sort(key=lambda req: req.name.lower())
+        return ' '.join([str(req.req) for req in reqs])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        reqs = [req for req in self.requirements.values()]
+        reqs.sort(key=lambda req: req.name.lower())
+        reqs_str = ', '.join([str(req.req) for req in reqs])
+        return ('<%s object; %d requirement(s): %s>'
+                % (self.__class__.__name__, len(reqs), reqs_str))
+
+    def add_requirement(self, install_req, parent_req_name=None):
+        """Add install_req as a requirement to install.
+
+        :param parent_req_name: The name of the requirement that needed this
+            added. The name is used because when multiple unnamed requirements
+            resolve to the same name, we could otherwise end up with dependency
+            links that point outside the Requirements set. parent_req must
+            already be added. Note that None implies that this is a user
+            supplied requirement, vs an inferred one.
+        :return: Additional requirements to scan. That is either [] if
+            the requirement is not applicable, or [install_req] if the
+            requirement is applicable and has just been added.
+        """
+        name = install_req.name
+        if not install_req.match_markers():
+            logger.warning("Ignoring %s: markers %r don't match your "
+                           "environment", install_req.name,
+                           install_req.markers)
+            return []
+
+        install_req.as_egg = self.as_egg
+        install_req.use_user_site = self.use_user_site
+        install_req.target_dir = self.target_dir
+        install_req.pycompile = self.pycompile
+        if not name:
+            # url or path requirement w/o an egg fragment
+            self.unnamed_requirements.append(install_req)
+            return [install_req]
+        else:
+            try:
+                existing_req = self.get_requirement(name)
+            except KeyError:
+                existing_req = None
+            if (parent_req_name is None and existing_req and not
+                    existing_req.constraint and
+                    existing_req.extras == install_req.extras):
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    'Double requirement given: %s (already in %s, name=%r)'
+                    % (install_req, existing_req, name))
+            if not existing_req:
+                # Add requirement
+                self.requirements[name] = install_req
+                # FIXME: what about other normalizations?  E.g., _ vs. -?
+                if name.lower() != name:
+                    self.requirement_aliases[name.lower()] = name
+                result = [install_req]
+            else:
+                # Assume there's no need to scan, and that we've already
+                # encountered this for scanning.
+                result = []
+                if not install_req.constraint and existing_req.constraint:
+                    if (install_req.link and not (existing_req.link and
+                       install_req.link.path == existing_req.link.path)):
+                        self.reqs_to_cleanup.append(install_req)
+                        raise InstallationError(
+                            "Could not satisfy constraints for '%s': "
+                            "installation from path or url cannot be "
+                            "constrained to a version" % name)
+                    # If we're now installing a constraint, mark the existing
+                    # object for real installation.
+                    existing_req.constraint = False
+                    existing_req.extras = tuple(
+                        sorted(set(existing_req.extras).union(
+                               set(install_req.extras))))
+                    logger.debug("Setting %s extras to: %s",
+                                 existing_req, existing_req.extras)
+                    # And now we need to scan this.
+                    result = [existing_req]
+                # Canonicalise to the already-added object for the backref
+                # check below.
+                install_req = existing_req
+            if parent_req_name:
+                parent_req = self.get_requirement(parent_req_name)
+                self._dependencies[parent_req].append(install_req)
+            return result
+
+    def has_requirement(self, project_name):
+        name = project_name.lower()
+        if (name in self.requirements and
+           not self.requirements[name].constraint or
+           name in self.requirement_aliases and
+           not self.requirements[self.requirement_aliases[name]].constraint):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def has_requirements(self):
+        return list(req for req in self.requirements.values() if not
+                    req.constraint) or self.unnamed_requirements
+
+    @property
+    def is_download(self):
+        if self.download_dir:
+            self.download_dir = expanduser(self.download_dir)
+            if os.path.exists(self.download_dir):
+                return True
+            else:
+                logger.critical('Could not find download directory')
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Could not find or access download directory '%s'"
+                    % display_path(self.download_dir))
+        return False
+
+    def get_requirement(self, project_name):
+        for name in project_name, project_name.lower():
+            if name in self.requirements:
+                return self.requirements[name]
+            if name in self.requirement_aliases:
+                return self.requirements[self.requirement_aliases[name]]
+        raise KeyError("No project with the name %r" % project_name)
+
+    def uninstall(self, auto_confirm=False):
+        for req in self.requirements.values():
+            if req.constraint:
+                continue
+            req.uninstall(auto_confirm=auto_confirm)
+            req.commit_uninstall()
+
+    def prepare_files(self, finder):
+        """
+        Prepare process. Create temp directories, download and/or unpack files.
+        """
+        # make the wheelhouse
+        if self.wheel_download_dir:
+            ensure_dir(self.wheel_download_dir)
+
+        # If any top-level requirement has a hash specified, enter
+        # hash-checking mode, which requires hashes from all.
+        root_reqs = self.unnamed_requirements + self.requirements.values()
+        require_hashes = (self.require_hashes or
+                          any(req.has_hash_options for req in root_reqs))
+        if require_hashes and self.as_egg:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                '--egg is not allowed with --require-hashes mode, since it '
+                'delegates dependency resolution to setuptools and could thus '
+                'result in installation of unhashed packages.')
+
+        # Actually prepare the files, and collect any exceptions. Most hash
+        # exceptions cannot be checked ahead of time, because
+        # req.populate_link() needs to be called before we can make decisions
+        # based on link type.
+        discovered_reqs = []
+        hash_errors = HashErrors()
+        for req in chain(root_reqs, discovered_reqs):
+            try:
+                discovered_reqs.extend(self._prepare_file(
+                    finder,
+                    req,
+                    require_hashes=require_hashes,
+                    ignore_dependencies=self.ignore_dependencies))
+            except HashError as exc:
+                exc.req = req
+                hash_errors.append(exc)
+
+        if hash_errors:
+            raise hash_errors
+
+    def _check_skip_installed(self, req_to_install, finder):
+        """Check if req_to_install should be skipped.
+
+        This will check if the req is installed, and whether we should upgrade
+        or reinstall it, taking into account all the relevant user options.
+
+        After calling this req_to_install will only have satisfied_by set to
+        None if the req_to_install is to be upgraded/reinstalled etc. Any
+        other value will be a dist recording the current thing installed that
+        satisfies the requirement.
+
+        Note that for vcs urls and the like we can't assess skipping in this
+        routine - we simply identify that we need to pull the thing down,
+        then later on it is pulled down and introspected to assess upgrade/
+        reinstalls etc.
+
+        :return: A text reason for why it was skipped, or None.
+        """
+        # Check whether to upgrade/reinstall this req or not.
+        req_to_install.check_if_exists()
+        if req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+            skip_reason = 'satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade)'
+            if self.upgrade:
+                best_installed = False
+                # For link based requirements we have to pull the
+                # tree down and inspect to assess the version #, so
+                # its handled way down.
+                if not (self.force_reinstall or req_to_install.link):
+                    try:
+                        finder.find_requirement(req_to_install, self.upgrade)
+                    except BestVersionAlreadyInstalled:
+                        skip_reason = 'up-to-date'
+                        best_installed = True
+                    except DistributionNotFound:
+                        # No distribution found, so we squash the
+                        # error - it will be raised later when we
+                        # re-try later to do the install.
+                        # Why don't we just raise here?
+                        pass
+
+                if not best_installed:
+                    # don't uninstall conflict if user install and
+                    # conflict is not user install
+                    if not (self.use_user_site and not
+                            dist_in_usersite(req_to_install.satisfied_by)):
+                        req_to_install.conflicts_with = \
+                            req_to_install.satisfied_by
+                    req_to_install.satisfied_by = None
+            return skip_reason
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _prepare_file(self,
+                      finder,
+                      req_to_install,
+                      require_hashes=False,
+                      ignore_dependencies=False):
+        """Prepare a single requirements file.
+
+        :return: A list of additional InstallRequirements to also install.
+        """
+        # Tell user what we are doing for this requirement:
+        # obtain (editable), skipping, processing (local url), collecting
+        # (remote url or package name)
+        if req_to_install.constraint or req_to_install.prepared:
+            return []
+
+        req_to_install.prepared = True
+
+        # ###################### #
+        # # print log messages # #
+        # ###################### #
+        if req_to_install.editable:
+            logger.info('Obtaining %s', req_to_install)
+        else:
+            # satisfied_by is only evaluated by calling _check_skip_installed,
+            # so it must be None here.
+            assert req_to_install.satisfied_by is None
+            if not self.ignore_installed:
+                skip_reason = self._check_skip_installed(
+                    req_to_install, finder)
+
+            if req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                assert skip_reason is not None, (
+                    '_check_skip_installed returned None but '
+                    'req_to_install.satisfied_by is set to %r'
+                    % (req_to_install.satisfied_by,))
+                logger.info(
+                    'Requirement already %s: %s', skip_reason,
+                    req_to_install)
+            else:
+                if (req_to_install.link and
+                        req_to_install.link.scheme == 'file'):
+                    path = url_to_path(req_to_install.link.url)
+                    logger.info('Processing %s', display_path(path))
+                else:
+                    logger.info('Collecting %s', req_to_install)
+
+        with indent_log():
+            # ################################ #
+            # # vcs update or unpack archive # #
+            # ################################ #
+            if req_to_install.editable:
+                if require_hashes:
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        'The editable requirement %s cannot be installed when '
+                        'requiring hashes, because there is no single file to '
+                        'hash.' % req_to_install)
+                req_to_install.ensure_has_source_dir(self.src_dir)
+                req_to_install.update_editable(not self.is_download)
+                abstract_dist = make_abstract_dist(req_to_install)
+                abstract_dist.prep_for_dist()
+                if self.is_download:
+                    req_to_install.archive(self.download_dir)
+            elif req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                if require_hashes:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        'Since it is already installed, we are trusting this '
+                        'package without checking its hash. To ensure a '
+                        'completely repeatable environment, install into an '
+                        'empty virtualenv.')
+                abstract_dist = Installed(req_to_install)
+            else:
+                # @@ if filesystem packages are not marked
+                # editable in a req, a non deterministic error
+                # occurs when the script attempts to unpack the
+                # build directory
+                req_to_install.ensure_has_source_dir(self.build_dir)
+                # If a checkout exists, it's unwise to keep going.  version
+                # inconsistencies are logged later, but do not fail the
+                # installation.
+                # FIXME: this won't upgrade when there's an existing
+                # package unpacked in `req_to_install.source_dir`
+                if os.path.exists(
+                        os.path.join(req_to_install.source_dir, 'setup.py')):
+                    raise PreviousBuildDirError(
+                        "pip can't proceed with requirements '%s' due to a"
+                        " pre-existing build directory (%s). This is "
+                        "likely due to a previous installation that failed"
+                        ". pip is being responsible and not assuming it "
+                        "can delete this. Please delete it and try again."
+                        % (req_to_install, req_to_install.source_dir)
+                    )
+                req_to_install.populate_link(
+                    finder, self.upgrade, require_hashes)
+                # We can't hit this spot and have populate_link return None.
+                # req_to_install.satisfied_by is None here (because we're
+                # guarded) and upgrade has no impact except when satisfied_by
+                # is not None.
+                # Then inside find_requirement existing_applicable -> False
+                # If no new versions are found, DistributionNotFound is raised,
+                # otherwise a result is guaranteed.
+                assert req_to_install.link
+                link = req_to_install.link
+
+                # Now that we have the real link, we can tell what kind of
+                # requirements we have and raise some more informative errors
+                # than otherwise. (For example, we can raise VcsHashUnsupported
+                # for a VCS URL rather than HashMissing.)
+                if require_hashes:
+                    # We could check these first 2 conditions inside
+                    # unpack_url and save repetition of conditions, but then
+                    # we would report less-useful error messages for
+                    # unhashable requirements, complaining that there's no
+                    # hash provided.
+                    if is_vcs_url(link):
+                        raise VcsHashUnsupported()
+                    elif is_file_url(link) and is_dir_url(link):
+                        raise DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported()
+                    if (not req_to_install.original_link and
+                            not req_to_install.is_pinned):
+                        # Unpinned packages are asking for trouble when a new
+                        # version is uploaded. This isn't a security check, but
+                        # it saves users a surprising hash mismatch in the
+                        # future.
+                        #
+                        # file:/// URLs aren't pinnable, so don't complain
+                        # about them not being pinned.
+                        raise HashUnpinned()
+                hashes = req_to_install.hashes(
+                    trust_internet=not require_hashes)
+                if require_hashes and not hashes:
+                    # Known-good hashes are missing for this requirement, so
+                    # shim it with a facade object that will provoke hash
+                    # computation and then raise a HashMissing exception
+                    # showing the user what the hash should be.
+                    hashes = MissingHashes()
+
+                try:
+                    download_dir = self.download_dir
+                    # We always delete unpacked sdists after pip ran.
+                    autodelete_unpacked = True
+                    if req_to_install.link.is_wheel \
+                            and self.wheel_download_dir:
+                        # when doing 'pip wheel` we download wheels to a
+                        # dedicated dir.
+                        download_dir = self.wheel_download_dir
+                    if req_to_install.link.is_wheel:
+                        if download_dir:
+                            # When downloading, we only unpack wheels to get
+                            # metadata.
+                            autodelete_unpacked = True
+                        else:
+                            # When installing a wheel, we use the unpacked
+                            # wheel.
+                            autodelete_unpacked = False
+                    unpack_url(
+                        req_to_install.link, req_to_install.source_dir,
+                        download_dir, autodelete_unpacked,
+                        session=self.session, hashes=hashes)
+                except requests.HTTPError as exc:
+                    logger.critical(
+                        'Could not install requirement %s because '
+                        'of error %s',
+                        req_to_install,
+                        exc,
+                    )
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        'Could not install requirement %s because '
+                        'of HTTP error %s for URL %s' %
+                        (req_to_install, exc, req_to_install.link)
+                    )
+                abstract_dist = make_abstract_dist(req_to_install)
+                abstract_dist.prep_for_dist()
+                if self.is_download:
+                    # Make a .zip of the source_dir we already created.
+                    if req_to_install.link.scheme in vcs.all_schemes:
+                        req_to_install.archive(self.download_dir)
+                # req_to_install.req is only avail after unpack for URL
+                # pkgs repeat check_if_exists to uninstall-on-upgrade
+                # (#14)
+                if not self.ignore_installed:
+                    req_to_install.check_if_exists()
+                if req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                    if self.upgrade or self.ignore_installed:
+                        # don't uninstall conflict if user install and
+                        # conflict is not user install
+                        if not (self.use_user_site and not
+                                dist_in_usersite(
+                                    req_to_install.satisfied_by)):
+                            req_to_install.conflicts_with = \
+                                req_to_install.satisfied_by
+                        req_to_install.satisfied_by = None
+                    else:
+                        logger.info(
+                            'Requirement already satisfied (use '
+                            '--upgrade to upgrade): %s',
+                            req_to_install,
+                        )
+
+            # ###################### #
+            # # parse dependencies # #
+            # ###################### #
+            dist = abstract_dist.dist(finder)
+            more_reqs = []
+
+            def add_req(subreq):
+                sub_install_req = InstallRequirement(
+                    str(subreq),
+                    req_to_install,
+                    isolated=self.isolated,
+                    wheel_cache=self._wheel_cache,
+                )
+                more_reqs.extend(self.add_requirement(
+                    sub_install_req, req_to_install.name))
+
+            # We add req_to_install before its dependencies, so that we
+            # can refer to it when adding dependencies.
+            if not self.has_requirement(req_to_install.name):
+                # 'unnamed' requirements will get added here
+                self.add_requirement(req_to_install, None)
+
+            if not ignore_dependencies:
+                if (req_to_install.extras):
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Installing extra requirements: %r",
+                        ','.join(req_to_install.extras),
+                    )
+                missing_requested = sorted(
+                    set(req_to_install.extras) - set(dist.extras)
+                )
+                for missing in missing_requested:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        '%s does not provide the extra \'%s\'',
+                        dist, missing
+                    )
+
+                available_requested = sorted(
+                    set(dist.extras) & set(req_to_install.extras)
+                )
+                for subreq in dist.requires(available_requested):
+                    add_req(subreq)
+
+            # cleanup tmp src
+            self.reqs_to_cleanup.append(req_to_install)
+
+            if not req_to_install.editable and not req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+                # XXX: --no-install leads this to report 'Successfully
+                # downloaded' for only non-editable reqs, even though we took
+                # action on them.
+                self.successfully_downloaded.append(req_to_install)
+
+        return more_reqs
+
+    def cleanup_files(self):
+        """Clean up files, remove builds."""
+        logger.debug('Cleaning up...')
+        with indent_log():
+            for req in self.reqs_to_cleanup:
+                req.remove_temporary_source()
+
+    def _to_install(self):
+        """Create the installation order.
+
+        The installation order is topological - requirements are installed
+        before the requiring thing. We break cycles at an arbitrary point,
+        and make no other guarantees.
+        """
+        # The current implementation, which we may change at any point
+        # installs the user specified things in the order given, except when
+        # dependencies must come earlier to achieve topological order.
+        order = []
+        ordered_reqs = set()
+
+        def schedule(req):
+            if req.satisfied_by or req in ordered_reqs:
+                return
+            if req.constraint:
+                return
+            ordered_reqs.add(req)
+            for dep in self._dependencies[req]:
+                schedule(dep)
+            order.append(req)
+        for install_req in self.requirements.values():
+            schedule(install_req)
+        return order
+
+    def install(self, install_options, global_options=(), *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Install everything in this set (after having downloaded and unpacked
+        the packages)
+        """
+        to_install = self._to_install()
+
+        if to_install:
+            logger.info(
+                'Installing collected packages: %s',
+                ', '.join([req.name for req in to_install]),
+            )
+
+        with indent_log():
+            for requirement in to_install:
+                if requirement.conflicts_with:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Found existing installation: %s',
+                        requirement.conflicts_with,
+                    )
+                    with indent_log():
+                        requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)
+                try:
+                    requirement.install(
+                        install_options,
+                        global_options,
+                        *args,
+                        **kwargs
+                    )
+                except:
+                    # if install did not succeed, rollback previous uninstall
+                    if (requirement.conflicts_with and not
+                            requirement.install_succeeded):
+                        requirement.rollback_uninstall()
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    if (requirement.conflicts_with and
+                            requirement.install_succeeded):
+                        requirement.commit_uninstall()
+                requirement.remove_temporary_source()
+
+        self.successfully_installed = to_install
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5248430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/req/req_uninstall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+from pip.compat import uses_pycache, WINDOWS, cache_from_source
+from pip.exceptions import UninstallationError
+from pip.utils import rmtree, ask, is_local, renames, normalize_path
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UninstallPathSet(object):
+    """A set of file paths to be removed in the uninstallation of a
+    requirement."""
+    def __init__(self, dist):
+        self.paths = set()
+        self._refuse = set()
+        self.pth = {}
+        self.dist = dist
+        self.save_dir = None
+        self._moved_paths = []
+
+    def _permitted(self, path):
+        """
+        Return True if the given path is one we are permitted to
+        remove/modify, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return is_local(path)
+
+    def add(self, path):
+        head, tail = os.path.split(path)
+
+        # we normalize the head to resolve parent directory symlinks, but not
+        # the tail, since we only want to uninstall symlinks, not their targets
+        path = os.path.join(normalize_path(head), os.path.normcase(tail))
+
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            return
+        if self._permitted(path):
+            self.paths.add(path)
+        else:
+            self._refuse.add(path)
+
+        # __pycache__ files can show up after 'installed-files.txt' is created,
+        # due to imports
+        if os.path.splitext(path)[1] == '.py' and uses_pycache:
+            self.add(cache_from_source(path))
+
+    def add_pth(self, pth_file, entry):
+        pth_file = normalize_path(pth_file)
+        if self._permitted(pth_file):
+            if pth_file not in self.pth:
+                self.pth[pth_file] = UninstallPthEntries(pth_file)
+            self.pth[pth_file].add(entry)
+        else:
+            self._refuse.add(pth_file)
+
+    def compact(self, paths):
+        """Compact a path set to contain the minimal number of paths
+        necessary to contain all paths in the set. If /a/path/ and
+        /a/path/to/a/file.txt are both in the set, leave only the
+        shorter path."""
+        short_paths = set()
+        for path in sorted(paths, key=len):
+            if not any([
+                    (path.startswith(shortpath) and
+                     path[len(shortpath.rstrip(os.path.sep))] == os.path.sep)
+                    for shortpath in short_paths]):
+                short_paths.add(path)
+        return short_paths
+
+    def _stash(self, path):
+        return os.path.join(
+            self.save_dir, os.path.splitdrive(path)[1].lstrip(os.path.sep))
+
+    def remove(self, auto_confirm=False):
+        """Remove paths in ``self.paths`` with confirmation (unless
+        ``auto_confirm`` is True)."""
+        if not self.paths:
+            logger.info(
+                "Can't uninstall '%s'. No files were found to uninstall.",
+                self.dist.project_name,
+            )
+            return
+        logger.info(
+            'Uninstalling %s-%s:',
+            self.dist.project_name, self.dist.version
+        )
+
+        with indent_log():
+            paths = sorted(self.compact(self.paths))
+
+            if auto_confirm:
+                response = 'y'
+            else:
+                for path in paths:
+                    logger.info(path)
+                response = ask('Proceed (y/n)? ', ('y', 'n'))
+            if self._refuse:
+                logger.info('Not removing or modifying (outside of prefix):')
+                for path in self.compact(self._refuse):
+                    logger.info(path)
+            if response == 'y':
+                self.save_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix='-uninstall',
+                                                 prefix='pip-')
+                for path in paths:
+                    new_path = self._stash(path)
+                    logger.debug('Removing file or directory %s', path)
+                    self._moved_paths.append(path)
+                    renames(path, new_path)
+                for pth in self.pth.values():
+                    pth.remove()
+                logger.info(
+                    'Successfully uninstalled %s-%s',
+                    self.dist.project_name, self.dist.version
+                )
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Rollback the changes previously made by remove()."""
+        if self.save_dir is None:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't roll back %s; was not uninstalled",
+                self.dist.project_name,
+            )
+            return False
+        logger.info('Rolling back uninstall of %s', self.dist.project_name)
+        for path in self._moved_paths:
+            tmp_path = self._stash(path)
+            logger.debug('Replacing %s', path)
+            renames(tmp_path, path)
+        for pth in self.pth.values():
+            pth.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Remove temporary save dir: rollback will no longer be possible."""
+        if self.save_dir is not None:
+            rmtree(self.save_dir)
+            self.save_dir = None
+            self._moved_paths = []
+
+
+class UninstallPthEntries(object):
+    def __init__(self, pth_file):
+        if not os.path.isfile(pth_file):
+            raise UninstallationError(
+                "Cannot remove entries from nonexistent file %s" % pth_file
+            )
+        self.file = pth_file
+        self.entries = set()
+        self._saved_lines = None
+
+    def add(self, entry):
+        entry = os.path.normcase(entry)
+        # On Windows, os.path.normcase converts the entry to use
+        # backslashes.  This is correct for entries that describe absolute
+        # paths outside of site-packages, but all the others use forward
+        # slashes.
+        if WINDOWS and not os.path.splitdrive(entry)[0]:
+            entry = entry.replace('\\', '/')
+        self.entries.add(entry)
+
+    def remove(self):
+        logger.debug('Removing pth entries from %s:', self.file)
+        with open(self.file, 'rb') as fh:
+            # windows uses '\r\n' with py3k, but uses '\n' with py2.x
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+            self._saved_lines = lines
+        if any(b'\r\n' in line for line in lines):
+            endline = '\r\n'
+        else:
+            endline = '\n'
+        for entry in self.entries:
+            try:
+                logger.debug('Removing entry: %s', entry)
+                lines.remove((entry + endline).encode("utf-8"))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        with open(self.file, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.writelines(lines)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if self._saved_lines is None:
+            logger.error(
+                'Cannot roll back changes to %s, none were made', self.file
+            )
+            return False
+        logger.debug('Rolling %s back to previous state', self.file)
+        with open(self.file, 'wb') as fh:
+            fh.writelines(self._saved_lines)
+        return True
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/status_codes.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..275360a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+SUCCESS = 0
+ERROR = 1
+UNKNOWN_ERROR = 2
+VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND = 3
+PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR = 4
+NO_MATCHES_FOUND = 23
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4768ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+import errno
+import locale
+# we have a submodule named 'logging' which would shadow this if we used the
+# regular name:
+import logging as std_logging
+import re
+import os
+import posixpath
+import shutil
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import zipfile
+
+from pip.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip.compat import console_to_str, expanduser, stdlib_pkgs
+from pip.locations import (
+    site_packages, user_site, running_under_virtualenv, virtualenv_no_global,
+    write_delete_marker_file,
+)
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import input
+from pip._vendor.six import PY2
+from pip._vendor.retrying import retry
+
+if PY2:
+    from io import BytesIO as StringIO
+else:
+    from io import StringIO
+
+__all__ = ['rmtree', 'display_path', 'backup_dir',
+           'ask', 'splitext',
+           'format_size', 'is_installable_dir',
+           'is_svn_page', 'file_contents',
+           'split_leading_dir', 'has_leading_dir',
+           'normalize_path', 'canonicalize_name',
+           'renames', 'get_terminal_size', 'get_prog',
+           'unzip_file', 'untar_file', 'unpack_file', 'call_subprocess',
+           'captured_stdout', 'remove_tracebacks', 'ensure_dir',
+           'ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS', 'SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS',
+           'get_installed_version']
+
+
+logger = std_logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+BZ2_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.bz2', '.tbz')
+XZ_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.xz', '.txz', '.tlz', '.tar.lz', '.tar.lzma')
+ZIP_EXTENSIONS = ('.zip', '.whl')
+TAR_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.gz', '.tgz', '.tar')
+ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS = (
+    ZIP_EXTENSIONS + BZ2_EXTENSIONS + TAR_EXTENSIONS + XZ_EXTENSIONS)
+SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS = ZIP_EXTENSIONS + TAR_EXTENSIONS
+try:
+    import bz2  # noqa
+    SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS += BZ2_EXTENSIONS
+except ImportError:
+    logger.debug('bz2 module is not available')
+
+try:
+    # Only for Python 3.3+
+    import lzma  # noqa
+    SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS += XZ_EXTENSIONS
+except ImportError:
+    logger.debug('lzma module is not available')
+
+
+def import_or_raise(pkg_or_module_string, ExceptionType, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        return __import__(pkg_or_module_string)
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ExceptionType(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def ensure_dir(path):
+    """os.path.makedirs without EEXIST."""
+    try:
+        os.makedirs(path)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+            raise
+
+
+def get_prog():
+    try:
+        if os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) in ('__main__.py', '-c'):
+            return "%s -m pip" % sys.executable
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError, IndexError):
+        pass
+    return 'pip'
+
+
+# Retry every half second for up to 3 seconds
+@retry(stop_max_delay=3000, wait_fixed=500)
+def rmtree(dir, ignore_errors=False):
+    shutil.rmtree(dir, ignore_errors=ignore_errors,
+                  onerror=rmtree_errorhandler)
+
+
+def rmtree_errorhandler(func, path, exc_info):
+    """On Windows, the files in .svn are read-only, so when rmtree() tries to
+    remove them, an exception is thrown.  We catch that here, remove the
+    read-only attribute, and hopefully continue without problems."""
+    # if file type currently read only
+    if os.stat(path).st_mode & stat.S_IREAD:
+        # convert to read/write
+        os.chmod(path, stat.S_IWRITE)
+        # use the original function to repeat the operation
+        func(path)
+        return
+    else:
+        raise
+
+
+def display_path(path):
+    """Gives the display value for a given path, making it relative to cwd
+    if possible."""
+    path = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(path))
+    if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+        path = path.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding(), 'replace')
+        path = path.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(), 'replace')
+    if path.startswith(os.getcwd() + os.path.sep):
+        path = '.' + path[len(os.getcwd()):]
+    return path
+
+
+def backup_dir(dir, ext='.bak'):
+    """Figure out the name of a directory to back up the given dir to
+    (adding .bak, .bak2, etc)"""
+    n = 1
+    extension = ext
+    while os.path.exists(dir + extension):
+        n += 1
+        extension = ext + str(n)
+    return dir + extension
+
+
+def ask_path_exists(message, options):
+    for action in os.environ.get('PIP_EXISTS_ACTION', '').split():
+        if action in options:
+            return action
+    return ask(message, options)
+
+
+def ask(message, options):
+    """Ask the message interactively, with the given possible responses"""
+    while 1:
+        if os.environ.get('PIP_NO_INPUT'):
+            raise Exception(
+                'No input was expected ($PIP_NO_INPUT set); question: %s' %
+                message
+            )
+        response = input(message)
+        response = response.strip().lower()
+        if response not in options:
+            print(
+                'Your response (%r) was not one of the expected responses: '
+                '%s' % (response, ', '.join(options))
+            )
+        else:
+            return response
+
+
+def format_size(bytes):
+    if bytes > 1000 * 1000:
+        return '%.1fMB' % (bytes / 1000.0 / 1000)
+    elif bytes > 10 * 1000:
+        return '%ikB' % (bytes / 1000)
+    elif bytes > 1000:
+        return '%.1fkB' % (bytes / 1000.0)
+    else:
+        return '%ibytes' % bytes
+
+
+def is_installable_dir(path):
+    """Return True if `path` is a directory containing a setup.py file."""
+    if not os.path.isdir(path):
+        return False
+    setup_py = os.path.join(path, 'setup.py')
+    if os.path.isfile(setup_py):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def is_svn_page(html):
+    """
+    Returns true if the page appears to be the index page of an svn repository
+    """
+    return (re.search(r'<title>[^<]*Revision \d+:', html) and
+            re.search(r'Powered by (?:<a[^>]*?>)?Subversion', html, re.I))
+
+
+def file_contents(filename):
+    with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
+        return fp.read().decode('utf-8')
+
+
+def read_chunks(file, size=4096):
+    """Yield pieces of data from a file-like object until EOF."""
+    while True:
+        chunk = file.read(size)
+        if not chunk:
+            break
+        yield chunk
+
+
+def split_leading_dir(path):
+    path = path.lstrip('/').lstrip('\\')
+    if '/' in path and (('\\' in path and path.find('/') < path.find('\\')) or
+                        '\\' not in path):
+        return path.split('/', 1)
+    elif '\\' in path:
+        return path.split('\\', 1)
+    else:
+        return path, ''
+
+
+def has_leading_dir(paths):
+    """Returns true if all the paths have the same leading path name
+    (i.e., everything is in one subdirectory in an archive)"""
+    common_prefix = None
+    for path in paths:
+        prefix, rest = split_leading_dir(path)
+        if not prefix:
+            return False
+        elif common_prefix is None:
+            common_prefix = prefix
+        elif prefix != common_prefix:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def normalize_path(path, resolve_symlinks=True):
+    """
+    Convert a path to its canonical, case-normalized, absolute version.
+
+    """
+    path = expanduser(path)
+    if resolve_symlinks:
+        path = os.path.realpath(path)
+    else:
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+    return os.path.normcase(path)
+
+
+def splitext(path):
+    """Like os.path.splitext, but take off .tar too"""
+    base, ext = posixpath.splitext(path)
+    if base.lower().endswith('.tar'):
+        ext = base[-4:] + ext
+        base = base[:-4]
+    return base, ext
+
+
+def renames(old, new):
+    """Like os.renames(), but handles renaming across devices."""
+    # Implementation borrowed from os.renames().
+    head, tail = os.path.split(new)
+    if head and tail and not os.path.exists(head):
+        os.makedirs(head)
+
+    shutil.move(old, new)
+
+    head, tail = os.path.split(old)
+    if head and tail:
+        try:
+            os.removedirs(head)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+
+def is_local(path):
+    """
+    Return True if path is within sys.prefix, if we're running in a virtualenv.
+
+    If we're not in a virtualenv, all paths are considered "local."
+
+    """
+    if not running_under_virtualenv():
+        return True
+    return normalize_path(path).startswith(normalize_path(sys.prefix))
+
+
+def dist_is_local(dist):
+    """
+    Return True if given Distribution object is installed locally
+    (i.e. within current virtualenv).
+
+    Always True if we're not in a virtualenv.
+
+    """
+    return is_local(dist_location(dist))
+
+
+def dist_in_usersite(dist):
+    """
+    Return True if given Distribution is installed in user site.
+    """
+    norm_path = normalize_path(dist_location(dist))
+    return norm_path.startswith(normalize_path(user_site))
+
+
+def dist_in_site_packages(dist):
+    """
+    Return True if given Distribution is installed in
+    distutils.sysconfig.get_python_lib().
+    """
+    return normalize_path(
+        dist_location(dist)
+    ).startswith(normalize_path(site_packages))
+
+
+def dist_is_editable(dist):
+    """Is distribution an editable install?"""
+    for path_item in sys.path:
+        egg_link = os.path.join(path_item, dist.project_name + '.egg-link')
+        if os.path.isfile(egg_link):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_installed_distributions(local_only=True,
+                                skip=stdlib_pkgs,
+                                include_editables=True,
+                                editables_only=False,
+                                user_only=False):
+    """
+    Return a list of installed Distribution objects.
+
+    If ``local_only`` is True (default), only return installations
+    local to the current virtualenv, if in a virtualenv.
+
+    ``skip`` argument is an iterable of lower-case project names to
+    ignore; defaults to stdlib_pkgs
+
+    If ``editables`` is False, don't report editables.
+
+    If ``editables_only`` is True , only report editables.
+
+    If ``user_only`` is True , only report installations in the user
+    site directory.
+
+    """
+    if local_only:
+        local_test = dist_is_local
+    else:
+        def local_test(d):
+            return True
+
+    if include_editables:
+        def editable_test(d):
+            return True
+    else:
+        def editable_test(d):
+            return not dist_is_editable(d)
+
+    if editables_only:
+        def editables_only_test(d):
+            return dist_is_editable(d)
+    else:
+        def editables_only_test(d):
+            return True
+
+    if user_only:
+        user_test = dist_in_usersite
+    else:
+        def user_test(d):
+            return True
+
+    return [d for d in pkg_resources.working_set
+            if local_test(d) and
+            d.key not in skip and
+            editable_test(d) and
+            editables_only_test(d) and
+            user_test(d)
+            ]
+
+
+def egg_link_path(dist):
+    """
+    Return the path for the .egg-link file if it exists, otherwise, None.
+
+    There's 3 scenarios:
+    1) not in a virtualenv
+       try to find in site.USER_SITE, then site_packages
+    2) in a no-global virtualenv
+       try to find in site_packages
+    3) in a yes-global virtualenv
+       try to find in site_packages, then site.USER_SITE
+       (don't look in global location)
+
+    For #1 and #3, there could be odd cases, where there's an egg-link in 2
+    locations.
+
+    This method will just return the first one found.
+    """
+    sites = []
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        if virtualenv_no_global():
+            sites.append(site_packages)
+        else:
+            sites.append(site_packages)
+            if user_site:
+                sites.append(user_site)
+    else:
+        if user_site:
+            sites.append(user_site)
+        sites.append(site_packages)
+
+    for site in sites:
+        egglink = os.path.join(site, dist.project_name) + '.egg-link'
+        if os.path.isfile(egglink):
+            return egglink
+
+
+def dist_location(dist):
+    """
+    Get the site-packages location of this distribution. Generally
+    this is dist.location, except in the case of develop-installed
+    packages, where dist.location is the source code location, and we
+    want to know where the egg-link file is.
+
+    """
+    egg_link = egg_link_path(dist)
+    if egg_link:
+        return egg_link
+    return dist.location
+
+
+def get_terminal_size():
+    """Returns a tuple (x, y) representing the width(x) and the height(x)
+    in characters of the terminal window."""
+    def ioctl_GWINSZ(fd):
+        try:
+            import fcntl
+            import termios
+            import struct
+            cr = struct.unpack(
+                'hh',
+                fcntl.ioctl(fd, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, '1234')
+            )
+        except:
+            return None
+        if cr == (0, 0):
+            return None
+        return cr
+    cr = ioctl_GWINSZ(0) or ioctl_GWINSZ(1) or ioctl_GWINSZ(2)
+    if not cr:
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(os.ctermid(), os.O_RDONLY)
+            cr = ioctl_GWINSZ(fd)
+            os.close(fd)
+        except:
+            pass
+    if not cr:
+        cr = (os.environ.get('LINES', 25), os.environ.get('COLUMNS', 80))
+    return int(cr[1]), int(cr[0])
+
+
+def current_umask():
+    """Get the current umask which involves having to set it temporarily."""
+    mask = os.umask(0)
+    os.umask(mask)
+    return mask
+
+
+def unzip_file(filename, location, flatten=True):
+    """
+    Unzip the file (with path `filename`) to the destination `location`.  All
+    files are written based on system defaults and umask (i.e. permissions are
+    not preserved), except that regular file members with any execute
+    permissions (user, group, or world) have "chmod +x" applied after being
+    written. Note that for windows, any execute changes using os.chmod are
+    no-ops per the python docs.
+    """
+    ensure_dir(location)
+    zipfp = open(filename, 'rb')
+    try:
+        zip = zipfile.ZipFile(zipfp, allowZip64=True)
+        leading = has_leading_dir(zip.namelist()) and flatten
+        for info in zip.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            data = zip.read(name)
+            fn = name
+            if leading:
+                fn = split_leading_dir(name)[1]
+            fn = os.path.join(location, fn)
+            dir = os.path.dirname(fn)
+            if fn.endswith('/') or fn.endswith('\\'):
+                # A directory
+                ensure_dir(fn)
+            else:
+                ensure_dir(dir)
+                fp = open(fn, 'wb')
+                try:
+                    fp.write(data)
+                finally:
+                    fp.close()
+                    mode = info.external_attr >> 16
+                    # if mode and regular file and any execute permissions for
+                    # user/group/world?
+                    if mode and stat.S_ISREG(mode) and mode & 0o111:
+                        # make dest file have execute for user/group/world
+                        # (chmod +x) no-op on windows per python docs
+                        os.chmod(fn, (0o777 - current_umask() | 0o111))
+    finally:
+        zipfp.close()
+
+
+def untar_file(filename, location):
+    """
+    Untar the file (with path `filename`) to the destination `location`.
+    All files are written based on system defaults and umask (i.e. permissions
+    are not preserved), except that regular file members with any execute
+    permissions (user, group, or world) have "chmod +x" applied after being
+    written.  Note that for windows, any execute changes using os.chmod are
+    no-ops per the python docs.
+    """
+    ensure_dir(location)
+    if filename.lower().endswith('.gz') or filename.lower().endswith('.tgz'):
+        mode = 'r:gz'
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(BZ2_EXTENSIONS):
+        mode = 'r:bz2'
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(XZ_EXTENSIONS):
+        mode = 'r:xz'
+    elif filename.lower().endswith('.tar'):
+        mode = 'r'
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            'Cannot determine compression type for file %s', filename,
+        )
+        mode = 'r:*'
+    tar = tarfile.open(filename, mode)
+    try:
+        # note: python<=2.5 doesn't seem to know about pax headers, filter them
+        leading = has_leading_dir([
+            member.name for member in tar.getmembers()
+            if member.name != 'pax_global_header'
+        ])
+        for member in tar.getmembers():
+            fn = member.name
+            if fn == 'pax_global_header':
+                continue
+            if leading:
+                fn = split_leading_dir(fn)[1]
+            path = os.path.join(location, fn)
+            if member.isdir():
+                ensure_dir(path)
+            elif member.issym():
+                try:
+                    tar._extract_member(member, path)
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
+                    # (specifically bad symlinks)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s',
+                        filename, member.name, exc,
+                    )
+                    continue
+            else:
+                try:
+                    fp = tar.extractfile(member)
+                except (KeyError, AttributeError) as exc:
+                    # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
+                    # (specifically bad symlinks)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s',
+                        filename, member.name, exc,
+                    )
+                    continue
+                ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+                with open(path, 'wb') as destfp:
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(fp, destfp)
+                fp.close()
+                # Update the timestamp (useful for cython compiled files)
+                tar.utime(member, path)
+                # member have any execute permissions for user/group/world?
+                if member.mode & 0o111:
+                    # make dest file have execute for user/group/world
+                    # no-op on windows per python docs
+                    os.chmod(path, (0o777 - current_umask() | 0o111))
+    finally:
+        tar.close()
+
+
+def unpack_file(filename, location, content_type, link):
+    filename = os.path.realpath(filename)
+    if (content_type == 'application/zip' or
+            filename.lower().endswith(ZIP_EXTENSIONS) or
+            zipfile.is_zipfile(filename)):
+        unzip_file(
+            filename,
+            location,
+            flatten=not filename.endswith('.whl')
+        )
+    elif (content_type == 'application/x-gzip' or
+            tarfile.is_tarfile(filename) or
+            filename.lower().endswith(
+                TAR_EXTENSIONS + BZ2_EXTENSIONS + XZ_EXTENSIONS)):
+        untar_file(filename, location)
+    elif (content_type and content_type.startswith('text/html') and
+            is_svn_page(file_contents(filename))):
+        # We don't really care about this
+        from pip.vcs.subversion import Subversion
+        Subversion('svn+' + link.url).unpack(location)
+    else:
+        # FIXME: handle?
+        # FIXME: magic signatures?
+        logger.critical(
+            'Cannot unpack file %s (downloaded from %s, content-type: %s); '
+            'cannot detect archive format',
+            filename, location, content_type,
+        )
+        raise InstallationError(
+            'Cannot determine archive format of %s' % location
+        )
+
+
+def remove_tracebacks(output):
+    pattern = (r'(?:\W+File "(?:.*)", line (?:.*)\W+(?:.*)\W+\^\W+)?'
+               r'Syntax(?:Error|Warning): (?:.*)')
+    output = re.sub(pattern, '', output)
+    if PY2:
+        return output
+    # compileall.compile_dir() prints different messages to stdout
+    # in Python 3
+    return re.sub(r"\*\*\* Error compiling (?:.*)", '', output)
+
+
+def call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=True, cwd=None,
+                    on_returncode='raise',
+                    command_level=std_logging.DEBUG, command_desc=None,
+                    extra_environ=None, spinner=None):
+    if command_desc is None:
+        cmd_parts = []
+        for part in cmd:
+            if ' ' in part or '\n' in part or '"' in part or "'" in part:
+                part = '"%s"' % part.replace('"', '\\"')
+            cmd_parts.append(part)
+        command_desc = ' '.join(cmd_parts)
+    logger.log(command_level, "Running command %s", command_desc)
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if extra_environ:
+        env.update(extra_environ)
+    try:
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(
+            cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, stdin=None, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            cwd=cwd, env=env)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.critical(
+            "Error %s while executing command %s", exc, command_desc,
+        )
+        raise
+    all_output = []
+    while True:
+        line = console_to_str(proc.stdout.readline())
+        if not line:
+            break
+        line = line.rstrip()
+        all_output.append(line + '\n')
+        if show_stdout:
+            logger.debug(line)
+        if spinner is not None:
+            spinner.spin()
+    proc.wait()
+    if spinner is not None:
+        if proc.returncode:
+            spinner.finish("error")
+        else:
+            spinner.finish("done")
+    if proc.returncode:
+        if on_returncode == 'raise':
+            if all_output:
+                logger.info(
+                    'Complete output from command %s:', command_desc,
+                )
+                logger.info(
+                    ''.join(all_output) +
+                    '\n----------------------------------------'
+                )
+            raise InstallationError(
+                'Command "%s" failed with error code %s in %s'
+                % (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd))
+        elif on_returncode == 'warn':
+            logger.warning(
+                'Command "%s" had error code %s in %s',
+                command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd,
+            )
+        elif on_returncode == 'ignore':
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('Invalid value: on_returncode=%s' %
+                             repr(on_returncode))
+    if not show_stdout:
+        return remove_tracebacks(''.join(all_output))
+
+
+def read_text_file(filename):
+    """Return the contents of *filename*.
+
+    Try to decode the file contents with utf-8, the preferred system encoding
+    (e.g., cp1252 on some Windows machines), and latin1, in that order.
+    Decoding a byte string with latin1 will never raise an error. In the worst
+    case, the returned string will contain some garbage characters.
+
+    """
+    with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+
+    encodings = ['utf-8', locale.getpreferredencoding(False), 'latin1']
+    for enc in encodings:
+        try:
+            data = data.decode(enc)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            continue
+        break
+
+    assert type(data) != bytes  # Latin1 should have worked.
+    return data
+
+
+def _make_build_dir(build_dir):
+    os.makedirs(build_dir)
+    write_delete_marker_file(build_dir)
+
+
+class FakeFile(object):
+    """Wrap a list of lines in an object with readline() to make
+    ConfigParser happy."""
+    def __init__(self, lines):
+        self._gen = (l for l in lines)
+
+    def readline(self):
+        try:
+            try:
+                return next(self._gen)
+            except NameError:
+                return self._gen.next()
+        except StopIteration:
+            return ''
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._gen
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(StringIO):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_stream(cls, orig_stream):
+        cls.orig_stream = orig_stream
+        return cls()
+
+    # compileall.compile_dir() needs stdout.encoding to print to stdout
+    @property
+    def encoding(self):
+        return self.orig_stream.encoding
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def captured_output(stream_name):
+    """Return a context manager used by captured_stdout/stdin/stderr
+    that temporarily replaces the sys stream *stream_name* with a StringIO.
+
+    Taken from Lib/support/__init__.py in the CPython repo.
+    """
+    orig_stdout = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    setattr(sys, stream_name, StreamWrapper.from_stream(orig_stdout))
+    try:
+        yield getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    finally:
+        setattr(sys, stream_name, orig_stdout)
+
+
+def captured_stdout():
+    """Capture the output of sys.stdout:
+
+       with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+           print('hello')
+       self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), 'hello\n')
+
+    Taken from Lib/support/__init__.py in the CPython repo.
+    """
+    return captured_output('stdout')
+
+
+class cached_property(object):
+    """A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
+       itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
+       property.
+
+       Source: https://github.com/bottlepy/bottle/blob/0.11.5/bottle.py#L175
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.__doc__ = getattr(func, '__doc__')
+        self.func = func
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            # We're being accessed from the class itself, not from an object
+            return self
+        value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
+        return value
+
+
+def get_installed_version(dist_name):
+    """Get the installed version of dist_name avoiding pkg_resources cache"""
+    # Create a requirement that we'll look for inside of setuptools.
+    req = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(dist_name)
+
+    # We want to avoid having this cached, so we need to construct a new
+    # working set each time.
+    working_set = pkg_resources.WorkingSet()
+
+    # Get the installed distribution from our working set
+    dist = working_set.find(req)
+
+    # Check to see if we got an installed distribution or not, if we did
+    # we want to return it's version.
+    return dist.version if dist else None
+
+
+def canonicalize_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a canonical name used for comparison"""
+    return pkg_resources.safe_name(name).lower()
+
+
+def consume(iterator):
+    """Consume an iterable at C speed."""
+    deque(iterator, maxlen=0)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60ae76e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/appdirs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+"""
+This code was taken from https://github.com/ActiveState/appdirs and modified
+to suit our purposes.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS, expanduser
+
+
+def user_cache_dir(appname):
+    r"""
+    Return full path to the user-specific cache dir for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+
+    Typical user cache directories are:
+        Mac OS X:   ~/Library/Caches/<AppName>
+        Unix:       ~/.cache/<AppName> (XDG default)
+        Windows:      C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\<AppName>\Cache
+
+    On Windows the only suggestion in the MSDN docs is that local settings go
+    in the `CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA` directory. This is identical to the
+    non-roaming app data dir (the default returned by `user_data_dir`). Apps
+    typically put cache data somewhere *under* the given dir here. Some
+    examples:
+        ...\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\<ProfileName>\Cache
+        ...\Acme\SuperApp\Cache\1.0
+
+    OPINION: This function appends "Cache" to the `CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA` value.
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        # Get the base path
+        path = os.path.normpath(_get_win_folder("CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"))
+
+        # Add our app name and Cache directory to it
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname, "Cache")
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        # Get the base path
+        path = expanduser("~/Library/Caches")
+
+        # Add our app name to it
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+    else:
+        # Get the base path
+        path = os.getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME", expanduser("~/.cache"))
+
+        # Add our app name to it
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+
+    return path
+
+
+def user_data_dir(appname, roaming=False):
+    """
+    Return full path to the user-specific data dir for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+            If None, just the system directory is returned.
+        "roaming" (boolean, default False) can be set True to use the Windows
+            roaming appdata directory. That means that for users on a Windows
+            network setup for roaming profiles, this user data will be
+            sync'd on login. See
+            <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766489(WS.10).aspx>
+            for a discussion of issues.
+
+    Typical user data directories are:
+        Mac OS X:               ~/Library/Application Support/<AppName>
+        Unix:                   ~/.local/share/<AppName>    # or in
+                                $XDG_DATA_HOME, if defined
+        Win XP (not roaming):   C:\Documents and Settings\<username>\ ...
+                                ...Application Data\<AppName>
+        Win XP (roaming):       C:\Documents and Settings\<username>\Local ...
+                                ...Settings\Application Data\<AppName>
+        Win 7  (not roaming):   C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\<AppName>
+        Win 7  (roaming):       C:\\Users\<username>\AppData\Roaming\<AppName>
+
+    For Unix, we follow the XDG spec and support $XDG_DATA_HOME.
+    That means, by default "~/.local/share/<AppName>".
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        const = roaming and "CSIDL_APPDATA" or "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"
+        path = os.path.join(os.path.normpath(_get_win_folder(const)), appname)
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        path = os.path.join(
+            expanduser('~/Library/Application Support/'),
+            appname,
+        )
+    else:
+        path = os.path.join(
+            os.getenv('XDG_DATA_HOME', expanduser("~/.local/share")),
+            appname,
+        )
+
+    return path
+
+
+def user_config_dir(appname, roaming=True):
+    """Return full path to the user-specific config dir for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+            If None, just the system directory is returned.
+        "roaming" (boolean, default True) can be set False to not use the
+            Windows roaming appdata directory. That means that for users on a
+            Windows network setup for roaming profiles, this user data will be
+            sync'd on login. See
+            <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766489(WS.10).aspx>
+            for a discussion of issues.
+
+    Typical user data directories are:
+        Mac OS X:               same as user_data_dir
+        Unix:                   ~/.config/<AppName>
+        Win *:                  same as user_data_dir
+
+    For Unix, we follow the XDG spec and support $XDG_CONFIG_HOME.
+    That means, by deafult "~/.config/<AppName>".
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        path = user_data_dir(appname, roaming=roaming)
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        path = user_data_dir(appname)
+    else:
+        path = os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_HOME', expanduser("~/.config"))
+        path = os.path.join(path, appname)
+
+    return path
+
+
+# for the discussion regarding site_config_dirs locations
+# see <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1733>
+def site_config_dirs(appname):
+    """Return a list of potential user-shared config dirs for this application.
+
+        "appname" is the name of application.
+
+    Typical user config directories are:
+        Mac OS X:   /Library/Application Support/<AppName>/
+        Unix:       /etc or $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS[i]/<AppName>/ for each value in
+                    $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS
+        Win XP:     C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application ...
+                    ...Data\<AppName>\
+        Vista:      (Fail! "C:\ProgramData" is a hidden *system* directory
+                    on Vista.)
+        Win 7:      Hidden, but writeable on Win 7:
+                    C:\ProgramData\<AppName>\
+    """
+    if WINDOWS:
+        path = os.path.normpath(_get_win_folder("CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA"))
+        pathlist = [os.path.join(path, appname)]
+    elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        pathlist = [os.path.join('/Library/Application Support', appname)]
+    else:
+        # try looking in $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS
+        xdg_config_dirs = os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_DIRS', '/etc/xdg')
+        if xdg_config_dirs:
+            pathlist = [
+                os.path.join(expanduser(x), appname)
+                for x in xdg_config_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
+            ]
+        else:
+            pathlist = []
+
+        # always look in /etc directly as well
+        pathlist.append('/etc')
+
+    return pathlist
+
+
+# -- Windows support functions --
+
+def _get_win_folder_from_registry(csidl_name):
+    """
+    This is a fallback technique at best. I'm not sure if using the
+    registry for this guarantees us the correct answer for all CSIDL_*
+    names.
+    """
+    import _winreg
+
+    shell_folder_name = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": "AppData",
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": "Common AppData",
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": "Local AppData",
+    }[csidl_name]
+
+    key = _winreg.OpenKey(
+        _winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
+        r"Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders"
+    )
+    directory, _type = _winreg.QueryValueEx(key, shell_folder_name)
+    return directory
+
+
+def _get_win_folder_with_ctypes(csidl_name):
+    csidl_const = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": 26,
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": 35,
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": 28,
+    }[csidl_name]
+
+    buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+    ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(None, csidl_const, None, 0, buf)
+
+    # Downgrade to short path name if have highbit chars. See
+    # <http://bugs.activestate.com/show_bug.cgi?id=85099>.
+    has_high_char = False
+    for c in buf:
+        if ord(c) > 255:
+            has_high_char = True
+            break
+    if has_high_char:
+        buf2 = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+        if ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW(buf.value, buf2, 1024):
+            buf = buf2
+
+    return buf.value
+
+if WINDOWS:
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+        _get_win_folder = _get_win_folder_with_ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        _get_win_folder = _get_win_folder_from_registry
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/build.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/build.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc65cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os.path
+import tempfile
+
+from pip.utils import rmtree
+
+
+class BuildDirectory(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, delete=None):
+        # If we were not given an explicit directory, and we were not given an
+        # explicit delete option, then we'll default to deleting.
+        if name is None and delete is None:
+            delete = True
+
+        if name is None:
+            # We realpath here because some systems have their default tmpdir
+            # symlinked to another directory.  This tends to confuse build
+            # scripts, so we canonicalize the path by traversing potential
+            # symlinks here.
+            name = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="pip-build-"))
+            # If we were not given an explicit directory, and we were not given
+            # an explicit delete option, then we'll default to deleting.
+            if delete is None:
+                delete = True
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.delete = delete
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<{} {!r}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
+        self.cleanup()
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        if self.delete:
+            rmtree(self.name)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d336cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+"""
+A module that implments tooling to enable easy warnings about deprecations.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+
+class PipDeprecationWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+
+class RemovedInPip9Warning(PipDeprecationWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class RemovedInPip10Warning(PipDeprecationWarning, PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class Python26DeprecationWarning(
+    PipDeprecationWarning, PendingDeprecationWarning
+):
+    pass
+
+
+DEPRECATIONS = [
+    RemovedInPip9Warning, RemovedInPip10Warning, Python26DeprecationWarning
+]
+
+
+# Warnings <-> Logging Integration
+
+
+_warnings_showwarning = None
+
+
+def _showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None):
+    if file is not None:
+        if _warnings_showwarning is not None:
+            _warnings_showwarning(
+                message, category, filename, lineno, file, line,
+            )
+    else:
+        if issubclass(category, PipDeprecationWarning):
+            # We use a specially named logger which will handle all of the
+            # deprecation messages for pip.
+            logger = logging.getLogger("pip.deprecations")
+
+            # This is purposely using the % formatter here instead of letting
+            # the logging module handle the interpolation. This is because we
+            # want it to appear as if someone typed this entire message out.
+            log_message = "DEPRECATION: %s" % message
+
+            # Things that are DeprecationWarnings will be removed in the very
+            # next version of pip. We want these to be more obvious so we
+            # use the ERROR logging level while the PendingDeprecationWarnings
+            # are still have at least 2 versions to go until they are removed
+            # so they can just be warnings.
+            if issubclass(category, DeprecationWarning):
+                logger.error(log_message)
+            else:
+                logger.warning(log_message)
+        else:
+            _warnings_showwarning(
+                message, category, filename, lineno, file, line,
+            )
+
+
+def install_warning_logger():
+    global _warnings_showwarning
+
+    if _warnings_showwarning is None:
+        _warnings_showwarning = warnings.showwarning
+        warnings.showwarning = _showwarning
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25ad516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/filesystem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import os
+import os.path
+
+from pip.compat import get_path_uid
+
+
+def check_path_owner(path):
+    # If we don't have a way to check the effective uid of this process, then
+    # we'll just assume that we own the directory.
+    if not hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        return True
+
+    previous = None
+    while path != previous:
+        if os.path.lexists(path):
+            # Check if path is writable by current user.
+            if os.geteuid() == 0:
+                # Special handling for root user in order to handle properly
+                # cases where users use sudo without -H flag.
+                try:
+                    path_uid = get_path_uid(path)
+                except OSError:
+                    return False
+                return path_uid == 0
+            else:
+                return os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+        else:
+            previous, path = path, os.path.dirname(path)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9602970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/hashes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import hashlib
+
+from pip.exceptions import HashMismatch, HashMissing, InstallationError
+from pip.utils import read_chunks
+from pip._vendor.six import iteritems, iterkeys, itervalues
+
+
+# The recommended hash algo of the moment. Change this whenever the state of
+# the art changes; it won't hurt backward compatibility.
+FAVORITE_HASH = 'sha256'
+
+
+# Names of hashlib algorithms allowed by the --hash option and ``pip hash``
+# Currently, those are the ones at least as collision-resistant as sha256.
+STRONG_HASHES = ['sha256', 'sha384', 'sha512']
+
+
+class Hashes(object):
+    """A wrapper that builds multiple hashes at once and checks them against
+    known-good values
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, hashes=None):
+        """
+        :param hashes: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed
+            hex digests
+        """
+        self._allowed = {} if hashes is None else hashes
+
+    def check_against_chunks(self, chunks):
+        """Check good hashes against ones built from iterable of chunks of
+        data.
+
+        Raise HashMismatch if none match.
+
+        """
+        gots = {}
+        for hash_name in iterkeys(self._allowed):
+            try:
+                gots[hash_name] = hashlib.new(hash_name)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                raise InstallationError('Unknown hash name: %s' % hash_name)
+
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            for hash in itervalues(gots):
+                hash.update(chunk)
+
+        for hash_name, got in iteritems(gots):
+            if got.hexdigest() in self._allowed[hash_name]:
+                return
+        self._raise(gots)
+
+    def _raise(self, gots):
+        raise HashMismatch(self._allowed, gots)
+
+    def check_against_file(self, file):
+        """Check good hashes against a file-like object
+
+        Raise HashMismatch if none match.
+
+        """
+        return self.check_against_chunks(read_chunks(file))
+
+    def check_against_path(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as file:
+            return self.check_against_file(file)
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Return whether I know any known-good hashes."""
+        return bool(self._allowed)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self.__nonzero__()
+
+
+class MissingHashes(Hashes):
+    """A workalike for Hashes used when we're missing a hash for a requirement
+
+    It computes the actual hash of the requirement and raises a HashMissing
+    exception showing it to the user.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Don't offer the ``hashes`` kwarg."""
+        # Pass our favorite hash in to generate a "gotten hash". With the
+        # empty list, it will never match, so an error will always raise.
+        super(MissingHashes, self).__init__(hashes={FAVORITE_HASH: []})
+
+    def _raise(self, gots):
+        raise HashMissing(gots[FAVORITE_HASH].hexdigest())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c1053a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import logging.handlers
+import os
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor import colorama
+# Lots of different errors can come from this, including SystemError and
+# ImportError.
+except Exception:
+    colorama = None
+
+
+_log_state = threading.local()
+_log_state.indentation = 0
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def indent_log(num=2):
+    """
+    A context manager which will cause the log output to be indented for any
+    log messages emitted inside it.
+    """
+    _log_state.indentation += num
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _log_state.indentation -= num
+
+
+def get_indentation():
+    return getattr(_log_state, 'indentation', 0)
+
+
+class IndentingFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        """
+        Calls the standard formatter, but will indent all of the log messages
+        by our current indentation level.
+        """
+        formatted = logging.Formatter.format(self, record)
+        formatted = "".join([
+            (" " * get_indentation()) + line
+            for line in formatted.splitlines(True)
+        ])
+        return formatted
+
+
+def _color_wrap(*colors):
+    def wrapped(inp):
+        return "".join(list(colors) + [inp, colorama.Style.RESET_ALL])
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class ColorizedStreamHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
+
+    # Don't build up a list of colors if we don't have colorama
+    if colorama:
+        COLORS = [
+            # This needs to be in order from highest logging level to lowest.
+            (logging.ERROR, _color_wrap(colorama.Fore.RED)),
+            (logging.WARNING, _color_wrap(colorama.Fore.YELLOW)),
+        ]
+    else:
+        COLORS = []
+
+    def __init__(self, stream=None):
+        logging.StreamHandler.__init__(self, stream)
+
+        if WINDOWS and colorama:
+            self.stream = colorama.AnsiToWin32(self.stream)
+
+    def should_color(self):
+        # Don't colorize things if we do not have colorama
+        if not colorama:
+            return False
+
+        real_stream = (
+            self.stream if not isinstance(self.stream, colorama.AnsiToWin32)
+            else self.stream.wrapped
+        )
+
+        # If the stream is a tty we should color it
+        if hasattr(real_stream, "isatty") and real_stream.isatty():
+            return True
+
+        # If we have an ASNI term we should color it
+        if os.environ.get("TERM") == "ANSI":
+            return True
+
+        # If anything else we should not color it
+        return False
+
+    def format(self, record):
+        msg = logging.StreamHandler.format(self, record)
+
+        if self.should_color():
+            for level, color in self.COLORS:
+                if record.levelno >= level:
+                    msg = color(msg)
+                    break
+
+        return msg
+
+
+class BetterRotatingFileHandler(logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler):
+
+    def _open(self):
+        ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(self.baseFilename))
+        return logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler._open(self)
+
+
+class MaxLevelFilter(logging.Filter):
+
+    def __init__(self, level):
+        self.level = level
+
+    def filter(self, record):
+        return record.levelno < self.level
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2164cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/outdated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import datetime
+import json
+import logging
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor import lockfile
+from pip._vendor.packaging import version as packaging_version
+
+from pip.compat import total_seconds, WINDOWS
+from pip.models import PyPI
+from pip.locations import USER_CACHE_DIR, running_under_virtualenv
+from pip.utils import ensure_dir, get_installed_version
+from pip.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+
+
+SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VirtualenvSelfCheckState(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.statefile_path = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "pip-selfcheck.json")
+
+        # Load the existing state
+        try:
+            with open(self.statefile_path) as statefile:
+                self.state = json.load(statefile)
+        except (IOError, ValueError):
+            self.state = {}
+
+    def save(self, pypi_version, current_time):
+        # Attempt to write out our version check file
+        with open(self.statefile_path, "w") as statefile:
+            json.dump(
+                {
+                    "last_check": current_time.strftime(SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT),
+                    "pypi_version": pypi_version,
+                },
+                statefile,
+                sort_keys=True,
+                separators=(",", ":")
+            )
+
+
+class GlobalSelfCheckState(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.statefile_path = os.path.join(USER_CACHE_DIR, "selfcheck.json")
+
+        # Load the existing state
+        try:
+            with open(self.statefile_path) as statefile:
+                self.state = json.load(statefile)[sys.prefix]
+        except (IOError, ValueError, KeyError):
+            self.state = {}
+
+    def save(self, pypi_version, current_time):
+        # Check to make sure that we own the directory
+        if not check_path_owner(os.path.dirname(self.statefile_path)):
+            return
+
+        # Now that we've ensured the directory is owned by this user, we'll go
+        # ahead and make sure that all our directories are created.
+        ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(self.statefile_path))
+
+        # Attempt to write out our version check file
+        with lockfile.LockFile(self.statefile_path):
+            if os.path.exists(self.statefile_path):
+                with open(self.statefile_path) as statefile:
+                    state = json.load(statefile)
+            else:
+                state = {}
+
+            state[sys.prefix] = {
+                "last_check": current_time.strftime(SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT),
+                "pypi_version": pypi_version,
+            }
+
+            with open(self.statefile_path, "w") as statefile:
+                json.dump(state, statefile, sort_keys=True,
+                          separators=(",", ":"))
+
+
+def load_selfcheck_statefile():
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        return VirtualenvSelfCheckState()
+    else:
+        return GlobalSelfCheckState()
+
+
+def pip_version_check(session):
+    """Check for an update for pip.
+
+    Limit the frequency of checks to once per week. State is stored either in
+    the active virtualenv or in the user's USER_CACHE_DIR keyed off the prefix
+    of the pip script path.
+    """
+    installed_version = get_installed_version("pip")
+    if installed_version is None:
+        return
+
+    pip_version = packaging_version.parse(installed_version)
+    pypi_version = None
+
+    try:
+        state = load_selfcheck_statefile()
+
+        current_time = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+        # Determine if we need to refresh the state
+        if "last_check" in state.state and "pypi_version" in state.state:
+            last_check = datetime.datetime.strptime(
+                state.state["last_check"],
+                SELFCHECK_DATE_FMT
+            )
+            if total_seconds(current_time - last_check) < 7 * 24 * 60 * 60:
+                pypi_version = state.state["pypi_version"]
+
+        # Refresh the version if we need to or just see if we need to warn
+        if pypi_version is None:
+            resp = session.get(
+                PyPI.pip_json_url,
+                headers={"Accept": "application/json"},
+            )
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            pypi_version = [
+                v for v in sorted(
+                    list(resp.json()["releases"]),
+                    key=packaging_version.parse,
+                )
+                if not packaging_version.parse(v).is_prerelease
+            ][-1]
+
+            # save that we've performed a check
+            state.save(pypi_version, current_time)
+
+        remote_version = packaging_version.parse(pypi_version)
+
+        # Determine if our pypi_version is older
+        if (pip_version < remote_version and
+                pip_version.base_version != remote_version.base_version):
+            # Advise "python -m pip" on Windows to avoid issues
+            # with overwriting pip.exe.
+            if WINDOWS:
+                pip_cmd = "python -m pip"
+            else:
+                pip_cmd = "pip"
+            logger.warning(
+                "You are using pip version %s, however version %s is "
+                "available.\nYou should consider upgrading via the "
+                "'%s install --upgrade pip' command.",
+                pip_version, pypi_version, pip_cmd
+            )
+
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug(
+            "There was an error checking the latest version of pip",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/setuptools_build.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/setuptools_build.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c9095e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/setuptools_build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Shim to wrap setup.py invocation with setuptools
+SETUPTOOLS_SHIM = (
+    "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__=%r;"
+    "exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read()"
+    ".replace('\\r\\n', '\\n'), __file__, 'exec'))"
+)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..973bc64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/utils/ui.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+
+import itertools
+import sys
+from signal import signal, SIGINT, default_int_handler
+import time
+import contextlib
+import logging
+
+from pip.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip.utils import format_size
+from pip.utils.logging import get_indentation
+from pip._vendor import six
+from pip._vendor.progress.bar import Bar, IncrementalBar
+from pip._vendor.progress.helpers import (WritelnMixin,
+                                          HIDE_CURSOR, SHOW_CURSOR)
+from pip._vendor.progress.spinner import Spinner
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor import colorama
+# Lots of different errors can come from this, including SystemError and
+# ImportError.
+except Exception:
+    colorama = None
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _select_progress_class(preferred, fallback):
+    encoding = getattr(preferred.file, "encoding", None)
+
+    # If we don't know what encoding this file is in, then we'll just assume
+    # that it doesn't support unicode and use the ASCII bar.
+    if not encoding:
+        return fallback
+
+    # Collect all of the possible characters we want to use with the preferred
+    # bar.
+    characters = [
+        getattr(preferred, "empty_fill", six.text_type()),
+        getattr(preferred, "fill", six.text_type()),
+    ]
+    characters += list(getattr(preferred, "phases", []))
+
+    # Try to decode the characters we're using for the bar using the encoding
+    # of the given file, if this works then we'll assume that we can use the
+    # fancier bar and if not we'll fall back to the plaintext bar.
+    try:
+        six.text_type().join(characters).encode(encoding)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return fallback
+    else:
+        return preferred
+
+
+_BaseBar = _select_progress_class(IncrementalBar, Bar)
+
+
+class InterruptibleMixin(object):
+    """
+    Helper to ensure that self.finish() gets called on keyboard interrupt.
+
+    This allows downloads to be interrupted without leaving temporary state
+    (like hidden cursors) behind.
+
+    This class is similar to the progress library's existing SigIntMixin
+    helper, but as of version 1.2, that helper has the following problems:
+
+    1. It calls sys.exit().
+    2. It discards the existing SIGINT handler completely.
+    3. It leaves its own handler in place even after an uninterrupted finish,
+       which will have unexpected delayed effects if the user triggers an
+       unrelated keyboard interrupt some time after a progress-displaying
+       download has already completed, for example.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Save the original SIGINT handler for later.
+        """
+        super(InterruptibleMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.original_handler = signal(SIGINT, self.handle_sigint)
+
+        # If signal() returns None, the previous handler was not installed from
+        # Python, and we cannot restore it. This probably should not happen,
+        # but if it does, we must restore something sensible instead, at least.
+        # The least bad option should be Python's default SIGINT handler, which
+        # just raises KeyboardInterrupt.
+        if self.original_handler is None:
+            self.original_handler = default_int_handler
+
+    def finish(self):
+        """
+        Restore the original SIGINT handler after finishing.
+
+        This should happen regardless of whether the progress display finishes
+        normally, or gets interrupted.
+        """
+        super(InterruptibleMixin, self).finish()
+        signal(SIGINT, self.original_handler)
+
+    def handle_sigint(self, signum, frame):
+        """
+        Call self.finish() before delegating to the original SIGINT handler.
+
+        This handler should only be in place while the progress display is
+        active.
+        """
+        self.finish()
+        self.original_handler(signum, frame)
+
+
+class DownloadProgressMixin(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(DownloadProgressMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.message = (" " * (get_indentation() + 2)) + self.message
+
+    @property
+    def downloaded(self):
+        return format_size(self.index)
+
+    @property
+    def download_speed(self):
+        # Avoid zero division errors...
+        if self.avg == 0.0:
+            return "..."
+        return format_size(1 / self.avg) + "/s"
+
+    @property
+    def pretty_eta(self):
+        if self.eta:
+            return "eta %s" % self.eta_td
+        return ""
+
+    def iter(self, it, n=1):
+        for x in it:
+            yield x
+            self.next(n)
+        self.finish()
+
+
+class WindowsMixin(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # The Windows terminal does not support the hide/show cursor ANSI codes
+        # even with colorama. So we'll ensure that hide_cursor is False on
+        # Windows.
+        # This call neds to go before the super() call, so that hide_cursor
+        # is set in time. The base progress bar class writes the "hide cursor"
+        # code to the terminal in its init, so if we don't set this soon
+        # enough, we get a "hide" with no corresponding "show"...
+        if WINDOWS and self.hide_cursor:
+            self.hide_cursor = False
+
+        super(WindowsMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Check if we are running on Windows and we have the colorama module,
+        # if we do then wrap our file with it.
+        if WINDOWS and colorama:
+            self.file = colorama.AnsiToWin32(self.file)
+            # The progress code expects to be able to call self.file.isatty()
+            # but the colorama.AnsiToWin32() object doesn't have that, so we'll
+            # add it.
+            self.file.isatty = lambda: self.file.wrapped.isatty()
+            # The progress code expects to be able to call self.file.flush()
+            # but the colorama.AnsiToWin32() object doesn't have that, so we'll
+            # add it.
+            self.file.flush = lambda: self.file.wrapped.flush()
+
+
+class DownloadProgressBar(WindowsMixin, InterruptibleMixin,
+                          DownloadProgressMixin, _BaseBar):
+
+    file = sys.stdout
+    message = "%(percent)d%%"
+    suffix = "%(downloaded)s %(download_speed)s %(pretty_eta)s"
+
+
+class DownloadProgressSpinner(WindowsMixin, InterruptibleMixin,
+                              DownloadProgressMixin, WritelnMixin, Spinner):
+
+    file = sys.stdout
+    suffix = "%(downloaded)s %(download_speed)s"
+
+    def next_phase(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_phaser"):
+            self._phaser = itertools.cycle(self.phases)
+        return next(self._phaser)
+
+    def update(self):
+        message = self.message % self
+        phase = self.next_phase()
+        suffix = self.suffix % self
+        line = ''.join([
+            message,
+            " " if message else "",
+            phase,
+            " " if suffix else "",
+            suffix,
+        ])
+
+        self.writeln(line)
+
+
+################################################################
+# Generic "something is happening" spinners
+#
+# We don't even try using progress.spinner.Spinner here because it's actually
+# simpler to reimplement from scratch than to coerce their code into doing
+# what we need.
+################################################################
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def hidden_cursor(file):
+    # The Windows terminal does not support the hide/show cursor ANSI codes,
+    # even via colorama. So don't even try.
+    if WINDOWS:
+        yield
+    else:
+        file.write(HIDE_CURSOR)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            file.write(SHOW_CURSOR)
+
+
+class RateLimiter(object):
+    def __init__(self, min_update_interval_seconds):
+        self._min_update_interval_seconds = min_update_interval_seconds
+        self._last_update = 0
+
+    def ready(self):
+        now = time.time()
+        delta = now - self._last_update
+        return delta >= self._min_update_interval_seconds
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._last_update = time.time()
+
+
+class InteractiveSpinner(object):
+    def __init__(self, message, file=None, spin_chars="-\\|/",
+                 # Empirically, 8 updates/second looks nice
+                 min_update_interval_seconds=0.125):
+        self._message = message
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+        self._file = file
+        self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(min_update_interval_seconds)
+        self._finished = False
+
+        self._spin_cycle = itertools.cycle(spin_chars)
+
+        self._file.write(" " * get_indentation() + self._message + " ... ")
+        self._width = 0
+
+    def _write(self, status):
+        assert not self._finished
+        # Erase what we wrote before by backspacing to the beginning, writing
+        # spaces to overwrite the old text, and then backspacing again
+        backup = "\b" * self._width
+        self._file.write(backup + " " * self._width + backup)
+        # Now we have a blank slate to add our status
+        self._file.write(status)
+        self._width = len(status)
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._rate_limiter.reset()
+
+    def spin(self):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        if not self._rate_limiter.ready():
+            return
+        self._write(next(self._spin_cycle))
+
+    def finish(self, final_status):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        self._write(final_status)
+        self._file.write("\n")
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._finished = True
+
+
+# Used for dumb terminals, non-interactive installs (no tty), etc.
+# We still print updates occasionally (once every 60 seconds by default) to
+# act as a keep-alive for systems like Travis-CI that take lack-of-output as
+# an indication that a task has frozen.
+class NonInteractiveSpinner(object):
+    def __init__(self, message, min_update_interval_seconds=60):
+        self._message = message
+        self._finished = False
+        self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(min_update_interval_seconds)
+        self._update("started")
+
+    def _update(self, status):
+        assert not self._finished
+        self._rate_limiter.reset()
+        logger.info("%s: %s", self._message, status)
+
+    def spin(self):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        if not self._rate_limiter.ready():
+            return
+        self._update("still running...")
+
+    def finish(self, final_status):
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        self._update("finished with status '%s'" % (final_status,))
+        self._finished = True
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def open_spinner(message):
+    # Interactive spinner goes directly to sys.stdout rather than being routed
+    # through the logging system, but it acts like it has level INFO,
+    # i.e. it's only displayed if we're at level INFO or better.
+    # Non-interactive spinner goes through the logging system, so it is always
+    # in sync with logging configuration.
+    if sys.stdout.isatty() and logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.INFO:
+        spinner = InteractiveSpinner(message)
+    else:
+        spinner = NonInteractiveSpinner(message)
+    try:
+        with hidden_cursor(sys.stdout):
+            yield spinner
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        spinner.finish("canceled")
+        raise
+    except Exception:
+        spinner.finish("error")
+        raise
+    else:
+        spinner.finish("done")
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dc1c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+"""Handles all VCS (version control) support"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+from pip.exceptions import BadCommand
+from pip.utils import (display_path, backup_dir, call_subprocess,
+                       rmtree, ask_path_exists)
+
+
+__all__ = ['vcs', 'get_src_requirement']
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class VcsSupport(object):
+    _registry = {}
+    schemes = ['ssh', 'git', 'hg', 'bzr', 'sftp', 'svn']
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Register more schemes with urlparse for various version control
+        # systems
+        urllib_parse.uses_netloc.extend(self.schemes)
+        # Python >= 2.7.4, 3.3 doesn't have uses_fragment
+        if getattr(urllib_parse, 'uses_fragment', None):
+            urllib_parse.uses_fragment.extend(self.schemes)
+        super(VcsSupport, self).__init__()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._registry.__iter__()
+
+    @property
+    def backends(self):
+        return list(self._registry.values())
+
+    @property
+    def dirnames(self):
+        return [backend.dirname for backend in self.backends]
+
+    @property
+    def all_schemes(self):
+        schemes = []
+        for backend in self.backends:
+            schemes.extend(backend.schemes)
+        return schemes
+
+    def register(self, cls):
+        if not hasattr(cls, 'name'):
+            logger.warning('Cannot register VCS %s', cls.__name__)
+            return
+        if cls.name not in self._registry:
+            self._registry[cls.name] = cls
+            logger.debug('Registered VCS backend: %s', cls.name)
+
+    def unregister(self, cls=None, name=None):
+        if name in self._registry:
+            del self._registry[name]
+        elif cls in self._registry.values():
+            del self._registry[cls.name]
+        else:
+            logger.warning('Cannot unregister because no class or name given')
+
+    def get_backend_name(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the name of the version control backend if found at given
+        location, e.g. vcs.get_backend_name('/path/to/vcs/checkout')
+        """
+        for vc_type in self._registry.values():
+            if vc_type.controls_location(location):
+                logger.debug('Determine that %s uses VCS: %s',
+                             location, vc_type.name)
+                return vc_type.name
+        return None
+
+    def get_backend(self, name):
+        name = name.lower()
+        if name in self._registry:
+            return self._registry[name]
+
+    def get_backend_from_location(self, location):
+        vc_type = self.get_backend_name(location)
+        if vc_type:
+            return self.get_backend(vc_type)
+        return None
+
+
+vcs = VcsSupport()
+
+
+class VersionControl(object):
+    name = ''
+    dirname = ''
+    # List of supported schemes for this Version Control
+    schemes = ()
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.url = url
+        super(VersionControl, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _is_local_repository(self, repo):
+        """
+           posix absolute paths start with os.path.sep,
+           win32 ones ones start with drive (like c:\\folder)
+        """
+        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(repo)
+        return repo.startswith(os.path.sep) or drive
+
+    # See issue #1083 for why this method was introduced:
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1083
+    def translate_egg_surname(self, surname):
+        # For example, Django has branches of the form "stable/1.7.x".
+        return surname.replace('/', '_')
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """
+        Export the repository at the url to the destination location
+        i.e. only download the files, without vcs informations
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        """
+        Returns the correct repository URL and revision by parsing the given
+        repository URL
+        """
+        error_message = (
+            "Sorry, '%s' is a malformed VCS url. "
+            "The format is <vcs>+<protocol>://<url>, "
+            "e.g. svn+http://myrepo/svn/MyApp#egg=MyApp"
+        )
+        assert '+' in self.url, error_message % self.url
+        url = self.url.split('+', 1)[1]
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, frag = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+        rev = None
+        if '@' in path:
+            path, rev = path.rsplit('@', 1)
+        url = urllib_parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ''))
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_info(self, location):
+        """
+        Returns (url, revision), where both are strings
+        """
+        assert not location.rstrip('/').endswith(self.dirname), \
+            'Bad directory: %s' % location
+        return self.get_url(location), self.get_revision(location)
+
+    def normalize_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Normalize a URL for comparison by unquoting it and removing any
+        trailing slash.
+        """
+        return urllib_parse.unquote(url).rstrip('/')
+
+    def compare_urls(self, url1, url2):
+        """
+        Compare two repo URLs for identity, ignoring incidental differences.
+        """
+        return (self.normalize_url(url1) == self.normalize_url(url2))
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        """
+        Called when installing or updating an editable package, takes the
+        source path of the checkout.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        """
+        Switch the repo at ``dest`` to point to ``URL``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """
+        Update an already-existing repo to the given ``rev_options``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """
+        Return True if the version is identical to what exists and
+        doesn't need to be updated.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def check_destination(self, dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+        """
+        Prepare a location to receive a checkout/clone.
+
+        Return True if the location is ready for (and requires) a
+        checkout/clone, False otherwise.
+        """
+        checkout = True
+        prompt = False
+        if os.path.exists(dest):
+            checkout = False
+            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(dest, self.dirname)):
+                existing_url = self.get_url(dest)
+                if self.compare_urls(existing_url, url):
+                    logger.debug(
+                        '%s in %s exists, and has correct URL (%s)',
+                        self.repo_name.title(),
+                        display_path(dest),
+                        url,
+                    )
+                    if not self.check_version(dest, rev_options):
+                        logger.info(
+                            'Updating %s %s%s',
+                            display_path(dest),
+                            self.repo_name,
+                            rev_display,
+                        )
+                        self.update(dest, rev_options)
+                    else:
+                        logger.info(
+                            'Skipping because already up-to-date.')
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        '%s %s in %s exists with URL %s',
+                        self.name,
+                        self.repo_name,
+                        display_path(dest),
+                        existing_url,
+                    )
+                    prompt = ('(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ',
+                              ('s', 'i', 'w', 'b'))
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Directory %s already exists, and is not a %s %s.',
+                    dest,
+                    self.name,
+                    self.repo_name,
+                )
+                prompt = ('(i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ', ('i', 'w', 'b'))
+        if prompt:
+            logger.warning(
+                'The plan is to install the %s repository %s',
+                self.name,
+                url,
+            )
+            response = ask_path_exists('What to do?  %s' % prompt[0],
+                                       prompt[1])
+
+            if response == 's':
+                logger.info(
+                    'Switching %s %s to %s%s',
+                    self.repo_name,
+                    display_path(dest),
+                    url,
+                    rev_display,
+                )
+                self.switch(dest, url, rev_options)
+            elif response == 'i':
+                # do nothing
+                pass
+            elif response == 'w':
+                logger.warning('Deleting %s', display_path(dest))
+                rmtree(dest)
+                checkout = True
+            elif response == 'b':
+                dest_dir = backup_dir(dest)
+                logger.warning(
+                    'Backing up %s to %s', display_path(dest), dest_dir,
+                )
+                shutil.move(dest, dest_dir)
+                checkout = True
+        return checkout
+
+    def unpack(self, location):
+        """
+        Clean up current location and download the url repository
+        (and vcs infos) into location
+        """
+        if os.path.exists(location):
+            rmtree(location)
+        self.obtain(location)
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        """
+        Return a string representing the requirement needed to
+        redownload the files currently present in location, something
+        like:
+          {repository_url}@{revision}#egg={project_name}-{version_identifier}
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the url used at location
+        Used in get_info or check_destination
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the current revision of the files at location
+        Used in get_info
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, show_stdout=True, cwd=None,
+                    on_returncode='raise',
+                    command_level=logging.DEBUG, command_desc=None,
+                    extra_environ=None, spinner=None):
+        """
+        Run a VCS subcommand
+        This is simply a wrapper around call_subprocess that adds the VCS
+        command name, and checks that the VCS is available
+        """
+        cmd = [self.name] + cmd
+        try:
+            return call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout, cwd,
+                                   on_returncode, command_level,
+                                   command_desc, extra_environ,
+                                   spinner)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # errno.ENOENT = no such file or directory
+            # In other words, the VCS executable isn't available
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise BadCommand('Cannot find command %r' % self.name)
+            else:
+                raise  # re-raise exception if a different error occurred
+
+    @classmethod
+    def controls_location(cls, location):
+        """
+        Check if a location is controlled by the vcs.
+        It is meant to be overridden to implement smarter detection
+        mechanisms for specific vcs.
+        """
+        logger.debug('Checking in %s for %s (%s)...',
+                     location, cls.dirname, cls.name)
+        path = os.path.join(location, cls.dirname)
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+
+def get_src_requirement(dist, location):
+    version_control = vcs.get_backend_from_location(location)
+    if version_control:
+        try:
+            return version_control().get_src_requirement(dist,
+                                                         location)
+        except BadCommand:
+            logger.warning(
+                'cannot determine version of editable source in %s '
+                '(%s command not found in path)',
+                location,
+                version_control.name,
+            )
+            return dist.as_requirement()
+    logger.warning(
+        'cannot determine version of editable source in %s (is not SVN '
+        'checkout, Git clone, Mercurial clone or Bazaar branch)',
+        location,
+    )
+    return dist.as_requirement()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f09584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/bazaar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+# TODO: Get this into six.moves.urllib.parse
+try:
+    from urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+except ImportError:
+    import urlparse as urllib_parse
+
+from pip.utils import rmtree, display_path
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+from pip.download import path_to_url
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Bazaar(VersionControl):
+    name = 'bzr'
+    dirname = '.bzr'
+    repo_name = 'branch'
+    schemes = (
+        'bzr', 'bzr+http', 'bzr+https', 'bzr+ssh', 'bzr+sftp', 'bzr+ftp',
+        'bzr+lp',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(Bazaar, self).__init__(url, *args, **kwargs)
+        # Python >= 2.7.4, 3.3 doesn't have uses_fragment or non_hierarchical
+        # Register lp but do not expose as a scheme to support bzr+lp.
+        if getattr(urllib_parse, 'uses_fragment', None):
+            urllib_parse.uses_fragment.extend(['lp'])
+            urllib_parse.non_hierarchical.extend(['lp'])
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """
+        Export the Bazaar repository at the url to the destination location
+        """
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-export', 'pip-')
+        self.unpack(temp_dir)
+        if os.path.exists(location):
+            # Remove the location to make sure Bazaar can export it correctly
+            rmtree(location)
+        try:
+            self.run_command(['export', location], cwd=temp_dir,
+                             show_stdout=False)
+        finally:
+            rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['switch', url], cwd=dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['pull', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        if rev:
+            rev_options = ['-r', rev]
+            rev_display = ' (to revision %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_options = []
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Checking out %s%s to %s',
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+                display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['branch', '-q'] + rev_options + [url, dest])
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        # hotfix the URL scheme after removing bzr+ from bzr+ssh:// readd it
+        url, rev = super(Bazaar, self).get_url_rev()
+        if url.startswith('ssh://'):
+            url = 'bzr+' + url
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        urls = self.run_command(['info'], show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        for line in urls.splitlines():
+            line = line.strip()
+            for x in ('checkout of branch: ',
+                      'parent branch: '):
+                if line.startswith(x):
+                    repo = line.split(x)[1]
+                    if self._is_local_repository(repo):
+                        return path_to_url(repo)
+                    return repo
+        return None
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        revision = self.run_command(
+            ['revno'], show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        return revision.splitlines()[-1]
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if not repo:
+            return None
+        if not repo.lower().startswith('bzr:'):
+            repo = 'bzr+' + repo
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        current_rev = self.get_revision(location)
+        return '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, current_rev, egg_project_name)
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+
+vcs.register(Bazaar)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..baee7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/git.py
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import tempfile
+import os.path
+
+from pip.compat import samefile
+from pip.exceptions import BadCommand
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import request as urllib_request
+
+from pip.utils import display_path, rmtree
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+
+
+urlsplit = urllib_parse.urlsplit
+urlunsplit = urllib_parse.urlunsplit
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Git(VersionControl):
+    name = 'git'
+    dirname = '.git'
+    repo_name = 'clone'
+    schemes = (
+        'git', 'git+http', 'git+https', 'git+ssh', 'git+git', 'git+file',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+
+        # Works around an apparent Git bug
+        # (see http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/146500)
+        if url:
+            scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
+            if scheme.endswith('file'):
+                initial_slashes = path[:-len(path.lstrip('/'))]
+                newpath = (
+                    initial_slashes +
+                    urllib_request.url2pathname(path)
+                    .replace('\\', '/').lstrip('/')
+                )
+                url = urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, newpath, query, fragment))
+                after_plus = scheme.find('+') + 1
+                url = scheme[:after_plus] + urlunsplit(
+                    (scheme[after_plus:], netloc, newpath, query, fragment),
+                )
+
+        super(Git, self).__init__(url, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """Export the Git repository at the url to the destination location"""
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-export', 'pip-')
+        self.unpack(temp_dir)
+        try:
+            if not location.endswith('/'):
+                location = location + '/'
+            self.run_command(
+                ['checkout-index', '-a', '-f', '--prefix', location],
+                show_stdout=False, cwd=temp_dir)
+        finally:
+            rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+    def check_rev_options(self, rev, dest, rev_options):
+        """Check the revision options before checkout to compensate that tags
+        and branches may need origin/ as a prefix.
+        Returns the SHA1 of the branch or tag if found.
+        """
+        revisions = self.get_short_refs(dest)
+
+        origin_rev = 'origin/%s' % rev
+        if origin_rev in revisions:
+            # remote branch
+            return [revisions[origin_rev]]
+        elif rev in revisions:
+            # a local tag or branch name
+            return [revisions[rev]]
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Could not find a tag or branch '%s', assuming commit.", rev,
+            )
+            return rev_options
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """
+        Compare the current sha to the ref. ref may be a branch or tag name,
+        but current rev will always point to a sha. This means that a branch
+        or tag will never compare as True. So this ultimately only matches
+        against exact shas.
+        """
+        return self.get_revision(dest).startswith(rev_options[0])
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['config', 'remote.origin.url', url], cwd=dest)
+        self.run_command(['checkout', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        # First fetch changes from the default remote
+        self.run_command(['fetch', '-q'], cwd=dest)
+        # Then reset to wanted revision (maybe even origin/master)
+        if rev_options:
+            rev_options = self.check_rev_options(
+                rev_options[0], dest, rev_options,
+            )
+        self.run_command(['reset', '--hard', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+        #: update submodules
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        if rev:
+            rev_options = [rev]
+            rev_display = ' (to %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_options = ['origin/master']
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Cloning %s%s to %s', url, rev_display, display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['clone', '-q', url, dest])
+
+            if rev:
+                rev_options = self.check_rev_options(rev, dest, rev_options)
+                # Only do a checkout if rev_options differs from HEAD
+                if not self.check_version(dest, rev_options):
+                    self.run_command(
+                        ['checkout', '-q'] + rev_options,
+                        cwd=dest,
+                    )
+            #: repo may contain submodules
+            self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        url = self.run_command(
+            ['config', 'remote.origin.url'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        return url.strip()
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        current_rev = self.run_command(
+            ['rev-parse', 'HEAD'], show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        return current_rev.strip()
+
+    def get_full_refs(self, location):
+        """Yields tuples of (commit, ref) for branches and tags"""
+        output = self.run_command(['show-ref'],
+                                  show_stdout=False, cwd=location)
+        for line in output.strip().splitlines():
+            commit, ref = line.split(' ', 1)
+            yield commit.strip(), ref.strip()
+
+    def is_ref_remote(self, ref):
+        return ref.startswith('refs/remotes/')
+
+    def is_ref_branch(self, ref):
+        return ref.startswith('refs/heads/')
+
+    def is_ref_tag(self, ref):
+        return ref.startswith('refs/tags/')
+
+    def is_ref_commit(self, ref):
+        """A ref is a commit sha if it is not anything else"""
+        return not any((
+            self.is_ref_remote(ref),
+            self.is_ref_branch(ref),
+            self.is_ref_tag(ref),
+        ))
+
+    # Should deprecate `get_refs` since it's ambiguous
+    def get_refs(self, location):
+        return self.get_short_refs(location)
+
+    def get_short_refs(self, location):
+        """Return map of named refs (branches or tags) to commit hashes."""
+        rv = {}
+        for commit, ref in self.get_full_refs(location):
+            ref_name = None
+            if self.is_ref_remote(ref):
+                ref_name = ref[len('refs/remotes/'):]
+            elif self.is_ref_branch(ref):
+                ref_name = ref[len('refs/heads/'):]
+            elif self.is_ref_tag(ref):
+                ref_name = ref[len('refs/tags/'):]
+            if ref_name is not None:
+                rv[ref_name] = commit
+        return rv
+
+    def _get_subdirectory(self, location):
+        """Return the relative path of setup.py to the git repo root."""
+        # find the repo root
+        git_dir = self.run_command(['rev-parse', '--git-dir'],
+                                   show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        if not os.path.isabs(git_dir):
+            git_dir = os.path.join(location, git_dir)
+        root_dir = os.path.join(git_dir, '..')
+        # find setup.py
+        orig_location = location
+        while not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, 'setup.py')):
+            last_location = location
+            location = os.path.dirname(location)
+            if location == last_location:
+                # We've traversed up to the root of the filesystem without
+                # finding setup.py
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Could not find setup.py for directory %s (tried all "
+                    "parent directories)",
+                    orig_location,
+                )
+                return None
+        # relative path of setup.py to repo root
+        if samefile(root_dir, location):
+            return None
+        return os.path.relpath(location, root_dir)
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if not repo.lower().startswith('git:'):
+            repo = 'git+' + repo
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        if not repo:
+            return None
+        current_rev = self.get_revision(location)
+        req = '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, current_rev, egg_project_name)
+        subdirectory = self._get_subdirectory(location)
+        if subdirectory:
+            req += '&subdirectory=' + subdirectory
+        return req
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        """
+        Prefixes stub URLs like 'user@hostname:user/repo.git' with 'ssh://'.
+        That's required because although they use SSH they sometimes doesn't
+        work with a ssh:// scheme (e.g. Github). But we need a scheme for
+        parsing. Hence we remove it again afterwards and return it as a stub.
+        """
+        if '://' not in self.url:
+            assert 'file:' not in self.url
+            self.url = self.url.replace('git+', 'git+ssh://')
+            url, rev = super(Git, self).get_url_rev()
+            url = url.replace('ssh://', '')
+        else:
+            url, rev = super(Git, self).get_url_rev()
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def update_submodules(self, location):
+        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, '.gitmodules')):
+            return
+        self.run_command(
+            ['submodule', 'update', '--init', '--recursive', '-q'],
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def controls_location(cls, location):
+        if super(Git, cls).controls_location(location):
+            return True
+        try:
+            r = cls().run_command(['rev-parse'],
+                                  cwd=location,
+                                  show_stdout=False,
+                                  on_returncode='ignore')
+            return not r
+        except BadCommand:
+            logger.debug("could not determine if %s is under git control "
+                         "because git is not available", location)
+            return False
+
+
+vcs.register(Git)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1aa83b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/mercurial.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+from pip.utils import display_path, rmtree
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+from pip.download import path_to_url
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Mercurial(VersionControl):
+    name = 'hg'
+    dirname = '.hg'
+    repo_name = 'clone'
+    schemes = ('hg', 'hg+http', 'hg+https', 'hg+ssh', 'hg+static-http')
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """Export the Hg repository at the url to the destination location"""
+        temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp('-export', 'pip-')
+        self.unpack(temp_dir)
+        try:
+            self.run_command(
+                ['archive', location], show_stdout=False, cwd=temp_dir)
+        finally:
+            rmtree(temp_dir)
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        repo_config = os.path.join(dest, self.dirname, 'hgrc')
+        config = configparser.SafeConfigParser()
+        try:
+            config.read(repo_config)
+            config.set('paths', 'default', url)
+            with open(repo_config, 'w') as config_file:
+                config.write(config_file)
+        except (OSError, configparser.NoSectionError) as exc:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Could not switch Mercurial repository to %s: %s', url, exc,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.run_command(['update', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['pull', '-q'], cwd=dest)
+        self.run_command(['update', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        if rev:
+            rev_options = [rev]
+            rev_display = ' (to revision %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_options = []
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Cloning hg %s%s to %s',
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+                display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['clone', '--noupdate', '-q', url, dest])
+            self.run_command(['update', '-q'] + rev_options, cwd=dest)
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        url = self.run_command(
+            ['showconfig', 'paths.default'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        if self._is_local_repository(url):
+            url = path_to_url(url)
+        return url.strip()
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        current_revision = self.run_command(
+            ['parents', '--template={rev}'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        return current_revision
+
+    def get_revision_hash(self, location):
+        current_rev_hash = self.run_command(
+            ['parents', '--template={node}'],
+            show_stdout=False, cwd=location).strip()
+        return current_rev_hash
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if not repo.lower().startswith('hg:'):
+            repo = 'hg+' + repo
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        if not repo:
+            return None
+        current_rev_hash = self.get_revision_hash(location)
+        return '%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, current_rev_hash, egg_project_name)
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+vcs.register(Mercurial)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa78fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/vcs/subversion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+
+from pip._vendor.six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+from pip.index import Link
+from pip.utils import rmtree, display_path
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.vcs import vcs, VersionControl
+
+_svn_xml_url_re = re.compile('url="([^"]+)"')
+_svn_rev_re = re.compile('committed-rev="(\d+)"')
+_svn_url_re = re.compile(r'URL: (.+)')
+_svn_revision_re = re.compile(r'Revision: (.+)')
+_svn_info_xml_rev_re = re.compile(r'\s*revision="(\d+)"')
+_svn_info_xml_url_re = re.compile(r'<url>(.*)</url>')
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Subversion(VersionControl):
+    name = 'svn'
+    dirname = '.svn'
+    repo_name = 'checkout'
+    schemes = ('svn', 'svn+ssh', 'svn+http', 'svn+https', 'svn+svn')
+
+    def get_info(self, location):
+        """Returns (url, revision), where both are strings"""
+        assert not location.rstrip('/').endswith(self.dirname), \
+            'Bad directory: %s' % location
+        output = self.run_command(
+            ['info', location],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            extra_environ={'LANG': 'C'},
+        )
+        match = _svn_url_re.search(output)
+        if not match:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Cannot determine URL of svn checkout %s',
+                display_path(location),
+            )
+            logger.debug('Output that cannot be parsed: \n%s', output)
+            return None, None
+        url = match.group(1).strip()
+        match = _svn_revision_re.search(output)
+        if not match:
+            logger.warning(
+                'Cannot determine revision of svn checkout %s',
+                display_path(location),
+            )
+            logger.debug('Output that cannot be parsed: \n%s', output)
+            return url, None
+        return url, match.group(1)
+
+    def export(self, location):
+        """Export the svn repository at the url to the destination location"""
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        rev_options = get_rev_options(url, rev)
+        logger.info('Exporting svn repository %s to %s', url, location)
+        with indent_log():
+            if os.path.exists(location):
+                # Subversion doesn't like to check out over an existing
+                # directory --force fixes this, but was only added in svn 1.5
+                rmtree(location)
+            self.run_command(
+                ['export'] + rev_options + [url, location],
+                show_stdout=False)
+
+    def switch(self, dest, url, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['switch'] + rev_options + [url, dest])
+
+    def update(self, dest, rev_options):
+        self.run_command(['update'] + rev_options + [dest])
+
+    def obtain(self, dest):
+        url, rev = self.get_url_rev()
+        rev_options = get_rev_options(url, rev)
+        if rev:
+            rev_display = ' (to revision %s)' % rev
+        else:
+            rev_display = ''
+        if self.check_destination(dest, url, rev_options, rev_display):
+            logger.info(
+                'Checking out %s%s to %s',
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+                display_path(dest),
+            )
+            self.run_command(['checkout', '-q'] + rev_options + [url, dest])
+
+    def get_location(self, dist, dependency_links):
+        for url in dependency_links:
+            egg_fragment = Link(url).egg_fragment
+            if not egg_fragment:
+                continue
+            if '-' in egg_fragment:
+                # FIXME: will this work when a package has - in the name?
+                key = '-'.join(egg_fragment.split('-')[:-1]).lower()
+            else:
+                key = egg_fragment
+            if key == dist.key:
+                return url.split('#', 1)[0]
+        return None
+
+    def get_revision(self, location):
+        """
+        Return the maximum revision for all files under a given location
+        """
+        # Note: taken from setuptools.command.egg_info
+        revision = 0
+
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(location):
+            if self.dirname not in dirs:
+                dirs[:] = []
+                continue    # no sense walking uncontrolled subdirs
+            dirs.remove(self.dirname)
+            entries_fn = os.path.join(base, self.dirname, 'entries')
+            if not os.path.exists(entries_fn):
+                # FIXME: should we warn?
+                continue
+
+            dirurl, localrev = self._get_svn_url_rev(base)
+
+            if base == location:
+                base_url = dirurl + '/'   # save the root url
+            elif not dirurl or not dirurl.startswith(base_url):
+                dirs[:] = []
+                continue    # not part of the same svn tree, skip it
+            revision = max(revision, localrev)
+        return revision
+
+    def get_url_rev(self):
+        # hotfix the URL scheme after removing svn+ from svn+ssh:// readd it
+        url, rev = super(Subversion, self).get_url_rev()
+        if url.startswith('ssh://'):
+            url = 'svn+' + url
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_url(self, location):
+        # In cases where the source is in a subdirectory, not alongside
+        # setup.py we have to look up in the location until we find a real
+        # setup.py
+        orig_location = location
+        while not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, 'setup.py')):
+            last_location = location
+            location = os.path.dirname(location)
+            if location == last_location:
+                # We've traversed up to the root of the filesystem without
+                # finding setup.py
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Could not find setup.py for directory %s (tried all "
+                    "parent directories)",
+                    orig_location,
+                )
+                return None
+
+        return self._get_svn_url_rev(location)[0]
+
+    def _get_svn_url_rev(self, location):
+        from pip.exceptions import InstallationError
+
+        entries_path = os.path.join(location, self.dirname, 'entries')
+        if os.path.exists(entries_path):
+            with open(entries_path) as f:
+                data = f.read()
+        else:  # subversion >= 1.7 does not have the 'entries' file
+            data = ''
+
+        if (data.startswith('8') or
+                data.startswith('9') or
+                data.startswith('10')):
+            data = list(map(str.splitlines, data.split('\n\x0c\n')))
+            del data[0][0]  # get rid of the '8'
+            url = data[0][3]
+            revs = [int(d[9]) for d in data if len(d) > 9 and d[9]] + [0]
+        elif data.startswith('<?xml'):
+            match = _svn_xml_url_re.search(data)
+            if not match:
+                raise ValueError('Badly formatted data: %r' % data)
+            url = match.group(1)    # get repository URL
+            revs = [int(m.group(1)) for m in _svn_rev_re.finditer(data)] + [0]
+        else:
+            try:
+                # subversion >= 1.7
+                xml = self.run_command(
+                    ['info', '--xml', location],
+                    show_stdout=False,
+                )
+                url = _svn_info_xml_url_re.search(xml).group(1)
+                revs = [
+                    int(m.group(1)) for m in _svn_info_xml_rev_re.finditer(xml)
+                ]
+            except InstallationError:
+                url, revs = None, []
+
+        if revs:
+            rev = max(revs)
+        else:
+            rev = 0
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def get_src_requirement(self, dist, location):
+        repo = self.get_url(location)
+        if repo is None:
+            return None
+        # FIXME: why not project name?
+        egg_project_name = dist.egg_name().split('-', 1)[0]
+        rev = self.get_revision(location)
+        return 'svn+%s@%s#egg=%s' % (repo, rev, egg_project_name)
+
+    def check_version(self, dest, rev_options):
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+
+def get_rev_options(url, rev):
+    if rev:
+        rev_options = ['-r', rev]
+    else:
+        rev_options = []
+
+    r = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url)
+    if hasattr(r, 'username'):
+        # >= Python-2.5
+        username, password = r.username, r.password
+    else:
+        netloc = r[1]
+        if '@' in netloc:
+            auth = netloc.split('@')[0]
+            if ':' in auth:
+                username, password = auth.split(':', 1)
+            else:
+                username, password = auth, None
+        else:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+    if username:
+        rev_options += ['--username', username]
+    if password:
+        rev_options += ['--password', password]
+    return rev_options
+
+
+vcs.register(Subversion)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffda773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+"""
+Support for installing and building the "wheel" binary package format.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import compileall
+import csv
+import errno
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import os.path
+import re
+import shutil
+import stat
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import warnings
+
+from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
+from email.parser import Parser
+
+from pip._vendor.six import StringIO
+
+import pip
+from pip.compat import expanduser
+from pip.download import path_to_url, unpack_url
+from pip.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError, InvalidWheelFilename, UnsupportedWheel)
+from pip.locations import distutils_scheme, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME
+from pip import pep425tags
+from pip.utils import (
+    call_subprocess, ensure_dir, captured_stdout, rmtree, canonicalize_name,
+    read_chunks)
+from pip.utils.ui import open_spinner
+from pip.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip.utils.setuptools_build import SETUPTOOLS_SHIM
+from pip._vendor.distlib.scripts import ScriptMaker
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.six.moves import configparser
+
+
+wheel_ext = '.whl'
+
+VERSION_COMPATIBLE = (1, 0)
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class WheelCache(object):
+    """A cache of wheels for future installs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir, format_control):
+        """Create a wheel cache.
+
+        :param cache_dir: The root of the cache.
+        :param format_control: A pip.index.FormatControl object to limit
+            binaries being read from the cache.
+        """
+        self._cache_dir = expanduser(cache_dir) if cache_dir else None
+        self._format_control = format_control
+
+    def cached_wheel(self, link, package_name):
+        return cached_wheel(
+            self._cache_dir, link, self._format_control, package_name)
+
+
+def _cache_for_link(cache_dir, link):
+    """
+    Return a directory to store cached wheels in for link.
+
+    Because there are M wheels for any one sdist, we provide a directory
+    to cache them in, and then consult that directory when looking up
+    cache hits.
+
+    We only insert things into the cache if they have plausible version
+    numbers, so that we don't contaminate the cache with things that were not
+    unique. E.g. ./package might have dozens of installs done for it and build
+    a version of 0.0...and if we built and cached a wheel, we'd end up using
+    the same wheel even if the source has been edited.
+
+    :param cache_dir: The cache_dir being used by pip.
+    :param link: The link of the sdist for which this will cache wheels.
+    """
+
+    # We want to generate an url to use as our cache key, we don't want to just
+    # re-use the URL because it might have other items in the fragment and we
+    # don't care about those.
+    key_parts = [link.url_without_fragment]
+    if link.hash_name is not None and link.hash is not None:
+        key_parts.append("=".join([link.hash_name, link.hash]))
+    key_url = "#".join(key_parts)
+
+    # Encode our key url with sha224, we'll use this because it has similar
+    # security properties to sha256, but with a shorter total output (and thus
+    # less secure). However the differences don't make a lot of difference for
+    # our use case here.
+    hashed = hashlib.sha224(key_url.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    # We want to nest the directories some to prevent having a ton of top level
+    # directories where we might run out of sub directories on some FS.
+    parts = [hashed[:2], hashed[2:4], hashed[4:6], hashed[6:]]
+
+    # Inside of the base location for cached wheels, expand our parts and join
+    # them all together.
+    return os.path.join(cache_dir, "wheels", *parts)
+
+
+def cached_wheel(cache_dir, link, format_control, package_name):
+    if not cache_dir:
+        return link
+    if not link:
+        return link
+    if link.is_wheel:
+        return link
+    if not link.is_artifact:
+        return link
+    if not package_name:
+        return link
+    canonical_name = canonicalize_name(package_name)
+    formats = pip.index.fmt_ctl_formats(format_control, canonical_name)
+    if "binary" not in formats:
+        return link
+    root = _cache_for_link(cache_dir, link)
+    try:
+        wheel_names = os.listdir(root)
+    except OSError as e:
+        if e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
+            return link
+        raise
+    candidates = []
+    for wheel_name in wheel_names:
+        try:
+            wheel = Wheel(wheel_name)
+        except InvalidWheelFilename:
+            continue
+        if not wheel.supported():
+            # Built for a different python/arch/etc
+            continue
+        candidates.append((wheel.support_index_min(), wheel_name))
+    if not candidates:
+        return link
+    candidates.sort()
+    path = os.path.join(root, candidates[0][1])
+    return pip.index.Link(path_to_url(path))
+
+
+def rehash(path, algo='sha256', blocksize=1 << 20):
+    """Return (hash, length) for path using hashlib.new(algo)"""
+    h = hashlib.new(algo)
+    length = 0
+    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+        for block in read_chunks(f, size=blocksize):
+            length += len(block)
+            h.update(block)
+    digest = 'sha256=' + urlsafe_b64encode(
+        h.digest()
+    ).decode('latin1').rstrip('=')
+    return (digest, length)
+
+
+def open_for_csv(name, mode):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        nl = {}
+        bin = 'b'
+    else:
+        nl = {'newline': ''}
+        bin = ''
+    return open(name, mode + bin, **nl)
+
+
+def fix_script(path):
+    """Replace #!python with #!/path/to/python
+    Return True if file was changed."""
+    # XXX RECORD hashes will need to be updated
+    if os.path.isfile(path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as script:
+            firstline = script.readline()
+            if not firstline.startswith(b'#!python'):
+                return False
+            exename = sys.executable.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            firstline = b'#!' + exename + os.linesep.encode("ascii")
+            rest = script.read()
+        with open(path, 'wb') as script:
+            script.write(firstline)
+            script.write(rest)
+        return True
+
+dist_info_re = re.compile(r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>.+?)(-(?P<ver>\d.+?))?)
+                                \.dist-info$""", re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def root_is_purelib(name, wheeldir):
+    """
+    Return True if the extracted wheel in wheeldir should go into purelib.
+    """
+    name_folded = name.replace("-", "_")
+    for item in os.listdir(wheeldir):
+        match = dist_info_re.match(item)
+        if match and match.group('name') == name_folded:
+            with open(os.path.join(wheeldir, item, 'WHEEL')) as wheel:
+                for line in wheel:
+                    line = line.lower().rstrip()
+                    if line == "root-is-purelib: true":
+                        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_entrypoints(filename):
+    if not os.path.exists(filename):
+        return {}, {}
+
+    # This is done because you can pass a string to entry_points wrappers which
+    # means that they may or may not be valid INI files. The attempt here is to
+    # strip leading and trailing whitespace in order to make them valid INI
+    # files.
+    with open(filename) as fp:
+        data = StringIO()
+        for line in fp:
+            data.write(line.strip())
+            data.write("\n")
+        data.seek(0)
+
+    cp = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+    cp.optionxform = lambda option: option
+    cp.readfp(data)
+
+    console = {}
+    gui = {}
+    if cp.has_section('console_scripts'):
+        console = dict(cp.items('console_scripts'))
+    if cp.has_section('gui_scripts'):
+        gui = dict(cp.items('gui_scripts'))
+    return console, gui
+
+
+def move_wheel_files(name, req, wheeldir, user=False, home=None, root=None,
+                     pycompile=True, scheme=None, isolated=False, prefix=None):
+    """Install a wheel"""
+
+    if not scheme:
+        scheme = distutils_scheme(
+            name, user=user, home=home, root=root, isolated=isolated,
+            prefix=prefix,
+        )
+
+    if root_is_purelib(name, wheeldir):
+        lib_dir = scheme['purelib']
+    else:
+        lib_dir = scheme['platlib']
+
+    info_dir = []
+    data_dirs = []
+    source = wheeldir.rstrip(os.path.sep) + os.path.sep
+
+    # Record details of the files moved
+    #   installed = files copied from the wheel to the destination
+    #   changed = files changed while installing (scripts #! line typically)
+    #   generated = files newly generated during the install (script wrappers)
+    installed = {}
+    changed = set()
+    generated = []
+
+    # Compile all of the pyc files that we're going to be installing
+    if pycompile:
+        with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
+                compileall.compile_dir(source, force=True, quiet=True)
+        logger.debug(stdout.getvalue())
+
+    def normpath(src, p):
+        return os.path.relpath(src, p).replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+
+    def record_installed(srcfile, destfile, modified=False):
+        """Map archive RECORD paths to installation RECORD paths."""
+        oldpath = normpath(srcfile, wheeldir)
+        newpath = normpath(destfile, lib_dir)
+        installed[oldpath] = newpath
+        if modified:
+            changed.add(destfile)
+
+    def clobber(source, dest, is_base, fixer=None, filter=None):
+        ensure_dir(dest)  # common for the 'include' path
+
+        for dir, subdirs, files in os.walk(source):
+            basedir = dir[len(source):].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+            destdir = os.path.join(dest, basedir)
+            if is_base and basedir.split(os.path.sep, 1)[0].endswith('.data'):
+                continue
+            for s in subdirs:
+                destsubdir = os.path.join(dest, basedir, s)
+                if is_base and basedir == '' and destsubdir.endswith('.data'):
+                    data_dirs.append(s)
+                    continue
+                elif (is_base and
+                        s.endswith('.dist-info') and
+                        # is self.req.project_name case preserving?
+                        s.lower().startswith(
+                            req.project_name.replace('-', '_').lower())):
+                    assert not info_dir, 'Multiple .dist-info directories'
+                    info_dir.append(destsubdir)
+            for f in files:
+                # Skip unwanted files
+                if filter and filter(f):
+                    continue
+                srcfile = os.path.join(dir, f)
+                destfile = os.path.join(dest, basedir, f)
+                # directory creation is lazy and after the file filtering above
+                # to ensure we don't install empty dirs; empty dirs can't be
+                # uninstalled.
+                ensure_dir(destdir)
+
+                # We use copyfile (not move, copy, or copy2) to be extra sure
+                # that we are not moving directories over (copyfile fails for
+                # directories) as well as to ensure that we are not copying
+                # over any metadata because we want more control over what
+                # metadata we actually copy over.
+                shutil.copyfile(srcfile, destfile)
+
+                # Copy over the metadata for the file, currently this only
+                # includes the atime and mtime.
+                st = os.stat(srcfile)
+                if hasattr(os, "utime"):
+                    os.utime(destfile, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
+
+                # If our file is executable, then make our destination file
+                # executable.
+                if os.access(srcfile, os.X_OK):
+                    st = os.stat(srcfile)
+                    permissions = (
+                        st.st_mode | stat.S_IXUSR | stat.S_IXGRP | stat.S_IXOTH
+                    )
+                    os.chmod(destfile, permissions)
+
+                changed = False
+                if fixer:
+                    changed = fixer(destfile)
+                record_installed(srcfile, destfile, changed)
+
+    clobber(source, lib_dir, True)
+
+    assert info_dir, "%s .dist-info directory not found" % req
+
+    # Get the defined entry points
+    ep_file = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'entry_points.txt')
+    console, gui = get_entrypoints(ep_file)
+
+    def is_entrypoint_wrapper(name):
+        # EP, EP.exe and EP-script.py are scripts generated for
+        # entry point EP by setuptools
+        if name.lower().endswith('.exe'):
+            matchname = name[:-4]
+        elif name.lower().endswith('-script.py'):
+            matchname = name[:-10]
+        elif name.lower().endswith(".pya"):
+            matchname = name[:-4]
+        else:
+            matchname = name
+        # Ignore setuptools-generated scripts
+        return (matchname in console or matchname in gui)
+
+    for datadir in data_dirs:
+        fixer = None
+        filter = None
+        for subdir in os.listdir(os.path.join(wheeldir, datadir)):
+            fixer = None
+            if subdir == 'scripts':
+                fixer = fix_script
+                filter = is_entrypoint_wrapper
+            source = os.path.join(wheeldir, datadir, subdir)
+            dest = scheme[subdir]
+            clobber(source, dest, False, fixer=fixer, filter=filter)
+
+    maker = ScriptMaker(None, scheme['scripts'])
+
+    # Ensure old scripts are overwritten.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1800
+    maker.clobber = True
+
+    # Ensure we don't generate any variants for scripts because this is almost
+    # never what somebody wants.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/35/
+    maker.variants = set(('', ))
+
+    # This is required because otherwise distlib creates scripts that are not
+    # executable.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/32/
+    maker.set_mode = True
+
+    # Simplify the script and fix the fact that the default script swallows
+    # every single stack trace.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/34/
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/33/
+    def _get_script_text(entry):
+        if entry.suffix is None:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Invalid script entry point: %s for req: %s - A callable "
+                "suffix is required. Cf https://packaging.python.org/en/"
+                "latest/distributing.html#console-scripts for more "
+                "information." % (entry, req)
+            )
+        return maker.script_template % {
+            "module": entry.prefix,
+            "import_name": entry.suffix.split(".")[0],
+            "func": entry.suffix,
+        }
+
+    maker._get_script_text = _get_script_text
+    maker.script_template = """# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+
+from %(module)s import %(import_name)s
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(%(func)s())
+"""
+
+    # Special case pip and setuptools to generate versioned wrappers
+    #
+    # The issue is that some projects (specifically, pip and setuptools) use
+    # code in setup.py to create "versioned" entry points - pip2.7 on Python
+    # 2.7, pip3.3 on Python 3.3, etc. But these entry points are baked into
+    # the wheel metadata at build time, and so if the wheel is installed with
+    # a *different* version of Python the entry points will be wrong. The
+    # correct fix for this is to enhance the metadata to be able to describe
+    # such versioned entry points, but that won't happen till Metadata 2.0 is
+    # available.
+    # In the meantime, projects using versioned entry points will either have
+    # incorrect versioned entry points, or they will not be able to distribute
+    # "universal" wheels (i.e., they will need a wheel per Python version).
+    #
+    # Because setuptools and pip are bundled with _ensurepip and virtualenv,
+    # we need to use universal wheels. So, as a stopgap until Metadata 2.0, we
+    # override the versioned entry points in the wheel and generate the
+    # correct ones. This code is purely a short-term measure until Metadat 2.0
+    # is available.
+    #
+    # To add the level of hack in this section of code, in order to support
+    # ensurepip this code will look for an ``ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS`` environment
+    # variable which will control which version scripts get installed.
+    #
+    # ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS=altinstall
+    #   - Only pipX.Y and easy_install-X.Y will be generated and installed
+    # ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS=install
+    #   - pipX.Y, pipX, easy_install-X.Y will be generated and installed. Note
+    #     that this option is technically if ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS is set and is
+    #     not altinstall
+    # DEFAULT
+    #   - The default behavior is to install pip, pipX, pipX.Y, easy_install
+    #     and easy_install-X.Y.
+    pip_script = console.pop('pip', None)
+    if pip_script:
+        if "ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS" not in os.environ:
+            spec = 'pip = ' + pip_script
+            generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+
+        if os.environ.get("ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS", "") != "altinstall":
+            spec = 'pip%s = %s' % (sys.version[:1], pip_script)
+            generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+
+        spec = 'pip%s = %s' % (sys.version[:3], pip_script)
+        generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+        # Delete any other versioned pip entry points
+        pip_ep = [k for k in console if re.match(r'pip(\d(\.\d)?)?$', k)]
+        for k in pip_ep:
+            del console[k]
+    easy_install_script = console.pop('easy_install', None)
+    if easy_install_script:
+        if "ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS" not in os.environ:
+            spec = 'easy_install = ' + easy_install_script
+            generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+
+        spec = 'easy_install-%s = %s' % (sys.version[:3], easy_install_script)
+        generated.extend(maker.make(spec))
+        # Delete any other versioned easy_install entry points
+        easy_install_ep = [
+            k for k in console if re.match(r'easy_install(-\d\.\d)?$', k)
+        ]
+        for k in easy_install_ep:
+            del console[k]
+
+    # Generate the console and GUI entry points specified in the wheel
+    if len(console) > 0:
+        generated.extend(
+            maker.make_multiple(['%s = %s' % kv for kv in console.items()])
+        )
+    if len(gui) > 0:
+        generated.extend(
+            maker.make_multiple(
+                ['%s = %s' % kv for kv in gui.items()],
+                {'gui': True}
+            )
+        )
+
+    # Record pip as the installer
+    installer = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'INSTALLER')
+    temp_installer = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'INSTALLER.pip')
+    with open(temp_installer, 'wb') as installer_file:
+        installer_file.write(b'pip\n')
+    shutil.move(temp_installer, installer)
+    generated.append(installer)
+
+    # Record details of all files installed
+    record = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'RECORD')
+    temp_record = os.path.join(info_dir[0], 'RECORD.pip')
+    with open_for_csv(record, 'r') as record_in:
+        with open_for_csv(temp_record, 'w+') as record_out:
+            reader = csv.reader(record_in)
+            writer = csv.writer(record_out)
+            for row in reader:
+                row[0] = installed.pop(row[0], row[0])
+                if row[0] in changed:
+                    row[1], row[2] = rehash(row[0])
+                writer.writerow(row)
+            for f in generated:
+                h, l = rehash(f)
+                writer.writerow((f, h, l))
+            for f in installed:
+                writer.writerow((installed[f], '', ''))
+    shutil.move(temp_record, record)
+
+
+def _unique(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def unique(*args, **kw):
+        seen = set()
+        for item in fn(*args, **kw):
+            if item not in seen:
+                seen.add(item)
+                yield item
+    return unique
+
+
+# TODO: this goes somewhere besides the wheel module
+@_unique
+def uninstallation_paths(dist):
+    """
+    Yield all the uninstallation paths for dist based on RECORD-without-.pyc
+
+    Yield paths to all the files in RECORD. For each .py file in RECORD, add
+    the .pyc in the same directory.
+
+    UninstallPathSet.add() takes care of the __pycache__ .pyc.
+    """
+    from pip.utils import FakeFile  # circular import
+    r = csv.reader(FakeFile(dist.get_metadata_lines('RECORD')))
+    for row in r:
+        path = os.path.join(dist.location, row[0])
+        yield path
+        if path.endswith('.py'):
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(path)
+            base = fn[:-3]
+            path = os.path.join(dn, base + '.pyc')
+            yield path
+
+
+def wheel_version(source_dir):
+    """
+    Return the Wheel-Version of an extracted wheel, if possible.
+
+    Otherwise, return False if we couldn't parse / extract it.
+    """
+    try:
+        dist = [d for d in pkg_resources.find_on_path(None, source_dir)][0]
+
+        wheel_data = dist.get_metadata('WHEEL')
+        wheel_data = Parser().parsestr(wheel_data)
+
+        version = wheel_data['Wheel-Version'].strip()
+        version = tuple(map(int, version.split('.')))
+        return version
+    except:
+        return False
+
+
+def check_compatibility(version, name):
+    """
+    Raises errors or warns if called with an incompatible Wheel-Version.
+
+    Pip should refuse to install a Wheel-Version that's a major series
+    ahead of what it's compatible with (e.g 2.0 > 1.1); and warn when
+    installing a version only minor version ahead (e.g 1.2 > 1.1).
+
+    version: a 2-tuple representing a Wheel-Version (Major, Minor)
+    name: name of wheel or package to raise exception about
+
+    :raises UnsupportedWheel: when an incompatible Wheel-Version is given
+    """
+    if not version:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            "%s is in an unsupported or invalid wheel" % name
+        )
+    if version[0] > VERSION_COMPATIBLE[0]:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            "%s's Wheel-Version (%s) is not compatible with this version "
+            "of pip" % (name, '.'.join(map(str, version)))
+        )
+    elif version > VERSION_COMPATIBLE:
+        logger.warning(
+            'Installing from a newer Wheel-Version (%s)',
+            '.'.join(map(str, version)),
+        )
+
+
+class Wheel(object):
+    """A wheel file"""
+
+    # TODO: maybe move the install code into this class
+
+    wheel_file_re = re.compile(
+        r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>.+?)-(?P<ver>\d.*?))
+        ((-(?P<build>\d.*?))?-(?P<pyver>.+?)-(?P<abi>.+?)-(?P<plat>.+?)
+        \.whl|\.dist-info)$""",
+        re.VERBOSE
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, filename):
+        """
+        :raises InvalidWheelFilename: when the filename is invalid for a wheel
+        """
+        wheel_info = self.wheel_file_re.match(filename)
+        if not wheel_info:
+            raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+                "%s is not a valid wheel filename." % filename
+            )
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.name = wheel_info.group('name').replace('_', '-')
+        # we'll assume "_" means "-" due to wheel naming scheme
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1150)
+        self.version = wheel_info.group('ver').replace('_', '-')
+        self.pyversions = wheel_info.group('pyver').split('.')
+        self.abis = wheel_info.group('abi').split('.')
+        self.plats = wheel_info.group('plat').split('.')
+
+        # All the tag combinations from this file
+        self.file_tags = set(
+            (x, y, z) for x in self.pyversions
+            for y in self.abis for z in self.plats
+        )
+
+    def support_index_min(self, tags=None):
+        """
+        Return the lowest index that one of the wheel's file_tag combinations
+        achieves in the supported_tags list e.g. if there are 8 supported tags,
+        and one of the file tags is first in the list, then return 0.  Returns
+        None is the wheel is not supported.
+        """
+        if tags is None:  # for mock
+            tags = pep425tags.supported_tags
+        indexes = [tags.index(c) for c in self.file_tags if c in tags]
+        return min(indexes) if indexes else None
+
+    def supported(self, tags=None):
+        """Is this wheel supported on this system?"""
+        if tags is None:  # for mock
+            tags = pep425tags.supported_tags
+        return bool(set(tags).intersection(self.file_tags))
+
+
+class WheelBuilder(object):
+    """Build wheels from a RequirementSet."""
+
+    def __init__(self, requirement_set, finder, build_options=None,
+                 global_options=None):
+        self.requirement_set = requirement_set
+        self.finder = finder
+        self._cache_root = requirement_set._wheel_cache._cache_dir
+        self._wheel_dir = requirement_set.wheel_download_dir
+        self.build_options = build_options or []
+        self.global_options = global_options or []
+
+    def _build_one(self, req, output_dir, python_tag=None):
+        """Build one wheel.
+
+        :return: The filename of the built wheel, or None if the build failed.
+        """
+        tempd = tempfile.mkdtemp('pip-wheel-')
+        try:
+            if self.__build_one(req, tempd, python_tag=python_tag):
+                try:
+                    wheel_name = os.listdir(tempd)[0]
+                    wheel_path = os.path.join(output_dir, wheel_name)
+                    shutil.move(os.path.join(tempd, wheel_name), wheel_path)
+                    logger.info('Stored in directory: %s', output_dir)
+                    return wheel_path
+                except:
+                    pass
+            # Ignore return, we can't do anything else useful.
+            self._clean_one(req)
+            return None
+        finally:
+            rmtree(tempd)
+
+    def _base_setup_args(self, req):
+        return [
+            sys.executable, "-u", '-c',
+            SETUPTOOLS_SHIM % req.setup_py
+        ] + list(self.global_options)
+
+    def __build_one(self, req, tempd, python_tag=None):
+        base_args = self._base_setup_args(req)
+
+        spin_message = 'Running setup.py bdist_wheel for %s' % (req.name,)
+        with open_spinner(spin_message) as spinner:
+            logger.debug('Destination directory: %s', tempd)
+            wheel_args = base_args + ['bdist_wheel', '-d', tempd] \
+                + self.build_options
+
+            if python_tag is not None:
+                wheel_args += ["--python-tag", python_tag]
+
+            try:
+                call_subprocess(wheel_args, cwd=req.source_dir,
+                                show_stdout=False, spinner=spinner)
+                return True
+            except:
+                spinner.finish("error")
+                logger.error('Failed building wheel for %s', req.name)
+                return False
+
+    def _clean_one(self, req):
+        base_args = self._base_setup_args(req)
+
+        logger.info('Running setup.py clean for %s', req.name)
+        clean_args = base_args + ['clean', '--all']
+        try:
+            call_subprocess(clean_args, cwd=req.source_dir, show_stdout=False)
+            return True
+        except:
+            logger.error('Failed cleaning build dir for %s', req.name)
+            return False
+
+    def build(self, autobuilding=False):
+        """Build wheels.
+
+        :param unpack: If True, replace the sdist we built from with the
+            newly built wheel, in preparation for installation.
+        :return: True if all the wheels built correctly.
+        """
+        assert self._wheel_dir or (autobuilding and self._cache_root)
+        # unpack sdists and constructs req set
+        self.requirement_set.prepare_files(self.finder)
+
+        reqset = self.requirement_set.requirements.values()
+
+        buildset = []
+        for req in reqset:
+            if req.constraint:
+                continue
+            if req.is_wheel:
+                if not autobuilding:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Skipping %s, due to already being wheel.', req.name)
+            elif req.editable:
+                if not autobuilding:
+                    logger.info(
+                        'Skipping bdist_wheel for %s, due to being editable',
+                        req.name)
+            elif autobuilding and req.link and not req.link.is_artifact:
+                pass
+            elif autobuilding and not req.source_dir:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if autobuilding:
+                    link = req.link
+                    base, ext = link.splitext()
+                    if pip.index.egg_info_matches(base, None, link) is None:
+                        # Doesn't look like a package - don't autobuild a wheel
+                        # because we'll have no way to lookup the result sanely
+                        continue
+                    if "binary" not in pip.index.fmt_ctl_formats(
+                            self.finder.format_control,
+                            canonicalize_name(req.name)):
+                        logger.info(
+                            "Skipping bdist_wheel for %s, due to binaries "
+                            "being disabled for it.", req.name)
+                        continue
+                buildset.append(req)
+
+        if not buildset:
+            return True
+
+        # Build the wheels.
+        logger.info(
+            'Building wheels for collected packages: %s',
+            ', '.join([req.name for req in buildset]),
+        )
+        with indent_log():
+            build_success, build_failure = [], []
+            for req in buildset:
+                python_tag = None
+                if autobuilding:
+                    python_tag = pep425tags.implementation_tag
+                    output_dir = _cache_for_link(self._cache_root, req.link)
+                    try:
+                        ensure_dir(output_dir)
+                    except OSError as e:
+                        logger.warn("Building wheel for %s failed: %s",
+                                    req.name, e)
+                        build_failure.append(req)
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    output_dir = self._wheel_dir
+                wheel_file = self._build_one(
+                    req, output_dir,
+                    python_tag=python_tag,
+                )
+                if wheel_file:
+                    build_success.append(req)
+                    if autobuilding:
+                        # XXX: This is mildly duplicative with prepare_files,
+                        # but not close enough to pull out to a single common
+                        # method.
+                        # The code below assumes temporary source dirs -
+                        # prevent it doing bad things.
+                        if req.source_dir and not os.path.exists(os.path.join(
+                                req.source_dir, PIP_DELETE_MARKER_FILENAME)):
+                            raise AssertionError(
+                                "bad source dir - missing marker")
+                        # Delete the source we built the wheel from
+                        req.remove_temporary_source()
+                        # set the build directory again - name is known from
+                        # the work prepare_files did.
+                        req.source_dir = req.build_location(
+                            self.requirement_set.build_dir)
+                        # Update the link for this.
+                        req.link = pip.index.Link(
+                            path_to_url(wheel_file))
+                        assert req.link.is_wheel
+                        # extract the wheel into the dir
+                        unpack_url(
+                            req.link, req.source_dir, None, False,
+                            session=self.requirement_set.session)
+                else:
+                    build_failure.append(req)
+
+        # notify success/failure
+        if build_success:
+            logger.info(
+                'Successfully built %s',
+                ' '.join([req.name for req in build_success]),
+            )
+        if build_failure:
+            logger.info(
+                'Failed to build %s',
+                ' '.join([req.name for req in build_failure]),
+            )
+        # Return True if all builds were successful
+        return len(build_failure) == 0
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50b86cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3159 @@
+"""
+Package resource API
+--------------------
+
+A resource is a logical file contained within a package, or a logical
+subdirectory thereof.  The package resource API expects resource names
+to have their path parts separated with ``/``, *not* whatever the local
+path separator is.  Do not use os.path operations to manipulate resource
+names being passed into the API.
+
+The package resource API is designed to work with normal filesystem packages,
+.egg files, and unpacked .egg files.  It can also work in a limited way with
+.zip files and with custom PEP 302 loaders that support the ``get_data()``
+method.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+import os
+import io
+import time
+import re
+import types
+import zipfile
+import zipimport
+import warnings
+import stat
+import functools
+import pkgutil
+import token
+import symbol
+import operator
+import platform
+import collections
+import plistlib
+import email.parser
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+from pkgutil import get_importer
+
+try:
+    import _imp
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.2 compatibility
+    import imp as _imp
+
+from pkg_resources.extern import six
+from pkg_resources.extern.six.moves import urllib, map
+
+# capture these to bypass sandboxing
+from os import utime
+try:
+    from os import mkdir, rename, unlink
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = True
+except ImportError:
+    # no write support, probably under GAE
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = False
+
+from os import open as os_open
+from os.path import isdir, split
+
+# Avoid try/except due to potential problems with delayed import mechanisms.
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) and sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
+    import importlib.machinery as importlib_machinery
+else:
+    importlib_machinery = None
+
+try:
+    import parser
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from pkg_resources.extern import packaging
+__import__('pkg_resources.extern.packaging.version')
+__import__('pkg_resources.extern.packaging.specifiers')
+
+
+filter = six.moves.filter
+map = six.moves.map
+
+if (3, 0) < sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+    msg = (
+        "Support for Python 3.0-3.2 has been dropped. Future versions "
+        "will fail here."
+    )
+    warnings.warn(msg)
+
+# declare some globals that will be defined later to
+# satisfy the linters.
+require = None
+working_set = None
+
+
+class PEP440Warning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """
+    Used when there is an issue with a version or specifier not complying with
+    PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _SetuptoolsVersionMixin(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__hash__()
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) < other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__lt__(other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) <= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__le__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) == other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) >= other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ge__(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) > other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__gt__(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return tuple(self) != other
+        else:
+            return super(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, self).__ne__(other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return tuple(self)[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        component_re = re.compile(r'(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)', re.VERBOSE)
+        replace = {
+            'pre': 'c',
+            'preview': 'c',
+            '-': 'final-',
+            'rc': 'c',
+            'dev': '@',
+        }.get
+
+        def _parse_version_parts(s):
+            for part in component_re.split(s):
+                part = replace(part, part)
+                if not part or part == '.':
+                    continue
+                if part[:1] in '0123456789':
+                    # pad for numeric comparison
+                    yield part.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    yield '*'+part
+
+            # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+            yield '*final'
+
+        def old_parse_version(s):
+            parts = []
+            for part in _parse_version_parts(s.lower()):
+                if part.startswith('*'):
+                    # remove '-' before a prerelease tag
+                    if part < '*final':
+                        while parts and parts[-1] == '*final-':
+                            parts.pop()
+                    # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+                    while parts and parts[-1] == '00000000':
+                        parts.pop()
+                parts.append(part)
+            return tuple(parts)
+
+        # Warn for use of this function
+        warnings.warn(
+            "You have iterated over the result of "
+            "pkg_resources.parse_version. This is a legacy behavior which is "
+            "inconsistent with the new version class introduced in setuptools "
+            "8.0. In most cases, conversion to a tuple is unnecessary. For "
+            "comparison of versions, sort the Version instances directly. If "
+            "you have another use case requiring the tuple, please file a "
+            "bug with the setuptools project describing that need.",
+            RuntimeWarning,
+            stacklevel=1,
+        )
+
+        for part in old_parse_version(str(self)):
+            yield part
+
+
+class SetuptoolsVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin, packaging.version.Version):
+    pass
+
+
+class SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(_SetuptoolsVersionMixin,
+                              packaging.version.LegacyVersion):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_version(v):
+    try:
+        return SetuptoolsVersion(v)
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        return SetuptoolsLegacyVersion(v)
+
+
+_state_vars = {}
+
+def _declare_state(vartype, **kw):
+    globals().update(kw)
+    _state_vars.update(dict.fromkeys(kw, vartype))
+
+def __getstate__():
+    state = {}
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in _state_vars.items():
+        state[k] = g['_sget_'+v](g[k])
+    return state
+
+def __setstate__(state):
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in state.items():
+        g['_sset_'+_state_vars[k]](k, g[k], v)
+    return state
+
+def _sget_dict(val):
+    return val.copy()
+
+def _sset_dict(key, ob, state):
+    ob.clear()
+    ob.update(state)
+
+def _sget_object(val):
+    return val.__getstate__()
+
+def _sset_object(key, ob, state):
+    ob.__setstate__(state)
+
+_sget_none = _sset_none = lambda *args: None
+
+
+def get_supported_platform():
+    """Return this platform's maximum compatible version.
+
+    distutils.util.get_platform() normally reports the minimum version
+    of Mac OS X that would be required to *use* extensions produced by
+    distutils.  But what we want when checking compatibility is to know the
+    version of Mac OS X that we are *running*.  To allow usage of packages that
+    explicitly require a newer version of Mac OS X, we must also know the
+    current version of the OS.
+
+    If this condition occurs for any other platform with a version in its
+    platform strings, this function should be extended accordingly.
+    """
+    plat = get_build_platform()
+    m = macosVersionString.match(plat)
+    if m is not None and sys.platform == "darwin":
+        try:
+            plat = 'macosx-%s-%s' % ('.'.join(_macosx_vers()[:2]), m.group(3))
+        except ValueError:
+            # not Mac OS X
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Basic resource access and distribution/entry point discovery
+    'require', 'run_script', 'get_provider',  'get_distribution',
+    'load_entry_point', 'get_entry_map', 'get_entry_info',
+    'iter_entry_points',
+    'resource_string', 'resource_stream', 'resource_filename',
+    'resource_listdir', 'resource_exists', 'resource_isdir',
+
+    # Environmental control
+    'declare_namespace', 'working_set', 'add_activation_listener',
+    'find_distributions', 'set_extraction_path', 'cleanup_resources',
+    'get_default_cache',
+
+    # Primary implementation classes
+    'Environment', 'WorkingSet', 'ResourceManager',
+    'Distribution', 'Requirement', 'EntryPoint',
+
+    # Exceptions
+    'ResolutionError', 'VersionConflict', 'DistributionNotFound',
+    'UnknownExtra', 'ExtractionError',
+
+    # Warnings
+    'PEP440Warning',
+
+    # Parsing functions and string utilities
+    'parse_requirements', 'parse_version', 'safe_name', 'safe_version',
+    'get_platform', 'compatible_platforms', 'yield_lines', 'split_sections',
+    'safe_extra', 'to_filename', 'invalid_marker', 'evaluate_marker',
+
+    # filesystem utilities
+    'ensure_directory', 'normalize_path',
+
+    # Distribution "precedence" constants
+    'EGG_DIST', 'BINARY_DIST', 'SOURCE_DIST', 'CHECKOUT_DIST', 'DEVELOP_DIST',
+
+    # "Provider" interfaces, implementations, and registration/lookup APIs
+    'IMetadataProvider', 'IResourceProvider', 'FileMetadata',
+    'PathMetadata', 'EggMetadata', 'EmptyProvider', 'empty_provider',
+    'NullProvider', 'EggProvider', 'DefaultProvider', 'ZipProvider',
+    'register_finder', 'register_namespace_handler', 'register_loader_type',
+    'fixup_namespace_packages', 'get_importer',
+
+    # Deprecated/backward compatibility only
+    'run_main', 'AvailableDistributions',
+]
+
+class ResolutionError(Exception):
+    """Abstract base for dependency resolution errors"""
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__class__.__name__+repr(self.args)
+
+
+class VersionConflict(ResolutionError):
+    """
+    An already-installed version conflicts with the requested version.
+
+    Should be initialized with the installed Distribution and the requested
+    Requirement.
+    """
+
+    _template = "{self.dist} is installed but {self.req} is required"
+
+    @property
+    def dist(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def with_context(self, required_by):
+        """
+        If required_by is non-empty, return a version of self that is a
+        ContextualVersionConflict.
+        """
+        if not required_by:
+            return self
+        args = self.args + (required_by,)
+        return ContextualVersionConflict(*args)
+
+
+class ContextualVersionConflict(VersionConflict):
+    """
+    A VersionConflict that accepts a third parameter, the set of the
+    requirements that required the installed Distribution.
+    """
+
+    _template = VersionConflict._template + ' by {self.required_by}'
+
+    @property
+    def required_by(self):
+        return self.args[2]
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(ResolutionError):
+    """A requested distribution was not found"""
+
+    _template = ("The '{self.req}' distribution was not found "
+                 "and is required by {self.requirers_str}")
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers_str(self):
+        if not self.requirers:
+            return 'the application'
+        return ', '.join(self.requirers)
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.report()
+
+
+class UnknownExtra(ResolutionError):
+    """Distribution doesn't have an "extra feature" of the given name"""
+_provider_factories = {}
+
+PY_MAJOR = sys.version[:3]
+EGG_DIST = 3
+BINARY_DIST = 2
+SOURCE_DIST = 1
+CHECKOUT_DIST = 0
+DEVELOP_DIST = -1
+
+def register_loader_type(loader_type, provider_factory):
+    """Register `provider_factory` to make providers for `loader_type`
+
+    `loader_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 ``module.__loader__``,
+    and `provider_factory` is a function that, passed a *module* object,
+    returns an ``IResourceProvider`` for that module.
+    """
+    _provider_factories[loader_type] = provider_factory
+
+def get_provider(moduleOrReq):
+    """Return an IResourceProvider for the named module or requirement"""
+    if isinstance(moduleOrReq, Requirement):
+        return working_set.find(moduleOrReq) or require(str(moduleOrReq))[0]
+    try:
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    except KeyError:
+        __import__(moduleOrReq)
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+    return _find_adapter(_provider_factories, loader)(module)
+
+def _macosx_vers(_cache=[]):
+    if not _cache:
+        version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+        # fallback for MacPorts
+        if version == '':
+            plist = '/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist'
+            if os.path.exists(plist):
+                if hasattr(plistlib, 'readPlist'):
+                    plist_content = plistlib.readPlist(plist)
+                    if 'ProductVersion' in plist_content:
+                        version = plist_content['ProductVersion']
+
+        _cache.append(version.split('.'))
+    return _cache[0]
+
+def _macosx_arch(machine):
+    return {'PowerPC': 'ppc', 'Power_Macintosh': 'ppc'}.get(machine, machine)
+
+def get_build_platform():
+    """Return this platform's string for platform-specific distributions
+
+    XXX Currently this is the same as ``distutils.util.get_platform()``, but it
+    needs some hacks for Linux and Mac OS X.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+        from sysconfig import get_platform
+    except ImportError:
+        from distutils.util import get_platform
+
+    plat = get_platform()
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and not plat.startswith('macosx-'):
+        try:
+            version = _macosx_vers()
+            machine = os.uname()[4].replace(" ", "_")
+            return "macosx-%d.%d-%s" % (int(version[0]), int(version[1]),
+                _macosx_arch(machine))
+        except ValueError:
+            # if someone is running a non-Mac darwin system, this will fall
+            # through to the default implementation
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+macosVersionString = re.compile(r"macosx-(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+darwinVersionString = re.compile(r"darwin-(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+# XXX backward compat
+get_platform = get_build_platform
+
+
+def compatible_platforms(provided, required):
+    """Can code for the `provided` platform run on the `required` platform?
+
+    Returns true if either platform is ``None``, or the platforms are equal.
+
+    XXX Needs compatibility checks for Linux and other unixy OSes.
+    """
+    if provided is None or required is None or provided==required:
+        # easy case
+        return True
+
+    # Mac OS X special cases
+    reqMac = macosVersionString.match(required)
+    if reqMac:
+        provMac = macosVersionString.match(provided)
+
+        # is this a Mac package?
+        if not provMac:
+            # this is backwards compatibility for packages built before
+            # setuptools 0.6. All packages built after this point will
+            # use the new macosx designation.
+            provDarwin = darwinVersionString.match(provided)
+            if provDarwin:
+                dversion = int(provDarwin.group(1))
+                macosversion = "%s.%s" % (reqMac.group(1), reqMac.group(2))
+                if dversion == 7 and macosversion >= "10.3" or \
+                        dversion == 8 and macosversion >= "10.4":
+                    return True
+            # egg isn't macosx or legacy darwin
+            return False
+
+        # are they the same major version and machine type?
+        if provMac.group(1) != reqMac.group(1) or \
+                provMac.group(3) != reqMac.group(3):
+            return False
+
+        # is the required OS major update >= the provided one?
+        if int(provMac.group(2)) > int(reqMac.group(2)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    # XXX Linux and other platforms' special cases should go here
+    return False
+
+
+def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
+    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
+    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+    name = ns['__name__']
+    ns.clear()
+    ns['__name__'] = name
+    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+# backward compatibility
+run_main = run_script
+
+def get_distribution(dist):
+    """Return a current distribution object for a Requirement or string"""
+    if isinstance(dist, six.string_types):
+        dist = Requirement.parse(dist)
+    if isinstance(dist, Requirement):
+        dist = get_provider(dist)
+    if not isinstance(dist, Distribution):
+        raise TypeError("Expected string, Requirement, or Distribution", dist)
+    return dist
+
+def load_entry_point(dist, group, name):
+    """Return `name` entry point of `group` for `dist` or raise ImportError"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
+
+def get_entry_map(dist, group=None):
+    """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_map(group)
+
+def get_entry_info(dist, group, name):
+    """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_info(group, name)
+
+
+class IMetadataProvider:
+
+    def has_metadata(name):
+        """Does the package's distribution contain the named metadata?"""
+
+    def get_metadata(name):
+        """The named metadata resource as a string"""
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(name):
+        """Yield named metadata resource as list of non-blank non-comment lines
+
+       Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line, and lines
+       with ``#`` as the first non-blank character are omitted."""
+
+    def metadata_isdir(name):
+        """Is the named metadata a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def metadata_listdir(name):
+        """List of metadata names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+    def run_script(script_name, namespace):
+        """Execute the named script in the supplied namespace dictionary"""
+
+
+class IResourceProvider(IMetadataProvider):
+    """An object that provides access to package resources"""
+
+    def get_resource_filename(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_stream(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_string(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a string containing the contents of `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def has_resource(resource_name):
+        """Does the package contain the named resource?"""
+
+    def resource_isdir(resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def resource_listdir(resource_name):
+        """List of resource names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+
+class WorkingSet(object):
+    """A collection of active distributions on sys.path (or a similar list)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, entries=None):
+        """Create working set from list of path entries (default=sys.path)"""
+        self.entries = []
+        self.entry_keys = {}
+        self.by_key = {}
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+        if entries is None:
+            entries = sys.path
+
+        for entry in entries:
+            self.add_entry(entry)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_master(cls):
+        """
+        Prepare the master working set.
+        """
+        ws = cls()
+        try:
+            from __main__ import __requires__
+        except ImportError:
+            # The main program does not list any requirements
+            return ws
+
+        # ensure the requirements are met
+        try:
+            ws.require(__requires__)
+        except VersionConflict:
+            return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__)
+
+        return ws
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_from_requirements(cls, req_spec):
+        """
+        Build a working set from a requirement spec. Rewrites sys.path.
+        """
+        # try it without defaults already on sys.path
+        # by starting with an empty path
+        ws = cls([])
+        reqs = parse_requirements(req_spec)
+        dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment())
+        for dist in dists:
+            ws.add(dist)
+
+        # add any missing entries from sys.path
+        for entry in sys.path:
+            if entry not in ws.entries:
+                ws.add_entry(entry)
+
+        # then copy back to sys.path
+        sys.path[:] = ws.entries
+        return ws
+
+    def add_entry(self, entry):
+        """Add a path item to ``.entries``, finding any distributions on it
+
+        ``find_distributions(entry, True)`` is used to find distributions
+        corresponding to the path entry, and they are added.  `entry` is
+        always appended to ``.entries``, even if it is already present.
+        (This is because ``sys.path`` can contain the same value more than
+        once, and the ``.entries`` of the ``sys.path`` WorkingSet should always
+        equal ``sys.path``.)
+        """
+        self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, [])
+        self.entries.append(entry)
+        for dist in find_distributions(entry, True):
+            self.add(dist, entry, False)
+
+    def __contains__(self, dist):
+        """True if `dist` is the active distribution for its project"""
+        return self.by_key.get(dist.key) == dist
+
+    def find(self, req):
+        """Find a distribution matching requirement `req`
+
+        If there is an active distribution for the requested project, this
+        returns it as long as it meets the version requirement specified by
+        `req`.  But, if there is an active distribution for the project and it
+        does *not* meet the `req` requirement, ``VersionConflict`` is raised.
+        If there is no active distribution for the requested project, ``None``
+        is returned.
+        """
+        dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+        if dist is not None and dist not in req:
+            # XXX add more info
+            raise VersionConflict(dist, req)
+        return dist
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self, group, name=None):
+        """Yield entry point objects from `group` matching `name`
+
+        If `name` is None, yields all entry points in `group` from all
+        distributions in the working set, otherwise only ones matching
+        both `group` and `name` are yielded (in distribution order).
+        """
+        for dist in self:
+            entries = dist.get_entry_map(group)
+            if name is None:
+                for ep in entries.values():
+                    yield ep
+            elif name in entries:
+                yield entries[name]
+
+    def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
+        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
+        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+        name = ns['__name__']
+        ns.clear()
+        ns['__name__'] = name
+        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield distributions for non-duplicate projects in the working set
+
+        The yield order is the order in which the items' path entries were
+        added to the working set.
+        """
+        seen = {}
+        for item in self.entries:
+            if item not in self.entry_keys:
+                # workaround a cache issue
+                continue
+
+            for key in self.entry_keys[item]:
+                if key not in seen:
+                    seen[key]=1
+                    yield self.by_key[key]
+
+    def add(self, dist, entry=None, insert=True, replace=False):
+        """Add `dist` to working set, associated with `entry`
+
+        If `entry` is unspecified, it defaults to the ``.location`` of `dist`.
+        On exit from this routine, `entry` is added to the end of the working
+        set's ``.entries`` (if it wasn't already present).
+
+        `dist` is only added to the working set if it's for a project that
+        doesn't already have a distribution in the set, unless `replace=True`.
+        If it's added, any callbacks registered with the ``subscribe()`` method
+        will be called.
+        """
+        if insert:
+            dist.insert_on(self.entries, entry, replace=replace)
+
+        if entry is None:
+            entry = dist.location
+        keys = self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry,[])
+        keys2 = self.entry_keys.setdefault(dist.location,[])
+        if not replace and dist.key in self.by_key:
+            # ignore hidden distros
+            return
+
+        self.by_key[dist.key] = dist
+        if dist.key not in keys:
+            keys.append(dist.key)
+        if dist.key not in keys2:
+            keys2.append(dist.key)
+        self._added_new(dist)
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, env=None, installer=None,
+            replace_conflicting=False):
+        """List all distributions needed to (recursively) meet `requirements`
+
+        `requirements` must be a sequence of ``Requirement`` objects.  `env`,
+        if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` instance.  If
+        not supplied, it defaults to all distributions available within any
+        entry or distribution in the working set.  `installer`, if supplied,
+        will be invoked with each requirement that cannot be met by an
+        already-installed distribution; it should return a ``Distribution`` or
+        ``None``.
+
+        Unless `replace_conflicting=True`, raises a VersionConflict exception if
+        any requirements are found on the path that have the correct name but
+        the wrong version.  Otherwise, if an `installer` is supplied it will be
+        invoked to obtain the correct version of the requirement and activate
+        it.
+        """
+
+        # set up the stack
+        requirements = list(requirements)[::-1]
+        # set of processed requirements
+        processed = {}
+        # key -> dist
+        best = {}
+        to_activate = []
+
+        # Mapping of requirement to set of distributions that required it;
+        # useful for reporting info about conflicts.
+        required_by = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        while requirements:
+            # process dependencies breadth-first
+            req = requirements.pop(0)
+            if req in processed:
+                # Ignore cyclic or redundant dependencies
+                continue
+            dist = best.get(req.key)
+            if dist is None:
+                # Find the best distribution and add it to the map
+                dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+                if dist is None or (dist not in req and replace_conflicting):
+                    ws = self
+                    if env is None:
+                        if dist is None:
+                            env = Environment(self.entries)
+                        else:
+                            # Use an empty environment and workingset to avoid
+                            # any further conflicts with the conflicting
+                            # distribution
+                            env = Environment([])
+                            ws = WorkingSet([])
+                    dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)
+                    if dist is None:
+                        requirers = required_by.get(req, None)
+                        raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers)
+                to_activate.append(dist)
+            if dist not in req:
+                # Oops, the "best" so far conflicts with a dependency
+                dependent_req = required_by[req]
+                raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req)
+
+            # push the new requirements onto the stack
+            new_requirements = dist.requires(req.extras)[::-1]
+            requirements.extend(new_requirements)
+
+            # Register the new requirements needed by req
+            for new_requirement in new_requirements:
+                required_by[new_requirement].add(req.project_name)
+
+            processed[req] = True
+
+        # return list of distros to activate
+        return to_activate
+
+    def find_plugins(self, plugin_env, full_env=None, installer=None,
+            fallback=True):
+        """Find all activatable distributions in `plugin_env`
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            distributions, errors = working_set.find_plugins(
+                Environment(plugin_dirlist)
+            )
+            # add plugins+libs to sys.path
+            map(working_set.add, distributions)
+            # display errors
+            print('Could not load', errors)
+
+        The `plugin_env` should be an ``Environment`` instance that contains
+        only distributions that are in the project's "plugin directory" or
+        directories. The `full_env`, if supplied, should be an ``Environment``
+        contains all currently-available distributions.  If `full_env` is not
+        supplied, one is created automatically from the ``WorkingSet`` this
+        method is called on, which will typically mean that every directory on
+        ``sys.path`` will be scanned for distributions.
+
+        `installer` is a standard installer callback as used by the
+        ``resolve()`` method. The `fallback` flag indicates whether we should
+        attempt to resolve older versions of a plugin if the newest version
+        cannot be resolved.
+
+        This method returns a 2-tuple: (`distributions`, `error_info`), where
+        `distributions` is a list of the distributions found in `plugin_env`
+        that were loadable, along with any other distributions that are needed
+        to resolve their dependencies.  `error_info` is a dictionary mapping
+        unloadable plugin distributions to an exception instance describing the
+        error that occurred. Usually this will be a ``DistributionNotFound`` or
+        ``VersionConflict`` instance.
+        """
+
+        plugin_projects = list(plugin_env)
+        # scan project names in alphabetic order
+        plugin_projects.sort()
+
+        error_info = {}
+        distributions = {}
+
+        if full_env is None:
+            env = Environment(self.entries)
+            env += plugin_env
+        else:
+            env = full_env + plugin_env
+
+        shadow_set = self.__class__([])
+        # put all our entries in shadow_set
+        list(map(shadow_set.add, self))
+
+        for project_name in plugin_projects:
+
+            for dist in plugin_env[project_name]:
+
+                req = [dist.as_requirement()]
+
+                try:
+                    resolvees = shadow_set.resolve(req, env, installer)
+
+                except ResolutionError as v:
+                    # save error info
+                    error_info[dist] = v
+                    if fallback:
+                        # try the next older version of project
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # give up on this project, keep going
+                        break
+
+                else:
+                    list(map(shadow_set.add, resolvees))
+                    distributions.update(dict.fromkeys(resolvees))
+
+                    # success, no need to try any more versions of this project
+                    break
+
+        distributions = list(distributions)
+        distributions.sort()
+
+        return distributions, error_info
+
+    def require(self, *requirements):
+        """Ensure that distributions matching `requirements` are activated
+
+        `requirements` must be a string or a (possibly-nested) sequence
+        thereof, specifying the distributions and versions required.  The
+        return value is a sequence of the distributions that needed to be
+        activated to fulfill the requirements; all relevant distributions are
+        included, even if they were already activated in this working set.
+        """
+        needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements))
+
+        for dist in needed:
+            self.add(dist)
+
+        return needed
+
+    def subscribe(self, callback):
+        """Invoke `callback` for all distributions (including existing ones)"""
+        if callback in self.callbacks:
+            return
+        self.callbacks.append(callback)
+        for dist in self:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def _added_new(self, dist):
+        for callback in self.callbacks:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (
+            self.entries[:], self.entry_keys.copy(), self.by_key.copy(),
+            self.callbacks[:]
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, e_k_b_c):
+        entries, keys, by_key, callbacks = e_k_b_c
+        self.entries = entries[:]
+        self.entry_keys = keys.copy()
+        self.by_key = by_key.copy()
+        self.callbacks = callbacks[:]
+
+
+class Environment(object):
+    """Searchable snapshot of distributions on a search path"""
+
+    def __init__(self, search_path=None, platform=get_supported_platform(),
+            python=PY_MAJOR):
+        """Snapshot distributions available on a search path
+
+        Any distributions found on `search_path` are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.
+
+        `platform` is an optional string specifying the name of the platform
+        that platform-specific distributions must be compatible with.  If
+        unspecified, it defaults to the current platform.  `python` is an
+        optional string naming the desired version of Python (e.g. ``'3.3'``);
+        it defaults to the current version.
+
+        You may explicitly set `platform` (and/or `python`) to ``None`` if you
+        wish to map *all* distributions, not just those compatible with the
+        running platform or Python version.
+        """
+        self._distmap = {}
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.python = python
+        self.scan(search_path)
+
+    def can_add(self, dist):
+        """Is distribution `dist` acceptable for this environment?
+
+        The distribution must match the platform and python version
+        requirements specified when this environment was created, or False
+        is returned.
+        """
+        return (self.python is None or dist.py_version is None
+            or dist.py_version==self.python) \
+            and compatible_platforms(dist.platform, self.platform)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the environment"""
+        self._distmap[dist.key].remove(dist)
+
+    def scan(self, search_path=None):
+        """Scan `search_path` for distributions usable in this environment
+
+        Any distributions found are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.  Only distributions conforming to
+        the platform/python version defined at initialization are added.
+        """
+        if search_path is None:
+            search_path = sys.path
+
+        for item in search_path:
+            for dist in find_distributions(item):
+                self.add(dist)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, project_name):
+        """Return a newest-to-oldest list of distributions for `project_name`
+
+        Uses case-insensitive `project_name` comparison, assuming all the
+        project's distributions use their project's name converted to all
+        lowercase as their key.
+
+        """
+        distribution_key = project_name.lower()
+        return self._distmap.get(distribution_key, [])
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` if we ``can_add()`` it and it has not already been added
+        """
+        if self.can_add(dist) and dist.has_version():
+            dists = self._distmap.setdefault(dist.key, [])
+            if dist not in dists:
+                dists.append(dist)
+                dists.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('hashcmp'), reverse=True)
+
+    def best_match(self, req, working_set, installer=None):
+        """Find distribution best matching `req` and usable on `working_set`
+
+        This calls the ``find(req)`` method of the `working_set` to see if a
+        suitable distribution is already active.  (This may raise
+        ``VersionConflict`` if an unsuitable version of the project is already
+        active in the specified `working_set`.)  If a suitable distribution
+        isn't active, this method returns the newest distribution in the
+        environment that meets the ``Requirement`` in `req`.  If no suitable
+        distribution is found, and `installer` is supplied, then the result of
+        calling the environment's ``obtain(req, installer)`` method will be
+        returned.
+        """
+        dist = working_set.find(req)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist
+        for dist in self[req.key]:
+            if dist in req:
+                return dist
+        # try to download/install
+        return self.obtain(req, installer)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        """Obtain a distribution matching `requirement` (e.g. via download)
+
+        Obtain a distro that matches requirement (e.g. via download).  In the
+        base ``Environment`` class, this routine just returns
+        ``installer(requirement)``, unless `installer` is None, in which case
+        None is returned instead.  This method is a hook that allows subclasses
+        to attempt other ways of obtaining a distribution before falling back
+        to the `installer` argument."""
+        if installer is not None:
+            return installer(requirement)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield the unique project names of the available distributions"""
+        for key in self._distmap.keys():
+            if self[key]:
+                yield key
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        """In-place addition of a distribution or environment"""
+        if isinstance(other, Distribution):
+            self.add(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, Environment):
+            for project in other:
+                for dist in other[project]:
+                    self.add(dist)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't add %r to environment" % (other,))
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Add an environment or distribution to an environment"""
+        new = self.__class__([], platform=None, python=None)
+        for env in self, other:
+            new += env
+        return new
+
+
+# XXX backward compatibility
+AvailableDistributions = Environment
+
+
+class ExtractionError(RuntimeError):
+    """An error occurred extracting a resource
+
+    The following attributes are available from instances of this exception:
+
+    manager
+        The resource manager that raised this exception
+
+    cache_path
+        The base directory for resource extraction
+
+    original_error
+        The exception instance that caused extraction to fail
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceManager:
+    """Manage resource extraction and packages"""
+    extraction_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cached_files = {}
+
+    def resource_exists(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Does the named resource exist?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).has_resource(resource_name)
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource an existing directory?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_isdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_filename(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_filename(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_stream(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_stream(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_string(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return specified resource as a string"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_string(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """List the contents of the named resource directory"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_listdir(
+            resource_name
+        )
+
+    def extraction_error(self):
+        """Give an error message for problems extracting file(s)"""
+
+        old_exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        cache_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+
+        err = ExtractionError("""Can't extract file(s) to egg cache
+
+The following error occurred while trying to extract file(s) to the Python egg
+cache:
+
+  %s
+
+The Python egg cache directory is currently set to:
+
+  %s
+
+Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  You can
+change the cache directory by setting the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment
+variable to point to an accessible directory.
+""" % (old_exc, cache_path)
+        )
+        err.manager = self
+        err.cache_path = cache_path
+        err.original_error = old_exc
+        raise err
+
+    def get_cache_path(self, archive_name, names=()):
+        """Return absolute location in cache for `archive_name` and `names`
+
+        The parent directory of the resulting path will be created if it does
+        not already exist.  `archive_name` should be the base filename of the
+        enclosing egg (which may not be the name of the enclosing zipfile!),
+        including its ".egg" extension.  `names`, if provided, should be a
+        sequence of path name parts "under" the egg's extraction location.
+
+        This method should only be called by resource providers that need to
+        obtain an extraction location, and only for names they intend to
+        extract, as it tracks the generated names for possible cleanup later.
+        """
+        extract_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+        target_path = os.path.join(extract_path, archive_name+'-tmp', *names)
+        try:
+            _bypass_ensure_directory(target_path)
+        except:
+            self.extraction_error()
+
+        self._warn_unsafe_extraction_path(extract_path)
+
+        self.cached_files[target_path] = 1
+        return target_path
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _warn_unsafe_extraction_path(path):
+        """
+        If the default extraction path is overridden and set to an insecure
+        location, such as /tmp, it opens up an opportunity for an attacker to
+        replace an extracted file with an unauthorized payload. Warn the user
+        if a known insecure location is used.
+
+        See Distribute #375 for more details.
+        """
+        if os.name == 'nt' and not path.startswith(os.environ['windir']):
+            # On Windows, permissions are generally restrictive by default
+            #  and temp directories are not writable by other users, so
+            #  bypass the warning.
+            return
+        mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+        if mode & stat.S_IWOTH or mode & stat.S_IWGRP:
+            msg = ("%s is writable by group/others and vulnerable to attack "
+                "when "
+                "used with get_resource_filename. Consider a more secure "
+                "location (set with .set_extraction_path or the "
+                "PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment variable)." % path)
+            warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
+
+    def postprocess(self, tempname, filename):
+        """Perform any platform-specific postprocessing of `tempname`
+
+        This is where Mac header rewrites should be done; other platforms don't
+        have anything special they should do.
+
+        Resource providers should call this method ONLY after successfully
+        extracting a compressed resource.  They must NOT call it on resources
+        that are already in the filesystem.
+
+        `tempname` is the current (temporary) name of the file, and `filename`
+        is the name it will be renamed to by the caller after this routine
+        returns.
+        """
+
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            # Make the resource executable
+            mode = ((os.stat(tempname).st_mode) | 0o555) & 0o7777
+            os.chmod(tempname, mode)
+
+    def set_extraction_path(self, path):
+        """Set the base path where resources will be extracted to, if needed.
+
+        If you do not call this routine before any extractions take place, the
+        path defaults to the return value of ``get_default_cache()``.  (Which
+        is based on the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, with various
+        platform-specific fallbacks.  See that routine's documentation for more
+        details.)
+
+        Resources are extracted to subdirectories of this path based upon
+        information given by the ``IResourceProvider``.  You may set this to a
+        temporary directory, but then you must call ``cleanup_resources()`` to
+        delete the extracted files when done.  There is no guarantee that
+        ``cleanup_resources()`` will be able to remove all extracted files.
+
+        (Note: you may not change the extraction path for a given resource
+        manager once resources have been extracted, unless you first call
+        ``cleanup_resources()``.)
+        """
+        if self.cached_files:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't change extraction path, files already extracted"
+            )
+
+        self.extraction_path = path
+
+    def cleanup_resources(self, force=False):
+        """
+        Delete all extracted resource files and directories, returning a list
+        of the file and directory names that could not be successfully removed.
+        This function does not have any concurrency protection, so it should
+        generally only be called when the extraction path is a temporary
+        directory exclusive to a single process.  This method is not
+        automatically called; you must call it explicitly or register it as an
+        ``atexit`` function if you wish to ensure cleanup of a temporary
+        directory used for extractions.
+        """
+        # XXX
+
+def get_default_cache():
+    """Determine the default cache location
+
+    This returns the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, if set.
+    Otherwise, on Windows, it returns a "Python-Eggs" subdirectory of the
+    "Application Data" directory.  On all other systems, it's "~/.python-eggs".
+    """
+    try:
+        return os.environ['PYTHON_EGG_CACHE']
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+
+    if os.name!='nt':
+        return os.path.expanduser('~/.python-eggs')
+
+    # XXX this may be locale-specific!
+    app_data = 'Application Data'
+    app_homes = [
+        # best option, should be locale-safe
+        (('APPDATA',), None),
+        (('USERPROFILE',), app_data),
+        (('HOMEDRIVE','HOMEPATH'), app_data),
+        (('HOMEPATH',), app_data),
+        (('HOME',), None),
+        # 95/98/ME
+        (('WINDIR',), app_data),
+    ]
+
+    for keys, subdir in app_homes:
+        dirname = ''
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in os.environ:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, os.environ[key])
+            else:
+                break
+        else:
+            if subdir:
+                dirname = os.path.join(dirname, subdir)
+            return os.path.join(dirname, 'Python-Eggs')
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Please set the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE enviroment variable"
+        )
+
+def safe_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name)
+
+
+def safe_version(version):
+    """
+    Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string
+    """
+    try:
+        # normalize the version
+        return str(packaging.version.Version(version))
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        version = version.replace(' ','.')
+        return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version)
+
+
+def safe_extra(extra):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_',
+    and the result is always lowercased.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '_', extra).lower()
+
+
+def to_filename(name):
+    """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form
+
+    Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'.
+    """
+    return name.replace('-','_')
+
+
+class MarkerEvaluation(object):
+    values = {
+        'os_name': lambda: os.name,
+        'sys_platform': lambda: sys.platform,
+        'python_full_version': platform.python_version,
+        'python_version': lambda: platform.python_version()[:3],
+        'platform_version': platform.version,
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine,
+        'platform_python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+        'python_implementation': platform.python_implementation,
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_invalid_marker(cls, text):
+        """
+        Validate text as a PEP 426 environment marker; return an exception
+        if invalid or False otherwise.
+        """
+        try:
+            cls.evaluate_marker(text)
+        except SyntaxError as e:
+            return cls.normalize_exception(e)
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_exception(exc):
+        """
+        Given a SyntaxError from a marker evaluation, normalize the error
+        message:
+         - Remove indications of filename and line number.
+         - Replace platform-specific error messages with standard error
+           messages.
+        """
+        subs = {
+            'unexpected EOF while parsing': 'invalid syntax',
+            'parenthesis is never closed': 'invalid syntax',
+        }
+        exc.filename = None
+        exc.lineno = None
+        exc.msg = subs.get(exc.msg, exc.msg)
+        return exc
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.and_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def test(cls, nodelist):
+        # MUST NOT short-circuit evaluation, or invalid syntax can be skipped!
+        items = [
+            cls.interpret(nodelist[i])
+            for i in range(1, len(nodelist), 2)
+        ]
+        return functools.reduce(operator.or_, items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def atom(cls, nodelist):
+        t = nodelist[1][0]
+        if t == token.LPAR:
+            if nodelist[2][0] == token.RPAR:
+                raise SyntaxError("Empty parentheses")
+            return cls.interpret(nodelist[2])
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def comparison(cls, nodelist):
+        if len(nodelist) > 4:
+            msg = "Chained comparison not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        comp = nodelist[2][1]
+        cop = comp[1]
+        if comp[0] == token.NAME:
+            if len(nodelist[2]) == 3:
+                if cop == 'not':
+                    cop = 'not in'
+                else:
+                    cop = 'is not'
+        try:
+            cop = cls.get_op(cop)
+        except KeyError:
+            msg = repr(cop) + " operator not allowed in environment markers"
+            raise SyntaxError(msg)
+        return cop(cls.evaluate(nodelist[1]), cls.evaluate(nodelist[3]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_op(cls, op):
+        ops = {
+            symbol.test: cls.test,
+            symbol.and_test: cls.and_test,
+            symbol.atom: cls.atom,
+            symbol.comparison: cls.comparison,
+            'not in': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+            'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+            '==': operator.eq,
+            '!=': operator.ne,
+            '<':  operator.lt,
+            '>':  operator.gt,
+            '<=': operator.le,
+            '>=': operator.ge,
+        }
+        if hasattr(symbol, 'or_test'):
+            ops[symbol.or_test] = cls.test
+        return ops[op]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate_marker(cls, text, extra=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker on CPython 2.4+.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+
+        This implementation uses the 'parser' module, which is not implemented
+        on
+        Jython and has been superseded by the 'ast' module in Python 2.6 and
+        later.
+        """
+        return cls.interpret(parser.expr(text).totuple(1)[1])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _translate_metadata2(env):
+        """
+        Markerlib implements Metadata 1.2 (PEP 345) environment markers.
+        Translate the variables to Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426).
+        """
+        return dict(
+            (key.replace('.', '_'), value)
+            for key, value in env.items()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _markerlib_evaluate(cls, text):
+        """
+        Evaluate a PEP 426 environment marker using markerlib.
+        Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+        Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+        """
+        import _markerlib
+
+        env = cls._translate_metadata2(_markerlib.default_environment())
+        try:
+            result = _markerlib.interpret(text, env)
+        except NameError as e:
+            raise SyntaxError(e.args[0])
+        return result
+
+    if 'parser' not in globals():
+        # Fall back to less-complete _markerlib implementation if 'parser' module
+        # is not available.
+        evaluate_marker = _markerlib_evaluate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def interpret(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        try:
+            op = cls.get_op(nodelist[0])
+        except KeyError:
+            raise SyntaxError("Comparison or logical expression expected")
+        return op(nodelist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def evaluate(cls, nodelist):
+        while len(nodelist)==2: nodelist = nodelist[1]
+        kind = nodelist[0]
+        name = nodelist[1]
+        if kind==token.NAME:
+            try:
+                op = cls.values[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise SyntaxError("Unknown name %r" % name)
+            return op()
+        if kind==token.STRING:
+            s = nodelist[1]
+            if not cls._safe_string(s):
+                raise SyntaxError(
+                    "Only plain strings allowed in environment markers")
+            return s[1:-1]
+        msg = "Language feature not supported in environment markers"
+        raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _safe_string(cand):
+        return (
+            cand[:1] in "'\"" and
+            not cand.startswith('"""') and
+            not cand.startswith("'''") and
+            '\\' not in cand
+        )
+
+invalid_marker = MarkerEvaluation.is_invalid_marker
+evaluate_marker = MarkerEvaluation.evaluate_marker
+
+class NullProvider:
+    """Try to implement resources and metadata for arbitrary PEP 302 loaders"""
+
+    egg_name = None
+    egg_info = None
+    loader = None
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.module_path = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_resource_string(manager, resource_name))
+
+    def get_resource_string(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._get(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_resource(self, resource_name):
+        return self._has(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._has(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    if sys.version_info <= (3,):
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+    else:
+        def get_metadata(self, name):
+            if not self.egg_info:
+                return ""
+            return self._get(self._fn(self.egg_info, name)).decode("utf-8")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._isdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_isdir(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._isdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._listdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_listdir(self, name):
+        if self.egg_info:
+            return self._listdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+        return []
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name, namespace):
+        script = 'scripts/'+script_name
+        if not self.has_metadata(script):
+            raise ResolutionError("No script named %r" % script_name)
+        script_text = self.get_metadata(script).replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        script_text = script_text.replace('\r', '\n')
+        script_filename = self._fn(self.egg_info, script)
+        namespace['__file__'] = script_filename
+        if os.path.exists(script_filename):
+            source = open(script_filename).read()
+            code = compile(source, script_filename, 'exec')
+            exec(code, namespace, namespace)
+        else:
+            from linecache import cache
+            cache[script_filename] = (
+                len(script_text), 0, script_text.split('\n'), script_filename
+            )
+            script_code = compile(script_text, script_filename,'exec')
+            exec(script_code, namespace, namespace)
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _fn(self, base, resource_name):
+        if resource_name:
+            return os.path.join(base, *resource_name.split('/'))
+        return base
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_data'):
+            return self.loader.get_data(path)
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for loaders without 'get_data()'"
+        )
+
+register_loader_type(object, NullProvider)
+
+
+class EggProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider based on a virtual filesystem"""
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        NullProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+    def _setup_prefix(self):
+        # we assume here that our metadata may be nested inside a "basket"
+        # of multiple eggs; that's why we use module_path instead of .archive
+        path = self.module_path
+        old = None
+        while path!=old:
+            if _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+                self.egg_name = os.path.basename(path)
+                self.egg_info = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO')
+                self.egg_root = path
+                break
+            old = path
+            path, base = os.path.split(path)
+
+class DefaultProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Provides access to package resources in the filesystem"""
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        return os.path.isdir(path)
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        return os.listdir(path)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return open(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name), 'rb')
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+register_loader_type(type(None), DefaultProvider)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_loader_type(importlib_machinery.SourceFileLoader, DefaultProvider)
+
+
+class EmptyProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider that returns nothing for all requests"""
+
+    _isdir = _has = lambda self, path: False
+    _get = lambda self, path: ''
+    _listdir = lambda self, path: []
+    module_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+empty_provider = EmptyProvider()
+
+
+class ZipManifests(dict):
+    """
+    zip manifest builder
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path):
+        """
+        Build a dictionary similar to the zipimport directory
+        caches, except instead of tuples, store ZipInfo objects.
+
+        Use a platform-specific path separator (os.sep) for the path keys
+        for compatibility with pypy on Windows.
+        """
+        with ContextualZipFile(path) as zfile:
+            items = (
+                (
+                    name.replace('/', os.sep),
+                    zfile.getinfo(name),
+                )
+                for name in zfile.namelist()
+            )
+            return dict(items)
+
+    load = build
+
+
+class MemoizedZipManifests(ZipManifests):
+    """
+    Memoized zipfile manifests.
+    """
+    manifest_mod = collections.namedtuple('manifest_mod', 'manifest mtime')
+
+    def load(self, path):
+        """
+        Load a manifest at path or return a suitable manifest already loaded.
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(path)
+        mtime = os.stat(path).st_mtime
+
+        if path not in self or self[path].mtime != mtime:
+            manifest = self.build(path)
+            self[path] = self.manifest_mod(manifest, mtime)
+
+        return self[path].manifest
+
+
+class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """
+    Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct a ZipFile or ContextualZipFile as appropriate
+        """
+        if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__'):
+            return zipfile.ZipFile(*args, **kwargs)
+        return super(ContextualZipFile, cls).__new__(cls)
+
+
+class ZipProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Resource support for zips and eggs"""
+
+    eagers = None
+    _zip_manifests = MemoizedZipManifests()
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        EggProvider.__init__(self, module)
+        self.zip_pre = self.loader.archive+os.sep
+
+    def _zipinfo_name(self, fspath):
+        # Convert a virtual filename (full path to file) into a zipfile subpath
+        # usable with the zipimport directory cache for our target archive
+        if fspath.startswith(self.zip_pre):
+            return fspath[len(self.zip_pre):]
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.zip_pre)
+        )
+
+    def _parts(self, zip_path):
+        # Convert a zipfile subpath into an egg-relative path part list.
+        # pseudo-fs path
+        fspath = self.zip_pre+zip_path
+        if fspath.startswith(self.egg_root+os.sep):
+            return fspath[len(self.egg_root)+1:].split(os.sep)
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.egg_root)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def zipinfo(self):
+        return self._zip_manifests.load(self.loader.archive)
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        if not self.egg_name:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "resource_filename() only supported for .egg, not .zip"
+            )
+        # no need to lock for extraction, since we use temp names
+        zip_path = self._resource_to_zip(resource_name)
+        eagers = self._get_eager_resources()
+        if '/'.join(self._parts(zip_path)) in eagers:
+            for name in eagers:
+                self._extract_resource(manager, self._eager_to_zip(name))
+        return self._extract_resource(manager, zip_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_date_and_size(zip_stat):
+        size = zip_stat.file_size
+        # ymdhms+wday, yday, dst
+        date_time = zip_stat.date_time + (0, 0, -1)
+        # 1980 offset already done
+        timestamp = time.mktime(date_time)
+        return timestamp, size
+
+    def _extract_resource(self, manager, zip_path):
+
+        if zip_path in self._index():
+            for name in self._index()[zip_path]:
+                last = self._extract_resource(
+                    manager, os.path.join(zip_path, name)
+                )
+            # return the extracted directory name
+            return os.path.dirname(last)
+
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+
+        if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+            raise IOError('"os.rename" and "os.unlink" are not supported '
+                          'on this platform')
+        try:
+
+            real_path = manager.get_cache_path(
+                self.egg_name, self._parts(zip_path)
+            )
+
+            if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                return real_path
+
+            outf, tmpnam = _mkstemp(".$extract", dir=os.path.dirname(real_path))
+            os.write(outf, self.loader.get_data(zip_path))
+            os.close(outf)
+            utime(tmpnam, (timestamp, timestamp))
+            manager.postprocess(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            try:
+                rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            except os.error:
+                if os.path.isfile(real_path):
+                    if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                        # the file became current since it was checked above,
+                        #  so proceed.
+                        return real_path
+                    # Windows, del old file and retry
+                    elif os.name=='nt':
+                        unlink(real_path)
+                        rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+                        return real_path
+                raise
+
+        except os.error:
+            # report a user-friendly error
+            manager.extraction_error()
+
+        return real_path
+
+    def _is_current(self, file_path, zip_path):
+        """
+        Return True if the file_path is current for this zip_path
+        """
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
+            return False
+        stat = os.stat(file_path)
+        if stat.st_size!=size or stat.st_mtime!=timestamp:
+            return False
+        # check that the contents match
+        zip_contents = self.loader.get_data(zip_path)
+        with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
+            file_contents = f.read()
+        return zip_contents == file_contents
+
+    def _get_eager_resources(self):
+        if self.eagers is None:
+            eagers = []
+            for name in ('native_libs.txt', 'eager_resources.txt'):
+                if self.has_metadata(name):
+                    eagers.extend(self.get_metadata_lines(name))
+            self.eagers = eagers
+        return self.eagers
+
+    def _index(self):
+        try:
+            return self._dirindex
+        except AttributeError:
+            ind = {}
+            for path in self.zipinfo:
+                parts = path.split(os.sep)
+                while parts:
+                    parent = os.sep.join(parts[:-1])
+                    if parent in ind:
+                        ind[parent].append(parts[-1])
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        ind[parent] = [parts.pop()]
+            self._dirindex = ind
+            return ind
+
+    def _has(self, fspath):
+        zip_path = self._zipinfo_name(fspath)
+        return zip_path in self.zipinfo or zip_path in self._index()
+
+    def _isdir(self, fspath):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(fspath) in self._index()
+
+    def _listdir(self, fspath):
+        return list(self._index().get(self._zipinfo_name(fspath), ()))
+
+    def _eager_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.egg_root, resource_name))
+
+    def _resource_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+register_loader_type(zipimport.zipimporter, ZipProvider)
+
+
+class FileMetadata(EmptyProvider):
+    """Metadata handler for standalone PKG-INFO files
+
+    Usage::
+
+        metadata = FileMetadata("/path/to/PKG-INFO")
+
+    This provider rejects all data and metadata requests except for PKG-INFO,
+    which is treated as existing, and will be the contents of the file at
+    the provided location.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return name=='PKG-INFO' and os.path.isfile(self.path)
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name):
+        if name=='PKG-INFO':
+            with io.open(self.path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                metadata = f.read()
+            return metadata
+        raise KeyError("No metadata except PKG-INFO is available")
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+
+class PathMetadata(DefaultProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for egg directories
+
+    Usage::
+
+        # Development eggs:
+
+        egg_info = "/path/to/PackageName.egg-info"
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        dist = Distribution(basedir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata)
+
+        # Unpacked egg directories:
+
+        egg_path = "/path/to/PackageName-ver-pyver-etc.egg"
+        metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,'EGG-INFO'))
+        dist = Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, egg_info):
+        self.module_path = path
+        self.egg_info = egg_info
+
+
+class EggMetadata(ZipProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for .egg files"""
+
+    def __init__(self, importer):
+        """Create a metadata provider from a zipimporter"""
+
+        self.zip_pre = importer.archive+os.sep
+        self.loader = importer
+        if importer.prefix:
+            self.module_path = os.path.join(importer.archive, importer.prefix)
+        else:
+            self.module_path = importer.archive
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+_declare_state('dict', _distribution_finders = {})
+
+def register_finder(importer_type, distribution_finder):
+    """Register `distribution_finder` to find distributions in sys.path items
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `distribution_finder` is a callable that, passed a path
+    item and the importer instance, yields ``Distribution`` instances found on
+    that path item.  See ``pkg_resources.find_on_path`` for an example."""
+    _distribution_finders[importer_type] = distribution_finder
+
+
+def find_distributions(path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible via `path_item`"""
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    finder = _find_adapter(_distribution_finders, importer)
+    return finder(importer, path_item, only)
+
+def find_eggs_in_zip(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """
+    Find eggs in zip files; possibly multiple nested eggs.
+    """
+    if importer.archive.endswith('.whl'):
+        # wheels are not supported with this finder
+        # they don't have PKG-INFO metadata, and won't ever contain eggs
+        return
+    metadata = EggMetadata(importer)
+    if metadata.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+        yield Distribution.from_filename(path_item, metadata=metadata)
+    if only:
+        # don't yield nested distros
+        return
+    for subitem in metadata.resource_listdir('/'):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(subitem):
+            subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem)
+            for dist in find_eggs_in_zip(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath), subpath):
+                yield dist
+
+register_finder(zipimport.zipimporter, find_eggs_in_zip)
+
+def find_nothing(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    return ()
+register_finder(object, find_nothing)
+
+def find_on_path(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible on a sys.path directory"""
+    path_item = _normalize_cached(path_item)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(path_item) and os.access(path_item, os.R_OK):
+        if _is_unpacked_egg(path_item):
+            yield Distribution.from_filename(
+                path_item, metadata=PathMetadata(
+                    path_item, os.path.join(path_item,'EGG-INFO')
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # scan for .egg and .egg-info in directory
+            for entry in os.listdir(path_item):
+                lower = entry.lower()
+                if lower.endswith('.egg-info') or lower.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                    fullpath = os.path.join(path_item, entry)
+                    if os.path.isdir(fullpath):
+                        # egg-info directory, allow getting metadata
+                        metadata = PathMetadata(path_item, fullpath)
+                    else:
+                        metadata = FileMetadata(fullpath)
+                    yield Distribution.from_location(
+                        path_item, entry, metadata, precedence=DEVELOP_DIST
+                    )
+                elif not only and _is_unpacked_egg(entry):
+                    dists = find_distributions(os.path.join(path_item, entry))
+                    for dist in dists:
+                        yield dist
+                elif not only and lower.endswith('.egg-link'):
+                    with open(os.path.join(path_item, entry)) as entry_file:
+                        entry_lines = entry_file.readlines()
+                    for line in entry_lines:
+                        if not line.strip():
+                            continue
+                        path = os.path.join(path_item, line.rstrip())
+                        dists = find_distributions(path)
+                        for item in dists:
+                            yield item
+                        break
+register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_finder(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, find_on_path)
+
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_handlers={})
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_packages={})
+
+
+def register_namespace_handler(importer_type, namespace_handler):
+    """Register `namespace_handler` to declare namespace packages
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `namespace_handler` is a callable like this::
+
+        def namespace_handler(importer, path_entry, moduleName, module):
+            # return a path_entry to use for child packages
+
+    Namespace handlers are only called if the importer object has already
+    agreed that it can handle the relevant path item, and they should only
+    return a subpath if the module __path__ does not already contain an
+    equivalent subpath.  For an example namespace handler, see
+    ``pkg_resources.file_ns_handler``.
+    """
+    _namespace_handlers[importer_type] = namespace_handler
+
+def _handle_ns(packageName, path_item):
+    """Ensure that named package includes a subpath of path_item (if needed)"""
+
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    if importer is None:
+        return None
+    loader = importer.find_module(packageName)
+    if loader is None:
+        return None
+    module = sys.modules.get(packageName)
+    if module is None:
+        module = sys.modules[packageName] = types.ModuleType(packageName)
+        module.__path__ = []
+        _set_parent_ns(packageName)
+    elif not hasattr(module,'__path__'):
+        raise TypeError("Not a package:", packageName)
+    handler = _find_adapter(_namespace_handlers, importer)
+    subpath = handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module)
+    if subpath is not None:
+        path = module.__path__
+        path.append(subpath)
+        loader.load_module(packageName)
+
+        # Rebuild mod.__path__ ensuring that all entries are ordered
+        # corresponding to their sys.path order
+        sys_path= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in sys.path]
+        def sort_key(p):
+            parts = p.split(os.sep)
+            parts = parts[:-(packageName.count('.') + 1)]
+            return sys_path.index(_normalize_cached(os.sep.join(parts)))
+
+        path.sort(key=sort_key)
+        module.__path__[:] = [_normalize_cached(p) for p in path]
+    return subpath
+
+def declare_namespace(packageName):
+    """Declare that package 'packageName' is a namespace package"""
+
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        if packageName in _namespace_packages:
+            return
+
+        path, parent = sys.path, None
+        if '.' in packageName:
+            parent = '.'.join(packageName.split('.')[:-1])
+            declare_namespace(parent)
+            if parent not in _namespace_packages:
+                __import__(parent)
+            try:
+                path = sys.modules[parent].__path__
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError("Not a package:", parent)
+
+        # Track what packages are namespaces, so when new path items are added,
+        # they can be updated
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(parent,[]).append(packageName)
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(packageName,[])
+
+        for path_item in path:
+            # Ensure all the parent's path items are reflected in the child,
+            # if they apply
+            _handle_ns(packageName, path_item)
+
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def fixup_namespace_packages(path_item, parent=None):
+    """Ensure that previously-declared namespace packages include path_item"""
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        for package in _namespace_packages.get(parent,()):
+            subpath = _handle_ns(package, path_item)
+            if subpath:
+                fixup_namespace_packages(subpath, package)
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+def file_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    """Compute an ns-package subpath for a filesystem or zipfile importer"""
+
+    subpath = os.path.join(path_item, packageName.split('.')[-1])
+    normalized = _normalize_cached(subpath)
+    for item in module.__path__:
+        if _normalize_cached(item)==normalized:
+            break
+    else:
+        # Only return the path if it's not already there
+        return subpath
+
+register_namespace_handler(pkgutil.ImpImporter, file_ns_handler)
+register_namespace_handler(zipimport.zipimporter, file_ns_handler)
+
+if importlib_machinery is not None:
+    register_namespace_handler(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, file_ns_handler)
+
+
+def null_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    return None
+
+register_namespace_handler(object, null_ns_handler)
+
+
+def normalize_path(filename):
+    """Normalize a file/dir name for comparison purposes"""
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(filename))
+
+def _normalize_cached(filename, _cache={}):
+    try:
+        return _cache[filename]
+    except KeyError:
+        _cache[filename] = result = normalize_path(filename)
+        return result
+
+def _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+    """
+    Determine if given path appears to be an unpacked egg.
+    """
+    return (
+        path.lower().endswith('.egg')
+    )
+
+def _set_parent_ns(packageName):
+    parts = packageName.split('.')
+    name = parts.pop()
+    if parts:
+        parent = '.'.join(parts)
+        setattr(sys.modules[parent], name, sys.modules[packageName])
+
+
+def yield_lines(strs):
+    """Yield non-empty/non-comment lines of a string or sequence"""
+    if isinstance(strs, six.string_types):
+        for s in strs.splitlines():
+            s = s.strip()
+            # skip blank lines/comments
+            if s and not s.startswith('#'):
+                yield s
+    else:
+        for ss in strs:
+            for s in yield_lines(ss):
+                yield s
+
+# whitespace and comment
+LINE_END = re.compile(r"\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# line continuation
+CONTINUE = re.compile(r"\s*\\\s*(#.*)?$").match
+# Distribution or extra
+DISTRO = re.compile(r"\s*((\w|[-.])+)").match
+# ver. info
+VERSION = re.compile(r"\s*(<=?|>=?|===?|!=|~=)\s*((\w|[-.*_!+])+)").match
+# comma between items
+COMMA = re.compile(r"\s*,").match
+OBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\[").match
+CBRACKET = re.compile(r"\s*\]").match
+MODULE = re.compile(r"\w+(\.\w+)*$").match
+EGG_NAME = re.compile(
+    r"""
+    (?P<name>[^-]+) (
+        -(?P<ver>[^-]+) (
+            -py(?P<pyver>[^-]+) (
+                -(?P<plat>.+)
+            )?
+        )?
+    )?
+    """,
+    re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+).match
+
+
+class EntryPoint(object):
+    """Object representing an advertised importable object"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, module_name, attrs=(), extras=(), dist=None):
+        if not MODULE(module_name):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid module name", module_name)
+        self.name = name
+        self.module_name = module_name
+        self.attrs = tuple(attrs)
+        self.extras = Requirement.parse(("x[%s]" % ','.join(extras))).extras
+        self.dist = dist
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = "%s = %s" % (self.name, self.module_name)
+        if self.attrs:
+            s += ':' + '.'.join(self.attrs)
+        if self.extras:
+            s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(self.extras)
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "EntryPoint.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    def load(self, require=True, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Require packages for this EntryPoint, then resolve it.
+        """
+        if not require or args or kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Parameters to load are deprecated.  Call .resolve and "
+                ".require separately.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        if require:
+            self.require(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.resolve()
+
+    def resolve(self):
+        """
+        Resolve the entry point from its module and attrs.
+        """
+        module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
+        try:
+            return functools.reduce(getattr, self.attrs, module)
+        except AttributeError as exc:
+            raise ImportError(str(exc))
+
+    def require(self, env=None, installer=None):
+        if self.extras and not self.dist:
+            raise UnknownExtra("Can't require() without a distribution", self)
+        reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras)
+        items = working_set.resolve(reqs, env, installer)
+        list(map(working_set.add, items))
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'\s*'
+        r'(?P<name>.+?)\s*'
+        r'=\s*'
+        r'(?P<module>[\w.]+)\s*'
+        r'(:\s*(?P<attr>[\w.]+))?\s*'
+        r'(?P<extras>\[.*\])?\s*$'
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, src, dist=None):
+        """Parse a single entry point from string `src`
+
+        Entry point syntax follows the form::
+
+            name = some.module:some.attr [extra1, extra2]
+
+        The entry name and module name are required, but the ``:attrs`` and
+        ``[extras]`` parts are optional
+        """
+        m = cls.pattern.match(src)
+        if not m:
+            msg = "EntryPoint must be in 'name=module:attrs [extras]' format"
+            raise ValueError(msg, src)
+        res = m.groupdict()
+        extras = cls._parse_extras(res['extras'])
+        attrs = res['attr'].split('.') if res['attr'] else ()
+        return cls(res['name'], res['module'], attrs, extras, dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_extras(cls, extras_spec):
+        if not extras_spec:
+            return ()
+        req = Requirement.parse('x' + extras_spec)
+        if req.specs:
+            raise ValueError()
+        return req.extras
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_group(cls, group, lines, dist=None):
+        """Parse an entry point group"""
+        if not MODULE(group):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid group name", group)
+        this = {}
+        for line in yield_lines(lines):
+            ep = cls.parse(line, dist)
+            if ep.name in this:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate entry point", group, ep.name)
+            this[ep.name]=ep
+        return this
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_map(cls, data, dist=None):
+        """Parse a map of entry point groups"""
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            data = data.items()
+        else:
+            data = split_sections(data)
+        maps = {}
+        for group, lines in data:
+            if group is None:
+                if not lines:
+                    continue
+                raise ValueError("Entry points must be listed in groups")
+            group = group.strip()
+            if group in maps:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate group name", group)
+            maps[group] = cls.parse_group(group, lines, dist)
+        return maps
+
+
+def _remove_md5_fragment(location):
+    if not location:
+        return ''
+    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(location)
+    if parsed[-1].startswith('md5='):
+        return urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed[:-1] + ('',))
+    return location
+
+
+def _version_from_file(lines):
+    """
+    Given an iterable of lines from a Metadata file, return
+    the value of the Version field, if present, or None otherwise.
+    """
+    is_version_line = lambda line: line.lower().startswith('version:')
+    version_lines = filter(is_version_line, lines)
+    line = next(iter(version_lines), '')
+    _, _, value = line.partition(':')
+    return safe_version(value.strip()) or None
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'PKG-INFO'
+
+    def __init__(self, location=None, metadata=None, project_name=None,
+            version=None, py_version=PY_MAJOR, platform=None,
+            precedence=EGG_DIST):
+        self.project_name = safe_name(project_name or 'Unknown')
+        if version is not None:
+            self._version = safe_version(version)
+        self.py_version = py_version
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.location = location
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self._provider = metadata or empty_provider
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_location(cls, location, basename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        project_name, version, py_version, platform = [None]*4
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)
+        if ext.lower() in _distributionImpl:
+            cls = _distributionImpl[ext.lower()]
+
+            match = EGG_NAME(basename)
+            if match:
+                project_name, version, py_version, platform = match.group(
+                    'name', 'ver', 'pyver', 'plat'
+                )
+        return cls(
+            location, metadata, project_name=project_name, version=version,
+            py_version=py_version, platform=platform, **kw
+        )._reload_version()
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def hashcmp(self):
+        return (
+            self.parsed_version,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.key,
+            _remove_md5_fragment(self.location),
+            self.py_version or '',
+            self.platform or '',
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.hashcmp)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp < other.hashcmp
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp <= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp > other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp >= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            # It's not a Distribution, so they are not equal
+            return False
+        return self.hashcmp == other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # These properties have to be lazy so that we don't have to load any
+    # metadata until/unless it's actually needed.  (i.e., some distributions
+    # may not know their name or version without loading PKG-INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        try:
+            return self._key
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._key = key = self.project_name.lower()
+            return key
+
+    @property
+    def parsed_version(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_parsed_version"):
+            self._parsed_version = parse_version(self.version)
+
+        return self._parsed_version
+
+    def _warn_legacy_version(self):
+        LV = packaging.version.LegacyVersion
+        is_legacy = isinstance(self._parsed_version, LV)
+        if not is_legacy:
+            return
+
+        # While an empty version is technically a legacy version and
+        # is not a valid PEP 440 version, it's also unlikely to
+        # actually come from someone and instead it is more likely that
+        # it comes from setuptools attempting to parse a filename and
+        # including it in the list. So for that we'll gate this warning
+        # on if the version is anything at all or not.
+        if not self.version:
+            return
+
+        tmpl = textwrap.dedent("""
+            '{project_name} ({version})' is being parsed as a legacy,
+            non PEP 440,
+            version. You may find odd behavior and sort order.
+            In particular it will be sorted as less than 0.0. It
+            is recommended to migrate to PEP 440 compatible
+            versions.
+            """).strip().replace('\n', ' ')
+
+        warnings.warn(tmpl.format(**vars(self)), PEP440Warning)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        try:
+            return self._version
+        except AttributeError:
+            version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+            if version is None:
+                tmpl = "Missing 'Version:' header and/or %s file"
+                raise ValueError(tmpl % self.PKG_INFO, self)
+            return version
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+            for name in 'requires.txt', 'depends.txt':
+                for extra, reqs in split_sections(self._get_metadata(name)):
+                    if extra:
+                        if ':' in extra:
+                            extra, marker = extra.split(':', 1)
+                            if invalid_marker(marker):
+                                # XXX warn
+                                reqs=[]
+                            elif not evaluate_marker(marker):
+                                reqs=[]
+                        extra = safe_extra(extra) or None
+                    dm.setdefault(extra,[]).extend(parse_requirements(reqs))
+            return dm
+
+    def requires(self, extras=()):
+        """List of Requirements needed for this distro if `extras` are used"""
+        dm = self._dep_map
+        deps = []
+        deps.extend(dm.get(None, ()))
+        for ext in extras:
+            try:
+                deps.extend(dm[safe_extra(ext)])
+            except KeyError:
+                raise UnknownExtra(
+                    "%s has no such extra feature %r" % (self, ext)
+                )
+        return deps
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, name):
+        if self.has_metadata(name):
+            for line in self.get_metadata_lines(name):
+                yield line
+
+    def activate(self, path=None):
+        """Ensure distribution is importable on `path` (default=sys.path)"""
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.insert_on(path, replace=True)
+        if path is sys.path:
+            fixup_namespace_packages(self.location)
+            for pkg in self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                if pkg in sys.modules:
+                    declare_namespace(pkg)
+
+    def egg_name(self):
+        """Return what this distribution's standard .egg filename should be"""
+        filename = "%s-%s-py%s" % (
+            to_filename(self.project_name), to_filename(self.version),
+            self.py_version or PY_MAJOR
+        )
+
+        if self.platform:
+            filename += '-' + self.platform
+        return filename
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.location:
+            return "%s (%s)" % (self, self.location)
+        else:
+            return str(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            version = getattr(self, 'version', None)
+        except ValueError:
+            version = None
+        version = version or "[unknown version]"
+        return "%s %s" % (self.project_name, version)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Delegate all unrecognized public attributes to .metadata provider"""
+        if attr.startswith('_'):
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+        return getattr(self._provider, attr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_filename(cls, filename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        return cls.from_location(
+            _normalize_cached(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata,
+            **kw
+        )
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        """Return a ``Requirement`` that matches this distribution exactly"""
+        if isinstance(self.parsed_version, packaging.version.Version):
+            spec = "%s==%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+        else:
+            spec = "%s===%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+
+    def load_entry_point(self, group, name):
+        """Return the `name` entry point of `group` or raise ImportError"""
+        ep = self.get_entry_info(group, name)
+        if ep is None:
+            raise ImportError("Entry point %r not found" % ((group, name),))
+        return ep.load()
+
+    def get_entry_map(self, group=None):
+        """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+        try:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map = EntryPoint.parse_map(
+                self._get_metadata('entry_points.txt'), self
+            )
+        if group is not None:
+            return ep_map.get(group,{})
+        return ep_map
+
+    def get_entry_info(self, group, name):
+        """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+        return self.get_entry_map(group).get(name)
+
+    def insert_on(self, path, loc=None, replace=False):
+        """Insert self.location in path before its nearest parent directory"""
+
+        loc = loc or self.location
+        if not loc:
+            return
+
+        nloc = _normalize_cached(loc)
+        bdir = os.path.dirname(nloc)
+        npath= [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in path]
+
+        for p, item in enumerate(npath):
+            if item == nloc:
+                break
+            elif item == bdir and self.precedence == EGG_DIST:
+                # if it's an .egg, give it precedence over its directory
+                if path is sys.path:
+                    self.check_version_conflict()
+                path.insert(p, loc)
+                npath.insert(p, nloc)
+                break
+        else:
+            if path is sys.path:
+                self.check_version_conflict()
+            if replace:
+                path.insert(0, loc)
+            else:
+                path.append(loc)
+            return
+
+        # p is the spot where we found or inserted loc; now remove duplicates
+        while True:
+            try:
+                np = npath.index(nloc, p+1)
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+            else:
+                del npath[np], path[np]
+                # ha!
+                p = np
+
+        return
+
+    def check_version_conflict(self):
+        if self.key == 'setuptools':
+            # ignore the inevitable setuptools self-conflicts  :(
+            return
+
+        nsp = dict.fromkeys(self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'))
+        loc = normalize_path(self.location)
+        for modname in self._get_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+            if (modname not in sys.modules or modname in nsp
+                    or modname in _namespace_packages):
+                continue
+            if modname in ('pkg_resources', 'setuptools', 'site'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(sys.modules[modname], '__file__', None)
+            if fn and (normalize_path(fn).startswith(loc) or
+                       fn.startswith(self.location)):
+                continue
+            issue_warning(
+                "Module %s was already imported from %s, but %s is being added"
+                " to sys.path" % (modname, fn, self.location),
+            )
+
+    def has_version(self):
+        try:
+            self.version
+        except ValueError:
+            issue_warning("Unbuilt egg for " + repr(self))
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def clone(self,**kw):
+        """Copy this distribution, substituting in any changed keyword args"""
+        names = 'project_name version py_version platform location precedence'
+        for attr in names.split():
+            kw.setdefault(attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+        kw.setdefault('metadata', self._provider)
+        return self.__class__(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def extras(self):
+        return [dep for dep in self._dep_map if dep]
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        """
+        Packages installed by distutils (e.g. numpy or scipy),
+        which uses an old safe_version, and so
+        their version numbers can get mangled when
+        converted to filenames (e.g., 1.11.0.dev0+2329eae to
+        1.11.0.dev0_2329eae). These distributions will not be
+        parsed properly
+        downstream by Distribution and safe_version, so
+        take an extra step and try to get the version number from
+        the metadata file itself instead of the filename.
+        """
+        md_version = _version_from_file(self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO))
+        if md_version:
+            self._version = md_version
+        return self
+
+
+class DistInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata, .dist-info style"""
+    PKG_INFO = 'METADATA'
+    EQEQ = re.compile(r"([\(,])\s*(\d.*?)\s*([,\)])")
+
+    @property
+    def _parsed_pkg_info(self):
+        """Parse and cache metadata"""
+        try:
+            return self._pkg_info
+        except AttributeError:
+            metadata = self.get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO)
+            self._pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(metadata)
+            return self._pkg_info
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__dep_map = self._compute_dependencies()
+            return self.__dep_map
+
+    def _preparse_requirement(self, requires_dist):
+        """Convert 'Foobar (1); baz' to ('Foobar ==1', 'baz')
+        Split environment marker, add == prefix to version specifiers as
+        necessary, and remove parenthesis.
+        """
+        parts = requires_dist.split(';', 1) + ['']
+        distvers = parts[0].strip()
+        mark = parts[1].strip()
+        distvers = re.sub(self.EQEQ, r"\1==\2\3", distvers)
+        distvers = distvers.replace('(', '').replace(')', '')
+        return (distvers, mark)
+
+    def _compute_dependencies(self):
+        """Recompute this distribution's dependencies."""
+        from _markerlib import compile as compile_marker
+        dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+
+        reqs = []
+        # Including any condition expressions
+        for req in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []:
+            distvers, mark = self._preparse_requirement(req)
+            parsed = next(parse_requirements(distvers))
+            parsed.marker_fn = compile_marker(mark)
+            reqs.append(parsed)
+
+        def reqs_for_extra(extra):
+            for req in reqs:
+                if req.marker_fn(override={'extra':extra}):
+                    yield req
+
+        common = frozenset(reqs_for_extra(None))
+        dm[None].extend(common)
+
+        for extra in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Provides-Extra') or []:
+            extra = safe_extra(extra.strip())
+            dm[extra] = list(frozenset(reqs_for_extra(extra)) - common)
+
+        return dm
+
+
+_distributionImpl = {
+    '.egg': Distribution,
+    '.egg-info': EggInfoDistribution,
+    '.dist-info': DistInfoDistribution,
+    }
+
+
+def issue_warning(*args,**kw):
+    level = 1
+    g = globals()
+    try:
+        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
+        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
+        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
+            level += 1
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw)
+
+
+class RequirementParseError(ValueError):
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ' '.join(self.args)
+
+
+def parse_requirements(strs):
+    """Yield ``Requirement`` objects for each specification in `strs`
+
+    `strs` must be a string, or a (possibly-nested) iterable thereof.
+    """
+    # create a steppable iterator, so we can handle \-continuations
+    lines = iter(yield_lines(strs))
+
+    def scan_list(ITEM, TERMINATOR, line, p, groups, item_name):
+
+        items = []
+
+        while not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+            if CONTINUE(line, p):
+                try:
+                    line = next(lines)
+                    p = 0
+                except StopIteration:
+                    msg = "\\ must not appear on the last nonblank line"
+                    raise RequirementParseError(msg)
+
+            match = ITEM(line, p)
+            if not match:
+                msg = "Expected " + item_name + " in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+            items.append(match.group(*groups))
+            p = match.end()
+
+            match = COMMA(line, p)
+            if match:
+                # skip the comma
+                p = match.end()
+            elif not TERMINATOR(line, p):
+                msg = "Expected ',' or end-of-list in"
+                raise RequirementParseError(msg, line, "at", line[p:])
+
+        match = TERMINATOR(line, p)
+        # skip the terminator, if any
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+        return line, p, items
+
+    for line in lines:
+        match = DISTRO(line)
+        if not match:
+            raise RequirementParseError("Missing distribution spec", line)
+        project_name = match.group(1)
+        p = match.end()
+        extras = []
+
+        match = OBRACKET(line, p)
+        if match:
+            p = match.end()
+            line, p, extras = scan_list(
+                DISTRO, CBRACKET, line, p, (1,), "'extra' name"
+            )
+
+        line, p, specs = scan_list(VERSION, LINE_END, line, p, (1, 2),
+            "version spec")
+        specs = [(op, val) for op, val in specs]
+        yield Requirement(project_name, specs, extras)
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    def __init__(self, project_name, specs, extras):
+        """DO NOT CALL THIS UNDOCUMENTED METHOD; use Requirement.parse()!"""
+        self.unsafe_name, project_name = project_name, safe_name(project_name)
+        self.project_name, self.key = project_name, project_name.lower()
+        self.specifier = packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet(
+            ",".join(["".join([x, y]) for x, y in specs])
+        )
+        self.specs = specs
+        self.extras = tuple(map(safe_extra, extras))
+        self.hashCmp = (
+            self.key,
+            self.specifier,
+            frozenset(self.extras),
+        )
+        self.__hash = hash(self.hashCmp)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        extras = ','.join(self.extras)
+        if extras:
+            extras = '[%s]' % extras
+        return '%s%s%s' % (self.project_name, extras, self.specifier)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, Requirement) and
+            self.hashCmp == other.hashCmp
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, Distribution):
+            if item.key != self.key:
+                return False
+
+            item = item.version
+
+        # Allow prereleases always in order to match the previous behavior of
+        # this method. In the future this should be smarter and follow PEP 440
+        # more accurately.
+        return self.specifier.contains(item, prereleases=True)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self.__hash
+
+    def __repr__(self): return "Requirement.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse(s):
+        req, = parse_requirements(s)
+        return req
+
+
+def _get_mro(cls):
+    """Get an mro for a type or classic class"""
+    if not isinstance(cls, type):
+        class cls(cls, object): pass
+        return cls.__mro__[1:]
+    return cls.__mro__
+
+def _find_adapter(registry, ob):
+    """Return an adapter factory for `ob` from `registry`"""
+    for t in _get_mro(getattr(ob, '__class__', type(ob))):
+        if t in registry:
+            return registry[t]
+
+
+def ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+        os.makedirs(dirname)
+
+
+def _bypass_ensure_directory(path):
+    """Sandbox-bypassing version of ensure_directory()"""
+    if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+        raise IOError('"os.mkdir" not supported on this platform.')
+    dirname, filename = split(path)
+    if dirname and filename and not isdir(dirname):
+        _bypass_ensure_directory(dirname)
+        mkdir(dirname, 0o755)
+
+
+def split_sections(s):
+    """Split a string or iterable thereof into (section, content) pairs
+
+    Each ``section`` is a stripped version of the section header ("[section]")
+    and each ``content`` is a list of stripped lines excluding blank lines and
+    comment-only lines.  If there are any such lines before the first section
+    header, they're returned in a first ``section`` of ``None``.
+    """
+    section = None
+    content = []
+    for line in yield_lines(s):
+        if line.startswith("["):
+            if line.endswith("]"):
+                if section or content:
+                    yield section, content
+                section = line[1:-1].strip()
+                content = []
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid section heading", line)
+        else:
+            content.append(line)
+
+    # wrap up last segment
+    yield section, content
+
+def _mkstemp(*args,**kw):
+    old_open = os.open
+    try:
+        # temporarily bypass sandboxing
+        os.open = os_open
+        return tempfile.mkstemp(*args,**kw)
+    finally:
+        # and then put it back
+        os.open = old_open
+
+
+# Silence the PEP440Warning by default, so that end users don't get hit by it
+# randomly just because they use pkg_resources. We want to append the rule
+# because we want earlier uses of filterwarnings to take precedence over this
+# one.
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=PEP440Warning, append=True)
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 1.3
+def _call_aside(f, *args, **kwargs):
+    f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return f
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize(g=globals()):
+    "Set up global resource manager (deliberately not state-saved)"
+    manager = ResourceManager()
+    g['_manager'] = manager
+    for name in dir(manager):
+        if not name.startswith('_'):
+            g[name] = getattr(manager, name)
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize_master_working_set():
+    """
+    Prepare the master working set and make the ``require()``
+    API available.
+
+    This function has explicit effects on the global state
+    of pkg_resources. It is intended to be invoked once at
+    the initialization of this module.
+
+    Invocation by other packages is unsupported and done
+    at their own risk.
+    """
+    working_set = WorkingSet._build_master()
+    _declare_state('object', working_set=working_set)
+
+    require = working_set.require
+    iter_entry_points = working_set.iter_entry_points
+    add_activation_listener = working_set.subscribe
+    run_script = working_set.run_script
+    # backward compatibility
+    run_main = run_script
+    # Activate all distributions already on sys.path, and ensure that
+    # all distributions added to the working set in the future (e.g. by
+    # calling ``require()``) will get activated as well.
+    add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+    working_set.entries=[]
+    # match order
+    list(map(working_set.add_entry, sys.path))
+    globals().update(locals())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eadb794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "15.3"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "Apache License, Version 2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright 2014 %s" % __author__
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c39a8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+from .__about__ import (
+    __author__, __copyright__, __email__, __license__, __summary__, __title__,
+    __uri__, __version__
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__", "__summary__", "__uri__", "__version__", "__author__",
+    "__email__", "__license__", "__copyright__",
+]
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c396ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import sys
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+# flake8: noqa
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """
+    Create a base class with a metaclass.
+    """
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ae9bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+
+class Infinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+Infinity = Infinity()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinity(object):
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        return Infinity
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinity()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..891664f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import abc
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._compat import string_types, with_metaclass
+from .version import Version, LegacyVersion, parse
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid specifier was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(with_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta, object)):
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are not equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def prereleases(self):
+        """
+        Returns whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        """
+        Sets whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class _IndividualSpecifier(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    _operators = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, spec="", prereleases=None):
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier("Invalid specifier: '{0}'".format(spec))
+
+        self._spec = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<{0}({1!r}{2})>".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            str(self),
+            pre,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "{0}{1}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec == other._spec
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(other)
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._spec != other._spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op):
+        return getattr(self, "_compare_{0}".format(self._operators[op]))
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            version = parse(version)
+        return version
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self):
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        return self._prereleases
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version or LegacyVersion, this allows us to have
+        # a shortcut for ``"2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        item = self._coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        return self._get_operator(self.operator)(item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = self._coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later incase nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if (parsed_version.is_prerelease
+                        and not (prereleases or self.prereleases)):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the begining.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+class LegacySpecifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(==|!=|<=|>=|<|>))
+        \s*
+        (?P<version>
+            [^\s]* # We just match everything, except for whitespace since this
+                   # is a "legacy" specifier and the version string can be just
+                   # about anything.
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+    }
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version):
+        if not isinstance(version, LegacyVersion):
+            version = LegacyVersion(str(version))
+        return version
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective == self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective != self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective < self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective > self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+
+def _require_version_compare(fn):
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapped(self, prospective, spec):
+        if not isinstance(prospective, Version):
+            return False
+        return fn(self, prospective, spec)
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class Specifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        ^
+        \s*
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s]*    # We just match everything, except for whitespace
+                          # since we are only testing for strict identity.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a dev or local version
+                # together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                    |
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        \s*
+        $
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore post and dev releases and we want to treat the pre-release as
+        # it's own separate segment.
+        prefix = ".".join(
+            list(
+                itertools.takewhile(
+                    lambda x: (not x.startswith("post")
+                               and not x.startswith("dev")),
+                    _version_split(spec),
+                )
+            )[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return (self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec)
+                and self._get_operator("==")(prospective, prefix))
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit
+            # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            spec = _version_split(spec[:-2])  # Remove the trailing .*
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there
+            # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release
+            # segment.
+            prospective = _version_split(str(prospective))
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            prospective = prospective[:len(spec)]
+
+            # Pad out our two sides with zeros so that they both equal the same
+            # length.
+            spec, prospective = _pad_version(spec, prospective)
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+        return prospective == spec
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective <= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective, spec):
+        return prospective >= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective, spec):
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is techincally greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective, spec):
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if parse(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version):
+    result = []
+    for item in version.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _pad_version(left, right):
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split):])
+    right_split.append(left[len(right_split):])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])),
+    )
+    right_split.insert(
+        1,
+        ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])),
+    )
+
+    return (
+        list(itertools.chain(*left_split)),
+        list(itertools.chain(*right_split)),
+    )
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    def __init__(self, specifiers="", prereleases=None):
+        # Split on , to break each indidivual specifier into it's own item, and
+        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+        specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+        # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a
+        # Specifier and falling back to a LegacySpecifier.
+        parsed = set()
+        for specifier in specifiers:
+            try:
+                parsed.add(Specifier(specifier))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                parsed.add(LegacySpecifier(specifier))
+
+        # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later.
+        self._specs = frozenset(parsed)
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pre = (
+            ", prereleases={0!r}".format(self.prereleases)
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return "<SpecifierSet({0!r}{1})>".format(str(self), pre)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, string_types):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, _IndividualSpecifier):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs != other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self):
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value):
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item, prereleases=None):
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version or LegacyVersion instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            item = parse(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(
+            s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases)
+            for s in self._specs
+        )
+
+    def filter(self, iterable, prereleases=None):
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iterable
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases, and which will filter out LegacyVersion in general.
+        else:
+            filtered = []
+            found_prereleases = []
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                # Ensure that we some kind of Version class for this item.
+                if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+                    parsed_version = parse(item)
+                else:
+                    parsed_version = item
+
+                # Filter out any item which is parsed as a LegacyVersion
+                if isinstance(parsed_version, LegacyVersion):
+                    continue
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return found_prereleases
+
+            return filtered
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ba574b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/packaging/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+# Copyright 2014 Donald Stufft
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from ._structures import Infinity
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "parse", "Version", "LegacyVersion", "InvalidVersion", "VERSION_PATTERN"
+]
+
+
+_Version = collections.namedtuple(
+    "_Version",
+    ["epoch", "release", "dev", "pre", "post", "local"],
+)
+
+
+def parse(version):
+    """
+    Parse the given version string and return either a :class:`Version` object
+    or a :class:`LegacyVersion` object depending on if the given version is
+    a valid PEP 440 version or a legacy version.
+    """
+    try:
+        return Version(version)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        return LegacyVersion(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid version was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion(object):
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s < o)
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s <= o)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s == o)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s >= o)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s > o)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self._compare(other, lambda s, o: s != o)
+
+    def _compare(self, other, method):
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._key, other._key)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(_BaseVersion):
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self._version = str(version)
+        self._key = _legacy_cmpkey(self._version)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<LegacyVersion({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return False
+
+
+_legacy_version_component_re = re.compile(
+    r"(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)", re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+_legacy_version_replacement_map = {
+    "pre": "c", "preview": "c", "-": "final-", "rc": "c", "dev": "@",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_version_parts(s):
+    for part in _legacy_version_component_re.split(s):
+        part = _legacy_version_replacement_map.get(part, part)
+
+        if not part or part == ".":
+            continue
+
+        if part[:1] in "0123456789":
+            # pad for numeric comparison
+            yield part.zfill(8)
+        else:
+            yield "*" + part
+
+    # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+    yield "*final"
+
+
+def _legacy_cmpkey(version):
+    # We hardcode an epoch of -1 here. A PEP 440 version can only have a epoch
+    # greater than or equal to 0. This will effectively put the LegacyVersion,
+    # which uses the defacto standard originally implemented by setuptools,
+    # as before all PEP 440 versions.
+    epoch = -1
+
+    # This scheme is taken from pkg_resources.parse_version setuptools prior to
+    # it's adoption of the packaging library.
+    parts = []
+    for part in _parse_version_parts(version.lower()):
+        if part.startswith("*"):
+            # remove "-" before a prerelease tag
+            if part < "*final":
+                while parts and parts[-1] == "*final-":
+                    parts.pop()
+
+            # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+            while parts and parts[-1] == "00000000":
+                parts.pop()
+
+        parts.append(part)
+    parts = tuple(parts)
+
+    return epoch, parts
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion("Invalid version: '{0}'".format(version))
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("pre_l"),
+                match.group("pre_n"),
+            ),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"),
+                match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2"),
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("dev_l"),
+                match.group("dev_n"),
+            ),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<Version({0})>".format(repr(str(self)))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self._version.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self._version.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self._version.post is not None:
+            parts.append(".post{0}".format(self._version.post[1]))
+
+        # Development release
+        if self._version.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(".dev{0}".format(self._version.dev[1]))
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self._version.local is not None:
+            parts.append(
+                "+{0}".format(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local))
+            )
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def public(self):
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self):
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self._version.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append("{0}!".format(self._version.epoch))
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def local(self):
+        version_string = str(self)
+        if "+" in version_string:
+            return version_string.split("+", 1)[1]
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.dev or self._version.pre)
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self):
+        return bool(self._version.post)
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(letter, number):
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+
+_local_version_seperators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local):
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_seperators.split(local)
+        )
+
+
+def _cmpkey(epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local):
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(
+            itertools.dropwhile(
+                lambda x: x == 0,
+                reversed(release),
+            )
+        ))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        pre = -Infinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        pre = Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        post = -Infinity
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        dev = Infinity
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        local = -Infinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (-Infinity, i)
+            for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, release, pre, post, dev, local
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..190c023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/_vendor/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.10.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        if value is None:
+            value = tp()
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    raise tp, value, tb
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    if from_value is None:
+        raise value
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+elif sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    raise value from from_value
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        def wrapper(f):
+            f = functools.wraps(wrapped, assigned, updated)(f)
+            f.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+            return f
+        return wrapper
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(meta):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            return meta(name, bases, d)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..317f4b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pkg_resources/extern/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import sys
+
+
+class VendorImporter:
+    """
+    A PEP 302 meta path importer for finding optionally-vendored
+    or otherwise naturally-installed packages from root_name.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, root_name, vendored_names=(), vendor_pkg=None):
+        self.root_name = root_name
+        self.vendored_names = set(vendored_names)
+        self.vendor_pkg = vendor_pkg or root_name.replace('extern', '_vendor')
+
+    @property
+    def search_path(self):
+        """
+        Search first the vendor package then as a natural package.
+        """
+        yield self.vendor_pkg + '.'
+        yield ''
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        """
+        Return self when fullname starts with root_name and the
+        target module is one vendored through this importer.
+        """
+        root, base, target = fullname.partition(self.root_name + '.')
+        if root:
+            return
+        if not any(map(target.startswith, self.vendored_names)):
+            return
+        return self
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Iterate over the search path to locate and load fullname.
+        """
+        root, base, target = fullname.partition(self.root_name + '.')
+        for prefix in self.search_path:
+            try:
+                extant = prefix + target
+                __import__(extant)
+                mod = sys.modules[extant]
+                sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+                # mysterious hack:
+                # Remove the reference to the extant package/module
+                # on later Python versions to cause relative imports
+                # in the vendor package to resolve the same modules
+                # as those going through this importer.
+                if sys.version_info > (3, 3):
+                    del sys.modules[extant]
+                return mod
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+        else:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The '{target}' package is required; "
+                "normally this is bundled with this package so if you get "
+                "this warning, consult the packager of your "
+                "distribution.".format(**locals())
+            )
+
+    def install(self):
+        """
+        Install this importer into sys.meta_path if not already present.
+        """
+        if self not in sys.meta_path:
+            sys.meta_path.append(self)
+
+names = 'packaging', 'six'
+VendorImporter(__name__, names).install()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6b6a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+===============================
+Installing and Using Setuptools
+===============================
+
+.. contents:: **Table of Contents**
+
+
+`Change History <https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/history.html>`_.
+
+-------------------------
+Installation Instructions
+-------------------------
+
+The recommended way to bootstrap setuptools on any system is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python environment. Different
+operating systems have different recommended techniques to accomplish this
+basic routine, so below are some examples to get you started.
+
+Setuptools requires Python 2.6 or later. To install setuptools
+on Python 2.4 or Python 2.5, use the `bootstrap script for Setuptools 1.x
+<https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/raw/bootstrap-py24/ez_setup.py>`_.
+
+The link provided to ez_setup.py is a bookmark to bootstrap script for the
+latest known stable release.
+
+.. _ez_setup.py: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+
+Windows (Powershell 3 or later)
+===============================
+
+For best results, uninstall previous versions FIRST (see `Uninstalling`_).
+
+Using Windows 8 (which includes PowerShell 3) or earlier versions of Windows
+with PowerShell 3 installed, it's possible to install with one simple
+Powershell command. Start up Powershell and paste this command::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -
+
+You must start the Powershell with Administrative privileges or you may choose
+to install a user-local installation::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python - --user
+
+If you have Python 3.3 or later, you can use the ``py`` command to install to
+different Python versions. For example, to install to Python 3.3 if you have
+Python 2.7 installed::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | py -3 -
+
+The recommended way to install setuptools on Windows is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it. The script will download the appropriate
+distribution file and install it for you.
+
+Once installation is complete, you will find an ``easy_install`` program in
+your Python ``Scripts`` subdirectory.  For simple invocation and best results,
+add this directory to your ``PATH`` environment variable, if it is not already
+present. If you did a user-local install, the ``Scripts`` subdirectory is
+``$env:APPDATA\Python\Scripts``.
+
+
+Windows (simplified)
+====================
+
+For Windows without PowerShell 3 or for installation without a command-line,
+download `ez_setup.py`_ using your preferred web browser or other technique
+and "run" that file.
+
+
+Unix (wget)
+===========
+
+Most Linux distributions come with wget.
+
+Download `ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python version. The script
+will download the appropriate version and install it for you::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python
+
+Note that you will may need to invoke the command with superuser privileges to
+install to the system Python::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python
+
+Alternatively, Setuptools may be installed to a user-local path::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python - --user
+
+Note that on some older systems (noted on Debian 6 and CentOS 5 installations),
+`wget` may refuse to download `ez_setup.py`, complaining that the certificate common name `*.c.ssl.fastly.net`
+does not match the host name `bootstrap.pypa.io`. In addition, the `ez_setup.py` script may then encounter similar problems using
+`wget` internally to download `setuptools-x.y.zip`, complaining that the certificate common name of `www.python.org` does not match the
+host name `pypi.python.org`. Those are known issues, related to a bug in the older versions of `wget`
+(see `Issue 59 <https://bitbucket.org/pypa/pypi/issue/59#comment-5881915>`_). If you happen to encounter them,
+install Setuptools as follows::
+
+    > wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+    > python ez_setup.py --insecure
+
+
+Unix including Mac OS X (curl)
+==============================
+
+If your system has curl installed, follow the ``wget`` instructions but
+replace ``wget`` with ``curl`` and ``-O`` with ``-o``. For example::
+
+    > curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - | python
+
+
+Advanced Installation
+=====================
+
+For more advanced installation options, such as installing to custom
+locations or prefixes, download and extract the source
+tarball from `Setuptools on PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>`_
+and run setup.py with any supported distutils and Setuptools options.
+For example::
+
+    setuptools-x.x$ python setup.py install --prefix=/opt/setuptools
+
+Use ``--help`` to get a full options list, but we recommend consulting
+the `EasyInstall manual`_ for detailed instructions, especially `the section
+on custom installation locations`_.
+
+.. _EasyInstall manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall
+.. _the section on custom installation locations: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+Downloads
+=========
+
+All setuptools downloads can be found at `the project's home page in the Python
+Package Index`_.  Scroll to the very bottom of the page to find the links.
+
+.. _the project's home page in the Python Package Index: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+In addition to the PyPI downloads, the development version of ``setuptools``
+is available from the `Bitbucket repo`_, and in-development versions of the
+`0.6 branch`_ are available as well.
+
+.. _Bitbucket repo: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/get/default.tar.gz#egg=setuptools-dev
+.. _0.6 branch: http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/branches/setuptools-0.6/#egg=setuptools-dev06
+
+Uninstalling
+============
+
+On Windows, if Setuptools was installed using an ``.exe`` or ``.msi``
+installer, simply use the uninstall feature of "Add/Remove Programs" in the
+Control Panel.
+
+Otherwise, to uninstall Setuptools or Distribute, regardless of the Python
+version, delete all ``setuptools*`` and ``distribute*`` files and
+directories from your system's ``site-packages`` directory
+(and any other ``sys.path`` directories) FIRST.
+
+If you are upgrading or otherwise plan to re-install Setuptools or Distribute,
+nothing further needs to be done. If you want to completely remove Setuptools,
+you may also want to remove the 'easy_install' and 'easy_install-x.x' scripts
+and associated executables installed to the Python scripts directory.
+
+--------------------------------
+Using Setuptools and EasyInstall
+--------------------------------
+
+Here are some of the available manuals, tutorials, and other resources for
+learning about Setuptools, Python Eggs, and EasyInstall:
+
+* `The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual`_
+* `The setuptools Developer's Guide`_
+* `The pkg_resources API reference`_
+* `The Internal Structure of Python Eggs`_
+
+Questions, comments, and bug reports should be directed to the `distutils-sig
+mailing list`_.  If you have written (or know of) any tutorials, documentation,
+plug-ins, or other resources for setuptools users, please let us know about
+them there, so this reference list can be updated.  If you have working,
+*tested* patches to correct problems or add features, you may submit them to
+the `setuptools bug tracker`_.
+
+.. _setuptools bug tracker: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues
+.. _The Internal Structure of Python Eggs: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/formats.html
+.. _The setuptools Developer's Guide: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html
+.. _The pkg_resources API reference: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/pkg_resources.html
+.. _The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+.. _distutils-sig mailing list: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/
+
+
+-------
+Credits
+-------
+
+* The original design for the ``.egg`` format and the ``pkg_resources`` API was
+  co-created by Phillip Eby and Bob Ippolito.  Bob also implemented the first
+  version of ``pkg_resources``, and supplied the OS X operating system version
+  compatibility algorithm.
+
+* Ian Bicking implemented many early "creature comfort" features of
+  easy_install, including support for downloading via Sourceforge and
+  Subversion repositories.  Ian's comments on the Web-SIG about WSGI
+  application deployment also inspired the concept of "entry points" in eggs,
+  and he has given talks at PyCon and elsewhere to inform and educate the
+  community about eggs and setuptools.
+
+* Jim Fulton contributed time and effort to build automated tests of various
+  aspects of ``easy_install``, and supplied the doctests for the command-line
+  ``.exe`` wrappers on Windows.
+
+* Phillip J. Eby is the seminal author of setuptools, and
+  first proposed the idea of an importable binary distribution format for
+  Python application plug-ins.
+
+* Significant parts of the implementation of setuptools were funded by the Open
+  Source Applications Foundation, to provide a plug-in infrastructure for the
+  Chandler PIM application.  In addition, many OSAF staffers (such as Mike
+  "Code Bear" Taylor) contributed their time and stress as guinea pigs for the
+  use of eggs and setuptools, even before eggs were "cool".  (Thanks, guys!)
+
+* Tarek Ziadé is the principal author of the Distribute fork, which
+  re-invigorated the community on the project, encouraged renewed innovation,
+  and addressed many defects.
+
+* Since the merge with Distribute, Jason R. Coombs is the
+  maintainer of setuptools.  The project is maintained in coordination with
+  the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) and the larger Python community.
+
+.. _files:
+
+
+---------------
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the setuptools project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b21bf7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: setuptools
+Version: 19.4
+Summary: Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages
+Home-page: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools
+Author: Python Packaging Authority
+Author-email: distutils-sig@python.org
+License: PSF or ZPL
+Keywords: CPAN PyPI distutils eggs package management
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Zope Public License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Systems Administration
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Provides-Extra: certs
+Requires-Dist: certifi (==2015.11.20); extra == 'certs'
+Provides-Extra: ssl
+Requires-Dist: wincertstore (==0.2); sys_platform=='win32' and extra == 'ssl'
+
+===============================
+Installing and Using Setuptools
+===============================
+
+.. contents:: **Table of Contents**
+
+
+`Change History <https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/history.html>`_.
+
+-------------------------
+Installation Instructions
+-------------------------
+
+The recommended way to bootstrap setuptools on any system is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python environment. Different
+operating systems have different recommended techniques to accomplish this
+basic routine, so below are some examples to get you started.
+
+Setuptools requires Python 2.6 or later. To install setuptools
+on Python 2.4 or Python 2.5, use the `bootstrap script for Setuptools 1.x
+<https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/raw/bootstrap-py24/ez_setup.py>`_.
+
+The link provided to ez_setup.py is a bookmark to bootstrap script for the
+latest known stable release.
+
+.. _ez_setup.py: https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+
+Windows (Powershell 3 or later)
+===============================
+
+For best results, uninstall previous versions FIRST (see `Uninstalling`_).
+
+Using Windows 8 (which includes PowerShell 3) or earlier versions of Windows
+with PowerShell 3 installed, it's possible to install with one simple
+Powershell command. Start up Powershell and paste this command::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -
+
+You must start the Powershell with Administrative privileges or you may choose
+to install a user-local installation::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python - --user
+
+If you have Python 3.3 or later, you can use the ``py`` command to install to
+different Python versions. For example, to install to Python 3.3 if you have
+Python 2.7 installed::
+
+    > (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | py -3 -
+
+The recommended way to install setuptools on Windows is to download
+`ez_setup.py`_ and run it. The script will download the appropriate
+distribution file and install it for you.
+
+Once installation is complete, you will find an ``easy_install`` program in
+your Python ``Scripts`` subdirectory.  For simple invocation and best results,
+add this directory to your ``PATH`` environment variable, if it is not already
+present. If you did a user-local install, the ``Scripts`` subdirectory is
+``$env:APPDATA\Python\Scripts``.
+
+
+Windows (simplified)
+====================
+
+For Windows without PowerShell 3 or for installation without a command-line,
+download `ez_setup.py`_ using your preferred web browser or other technique
+and "run" that file.
+
+
+Unix (wget)
+===========
+
+Most Linux distributions come with wget.
+
+Download `ez_setup.py`_ and run it using the target Python version. The script
+will download the appropriate version and install it for you::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python
+
+Note that you will may need to invoke the command with superuser privileges to
+install to the system Python::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python
+
+Alternatively, Setuptools may be installed to a user-local path::
+
+    > wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | python - --user
+
+Note that on some older systems (noted on Debian 6 and CentOS 5 installations),
+`wget` may refuse to download `ez_setup.py`, complaining that the certificate common name `*.c.ssl.fastly.net`
+does not match the host name `bootstrap.pypa.io`. In addition, the `ez_setup.py` script may then encounter similar problems using
+`wget` internally to download `setuptools-x.y.zip`, complaining that the certificate common name of `www.python.org` does not match the
+host name `pypi.python.org`. Those are known issues, related to a bug in the older versions of `wget`
+(see `Issue 59 <https://bitbucket.org/pypa/pypi/issue/59#comment-5881915>`_). If you happen to encounter them,
+install Setuptools as follows::
+
+    > wget --no-check-certificate https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py
+    > python ez_setup.py --insecure
+
+
+Unix including Mac OS X (curl)
+==============================
+
+If your system has curl installed, follow the ``wget`` instructions but
+replace ``wget`` with ``curl`` and ``-O`` with ``-o``. For example::
+
+    > curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -o - | python
+
+
+Advanced Installation
+=====================
+
+For more advanced installation options, such as installing to custom
+locations or prefixes, download and extract the source
+tarball from `Setuptools on PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools>`_
+and run setup.py with any supported distutils and Setuptools options.
+For example::
+
+    setuptools-x.x$ python setup.py install --prefix=/opt/setuptools
+
+Use ``--help`` to get a full options list, but we recommend consulting
+the `EasyInstall manual`_ for detailed instructions, especially `the section
+on custom installation locations`_.
+
+.. _EasyInstall manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall
+.. _the section on custom installation locations: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/EasyInstall#custom-installation-locations
+
+
+Downloads
+=========
+
+All setuptools downloads can be found at `the project's home page in the Python
+Package Index`_.  Scroll to the very bottom of the page to find the links.
+
+.. _the project's home page in the Python Package Index: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/setuptools
+
+In addition to the PyPI downloads, the development version of ``setuptools``
+is available from the `Bitbucket repo`_, and in-development versions of the
+`0.6 branch`_ are available as well.
+
+.. _Bitbucket repo: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/get/default.tar.gz#egg=setuptools-dev
+.. _0.6 branch: http://svn.python.org/projects/sandbox/branches/setuptools-0.6/#egg=setuptools-dev06
+
+Uninstalling
+============
+
+On Windows, if Setuptools was installed using an ``.exe`` or ``.msi``
+installer, simply use the uninstall feature of "Add/Remove Programs" in the
+Control Panel.
+
+Otherwise, to uninstall Setuptools or Distribute, regardless of the Python
+version, delete all ``setuptools*`` and ``distribute*`` files and
+directories from your system's ``site-packages`` directory
+(and any other ``sys.path`` directories) FIRST.
+
+If you are upgrading or otherwise plan to re-install Setuptools or Distribute,
+nothing further needs to be done. If you want to completely remove Setuptools,
+you may also want to remove the 'easy_install' and 'easy_install-x.x' scripts
+and associated executables installed to the Python scripts directory.
+
+--------------------------------
+Using Setuptools and EasyInstall
+--------------------------------
+
+Here are some of the available manuals, tutorials, and other resources for
+learning about Setuptools, Python Eggs, and EasyInstall:
+
+* `The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual`_
+* `The setuptools Developer's Guide`_
+* `The pkg_resources API reference`_
+* `The Internal Structure of Python Eggs`_
+
+Questions, comments, and bug reports should be directed to the `distutils-sig
+mailing list`_.  If you have written (or know of) any tutorials, documentation,
+plug-ins, or other resources for setuptools users, please let us know about
+them there, so this reference list can be updated.  If you have working,
+*tested* patches to correct problems or add features, you may submit them to
+the `setuptools bug tracker`_.
+
+.. _setuptools bug tracker: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues
+.. _The Internal Structure of Python Eggs: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/formats.html
+.. _The setuptools Developer's Guide: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/setuptools.html
+.. _The pkg_resources API reference: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/pkg_resources.html
+.. _The EasyInstall user's guide and reference manual: https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+.. _distutils-sig mailing list: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/
+
+
+-------
+Credits
+-------
+
+* The original design for the ``.egg`` format and the ``pkg_resources`` API was
+  co-created by Phillip Eby and Bob Ippolito.  Bob also implemented the first
+  version of ``pkg_resources``, and supplied the OS X operating system version
+  compatibility algorithm.
+
+* Ian Bicking implemented many early "creature comfort" features of
+  easy_install, including support for downloading via Sourceforge and
+  Subversion repositories.  Ian's comments on the Web-SIG about WSGI
+  application deployment also inspired the concept of "entry points" in eggs,
+  and he has given talks at PyCon and elsewhere to inform and educate the
+  community about eggs and setuptools.
+
+* Jim Fulton contributed time and effort to build automated tests of various
+  aspects of ``easy_install``, and supplied the doctests for the command-line
+  ``.exe`` wrappers on Windows.
+
+* Phillip J. Eby is the seminal author of setuptools, and
+  first proposed the idea of an importable binary distribution format for
+  Python application plug-ins.
+
+* Significant parts of the implementation of setuptools were funded by the Open
+  Source Applications Foundation, to provide a plug-in infrastructure for the
+  Chandler PIM application.  In addition, many OSAF staffers (such as Mike
+  "Code Bear" Taylor) contributed their time and stress as guinea pigs for the
+  use of eggs and setuptools, even before eggs were "cool".  (Thanks, guys!)
+
+* Tarek Ziadé is the principal author of the Distribute fork, which
+  re-invigorated the community on the project, encouraged renewed innovation,
+  and addressed many defects.
+
+* Since the merge with Distribute, Jason R. Coombs is the
+  maintainer of setuptools.  The project is maintained in coordination with
+  the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) and the larger Python community.
+
+.. _files:
+
+
+---------------
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the setuptools project's codebases, issue trackers,
+chat rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the
+`PyPA Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PyPA Code of Conduct: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/RECORD b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9796c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/WHEEL b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/dependency_links.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/dependency_links.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47d1e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/dependency_links.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/certifi/certifi-2015.11.20.tar.gz#md5=25134646672c695c1ff1593c2dd75d08
+https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/w/wincertstore/wincertstore-0.2.zip#md5=ae728f2f007185648d0c7a8679b361e2
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef17af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+[console_scripts]
+easy_install = setuptools.command.easy_install:main
+easy_install-3.5 = setuptools.command.easy_install:main
+
+[distutils.commands]
+alias = setuptools.command.alias:alias
+bdist_egg = setuptools.command.bdist_egg:bdist_egg
+bdist_rpm = setuptools.command.bdist_rpm:bdist_rpm
+bdist_wininst = setuptools.command.bdist_wininst:bdist_wininst
+build_ext = setuptools.command.build_ext:build_ext
+build_py = setuptools.command.build_py:build_py
+develop = setuptools.command.develop:develop
+easy_install = setuptools.command.easy_install:easy_install
+egg_info = setuptools.command.egg_info:egg_info
+install = setuptools.command.install:install
+install_egg_info = setuptools.command.install_egg_info:install_egg_info
+install_lib = setuptools.command.install_lib:install_lib
+install_scripts = setuptools.command.install_scripts:install_scripts
+register = setuptools.command.register:register
+rotate = setuptools.command.rotate:rotate
+saveopts = setuptools.command.saveopts:saveopts
+sdist = setuptools.command.sdist:sdist
+setopt = setuptools.command.setopt:setopt
+test = setuptools.command.test:test
+upload_docs = setuptools.command.upload_docs:upload_docs
+
+[distutils.setup_keywords]
+convert_2to3_doctests = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+dependency_links = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+eager_resources = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+entry_points = setuptools.dist:check_entry_points
+exclude_package_data = setuptools.dist:check_package_data
+extras_require = setuptools.dist:check_extras
+include_package_data = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+install_requires = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+namespace_packages = setuptools.dist:check_nsp
+package_data = setuptools.dist:check_package_data
+packages = setuptools.dist:check_packages
+setup_requires = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+test_loader = setuptools.dist:check_importable
+test_runner = setuptools.dist:check_importable
+test_suite = setuptools.dist:check_test_suite
+tests_require = setuptools.dist:check_requirements
+use_2to3 = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+use_2to3_exclude_fixers = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+use_2to3_fixers = setuptools.dist:assert_string_list
+zip_safe = setuptools.dist:assert_bool
+
+[egg_info.writers]
+PKG-INFO = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_pkg_info
+dependency_links.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+depends.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete
+eager_resources.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+entry_points.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_entries
+namespace_packages.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg
+requires.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_requirements
+top_level.txt = setuptools.command.egg_info:write_toplevel_names
+
+[setuptools.installation]
+eggsecutable = setuptools.command.easy_install:bootstrap
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b077c86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License", "License :: OSI Approved :: Zope Public License", "Operating System :: OS Independent", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5", "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules", "Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging", "Topic :: System :: Systems Administration", "Topic :: Utilities"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools"}, "contacts": [{"email": "distutils-sig@python.org", "name": "Python Packaging Authority", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main", "easy_install-3.5": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main"}, "distutils.commands": {"alias": "setuptools.command.alias:alias", "bdist_egg": "setuptools.command.bdist_egg:bdist_egg", "bdist_rpm": "setuptools.command.bdist_rpm:bdist_rpm", "bdist_wininst": "setuptools.command.bdist_wininst:bdist_wininst", "build_ext": "setuptools.command.build_ext:build_ext", "build_py": "setuptools.command.build_py:build_py", "develop": "setuptools.command.develop:develop", "easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:easy_install", "egg_info": "setuptools.command.egg_info:egg_info", "install": "setuptools.command.install:install", "install_egg_info": "setuptools.command.install_egg_info:install_egg_info", "install_lib": "setuptools.command.install_lib:install_lib", "install_scripts": "setuptools.command.install_scripts:install_scripts", "register": "setuptools.command.register:register", "rotate": "setuptools.command.rotate:rotate", "saveopts": "setuptools.command.saveopts:saveopts", "sdist": "setuptools.command.sdist:sdist", "setopt": "setuptools.command.setopt:setopt", "test": "setuptools.command.test:test", "upload_docs": "setuptools.command.upload_docs:upload_docs"}, "distutils.setup_keywords": {"convert_2to3_doctests": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "dependency_links": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "eager_resources": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "entry_points": "setuptools.dist:check_entry_points", "exclude_package_data": "setuptools.dist:check_package_data", "extras_require": "setuptools.dist:check_extras", "include_package_data": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool", "install_requires": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "namespace_packages": "setuptools.dist:check_nsp", "package_data": "setuptools.dist:check_package_data", "packages": "setuptools.dist:check_packages", "setup_requires": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "test_loader": "setuptools.dist:check_importable", "test_runner": "setuptools.dist:check_importable", "test_suite": "setuptools.dist:check_test_suite", "tests_require": "setuptools.dist:check_requirements", "use_2to3": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool", "use_2to3_exclude_fixers": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "use_2to3_fixers": "setuptools.dist:assert_string_list", "zip_safe": "setuptools.dist:assert_bool"}, "egg_info.writers": {"PKG-INFO": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_pkg_info", "dependency_links.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "depends.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:warn_depends_obsolete", "eager_resources.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "entry_points.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_entries", "namespace_packages.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:overwrite_arg", "requires.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_requirements", "top_level.txt": "setuptools.command.egg_info:write_toplevel_names"}, "setuptools.installation": {"eggsecutable": "setuptools.command.easy_install:bootstrap"}}, "python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"easy_install": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main", "easy_install-3.5": "setuptools.command.easy_install:main"}}}, "keywords": ["CPAN", "PyPI", "distutils", "eggs", "package", "management"], "license": "PSF or ZPL", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "setuptools", "extras": ["certs", "ssl"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["certifi (==2015.11.20)"], "extra": "certs"}, {"requires": ["wincertstore (==0.2)"], "extra": "ssl", "environment": "sys_platform=='win32'"}], "version": "19.4", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["pytest (>=2.8)", "setuptools[ssl]"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fe9a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+_markerlib
+easy_install
+pkg_resources
+setuptools
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b13789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools-19.4.dist-info/zip-safe
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67b57e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""Extensions to the 'distutils' for large or complex distributions"""
+
+import os
+import functools
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.filelist
+from distutils.core import Command as _Command
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from fnmatch import fnmatchcase
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import filterfalse, map
+
+import setuptools.version
+from setuptools.extension import Extension
+from setuptools.dist import Distribution, Feature, _get_unpatched
+from setuptools.depends import Require
+
+__all__ = [
+    'setup', 'Distribution', 'Feature', 'Command', 'Extension', 'Require',
+    'find_packages'
+]
+
+__version__ = setuptools.version.__version__
+
+bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+# If we run 2to3 on .py files, should we also convert docstrings?
+# Default: yes; assume that we can detect doctests reliably
+run_2to3_on_doctests = True
+# Standard package names for fixer packages
+lib2to3_fixer_packages = ['lib2to3.fixes']
+
+
+class PackageFinder(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def find(cls, where='.', exclude=(), include=('*',)):
+        """Return a list all Python packages found within directory 'where'
+
+        'where' should be supplied as a "cross-platform" (i.e. URL-style)
+        path; it will be converted to the appropriate local path syntax.
+        'exclude' is a sequence of package names to exclude; '*' can be used
+        as a wildcard in the names, such that 'foo.*' will exclude all
+        subpackages of 'foo' (but not 'foo' itself).
+
+        'include' is a sequence of package names to include.  If it's
+        specified, only the named packages will be included.  If it's not
+        specified, all found packages will be included.  'include' can contain
+        shell style wildcard patterns just like 'exclude'.
+
+        The list of included packages is built up first and then any
+        explicitly excluded packages are removed from it.
+        """
+        out = cls._find_packages_iter(convert_path(where))
+        out = cls.require_parents(out)
+        includes = cls._build_filter(*include)
+        excludes = cls._build_filter('ez_setup', '*__pycache__', *exclude)
+        out = filter(includes, out)
+        out = filterfalse(excludes, out)
+        return list(out)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def require_parents(packages):
+        """
+        Exclude any apparent package that apparently doesn't include its
+        parent.
+
+        For example, exclude 'foo.bar' if 'foo' is not present.
+        """
+        found = []
+        for pkg in packages:
+            base, sep, child = pkg.rpartition('.')
+            if base and base not in found:
+                continue
+            found.append(pkg)
+            yield pkg
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _candidate_dirs(base_path):
+        """
+        Return all dirs in base_path that might be packages.
+        """
+        has_dot = lambda name: '.' in name
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(base_path, followlinks=True):
+            # Exclude directories that contain a period, as they cannot be
+            #  packages. Mutate the list to avoid traversal.
+            dirs[:] = filterfalse(has_dot, dirs)
+            for dir in dirs:
+                yield os.path.relpath(os.path.join(root, dir), base_path)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _find_packages_iter(cls, base_path):
+        candidates = cls._candidate_dirs(base_path)
+        return (
+            path.replace(os.path.sep, '.')
+            for path in candidates
+            if cls._looks_like_package(os.path.join(base_path, path))
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_package(path):
+        return os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, '__init__.py'))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_filter(*patterns):
+        """
+        Given a list of patterns, return a callable that will be true only if
+        the input matches one of the patterns.
+        """
+        return lambda name: any(fnmatchcase(name, pat=pat) for pat in patterns)
+
+class PEP420PackageFinder(PackageFinder):
+    @staticmethod
+    def _looks_like_package(path):
+        return True
+
+find_packages = PackageFinder.find
+
+setup = distutils.core.setup
+
+_Command = _get_unpatched(_Command)
+
+class Command(_Command):
+    __doc__ = _Command.__doc__
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False
+
+    def __init__(self, dist, **kw):
+        """
+        Construct the command for dist, updating
+        vars(self) with any keyword parameters.
+        """
+        _Command.__init__(self, dist)
+        vars(self).update(kw)
+
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0, **kw):
+        cmd = _Command.reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands)
+        vars(cmd).update(kw)
+        return cmd
+
+# we can't patch distutils.cmd, alas
+distutils.core.Command = Command
+
+
+def _find_all_simple(path):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'path'
+    """
+    results = (
+        os.path.join(base, file)
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path, followlinks=True)
+        for file in files
+    )
+    return filter(os.path.isfile, results)
+
+
+def findall(dir=os.curdir):
+    """
+    Find all files under 'dir' and return the list of full filenames.
+    Unless dir is '.', return full filenames with dir prepended.
+    """
+    files = _find_all_simple(dir)
+    if dir == os.curdir:
+        make_rel = functools.partial(os.path.relpath, start=dir)
+        files = map(make_rel, files)
+    return list(files)
+
+
+# fix findall bug in distutils (http://bugs.python.org/issue12885)
+distutils.filelist.findall = findall
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3c9fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/archive_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""Utilities for extracting common archive formats"""
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "unpack_archive", "unpack_zipfile", "unpack_tarfile", "default_filter",
+    "UnrecognizedFormat", "extraction_drivers", "unpack_directory",
+]
+
+import zipfile
+import tarfile
+import os
+import shutil
+import posixpath
+import contextlib
+from pkg_resources import ensure_directory, ContextualZipFile
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+
+class UnrecognizedFormat(DistutilsError):
+    """Couldn't recognize the archive type"""
+
+def default_filter(src,dst):
+    """The default progress/filter callback; returns True for all files"""
+    return dst
+
+
+def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter,
+        drivers=None):
+    """Unpack `filename` to `extract_dir`, or raise ``UnrecognizedFormat``
+
+    `progress_filter` is a function taking two arguments: a source path
+    internal to the archive ('/'-separated), and a filesystem path where it
+    will be extracted.  The callback must return the desired extract path
+    (which may be the same as the one passed in), or else ``None`` to skip
+    that file or directory.  The callback can thus be used to report on the
+    progress of the extraction, as well as to filter the items extracted or
+    alter their extraction paths.
+
+    `drivers`, if supplied, must be a non-empty sequence of functions with the
+    same signature as this function (minus the `drivers` argument), that raise
+    ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if they do not support extracting the designated
+    archive type.  The `drivers` are tried in sequence until one is found that
+    does not raise an error, or until all are exhausted (in which case
+    ``UnrecognizedFormat`` is raised).  If you do not supply a sequence of
+    drivers, the module's ``extraction_drivers`` constant will be used, which
+    means that ``unpack_zipfile`` and ``unpack_tarfile`` will be tried, in that
+    order.
+    """
+    for driver in drivers or extraction_drivers:
+        try:
+            driver(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter)
+        except UnrecognizedFormat:
+            continue
+        else:
+            return
+    else:
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat(
+            "Not a recognized archive type: %s" % filename
+        )
+
+
+def unpack_directory(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """"Unpack" a directory, using the same interface as for archives
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a directory
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(filename):
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat("%s is not a directory" % filename)
+
+    paths = {
+        filename: ('', extract_dir),
+    }
+    for base, dirs, files in os.walk(filename):
+        src, dst = paths[base]
+        for d in dirs:
+            paths[os.path.join(base, d)] = src + d + '/', os.path.join(dst, d)
+        for f in files:
+            target = os.path.join(dst, f)
+            target = progress_filter(src + f, target)
+            if not target:
+                # skip non-files
+                continue
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = os.path.join(base, f)
+            shutil.copyfile(f, target)
+            shutil.copystat(f, target)
+
+
+def unpack_zipfile(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """Unpack zip `filename` to `extract_dir`
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a zipfile (as determined
+    by ``zipfile.is_zipfile()``).  See ``unpack_archive()`` for an explanation
+    of the `progress_filter` argument.
+    """
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(filename):
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat("%s is not a zip file" % (filename,))
+
+    with ContextualZipFile(filename) as z:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if name.startswith('/') or '..' in name.split('/'):
+                continue
+
+            target = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+            target = progress_filter(name, target)
+            if not target:
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('/'):
+                # directory
+                ensure_directory(target)
+            else:
+                # file
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                data = z.read(info.filename)
+                with open(target, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(data)
+            unix_attributes = info.external_attr >> 16
+            if unix_attributes:
+                os.chmod(target, unix_attributes)
+
+
+def unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir, progress_filter=default_filter):
+    """Unpack tar/tar.gz/tar.bz2 `filename` to `extract_dir`
+
+    Raises ``UnrecognizedFormat`` if `filename` is not a tarfile (as determined
+    by ``tarfile.open()``).  See ``unpack_archive()`` for an explanation
+    of the `progress_filter` argument.
+    """
+    try:
+        tarobj = tarfile.open(filename)
+    except tarfile.TarError:
+        raise UnrecognizedFormat(
+            "%s is not a compressed or uncompressed tar file" % (filename,)
+        )
+    with contextlib.closing(tarobj):
+        # don't do any chowning!
+        tarobj.chown = lambda *args: None
+        for member in tarobj:
+            name = member.name
+            # don't extract absolute paths or ones with .. in them
+            if not name.startswith('/') and '..' not in name.split('/'):
+                prelim_dst = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+
+                # resolve any links and to extract the link targets as normal
+                # files
+                while member is not None and (member.islnk() or member.issym()):
+                    linkpath = member.linkname
+                    if member.issym():
+                        base = posixpath.dirname(member.name)
+                        linkpath = posixpath.join(base, linkpath)
+                        linkpath = posixpath.normpath(linkpath)
+                    member = tarobj._getmember(linkpath)
+
+                if member is not None and (member.isfile() or member.isdir()):
+                    final_dst = progress_filter(name, prelim_dst)
+                    if final_dst:
+                        if final_dst.endswith(os.sep):
+                            final_dst = final_dst[:-1]
+                        try:
+                            # XXX Ugh
+                            tarobj._extract_member(member, final_dst)
+                        except tarfile.ExtractError:
+                            # chown/chmod/mkfifo/mknode/makedev failed
+                            pass
+        return True
+
+extraction_drivers = unpack_directory, unpack_zipfile, unpack_tarfile
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-32.exe
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-arm-32.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli-arm-32.exe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f40402d4370fd0b032331896762593dd75b5ae0
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/cli.exe
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6dbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+__all__ = [
+    'alias', 'bdist_egg', 'bdist_rpm', 'build_ext', 'build_py', 'develop',
+    'easy_install', 'egg_info', 'install', 'install_lib', 'rotate', 'saveopts',
+    'sdist', 'setopt', 'test', 'install_egg_info', 'install_scripts',
+    'register', 'bdist_wininst', 'upload_docs',
+]
+
+from distutils.command.bdist import bdist
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.command import install_scripts
+
+
+if 'egg' not in bdist.format_commands:
+    bdist.format_command['egg'] = ('bdist_egg', "Python .egg file")
+    bdist.format_commands.append('egg')
+
+del bdist, sys
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4532b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/alias.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base, config_file
+
+
+def shquote(arg):
+    """Quote an argument for later parsing by shlex.split()"""
+    for c in '"', "'", "\\", "#":
+        if c in arg:
+            return repr(arg)
+    if arg.split() != [arg]:
+        return repr(arg)
+    return arg
+
+
+class alias(option_base):
+    """Define a shortcut that invokes one or more commands"""
+
+    description = "define a shortcut to invoke one or more commands"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the alias'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.args = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.remove and len(self.args) != 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify exactly one argument (the alias name) when "
+                "using --remove"
+            )
+
+    def run(self):
+        aliases = self.distribution.get_option_dict('aliases')
+
+        if not self.args:
+            print("Command Aliases")
+            print("---------------")
+            for alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+            return
+
+        elif len(self.args) == 1:
+            alias, = self.args
+            if self.remove:
+                command = None
+            elif alias in aliases:
+                print("setup.py alias", format_alias(alias, aliases))
+                return
+            else:
+                print("No alias definition found for %r" % alias)
+                return
+        else:
+            alias = self.args[0]
+            command = ' '.join(map(shquote, self.args[1:]))
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, {'aliases': {alias: command}}, self.dry_run)
+
+
+def format_alias(name, aliases):
+    source, command = aliases[name]
+    if source == config_file('global'):
+        source = '--global-config '
+    elif source == config_file('user'):
+        source = '--user-config '
+    elif source == config_file('local'):
+        source = ''
+    else:
+        source = '--filename=%r' % source
+    return source + name + ' ' + command
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cebd7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_egg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+"""setuptools.command.bdist_egg
+
+Build .egg distributions"""
+
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+from distutils.dir_util import remove_tree, mkpath
+from distutils import log
+from types import CodeType
+import sys
+import os
+import marshal
+import textwrap
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from pkg_resources import get_build_platform, Distribution, ensure_directory
+from pkg_resources import EntryPoint
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+from setuptools import Command
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import get_path, get_python_version
+
+    def _get_purelib():
+        return get_path("purelib")
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib, get_python_version
+
+    def _get_purelib():
+        return get_python_lib(False)
+
+
+def strip_module(filename):
+    if '.' in filename:
+        filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
+    if filename.endswith('module'):
+        filename = filename[:-6]
+    return filename
+
+
+def write_stub(resource, pyfile):
+    _stub_template = textwrap.dedent("""
+        def __bootstrap__():
+            global __bootstrap__, __loader__, __file__
+            import sys, pkg_resources, imp
+            __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename(__name__, %r)
+            __loader__ = None; del __bootstrap__, __loader__
+            imp.load_dynamic(__name__,__file__)
+        __bootstrap__()
+        """).lstrip()
+    with open(pyfile, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(_stub_template % resource)
+
+
+class bdist_egg(Command):
+    description = "create an \"egg\" distribution"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('bdist-dir=', 'b',
+         "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+        ('plat-name=', 'p', "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+                            "(default: %s)" % get_build_platform()),
+        ('exclude-source-files', None,
+         "remove all .py files from the generated egg"),
+        ('keep-temp', 'k',
+         "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after " +
+         "creating the distribution archive"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+         "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+        ('skip-build', None,
+         "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'exclude-source-files'
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.keep_temp = 0
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.skip_build = 0
+        self.egg_output = None
+        self.exclude_source_files = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei_cmd = self.ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        self.egg_info = ei_cmd.egg_info
+
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'egg')
+
+        if self.plat_name is None:
+            self.plat_name = get_build_platform()
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+        if self.egg_output is None:
+
+            # Compute filename of the output egg
+            basename = Distribution(
+                None, None, ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version,
+                get_python_version(),
+                self.distribution.has_ext_modules() and self.plat_name
+            ).egg_name()
+
+            self.egg_output = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, basename + '.egg')
+
+    def do_install_data(self):
+        # Hack for packages that install data to install's --install-lib
+        self.get_finalized_command('install').install_lib = self.bdist_dir
+
+        site_packages = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(_get_purelib()))
+        old, self.distribution.data_files = self.distribution.data_files, []
+
+        for item in old:
+            if isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 2:
+                if os.path.isabs(item[0]):
+                    realpath = os.path.realpath(item[0])
+                    normalized = os.path.normcase(realpath)
+                    if normalized == site_packages or normalized.startswith(
+                        site_packages + os.sep
+                    ):
+                        item = realpath[len(site_packages) + 1:], item[1]
+                        # XXX else: raise ???
+            self.distribution.data_files.append(item)
+
+        try:
+            log.info("installing package data to %s" % self.bdist_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_data', force=0, root=None)
+        finally:
+            self.distribution.data_files = old
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return [self.egg_output]
+
+    def call_command(self, cmdname, **kw):
+        """Invoke reinitialized command `cmdname` with keyword args"""
+        for dirname in INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS:
+            kw.setdefault(dirname, self.bdist_dir)
+        kw.setdefault('skip_build', self.skip_build)
+        kw.setdefault('dry_run', self.dry_run)
+        cmd = self.reinitialize_command(cmdname, **kw)
+        self.run_command(cmdname)
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Generate metadata first
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        # We run install_lib before install_data, because some data hacks
+        # pull their data path from the install_lib command.
+        log.info("installing library code to %s" % self.bdist_dir)
+        instcmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        old_root = instcmd.root
+        instcmd.root = None
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries() and not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build_clib')
+        cmd = self.call_command('install_lib', warn_dir=0)
+        instcmd.root = old_root
+
+        all_outputs, ext_outputs = self.get_ext_outputs()
+        self.stubs = []
+        to_compile = []
+        for (p, ext_name) in enumerate(ext_outputs):
+            filename, ext = os.path.splitext(ext_name)
+            pyfile = os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, strip_module(filename) +
+                                  '.py')
+            self.stubs.append(pyfile)
+            log.info("creating stub loader for %s" % ext_name)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                write_stub(os.path.basename(ext_name), pyfile)
+            to_compile.append(pyfile)
+            ext_outputs[p] = ext_name.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+        if to_compile:
+            cmd.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if self.distribution.data_files:
+            self.do_install_data()
+
+        # Make the EGG-INFO directory
+        archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        egg_info = os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO')
+        self.mkpath(egg_info)
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            script_dir = os.path.join(egg_info, 'scripts')
+            log.info("installing scripts to %s" % script_dir)
+            self.call_command('install_scripts', install_dir=script_dir,
+                              no_ep=1)
+
+        self.copy_metadata_to(egg_info)
+        native_libs = os.path.join(egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if all_outputs:
+            log.info("writing %s" % native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(native_libs)
+                libs_file = open(native_libs, 'wt')
+                libs_file.write('\n'.join(all_outputs))
+                libs_file.write('\n')
+                libs_file.close()
+        elif os.path.isfile(native_libs):
+            log.info("removing %s" % native_libs)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(native_libs)
+
+        write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(archive_root, 'EGG-INFO'), self.zip_safe()
+        )
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.egg_info, 'depends.txt')):
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: 'depends.txt' will not be used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+                "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+            )
+
+        if self.exclude_source_files:
+            self.zap_pyfiles()
+
+        # Make the archive
+        make_zipfile(self.egg_output, archive_root, verbose=self.verbose,
+                     dry_run=self.dry_run, mode=self.gen_header())
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            remove_tree(self.bdist_dir, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+
+        # Add to 'Distribution.dist_files' so that the "upload" command works
+        getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', []).append(
+            ('bdist_egg', get_python_version(), self.egg_output))
+
+    def zap_pyfiles(self):
+        log.info("Removing .py files from temporary directory")
+        for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(self.bdist_dir):
+            for name in files:
+                if name.endswith('.py'):
+                    path = os.path.join(base, name)
+                    log.debug("Deleting %s", path)
+                    os.unlink(path)
+
+    def zip_safe(self):
+        safe = getattr(self.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+        if safe is not None:
+            return safe
+        log.warn("zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...")
+        return analyze_egg(self.bdist_dir, self.stubs)
+
+    def gen_header(self):
+        epm = EntryPoint.parse_map(self.distribution.entry_points or '')
+        ep = epm.get('setuptools.installation', {}).get('eggsecutable')
+        if ep is None:
+            return 'w'  # not an eggsecutable, do it the usual way.
+
+        if not ep.attrs or ep.extras:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "eggsecutable entry point (%r) cannot have 'extras' "
+                "or refer to a module" % (ep,)
+            )
+
+        pyver = sys.version[:3]
+        pkg = ep.module_name
+        full = '.'.join(ep.attrs)
+        base = ep.attrs[0]
+        basename = os.path.basename(self.egg_output)
+
+        header = (
+            "#!/bin/sh\n"
+            'if [ `basename $0` = "%(basename)s" ]\n'
+            'then exec python%(pyver)s -c "'
+            "import sys, os; sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('$0')); "
+            "from %(pkg)s import %(base)s; sys.exit(%(full)s())"
+            '" "$@"\n'
+            'else\n'
+            '  echo $0 is not the correct name for this egg file.\n'
+            '  echo Please rename it back to %(basename)s and try again.\n'
+            '  exec false\n'
+            'fi\n'
+        ) % locals()
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            mkpath(os.path.dirname(self.egg_output), dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            f = open(self.egg_output, 'w')
+            f.write(header)
+            f.close()
+        return 'a'
+
+    def copy_metadata_to(self, target_dir):
+        "Copy metadata (egg info) to the target_dir"
+        # normalize the path (so that a forward-slash in egg_info will
+        # match using startswith below)
+        norm_egg_info = os.path.normpath(self.egg_info)
+        prefix = os.path.join(norm_egg_info, '')
+        for path in self.ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            if path.startswith(prefix):
+                target = os.path.join(target_dir, path[len(prefix):])
+                ensure_directory(target)
+                self.copy_file(path, target)
+
+    def get_ext_outputs(self):
+        """Get a list of relative paths to C extensions in the output distro"""
+
+        all_outputs = []
+        ext_outputs = []
+
+        paths = {self.bdist_dir: ''}
+        for base, dirs, files in os.walk(self.bdist_dir):
+            for filename in files:
+                if os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower() in NATIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+                    all_outputs.append(paths[base] + filename)
+            for filename in dirs:
+                paths[os.path.join(base, filename)] = (paths[base] +
+                                                       filename + '/')
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            for ext in build_cmd.extensions:
+                if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                    continue
+                fullname = build_cmd.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+                filename = build_cmd.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+                if not os.path.basename(filename).startswith('dl-'):
+                    if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.bdist_dir, filename)):
+                        ext_outputs.append(filename)
+
+        return all_outputs, ext_outputs
+
+
+NATIVE_EXTENSIONS = dict.fromkeys('.dll .so .dylib .pyd'.split())
+
+
+def walk_egg(egg_dir):
+    """Walk an unpacked egg's contents, skipping the metadata directory"""
+    walker = os.walk(egg_dir)
+    base, dirs, files = next(walker)
+    if 'EGG-INFO' in dirs:
+        dirs.remove('EGG-INFO')
+    yield base, dirs, files
+    for bdf in walker:
+        yield bdf
+
+
+def analyze_egg(egg_dir, stubs):
+    # check for existing flag in EGG-INFO
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(egg_dir, 'EGG-INFO', fn)):
+            return flag
+    if not can_scan():
+        return False
+    safe = True
+    for base, dirs, files in walk_egg(egg_dir):
+        for name in files:
+            if name.endswith('.py') or name.endswith('.pyw'):
+                continue
+            elif name.endswith('.pyc') or name.endswith('.pyo'):
+                # always scan, even if we already know we're not safe
+                safe = scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs) and safe
+    return safe
+
+
+def write_safety_flag(egg_dir, safe):
+    # Write or remove zip safety flag file(s)
+    for flag, fn in safety_flags.items():
+        fn = os.path.join(egg_dir, fn)
+        if os.path.exists(fn):
+            if safe is None or bool(safe) != flag:
+                os.unlink(fn)
+        elif safe is not None and bool(safe) == flag:
+            f = open(fn, 'wt')
+            f.write('\n')
+            f.close()
+
+
+safety_flags = {
+    True: 'zip-safe',
+    False: 'not-zip-safe',
+}
+
+
+def scan_module(egg_dir, base, name, stubs):
+    """Check whether module possibly uses unsafe-for-zipfile stuff"""
+
+    filename = os.path.join(base, name)
+    if filename[:-1] in stubs:
+        return True  # Extension module
+    pkg = base[len(egg_dir) + 1:].replace(os.sep, '.')
+    module = pkg + (pkg and '.' or '') + os.path.splitext(name)[0]
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
+        skip = 8  # skip magic & date
+    else:
+        skip = 12  # skip magic & date & file size
+    f = open(filename, 'rb')
+    f.read(skip)
+    code = marshal.load(f)
+    f.close()
+    safe = True
+    symbols = dict.fromkeys(iter_symbols(code))
+    for bad in ['__file__', '__path__']:
+        if bad in symbols:
+            log.warn("%s: module references %s", module, bad)
+            safe = False
+    if 'inspect' in symbols:
+        for bad in [
+            'getsource', 'getabsfile', 'getsourcefile', 'getfile'
+            'getsourcelines', 'findsource', 'getcomments', 'getframeinfo',
+            'getinnerframes', 'getouterframes', 'stack', 'trace'
+        ]:
+            if bad in symbols:
+                log.warn("%s: module MAY be using inspect.%s", module, bad)
+                safe = False
+    return safe
+
+
+def iter_symbols(code):
+    """Yield names and strings used by `code` and its nested code objects"""
+    for name in code.co_names:
+        yield name
+    for const in code.co_consts:
+        if isinstance(const, six.string_types):
+            yield const
+        elif isinstance(const, CodeType):
+            for name in iter_symbols(const):
+                yield name
+
+
+def can_scan():
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        # CPython, PyPy, etc.
+        return True
+    log.warn("Unable to analyze compiled code on this platform.")
+    log.warn("Please ask the author to include a 'zip_safe'"
+             " setting (either True or False) in the package's setup.py")
+
+# Attribute names of options for commands that might need to be convinced to
+# install to the egg build directory
+
+INSTALL_DIRECTORY_ATTRS = [
+    'install_lib', 'install_dir', 'install_data', 'install_base'
+]
+
+
+def make_zipfile(zip_filename, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, compress=True,
+                 mode='w'):
+    """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.  The output
+    zip file will be named 'base_dir' + ".zip".  Uses either the "zipfile"
+    Python module (if available) or the InfoZIP "zip" utility (if installed
+    and found on the default search path).  If neither tool is available,
+    raises DistutilsExecError.  Returns the name of the output zip file.
+    """
+    import zipfile
+
+    mkpath(os.path.dirname(zip_filename), dry_run=dry_run)
+    log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+    def visit(z, dirname, names):
+        for name in names:
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                p = path[len(base_dir) + 1:]
+                if not dry_run:
+                    z.write(path, p)
+                log.debug("adding '%s'" % p)
+
+    compression = zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED if compress else zipfile.ZIP_STORED
+    if not dry_run:
+        z = zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, mode, compression=compression)
+        for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(base_dir):
+            visit(z, dirname, files)
+        z.close()
+    else:
+        for dirname, dirs, files in os.walk(base_dir):
+            visit(None, dirname, files)
+    return zip_filename
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7073092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_rpm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_rpm as orig
+
+
+class bdist_rpm(orig.bdist_rpm):
+    """
+    Override the default bdist_rpm behavior to do the following:
+
+    1. Run egg_info to ensure the name and version are properly calculated.
+    2. Always run 'install' using --single-version-externally-managed to
+       disable eggs in RPM distributions.
+    3. Replace dash with underscore in the version numbers for better RPM
+       compatibility.
+    """
+
+    def run(self):
+        # ensure distro name is up-to-date
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+        orig.bdist_rpm.run(self)
+
+    def _make_spec_file(self):
+        version = self.distribution.get_version()
+        rpmversion = version.replace('-', '_')
+        spec = orig.bdist_rpm._make_spec_file(self)
+        line23 = '%define version ' + version
+        line24 = '%define version ' + rpmversion
+        spec = [
+            line.replace(
+                "Source0: %{name}-%{version}.tar",
+                "Source0: %{name}-%{unmangled_version}.tar"
+            ).replace(
+                "setup.py install ",
+                "setup.py install --single-version-externally-managed "
+            ).replace(
+                "%setup",
+                "%setup -n %{name}-%{unmangled_version}"
+            ).replace(line23, line24)
+            for line in spec
+        ]
+        insert_loc = spec.index(line24) + 1
+        unmangled_version = "%define unmangled_version " + version
+        spec.insert(insert_loc, unmangled_version)
+        return spec
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..073de97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/bdist_wininst.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import distutils.command.bdist_wininst as orig
+
+
+class bdist_wininst(orig.bdist_wininst):
+    def reinitialize_command(self, command, reinit_subcommands=0):
+        """
+        Supplement reinitialize_command to work around
+        http://bugs.python.org/issue20819
+        """
+        cmd = self.distribution.reinitialize_command(
+            command, reinit_subcommands)
+        if command in ('install', 'install_lib'):
+            cmd.install_lib = None
+        return cmd
+
+    def run(self):
+        self._is_running = True
+        try:
+            orig.bdist_wininst.run(self)
+        finally:
+            self._is_running = False
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92e4a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _du_build_ext
+from distutils.file_util import copy_file
+from distutils.ccompiler import new_compiler
+from distutils.sysconfig import customize_compiler
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from distutils import log
+import os
+import sys
+import itertools
+
+from setuptools.extension import Library
+
+try:
+    # Attempt to use Cython for building extensions, if available
+    from Cython.Distutils.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
+except ImportError:
+    _build_ext = _du_build_ext
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import _CONFIG_VARS
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_var
+
+    get_config_var("LDSHARED")  # make sure _config_vars is initialized
+    del get_config_var
+    from distutils.sysconfig import _config_vars as _CONFIG_VARS
+
+have_rtld = False
+use_stubs = False
+libtype = 'shared'
+
+if sys.platform == "darwin":
+    use_stubs = True
+elif os.name != 'nt':
+    try:
+        import dl
+        use_stubs = have_rtld = hasattr(dl, 'RTLD_NOW')
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+if_dl = lambda s: s if have_rtld else ''
+
+class build_ext(_build_ext):
+    def run(self):
+        """Build extensions in build directory, then copy if --inplace"""
+        old_inplace, self.inplace = self.inplace, 0
+        _build_ext.run(self)
+        self.inplace = old_inplace
+        if old_inplace:
+            self.copy_extensions_to_source()
+
+    def copy_extensions_to_source(self):
+        build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+            filename = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            modpath = fullname.split('.')
+            package = '.'.join(modpath[:-1])
+            package_dir = build_py.get_package_dir(package)
+            dest_filename = os.path.join(package_dir,
+                                         os.path.basename(filename))
+            src_filename = os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename)
+
+            # Always copy, even if source is older than destination, to ensure
+            # that the right extensions for the current Python/platform are
+            # used.
+            copy_file(
+                src_filename, dest_filename, verbose=self.verbose,
+                dry_run=self.dry_run
+            )
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                self.write_stub(package_dir or os.curdir, ext, True)
+
+    def get_ext_filename(self, fullname):
+        filename = _build_ext.get_ext_filename(self, fullname)
+        if fullname in self.ext_map:
+            ext = self.ext_map[fullname]
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                fn, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                return self.shlib_compiler.library_filename(fn, libtype)
+            elif use_stubs and ext._links_to_dynamic:
+                d, fn = os.path.split(filename)
+                return os.path.join(d, 'dl-' + fn)
+        return filename
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.initialize_options(self)
+        self.shlib_compiler = None
+        self.shlibs = []
+        self.ext_map = {}
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _build_ext.finalize_options(self)
+        self.extensions = self.extensions or []
+        self.check_extensions_list(self.extensions)
+        self.shlibs = [ext for ext in self.extensions
+                       if isinstance(ext, Library)]
+        if self.shlibs:
+            self.setup_shlib_compiler()
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            ext._full_name = self.get_ext_fullname(ext.name)
+        for ext in self.extensions:
+            fullname = ext._full_name
+            self.ext_map[fullname] = ext
+
+            # distutils 3.1 will also ask for module names
+            # XXX what to do with conflicts?
+            self.ext_map[fullname.split('.')[-1]] = ext
+
+            ltd = self.shlibs and self.links_to_dynamic(ext) or False
+            ns = ltd and use_stubs and not isinstance(ext, Library)
+            ext._links_to_dynamic = ltd
+            ext._needs_stub = ns
+            filename = ext._file_name = self.get_ext_filename(fullname)
+            libdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.join(self.build_lib, filename))
+            if ltd and libdir not in ext.library_dirs:
+                ext.library_dirs.append(libdir)
+            if ltd and use_stubs and os.curdir not in ext.runtime_library_dirs:
+                ext.runtime_library_dirs.append(os.curdir)
+
+    def setup_shlib_compiler(self):
+        compiler = self.shlib_compiler = new_compiler(
+            compiler=self.compiler, dry_run=self.dry_run, force=self.force
+        )
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            tmp = _CONFIG_VARS.copy()
+            try:
+                # XXX Help!  I don't have any idea whether these are right...
+                _CONFIG_VARS['LDSHARED'] = (
+                    "gcc -Wl,-x -dynamiclib -undefined dynamic_lookup")
+                _CONFIG_VARS['CCSHARED'] = " -dynamiclib"
+                _CONFIG_VARS['SO'] = ".dylib"
+                customize_compiler(compiler)
+            finally:
+                _CONFIG_VARS.clear()
+                _CONFIG_VARS.update(tmp)
+        else:
+            customize_compiler(compiler)
+
+        if self.include_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_include_dirs(self.include_dirs)
+        if self.define is not None:
+            # 'define' option is a list of (name,value) tuples
+            for (name, value) in self.define:
+                compiler.define_macro(name, value)
+        if self.undef is not None:
+            for macro in self.undef:
+                compiler.undefine_macro(macro)
+        if self.libraries is not None:
+            compiler.set_libraries(self.libraries)
+        if self.library_dirs is not None:
+            compiler.set_library_dirs(self.library_dirs)
+        if self.rpath is not None:
+            compiler.set_runtime_library_dirs(self.rpath)
+        if self.link_objects is not None:
+            compiler.set_link_objects(self.link_objects)
+
+        # hack so distutils' build_extension() builds a library instead
+        compiler.link_shared_object = link_shared_object.__get__(compiler)
+
+    def get_export_symbols(self, ext):
+        if isinstance(ext, Library):
+            return ext.export_symbols
+        return _build_ext.get_export_symbols(self, ext)
+
+    def build_extension(self, ext):
+        ext._convert_pyx_sources_to_lang()
+        _compiler = self.compiler
+        try:
+            if isinstance(ext, Library):
+                self.compiler = self.shlib_compiler
+            _build_ext.build_extension(self, ext)
+            if ext._needs_stub:
+                cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_py').build_lib
+                self.write_stub(cmd, ext)
+        finally:
+            self.compiler = _compiler
+
+    def links_to_dynamic(self, ext):
+        """Return true if 'ext' links to a dynamic lib in the same package"""
+        # XXX this should check to ensure the lib is actually being built
+        # XXX as dynamic, and not just using a locally-found version or a
+        # XXX static-compiled version
+        libnames = dict.fromkeys([lib._full_name for lib in self.shlibs])
+        pkg = '.'.join(ext._full_name.split('.')[:-1] + [''])
+        return any(pkg + libname in libnames for libname in ext.libraries)
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return _build_ext.get_outputs(self) + self.__get_stubs_outputs()
+
+    def __get_stubs_outputs(self):
+        # assemble the base name for each extension that needs a stub
+        ns_ext_bases = (
+            os.path.join(self.build_lib, *ext._full_name.split('.'))
+            for ext in self.extensions
+            if ext._needs_stub
+        )
+        # pair each base with the extension
+        pairs = itertools.product(ns_ext_bases, self.__get_output_extensions())
+        return list(base + fnext for base, fnext in pairs)
+
+    def __get_output_extensions(self):
+        yield '.py'
+        yield '.pyc'
+        if self.get_finalized_command('build_py').optimize:
+            yield '.pyo'
+
+    def write_stub(self, output_dir, ext, compile=False):
+        log.info("writing stub loader for %s to %s", ext._full_name,
+                 output_dir)
+        stub_file = (os.path.join(output_dir, *ext._full_name.split('.')) +
+                     '.py')
+        if compile and os.path.exists(stub_file):
+            raise DistutilsError(stub_file + " already exists! Please delete.")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(stub_file, 'w')
+            f.write(
+                '\n'.join([
+                    "def __bootstrap__():",
+                    "   global __bootstrap__, __file__, __loader__",
+                    "   import sys, os, pkg_resources, imp" + if_dl(", dl"),
+                    "   __file__ = pkg_resources.resource_filename"
+                    "(__name__,%r)"
+                    % os.path.basename(ext._file_name),
+                    "   del __bootstrap__",
+                    "   if '__loader__' in globals():",
+                    "       del __loader__",
+                    if_dl("   old_flags = sys.getdlopenflags()"),
+                    "   old_dir = os.getcwd()",
+                    "   try:",
+                    "     os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW)"),
+                    "     imp.load_dynamic(__name__,__file__)",
+                    "   finally:",
+                    if_dl("     sys.setdlopenflags(old_flags)"),
+                    "     os.chdir(old_dir)",
+                    "__bootstrap__()",
+                    ""  # terminal \n
+                ])
+            )
+            f.close()
+        if compile:
+            from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+            byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=0,
+                         force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            optimize = self.get_finalized_command('install_lib').optimize
+            if optimize > 0:
+                byte_compile([stub_file], optimize=optimize,
+                             force=True, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if os.path.exists(stub_file) and not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(stub_file)
+
+
+if use_stubs or os.name == 'nt':
+    # Build shared libraries
+    #
+    def link_shared_object(
+            self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, libraries=None,
+            library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None, export_symbols=None,
+            debug=0, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, build_temp=None,
+            target_lang=None):
+        self.link(
+            self.SHARED_LIBRARY, objects, output_libname,
+            output_dir, libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs,
+            export_symbols, debug, extra_preargs, extra_postargs,
+            build_temp, target_lang
+        )
+else:
+    # Build static libraries everywhere else
+    libtype = 'static'
+
+    def link_shared_object(
+            self, objects, output_libname, output_dir=None, libraries=None,
+            library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None, export_symbols=None,
+            debug=0, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, build_temp=None,
+            target_lang=None):
+        # XXX we need to either disallow these attrs on Library instances,
+        # or warn/abort here if set, or something...
+        # libraries=None, library_dirs=None, runtime_library_dirs=None,
+        # export_symbols=None, extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None,
+        # build_temp=None
+
+        assert output_dir is None  # distutils build_ext doesn't pass this
+        output_dir, filename = os.path.split(output_libname)
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+        if self.library_filename("x").startswith('lib'):
+            # strip 'lib' prefix; this is kludgy if some platform uses
+            # a different prefix
+            basename = basename[3:]
+
+        self.create_static_lib(
+            objects, basename, output_dir, debug, target_lang
+        )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8623c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/build_py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+import distutils.command.build_py as orig
+import os
+import fnmatch
+import textwrap
+import io
+import distutils.errors
+import collections
+import itertools
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+try:
+    from setuptools.lib2to3_ex import Mixin2to3
+except ImportError:
+    class Mixin2to3:
+        def run_2to3(self, files, doctests=True):
+            "do nothing"
+
+
+class build_py(orig.build_py, Mixin2to3):
+    """Enhanced 'build_py' command that includes data files with packages
+
+    The data files are specified via a 'package_data' argument to 'setup()'.
+    See 'setuptools.dist.Distribution' for more details.
+
+    Also, this version of the 'build_py' command allows you to specify both
+    'py_modules' and 'packages' in the same setup operation.
+    """
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.build_py.finalize_options(self)
+        self.package_data = self.distribution.package_data
+        self.exclude_package_data = (self.distribution.exclude_package_data or
+                                     {})
+        if 'data_files' in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__['data_files']
+        self.__updated_files = []
+        self.__doctests_2to3 = []
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Build modules, packages, and copy data files to build directory"""
+        if not self.py_modules and not self.packages:
+            return
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.build_modules()
+
+        if self.packages:
+            self.build_packages()
+            self.build_package_data()
+
+        self.run_2to3(self.__updated_files, False)
+        self.run_2to3(self.__updated_files, True)
+        self.run_2to3(self.__doctests_2to3, True)
+
+        # Only compile actual .py files, using our base class' idea of what our
+        # output files are.
+        self.byte_compile(orig.build_py.get_outputs(self, include_bytecode=0))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        "lazily compute data files"
+        if attr == 'data_files':
+            self.data_files = self._get_data_files()
+            return self.data_files
+        return orig.build_py.__getattr__(self, attr)
+
+    def build_module(self, module, module_file, package):
+        outfile, copied = orig.build_py.build_module(self, module, module_file,
+                                                     package)
+        if copied:
+            self.__updated_files.append(outfile)
+        return outfile, copied
+
+    def _get_data_files(self):
+        """Generate list of '(package,src_dir,build_dir,filenames)' tuples"""
+        self.analyze_manifest()
+        return list(map(self._get_pkg_data_files, self.packages or ()))
+
+    def _get_pkg_data_files(self, package):
+        # Locate package source directory
+        src_dir = self.get_package_dir(package)
+
+        # Compute package build directory
+        build_dir = os.path.join(*([self.build_lib] + package.split('.')))
+
+        # Strip directory from globbed filenames
+        filenames = [
+            os.path.relpath(file, src_dir)
+            for file in self.find_data_files(package, src_dir)
+        ]
+        return package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames
+
+    def find_data_files(self, package, src_dir):
+        """Return filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = (self.package_data.get('', [])
+                 + self.package_data.get(package, []))
+        files = self.manifest_files.get(package, [])[:]
+        for pattern in globs:
+            # Each pattern has to be converted to a platform-specific path
+            files.extend(glob(os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern))))
+        return self.exclude_data_files(package, src_dir, files)
+
+    def build_package_data(self):
+        """Copy data files into build directory"""
+        for package, src_dir, build_dir, filenames in self.data_files:
+            for filename in filenames:
+                target = os.path.join(build_dir, filename)
+                self.mkpath(os.path.dirname(target))
+                srcfile = os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                outf, copied = self.copy_file(srcfile, target)
+                srcfile = os.path.abspath(srcfile)
+                if (copied and
+                        srcfile in self.distribution.convert_2to3_doctests):
+                    self.__doctests_2to3.append(outf)
+
+    def analyze_manifest(self):
+        self.manifest_files = mf = {}
+        if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+            return
+        src_dirs = {}
+        for package in self.packages or ():
+            # Locate package source directory
+            src_dirs[assert_relative(self.get_package_dir(package))] = package
+
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        for path in ei_cmd.filelist.files:
+            d, f = os.path.split(assert_relative(path))
+            prev = None
+            oldf = f
+            while d and d != prev and d not in src_dirs:
+                prev = d
+                d, df = os.path.split(d)
+                f = os.path.join(df, f)
+            if d in src_dirs:
+                if path.endswith('.py') and f == oldf:
+                    continue  # it's a module, not data
+                mf.setdefault(src_dirs[d], []).append(path)
+
+    def get_data_files(self):
+        pass  # Lazily compute data files in _get_data_files() function.
+
+    def check_package(self, package, package_dir):
+        """Check namespace packages' __init__ for declare_namespace"""
+        try:
+            return self.packages_checked[package]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        init_py = orig.build_py.check_package(self, package, package_dir)
+        self.packages_checked[package] = init_py
+
+        if not init_py or not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return init_py
+
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            if pkg == package or pkg.startswith(package + '.'):
+                break
+        else:
+            return init_py
+
+        with io.open(init_py, 'rb') as f:
+            contents = f.read()
+        if b'declare_namespace' not in contents:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsError(
+                "Namespace package problem: %s is a namespace package, but "
+                "its\n__init__.py does not call declare_namespace()! Please "
+                'fix it.\n(See the setuptools manual under '
+                '"Namespace Packages" for details.)\n"' % (package,)
+            )
+        return init_py
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.packages_checked = {}
+        orig.build_py.initialize_options(self)
+
+    def get_package_dir(self, package):
+        res = orig.build_py.get_package_dir(self, package)
+        if self.distribution.src_root is not None:
+            return os.path.join(self.distribution.src_root, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exclude_data_files(self, package, src_dir, files):
+        """Filter filenames for package's data files in 'src_dir'"""
+        globs = (
+            self.exclude_package_data.get('', [])
+            + self.exclude_package_data.get(package, [])
+        )
+        bad = set(
+            item
+            for pattern in globs
+            for item in fnmatch.filter(
+                files,
+                os.path.join(src_dir, convert_path(pattern)),
+            )
+        )
+        seen = collections.defaultdict(itertools.count)
+        return [
+            fn
+            for fn in files
+            if fn not in bad
+            # ditch dupes
+            and not next(seen[fn])
+        ]
+
+
+def assert_relative(path):
+    if not os.path.isabs(path):
+        return path
+    from distutils.errors import DistutilsSetupError
+
+    msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Error: setup script specifies an absolute path:
+
+            %s
+
+        setup() arguments must *always* be /-separated paths relative to the
+        setup.py directory, *never* absolute paths.
+        """).lstrip() % path
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(msg)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11b5df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/develop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError, DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+import glob
+import io
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata, normalize_path
+from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+import setuptools
+
+
+class develop(easy_install):
+    """Set up package for development"""
+
+    description = "install package in 'development mode'"
+
+    user_options = easy_install.user_options + [
+        ("uninstall", "u", "Uninstall this source package"),
+        ("egg-path=", None, "Set the path to be used in the .egg-link file"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = easy_install.boolean_options + ['uninstall']
+
+    command_consumes_arguments = False  # override base
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.uninstall:
+            self.multi_version = True
+            self.uninstall_link()
+        else:
+            self.install_for_development()
+        self.warn_deprecated_options()
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.uninstall = None
+        self.egg_path = None
+        easy_install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.setup_path = None
+        self.always_copy_from = '.'  # always copy eggs installed in curdir
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        ei = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        if ei.broken_egg_info:
+            template = "Please rename %r to %r before using 'develop'"
+            args = ei.egg_info, ei.broken_egg_info
+            raise DistutilsError(template % args)
+        self.args = [ei.egg_name]
+
+        easy_install.finalize_options(self)
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        self.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        egg_link_fn = ei.egg_name + '.egg-link'
+        self.egg_link = os.path.join(self.install_dir, egg_link_fn)
+        self.egg_base = ei.egg_base
+        if self.egg_path is None:
+            self.egg_path = os.path.abspath(ei.egg_base)
+
+        target = normalize_path(self.egg_base)
+        egg_path = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.install_dir,
+                                               self.egg_path))
+        if egg_path != target:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "--egg-path must be a relative path from the install"
+                " directory to " + target
+            )
+
+        # Make a distribution for the package's source
+        self.dist = Distribution(
+            target,
+            PathMetadata(target, os.path.abspath(ei.egg_info)),
+            project_name=ei.egg_name
+        )
+
+        p = self.egg_base.replace(os.sep, '/')
+        if p != os.curdir:
+            p = '../' * (p.count('/') + 1)
+        self.setup_path = p
+        p = normalize_path(os.path.join(self.install_dir, self.egg_path, p))
+        if p != normalize_path(os.curdir):
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Can't get a consistent path to setup script from"
+                " installation directory", p, normalize_path(os.curdir))
+
+    def install_for_development(self):
+        if six.PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False):
+            # If we run 2to3 we can not do this inplace:
+
+            # Ensure metadata is up-to-date
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_py', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_py')
+            bpy_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("build_py")
+            build_path = normalize_path(bpy_cmd.build_lib)
+
+            # Build extensions
+            self.reinitialize_command('egg_info', egg_base=build_path)
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+            # Fixup egg-link and easy-install.pth
+            ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+            self.egg_path = build_path
+            self.dist.location = build_path
+            # XXX
+            self.dist._provider = PathMetadata(build_path, ei_cmd.egg_info)
+        else:
+            # Without 2to3 inplace works fine:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            # Build extensions in-place
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        self.install_site_py()  # ensure that target dir is site-safe
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            self.easy_install(setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+            setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+        # create an .egg-link in the installation dir, pointing to our egg
+        log.info("Creating %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            with open(self.egg_link, "w") as f:
+                f.write(self.egg_path + "\n" + self.setup_path)
+        # postprocess the installed distro, fixing up .pth, installing scripts,
+        # and handling requirements
+        self.process_distribution(None, self.dist, not self.no_deps)
+
+    def uninstall_link(self):
+        if os.path.exists(self.egg_link):
+            log.info("Removing %s (link to %s)", self.egg_link, self.egg_base)
+            egg_link_file = open(self.egg_link)
+            contents = [line.rstrip() for line in egg_link_file]
+            egg_link_file.close()
+            if contents not in ([self.egg_path],
+                                [self.egg_path, self.setup_path]):
+                log.warn("Link points to %s: uninstall aborted", contents)
+                return
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.unlink(self.egg_link)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            self.update_pth(self.dist)  # remove any .pth link to us
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            # XXX should also check for entry point scripts!
+            log.warn("Note: you must uninstall or replace scripts manually!")
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        if dist is not self.dist:
+            # Installing a dependency, so fall back to normal behavior
+            return easy_install.install_egg_scripts(self, dist)
+
+        # create wrapper scripts in the script dir, pointing to dist.scripts
+
+        # new-style...
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+        # ...and old-style
+        for script_name in self.distribution.scripts or []:
+            script_path = os.path.abspath(convert_path(script_name))
+            script_name = os.path.basename(script_path)
+            with io.open(script_path) as strm:
+                script_text = strm.read()
+            self.install_script(dist, script_name, script_text, script_path)
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        dist = VersionlessRequirement(dist)
+        return easy_install.install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist)
+
+
+class VersionlessRequirement(object):
+    """
+    Adapt a pkg_resources.Distribution to simply return the project
+    name as the 'requirement' so that scripts will work across
+    multiple versions.
+
+    >>> dist = Distribution(project_name='foo', version='1.0')
+    >>> str(dist.as_requirement())
+    'foo==1.0'
+    >>> adapted_dist = VersionlessRequirement(dist)
+    >>> str(adapted_dist.as_requirement())
+    'foo'
+    """
+    def __init__(self, dist):
+        self.__dist = dist
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__dist, name)
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        return self.project_name
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3c0acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/easy_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2308 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+Easy Install
+------------
+
+A tool for doing automatic download/extract/build of distutils-based Python
+packages.  For detailed documentation, see the accompanying EasyInstall.txt
+file, or visit the `EasyInstall home page`__.
+
+__ https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+
+"""
+
+from glob import glob
+from distutils.util import get_platform
+from distutils.util import convert_path, subst_vars
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError, DistutilsOptionError, \
+    DistutilsError, DistutilsPlatformError
+from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES, SCHEME_KEYS
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+from distutils.command.build_scripts import first_line_re
+from distutils.spawn import find_executable
+import sys
+import os
+import zipimport
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import re
+import stat
+import random
+import platform
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+import site
+import struct
+import contextlib
+import subprocess
+import shlex
+import io
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import configparser, map
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.sandbox import run_setup
+from setuptools.py31compat import get_path, get_config_vars
+from setuptools.command import setopt
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+from setuptools.package_index import PackageIndex
+from setuptools.package_index import URL_SCHEME
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg, egg_info
+from pkg_resources import (
+    yield_lines, normalize_path, resource_string, ensure_directory,
+    get_distribution, find_distributions, Environment, Requirement,
+    Distribution, PathMetadata, EggMetadata, WorkingSet, DistributionNotFound,
+    VersionConflict, DEVELOP_DIST,
+)
+import pkg_resources
+
+# Turn on PEP440Warnings
+warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=pkg_resources.PEP440Warning)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'samefile', 'easy_install', 'PthDistributions', 'extract_wininst_cfg',
+    'main', 'get_exe_prefixes',
+]
+
+
+def is_64bit():
+    return struct.calcsize("P") == 8
+
+
+def samefile(p1, p2):
+    both_exist = os.path.exists(p1) and os.path.exists(p2)
+    use_samefile = hasattr(os.path, 'samefile') and both_exist
+    if use_samefile:
+        return os.path.samefile(p1, p2)
+    norm_p1 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(p1))
+    norm_p2 = os.path.normpath(os.path.normcase(p2))
+    return norm_p1 == norm_p2
+
+
+if six.PY2:
+    def _to_ascii(s):
+        return s
+
+    def isascii(s):
+        try:
+            six.text_type(s, 'ascii')
+            return True
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+else:
+    def _to_ascii(s):
+        return s.encode('ascii')
+
+    def isascii(s):
+        try:
+            s.encode('ascii')
+            return True
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return False
+
+
+class easy_install(Command):
+    """Manage a download/build/install process"""
+    description = "Find/get/install Python packages"
+    command_consumes_arguments = True
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('prefix=', None, "installation prefix"),
+        ("zip-ok", "z", "install package as a zipfile"),
+        ("multi-version", "m", "make apps have to require() a version"),
+        ("upgrade", "U", "force upgrade (searches PyPI for latest versions)"),
+        ("install-dir=", "d", "install package to DIR"),
+        ("script-dir=", "s", "install scripts to DIR"),
+        ("exclude-scripts", "x", "Don't install scripts"),
+        ("always-copy", "a", "Copy all needed packages to install dir"),
+        ("index-url=", "i", "base URL of Python Package Index"),
+        ("find-links=", "f", "additional URL(s) to search for packages"),
+        ("build-directory=", "b",
+         "download/extract/build in DIR; keep the results"),
+        ('optimize=', 'O',
+         "also compile with optimization: -O1 for \"python -O\", "
+         "-O2 for \"python -OO\", and -O0 to disable [default: -O0]"),
+        ('record=', None,
+         "filename in which to record list of installed files"),
+        ('always-unzip', 'Z', "don't install as a zipfile, no matter what"),
+        ('site-dirs=', 'S', "list of directories where .pth files work"),
+        ('editable', 'e', "Install specified packages in editable form"),
+        ('no-deps', 'N', "don't install dependencies"),
+        ('allow-hosts=', 'H', "pattern(s) that hostnames must match"),
+        ('local-snapshots-ok', 'l',
+         "allow building eggs from local checkouts"),
+        ('version', None, "print version information and exit"),
+        ('no-find-links', None,
+         "Don't load find-links defined in packages being installed")
+    ]
+    boolean_options = [
+        'zip-ok', 'multi-version', 'exclude-scripts', 'upgrade', 'always-copy',
+        'editable',
+        'no-deps', 'local-snapshots-ok', 'version'
+    ]
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        help_msg = "install in user site-package '%s'" % site.USER_SITE
+        user_options.append(('user', None, help_msg))
+        boolean_options.append('user')
+
+    negative_opt = {'always-unzip': 'zip-ok'}
+    create_index = PackageIndex
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        # the --user option seems to be an opt-in one,
+        # so the default should be False.
+        self.user = 0
+        self.zip_ok = self.local_snapshots_ok = None
+        self.install_dir = self.script_dir = self.exclude_scripts = None
+        self.index_url = None
+        self.find_links = None
+        self.build_directory = None
+        self.args = None
+        self.optimize = self.record = None
+        self.upgrade = self.always_copy = self.multi_version = None
+        self.editable = self.no_deps = self.allow_hosts = None
+        self.root = self.prefix = self.no_report = None
+        self.version = None
+        self.install_purelib = None  # for pure module distributions
+        self.install_platlib = None  # non-pure (dists w/ extensions)
+        self.install_headers = None  # for C/C++ headers
+        self.install_lib = None  # set to either purelib or platlib
+        self.install_scripts = None
+        self.install_data = None
+        self.install_base = None
+        self.install_platbase = None
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            self.install_userbase = site.USER_BASE
+            self.install_usersite = site.USER_SITE
+        else:
+            self.install_userbase = None
+            self.install_usersite = None
+        self.no_find_links = None
+
+        # Options not specifiable via command line
+        self.package_index = None
+        self.pth_file = self.always_copy_from = None
+        self.site_dirs = None
+        self.installed_projects = {}
+        self.sitepy_installed = False
+        # Always read easy_install options, even if we are subclassed, or have
+        # an independent instance created.  This ensures that defaults will
+        # always come from the standard configuration file(s)' "easy_install"
+        # section, even if this is a "develop" or "install" command, or some
+        # other embedding.
+        self._dry_run = None
+        self.verbose = self.distribution.verbose
+        self.distribution._set_command_options(
+            self, self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+        )
+
+    def delete_blockers(self, blockers):
+        extant_blockers = (
+            filename for filename in blockers
+            if os.path.exists(filename) or os.path.islink(filename)
+        )
+        list(map(self._delete_path, extant_blockers))
+
+    def _delete_path(self, path):
+        log.info("Deleting %s", path)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            return
+
+        is_tree = os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path)
+        remover = rmtree if is_tree else os.unlink
+        remover(path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render_version():
+        """
+        Render the Setuptools version and installation details, then exit.
+        """
+        ver = sys.version[:3]
+        dist = get_distribution('setuptools')
+        tmpl = 'setuptools {dist.version} from {dist.location} (Python {ver})'
+        print(tmpl.format(**locals()))
+        raise SystemExit()
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.version and self._render_version()
+
+        py_version = sys.version.split()[0]
+        prefix, exec_prefix = get_config_vars('prefix', 'exec_prefix')
+
+        self.config_vars = {
+            'dist_name': self.distribution.get_name(),
+            'dist_version': self.distribution.get_version(),
+            'dist_fullname': self.distribution.get_fullname(),
+            'py_version': py_version,
+            'py_version_short': py_version[0:3],
+            'py_version_nodot': py_version[0] + py_version[2],
+            'sys_prefix': prefix,
+            'prefix': prefix,
+            'sys_exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            'exec_prefix': exec_prefix,
+            # Only python 3.2+ has abiflags
+            'abiflags': getattr(sys, 'abiflags', ''),
+        }
+
+        if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            self.config_vars['userbase'] = self.install_userbase
+            self.config_vars['usersite'] = self.install_usersite
+
+        self._fix_install_dir_for_user_site()
+
+        self.expand_basedirs()
+        self.expand_dirs()
+
+        self._expand('install_dir', 'script_dir', 'build_directory',
+                     'site_dirs')
+        # If a non-default installation directory was specified, default the
+        # script directory to match it.
+        if self.script_dir is None:
+            self.script_dir = self.install_dir
+
+        if self.no_find_links is None:
+            self.no_find_links = False
+
+        # Let install_dir get set by install_lib command, which in turn
+        # gets its info from the install command, and takes into account
+        # --prefix and --home and all that other crud.
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_lib', ('install_dir', 'install_dir')
+        )
+        # Likewise, set default script_dir from 'install_scripts.install_dir'
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_scripts', ('install_dir', 'script_dir')
+        )
+
+        if self.user and self.install_purelib:
+            self.install_dir = self.install_purelib
+            self.script_dir = self.install_scripts
+        # default --record from the install command
+        self.set_undefined_options('install', ('record', 'record'))
+        # Should this be moved to the if statement below? It's not used
+        # elsewhere
+        normpath = map(normalize_path, sys.path)
+        self.all_site_dirs = get_site_dirs()
+        if self.site_dirs is not None:
+            site_dirs = [
+                os.path.expanduser(s.strip()) for s in
+                self.site_dirs.split(',')
+            ]
+            for d in site_dirs:
+                if not os.path.isdir(d):
+                    log.warn("%s (in --site-dirs) does not exist", d)
+                elif normalize_path(d) not in normpath:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        d + " (in --site-dirs) is not on sys.path"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.all_site_dirs.append(normalize_path(d))
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.check_site_dir()
+        self.index_url = self.index_url or "https://pypi.python.org/simple"
+        self.shadow_path = self.all_site_dirs[:]
+        for path_item in self.install_dir, normalize_path(self.script_dir):
+            if path_item not in self.shadow_path:
+                self.shadow_path.insert(0, path_item)
+
+        if self.allow_hosts is not None:
+            hosts = [s.strip() for s in self.allow_hosts.split(',')]
+        else:
+            hosts = ['*']
+        if self.package_index is None:
+            self.package_index = self.create_index(
+                self.index_url, search_path=self.shadow_path, hosts=hosts,
+            )
+        self.local_index = Environment(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+
+        if self.find_links is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.find_links, six.string_types):
+                self.find_links = self.find_links.split()
+        else:
+            self.find_links = []
+        if self.local_snapshots_ok:
+            self.package_index.scan_egg_links(self.shadow_path + sys.path)
+        if not self.no_find_links:
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(self.find_links)
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib', ('optimize', 'optimize'))
+        if not isinstance(self.optimize, int):
+            try:
+                self.optimize = int(self.optimize)
+                if not (0 <= self.optimize <= 2):
+                    raise ValueError
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistutilsOptionError("--optimize must be 0, 1, or 2")
+
+        if self.editable and not self.build_directory:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Must specify a build directory (-b) when using --editable"
+            )
+        if not self.args:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "No urls, filenames, or requirements specified (see --help)")
+
+        self.outputs = []
+
+    def _fix_install_dir_for_user_site(self):
+        """
+        Fix the install_dir if "--user" was used.
+        """
+        if not self.user or not site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            return
+
+        self.create_home_path()
+        if self.install_userbase is None:
+            msg = "User base directory is not specified"
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(msg)
+        self.install_base = self.install_platbase = self.install_userbase
+        scheme_name = os.name.replace('posix', 'unix') + '_user'
+        self.select_scheme(scheme_name)
+
+    def _expand_attrs(self, attrs):
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                if os.name == 'posix' or os.name == 'nt':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                val = subst_vars(val, self.config_vars)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+    def expand_basedirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install_base, install_platbase and
+        root."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_base', 'install_platbase', 'root'])
+
+    def expand_dirs(self):
+        """Calls `os.path.expanduser` on install dirs."""
+        self._expand_attrs(['install_purelib', 'install_platlib',
+                            'install_lib', 'install_headers',
+                            'install_scripts', 'install_data', ])
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.verbose != self.distribution.verbose:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)
+        try:
+            for spec in self.args:
+                self.easy_install(spec, not self.no_deps)
+            if self.record:
+                outputs = self.outputs
+                if self.root:  # strip any package prefix
+                    root_len = len(self.root)
+                    for counter in range(len(outputs)):
+                        outputs[counter] = outputs[counter][root_len:]
+                from distutils import file_util
+
+                self.execute(
+                    file_util.write_file, (self.record, outputs),
+                    "writing list of installed files to '%s'" %
+                    self.record
+                )
+            self.warn_deprecated_options()
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.distribution.verbose)
+
+    def pseudo_tempname(self):
+        """Return a pseudo-tempname base in the install directory.
+        This code is intentionally naive; if a malicious party can write to
+        the target directory you're already in deep doodoo.
+        """
+        try:
+            pid = os.getpid()
+        except:
+            pid = random.randint(0, sys.maxsize)
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, "test-easy-install-%s" % pid)
+
+    def warn_deprecated_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def check_site_dir(self):
+        """Verify that self.install_dir is .pth-capable dir, if needed"""
+
+        instdir = normalize_path(self.install_dir)
+        pth_file = os.path.join(instdir, 'easy-install.pth')
+
+        # Is it a configured, PYTHONPATH, implicit, or explicit site dir?
+        is_site_dir = instdir in self.all_site_dirs
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # No?  Then directly test whether it does .pth file processing
+            is_site_dir = self.check_pth_processing()
+        else:
+            # make sure we can write to target dir
+            testfile = self.pseudo_tempname() + '.write-test'
+            test_exists = os.path.exists(testfile)
+            try:
+                if test_exists:
+                    os.unlink(testfile)
+                open(testfile, 'w').close()
+                os.unlink(testfile)
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                self.cant_write_to_target()
+
+        if not is_site_dir and not self.multi_version:
+            # Can't install non-multi to non-site dir
+            raise DistutilsError(self.no_default_version_msg())
+
+        if is_site_dir:
+            if self.pth_file is None:
+                self.pth_file = PthDistributions(pth_file, self.all_site_dirs)
+        else:
+            self.pth_file = None
+
+        PYTHONPATH = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', '').split(os.pathsep)
+        if instdir not in map(normalize_path, filter(None, PYTHONPATH)):
+            # only PYTHONPATH dirs need a site.py, so pretend it's there
+            self.sitepy_installed = True
+        elif self.multi_version and not os.path.exists(pth_file):
+            self.sitepy_installed = True  # don't need site.py in this case
+            self.pth_file = None  # and don't create a .pth file
+        self.install_dir = instdir
+
+    __cant_write_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        can't create or remove files in install directory
+
+        The following error occurred while trying to add or remove files in the
+        installation directory:
+
+            %s
+
+        The installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __not_exists_id = textwrap.dedent("""
+        This directory does not currently exist.  Please create it and try again, or
+        choose a different installation directory (using the -d or --install-dir
+        option).
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __access_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?  If the
+        installation directory is a system-owned directory, you may need to sign in
+        as the administrator or "root" account.  If you do not have administrative
+        access to this machine, you may wish to choose a different installation
+        directory, preferably one that is listed in your PYTHONPATH environment
+        variable.
+
+        For information on other options, you may wish to consult the
+        documentation at:
+
+          https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def cant_write_to_target(self):
+        msg = self.__cant_write_msg % (sys.exc_info()[1], self.install_dir,)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(self.install_dir):
+            msg += '\n' + self.__not_exists_id
+        else:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__access_msg
+        raise DistutilsError(msg)
+
+    def check_pth_processing(self):
+        """Empirically verify whether .pth files are supported in inst. dir"""
+        instdir = self.install_dir
+        log.info("Checking .pth file support in %s", instdir)
+        pth_file = self.pseudo_tempname() + ".pth"
+        ok_file = pth_file + '.ok'
+        ok_exists = os.path.exists(ok_file)
+        try:
+            if ok_exists:
+                os.unlink(ok_file)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(ok_file)
+            if not os.path.exists(dirname):
+                os.makedirs(dirname)
+            f = open(pth_file, 'w')
+        except (OSError, IOError):
+            self.cant_write_to_target()
+        else:
+            try:
+                f.write("import os; f = open(%r, 'w'); f.write('OK'); "
+                        "f.close()\n" % (ok_file,))
+                f.close()
+                f = None
+                executable = sys.executable
+                if os.name == 'nt':
+                    dirname, basename = os.path.split(executable)
+                    alt = os.path.join(dirname, 'pythonw.exe')
+                    if (basename.lower() == 'python.exe' and
+                            os.path.exists(alt)):
+                        # use pythonw.exe to avoid opening a console window
+                        executable = alt
+
+                from distutils.spawn import spawn
+
+                spawn([executable, '-E', '-c', 'pass'], 0)
+
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    log.info(
+                        "TEST PASSED: %s appears to support .pth files",
+                        instdir
+                    )
+                    return True
+            finally:
+                if f:
+                    f.close()
+                if os.path.exists(ok_file):
+                    os.unlink(ok_file)
+                if os.path.exists(pth_file):
+                    os.unlink(pth_file)
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            log.warn("TEST FAILED: %s does NOT support .pth files", instdir)
+        return False
+
+    def install_egg_scripts(self, dist):
+        """Write all the scripts for `dist`, unless scripts are excluded"""
+        if not self.exclude_scripts and dist.metadata_isdir('scripts'):
+            for script_name in dist.metadata_listdir('scripts'):
+                if dist.metadata_isdir('scripts/' + script_name):
+                    # The "script" is a directory, likely a Python 3
+                    # __pycache__ directory, so skip it.
+                    continue
+                self.install_script(
+                    dist, script_name,
+                    dist.get_metadata('scripts/' + script_name)
+                )
+        self.install_wrapper_scripts(dist)
+
+    def add_output(self, path):
+        if os.path.isdir(path):
+            for base, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                for filename in files:
+                    self.outputs.append(os.path.join(base, filename))
+        else:
+            self.outputs.append(path)
+
+    def not_editable(self, spec):
+        if self.editable:
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "Invalid argument %r: you can't use filenames or URLs "
+                "with --editable (except via the --find-links option)."
+                % (spec,)
+            )
+
+    def check_editable(self, spec):
+        if not self.editable:
+            return
+
+        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)):
+            raise DistutilsArgError(
+                "%r already exists in %s; can't do a checkout there" %
+                (spec.key, self.build_directory)
+            )
+
+    def easy_install(self, spec, deps=False):
+        tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="easy_install-")
+        download = None
+        if not self.editable:
+            self.install_site_py()
+
+        try:
+            if not isinstance(spec, Requirement):
+                if URL_SCHEME(spec):
+                    # It's a url, download it to tmpdir and process
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    download = self.package_index.download(spec, tmpdir)
+                    return self.install_item(None, download, tmpdir, deps,
+                                             True)
+
+                elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                    # Existing file or directory, just process it directly
+                    self.not_editable(spec)
+                    return self.install_item(None, spec, tmpdir, deps, True)
+                else:
+                    spec = parse_requirement_arg(spec)
+
+            self.check_editable(spec)
+            dist = self.package_index.fetch_distribution(
+                spec, tmpdir, self.upgrade, self.editable,
+                not self.always_copy, self.local_index
+            )
+            if dist is None:
+                msg = "Could not find suitable distribution for %r" % spec
+                if self.always_copy:
+                    msg += " (--always-copy skips system and development eggs)"
+                raise DistutilsError(msg)
+            elif dist.precedence == DEVELOP_DIST:
+                # .egg-info dists don't need installing, just process deps
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps, "Using")
+                return dist
+            else:
+                return self.install_item(spec, dist.location, tmpdir, deps)
+
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(tmpdir):
+                rmtree(tmpdir)
+
+    def install_item(self, spec, download, tmpdir, deps, install_needed=False):
+
+        # Installation is also needed if file in tmpdir or is not an egg
+        install_needed = install_needed or self.always_copy
+        install_needed = install_needed or os.path.dirname(download) == tmpdir
+        install_needed = install_needed or not download.endswith('.egg')
+        install_needed = install_needed or (
+            self.always_copy_from is not None and
+            os.path.dirname(normalize_path(download)) ==
+            normalize_path(self.always_copy_from)
+        )
+
+        if spec and not install_needed:
+            # at this point, we know it's a local .egg, we just don't know if
+            # it's already installed.
+            for dist in self.local_index[spec.project_name]:
+                if dist.location == download:
+                    break
+            else:
+                install_needed = True  # it's not in the local index
+
+        log.info("Processing %s", os.path.basename(download))
+
+        if install_needed:
+            dists = self.install_eggs(spec, download, tmpdir)
+            for dist in dists:
+                self.process_distribution(spec, dist, deps)
+        else:
+            dists = [self.egg_distribution(download)]
+            self.process_distribution(spec, dists[0], deps, "Using")
+
+        if spec is not None:
+            for dist in dists:
+                if dist in spec:
+                    return dist
+
+    def select_scheme(self, name):
+        """Sets the install directories by applying the install schemes."""
+        # it's the caller's problem if they supply a bad name!
+        scheme = INSTALL_SCHEMES[name]
+        for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+            attrname = 'install_' + key
+            if getattr(self, attrname) is None:
+                setattr(self, attrname, scheme[key])
+
+    def process_distribution(self, requirement, dist, deps=True, *info):
+        self.update_pth(dist)
+        self.package_index.add(dist)
+        if dist in self.local_index[dist.key]:
+            self.local_index.remove(dist)
+        self.local_index.add(dist)
+        self.install_egg_scripts(dist)
+        self.installed_projects[dist.key] = dist
+        log.info(self.installation_report(requirement, dist, *info))
+        if (dist.has_metadata('dependency_links.txt') and
+                not self.no_find_links):
+            self.package_index.add_find_links(
+                dist.get_metadata_lines('dependency_links.txt')
+            )
+        if not deps and not self.always_copy:
+            return
+        elif requirement is not None and dist.key != requirement.key:
+            log.warn("Skipping dependencies for %s", dist)
+            return  # XXX this is not the distribution we were looking for
+        elif requirement is None or dist not in requirement:
+            # if we wound up with a different version, resolve what we've got
+            distreq = dist.as_requirement()
+            requirement = requirement or distreq
+            requirement = Requirement(
+                distreq.project_name, distreq.specs, requirement.extras
+            )
+        log.info("Processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+        try:
+            distros = WorkingSet([]).resolve(
+                [requirement], self.local_index, self.easy_install
+            )
+        except DistributionNotFound as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(str(e))
+        except VersionConflict as e:
+            raise DistutilsError(e.report())
+        if self.always_copy or self.always_copy_from:
+            # Force all the relevant distros to be copied or activated
+            for dist in distros:
+                if dist.key not in self.installed_projects:
+                    self.easy_install(dist.as_requirement())
+        log.info("Finished processing dependencies for %s", requirement)
+
+    def should_unzip(self, dist):
+        if self.zip_ok is not None:
+            return not self.zip_ok
+        if dist.has_metadata('not-zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        if not dist.has_metadata('zip-safe'):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def maybe_move(self, spec, dist_filename, setup_base):
+        dst = os.path.join(self.build_directory, spec.key)
+        if os.path.exists(dst):
+            msg = ("%r already exists in %s; build directory %s will not be "
+                   "kept")
+            log.warn(msg, spec.key, self.build_directory, setup_base)
+            return setup_base
+        if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = dist_filename
+        else:
+            if os.path.dirname(dist_filename) == setup_base:
+                os.unlink(dist_filename)  # get it out of the tmp dir
+            contents = os.listdir(setup_base)
+            if len(contents) == 1:
+                dist_filename = os.path.join(setup_base, contents[0])
+                if os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+                    # if the only thing there is a directory, move it instead
+                    setup_base = dist_filename
+        ensure_directory(dst)
+        shutil.move(setup_base, dst)
+        return dst
+
+    def install_wrapper_scripts(self, dist):
+        if self.exclude_scripts:
+            return
+        for args in ScriptWriter.best().get_args(dist):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def install_script(self, dist, script_name, script_text, dev_path=None):
+        """Generate a legacy script wrapper and install it"""
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        is_script = is_python_script(script_text, script_name)
+
+        if is_script:
+            body = self._load_template(dev_path) % locals()
+            script_text = ScriptWriter.get_header(script_text) + body
+        self.write_script(script_name, _to_ascii(script_text), 'b')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _load_template(dev_path):
+        """
+        There are a couple of template scripts in the package. This
+        function loads one of them and prepares it for use.
+        """
+        # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/134 for info
+        # on script file naming and downstream issues with SVR4
+        name = 'script.tmpl'
+        if dev_path:
+            name = name.replace('.tmpl', ' (dev).tmpl')
+
+        raw_bytes = resource_string('setuptools', name)
+        return raw_bytes.decode('utf-8')
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", blockers=()):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        self.delete_blockers(  # clean up old .py/.pyw w/o a script
+            [os.path.join(self.script_dir, x) for x in blockers]
+        )
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.script_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.script_dir, script_name)
+        self.add_output(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            if os.path.exists(target):
+                os.unlink(target)
+            with open(target, "w" + mode) as f:
+                f.write(contents)
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
+
+    def install_eggs(self, spec, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # .egg dirs or files are already built, so just return them
+        if dist_filename.lower().endswith('.egg'):
+            return [self.install_egg(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+        elif dist_filename.lower().endswith('.exe'):
+            return [self.install_exe(dist_filename, tmpdir)]
+
+        # Anything else, try to extract and build
+        setup_base = tmpdir
+        if os.path.isfile(dist_filename) and not dist_filename.endswith('.py'):
+            unpack_archive(dist_filename, tmpdir, self.unpack_progress)
+        elif os.path.isdir(dist_filename):
+            setup_base = os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+
+        if (setup_base.startswith(tmpdir)  # something we downloaded
+                and self.build_directory and spec is not None):
+            setup_base = self.maybe_move(spec, dist_filename, setup_base)
+
+        # Find the setup.py file
+        setup_script = os.path.join(setup_base, 'setup.py')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(setup_script):
+            setups = glob(os.path.join(setup_base, '*', 'setup.py'))
+            if not setups:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Couldn't find a setup script in %s" %
+                    os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            if len(setups) > 1:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Multiple setup scripts in %s" %
+                    os.path.abspath(dist_filename)
+                )
+            setup_script = setups[0]
+
+        # Now run it, and return the result
+        if self.editable:
+            log.info(self.report_editable(spec, setup_script))
+            return []
+        else:
+            return self.build_and_install(setup_script, setup_base)
+
+    def egg_distribution(self, egg_path):
+        if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+            metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,
+                                                           'EGG-INFO'))
+        else:
+            metadata = EggMetadata(zipimport.zipimporter(egg_path))
+        return Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+
+    def install_egg(self, egg_path, tmpdir):
+        destination = os.path.join(self.install_dir,
+                                   os.path.basename(egg_path))
+        destination = os.path.abspath(destination)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(destination)
+
+        dist = self.egg_distribution(egg_path)
+        if not samefile(egg_path, destination):
+            if os.path.isdir(destination) and not os.path.islink(destination):
+                dir_util.remove_tree(destination, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            elif os.path.exists(destination):
+                self.execute(os.unlink, (destination,), "Removing " +
+                             destination)
+            try:
+                new_dist_is_zipped = False
+                if os.path.isdir(egg_path):
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copytree, "Copying"
+                elif self.should_unzip(dist):
+                    self.mkpath(destination)
+                    f, m = self.unpack_and_compile, "Extracting"
+                else:
+                    new_dist_is_zipped = True
+                    if egg_path.startswith(tmpdir):
+                        f, m = shutil.move, "Moving"
+                    else:
+                        f, m = shutil.copy2, "Copying"
+                self.execute(f, (egg_path, destination),
+                             (m + " %s to %s") %
+                             (os.path.basename(egg_path),
+                              os.path.dirname(destination)))
+                update_dist_caches(destination,
+                                   fix_zipimporter_caches=new_dist_is_zipped)
+            except:
+                update_dist_caches(destination, fix_zipimporter_caches=False)
+                raise
+
+        self.add_output(destination)
+        return self.egg_distribution(destination)
+
+    def install_exe(self, dist_filename, tmpdir):
+        # See if it's valid, get data
+        cfg = extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename)
+        if cfg is None:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s is not a valid distutils Windows .exe" % dist_filename
+            )
+        # Create a dummy distribution object until we build the real distro
+        dist = Distribution(
+            None,
+            project_name=cfg.get('metadata', 'name'),
+            version=cfg.get('metadata', 'version'), platform=get_platform(),
+        )
+
+        # Convert the .exe to an unpacked egg
+        egg_path = dist.location = os.path.join(tmpdir, dist.egg_name() +
+                                                '.egg')
+        egg_tmp = egg_path + '.tmp'
+        _egg_info = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO')
+        pkg_inf = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'PKG-INFO')
+        ensure_directory(pkg_inf)  # make sure EGG-INFO dir exists
+        dist._provider = PathMetadata(egg_tmp, _egg_info)  # XXX
+        self.exe_to_egg(dist_filename, egg_tmp)
+
+        # Write EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO
+        if not os.path.exists(pkg_inf):
+            f = open(pkg_inf, 'w')
+            f.write('Metadata-Version: 1.0\n')
+            for k, v in cfg.items('metadata'):
+                if k != 'target_version':
+                    f.write('%s: %s\n' % (k.replace('_', '-').title(), v))
+            f.close()
+        script_dir = os.path.join(_egg_info, 'scripts')
+        # delete entry-point scripts to avoid duping
+        self.delete_blockers(
+            [os.path.join(script_dir, args[0]) for args in
+             ScriptWriter.get_args(dist)]
+        )
+        # Build .egg file from tmpdir
+        bdist_egg.make_zipfile(
+            egg_path, egg_tmp, verbose=self.verbose, dry_run=self.dry_run
+        )
+        # install the .egg
+        return self.install_egg(egg_path, tmpdir)
+
+    def exe_to_egg(self, dist_filename, egg_tmp):
+        """Extract a bdist_wininst to the directories an egg would use"""
+        # Check for .pth file and set up prefix translations
+        prefixes = get_exe_prefixes(dist_filename)
+        to_compile = []
+        native_libs = []
+        top_level = {}
+
+        def process(src, dst):
+            s = src.lower()
+            for old, new in prefixes:
+                if s.startswith(old):
+                    src = new + src[len(old):]
+                    parts = src.split('/')
+                    dst = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                    dl = dst.lower()
+                    if dl.endswith('.pyd') or dl.endswith('.dll'):
+                        parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1])
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        native_libs.append(src)
+                    elif dl.endswith('.py') and old != 'SCRIPTS/':
+                        top_level[os.path.splitext(parts[0])[0]] = 1
+                        to_compile.append(dst)
+                    return dst
+            if not src.endswith('.pth'):
+                log.warn("WARNING: can't process %s", src)
+            return None
+
+        # extract, tracking .pyd/.dll->native_libs and .py -> to_compile
+        unpack_archive(dist_filename, egg_tmp, process)
+        stubs = []
+        for res in native_libs:
+            if res.lower().endswith('.pyd'):  # create stubs for .pyd's
+                parts = res.split('/')
+                resource = parts[-1]
+                parts[-1] = bdist_egg.strip_module(parts[-1]) + '.py'
+                pyfile = os.path.join(egg_tmp, *parts)
+                to_compile.append(pyfile)
+                stubs.append(pyfile)
+                bdist_egg.write_stub(resource, pyfile)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)  # compile .py's
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(
+            os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO'),
+            bdist_egg.analyze_egg(egg_tmp, stubs))  # write zip-safety flag
+
+        for name in 'top_level', 'native_libs':
+            if locals()[name]:
+                txt = os.path.join(egg_tmp, 'EGG-INFO', name + '.txt')
+                if not os.path.exists(txt):
+                    f = open(txt, 'w')
+                    f.write('\n'.join(locals()[name]) + '\n')
+                    f.close()
+
+    __mv_warning = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Because this distribution was installed --multi-version, before you can
+        import modules from this package in an application, you will need to
+        'import pkg_resources' and then use a 'require()' call similar to one of
+        these examples, in order to select the desired version:
+
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s")  # latest installed version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s==%(version)s")  # this exact version
+            pkg_resources.require("%(name)s>=%(version)s")  # this version or higher
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    __id_warning = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Note also that the installation directory must be on sys.path at runtime for
+        this to work.  (e.g. by being the application's script directory, by being on
+        PYTHONPATH, or by being added to sys.path by your code.)
+        """)
+
+    def installation_report(self, req, dist, what="Installed"):
+        """Helpful installation message for display to package users"""
+        msg = "\n%(what)s %(eggloc)s%(extras)s"
+        if self.multi_version and not self.no_report:
+            msg += '\n' + self.__mv_warning
+            if self.install_dir not in map(normalize_path, sys.path):
+                msg += '\n' + self.__id_warning
+
+        eggloc = dist.location
+        name = dist.project_name
+        version = dist.version
+        extras = ''  # TODO: self.report_extras(req, dist)
+        return msg % locals()
+
+    __editable_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        Extracted editable version of %(spec)s to %(dirname)s
+
+        If it uses setuptools in its setup script, you can activate it in
+        "development" mode by going to that directory and running::
+
+            %(python)s setup.py develop
+
+        See the setuptools documentation for the "develop" command for more info.
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def report_editable(self, spec, setup_script):
+        dirname = os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        python = sys.executable
+        return '\n' + self.__editable_msg % locals()
+
+    def run_setup(self, setup_script, setup_base, args):
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.bdist_egg', bdist_egg)
+        sys.modules.setdefault('distutils.command.egg_info', egg_info)
+
+        args = list(args)
+        if self.verbose > 2:
+            v = 'v' * (self.verbose - 1)
+            args.insert(0, '-' + v)
+        elif self.verbose < 2:
+            args.insert(0, '-q')
+        if self.dry_run:
+            args.insert(0, '-n')
+        log.info(
+            "Running %s %s", setup_script[len(setup_base) + 1:], ' '.join(args)
+        )
+        try:
+            run_setup(setup_script, args)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            raise DistutilsError("Setup script exited with %s" % (v.args[0],))
+
+    def build_and_install(self, setup_script, setup_base):
+        args = ['bdist_egg', '--dist-dir']
+
+        dist_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(
+            prefix='egg-dist-tmp-', dir=os.path.dirname(setup_script)
+        )
+        try:
+            self._set_fetcher_options(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+            args.append(dist_dir)
+
+            self.run_setup(setup_script, setup_base, args)
+            all_eggs = Environment([dist_dir])
+            eggs = []
+            for key in all_eggs:
+                for dist in all_eggs[key]:
+                    eggs.append(self.install_egg(dist.location, setup_base))
+            if not eggs and not self.dry_run:
+                log.warn("No eggs found in %s (setup script problem?)",
+                         dist_dir)
+            return eggs
+        finally:
+            rmtree(dist_dir)
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore our log verbosity
+
+    def _set_fetcher_options(self, base):
+        """
+        When easy_install is about to run bdist_egg on a source dist, that
+        source dist might have 'setup_requires' directives, requiring
+        additional fetching. Ensure the fetcher options given to easy_install
+        are available to that command as well.
+        """
+        # find the fetch options from easy_install and write them out
+        # to the setup.cfg file.
+        ei_opts = self.distribution.get_option_dict('easy_install').copy()
+        fetch_directives = (
+            'find_links', 'site_dirs', 'index_url', 'optimize',
+            'site_dirs', 'allow_hosts',
+        )
+        fetch_options = {}
+        for key, val in ei_opts.items():
+            if key not in fetch_directives:
+                continue
+            fetch_options[key.replace('_', '-')] = val[1]
+        # create a settings dictionary suitable for `edit_config`
+        settings = dict(easy_install=fetch_options)
+        cfg_filename = os.path.join(base, 'setup.cfg')
+        setopt.edit_config(cfg_filename, settings)
+
+    def update_pth(self, dist):
+        if self.pth_file is None:
+            return
+
+        for d in self.pth_file[dist.key]:  # drop old entries
+            if self.multi_version or d.location != dist.location:
+                log.info("Removing %s from easy-install.pth file", d)
+                self.pth_file.remove(d)
+                if d.location in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.remove(d.location)
+
+        if not self.multi_version:
+            if dist.location in self.pth_file.paths:
+                log.info(
+                    "%s is already the active version in easy-install.pth",
+                    dist
+                )
+            else:
+                log.info("Adding %s to easy-install.pth file", dist)
+                self.pth_file.add(dist)  # add new entry
+                if dist.location not in self.shadow_path:
+                    self.shadow_path.append(dist.location)
+
+        if not self.dry_run:
+
+            self.pth_file.save()
+
+            if dist.key == 'setuptools':
+                # Ensure that setuptools itself never becomes unavailable!
+                # XXX should this check for latest version?
+                filename = os.path.join(self.install_dir, 'setuptools.pth')
+                if os.path.islink(filename):
+                    os.unlink(filename)
+                f = open(filename, 'wt')
+                f.write(self.pth_file.make_relative(dist.location) + '\n')
+                f.close()
+
+    def unpack_progress(self, src, dst):
+        # Progress filter for unpacking
+        log.debug("Unpacking %s to %s", src, dst)
+        return dst  # only unpack-and-compile skips files for dry run
+
+    def unpack_and_compile(self, egg_path, destination):
+        to_compile = []
+        to_chmod = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst.endswith('.py') and not src.startswith('EGG-INFO/'):
+                to_compile.append(dst)
+            elif dst.endswith('.dll') or dst.endswith('.so'):
+                to_chmod.append(dst)
+            self.unpack_progress(src, dst)
+            return not self.dry_run and dst or None
+
+        unpack_archive(egg_path, destination, pf)
+        self.byte_compile(to_compile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in to_chmod:
+                mode = ((os.stat(f)[stat.ST_MODE]) | 0o555) & 0o7755
+                chmod(f, mode)
+
+    def byte_compile(self, to_compile):
+        if sys.dont_write_bytecode:
+            self.warn('byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.')
+            return
+
+        from distutils.util import byte_compile
+
+        try:
+            # try to make the byte compile messages quieter
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose - 1)
+
+            byte_compile(to_compile, optimize=0, force=1, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+            if self.optimize:
+                byte_compile(
+                    to_compile, optimize=self.optimize, force=1,
+                    dry_run=self.dry_run
+                )
+        finally:
+            log.set_verbosity(self.verbose)  # restore original verbosity
+
+    __no_default_msg = textwrap.dedent("""
+        bad install directory or PYTHONPATH
+
+        You are attempting to install a package to a directory that is not
+        on PYTHONPATH and which Python does not read ".pth" files from.  The
+        installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or
+        the distutils default setting) was:
+
+            %s
+
+        and your PYTHONPATH environment variable currently contains:
+
+            %r
+
+        Here are some of your options for correcting the problem:
+
+        * You can choose a different installation directory, i.e., one that is
+          on PYTHONPATH or supports .pth files
+
+        * You can add the installation directory to the PYTHONPATH environment
+          variable.  (It must then also be on PYTHONPATH whenever you run
+          Python and want to use the package(s) you are installing.)
+
+        * You can set up the installation directory to support ".pth" files by
+          using one of the approaches described here:
+
+          https://pythonhosted.org/setuptools/easy_install.html#custom-installation-locations
+
+        Please make the appropriate changes for your system and try again.""").lstrip()
+
+    def no_default_version_msg(self):
+        template = self.__no_default_msg
+        return template % (self.install_dir, os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH', ''))
+
+    def install_site_py(self):
+        """Make sure there's a site.py in the target dir, if needed"""
+
+        if self.sitepy_installed:
+            return  # already did it, or don't need to
+
+        sitepy = os.path.join(self.install_dir, "site.py")
+        source = resource_string("setuptools", "site-patch.py")
+        current = ""
+
+        if os.path.exists(sitepy):
+            log.debug("Checking existing site.py in %s", self.install_dir)
+            f = open(sitepy, 'rb')
+            current = f.read()
+            # we want str, not bytes
+            if six.PY3:
+                current = current.decode()
+
+            f.close()
+            if not current.startswith('def __boot():'):
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "%s is not a setuptools-generated site.py; please"
+                    " remove it." % sitepy
+                )
+
+        if current != source:
+            log.info("Creating %s", sitepy)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                ensure_directory(sitepy)
+                f = open(sitepy, 'wb')
+                f.write(source)
+                f.close()
+            self.byte_compile([sitepy])
+
+        self.sitepy_installed = True
+
+    def create_home_path(self):
+        """Create directories under ~."""
+        if not self.user:
+            return
+        home = convert_path(os.path.expanduser("~"))
+        for name, path in six.iteritems(self.config_vars):
+            if path.startswith(home) and not os.path.isdir(path):
+                self.debug_print("os.makedirs('%s', 0o700)" % path)
+                os.makedirs(path, 0o700)
+
+    INSTALL_SCHEMES = dict(
+        posix=dict(
+            install_dir='$base/lib/python$py_version_short/site-packages',
+            script_dir='$base/bin',
+        ),
+    )
+
+    DEFAULT_SCHEME = dict(
+        install_dir='$base/Lib/site-packages',
+        script_dir='$base/Scripts',
+    )
+
+    def _expand(self, *attrs):
+        config_vars = self.get_finalized_command('install').config_vars
+
+        if self.prefix:
+            # Set default install_dir/scripts from --prefix
+            config_vars = config_vars.copy()
+            config_vars['base'] = self.prefix
+            scheme = self.INSTALL_SCHEMES.get(os.name, self.DEFAULT_SCHEME)
+            for attr, val in scheme.items():
+                if getattr(self, attr, None) is None:
+                    setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+        from distutils.util import subst_vars
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            val = getattr(self, attr)
+            if val is not None:
+                val = subst_vars(val, config_vars)
+                if os.name == 'posix':
+                    val = os.path.expanduser(val)
+                setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+
+def get_site_dirs():
+    # return a list of 'site' dirs
+    sitedirs = [_f for _f in os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH',
+                                            '').split(os.pathsep) if _f]
+    prefixes = [sys.prefix]
+    if sys.exec_prefix != sys.prefix:
+        prefixes.append(sys.exec_prefix)
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages"))
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs.extend([os.path.join(prefix,
+                                              "lib",
+                                              "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                              "site-packages"),
+                                 os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python")])
+            else:
+                sitedirs.extend(
+                    [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+                )
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+    lib_paths = get_path('purelib'), get_path('platlib')
+    for site_lib in lib_paths:
+        if site_lib not in sitedirs:
+            sitedirs.append(site_lib)
+
+    if site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        sitedirs.append(site.USER_SITE)
+
+    sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+
+    return sitedirs
+
+
+def expand_paths(inputs):
+    """Yield sys.path directories that might contain "old-style" packages"""
+
+    seen = {}
+
+    for dirname in inputs:
+        dirname = normalize_path(dirname)
+        if dirname in seen:
+            continue
+
+        seen[dirname] = 1
+        if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+            continue
+
+        files = os.listdir(dirname)
+        yield dirname, files
+
+        for name in files:
+            if not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                # We only care about the .pth files
+                continue
+            if name in ('easy-install.pth', 'setuptools.pth'):
+                # Ignore .pth files that we control
+                continue
+
+            # Read the .pth file
+            f = open(os.path.join(dirname, name))
+            lines = list(yield_lines(f))
+            f.close()
+
+            # Yield existing non-dupe, non-import directory lines from it
+            for line in lines:
+                if not line.startswith("import"):
+                    line = normalize_path(line.rstrip())
+                    if line not in seen:
+                        seen[line] = 1
+                        if not os.path.isdir(line):
+                            continue
+                        yield line, os.listdir(line)
+
+
+def extract_wininst_cfg(dist_filename):
+    """Extract configuration data from a bdist_wininst .exe
+
+    Returns a configparser.RawConfigParser, or None
+    """
+    f = open(dist_filename, 'rb')
+    try:
+        endrec = zipfile._EndRecData(f)
+        if endrec is None:
+            return None
+
+        prepended = (endrec[9] - endrec[5]) - endrec[6]
+        if prepended < 12:  # no wininst data here
+            return None
+        f.seek(prepended - 12)
+
+        tag, cfglen, bmlen = struct.unpack("<iii", f.read(12))
+        if tag not in (0x1234567A, 0x1234567B):
+            return None  # not a valid tag
+
+        f.seek(prepended - (12 + cfglen))
+        cfg = configparser.RawConfigParser(
+            {'version': '', 'target_version': ''})
+        try:
+            part = f.read(cfglen)
+            # Read up to the first null byte.
+            config = part.split(b'\0', 1)[0]
+            # Now the config is in bytes, but for RawConfigParser, it should
+            #  be text, so decode it.
+            config = config.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            cfg.readfp(six.StringIO(config))
+        except configparser.Error:
+            return None
+        if not cfg.has_section('metadata') or not cfg.has_section('Setup'):
+            return None
+        return cfg
+
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+
+
+def get_exe_prefixes(exe_filename):
+    """Get exe->egg path translations for a given .exe file"""
+
+    prefixes = [
+        ('PURELIB/', ''), ('PLATLIB/pywin32_system32', ''),
+        ('PLATLIB/', ''),
+        ('SCRIPTS/', 'EGG-INFO/scripts/'),
+        ('DATA/lib/site-packages', ''),
+    ]
+    z = zipfile.ZipFile(exe_filename)
+    try:
+        for info in z.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            parts = name.split('/')
+            if len(parts) == 3 and parts[2] == 'PKG-INFO':
+                if parts[1].endswith('.egg-info'):
+                    prefixes.insert(0, ('/'.join(parts[:2]), 'EGG-INFO/'))
+                    break
+            if len(parts) != 2 or not name.endswith('.pth'):
+                continue
+            if name.endswith('-nspkg.pth'):
+                continue
+            if parts[0].upper() in ('PURELIB', 'PLATLIB'):
+                contents = z.read(name)
+                if six.PY3:
+                    contents = contents.decode()
+                for pth in yield_lines(contents):
+                    pth = pth.strip().replace('\\', '/')
+                    if not pth.startswith('import'):
+                        prefixes.append((('%s/%s/' % (parts[0], pth)), ''))
+    finally:
+        z.close()
+    prefixes = [(x.lower(), y) for x, y in prefixes]
+    prefixes.sort()
+    prefixes.reverse()
+    return prefixes
+
+
+def parse_requirement_arg(spec):
+    try:
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise DistutilsError(
+            "Not a URL, existing file, or requirement spec: %r" % (spec,)
+        )
+
+
+class PthDistributions(Environment):
+    """A .pth file with Distribution paths in it"""
+
+    dirty = False
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, sitedirs=()):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.sitedirs = list(map(normalize_path, sitedirs))
+        self.basedir = normalize_path(os.path.dirname(self.filename))
+        self._load()
+        Environment.__init__(self, [], None, None)
+        for path in yield_lines(self.paths):
+            list(map(self.add, find_distributions(path, True)))
+
+    def _load(self):
+        self.paths = []
+        saw_import = False
+        seen = dict.fromkeys(self.sitedirs)
+        if os.path.isfile(self.filename):
+            f = open(self.filename, 'rt')
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith('import'):
+                    saw_import = True
+                    continue
+                path = line.rstrip()
+                self.paths.append(path)
+                if not path.strip() or path.strip().startswith('#'):
+                    continue
+                # skip non-existent paths, in case somebody deleted a package
+                # manually, and duplicate paths as well
+                path = self.paths[-1] = normalize_path(
+                    os.path.join(self.basedir, path)
+                )
+                if not os.path.exists(path) or path in seen:
+                    self.paths.pop()  # skip it
+                    self.dirty = True  # we cleaned up, so we're dirty now :)
+                    continue
+                seen[path] = 1
+            f.close()
+
+        if self.paths and not saw_import:
+            self.dirty = True  # ensure anything we touch has import wrappers
+        while self.paths and not self.paths[-1].strip():
+            self.paths.pop()
+
+    def save(self):
+        """Write changed .pth file back to disk"""
+        if not self.dirty:
+            return
+
+        rel_paths = list(map(self.make_relative, self.paths))
+        if rel_paths:
+            log.debug("Saving %s", self.filename)
+            lines = self._wrap_lines(rel_paths)
+            data = '\n'.join(lines) + '\n'
+
+            if os.path.islink(self.filename):
+                os.unlink(self.filename)
+            with open(self.filename, 'wt') as f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+        elif os.path.exists(self.filename):
+            log.debug("Deleting empty %s", self.filename)
+            os.unlink(self.filename)
+
+        self.dirty = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(lines):
+        return lines
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` to the distribution map"""
+        new_path = (
+            dist.location not in self.paths and (
+                dist.location not in self.sitedirs or
+                # account for '.' being in PYTHONPATH
+                dist.location == os.getcwd()
+            )
+        )
+        if new_path:
+            self.paths.append(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        Environment.add(self, dist)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the distribution map"""
+        while dist.location in self.paths:
+            self.paths.remove(dist.location)
+            self.dirty = True
+        Environment.remove(self, dist)
+
+    def make_relative(self, path):
+        npath, last = os.path.split(normalize_path(path))
+        baselen = len(self.basedir)
+        parts = [last]
+        sep = os.altsep == '/' and '/' or os.sep
+        while len(npath) >= baselen:
+            if npath == self.basedir:
+                parts.append(os.curdir)
+                parts.reverse()
+                return sep.join(parts)
+            npath, last = os.path.split(npath)
+            parts.append(last)
+        else:
+            return path
+
+
+class RewritePthDistributions(PthDistributions):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _wrap_lines(cls, lines):
+        yield cls.prelude
+        for line in lines:
+            yield line
+        yield cls.postlude
+
+    _inline = lambda text: textwrap.dedent(text).strip().replace('\n', '; ')
+    prelude = _inline("""
+        import sys
+        sys.__plen = len(sys.path)
+        """)
+    postlude = _inline("""
+        import sys
+        new = sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        del sys.path[sys.__plen:]
+        p = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+        sys.path[p:p] = new
+        sys.__egginsert = p + len(new)
+        """)
+
+
+if os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_SYS_PATH_TECHNIQUE', 'rewrite') == 'rewrite':
+    PthDistributions = RewritePthDistributions
+
+
+def _first_line_re():
+    """
+    Return a regular expression based on first_line_re suitable for matching
+    strings.
+    """
+    if isinstance(first_line_re.pattern, str):
+        return first_line_re
+
+    # first_line_re in Python >=3.1.4 and >=3.2.1 is a bytes pattern.
+    return re.compile(first_line_re.pattern.decode())
+
+
+def auto_chmod(func, arg, exc):
+    if func is os.remove and os.name == 'nt':
+        chmod(arg, stat.S_IWRITE)
+        return func(arg)
+    et, ev, _ = sys.exc_info()
+    six.reraise(et, (ev[0], ev[1] + (" %s %s" % (func, arg))))
+
+
+def update_dist_caches(dist_path, fix_zipimporter_caches):
+    """
+    Fix any globally cached `dist_path` related data
+
+    `dist_path` should be a path of a newly installed egg distribution (zipped
+    or unzipped).
+
+    sys.path_importer_cache contains finder objects that have been cached when
+    importing data from the original distribution. Any such finders need to be
+    cleared since the replacement distribution might be packaged differently,
+    e.g. a zipped egg distribution might get replaced with an unzipped egg
+    folder or vice versa. Having the old finders cached may then cause Python
+    to attempt loading modules from the replacement distribution using an
+    incorrect loader.
+
+    zipimport.zipimporter objects are Python loaders charged with importing
+    data packaged inside zip archives. If stale loaders referencing the
+    original distribution, are left behind, they can fail to load modules from
+    the replacement distribution. E.g. if an old zipimport.zipimporter instance
+    is used to load data from a new zipped egg archive, it may cause the
+    operation to attempt to locate the requested data in the wrong location -
+    one indicated by the original distribution's zip archive directory
+    information. Such an operation may then fail outright, e.g. report having
+    read a 'bad local file header', or even worse, it may fail silently &
+    return invalid data.
+
+    zipimport._zip_directory_cache contains cached zip archive directory
+    information for all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances and all such
+    instances connected to the same archive share the same cached directory
+    information.
+
+    If asked, and the underlying Python implementation allows it, we can fix
+    all existing zipimport.zipimporter instances instead of having to track
+    them down and remove them one by one, by updating their shared cached zip
+    archive directory information. This, of course, assumes that the
+    replacement distribution is packaged as a zipped egg.
+
+    If not asked to fix existing zipimport.zipimporter instances, we still do
+    our best to clear any remaining zipimport.zipimporter related cached data
+    that might somehow later get used when attempting to load data from the new
+    distribution and thus cause such load operations to fail. Note that when
+    tracking down such remaining stale data, we can not catch every conceivable
+    usage from here, and we clear only those that we know of and have found to
+    cause problems if left alive. Any remaining caches should be updated by
+    whomever is in charge of maintaining them, i.e. they should be ready to
+    handle us replacing their zip archives with new distributions at runtime.
+
+    """
+    # There are several other known sources of stale zipimport.zipimporter
+    # instances that we do not clear here, but might if ever given a reason to
+    # do so:
+    # * Global setuptools pkg_resources.working_set (a.k.a. 'master working
+    # set') may contain distributions which may in turn contain their
+    #   zipimport.zipimporter loaders.
+    # * Several zipimport.zipimporter loaders held by local variables further
+    #   up the function call stack when running the setuptools installation.
+    # * Already loaded modules may have their __loader__ attribute set to the
+    #   exact loader instance used when importing them. Python 3.4 docs state
+    #   that this information is intended mostly for introspection and so is
+    #   not expected to cause us problems.
+    normalized_path = normalize_path(dist_path)
+    _uncache(normalized_path, sys.path_importer_cache)
+    if fix_zipimporter_caches:
+        _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+    else:
+        # Here, even though we do not want to fix existing and now stale
+        # zipimporter cache information, we still want to remove it. Related to
+        # Python's zip archive directory information cache, we clear each of
+        # its stale entries in two phases:
+        #   1. Clear the entry so attempting to access zip archive information
+        #      via any existing stale zipimport.zipimporter instances fails.
+        #   2. Remove the entry from the cache so any newly constructed
+        #      zipimport.zipimporter instances do not end up using old stale
+        #      zip archive directory information.
+        # This whole stale data removal step does not seem strictly necessary,
+        # but has been left in because it was done before we started replacing
+        # the zip archive directory information cache content if possible, and
+        # there are no relevant unit tests that we can depend on to tell us if
+        # this is really needed.
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path)
+
+
+def _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+    """
+    Return zipimporter cache entry keys related to a given normalized path.
+
+    Alternative path spellings (e.g. those using different character case or
+    those using alternative path separators) related to the same path are
+    included. Any sub-path entries are included as well, i.e. those
+    corresponding to zip archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    """
+    result = []
+    prefix_len = len(normalized_path)
+    for p in cache:
+        np = normalize_path(p)
+        if (np.startswith(normalized_path) and
+                np[prefix_len:prefix_len + 1] in (os.sep, '')):
+            result.append(p)
+    return result
+
+
+def _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache, updater=None):
+    """
+    Update zipimporter cache data for a given normalized path.
+
+    Any sub-path entries are processed as well, i.e. those corresponding to zip
+    archives embedded in other zip archives.
+
+    Given updater is a callable taking a cache entry key and the original entry
+    (after already removing the entry from the cache), and expected to update
+    the entry and possibly return a new one to be inserted in its place.
+    Returning None indicates that the entry should not be replaced with a new
+    one. If no updater is given, the cache entries are simply removed without
+    any additional processing, the same as if the updater simply returned None.
+
+    """
+    for p in _collect_zipimporter_cache_entries(normalized_path, cache):
+        # N.B. pypy's custom zipimport._zip_directory_cache implementation does
+        # not support the complete dict interface:
+        # * Does not support item assignment, thus not allowing this function
+        #    to be used only for removing existing cache entries.
+        #  * Does not support the dict.pop() method, forcing us to use the
+        #    get/del patterns instead. For more detailed information see the
+        #    following links:
+        #      https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/202/more-robust-zipimporter-cache-invalidation#comment-10495960
+        #      https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/src/dd07756a34a41f674c0cacfbc8ae1d4cc9ea2ae4/pypy/module/zipimport/interp_zipimport.py#cl-99
+        old_entry = cache[p]
+        del cache[p]
+        new_entry = updater and updater(p, old_entry)
+        if new_entry is not None:
+            cache[p] = new_entry
+
+
+def _uncache(normalized_path, cache):
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(normalized_path, cache)
+
+
+def _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+    def clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+        old_entry.clear()
+
+    _update_zipimporter_cache(
+        normalized_path, zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+        updater=clear_and_remove_cached_zip_archive_directory_data)
+
+# PyPy Python implementation does not allow directly writing to the
+# zipimport._zip_directory_cache and so prevents us from attempting to correct
+# its content. The best we can do there is clear the problematic cache content
+# and have PyPy repopulate it as needed. The downside is that if there are any
+# stale zipimport.zipimporter instances laying around, attempting to use them
+# will fail due to not having its zip archive directory information available
+# instead of being automatically corrected to use the new correct zip archive
+# directory information.
+if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:
+    _replace_zip_directory_cache_data = \
+        _remove_and_clear_zip_directory_cache_data
+else:
+    def _replace_zip_directory_cache_data(normalized_path):
+        def replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data(path, old_entry):
+            # N.B. In theory, we could load the zip directory information just
+            # once for all updated path spellings, and then copy it locally and
+            # update its contained path strings to contain the correct
+            # spelling, but that seems like a way too invasive move (this cache
+            # structure is not officially documented anywhere and could in
+            # theory change with new Python releases) for no significant
+            # benefit.
+            old_entry.clear()
+            zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+            old_entry.update(zipimport._zip_directory_cache[path])
+            return old_entry
+
+        _update_zipimporter_cache(
+            normalized_path, zipimport._zip_directory_cache,
+            updater=replace_cached_zip_archive_directory_data)
+
+
+def is_python(text, filename='<string>'):
+    "Is this string a valid Python script?"
+    try:
+        compile(text, filename, 'exec')
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def is_sh(executable):
+    """Determine if the specified executable is a .sh (contains a #! line)"""
+    try:
+        with io.open(executable, encoding='latin-1') as fp:
+            magic = fp.read(2)
+    except (OSError, IOError):
+        return executable
+    return magic == '#!'
+
+
+def nt_quote_arg(arg):
+    """Quote a command line argument according to Windows parsing rules"""
+    return subprocess.list2cmdline([arg])
+
+
+def is_python_script(script_text, filename):
+    """Is this text, as a whole, a Python script? (as opposed to shell/bat/etc.
+    """
+    if filename.endswith('.py') or filename.endswith('.pyw'):
+        return True  # extension says it's Python
+    if is_python(script_text, filename):
+        return True  # it's syntactically valid Python
+    if script_text.startswith('#!'):
+        # It begins with a '#!' line, so check if 'python' is in it somewhere
+        return 'python' in script_text.splitlines()[0].lower()
+
+    return False  # Not any Python I can recognize
+
+
+try:
+    from os import chmod as _chmod
+except ImportError:
+    # Jython compatibility
+    def _chmod(*args):
+        pass
+
+
+def chmod(path, mode):
+    log.debug("changing mode of %s to %o", path, mode)
+    try:
+        _chmod(path, mode)
+    except os.error as e:
+        log.debug("chmod failed: %s", e)
+
+
+def fix_jython_executable(executable, options):
+    warnings.warn("Use JythonCommandSpec", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    if not JythonCommandSpec.relevant():
+        return executable
+
+    cmd = CommandSpec.best().from_param(executable)
+    cmd.install_options(options)
+    return cmd.as_header().lstrip('#!').rstrip('\n')
+
+
+class CommandSpec(list):
+    """
+    A command spec for a #! header, specified as a list of arguments akin to
+    those passed to Popen.
+    """
+
+    options = []
+    split_args = dict()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Choose the best CommandSpec class based on environmental conditions.
+        """
+        return cls if not JythonCommandSpec.relevant() else JythonCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sys_executable(cls):
+        _default = os.path.normpath(sys.executable)
+        return os.environ.get('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__', _default)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_param(cls, param):
+        """
+        Construct a CommandSpec from a parameter to build_scripts, which may
+        be None.
+        """
+        if isinstance(param, cls):
+            return param
+        if isinstance(param, list):
+            return cls(param)
+        if param is None:
+            return cls.from_environment()
+        # otherwise, assume it's a string.
+        return cls.from_string(param)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_environment(cls):
+        return cls([cls._sys_executable()])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, string):
+        """
+        Construct a command spec from a simple string representing a command
+        line parseable by shlex.split.
+        """
+        items = shlex.split(string, **cls.split_args)
+        return cls(items)
+
+    def install_options(self, script_text):
+        self.options = shlex.split(self._extract_options(script_text))
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(self)
+        if not isascii(cmdline):
+            self.options[:0] = ['-x']
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _extract_options(orig_script):
+        """
+        Extract any options from the first line of the script.
+        """
+        first = (orig_script + '\n').splitlines()[0]
+        match = _first_line_re().match(first)
+        options = match.group(1) or '' if match else ''
+        return options.strip()
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        return self._render(self + list(self.options))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _render(items):
+        cmdline = subprocess.list2cmdline(items)
+        return '#!' + cmdline + '\n'
+
+# For pbr compat; will be removed in a future version.
+sys_executable = CommandSpec._sys_executable()
+
+
+class WindowsCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    split_args = dict(posix=False)
+
+
+class JythonCommandSpec(CommandSpec):
+    @classmethod
+    def relevant(cls):
+        return (
+            sys.platform.startswith('java')
+            and
+            __import__('java').lang.System.getProperty('os.name') != 'Linux'
+        )
+
+    def as_header(self):
+        """
+        Workaround Jython's sys.executable being a .sh (an invalid
+        shebang line interpreter)
+        """
+        if not is_sh(self[0]):
+            return super(JythonCommandSpec, self).as_header()
+
+        if self.options:
+            # Can't apply the workaround, leave it broken
+            log.warn(
+                "WARNING: Unable to adapt shebang line for Jython,"
+                " the following script is NOT executable\n"
+                "         see http://bugs.jython.org/issue1112 for"
+                " more information.")
+            return super(JythonCommandSpec, self).as_header()
+
+        items = ['/usr/bin/env'] + self + list(self.options)
+        return self._render(items)
+
+
+class ScriptWriter(object):
+    """
+    Encapsulates behavior around writing entry point scripts for console and
+    gui apps.
+    """
+
+    template = textwrap.dedent("""
+        # EASY-INSTALL-ENTRY-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(group)r,%(name)r
+        __requires__ = %(spec)r
+        import sys
+        from pkg_resources import load_entry_point
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+            sys.exit(
+                load_entry_point(%(spec)r, %(group)r, %(name)r)()
+            )
+    """).lstrip()
+
+    command_spec_class = CommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_script_args(cls, dist, executable=None, wininst=False):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use get_args", DeprecationWarning)
+        writer = (WindowsScriptWriter if wininst else ScriptWriter).best()
+        header = cls.get_script_header("", executable, wininst)
+        return writer.get_args(dist, header)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_script_header(cls, script_text, executable=None, wininst=False):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use get_header", DeprecationWarning)
+        if wininst:
+            executable = "python.exe"
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_args(cls, dist, header=None):
+        """
+        Yield write_script() argument tuples for a distribution's
+        console_scripts and gui_scripts entry points.
+        """
+        if header is None:
+            header = cls.get_header()
+        spec = str(dist.as_requirement())
+        for type_ in 'console', 'gui':
+            group = type_ + '_scripts'
+            for name, ep in dist.get_entry_map(group).items():
+                cls._ensure_safe_name(name)
+                script_text = cls.template % locals()
+                args = cls._get_script_args(type_, name, header, script_text)
+                for res in args:
+                    yield res
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ensure_safe_name(name):
+        """
+        Prevent paths in *_scripts entry point names.
+        """
+        has_path_sep = re.search(r'[\\/]', name)
+        if has_path_sep:
+            raise ValueError("Path separators not allowed in script names")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_writer(cls, force_windows):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use best", DeprecationWarning)
+        return WindowsScriptWriter.best() if force_windows else cls.best()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter for this environment.
+        """
+        return WindowsScriptWriter.best() if sys.platform == 'win32' else cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        # Simply write the stub with no extension.
+        yield (name, header + script_text)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_header(cls, script_text="", executable=None):
+        """Create a #! line, getting options (if any) from script_text"""
+        cmd = cls.command_spec_class.best().from_param(executable)
+        cmd.install_options(script_text)
+        return cmd.as_header()
+
+
+class WindowsScriptWriter(ScriptWriter):
+    command_spec_class = WindowsCommandSpec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_writer(cls):
+        # for backward compatibility
+        warnings.warn("Use best", DeprecationWarning)
+        return cls.best()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def best(cls):
+        """
+        Select the best ScriptWriter suitable for Windows
+        """
+        writer_lookup = dict(
+            executable=WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter,
+            natural=cls,
+        )
+        # for compatibility, use the executable launcher by default
+        launcher = os.environ.get('SETUPTOOLS_LAUNCHER', 'executable')
+        return writer_lookup[launcher]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        "For Windows, add a .py extension"
+        ext = dict(console='.pya', gui='.pyw')[type_]
+        if ext not in os.environ['PATHEXT'].lower().split(';'):
+            warnings.warn("%s not listed in PATHEXT; scripts will not be "
+                          "recognized as executables." % ext, UserWarning)
+        old = ['.pya', '.py', '-script.py', '.pyc', '.pyo', '.pyw', '.exe']
+        old.remove(ext)
+        header = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield name + ext, header + script_text, 't', blockers
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adjust_header(cls, type_, orig_header):
+        """
+        Make sure 'pythonw' is used for gui and and 'python' is used for
+        console (regardless of what sys.executable is).
+        """
+        pattern = 'pythonw.exe'
+        repl = 'python.exe'
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            pattern, repl = repl, pattern
+        pattern_ob = re.compile(re.escape(pattern), re.IGNORECASE)
+        new_header = pattern_ob.sub(string=orig_header, repl=repl)
+        return new_header if cls._use_header(new_header) else orig_header
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _use_header(new_header):
+        """
+        Should _adjust_header use the replaced header?
+
+        On non-windows systems, always use. On
+        Windows systems, only use the replaced header if it resolves
+        to an executable on the system.
+        """
+        clean_header = new_header[2:-1].strip('"')
+        return sys.platform != 'win32' or find_executable(clean_header)
+
+
+class WindowsExecutableLauncherWriter(WindowsScriptWriter):
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_script_args(cls, type_, name, header, script_text):
+        """
+        For Windows, add a .py extension and an .exe launcher
+        """
+        if type_ == 'gui':
+            launcher_type = 'gui'
+            ext = '-script.pyw'
+            old = ['.pyw']
+        else:
+            launcher_type = 'cli'
+            ext = '-script.py'
+            old = ['.py', '.pyc', '.pyo']
+        hdr = cls._adjust_header(type_, header)
+        blockers = [name + x for x in old]
+        yield (name + ext, hdr + script_text, 't', blockers)
+        yield (
+            name + '.exe', get_win_launcher(launcher_type),
+            'b'  # write in binary mode
+        )
+        if not is_64bit():
+            # install a manifest for the launcher to prevent Windows
+            # from detecting it as an installer (which it will for
+            #  launchers like easy_install.exe). Consider only
+            #  adding a manifest for launchers detected as installers.
+            #  See Distribute #143 for details.
+            m_name = name + '.exe.manifest'
+            yield (m_name, load_launcher_manifest(name), 't')
+
+
+# for backward-compatibility
+get_script_args = ScriptWriter.get_script_args
+get_script_header = ScriptWriter.get_script_header
+
+
+def get_win_launcher(type):
+    """
+    Load the Windows launcher (executable) suitable for launching a script.
+
+    `type` should be either 'cli' or 'gui'
+
+    Returns the executable as a byte string.
+    """
+    launcher_fn = '%s.exe' % type
+    if platform.machine().lower() == 'arm':
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-arm.")
+    if is_64bit():
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-64.")
+    else:
+        launcher_fn = launcher_fn.replace(".", "-32.")
+    return resource_string('setuptools', launcher_fn)
+
+
+def load_launcher_manifest(name):
+    manifest = pkg_resources.resource_string(__name__, 'launcher manifest.xml')
+    if six.PY2:
+        return manifest % vars()
+    else:
+        return manifest.decode('utf-8') % vars()
+
+
+def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=auto_chmod):
+    """Recursively delete a directory tree.
+
+    This code is taken from the Python 2.4 version of 'shutil', because
+    the 2.3 version doesn't really work right.
+    """
+    if ignore_errors:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            pass
+    elif onerror is None:
+        def onerror(*args):
+            raise
+    names = []
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    for name in names:
+        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
+        try:
+            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
+        except os.error:
+            mode = 0
+        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
+        else:
+            try:
+                os.remove(fullname)
+            except os.error:
+                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+    try:
+        os.rmdir(path)
+    except os.error:
+        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+
+
+def current_umask():
+    tmp = os.umask(0o022)
+    os.umask(tmp)
+    return tmp
+
+
+def bootstrap():
+    # This function is called when setuptools*.egg is run using /bin/sh
+    import setuptools
+
+    argv0 = os.path.dirname(setuptools.__path__[0])
+    sys.argv[0] = argv0
+    sys.argv.append(argv0)
+    main()
+
+
+def main(argv=None, **kw):
+    from setuptools import setup
+    from setuptools.dist import Distribution
+
+    class DistributionWithoutHelpCommands(Distribution):
+        common_usage = ""
+
+        def _show_help(self, *args, **kw):
+            with _patch_usage():
+                Distribution._show_help(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    if argv is None:
+        argv = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    with _patch_usage():
+        setup(
+            script_args=['-q', 'easy_install', '-v'] + argv,
+            script_name=sys.argv[0] or 'easy_install',
+            distclass=DistributionWithoutHelpCommands, **kw
+        )
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _patch_usage():
+    import distutils.core
+    USAGE = textwrap.dedent("""
+        usage: %(script)s [options] requirement_or_url ...
+           or: %(script)s --help
+        """).lstrip()
+
+    def gen_usage(script_name):
+        return USAGE % dict(
+            script=os.path.basename(script_name),
+        )
+
+    saved = distutils.core.gen_usage
+    distutils.core.gen_usage = gen_usage
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        distutils.core.gen_usage = saved
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1bd9b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/egg_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+"""setuptools.command.egg_info
+
+Create a distribution's .egg-info directory and contents"""
+
+from distutils.filelist import FileList as _FileList
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.filelist
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import io
+import warnings
+import time
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.command.sdist import sdist
+from setuptools.command.sdist import walk_revctrl
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config
+from setuptools.command import bdist_egg
+from pkg_resources import (
+    parse_requirements, safe_name, parse_version,
+    safe_version, yield_lines, EntryPoint, iter_entry_points, to_filename)
+import setuptools.unicode_utils as unicode_utils
+
+from pkg_resources.extern import packaging
+
+try:
+    from setuptools_svn import svn_utils
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+class egg_info(Command):
+    description = "create a distribution's .egg-info directory"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('egg-base=', 'e', "directory containing .egg-info directories"
+                           " (default: top of the source tree)"),
+        ('tag-svn-revision', 'r',
+         "Add subversion revision ID to version number"),
+        ('tag-date', 'd', "Add date stamp (e.g. 20050528) to version number"),
+        ('tag-build=', 'b', "Specify explicit tag to add to version number"),
+        ('no-svn-revision', 'R',
+         "Don't add subversion revision ID [default]"),
+        ('no-date', 'D', "Don't include date stamp [default]"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['tag-date', 'tag-svn-revision']
+    negative_opt = {'no-svn-revision': 'tag-svn-revision',
+                    'no-date': 'tag-date'}
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.egg_name = None
+        self.egg_version = None
+        self.egg_base = None
+        self.egg_info = None
+        self.tag_build = None
+        self.tag_svn_revision = 0
+        self.tag_date = 0
+        self.broken_egg_info = False
+        self.vtags = None
+
+    def save_version_info(self, filename):
+        values = dict(
+            egg_info=dict(
+                tag_svn_revision=0,
+                tag_date=0,
+                tag_build=self.tags(),
+            )
+        )
+        edit_config(filename, values)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.egg_name = safe_name(self.distribution.get_name())
+        self.vtags = self.tags()
+        self.egg_version = self.tagged_version()
+
+        parsed_version = parse_version(self.egg_version)
+
+        try:
+            is_version = isinstance(parsed_version, packaging.version.Version)
+            spec = (
+                "%s==%s" if is_version else "%s===%s"
+            )
+            list(
+                parse_requirements(spec % (self.egg_name, self.egg_version))
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Invalid distribution name or version syntax: %s-%s" %
+                (self.egg_name, self.egg_version)
+            )
+
+        if self.egg_base is None:
+            dirs = self.distribution.package_dir
+            self.egg_base = (dirs or {}).get('', os.curdir)
+
+        self.ensure_dirname('egg_base')
+        self.egg_info = to_filename(self.egg_name) + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            self.egg_info = os.path.join(self.egg_base, self.egg_info)
+        if '-' in self.egg_name:
+            self.check_broken_egg_info()
+
+        # Set package version for the benefit of dumber commands
+        # (e.g. sdist, bdist_wininst, etc.)
+        #
+        self.distribution.metadata.version = self.egg_version
+
+        # If we bootstrapped around the lack of a PKG-INFO, as might be the
+        # case in a fresh checkout, make sure that any special tags get added
+        # to the version info
+        #
+        pd = self.distribution._patched_dist
+        if pd is not None and pd.key == self.egg_name.lower():
+            pd._version = self.egg_version
+            pd._parsed_version = parse_version(self.egg_version)
+            self.distribution._patched_dist = None
+
+    def write_or_delete_file(self, what, filename, data, force=False):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` or delete if empty
+
+        If `data` is non-empty, this routine is the same as ``write_file()``.
+        If `data` is empty but not ``None``, this is the same as calling
+        ``delete_file(filename)`.  If `data` is ``None``, then this is a no-op
+        unless `filename` exists, in which case a warning is issued about the
+        orphaned file (if `force` is false), or deleted (if `force` is true).
+        """
+        if data:
+            self.write_file(what, filename, data)
+        elif os.path.exists(filename):
+            if data is None and not force:
+                log.warn(
+                    "%s not set in setup(), but %s exists", what, filename
+                )
+                return
+            else:
+                self.delete_file(filename)
+
+    def write_file(self, what, filename, data):
+        """Write `data` to `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it
+
+        `what` is used in a log message to identify what is being written
+        to the file.
+        """
+        log.info("writing %s to %s", what, filename)
+        if six.PY3:
+            data = data.encode("utf-8")
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            f = open(filename, 'wb')
+            f.write(data)
+            f.close()
+
+    def delete_file(self, filename):
+        """Delete `filename` (if not a dry run) after announcing it"""
+        log.info("deleting %s", filename)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            os.unlink(filename)
+
+    def tagged_version(self):
+        version = self.distribution.get_version()
+        # egg_info may be called more than once for a distribution,
+        # in which case the version string already contains all tags.
+        if self.vtags and version.endswith(self.vtags):
+            return safe_version(version)
+        return safe_version(version + self.vtags)
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.mkpath(self.egg_info)
+        installer = self.distribution.fetch_build_egg
+        for ep in iter_entry_points('egg_info.writers'):
+            ep.require(installer=installer)
+            writer = ep.resolve()
+            writer(self, ep.name, os.path.join(self.egg_info, ep.name))
+
+        # Get rid of native_libs.txt if it was put there by older bdist_egg
+        nl = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "native_libs.txt")
+        if os.path.exists(nl):
+            self.delete_file(nl)
+
+        self.find_sources()
+
+    def tags(self):
+        version = ''
+        if self.tag_build:
+            version += self.tag_build
+        if self.tag_svn_revision:
+            version += '-r%s' % self.get_svn_revision()
+        if self.tag_date:
+            version += time.strftime("-%Y%m%d")
+        return version
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_svn_revision():
+        if 'svn_utils' not in globals():
+            return "0"
+        return str(svn_utils.SvnInfo.load(os.curdir).get_revision())
+
+    def find_sources(self):
+        """Generate SOURCES.txt manifest file"""
+        manifest_filename = os.path.join(self.egg_info, "SOURCES.txt")
+        mm = manifest_maker(self.distribution)
+        mm.manifest = manifest_filename
+        mm.run()
+        self.filelist = mm.filelist
+
+    def check_broken_egg_info(self):
+        bei = self.egg_name + '.egg-info'
+        if self.egg_base != os.curdir:
+            bei = os.path.join(self.egg_base, bei)
+        if os.path.exists(bei):
+            log.warn(
+                "-" * 78 + '\n'
+                "Note: Your current .egg-info directory has a '-' in its name;"
+                '\nthis will not work correctly with "setup.py develop".\n\n'
+                'Please rename %s to %s to correct this problem.\n' + '-' * 78,
+                bei, self.egg_info
+            )
+            self.broken_egg_info = self.egg_info
+            self.egg_info = bei  # make it work for now
+
+
+class FileList(_FileList):
+    """File list that accepts only existing, platform-independent paths"""
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        if item.endswith('\r'):  # Fix older sdists built on Windows
+            item = item[:-1]
+        path = convert_path(item)
+
+        if self._safe_path(path):
+            self.files.append(path)
+
+    def extend(self, paths):
+        self.files.extend(filter(self._safe_path, paths))
+
+    def _repair(self):
+        """
+        Replace self.files with only safe paths
+
+        Because some owners of FileList manipulate the underlying
+        ``files`` attribute directly, this method must be called to
+        repair those paths.
+        """
+        self.files = list(filter(self._safe_path, self.files))
+
+    def _safe_path(self, path):
+        enc_warn = "'%s' not %s encodable -- skipping"
+
+        # To avoid accidental trans-codings errors, first to unicode
+        u_path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        if u_path is None:
+            log.warn("'%s' in unexpected encoding -- skipping" % path)
+            return False
+
+        # Must ensure utf-8 encodability
+        utf8_path = unicode_utils.try_encode(u_path, "utf-8")
+        if utf8_path is None:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, 'utf-8')
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            # accept is either way checks out
+            if os.path.exists(u_path) or os.path.exists(utf8_path):
+                return True
+        # this will catch any encode errors decoding u_path
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            log.warn(enc_warn, path, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+
+
+class manifest_maker(sdist):
+    template = "MANIFEST.in"
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.use_defaults = 1
+        self.prune = 1
+        self.manifest_only = 1
+        self.force_manifest = 1
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        pass
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.filelist = FileList()
+        if not os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.write_manifest()  # it must exist so it'll get in the list
+        self.filelist.findall()
+        self.add_defaults()
+        if os.path.exists(self.template):
+            self.read_template()
+        self.prune_file_list()
+        self.filelist.sort()
+        self.filelist.remove_duplicates()
+        self.write_manifest()
+
+    def _manifest_normalize(self, path):
+        path = unicode_utils.filesys_decode(path)
+        return path.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+    def write_manifest(self):
+        """
+        Write the file list in 'self.filelist' to the manifest file
+        named by 'self.manifest'.
+        """
+        self.filelist._repair()
+
+        # Now _repairs should encodability, but not unicode
+        files = [self._manifest_normalize(f) for f in self.filelist.files]
+        msg = "writing manifest file '%s'" % self.manifest
+        self.execute(write_file, (self.manifest, files), msg)
+
+    def warn(self, msg):  # suppress missing-file warnings from sdist
+        if not msg.startswith("standard file not found:"):
+            sdist.warn(self, msg)
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        sdist.add_defaults(self)
+        self.filelist.append(self.template)
+        self.filelist.append(self.manifest)
+        rcfiles = list(walk_revctrl())
+        if rcfiles:
+            self.filelist.extend(rcfiles)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.manifest):
+            self.read_manifest()
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self._add_egg_info(cmd=ei_cmd)
+        self.filelist.include_pattern("*", prefix=ei_cmd.egg_info)
+
+    def _add_egg_info(self, cmd):
+        """
+        Add paths for egg-info files for an external egg-base.
+
+        The egg-info files are written to egg-base. If egg-base is
+        outside the current working directory, this method
+        searchs the egg-base directory for files to include
+        in the manifest. Uses distutils.filelist.findall (which is
+        really the version monkeypatched in by setuptools/__init__.py)
+        to perform the search.
+
+        Since findall records relative paths, prefix the returned
+        paths with cmd.egg_base, so add_default's include_pattern call
+        (which is looking for the absolute cmd.egg_info) will match
+        them.
+        """
+        if cmd.egg_base == os.curdir:
+            # egg-info files were already added by something else
+            return
+
+        discovered = distutils.filelist.findall(cmd.egg_base)
+        resolved = (os.path.join(cmd.egg_base, path) for path in discovered)
+        self.filelist.allfiles.extend(resolved)
+
+    def prune_file_list(self):
+        build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+        base_dir = self.distribution.get_fullname()
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=build.build_base)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(None, prefix=base_dir)
+        sep = re.escape(os.sep)
+        self.filelist.exclude_pattern(r'(^|' + sep + r')(RCS|CVS|\.svn)' + sep,
+                                      is_regex=1)
+
+
+def write_file(filename, contents):
+    """Create a file with the specified name and write 'contents' (a
+    sequence of strings without line terminators) to it.
+    """
+    contents = "\n".join(contents)
+
+    # assuming the contents has been vetted for utf-8 encoding
+    contents = contents.encode("utf-8")
+
+    with open(filename, "wb") as f:  # always write POSIX-style manifest
+        f.write(contents)
+
+
+def write_pkg_info(cmd, basename, filename):
+    log.info("writing %s", filename)
+    if not cmd.dry_run:
+        metadata = cmd.distribution.metadata
+        metadata.version, oldver = cmd.egg_version, metadata.version
+        metadata.name, oldname = cmd.egg_name, metadata.name
+        try:
+            # write unescaped data to PKG-INFO, so older pkg_resources
+            # can still parse it
+            metadata.write_pkg_info(cmd.egg_info)
+        finally:
+            metadata.name, metadata.version = oldname, oldver
+
+        safe = getattr(cmd.distribution, 'zip_safe', None)
+
+        bdist_egg.write_safety_flag(cmd.egg_info, safe)
+
+
+def warn_depends_obsolete(cmd, basename, filename):
+    if os.path.exists(filename):
+        log.warn(
+            "WARNING: 'depends.txt' is not used by setuptools 0.6!\n"
+            "Use the install_requires/extras_require setup() args instead."
+        )
+
+
+def _write_requirements(stream, reqs):
+    lines = yield_lines(reqs or ())
+    append_cr = lambda line: line + '\n'
+    lines = map(append_cr, lines)
+    stream.writelines(lines)
+
+
+def write_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    dist = cmd.distribution
+    data = six.StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, dist.install_requires)
+    extras_require = dist.extras_require or {}
+    for extra in sorted(extras_require):
+        data.write('\n[{extra}]\n'.format(**vars()))
+        _write_requirements(data, extras_require[extra])
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_setup_requirements(cmd, basename, filename):
+    data = StringIO()
+    _write_requirements(data, cmd.distribution.setup_requires)
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file("setup-requirements", filename, data.getvalue())
+
+
+def write_toplevel_names(cmd, basename, filename):
+    pkgs = dict.fromkeys(
+        [
+            k.split('.', 1)[0]
+            for k in cmd.distribution.iter_distribution_names()
+        ]
+    )
+    cmd.write_file("top-level names", filename, '\n'.join(sorted(pkgs)) + '\n')
+
+
+def overwrite_arg(cmd, basename, filename):
+    write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, True)
+
+
+def write_arg(cmd, basename, filename, force=False):
+    argname = os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+    value = getattr(cmd.distribution, argname, None)
+    if value is not None:
+        value = '\n'.join(value) + '\n'
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file(argname, filename, value, force)
+
+
+def write_entries(cmd, basename, filename):
+    ep = cmd.distribution.entry_points
+
+    if isinstance(ep, six.string_types) or ep is None:
+        data = ep
+    elif ep is not None:
+        data = []
+        for section, contents in sorted(ep.items()):
+            if not isinstance(contents, six.string_types):
+                contents = EntryPoint.parse_group(section, contents)
+                contents = '\n'.join(sorted(map(str, contents.values())))
+            data.append('[%s]\n%s\n\n' % (section, contents))
+        data = ''.join(data)
+
+    cmd.write_or_delete_file('entry points', filename, data, True)
+
+
+def get_pkg_info_revision():
+    """
+    Get a -r### off of PKG-INFO Version in case this is an sdist of
+    a subversion revision.
+    """
+    warnings.warn("get_pkg_info_revision is deprecated.", DeprecationWarning)
+    if os.path.exists('PKG-INFO'):
+        with io.open('PKG-INFO') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                match = re.match(r"Version:.*-r(\d+)\s*$", line)
+                if match:
+                    return int(match.group(1))
+    return 0
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2bca2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsArgError
+import inspect
+import glob
+import warnings
+import platform
+import distutils.command.install as orig
+
+import setuptools
+
+# Prior to numpy 1.9, NumPy relies on the '_install' name, so provide it for
+# now. See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/199/
+_install = orig.install
+
+
+class install(orig.install):
+    """Use easy_install to install the package, w/dependencies"""
+
+    user_options = orig.install.user_options + [
+        ('old-and-unmanageable', None, "Try not to use this!"),
+        ('single-version-externally-managed', None,
+         "used by system package builders to create 'flat' eggs"),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = orig.install.boolean_options + [
+        'old-and-unmanageable', 'single-version-externally-managed',
+    ]
+    new_commands = [
+        ('install_egg_info', lambda self: True),
+        ('install_scripts', lambda self: True),
+    ]
+    _nc = dict(new_commands)
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install.initialize_options(self)
+        self.old_and_unmanageable = None
+        self.single_version_externally_managed = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        orig.install.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.root:
+            self.single_version_externally_managed = True
+        elif self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            if not self.root and not self.record:
+                raise DistutilsArgError(
+                    "You must specify --record or --root when building system"
+                    " packages"
+                )
+
+    def handle_extra_path(self):
+        if self.root or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            # explicit backward-compatibility mode, allow extra_path to work
+            return orig.install.handle_extra_path(self)
+
+        # Ignore extra_path when installing an egg (or being run by another
+        # command without --root or --single-version-externally-managed
+        self.path_file = None
+        self.extra_dirs = ''
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Explicit request for old-style install?  Just do it
+        if self.old_and_unmanageable or self.single_version_externally_managed:
+            return orig.install.run(self)
+
+        if not self._called_from_setup(inspect.currentframe()):
+            # Run in backward-compatibility mode to support bdist_* commands.
+            orig.install.run(self)
+        else:
+            self.do_egg_install()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _called_from_setup(run_frame):
+        """
+        Attempt to detect whether run() was called from setup() or by another
+        command.  If called by setup(), the parent caller will be the
+        'run_command' method in 'distutils.dist', and *its* caller will be
+        the 'run_commands' method.  If called any other way, the
+        immediate caller *might* be 'run_command', but it won't have been
+        called by 'run_commands'. Return True in that case or if a call stack
+        is unavailable. Return False otherwise.
+        """
+        if run_frame is None:
+            msg = "Call stack not available. bdist_* commands may fail."
+            warnings.warn(msg)
+            if platform.python_implementation() == 'IronPython':
+                msg = "For best results, pass -X:Frames to enable call stack."
+                warnings.warn(msg)
+            return True
+        res = inspect.getouterframes(run_frame)[2]
+        caller, = res[:1]
+        info = inspect.getframeinfo(caller)
+        caller_module = caller.f_globals.get('__name__', '')
+        return (
+            caller_module == 'distutils.dist'
+            and info.function == 'run_commands'
+        )
+
+    def do_egg_install(self):
+
+        easy_install = self.distribution.get_command_class('easy_install')
+
+        cmd = easy_install(
+            self.distribution, args="x", root=self.root, record=self.record,
+        )
+        cmd.ensure_finalized()  # finalize before bdist_egg munges install cmd
+        cmd.always_copy_from = '.'  # make sure local-dir eggs get installed
+
+        # pick up setup-dir .egg files only: no .egg-info
+        cmd.package_index.scan(glob.glob('*.egg'))
+
+        self.run_command('bdist_egg')
+        args = [self.distribution.get_command_obj('bdist_egg').egg_output]
+
+        if setuptools.bootstrap_install_from:
+            # Bootstrap self-installation of setuptools
+            args.insert(0, setuptools.bootstrap_install_from)
+
+        cmd.args = args
+        cmd.run()
+        setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = None
+
+
+# XXX Python 3.1 doesn't see _nc if this is inside the class
+install.sub_commands = (
+    [cmd for cmd in orig.install.sub_commands if cmd[0] not in install._nc] +
+    install.new_commands
+)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f777538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_egg_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+from distutils import log, dir_util
+import os
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_archive
+import pkg_resources
+
+
+class install_egg_info(Command):
+    """Install an .egg-info directory for the package"""
+
+    description = "Install an .egg-info directory for the package"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('install-dir=', 'd', "directory to install to"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.install_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        self.set_undefined_options('install_lib',
+                                   ('install_dir', 'install_dir'))
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        basename = pkg_resources.Distribution(
+            None, None, ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version
+        ).egg_name() + '.egg-info'
+        self.source = ei_cmd.egg_info
+        self.target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, basename)
+        self.outputs = [self.target]
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        if os.path.isdir(self.target) and not os.path.islink(self.target):
+            dir_util.remove_tree(self.target, dry_run=self.dry_run)
+        elif os.path.exists(self.target):
+            self.execute(os.unlink, (self.target,), "Removing " + self.target)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            pkg_resources.ensure_directory(self.target)
+        self.execute(
+            self.copytree, (), "Copying %s to %s" % (self.source, self.target)
+        )
+        self.install_namespaces()
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        return self.outputs
+
+    def copytree(self):
+        # Copy the .egg-info tree to site-packages
+        def skimmer(src, dst):
+            # filter out source-control directories; note that 'src' is always
+            # a '/'-separated path, regardless of platform.  'dst' is a
+            # platform-specific path.
+            for skip in '.svn/', 'CVS/':
+                if src.startswith(skip) or '/' + skip in src:
+                    return None
+            self.outputs.append(dst)
+            log.debug("Copying %s to %s", src, dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_archive(self.source, self.target, skimmer)
+
+    def install_namespaces(self):
+        nsp = self._get_all_ns_packages()
+        if not nsp:
+            return
+        filename, ext = os.path.splitext(self.target)
+        filename += '-nspkg.pth'
+        self.outputs.append(filename)
+        log.info("Installing %s", filename)
+        lines = map(self._gen_nspkg_line, nsp)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            # always generate the lines, even in dry run
+            list(lines)
+            return
+
+        with open(filename, 'wt') as f:
+            f.writelines(lines)
+
+    _nspkg_tmpl = (
+        "import sys, types, os",
+        "p = os.path.join(sys._getframe(1).f_locals['sitedir'], *%(pth)r)",
+        "ie = os.path.exists(os.path.join(p,'__init__.py'))",
+        "m = not ie and "
+            "sys.modules.setdefault(%(pkg)r, types.ModuleType(%(pkg)r))",
+        "mp = (m or []) and m.__dict__.setdefault('__path__',[])",
+        "(p not in mp) and mp.append(p)",
+    )
+    "lines for the namespace installer"
+
+    _nspkg_tmpl_multi = (
+        'm and setattr(sys.modules[%(parent)r], %(child)r, m)',
+    )
+    "additional line(s) when a parent package is indicated"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _gen_nspkg_line(cls, pkg):
+        # ensure pkg is not a unicode string under Python 2.7
+        pkg = str(pkg)
+        pth = tuple(pkg.split('.'))
+        tmpl_lines = cls._nspkg_tmpl
+        parent, sep, child = pkg.rpartition('.')
+        if parent:
+            tmpl_lines += cls._nspkg_tmpl_multi
+        return ';'.join(tmpl_lines) % locals() + '\n'
+
+    def _get_all_ns_packages(self):
+        """Return sorted list of all package namespaces"""
+        nsp = set()
+        for pkg in self.distribution.namespace_packages or []:
+            pkg = pkg.split('.')
+            while pkg:
+                nsp.add('.'.join(pkg))
+                pkg.pop()
+        return sorted(nsp)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78fe689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_lib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import os
+import imp
+from itertools import product, starmap
+import distutils.command.install_lib as orig
+
+class install_lib(orig.install_lib):
+    """Don't add compiled flags to filenames of non-Python files"""
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.build()
+        outfiles = self.install()
+        if outfiles is not None:
+            # always compile, in case we have any extension stubs to deal with
+            self.byte_compile(outfiles)
+
+    def get_exclusions(self):
+        """
+        Return a collections.Sized collections.Container of paths to be
+        excluded for single_version_externally_managed installations.
+        """
+        all_packages = (
+            pkg
+            for ns_pkg in self._get_SVEM_NSPs()
+            for pkg in self._all_packages(ns_pkg)
+        )
+
+        excl_specs = product(all_packages, self._gen_exclusion_paths())
+        return set(starmap(self._exclude_pkg_path, excl_specs))
+
+    def _exclude_pkg_path(self, pkg, exclusion_path):
+        """
+        Given a package name and exclusion path within that package,
+        compute the full exclusion path.
+        """
+        parts = pkg.split('.') + [exclusion_path]
+        return os.path.join(self.install_dir, *parts)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _all_packages(pkg_name):
+        """
+        >>> list(install_lib._all_packages('foo.bar.baz'))
+        ['foo.bar.baz', 'foo.bar', 'foo']
+        """
+        while pkg_name:
+            yield pkg_name
+            pkg_name, sep, child = pkg_name.rpartition('.')
+
+    def _get_SVEM_NSPs(self):
+        """
+        Get namespace packages (list) but only for
+        single_version_externally_managed installations and empty otherwise.
+        """
+        # TODO: is it necessary to short-circuit here? i.e. what's the cost
+        # if get_finalized_command is called even when namespace_packages is
+        # False?
+        if not self.distribution.namespace_packages:
+            return []
+
+        install_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('install')
+        svem = install_cmd.single_version_externally_managed
+
+        return self.distribution.namespace_packages if svem else []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _gen_exclusion_paths():
+        """
+        Generate file paths to be excluded for namespace packages (bytecode
+        cache files).
+        """
+        # always exclude the package module itself
+        yield '__init__.py'
+
+        yield '__init__.pyc'
+        yield '__init__.pyo'
+
+        if not hasattr(imp, 'get_tag'):
+            return
+
+        base = os.path.join('__pycache__', '__init__.' + imp.get_tag())
+        yield base + '.pyc'
+        yield base + '.pyo'
+        yield base + '.opt-1.pyc'
+        yield base + '.opt-2.pyc'
+
+    def copy_tree(
+            self, infile, outfile,
+            preserve_mode=1, preserve_times=1, preserve_symlinks=0, level=1
+    ):
+        assert preserve_mode and preserve_times and not preserve_symlinks
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+
+        if not exclude:
+            return orig.install_lib.copy_tree(self, infile, outfile)
+
+        # Exclude namespace package __init__.py* files from the output
+
+        from setuptools.archive_util import unpack_directory
+        from distutils import log
+
+        outfiles = []
+
+        def pf(src, dst):
+            if dst in exclude:
+                log.warn("Skipping installation of %s (namespace package)",
+                         dst)
+                return False
+
+            log.info("copying %s -> %s", src, os.path.dirname(dst))
+            outfiles.append(dst)
+            return dst
+
+        unpack_directory(infile, outfile, pf)
+        return outfiles
+
+    def get_outputs(self):
+        outputs = orig.install_lib.get_outputs(self)
+        exclude = self.get_exclusions()
+        if exclude:
+            return [f for f in outputs if f not in exclude]
+        return outputs
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be66cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/install_scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.install_scripts as orig
+import os
+
+from pkg_resources import Distribution, PathMetadata, ensure_directory
+
+
+class install_scripts(orig.install_scripts):
+    """Do normal script install, plus any egg_info wrapper scripts"""
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        orig.install_scripts.initialize_options(self)
+        self.no_ep = False
+
+    def run(self):
+        import setuptools.command.easy_install as ei
+
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        if self.distribution.scripts:
+            orig.install_scripts.run(self)  # run first to set up self.outfiles
+        else:
+            self.outfiles = []
+        if self.no_ep:
+            # don't install entry point scripts into .egg file!
+            return
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+        dist = Distribution(
+            ei_cmd.egg_base, PathMetadata(ei_cmd.egg_base, ei_cmd.egg_info),
+            ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version,
+        )
+        bs_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+        exec_param = getattr(bs_cmd, 'executable', None)
+        bw_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("bdist_wininst")
+        is_wininst = getattr(bw_cmd, '_is_running', False)
+        writer = ei.ScriptWriter
+        if is_wininst:
+            exec_param = "python.exe"
+            writer = ei.WindowsScriptWriter
+        # resolve the writer to the environment
+        writer = writer.best()
+        cmd = writer.command_spec_class.best().from_param(exec_param)
+        for args in writer.get_args(dist, cmd.as_header()):
+            self.write_script(*args)
+
+    def write_script(self, script_name, contents, mode="t", *ignored):
+        """Write an executable file to the scripts directory"""
+        from setuptools.command.easy_install import chmod, current_umask
+
+        log.info("Installing %s script to %s", script_name, self.install_dir)
+        target = os.path.join(self.install_dir, script_name)
+        self.outfiles.append(target)
+
+        mask = current_umask()
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            ensure_directory(target)
+            f = open(target, "w" + mode)
+            f.write(contents)
+            f.close()
+            chmod(target, 0o777 - mask)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5972a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/launcher manifest.xml	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
+<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0">
+    <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
+                      processorArchitecture="X86"
+                      name="%(name)s"
+                      type="win32"/>
+    <!-- Identify the application security requirements. -->
+    <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">
+        <security>
+            <requestedPrivileges>
+                <requestedExecutionLevel level="asInvoker" uiAccess="false"/>
+            </requestedPrivileges>
+        </security>
+    </trustInfo>
+</assembly>
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d6336a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/register.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import distutils.command.register as orig
+
+
+class register(orig.register):
+    __doc__ = orig.register.__doc__
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Make sure that we are using valid current name/version info
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        orig.register.run(self)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..804f962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/rotate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import os
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+
+class rotate(Command):
+    """Delete older distributions"""
+
+    description = "delete older distributions, keeping N newest files"
+    user_options = [
+        ('match=', 'm', "patterns to match (required)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd', "directory where the distributions are"),
+        ('keep=', 'k', "number of matching distributions to keep"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = []
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.match = None
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.keep = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.match is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify one or more (comma-separated) match patterns "
+                "(e.g. '.zip' or '.egg')"
+            )
+        if self.keep is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify number of files to keep")
+        try:
+            self.keep = int(self.keep)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("--keep must be an integer")
+        if isinstance(self.match, six.string_types):
+            self.match = [
+                convert_path(p.strip()) for p in self.match.split(',')
+            ]
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist', ('dist_dir', 'dist_dir'))
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command("egg_info")
+        from glob import glob
+
+        for pattern in self.match:
+            pattern = self.distribution.get_name() + '*' + pattern
+            files = glob(os.path.join(self.dist_dir, pattern))
+            files = [(os.path.getmtime(f), f) for f in files]
+            files.sort()
+            files.reverse()
+
+            log.info("%d file(s) matching %s", len(files), pattern)
+            files = files[self.keep:]
+            for (t, f) in files:
+                log.info("Deleting %s", f)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.unlink(f)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..611cec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/saveopts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from setuptools.command.setopt import edit_config, option_base
+
+
+class saveopts(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "save supplied options to setup.cfg or other config file"
+
+    def run(self):
+        dist = self.distribution
+        settings = {}
+
+        for cmd in dist.command_options:
+
+            if cmd == 'saveopts':
+                continue  # don't save our own options!
+
+            for opt, (src, val) in dist.get_option_dict(cmd).items():
+                if src == "command line":
+                    settings.setdefault(cmd, {})[opt] = val
+
+        edit_config(self.filename, settings, self.dry_run)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6640d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/sdist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from glob import glob
+from distutils import log
+import distutils.command.sdist as orig
+import os
+import sys
+import io
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+from setuptools.utils import cs_path_exists
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+READMES = 'README', 'README.rst', 'README.txt'
+
+_default_revctrl = list
+
+def walk_revctrl(dirname=''):
+    """Find all files under revision control"""
+    for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('setuptools.file_finders'):
+        for item in ep.load()(dirname):
+            yield item
+
+
+class sdist(orig.sdist):
+    """Smart sdist that finds anything supported by revision control"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('formats=', None,
+         "formats for source distribution (comma-separated list)"),
+        ('keep-temp', 'k',
+         "keep the distribution tree around after creating " +
+         "archive file(s)"),
+        ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+         "directory to put the source distribution archive(s) in "
+         "[default: dist]"),
+    ]
+
+    negative_opt = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_command('egg_info')
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command('egg_info')
+        self.filelist = ei_cmd.filelist
+        self.filelist.append(os.path.join(ei_cmd.egg_info, 'SOURCES.txt'))
+        self.check_readme()
+
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        # Call check_metadata only if no 'check' command
+        # (distutils <= 2.6)
+        import distutils.command
+
+        if 'check' not in distutils.command.__all__:
+            self.check_metadata()
+
+        self.make_distribution()
+
+        dist_files = getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', [])
+        for file in self.archive_files:
+            data = ('sdist', '', file)
+            if data not in dist_files:
+                dist_files.append(data)
+
+    def __read_template_hack(self):
+        # This grody hack closes the template file (MANIFEST.in) if an
+        #  exception occurs during read_template.
+        # Doing so prevents an error when easy_install attempts to delete the
+        #  file.
+        try:
+            orig.sdist.read_template(self)
+        except:
+            _, _, tb = sys.exc_info()
+            tb.tb_next.tb_frame.f_locals['template'].close()
+            raise
+
+    # Beginning with Python 2.7.2, 3.1.4, and 3.2.1, this leaky file handle
+    #  has been fixed, so only override the method if we're using an earlier
+    #  Python.
+    has_leaky_handle = (
+        sys.version_info < (2, 7, 2)
+        or (3, 0) <= sys.version_info < (3, 1, 4)
+        or (3, 2) <= sys.version_info < (3, 2, 1)
+    )
+    if has_leaky_handle:
+        read_template = __read_template_hack
+
+    def add_defaults(self):
+        standards = [READMES,
+                     self.distribution.script_name]
+        for fn in standards:
+            if isinstance(fn, tuple):
+                alts = fn
+                got_it = 0
+                for fn in alts:
+                    if cs_path_exists(fn):
+                        got_it = 1
+                        self.filelist.append(fn)
+                        break
+
+                if not got_it:
+                    self.warn("standard file not found: should have one of " +
+                              ', '.join(alts))
+            else:
+                if cs_path_exists(fn):
+                    self.filelist.append(fn)
+                else:
+                    self.warn("standard file '%s' not found" % fn)
+
+        optional = ['test/test*.py', 'setup.cfg']
+        for pattern in optional:
+            files = list(filter(cs_path_exists, glob(pattern)))
+            if files:
+                self.filelist.extend(files)
+
+        # getting python files
+        if self.distribution.has_pure_modules():
+            build_py = self.get_finalized_command('build_py')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_py.get_source_files())
+            # This functionality is incompatible with include_package_data, and
+            # will in fact create an infinite recursion if include_package_data
+            # is True.  Use of include_package_data will imply that
+            # distutils-style automatic handling of package_data is disabled
+            if not self.distribution.include_package_data:
+                for _, src_dir, _, filenames in build_py.data_files:
+                    self.filelist.extend([os.path.join(src_dir, filename)
+                                          for filename in filenames])
+
+        if self.distribution.has_ext_modules():
+            build_ext = self.get_finalized_command('build_ext')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_ext.get_source_files())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_c_libraries():
+            build_clib = self.get_finalized_command('build_clib')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_clib.get_source_files())
+
+        if self.distribution.has_scripts():
+            build_scripts = self.get_finalized_command('build_scripts')
+            self.filelist.extend(build_scripts.get_source_files())
+
+    def check_readme(self):
+        for f in READMES:
+            if os.path.exists(f):
+                return
+        else:
+            self.warn(
+                "standard file not found: should have one of " +
+                ', '.join(READMES)
+            )
+
+    def make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files):
+        orig.sdist.make_release_tree(self, base_dir, files)
+
+        # Save any egg_info command line options used to create this sdist
+        dest = os.path.join(base_dir, 'setup.cfg')
+        if hasattr(os, 'link') and os.path.exists(dest):
+            # unlink and re-copy, since it might be hard-linked, and
+            # we don't want to change the source version
+            os.unlink(dest)
+            self.copy_file('setup.cfg', dest)
+
+        self.get_finalized_command('egg_info').save_version_info(dest)
+
+    def _manifest_is_not_generated(self):
+        # check for special comment used in 2.7.1 and higher
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.manifest):
+            return False
+
+        with io.open(self.manifest, 'rb') as fp:
+            first_line = fp.readline()
+        return (first_line !=
+                '# file GENERATED by distutils, do NOT edit\n'.encode())
+
+    def read_manifest(self):
+        """Read the manifest file (named by 'self.manifest') and use it to
+        fill in 'self.filelist', the list of files to include in the source
+        distribution.
+        """
+        log.info("reading manifest file '%s'", self.manifest)
+        manifest = open(self.manifest, 'rbU')
+        for line in manifest:
+            # The manifest must contain UTF-8. See #303.
+            if six.PY3:
+                try:
+                    line = line.decode('UTF-8')
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    log.warn("%r not UTF-8 decodable -- skipping" % line)
+                    continue
+            # ignore comments and blank lines
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line.startswith('#') or not line:
+                continue
+            self.filelist.append(line)
+        manifest.close()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f332be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/setopt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+from distutils.util import convert_path
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+import distutils
+import os
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import configparser
+
+from setuptools import Command
+
+
+__all__ = ['config_file', 'edit_config', 'option_base', 'setopt']
+
+
+def config_file(kind="local"):
+    """Get the filename of the distutils, local, global, or per-user config
+
+    `kind` must be one of "local", "global", or "user"
+    """
+    if kind == 'local':
+        return 'setup.cfg'
+    if kind == 'global':
+        return os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(distutils.__file__), 'distutils.cfg'
+        )
+    if kind == 'user':
+        dot = os.name == 'posix' and '.' or ''
+        return os.path.expanduser(convert_path("~/%spydistutils.cfg" % dot))
+    raise ValueError(
+        "config_file() type must be 'local', 'global', or 'user'", kind
+    )
+
+
+def edit_config(filename, settings, dry_run=False):
+    """Edit a configuration file to include `settings`
+
+    `settings` is a dictionary of dictionaries or ``None`` values, keyed by
+    command/section name.  A ``None`` value means to delete the entire section,
+    while a dictionary lists settings to be changed or deleted in that section.
+    A setting of ``None`` means to delete that setting.
+    """
+    log.debug("Reading configuration from %s", filename)
+    opts = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+    opts.read([filename])
+    for section, options in settings.items():
+        if options is None:
+            log.info("Deleting section [%s] from %s", section, filename)
+            opts.remove_section(section)
+        else:
+            if not opts.has_section(section):
+                log.debug("Adding new section [%s] to %s", section, filename)
+                opts.add_section(section)
+            for option, value in options.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Deleting %s.%s from %s",
+                        section, option, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.remove_option(section, option)
+                    if not opts.options(section):
+                        log.info("Deleting empty [%s] section from %s",
+                                 section, filename)
+                        opts.remove_section(section)
+                else:
+                    log.debug(
+                        "Setting %s.%s to %r in %s",
+                        section, option, value, filename
+                    )
+                    opts.set(section, option, value)
+
+    log.info("Writing %s", filename)
+    if not dry_run:
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            opts.write(f)
+
+
+class option_base(Command):
+    """Abstract base class for commands that mess with config files"""
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('global-config', 'g',
+         "save options to the site-wide distutils.cfg file"),
+        ('user-config', 'u',
+         "save options to the current user's pydistutils.cfg file"),
+        ('filename=', 'f',
+         "configuration file to use (default=setup.cfg)"),
+    ]
+
+    boolean_options = [
+        'global-config', 'user-config',
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.global_config = None
+        self.user_config = None
+        self.filename = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        filenames = []
+        if self.global_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('global'))
+        if self.user_config:
+            filenames.append(config_file('user'))
+        if self.filename is not None:
+            filenames.append(self.filename)
+        if not filenames:
+            filenames.append(config_file('local'))
+        if len(filenames) > 1:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                "Must specify only one configuration file option",
+                filenames
+            )
+        self.filename, = filenames
+
+
+class setopt(option_base):
+    """Save command-line options to a file"""
+
+    description = "set an option in setup.cfg or another config file"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('command=', 'c', 'command to set an option for'),
+        ('option=', 'o', 'option to set'),
+        ('set-value=', 's', 'value of the option'),
+        ('remove', 'r', 'remove (unset) the value'),
+    ] + option_base.user_options
+
+    boolean_options = option_base.boolean_options + ['remove']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        option_base.initialize_options(self)
+        self.command = None
+        self.option = None
+        self.set_value = None
+        self.remove = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        option_base.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.command is None or self.option is None:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --command *and* --option")
+        if self.set_value is None and not self.remove:
+            raise DistutilsOptionError("Must specify --set-value or --remove")
+
+    def run(self):
+        edit_config(
+            self.filename, {
+                self.command: {self.option.replace('-', '_'): self.set_value}
+            },
+            self.dry_run
+        )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..371e913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from unittest import TestLoader
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from pkg_resources import (resource_listdir, resource_exists, normalize_path,
+                           working_set, _namespace_packages,
+                           add_activation_listener, require, EntryPoint)
+from setuptools import Command
+from setuptools.py31compat import unittest_main
+
+
+class ScanningLoader(TestLoader):
+    def loadTestsFromModule(self, module, pattern=None):
+        """Return a suite of all tests cases contained in the given module
+
+        If the module is a package, load tests from all the modules in it.
+        If the module has an ``additional_tests`` function, call it and add
+        the return value to the tests.
+        """
+        tests = []
+        tests.append(TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule(self, module))
+
+        if hasattr(module, "additional_tests"):
+            tests.append(module.additional_tests())
+
+        if hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+            for file in resource_listdir(module.__name__, ''):
+                if file.endswith('.py') and file != '__init__.py':
+                    submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file[:-3]
+                else:
+                    if resource_exists(module.__name__, file + '/__init__.py'):
+                        submodule = module.__name__ + '.' + file
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                tests.append(self.loadTestsFromName(submodule))
+
+        if len(tests) != 1:
+            return self.suiteClass(tests)
+        else:
+            return tests[0]  # don't create a nested suite for only one return
+
+
+# adapted from jaraco.classes.properties:NonDataProperty
+class NonDataProperty(object):
+    def __init__(self, fget):
+        self.fget = fget
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        return self.fget(obj)
+
+
+class test(Command):
+    """Command to run unit tests after in-place build"""
+
+    description = "run unit tests after in-place build"
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('test-module=', 'm', "Run 'test_suite' in specified module"),
+        ('test-suite=', 's',
+         "Test suite to run (e.g. 'some_module.test_suite')"),
+        ('test-runner=', 'r', "Test runner to use"),
+    ]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.test_suite = None
+        self.test_module = None
+        self.test_loader = None
+        self.test_runner = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+
+        if self.test_suite and self.test_module:
+            msg = "You may specify a module or a suite, but not both"
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(msg)
+
+        if self.test_suite is None:
+            if self.test_module is None:
+                self.test_suite = self.distribution.test_suite
+            else:
+                self.test_suite = self.test_module + ".test_suite"
+
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_loader', None)
+        if self.test_loader is None:
+            self.test_loader = "setuptools.command.test:ScanningLoader"
+        if self.test_runner is None:
+            self.test_runner = getattr(self.distribution, 'test_runner', None)
+
+    @NonDataProperty
+    def test_args(self):
+        return list(self._test_args())
+
+    def _test_args(self):
+        if self.verbose:
+            yield '--verbose'
+        if self.test_suite:
+            yield self.test_suite
+
+    def with_project_on_sys_path(self, func):
+        with_2to3 = six.PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False)
+
+        if with_2to3:
+            # If we run 2to3 we can not do this inplace:
+
+            # Ensure metadata is up-to-date
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_py', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_py')
+            bpy_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("build_py")
+            build_path = normalize_path(bpy_cmd.build_lib)
+
+            # Build extensions
+            self.reinitialize_command('egg_info', egg_base=build_path)
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=0)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+        else:
+            # Without 2to3 inplace works fine:
+            self.run_command('egg_info')
+
+            # Build extensions in-place
+            self.reinitialize_command('build_ext', inplace=1)
+            self.run_command('build_ext')
+
+        ei_cmd = self.get_finalized_command("egg_info")
+
+        old_path = sys.path[:]
+        old_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+
+        try:
+            sys.path.insert(0, normalize_path(ei_cmd.egg_base))
+            working_set.__init__()
+            add_activation_listener(lambda dist: dist.activate())
+            require('%s==%s' % (ei_cmd.egg_name, ei_cmd.egg_version))
+            func()
+        finally:
+            sys.path[:] = old_path
+            sys.modules.clear()
+            sys.modules.update(old_modules)
+            working_set.__init__()
+
+    def run(self):
+        if self.distribution.install_requires:
+            self.distribution.fetch_build_eggs(
+                self.distribution.install_requires)
+        if self.distribution.tests_require:
+            self.distribution.fetch_build_eggs(self.distribution.tests_require)
+
+        cmd = ' '.join(self._argv)
+        if self.dry_run:
+            self.announce('skipping "%s" (dry run)' % cmd)
+        else:
+            self.announce('running "%s"' % cmd)
+            self.with_project_on_sys_path(self.run_tests)
+
+    def run_tests(self):
+        # Purge modules under test from sys.modules. The test loader will
+        # re-import them from the build location. Required when 2to3 is used
+        # with namespace packages.
+        if six.PY3 and getattr(self.distribution, 'use_2to3', False):
+            module = self.test_suite.split('.')[0]
+            if module in _namespace_packages:
+                del_modules = []
+                if module in sys.modules:
+                    del_modules.append(module)
+                module += '.'
+                for name in sys.modules:
+                    if name.startswith(module):
+                        del_modules.append(name)
+                list(map(sys.modules.__delitem__, del_modules))
+
+        unittest_main(
+            None, None, self._argv,
+            testLoader=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_loader),
+            testRunner=self._resolve_as_ep(self.test_runner),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _argv(self):
+        return ['unittest'] + self.test_args
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resolve_as_ep(val):
+        """
+        Load the indicated attribute value, called, as a as if it were
+        specified as an entry point.
+        """
+        if val is None:
+            return
+        parsed = EntryPoint.parse("x=" + val)
+        return parsed.resolve()()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca35a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/command/upload_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""upload_docs
+
+Implements a Distutils 'upload_docs' subcommand (upload documentation to
+PyPI's pythonhosted.org).
+"""
+
+from base64 import standard_b64encode
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsOptionError
+from distutils.command.upload import upload
+import os
+import socket
+import zipfile
+import tempfile
+import sys
+import shutil
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import http_client, urllib
+
+from pkg_resources import iter_entry_points
+
+
+errors = 'surrogateescape' if six.PY3 else 'strict'
+
+
+# This is not just a replacement for byte literals
+# but works as a general purpose encoder
+def b(s, encoding='utf-8'):
+    if isinstance(s, six.text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    return s
+
+
+class upload_docs(upload):
+    description = 'Upload documentation to PyPI'
+
+    user_options = [
+        ('repository=', 'r',
+         "url of repository [default: %s]" % upload.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY),
+        ('show-response', None,
+         'display full response text from server'),
+        ('upload-dir=', None, 'directory to upload'),
+    ]
+    boolean_options = upload.boolean_options
+
+    def has_sphinx(self):
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            for ep in iter_entry_points('distutils.commands', 'build_sphinx'):
+                return True
+
+    sub_commands = [('build_sphinx', has_sphinx)]
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        upload.initialize_options(self)
+        self.upload_dir = None
+        self.target_dir = None
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        upload.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.upload_dir is None:
+            if self.has_sphinx():
+                build_sphinx = self.get_finalized_command('build_sphinx')
+                self.target_dir = build_sphinx.builder_target_dir
+            else:
+                build = self.get_finalized_command('build')
+                self.target_dir = os.path.join(build.build_base, 'docs')
+        else:
+            self.ensure_dirname('upload_dir')
+            self.target_dir = self.upload_dir
+        self.announce('Using upload directory %s' % self.target_dir)
+
+    def create_zipfile(self, filename):
+        zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(filename, "w")
+        try:
+            self.mkpath(self.target_dir)  # just in case
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.target_dir):
+                if root == self.target_dir and not files:
+                    raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                        "no files found in upload directory '%s'"
+                        % self.target_dir)
+                for name in files:
+                    full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                    relative = root[len(self.target_dir):].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+                    dest = os.path.join(relative, name)
+                    zip_file.write(full, dest)
+        finally:
+            zip_file.close()
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Run sub commands
+        for cmd_name in self.get_sub_commands():
+            self.run_command(cmd_name)
+
+        tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        name = self.distribution.metadata.get_name()
+        zip_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "%s.zip" % name)
+        try:
+            self.create_zipfile(zip_file)
+            self.upload_file(zip_file)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
+
+    def upload_file(self, filename):
+        f = open(filename, 'rb')
+        content = f.read()
+        f.close()
+        meta = self.distribution.metadata
+        data = {
+            ':action': 'doc_upload',
+            'name': meta.get_name(),
+            'content': (os.path.basename(filename), content),
+        }
+        # set up the authentication
+        credentials = b(self.username + ':' + self.password)
+        credentials = standard_b64encode(credentials)
+        if six.PY3:
+            credentials = credentials.decode('ascii')
+        auth = "Basic " + credentials
+
+        # Build up the MIME payload for the POST data
+        boundary = '--------------GHSKFJDLGDS7543FJKLFHRE75642756743254'
+        sep_boundary = b('\n--') + b(boundary)
+        end_boundary = sep_boundary + b('--')
+        body = []
+        for key, values in six.iteritems(data):
+            title = '\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
+            # handle multiple entries for the same name
+            if not isinstance(values, list):
+                values = [values]
+            for value in values:
+                if type(value) is tuple:
+                    title += '; filename="%s"' % value[0]
+                    value = value[1]
+                else:
+                    value = b(value)
+                body.append(sep_boundary)
+                body.append(b(title))
+                body.append(b("\n\n"))
+                body.append(value)
+                if value and value[-1:] == b('\r'):
+                    body.append(b('\n'))  # write an extra newline (lurve Macs)
+        body.append(end_boundary)
+        body.append(b("\n"))
+        body = b('').join(body)
+
+        self.announce("Submitting documentation to %s" % (self.repository),
+                      log.INFO)
+
+        # build the Request
+        # We can't use urllib2 since we need to send the Basic
+        # auth right with the first request
+        schema, netloc, url, params, query, fragments = \
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(self.repository)
+        assert not params and not query and not fragments
+        if schema == 'http':
+            conn = http_client.HTTPConnection(netloc)
+        elif schema == 'https':
+            conn = http_client.HTTPSConnection(netloc)
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unsupported schema " + schema)
+
+        data = ''
+        try:
+            conn.connect()
+            conn.putrequest("POST", url)
+            content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+            conn.putheader('Content-type', content_type)
+            conn.putheader('Content-length', str(len(body)))
+            conn.putheader('Authorization', auth)
+            conn.endheaders()
+            conn.send(body)
+        except socket.error as e:
+            self.announce(str(e), log.ERROR)
+            return
+
+        r = conn.getresponse()
+        if r.status == 200:
+            self.announce('Server response (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                          log.INFO)
+        elif r.status == 301:
+            location = r.getheader('Location')
+            if location is None:
+                location = 'https://pythonhosted.org/%s/' % meta.get_name()
+            self.announce('Upload successful. Visit %s' % location,
+                          log.INFO)
+        else:
+            self.announce('Upload failed (%s): %s' % (r.status, r.reason),
+                          log.ERROR)
+        if self.show_response:
+            print('-' * 75, r.read(), '-' * 75)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f7c9a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/depends.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+import sys
+import imp
+import marshal
+from imp import PKG_DIRECTORY, PY_COMPILED, PY_SOURCE, PY_FROZEN
+from distutils.version import StrictVersion
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Require', 'find_module', 'get_module_constant', 'extract_constant'
+]
+
+class Require:
+    """A prerequisite to building or installing a distribution"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, requested_version, module, homepage='',
+            attribute=None, format=None):
+
+        if format is None and requested_version is not None:
+            format = StrictVersion
+
+        if format is not None:
+            requested_version = format(requested_version)
+            if attribute is None:
+                attribute = '__version__'
+
+        self.__dict__.update(locals())
+        del self.self
+
+    def full_name(self):
+        """Return full package/distribution name, w/version"""
+        if self.requested_version is not None:
+            return '%s-%s' % (self.name,self.requested_version)
+        return self.name
+
+    def version_ok(self, version):
+        """Is 'version' sufficiently up-to-date?"""
+        return self.attribute is None or self.format is None or \
+            str(version) != "unknown" and version >= self.requested_version
+
+    def get_version(self, paths=None, default="unknown"):
+
+        """Get version number of installed module, 'None', or 'default'
+
+        Search 'paths' for module.  If not found, return 'None'.  If found,
+        return the extracted version attribute, or 'default' if no version
+        attribute was specified, or the value cannot be determined without
+        importing the module.  The version is formatted according to the
+        requirement's version format (if any), unless it is 'None' or the
+        supplied 'default'.
+        """
+
+        if self.attribute is None:
+            try:
+                f,p,i = find_module(self.module,paths)
+                if f: f.close()
+                return default
+            except ImportError:
+                return None
+
+        v = get_module_constant(self.module, self.attribute, default, paths)
+
+        if v is not None and v is not default and self.format is not None:
+            return self.format(v)
+
+        return v
+
+    def is_present(self, paths=None):
+        """Return true if dependency is present on 'paths'"""
+        return self.get_version(paths) is not None
+
+    def is_current(self, paths=None):
+        """Return true if dependency is present and up-to-date on 'paths'"""
+        version = self.get_version(paths)
+        if version is None:
+            return False
+        return self.version_ok(version)
+
+
+def _iter_code(code):
+
+    """Yield '(op,arg)' pair for each operation in code object 'code'"""
+
+    from array import array
+    from dis import HAVE_ARGUMENT, EXTENDED_ARG
+
+    bytes = array('b',code.co_code)
+    eof = len(code.co_code)
+
+    ptr = 0
+    extended_arg = 0
+
+    while ptr<eof:
+
+        op = bytes[ptr]
+
+        if op>=HAVE_ARGUMENT:
+
+            arg = bytes[ptr+1] + bytes[ptr+2]*256 + extended_arg
+            ptr += 3
+
+            if op==EXTENDED_ARG:
+                long_type = six.integer_types[-1]
+                extended_arg = arg * long_type(65536)
+                continue
+
+        else:
+            arg = None
+            ptr += 1
+
+        yield op,arg
+
+
+def find_module(module, paths=None):
+    """Just like 'imp.find_module()', but with package support"""
+
+    parts = module.split('.')
+
+    while parts:
+        part = parts.pop(0)
+        f, path, (suffix,mode,kind) = info = imp.find_module(part, paths)
+
+        if kind==PKG_DIRECTORY:
+            parts = parts or ['__init__']
+            paths = [path]
+
+        elif parts:
+            raise ImportError("Can't find %r in %s" % (parts,module))
+
+    return info
+
+
+def get_module_constant(module, symbol, default=-1, paths=None):
+
+    """Find 'module' by searching 'paths', and extract 'symbol'
+
+    Return 'None' if 'module' does not exist on 'paths', or it does not define
+    'symbol'.  If the module defines 'symbol' as a constant, return the
+    constant.  Otherwise, return 'default'."""
+
+    try:
+        f, path, (suffix, mode, kind) = find_module(module, paths)
+    except ImportError:
+        # Module doesn't exist
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        if kind==PY_COMPILED:
+            f.read(8)   # skip magic & date
+            code = marshal.load(f)
+        elif kind==PY_FROZEN:
+            code = imp.get_frozen_object(module)
+        elif kind==PY_SOURCE:
+            code = compile(f.read(), path, 'exec')
+        else:
+            # Not something we can parse; we'll have to import it.  :(
+            if module not in sys.modules:
+                imp.load_module(module, f, path, (suffix, mode, kind))
+            return getattr(sys.modules[module], symbol, None)
+
+    finally:
+        if f:
+            f.close()
+
+    return extract_constant(code, symbol, default)
+
+
+def extract_constant(code, symbol, default=-1):
+    """Extract the constant value of 'symbol' from 'code'
+
+    If the name 'symbol' is bound to a constant value by the Python code
+    object 'code', return that value.  If 'symbol' is bound to an expression,
+    return 'default'.  Otherwise, return 'None'.
+
+    Return value is based on the first assignment to 'symbol'.  'symbol' must
+    be a global, or at least a non-"fast" local in the code block.  That is,
+    only 'STORE_NAME' and 'STORE_GLOBAL' opcodes are checked, and 'symbol'
+    must be present in 'code.co_names'.
+    """
+
+    if symbol not in code.co_names:
+        # name's not there, can't possibly be an assigment
+        return None
+
+    name_idx = list(code.co_names).index(symbol)
+
+    STORE_NAME = 90
+    STORE_GLOBAL = 97
+    LOAD_CONST = 100
+
+    const = default
+
+    for op, arg in _iter_code(code):
+
+        if op==LOAD_CONST:
+            const = code.co_consts[arg]
+        elif arg==name_idx and (op==STORE_NAME or op==STORE_GLOBAL):
+            return const
+        else:
+            const = default
+
+
+def _update_globals():
+    """
+    Patch the globals to remove the objects not available on some platforms.
+
+    XXX it'd be better to test assertions about bytecode instead.
+    """
+
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('java') and sys.platform != 'cli':
+        return
+    incompatible = 'extract_constant', 'get_module_constant'
+    for name in incompatible:
+        del globals()[name]
+        __all__.remove(name)
+
+_update_globals()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7785541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/dist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,872 @@
+__all__ = ['Distribution']
+
+import re
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+import numbers
+import distutils.log
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.cmd
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.core import Distribution as _Distribution
+from distutils.errors import (DistutilsOptionError, DistutilsPlatformError,
+    DistutilsSetupError)
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+from pkg_resources.extern import packaging
+
+from setuptools.depends import Require
+from setuptools import windows_support
+import pkg_resources
+
+
+def _get_unpatched(cls):
+    """Protect against re-patching the distutils if reloaded
+
+    Also ensures that no other distutils extension monkeypatched the distutils
+    first.
+    """
+    while cls.__module__.startswith('setuptools'):
+        cls, = cls.__bases__
+    if not cls.__module__.startswith('distutils'):
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "distutils has already been patched by %r" % cls
+        )
+    return cls
+
+_Distribution = _get_unpatched(_Distribution)
+
+def _patch_distribution_metadata_write_pkg_info():
+    """
+    Workaround issue #197 - Python 3 prior to 3.2.2 uses an environment-local
+    encoding to save the pkg_info. Monkey-patch its write_pkg_info method to
+    correct this undesirable behavior.
+    """
+    environment_local = (3,) <= sys.version_info[:3] < (3, 2, 2)
+    if not environment_local:
+        return
+
+    # from Python 3.4
+    def write_pkg_info(self, base_dir):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO file into the release tree.
+        """
+        with open(os.path.join(base_dir, 'PKG-INFO'), 'w',
+                  encoding='UTF-8') as pkg_info:
+            self.write_pkg_file(pkg_info)
+
+    distutils.dist.DistributionMetadata.write_pkg_info = write_pkg_info
+_patch_distribution_metadata_write_pkg_info()
+
+sequence = tuple, list
+
+def check_importable(dist, attr, value):
+    try:
+        ep = pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse('x='+value)
+        assert not ep.extras
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError,AssertionError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "%r must be importable 'module:attrs' string (got %r)"
+            % (attr,value)
+        )
+
+
+def assert_string_list(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is a string list or None"""
+    try:
+        assert ''.join(value)!=value
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError,AssertionError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "%r must be a list of strings (got %r)" % (attr,value)
+        )
+def check_nsp(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that namespace packages are valid"""
+    assert_string_list(dist,attr,value)
+    for nsp in value:
+        if not dist.has_contents_for(nsp):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "Distribution contains no modules or packages for " +
+                "namespace package %r" % nsp
+            )
+        if '.' in nsp:
+            parent = '.'.join(nsp.split('.')[:-1])
+            if parent not in value:
+                distutils.log.warn(
+                    "WARNING: %r is declared as a package namespace, but %r"
+                    " is not: please correct this in setup.py", nsp, parent
+                )
+
+def check_extras(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that extras_require mapping is valid"""
+    try:
+        for k,v in value.items():
+            if ':' in k:
+                k,m = k.split(':',1)
+                if pkg_resources.invalid_marker(m):
+                    raise DistutilsSetupError("Invalid environment marker: "+m)
+            list(pkg_resources.parse_requirements(v))
+    except (TypeError,ValueError,AttributeError):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(
+            "'extras_require' must be a dictionary whose values are "
+            "strings or lists of strings containing valid project/version "
+            "requirement specifiers."
+        )
+
+def assert_bool(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is True, False, 0, or 1"""
+    if bool(value) != value:
+        tmpl = "{attr!r} must be a boolean value (got {value!r})"
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(tmpl.format(attr=attr, value=value))
+
+
+def check_requirements(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that install_requires is a valid requirements list"""
+    try:
+        list(pkg_resources.parse_requirements(value))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError) as error:
+        tmpl = (
+            "{attr!r} must be a string or list of strings "
+            "containing valid project/version requirement specifiers; {error}"
+        )
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(tmpl.format(attr=attr, error=error))
+
+def check_entry_points(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that entry_points map is parseable"""
+    try:
+        pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse_map(value)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise DistutilsSetupError(e)
+
+def check_test_suite(dist, attr, value):
+    if not isinstance(value, six.string_types):
+        raise DistutilsSetupError("test_suite must be a string")
+
+def check_package_data(dist, attr, value):
+    """Verify that value is a dictionary of package names to glob lists"""
+    if isinstance(value,dict):
+        for k,v in value.items():
+            if not isinstance(k,str): break
+            try: iter(v)
+            except TypeError:
+                break
+        else:
+            return
+    raise DistutilsSetupError(
+        attr+" must be a dictionary mapping package names to lists of "
+        "wildcard patterns"
+    )
+
+def check_packages(dist, attr, value):
+    for pkgname in value:
+        if not re.match(r'\w+(\.\w+)*', pkgname):
+            distutils.log.warn(
+                "WARNING: %r not a valid package name; please use only "
+                ".-separated package names in setup.py", pkgname
+            )
+
+
+class Distribution(_Distribution):
+    """Distribution with support for features, tests, and package data
+
+    This is an enhanced version of 'distutils.dist.Distribution' that
+    effectively adds the following new optional keyword arguments to 'setup()':
+
+     'install_requires' -- a string or sequence of strings specifying project
+        versions that the distribution requires when installed, in the format
+        used by 'pkg_resources.require()'.  They will be installed
+        automatically when the package is installed.  If you wish to use
+        packages that are not available in PyPI, or want to give your users an
+        alternate download location, you can add a 'find_links' option to the
+        '[easy_install]' section of your project's 'setup.cfg' file, and then
+        setuptools will scan the listed web pages for links that satisfy the
+        requirements.
+
+     'extras_require' -- a dictionary mapping names of optional "extras" to the
+        additional requirement(s) that using those extras incurs. For example,
+        this::
+
+            extras_require = dict(reST = ["docutils>=0.3", "reSTedit"])
+
+        indicates that the distribution can optionally provide an extra
+        capability called "reST", but it can only be used if docutils and
+        reSTedit are installed.  If the user installs your package using
+        EasyInstall and requests one of your extras, the corresponding
+        additional requirements will be installed if needed.
+
+     'features' **deprecated** -- a dictionary mapping option names to
+        'setuptools.Feature'
+        objects.  Features are a portion of the distribution that can be
+        included or excluded based on user options, inter-feature dependencies,
+        and availability on the current system.  Excluded features are omitted
+        from all setup commands, including source and binary distributions, so
+        you can create multiple distributions from the same source tree.
+        Feature names should be valid Python identifiers, except that they may
+        contain the '-' (minus) sign.  Features can be included or excluded
+        via the command line options '--with-X' and '--without-X', where 'X' is
+        the name of the feature.  Whether a feature is included by default, and
+        whether you are allowed to control this from the command line, is
+        determined by the Feature object.  See the 'Feature' class for more
+        information.
+
+     'test_suite' -- the name of a test suite to run for the 'test' command.
+        If the user runs 'python setup.py test', the package will be installed,
+        and the named test suite will be run.  The format is the same as
+        would be used on a 'unittest.py' command line.  That is, it is the
+        dotted name of an object to import and call to generate a test suite.
+
+     'package_data' -- a dictionary mapping package names to lists of filenames
+        or globs to use to find data files contained in the named packages.
+        If the dictionary has filenames or globs listed under '""' (the empty
+        string), those names will be searched for in every package, in addition
+        to any names for the specific package.  Data files found using these
+        names/globs will be installed along with the package, in the same
+        location as the package.  Note that globs are allowed to reference
+        the contents of non-package subdirectories, as long as you use '/' as
+        a path separator.  (Globs are automatically converted to
+        platform-specific paths at runtime.)
+
+    In addition to these new keywords, this class also has several new methods
+    for manipulating the distribution's contents.  For example, the 'include()'
+    and 'exclude()' methods can be thought of as in-place add and subtract
+    commands that add or remove packages, modules, extensions, and so on from
+    the distribution.  They are used by the feature subsystem to configure the
+    distribution for the included and excluded features.
+    """
+
+    _patched_dist = None
+
+    def patch_missing_pkg_info(self, attrs):
+        # Fake up a replacement for the data that would normally come from
+        # PKG-INFO, but which might not yet be built if this is a fresh
+        # checkout.
+        #
+        if not attrs or 'name' not in attrs or 'version' not in attrs:
+            return
+        key = pkg_resources.safe_name(str(attrs['name'])).lower()
+        dist = pkg_resources.working_set.by_key.get(key)
+        if dist is not None and not dist.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+            dist._version = pkg_resources.safe_version(str(attrs['version']))
+            self._patched_dist = dist
+
+    def __init__(self, attrs=None):
+        have_package_data = hasattr(self, "package_data")
+        if not have_package_data:
+            self.package_data = {}
+        _attrs_dict = attrs or {}
+        if 'features' in _attrs_dict or 'require_features' in _attrs_dict:
+            Feature.warn_deprecated()
+        self.require_features = []
+        self.features = {}
+        self.dist_files = []
+        self.src_root = attrs and attrs.pop("src_root", None)
+        self.patch_missing_pkg_info(attrs)
+        # Make sure we have any eggs needed to interpret 'attrs'
+        if attrs is not None:
+            self.dependency_links = attrs.pop('dependency_links', [])
+            assert_string_list(self,'dependency_links',self.dependency_links)
+        if attrs and 'setup_requires' in attrs:
+            self.fetch_build_eggs(attrs['setup_requires'])
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.setup_keywords'):
+            vars(self).setdefault(ep.name, None)
+        _Distribution.__init__(self,attrs)
+        if isinstance(self.metadata.version, numbers.Number):
+            # Some people apparently take "version number" too literally :)
+            self.metadata.version = str(self.metadata.version)
+
+        if self.metadata.version is not None:
+            try:
+                ver = packaging.version.Version(self.metadata.version)
+                normalized_version = str(ver)
+                if self.metadata.version != normalized_version:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "Normalizing '%s' to '%s'" % (
+                            self.metadata.version,
+                            normalized_version,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self.metadata.version = normalized_version
+            except (packaging.version.InvalidVersion, TypeError):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The version specified (%r) is an invalid version, this "
+                    "may not work as expected with newer versions of "
+                    "setuptools, pip, and PyPI. Please see PEP 440 for more "
+                    "details." % self.metadata.version
+                )
+
+    def parse_command_line(self):
+        """Process features after parsing command line options"""
+        result = _Distribution.parse_command_line(self)
+        if self.features:
+            self._finalize_features()
+        return result
+
+    def _feature_attrname(self,name):
+        """Convert feature name to corresponding option attribute name"""
+        return 'with_'+name.replace('-','_')
+
+    def fetch_build_eggs(self, requires):
+        """Resolve pre-setup requirements"""
+        resolved_dists = pkg_resources.working_set.resolve(
+            pkg_resources.parse_requirements(requires),
+            installer=self.fetch_build_egg,
+            replace_conflicting=True,
+        )
+        for dist in resolved_dists:
+            pkg_resources.working_set.add(dist, replace=True)
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        _Distribution.finalize_options(self)
+        if self.features:
+            self._set_global_opts_from_features()
+
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.setup_keywords'):
+            value = getattr(self,ep.name,None)
+            if value is not None:
+                ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
+                ep.load()(self, ep.name, value)
+        if getattr(self, 'convert_2to3_doctests', None):
+            # XXX may convert to set here when we can rely on set being builtin
+            self.convert_2to3_doctests = [os.path.abspath(p) for p in self.convert_2to3_doctests]
+        else:
+            self.convert_2to3_doctests = []
+
+    def get_egg_cache_dir(self):
+        egg_cache_dir = os.path.join(os.curdir, '.eggs')
+        if not os.path.exists(egg_cache_dir):
+            os.mkdir(egg_cache_dir)
+            windows_support.hide_file(egg_cache_dir)
+            readme_txt_filename = os.path.join(egg_cache_dir, 'README.txt')
+            with open(readme_txt_filename, 'w') as f:
+                f.write('This directory contains eggs that were downloaded '
+                        'by setuptools to build, test, and run plug-ins.\n\n')
+                f.write('This directory caches those eggs to prevent '
+                        'repeated downloads.\n\n')
+                f.write('However, it is safe to delete this directory.\n\n')
+
+        return egg_cache_dir
+
+    def fetch_build_egg(self, req):
+        """Fetch an egg needed for building"""
+
+        try:
+            cmd = self._egg_fetcher
+            cmd.package_index.to_scan = []
+        except AttributeError:
+            from setuptools.command.easy_install import easy_install
+            dist = self.__class__({'script_args':['easy_install']})
+            dist.parse_config_files()
+            opts = dist.get_option_dict('easy_install')
+            keep = (
+                'find_links', 'site_dirs', 'index_url', 'optimize',
+                'site_dirs', 'allow_hosts'
+            )
+            for key in list(opts):
+                if key not in keep:
+                    del opts[key]   # don't use any other settings
+            if self.dependency_links:
+                links = self.dependency_links[:]
+                if 'find_links' in opts:
+                    links = opts['find_links'][1].split() + links
+                opts['find_links'] = ('setup', links)
+            install_dir = self.get_egg_cache_dir()
+            cmd = easy_install(
+                dist, args=["x"], install_dir=install_dir, exclude_scripts=True,
+                always_copy=False, build_directory=None, editable=False,
+                upgrade=False, multi_version=True, no_report=True, user=False
+            )
+            cmd.ensure_finalized()
+            self._egg_fetcher = cmd
+        return cmd.easy_install(req)
+
+    def _set_global_opts_from_features(self):
+        """Add --with-X/--without-X options based on optional features"""
+
+        go = []
+        no = self.negative_opt.copy()
+
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            self._set_feature(name,None)
+            feature.validate(self)
+
+            if feature.optional:
+                descr = feature.description
+                incdef = ' (default)'
+                excdef=''
+                if not feature.include_by_default():
+                    excdef, incdef = incdef, excdef
+
+                go.append(('with-'+name, None, 'include '+descr+incdef))
+                go.append(('without-'+name, None, 'exclude '+descr+excdef))
+                no['without-'+name] = 'with-'+name
+
+        self.global_options = self.feature_options = go + self.global_options
+        self.negative_opt = self.feature_negopt = no
+
+    def _finalize_features(self):
+        """Add/remove features and resolve dependencies between them"""
+
+        # First, flag all the enabled items (and thus their dependencies)
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            enabled = self.feature_is_included(name)
+            if enabled or (enabled is None and feature.include_by_default()):
+                feature.include_in(self)
+                self._set_feature(name,1)
+
+        # Then disable the rest, so that off-by-default features don't
+        # get flagged as errors when they're required by an enabled feature
+        for name,feature in self.features.items():
+            if not self.feature_is_included(name):
+                feature.exclude_from(self)
+                self._set_feature(name,0)
+
+    def get_command_class(self, command):
+        """Pluggable version of get_command_class()"""
+        if command in self.cmdclass:
+            return self.cmdclass[command]
+
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands',command):
+            ep.require(installer=self.fetch_build_egg)
+            self.cmdclass[command] = cmdclass = ep.load()
+            return cmdclass
+        else:
+            return _Distribution.get_command_class(self, command)
+
+    def print_commands(self):
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands'):
+            if ep.name not in self.cmdclass:
+                # don't require extras as the commands won't be invoked
+                cmdclass = ep.resolve()
+                self.cmdclass[ep.name] = cmdclass
+        return _Distribution.print_commands(self)
+
+    def get_command_list(self):
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('distutils.commands'):
+            if ep.name not in self.cmdclass:
+                # don't require extras as the commands won't be invoked
+                cmdclass = ep.resolve()
+                self.cmdclass[ep.name] = cmdclass
+        return _Distribution.get_command_list(self)
+
+    def _set_feature(self,name,status):
+        """Set feature's inclusion status"""
+        setattr(self,self._feature_attrname(name),status)
+
+    def feature_is_included(self,name):
+        """Return 1 if feature is included, 0 if excluded, 'None' if unknown"""
+        return getattr(self,self._feature_attrname(name))
+
+    def include_feature(self,name):
+        """Request inclusion of feature named 'name'"""
+
+        if self.feature_is_included(name)==0:
+            descr = self.features[name].description
+            raise DistutilsOptionError(
+                descr + " is required, but was excluded or is not available"
+            )
+        self.features[name].include_in(self)
+        self._set_feature(name,1)
+
+    def include(self,**attrs):
+        """Add items to distribution that are named in keyword arguments
+
+        For example, 'dist.exclude(py_modules=["x"])' would add 'x' to
+        the distribution's 'py_modules' attribute, if it was not already
+        there.
+
+        Currently, this method only supports inclusion for attributes that are
+        lists or tuples.  If you need to add support for adding to other
+        attributes in this or a subclass, you can add an '_include_X' method,
+        where 'X' is the name of the attribute.  The method will be called with
+        the value passed to 'include()'.  So, 'dist.include(foo={"bar":"baz"})'
+        will try to call 'dist._include_foo({"bar":"baz"})', which can then
+        handle whatever special inclusion logic is needed.
+        """
+        for k,v in attrs.items():
+            include = getattr(self, '_include_'+k, None)
+            if include:
+                include(v)
+            else:
+                self._include_misc(k,v)
+
+    def exclude_package(self,package):
+        """Remove packages, modules, and extensions in named package"""
+
+        pfx = package+'.'
+        if self.packages:
+            self.packages = [
+                p for p in self.packages
+                    if p != package and not p.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+        if self.py_modules:
+            self.py_modules = [
+                p for p in self.py_modules
+                    if p != package and not p.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+        if self.ext_modules:
+            self.ext_modules = [
+                p for p in self.ext_modules
+                    if p.name != package and not p.name.startswith(pfx)
+            ]
+
+    def has_contents_for(self,package):
+        """Return true if 'exclude_package(package)' would do something"""
+
+        pfx = package+'.'
+
+        for p in self.iter_distribution_names():
+            if p==package or p.startswith(pfx):
+                return True
+
+    def _exclude_misc(self,name,value):
+        """Handle 'exclude()' for list/tuple attrs without a special handler"""
+        if not isinstance(value,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: setting must be a list or tuple (%r)" % (name, value)
+            )
+        try:
+            old = getattr(self,name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: No such distribution setting" % name
+            )
+        if old is not None and not isinstance(old,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                name+": this setting cannot be changed via include/exclude"
+            )
+        elif old:
+            setattr(self,name,[item for item in old if item not in value])
+
+    def _include_misc(self,name,value):
+        """Handle 'include()' for list/tuple attrs without a special handler"""
+
+        if not isinstance(value,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: setting must be a list (%r)" % (name, value)
+            )
+        try:
+            old = getattr(self,name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "%s: No such distribution setting" % name
+            )
+        if old is None:
+            setattr(self,name,value)
+        elif not isinstance(old,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                name+": this setting cannot be changed via include/exclude"
+            )
+        else:
+            setattr(self,name,old+[item for item in value if item not in old])
+
+    def exclude(self,**attrs):
+        """Remove items from distribution that are named in keyword arguments
+
+        For example, 'dist.exclude(py_modules=["x"])' would remove 'x' from
+        the distribution's 'py_modules' attribute.  Excluding packages uses
+        the 'exclude_package()' method, so all of the package's contained
+        packages, modules, and extensions are also excluded.
+
+        Currently, this method only supports exclusion from attributes that are
+        lists or tuples.  If you need to add support for excluding from other
+        attributes in this or a subclass, you can add an '_exclude_X' method,
+        where 'X' is the name of the attribute.  The method will be called with
+        the value passed to 'exclude()'.  So, 'dist.exclude(foo={"bar":"baz"})'
+        will try to call 'dist._exclude_foo({"bar":"baz"})', which can then
+        handle whatever special exclusion logic is needed.
+        """
+        for k,v in attrs.items():
+            exclude = getattr(self, '_exclude_'+k, None)
+            if exclude:
+                exclude(v)
+            else:
+                self._exclude_misc(k,v)
+
+    def _exclude_packages(self,packages):
+        if not isinstance(packages,sequence):
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "packages: setting must be a list or tuple (%r)" % (packages,)
+            )
+        list(map(self.exclude_package, packages))
+
+    def _parse_command_opts(self, parser, args):
+        # Remove --with-X/--without-X options when processing command args
+        self.global_options = self.__class__.global_options
+        self.negative_opt = self.__class__.negative_opt
+
+        # First, expand any aliases
+        command = args[0]
+        aliases = self.get_option_dict('aliases')
+        while command in aliases:
+            src,alias = aliases[command]
+            del aliases[command]    # ensure each alias can expand only once!
+            import shlex
+            args[:1] = shlex.split(alias,True)
+            command = args[0]
+
+        nargs = _Distribution._parse_command_opts(self, parser, args)
+
+        # Handle commands that want to consume all remaining arguments
+        cmd_class = self.get_command_class(command)
+        if getattr(cmd_class,'command_consumes_arguments',None):
+            self.get_option_dict(command)['args'] = ("command line", nargs)
+            if nargs is not None:
+                return []
+
+        return nargs
+
+    def get_cmdline_options(self):
+        """Return a '{cmd: {opt:val}}' map of all command-line options
+
+        Option names are all long, but do not include the leading '--', and
+        contain dashes rather than underscores.  If the option doesn't take
+        an argument (e.g. '--quiet'), the 'val' is 'None'.
+
+        Note that options provided by config files are intentionally excluded.
+        """
+
+        d = {}
+
+        for cmd,opts in self.command_options.items():
+
+            for opt,(src,val) in opts.items():
+
+                if src != "command line":
+                    continue
+
+                opt = opt.replace('_','-')
+
+                if val==0:
+                    cmdobj = self.get_command_obj(cmd)
+                    neg_opt = self.negative_opt.copy()
+                    neg_opt.update(getattr(cmdobj,'negative_opt',{}))
+                    for neg,pos in neg_opt.items():
+                        if pos==opt:
+                            opt=neg
+                            val=None
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        raise AssertionError("Shouldn't be able to get here")
+
+                elif val==1:
+                    val = None
+
+                d.setdefault(cmd,{})[opt] = val
+
+        return d
+
+    def iter_distribution_names(self):
+        """Yield all packages, modules, and extension names in distribution"""
+
+        for pkg in self.packages or ():
+            yield pkg
+
+        for module in self.py_modules or ():
+            yield module
+
+        for ext in self.ext_modules or ():
+            if isinstance(ext,tuple):
+                name, buildinfo = ext
+            else:
+                name = ext.name
+            if name.endswith('module'):
+                name = name[:-6]
+            yield name
+
+    def handle_display_options(self, option_order):
+        """If there were any non-global "display-only" options
+        (--help-commands or the metadata display options) on the command
+        line, display the requested info and return true; else return
+        false.
+        """
+        import sys
+
+        if six.PY2 or self.help_commands:
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Stdout may be StringIO (e.g. in tests)
+        import io
+        if not isinstance(sys.stdout, io.TextIOWrapper):
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Don't wrap stdout if utf-8 is already the encoding. Provides
+        #  workaround for #334.
+        if sys.stdout.encoding.lower() in ('utf-8', 'utf8'):
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+
+        # Print metadata in UTF-8 no matter the platform
+        encoding = sys.stdout.encoding
+        errors = sys.stdout.errors
+        newline = sys.platform != 'win32' and '\n' or None
+        line_buffering = sys.stdout.line_buffering
+
+        sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+            sys.stdout.detach(), 'utf-8', errors, newline, line_buffering)
+        try:
+            return _Distribution.handle_display_options(self, option_order)
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+                sys.stdout.detach(), encoding, errors, newline, line_buffering)
+
+
+# Install it throughout the distutils
+for module in distutils.dist, distutils.core, distutils.cmd:
+    module.Distribution = Distribution
+
+
+class Feature:
+    """
+    **deprecated** -- The `Feature` facility was never completely implemented
+    or supported, `has reported issues
+    <https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/58>`_ and will be removed in
+    a future version.
+
+    A subset of the distribution that can be excluded if unneeded/wanted
+
+    Features are created using these keyword arguments:
+
+      'description' -- a short, human readable description of the feature, to
+         be used in error messages, and option help messages.
+
+      'standard' -- if true, the feature is included by default if it is
+         available on the current system.  Otherwise, the feature is only
+         included if requested via a command line '--with-X' option, or if
+         another included feature requires it.  The default setting is 'False'.
+
+      'available' -- if true, the feature is available for installation on the
+         current system.  The default setting is 'True'.
+
+      'optional' -- if true, the feature's inclusion can be controlled from the
+         command line, using the '--with-X' or '--without-X' options.  If
+         false, the feature's inclusion status is determined automatically,
+         based on 'availabile', 'standard', and whether any other feature
+         requires it.  The default setting is 'True'.
+
+      'require_features' -- a string or sequence of strings naming features
+         that should also be included if this feature is included.  Defaults to
+         empty list.  May also contain 'Require' objects that should be
+         added/removed from the distribution.
+
+      'remove' -- a string or list of strings naming packages to be removed
+         from the distribution if this feature is *not* included.  If the
+         feature *is* included, this argument is ignored.  This argument exists
+         to support removing features that "crosscut" a distribution, such as
+         defining a 'tests' feature that removes all the 'tests' subpackages
+         provided by other features.  The default for this argument is an empty
+         list.  (Note: the named package(s) or modules must exist in the base
+         distribution when the 'setup()' function is initially called.)
+
+      other keywords -- any other keyword arguments are saved, and passed to
+         the distribution's 'include()' and 'exclude()' methods when the
+         feature is included or excluded, respectively.  So, for example, you
+         could pass 'packages=["a","b"]' to cause packages 'a' and 'b' to be
+         added or removed from the distribution as appropriate.
+
+    A feature must include at least one 'requires', 'remove', or other
+    keyword argument.  Otherwise, it can't affect the distribution in any way.
+    Note also that you can subclass 'Feature' to create your own specialized
+    feature types that modify the distribution in other ways when included or
+    excluded.  See the docstrings for the various methods here for more detail.
+    Aside from the methods, the only feature attributes that distributions look
+    at are 'description' and 'optional'.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def warn_deprecated():
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Features are deprecated and will be removed in a future "
+                "version. See http://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/65.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=3,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(self, description, standard=False, available=True,
+            optional=True, require_features=(), remove=(), **extras):
+        self.warn_deprecated()
+
+        self.description = description
+        self.standard = standard
+        self.available = available
+        self.optional = optional
+        if isinstance(require_features,(str,Require)):
+            require_features = require_features,
+
+        self.require_features = [
+            r for r in require_features if isinstance(r,str)
+        ]
+        er = [r for r in require_features if not isinstance(r,str)]
+        if er: extras['require_features'] = er
+
+        if isinstance(remove,str):
+            remove = remove,
+        self.remove = remove
+        self.extras = extras
+
+        if not remove and not require_features and not extras:
+            raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                "Feature %s: must define 'require_features', 'remove', or at least one"
+                " of 'packages', 'py_modules', etc."
+            )
+
+    def include_by_default(self):
+        """Should this feature be included by default?"""
+        return self.available and self.standard
+
+    def include_in(self,dist):
+
+        """Ensure feature and its requirements are included in distribution
+
+        You may override this in a subclass to perform additional operations on
+        the distribution.  Note that this method may be called more than once
+        per feature, and so should be idempotent.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.available:
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError(
+                self.description+" is required, "
+                "but is not available on this platform"
+            )
+
+        dist.include(**self.extras)
+
+        for f in self.require_features:
+            dist.include_feature(f)
+
+    def exclude_from(self,dist):
+
+        """Ensure feature is excluded from distribution
+
+        You may override this in a subclass to perform additional operations on
+        the distribution.  This method will be called at most once per
+        feature, and only after all included features have been asked to
+        include themselves.
+        """
+
+        dist.exclude(**self.extras)
+
+        if self.remove:
+            for item in self.remove:
+                dist.exclude_package(item)
+
+    def validate(self,dist):
+
+        """Verify that feature makes sense in context of distribution
+
+        This method is called by the distribution just before it parses its
+        command line.  It checks to ensure that the 'remove' attribute, if any,
+        contains only valid package/module names that are present in the base
+        distribution when 'setup()' is called.  You may override it in a
+        subclass to perform any other required validation of the feature
+        against a target distribution.
+        """
+
+        for item in self.remove:
+            if not dist.has_contents_for(item):
+                raise DistutilsSetupError(
+                    "%s wants to be able to remove %s, but the distribution"
+                    " doesn't contain any packages or modules under %s"
+                    % (self.description, item, item)
+                )
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d10609b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import sys
+import re
+import functools
+import distutils.core
+import distutils.errors
+import distutils.extension
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import map
+
+from .dist import _get_unpatched
+from . import msvc9_support
+
+_Extension = _get_unpatched(distutils.core.Extension)
+
+msvc9_support.patch_for_specialized_compiler()
+
+def _have_cython():
+    """
+    Return True if Cython can be imported.
+    """
+    cython_impl = 'Cython.Distutils.build_ext',
+    try:
+        # from (cython_impl) import build_ext
+        __import__(cython_impl, fromlist=['build_ext']).build_ext
+        return True
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    return False
+
+# for compatibility
+have_pyrex = _have_cython
+
+
+class Extension(_Extension):
+    """Extension that uses '.c' files in place of '.pyx' files"""
+
+    def _convert_pyx_sources_to_lang(self):
+        """
+        Replace sources with .pyx extensions to sources with the target
+        language extension. This mechanism allows language authors to supply
+        pre-converted sources but to prefer the .pyx sources.
+        """
+        if _have_cython():
+            # the build has Cython, so allow it to compile the .pyx files
+            return
+        lang = self.language or ''
+        target_ext = '.cpp' if lang.lower() == 'c++' else '.c'
+        sub = functools.partial(re.sub, '.pyx$', target_ext)
+        self.sources = list(map(sub, self.sources))
+
+class Library(Extension):
+    """Just like a regular Extension, but built as a library instead"""
+
+distutils.core.Extension = Extension
+distutils.extension.Extension = Extension
+if 'distutils.command.build_ext' in sys.modules:
+    sys.modules['distutils.command.build_ext'].Extension = Extension
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6859aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/extern/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from pkg_resources.extern import VendorImporter
+
+
+names = 'six',
+VendorImporter(__name__, names, 'pkg_resources._vendor').install()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/gui-32.exe
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/gui-arm-32.exe b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/gui-arm-32.exe
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feef591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/lib2to3_ex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""
+Customized Mixin2to3 support:
+
+ - adds support for converting doctests
+
+
+This module raises an ImportError on Python 2.
+"""
+
+from distutils.util import Mixin2to3 as _Mixin2to3
+from distutils import log
+from lib2to3.refactor import RefactoringTool, get_fixers_from_package
+import setuptools
+
+class DistutilsRefactoringTool(RefactoringTool):
+    def log_error(self, msg, *args, **kw):
+        log.error(msg, *args)
+
+    def log_message(self, msg, *args):
+        log.info(msg, *args)
+
+    def log_debug(self, msg, *args):
+        log.debug(msg, *args)
+
+class Mixin2to3(_Mixin2to3):
+    def run_2to3(self, files, doctests = False):
+        # See of the distribution option has been set, otherwise check the
+        # setuptools default.
+        if self.distribution.use_2to3 is not True:
+            return
+        if not files:
+            return
+        log.info("Fixing "+" ".join(files))
+        self.__build_fixer_names()
+        self.__exclude_fixers()
+        if doctests:
+            if setuptools.run_2to3_on_doctests:
+                r = DistutilsRefactoringTool(self.fixer_names)
+                r.refactor(files, write=True, doctests_only=True)
+        else:
+            _Mixin2to3.run_2to3(self, files)
+
+    def __build_fixer_names(self):
+        if self.fixer_names: return
+        self.fixer_names = []
+        for p in setuptools.lib2to3_fixer_packages:
+            self.fixer_names.extend(get_fixers_from_package(p))
+        if self.distribution.use_2to3_fixers is not None:
+            for p in self.distribution.use_2to3_fixers:
+                self.fixer_names.extend(get_fixers_from_package(p))
+
+    def __exclude_fixers(self):
+        excluded_fixers = getattr(self, 'exclude_fixers', [])
+        if self.distribution.use_2to3_exclude_fixers is not None:
+            excluded_fixers.extend(self.distribution.use_2to3_exclude_fixers)
+        for fixer_name in excluded_fixers:
+            if fixer_name in self.fixer_names:
+                self.fixer_names.remove(fixer_name)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a69c747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/msvc9_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+try:
+    import distutils.msvc9compiler
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+unpatched = dict()
+
+def patch_for_specialized_compiler():
+    """
+    Patch functions in distutils.msvc9compiler to use the standalone compiler
+    build for Python (Windows only). Fall back to original behavior when the
+    standalone compiler is not available.
+    """
+    if 'distutils' not in globals():
+        # The module isn't available to be patched
+        return
+
+    if unpatched:
+        # Already patched
+        return
+
+    unpatched.update(vars(distutils.msvc9compiler))
+
+    distutils.msvc9compiler.find_vcvarsall = find_vcvarsall
+    distutils.msvc9compiler.query_vcvarsall = query_vcvarsall
+
+def find_vcvarsall(version):
+    Reg = distutils.msvc9compiler.Reg
+    VC_BASE = r'Software\%sMicrosoft\DevDiv\VCForPython\%0.1f'
+    key = VC_BASE % ('', version)
+    try:
+        # Per-user installs register the compiler path here
+        productdir = Reg.get_value(key, "installdir")
+    except KeyError:
+        try:
+            # All-user installs on a 64-bit system register here
+            key = VC_BASE % ('Wow6432Node\\', version)
+            productdir = Reg.get_value(key, "installdir")
+        except KeyError:
+            productdir = None
+
+    if productdir:
+        import os
+        vcvarsall = os.path.join(productdir, "vcvarsall.bat")
+        if os.path.isfile(vcvarsall):
+            return vcvarsall
+
+    return unpatched['find_vcvarsall'](version)
+
+def query_vcvarsall(version, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        return unpatched['query_vcvarsall'](version, *args, **kwargs)
+    except distutils.errors.DistutilsPlatformError as exc:
+        if exc and "vcvarsall.bat" in exc.args[0]:
+            message = 'Microsoft Visual C++ %0.1f is required (%s).' % (version, exc.args[0])
+            if int(version) == 9:
+                # This redirection link is maintained by Microsoft.
+                # Contact vspython@microsoft.com if it needs updating.
+                raise distutils.errors.DistutilsPlatformError(
+                    message + ' Get it from http://aka.ms/vcpython27'
+                )
+            raise distutils.errors.DistutilsPlatformError(message)
+        raise
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c53343e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/package_index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1069 @@
+"""PyPI and direct package downloading"""
+import sys
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import itertools
+from functools import wraps
+
+try:
+    from urllib.parse import splituser
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib2 import splituser
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import urllib, http_client, configparser, map
+
+from pkg_resources import (
+    CHECKOUT_DIST, Distribution, BINARY_DIST, normalize_path, SOURCE_DIST,
+    require, Environment, find_distributions, safe_name, safe_version,
+    to_filename, Requirement, DEVELOP_DIST,
+)
+from setuptools import ssl_support
+from distutils import log
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from fnmatch import translate
+from setuptools.py26compat import strip_fragment
+from setuptools.py27compat import get_all_headers
+
+EGG_FRAGMENT = re.compile(r'^egg=([-A-Za-z0-9_.]+)$')
+HREF = re.compile("""href\\s*=\\s*['"]?([^'"> ]+)""", re.I)
+# this is here to fix emacs' cruddy broken syntax highlighting
+PYPI_MD5 = re.compile(
+    '<a href="([^"#]+)">([^<]+)</a>\n\s+\\(<a (?:title="MD5 hash"\n\s+)'
+    'href="[^?]+\?:action=show_md5&amp;digest=([0-9a-f]{32})">md5</a>\\)'
+)
+URL_SCHEME = re.compile('([-+.a-z0-9]{2,}):',re.I).match
+EXTENSIONS = ".tar.gz .tar.bz2 .tar .zip .tgz".split()
+
+__all__ = [
+    'PackageIndex', 'distros_for_url', 'parse_bdist_wininst',
+    'interpret_distro_name',
+]
+
+_SOCKET_TIMEOUT = 15
+
+def parse_bdist_wininst(name):
+    """Return (base,pyversion) or (None,None) for possible .exe name"""
+
+    lower = name.lower()
+    base, py_ver, plat = None, None, None
+
+    if lower.endswith('.exe'):
+        if lower.endswith('.win32.exe'):
+            base = name[:-10]
+            plat = 'win32'
+        elif lower.startswith('.win32-py',-16):
+            py_ver = name[-7:-4]
+            base = name[:-16]
+            plat = 'win32'
+        elif lower.endswith('.win-amd64.exe'):
+            base = name[:-14]
+            plat = 'win-amd64'
+        elif lower.startswith('.win-amd64-py',-20):
+            py_ver = name[-7:-4]
+            base = name[:-20]
+            plat = 'win-amd64'
+    return base,py_ver,plat
+
+
+def egg_info_for_url(url):
+    parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    scheme, server, path, parameters, query, fragment = parts
+    base = urllib.parse.unquote(path.split('/')[-1])
+    if server=='sourceforge.net' and base=='download':    # XXX Yuck
+        base = urllib.parse.unquote(path.split('/')[-2])
+    if '#' in base: base, fragment = base.split('#',1)
+    return base,fragment
+
+def distros_for_url(url, metadata=None):
+    """Yield egg or source distribution objects that might be found at a URL"""
+    base, fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
+    for dist in distros_for_location(url, base, metadata): yield dist
+    if fragment:
+        match = EGG_FRAGMENT.match(fragment)
+        if match:
+            for dist in interpret_distro_name(
+                url, match.group(1), metadata, precedence = CHECKOUT_DIST
+            ):
+                yield dist
+
+def distros_for_location(location, basename, metadata=None):
+    """Yield egg or source distribution objects based on basename"""
+    if basename.endswith('.egg.zip'):
+        basename = basename[:-4]    # strip the .zip
+    if basename.endswith('.egg') and '-' in basename:
+        # only one, unambiguous interpretation
+        return [Distribution.from_location(location, basename, metadata)]
+    if basename.endswith('.exe'):
+        win_base, py_ver, platform = parse_bdist_wininst(basename)
+        if win_base is not None:
+            return interpret_distro_name(
+                location, win_base, metadata, py_ver, BINARY_DIST, platform
+            )
+    # Try source distro extensions (.zip, .tgz, etc.)
+    #
+    for ext in EXTENSIONS:
+        if basename.endswith(ext):
+            basename = basename[:-len(ext)]
+            return interpret_distro_name(location, basename, metadata)
+    return []  # no extension matched
+
+def distros_for_filename(filename, metadata=None):
+    """Yield possible egg or source distribution objects based on a filename"""
+    return distros_for_location(
+        normalize_path(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata
+    )
+
+
+def interpret_distro_name(
+        location, basename, metadata, py_version=None, precedence=SOURCE_DIST,
+        platform=None
+        ):
+    """Generate alternative interpretations of a source distro name
+
+    Note: if `location` is a filesystem filename, you should call
+    ``pkg_resources.normalize_path()`` on it before passing it to this
+    routine!
+    """
+    # Generate alternative interpretations of a source distro name
+    # Because some packages are ambiguous as to name/versions split
+    # e.g. "adns-python-1.1.0", "egenix-mx-commercial", etc.
+    # So, we generate each possible interepretation (e.g. "adns, python-1.1.0"
+    # "adns-python, 1.1.0", and "adns-python-1.1.0, no version").  In practice,
+    # the spurious interpretations should be ignored, because in the event
+    # there's also an "adns" package, the spurious "python-1.1.0" version will
+    # compare lower than any numeric version number, and is therefore unlikely
+    # to match a request for it.  It's still a potential problem, though, and
+    # in the long run PyPI and the distutils should go for "safe" names and
+    # versions in distribution archive names (sdist and bdist).
+
+    parts = basename.split('-')
+    if not py_version and any(re.match('py\d\.\d$', p) for p in parts[2:]):
+        # it is a bdist_dumb, not an sdist -- bail out
+        return
+
+    for p in range(1,len(parts)+1):
+        yield Distribution(
+            location, metadata, '-'.join(parts[:p]), '-'.join(parts[p:]),
+            py_version=py_version, precedence = precedence,
+            platform = platform
+        )
+
+# From Python 2.7 docs
+def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
+    "List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
+    # unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
+    # unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
+    seen = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if key is None:
+        for element in six.moves.filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen_add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen_add(k)
+                yield element
+
+def unique_values(func):
+    """
+    Wrap a function returning an iterable such that the resulting iterable
+    only ever yields unique items.
+    """
+    @wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        return unique_everseen(func(*args, **kwargs))
+    return wrapper
+
+REL = re.compile("""<([^>]*\srel\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)[^>]*)>""", re.I)
+# this line is here to fix emacs' cruddy broken syntax highlighting
+
+@unique_values
+def find_external_links(url, page):
+    """Find rel="homepage" and rel="download" links in `page`, yielding URLs"""
+
+    for match in REL.finditer(page):
+        tag, rel = match.groups()
+        rels = set(map(str.strip, rel.lower().split(',')))
+        if 'homepage' in rels or 'download' in rels:
+            for match in HREF.finditer(tag):
+                yield urllib.parse.urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+
+    for tag in ("<th>Home Page", "<th>Download URL"):
+        pos = page.find(tag)
+        if pos!=-1:
+            match = HREF.search(page,pos)
+            if match:
+                yield urllib.parse.urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+
+user_agent = "Python-urllib/%s setuptools/%s" % (
+    sys.version[:3], require('setuptools')[0].version
+)
+
+class ContentChecker(object):
+    """
+    A null content checker that defines the interface for checking content
+    """
+    def feed(self, block):
+        """
+        Feed a block of data to the hash.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        """
+        Check the hash. Return False if validation fails.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    def report(self, reporter, template):
+        """
+        Call reporter with information about the checker (hash name)
+        substituted into the template.
+        """
+        return
+
+class HashChecker(ContentChecker):
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'(?P<hash_name>sha1|sha224|sha384|sha256|sha512|md5)='
+        r'(?P<expected>[a-f0-9]+)'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, hash_name, expected):
+        self.hash_name = hash_name
+        self.hash = hashlib.new(hash_name)
+        self.expected = expected
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls, url):
+        "Construct a (possibly null) ContentChecker from a URL"
+        fragment = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[-1]
+        if not fragment:
+            return ContentChecker()
+        match = cls.pattern.search(fragment)
+        if not match:
+            return ContentChecker()
+        return cls(**match.groupdict())
+
+    def feed(self, block):
+        self.hash.update(block)
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        return self.hash.hexdigest() == self.expected
+
+    def report(self, reporter, template):
+        msg = template % self.hash_name
+        return reporter(msg)
+
+
+class PackageIndex(Environment):
+    """A distribution index that scans web pages for download URLs"""
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, index_url="https://pypi.python.org/simple", hosts=('*',),
+            ca_bundle=None, verify_ssl=True, *args, **kw
+            ):
+        Environment.__init__(self,*args,**kw)
+        self.index_url = index_url + "/"[:not index_url.endswith('/')]
+        self.scanned_urls = {}
+        self.fetched_urls = {}
+        self.package_pages = {}
+        self.allows = re.compile('|'.join(map(translate,hosts))).match
+        self.to_scan = []
+        if verify_ssl and ssl_support.is_available and (ca_bundle or ssl_support.find_ca_bundle()):
+            self.opener = ssl_support.opener_for(ca_bundle)
+        else: self.opener = urllib.request.urlopen
+
+    def process_url(self, url, retrieve=False):
+        """Evaluate a URL as a possible download, and maybe retrieve it"""
+        if url in self.scanned_urls and not retrieve:
+            return
+        self.scanned_urls[url] = True
+        if not URL_SCHEME(url):
+            self.process_filename(url)
+            return
+        else:
+            dists = list(distros_for_url(url))
+            if dists:
+                if not self.url_ok(url):
+                    return
+                self.debug("Found link: %s", url)
+
+        if dists or not retrieve or url in self.fetched_urls:
+            list(map(self.add, dists))
+            return  # don't need the actual page
+
+        if not self.url_ok(url):
+            self.fetched_urls[url] = True
+            return
+
+        self.info("Reading %s", url)
+        self.fetched_urls[url] = True   # prevent multiple fetch attempts
+        f = self.open_url(url, "Download error on %s: %%s -- Some packages may not be found!" % url)
+        if f is None: return
+        self.fetched_urls[f.url] = True
+        if 'html' not in f.headers.get('content-type', '').lower():
+            f.close()   # not html, we can't process it
+            return
+
+        base = f.url     # handle redirects
+        page = f.read()
+        if not isinstance(page, str): # We are in Python 3 and got bytes. We want str.
+            if isinstance(f, urllib.error.HTTPError):
+                # Errors have no charset, assume latin1:
+                charset = 'latin-1'
+            else:
+                charset = f.headers.get_param('charset') or 'latin-1'
+            page = page.decode(charset, "ignore")
+        f.close()
+        for match in HREF.finditer(page):
+            link = urllib.parse.urljoin(base, htmldecode(match.group(1)))
+            self.process_url(link)
+        if url.startswith(self.index_url) and getattr(f,'code',None)!=404:
+            page = self.process_index(url, page)
+
+    def process_filename(self, fn, nested=False):
+        # process filenames or directories
+        if not os.path.exists(fn):
+            self.warn("Not found: %s", fn)
+            return
+
+        if os.path.isdir(fn) and not nested:
+            path = os.path.realpath(fn)
+            for item in os.listdir(path):
+                self.process_filename(os.path.join(path,item), True)
+
+        dists = distros_for_filename(fn)
+        if dists:
+            self.debug("Found: %s", fn)
+            list(map(self.add, dists))
+
+    def url_ok(self, url, fatal=False):
+        s = URL_SCHEME(url)
+        if (s and s.group(1).lower()=='file') or self.allows(urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[1]):
+            return True
+        msg = ("\nNote: Bypassing %s (disallowed host; see "
+            "http://bit.ly/1dg9ijs for details).\n")
+        if fatal:
+            raise DistutilsError(msg % url)
+        else:
+            self.warn(msg, url)
+
+    def scan_egg_links(self, search_path):
+        dirs = filter(os.path.isdir, search_path)
+        egg_links = (
+            (path, entry)
+            for path in dirs
+            for entry in os.listdir(path)
+            if entry.endswith('.egg-link')
+        )
+        list(itertools.starmap(self.scan_egg_link, egg_links))
+
+    def scan_egg_link(self, path, entry):
+        with open(os.path.join(path, entry)) as raw_lines:
+            # filter non-empty lines
+            lines = list(filter(None, map(str.strip, raw_lines)))
+
+        if len(lines) != 2:
+            # format is not recognized; punt
+            return
+
+        egg_path, setup_path = lines
+
+        for dist in find_distributions(os.path.join(path, egg_path)):
+            dist.location = os.path.join(path, *lines)
+            dist.precedence = SOURCE_DIST
+            self.add(dist)
+
+    def process_index(self,url,page):
+        """Process the contents of a PyPI page"""
+        def scan(link):
+            # Process a URL to see if it's for a package page
+            if link.startswith(self.index_url):
+                parts = list(map(
+                    urllib.parse.unquote, link[len(self.index_url):].split('/')
+                ))
+                if len(parts)==2 and '#' not in parts[1]:
+                    # it's a package page, sanitize and index it
+                    pkg = safe_name(parts[0])
+                    ver = safe_version(parts[1])
+                    self.package_pages.setdefault(pkg.lower(),{})[link] = True
+                    return to_filename(pkg), to_filename(ver)
+            return None, None
+
+        # process an index page into the package-page index
+        for match in HREF.finditer(page):
+            try:
+                scan(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, htmldecode(match.group(1))))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        pkg, ver = scan(url)   # ensure this page is in the page index
+        if pkg:
+            # process individual package page
+            for new_url in find_external_links(url, page):
+                # Process the found URL
+                base, frag = egg_info_for_url(new_url)
+                if base.endswith('.py') and not frag:
+                    if ver:
+                        new_url+='#egg=%s-%s' % (pkg,ver)
+                    else:
+                        self.need_version_info(url)
+                self.scan_url(new_url)
+
+            return PYPI_MD5.sub(
+                lambda m: '<a href="%s#md5=%s">%s</a>' % m.group(1,3,2), page
+            )
+        else:
+            return ""   # no sense double-scanning non-package pages
+
+    def need_version_info(self, url):
+        self.scan_all(
+            "Page at %s links to .py file(s) without version info; an index "
+            "scan is required.", url
+        )
+
+    def scan_all(self, msg=None, *args):
+        if self.index_url not in self.fetched_urls:
+            if msg: self.warn(msg,*args)
+            self.info(
+                "Scanning index of all packages (this may take a while)"
+            )
+        self.scan_url(self.index_url)
+
+    def find_packages(self, requirement):
+        self.scan_url(self.index_url + requirement.unsafe_name+'/')
+
+        if not self.package_pages.get(requirement.key):
+            # Fall back to safe version of the name
+            self.scan_url(self.index_url + requirement.project_name+'/')
+
+        if not self.package_pages.get(requirement.key):
+            # We couldn't find the target package, so search the index page too
+            self.not_found_in_index(requirement)
+
+        for url in list(self.package_pages.get(requirement.key,())):
+            # scan each page that might be related to the desired package
+            self.scan_url(url)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        self.prescan()
+        self.find_packages(requirement)
+        for dist in self[requirement.key]:
+            if dist in requirement:
+                return dist
+            self.debug("%s does not match %s", requirement, dist)
+        return super(PackageIndex, self).obtain(requirement,installer)
+
+    def check_hash(self, checker, filename, tfp):
+        """
+        checker is a ContentChecker
+        """
+        checker.report(self.debug,
+            "Validating %%s checksum for %s" % filename)
+        if not checker.is_valid():
+            tfp.close()
+            os.unlink(filename)
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "%s validation failed for %s; "
+                "possible download problem?" % (
+                                checker.hash.name, os.path.basename(filename))
+            )
+
+    def add_find_links(self, urls):
+        """Add `urls` to the list that will be prescanned for searches"""
+        for url in urls:
+            if (
+                self.to_scan is None        # if we have already "gone online"
+                or not URL_SCHEME(url)      # or it's a local file/directory
+                or url.startswith('file:')
+                or list(distros_for_url(url))   # or a direct package link
+            ):
+                # then go ahead and process it now
+                self.scan_url(url)
+            else:
+                # otherwise, defer retrieval till later
+                self.to_scan.append(url)
+
+    def prescan(self):
+        """Scan urls scheduled for prescanning (e.g. --find-links)"""
+        if self.to_scan:
+            list(map(self.scan_url, self.to_scan))
+        self.to_scan = None     # from now on, go ahead and process immediately
+
+    def not_found_in_index(self, requirement):
+        if self[requirement.key]:   # we've seen at least one distro
+            meth, msg = self.info, "Couldn't retrieve index page for %r"
+        else:   # no distros seen for this name, might be misspelled
+            meth, msg = (self.warn,
+                "Couldn't find index page for %r (maybe misspelled?)")
+        meth(msg, requirement.unsafe_name)
+        self.scan_all()
+
+    def download(self, spec, tmpdir):
+        """Locate and/or download `spec` to `tmpdir`, returning a local path
+
+        `spec` may be a ``Requirement`` object, or a string containing a URL,
+        an existing local filename, or a project/version requirement spec
+        (i.e. the string form of a ``Requirement`` object).  If it is the URL
+        of a .py file with an unambiguous ``#egg=name-version`` tag (i.e., one
+        that escapes ``-`` as ``_`` throughout), a trivial ``setup.py`` is
+        automatically created alongside the downloaded file.
+
+        If `spec` is a ``Requirement`` object or a string containing a
+        project/version requirement spec, this method returns the location of
+        a matching distribution (possibly after downloading it to `tmpdir`).
+        If `spec` is a locally existing file or directory name, it is simply
+        returned unchanged.  If `spec` is a URL, it is downloaded to a subpath
+        of `tmpdir`, and the local filename is returned.  Various errors may be
+        raised if a problem occurs during downloading.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(spec,Requirement):
+            scheme = URL_SCHEME(spec)
+            if scheme:
+                # It's a url, download it to tmpdir
+                found = self._download_url(scheme.group(1), spec, tmpdir)
+                base, fragment = egg_info_for_url(spec)
+                if base.endswith('.py'):
+                    found = self.gen_setup(found,fragment,tmpdir)
+                return found
+            elif os.path.exists(spec):
+                # Existing file or directory, just return it
+                return spec
+            else:
+                try:
+                    spec = Requirement.parse(spec)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise DistutilsError(
+                        "Not a URL, existing file, or requirement spec: %r" %
+                        (spec,)
+                    )
+        return getattr(self.fetch_distribution(spec, tmpdir),'location',None)
+
+    def fetch_distribution(
+            self, requirement, tmpdir, force_scan=False, source=False,
+            develop_ok=False, local_index=None
+            ):
+        """Obtain a distribution suitable for fulfilling `requirement`
+
+        `requirement` must be a ``pkg_resources.Requirement`` instance.
+        If necessary, or if the `force_scan` flag is set, the requirement is
+        searched for in the (online) package index as well as the locally
+        installed packages.  If a distribution matching `requirement` is found,
+        the returned distribution's ``location`` is the value you would have
+        gotten from calling the ``download()`` method with the matching
+        distribution's URL or filename.  If no matching distribution is found,
+        ``None`` is returned.
+
+        If the `source` flag is set, only source distributions and source
+        checkout links will be considered.  Unless the `develop_ok` flag is
+        set, development and system eggs (i.e., those using the ``.egg-info``
+        format) will be ignored.
+        """
+        # process a Requirement
+        self.info("Searching for %s", requirement)
+        skipped = {}
+        dist = None
+
+        def find(req, env=None):
+            if env is None:
+                env = self
+            # Find a matching distribution; may be called more than once
+
+            for dist in env[req.key]:
+
+                if dist.precedence==DEVELOP_DIST and not develop_ok:
+                    if dist not in skipped:
+                        self.warn("Skipping development or system egg: %s",dist)
+                        skipped[dist] = 1
+                    continue
+
+                if dist in req and (dist.precedence<=SOURCE_DIST or not source):
+                    return dist
+
+        if force_scan:
+            self.prescan()
+            self.find_packages(requirement)
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if local_index is not None:
+            dist = dist or find(requirement, local_index)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            if self.to_scan is not None:
+                self.prescan()
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if dist is None and not force_scan:
+            self.find_packages(requirement)
+            dist = find(requirement)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            self.warn(
+                "No local packages or download links found for %s%s",
+                (source and "a source distribution of " or ""),
+                requirement,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.info("Best match: %s", dist)
+            return dist.clone(location=self.download(dist.location, tmpdir))
+
+    def fetch(self, requirement, tmpdir, force_scan=False, source=False):
+        """Obtain a file suitable for fulfilling `requirement`
+
+        DEPRECATED; use the ``fetch_distribution()`` method now instead.  For
+        backward compatibility, this routine is identical but returns the
+        ``location`` of the downloaded distribution instead of a distribution
+        object.
+        """
+        dist = self.fetch_distribution(requirement,tmpdir,force_scan,source)
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist.location
+        return None
+
+    def gen_setup(self, filename, fragment, tmpdir):
+        match = EGG_FRAGMENT.match(fragment)
+        dists = match and [
+            d for d in
+            interpret_distro_name(filename, match.group(1), None) if d.version
+        ] or []
+
+        if len(dists)==1:   # unambiguous ``#egg`` fragment
+            basename = os.path.basename(filename)
+
+            # Make sure the file has been downloaded to the temp dir.
+            if os.path.dirname(filename) != tmpdir:
+                dst = os.path.join(tmpdir, basename)
+                from setuptools.command.easy_install import samefile
+                if not samefile(filename, dst):
+                    shutil.copy2(filename, dst)
+                    filename=dst
+
+            with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'setup.py'), 'w') as file:
+                file.write(
+                    "from setuptools import setup\n"
+                    "setup(name=%r, version=%r, py_modules=[%r])\n"
+                    % (
+                        dists[0].project_name, dists[0].version,
+                        os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
+                    )
+                )
+            return filename
+
+        elif match:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Can't unambiguously interpret project/version identifier %r; "
+                "any dashes in the name or version should be escaped using "
+                "underscores. %r" % (fragment,dists)
+            )
+        else:
+            raise DistutilsError(
+                "Can't process plain .py files without an '#egg=name-version'"
+                " suffix to enable automatic setup script generation."
+            )
+
+    dl_blocksize = 8192
+    def _download_to(self, url, filename):
+        self.info("Downloading %s", url)
+        # Download the file
+        fp, info = None, None
+        try:
+            checker = HashChecker.from_url(url)
+            fp = self.open_url(strip_fragment(url))
+            if isinstance(fp, urllib.error.HTTPError):
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    "Can't download %s: %s %s" % (url, fp.code,fp.msg)
+                )
+            headers = fp.info()
+            blocknum = 0
+            bs = self.dl_blocksize
+            size = -1
+            if "content-length" in headers:
+                # Some servers return multiple Content-Length headers :(
+                sizes = get_all_headers(headers, 'Content-Length')
+                size = max(map(int, sizes))
+                self.reporthook(url, filename, blocknum, bs, size)
+            with open(filename,'wb') as tfp:
+                while True:
+                    block = fp.read(bs)
+                    if block:
+                        checker.feed(block)
+                        tfp.write(block)
+                        blocknum += 1
+                        self.reporthook(url, filename, blocknum, bs, size)
+                    else:
+                        break
+                self.check_hash(checker, filename, tfp)
+            return headers
+        finally:
+            if fp: fp.close()
+
+    def reporthook(self, url, filename, blocknum, blksize, size):
+        pass    # no-op
+
+    def open_url(self, url, warning=None):
+        if url.startswith('file:'):
+            return local_open(url)
+        try:
+            return open_with_auth(url, self.opener)
+        except (ValueError, http_client.InvalidURL) as v:
+            msg = ' '.join([str(arg) for arg in v.args])
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, msg)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError('%s %s' % (url, msg))
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as v:
+            return v
+        except urllib.error.URLError as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v.reason)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError("Download error for %s: %s"
+                                     % (url, v.reason))
+        except http_client.BadStatusLine as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v.line)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError(
+                    '%s returned a bad status line. The server might be '
+                    'down, %s' %
+                    (url, v.line)
+                )
+        except http_client.HTTPException as v:
+            if warning:
+                self.warn(warning, v)
+            else:
+                raise DistutilsError("Download error for %s: %s"
+                                     % (url, v))
+
+    def _download_url(self, scheme, url, tmpdir):
+        # Determine download filename
+        #
+        name, fragment = egg_info_for_url(url)
+        if name:
+            while '..' in name:
+                name = name.replace('..','.').replace('\\','_')
+        else:
+            name = "__downloaded__"    # default if URL has no path contents
+
+        if name.endswith('.egg.zip'):
+            name = name[:-4]    # strip the extra .zip before download
+
+        filename = os.path.join(tmpdir,name)
+
+        # Download the file
+        #
+        if scheme=='svn' or scheme.startswith('svn+'):
+            return self._download_svn(url, filename)
+        elif scheme=='git' or scheme.startswith('git+'):
+            return self._download_git(url, filename)
+        elif scheme.startswith('hg+'):
+            return self._download_hg(url, filename)
+        elif scheme=='file':
+            return urllib.request.url2pathname(urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[2])
+        else:
+            self.url_ok(url, True)   # raises error if not allowed
+            return self._attempt_download(url, filename)
+
+    def scan_url(self, url):
+        self.process_url(url, True)
+
+    def _attempt_download(self, url, filename):
+        headers = self._download_to(url, filename)
+        if 'html' in headers.get('content-type','').lower():
+            return self._download_html(url, headers, filename)
+        else:
+            return filename
+
+    def _download_html(self, url, headers, filename):
+        file = open(filename)
+        for line in file:
+            if line.strip():
+                # Check for a subversion index page
+                if re.search(r'<title>([^- ]+ - )?Revision \d+:', line):
+                    # it's a subversion index page:
+                    file.close()
+                    os.unlink(filename)
+                    return self._download_svn(url, filename)
+                break   # not an index page
+        file.close()
+        os.unlink(filename)
+        raise DistutilsError("Unexpected HTML page found at "+url)
+
+    def _download_svn(self, url, filename):
+        url = url.split('#',1)[0]   # remove any fragment for svn's sake
+        creds = ''
+        if url.lower().startswith('svn:') and '@' in url:
+            scheme, netloc, path, p, q, f = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+            if not netloc and path.startswith('//') and '/' in path[2:]:
+                netloc, path = path[2:].split('/',1)
+                auth, host = splituser(netloc)
+                if auth:
+                    if ':' in auth:
+                        user, pw = auth.split(':',1)
+                        creds = " --username=%s --password=%s" % (user, pw)
+                    else:
+                        creds = " --username="+auth
+                    netloc = host
+                    parts = scheme, netloc, url, p, q, f
+                    url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        self.info("Doing subversion checkout from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("svn checkout%s -q %s %s" % (creds, url, filename))
+        return filename
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=False):
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+
+        scheme = scheme.split('+', 1)[-1]
+
+        # Some fragment identification fails
+        path = path.split('#',1)[0]
+
+        rev = None
+        if '@' in path:
+            path, rev = path.rsplit('@', 1)
+
+        # Also, discard fragment
+        url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ''))
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    def _download_git(self, url, filename):
+        filename = filename.split('#',1)[0]
+        url, rev = self._vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=True)
+
+        self.info("Doing git clone from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("git clone --quiet %s %s" % (url, filename))
+
+        if rev is not None:
+            self.info("Checking out %s", rev)
+            os.system("(cd %s && git checkout --quiet %s)" % (
+                filename,
+                rev,
+            ))
+
+        return filename
+
+    def _download_hg(self, url, filename):
+        filename = filename.split('#',1)[0]
+        url, rev = self._vcs_split_rev_from_url(url, pop_prefix=True)
+
+        self.info("Doing hg clone from %s to %s", url, filename)
+        os.system("hg clone --quiet %s %s" % (url, filename))
+
+        if rev is not None:
+            self.info("Updating to %s", rev)
+            os.system("(cd %s && hg up -C -r %s >&-)" % (
+                filename,
+                rev,
+            ))
+
+        return filename
+
+    def debug(self, msg, *args):
+        log.debug(msg, *args)
+
+    def info(self, msg, *args):
+        log.info(msg, *args)
+
+    def warn(self, msg, *args):
+        log.warn(msg, *args)
+
+# This pattern matches a character entity reference (a decimal numeric
+# references, a hexadecimal numeric reference, or a named reference).
+entity_sub = re.compile(r'&(#(\d+|x[\da-fA-F]+)|[\w.:-]+);?').sub
+
+def uchr(c):
+    if not isinstance(c, int):
+        return c
+    if c>255: return six.unichr(c)
+    return chr(c)
+
+def decode_entity(match):
+    what = match.group(1)
+    if what.startswith('#x'):
+        what = int(what[2:], 16)
+    elif what.startswith('#'):
+        what = int(what[1:])
+    else:
+        what = six.moves.html_entities.name2codepoint.get(what, match.group(0))
+    return uchr(what)
+
+def htmldecode(text):
+    """Decode HTML entities in the given text."""
+    return entity_sub(decode_entity, text)
+
+def socket_timeout(timeout=15):
+    def _socket_timeout(func):
+        def _socket_timeout(*args, **kwargs):
+            old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                socket.setdefaulttimeout(old_timeout)
+        return _socket_timeout
+    return _socket_timeout
+
+def _encode_auth(auth):
+    """
+    A function compatible with Python 2.3-3.3 that will encode
+    auth from a URL suitable for an HTTP header.
+    >>> str(_encode_auth('username%3Apassword'))
+    'dXNlcm5hbWU6cGFzc3dvcmQ='
+
+    Long auth strings should not cause a newline to be inserted.
+    >>> long_auth = 'username:' + 'password'*10
+    >>> chr(10) in str(_encode_auth(long_auth))
+    False
+    """
+    auth_s = urllib.parse.unquote(auth)
+    # convert to bytes
+    auth_bytes = auth_s.encode()
+    # use the legacy interface for Python 2.3 support
+    encoded_bytes = base64.encodestring(auth_bytes)
+    # convert back to a string
+    encoded = encoded_bytes.decode()
+    # strip the trailing carriage return
+    return encoded.replace('\n','')
+
+class Credential(object):
+    """
+    A username/password pair. Use like a namedtuple.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield self.username
+        yield self.password
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '%(username)s:%(password)s' % vars(self)
+
+class PyPIConfig(configparser.RawConfigParser):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Load from ~/.pypirc
+        """
+        defaults = dict.fromkeys(['username', 'password', 'repository'], '')
+        configparser.RawConfigParser.__init__(self, defaults)
+
+        rc = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), '.pypirc')
+        if os.path.exists(rc):
+            self.read(rc)
+
+    @property
+    def creds_by_repository(self):
+        sections_with_repositories = [
+            section for section in self.sections()
+            if self.get(section, 'repository').strip()
+        ]
+
+        return dict(map(self._get_repo_cred, sections_with_repositories))
+
+    def _get_repo_cred(self, section):
+        repo = self.get(section, 'repository').strip()
+        return repo, Credential(
+            self.get(section, 'username').strip(),
+            self.get(section, 'password').strip(),
+        )
+
+    def find_credential(self, url):
+        """
+        If the URL indicated appears to be a repository defined in this
+        config, return the credential for that repository.
+        """
+        for repository, cred in self.creds_by_repository.items():
+            if url.startswith(repository):
+                return cred
+
+
+def open_with_auth(url, opener=urllib.request.urlopen):
+    """Open a urllib2 request, handling HTTP authentication"""
+
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+
+    # Double scheme does not raise on Mac OS X as revealed by a
+    # failing test. We would expect "nonnumeric port". Refs #20.
+    if netloc.endswith(':'):
+        raise http_client.InvalidURL("nonnumeric port: ''")
+
+    if scheme in ('http', 'https'):
+        auth, host = splituser(netloc)
+    else:
+        auth = None
+
+    if not auth:
+        cred = PyPIConfig().find_credential(url)
+        if cred:
+            auth = str(cred)
+            info = cred.username, url
+            log.info('Authenticating as %s for %s (from .pypirc)' % info)
+
+    if auth:
+        auth = "Basic " + _encode_auth(auth)
+        parts = scheme, host, path, params, query, frag
+        new_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        request = urllib.request.Request(new_url)
+        request.add_header("Authorization", auth)
+    else:
+        request = urllib.request.Request(url)
+
+    request.add_header('User-Agent', user_agent)
+    fp = opener(request)
+
+    if auth:
+        # Put authentication info back into request URL if same host,
+        # so that links found on the page will work
+        s2, h2, path2, param2, query2, frag2 = urllib.parse.urlparse(fp.url)
+        if s2==scheme and h2==host:
+            parts = s2, netloc, path2, param2, query2, frag2
+            fp.url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+
+    return fp
+
+# adding a timeout to avoid freezing package_index
+open_with_auth = socket_timeout(_SOCKET_TIMEOUT)(open_with_auth)
+
+
+def fix_sf_url(url):
+    return url      # backward compatibility
+
+def local_open(url):
+    """Read a local path, with special support for directories"""
+    scheme, server, path, param, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    filename = urllib.request.url2pathname(path)
+    if os.path.isfile(filename):
+        return urllib.request.urlopen(url)
+    elif path.endswith('/') and os.path.isdir(filename):
+        files = []
+        for f in os.listdir(filename):
+            filepath = os.path.join(filename, f)
+            if f == 'index.html':
+                with open(filepath, 'r') as fp:
+                    body = fp.read()
+                break
+            elif os.path.isdir(filepath):
+                f += '/'
+            files.append('<a href="{name}">{name}</a>'.format(name=f))
+        else:
+            tmpl = ("<html><head><title>{url}</title>"
+                "</head><body>{files}</body></html>")
+            body = tmpl.format(url=url, files='\n'.join(files))
+        status, message = 200, "OK"
+    else:
+        status, message, body = 404, "Path not found", "Not found"
+
+    headers = {'content-type': 'text/html'}
+    body_stream = six.StringIO(body)
+    return urllib.error.HTTPError(url, status, message, headers, body_stream)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e52bd85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py26compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""
+Compatibility Support for Python 2.6 and earlier
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+try:
+	from urllib.parse import splittag
+except ImportError:
+	from urllib import splittag
+
+def strip_fragment(url):
+	"""
+	In `Python 8280 <http://bugs.python.org/issue8280>`_, Python 2.7 and
+	later was patched to disregard the fragment when making URL requests.
+	Do the same for Python 2.6 and earlier.
+	"""
+	url, fragment = splittag(url)
+	return url
+
+if sys.version_info >= (2,7):
+	strip_fragment = lambda x: x
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d2886d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py27compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""
+Compatibility Support for Python 2.7 and earlier
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+def get_all_headers(message, key):
+	"""
+	Given an HTTPMessage, return all headers matching a given key.
+	"""
+	return message.get_all(key)
+
+if sys.version_info < (3,):
+	def get_all_headers(message, key):
+		return message.getheaders(key)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fe6dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/py31compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+__all__ = ['get_config_vars', 'get_path']
+
+try:
+    # Python 2.7 or >=3.2
+    from sysconfig import get_config_vars, get_path
+except ImportError:
+    from distutils.sysconfig import get_config_vars, get_python_lib
+    def get_path(name):
+        if name not in ('platlib', 'purelib'):
+            raise ValueError("Name must be purelib or platlib")
+        return get_python_lib(name=='platlib')
+
+try:
+    # Python >=3.2
+    from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
+except ImportError:
+    import shutil
+    import tempfile
+    class TemporaryDirectory(object):
+        """
+        Very simple temporary directory context manager.
+        Will try to delete afterward, but will also ignore OS and similar
+        errors on deletion.
+        """
+        def __init__(self):
+            self.name = None # Handle mkdtemp raising an exception
+            self.name = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.name
+
+        def __exit__(self, exctype, excvalue, exctrace):
+            try:
+                shutil.rmtree(self.name, True)
+            except OSError: #removal errors are not the only possible
+                pass
+            self.name = None
+
+
+unittest_main = unittest.main
+
+_PY31 = (3, 1) <= sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 2)
+if _PY31:
+    # on Python 3.1, translate testRunner==None to TextTestRunner
+    # for compatibility with Python 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2+
+    def unittest_main(*args, **kwargs):
+        if 'testRunner' in kwargs and kwargs['testRunner'] is None:
+            kwargs['testRunner'] = unittest.TextTestRunner
+        return unittest.main(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..668bcac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/sandbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import operator
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+import contextlib
+import pickle
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import builtins, map
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+    import org.python.modules.posix.PosixModule as _os
+else:
+    _os = sys.modules[os.name]
+try:
+    _file = file
+except NameError:
+    _file = None
+_open = open
+from distutils.errors import DistutilsError
+from pkg_resources import working_set
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AbstractSandbox", "DirectorySandbox", "SandboxViolation", "run_setup",
+]
+
+def _execfile(filename, globals, locals=None):
+    """
+    Python 3 implementation of execfile.
+    """
+    mode = 'rb'
+    with open(filename, mode) as stream:
+        script = stream.read()
+    # compile() function in Python 2.6 and 3.1 requires LF line endings.
+    if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 7) or sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 0) and sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 2):
+        script = script.replace(b'\r\n', b'\n')
+        script = script.replace(b'\r', b'\n')
+    if locals is None:
+        locals = globals
+    code = compile(script, filename, 'exec')
+    exec(code, globals, locals)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_argv(repl=None):
+    saved = sys.argv[:]
+    if repl is not None:
+        sys.argv[:] = repl
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        sys.argv[:] = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_path():
+    saved = sys.path[:]
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        sys.path[:] = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def override_temp(replacement):
+    """
+    Monkey-patch tempfile.tempdir with replacement, ensuring it exists
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(replacement):
+        os.makedirs(replacement)
+
+    saved = tempfile.tempdir
+
+    tempfile.tempdir = replacement
+
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        tempfile.tempdir = saved
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def pushd(target):
+    saved = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(target)
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(saved)
+
+
+class UnpickleableException(Exception):
+    """
+    An exception representing another Exception that could not be pickled.
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def dump(type, exc):
+        """
+        Always return a dumped (pickled) type and exc. If exc can't be pickled,
+        wrap it in UnpickleableException first.
+        """
+        try:
+            return pickle.dumps(type), pickle.dumps(exc)
+        except Exception:
+            # get UnpickleableException inside the sandbox
+            from setuptools.sandbox import UnpickleableException as cls
+            return cls.dump(cls, cls(repr(exc)))
+
+
+class ExceptionSaver:
+    """
+    A Context Manager that will save an exception, serialized, and restore it
+    later.
+    """
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type, exc, tb):
+        if not exc:
+            return
+
+        # dump the exception
+        self._saved = UnpickleableException.dump(type, exc)
+        self._tb = tb
+
+        # suppress the exception
+        return True
+
+    def resume(self):
+        "restore and re-raise any exception"
+
+        if '_saved' not in vars(self):
+            return
+
+        type, exc = map(pickle.loads, self._saved)
+        six.reraise(type, exc, self._tb)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_modules():
+    """
+    Context in which imported modules are saved.
+
+    Translates exceptions internal to the context into the equivalent exception
+    outside the context.
+    """
+    saved = sys.modules.copy()
+    with ExceptionSaver() as saved_exc:
+        yield saved
+
+    sys.modules.update(saved)
+    # remove any modules imported since
+    del_modules = (
+        mod_name for mod_name in sys.modules
+        if mod_name not in saved
+        # exclude any encodings modules. See #285
+        and not mod_name.startswith('encodings.')
+    )
+    _clear_modules(del_modules)
+
+    saved_exc.resume()
+
+
+def _clear_modules(module_names):
+    for mod_name in list(module_names):
+        del sys.modules[mod_name]
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_pkg_resources_state():
+    saved = pkg_resources.__getstate__()
+    try:
+        yield saved
+    finally:
+        pkg_resources.__setstate__(saved)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def setup_context(setup_dir):
+    temp_dir = os.path.join(setup_dir, 'temp')
+    with save_pkg_resources_state():
+        with save_modules():
+            hide_setuptools()
+            with save_path():
+                with save_argv():
+                    with override_temp(temp_dir):
+                        with pushd(setup_dir):
+                            # ensure setuptools commands are available
+                            __import__('setuptools')
+                            yield
+
+
+def _needs_hiding(mod_name):
+    """
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('pkg_resources')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools_plugin')
+    False
+    >>> _needs_hiding('setuptools.__init__')
+    True
+    >>> _needs_hiding('distutils')
+    True
+    """
+    pattern = re.compile('(setuptools|pkg_resources|distutils)(\.|$)')
+    return bool(pattern.match(mod_name))
+
+
+def hide_setuptools():
+    """
+    Remove references to setuptools' modules from sys.modules to allow the
+    invocation to import the most appropriate setuptools. This technique is
+    necessary to avoid issues such as #315 where setuptools upgrading itself
+    would fail to find a function declared in the metadata.
+    """
+    modules = filter(_needs_hiding, sys.modules)
+    _clear_modules(modules)
+
+
+def run_setup(setup_script, args):
+    """Run a distutils setup script, sandboxed in its directory"""
+    setup_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(setup_script))
+    with setup_context(setup_dir):
+        try:
+            sys.argv[:] = [setup_script]+list(args)
+            sys.path.insert(0, setup_dir)
+            # reset to include setup dir, w/clean callback list
+            working_set.__init__()
+            working_set.callbacks.append(lambda dist:dist.activate())
+            def runner():
+                ns = dict(__file__=setup_script, __name__='__main__')
+                _execfile(setup_script, ns)
+            DirectorySandbox(setup_dir).run(runner)
+        except SystemExit as v:
+            if v.args and v.args[0]:
+                raise
+            # Normal exit, just return
+
+
+class AbstractSandbox:
+    """Wrap 'os' module and 'open()' builtin for virtualizing setup scripts"""
+
+    _active = False
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._attrs = [
+            name for name in dir(_os)
+                if not name.startswith('_') and hasattr(self,name)
+        ]
+
+    def _copy(self, source):
+        for name in self._attrs:
+            setattr(os, name, getattr(source,name))
+
+    def run(self, func):
+        """Run 'func' under os sandboxing"""
+        try:
+            self._copy(self)
+            if _file:
+                builtins.file = self._file
+            builtins.open = self._open
+            self._active = True
+            return func()
+        finally:
+            self._active = False
+            if _file:
+                builtins.file = _file
+            builtins.open = _open
+            self._copy(_os)
+
+    def _mk_dual_path_wrapper(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,src,dst,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                src,dst = self._remap_pair(name,src,dst,*args,**kw)
+            return original(src,dst,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ["rename", "link", "symlink"]:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_dual_path_wrapper(name)
+
+    def _mk_single_path_wrapper(name, original=None):
+        original = original or getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,path,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                path = self._remap_input(name,path,*args,**kw)
+            return original(path,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    if _file:
+        _file = _mk_single_path_wrapper('file', _file)
+    _open = _mk_single_path_wrapper('open', _open)
+    for name in [
+        "stat", "listdir", "chdir", "open", "chmod", "chown", "mkdir",
+        "remove", "unlink", "rmdir", "utime", "lchown", "chroot", "lstat",
+        "startfile", "mkfifo", "mknod", "pathconf", "access"
+    ]:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_single_path_wrapper(name)
+
+    def _mk_single_with_return(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,path,*args,**kw):
+            if self._active:
+                path = self._remap_input(name,path,*args,**kw)
+                return self._remap_output(name, original(path,*args,**kw))
+            return original(path,*args,**kw)
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ['readlink', 'tempnam']:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_single_with_return(name)
+
+    def _mk_query(name):
+        original = getattr(_os,name)
+        def wrap(self,*args,**kw):
+            retval = original(*args,**kw)
+            if self._active:
+                return self._remap_output(name, retval)
+            return retval
+        return wrap
+
+    for name in ['getcwd', 'tmpnam']:
+        if hasattr(_os,name): locals()[name] = _mk_query(name)
+
+    def _validate_path(self,path):
+        """Called to remap or validate any path, whether input or output"""
+        return path
+
+    def _remap_input(self,operation,path,*args,**kw):
+        """Called for path inputs"""
+        return self._validate_path(path)
+
+    def _remap_output(self,operation,path):
+        """Called for path outputs"""
+        return self._validate_path(path)
+
+    def _remap_pair(self,operation,src,dst,*args,**kw):
+        """Called for path pairs like rename, link, and symlink operations"""
+        return (
+            self._remap_input(operation+'-from',src,*args,**kw),
+            self._remap_input(operation+'-to',dst,*args,**kw)
+        )
+
+
+if hasattr(os, 'devnull'):
+    _EXCEPTIONS = [os.devnull,]
+else:
+    _EXCEPTIONS = []
+
+try:
+    from win32com.client.gencache import GetGeneratePath
+    _EXCEPTIONS.append(GetGeneratePath())
+    del GetGeneratePath
+except ImportError:
+    # it appears pywin32 is not installed, so no need to exclude.
+    pass
+
+class DirectorySandbox(AbstractSandbox):
+    """Restrict operations to a single subdirectory - pseudo-chroot"""
+
+    write_ops = dict.fromkeys([
+        "open", "chmod", "chown", "mkdir", "remove", "unlink", "rmdir",
+        "utime", "lchown", "chroot", "mkfifo", "mknod", "tempnam",
+    ])
+
+    _exception_patterns = [
+        # Allow lib2to3 to attempt to save a pickled grammar object (#121)
+        '.*lib2to3.*\.pickle$',
+    ]
+    "exempt writing to paths that match the pattern"
+
+    def __init__(self, sandbox, exceptions=_EXCEPTIONS):
+        self._sandbox = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(sandbox))
+        self._prefix = os.path.join(self._sandbox,'')
+        self._exceptions = [
+            os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path))
+            for path in exceptions
+        ]
+        AbstractSandbox.__init__(self)
+
+    def _violation(self, operation, *args, **kw):
+        from setuptools.sandbox import SandboxViolation
+        raise SandboxViolation(operation, args, kw)
+
+    if _file:
+        def _file(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw):
+            if mode not in ('r', 'rt', 'rb', 'rU', 'U') and not self._ok(path):
+                self._violation("file", path, mode, *args, **kw)
+            return _file(path,mode,*args,**kw)
+
+    def _open(self, path, mode='r', *args, **kw):
+        if mode not in ('r', 'rt', 'rb', 'rU', 'U') and not self._ok(path):
+            self._violation("open", path, mode, *args, **kw)
+        return _open(path,mode,*args,**kw)
+
+    def tmpnam(self):
+        self._violation("tmpnam")
+
+    def _ok(self, path):
+        active = self._active
+        try:
+            self._active = False
+            realpath = os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(path))
+            return (
+                self._exempted(realpath)
+                or realpath == self._sandbox
+                or realpath.startswith(self._prefix)
+            )
+        finally:
+            self._active = active
+
+    def _exempted(self, filepath):
+        start_matches = (
+            filepath.startswith(exception)
+            for exception in self._exceptions
+        )
+        pattern_matches = (
+            re.match(pattern, filepath)
+            for pattern in self._exception_patterns
+        )
+        candidates = itertools.chain(start_matches, pattern_matches)
+        return any(candidates)
+
+    def _remap_input(self, operation, path, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for path inputs"""
+        if operation in self.write_ops and not self._ok(path):
+            self._violation(operation, os.path.realpath(path), *args, **kw)
+        return path
+
+    def _remap_pair(self, operation, src, dst, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for path pairs like rename, link, and symlink operations"""
+        if not self._ok(src) or not self._ok(dst):
+            self._violation(operation, src, dst, *args, **kw)
+        return (src,dst)
+
+    def open(self, file, flags, mode=0o777, *args, **kw):
+        """Called for low-level os.open()"""
+        if flags & WRITE_FLAGS and not self._ok(file):
+            self._violation("os.open", file, flags, mode, *args, **kw)
+        return _os.open(file,flags,mode, *args, **kw)
+
+WRITE_FLAGS = functools.reduce(
+    operator.or_, [getattr(_os, a, 0) for a in
+        "O_WRONLY O_RDWR O_APPEND O_CREAT O_TRUNC O_TEMPORARY".split()]
+)
+
+class SandboxViolation(DistutilsError):
+    """A setup script attempted to modify the filesystem outside the sandbox"""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return """SandboxViolation: %s%r %s
+
+The package setup script has attempted to modify files on your system
+that are not within the EasyInstall build area, and has been aborted.
+
+This package cannot be safely installed by EasyInstall, and may not
+support alternate installation locations even if you run its setup
+script by hand.  Please inform the package's author and the EasyInstall
+maintainers to find out if a fix or workaround is available.""" % self.args
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d58b1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script (dev).tmpl	
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# EASY-INSTALL-DEV-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(script_name)r
+__requires__ = %(spec)r
+__import__('pkg_resources').require(%(spec)r)
+__file__ = %(dev_path)r
+exec(compile(open(__file__).read(), __file__, 'exec'))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff5efbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/script.tmpl
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# EASY-INSTALL-SCRIPT: %(spec)r,%(script_name)r
+__requires__ = %(spec)r
+__import__('pkg_resources').run_script(%(spec)r, %(script_name)r)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c216801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/site-patch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+def __boot():
+    import sys
+    import os
+    PYTHONPATH = os.environ.get('PYTHONPATH')
+    if PYTHONPATH is None or (sys.platform=='win32' and not PYTHONPATH):
+        PYTHONPATH = []
+    else:
+        PYTHONPATH = PYTHONPATH.split(os.pathsep)
+
+    pic = getattr(sys,'path_importer_cache',{})
+    stdpath = sys.path[len(PYTHONPATH):]
+    mydir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+    #print "searching",stdpath,sys.path
+
+    for item in stdpath:
+        if item==mydir or not item:
+            continue    # skip if current dir. on Windows, or my own directory
+        importer = pic.get(item)
+        if importer is not None:
+            loader = importer.find_module('site')
+            if loader is not None:
+                # This should actually reload the current module
+                loader.load_module('site')
+                break
+        else:
+            try:
+                import imp # Avoid import loop in Python >= 3.3
+                stream, path, descr = imp.find_module('site',[item])
+            except ImportError:
+                continue
+            if stream is None:
+                continue
+            try:
+                # This should actually reload the current module
+                imp.load_module('site',stream,path,descr)
+            finally:
+                stream.close()
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ImportError("Couldn't find the real 'site' module")
+
+    #print "loaded", __file__
+
+    known_paths = dict([(makepath(item)[1],1) for item in sys.path]) # 2.2 comp
+
+    oldpos = getattr(sys,'__egginsert',0)   # save old insertion position
+    sys.__egginsert = 0                     # and reset the current one
+
+    for item in PYTHONPATH:
+        addsitedir(item)
+
+    sys.__egginsert += oldpos           # restore effective old position
+
+    d, nd = makepath(stdpath[0])
+    insert_at = None
+    new_path = []
+
+    for item in sys.path:
+        p, np = makepath(item)
+
+        if np==nd and insert_at is None:
+            # We've hit the first 'system' path entry, so added entries go here
+            insert_at = len(new_path)
+
+        if np in known_paths or insert_at is None:
+            new_path.append(item)
+        else:
+            # new path after the insert point, back-insert it
+            new_path.insert(insert_at, item)
+            insert_at += 1
+
+    sys.path[:] = new_path
+
+if __name__=='site':
+    __boot()
+    del __boot
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..511d2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/ssl_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+import os
+import socket
+import atexit
+import re
+
+from setuptools.extern.six.moves import urllib, http_client, map
+
+import pkg_resources
+from pkg_resources import ResolutionError, ExtractionError
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    ssl = None
+
+__all__ = [
+    'VerifyingHTTPSHandler', 'find_ca_bundle', 'is_available', 'cert_paths',
+    'opener_for'
+]
+
+cert_paths = """
+/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
+/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
+/usr/share/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt
+/usr/local/share/certs/ca-root.crt
+/etc/ssl/cert.pem
+/System/Library/OpenSSL/certs/cert.pem
+""".strip().split()
+
+
+try:
+    HTTPSHandler = urllib.request.HTTPSHandler
+    HTTPSConnection = http_client.HTTPSConnection
+except AttributeError:
+    HTTPSHandler = HTTPSConnection = object
+
+is_available = ssl is not None and object not in (HTTPSHandler, HTTPSConnection)
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import CertificateError, match_hostname
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+        from backports.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
+    except ImportError:
+        CertificateError = None
+        match_hostname = None
+
+if not CertificateError:
+    class CertificateError(ValueError):
+        pass
+
+if not match_hostname:
+    def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+        """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+        """
+        pats = []
+        if not dn:
+            return False
+
+        # Ported from python3-syntax:
+        # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+        parts = dn.split(r'.')
+        leftmost = parts[0]
+        remainder = parts[1:]
+
+        wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+        if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+            # reasonable choice.
+            raise CertificateError(
+                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+        # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+        if not wildcards:
+            return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+        # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+        if leftmost == '*':
+            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+            # fragment.
+            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+            # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+            # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+            # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+            # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+        # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+        for frag in remainder:
+            pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+        pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return pat.match(hostname)
+
+    def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+        """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+        SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+        rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+        CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+        returns nothing.
+        """
+        if not cert:
+            raise ValueError("empty or no certificate")
+        dnsnames = []
+        san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+        for key, value in san:
+            if key == 'DNS':
+                if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                    return
+                dnsnames.append(value)
+        if not dnsnames:
+            # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+            # in subjectAltName
+            for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+                for key, value in sub:
+                    # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                    # must be used.
+                    if key == 'commonName':
+                        if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                            return
+                        dnsnames.append(value)
+        if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match either of %s"
+                % (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+        elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                "doesn't match %r"
+                % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+        else:
+            raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+                "subjectAltName fields were found")
+
+
+class VerifyingHTTPSHandler(HTTPSHandler):
+    """Simple verifying handler: no auth, subclasses, timeouts, etc."""
+
+    def __init__(self, ca_bundle):
+        self.ca_bundle = ca_bundle
+        HTTPSHandler.__init__(self)
+
+    def https_open(self, req):
+        return self.do_open(
+            lambda host, **kw: VerifyingHTTPSConn(host, self.ca_bundle, **kw), req
+        )
+
+
+class VerifyingHTTPSConn(HTTPSConnection):
+    """Simple verifying connection: no auth, subclasses, timeouts, etc."""
+    def __init__(self, host, ca_bundle, **kw):
+        HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, **kw)
+        self.ca_bundle = ca_bundle
+
+    def connect(self):
+        sock = socket.create_connection(
+            (self.host, self.port), getattr(self, 'source_address', None)
+        )
+
+        # Handle the socket if a (proxy) tunnel is present
+        if hasattr(self, '_tunnel') and getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
+            self.sock = sock
+            self._tunnel()
+            # http://bugs.python.org/issue7776: Python>=3.4.1 and >=2.7.7
+            # change self.host to mean the proxy server host when tunneling is
+            # being used. Adapt, since we are interested in the destination
+            # host for the match_hostname() comparison.
+            actual_host = self._tunnel_host
+        else:
+            actual_host = self.host
+
+        self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
+            sock, cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ca_certs=self.ca_bundle
+        )
+        try:
+            match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), actual_host)
+        except CertificateError:
+            self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+            self.sock.close()
+            raise
+
+def opener_for(ca_bundle=None):
+    """Get a urlopen() replacement that uses ca_bundle for verification"""
+    return urllib.request.build_opener(
+        VerifyingHTTPSHandler(ca_bundle or find_ca_bundle())
+    ).open
+
+
+_wincerts = None
+
+def get_win_certfile():
+    global _wincerts
+    if _wincerts is not None:
+        return _wincerts.name
+
+    try:
+        from wincertstore import CertFile
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    class MyCertFile(CertFile):
+        def __init__(self, stores=(), certs=()):
+            CertFile.__init__(self)
+            for store in stores:
+                self.addstore(store)
+            self.addcerts(certs)
+            atexit.register(self.close)
+
+        def close(self):
+            try:
+                super(MyCertFile, self).close()
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+    _wincerts = MyCertFile(stores=['CA', 'ROOT'])
+    return _wincerts.name
+
+
+def find_ca_bundle():
+    """Return an existing CA bundle path, or None"""
+    if os.name=='nt':
+        return get_win_certfile()
+    else:
+        for cert_path in cert_paths:
+            if os.path.isfile(cert_path):
+                return cert_path
+    try:
+        return pkg_resources.resource_filename('certifi', 'cacert.pem')
+    except (ImportError, ResolutionError, ExtractionError):
+        return None
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18903d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/unicode_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import unicodedata
+import sys
+
+from setuptools.extern import six
+
+# HFS Plus uses decomposed UTF-8
+def decompose(path):
+    if isinstance(path, six.text_type):
+        return unicodedata.normalize('NFD', path)
+    try:
+        path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        path = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', path)
+        path = path.encode('utf-8')
+    except UnicodeError:
+        pass  # Not UTF-8
+    return path
+
+
+def filesys_decode(path):
+    """
+    Ensure that the given path is decoded,
+    NONE when no expected encoding works
+    """
+
+    fs_enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if isinstance(path, six.text_type):
+        return path
+
+    for enc in (fs_enc, "utf-8"):
+        try:
+            return path.decode(enc)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            continue
+
+
+def try_encode(string, enc):
+    "turn unicode encoding into a functional routine"
+    try:
+        return string.encode(enc)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return None
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91e4b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import os
+import os.path
+
+
+def cs_path_exists(fspath):
+    if not os.path.exists(fspath): 
+        return False
+    # make absolute so we always have a directory
+    abspath = os.path.abspath(fspath)
+    directory, filename = os.path.split(abspath)
+    return filename in os.listdir(directory)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/version.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ff48ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = '19.4'
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb977cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/setuptools/windows_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import platform
+import ctypes
+
+
+def windows_only(func):
+    if platform.system() != 'Windows':
+        return lambda *args, **kwargs: None
+    return func
+
+
+@windows_only
+def hide_file(path):
+    """
+    Set the hidden attribute on a file or directory.
+
+    From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19622133/
+
+    `path` must be text.
+    """
+    __import__('ctypes.wintypes')
+    SetFileAttributes = ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetFileAttributesW
+    SetFileAttributes.argtypes = ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD
+    SetFileAttributes.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
+
+    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN = 0x02
+
+    ret = SetFileAttributes(path, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN)
+    if not ret:
+        raise ctypes.WinError()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..226e8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/DESCRIPTION.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+Wheel
+=====
+
+A built-package format for Python.
+
+A wheel is a ZIP-format archive with a specially formatted filename
+and the .whl extension. It is designed to contain all the files for a
+PEP 376 compatible install in a way that is very close to the on-disk
+format. Many packages will be properly installed with only the "Unpack"
+step (simply extracting the file onto sys.path), and the unpacked archive
+preserves enough information to "Spread" (copy data and scripts to their
+final locations) at any later time.
+
+The wheel project provides a `bdist_wheel` command for setuptools
+(requires setuptools >= 0.8.0). Wheel files can be installed with a
+newer `pip` from https://github.com/pypa/pip or with wheel's own command
+line utility.
+
+The wheel documentation is at http://wheel.rtfd.org/. The file format
+is documented in PEP 427 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0427/).
+
+The reference implementation is at https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel
+
+Why not egg?
+------------
+
+Python's egg format predates the packaging related standards we have
+today, the most important being PEP 376 "Database of Installed Python
+Distributions" which specifies the .dist-info directory (instead of
+.egg-info) and PEP 426 "Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0"
+which specifies how to express dependencies (instead of requires.txt
+in .egg-info).
+
+Wheel implements these things. It also provides a richer file naming
+convention that communicates the Python implementation and ABI as well
+as simply the language version used in a particular package.
+
+Unlike .egg, wheel will be a fully-documented standard at the binary
+level that is truly easy to install even if you do not want to use the
+reference implementation.
+
+
+
+0.26.0
+======
+- Fix multiple entrypoint comparison failure on Python 3 (Issue #148)
+
+0.25.0
+======
+- Add Python 3.5 to tox configuration
+- Deterministic (sorted) metadata
+- Fix tagging for Python 3.5 compatibility
+- Support py2-none-'arch' and py3-none-'arch' tags
+- Treat data-only wheels as pure
+- Write to temporary file and rename when using wheel install --force
+
+0.24.0
+======
+- The python tag used for pure-python packages is now .pyN (major version
+  only). This change actually occurred in 0.23.0 when the --python-tag
+  option was added, but was not explicitly mentioned in the changelog then.
+- wininst2wheel and egg2wheel removed. Use "wheel convert [archive]"
+  instead.
+- Wheel now supports setuptools style conditional requirements via the
+  extras_require={} syntax. Separate 'extra' names from conditions using
+  the : character. Wheel's own setup.py does this. (The empty-string
+  extra is the same as install_requires.) These conditional requirements
+  should work the same whether the package is installed by wheel or
+  by setup.py.
+
+0.23.0
+======
+- Compatibility tag flags added to the bdist_wheel command
+- sdist should include files necessary for tests
+- 'wheel convert' can now also convert unpacked eggs to wheel
+- Rename pydist.json to metadata.json to avoid stepping on the PEP
+- The --skip-scripts option has been removed, and not generating scripts is now
+  the default. The option was a temporary approach until installers could
+  generate scripts themselves. That is now the case with pip 1.5 and later.
+  Note that using pip 1.4 to install a wheel without scripts will leave the
+  installation without entry-point wrappers. The "wheel install-scripts"
+  command can be used to generate the scripts in such cases.
+- Thank you contributors
+
+0.22.0
+======
+- Include entry_points.txt, scripts a.k.a. commands, in experimental
+  pydist.json
+- Improved test_requires parsing
+- Python 2.6 fixes, "wheel version" command courtesy pombredanne
+
+0.21.0
+======
+- Pregenerated scripts are the default again.
+- "setup.py bdist_wheel --skip-scripts" turns them off.
+- setuptools is no longer a listed requirement for the 'wheel'
+  package. It is of course still required in order for bdist_wheel
+  to work.
+- "python -m wheel" avoids importing pkg_resources until it's necessary.
+
+0.20.0
+======
+- No longer include console_scripts in wheels. Ordinary scripts (shell files,
+  standalone Python files) are included as usual.
+- Include new command "python -m wheel install-scripts [distribution
+  [distribution ...]]" to install the console_scripts (setuptools-style
+  scripts using pkg_resources) for a distribution.
+
+0.19.0
+======
+- pymeta.json becomes pydist.json
+
+0.18.0
+======
+- Python 3 Unicode improvements
+
+0.17.0
+======
+- Support latest PEP-426 "pymeta.json" (json-format metadata)
+
+0.16.0
+======
+- Python 2.6 compatibility bugfix (thanks John McFarlane)
+- Non-prerelease version number
+
+1.0.0a2
+=======
+- Bugfix for C-extension tags for CPython 3.3 (using SOABI)
+
+1.0.0a1
+=======
+- Bugfix for bdist_wininst converter "wheel convert"
+- Bugfix for dists where "is pure" is None instead of True or False
+
+1.0.0a0
+=======
+- Update for version 1.0 of Wheel (PEP accepted).
+- Python 3 fix for moving Unicode Description to metadata body
+- Include rudimentary API documentation in Sphinx (thanks Kevin Horn)
+
+0.15.0
+======
+- Various improvements
+
+0.14.0
+======
+- Changed the signature format to better comply with the current JWS spec.
+  Breaks all existing signatures.
+- Include ``wheel unsign`` command to remove RECORD.jws from an archive.
+- Put the description in the newly allowed payload section of PKG-INFO
+  (METADATA) files.
+
+0.13.0
+======
+- Use distutils instead of sysconfig to get installation paths; can install
+  headers.
+- Improve WheelFile() sort.
+- Allow bootstrap installs without any pkg_resources.
+
+0.12.0
+======
+- Unit test for wheel.tool.install
+
+0.11.0
+======
+- API cleanup
+
+0.10.3
+======
+- Scripts fixer fix
+
+0.10.2
+======
+- Fix keygen
+
+0.10.1
+======
+- Preserve attributes on install.
+
+0.10.0
+======
+- Include a copy of pkg_resources. Wheel can now install into a virtualenv
+  that does not have distribute (though most packages still require
+  pkg_resources to actually work; wheel install distribute)
+- Define a new setup.cfg section [wheel]. universal=1 will
+  apply the py2.py3-none-any tag for pure python wheels.
+
+0.9.7
+=====
+- Only import dirspec when needed. dirspec is only needed to find the
+  configuration for keygen/signing operations.
+
+0.9.6
+=====
+- requires-dist from setup.cfg overwrites any requirements from setup.py
+  Care must be taken that the requirements are the same in both cases,
+  or just always install from wheel.
+- drop dirspec requirement on win32
+- improved command line utility, adds 'wheel convert [egg or wininst]' to
+  convert legacy binary formats to wheel
+
+0.9.5
+=====
+- Wheel's own wheel file can be executed by Python, and can install itself:
+  ``python wheel-0.9.5-py27-none-any/wheel install ...``
+- Use argparse; basic ``wheel install`` command should run with only stdlib
+  dependencies.
+- Allow requires_dist in setup.cfg's [metadata] section. In addition to
+  dependencies in setup.py, but will only be interpreted when installing
+  from wheel, not from sdist. Can be qualified with environment markers.
+
+0.9.4
+=====
+- Fix wheel.signatures in sdist
+
+0.9.3
+=====
+- Integrated digital signatures support without C extensions.
+- Integrated "wheel install" command (single package, no dependency
+  resolution) including compatibility check.
+- Support Python 3.3
+- Use Metadata 1.3 (PEP 426)
+
+0.9.2
+=====
+- Automatic signing if WHEEL_TOOL points to the wheel binary
+- Even more Python 3 fixes
+
+0.9.1
+=====
+- 'wheel sign' uses the keys generated by 'wheel keygen' (instead of generating
+  a new key at random each time)
+- Python 2/3 encoding/decoding fixes
+- Run tests on Python 2.6 (without signature verification)
+
+0.9
+===
+- Updated digital signatures scheme
+- Python 3 support for digital signatures
+- Always verify RECORD hashes on extract
+- "wheel" command line tool to sign, verify, unpack wheel files
+
+0.8
+===
+- none/any draft pep tags update
+- improved wininst2wheel script
+- doc changes and other improvements
+
+0.7
+===
+- sort .dist-info at end of wheel archive
+- Windows & Python 3 fixes from Paul Moore
+- pep8
+- scripts to convert wininst & egg to wheel
+
+0.6
+===
+- require distribute >= 0.6.28
+- stop using verlib
+
+0.5
+===
+- working pretty well
+
+0.4.2
+=====
+- hyphenated name fix
+
+0.4
+===
+- improve test coverage
+- improve Windows compatibility
+- include tox.ini courtesy of Marc Abramowitz
+- draft hmac sha-256 signing function
+
+0.3
+===
+- prototype egg2wheel conversion script
+
+0.2
+===
+- Python 3 compatibility
+
+0.1
+===
+- Initial version
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1b589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3441e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"wheel" copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel Holth <dholth@fastmail.fm> and
+contributors.
+
+The MIT License
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
+OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/METADATA b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a03e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.0
+Name: wheel
+Version: 0.26.0
+Summary: A built-package format for Python.
+Home-page: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel/
+Author: Daniel Holth
+Author-email: dholth@fastmail.fm
+License: MIT
+Keywords: wheel,packaging
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Requires-Dist: argparse; python_version=="2.6"
+Provides-Extra: faster-signatures
+Requires-Dist: ed25519ll; extra == 'faster-signatures'
+Provides-Extra: signatures
+Requires-Dist: keyring; extra == 'signatures'
+Provides-Extra: signatures
+Requires-Dist: pyxdg; sys_platform!="win32" and extra == 'signatures'
+Provides-Extra: tool
+
+Wheel
+=====
+
+A built-package format for Python.
+
+A wheel is a ZIP-format archive with a specially formatted filename
+and the .whl extension. It is designed to contain all the files for a
+PEP 376 compatible install in a way that is very close to the on-disk
+format. Many packages will be properly installed with only the "Unpack"
+step (simply extracting the file onto sys.path), and the unpacked archive
+preserves enough information to "Spread" (copy data and scripts to their
+final locations) at any later time.
+
+The wheel project provides a `bdist_wheel` command for setuptools
+(requires setuptools >= 0.8.0). Wheel files can be installed with a
+newer `pip` from https://github.com/pypa/pip or with wheel's own command
+line utility.
+
+The wheel documentation is at http://wheel.rtfd.org/. The file format
+is documented in PEP 427 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0427/).
+
+The reference implementation is at https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel
+
+Why not egg?
+------------
+
+Python's egg format predates the packaging related standards we have
+today, the most important being PEP 376 "Database of Installed Python
+Distributions" which specifies the .dist-info directory (instead of
+.egg-info) and PEP 426 "Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0"
+which specifies how to express dependencies (instead of requires.txt
+in .egg-info).
+
+Wheel implements these things. It also provides a richer file naming
+convention that communicates the Python implementation and ABI as well
+as simply the language version used in a particular package.
+
+Unlike .egg, wheel will be a fully-documented standard at the binary
+level that is truly easy to install even if you do not want to use the
+reference implementation.
+
+
+
+0.26.0
+======
+- Fix multiple entrypoint comparison failure on Python 3 (Issue #148)
+
+0.25.0
+======
+- Add Python 3.5 to tox configuration
+- Deterministic (sorted) metadata
+- Fix tagging for Python 3.5 compatibility
+- Support py2-none-'arch' and py3-none-'arch' tags
+- Treat data-only wheels as pure
+- Write to temporary file and rename when using wheel install --force
+
+0.24.0
+======
+- The python tag used for pure-python packages is now .pyN (major version
+  only). This change actually occurred in 0.23.0 when the --python-tag
+  option was added, but was not explicitly mentioned in the changelog then.
+- wininst2wheel and egg2wheel removed. Use "wheel convert [archive]"
+  instead.
+- Wheel now supports setuptools style conditional requirements via the
+  extras_require={} syntax. Separate 'extra' names from conditions using
+  the : character. Wheel's own setup.py does this. (The empty-string
+  extra is the same as install_requires.) These conditional requirements
+  should work the same whether the package is installed by wheel or
+  by setup.py.
+
+0.23.0
+======
+- Compatibility tag flags added to the bdist_wheel command
+- sdist should include files necessary for tests
+- 'wheel convert' can now also convert unpacked eggs to wheel
+- Rename pydist.json to metadata.json to avoid stepping on the PEP
+- The --skip-scripts option has been removed, and not generating scripts is now
+  the default. The option was a temporary approach until installers could
+  generate scripts themselves. That is now the case with pip 1.5 and later.
+  Note that using pip 1.4 to install a wheel without scripts will leave the
+  installation without entry-point wrappers. The "wheel install-scripts"
+  command can be used to generate the scripts in such cases.
+- Thank you contributors
+
+0.22.0
+======
+- Include entry_points.txt, scripts a.k.a. commands, in experimental
+  pydist.json
+- Improved test_requires parsing
+- Python 2.6 fixes, "wheel version" command courtesy pombredanne
+
+0.21.0
+======
+- Pregenerated scripts are the default again.
+- "setup.py bdist_wheel --skip-scripts" turns them off.
+- setuptools is no longer a listed requirement for the 'wheel'
+  package. It is of course still required in order for bdist_wheel
+  to work.
+- "python -m wheel" avoids importing pkg_resources until it's necessary.
+
+0.20.0
+======
+- No longer include console_scripts in wheels. Ordinary scripts (shell files,
+  standalone Python files) are included as usual.
+- Include new command "python -m wheel install-scripts [distribution
+  [distribution ...]]" to install the console_scripts (setuptools-style
+  scripts using pkg_resources) for a distribution.
+
+0.19.0
+======
+- pymeta.json becomes pydist.json
+
+0.18.0
+======
+- Python 3 Unicode improvements
+
+0.17.0
+======
+- Support latest PEP-426 "pymeta.json" (json-format metadata)
+
+0.16.0
+======
+- Python 2.6 compatibility bugfix (thanks John McFarlane)
+- Non-prerelease version number
+
+1.0.0a2
+=======
+- Bugfix for C-extension tags for CPython 3.3 (using SOABI)
+
+1.0.0a1
+=======
+- Bugfix for bdist_wininst converter "wheel convert"
+- Bugfix for dists where "is pure" is None instead of True or False
+
+1.0.0a0
+=======
+- Update for version 1.0 of Wheel (PEP accepted).
+- Python 3 fix for moving Unicode Description to metadata body
+- Include rudimentary API documentation in Sphinx (thanks Kevin Horn)
+
+0.15.0
+======
+- Various improvements
+
+0.14.0
+======
+- Changed the signature format to better comply with the current JWS spec.
+  Breaks all existing signatures.
+- Include ``wheel unsign`` command to remove RECORD.jws from an archive.
+- Put the description in the newly allowed payload section of PKG-INFO
+  (METADATA) files.
+
+0.13.0
+======
+- Use distutils instead of sysconfig to get installation paths; can install
+  headers.
+- Improve WheelFile() sort.
+- Allow bootstrap installs without any pkg_resources.
+
+0.12.0
+======
+- Unit test for wheel.tool.install
+
+0.11.0
+======
+- API cleanup
+
+0.10.3
+======
+- Scripts fixer fix
+
+0.10.2
+======
+- Fix keygen
+
+0.10.1
+======
+- Preserve attributes on install.
+
+0.10.0
+======
+- Include a copy of pkg_resources. Wheel can now install into a virtualenv
+  that does not have distribute (though most packages still require
+  pkg_resources to actually work; wheel install distribute)
+- Define a new setup.cfg section [wheel]. universal=1 will
+  apply the py2.py3-none-any tag for pure python wheels.
+
+0.9.7
+=====
+- Only import dirspec when needed. dirspec is only needed to find the
+  configuration for keygen/signing operations.
+
+0.9.6
+=====
+- requires-dist from setup.cfg overwrites any requirements from setup.py
+  Care must be taken that the requirements are the same in both cases,
+  or just always install from wheel.
+- drop dirspec requirement on win32
+- improved command line utility, adds 'wheel convert [egg or wininst]' to
+  convert legacy binary formats to wheel
+
+0.9.5
+=====
+- Wheel's own wheel file can be executed by Python, and can install itself:
+  ``python wheel-0.9.5-py27-none-any/wheel install ...``
+- Use argparse; basic ``wheel install`` command should run with only stdlib
+  dependencies.
+- Allow requires_dist in setup.cfg's [metadata] section. In addition to
+  dependencies in setup.py, but will only be interpreted when installing
+  from wheel, not from sdist. Can be qualified with environment markers.
+
+0.9.4
+=====
+- Fix wheel.signatures in sdist
+
+0.9.3
+=====
+- Integrated digital signatures support without C extensions.
+- Integrated "wheel install" command (single package, no dependency
+  resolution) including compatibility check.
+- Support Python 3.3
+- Use Metadata 1.3 (PEP 426)
+
+0.9.2
+=====
+- Automatic signing if WHEEL_TOOL points to the wheel binary
+- Even more Python 3 fixes
+
+0.9.1
+=====
+- 'wheel sign' uses the keys generated by 'wheel keygen' (instead of generating
+  a new key at random each time)
+- Python 2/3 encoding/decoding fixes
+- Run tests on Python 2.6 (without signature verification)
+
+0.9
+===
+- Updated digital signatures scheme
+- Python 3 support for digital signatures
+- Always verify RECORD hashes on extract
+- "wheel" command line tool to sign, verify, unpack wheel files
+
+0.8
+===
+- none/any draft pep tags update
+- improved wininst2wheel script
+- doc changes and other improvements
+
+0.7
+===
+- sort .dist-info at end of wheel archive
+- Windows & Python 3 fixes from Paul Moore
+- pep8
+- scripts to convert wininst & egg to wheel
+
+0.6
+===
+- require distribute >= 0.6.28
+- stop using verlib
+
+0.5
+===
+- working pretty well
+
+0.4.2
+=====
+- hyphenated name fix
+
+0.4
+===
+- improve test coverage
+- improve Windows compatibility
+- include tox.ini courtesy of Marc Abramowitz
+- draft hmac sha-256 signing function
+
+0.3
+===
+- prototype egg2wheel conversion script
+
+0.2
+===
+- Python 3 compatibility
+
+0.1
+===
+- Initial version
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/RECORD b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a01ac0
--- /dev/null
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+wheel/test/__pycache__/test_paths.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/bdist_wheel.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/wininst2wheel.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/signatures/__pycache__/keys.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/tool/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/complex-dist/__pycache__/setup.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/headers.dist/__pycache__/setup.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/archive.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/__pycache__/test_signatures.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/headers.dist/__pycache__/headersdist.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/__pycache__/test_basic.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/decorator.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/test/__pycache__/test_keys.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/egg2wheel.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/paths.cpython-35.pyc,,
+wheel/__pycache__/pep425tags.cpython-35.pyc,,
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de529b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.26.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f57b8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[console_scripts]
+wheel = wheel.tool:main
+
+[distutils.commands]
+bdist_wheel = wheel.bdist_wheel:bdist_wheel
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/metadata.json b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/metadata.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cceff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/metadata.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"generator": "bdist_wheel (0.26.0)", "summary": "A built-package format for Python.", "classifiers": ["Development Status :: 4 - Beta", "Intended Audience :: Developers", "Programming Language :: Python", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6", "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3", "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4"], "extensions": {"python.details": {"project_urls": {"Home": "https://bitbucket.org/pypa/wheel/"}, "contacts": [{"email": "dholth@fastmail.fm", "name": "Daniel Holth", "role": "author"}], "document_names": {"description": "DESCRIPTION.rst", "license": "LICENSE.txt"}}, "python.exports": {"console_scripts": {"wheel": "wheel.tool:main"}, "distutils.commands": {"bdist_wheel": "wheel.bdist_wheel:bdist_wheel"}}, "python.commands": {"wrap_console": {"wheel": "wheel.tool:main"}}}, "keywords": ["wheel", "packaging"], "license": "MIT", "metadata_version": "2.0", "name": "wheel", "extras": ["faster-signatures", "signatures", "tool"], "run_requires": [{"requires": ["argparse"], "environment": "python_version==\"2.6\""}, {"requires": ["ed25519ll"], "extra": "faster-signatures"}, {"requires": ["keyring"], "extra": "signatures"}, {"requires": ["pyxdg"], "extra": "signatures", "environment": "sys_platform!=\"win32\""}], "version": "0.26.0", "test_requires": [{"requires": ["coverage", "jsonschema", "pytest", "pytest-cov"]}]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2309722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel-0.26.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+wheel
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a57ba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# __variables__ with double-quoted values will be available in setup.py:
+__version__ = "0.26.0"
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..889359c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""
+Wheel command line tool (enable python -m wheel syntax)
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+def main(): # needed for console script
+    if __package__ == '':
+        # To be able to run 'python wheel-0.9.whl/wheel':
+        import os.path
+        path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+        sys.path[0:0] = [path]
+    import wheel.tool
+    sys.exit(wheel.tool.main())
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..225d295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"""
+Archive tools for wheel.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os.path
+import zipfile
+
+log = logging.getLogger("wheel")
+
+
+def archive_wheelfile(base_name, base_dir):
+    '''Archive all files under `base_dir` in a whl file and name it like
+    `base_name`.
+    '''
+    olddir = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+    base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
+    try:
+        os.chdir(base_dir)
+        return make_wheelfile_inner(base_name)
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(olddir)
+
+
+def make_wheelfile_inner(base_name, base_dir='.'):
+    """Create a whl file from all the files under 'base_dir'.
+
+    Places .dist-info at the end of the archive."""
+
+    zip_filename = base_name + ".whl"
+
+    log.info("creating '%s' and adding '%s' to it", zip_filename, base_dir)
+
+    # XXX support bz2, xz when available
+    zip = zipfile.ZipFile(open(zip_filename, "wb+"), "w",
+                          compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
+
+    score = {'WHEEL': 1, 'METADATA': 2, 'RECORD': 3}
+    deferred = []
+
+    def writefile(path):
+        zip.write(path, path)
+        log.info("adding '%s'" % path)
+
+    for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
+        for name in filenames:
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
+
+            if os.path.isfile(path):
+                if dirpath.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                    deferred.append((score.get(name, 0), path))
+                else:
+                    writefile(path)
+
+    deferred.sort()
+    for score, path in deferred:
+        writefile(path)
+
+    zip.close()
+
+    return zip_filename
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa7c0c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/bdist_wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+"""
+Create a wheel (.whl) distribution.
+
+A wheel is a built archive format.
+"""
+
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import os
+import subprocess
+import warnings
+import shutil
+import json
+import wheel
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
+    # Python < 2.7
+    import distutils.sysconfig as sysconfig
+
+import pkg_resources
+
+safe_name = pkg_resources.safe_name
+safe_version = pkg_resources.safe_version
+
+from shutil import rmtree
+from email.generator import Generator
+
+from distutils.util import get_platform
+from distutils.core import Command
+from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_version
+
+from distutils import log as logger
+
+from .pep425tags import get_abbr_impl, get_impl_ver
+from .util import native, open_for_csv
+from .archive import archive_wheelfile
+from .pkginfo import read_pkg_info, write_pkg_info
+from .metadata import pkginfo_to_dict
+from . import pep425tags, metadata
+
+def safer_name(name):
+    return safe_name(name).replace('-', '_')
+
+def safer_version(version):
+    return safe_version(version).replace('-', '_')
+
+class bdist_wheel(Command):
+
+    description = 'create a wheel distribution'
+
+    user_options = [('bdist-dir=', 'b',
+                     "temporary directory for creating the distribution"),
+                    ('plat-name=', 'p',
+                     "platform name to embed in generated filenames "
+                     "(default: %s)" % get_platform()),
+                    ('keep-temp', 'k',
+                     "keep the pseudo-installation tree around after " +
+                     "creating the distribution archive"),
+                    ('dist-dir=', 'd',
+                     "directory to put final built distributions in"),
+                    ('skip-build', None,
+                     "skip rebuilding everything (for testing/debugging)"),
+                    ('relative', None,
+                     "build the archive using relative paths"
+                     "(default: false)"),
+                    ('owner=', 'u',
+                     "Owner name used when creating a tar file"
+                     " [default: current user]"),
+                    ('group=', 'g',
+                     "Group name used when creating a tar file"
+                     " [default: current group]"),
+                    ('universal', None,
+                     "make a universal wheel"
+                     " (default: false)"),
+                    ('python-tag=', None,
+                     "Python implementation compatibility tag"
+                     " (default: py%s)" % get_impl_ver()[0]),
+                    ]
+
+    boolean_options = ['keep-temp', 'skip-build', 'relative', 'universal']
+
+    def initialize_options(self):
+        self.bdist_dir = None
+        self.data_dir = None
+        self.plat_name = None
+        self.format = 'zip'
+        self.keep_temp = False
+        self.dist_dir = None
+        self.distinfo_dir = None
+        self.egginfo_dir = None
+        self.root_is_pure = None
+        self.skip_build = None
+        self.relative = False
+        self.owner = None
+        self.group = None
+        self.universal = False
+        self.python_tag = 'py' + get_impl_ver()[0]
+
+    def finalize_options(self):
+        if self.bdist_dir is None:
+            bdist_base = self.get_finalized_command('bdist').bdist_base
+            self.bdist_dir = os.path.join(bdist_base, 'wheel')
+
+        self.data_dir = self.wheel_dist_name + '.data'
+
+        need_options = ('dist_dir', 'plat_name', 'skip_build')
+
+        self.set_undefined_options('bdist',
+                                   *zip(need_options, need_options))
+
+        self.root_is_pure = not (self.distribution.has_ext_modules()
+                                 or self.distribution.has_c_libraries())
+
+        # Support legacy [wheel] section for setting universal
+        wheel = self.distribution.get_option_dict('wheel')
+        if 'universal' in wheel:
+            # please don't define this in your global configs
+            val = wheel['universal'][1].strip()
+            if val.lower() in ('1', 'true', 'yes'):
+                self.universal = True
+
+    @property
+    def wheel_dist_name(self):
+        """Return distribution full name with - replaced with _"""
+        return '-'.join((safer_name(self.distribution.get_name()),
+                         safer_version(self.distribution.get_version())))
+
+    def get_tag(self):
+        supported_tags = pep425tags.get_supported()
+
+        if self.root_is_pure:
+            if self.universal:
+                impl = 'py2.py3'
+            else:
+                impl = self.python_tag
+            tag = (impl, 'none', 'any')
+        else:
+            plat_name = self.plat_name
+            if plat_name is None:
+                plat_name = get_platform()
+            plat_name = plat_name.replace('-', '_').replace('.', '_')
+            impl_name = get_abbr_impl()
+            impl_ver = get_impl_ver()
+            # PEP 3149 -- no SOABI in Py 2
+            # For PyPy?
+            # "pp%s%s" % (sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+            # sys.pypy_version_info.minor)
+            abi_tag = sysconfig.get_config_vars().get('SOABI', 'none')
+            if abi_tag.startswith('cpython-'):
+                abi_tag = 'cp' + abi_tag.split('-')[1]
+
+            tag = (impl_name + impl_ver, abi_tag, plat_name)
+            # XXX switch to this alternate implementation for non-pure:
+            assert tag == supported_tags[0]
+        return tag
+
+    def get_archive_basename(self):
+        """Return archive name without extension"""
+
+        impl_tag, abi_tag, plat_tag = self.get_tag()
+
+        archive_basename = "%s-%s-%s-%s" % (
+            self.wheel_dist_name,
+            impl_tag,
+            abi_tag,
+            plat_tag)
+        return archive_basename
+
+    def run(self):
+        build_scripts = self.reinitialize_command('build_scripts')
+        build_scripts.executable = 'python'
+
+        if not self.skip_build:
+            self.run_command('build')
+
+        install = self.reinitialize_command('install',
+                                            reinit_subcommands=True)
+        install.root = self.bdist_dir
+        install.compile = False
+        install.skip_build = self.skip_build
+        install.warn_dir = False
+
+        # A wheel without setuptools scripts is more cross-platform.
+        # Use the (undocumented) `no_ep` option to setuptools'
+        # install_scripts command to avoid creating entry point scripts.
+        install_scripts = self.reinitialize_command('install_scripts')
+        install_scripts.no_ep = True
+
+        # Use a custom scheme for the archive, because we have to decide
+        # at installation time which scheme to use.
+        for key in ('headers', 'scripts', 'data', 'purelib', 'platlib'):
+            setattr(install,
+                    'install_' + key,
+                    os.path.join(self.data_dir, key))
+
+        basedir_observed = ''
+
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            # win32 barfs if any of these are ''; could be '.'?
+            # (distutils.command.install:change_roots bug)
+            basedir_observed = os.path.join(self.data_dir, '..')
+            self.install_libbase = self.install_lib = basedir_observed
+
+        setattr(install,
+                'install_purelib' if self.root_is_pure else 'install_platlib',
+                basedir_observed)
+
+        logger.info("installing to %s", self.bdist_dir)
+
+        self.run_command('install')
+
+        archive_basename = self.get_archive_basename()
+
+        pseudoinstall_root = os.path.join(self.dist_dir, archive_basename)
+        if not self.relative:
+            archive_root = self.bdist_dir
+        else:
+            archive_root = os.path.join(
+                self.bdist_dir,
+                self._ensure_relative(install.install_base))
+
+        self.set_undefined_options(
+            'install_egg_info', ('target', 'egginfo_dir'))
+        self.distinfo_dir = os.path.join(self.bdist_dir,
+                                         '%s.dist-info' % self.wheel_dist_name)
+        self.egg2dist(self.egginfo_dir,
+                      self.distinfo_dir)
+
+        self.write_wheelfile(self.distinfo_dir)
+
+        self.write_record(self.bdist_dir, self.distinfo_dir)
+
+        # Make the archive
+        if not os.path.exists(self.dist_dir):
+            os.makedirs(self.dist_dir)
+        wheel_name = archive_wheelfile(pseudoinstall_root, archive_root)
+
+        # Sign the archive
+        if 'WHEEL_TOOL' in os.environ:
+            subprocess.call([os.environ['WHEEL_TOOL'], 'sign', wheel_name])
+
+        # Add to 'Distribution.dist_files' so that the "upload" command works
+        getattr(self.distribution, 'dist_files', []).append(
+            ('bdist_wheel', get_python_version(), wheel_name))
+
+        if not self.keep_temp:
+            if self.dry_run:
+                logger.info('removing %s', self.bdist_dir)
+            else:
+                rmtree(self.bdist_dir)
+
+    def write_wheelfile(self, wheelfile_base, generator='bdist_wheel (' + wheel.__version__ + ')'):
+        from email.message import Message
+        msg = Message()
+        msg['Wheel-Version'] = '1.0'  # of the spec
+        msg['Generator'] = generator
+        msg['Root-Is-Purelib'] = str(self.root_is_pure).lower()
+
+        # Doesn't work for bdist_wininst
+        impl_tag, abi_tag, plat_tag = self.get_tag()
+        for impl in impl_tag.split('.'):
+            for abi in abi_tag.split('.'):
+                for plat in plat_tag.split('.'):
+                    msg['Tag'] = '-'.join((impl, abi, plat))
+
+        wheelfile_path = os.path.join(wheelfile_base, 'WHEEL')
+        logger.info('creating %s', wheelfile_path)
+        with open(wheelfile_path, 'w') as f:
+            Generator(f, maxheaderlen=0).flatten(msg)
+
+    def _ensure_relative(self, path):
+        # copied from dir_util, deleted
+        drive, path = os.path.splitdrive(path)
+        if path[0:1] == os.sep:
+            path = drive + path[1:]
+        return path
+
+    def _pkginfo_to_metadata(self, egg_info_path, pkginfo_path):
+        return metadata.pkginfo_to_metadata(egg_info_path, pkginfo_path)
+
+    def license_file(self):
+        """Return license filename from a license-file key in setup.cfg, or None."""
+        metadata = self.distribution.get_option_dict('metadata')
+        if not 'license_file' in metadata:
+            return None
+        return metadata['license_file'][1]
+
+    def setupcfg_requirements(self):
+        """Generate requirements from setup.cfg as
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'requirement; qualifier') tuples. From a metadata
+        section in setup.cfg:
+
+        [metadata]
+        provides-extra = extra1
+            extra2
+        requires-dist = requirement; qualifier
+            another; qualifier2
+            unqualified
+
+        Yields
+
+        ('Provides-Extra', 'extra1'),
+        ('Provides-Extra', 'extra2'),
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'requirement; qualifier'),
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'another; qualifier2'),
+        ('Requires-Dist', 'unqualified')
+        """
+        metadata = self.distribution.get_option_dict('metadata')
+
+        # our .ini parser folds - to _ in key names:
+        for key, title in (('provides_extra', 'Provides-Extra'),
+                           ('requires_dist', 'Requires-Dist')):
+            if not key in metadata:
+                continue
+            field = metadata[key]
+            for line in field[1].splitlines():
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+                yield (title, line)
+
+    def add_requirements(self, metadata_path):
+        """Add additional requirements from setup.cfg to file metadata_path"""
+        additional = list(self.setupcfg_requirements())
+        if not additional: return
+        pkg_info = read_pkg_info(metadata_path)
+        if 'Provides-Extra' in pkg_info or 'Requires-Dist' in pkg_info:
+            warnings.warn('setup.cfg requirements overwrite values from setup.py')
+            del pkg_info['Provides-Extra']
+            del pkg_info['Requires-Dist']
+        for k, v in additional:
+            pkg_info[k] = v
+        write_pkg_info(metadata_path, pkg_info)
+
+    def egg2dist(self, egginfo_path, distinfo_path):
+        """Convert an .egg-info directory into a .dist-info directory"""
+        def adios(p):
+            """Appropriately delete directory, file or link."""
+            if os.path.exists(p) and not os.path.islink(p) and os.path.isdir(p):
+                shutil.rmtree(p)
+            elif os.path.exists(p):
+                os.unlink(p)
+
+        adios(distinfo_path)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(egginfo_path):
+            # There is no egg-info. This is probably because the egg-info
+            # file/directory is not named matching the distribution name used
+            # to name the archive file. Check for this case and report
+            # accordingly.
+            import glob
+            pat = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(egginfo_path), '*.egg-info')
+            possible = glob.glob(pat)
+            err = "Egg metadata expected at %s but not found" % (egginfo_path,)
+            if possible:
+                alt = os.path.basename(possible[0])
+                err += " (%s found - possible misnamed archive file?)" % (alt,)
+
+            raise ValueError(err)
+
+        if os.path.isfile(egginfo_path):
+            # .egg-info is a single file
+            pkginfo_path = egginfo_path
+            pkg_info = self._pkginfo_to_metadata(egginfo_path, egginfo_path)
+            os.mkdir(distinfo_path)
+        else:
+            # .egg-info is a directory
+            pkginfo_path = os.path.join(egginfo_path, 'PKG-INFO')
+            pkg_info = self._pkginfo_to_metadata(egginfo_path, pkginfo_path)
+
+            # ignore common egg metadata that is useless to wheel
+            shutil.copytree(egginfo_path, distinfo_path,
+                            ignore=lambda x, y: set(('PKG-INFO',
+                                                     'requires.txt',
+                                                     'SOURCES.txt',
+                                                     'not-zip-safe',)))
+
+            # delete dependency_links if it is only whitespace
+            dependency_links = os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'dependency_links.txt')
+            if not open(dependency_links, 'r').read().strip():
+                adios(dependency_links)
+
+        write_pkg_info(os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'METADATA'), pkg_info)
+
+        # XXX deprecated. Still useful for current distribute/setuptools.
+        metadata_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'METADATA')
+        self.add_requirements(metadata_path)
+
+        # XXX intentionally a different path than the PEP.
+        metadata_json_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path, 'metadata.json')
+        pymeta = pkginfo_to_dict(metadata_path,
+                                 distribution=self.distribution)
+
+        if 'description' in pymeta:
+            description_filename = 'DESCRIPTION.rst'
+            description_text = pymeta.pop('description')
+            description_path = os.path.join(distinfo_path,
+                                            description_filename)
+            with open(description_path, "wb") as description_file:
+                description_file.write(description_text.encode('utf-8'))
+            pymeta['extensions']['python.details']['document_names']['description'] = description_filename
+
+        # XXX heuristically copy any LICENSE/LICENSE.txt?
+        license = self.license_file()
+        if license:
+            license_filename = 'LICENSE.txt'
+            shutil.copy(license, os.path.join(self.distinfo_dir, license_filename))
+            pymeta['extensions']['python.details']['document_names']['license'] = license_filename
+
+        with open(metadata_json_path, "w") as metadata_json:
+            json.dump(pymeta, metadata_json)
+
+        adios(egginfo_path)
+
+    def write_record(self, bdist_dir, distinfo_dir):
+        from wheel.util import urlsafe_b64encode
+
+        record_path = os.path.join(distinfo_dir, 'RECORD')
+        record_relpath = os.path.relpath(record_path, bdist_dir)
+
+        def walk():
+            for dir, dirs, files in os.walk(bdist_dir):
+                dirs.sort()
+                for f in sorted(files):
+                    yield os.path.join(dir, f)
+
+        def skip(path):
+            """Wheel hashes every possible file."""
+            return (path == record_relpath)
+
+        with open_for_csv(record_path, 'w+') as record_file:
+            writer = csv.writer(record_file)
+            for path in walk():
+                relpath = os.path.relpath(path, bdist_dir)
+                if skip(relpath):
+                    hash = ''
+                    size = ''
+                else:
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                        data = f.read()
+                    digest = hashlib.sha256(data).digest()
+                    hash = 'sha256=' + native(urlsafe_b64encode(digest))
+                    size = len(data)
+                record_path = os.path.relpath(
+                    path, bdist_dir).replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+                writer.writerow((record_path, hash, size))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/decorator.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4b56d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# from Pyramid
+
+
+class reify(object):
+    """Put the result of a method which uses this (non-data)
+    descriptor decorator in the instance dict after the first call,
+    effectively replacing the decorator with an instance variable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+        self.__doc__ = wrapped.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(self, inst, objtype=None):
+        if inst is None:
+            return self
+        val = self.wrapped(inst)
+        setattr(inst, self.wrapped.__name__, val)
+        return val
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf919c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/egg2wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import os.path
+import re
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import wheel.bdist_wheel
+import shutil
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.archive_util import make_archive
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from glob import iglob
+
+egg_info_re = re.compile(r'''(?P<name>.+?)-(?P<ver>.+?)
+    (-(?P<pyver>.+?))?(-(?P<arch>.+?))?.egg''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+def egg2wheel(egg_path, dest_dir):
+    egg_info = egg_info_re.match(os.path.basename(egg_path)).groupdict()
+    dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix="_e2w")
+    if os.path.isfile(egg_path):
+        # assume we have a bdist_egg otherwise
+        egg = zipfile.ZipFile(egg_path)
+        egg.extractall(dir)
+    else:
+        # support buildout-style installed eggs directories
+        for pth in os.listdir(egg_path):
+            src = os.path.join(egg_path, pth)
+            if os.path.isfile(src):
+                shutil.copy2(src, dir)
+            else:
+                shutil.copytree(src, os.path.join(dir, pth))
+
+    dist_info = "%s-%s" % (egg_info['name'], egg_info['ver'])
+    abi = 'none'
+    pyver = egg_info['pyver'].replace('.', '')
+    arch = (egg_info['arch'] or 'any').replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    if arch != 'any':
+        # assume all binary eggs are for CPython
+        pyver = 'cp' + pyver[2:]
+    wheel_name = '-'.join((
+                          dist_info,
+                          pyver,
+                          abi,
+                          arch
+                          ))
+    bw = wheel.bdist_wheel.bdist_wheel(distutils.dist.Distribution())
+    bw.root_is_purelib = egg_info['arch'] is None
+    dist_info_dir = os.path.join(dir, '%s.dist-info' % dist_info)
+    bw.egg2dist(os.path.join(dir, 'EGG-INFO'),
+                dist_info_dir)
+    bw.write_wheelfile(dist_info_dir, generator='egg2wheel')
+    bw.write_record(dir, dist_info_dir)
+    filename = make_archive(os.path.join(dest_dir, wheel_name), 'zip', root_dir=dir)
+    os.rename(filename, filename[:-3] + 'whl')
+    shutil.rmtree(dir)
+
+def main():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('eggs', nargs='*', help="Eggs to convert")
+    parser.add_argument('--dest-dir', '-d', default=os.path.curdir,
+            help="Directory to store wheels (default %(default)s)")
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    for pat in args.eggs:
+        for egg in iglob(pat):
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("{0}... ".format(egg))
+            egg2wheel(egg, args.dest_dir)
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("OK\n")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d422120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/eggnames.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+vcard-0.7.8-py2.7.egg
+qtalchemy-0.7.1-py2.7.egg
+AMQPDeliver-0.1-py2.7.egg
+infi.registry-0.1.1-py2.7.egg
+infi.instruct-0.5.5-py2.7.egg
+infi.devicemanager-0.1.2-py2.7.egg
+TracTixSummary-1.0-py2.7.egg
+ToscaWidgets-0.9.12-py2.7.egg
+archipel_agent_iphone_notification-0.5.0beta-py2.7.egg
+archipel_agent_action_scheduler-0.5.0beta-py2.7.egg
+ao.social-1.0.2-py2.7.egg
+apgl-0.7-py2.7.egg
+satchmo_payment_payworld-0.1.1-py2.7.egg
+snmpsim-0.1.3-py2.7.egg
+sshim-0.2-py2.7.egg
+shove-0.3.4-py2.7.egg
+simpleavro-0.3.0-py2.7.egg
+wkhtmltopdf-0.2-py2.7.egg
+wokkel-0.7.0-py2.7.egg
+jmbo_social-0.0.6-py2.7.egg
+jmbo_post-0.0.6-py2.7.egg
+jcrack-0.0.2-py2.7.egg
+riak-1.4.0-py2.7.egg
+restclient-0.10.2-py2.7.egg
+Sutekh-0.8.1-py2.7.egg
+trayify-0.0.1-py2.7.egg
+tweepy-1.9-py2.7.egg
+topzootools-0.2.1-py2.7.egg
+haystack-0.16-py2.7.egg
+zope.interface-4.0.1-py2.7-win32.egg
+neuroshare-0.8.5-py2.7-macosx-10.7-intel.egg
+ndg_httpsclient-0.2.0-py2.7.egg
+libtele-0.3-py2.7.egg
+litex.cxpool-1.0.2-py2.7.egg
+obspy.iris-0.5.1-py2.7.egg
+obspy.mseed-0.6.1-py2.7-win32.egg
+obspy.core-0.6.2-py2.7.egg
+CorePost-0.0.3-py2.7.egg
+fnordstalk-0.0.3-py2.7.egg
+Persistence-2.13.2-py2.7-win32.egg
+Pydap-3.1.RC1-py2.7.egg
+PyExecJS-1.0.4-py2.7.egg
+Wally-0.7.2-py2.7.egg
+ExtensionClass-4.0a1-py2.7-win32.egg
+Feedjack-0.9.16-py2.7.egg
+Mars24-0.3.9-py2.7.egg
+HalWeb-0.6.0-py2.7.egg
+DARE-0.7.140-py2.7.egg
+macholib-1.3-py2.7.egg
+marrow.wsgi.egress.compression-1.1-py2.7.egg
+mcs-0.3.7-py2.7.egg
+Kook-0.6.0-py2.7.egg
+er-0.1-py2.7.egg
+evasion_director-1.1.4-py2.7.egg
+djquery-0.1a-py2.7.egg
+django_factory-0.7-py2.7.egg
+django_gizmo-0.0.3-py2.7.egg
+django_category-0.1-py2.7.egg
+dbwrap-0.3.2-py2.7.egg
+django_supergeneric-1.0-py2.7.egg
+django_dynamo-0.25-py2.7.egg
+django_acollabauth-0.1-py2.7.egg
+django_qrlink-0.1.0-py2.7.egg
+django_addons-0.6.6-py2.7.egg
+cover_grabber-1.1.2-py2.7.egg
+chem-1.1-py2.7.egg
+crud-0.1-py2.7.egg
+bongo-0.1-py2.7.egg
+bytecodehacks-April2000-py2.7.egg
+greenlet-0.3.4-py2.7-win32.egg
+ginvoke-0.3.1-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_ScriptingBridge-2.3-py2.7.egg
+pecan-0.2.0a-py2.7.egg
+pyress-0.2.0-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_PubSub-2.3-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_ExceptionHandling-2.3-py2.7.egg
+pywps-trunk-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_CFNetwork-2.3-py2.7-macosx-10.6-fat.egg
+py.saunter-0.40-py2.7.egg
+pyfnordmetric-0.0.1-py2.7.egg
+pyws-1.1.1-py2.7.egg
+prestapyt-0.4.0-py2.7.egg
+passlib-1.5.3-py2.7.egg
+pyga-2.1-py2.7.egg
+pygithub3-0.3-py2.7.egg
+pyobjc_framework_OpenDirectory-2.3-py2.7.egg
+yaposib-0.2.75-py2.7-linux-x86_64.egg
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3af6d0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+"""
+Operations on existing wheel files, including basic installation. 
+"""
+# XXX see patched pip to install
+
+import sys
+import warnings
+import os.path
+import re
+import zipfile
+import hashlib
+import csv
+
+import shutil
+
+try:
+    _big_number = sys.maxsize
+except NameError:
+    _big_number = sys.maxint
+
+from wheel.decorator import reify
+from wheel.util import (urlsafe_b64encode, from_json, urlsafe_b64decode,
+                        native, binary, HashingFile)
+from wheel import signatures
+from wheel.pkginfo import read_pkg_info_bytes
+from wheel.util import open_for_csv
+
+from .pep425tags import get_supported
+from .paths import get_install_paths
+
+# The next major version after this version of the 'wheel' tool:
+VERSION_TOO_HIGH = (1, 0)
+
+# Non-greedy matching of an optional build number may be too clever (more
+# invalid wheel filenames will match). Separate regex for .dist-info?
+WHEEL_INFO_RE = re.compile(
+    r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>.+?)(-(?P<ver>\d.+?))?)
+    ((-(?P<build>\d.*?))?-(?P<pyver>.+?)-(?P<abi>.+?)-(?P<plat>.+?)
+    \.whl|\.dist-info)$""",
+    re.VERBOSE).match
+
+def parse_version(version):
+    """Use parse_version from pkg_resources or distutils as available."""
+    global parse_version
+    try:
+        from pkg_resources import parse_version
+    except ImportError:
+        from distutils.version import LooseVersion as parse_version
+    return parse_version(version)
+
+class BadWheelFile(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class WheelFile(object):
+    """Parse wheel-specific attributes from a wheel (.whl) file and offer
+    basic installation and verification support.
+    
+    WheelFile can be used to simply parse a wheel filename by avoiding the
+    methods that require the actual file contents."""
+
+    WHEEL_INFO = "WHEEL"
+    RECORD = "RECORD"
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 filename,
+                 fp=None,
+                 append=False,
+                 context=get_supported):
+        """
+        :param fp: A seekable file-like object or None to open(filename).
+        :param append: Open archive in append mode.
+        :param context: Function returning list of supported tags. Wheels
+        must have the same context to be sortable.
+        """
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.fp = fp
+        self.append = append
+        self.context = context
+        basename = os.path.basename(filename)
+        self.parsed_filename = WHEEL_INFO_RE(basename)
+        if not basename.endswith('.whl') or self.parsed_filename is None:
+            raise BadWheelFile("Bad filename '%s'" % filename)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.filename
+
+    @property
+    def distinfo_name(self):
+        return "%s.dist-info" % self.parsed_filename.group('namever')
+
+    @property
+    def datadir_name(self):
+        return "%s.data" % self.parsed_filename.group('namever')
+
+    @property
+    def record_name(self):
+        return "%s/%s" % (self.distinfo_name, self.RECORD)
+
+    @property
+    def wheelinfo_name(self):
+        return "%s/%s" % (self.distinfo_name, self.WHEEL_INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def tags(self):
+        """A wheel file is compatible with the Cartesian product of the
+        period-delimited tags in its filename.
+        To choose a wheel file among several candidates having the same
+        distribution version 'ver', an installer ranks each triple of
+        (pyver, abi, plat) that its Python installation can run, sorting
+        the wheels by the best-ranked tag it supports and then by their
+        arity which is just len(list(compatibility_tags)).
+        """
+        tags = self.parsed_filename.groupdict()
+        for pyver in tags['pyver'].split('.'):
+            for abi in tags['abi'].split('.'):
+                for plat in tags['plat'].split('.'):
+                    yield (pyver, abi, plat)
+
+    compatibility_tags = tags
+
+    @property
+    def arity(self):
+        """The number of compatibility tags the wheel declares."""
+        return len(list(self.compatibility_tags))
+
+    @property
+    def rank(self):
+        """
+        Lowest index of any of this wheel's tags in self.context(), and the
+        arity e.g. (0, 1)
+        """
+        return self.compatibility_rank(self.context())
+
+    @property
+    def compatible(self):
+        return self.rank[0] != _big_number  # bad API!
+
+    # deprecated:
+    def compatibility_rank(self, supported):
+        """Rank the wheel against the supported tags. Smaller ranks are more
+        compatible!
+
+        :param supported: A list of compatibility tags that the current
+            Python implemenation can run.
+        """
+        preferences = []
+        for tag in self.compatibility_tags:
+            try:
+                preferences.append(supported.index(tag))
+            # Tag not present
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        if len(preferences):
+            return (min(preferences), self.arity)
+        return (_big_number, 0)
+
+    # deprecated
+    def supports_current_python(self, x):
+        assert self.context == x, 'context mismatch'
+        return self.compatible
+
+    # Comparability.
+    # Wheels are equal if they refer to the same file.
+    # If two wheels are not equal, compare based on (in this order):
+    #   1. Name
+    #   2. Version
+    #   3. Compatibility rank
+    #   4. Filename (as a tiebreaker)
+    @property
+    def _sort_key(self):
+        return (self.parsed_filename.group('name'),
+                parse_version(self.parsed_filename.group('ver')),
+                tuple(-x for x in self.rank),
+                self.filename)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.filename == other.filename
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.filename != other.filename
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if self.context != other.context:
+            raise TypeError("{0}.context != {1}.context".format(self, other))
+
+        return self._sort_key < other._sort_key
+
+        # XXX prune
+
+        sn = self.parsed_filename.group('name')
+        on = other.parsed_filename.group('name')
+        if sn != on:
+            return sn < on
+        sv = parse_version(self.parsed_filename.group('ver'))
+        ov = parse_version(other.parsed_filename.group('ver'))
+        if sv != ov:
+            return sv < ov
+        # Compatibility
+        if self.context != other.context:
+            raise TypeError("{0}.context != {1}.context".format(self, other))
+        sc = self.rank
+        oc = other.rank
+        if sc != None and oc != None and sc != oc:
+            # Smaller compatibility ranks are "better" than larger ones,
+            # so we have to reverse the sense of the comparison here!
+            return sc > oc
+        elif sc == None and oc != None:
+            return False
+        return self.filename < other.filename
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return other < self
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self == other or self < other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self == other or other < self
+
+    #
+    # Methods using the file's contents:
+    #
+
+    @reify
+    def zipfile(self):
+        mode = "r"
+        if self.append:
+            mode = "a"
+        vzf = VerifyingZipFile(self.fp if self.fp else self.filename, mode)
+        if not self.append:
+            self.verify(vzf)
+        return vzf
+
+    @reify
+    def parsed_wheel_info(self):
+        """Parse wheel metadata (the .data/WHEEL file)"""
+        return read_pkg_info_bytes(self.zipfile.read(self.wheelinfo_name))
+
+    def check_version(self):
+        version = self.parsed_wheel_info['Wheel-Version']
+        if tuple(map(int, version.split('.'))) >= VERSION_TOO_HIGH:
+            raise ValueError("Wheel version is too high")
+
+    @reify
+    def install_paths(self):
+        """
+        Consult distutils to get the install paths for our dist.  A dict with
+        ('purelib', 'platlib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data').
+        
+        We use the name from our filename as the dist name, which means headers
+        could be installed in the wrong place if the filesystem-escaped name
+        is different than the Name.  Who cares? 
+        """
+        name = self.parsed_filename.group('name')
+        return get_install_paths(name)
+
+    def install(self, force=False, overrides={}):
+        """
+        Install the wheel into site-packages.
+        """
+
+        # Utility to get the target directory for a particular key
+        def get_path(key):
+            return overrides.get(key) or self.install_paths[key]
+
+        # The base target location is either purelib or platlib
+        if self.parsed_wheel_info['Root-Is-Purelib'] == 'true':
+            root = get_path('purelib')
+        else:
+            root = get_path('platlib')
+
+        # Parse all the names in the archive
+        name_trans = {}
+        for info in self.zipfile.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            # Zip files can contain entries representing directories.
+            # These end in a '/'.
+            # We ignore these, as we create directories on demand.
+            if name.endswith('/'):
+                continue
+
+            # Pathnames in a zipfile namelist are always /-separated.
+            # In theory, paths could start with ./ or have other oddities
+            # but this won't happen in practical cases of well-formed wheels.
+            # We'll cover the simple case of an initial './' as it's both easy
+            # to do and more common than most other oddities.
+            if name.startswith('./'):
+                name = name[2:]
+
+            # Split off the base directory to identify files that are to be
+            # installed in non-root locations
+            basedir, sep, filename = name.partition('/')
+            if sep and basedir == self.datadir_name:
+                # Data file. Target destination is elsewhere
+                key, sep, filename = filename.partition('/')
+                if not sep:
+                    raise ValueError("Invalid filename in wheel: {0}".format(name))
+                target = get_path(key)
+            else:
+                # Normal file. Target destination is root
+                key = ''
+                target = root
+                filename = name
+
+            # Map the actual filename from the zipfile to its intended target
+            # directory and the pathname relative to that directory.
+            dest = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(target, filename))
+            name_trans[info] = (key, target, filename, dest)
+
+        # We're now ready to start processing the actual install. The process
+        # is as follows:
+        #   1. Prechecks - is the wheel valid, is its declared architecture
+        #      OK, etc. [[Responsibility of the caller]]
+        #   2. Overwrite check - do any of the files to be installed already
+        #      exist?
+        #   3. Actual install - put the files in their target locations.
+        #   4. Update RECORD - write a suitably modified RECORD file to
+        #      reflect the actual installed paths.
+
+        if not force:
+            for info, v in name_trans.items():
+                k = info.filename
+                key, target, filename, dest = v
+                if os.path.exists(dest):
+                    raise ValueError("Wheel file {0} would overwrite {1}. Use force if this is intended".format(k, dest))
+
+        # Get the name of our executable, for use when replacing script
+        # wrapper hashbang lines.
+        # We encode it using getfilesystemencoding, as that is "the name of
+        # the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames into system file
+        # names".
+        exename = sys.executable.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        record_data = []
+        record_name = self.distinfo_name + '/RECORD'
+        for info, (key, target, filename, dest) in name_trans.items():
+            name = info.filename
+            source = self.zipfile.open(info)
+            # Skip the RECORD file
+            if name == record_name:
+                continue
+            ddir = os.path.dirname(dest)
+            if not os.path.isdir(ddir):
+                os.makedirs(ddir)
+            destination = HashingFile(open(dest, 'wb'))
+            if key == 'scripts':
+                hashbang = source.readline()
+                if hashbang.startswith(b'#!python'):
+                    hashbang = b'#!' + exename + binary(os.linesep)
+                destination.write(hashbang)
+            shutil.copyfileobj(source, destination)
+            reldest = os.path.relpath(dest, root)
+            reldest.replace(os.sep, '/')
+            record_data.append((reldest, destination.digest(), destination.length))
+            destination.close()
+            source.close()
+            # preserve attributes (especially +x bit for scripts)
+            attrs = info.external_attr >> 16
+            if attrs:  # tends to be 0 if Windows.
+                os.chmod(dest, info.external_attr >> 16)
+
+        record_name = os.path.join(root, self.record_name)
+        writer = csv.writer(open_for_csv(record_name, 'w+'))
+        for reldest, digest, length in sorted(record_data):
+            writer.writerow((reldest, digest, length))
+        writer.writerow((self.record_name, '', ''))
+
+    def verify(self, zipfile=None):
+        """Configure the VerifyingZipFile `zipfile` by verifying its signature 
+        and setting expected hashes for every hash in RECORD.
+        Caller must complete the verification process by completely reading 
+        every file in the archive (e.g. with extractall)."""
+        sig = None
+        if zipfile is None:
+            zipfile = self.zipfile
+        zipfile.strict = True
+
+        record_name = '/'.join((self.distinfo_name, 'RECORD'))
+        sig_name = '/'.join((self.distinfo_name, 'RECORD.jws'))
+        # tolerate s/mime signatures:
+        smime_sig_name = '/'.join((self.distinfo_name, 'RECORD.p7s'))
+        zipfile.set_expected_hash(record_name, None)
+        zipfile.set_expected_hash(sig_name, None)
+        zipfile.set_expected_hash(smime_sig_name, None)
+        record = zipfile.read(record_name)
+
+        record_digest = urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.sha256(record).digest())
+        try:
+            sig = from_json(native(zipfile.read(sig_name)))
+        except KeyError:  # no signature
+            pass
+        if sig:
+            headers, payload = signatures.verify(sig)
+            if payload['hash'] != "sha256=" + native(record_digest):
+                msg = "RECORD.sig claimed RECORD hash {0} != computed hash {1}."
+                raise BadWheelFile(msg.format(payload['hash'],
+                                              native(record_digest)))
+
+        reader = csv.reader((native(r) for r in record.splitlines()))
+
+        for row in reader:
+            filename = row[0]
+            hash = row[1]
+            if not hash:
+                if filename not in (record_name, sig_name):
+                    sys.stderr.write("%s has no hash!\n" % filename)
+                continue
+            algo, data = row[1].split('=', 1)
+            assert algo == "sha256", "Unsupported hash algorithm"
+            zipfile.set_expected_hash(filename, urlsafe_b64decode(binary(data)))
+
+
+class VerifyingZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
+    """ZipFile that can assert that each of its extracted contents matches
+    an expected sha256 hash. Note that each file must be completly read in 
+    order for its hash to be checked."""
+
+    def __init__(self, file, mode="r",
+                 compression=zipfile.ZIP_STORED,
+                 allowZip64=False):
+        zipfile.ZipFile.__init__(self, file, mode, compression, allowZip64)
+
+        self.strict = False
+        self._expected_hashes = {}
+        self._hash_algorithm = hashlib.sha256
+
+    def set_expected_hash(self, name, hash):
+        """
+        :param name: name of zip entry
+        :param hash: bytes of hash (or None for "don't care")
+        """
+        self._expected_hashes[name] = hash
+
+    def open(self, name_or_info, mode="r", pwd=None):
+        """Return file-like object for 'name'."""
+        # A non-monkey-patched version would contain most of zipfile.py
+        ef = zipfile.ZipFile.open(self, name_or_info, mode, pwd)
+        if isinstance(name_or_info, zipfile.ZipInfo):
+            name = name_or_info.filename
+        else:
+            name = name_or_info
+        if (name in self._expected_hashes
+            and self._expected_hashes[name] != None):
+            expected_hash = self._expected_hashes[name]
+            try:
+                _update_crc_orig = ef._update_crc
+            except AttributeError:
+                warnings.warn('Need ZipExtFile._update_crc to implement '
+                              'file hash verification (in Python >= 2.7)')
+                return ef
+            running_hash = self._hash_algorithm()
+            if hasattr(ef, '_eof'):  # py33
+                def _update_crc(data):
+                    _update_crc_orig(data)
+                    running_hash.update(data)
+                    if ef._eof and running_hash.digest() != expected_hash:
+                        raise BadWheelFile("Bad hash for file %r" % ef.name)
+            else:
+                def _update_crc(data, eof=None):
+                    _update_crc_orig(data, eof=eof)
+                    running_hash.update(data)
+                    if eof and running_hash.digest() != expected_hash:
+                        raise BadWheelFile("Bad hash for file %r" % ef.name)
+            ef._update_crc = _update_crc
+        elif self.strict and name not in self._expected_hashes:
+            raise BadWheelFile("No expected hash for file %r" % ef.name)
+        return ef
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """Truncate the last file off this zipfile.
+        Assumes infolist() is in the same order as the files (true for
+        ordinary zip files created by Python)"""
+        if not self.fp:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                  "Attempt to pop from ZIP archive that was already closed")
+        last = self.infolist().pop()
+        del self.NameToInfo[last.filename]
+        self.fp.seek(last.header_offset, os.SEEK_SET)
+        self.fp.truncate()
+        self._didModify = True
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8756fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+"""
+Tools for converting old- to new-style metadata.
+"""
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from .pkginfo import read_pkg_info
+from .util import OrderedDefaultDict
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    OrderedDict = dict
+
+import re
+import os.path
+import textwrap
+import pkg_resources
+import email.parser
+import wheel
+
+METADATA_VERSION = "2.0"
+
+PLURAL_FIELDS = { "classifier" : "classifiers",
+                  "provides_dist" : "provides",
+                  "provides_extra" : "extras" }
+
+SKIP_FIELDS = set()
+
+CONTACT_FIELDS = (({"email":"author_email", "name": "author"},
+                    "author"),
+                  ({"email":"maintainer_email", "name": "maintainer"},
+                    "maintainer"))
+
+# commonly filled out as "UNKNOWN" by distutils:
+UNKNOWN_FIELDS = set(("author", "author_email", "platform", "home_page",
+                      "license"))
+
+# Wheel itself is probably the only program that uses non-extras markers
+# in METADATA/PKG-INFO. Support its syntax with the extra at the end only.
+EXTRA_RE = re.compile("""^(?P<package>.*?)(;\s*(?P<condition>.*?)(extra == '(?P<extra>.*?)')?)$""")
+KEYWORDS_RE = re.compile("[\0-,]+")
+
+MayRequiresKey = namedtuple('MayRequiresKey', ('condition', 'extra'))
+
+def unique(iterable):
+    """
+    Yield unique values in iterable, preserving order.
+    """
+    seen = set()
+    for value in iterable:
+        if not value in seen:
+            seen.add(value)
+            yield value
+
+
+def handle_requires(metadata, pkg_info, key):
+    """
+    Place the runtime requirements from pkg_info into metadata.
+    """
+    may_requires = OrderedDefaultDict(list)
+    for value in sorted(pkg_info.get_all(key)):
+        extra_match = EXTRA_RE.search(value)
+        if extra_match:
+            groupdict = extra_match.groupdict()
+            condition = groupdict['condition']
+            extra = groupdict['extra']
+            package = groupdict['package']
+            if condition.endswith(' and '):
+                condition = condition[:-5]
+        else:
+            condition, extra = None, None
+            package = value
+        key = MayRequiresKey(condition, extra)
+        may_requires[key].append(package)
+
+    if may_requires:
+        metadata['run_requires'] = []
+        for key, value in may_requires.items():
+            may_requirement = OrderedDict((('requires', value),))
+            if key.extra:
+                may_requirement['extra'] = key.extra
+            if key.condition:
+                may_requirement['environment'] = key.condition
+            metadata['run_requires'].append(may_requirement)
+
+        if not 'extras' in metadata:
+            metadata['extras'] = []
+        metadata['extras'].extend([key.extra for key in may_requires.keys() if key.extra])
+
+
+def pkginfo_to_dict(path, distribution=None):
+    """
+    Convert PKG-INFO to a prototype Metadata 2.0 (PEP 426) dict.
+
+    The description is included under the key ['description'] rather than
+    being written to a separate file.
+
+    path: path to PKG-INFO file
+    distribution: optional distutils Distribution()
+    """
+
+    metadata = OrderedDefaultDict(lambda: OrderedDefaultDict(lambda: OrderedDefaultDict(OrderedDict)))
+    metadata["generator"] = "bdist_wheel (" + wheel.__version__ + ")"
+    try:
+        unicode
+        pkg_info = read_pkg_info(path)
+    except NameError:
+        pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(open(path, 'rb').read().decode('utf-8'))
+    description = None
+
+    if pkg_info['Summary']:
+        metadata['summary'] = pkginfo_unicode(pkg_info, 'Summary')
+        del pkg_info['Summary']
+
+    if pkg_info['Description']:
+        description = dedent_description(pkg_info)
+        del pkg_info['Description']
+    else:
+        payload = pkg_info.get_payload()
+        if isinstance(payload, bytes):
+            # Avoid a Python 2 Unicode error.
+            # We still suffer ? glyphs on Python 3.
+            payload = payload.decode('utf-8')
+        if payload:
+            description = payload
+
+    if description:
+        pkg_info['description'] = description
+
+    for key in sorted(unique(k.lower() for k in pkg_info.keys())):
+        low_key = key.replace('-', '_')
+
+        if low_key in SKIP_FIELDS:
+            continue
+
+        if low_key in UNKNOWN_FIELDS and pkg_info.get(key) == 'UNKNOWN':
+            continue
+
+        if low_key in sorted(PLURAL_FIELDS):
+            metadata[PLURAL_FIELDS[low_key]] = pkg_info.get_all(key)
+
+        elif low_key == "requires_dist":
+            handle_requires(metadata, pkg_info, key)
+
+        elif low_key == 'provides_extra':
+            if not 'extras' in metadata:
+                metadata['extras'] = []
+            metadata['extras'].extend(pkg_info.get_all(key))
+
+        elif low_key == 'home_page':
+            metadata['extensions']['python.details']['project_urls'] = {'Home':pkg_info[key]}
+
+        elif low_key == 'keywords':
+            metadata['keywords'] = KEYWORDS_RE.split(pkg_info[key])
+
+        else:
+            metadata[low_key] = pkg_info[key]
+
+    metadata['metadata_version'] = METADATA_VERSION
+
+    if 'extras' in metadata:
+        metadata['extras'] = sorted(set(metadata['extras']))
+
+    # include more information if distribution is available
+    if distribution:
+        for requires, attr in (('test_requires', 'tests_require'),):
+            try:
+                requirements = getattr(distribution, attr)
+                if isinstance(requirements, list):
+                    new_requirements = sorted(convert_requirements(requirements))
+                    metadata[requires] = [{'requires':new_requirements}]
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+    # handle contacts
+    contacts = []
+    for contact_type, role in CONTACT_FIELDS:
+        contact = OrderedDict()
+        for key in sorted(contact_type):
+            if contact_type[key] in metadata:
+                contact[key] = metadata.pop(contact_type[key])
+        if contact:
+            contact['role'] = role
+            contacts.append(contact)
+    if contacts:
+        metadata['extensions']['python.details']['contacts'] = contacts
+
+    # convert entry points to exports
+    try:
+        with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), "entry_points.txt"), "r") as ep_file:
+            ep_map = pkg_resources.EntryPoint.parse_map(ep_file.read())
+        exports = OrderedDict()
+        for group, items in sorted(ep_map.items()):
+            exports[group] = OrderedDict()
+            for item in sorted(map(str, items.values())):
+                name, export = item.split(' = ', 1)
+                exports[group][name] = export
+        if exports:
+            metadata['extensions']['python.exports'] = exports
+    except IOError:
+        pass
+
+    # copy console_scripts entry points to commands
+    if 'python.exports' in metadata['extensions']:
+        for (ep_script, wrap_script) in (('console_scripts', 'wrap_console'),
+                                         ('gui_scripts', 'wrap_gui')):
+            if ep_script in metadata['extensions']['python.exports']:
+                metadata['extensions']['python.commands'][wrap_script] = \
+                    metadata['extensions']['python.exports'][ep_script]
+
+    return metadata
+
+def requires_to_requires_dist(requirement):
+    """Compose the version predicates for requirement in PEP 345 fashion."""
+    requires_dist = []
+    for op, ver in requirement.specs:
+        requires_dist.append(op + ver)
+    if not requires_dist:
+        return ''
+    return " (%s)" % ','.join(requires_dist)
+
+def convert_requirements(requirements):
+    """Yield Requires-Dist: strings for parsed requirements strings."""
+    for req in requirements:
+        parsed_requirement = pkg_resources.Requirement.parse(req)
+        spec = requires_to_requires_dist(parsed_requirement)
+        extras = ",".join(parsed_requirement.extras)
+        if extras:
+            extras = "[%s]" % extras
+        yield (parsed_requirement.project_name + extras + spec)
+
+def pkginfo_to_metadata(egg_info_path, pkginfo_path):
+    """
+    Convert .egg-info directory with PKG-INFO to the Metadata 1.3 aka
+    old-draft Metadata 2.0 format.
+    """
+    pkg_info = read_pkg_info(pkginfo_path)
+    pkg_info.replace_header('Metadata-Version', '2.0')
+    requires_path = os.path.join(egg_info_path, 'requires.txt')
+    if os.path.exists(requires_path):
+        requires = open(requires_path).read()
+        for extra, reqs in sorted(pkg_resources.split_sections(requires),
+                                  key=lambda x: x[0] or ''):
+            condition = ''
+            if extra and ':' in extra: # setuptools extra:condition syntax
+                extra, condition = extra.split(':', 1)
+            if extra:
+                pkg_info['Provides-Extra'] = extra
+                if condition:
+                    condition += " and "
+                condition += 'extra == %s' % repr(extra)
+            if condition:
+                condition = '; ' + condition
+            for new_req in sorted(convert_requirements(reqs)):
+                pkg_info['Requires-Dist'] = new_req + condition
+
+    description = pkg_info['Description']
+    if description:
+        pkg_info.set_payload(dedent_description(pkg_info))
+        del pkg_info['Description']
+
+    return pkg_info
+
+
+def pkginfo_unicode(pkg_info, field):
+    """Hack to coax Unicode out of an email Message() - Python 3.3+"""
+    text = pkg_info[field]
+    field = field.lower()
+    if not isinstance(text, str):
+        if not hasattr(pkg_info, 'raw_items'):  # Python 3.2
+            return str(text)
+        for item in pkg_info.raw_items():
+            if item[0].lower() == field:
+                text = item[1].encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')\
+                                      .decode('utf-8')
+                break
+
+    return text
+
+
+def dedent_description(pkg_info):
+    """
+    Dedent and convert pkg_info['Description'] to Unicode.
+    """
+    description = pkg_info['Description']
+
+    # Python 3 Unicode handling, sorta.
+    surrogates = False
+    if not isinstance(description, str):
+        surrogates = True
+        description = pkginfo_unicode(pkg_info, 'Description')
+
+    description_lines = description.splitlines()
+    description_dedent = '\n'.join(
+            # if the first line of long_description is blank,
+            # the first line here will be indented.
+            (description_lines[0].lstrip(),
+             textwrap.dedent('\n'.join(description_lines[1:])),
+             '\n'))
+
+    if surrogates:
+        description_dedent = description_dedent\
+                .encode("utf8")\
+                .decode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
+
+    return description_dedent
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys, pprint
+    pprint.pprint(pkginfo_to_dict(sys.argv[1]))
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe3dfd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""
+Installation paths.
+
+Map the .data/ subdirectory names to install paths.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import sys
+import distutils.dist as dist
+import distutils.command.install as install
+
+def get_install_command(name):
+    # late binding due to potential monkeypatching
+    d = dist.Distribution({'name':name})
+    i = install.install(d)
+    i.finalize_options()
+    return i
+
+def get_install_paths(name):
+    """
+    Return the (distutils) install paths for the named dist.
+    
+    A dict with ('purelib', 'platlib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data') keys.
+    """
+    paths = {}
+
+    i = get_install_command(name)
+
+    for key in install.SCHEME_KEYS:
+        paths[key] = getattr(i, 'install_' + key)
+
+    # pip uses a similar path as an alternative to the system's (read-only)
+    # include directory:
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):  # virtualenv
+        paths['headers'] = os.path.join(sys.prefix,
+                                        'include',
+                                        'site',
+                                        'python' + sys.version[:3],
+                                        name)
+
+    return paths
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cf2230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pep425tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""Generate and work with PEP 425 Compatibility Tags."""
+
+import sys
+
+try:
+    import sysconfig
+except ImportError:  # pragma nocover
+    # Python < 2.7
+    import distutils.sysconfig as sysconfig
+import distutils.util
+
+
+def get_abbr_impl():
+    """Return abbreviated implementation name."""
+    if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
+        pyimpl = 'pp'
+    elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        pyimpl = 'jy'
+    elif sys.platform == 'cli':
+        pyimpl = 'ip'
+    else:
+        pyimpl = 'cp'
+    return pyimpl
+
+
+def get_impl_ver():
+    """Return implementation version."""
+    impl_ver = sysconfig.get_config_var("py_version_nodot")
+    if not impl_ver:
+        impl_ver = ''.join(map(str, sys.version_info[:2]))
+    return impl_ver
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    """Return our platform name 'win32', 'linux_x86_64'"""
+    # XXX remove distutils dependency
+    return distutils.util.get_platform().replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+
+
+def get_supported(versions=None):
+    """Return a list of supported tags for each version specified in
+    `versions`.
+
+    :param versions: a list of string versions, of the form ["33", "32"], 
+        or None. The first version will be assumed to support our ABI.
+    """
+    supported = []
+    
+    # Versions must be given with respect to the preference
+    if versions is None:
+        versions = []
+        major = sys.version_info[0]
+        # Support all previous minor Python versions.
+        for minor in range(sys.version_info[1], -1, -1):
+            versions.append(''.join(map(str, (major, minor))))
+            
+    impl = get_abbr_impl()
+    
+    abis = []
+
+    soabi = sysconfig.get_config_var('SOABI')
+    if soabi and soabi.startswith('cpython-'):
+        abis[0:0] = ['cp' + soabi.split('-')[1]]
+ 
+    abi3s = set()
+    import imp
+    for suffix in imp.get_suffixes():
+        if suffix[0].startswith('.abi'):
+            abi3s.add(suffix[0].split('.', 2)[1])
+
+    abis.extend(sorted(list(abi3s)))
+
+    abis.append('none')
+
+    arch = get_platform()
+    
+    # Current version, current API (built specifically for our Python):
+    for abi in abis:
+        supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0]), abi, arch))
+            
+    # No abi / arch, but requires our implementation:
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, version), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            # Tagged specifically as being cross-version compatible 
+            # (with just the major version specified)
+            supported.append(('%s%s' % (impl, versions[0][0]), 'none', 'any')) 
+    
+    # Major Python version + platform; e.g. binaries not using the Python API
+    supported.append(('py%s' % (versions[0][0]), 'none', arch))
+
+    # No abi / arch, generic Python
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        supported.append(('py%s' % (version,), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            supported.append(('py%s' % (version[0]), 'none', 'any'))
+        
+    return supported
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a4aca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/pkginfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""Tools for reading and writing PKG-INFO / METADATA without caring
+about the encoding."""
+
+from email.parser import Parser
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    _PY3 = False
+except NameError:
+    _PY3 = True
+
+if not _PY3:
+    from email.generator import Generator
+    
+    def read_pkg_info_bytes(bytestr):
+        return Parser().parsestr(bytestr)
+
+    def read_pkg_info(path):
+        with open(path, "r") as headers:
+            message = Parser().parse(headers)
+        return message
+
+    def write_pkg_info(path, message):
+        with open(path, 'w') as metadata:
+            Generator(metadata, maxheaderlen=0).flatten(message) 
+
+else:
+    from email.generator import BytesGenerator
+    def read_pkg_info_bytes(bytestr):
+        headers = bytestr.decode(encoding="ascii", errors="surrogateescape")
+        message = Parser().parsestr(headers)
+        return message
+
+    def read_pkg_info(path):
+        with open(path, "r", 
+                  encoding="ascii", 
+                  errors="surrogateescape") as headers:
+            message = Parser().parse(headers)
+        return message
+
+    def write_pkg_info(path, message):
+        with open(path, "wb") as out:
+            BytesGenerator(out, maxheaderlen=0).flatten(message)
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f21b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+"""
+Create and verify jws-js format Ed25519 signatures.
+"""
+
+__all__ = [ 'sign', 'verify' ]
+
+import json
+from ..util import urlsafe_b64decode, urlsafe_b64encode, native, binary
+
+ed25519ll = None
+
+ALG = "Ed25519"
+
+def get_ed25519ll():
+    """Lazy import-and-test of ed25519 module"""
+    global ed25519ll
+    
+    if not ed25519ll:
+        try:
+            import ed25519ll # fast (thousands / s)
+        except (ImportError, OSError): # pragma nocover
+            from . import ed25519py as ed25519ll # pure Python (hundreds / s)
+        test()
+    
+    return ed25519ll
+
+def sign(payload, keypair):
+    """Return a JWS-JS format signature given a JSON-serializable payload and 
+    an Ed25519 keypair."""
+    get_ed25519ll()
+    #
+    header = {
+                "alg": ALG,
+                "jwk": {
+                    "kty": ALG, # alg -> kty in jwk-08.
+                    "vk": native(urlsafe_b64encode(keypair.vk))
+                }
+             }
+    
+    encoded_header = urlsafe_b64encode(binary(json.dumps(header, sort_keys=True)))
+    encoded_payload = urlsafe_b64encode(binary(json.dumps(payload, sort_keys=True)))
+    secured_input = b".".join((encoded_header, encoded_payload))
+    sig_msg = ed25519ll.crypto_sign(secured_input, keypair.sk)
+    signature = sig_msg[:ed25519ll.SIGNATUREBYTES]
+    encoded_signature = urlsafe_b64encode(signature)
+    
+    return {"recipients": 
+            [{"header":native(encoded_header),
+             "signature":native(encoded_signature)}],
+            "payload": native(encoded_payload)}
+
+def assertTrue(condition, message=""):
+    if not condition:
+        raise ValueError(message)
+    
+def verify(jwsjs):
+    """Return (decoded headers, payload) if all signatures in jwsjs are
+    consistent, else raise ValueError.
+    
+    Caller must decide whether the keys are actually trusted."""
+    get_ed25519ll()    
+    # XXX forbid duplicate keys in JSON input using object_pairs_hook (2.7+)
+    recipients = jwsjs["recipients"]
+    encoded_payload = binary(jwsjs["payload"])
+    headers = []
+    for recipient in recipients:
+        assertTrue(len(recipient) == 2, "Unknown recipient key {0}".format(recipient))
+        h = binary(recipient["header"])
+        s = binary(recipient["signature"])
+        header = json.loads(native(urlsafe_b64decode(h)))
+        assertTrue(header["alg"] == ALG, 
+                "Unexpected algorithm {0}".format(header["alg"]))
+        if "alg" in header["jwk"] and not "kty" in header["jwk"]:
+            header["jwk"]["kty"] = header["jwk"]["alg"] # b/w for JWK < -08
+        assertTrue(header["jwk"]["kty"] == ALG, # true for Ed25519
+                "Unexpected key type {0}".format(header["jwk"]["kty"]))
+        vk = urlsafe_b64decode(binary(header["jwk"]["vk"]))
+        secured_input = b".".join((h, encoded_payload))
+        sig = urlsafe_b64decode(s)
+        sig_msg = sig+secured_input
+        verified_input = native(ed25519ll.crypto_sign_open(sig_msg, vk))
+        verified_header, verified_payload = verified_input.split('.')
+        verified_header = binary(verified_header)
+        decoded_header = native(urlsafe_b64decode(verified_header))
+        headers.append(json.loads(decoded_header))
+
+    verified_payload = binary(verified_payload)
+
+    # only return header, payload that have passed through the crypto library.
+    payload = json.loads(native(urlsafe_b64decode(verified_payload)))
+
+    return headers, payload
+
+def test():
+    kp = ed25519ll.crypto_sign_keypair()
+    payload = {'test': 'onstartup'}
+    jwsjs = json.loads(json.dumps(sign(payload, kp)))
+    verify(jwsjs)
+    jwsjs['payload'] += 'x'
+    try:
+        verify(jwsjs)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else: # pragma no cover
+        raise RuntimeError("No error from bad wheel.signatures payload.")
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56efe44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/djbec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# Ed25519 digital signatures
+# Based on http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/python/ed25519.py
+# See also http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/software.html
+# Adapted by Ron Garret
+# Sped up considerably using coordinate transforms found on:
+# http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-twisted-extended-1.html
+# Specifically add-2008-hwcd-4 and dbl-2008-hwcd
+
+try: # pragma nocover
+    unicode
+    PY3 = False
+    def asbytes(b):
+        """Convert array of integers to byte string"""
+        return ''.join(chr(x) for x in b)
+    def joinbytes(b):
+        """Convert array of bytes to byte string"""
+        return ''.join(b)
+    def bit(h, i):
+        """Return i'th bit of bytestring h"""
+        return (ord(h[i//8]) >> (i%8)) & 1
+
+except NameError: # pragma nocover
+    PY3 = True
+    asbytes = bytes
+    joinbytes = bytes
+    def bit(h, i):
+        return (h[i//8] >> (i%8)) & 1
+
+import hashlib
+
+b = 256
+q = 2**255 - 19
+l = 2**252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493
+
+def H(m):
+    return hashlib.sha512(m).digest()
+
+def expmod(b, e, m):
+    if e == 0: return 1
+    t = expmod(b, e // 2, m) ** 2 % m
+    if e & 1: t = (t * b) % m
+    return t
+
+# Can probably get some extra speedup here by replacing this with
+# an extended-euclidean, but performance seems OK without that
+def inv(x):
+    return expmod(x, q-2, q)
+
+d = -121665 * inv(121666)
+I = expmod(2,(q-1)//4,q)
+
+def xrecover(y):
+    xx = (y*y-1) * inv(d*y*y+1)
+    x = expmod(xx,(q+3)//8,q)
+    if (x*x - xx) % q != 0: x = (x*I) % q
+    if x % 2 != 0: x = q-x
+    return x
+
+By = 4 * inv(5)
+Bx = xrecover(By)
+B = [Bx % q,By % q]
+
+#def edwards(P,Q):
+#    x1 = P[0]
+#    y1 = P[1]
+#    x2 = Q[0]
+#    y2 = Q[1]
+#    x3 = (x1*y2+x2*y1) * inv(1+d*x1*x2*y1*y2)
+#    y3 = (y1*y2+x1*x2) * inv(1-d*x1*x2*y1*y2)
+#    return (x3 % q,y3 % q)
+
+#def scalarmult(P,e):
+#    if e == 0: return [0,1]
+#    Q = scalarmult(P,e/2)
+#    Q = edwards(Q,Q)
+#    if e & 1: Q = edwards(Q,P)
+#    return Q
+
+# Faster (!) version based on:
+# http://www.hyperelliptic.org/EFD/g1p/auto-twisted-extended-1.html
+
+def xpt_add(pt1, pt2):
+    (X1, Y1, Z1, T1) = pt1
+    (X2, Y2, Z2, T2) = pt2
+    A = ((Y1-X1)*(Y2+X2)) % q
+    B = ((Y1+X1)*(Y2-X2)) % q
+    C = (Z1*2*T2) % q
+    D = (T1*2*Z2) % q
+    E = (D+C) % q
+    F = (B-A) % q
+    G = (B+A) % q
+    H = (D-C) % q
+    X3 = (E*F) % q
+    Y3 = (G*H) % q
+    Z3 = (F*G) % q
+    T3 = (E*H) % q
+    return (X3, Y3, Z3, T3)
+
+def xpt_double (pt):
+    (X1, Y1, Z1, _) = pt
+    A = (X1*X1)
+    B = (Y1*Y1)
+    C = (2*Z1*Z1)
+    D = (-A) % q
+    J = (X1+Y1) % q
+    E = (J*J-A-B) % q
+    G = (D+B) % q
+    F = (G-C) % q
+    H = (D-B) % q
+    X3 = (E*F) % q
+    Y3 = (G*H) % q
+    Z3 = (F*G) % q
+    T3 = (E*H) % q
+    return (X3, Y3, Z3, T3)
+
+def pt_xform (pt):
+    (x, y) = pt
+    return (x, y, 1, (x*y)%q)
+
+def pt_unxform (pt):
+    (x, y, z, _) = pt
+    return ((x*inv(z))%q, (y*inv(z))%q)
+
+def xpt_mult (pt, n):
+    if n==0: return pt_xform((0,1))
+    _ = xpt_double(xpt_mult(pt, n>>1))
+    return xpt_add(_, pt) if n&1 else _
+
+def scalarmult(pt, e):
+    return pt_unxform(xpt_mult(pt_xform(pt), e))
+
+def encodeint(y):
+    bits = [(y >> i) & 1 for i in range(b)]
+    e = [(sum([bits[i * 8 + j] << j for j in range(8)]))
+                                    for i in range(b//8)]
+    return asbytes(e)
+
+def encodepoint(P):
+    x = P[0]
+    y = P[1]
+    bits = [(y >> i) & 1 for i in range(b - 1)] + [x & 1]
+    e = [(sum([bits[i * 8 + j] << j for j in range(8)]))
+                                    for i in range(b//8)]
+    return asbytes(e)
+    
+def publickey(sk):
+    h = H(sk)
+    a = 2**(b-2) + sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(3,b-2))
+    A = scalarmult(B,a)
+    return encodepoint(A)
+
+def Hint(m):
+    h = H(m)
+    return sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(2*b))
+
+def signature(m,sk,pk):
+    h = H(sk)
+    a = 2**(b-2) + sum(2**i * bit(h,i) for i in range(3,b-2))
+    inter = joinbytes([h[i] for i in range(b//8,b//4)])
+    r = Hint(inter + m)
+    R = scalarmult(B,r)
+    S = (r + Hint(encodepoint(R) + pk + m) * a) % l
+    return encodepoint(R) + encodeint(S)
+
+def isoncurve(P):
+    x = P[0]
+    y = P[1]
+    return (-x*x + y*y - 1 - d*x*x*y*y) % q == 0
+
+def decodeint(s):
+    return sum(2**i * bit(s,i) for i in range(0,b))
+
+def decodepoint(s):
+    y = sum(2**i * bit(s,i) for i in range(0,b-1))
+    x = xrecover(y)
+    if x & 1 != bit(s,b-1): x = q-x
+    P = [x,y]
+    if not isoncurve(P): raise Exception("decoding point that is not on curve")
+    return P
+
+def checkvalid(s, m, pk):
+    if len(s) != b//4: raise Exception("signature length is wrong")
+    if len(pk) != b//8: raise Exception("public-key length is wrong")
+    R = decodepoint(s[0:b//8])
+    A = decodepoint(pk)
+    S = decodeint(s[b//8:b//4])
+    h = Hint(encodepoint(R) + pk + m)
+    v1 = scalarmult(B,S)
+#  v2 = edwards(R,scalarmult(A,h))
+    v2 = pt_unxform(xpt_add(pt_xform(R), pt_xform(scalarmult(A, h))))
+    return v1==v2
+
+##########################################################
+#
+# Curve25519 reference implementation by Matthew Dempsky, from:
+# http://cr.yp.to/highspeed/naclcrypto-20090310.pdf
+
+# P = 2 ** 255 - 19
+P = q
+A = 486662
+
+#def expmod(b, e, m):
+#    if e == 0: return 1
+#    t = expmod(b, e / 2, m) ** 2 % m
+#    if e & 1: t = (t * b) % m
+#    return t
+
+# def inv(x): return expmod(x, P - 2, P)
+
+def add(n, m, d):
+    (xn, zn) = n
+    (xm, zm) = m 
+    (xd, zd) = d
+    x = 4 * (xm * xn - zm * zn) ** 2 * zd
+    z = 4 * (xm * zn - zm * xn) ** 2 * xd
+    return (x % P, z % P)
+
+def double(n):
+    (xn, zn) = n
+    x = (xn ** 2 - zn ** 2) ** 2
+    z = 4 * xn * zn * (xn ** 2 + A * xn * zn + zn ** 2)
+    return (x % P, z % P)
+
+def curve25519(n, base=9):
+    one = (base,1)
+    two = double(one)
+    # f(m) evaluates to a tuple
+    # containing the mth multiple and the
+    # (m+1)th multiple of base.
+    def f(m):
+        if m == 1: return (one, two)
+        (pm, pm1) = f(m // 2)
+        if (m & 1):
+            return (add(pm, pm1, one), double(pm1))
+        return (double(pm), add(pm, pm1, one))
+    ((x,z), _) = f(n)
+    return (x * inv(z)) % P
+
+import random
+
+def genkey(n=0):
+    n = n or random.randint(0,P)
+    n &= ~7
+    n &= ~(128 << 8 * 31)
+    n |= 64 << 8 * 31
+    return n
+
+#def str2int(s):
+#    return int(hexlify(s), 16)
+#    # return sum(ord(s[i]) << (8 * i) for i in range(32))
+#
+#def int2str(n):
+#    return unhexlify("%x" % n)
+#    # return ''.join([chr((n >> (8 * i)) & 255) for i in range(32)])
+
+#################################################
+
+def dsa_test():
+    import os
+    msg = str(random.randint(q,q+q)).encode('utf-8')
+    sk = os.urandom(32)
+    pk = publickey(sk)
+    sig = signature(msg, sk, pk)
+    return checkvalid(sig, msg, pk)
+
+def dh_test():
+    sk1 = genkey()
+    sk2 = genkey()
+    return curve25519(sk1, curve25519(sk2)) == curve25519(sk2, curve25519(sk1))
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55eba2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/ed25519py.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import warnings
+import os
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+from . import djbec
+
+__all__ = ['crypto_sign', 'crypto_sign_open', 'crypto_sign_keypair', 'Keypair',
+           'PUBLICKEYBYTES', 'SECRETKEYBYTES', 'SIGNATUREBYTES']
+
+PUBLICKEYBYTES=32
+SECRETKEYBYTES=64
+SIGNATUREBYTES=64
+
+Keypair = namedtuple('Keypair', ('vk', 'sk')) # verifying key, secret key
+
+def crypto_sign_keypair(seed=None):
+    """Return (verifying, secret) key from a given seed, or os.urandom(32)"""    
+    if seed is None:
+        seed = os.urandom(PUBLICKEYBYTES)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn("ed25519ll should choose random seed.",
+                      RuntimeWarning)
+    if len(seed) != 32:
+        raise ValueError("seed must be 32 random bytes or None.")
+    skbytes = seed
+    vkbytes = djbec.publickey(skbytes)
+    return Keypair(vkbytes, skbytes+vkbytes)
+
+
+def crypto_sign(msg, sk):
+    """Return signature+message given message and secret key.
+    The signature is the first SIGNATUREBYTES bytes of the return value.
+    A copy of msg is in the remainder."""
+    if len(sk) != SECRETKEYBYTES:
+        raise ValueError("Bad signing key length %d" % len(sk))
+    vkbytes = sk[PUBLICKEYBYTES:]
+    skbytes = sk[:PUBLICKEYBYTES]
+    sig = djbec.signature(msg, skbytes, vkbytes)
+    return sig + msg
+
+
+def crypto_sign_open(signed, vk):
+    """Return message given signature+message and the verifying key."""
+    if len(vk) != PUBLICKEYBYTES:
+        raise ValueError("Bad verifying key length %d" % len(vk))
+    rc = djbec.checkvalid(signed[:SIGNATUREBYTES], signed[SIGNATUREBYTES:], vk)
+    if not rc:
+        raise ValueError("rc != True", rc)    
+    return signed[SIGNATUREBYTES:]
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1dde4bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/signatures/keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""Store and retrieve wheel signing / verifying keys.
+
+Given a scope (a package name, + meaning "all packages", or - meaning 
+"no packages"), return a list of verifying keys that are trusted for that 
+scope.
+
+Given a package name, return a list of (scope, key) suggested keys to sign
+that package (only the verifying keys; the private signing key is stored
+elsewhere).
+
+Keys here are represented as urlsafe_b64encoded strings with no padding.
+
+Tentative command line interface:
+
+# list trusts
+wheel trust
+# trust a particular key for all
+wheel trust + key
+# trust key for beaglevote
+wheel trust beaglevote key
+# stop trusting a key for all
+wheel untrust + key
+
+# generate a key pair
+wheel keygen
+
+# import a signing key from a file
+wheel import keyfile
+
+# export a signing key
+wheel export key
+"""
+
+import json
+import os.path
+from wheel.util import native, load_config_paths, save_config_path
+
+class WheelKeys(object):
+    SCHEMA = 1
+    CONFIG_NAME = 'wheel.json'
+    
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.data = {'signers':[], 'verifiers':[]}
+        
+    def load(self):
+        # XXX JSON is not a great database
+        for path in load_config_paths('wheel'):
+            conf = os.path.join(native(path), self.CONFIG_NAME)
+            if os.path.exists(conf):
+                with open(conf, 'r') as infile:
+                    self.data = json.load(infile)
+                    for x in ('signers', 'verifiers'):
+                        if not x in self.data:
+                            self.data[x] = []
+                    if 'schema' not in self.data:
+                        self.data['schema'] = self.SCHEMA
+                    elif self.data['schema'] != self.SCHEMA:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Bad wheel.json version {0}, expected {1}".format(
+                                self.data['schema'], self.SCHEMA))
+                break
+        return self
+
+    def save(self):
+        # Try not to call this a very long time after load() 
+        path = save_config_path('wheel')
+        conf = os.path.join(native(path), self.CONFIG_NAME)
+        with open(conf, 'w+') as out:
+            json.dump(self.data, out, indent=2)
+        return self
+    
+    def trust(self, scope, vk):
+        """Start trusting a particular key for given scope."""
+        self.data['verifiers'].append({'scope':scope, 'vk':vk})
+        return self
+    
+    def untrust(self, scope, vk):
+        """Stop trusting a particular key for given scope."""
+        self.data['verifiers'].remove({'scope':scope, 'vk':vk})
+        return self
+        
+    def trusted(self, scope=None):
+        """Return list of [(scope, trusted key), ...] for given scope."""
+        trust = [(x['scope'], x['vk']) for x in self.data['verifiers'] if x['scope'] in (scope, '+')]
+        trust.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+        trust.reverse()
+        return trust
+    
+    def signers(self, scope):
+        """Return list of signing key(s)."""
+        sign = [(x['scope'], x['vk']) for x in self.data['signers'] if x['scope'] in (scope, '+')]
+        sign.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+        sign.reverse()
+        return sign
+    
+    def add_signer(self, scope, vk):
+        """Remember verifying key vk as being valid for signing in scope."""
+        self.data['signers'].append({'scope':scope, 'vk':vk})
+    
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4287ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..559fbb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/complexdist/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def main():
+    return
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..615d5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/complex-dist/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape')
+except NameError:
+    def u8(s):
+        return s
+
+setup(name='complex-dist',
+      version='0.1',
+      description=u8('Another testing distribution \N{SNOWMAN}'),
+      long_description=u8('Another testing distribution \N{SNOWMAN}'),
+      author="Illustrious Author",
+      author_email="illustrious@example.org",
+      url="http://example.org/exemplary",
+      packages=['complexdist'],
+      setup_requires=["wheel", "setuptools"],
+      install_requires=["quux", "splort"],
+      extras_require={'simple':['simple.dist']},
+      tests_require=["foo", "bar>=10.0.0"],
+      entry_points={
+          'console_scripts': [
+              'complex-dist=complexdist:main',
+              'complex-dist2=complexdist:main',
+          ],
+      },
+      )
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/header.h b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/header.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/headersdist.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/headersdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2704f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/headers.dist/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape').encode('utf-8')
+except NameError:
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.encode('utf-8')
+
+setup(name='headers.dist',
+      version='0.1',
+      description=u8('A distribution with headers'),
+      headers=['header.h']
+      )
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/pydist-schema.json b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/pydist-schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..566f3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/pydist-schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+{
+  "id": "http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0426/",
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
+  "title": "Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0",
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "metadata_version": {
+      "description": "Version of the file format",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^(\\d+(\\.\\d+)*)$"
+    },
+    "generator": {
+      "description": "Name and version of the program that produced this file.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])( \\(.*\\))?$"
+    },
+    "name": {
+      "description": "The name of the distribution.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/distribution_name"
+    },
+    "version": {
+      "description": "The distribution's public version identifier",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^(\\d+(\\.\\d+)*)((a|b|c|rc)(\\d+))?(\\.(post)(\\d+))?(\\.(dev)(\\d+))?$"
+    },
+    "source_label": {
+      "description": "A constrained identifying text string",
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9a-z_.-+]+$"
+    },
+    "source_url": {
+      "description": "A string containing a full URL where the source for this specific version of the distribution can be downloaded.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "format": "uri"
+    },
+    "summary": {
+      "description": "A one-line summary of what the distribution does.",
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "extras": {
+      "description": "A list of optional sets of dependencies that may be used to define conditional dependencies in \"may_require\" and similar fields.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/extra_name"
+      }
+    },
+    "meta_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of subdistributions made available through this metadistribution.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "run_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed to run this distribution.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "test_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed when this distribution is tested.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "build_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed when this distribution is built.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "dev_requires": {
+      "description": "A list of other distributions needed when this distribution is developed.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/dependencies"
+    },
+    "provides": {
+      "description": "A list of strings naming additional dependency requirements that are satisfied by installing this distribution. These strings must be of the form Name or Name (Version)",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/provides_declaration"
+      }
+    },
+    "modules": {
+      "description": "A list of modules and/or packages available for import after installing this distribution.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/qualified_name"
+      }
+    },
+    "namespaces": {
+      "description": "A list of namespace packages this distribution contributes to",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/qualified_name"
+      }
+    },
+    "obsoleted_by": {
+      "description": "A string that indicates that this project is no longer being developed. The named project provides a substitute or replacement.",
+      "type": "string",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/requirement"
+    },
+    "supports_environments": {
+      "description": "A list of strings specifying the environments that the distribution explicitly supports.",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "string",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/environment_marker"
+      }
+    },
+    "install_hooks": {
+      "description": "The install_hooks field is used to define various operations that may be invoked on a distribution in a platform independent manner.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "postinstall": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+        },
+        "preuninstall": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "extensions": {
+      "description": "Extensions to the metadata may be present in a mapping under the 'extensions' key.",
+      "type": "object",
+      "$ref": "#/definitions/extensions"
+    }
+  },
+
+  "required": ["metadata_version", "name", "version", "summary"],
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+
+  "definitions": {
+    "contact": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "email": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "url": {
+          "type": "string"
+        },
+        "role": {
+          "type": "string"
+        }
+      },
+      "required": ["name"],
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "dependencies": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "$ref": "#/definitions/dependency"
+      }
+    },
+    "dependency": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "extra": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/extra_name"
+        },
+        "environment": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/environment_marker"
+        },
+        "requires": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/requirement"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "required": ["requires"],
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "extensions": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*([.][0-9A-Za-z_]*)*$": {}
+      },
+      "properties": {
+        "python.details" : {
+          "description": "More information regarding the distribution.",
+          "type": "object",
+          "properties": {
+            "document_names": {
+              "description": "Names of supporting metadata documents",
+              "type": "object",
+              "properties": {
+                "description": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/document_name"
+                },
+                "changelog": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/document_name"
+                },
+                "license": {
+                  "type": "string",
+                  "$ref": "#/definitions/document_name"
+                }
+              },
+              "additionalProperties": false
+            },
+            "keywords": {
+              "description": "A list of additional keywords to be used to assist searching for the distribution in a larger catalog.",
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            },
+            "license": {
+              "description": "A string indicating the license covering the distribution.",
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "classifiers": {
+              "description": "A list of strings, with each giving a single classification value for the distribution.",
+              "type": "array",
+              "items": {
+                "type": "string"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "python.project" : {
+          "description": "More information regarding the creation and maintenance of the distribution.",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/project_or_integrator"
+        },
+        "python.integrator" : {
+          "description": "More information regarding the downstream redistributor of the distribution.",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/project_or_integrator"
+        },
+        "python.commands" : {
+          "description": "Command line interfaces provided by this distribution",
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/commands"
+        },
+        "python.exports" : {
+          "description": "Other exported interfaces provided by this distribution",
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/exports"
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "commands": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties": {
+        "wrap_console": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/command_map"
+        },
+        "wrap_gui": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/command_map"
+        },
+        "prebuilt": {
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/relative_path"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "exports": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*([.][0-9A-Za-z_]*)*$": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "patternProperties": {
+            ".": {
+              "type": "string",
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "command_map": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?$": {
+          "type": "string",
+          "$ref": "#/definitions/export_specifier"
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    "project_or_integrator" : {
+      "type": "object",
+      "properties" : {
+        "contacts": {
+          "description": "A list of contributor entries giving the recommended contact points for getting more information about the project.",
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/contact"
+          }
+        },
+        "contributors": {
+          "description": "A list of contributor entries for other contributors not already listed as current project points of contact.",
+          "type": "array",
+          "items": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/contact"
+          }
+        },
+        "project_urls": {
+          "description": "A mapping of arbitrary text labels to additional URLs relevant to the project.",
+          "type": "object"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "distribution_name": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?$"
+    },
+    "requirement": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "provides_declaration": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "environment_marker": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "document_name": {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "extra_name" : {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?$"
+    },
+    "relative_path" : {
+      "type": "string"
+    },
+    "export_specifier": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*)(:[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*)?(\\[[0-9A-Za-z]([0-9A-Za-z_.-]*[0-9A-Za-z])?\\])?$"
+    },
+    "qualified_name" : {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*$"
+    },
+    "prefixed_name" : {
+      "type": "string",
+      "pattern": "^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*([.][A-Za-z_0-9]*)*$"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50c909f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from setuptools import setup
+
+try:
+    unicode
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape').encode('utf-8')
+except NameError:
+    def u8(s):
+        return s.encode('utf-8')
+
+setup(name='simple.dist',
+      version='0.1',
+      description=u8('A testing distribution \N{SNOWMAN}'),
+      packages=['simpledist'],
+      extras_require={'voting': ['beaglevote']},
+      )
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/simpledist/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/simple.dist/simpledist/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dfd307037d1954471a6eab339b103bd6f781ae07
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diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69fef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_basic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+"""
+Basic wheel tests.
+"""
+
+import os
+import pkg_resources
+import json
+import sys
+
+from pkg_resources import resource_filename
+
+import wheel.util
+import wheel.tool
+
+from wheel import egg2wheel
+from wheel.install import WheelFile
+from zipfile import ZipFile
+from shutil import rmtree
+
+test_distributions = ("complex-dist", "simple.dist", "headers.dist")
+
+def teardown_module():
+    """Delete eggs/wheels created by tests."""
+    base = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', '')
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        for subdir in ('build', 'dist'):
+            try:
+                rmtree(os.path.join(base, dist, subdir))
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+def setup_module():
+    build_wheel()
+    build_egg()
+
+def build_wheel():
+    """Build wheels from test distributions."""
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        pwd = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+        distdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+        os.chdir(distdir)
+        try:
+            sys.argv = ['', 'bdist_wheel']
+            exec(compile(open('setup.py').read(), 'setup.py', 'exec'))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(pwd)
+
+def build_egg():
+    """Build eggs from test distributions."""
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        pwd = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
+        distdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+        os.chdir(distdir)
+        try:
+            sys.argv = ['', 'bdist_egg']
+            exec(compile(open('setup.py').read(), 'setup.py', 'exec'))
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(pwd)
+
+def test_findable():
+    """Make sure pkg_resources can find us."""
+    assert pkg_resources.working_set.by_key['wheel'].version
+
+def test_egg_re():
+    """Make sure egg_info_re matches."""
+    egg_names = open(pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel', 'eggnames.txt'))
+    for line in egg_names:
+        line = line.strip()
+        if not line:
+            continue
+        assert egg2wheel.egg_info_re.match(line), line
+
+def test_compatibility_tags():
+    """Test compatibilty tags are working."""
+    wf = WheelFile("package-1.0.0-cp32.cp33-noabi-noarch.whl")
+    assert (list(wf.compatibility_tags) ==
+                 [('cp32', 'noabi', 'noarch'), ('cp33', 'noabi', 'noarch')])
+    assert (wf.arity == 2)
+
+    wf2 = WheelFile("package-1.0.0-1st-cp33-noabi-noarch.whl")
+    wf2_info = wf2.parsed_filename.groupdict()
+    assert wf2_info['build'] == '1st', wf2_info
+
+def test_convert_egg():
+    base = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', '')
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        distdir = os.path.join(base, dist, 'dist')
+        eggs = [e for e in os.listdir(distdir) if e.endswith('.egg')]
+        wheel.tool.convert(eggs, distdir, verbose=False)
+
+def test_unpack():
+    """
+    Make sure 'wheel unpack' works.
+    This also verifies the integrity of our testing wheel files.
+    """
+    for dist in test_distributions:
+        distdir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test',
+                                                  os.path.join(dist, 'dist'))
+        for wheelfile in (w for w in os.listdir(distdir) if w.endswith('.whl')):
+            wheel.tool.unpack(os.path.join(distdir, wheelfile), distdir)
+
+def test_no_scripts():
+    """Make sure entry point scripts are not generated."""
+    dist = "complex-dist"
+    basedir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+    for (dirname, subdirs, filenames) in os.walk(basedir):
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if filename.endswith('.whl'):
+                whl = ZipFile(os.path.join(dirname, filename))
+                for entry in whl.infolist():
+                    assert not '.data/scripts/' in entry.filename
+
+def test_pydist():
+    """Make sure pydist.json exists and validates against our schema."""
+    # XXX this test may need manual cleanup of older wheels
+
+    import jsonschema
+
+    def open_json(filename):
+        return json.loads(open(filename, 'rb').read().decode('utf-8'))
+
+    pymeta_schema = open_json(resource_filename('wheel.test',
+                                                'pydist-schema.json'))
+    valid = 0
+    for dist in ("simple.dist", "complex-dist"):
+        basedir = pkg_resources.resource_filename('wheel.test', dist)
+        for (dirname, subdirs, filenames) in os.walk(basedir):
+            for filename in filenames:
+                if filename.endswith('.whl'):
+                    whl = ZipFile(os.path.join(dirname, filename))
+                    for entry in whl.infolist():
+                        if entry.filename.endswith('/metadata.json'):
+                            pymeta = json.loads(whl.read(entry).decode('utf-8'))
+                            jsonschema.validate(pymeta, pymeta_schema)
+                            valid += 1
+    assert valid > 0, "No metadata.json found"
+
+def test_util():
+    """Test functions in util.py."""
+    for i in range(10):
+        before = b'*' * i
+        encoded = wheel.util.urlsafe_b64encode(before)
+        assert not encoded.endswith(b'=')
+        after = wheel.util.urlsafe_b64decode(encoded)
+        assert before == after
+
+
+def test_pick_best():
+    """Test the wheel ranking algorithm."""
+    def get_tags(res):
+        info = res[-1].parsed_filename.groupdict()
+        return info['pyver'], info['abi'], info['plat']
+
+    cand_tags = [('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch'), ('py26', 'noabi', 'noarch'),
+                 ('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'),
+                 ('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'),
+                 ('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_x86_64'),
+                 ('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_x86_64')]
+    cand_wheels = [WheelFile('testpkg-1.0-%s-%s-%s.whl' % t)
+                   for t in cand_tags]
+
+    supported = [('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch')]
+    supported2 = [('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch'),
+                  ('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py26', 'noabi', 'noarch')]
+    supported3 = [('cp26', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py26', 'noabi', 'noarch'),
+                  ('cp27', 'noabi', 'linux_i686'), ('py27', 'noabi', 'noarch')]
+
+    for supp in (supported, supported2, supported3):
+        context = lambda: list(supp)
+        for wheel in cand_wheels:
+            wheel.context = context
+        best = max(cand_wheels)
+        assert list(best.tags)[0] == supp[0]
+
+        # assert_equal(
+        #     list(map(get_tags, pick_best(cand_wheels, supp, top=False))), supp)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddcddf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Test wheel.
+# The file has the following contents:
+#   hello.pyd
+#   hello/hello.py
+#   hello/__init__.py
+#   test-1.0.data/data/hello.dat
+#   test-1.0.data/headers/hello.dat
+#   test-1.0.data/scripts/hello.sh
+#   test-1.0.dist-info/WHEEL
+#   test-1.0.dist-info/METADATA
+#   test-1.0.dist-info/RECORD
+# The root is PLATLIB
+# So, some in PLATLIB, and one in each of DATA, HEADERS and SCRIPTS.
+
+import wheel.tool
+import wheel.pep425tags
+from wheel.install import WheelFile
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+import shutil
+import os
+
+THISDIR = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+TESTWHEEL = os.path.join(THISDIR, 'test-1.0-py2.py3-none-win32.whl')
+
+def check(*path):
+    return os.path.exists(os.path.join(*path))
+
+def test_install():
+    tempdir = mkdtemp()
+    def get_supported():
+        return list(wheel.pep425tags.get_supported()) + [('py3', 'none', 'win32')]
+    whl = WheelFile(TESTWHEEL, context=get_supported)
+    assert whl.supports_current_python(get_supported)
+    try:
+        locs = {}
+        for key in ('purelib', 'platlib', 'scripts', 'headers', 'data'):
+            locs[key] = os.path.join(tempdir, key)
+            os.mkdir(locs[key])
+        whl.install(overrides=locs)
+        assert len(os.listdir(locs['purelib'])) == 0
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'hello.pyd')
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'hello', 'hello.py')
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'hello', '__init__.py')
+        assert check(locs['data'], 'hello.dat')
+        assert check(locs['headers'], 'hello.dat')
+        assert check(locs['scripts'], 'hello.sh')
+        assert check(locs['platlib'], 'test-1.0.dist-info', 'RECORD')
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+
+def test_install_tool():
+    """Slightly improve coverage of wheel.install"""
+    wheel.tool.install([TESTWHEEL], force=True, dry_run=True)
+
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f96166b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_keys.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import tempfile
+import os.path
+import unittest
+import json
+
+from wheel.signatures import keys
+
+wheel_json = """
+{
+  "verifiers": [
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "bp-bjK2fFgtA-8DhKKAAPm9-eAZcX_u03oBv2RlKOBc"
+    }, 
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "KAHZBfyqFW3OcFDbLSG4nPCjXxUPy72phP9I4Rn9MAo"
+    },
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "tmAYCrSfj8gtJ10v3VkvW7jOndKmQIYE12hgnFu3cvk"
+    } 
+  ], 
+  "signers": [
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "tmAYCrSfj8gtJ10v3VkvW7jOndKmQIYE12hgnFu3cvk"
+    }, 
+    {
+      "scope": "+", 
+      "vk": "KAHZBfyqFW3OcFDbLSG4nPCjXxUPy72phP9I4Rn9MAo"
+    }
+  ], 
+  "schema": 1
+}
+"""
+
+class TestWheelKeys(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.config = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.json')
+        self.config.close()
+        
+        self.config_path, self.config_filename = os.path.split(self.config.name) 
+        def load(*args):
+            return [self.config_path]
+        def save(*args):
+            return self.config_path
+        keys.load_config_paths = load
+        keys.save_config_path = save
+        self.wk = keys.WheelKeys()
+        self.wk.CONFIG_NAME = self.config_filename
+        
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.unlink(self.config.name)
+        
+    def test_load_save(self):
+        self.wk.data = json.loads(wheel_json)
+        
+        self.wk.add_signer('+', '67890')
+        self.wk.add_signer('scope', 'abcdefg')
+        
+        self.wk.trust('epocs', 'gfedcba')
+        self.wk.trust('+', '12345')
+        
+        self.wk.save()
+        
+        del self.wk.data
+        self.wk.load()
+        
+        signers = self.wk.signers('scope')
+        self.assertTrue(signers[0] == ('scope', 'abcdefg'), self.wk.data['signers'])
+        self.assertTrue(signers[1][0] == '+', self.wk.data['signers'])
+        
+        trusted = self.wk.trusted('epocs')
+        self.assertTrue(trusted[0] == ('epocs', 'gfedcba'))
+        self.assertTrue(trusted[1][0] == '+')
+        
+        self.wk.untrust('epocs', 'gfedcba')
+        trusted = self.wk.trusted('epocs')
+        self.assertTrue(('epocs', 'gfedcba') not in trusted)
+        
+    def test_load_save_incomplete(self):
+        self.wk.data = json.loads(wheel_json)
+        del self.wk.data['signers']
+        self.wk.data['schema'] = self.wk.SCHEMA+1
+        self.wk.save()
+        try:
+            self.wk.load()
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+        
+        del self.wk.data['schema']
+        self.wk.save()
+        self.wk.load()
+    
+    
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a23d506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_paths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import wheel.paths
+from distutils.command.install import SCHEME_KEYS
+
+def test_path():
+    d = wheel.paths.get_install_paths('wheel')
+    assert len(d) == len(SCHEME_KEYS)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1632a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_ranking.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import unittest
+
+from wheel.pep425tags import get_supported
+from wheel.install import WheelFile
+
+WHEELPAT = "%(name)s-%(ver)s-%(pyver)s-%(abi)s-%(arch)s.whl"
+def make_wheel(name, ver, pyver, abi, arch):
+    name = WHEELPAT % dict(name=name, ver=ver, pyver=pyver, abi=abi,
+            arch=arch)
+    return WheelFile(name)
+
+# This relies on the fact that generate_supported will always return the
+# exact pyver, abi, and architecture for its first (best) match.
+sup = get_supported()
+pyver, abi, arch = sup[0]
+genver = 'py' + pyver[2:]
+majver = genver[:3]
+
+COMBINATIONS = (
+    ('bar', '0.9', 'py2.py3', 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '0.9', majver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '0.9', genver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '0.9', pyver, abi, arch),
+    ('bar', '1.3.2', majver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '3.1', genver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('bar', '3.1', pyver, abi, arch),
+    ('foo', '1.0', majver, 'none', 'any'),
+    ('foo', '1.1', pyver, abi, arch),
+    ('foo', '2.1', majver + '0', 'none', 'any'),
+    # This will not be compatible for Python x.0. Beware when we hit Python
+    # 4.0, and don't test with 3.0!!!
+    ('foo', '2.1', majver + '1', 'none', 'any'),
+    ('foo', '2.1', pyver , 'none', 'any'),
+    ('foo', '2.1', pyver , abi, arch),
+)
+
+WHEELS = [ make_wheel(*args) for args in COMBINATIONS ]
+
+class TestRanking(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        for i in range(len(WHEELS)-1):
+            for j in range(i):
+                self.assertTrue(WHEELS[j]<WHEELS[i])
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_signatures.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_signatures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0af19a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_signatures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from wheel import signatures
+from wheel.signatures import djbec, ed25519py
+from wheel.util import binary
+
+def test_getlib():
+    signatures.get_ed25519ll()
+
+def test_djbec():
+    djbec.dsa_test()    
+    djbec.dh_test()
+    
+def test_ed25519py():
+    kp0 = ed25519py.crypto_sign_keypair(binary(' '*32))
+    kp = ed25519py.crypto_sign_keypair()
+        
+    signed = ed25519py.crypto_sign(binary('test'), kp.sk)
+    
+    ed25519py.crypto_sign_open(signed, kp.vk)
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign_open(signed, kp0.vk)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign_keypair(binary(' '*33))
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign(binary(''), binary(' ')*31)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
+    try:
+        ed25519py.crypto_sign_open(binary(''), binary(' ')*31)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("Expected ValueError")
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..300fcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tagopt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+"""
+Tests for the bdist_wheel tag options (--python-tag and --universal)
+"""
+
+import sys
+import shutil
+import pytest
+import py.path
+import tempfile
+import subprocess
+
+SETUP_PY = """\
+from setuptools import setup
+
+setup(
+    name="Test",
+    version="1.0",
+    author_email="author@example.com",
+    py_modules=["test"],
+)
+"""
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def temp_pkg(request):
+    tempdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    def fin():
+        shutil.rmtree(tempdir)
+    request.addfinalizer(fin)
+    temppath = py.path.local(tempdir)
+    temppath.join('test.py').write('print("Hello, world")')
+    temppath.join('setup.py').write(SETUP_PY)
+    return temppath
+
+def test_default_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+            cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py%s-' % (sys.version[0],))
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_explicit_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--python-tag=py32'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py32-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_universal_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--universal'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_universal_beats_explicit_tag(temp_pkg):
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel', '--universal', '--python-tag=py32'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_universal_in_setup_cfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[bdist_wheel]\nuniversal=1')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_pythontag_in_setup_cfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[bdist_wheel]\npython_tag=py32')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py32-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
+def test_legacy_wheel_section_in_setup_cfg(temp_pkg):
+    temp_pkg.join('setup.cfg').write('[wheel]\nuniversal=1')
+    subprocess.check_call(
+        [sys.executable, 'setup.py', 'bdist_wheel'],
+        cwd=str(temp_pkg))
+    dist_dir = temp_pkg.join('dist')
+    assert dist_dir.check(dir=1)
+    wheels = dist_dir.listdir()
+    assert len(wheels) == 1
+    assert wheels[0].basename.startswith('Test-1.0-py2.py3-')
+    assert wheels[0].ext == '.whl'
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31a927c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from .. import tool
+
+def test_keygen():    
+    def get_keyring():
+        WheelKeys, keyring = tool.get_keyring()
+        
+        class WheelKeysTest(WheelKeys):
+            def save(self):
+                pass
+        
+        class keyringTest:
+            backend = keyring.backend
+            class backends:
+                file = keyring.backends.file
+            @classmethod
+            def get_keyring(cls):
+                class keyringTest2:
+                    pw = None
+                    def set_password(self, a, b, c):
+                        self.pw = c
+                    def get_password(self, a, b):
+                        return self.pw
+                    
+                return keyringTest2()
+        
+        return WheelKeysTest, keyringTest
+    
+    tool.keygen(get_keyring=get_keyring)
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e362ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/test/test_wheelfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import wheel.install
+import hashlib
+try:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from io import BytesIO as StringIO
+import zipfile
+import pytest
+
+def test_verifying_zipfile():
+    if not hasattr(zipfile.ZipExtFile, '_update_crc'):
+        pytest.skip('No ZIP verification. Missing ZipExtFile._update_crc.')
+    
+    sio = StringIO()
+    zf = zipfile.ZipFile(sio, 'w')
+    zf.writestr("one", b"first file")
+    zf.writestr("two", b"second file")
+    zf.writestr("three", b"third file")
+    zf.close()
+    
+    # In default mode, VerifyingZipFile checks the hash of any read file
+    # mentioned with set_expected_hash(). Files not mentioned with
+    # set_expected_hash() are not checked.
+    vzf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'r')
+    vzf.set_expected_hash("one", hashlib.sha256(b"first file").digest())
+    vzf.set_expected_hash("three", "blurble")
+    vzf.open("one").read()
+    vzf.open("two").read()
+    try:
+        vzf.open("three").read()
+    except wheel.install.BadWheelFile:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("expected exception 'BadWheelFile()'")
+    
+    # In strict mode, VerifyingZipFile requires every read file to be
+    # mentioned with set_expected_hash().
+    vzf.strict = True
+    try:
+        vzf.open("two").read()
+    except wheel.install.BadWheelFile:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise Exception("expected exception 'BadWheelFile()'")
+        
+    vzf.set_expected_hash("two", None)
+    vzf.open("two").read()
+    
+def test_pop_zipfile():
+    sio = StringIO()
+    zf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'w')
+    zf.writestr("one", b"first file")
+    zf.writestr("two", b"second file")
+    zf.close()
+    
+    try:
+        zf.pop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        pass # already closed
+    else:
+        raise Exception("expected RuntimeError")
+    
+    zf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'a')
+    zf.pop()
+    zf.close()
+    
+    zf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(sio, 'r')
+    assert len(zf.infolist()) == 1
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a997d1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/tool/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+"""
+Wheel command-line utility.
+"""
+
+import os
+import hashlib
+import sys
+import json
+import wheel.paths
+
+from glob import iglob
+from .. import signatures
+from ..util import (urlsafe_b64decode, urlsafe_b64encode, native, binary, 
+                    matches_requirement)
+from ..install import WheelFile
+
+def require_pkgresources(name):
+    try:
+        import pkg_resources
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("'{0}' needs pkg_resources (part of setuptools).".format(name))
+
+import argparse
+
+class WheelError(Exception): pass
+
+# For testability
+def get_keyring():
+    try:
+        from ..signatures import keys
+        import keyring
+    except ImportError:
+        raise WheelError("Install wheel[signatures] (requires keyring, pyxdg) for signatures.")
+    return keys.WheelKeys, keyring
+
+def keygen(get_keyring=get_keyring):
+    """Generate a public/private key pair."""
+    WheelKeys, keyring = get_keyring()
+
+    ed25519ll = signatures.get_ed25519ll()
+
+    wk = WheelKeys().load()
+
+    keypair = ed25519ll.crypto_sign_keypair()
+    vk = native(urlsafe_b64encode(keypair.vk))
+    sk = native(urlsafe_b64encode(keypair.sk))
+    kr = keyring.get_keyring()
+    kr.set_password("wheel", vk, sk)
+    sys.stdout.write("Created Ed25519 keypair with vk={0}\n".format(vk))
+    if isinstance(kr, keyring.backends.file.BaseKeyring):
+        sys.stdout.write("in {0}\n".format(kr.file_path))
+    else:
+        sys.stdout.write("in %r\n" % kr.__class__)
+
+    sk2 = kr.get_password('wheel', vk)
+    if sk2 != sk:
+        raise WheelError("Keyring is broken. Could not retrieve secret key.")
+
+    sys.stdout.write("Trusting {0} to sign and verify all packages.\n".format(vk))
+    wk.add_signer('+', vk)
+    wk.trust('+', vk)
+    wk.save()
+
+def sign(wheelfile, replace=False, get_keyring=get_keyring):
+    """Sign a wheel"""
+    WheelKeys, keyring = get_keyring()
+
+    ed25519ll = signatures.get_ed25519ll()
+
+    wf = WheelFile(wheelfile, append=True)
+    wk = WheelKeys().load()
+
+    name = wf.parsed_filename.group('name')
+    sign_with = wk.signers(name)[0]
+    sys.stdout.write("Signing {0} with {1}\n".format(name, sign_with[1]))
+
+    vk = sign_with[1]
+    kr = keyring.get_keyring()
+    sk = kr.get_password('wheel', vk)
+    keypair = ed25519ll.Keypair(urlsafe_b64decode(binary(vk)),
+                                urlsafe_b64decode(binary(sk)))
+
+
+    record_name = wf.distinfo_name + '/RECORD'
+    sig_name = wf.distinfo_name + '/RECORD.jws'
+    if sig_name in wf.zipfile.namelist():
+        raise WheelError("Wheel is already signed.")
+    record_data = wf.zipfile.read(record_name)
+    payload = {"hash":"sha256=" + native(urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.sha256(record_data).digest()))}
+    sig = signatures.sign(payload, keypair)
+    wf.zipfile.writestr(sig_name, json.dumps(sig, sort_keys=True))
+    wf.zipfile.close()
+
+def unsign(wheelfile):
+    """
+    Remove RECORD.jws from a wheel by truncating the zip file.
+    
+    RECORD.jws must be at the end of the archive. The zip file must be an 
+    ordinary archive, with the compressed files and the directory in the same 
+    order, and without any non-zip content after the truncation point.
+    """
+    import wheel.install
+    vzf = wheel.install.VerifyingZipFile(wheelfile, "a")
+    info = vzf.infolist()
+    if not (len(info) and info[-1].filename.endswith('/RECORD.jws')):
+        raise WheelError("RECORD.jws not found at end of archive.")
+    vzf.pop()
+    vzf.close()
+
+def verify(wheelfile):
+    """Verify a wheel.
+    
+    The signature will be verified for internal consistency ONLY and printed. 
+    Wheel's own unpack/install commands verify the manifest against the
+    signature and file contents.
+    """
+    wf = WheelFile(wheelfile)
+    sig_name = wf.distinfo_name + '/RECORD.jws'
+    sig = json.loads(native(wf.zipfile.open(sig_name).read()))
+    verified = signatures.verify(sig)
+    sys.stderr.write("Signatures are internally consistent.\n")
+    sys.stdout.write(json.dumps(verified, indent=2))
+    sys.stdout.write('\n')
+
+def unpack(wheelfile, dest='.'):
+    """Unpack a wheel.
+
+    Wheel content will be unpacked to {dest}/{name}-{ver}, where {name}
+    is the package name and {ver} its version.
+
+    :param wheelfile: The path to the wheel.
+    :param dest: Destination directory (default to current directory).
+    """
+    wf = WheelFile(wheelfile)
+    namever = wf.parsed_filename.group('namever')
+    destination = os.path.join(dest, namever)
+    sys.stderr.write("Unpacking to: %s\n" % (destination))
+    wf.zipfile.extractall(destination)
+    wf.zipfile.close()
+
+def install(requirements, requirements_file=None,
+            wheel_dirs=None, force=False, list_files=False,
+            dry_run=False):
+    """Install wheels.
+    
+    :param requirements: A list of requirements or wheel files to install.
+    :param requirements_file: A file containing requirements to install.
+    :param wheel_dirs: A list of directories to search for wheels.
+    :param force: Install a wheel file even if it is not compatible.
+    :param list_files: Only list the files to install, don't install them.
+    :param dry_run: Do everything but the actual install.
+    """
+
+    # If no wheel directories specified, use the WHEELPATH environment
+    # variable, or the current directory if that is not set.
+    if not wheel_dirs:
+        wheelpath = os.getenv("WHEELPATH")
+        if wheelpath:
+            wheel_dirs = wheelpath.split(os.pathsep)
+        else:
+            wheel_dirs = [ os.path.curdir ]
+
+    # Get a list of all valid wheels in wheel_dirs
+    all_wheels = []
+    for d in wheel_dirs:
+        for w in os.listdir(d):
+            if w.endswith('.whl'):
+                wf = WheelFile(os.path.join(d, w))
+                if wf.compatible:
+                    all_wheels.append(wf)
+
+    # If there is a requirements file, add it to the list of requirements
+    if requirements_file:
+        # If the file doesn't exist, search for it in wheel_dirs
+        # This allows standard requirements files to be stored with the
+        # wheels.
+        if not os.path.exists(requirements_file):
+            for d in wheel_dirs:
+                name = os.path.join(d, requirements_file)
+                if os.path.exists(name):
+                    requirements_file = name
+                    break
+
+        with open(requirements_file) as fd:
+            requirements.extend(fd)
+
+    to_install = []
+    for req in requirements:
+        if req.endswith('.whl'):
+            # Explicitly specified wheel filename
+            if os.path.exists(req):
+                wf = WheelFile(req)
+                if wf.compatible or force:
+                    to_install.append(wf)
+                else:
+                    msg = ("{0} is not compatible with this Python. "
+                           "--force to install anyway.".format(req))
+                    raise WheelError(msg)
+            else:
+                # We could search on wheel_dirs, but it's probably OK to
+                # assume the user has made an error.
+                raise WheelError("No such wheel file: {}".format(req))
+            continue
+
+        # We have a requirement spec
+        # If we don't have pkg_resources, this will raise an exception
+        matches = matches_requirement(req, all_wheels)
+        if not matches:
+            raise WheelError("No match for requirement {}".format(req))
+        to_install.append(max(matches))
+
+    # We now have a list of wheels to install
+    if list_files:
+        sys.stdout.write("Installing:\n")
+
+    if dry_run:
+        return
+
+    for wf in to_install:
+        if list_files:
+            sys.stdout.write("    {0}\n".format(wf.filename))
+            continue
+        wf.install(force=force)
+        wf.zipfile.close()
+
+def install_scripts(distributions):
+    """
+    Regenerate the entry_points console_scripts for the named distribution.
+    """
+    try:
+        from setuptools.command import easy_install
+        import pkg_resources
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("'wheel install_scripts' needs setuptools.")
+
+    for dist in distributions:
+        pkg_resources_dist = pkg_resources.get_distribution(dist)
+        install = wheel.paths.get_install_command(dist)
+        command = easy_install.easy_install(install.distribution)
+        command.args = ['wheel'] # dummy argument
+        command.finalize_options()
+        command.install_egg_scripts(pkg_resources_dist)
+
+def convert(installers, dest_dir, verbose):
+    require_pkgresources('wheel convert')
+    
+    # Only support wheel convert if pkg_resources is present
+    from ..wininst2wheel import bdist_wininst2wheel
+    from ..egg2wheel import egg2wheel
+
+    for pat in installers:
+        for installer in iglob(pat):
+            if os.path.splitext(installer)[1] == '.egg':
+                conv = egg2wheel
+            else:
+                conv = bdist_wininst2wheel
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("{0}... ".format(installer))
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+            conv(installer, dest_dir)
+            if verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("OK\n")
+
+def parser():
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    s = p.add_subparsers(help="commands")
+
+    def keygen_f(args):
+        keygen()
+    keygen_parser = s.add_parser('keygen', help='Generate signing key')
+    keygen_parser.set_defaults(func=keygen_f)
+
+    def sign_f(args):
+        sign(args.wheelfile)
+    sign_parser = s.add_parser('sign', help='Sign wheel')
+    sign_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    sign_parser.set_defaults(func=sign_f)
+
+    def unsign_f(args):
+        unsign(args.wheelfile)
+    unsign_parser = s.add_parser('unsign', help=unsign.__doc__)
+    unsign_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    unsign_parser.set_defaults(func=unsign_f)
+
+    def verify_f(args):
+        verify(args.wheelfile)
+    verify_parser = s.add_parser('verify', help=verify.__doc__)
+    verify_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    verify_parser.set_defaults(func=verify_f)
+
+    def unpack_f(args):
+        unpack(args.wheelfile, args.dest)
+    unpack_parser = s.add_parser('unpack', help='Unpack wheel')
+    unpack_parser.add_argument('--dest', '-d', help='Destination directory',
+                               default='.')
+    unpack_parser.add_argument('wheelfile', help='Wheel file')
+    unpack_parser.set_defaults(func=unpack_f)
+
+    def install_f(args):
+        install(args.requirements, args.requirements_file,
+                args.wheel_dirs, args.force, args.list_files)
+    install_parser = s.add_parser('install', help='Install wheels')
+    install_parser.add_argument('requirements', nargs='*',
+                                help='Requirements to install.')
+    install_parser.add_argument('--force', default=False,
+                                action='store_true',
+                                help='Install incompatible wheel files.')
+    install_parser.add_argument('--wheel-dir', '-d', action='append',
+                                dest='wheel_dirs',
+                                help='Directories containing wheels.')
+    install_parser.add_argument('--requirements-file', '-r',
+                                help="A file containing requirements to "
+                                "install.")
+    install_parser.add_argument('--list', '-l', default=False,
+                                dest='list_files',
+                                action='store_true',
+                                help="List wheels which would be installed, "
+                                "but don't actually install anything.")
+    install_parser.set_defaults(func=install_f)
+
+    def install_scripts_f(args):        
+        install_scripts(args.distributions)
+    install_scripts_parser = s.add_parser('install-scripts', help='Install console_scripts')
+    install_scripts_parser.add_argument('distributions', nargs='*',
+                                        help='Regenerate console_scripts for these distributions')
+    install_scripts_parser.set_defaults(func=install_scripts_f)
+
+    def convert_f(args):
+        convert(args.installers, args.dest_dir, args.verbose)
+    convert_parser = s.add_parser('convert', help='Convert egg or wininst to wheel')
+    convert_parser.add_argument('installers', nargs='*', help='Installers to convert')
+    convert_parser.add_argument('--dest-dir', '-d', default=os.path.curdir,
+            help="Directory to store wheels (default %(default)s)")
+    convert_parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
+    convert_parser.set_defaults(func=convert_f)
+
+    def version_f(args):
+        from .. import __version__
+        sys.stdout.write("wheel %s\n" % __version__)
+    version_parser = s.add_parser('version', help='Print version and exit')
+    version_parser.set_defaults(func=version_f)
+
+    def help_f(args):
+        p.print_help()
+    help_parser = s.add_parser('help', help='Show this help')
+    help_parser.set_defaults(func=help_f)
+
+    return p
+
+def main():
+    p = parser()
+    args = p.parse_args()
+    if not hasattr(args, 'func'):
+        p.print_help()
+    else:
+        # XXX on Python 3.3 we get 'args has no func' rather than short help.
+        try:
+            args.func(args)
+            return 0
+        except WheelError as e:
+            sys.stderr.write(e.message + "\n")
+    return 1
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5268813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+"""Utility functions."""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import base64
+import json
+import hashlib
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:
+    OrderedDict = dict
+
+__all__ = ['urlsafe_b64encode', 'urlsafe_b64decode', 'utf8',
+           'to_json', 'from_json', 'matches_requirement']
+
+def urlsafe_b64encode(data):
+    """urlsafe_b64encode without padding"""
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(binary('='))
+
+
+def urlsafe_b64decode(data):
+    """urlsafe_b64decode without padding"""
+    pad = b'=' * (4 - (len(data) & 3))
+    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(data + pad)
+
+
+def to_json(o):
+    '''Convert given data to JSON.'''
+    return json.dumps(o, sort_keys=True)
+
+
+def from_json(j):
+    '''Decode a JSON payload.'''
+    return json.loads(j)
+
+def open_for_csv(name, mode):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        nl = {}
+        bin = 'b'
+    else:
+        nl = { 'newline': '' }
+        bin = ''
+    return open(name, mode + bin, **nl)
+
+try:
+    unicode
+
+    def utf8(data):
+        '''Utf-8 encode data.'''
+        if isinstance(data, unicode):
+            return data.encode('utf-8')
+        return data
+except NameError:
+    def utf8(data):
+        '''Utf-8 encode data.'''
+        if isinstance(data, str):
+            return data.encode('utf-8')
+        return data
+
+
+try:
+    # For encoding ascii back and forth between bytestrings, as is repeatedly
+    # necessary in JSON-based crypto under Python 3
+    unicode
+    def native(s):
+        return s
+    def binary(s):
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            return s.encode('ascii')
+        return s
+except NameError:
+    def native(s):
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s.decode('ascii')
+        return s
+    def binary(s):
+        if isinstance(s, str):
+            return s.encode('ascii')
+
+class HashingFile(object):
+    def __init__(self, fd, hashtype='sha256'):
+        self.fd = fd
+        self.hashtype = hashtype
+        self.hash = hashlib.new(hashtype)
+        self.length = 0
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.hash.update(data)
+        self.length += len(data)
+        self.fd.write(data)
+    def close(self):
+        self.fd.close()
+    def digest(self):
+        if self.hashtype == 'md5':
+            return self.hash.hexdigest()
+        digest = self.hash.digest()
+        return self.hashtype + '=' + native(urlsafe_b64encode(digest))
+
+class OrderedDefaultDict(OrderedDict):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not args:
+            self.default_factory = None
+        else:
+            if not (args[0] is None or callable(args[0])):
+                raise TypeError('first argument must be callable or None')
+            self.default_factory = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+        super(OrderedDefaultDict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __missing__ (self, key):
+        if self.default_factory is None:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        self[key] = default = self.default_factory()
+        return default
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    import ctypes.wintypes
+    # CSIDL_APPDATA for reference - not used here for compatibility with
+    # dirspec, which uses LOCAL_APPDATA and COMMON_APPDATA in that order
+    csidl = dict(CSIDL_APPDATA=26, CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA=28,
+            CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA=35)
+    def get_path(name):
+        SHGFP_TYPE_CURRENT = 0
+        buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(ctypes.wintypes.MAX_PATH)
+        ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(0, csidl[name], 0, SHGFP_TYPE_CURRENT, buf)
+        return buf.value
+
+    def save_config_path(*resource):
+        appdata = get_path("CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA")
+        path = os.path.join(appdata, *resource)
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):
+            os.makedirs(path)
+        return path
+    def load_config_paths(*resource):
+        ids = ["CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA", "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA"]
+        for id in ids:
+            base = get_path(id)
+            path = os.path.join(base, *resource)
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                yield path
+else:
+    def save_config_path(*resource):
+        import xdg.BaseDirectory
+        return xdg.BaseDirectory.save_config_path(*resource)
+    def load_config_paths(*resource):
+        import xdg.BaseDirectory
+        return xdg.BaseDirectory.load_config_paths(*resource)
+
+def matches_requirement(req, wheels):
+    """List of wheels matching a requirement.
+
+    :param req: The requirement to satisfy
+    :param wheels: List of wheels to search.
+    """
+    try:
+        from pkg_resources import Distribution, Requirement
+    except ImportError:
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot use requirements without pkg_resources")
+
+    req = Requirement.parse(req)
+
+    selected = []
+    for wf in wheels:
+        f = wf.parsed_filename
+        dist = Distribution(project_name=f.group("name"), version=f.group("ver"))
+        if dist in req:
+            selected.append(wf)
+    return selected
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..297f8d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site-packages/wheel/wininst2wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import os.path
+import re
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+import wheel.bdist_wheel
+import distutils.dist
+from distutils.archive_util import make_archive
+from shutil import rmtree
+from wheel.archive import archive_wheelfile
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from glob import iglob
+
+egg_info_re = re.compile(r'''(^|/)(?P<name>[^/]+?)-(?P<ver>.+?)
+    (-(?P<pyver>.+?))?(-(?P<arch>.+?))?.egg-info(/|$)''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+def parse_info(wininfo_name, egginfo_name):
+    """Extract metadata from filenames.
+    
+    Extracts the 4 metadataitems needed (name, version, pyversion, arch) from
+    the installer filename and the name of the egg-info directory embedded in
+    the zipfile (if any).
+
+    The egginfo filename has the format::
+
+        name-ver(-pyver)(-arch).egg-info
+
+    The installer filename has the format::
+
+        name-ver.arch(-pyver).exe
+
+    Some things to note:
+
+    1. The installer filename is not definitive. An installer can be renamed
+       and work perfectly well as an installer. So more reliable data should
+       be used whenever possible.
+    2. The egg-info data should be preferred for the name and version, because
+       these come straight from the distutils metadata, and are mandatory.
+    3. The pyver from the egg-info data should be ignored, as it is
+       constructed from the version of Python used to build the installer,
+       which is irrelevant - the installer filename is correct here (even to
+       the point that when it's not there, any version is implied).
+    4. The architecture must be taken from the installer filename, as it is
+       not included in the egg-info data.
+    5. Architecture-neutral installers still have an architecture because the
+       installer format itself (being executable) is architecture-specific. We
+       should therefore ignore the architecture if the content is pure-python.
+    """
+
+    egginfo = None
+    if egginfo_name:
+        egginfo = egg_info_re.search(egginfo_name)
+        if not egginfo:
+            raise ValueError("Egg info filename %s is not valid" %
+                    (egginfo_name,))
+
+    # Parse the wininst filename
+    # 1. Distribution name (up to the first '-')
+    w_name, sep, rest = wininfo_name.partition('-')
+    if not sep:
+        raise ValueError("Installer filename %s is not valid" %
+                (wininfo_name,))
+    # Strip '.exe'
+    rest = rest[:-4]
+    # 2. Python version (from the last '-', must start with 'py')
+    rest2, sep, w_pyver = rest.rpartition('-')
+    if sep and w_pyver.startswith('py'):
+        rest = rest2
+        w_pyver = w_pyver.replace('.', '')
+    else:
+        # Not version specific - use py2.py3. While it is possible that
+        # pure-Python code is not compatible with both Python 2 and 3, there
+        # is no way of knowing from the wininst format, so we assume the best
+        # here (the user can always manually rename the wheel to be more
+        # restrictive if needed).
+        w_pyver = 'py2.py3'
+    # 3. Version and architecture
+    w_ver, sep, w_arch = rest.rpartition('.')
+    if not sep:
+        raise ValueError("Installer filename %s is not valid" %
+                (wininfo_name,))
+
+    if egginfo:
+        w_name = egginfo.group('name')
+        w_ver = egginfo.group('ver')
+
+    return dict(name=w_name, ver=w_ver, arch=w_arch, pyver=w_pyver)
+
+def bdist_wininst2wheel(path, dest_dir=os.path.curdir):
+    bdw = zipfile.ZipFile(path)
+
+    # Search for egg-info in the archive
+    egginfo_name = None
+    for filename in bdw.namelist():
+        if '.egg-info' in filename:
+            egginfo_name = filename
+            break
+
+    info = parse_info(os.path.basename(path), egginfo_name)
+
+    root_is_purelib = True
+    for zipinfo in bdw.infolist():
+        if zipinfo.filename.startswith('PLATLIB'):
+            root_is_purelib = False
+            break
+    if root_is_purelib:
+        paths = {'purelib': ''}
+    else:
+        paths = {'platlib': ''}
+
+    dist_info = "%(name)s-%(ver)s" % info
+    datadir = "%s.data/" % dist_info
+
+    # rewrite paths to trick ZipFile into extracting an egg
+    # XXX grab wininst .ini - between .exe, padding, and first zip file.
+    members = []
+    egginfo_name = ''
+    for zipinfo in bdw.infolist():
+        key, basename = zipinfo.filename.split('/', 1)
+        key = key.lower()
+        basepath = paths.get(key, None)
+        if basepath is None:
+            basepath = datadir + key.lower() + '/'
+        oldname = zipinfo.filename
+        newname = basepath + basename
+        zipinfo.filename = newname
+        del bdw.NameToInfo[oldname]
+        bdw.NameToInfo[newname] = zipinfo
+        # Collect member names, but omit '' (from an entry like "PLATLIB/"
+        if newname:
+            members.append(newname)
+        # Remember egg-info name for the egg2dist call below
+        if not egginfo_name:
+            if newname.endswith('.egg-info'):
+                egginfo_name = newname
+            elif '.egg-info/' in newname:
+                egginfo_name, sep, _ = newname.rpartition('/')
+    dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix="_b2w")
+    bdw.extractall(dir, members)
+
+    # egg2wheel
+    abi = 'none'
+    pyver = info['pyver']
+    arch = (info['arch'] or 'any').replace('.', '_').replace('-', '_')
+    # Wininst installers always have arch even if they are not
+    # architecture-specific (because the format itself is).
+    # So, assume the content is architecture-neutral if root is purelib.
+    if root_is_purelib:
+        arch = 'any'
+    # If the installer is architecture-specific, it's almost certainly also
+    # CPython-specific.
+    if arch != 'any':
+        pyver = pyver.replace('py', 'cp')
+    wheel_name = '-'.join((
+                          dist_info,
+                          pyver,
+                          abi,
+                          arch
+                          ))
+    bw = wheel.bdist_wheel.bdist_wheel(distutils.dist.Distribution())
+    bw.root_is_purelib = root_is_purelib
+    dist_info_dir = os.path.join(dir, '%s.dist-info' % dist_info)
+    bw.egg2dist(os.path.join(dir, egginfo_name), dist_info_dir)
+    bw.write_wheelfile(dist_info_dir, generator='wininst2wheel')
+    bw.write_record(dir, dist_info_dir)
+    
+    archive_wheelfile(os.path.join(dest_dir, wheel_name), dir)
+    rmtree(dir)
+
+def main():
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('installers', nargs='*', help="Installers to convert")
+    parser.add_argument('--dest-dir', '-d', default=os.path.curdir,
+            help="Directory to store wheels (default %(default)s)")
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    for pat in args.installers:
+        for installer in iglob(pat):
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("{0}... ".format(installer))
+            bdist_wininst2wheel(installer, args.dest_dir)
+            if args.verbose:
+                sys.stdout.write("OK\n")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7969769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/site.py
@@ -0,0 +1,758 @@
+"""Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.
+
+****************************************************************
+* This module is automatically imported during initialization. *
+****************************************************************
+
+In earlier versions of Python (up to 1.5a3), scripts or modules that
+needed to use site-specific modules would place ``import site''
+somewhere near the top of their code.  Because of the automatic
+import, this is no longer necessary (but code that does it still
+works).
+
+This will append site-specific paths to the module search path.  On
+Unix, it starts with sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix (if different) and
+appends lib/python<version>/site-packages as well as lib/site-python.
+It also supports the Debian convention of
+lib/python<version>/dist-packages.  On other platforms (mainly Mac and
+Windows), it uses just sys.prefix (and sys.exec_prefix, if different,
+but this is unlikely).  The resulting directories, if they exist, are
+appended to sys.path, and also inspected for path configuration files.
+
+FOR DEBIAN, this sys.path is augmented with directories in /usr/local.
+Local addons go into /usr/local/lib/python<version>/site-packages
+(resp. /usr/local/lib/site-python), Debian addons install into
+/usr/{lib,share}/python<version>/dist-packages.
+
+A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form
+<package>.pth; its contents are additional directories (one per line)
+to be added to sys.path.  Non-existing directories (or
+non-directories) are never added to sys.path; no directory is added to
+sys.path more than once.  Blank lines and lines beginning with
+'#' are skipped. Lines starting with 'import' are executed.
+
+For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to
+/usr/local and there is a directory /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages
+with three subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path
+configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth.  Assume foo.pth contains the
+following:
+
+  # foo package configuration
+  foo
+  bar
+  bletch
+
+and bar.pth contains:
+
+  # bar package configuration
+  bar
+
+Then the following directories are added to sys.path, in this order:
+
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/bar
+  /usr/local/lib/python2.X/site-packages/foo
+
+Note that bletch is omitted because it doesn't exist; bar precedes foo
+because bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam is
+omitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file.
+
+After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module
+named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary additional
+site-specific customizations.  If this import fails with an
+ImportError exception, it is silently ignored.
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+try:
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+except ImportError:
+    import builtins
+try:
+    set
+except NameError:
+    from sets import Set as set
+
+# Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local here
+PREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix]
+# Enable per user site-packages directory
+# set it to False to disable the feature or True to force the feature
+ENABLE_USER_SITE = None
+# for distutils.commands.install
+USER_SITE = None
+USER_BASE = None
+
+_is_64bit = (getattr(sys, 'maxsize', None) or getattr(sys, 'maxint')) > 2**32
+_is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
+_is_jython = sys.platform[:4] == 'java'
+if _is_jython:
+    ModuleType = type(os)
+
+def makepath(*paths):
+    dir = os.path.join(*paths)
+    if _is_jython and (dir == '__classpath__' or
+                       dir.startswith('__pyclasspath__')):
+        return dir, dir
+    dir = os.path.abspath(dir)
+    return dir, os.path.normcase(dir)
+
+def abs__file__():
+    """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path"""
+    for m in sys.modules.values():
+        if ((_is_jython and not isinstance(m, ModuleType)) or
+            hasattr(m, '__loader__')):
+            # only modules need the abspath in Jython. and don't mess
+            # with a PEP 302-supplied __file__
+            continue
+        f = getattr(m, '__file__', None)
+        if f is None:
+            continue
+        m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(f)
+
+def removeduppaths():
+    """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them
+    absolute"""
+    # This ensures that the initial path provided by the interpreter contains
+    # only absolute pathnames, even if we're running from the build directory.
+    L = []
+    known_paths = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        # Filter out duplicate paths (on case-insensitive file systems also
+        # if they only differ in case); turn relative paths into absolute
+        # paths.
+        dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+        if not dircase in known_paths:
+            L.append(dir)
+            known_paths.add(dircase)
+    sys.path[:] = L
+    return known_paths
+
+# XXX This should not be part of site.py, since it is needed even when
+# using the -S option for Python.  See http://www.python.org/sf/586680
+def addbuilddir():
+    """Append ./build/lib.<platform> in case we're running in the build dir
+    (especially for Guido :-)"""
+    from distutils.util import get_platform
+    s = "build/lib.%s-%.3s" % (get_platform(), sys.version)
+    if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):
+        s += '-pydebug'
+    s = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.path[-1]), s)
+    sys.path.append(s)
+
+def _init_pathinfo():
+    """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path"""
+    d = set()
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        try:
+            if os.path.isdir(dir):
+                dir, dircase = makepath(dir)
+                d.add(dircase)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+    return d
+
+def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
+    """Add a new path to known_paths by combining sitedir and 'name' or execute
+    sitedir if it starts with 'import'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name)
+    try:
+        f = open(fullname, "rU")
+    except IOError:
+        return
+    try:
+        for line in f:
+            if line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+            if line.startswith("import"):
+                exec(line)
+                continue
+            line = line.rstrip()
+            dir, dircase = makepath(sitedir, line)
+            if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir):
+                sys.path.append(dir)
+                known_paths.add(dircase)
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
+    """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in
+    'sitedir'"""
+    if known_paths is None:
+        known_paths = _init_pathinfo()
+        reset = 1
+    else:
+        reset = 0
+    sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir)
+    if not sitedircase in known_paths:
+        sys.path.append(sitedir)        # Add path component
+    try:
+        names = os.listdir(sitedir)
+    except os.error:
+        return
+    names.sort()
+    for name in names:
+        if name.endswith(os.extsep + "pth"):
+            addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths)
+    if reset:
+        known_paths = None
+    return known_paths
+
+def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_prefix):
+    """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path"""
+    prefixes = [os.path.join(sys_prefix, "local"), sys_prefix]
+    if exec_prefix != sys_prefix:
+        prefixes.append(os.path.join(exec_prefix, "local"))
+
+    for prefix in prefixes:
+        if prefix:
+            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos') or _is_jython:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")]
+            elif _is_pypy:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, 'site-packages')]
+            elif sys.platform == 'darwin' and prefix == sys_prefix:
+
+                if prefix.startswith("/System/Library/Frameworks/"): # Apple's Python
+
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                                os.path.join(prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python")]
+
+                else: # any other Python distros on OSX work this way
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")]
+
+            elif os.sep == '/':
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix,
+                                         "lib",
+                                         "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                         "site-packages"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
+                            os.path.join(prefix, "python" + sys.version[:3], "lib-dynload")]
+                lib64_dir = os.path.join(prefix, "lib64", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
+                if (os.path.exists(lib64_dir) and
+                    os.path.realpath(lib64_dir) not in [os.path.realpath(p) for p in sitedirs]):
+                    if _is_64bit:
+                        sitedirs.insert(0, lib64_dir)
+                    else:
+                        sitedirs.append(lib64_dir)
+                try:
+                    # sys.getobjects only available in --with-pydebug build
+                    sys.getobjects
+                    sitedirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sitedirs[0], 'debug'))
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                # Debian-specific dist-packages directories:
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib",
+                                             "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                             "dist-packages"))
+                if sys.version[0] == '2':
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                else:
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
+                                                 "python" + sys.version[0],
+                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "dist-python"))
+            else:
+                sitedirs = [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
+                # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
+                # /Network/Library could be added too
+                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                    if home:
+                        sitedirs.append(
+                            os.path.join(home,
+                                         'Library',
+                                         'Python',
+                                         sys.version[:3],
+                                         'site-packages'))
+            for sitedir in sitedirs:
+                if os.path.isdir(sitedir):
+                    addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths)
+    return None
+
+def check_enableusersite():
+    """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion
+
+    The function tests for the command line flag (including environment var),
+    process uid/gid equal to effective uid/gid.
+
+    None: Disabled for security reasons
+    False: Disabled by user (command line option)
+    True: Safe and enabled
+    """
+    if hasattr(sys, 'flags') and getattr(sys.flags, 'no_user_site', False):
+        return False
+
+    if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        # check process uid == effective uid
+        if os.geteuid() != os.getuid():
+            return None
+    if hasattr(os, "getgid") and hasattr(os, "getegid"):
+        # check process gid == effective gid
+        if os.getegid() != os.getgid():
+            return None
+
+    return True
+
+def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
+    """Add a per user site-package to sys.path
+
+    Each user has its own python directory with site-packages in the
+    home directory.
+
+    USER_BASE is the root directory for all Python versions
+
+    USER_SITE is the user specific site-packages directory
+
+    USER_SITE/.. can be used for data.
+    """
+    global USER_BASE, USER_SITE, ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    env_base = os.environ.get("PYTHONUSERBASE", None)
+
+    def joinuser(*args):
+        return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
+
+    #if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+    #    # Don't know what to put here
+    #    USER_BASE = ''
+    #    USER_SITE = ''
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        base = os.environ.get("APPDATA") or "~"
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser(base, "Python")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE,
+                                 "Python" + sys.version[0] + sys.version[2],
+                                 "site-packages")
+    else:
+        if env_base:
+            USER_BASE = env_base
+        else:
+            USER_BASE = joinuser("~", ".local")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib",
+                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                 "site-packages")
+
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(USER_SITE):
+        addsitedir(USER_SITE, known_paths)
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        for dist_libdir in ("lib", "local/lib"):
+            user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir,
+                                     "python" + sys.version[:3],
+                                     "dist-packages")
+            if os.path.isdir(user_site):
+                addsitedir(user_site, known_paths)
+    return known_paths
+
+
+
+def setBEGINLIBPATH():
+    """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty
+    as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions.
+    The library search path needs to be amended so these will be found
+    during module import.  Use BEGINLIBPATH so that these are at the start
+    of the library search path.
+
+    """
+    dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload")
+    libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';')
+    if libpath[-1]:
+        libpath.append(dllpath)
+    else:
+        libpath[-1] = dllpath
+    os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath)
+
+
+def setquit():
+    """Define new built-ins 'quit' and 'exit'.
+    These are simply strings that display a hint on how to exit.
+
+    """
+    if os.sep == ':':
+        eof = 'Cmd-Q'
+    elif os.sep == '\\':
+        eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return'
+    else:
+        eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)'
+
+    class Quitter(object):
+        def __init__(self, name):
+            self.name = name
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof)
+        def __call__(self, code=None):
+            # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their
+            # stdin wrapper is closed.
+            try:
+                sys.stdin.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+            raise SystemExit(code)
+    builtins.quit = Quitter('quit')
+    builtins.exit = Quitter('exit')
+
+
+class _Printer(object):
+    """interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of
+    contributors and the copyright notice."""
+
+    MAXLINES = 23
+
+    def __init__(self, name, data, files=(), dirs=()):
+        self.__name = name
+        self.__data = data
+        self.__files = files
+        self.__dirs = dirs
+        self.__lines = None
+
+    def __setup(self):
+        if self.__lines:
+            return
+        data = None
+        for dir in self.__dirs:
+            for filename in self.__files:
+                filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
+                try:
+                    fp = open(filename, "rU")
+                    data = fp.read()
+                    fp.close()
+                    break
+                except IOError:
+                    pass
+            if data:
+                break
+        if not data:
+            data = self.__data
+        self.__lines = data.split('\n')
+        self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES:
+            return "\n".join(self.__lines)
+        else:
+            return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2)
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        self.__setup()
+        prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: '
+        lineno = 0
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                for i in range(lineno, lineno + self.MAXLINES):
+                    print(self.__lines[i])
+            except IndexError:
+                break
+            else:
+                lineno += self.MAXLINES
+                key = None
+                while key is None:
+                    try:
+                        key = raw_input(prompt)
+                    except NameError:
+                        key = input(prompt)
+                    if key not in ('', 'q'):
+                        key = None
+                if key == 'q':
+                    break
+
+def setcopyright():
+    """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__"""
+    builtins.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright)
+    if _is_jython:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer(
+            "credits",
+            "PyPy is maintained by the PyPy developers: http://pypy.org/")
+    else:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", """\
+    Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
+    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""")
+    here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__)
+    builtins.license = _Printer(
+        "license", "See http://www.python.org/%.3s/license.html" % sys.version,
+        ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"],
+        [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir])
+
+
+class _Helper(object):
+    """Define the built-in 'help'.
+    This is a wrapper around pydoc.help (with a twist).
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Type help() for interactive help, " \
+               "or help(object) for help about object."
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        import pydoc
+        return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds)
+
+def sethelper():
+    builtins.help = _Helper()
+
+def aliasmbcs():
+    """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python,
+    while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make
+    them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case."""
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        import locale, codecs
+        enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]
+        if enc.startswith('cp'):            # "cp***" ?
+            try:
+                codecs.lookup(enc)
+            except LookupError:
+                import encodings
+                encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown
+                encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs'
+
+def setencoding():
+    """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.  The
+    default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can
+    change this."""
+    encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings.
+        import locale
+        loc = locale.getdefaultlocale()
+        if loc[1]:
+            encoding = loc[1]
+    if 0:
+        # Enable to switch off string to Unicode coercion and implicit
+        # Unicode to string conversion.
+        encoding = "undefined"
+    if encoding != "ascii":
+        # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError...
+        sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build !
+
+
+def execsitecustomize():
+    """Run custom site specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import sitecustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+def virtual_install_main_packages():
+    f = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'orig-prefix.txt'))
+    sys.real_prefix = f.read().strip()
+    f.close()
+    pos = 2
+    hardcoded_relative_dirs = []
+    if sys.path[0] == '':
+        pos += 1
+    if _is_jython:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib')]
+    elif _is_pypy:
+        if sys.version_info > (3, 2):
+            cpyver = '%d' % sys.version_info[0]
+        elif sys.pypy_version_info >= (1, 5):
+            cpyver = '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+        else:
+            cpyver = '%d.%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:3]
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib_pypy'),
+                 os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib-python', cpyver)]
+        if sys.pypy_version_info < (1, 9):
+            paths.insert(1, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix,
+                                         'lib-python', 'modified-%s' % cpyver))
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        #
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to sys.prefix:
+        for path in paths[:]:
+            plat_path = os.path.join(path, 'plat-%s' % sys.platform)
+            if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+                paths.append(plat_path)
+    elif sys.platform == 'win32':
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib'), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'DLLs')]
+    else:
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib', 'python'+sys.version[:3])]
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        lib64_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib64', 'python'+sys.version[:3])
+        if os.path.exists(lib64_path):
+            if _is_64bit:
+                paths.insert(0, lib64_path)
+            else:
+                paths.append(lib64_path)
+        # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to
+        # sys.prefix.  Debian change: we need to add the multiarch triplet
+        # here, which is where the real stuff lives.  As per PEP 421, in
+        # Python 3.3+, this lives in sys.implementation, while in Python 2.7
+        # it lives in sys.
+        try:
+            arch = getattr(sys, 'implementation', sys)._multiarch
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a non-multiarch aware Python.  Fallback to the old way.
+            arch = sys.platform
+        plat_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib',
+                                 'python'+sys.version[:3],
+                                 'plat-%s' % arch)
+        if os.path.exists(plat_path):
+            paths.append(plat_path)
+    # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but
+    # relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix up:
+    for path in list(paths):
+        tk_dir = os.path.join(path, 'lib-tk')
+        if os.path.exists(tk_dir):
+            paths.append(tk_dir)
+
+    # These are hardcoded in the Apple's Python executable,
+    # but relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix them up:
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        hardcoded_paths = [os.path.join(relative_dir, module)
+                           for relative_dir in hardcoded_relative_dirs
+                           for module in ('plat-darwin', 'plat-mac', 'plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages')]
+
+        for path in hardcoded_paths:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                paths.append(path)
+
+    sys.path.extend(paths)
+
+def force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages():
+    """
+    Force easy_installed eggs in the global environment to get placed
+    in sys.path after all packages inside the virtualenv.  This
+    maintains the "least surprise" result that packages in the
+    virtualenv always mask global packages, never the other way
+    around.
+
+    """
+    egginsert = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+    for i, path in enumerate(sys.path):
+        if i > egginsert and path.startswith(sys.prefix):
+            egginsert = i
+    sys.__egginsert = egginsert + 1
+
+def virtual_addsitepackages(known_paths):
+    force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages()
+    return addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.real_prefix)
+
+def fixclasspath():
+    """Adjust the special classpath sys.path entries for Jython. These
+    entries should follow the base virtualenv lib directories.
+    """
+    paths = []
+    classpaths = []
+    for path in sys.path:
+        if path == '__classpath__' or path.startswith('__pyclasspath__'):
+            classpaths.append(path)
+        else:
+            paths.append(path)
+    sys.path = paths
+    sys.path.extend(classpaths)
+
+def execusercustomize():
+    """Run custom user specific code, if available."""
+    try:
+        import usercustomize
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+def main():
+    global ENABLE_USER_SITE
+    virtual_install_main_packages()
+    abs__file__()
+    paths_in_sys = removeduppaths()
+    if (os.name == "posix" and sys.path and
+        os.path.basename(sys.path[-1]) == "Modules"):
+        addbuilddir()
+    if _is_jython:
+        fixclasspath()
+    GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES = not os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'no-global-site-packages.txt'))
+    if not GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = False
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+        ENABLE_USER_SITE = check_enableusersite()
+    paths_in_sys = addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    paths_in_sys = addusersitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
+        paths_in_sys = virtual_addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
+    if sys.platform == 'os2emx':
+        setBEGINLIBPATH()
+    setquit()
+    setcopyright()
+    sethelper()
+    aliasmbcs()
+    setencoding()
+    execsitecustomize()
+    if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        execusercustomize()
+    # Remove sys.setdefaultencoding() so that users cannot change the
+    # encoding after initialization.  The test for presence is needed when
+    # this module is run as a script, because this code is executed twice.
+    if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"):
+        del sys.setdefaultencoding
+
+main()
+
+def _script():
+    help = """\
+    %s [--user-base] [--user-site]
+
+    Without arguments print some useful information
+    With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated
+    by '%s'.
+
+    Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site:
+      0 - user site directory is enabled
+      1 - user site directory is disabled by user
+      2 - uses site directory is disabled by super user
+          or for security reasons
+     >2 - unknown error
+    """
+    args = sys.argv[1:]
+    if not args:
+        print("sys.path = [")
+        for dir in sys.path:
+            print("    %r," % (dir,))
+        print("]")
+        def exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                return "exists"
+            else:
+                return "doesn't exist"
+        print("USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" %  ENABLE_USER_SITE)
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    buffer = []
+    if '--user-base' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_BASE)
+    if '--user-site' in args:
+        buffer.append(USER_SITE)
+
+    if buffer:
+        print(os.pathsep.join(buffer))
+        if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is False:
+            sys.exit(1)
+        elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
+            sys.exit(2)
+        else:
+            sys.exit(3)
+    else:
+        import textwrap
+        print(textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)))
+        sys.exit(10)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _script()
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..f7888a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/sre_compile.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ab5372c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/sre_constants.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..a954504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/sre_parse.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/stat.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/stat.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..7b85e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/stat.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/stat.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/struct.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/struct.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..2140bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/struct.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/struct.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..ddc31d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..8a3375e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tempfile.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/token.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/token.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..718c2ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/token.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/token.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..23bf00f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tokenize.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/types.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/types.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..1d26755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/types.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/warnings.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/warnings.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..a78fbf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/warnings.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/weakref.py b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/weakref.py
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..fcff02e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/arm_env/lib/python3.5/weakref.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/usr/local/Cellar/python3/3.5.1/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/weakref.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/config.py b/armarium_app/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..240ab80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import os
+basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite:///' + os.path.join(basedir, 'app.db')
+#still not sure what this does
+SQLALCHEMY_MIGRATE_REPO = os.path.join(basedir, 'db_repository')
+
+
+#will  have to change/sort these out later
+WTF_CSRF_ENABLED = True
+SECRET_KEY = 'you-will-never-guess'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/dbdemo.py b/armarium_app/dbdemo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2bdd62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/dbdemo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+### optional DB query script ###
+
+### RUN USING PYTHON 3 ###
+### Must be in same directory as app.db ###
+### Asks user to input a manuscript ID number, returns small
+### subset of data (manuscript info and volume info for that manuscript)
+### in response to query ***
+
+import sqlite3
+
+
+conn = sqlite3.connect('app.db')
+
+#c = conn.cursor()
+conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
+c = conn.cursor()
+
+msshelfmark = ''
+while type(msshelfmark ) != int:
+	msshelfmark = input('Enter a shelfmark number (valid integer) from 1 to 308: ')
+	try:
+		msshelfmark = int(msshelfmark)
+	except:
+		continue
+
+c.execute('SELECT * FROM manuscript WHERE id=?', [msshelfmark])
+ms = c.fetchone()
+if ms == None:
+	print('No record with that number in database.')
+	exit()
+cols = ms.keys()
+
+print('Manuscript info: ')
+for x in range(0,len(ms)):
+	print(cols[x], ': ', ms[x])
+
+
+
+c.execute('SELECT * FROM volume WHERE ms_id=?', [msshelfmark])
+vols = c.fetchall()
+print('\nVolume info: ')
+for codex in vols:
+	volcols = codex.keys()
+	for columns in range(0, len(volcols)):
+		print(volcols[columns], codex[columns])
+	print('\n')
+
+#c.execute('SELECT * FROM manuscript WHERE id=?', [msshelfmark])
+
+#print
+
+conn.close()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/exscript.py b/armarium_app/exscript.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b19bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/exscript.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+mytestvar = 42
+myteststring = 'Doodly-doo, ding dong doodly doodly doo'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/loccountrycodes.json b/armarium_app/loccountrycodes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4e00c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/loccountrycodes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"it": "Italy", "up": "United States Misc. Pacific Islands", "xa": "Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)", "wiu": "Wisconsin", "enk": "England", "lv": "Latvia", "mdu": "Maryland", "wj": "West Bank of the Jordan River", "ve": "Venezuela", "gr": "Greece", "co": "Cura\u00e7ao", "-cz": "Canal Zone", "sx": "Namibia", "bl": "Brazil", "wau": "Washington (State)", "xd": "Saint Kitts-Nevis", "nyu": "New York (State)", "ht": "Haiti", "rb": "Serbia", "ch": "China (Republic : 1949- )", "nmu": "New Mexico", "gy": "Guyana", "as": "American Samoa", "mq": "Martinique", "wvu": "West Virginia", "py": "Paraguay", "mf": "Mauritius", "aku": "Alaska", "mnu": "Minnesota", "-lir": "Lithuania", "nsc": "Nova Scotia", "nkc": "New Brunswick", "mtu": "Montana", "vb": "British Virgin Islands", "-vn": "Vietnam, North", "qea": "Queensland", "wyu": "Wyoming", "tnu": "Tennessee", "pl": "Poland", "pp": "Papua New Guinea", "gi": "Gibraltar", "kyu": "Kentucky", "stk": "Scotland", "aca": "Australian Capital Territory", "ru": "Russia (Federation)", "ke": "Kenya", "ji": "Johnston Atoll", "xb": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "mau": "Massachusetts", "fa": "Faroe Islands", "gz": "Gaza Strip", "-bwr": "Byelorussian S.S.R.", "tr": "Trinidad and Tobago", "-hk": "Hong Kong", "-tar": "Tajik S.S.R.", "jm": "Jamaica", "em": "Timor-Leste", "txu": "Texas", "pic": "Prince Edward Island", "sq": "Swaziland", "-mvr": "Moldavian S.S.R.", "dq": "Dominica", "mg": "Madagascar", "bn": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "sd": "South Sudan", "ndu": "North Dakota", "mj": "Montserrat", "riu": "Rhode Island", "pf": "Paracel Islands", "azu": "Arizona", "-tt": "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands", "za": "Zambia", "xj": "Saint Helena", "xxc": "Canada", "ku": "Kuwait", "vp": "Various places", "xc": "Maldives", "br": "Burma", "iy": "Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone", "-air": "Armenian S.S.R.", "oru": "Oregon", "ft": "Djibouti", "-mh": "Macao", "-kzr": "Kazakh S.S.R.", "bt": "Bhutan", "xp": "Spratly Island", "alu": "Alabama", "-ui": "United Kingdom Misc. Islands", "scu": "South Carolina", "xxk": "United Kingdom", "bcc": "British Columbia", "fs": "Terres australes et antarctiques fran\u00e7aises", "kv": "Kosovo", "fm": "Micronesia (Federated States)", "xk": "Saint Lucia", "xra": "South Australia", "cv": "Cabo Verde", "-lvr": "Latvia", "cd": "Chad", "ba": "Bahrain", "mz": "Mozambique", "inu": "Indiana", "th": "Thailand", "mv": "Moldova", "kg": "Kyrgyzstan", "my": "Malaysia", "bf": "Bahamas", "au": "Austria", "aq": "Antigua and Barbuda", "sw": "Sweden", "tz": "Tanzania", "-gn": "Gilbert and Ellice Islands", "pc": "Pitcairn Island", "-ai": "Anguilla", "-cn": "Canada", "sy": "Syria", "kz": "Kazakhstan", "-sk": "Sikkim", "nhu": "New Hampshire", "ncu": "North Carolina", "-jn": "Jan Mayen", "so": "Somalia", "be": "Belgium", "-wb": "West Berlin", "sa": "South Africa", "nfc": "Newfoundland and Labrador", "ea": "Eritrea", "xoa": "Northern Territory", "gl": "Greenland", "gv": "Guinea", "xm": "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "ck": "Colombia", "iau": "Iowa", "gb": "Kiribati", "-kgr": "Kirghiz S.S.R.", "hiu": "Hawaii", "gu": "Guam", "nik": "Northern Ireland", "bi": "British Indian Ocean Territory", "lo": "Lesotho", "cau": "California", "aru": "Arkansas", "deu": "Delaware", "bv": "Bouvet Island", "-iu": "Israel-Syria Demilitarized Zones", "lh": "Liechtenstein", "tma": "Tasmania", "ohu": "Ohio", "nr": "Nigeria", "np": "Nepal", "ie": "Ireland", "ir": "Iran", "cou": "Colorado", "dcu": "District of Columbia", "sf": "Sao Tome and Principe", "no": "Norway", "tc": "Turks and Caicos Islands", "fr": "France", "-vs": "Vietnam, South", "ot": "Mayotte", "-gsr": "Georgian S.S.R.", "-uk": "United Kingdom", "bb": "Barbados", "ay": "Antarctica", "ai": "Armenia (Republic)", "nx": "Norfolk Island", "gw": "Germany", "-uzr": "Uzbek S.S.R.", "un": "Ukraine", "si": "Singapore", "bx": "Brunei", "se": "Seychelles", "li": "Lithuania", "vi": "Virgin Islands of the United States", "sm": "San Marino", "cf": "Congo (Brazzaville)", "ntc": "Northwest Territories", "mm": "Malta", "ja": "Japan", "nvu": "Nevada", "mou": "Missouri", "-ac": "Ashmore and Cartier Islands", "-ry": "Ryukyu Islands, Southern", "mc": "Monaco", "-unr": "Ukraine", "ksu": "Kansas", "-nm": "Northern Mariana Islands", "fg": "French Guiana", "rh": "Zimbabwe", "pe": "Peru", "cl": "Chile", "sp": "Spain", "gd": "Grenada", "mw": "Malawi", "re": "R\u00e9union", "oku": "Oklahoma", "ae": "Algeria", "nw": "Northern Mariana Islands", "gh": "Ghana", "ykc": "Yukon Territory", "hu": "Hungary", "-xi": "Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla", "nl": "New Caledonia", "bd": "Burundi", "sc": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy", "is": "Israel", "xo": "Slovakia", "bw": "Belarus", "ii": "India", "cm": "Cameroon", "uik": "United Kingdom Misc. Islands", "-us": "United States", "pau": "Pennsylvania", "nju": "New Jersey", "pg": "Guinea-Bissau", "miu": "Michigan", "snc": "Saskatchewan", "abc": "Alberta", "fp": "French Polynesia", "nn": "Vanuatu", "uc": "United States Misc. Caribbean Islands", "sh": "Spanish North Africa", "fi": "Finland", "fj": "Fiji", "er": "Estonia", "xxu": "United States", "xl": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon", "uv": "Burkina Faso", "go": "Gabon", "ph": "Philippines", "sz": "Switzerland", "utu": "Utah", "gp": "Guadeloupe", "nbu": "Nebraska", "mk": "Oman", "-ln": "Central and Southern Line Islands", "sg": "Senegal", "-ajr": "Azerbaijan S.S.R.", "qa": "Qatar", "jo": "Jordan", "xna": "New South Wales", "fk": "Falkland Islands", "to": "Tonga", "flu": "Florida", "-ur": "Soviet Union", "cu": "Cuba", "wlk": "Wales", "ts": "United Arab Emirates", "xr": "Czech Republic", "am": "Anguilla", "aa": "Albania", "ng": "Niger", "iq": "Iraq", "cc": "China", "ls": "Laos", "et": "Ethiopia", "ua": "Egypt", "sr": "Surinam", "ic": "Iceland", "tl": "Tokelau", "onc": "Ontario", "mbc": "Manitoba", "ec": "Ecuador", "-rur": "Russian S.F.S.R.", "nz": "New Zealand", "-err": "Estonia", "dk": "Denmark", "ag": "Argentina", "gs": "Georgia (Republic)", "-sb": "Svalbard", "wea": "Western Australia", "mr": "Morocco", "-cp": "Canton and Enderbury Islands", "-iw": "Israel-Jordan Demilitarized Zones", "bs": "Botswana", "bo": "Bolivia", "nq": "Nicaragua", "mx": "Mexico", "iv": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "cw": "Cook Islands", "lu": "Luxembourg", "gm": "Gambia", "gau": "Georgia", "rw": "Rwanda", "vtu": "Vermont", "st": "Saint-Martin", "wf": "Wallis and Futuna", "ko": "Korea (South)", "xv": "Slovenia", "cb": "Cambodia", "ctu": "Connecticut", "ti": "Tunisia", "af": "Afghanistan", "sn": "Sint Maarten", "mu": "Mauritania", "bg": "Bangladesh", "ye": "Yemen", "ao": "Angola", "xn": "Macedonia", "ci": "Croatia", "bm": "Bermuda Islands", "-cs": "Czechoslovakia", "bp": "Solomon Islands", "io": "Indonesia", "an": "Andorra", "tk": "Turkmenistan", "xs": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands", "vau": "Virginia", "pn": "Panama", "-pt": "Portuguese Timor", "uz": "Uzbekistan", "dm": "Benin", "-tkr": "Turkmen S.S.R.", "-yu": "Serbia and Montenegro", "aw": "Aruba", "aj": "Azerbaijan", "eg": "Equatorial Guinea", "xf": "Midway Islands", "wk": "Wake Island", "nuc": "Nunavut", "ws": "Samoa", "gt": "Guatemala", "sj": "Sudan", "bu": "Bulgaria", "ug": "Uganda", "dr": "Dominican Republic", "ne": "Netherlands", "lb": "Liberia", "xga": "Coral Sea Islands Territory", "-ys": "Yemen (People's Democratic Republic)", "cj": "Cayman Islands", "lau": "Louisiana", "le": "Lebanon", "vm": "Vietnam", "ss": "Western Sahara", "ce": "Sri Lanka", "ml": "Mali", "bh": "Belize", "kn": "Korea (North)", "cy": "Cyprus", "ca": "Caribbean Netherlands", "msu": "Mississippi", "mo": "Montenegro", "meu": "Maine", "uy": "Uruguay", "tv": "Tuvalu", "ly": "Libya", "ilu": "Illinois", "xe": "Marshall Islands", "rm": "Romania", "tg": "Togo", "xh": "Niue", "vc": "Vatican City", "quc": "Qu\u00e9bec (Province)", "mp": "Mongolia", "cr": "Costa Rica", "cx": "Central African Republic", "vra": "Victoria", "pw": "Palau", "cq": "Comoros", "es": "El Salvador", "idu": "Idaho", "xx": "No place, unknown, or undetermined", "sdu": "South Dakota", "nu": "Nauru", "pk": "Pakistan", "-na": "Netherlands Antilles", "ta": "Tajikistan", "tu": "Turkey", "ho": "Honduras", "at": "Australia", "su": "Saudi Arabia", "-xxr": "Soviet Union", "-ge": "Germany (East)", "-sv": "Swan Islands", "pr": "Puerto Rico", "cg": "Congo (Democratic Republic)", "hm": "Heard and McDonald Islands", "po": "Portugal", "sl": "Sierra Leone"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/loclangcodes.json b/armarium_app/loclangcodes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8b492d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/loclangcodes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"bos": "Bosnian", "ltz": "Luxembourgish", "tib": "Tibetan", "srr": "Serer", "hit": "Hittite", "bak": "Bashkir", "fry": "Frisian", "tet": "Tetum", "iku": "Inuktitut", "smn": "Inari Sami", "mdr": "Mandar", "haw": "Hawaiian", "non": "Old Norse", "chr": "Cherokee", "tuk": "Turkmen", "por": "Portuguese", "byn": "Bilin", "ast": "Bable", "geo": "Georgian", "cho": "Choctaw", "mlt": "Maltese", "sms": "Skolt Sami", "ceb": "Cebuano", "ypk": "Yupik languages", "tha": "Thai", "hmn": "Hmong", "kor": "Korean", "nyo": "Nyoro", "dak": "Dakota", "hun": "Hungarian", "ine": "Indo-European (Other)", "zap": "Zapotec", "-iri": "Irish", "urd": "Urdu", "arp": "Arapaho", "krl": "Karelian", "egy": "Egyptian", "sin": "Sinhalese", "shn": "Shan", "yao": "Yao (Africa)", "fil": "Filipino", "bas": "Basa", "fon": "Fon", "day": "Dayak", "him": "Western Pahari languages", "uga": "Ugaritic", "khm": "Khmer", "eng": "English", "kam": "Kamba", "bra": "Braj", "gon": "Gondi", "cel": "Celtic (Other)", "sog": "Sogdian", "vol": "Volap\u00fck", "mlg": "Malagasy", "nso": "Northern Sotho", "-scr": "Croatian", "hsb": "Upper Sorbian", "nah": "Nahuatl", "moh": "Mohawk", "run": "Rundi", "nep": "Nepali", "aka": "Akan", "rup": "Aromanian", "-gag": "Galician", "sas": "Sasak", "orm": "Oromo", "zha": "Zhuang", "nic": "Niger-Kordofanian (Other)", "tiv": "Tiv", "cre": "Cree", "-sao": "Samoan", "-sso": "Sotho", "-kus": "Kusaie", "bul": "Bulgarian", "-lap": "Sami", "chy": "Cheyenne", "-tar": "Tatar", "lui": "Luise\u00f1o", "paa": "Papuan (Other)", "tai": "Tai (Other)", "wol": "Wolof", "sah": "Yakut", "-snh": "Sinhalese", "alt": "Altai", "kpe": "Kpelle", "per": "Persian", "pam": "Pampanga", "-fri": "Frisian", "div": "Divehi", "sga": "Irish, Old (to 1100)", "nde": "Ndebele (Zimbabwe)", "iro": "Iroquoian (Other)", "-gae": "Scottish Gaelix", "den": "Slavey", "mac": "Macedonian", "syr": "Syriac, Modern", "akk": "Akkadian", "alb": "Albanian", "mdf": "Moksha", "ton": "Tongan", "umb": "Umbundu", "gez": "Ethiopic", "lus": "Lushai", "mad": "Madurese", "bug": "Bugis", "zbl": "Blissymbolics", "bih": "Bihari (Other) ", "nor": "Norwegian", "ace": "Achinese", "mar": "Marathi", "zen": "Zenaga", "art": "Artificial (Other)", "snd": "Sindhi", "tig": "Tigr\u00e9", "yap": "Yapese", "kir": "Kyrgyz", "som": "Somali", "lav": "Latvian", "elx": "Elamite", "kom": "Komi", "swe": "Swedish", "nav": "Navajo", "kaw": "Kawi", "kal": "Kal\u00e2tdlisut", "car": "Carib", "pal": "Pahlavi", "inc": "Indic (Other)", "ssw": "Swazi", "hup": "Hupa", "hai": "Haida", "tup": "Tupi languages", "mus": "Creek", "bem": "Bemba", "hmo": "Hiri Motu", "arn": "Mapuche", "men": "Mende", "her": "Herero", "mul": "Multiple languages", "hau": "Hausa", "goh": "German, Old High (ca. 750-1050)", "lez": "Lezgian", "srp": "Serbian", "smj": "Lule Sami", "ara": "Arabic", "oci": "Occitan (post-1500)", "kua": "Kuanyama", "bho": "Bhojpuri", "ira": "Iranian (Other)", "sit": "Sino-Tibetan (Other)", "alg": "Algonquian (Other)", "btk": "Batak", "rum": "Romanian", "lua": "Luba-Lulua", "spa": "Spanish", "tam": "Tamil", "cpp": "Creoles and Pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other)", "kho": "Khotanese", "aze": "Azerbaijani", "-gal": "Oromo", "zul": "Zulu", "peo": "Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)", "bla": "Siksika", "sem": "Semitic (Other)", "que": "Quechua", "chp": "Chipewyan", "wak": "Wakashan languages", "cau": "Caucasian (Other)", "hrv": "Croatian", "kha": "Khasi", "ber": "Berber (Other)", "hil": "Hiligaynon", "tkl": "Tokelauan", "enm": "English, Middle (1100-1500)", "crh": "Crimean Tatar", "rar": "Rarotongan", "rap": "Rapanui", "-eth": "Ethiopic", "jpn": "Japanese", "kru": "Kurukh", "son": "Songhai", "kon": "Kongo", "-swz": "Swazi", "tso": "Tsonga", "ath": "Athapascan (Other)", "-esk": "Eskimo languages", "man": "Mandingo", "kab": "Kabyle", "ada": "Adangme", "vai": "Vai", "mkh": "Mon-Khmer (Other)", "jbo": "Lojban (Artificial language)", "ile": "Interlingue", "mni": "Manipuri", "hin": "Hindi", "sna": "Shona", "krc": "Karachay-Balkar", "wel": "Welsh", "slv": "Slovenian", "gba": "Gbaya", "sme": "Northern Sami", "pag": "Pangasinan", "mao": "Maori", "nno": "Norwegian (Nynorsk)", "bre": "Breton", "mal": "Malayalam", "arm": "Armenian", "tir": "Tigrinya", "nob": "Norwegian (Bokm\u00e5l)", "kur": "Kurdish", "hat": "Haitian French Creole", "grn": "Guarani", "ndo": "Ndonga", "mak": "Makasar", "afr": "Afrikaans", "nzi": "Nzima", "nyn": "Nyankole", "nym": "Nyamwezi", "tah": "Tahitian", "kbd": "Kabardian", "slo": "Slovak", "ipk": "Inupiaq", "sid": "Sidamo", "ewo": "Ewondo", "-mol": "Moldavian", "-mla": "Malagasy", "chb": "Chibcha", "mas": "Maasai", "nbl": "Ndebele (South Africa)", "mun": "Munda (Other)", "chm": "Mari", "cat": "Catalan", "-tru": "Truk", "lit": "Lithuanian", "-max": "Manx", "scn": "Sicilian Italian", "pon": "Pohnpeian", "ssa": "Nilo-Saharan (Other)", "myv": "Erzya", "rus": "Russian", "zun": "Zuni", "lun": "Lunda", "-cam": "Khmer", "kaa": "Kara-Kalpak", "suk": "Sukuma", "bad": "Banda languages", "kas": "Kashmiri", "ido": "Ido", "gem": "Germanic (Other)", "pol": "Polish", "sus": "Susu", "gor": "Gorontalo", "ibo": "Igbo", "tut": "Altaic (Other)", "mwl": "Mirandese", "kac": "Kachin", "heb": "Hebrew", "pus": "Pushto", "-lan": "Occitan (post 1500)", "gay": "Gayo", "sat": "Santali", "srn": "Sranan", "mah": "Marshallese", "xho": "Xhosa", "-taj": "Tajik", "uig": "Uighur", "tpi": "Tok Pisin", "was": "Washoe", "gil": "Gilbertese", "tli": "Tlingit", "nai": "North American Indian (Other)", "pau": "Palauan", "dyu": "Dyula", "tum": "Tumbuka", "ady": "Adygei", "gla": "Scottish Gaelic", "ven": "Venda", "mnc": "Manchu", "tat": "Tatar", "awa": "Awadhi", "jav": "Javanese", "apa": "Apache languages", "-int": "Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language\nAssociation)", "epo": "Esperanto", "yid": "Yiddish", "ita": "Italian", "est": "Estonian", "fij": "Fijian", "snk": "Soninke", "mis": "Miscellaneous languages", "kut": "Kootenai", "crp": "Creoles and Pidgins (Other)", "kaz": "Kazakh", "glv": "Manx", "uzb": "Uzbek", "wen": "Sorbian (Other)", "myn": "Mayan languages", "kan": "Kannada", "eka": "Ekajuk", "bua": "Buriat", "-tsw": "Tswana", "del": "Delaware", "cus": "Cushitic (Other)", "cad": "Caddo", "fiu": "Finno-Ugrian (Other)", "pap": "Papiamento", "und": "Undetermined", "grb": "Grebo", "ice": "Icelandic", "wal": "Wolayta", "dum": "Dutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350)", "udm": "Udmurt", "nwc": "Newari, Old", "lam": "Lamba (Zambia and Congo)", "sgn": "Sign languages", "doi": "Dogri", "osa": "Osage", "tsn": "Tswana", "ori": "Oriya", "chk": "Chuukese", "cmc": "Chamic languages", "khi": "Khoisan (Other)", "lat": "Latin", "gsw": "Swiss German", "frm": "French, Middle (ca. 1300-1600)", "tel": "Telugu", "sio": "Siouan (Other)", "mno": "Manobo languages", "tem": "Temne", "smi": "Sami", "-esp": "Esperanto", "tur": "Turkish", "phn": "Phoenician", "lug": "Ganda", "sai": "South American Indian (Other)", "loz": "Lozi", "bel": "Belarusian", "cop": "Coptic", "ger": "German", "kro": "Kru (Other)", "-sho": "Shona", "arg": "Aragonese", "got": "Gothic", "fur": "Friulian", "fao": "Faroese", "tmh": "Tamashek", "vot": "Votic", "bnt": "Bantu (Other)", "dua": "Duala", "dzo": "Dzongkha", "ava": "Avaric", "cor": "Cornish", "amh": "Amharic", "din": "Dinka", "ach": "Acoli", "aus": "Australian languages", "gle": "Irish", "cai": "Central American Indian (Other)", "zza": "Zaza", "bur": "Burmese", "ter": "Terena", "nqo": "N'Ko", "mwr": "Marwari", "ful": "Fula", "gmh": "German, Middle High (ca. 1050-1500)", "fre": "French", "new": "Newari", "nya": "Nyanja", "jrb": "Judeo-Arabic", "war": "Waray", "luo": "Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "ewe": "Ewe", "roh": "Raeto-Romance", "kok": "Konkani", "kar": "Karen languages", "afh": "Afrihili (Artificial language)", "kau": "Kanuri", "tgk": "Tajik", "min": "Minangkabau", "ilo": "Iloko", "aym": "Aymara", "dsb": "Lower Sorbian", "pra": "Prakrit languages", "arw": "Arawak", "cpf": "Creoles and Pidgins, French-based (Other)", "oss": "Ossetic", "gaa": "G\u00e3", "ban": "Balinese", "-far": "Faroese", "may": "Malay", "bin": "Edo", "dgr": "Dogrib", "-ajm": "Aljam\u00eda", "pro": "Proven\u00e7al (to 1500)", "fan": "Fang", "swa": "Swahili", "sla": "Slavic (Other)", "frs": "East Frisian", "anp": "Angika", "oto": "Otomian languages", "fin": "Finnish", "chi": "Chinese", "twi": "Twi", "csb": "Kashubian", "ale": "Aleut", "oji": "Ojibwa", "yor": "Yoruba", "ain": "Ainu", "lol": "Mongo-Nkundu", "sco": "Scots", "sux": "Sumerian", "nap": "Neapolitan Italian", "fat": "Fanti", "znd": "Zande languages", "smo": "Samoan", "dra": "Dravidian (Other)", "sad": "Sandawe", "ind": "Indonesian", "syc": "Syriac", "frr": "North Frisian", "grc": "Greek, Ancient (to 1453)", "cze": "Czech", "ave": "Avestan", "inh": "Ingush", "efi": "Efik", "baq": "Basque", "gre": "Greek, Modern (1453-)", "-tag": "Tagalog", "chn": "Chinook jargon", "che": "Chechen", "bai": "Bamileke languages", "mos": "Moor\u00e9", "-scc": "Serbian", "gwi": "Gwich'in", "tvl": "Tuvaluan", "tgl": "Tagalog", "lim": "Limburgish", "tog": "Tonga (Nyasa)", "nau": "Nauru", "bik": "Bikol", "mag": "Magahi", "bej": "Beja", "phi": "Philippine (Other)", "dan": "Danish", "kum": "Kumyk", "nub": "Nubian languages", "rom": "Romani", "map": "Austronesian (Other)", "zxx": "No linguistic content", "san": "Sanskrit", "ina": "Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language\nAssociation)", "tlh": "Klingon (Artificial language)", "dar": "Dargwa", "sel": "Selkup", "afa": "Afroasiatic (Other)", "kos": "Kosraean", "mic": "Micmac", "asm": "Assamese", "chg": "Chagatai", "dut": "Dutch", "kik": "Kikuyu", "lin": "Lingala", "roa": "Romance (Other)", "mon": "Mongolian", "abk": "Abkhaz", "mga": "Irish, Middle (ca. 1100-1550)", "lah": "Lahnd\u0101", "lad": "Ladino", "tyv": "Tuvinian", "fro": "French, Old (ca. 842-1300)", "lao": "Lao", "nog": "Nogai", "ben": "Bengali", "bat": "Baltic (Other)", "sal": "Salishan languages", "sag": "Sango (Ubangi Creole)", "cha": "Chamorro", "nia": "Nias", "bam": "Bambara", "tsi": "Tsimshian", "wln": "Walloon", "sam": "Samaritan Aramaic", "bis": "Bislama", "srd": "Sardinian", "cos": "Corsican", "mai": "Maithili", "sun": "Sundanese", "ota": "Turkish, Ottoman", "sma": "Southern Sami", "bal": "Baluchi", "glg": "Galician", "ukr": "Ukrainian", "cpe": "Creoles and Pidgins, English-based (Other)", "chv": "Chuvash", "guj": "Gujarati", "-gua": "Guarani", "arc": "Aramaic", "pli": "Pali", "iii": "Sichuan Yi", "aar": "Afar", "chu": "Church Slavic", "sot": "Sotho", "nds": "Low German", "lub": "Luba-Katanga", "kmb": "Kimbundu", "iba": "Iban", "ang": "English, Old (ca. 450-1100)", "ijo": "Ijo", "xal": "Oirat", "vie": "Vietnamese", "jpr": "Judeo-Persian", "pan": "Panjabi", "kin": "Kinyarwanda", "raj": "Rajasthani", "niu": "Niuean"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/locrelcodes.json b/armarium_app/locrelcodes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..beab32f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/locrelcodes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"dis": "Dissertant", "wpr": "Writer of preface", "egr": "Engraver", "lbt": "Librettist", "ptt": "Plaintiff-appellant", "scl": "Sculptor", "spn": "Sponsor", "len": "Lender", "prd": "Production personnel", "sec": "Secretary", "res": "Researcher", "pup": "Publication place", "aud": "Author of dialog", "clr": "Colorist", "bpd": "Bookplate designer", "brl": "Braille embosser", "own": "Owner", "ctg": "Cartographer", "ccp": "Conceptor", "chr": "Choreographer", "win": "Writer of introduction", "lil": "Libelant", "mfr": "Manufacturer", "wdc": "Woodcutter", "pro": "Producer", "cov": "Cover designer", "mtk": "Minute taker", "cas": "Caster", "dfe": "Defendant-appellee", "cmm": "Commentator", "adi": "Art director", "lso": "Licensor", "pht": "Photographer", "ldr": "Laboratory director", "cos": "Contestant", "pan": "Panelist", "tld": "Television director", "std": "Set designer", "crp": "Correspondent", "ctr": "Contractor", "drt": "Director", "bdd": "Binding designer", "brd": "Broadcaster", "lyr": "Lyricist", "cmt": "Compositor", "coe": "Contestant-appellee", "fac": "Facsimilist", "eng": "Engineer", "rpc": "Radio producer", "mrk": "Markup editor", "rev": "Reviewer", "-clb": "Collaborator", "aui": "Author of introduction, etc.", "-grt": "Graphic technician", "ppt": "Puppeteer", "cst": "Costume designer", "cur": "Curator", "sgn": "Signer", "cli": "Client", "scr": "Scribe", "tyd": "Type designer", "att": "Attributed name", "rcd": "Recordist", "fmk": "Filmmaker", "rcp": "Addressee", "rps": "Repository", "dln": "Delineator", "ptf": "Plaintiff", "dto": "Dedicator", "cng": "Cinematographer", "enj": "Enacting jurisdiction", "evp": "Event place", "mod": "Moderator", "nrt": "Narrator", "adp": "Adapter", "dgg": "Degree granting institution", "dnr": "Donor", "prt": "Printer", "crr": "Corrector", "sds": "Sound designer", "lsa": "Landscape architect", "vac": "Voice actor", "ann": "Annotator", "anm": "Animator", "edt": "Editor", "abr": "Abridger", "stl": "Storyteller", "cpe": "Complainant-appellee", "cnd": "Conductor", "dpt": "Depositor", "asn": "Associated name", "fpy": "First party", "dsr": "Designer", "pbd": "Publishing director", "isb": "Issuing body", "clt": "Collotyper", "osp": "Onscreen presenter", "trl": "Translator", "cor": "Collection registrar", "auc": "Auctioneer", "ivr": "Interviewer", "gis": "Geographic information specialist", "aus": "Screenwriter", "tlp": "Television producer", "sht": "Supporting host", "jud": "Judge", "dub": "Dubious author", "rpt": "Reporter", "spy": "Second party", "sng": "Singer", "elt": "Electrotyper", "prp": "Production place", "vdg": "Videographer", "app": "Applicant", "ill": "Illustrator", "rse": "Respondent-appellee", "lse": "Licensee", "etr": "Etcher", "pmn": "Production manager", "dte": "Dedicatee", "sce": "Scenarist", "frg": "Forger", "art": "Artist", "-voc": "Vocalist", "dbp": "Distribution place", "prc": "Process contact", "jug": "Jurisdiction governed", "wde": "Wood engraver", "ive": "Interviewee", "blw": "Blurb writer", "pop": "Printer of plates", "his": "Host institution", "msd": "Musical director", "prs": "Production designer", "pbl": "Publisher", "edm": "Editor of moving image work", "cot": "Contestant-appellant", "prn": "Production company", "pta": "Patent applicant", "str": "Stereotyper", "ctt": "Contestee-appellant", "arr": "Arranger", "act": "Actor", "csp": "Consultant to a project", "mus": "Musician", "lbr": "Laboratory", "prv": "Provider", "ppm": "Papermaker", "mrb": "Marbler", "rpy": "Responsible party", "uvp": "University place", "pdr": "Project director", "wal": "Writer of added lyrics", "ard": "Artistic director", "sll": "Seller", "rsg": "Restager", "cph": "Copyright holder", "trc": "Transcriber", "fnd": "Funder", "sad": "Scientific advisor", "org": "Originator", "mdc": "Metadata contact", "fds": "Film distributor", "aqt": "Author in quotations or text abstracts", "stn": "Standards body", "col": "Collector", "rdd": "Radio director", "flm": "Film editor", "dft": "Defendant-appellant", "bjd": "Bookjacket designer", "mte": "Metal-engraver", "hnr": "Honoree", "ato": "Autographer", "con": "Conservator", "pat": "Patron", "dfd": "Defendant", "rbr": "Rubricator", "spk": "Speaker", "cpc": "Copyright claimant", "cpl": "Complainant", "dgs": "Degree supervisor", "dpc": "Depicted", "ths": "Thesis advisor", "mfp": "Manufacture place", "wac": "Writer of added commentary", "lgd": "Lighting designer", "cre": "Creator", "red": "Redaktor", "lel": "Libelee", "cwt": "Commentator for written text", "fmo": "Former owner", "bnd": "Binder", "elg": "Electrician", "cpt": "Complainant-appellant", "opn": "Opponent", "bkp": "Book producer", "cll": "Calligrapher", "apl": "Appellant", "dtm": "Data manager", "com": "Compiler", "mon": "Monitor", "prg": "Programmer", "prm": "Printmaker", "cou": "Court governed", "pra": "Praeses", "cmp": "Composer", "acp": "Art copyist", "rsr": "Restorationist", "lee": "Libelee-appellee", "anl": "Analyst", "srv": "Surveyor", "fld": "Field director", "stg": "Setting", "pth": "Patent holder", "rst": "Respondent-appellant", "orm": "Organizer", "bsl": "Bookseller", "let": "Libelee-appellant", "arc": "Architect", "wst": "Writer of supplementary textual content", "oth": "Other", "asg": "Assignee", "ctb": "Contributor", "ins": "Inscriber", "cns": "Censor", "pte": "Plaintiff-appellee", "rtm": "Research team member", "edc": "Editor of compilation", "drm": "Draftsman", "dst": "Distributor", "lie": "Libelant-appellee", "wat": "Writer of added text", "inv": "Inventor", "rth": "Research team head", "prf": "Performer", "cts": "Contestee", "stm": "Stage manager", "pre": "Presenter", "ren": "Renderer", "ant": "Bibliographic antecedent", "rsp": "Respondent", "plt": "Platemaker", "sgd": "Stage director", "med": "Medium", "fmp": "Film producer", "ltg": "Lithographer", "ape": "Appellee", "wam": "Writer of accompanying material", "itr": "Instrumentalist", "aft": "Author of afterword, colophon, etc.", "bkd": "Book designer", "tch": "Teacher", "pfr": "Proofreader", "lit": "Libelant-appellant", "tyg": "Typographer", "crt": "Court reporter", "led": "Lead", "exp": "Expert", "rce": "Recording engineer", "ilu": "Illuminator", "pma": "Permitting agency", "csl": "Consultant", "dnc": "Dancer", "wit": "Witness", "hst": "Host", "mcp": "Music copyist", "cte": "Contestee-appellee", "aut": "Author", "tcd": "Technical director", "fmd": "Film director", "dtc": "Data contributor"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/requirements.txt b/armarium_app/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfbaf81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Flask==0.10.1
+Flask-SQLAlchemy==2.1
+Flask-WTF==0.12
+itsdangerous==0.24
+Jinja2==2.8
+MarkupSafe==0.23
+SQLAlchemy==1.0.12
+Werkzeug==0.11.4
+wheel==0.29.0
+WTForms==2.1
diff --git a/armarium_app/run.py b/armarium_app/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccaaad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from app import app
+app.run(debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=8081)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/trial_II160119.json b/armarium_app/trial_II160119.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8935858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/trial_II160119.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"RobbinsMS21": {"001": ["06-B3186"], "245 10": ["[Consilium on the last will and testament of Am\u00e9d\u00e9e III, Count of Geneva]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-3v: \"[dedication] In nomine domini mei Ihesu Christi ac eius santissime matris virginis gloriose totiusque celestis curie amen [text] Procedam conclusione sive argumentis quia tempus occupationes agendorum mei communis non patiuntur viam (?) disputationis...Concludo ergo dominum Amadeum non potuisse detrahere trebellianicam [----] in eius hereditate non repereri...Deo gratias amen.\""], "520": ["The document is a consilium on the last will and testament of Am\u00e9d\u00e9e III, Count of Geneva from 1320 to 1367, and on matters pertaining to the succession of the House of Geneva. Am\u00e9d\u00e9e, married to Mathilde de Boulogne on 15 February 1334, had ten children. Of these, the document mentions four male children and heirs to the county: Aimon (later Aimon III, Count of Geneva, March-August 1367), Am\u00e9d\u00e9e (later Am\u00e9d\u00e9e IV, Count of Geneva 1367-1369), Jean or Janus (Count of Geneva 1369-1370) - included twice probably by mistake - and Pierre (Count of Geneva 1370- 1394) - here mentioned as the last born. Robert, whose election as Pope Clement VII in 1378 in Avignon marked the beginning of the Great Schism, is not included in the initial list of sons, but is mentioned further on in the text (e.g. fol. 2r). Similarly, of the five daughters (Marie, Jeanne, Blanche, Yolande, and Catherine) only four are mentioned, the fourth as the last born."], "530": ["Selected digital images available on Digital Scriptorium."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 21|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060711q14001499it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, July 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a4 leaves :|bpaper ;|c292 x 223 ( 244 x 149) mm bound to 292 x 228 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel (Robbins MS 21)"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar to Briquet \"Arc,\" 799), fol. 4; 1\u2074.", "Layout: Written in 52 long lines.", "Script: Written in a gothic cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Bound in grey cardboard and stored in a four-flap enclosure with stiff outer boards. A title on the front cover, written in an early 20th cent. hand, reads \"\u00c9criture en droit concernant le testament d'Am\u00e9 Comte de Gen\u00e8ve, mort en 1312,\" has been crossed out in pencil and replaced with \"Amadeus. Resolutio dubiorum.\" Small label in the left-hand corner of cover, with date: \"1919.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 21."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 21"], "260": ["[Italy,|c14--]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=112;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS131": {"001": ["06-B3883"], "260": ["[Austria?,|cbetween 1550 and 1597]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-170v: \"[title] De iudiciis privatis [text] Consilium et institutum nobis formam et ritum sive ordinem iudiciorum privatorum explicare...De venditione bonorum post missionem (?) in bona debitoria an sit ignominiosa explicatum supra, etc. [rubr.] Finis tractatus de iudiciis\" ; fol. 171r-185v: blank."], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 186r-261r: \"[title] Tractatus de appellationibus aliisque iuris remediis earum cognatis et affinibus [text] Caput primum. De tractatione et occasione huius argumenti. Explicamus in ista pridem ea quae ad primum iudicium...ex authoritate sentiarum vel consensu partium electi [----] ille locus emendandus mihi videtur [rubr.] Finis tractatus huius de appellationibus\" ; fol. 261v-275r: blank.", "3. Fol. 276v-339r: \"[text] Quia de hoc argumento multus in iure extat...qua de re est super ubi [---] successio [---] [rubr.] Finis tractatus de renunciantibus. Ultimo Februarii anno 97 (=1597?)"], "520": ["Three treatises, each on a different legal topic. Some water staining."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 131|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060815q15501597au ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 03": ["De iudiciis privatis ;|bTractatus de appellationibus aliisque iuris remediis earum cognatis et affinibus ; De renuncia[n]tibus."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["Cataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "300": ["358 leaves :|bpaper ;|c196 x 153 (160 x 110) mm bound to 209 x 178 mm."], "561": ["Ownership inscription on front pastedown reads \"Joannis Baptisto Friderici...Salisburge,\" partially torn away. Library stamp in bottom left corner on fol. 1r from the Czerninsche Bibliothek. Label on spine, presumably from a library, bears the number \"5001.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title pages (fol. 1r, 186r) and from closing rubrics (fol. 170v, 261r and", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"Cerf,\" 3334), fol. vi  + 358 ; 1-23\u2078 24\u00b9\u2070 25-41\u2078 42\u00b9\u00b2 43\u2078 44\u00b9\u2070 45\u2076.", "Layout: Written in up to 28 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by two hands. The first hand wrote the entire first tract (fol. 1r-170v) and the second half of the second tract (fol. 229v-261r). The second hand wrote the first half of the second tract (fol. 186r-229r) and the entire third tract (fol. 276v-339r). Early marginalia in ink in a third hand, cropped on fol. 189r-265v.", "Binding: Contemporary pigskin over pasteboard, slightly cockled and loose along fore and lower edge. Covers blind- stamped with an intricate pattern: central panel on the upper cover depicts Justitia with sword and scales, the rear cover depicts a suicidal Lucretia; both figures standing within a window frame which is itself surrounded by rectangular borders infilled with floral and geometric patterns. Four raised bands. Lining under front pastedown is a page from a printed book, exposed because of partially torn away ownership inscription. Trace of cloth ties on fore edge (now lacking).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 131."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 131"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS31": {"001": ["ocn247626931"], "245 10": ["D[omini] Roderici Ximenez Navarri Archiepiscopo Toletani Rerum in Hispania gestarum libri IX :|bAd vetera exemplaria comparati ut nunc primum editi videri queant  / |cOpera et studio Andreae Schotti."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The text--including the dedication, colophon, marginal notes, introductory formula for each book (\"Roderici Archiepiscopi Toletani de rebus Hispaniae liber...\"), and the final ornamental flourish at the end of Book 6--was copied from the printed edition of Bishop Rodrigo de Rada's \"Rerum in Hispania gestarum\" edited by Andreas Schott. Parts of the work were printed in 1545 and 1579. Schott's edition was published in 1603-1608 as \"Hispaniae illustratae seu Rerum urbimque Hispaniae, Lusitaniae, Aethiopiae et Indiae scriptores varii\" (see bibliography)."], "260": ["Spain,|c[between 1750 and 1799]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 31"], "581": ["Domini Roderici Ximenez Navarri Archiepiscopi Toletani Rerum in Hispania gestarum libri IX. Ad vetera Exemplaria Comparati, ut nunc primum editi videri queant. Accesit Gothorum, Arabum et Romanorum Historia nunquam ante hac edita. Opera & studio Andreae Schotti, in Schottus, Andreas, Hispaniae illustratae seu Rerum urbimque Hispaniae, Lusitaniae, Aethiopiae et Indiae scriptores varii... 4 vols. (Francofurti: apud C. Marnium & haeredes Iohannis Aubrii, 1603-08), 2:25-148."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Philipps (his no. 2237)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 174 (manuscript is paginated 1-325 starting at beginning of text, fol. 9r, skipping title page and table of contents); 1\u00b2 2\u2076 3-18\u00b9\u2070 19\u2076 (last quire has two nested bifolia inside a third bifolium; last fol. is pastedown); catchwords throughout, not at consistent intervals.", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines.", "Script: Written in a very neat cursive script by one hand.", "Decoration: Author's name on title page (fol. 2r), first line of dedication (fol. 9r), and the heading book one \"Liber Primus\" (fol. 10v) written in decorated capitals; remainder of title page written in calligraphic script.", "Binding: Brown paper binding over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 31."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "300": ["|3Original:|a174 leaves :|bpaper ;|c299 x 205 (241 x 160) mm bound to 313 x 217 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-5) and positive (Robbins MS 31)"], "650 00": ["Spain|xHistory|yGothic period, 414-711."], "008": ["080910q17501799sp            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "240 10": ["Historia de rebus Hispanie."], "100 1": ["Jim\u00e9nez de Rada, Rodrigo,|dca. 1170-1247."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Schottus, Andreas,|d1552-1629.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20080910061426.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r: Title page -- fol. 3r-5v: Table of contents -- fol. 6r-8v: Blank -- fol. 9r-10r: Dedication -- fol. 10v- 24r: \"Liber primus. De fundamento huius historia (sic)\" -- fol. 24r-42v: \"Liber secundus. Scismate in Athanaricum et Fridigernum et haeresi Ariana\" -- fol. 43r-65r: \"Liber tertius. De Regno Bambae\" -- fol. 65v-84v: \"Liber quartus. De rebellione Pelagii contra Arabes et de sorore sua et regno eius\" -- fol. 84v-101v: \"Liber quintus. De Frolia et indicibus\" -- fol. 102r-126v: \"Liber sextus. De Rege Ranimiro et genealogia regum Aragoniae et de captione Oscae\" -- fol. 126v-148v: \"Liber septimus. De separatione Regis Aragonum et Reginae Castellae\" -- fol. 149r-161v: \"Liber octavus. De adventu regum ad urbem regum\" --  fol. 161v-173v: \"Liber nonus. De regno Regis Enrici et quod fuit comiti Alvaro deputatus.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)247626931"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS49": {"001": ["ocm84553194"], "260": ["[France :|bs.n.,|c17--?]"], "040": ["CUY|cCUY"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "650  0": ["Consanguinity (Canon law)"], "300": ["|3Original:|a2 leaves :|bpaper ;|c316 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-47) and positive (Robbins MS 49)"], "008": ["861209q17001799fr            000 0 und d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 49"], "245 00": ["Manuscript on procedure to obtain a papal dispensation for marriage of uncle and niece."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)84553194"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000Li 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS56": {"001": ["ocn503588761"], "245 10": ["[Papal registry of the Sacrae Congregationis Immunitatis Ecclesiae]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Documents concerning the application of ecclesiastical immunities and privileges in a variety of Italian cities, many of which are in the Papal States. Most documents dated 1639, thirteen years after Urban VIII's Bull \"Inscrutabile\" (22 June 1626), in which the Congregatio Immunitatis was established."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c5351."], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bCongregatio Jurisdictionis et Immunitatis Ecclesiasticae."], "260": ["Italy,|c[after 1621]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 56"], "581": ["Pietro Andrea Ricci, Synopsis Decreta, et Resolvtiones Sac. Congr. Immunitatis super controuersijs Iurisdictionalibus (Praeneste: Typis Barberinis apud Antonium Ruzzolum, 1708)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Library stamp \"Bibliot. H. F. 3770\" on fol. 1r. Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 5351)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in long lines in various hands; contemporary marginal notes throughout.", "Script: Written in cursive script of varying levels of legibility.", "Bound in limp vellum over pasteboard; remains of two leather ties on foredge, now lacking. \"LXII\" written on front cover. Title on spine reads [unclear]tion S. Cong.nis Immnunit. Eccle.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 56."], "300": ["|3Original:|a230 leaves :|bpaper ;|c280 x 210 mm bound to 295 x 220 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-54) and positive (Robbins MS 56)"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["100205q16201640it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, December 2009."], "546": ["Mostly in Italian; some Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100205053135.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-218v: Papal Registry, Sacrae Congregationis Immunitatis Ponente, mostly organized by Papal state -- fol 219r-230v: Documents on feast days, the authority of courts, and the damnation of former heretics."], "035": ["(OCoLC)503588761"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS273": {"001": ["ocm84650587"], "245 10": ["[Kise Kavod :|ba commentary on the minor tractates Kalah, Evel Rabati and Derekh Erets]"], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY|dBOL"], "520": ["The work contained in the manuscript is a commentary written by Moses Judah Abbas on the minor tractates Kalah, Soferim, Evel Rabati (this one until chapter 13) and Derekh Erets. In the last-named tractate chapters iii and iv are written as one chapter. It is also incomplete, and contains only about a third of chapter iv. Lacuna after fol. 1. An existing description of the manuscripts says that this is an autograph by the author, although no evidence was found in the manuscript. Conservation treatment report in in manuscript file, along with notes on content, catchwords, and missing pages by Ruth Haber."], "710 2": ["Jews' College (London, England).|bLibrary.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "510 4": ["Hirschfeld, Hartwig. Descriptive catalogue of hebrew manuscripts of the Montefiore Library, The Jewish Quarterly Review vol. 14, n. 1,|cp. 173.", "Higger, Michael. Masekhtot Kalah: ve-hen masekhet Kalah, masekhet Kalah rabati (Jerusalem : Makor, 1970),|cp. 41."], "260": ["|c[16--]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 273"], "100 1": ["Abbas, Moses Judah ben Mein,|dca. 1601-1671."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM ONLY:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["On fol. 81v, there is a black stamp which reads: \"Yeshivat Ohel Mosheh, Ramsgate\", which refers to the Spanish- Portuguese Jewish seminary at Ramsgate, England: this manuscript used to belong to the library of Moses Montefiore, who lived in Ramsgate and had a library there. In addition, on inside back cover and on the spine, there are two identical bookplates which read: \"Montefiore MS. 64 Ha No. 346 Library\". The letters \"Ha.\" and the numbers refer to the manuscripts from the Solomon Halberstan collection, which used to be a part of the Montefiore Library. This manuscript, together with the bulk of the Montefiore library, was later  transferred to Jews' College, London. In the manuscript was found a torn strip from a French newspaper (possibly a bookmark by a former owner), together with a piece of paper with a short note written in pencil, 20th century, which reads: \"Bene Dio (?) [...] 26 Mai\". An existing description names one more former owner, Hayyim Joseph David Azulai, but no evidence was found in the manuscript."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 81; 1\u2076 (lacks fol. 6) 2-5\u2078 (fol. 40 is missing or misnumbered) 6\u00b2 7-10\u2078 11\u2076 plus one bifolium inserted. Catchwords in the bottom margins, by the hand of the scribe.", "Layout: Written in up to 36 long lines, with interlinear glosses. Not ruled. Most folios have tabs created from the folio itself (tabs were formed before the book was trimmed by cutting above and below existing marginal notations and folding inward so that the fold would not be cut with the fore-edge). Occasional marginal notes.", "Written in semicursive Sefardic masheit script, by one hand.", "Binding: Currently bound in quarter-linen with marbled paper sides. Previous 18th-century brown marbled paper binding over pasteboard, with flyleaves in light blue paper and small traces of red seals on the front and on the back cover, was detached and is now housed in the manuscript file.", "Origin: Written in the 17th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 273."], "035": ["(OCoLC)84650587"], "008": ["060803s16uu    xx            000 0 heb d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Saul M. Friedman and Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "546": ["Hebrew."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Montefiore, Moses,|cSir,|d1784-1885.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Halbersh\u1e6dam, Avraham Shalom,|d1855-1940.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20080714033757.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a81 leaves :|bpaper ;|c210 x 150 (160 x 120) mm bound to 220 x 160.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-95) and positive (Robbins MS 273)"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS11": {"001": ["06-B4008"], "245 10": ["[Summa de casibus poenitentiae cum apparatu Guilelmi Redonensis] ;|bSumma de matrimonio [cum apparatu Guilelmi Redonensis]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-181r: \"[rubr.] Incipit summa magistri Raymundi. [text] Quoniam ut ait Ieronimus secunda tabula post naufragium est culpam confiteri simpliciter ne imperitia ministrantis predictam tabulam submergi contingat alii naufragantes...mereamur audire in die Domini dulcem et ineffabilem iocunditatis vocem illam: Venite benedicti, precipite regnum. Amen.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 181r-208v: [rubr.] Incipit prologus magistri Raymundi in Summa sua de matrimonio. [text] Quoniam frequenter in foro penitentiali dubitationes circa matrimonio immo etiam interdum...in rebus dotalibus factas puta quia domum refeci (?) potest retinere v. c.(?) de impensis in rebus dotalibus f. l. (?) idest voluntarias vero perdidit sicut ibi dicitur//\""], "520": ["This manuscript contains the two major works by Raymond of Pe\u00f1afort: the Summa de casibus poenitentiae and the Summa de matrimonio (the latter is here incomplete). The main text is surrounded by the apparatus written by Guillaume de Rennes. This manuscript is not a working copy, since it is very tidy and does not have marginal notes. On the flyleaves, a late 15th century hand provided an index for the manuscript, and listed the chapter headings matched with the page numbers. Bottom quarter of fol. 65 cut out; fol. 163 torn and mended."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "100 0": ["Raymond,|cof Pe\u00f1afort, Saint,|d1175?-1275."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 11|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Guillaume,|cde Rennes."], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1325 and 1350]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|aprohibita quia symonica"], "546": ["Latin."], "008": ["060822q13251350it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a208 leaves :|bparchment ;|c260 x 190 (150 x 110) mm bound to 270 x 195 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-19) and positive (Robbins MS 11)"], "561": ["The manuscript once belonged to Francisco of Pozzuoli, former rector, who in 1496 donated it to the church of St. John the Baptist in Busto Arsizio (northern Italy): on flyleaf ir there is an ownership note which reads: \"Iste liber est ecclesie Sancti Johannis baptiste burgi de Bustiarsiti et largitus fuit per venerabilem dominum presbiterum Francischolum de [...] puteo olim rectorem sancte ecclesie et presentatus fuit per dominum presbiterum Johannem de Bernardis die XX aprilis 1496 in presentia dominorum presbiterorum Michaelis de Bossys Conradi et Bernardinis Amborum de Crispis [...] rectorum sancte ecclesie;\" on back flyleaf iv another ownership notes reads: \"Summa ista Raymondi largita fuit ecclesie Johannis Baptiste loci de Bustiarsitio per venerabilem virum dominum presbiterum Frescholum de Puteo et presentata fuit per dominum presbiterum Johannem de Bernardis habitantem in Bianate die XX aprilis 1496.\" Three more rubbed ownership notes are still visible, but no longer legible, on back flyleaves Ir (two rubbed notes, oe in the upper margin and one on the bottom margin) and iiv. On flyleaf ir, there is the number \"14\" written in pencil by a 20th century hand."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Fol. 1r-181r: title supplied by cataloger; fol. 181r-208v: title from the opening rubric.", "Collation:Parchment, fol. i-iii (modern paper) + iv-v (parchment) + 208 + i-11 (parchment) + iii-v (modern paper); 1-11\u00b9\u00b2 12\u00b9\u2070 13-14\u00b9\u00b2 15\u00b9\u2070 16-17\u00b9\u00b2 18\u2078. Catchwords in the middle of the bottom margin, sometimes decorated with pen strokes. Contemporary foliation in arabic numerals in the upper margin, in the right corner. Modern 20th century foliation in pencil in the bottom margin. No quire numbering is visible.", "Layout: The text is written in 32 long lines; the marginal gloss surrounds the main text, both in the lateral margins and in the bottom margin (up to 57 lines for each page). Ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, by one hand, below top line.", "Decoration: Fol. 1v, a large 5-lines red and blue pen flourishing initial. Fol. 1r, 3-line blue and red penworked initial. Many 2-lines blue and red penworked initials. Red rubrics and alternating red and blue paragraph marks. Red and blue running titles on the upper margin. Some \"lemmata\" underlined in red throughout the text.", "Binding: Quarter bound in brown leather over pasteboard; title gilt tooled on spine: \"Summa Rymundi sec. XIV\". Covered in printed brown paper.", "Origin: Written in Italy in the 14th century, possibly during the second quarter of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 11."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=106;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 11"]}, "RobbinsMS134": {"001": ["ocm84650515"], "245 10": ["Tractatus de auctoritate Rotae."], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY|dOCLCG|dBOL"], "520": ["Legal treatise by Jacopo Antonio Marta on the authority of the Sacra Rota."], "300": ["52 leaves :|bpaper ;|c289 x 226 (243 x 155) mm bound to 297 x 220 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7543"], "260": ["Italy,|cbetween 1588 and 1600."], "099": ["Robbins MS 134"], "100 1": ["Marta, Giacomo Antonio,|d1559-1629."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Once in the collection of Phillipps (his no. 7543)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper (similar but not identical to Briquet, \"Oiseau\" 12224), fol. ii (modern paper) + 52 + ii (modern paper); 1-4\u2076 5\u2074 6\u00b9\u2070 7\u2074 8\u00b2 9\u2078; catchwords at the end of each quire except for quires 6, 8, and 9.", "Layout: Written in 26 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: The manuscript came into Robbins with no binding. Conservation treatment included adding new endpapers, sewing into a new wrapper (using existing sewing holes) and covering with modern limp vellum.", "Origin: Written in Italy after 1588 and before 1600 (the script seems to be a 16th century one). Original bookdealer description says this is possibly an autograph manuscript, although no conclusive markings are present.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 134."], "035": ["(OCoLC)84650515"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 134|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060725q15881600it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart, Jennifer K. Nelson, and Federico Ruggero, October 2008."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20081031125958.0"], "505 0": ["Dedicatory letter and Capita tractatus (fol. 1rv) -- Cap. 1: De initio domini et iurisdictionis (fol. 2v-9r) -- Cap. 2: De origine et progressu reverendissimorum Patrum auditorum Sacri Palatii (fol. 9r-14r) -- Cap. 3 (mistakenly numbered chapter 4): Utrum potestas Patrum Sacri Palatii sit ordinaria vel delegata (fol. 14v- 21v) - - Cap. 4: De ordine reddendi vota in causis (fol. 21v-27r) --  fol. 27v: blank -- Cap. 5: Utrum decisiones Rotae faciant ius (fol. 28r-35r) -- Cap. 6: De Titulis et praecedentiis dignitatum Romanae Curiae (35r-41v) -- Cap. 7: Auditorandus (42r-49v) -- fol. 50r-51v: blank."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=78;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS255": {"001": ["ocn759438599"], "260": ["France,|cbetween 1390-1672"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "505 8": ["Volume II (1390- ): Fol. 1r-25r: Documents, 1390-1443 -- fol. 26r-32v: \"Table du present aveu rendu par Robin de Malaunay mari de la petite fille de Pierre d'Eaudane Seigneur des Brosses Bodereau [---] Louis Delacroix Seigneur de Rousseau vars 1449. L'on mettera d'abord les cantons ensuitte sera la table personelle en 1757\" -- fol. 33r-34v: \"Table personelle de l'aveu de 1443 des Brosses Bodereau rendu \u00e0 Rosseau depuis l'art. 1 jusqu'a l'art. 140 les devoirs sont du et au terme d'Angevine et depuis l'art. 141 jusqu'a la fin 187 ils sont payables \u00e0 la St. Michel [----]\" -- fol. 36r-432v: Documents, 1456-1702 -- fol. 37r-38v: Donation of Grand Lunel by Jean de Roux and Miss Le Clerc, to the son of the latter, Jean de Saint- M\u00e9laine (25 November 1474) -- fol. 39r: Lease of Grand Lunel by Jean de Saint-M\u00e9laine to Gilles LeClerc (3 April 1483) -- fol. 127r: Option of distribution of Grand Lunel (25 July 1518) -- 433r-453v (unnumbered): \"Table r\u00e9elle du Tom. I des contrats d'acquest faits dans la mouvance des fiefs et Seigneuries des Narc\u00e9 et des Brosses Bodereau ensemble de quelque procedures\" -- fol. 454r-461r (unnumbered): \"Table personelle du I Tom. des contrats d'acquest faits dans la mouvance des fiefs de Narc\u00e9 et des brosses Bodereau ensemble de quelque procedures.\""], "520": ["Set of notarized acts and procedural documents, including admissions, leases, donations, contracts, powers of attorney, distributions, and sales, from the fiefs and seigneuries of Narcay and des Brosses Bodereau. Documents cover 1390 to 1702 and were likely indexed and bound at a later date. Most documents have date and brief description (in French) written in upper left corner in later hand, and foliation in ink in upper right. Many documents mention the Aveline family. Remains of a wax seal visible on 243r."], "300": ["|3Original:|a2 v. (357, 461 leaves) :|bpaper ;|c305 x 195 bound to 334 x 208 mm ; 300 x 205 bound to 340 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS)"], "008": ["111102i13901672fr            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 255"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Acts and documents from the fiefs and seigneuries of Narcay and des Brosses Bodereau]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Provenance: Folio 209r of volume I bears a tax stamp from the g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9 de Tours."], "500": ["Collection of documents bound in two volumes.", "Title transcribed from fol. 334r of volume I and 443r of volume II.", "Binding: Speckled brown leather over pasteboard. Four bands on spine, five compartments. Title and border are blind-stamped on spine. Two green book ties. Front cover of volume I reads \"Cotte I (or J)\" and its spine reads \"NARCE ET LES BROSSES DECLARATION\" and \"TOME I.\" Front cover of volume II reads \"Cotte h,\" and its spine reads \"LES BROSSES CONTRATS\" and \"TOME II.\"  Volume II has traces of gold in stamped border on spine. Volume II contains some very large parchment documents that have been folded to fit. The most recent document is from 1702, and the documents were likely indexed and bound at a later date.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 255."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Nicolas Laurent-Bonne and Ana E. Enriquez, October 2011."], "005": ["20111102030421.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntc  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)759438599"], "546": ["Latin and French."], "505 2": ["Volume I (1410-1672): Fol. 1r-262v: Documents in Latin and French, arranged in chronological order from 1410 to 1672 -- fol. 179, 181, and 183: Printed forms in French, possibly leases, filled out in ink, 1667 -- fol. 264r: \"S'ensuivent les declarations du fief de Narc\u00e9 relevant \u00e0 foy et hommage simple de Briancon\" -- fol. 265r-333v: Documents relating to Narc\u00e9 and Brian\u00e7on,1548-1667 -- fol. 332: Printed form in French, same as above -- fol. 334r- 349v: \"Table r\u00e9elle de I. TOM. des declarations des fiefs et Seigneurie de Narcay et des Brosses Bodereau depuis 1410 jusqu'au 1672. O\u00f9 l'on trouvera toutes celles re[--] au fief de Narc\u00e9 aux letters L. et N.\" -- fol. 350r.-357v. : \"Table personnelle du tome I des declarations des fiefs et Seigneurie de Narc\u00e9 et des Brosses Bodereau depuis 1410 jusqu'au 1672.\""]}, "RobbinsMS81": {"001": ["06-B4381"], "245 10": ["[Summa Antonina]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-235v: \"[rubr.] Prima pars. [text] De peccato igitur tractabitur in ista parte in generali...fiducia quam habent in Domino non recedunt, non etiam male faciunt.\""], "520": ["Extensive marginal notes and corrections (both marginal and interlinear) by the hand of the scribe and by the hand of a  contemporary corrector, in Latin and Italian; a few examples of the latter are those appearing on fol. 34r (\"li Iudei e li Greci errano in questo\"), fol. 93r (\"nullo non po iudicare se ipso\"), fol. 127r (\"lo popolo iudayco\"), fol. 137v (\"Quando lo marito non pote aver la moglie etc.\"), fol. 181v (\"Quando alcuno volesse intrar a la religion\"). On fol. 174r there is a note that seems wriiten in Spanish language: \"Como in Franza si impegnao no hentado co homo in clastro.\""], "100 0": ["Antoninus,|cSaint, Archbishop of Florence,|d1389-1459."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 81|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|aet universarum"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060908q14251450it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a235 leaves :|bpaper ;|c282 x 194 (210 x 145) mm bound to 286 x 200 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-65) and positive (Robbins MS 81)"], "561": ["On the inside front cover, there are many notes in pencil, 20th century, both in English and Dutch. For example: \"Medieval hand. Summa S. Antonini ms. [...] ca. 1430\". The Dutch hand wrote a note related to the education of children. Many numbers written in pencil (previous call numbers or shelfmarks?): \"420022 - 4785/TR\", \"RZ  RZ 210\".On the inside back cover, a 20th century hand wrote in pencil the number \"300427\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "A title for the work contained in this manuscript is added twice on fol. 1r, in the lower and in the upper margin, once by a 16th century hand and once by an early 17th century hand.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 235; 1-29 \u2078 30\u2074\u207b\u00b9. Watermarks: on the flyleaf, there is an \"ancre\" enclosed in a circle and with a star at the bottom, not in Briquet; in the manuscript, the watermark resembles a \"lettre R\", not in Briquet. Contemporary foliation in Roman numerals, in the right upper corner. Catchwords by the hand of the scribe, in the middle of the lower margins on verso, sometimes decorated with black and red pen strokes. No contemporary quire signature is provided.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 44 lines for each column. Wide margins; frame ruled in dry point and lead. Prickings visible both in the outer margins (one row) and in the upper and lower margins.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria script: very tidy at the beginning of the codex, growing increasingly messy towards the end. The whole manuscript appears to be written by one hand.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, a 5-line red initial. Red initials, mostly on 2 lines, throughout the text. Red rubrics, red paragraph signs and many initials in the text touched in red.", "Binding: Bound in vellum over pasteboard, 17th-18th century. Title on spine: \"Summa S. Antonini P.P.\"", "Origin: Written in Italy during the second quarter of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 81."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 81"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1425 and 1450]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=50;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS250": {"001": ["06-B3629"], "245 10": ["Decretales: liber IV."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-48r: \"[rubr.] De sponsalibus et matrimoniis. [text] Non potatur sponsa descedere a sponsalibus...sequitur rubrica de desponsatione impuberum; fol. 48r-58r: \"[rubr.] Rubrica de desponsatione impuberum. [text] Continuatur hec rubrica ad presentem...inde sequitur rubrica de clandestina desponsatione; fol. 58rv: \"[rubr.] Rubrica de clandestina desponsatione. [text] Continuatur ad presens hoc orationem quod sepe matrimoniorum...plus creditur marito quam uxori."], "520": ["The manuscript is bound with an incunable: Stefano Costa, Rubricae de sententia excommunicationis interpretatio, printed in Pavia, Italy, by Antonius de Carcano, October 22nd 1483 (see GW 7810, IGI 3249). The incunable has several marginal notes in a 15th century cursive hand. The manuscript follows the incunable, and possibly the scribe is the same person who wrote the marginal notes of the incunable. Inserted and detached there is a sheet of paper, 100 x 190 mm, now numbered 1a, written in a very untidy and cursive notularis script, written in German by a 15th century hand. The manuscript is acephalous and incomplete."], "100 0": ["Gregory IX,|bPope,|cca. 1170-1241."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 250|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060731q14751500it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "300": ["59 leaves :|bpaper ;|c395 x 290 (300 x 180) mm bound to 400 x 290 mm."], "561": ["Inside front cover, in the upper left corner, written in black ink by a 19th century hand there are the initials: \"B.d.\" and the number \"N. 4627\", followed by the number \"177\" deleted. Then the bottom margin reads:\"A.D.5. 312.\" written in pencil by a 20th century hand. On fol. Ir, red and golden bookplate: \"Ex libris Estelle Doheny\", 20th century."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (8-petal flower very close to Briquet 6612), fol. 59; 1\u00b9\u00b2 2-3\u00b9\u2070 (the second quire lacks fol. 3 and 4) 4\u00b9\u2074 5\u00b9\u2070 6\u2078 (lacks fol. 4-7).", "Layout: Written in two columns, 50-54 lines. Wide margins, occasional marginal notes. Frame ruled in dry point and lead. Catchwords in the middle of the bottom margin, by the hand of the scribe. Running titles in the middle of the upper margins, on recto.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria script, with many abbreviations. Chapters headings written in textualis libraria script.", "Binding: Contemporary quarter pigskin over wooden boards, blind-tooled with double fillets and small rosette tools; two brass fore-edge catches.", "Accompanying material: A 15th century leather bookmark is glued on fol. 21.", "Origin: Written in Pavia (see watermarks) during the last quarter of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 250."], "700 1": ["Doheny, Estelle,|d1875-1958.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 250"], "260": ["[Pavia,|cbetween 1475 and 1500]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS231": {"001": ["06-B3736"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bPope (1513-1521 : Leo X)", "Universit\u00e9 de Paris."], "505 0": ["|gFol. 1r-7v.|tMemoire touchant le faict de l'abolition des eslections qui fut envoy\u00e9 a Rome -- |gFol. 8r-15r. |tInstruction bailles par le Roy Fran\u00e7ois premier pour [-- --] presenter au Pape...Instructiones nomine Christianissimi Francorum Regis sanctitati Domini nostri Pape presentanda... -- |gFol. 16r-19r.|tCoppie des article du Concordat d'entre le Pape et le Roy Fran\u00e7ois premier -- |gFol. 20r-46r.|tConcordat entre le Pape Leon X et le Roy Fran\u00e7ois premier. Concordata inter sanctissimum dominum nostrum Papam Leonem Decimum et Christianissimum dominum nostrum Regem Franciscum huius nominis primum -- |gFol. 47r-48r.|tS'ensuict ce que le Pape octroya au Roy treschrestien nostre souverain et naturel seigneur l'an 1515 a Boulogne ou nostredict seigneur f[-----] personne luy faire l'obeissance officiale -- |gFol. 49r-51r.|tLa revocation de la Pragmatique -- |gFol. 52r-81r. |tRemonstrances de la Cour de parlement au Roy Contenans les raisons qui ont meu ladicte Cour de ne publier le Concordat -- |gFol. 82r-86r.|tSecondes Remonstrances de La Cour de parlement au Roy contre Le Concordat -- |gFol. 87r -166v.|tMemoire dress\u00e9 par Monseigneur le Chancellier duprat pour monstrer les raisons et causes qui on meu le Roy de faire les concordatz avec le Pape Leon x.e pour servir de response aux remonstrances du parlement -- |gFol. 167r-175r.|tAddition faicte par le Chancelier duprat au memoire dress\u00e9 par luy pour la deffense du Concordat -- |gFol. 176r-179v|tRemonstrances faicte par le Roy...Chancellier [aux] Messieurs de La cour de parlement touchant la Pragmatique Sanction et autres matieres; Extrait des registres du parlement du 5. febvrier 1516 [=1517 N.S.] -- |gFol. 180r-187r.|tExtraict des Registres de Parlement Concernant ce que se passa a ladicte Cour sur l'anvoy du concordat anvoy\u00e9 par le Roy pour y estre verifi\u00e9 [beginning with 12 March 1517] -- |gFol. 187v. |tS'ensuict la requeste de l'Universit\u00e9 a Nosseigneurs de parlement -- |gFol. 187v-194r.|t[Registers beginning again with 26 March] -- |gFol. 195r-206r.|tProc\u00e9s verbal des Remonstrances faictes en la Cour de parlement au mois de Mars 1517sur la publicacion des Concordatz d'entre le Pape Leon x.e et le Roy Francois premier -- |gFol. 207r-215r. |tPlusieurs extraictz des registres de la Cour touchant le Concordat; Extraict des registres de parlement -- |gFol. 216r-221r.|tActe de l'appel Intergect\u00e9 par l'Universit\u00e9 de Paris contre le Concordat entre le Pape Leon x et le Roy Fran\u00e7ois premier en faveur des eslections. Appellatio Universitatis Parisiensis pro sacrarum electionum et juris communis deffensione adversus Concordata Bononiensia Anno domini 1515 -- |gFol. 222r-222v.|tDecret de l'universit\u00e9 de Paris faisant deffense a tous libraires de l'Universit\u00e9 d'imprimer et vandre le pretendu Concordat abrogant la Pragmatique sanction -- |gFol. 223r-231v|tPlaidoy\u00e9 de M. Jean Bochart seigneur de Norroy Champigny et le M?eduillet Advocat en parlement pour l'Universit\u00e9 de Paris opposante et ampeschante la publicacion du Concordat sur l'abolicion de la pragmatique sanction prononc\u00e9 en presence du Roy seant au parlement en son lict de Justice -- |gFol. 232r. |tExtraict des Annales d'Aquitaine de Maistre Jean Boucher -- |gFol. 233r.|tOpposition de ceux du chappitre de l'eglise de Paris a la publicacion du concordat; Extraict des registres de parlement. Du xxii.e Mars 1517 -- |gFol. 233v-234r.|tCe qui a est\u00e9 propos\u00e9 par Messieurs du chappitre de Paris en la cour de parlement par Maistre Guillaume Guedoyne (Huedoyne?) de ladicte eglise..."], "520": ["Transcriptions of 22 documents relating to the Concordat of Bologna, 1515-1518."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 231"], "600 00": ["Francis|bI,|cKing of France,|d1494-1547.", "Leo|bX,|cPope,|d1475-1521."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=102;fullview=yes"], "300": ["235 leaves :|bpaper ;|c411 x 276 (275 x 130) mm bound to 420 x 280 mm."], "260": ["France?,|c[between 1575 and 1599]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060807q16001650fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "245 00": ["[Documents relating to the Concordat of Bologna of 1515- 1518 between Pope Leo X and Francis I, King of France]"], "546": ["Latin and French."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Tyler Lange and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "561": ["Manuscript was once owned by Henri de Gu\u00e9n\u00e9gaud, whose coat of arms is stamped and decorated in gold tooling in the middle of the front and back covers. In pencil on front pastedown are 2 French notes, written in pencil, \"Avec armes de Henri de Gu\u00e9n\u00e9gaud, Garde des Sceaux et Secretaire d'Etat (1609-1676), Olivier XIX pl. 1889\"; \"Olivier cite le m\u00eame [---] sur un mss. du XVII a la vente de Kermaingant 1925 - etc.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title provided by cataloger. Added title from title page.", "Collation: Paper (no watermark visible), fol. 235 + i; 1- 28\u2078 29\u2076 30\u2074; no catchwords, no signature marks.", "Layout: Written in up to 32 long lines; frame ruled in dry point.", "Script: Written in a secretary hand with very pronounced loops in the ascenders and descenders.", "Decoration: First letter of each section title written in 4-line, swirly capital letter. First letter of each paragraph written in 3-line, swirly capital letter.", "Binding: 17th cent., brown-leather binding over pasteboard; 6 raised bands on spine. Gold-tooled double lines around the edges; coat of arms of Henri de Gu\u00e9n\u00e9gaud on the front and back covers. 7 compartments on spine, 6 with gold floral decoration and one containing the title, also gilt, \"CONCORDAT EN / LE PAPE LEON X / ET LE ROY FRANCOIS I.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 231."], "700 1": ["Gu\u00e9n\u00e9gaud, Henri de,|d1609-1676.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "246 0": ["Concordat faict a Boulogne entre le Pape Leon X et le Roy Fran\u00e7ois premier, 1516"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 231|xCIN=JKN"], "610 10": ["France.|bParlement (Paris)"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS44": {"001": ["06-B4255"], "245 10": ["[Summa iuris]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-188v: \"//c. de arbi. autenticum decernimus, de hoc habes exemplum...vel dignitas ecclesiastica talis est quod //\""], "520": ["The manuscript is both acephalous and incomplete. Due to the loss of the first 15 folios, the prologue, together with entries from \"Abbas\" through the first half of \"De arbitris\" are missing. The first complete rubric in \"De arbitris\" is \"De effectu arbitrii\". Similarly, due to the loss of folios after fol. 187v, the text ends in the middle of the rubric on \"De symonia commissa pro confraternitatibus processionibus et exequis mortuorum\". In addition, fol. 108-143, 145, 216-227, 250-252, and 257- 258 are missing (I am referring here to the original foliation)."], "100 0": ["Monaldo,|cda Capodistria,|dca. 1210-ca. 1280."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 44|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |asummam ab ipso"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060901q13251375it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "581": ["Monaldus, Summa perutilis atque aurea venerabilis viri fratris Monaldi in utroque jure tam civilique canonico (Lugduni: Venundantur per Petrum Baleti, [1516?])"], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a188 leaves :|bparchment ;|c250 x 185 (180 x 125) mm bound to 260 x 195 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-45) and positive (Robbins MS 44)"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 188 + i (modern paper); 1\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b2 2-3\u00b9\u00b2 4\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b2 5\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b2 6-17\u00b9\u00b2. Contemporary foliation in Arabic numerals in red ink, in the upper left corner of each folio verso, starting from 16 to 251, with the losses discussed above. Catchwords in the lower margin, in the right side, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. Quire numbers are visible in the lower margins on the right side (lower-case letters from \"a\" to \"f\", in red ink.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 40 lines for each column.", "Script: Written in textualis libraria script, apparently by one hand.", "Decoration: Many red and blue penworked initial throughout, mostly on two lines. Red and blue alternating paragraph signs. Red rubrics. Many initials in the text touched in red.", "Binding: Bound in vellum over pasteboard (18th century?).", "Origin: Written in Italy, possibly between 1325 and 1375.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 44."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 44"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1325 and 1375]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=30;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS74": {"001": ["ocn641659451"], "260": ["Poland ,|c[between 1416 and 1499]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Bishopric of Culm (Che\u0142mno)"], "300": ["|3Original:|a5 leaves :|bpaper ;|c310 x 215 (270 x 205) mm bound to 315 x 225 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-61) and positive (Robbins MS 74)"], "099": ["Robbins MS 74"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Ecclesiastical letters from the bishopric of Culm (Che\u0142mno)]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript may have once been housed in the diocesan library of Tor\u00fan (Che\u0142mno, now Poland)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger; added title from front cover.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 5 + 1; 1\u00b2(+1) 2\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 64-66 lines.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria script possibly by three hands (hand one: fol. 1v-3r, 5rv; hand two: fol. 3v; hand three fol. 4rv).", "Binding: Bound in soft grey cardboard covers; front cover has a border outlined in ink bearing the title \"Decreta Synodus Culmensis de anno 1481.\"", "Music: Messine-German Gothic notation on a five-line staff (fol. 4rv).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 74."], "035": ["(OCoLC)641659451"], "505 8": ["Fol. 3v: Nikolaus Krapitz (?), Bishop of Che\u0142mno \"[text] Ex pontificali Romano de gloria in excelsis et ite missa est Dominica prima aduentus usque ad natiuitatem domini...Et in omnibus consecracionibus ecclesiarum altarium et pontificum.\"", "Fol. 4rv: Music Gloria in excelsis Deo. Ite missa est.", "Fol. 5rv: Stephan von Niborka (?), Bishop of Che\u0142mno \"[text] Stephanus dei gratia et apostolicem sedis prouidentiam episcopus Culmensis volumus esse notum Quod in clericali synodo de hoc anno 1481...Elevatio manuum mearum sacrificium vespertinum...Kyrie cum iubilo.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=45;fullview=yes"], "008": ["100615q14161499pl            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, May 2010."], "546": ["Latin"], "246 14": ["Decreta synodis Culmensis de anno 1481"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100615113528.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1v-3r: Johannes Marienau (?), Bishop of Che\u0142mno \"[text] In nomine Sancte et indiuidue trinitatis patris et filii et spiritui sancti Amen Cum statuta synodalia ideo condantur...Ad alias nichilominus et graviores penas studium quod culpa execerit delinquendi.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS68": {"001": ["06-B4465"], "245 10": ["[Summa aurea]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-337r: \"// divinis secularia preponentes...De reliquo reposita est in corona iusticie, quem reddet mihi in illa die iustus iudex. Cui est honor laus et gloria per omnia secula seculorum amen. Benedictus ideo Dominus meus Iesus Christus qui est benedictus per eterna secula seculorum amen. Et idem gracias et laudes per infinita secula seculorum amen. [rubr.] Pro summe summo sit regi gloria summo.\""], "520": ["This manuscript is an incomplete copy as follows: the first part of the Prohemium (originally on folios prior to fol. 1) is missing. The first paragraph in Liber secundus on fol. 81 was cut out. Due to a massive loss of folios between fol. 204 and fol. 205, large portions towards the end of Liber tertius and the beginning of Liber quartus are gone."], "710 2": ["San Pablo (Monastery : Valladolid, Spain).|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "510 4": ["Henrici de Segusio, Cardinalis Hostiensis Summa aurea, ad vetustissimos codices summa fide diligentiaque nunc primum collata, atque ab innumeris erroribus, quibus scatebat hactenus, repurgata (Venetiis : apud Iacobum Vitalem, 1574)"], "100 0": ["Henricus,|cde Segusio, Cardinal,|dapproximately 1200-1271."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 68|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[Spain?,|cbetween 1300 and 1325]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |arethorici"], "546": ["Latin."], "008": ["060914q13001325sp ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a337 leaves :|bparchment ;|c390 x 260 (300 x 190) mm bound to 415 x 285 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-56) and positive (Robbins MS 68)"], "561": ["The manuscript once belonged to the library of Cardinal Iohannes de Turrecremata (1388-1468; owner's mark on fol. 338r: \"Iste liber pertinet domino Cardinali Sancti Sixti;\" a different, modern hand has used pencil to mis-transcribe this text as \"liber pertinet domino Cypriali Sancte\"), and, perhaps, to the monastery of San Pablo in Valladolid. In the early part of the twentieth century, the manuscript was in Spain, whence it was purchased by Arthur Charles, fourth Duke of Wellington; Sir Arthur sold it at Sotheby's (see note on front pastedown: \"Purchased by the Duke of Wellington in Spain about 1906, sold by him at Sotheby's\"). At some point the manuscript was in the hands of Robert Strouse of Napa Valley, California."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 338 + i (modern paper); 1\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b9 2-3\u00b9\u00b2 4\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b9 5-15\u00b9\u00b2 16\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b9 17-20\u00b9\u00b2 21\u00b9\u2074\u207b\u00b9 22-28\u00b9\u00b2 29\u2078. Catchwords in the right corner of the lower margin, on verso, by the hand of thr scribe, mostly decorated with red pen strokes. No contemporary foliation and no quire signatures are provided.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 68 lines for each column. Ruled in lead; prickings visible in the upper and lower margin. Wide margins, no marginal additions or notes.", "Script: Written in a tidy textualis libraria script, close to the littera formata, apparently by only one hand.", "Decoration: Many illuminated initials mostly on 3 or 4 lines, painted in gold, pink, light blue and white: they show human heads, animal heads and varous grotesques. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks, on two lines. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks on one line throughout. Red rubrics; running titles which alternate blue and red letters.", "Binding: Thick wooden boards, originally bearing little stamps and fillets, restored possibly in the 19th century and covered with brown morocco leather. Front cover and back cover do not match; back has metal bosses, edge pieces, and hardware for clasps (now missing); paper flyleaves; spine in poor condition.", "Origin: Possibly written in Spain during the first quarter of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 68."], "700 1": ["Torquemada, Antonio de,|dfl. 1553-1570.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Charles, Arthur.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Strouse, Robert.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 68"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=39;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS27": {"001": ["06-B2670"], "260": ["Italy,|cbetween 1695 and 1725."], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-73r: \"[text] Antequam ad clausulas ac ad rescripta cum quibus procedit signatura descendam, operae pretium duxi esse aliqua in genere delibare de officio...Et haec quae usque dictae sunt pro complimento huius praxis signaturae ad maiorem Dei gloriam et Beatae Mariae Virginis honorem exarata intelligantur\"; fol. 74r-75v: blank; fol. 76r-99r: \"[text] Summarium huius operis: 1. Quid sit signatura iustitiae...352. Iurisdictio iudici ad quas non tribuitur ante factam citationem ad dicendum ad commissionem, a c illius reproductionem. Et haec ad maiorem Dei gloriam et Beatae Virginis Mariae honorem. Finis opusculi huius\"; fol. 99v: blank; fol. 100rv: \"Index rescriptionum\"; fol. 101r-102v: blank."], "520": ["The first section of the text is an overview, with references to specific cases, of the office of signatura justitiae of the Holy See. The second section of the text centers on clausulae, or formulae insterted into pontifical acts such as bulls and rescripts, giving specific instructions to be executed by the recipient. The third section of the text treats the concept of rescripts, i.e. written replies issued by the Holy See in response to an inquiry, petition or request. One of the famous decisions mentioned on fol. 5r in conjunction with the office of signatura justitiae involves Christina, ex-queen of Sweden (1626-1689) and her friend, mentor, and universal legatary Cardinal Decio Azzolini (1623-1689) (see Robbins MS 17). The manuscript was written after 1695, the year of the decision in a case involving Count Vafeld and Marquis Azzolino."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 27|xCIN=JKN1"], "561": ["At base of spine hand-written in ink: \"M 2\" and on inside pastedown in ink: \"FF 18.\""], "008": ["060608q16951725it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["De officio et potestate signatura[e] iustitia[e] ac de clausulis et rescriptis :|bcum quibus eadem signatura procedit cum pluribus ad eandem materiam observationibus quae in signatura[e] tribunali practicantur."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a102 leaves :|bpaper ;|c192 x 127 (149 x 85) mm bound to 200 x 138 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-127) and positive (Robbins MS 27)"], "600 10": ["Azzolini, Decio,|d1623-1689."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 2r)", "Collation: Paper (similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"Ancre,\" 488), fol. 102; 1\u00b9\u2070 2-3\u00b9\u2074 4\u00b9\u2078 5\u00b9\u2074 6\u00b2\u00b2 7\u00b9\u2070.", "Layout: Written in 24 long lines.", "Script: Written in a secretary script by one hand.", "Bound in vellum; 6 raised bands. Title hand-written in ink on spine: \"De officio signat. iustit.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 27."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 27"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS183": {"001": ["ocn244020790"], "245 10": ["De bonis patrimonialibus et quasi pontificum... [a collection of works about Papal property]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "300": ["|3Original: |a130 leaves :|bpaper ;|c299 x 212 (280 x 144) mm bound to 310 x 212 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-139) and positive (Robbins MS 183)"], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c5129."], "260": ["Rome,|cca. 1642"], "099": ["Robbins MS 183"], "100 1": ["Lugo, Juan de,|d1583-1660."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript bears a Colonna Family stamp on the index page and on the last page of text; was once also in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips, his no. 5129."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Portion of title in square brackets supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (similar but not identical to Briquet, Oiseau 12250) fol. i (paper) + 126; 1\u00b2 2\u2078 3\u00b2 4\u00b2\u00b2 5\u00b2 6\u00b9\u2070 7\u00b2\u2078 8\u00b2 9-12\u00b9\u2070 13\u00b9\u2074 15\u00b9\u2070 (last fol is pastedown); foliation in ms begins on first page of text, skips fol. 77.", "Layout: Written in 24 long lines; catchword at the end of each page.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 183."], "035": ["(OCoLC)244020790"], "700 3": ["Colonna family,|4asn|4fmo|5BOL"], "008": ["080818s1642    it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "546": ["Latin and Italian"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL"], "005": ["20080818045133.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-73r. \"In congregatione de mandato sanctissimi D.N. Urbani III habita in Palatio Apostolico S. Petri die 2a Novembris 1641 fuit post longam et exactam disputationem firmata infrascripta conclusio\" -- Fol. 78r-87r. \"Quomodo ecclesia Romana acquisiverit dominium bonorum quae possidet\" -- Fol. 89r-91v. \"Quomodo quaedam loca devenerit in potestatem Romani Pontificis\" -- Fol. 91v-97r. \"Quod ius habeat Ecclesia Romana in regna subiecta principibus Christiani et quem censum ab illis exigat\" -- Fol. 98r- \"An Papa ut Papa possit thesaurizare\"."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS90": {"001": ["05-B14051"], "260": ["[Italy,|cca. 1424]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-11v: \"[rubr.] Questa sie la regula della fraternita delli frati delli servi de Sancta Maria. Instituta e ordinata dal sanctissimo in Christo padre papa Martino quinto como se contene in el previlegio, etc. El primo capitulo si tracta della conditione delle persone che hanno el recevere labito sancto e si fa sey commandamenti. [text] El primo commandamento sie questo. Nui instituemo e volemo e commandemo, accio che questo ordine si se mantenga...e la qualle (sic) indulgentia conceda il nostro signore che vi conducha a la gloria del paradiso dove esso vive cum el padre et cum lo spiritu sancto in secula seculorum amen.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 11v-18v: \"[rubr.] Qui comencia le perdonanze della sancta cita de Roma ecetera [text] La prima domenica de ladvento la perdonanza he a Sancta Maria Mazore 28 1000 48 anni...et per ogni altare se debbe dire in zenochione cinque pater nostre (sic) et cinque ave marie per el summo pontifico con questa oratione. Amen.\"", "Fol. 18v-21r: \"[rubr.] Forma absolutionis in mortis, articulo primo per disscretum sacerdotem electum ad dandum indulgentiam est ben accendendum et inspicienda forma litterarum apostolicarum. Item qui languens sit vere penitens et confessus et si habet de alieno quod restituat vel promictat aut alius pro eo. Et intelligitur etiam de mala fama data. Et si loqui possit ipsemet petat alioquin unus de circumstantibus ipsius nomine sanguentis; qui licet non possit loqui et habeat tamen cognitionem, ponat se in manibus sacerdotis et dicat \"Confiteor deo et cetera\" et astantes dicant similiter, deinde dicat ipse sacerdos \"Misereatur tui et cetera\" et \"Indulgentiam et cetera.\" [text] Dominus noster Ihesus Christus per suam sanctam misericordiam et misterium nostrum te absolvat...et cum fueris in mortis articulo constitutum iuxtam formam et tenore gratie apostolice a praefato domino nostro Gregorio papa concesse et indulte. Amen.\""], "520": ["Rules for the Order of the Servants of Mary (Ordo Fratrum Servorum Beatae Mariae Virginis) instituted by Pope Martin V. Fol. 1v contains a short biographical note, in Italian, in a cursive hand about Pope Martin V. On the front pastedown, written in pencil in a modern hand, is the note \"Martinus V, Pont. Max., Italy 15th c.\" The following title is written on the front cover \"Regola de' Fratelli e Sorelle de' Figli di S. Maria instituta da Martino V. Papa\"; and in a different hand: \"Regola dei Frati dei Servi di Ma.\" Also on the front cover is an approximate date for the copying of the mauscript: \"1417 circa,\" although it must have been copied after 1424, as it contains an Italian translation of the rule given in a bull dated in the 7th year of the pontificate of Martin V (1417-1431)."], "245 13": ["La regula della fraternita delli frati delli s[er]vi de Sancta Maria."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 90|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["051027s1424    it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. ii + 21 + ii ; 1\u00b9\u2078 (+1), 2\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in 20-21 long lines.", "Script: Written in large Gothic bookhand by one, possibly two hands.", "Decoration: Decorated initial on fol. 1r; titles and initials in red ink; line fillers throughout in brown ink.", "Binding: Bound in limp parchment.", "Origin: Written in northern Italy, presumably Tuscany.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, Robbins MS 90."], "581": ["For a restored, Italian version of the rule by Lelio Baglioni, Vicar General of the Servite Order, see: 'Regola che diede Papa Martino V e confirm\u00f2 Innocentio VIII a Fratelli e le Sorelle della Compagnia de' Servi di Santa Maria ridotta d'ordine del P. Reverendissimo Maestro Lelio Baglioni...' (Florence: Giorgio Marescotti, 1591), 31-93. See 'Bullarium Ordinis Servorum Sanctae Mariae,' ed. Franco Andrea del Pino (Rome: Istituto Storico O. S. M., 1974) for a printed version of Pope Martin V's bull of 1424."], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a21 leaves :|bpaper ;|c230 x 179 (115 x 187) mm bound to 232 x 183 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-73) and positive (Robbins MS 90)"], "561": ["Fol. 1v contains an inventory number: \"312SQB1.\""], "100 0": ["Martin |bV,|cPope,|d1368-1431."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, October 2005."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=57;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 90"]}, "RobbinsMS78": {"001": ["ocn727076718"], "260": ["France,|c[between 1725 and 1775]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "245 00": ["De re janseniana"], "520": ["Volume is comprised of a variety of manuscript and printed documents pertaining to the polemics regarding the Jansenist and Quesnelist movements in France. Also present are commentaries regarding the liberties of the Gallican church. The printed sections are excerpts from the registers of the French Parliament, decisions of the Conseil d'Etat, edicts of the French Royal Court, and decisions of the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne, most of which were issued during the second half of the eighteenth century. In addition, excerpts are included from the following books: Pasquier Quesnel (1643-1719), R\u00e9flexions morales, of which 101 propositions were condemned by Pope Clement XI in his bull Unigenitus (September 1713); Claude Mey (1712-1796), Apologie de tous le jugements rendus par les tribunaux s\u00e9culiers en France contre le schisme, supressed by the Parliament of Paris and condemned by Pope Benedict XIV in 1752; Alexander Pope (1688-1744), Essai sur l'homme (Amsterdam & Leipzig, 1749); Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689- 1755), De l'Esprit des lois (Geneva, 1750); and Ren\u00e9-Louis de Voyer, marquis d'Argenson (1694-1757), Histoire du droit public ecclesiastique (London, 1740). The manuscript sections include commentaries on the above issues; excerpts from letters by French bishops; lists of Latin names of French bishoprics; notes on the history of the French church; notes on pertinent papal bulls. Other excerpts can be identified as coming from Alexandre de Rogissart's Les d\u00e9lices de l'Italie (Paris: chez Jean et Michel Guignard, 1707; with other editions printed at Leiden in 1706 and 1709, and at Amsterdam in 1743)."], "650  0": ["Jansenists."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c3542"], "008": ["110525q17251775fr            000 0 fre d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 78"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Mostly French; some Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 3542)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the top of page 1.", "Layout: Written in long lines.", "Binding: Blue paper over pasteboard.", "Origin: Volume was created from various independent fragments subsequently bound together.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 78."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, January 2011."], "005": ["20110525051920.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)727076718"], "246 3": ["De re ianseniana"], "300": ["|3Original:|a734 pages:|bpaper ;|c210-220 x ca. 165 mm bound to 235 x 190 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-63) and positive (Robbins MS 78)"]}, "RobbinsMS51": {"001": ["ocn252269587"], "245 10": ["Graviora aliquot dubia const[itution]is san[ctissi]mi D[omi]ni N[ost]ri Greg[ori]i XV de Romani Pontificis electione."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Prospero Fagnani's treatise on the new regulations concerning papal elections established by Pope Gregory XV. Most of the text is difficult to read as the brown ink has burned through."], "510 4": ["Philipps, T. Cat. ms.|c5326."], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1621 and 1699]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 51"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "100 1": ["Fagnani, Prospero,|d1588-1678."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Was once in the collection of Colonna Family as evidenced by their oval, red stamp on front flyleaf and last page. Was also in the collection of Sir Thomas Philipps (his no. 5326)."], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 110 (contemporary pagination, pp. 1-167 starting at first page of text and skipping blank pages) ; 1\u2078 2-3\u00b9\u2074 4\u00b2 5\u00b9\u2070 6\u00b2 (+1) 7-9\u2074 10\u2078 11\u00b2 12\u00b9\u2074 13\u00b9\u2070 14\u2076 15\u2078 (last fol. is pastedown).", "Layout: Written in 20 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Bound in limp vellum. Title on spine reads \"De Elec. Pontif. Fagnani.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 51."], "600 00": ["Gregory|bXV,|cPope,|d1554-1623."], "300": ["|3Original:|a110 leaves :|bpaper ;|c274 x 203 (85 x 140) mm bound to 280 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-49) and positive (Robbins MS 51)"], "650  0": ["Popes|xElection."], "700 3": ["Colonna family.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["080917q16211699it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080917033425.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: Title page ; fol. 2r-6v: \"[Index] Quod pertinet ad electionem Romani Pontificis in genere...An valeat compromissum initum in unum tantum ex s[acro] Collegio pag. 107 (?) decernitur\" ; fol. 7r-8v: blank ; fol. 9r-63r : \"[text] Graviora aliquot dubia constitutionis Sanctissimi Domini Nostri Gregorii XV de Romani Pontificis electione. Sacratissimae huic Constitutioni de Romane Pontificis tametsi nulla inest dictia...et per ampliores homines perfectissima veritas revelatur [?] ultima ad finem C de fidei [----] eam extra conscientiam 64 distint[iones].\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)252269587"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS40": {"001": ["ocn456449256"], "260": ["Italy,|c1600s."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "611 20": ["Council of Trent|d(1545-1563)"], "581": ["Archivio di Stato di Napoli, \"Aspetti della riforma cattolica e del Concilio di Trento a Napoli: Mostra documentaria, Catalogo,\" ed. Jole Mazzoleni [Naples: L'Arte tipografica Napoli, 1966], 73, art. 135: \"Relazione del Reggente Villani sulle materie del Concilio Tridentino pregiudicanti la reale giurisdizione del Regno di Napoli, rimessa al Vicere, duca d'Alcala.\""], "300": ["|3Original:|a478 leaves :|bpaper ;|c325 x 210 (245 x 145) mm bound to 340  x 220 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-40) and positive (Robbins MS 40)"], "008": ["091014q16001699it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 40"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, October 2009."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Documents concerning the application of the decisions of the Council of Trent in the Kingdom of Naples."], "520": ["Table of contents appears on unnumbered folios following fol. 468."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "651  0": ["Naples (Kingdom)"], "561": ["Previously in the holdings of a private library, possibly in Italy (unidentified cardinal's bookplate on the inside front cover)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in 23-24 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand (possibly the same hand as Robbins MS 39).", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 40."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20091014012659.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)456449256"], "546": ["Italian, Latin, and Spanish."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS63": {"001": ["06-B3031"], "260": ["Venice,|cbetween 1517 and 1567."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-2r: \"[text] Ali lettori. Bella cosa certo mi pare che sia il leggere delle lettere famigliari e domestiche...fra tanto sta sano et vivi lieto, ch'io spero non mancarti. Punto di questa mia promissione. Lo di XX\u2070 Febraio MDLV in Vinegia\"; fol. 3r-60r: \"[Libbro primo: text] Lettere volgari diverse, da diversi personaggi, et altri (sic) iscritte in diversi tempi, allo eccellente dell'una e l'altra legge dottore M. Marco Mantoa, in tre libbri (sic) divise...et di questo che ricevo hora, conoscendo un cosi raro et gentil spirito come \u00e8 questo, al quale non mancar\u00f2 di fare quanto faira per me stesso, et piu, se piu saper\u00f2 o poter\u00f2 con le mie deboli forze\"; fol. 60v-117r:  \"[Libbro secondo: text] Quando la sua mi fu data io era in campagna et la mostrai subito allo illustre (?) Cardinal de Carpi...ne la parte nega, che li beni non fussero soggetti al fideicommisso\"; fol. 117v- 174r: \"[Libbro terzo: text] Vostra Eccellenza sar\u00e0 contenta vederle et sottoscriversi, che non si mancher\u00e0 di far il debito...Lo di XX\u2070 di Febrai, MDLV sotto lo imperio di Francesco Venerio serenissimo et benemerito Doge di Vinegia\"; fol. 174r-176v: \"[text] Tavola alphabetica di tutti coloro che in questi tre libbri si veggono et leggono haver scritto allo Eccellente Mantoa\"; fol. 176v- 177v: \"[text] Additione (marginal note: 'queste 3 epistole deono esser poste avanti la tavola...fo. 343'). Al molto magnifico et eccellente dottore M. Marco Mantova...che Iddio felice la conservi et prospera sempre; \u00e0 xvi dicembre.\""], "245 00": ["Lettere volgari diverse, da diversi personaggi, [et] altri (sic) iscritte in diversi tempi, allo eccellen[te] dell'una [e] l'altra legge dottore M. Marco Mantoa, in tre libbri (sic) divise."], "520": ["The manuscript is a collection of several hundred letters written to Marco Mantova Benavides (1489-1582), jurisconsult and doctor in both laws, copied by his nephew, Giovanni Mantova. Most of the letters are from noted humanists, jurists, artists, and political and ecclesiastical figures active during the first half of the sixteenth century. Among them the future Cardinal Pietro Bembo (1470-1547); Pietro Aretino (1492-1556); the poet C. Cornelio Frangipani (16th cent.); the sculptors Alessandro Vettorio (16th cent.) and Bartolomeo Amannati (1511-1592); the Bishops of Alexandria, Chioggia, Feltre, and Trent; Cardinal Borromeo (St. Charles Borromeo, 1538-1584); the Dukes of Ferrara, Florence, and Urbino; Lucrezia d'Este; and so on. Margins on fol. 10, 18, 24, 39, 46, 48, 57, 62, 65, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 86, 87, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 110, 114, 120, 133, 154, and 155 partly or fully excised."], "581": ["Ronnie H. Terpening, \"Pietro Bembo and the Cardinalate: Unpublished Letters to Marco Mantova,\" Lettere italiane 32 (1980): 80, n. 26."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 63|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060627i15171567it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a170 leaves :|bpaper ;|c258 x 191 (190 x 95) mm bound to 278 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 94-3109) and positive (Robbins MS 63)"], "561": ["The manuscript was once part of the library of Walter Sneyd (his bookplate on the inside of the front cover: \"Ex libris Gualteri Sneyd\") of Keele Hall (Staffordshire) and probably part of lot 433 in the Sneyd sale (note in pencil on inside front cover) of 16 December 1903 in London."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from beginning of Book One (fol. 3r).", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar to Briquet \"Monts,\" 11783: Padua 1520), fol. ii + 177 + ii; 1\u2078\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e 2-22\u2078.", "Layout: Written in 31 long lines; center of text, plus inner and outer margins, guided by folding.", "Script: Main text and marginal notes written in a cursive script by one hand. Additional letters on final 2 folios - with accompanying marginal notes - written in a second hand in darker ink.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; front and back flyleaves and pastedown of paper decorated with painted floral pattern. Handwritten on spine is title: \"Lettere M. Marco Manoa.\"", "Origin: The letters were selected from among the papers in Marco Mantova's private archive and copied in no particular order by his nephew, Giovanni Mantova (marginal note on fol. 1v: \"M. Giovani suo nipote minore\"). The earliest original letters date from 1517, the latest from January 1555. The manuscript appears to have been completed on 20 February 1555 (colophon on fol. 174r [p. 343]). The final four letters (two of which are dated 1557 and 1567 respectively) were copied in a different hand on fol. 176v-177r (pp. 348-350), following the index of authors. According to two marginal notes in this later hand (fol. 174r and 176v [pp. 343 and 348] respectively), these letters were to be inserted on p. 343, after the last letter of the third book. It is possible that the manuscript (with the exception of the last four pieces) was used for the 1555 edition printed in Venice by Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrara (seventeenth-century note on the front inside cover).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 63."], "700 1": ["Mantova Benavides, Marco,|d1489-1582.", "Sneyd, Walter,|d1809-1888.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 63"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=35;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS291": {"001": ["ocn765525803"], "260": ["[Italy ,|cbetween 1450 and 1499]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "650  0": ["Canon law."], "710 2": ["Catholic Church.|bPope (1305-1314 : Clement V)"], "300": ["|3Original:|a36 leaves :|bpaper ;|c280 x 211 (238 x 164) mm bound to 290 x 221 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS 291)"], "008": ["111201q14501499it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 291"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Commentaries on the Clementine constitutions]"], "520": ["Set of notes or commentaries on texts from the Clementine Constitutions (Clem., 3, 14 through Clem., 5, 11). The book does not follow the original order of the Constitutions. Leaves missing from beginning and end. Contemporary foliation in ink is erratic. Some water damage on outer edges of leaves and some wear on bottom margin near spine, but no text damaged."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (watermark: Briquet \"Monts\" 11702: Pisa, 1440), fol. 36 (contemporary foliation is erratic: repeated, skipped, and out of order foliation); catchwords on fol. 10v and 19v.", "Two columns, 68 lines per page, dark brown or black ink. Occasional headings in capitals are the height of two or three lines of text.", "Script: Written in a gothic script by at least two hands (different hand appears on 34v, 35v, and 36r).", "Binding: 19th century pasteboard with marbled paper on spine.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 291."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez and Jennifer K. Nelson, December 2011."], "005": ["20111201030320.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r [94r]-3v [96v]: \"De celebratione mi[s]sarum\" -- fol. 3v [96v]-5r [98r]: \"De baptismo et ei[us] ef[fec]tu presenti\" -- fol. 5r [98r]-6v [99v]: \"De reliquis et veneratione sanctorum\" -- fol. 6v [99v]-7r [100v]: \"De immunitate ec[c]lesiarum\" -- fol. 7r [100v]-9r [101r]: \"De consa[n]guinitate et aff[initate]\" -- fol. 9r [101r]-10r [102r]: \"De magistris\" -- fol. 10r [102r]-10v [102v]: \"De iudeis et saracenis\" -- fol. 11r [103r]-13v [105v]: \"De privilegiis et excessibus privilegiatorum\" -- fol. 13v [105v]-15v [107v]: \"De p[o]enis\" -- fol. 15v [107v]-17v [108v]: \"De penitentiis et remissionibus\" -- fol. 17v [108v]-19v [110v]: \"De s[e]n[tent]ia exco[mmunication]is\" -- fol. 19v [110v]-24r [114r]: \"De verborum significatione\" -- fol. 24v [114v]-27v [117v]: foliated but blank -- fol. 28r [103r]: \"De magistris\" (no heading, but labeled in corner of page) -- fol. 28v [103v]: \"De iudeis et saracenis\" -- fol. 28v [103v]-32v [107v]: \"De herecicis multorum\" -- fol. 32v [107v]-34r [109r]: \"De [-- -] naturali vel volup[tatibus]\" -- fol. 34r [109r]-36v [110v]: \"De usuris\" -- fol. 36v [110v]: \"De excessibus prelatorum.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)765525803"], "546": ["Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS5": {"001": ["06-B3068"], "245 10": ["[Decretales]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-294v: Decretales Gregorii IX; fol 1rv: \"[prologue] Episcopus servus servorum Dei dilectis filiis doctoribus et scolaribus universis bononie commorantibus salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Incipit prologus. Rex pacificus pia miseratione disposuit...ne quis presumat aliam facere absque authoritate sedis apostolice speciali\"; fol. 1v- 294v: \"[text] De summa trinitate et fide katolica Innocentius illius in consilio generali [F]irmiter credimus et simpliciter confitemur quod unus solus est verus deus...Idem episcopo tolonensi Tua fraternitate intimavit quod cum tibi pro relevatione honeris debitorum duxerimus indulgendum ut fructus beneficiorum que inte//\""], "520": ["Manuscript contains the Decretales of Gregory IX, up to X.5.40.32. At least one folio is lacking, resulting in the loss of the last title of the 5th book. A smaller sheet of vellum containing chapter X.2.28.52, which is lacking in the text, has been tipped in between fol. 126 and 127. The glosses and marginal notes around the main text have been identified as Bernardus de Botone Parmensis, Glossa ordinaria in Decretales; Casus decretalium; Iohannes Andreae, Lectura in Decretales Gregorii IX per modum additionum redacta, fragmenta; Additiones ad Glossam ordianariam. The margins of the leaves at the beginning of the text (fol. 1-84) have been increased by the attachment of strips of parchment to the fore-edge."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=101;fullview=yes"], "510 4": ["E. Conte, \"Il manoscritto 5 della Robbins Collection: Note descrittive,\" Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law,|c19 (1989): 51-55."], "100 0": ["Gregory|bIX,|cPope,|dca. 1170-1241."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 5|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060629q12751325it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "240 10": ["Decretales Gregorii IX"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing descriptions by Luminita Florea and Emanuele Conte, and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a294 leaves :|bparchment ;|c400 x 280 (main text: 200 x 125; glosses: various) mm bound to 424 x 304 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-14) and positive (Robbins MS 5)"], "561": ["Early provenance not known. Library label on inner front cover with two stamped dates: 1926 and 1929."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. iii (modern paper) + 294 (old foliation in Roman numerals on fol. 1-59; old foliation in Arabic numerals on fol. 71-132, 133-176, 177-206, and 207- 251; each span of the old foliation deliniates a section) + iii (modern paper); 1-7\u00b9\u00b2 8-10\u00b9\u2070 11\u2078 12\u00b9\u2070 13\u2078 14\u00b9\u2070 15\u2078 16\u00b9\u2070 17\u2078 18-28\u00b9\u2070 29\u2078.", "Layout: Main text is layed out in 2 columns of 36 lines; glosses around the text are also in 2 columns of varying length, up to 85 lines.", "Script: Main text is written in littera bononiensis by one hand.", "Decoration: Capital letters, paragraph marks and line fillers in alternating red and blue ink with flourishes in the other color. Titles in red ink. Spaces left blank for unexecuted initials on the first folio of each part (1r, 70v, 133r, 177r, and 207r).", "Binding: Quarter-leather and marbled paper over thick pasteboard. Modern flyleaves. Title on spine reads: \"Gregorius IX decretales. Sec. XIII.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 5."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 5"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1275 and 1325]"], "581": ["Stephan G. Kuttner et al., A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library, 2 vols. (Vatican: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986-87), 1:139, 156-7, 158-9, 160-61, 165, 168, 169-70, 171, 172-3, 174, 175-7, 178-9. For early printed editions, see Gregorius IX, Decretalium Gregorii Pape IX compilatio, multis utilibus et ferme necessariis, adiunctis examussim castigata (Lugduni: J. Marechal, 1510); id., Decretales domini pape Gregorii noni accurata diligentia nuper emendate summoque studio elaborate...(Parisiis: solerti cura Tiemanni Keruer, 1516); id., Decretales a Gregorio nono in volume hoc redacta (Ticini: per Jacob Paucidrapense de Burgofranco, 1517); id., Gregorii Noni Pontificis Maximi Decretales epistole ab innumeris penemendis cum textus, tum glossarum repurgate quarum casibus superaddita sunt brevissimi Bernardi glossatoris notabilia, nunc primum in lucem edita (Parisiis: apud Jolanda Bonhome, 1547); id., Decretales Domini Gregorii Papae IX suae integritati una cum glossis restitutae cum privilegio Gregorii XIII Pont. Max. et aliorum principum, Corpus iuris canonici 2 (Romae: In Aedibus Populi Romani, 1548)."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS73": {"001": ["06-B3041"], "245 10": ["Tractatus iudiciarius inter Moisen procur[ator]em (?) d[o]m[ini] Yh[es]u Ch[rist]i [---] una et procur[ator]em (?) ex altera."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: \"[rubric] Tractatus iudiciarius inter Moisen procur[ator]em (?) d[o]m[ini] Yh[es]u Ch[rist]i [---] una et procur[ator]em (?) ex altera\"; fol. 1r-23r: \"[text] Universis Christi fidelibus atque ortodose (sic) sancte matris ecclesie fidei cultoribus...Framea suscitare super pastorem meum et super virum coherentem mihi dicit Dominus exercituum percute pastorem et dispergantur oves gregis...\"; fol. 23v-28v: ruled but blank."], "520": ["The folios of this 28-leaf codex are numbered 271 to 298 in the top right-hand corner, indicating that it was once part of a larger manuscript. Although the text never explicitly identifies itself as such, the 28 leaves making up this manuscript contain Jacobus de Theramo's Consolatio peccatorum seu processus Belial, which depicts a lawsuit, brought by Lucifer against Jesus Christ, with Moses acting as counsel for Christ and Belial for the Devil. In this manuscript the Consolatio is attributed to one Jacobus de Ancharano (fol. 1r)."], "650  0": ["Devil |vEarly works to 1800.", "Mock trials.", "Redemption|vEarly works to 1800."], "100 0": ["Jacobus,|cde Theramo,|d1350 or 51-1417."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 73|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060627q14251475it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper (similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"Couronne\" 4660, Milan 1475), fol. ii (modern paper) + 28 + ii (modern paper); 1-2\u2077.", "Layout: Written in 39 long lines; ruled in ink, vertical bounding lines ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a Gothic cursive script by one hand.", "Decoration: Illuminated initial on fol. 1r; chapter titles and initials throughout in red.", "Binding: Modern half-leather binding and marbled paper over pasteboard. Front and back end-papers and pastedown also of marbled paper. Title on spine reads \"Tractatus Judiciarius MS.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 73."], "581": ["Bond & Faye, Supplement to the Census, 213 (MS Boston Public Library 1544, containing a German translation of the Consolatio); Jacobus de Theramo Palladinus, Bishop of Spoleto, Consolatio peccatorum, seu Processus Belial (Augsburg: per Iohannem Schussle ciuem Aug. impressus Anno domini M.cccclxxii. Iulii vero Nonas vi); id., Reuerendi patris domini Iacobi de Theramo Compendium breue Consolatio peccatorum nuncupatum et apud nonnullos Belial vocitatum ad papam Vrbanum sextum conscriptum ([Strasbourg : Heinrich Knoblochtzer], 1484); and other editions."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original:|a28 leaves :|bpaper ;|c285 x 202 (197 x 113) mm bound to 292 x 210.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-60) and positive (Robbins MS 73)"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the possession of W. Thornton of Harrow, possibly as a gift from Henry Drury (inscription on fol. iir in a nineteenth-century hand: \"Dyalogus inter Moysem et Infernalium MS chartac. Saec. 15. WThornton. Harrow. don. HDrury 1824\")."], "246 13": ["Consolatio peccatorum seu processus Belial"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["Italy,[|cbetween 1425 and 1475]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=44;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 73"]}, "RobbinsMS228": {"001": ["06-B3645"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1635 and 1700]"], "520": ["This volume contains various discourses, dialogues, treatises, summaria and relazioni concerning the power play between European nations, particularly during the first half of the Thirty Years' War, together with some theoretical treatises. Many marginal notes particularly in the margins of the discourse intitled \"Discorso intorno alla dignit\u00e0 Imperiale nel quale si disputa se convenga supprimerla con trasferirne l'autorit\u00e0 nel sommo Pontefice Romano\" (fol. 472r-494v). The last two chapters (fol. 634r -637r) appear to have been copied from a book printed in Milan by Filippo Ghisolfi. It is also quite possible that other chapters in this volume are written copies of printed works. Tipped in between fol. 116 and 117 and fol. 497 and 498 were scraps of paper, presumably being used as bookmarks, that read (respectively) \"Al Signore Auditore Camosci Fiscale della Sagra //\" and \"Granaceri\"; both are now in manuscript file."], "650  0": ["Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648."], "300": ["641 leaves :|bpaper ;|c292 x 210 (214 x 135) mm bound to 302 x 220 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c7711."], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 228|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060731q16351700it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["[Miscellanea of discourses, dialogues, treatises, summaria and relazioni concerning politics in Europe during the first half of the Thirty Years' War]"], "505 00": ["|gFol. 1r-34v.|tRelatione del trattato fatto nella semblea di Vervins tra i deputati del Re Christianissimo e del Re Cattolico e del Duca di Savoia in presenza del Cardinale di Firenze Legato di latere di Clemente VIII Sommo Pontefice, nel Regno di Francia e del Re Cristianissimo con intervento di Monsignore Gonzaga Vescovo di Mantova Nuntio di Sua Beneditione (?) e del Padre Generale dell'Osservanti di San Francesco 1598 --|gFol. 34v-76v. |tNegotiato della pace fra li Re Christianissimo e Cattolico conclusa l'anno 1598 a d\u00ec 2 di maggio col mezzo dell'Illustrissimo Signore Cardinale di Fiorenza --|gFol. 77r-95v.|tInstromento e capitoli della pace conclusa fra il Re di Francia e Re di Spagna con l'assistenza del Cardinale di Fiorenza Legato di Papa Clemente VIII nel luogo di Vervin l'anno 1598 --|gFol. 96r-112v.|tNegotio di lega e di pace tra l'Imperatore Carlo V e Francesco Re di Francia con altre particolari proposte di Monsignor Ardinghello Nuntio di Papa Paolo Terzo a quella corona -- |gFol. 112v-115v.|tCapitolationi tra il Papa e il Gran Duca di Toscana sopra le Chiane di Montepulciano dell'anno 1607 --|gFol. 116r-119r.|tConditiones perpetuae pacis sancitae inter Commissarios Regni Poloniae et Magni Ducis Lithuaniae ex una et ex altera parte inter Commissarios Magni Ducis Moscoviae --|gFol. 119v-121v.|tCopia conclusionis et confoederationis inter Serenissimum Principem ac Dominum Dominum Matthiam Arciducem Austrie Ducem Burgundiae, Styriae, Carinthiae, Carniolae et Wirtemberg etc...ratione pacificationis Viennensis conclusae et a Sua Maiestate approbabae --|g122r-142v. |tSummarium tractatus in causa Sernenissimae Domus Bavariae adversus admodum Reverendum Patrem Magistrum Abrahamum Uzovium extractum per me Fratrem Cosmam Morelles Colonie Apostolicum Inquisitorem et in dicta causa ex parte Reverendissimi Patris Generalis commissarium -- |gFol. 144r-153r.|tRagioni della Chiesa sopra lo Stato di Montefeltro e quello d'Urbino con un sommario della Bolla del Papa Paolo Terzo sopra l'Investitura data a Guido Ubaldo della Rovere dello Stato di Urbino -- |gFol. 153v- 157v.|tNota delli feudi che riconoscono la Sede Apostolica nello Stato della Romagna, Lombardia ed altre parti data alla Santit\u00e0 di Nostro Signore Papa Urbano Ottavo --|gFol. 158r-173r.|tSummarium contentorum in litteris Pauli Tertii super Investitura Ducatus Urbini facto Guido Ubaldo Iuniori de Rovere --|gFol. 176r-186v.|tDiscorso nel quale si dimostra la giustitia dell'Imperio de Spagnoli in Italia e quanto giustamente siano state prese le armi da essi per la quiete d'Italia disturbata dal Duca di Savoia Conservatore della libert\u00e0 d'Italia ingiustamente intitolato --|gFol. 187r-202r.|tRisposta alla scrittura del Signore Nostro intitolato Discorso nel quale si dimostra la giustitia dell'Imperio de Spagnoli in Italia e quanto giustamente siano state prese l'armi da essi per la quiete d'Italia disturbata dal Duca di Savoia Conservatore della libert\u00e0 d'Italia ingiustamente intitolato --|gFol. 203r-215v.|tDe comparanda et tuenda boni Principis extimatione (sic) --|gFol. 216r-255r.|tDiscorso politico in dialogo tra un Venetiano, Spagnolo e Francese circa li presenti motivi della Francia 1632 --|gFol. 256r-266r. |tAvviso alla Maiest\u00e0 del Re d'un buono e fedel Francese circa le torbolenze d'Italia --|gFol. 266r-282v.|tRisposta ad una scrittura intitolata Avviso d'un buono e fedel Francese circa le torbolenze d'Italia fatta in Roma -- |gFol. 282v-300v.|tRisposta al manifesto del Serenissimo Duca di Savoia dedicata a Domina Sua Altezza --|gFol. 301r -315v.|tDuplex cuneus ad enodandam dierum nostrorum pacem Caesari Fernando Secondo et Regi Ludovico XIII\u2070 anno 1633 Septembris cum appendice --|gFol. 316r-317v.|tProfetia sopra il Christianissimo Re di Francia Ludovico Decimo Terzo --|gFol. 317v-325v.|tLettera d'incerto auttore inviata alla Maest\u00e0 Christianissima di Francia --|gFol. 326r-328v.|tRaggionamento fatto nel senato Veneto dal Signore Marchese di Coure Ambasciatore Christianissimo per la remissione de Padri Giesuiti in quel stato --|gFol. 328v-330r.|tRisposta del Senato all'Ambasciatore --|gFol. 330r-332r.|tSommario delle ragioni per le quali Monsignore di Perona persuade al Papa la ribeneditione di Navarra -- |gFol. 332r-334v.|tRistretto dell'inconvenienti che risulteranno da negare Sua Santit\u00e0 l'assolutione della quale il Duca di Niversa supplica Sua Santit\u00e0. Risoltezza --|gFol. 334v-339v.|tLettera contro Navarra e Navarristi Molto Beato Padre mio in Christo colendissimo --|gFol. 342r-402v.|tSquitinio delle libert\u00e0 Veneta nel quale s'adducono anche le raggioni dell'Imperio Romano sopra la Citt\u00e0 e Signoria di Venetia --|gFol. 403r-406v.|tDiscorso sopra la fragilit\u00e0 di Venetia --|gFol. 407r-408v. |tRaggionamento fatto dal Signore Nostro al Signore Cardinale Ludovisio intorno al successo della sequestrazione delle galere Pontificie in Napoli --|gFol. 409r-414r.|tRistretto delle colpe del Cardinale Clesel che hanno dato alla Maest\u00e0 dell'Imperatore, il Re Ferdinando di Bohemia e l'Arciduca Massimiliano --|gFol. 415r-418v. |tRaggionamento del Duca d'Alva alla Santit\u00e0 di Nostro Signore Papa Gregorio XV --|gFol. 419r-466v.|tRelatione politica della morte del Re di Suetia sequita nel fatto d'arme tra l'Imperiali e Suetesi nel d\u00ec 17 novembre 1632 descritta da un confidente di stato sua Maest\u00e0 Christianissima --|gFol. 472r-494v.|tDiscorso intorno alla dignit\u00e0 Imperiale nel quale si disputa se convenga supprimerla con trasferirne l'autorit\u00e0 nel sommo Pontefice Romano --|gFol. 496r-575v.|tRelatione di Roma fatta dal clarissimo Raniero Zeno Ambasciatore per la Republica di Venetia presso il Sommo Pontefice --|gFol. 576r-594v. |tAvvertimenti dati in voce dalla Santit\u00e0 di Nostro Signore Papa Gregorio Decimo Quinto all'Illustrissimo e Reverendissimom Signore Cardinal Lodovico Lodovisio suo nipote --|gFol. 596r-603r.|tScrittura per li nipoti de' Papi intorno al modo di conservarsi la potenza -- |gFol.604r-617r.|tConsideratione per servitio di un Cardinale Prencipe --|gFol. 617v-621r.|tConsideratione se sia bene che un Cardinale Prencipe giovane di et\u00e0 venga a stare a Roma dal Principio del Cardinalato o pure se ne stia a casa sua per qualche anno --|gFol. 621r-|tElencus gestorum a regibus et principibus Gallorum et Franconiae pro Ecclesia Romana. Regiones atque urbes a regibus Gallorum Francorumque Ecclesiae Romanae attributae -- |gFol. 634r-635v.|tCopia di lettera scritta da Brusselle con il manifesto publicato nell'entrata dell'armi Cattoliche nella Francia e la presa della Cappella -- |gFol. 636r-637r.|tFernando per gratia di Dio Infante di Spagna Luogotenente, Governatore e Capitan Generale dei Paesi Bassi e di Borgogna etc."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "561": ["This book was once part of the Bellarmine Library at Montepulciano, as evidenced by the coat of arms of Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, librarian of the Vatican, as well as by a note on the title page that reads \"Di casa Bellarmini portato da Montepulciano l'anno 1704.\" It was part of the Guilford collection, sale 8th December 1830, lot 586. It came into the hands of Sir Thomas Phillipps, where it received his ms. no. 7711."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (watermark: a bird on a \"trimontium\" enclosed within a circle), fol. iii + 641 (original foliation present in upper right corner, often cropped) + i; collation indiscernible due to tightness of binding. Some catchwords present.", "Layout: Written in 20-37 long lines in 4 hands.", "Script:  Written in cursive by several hands. One scribe is responsible for the bulk of the text, fol. 1r-494v (written in larger letters, 22 lines per page) and fol. 634r-637r (much smaller writing, 37 lines per page), and appears to have penned the chapter-heading for the \"Relatione\" found on fol. 496r-594v, even though he didn't write the text himself for that chapter. The second scribe (fol. 496r-621r) has a much more flowery hand with many ascending and descending loops. The third scribe (fol. 622r-633r) has a neater hand with rounded letters; he also adds many ascending and descending loops. A fourth hand wrote the index on fol. iirv. This hand is the least legible.", "Decoration: The text is largely without decoration, exept for the large Roman lettering for the chapter headings. The second scribe (fol. 496r-621r), however, has a penchant for adding decorative elements to his chapter headings (fol. 596r, 604r, 617v) and to the end of his texts (fol. 603r, 621r). The decoration on fol. 603r is particularly striking, as it depicts a fanciful dragon- like bird created with pen swirls and flourishings. The third scribe also adds a swirly decorative element to the end of his text (fol. 633r).", "Binding: Bound in contemporary vellum with gilt panelled sides and fan ornaments in the inner corners. Cardinal Robert Bellarmine's coat of arms in gold tooling on the front and back covers.", "Origin: Since the main scribe was evidently working no later than 1635 (date mentioned on fol. 118v), which is more than a decade after Cardinal Bellarmine's death, it is likely that these works were gathered together by his brother Thomas or one of his elder sons, who had them bound and stamped with the Cardinal's coat of arms. It is possible that Cardinal Bellarmine himself could have gathered together the works that take place before 1621, and that they were then recopied and included in this volume after his death.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 228."], "700 1": ["Bellarmino, Roberto Francesco Romolo,|cSaint,|d1542-1621.", "Bedmar, Alfonso de la Cueva,|cmarqu\u00e9s de,|d1572-1655.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "600 00": ["Henry|bIV,|cKing of France,|d1553-1610.", "Philip|bII,|cKing of Spain,|d1527-1598.", "Charles|bV,|cHoly Roman Emperor,|d1500-1558.", "Francis|bII,|cKing of France,|d1544-1560.", "Paul|bIII,|cPope,|d1468-1549.", "Louis|bXIII,|cKing of France,|d1601-1643.", "Maximilian,|cArchduke of Austria,|d1558-1618.", "Ferdinand|bI,|cHoly Roman Emperor,|d1503-1564."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 228"]}, "RobbinsMS127": {"001": ["ocm84650513"], "245 10": ["[Confessionale] ;|bDe eruditione confessorum."], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-14r: \"[text] Quoniam omni confitenti necessarium est hanc generalem confessionem...scilicet furtum vel homicidium. Fuit perfectus liber hic XXIII mensis dezembris circa octavam horam noctis anni MCCCCLXXXX\"; fol. 14v-20v: \"[rubr.] Incipit tractatus Magistri Iohannis de Gersonno cancellarii parisiensis De erudcione confessorum [text] Etsi virtus quam assuefactio gignit certius quam ars operetur...ille plus exercendo et orando quam legendo erudietur atque proficiet. Et sic finis huius tractuli.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)84650513"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=75;fullview=yes"], "008": ["060725s1490    sp            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 127"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart."], "100 1": ["Escobar, Andr\u00e9s de,|dd. ca. 1431."], "546": ["Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL.|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Ownership marks of two previous 20th cent. owners on cover : one on front cover reads \"S. III, 6 Andreas de Escobar 49732679\"; one on spine reads \"732679 III M\". On front pastedown in pencil is written \"Andreas de Escobar Gerson Dated (fol. 14) 1490 Ms. 6.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title to first text supplied by cataloger; title to second text from rubric (fol. 14v).", "Collation: Paper (similar but not identical to Briquet, \"Main\" 11165), fol. i (modern paper) + 20 + i (modern paper); 1\u2074 2\u00b9\u2076 ; vertical catchword in red box on fol. 5v.", "Layout: Written in 26 long lines, above top line; frame ruled in ink.", "Script: Written in cursive libraria script by one hand; opening word of each paragraph written in gothic script.", "Decoration: 2-line initials in red; some section and paragraph marks; red rubric on fol. 14v.", "Binding: Modern blue paper over pasteboard (paper decorated to look like oil paint). Reinforcement around the binding on fol. 5v and fol. 20v.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 127."], "700 1": ["Gerson, Jean,|d1363-1429."], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"], "260": ["[Spain?],|c1490."], "300": ["|3Original:|a20 leaves :|bpaper ;|c250 x 143 (135 x 81) mm bound to 211 x 151 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-5) and positive (Robbins MS 127)"]}, "RobbinsMS297": {"001": ["ocn465503880"], "245 10": ["Kit\u0101b al-Wiq\u0101yah."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "505 0": ["Fol. iv-viii: [Table of Contents] -- fol. 1v-227v: \"[Wiq\u0101yat al-riw\u0101yah f\u012b mas\u0101\u02bcil al-hid\u0101yah] Bism... \u1e25amd man ja\u02bbala al-\u02bbilm ajall al-maw\u0101hib al-han\u012byah wa-asn\u0101- h\u0101... wa-ba\u02bbd fa-inna al-walad al-a\u02bbazz \u02bbUbayd All\u0101h, \u1e63arrafa All\u0101hu ayy\u0101ma-hu f\u012b-m\u0101 yu\u1e25ibbu-hu wa-yar\u1e0d\u0101-hu, lamm\u0101 faragha min \u1e25af\u1e93 al-kutub al-adab\u012byah... [expl.] yawm al-arba\u02bb\u0101\u02bc f\u012b aw\u0101khir \u1e62afar min shuh\u016br sanat i\u1e25d\u00e1 wa- sitt\u012bn wa-alf min hijrat man la-hu al-\u02bbizz wa-sharaf [i.e. , AH 1061].\" -- fol. 228r-231v: \"Mas\u0101\u02bcil shatt\u00e1. Kit\u0101bat al-akhras wa-\u012bm\u0101\u02bcu-hu bi-m\u0101 yu\u02bbrafu bi-hi aqr\u0101ru-hu bi- na\u1e25wi tazawwuj wa-\u1e6dal\u0101q wa-b\u012b\u02bb wa-shir\u0101\u02bc wa-wa\u1e63iyat waq\u016bd \u02bbalay-hi... [expl.] wa-li-l-sh\u0101b al-\u02bb\u0101lim an yataqaddama \u02bbal\u00e1 al-shaykh al-j\u0101hil wa-li-\u1e25\u0101fi\u1e93 al-Qur\u02bc\u0101n an yakhtima f\u012b arba\u02bb\u012bn yawman min multaqan.\" -- fol. 233v-263v: \"[Kit\u0101b al-Far\u0101\u02bci\u1e0d] Bism... q\u0101la Ras\u016bl All\u0101h, \u1e63all\u00e1 All\u0101h \u02bbalayhi wa-sallam, ta\u02bballam\u016b al-far\u0101\u02bci\u1e0d wa-\u02bballim\u016b-h\u0101 al- n\u0101s, fa-inna-h\u0101 ni\u1e63f al-\u02bbilm... [expl.] wa-q\u0101la \u02bbAl\u012b wa- Ibn Mas\u02bb\u016bd yarithu ba\u02bb\u1e0du-hum min ba\u02bb\u1e0din ill\u0101 mimm\u0101 waritha kullu w\u0101\u1e25idin min-hum min m\u0101li \u1e63\u0101\u1e25ibi-hi.\""], "260": ["[S.l.],|c1652."], "008": ["091113s1652    xx            000 0 ara d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 297"], "246 0": ["Wiq\u0101yat al-riw\u0101yah f\u012b mas\u0101\u02bcil al-hid\u0101yah"], "100 1": ["Ma\u1e25b\u016bb\u012b, \u02bbUbayd All\u0101h ibn Mas\u02bb\u016bd,|dd. 1346 or 7."], "546": ["Arabic."], "520": ["A 17th-century collection of texts on \u1e24anaf\u012b jurisprudence , copied by Mu\u1e63\u1e6daf\u0101 b. \u02bbAl\u012b, dated \u1e62afar 1061 (= February 1651) on folio 227v and Mu\u1e25arram 1062 (= January 1652) on folio 263v. Main text in naskh\u012b script, commentaries in nasta\u02bbl\u012bq script irregularly distributed in the margins; commentary not fitting on the page was continued on elaborately-shaped inserts. Fly leaves contain notes in Turkish and a detailed table of contents at the end of which the sources for marginal commentary are given."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from table of contents (fol. iv).", "Layout: Main text written 15 lines to the page with red catchwords, all within a green frame; abundant commentaries arranged in irregular, wedge-shaped sections radiating from the main text and filling a larger green frame which surrounds the smaller green frame on all sides.", "Script: Main text written in a black calligraphic naskh\u012b script; commentaries written in a minute nasta\u02bbl\u012bq script.", "Decoration: Main text surrounded by a green frame; commentaries also surrounded by a larger green frame.", "Binding: Red morocco binding with flap and blind-tooled medallions.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 297."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, November 2009."], "005": ["20091113052130.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)465503880"], "300": ["263 leaves :|bpolished paper ;|c205 x 130 mm."]}, "RobbinsMS159": {"001": ["06-B4199"], "260": ["[Rome?,|cbetween 1750 and 1799]"], "505 0": ["Pp. i-53: \"[title] Praxis Romanae Curiae Anno Domini 1759. Breve prattica della Curia Romana. [chapter title] Del giudizio esecutivo [text] Per fare un giudizio esecutivo bisogna prima d'ogni altra cosa far la citazione contra jura nel modo seguente...Ci\u00f2 per\u00f2 secondo la contingenza del fatto\" ; p. 54: blank ; pp. 55-74: \"[chapter title] Del giudizio sommario [text] Doppo il giudizio esecutivo succede immediatamente il guidizio...e successivamente per la proposizione della causa in piena segnatura nel modo dato di sopra\" ; pp. 75-85: \"[chapter title] Del giudizio ordinario [text] Terminato il giudizio sommario ed esecutivo resta solo discorrere dell'ordinario...Del resto il tenore della commissione dell'Appellazione, Articoli ed Interrogatorii non si \u00e8 qui espresso per brevura potendosi facilmente vedere nel Ridolfino (?), dove latamente si vede\" ; pp. 86-87: blank ; p. 88: \"[title] Requisita subhastationis [text] Requiritur quod constet de vero eredito...Quod bona estimentur\" ; pp. 88-89: \"[title] Formula cuiuslibet extractus faciendi [text] In nomine Domini amen. Hec est copia publica omnium et singulorum actionum factorum...Mandato di dette (?) spese tassate\" ; p. 90: blank ; pp. 91-106: Intimatis in forma Sequestri and other formae ; pp. 104-105: blank ; pp. 107-112: \"Index productionum quae fieri debet in iudicio\" ; pp. 113 -116: \"[title] Functiones publice in singulos dies ordinarios hebdomade ordine alphabetico distribute [text] Assertamentum in Capitolio fit die Martis et sabbati...Plena signatura fit per singulas bis hebdomadas. Finis\" ; pp. 117-121: \"[text] Cit. ad dicendum contra iura in actis producta et repetita...ad formam iurium de quibus in actis quoniam citato eodem Adrio (?) [-------] sub die. Pro cit[ation]ibus (?)\"  ; pp. 122-143: blank."], "520": ["A collection of formulae for legal motions in the Roman Curia."], "300": ["145 pages :|bpaper ;|c194 x 132 (192 x 130) mm bound to 198 x 141 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c6106."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 159|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060830q17501799it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Breve prattica della Curia Romana"], "245 00": ["Praxis Romanae Curiae."], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "561": ["Once in the hands of one Pietro Paolo Mignola (note on p. 86 \"Petrus Paulus Mignola Romanus, 1787\"). Bookplate of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford on front pastedown (depicts a shield supported by two dragons rampant with spread wings, gorged and chained, with an earl's crown; within the shield is a lion surrounded by three fleurs-de- lis; the motto reads \"La vertu est la seule noblesse\"). Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 6106). On back pastedown in pen is written the name \"Pietro Moreschi.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "First title from title page (p. i); added title from first page of text (p. 1).", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar to Briquet \"Etoile,\" 6089), pp. i + 145 (last page is pastedown); 1\u00b9\u2074 2\u00b9\u2076 3\u00b9\u2076\u207d\u207b\u00b2\u207e 4-5\u00b9\u2074. Quires signed 1-5 in ink on the first folio of each gathering in the top right-hand corner; catchwords at the end of each quire. Near-contemporary pagination in ink that skips the title page and starts at the second folio; from there it continues regularly, even between quires 3 and 4 where 2 folios are missing, and ends at p. 106.", "Layout: Written in up to 30 long lines.", "Script: Written in a rushed cursive script by at least 5 hands: First hand pp. 1-66; second hand: pp. 66-76; third hand; pp. 76, 89; fourth hand: pp. 77-85, 88, 92-103, 106- 116; fifth hand: 117-121.", "Decoration: Some simple decorative elements below title on title page (p. i)", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard.", "Accompanying materials: Inserted ms. leaf concerning Petrus Paulus Mignola tipped in between pp. 112 and 113 (now in manuscript file).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 159."], "700 1": ["Mignola, Pietro Paolo.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL.", "Moreschi, Pietro.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 159"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS193": {"001": ["ocn775600441"], "245 10": ["An clericis licitum vel illicitum sit emere frumentum pro faciendo pane venale per conductas personas in suis propriis domibus et furnis circumscripta eorum necessitate quod si illicitum quo iure divino ne an humano."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Alessandro degli Angeli was a Jesuit who taught philosophy and theology at the Collegio Romano. His major work, In Astrologos Coniectores Libri Quinque, saw six printings. This present work is an unpublished canon law question concerning whether a cleric may buy grain for the making of \"pane venale\" (bread for sale) by people brought into his dwelling for that purpose. The item is foliated 962- 971, indicating that this 10 folio gathering was once part of a larger text or collection of texts."], "300": ["|3Original:|a10 leaves :|bpaper ;|c275 x 210 (235 x 160) mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS)"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7583."], "260": ["Rome, Italy,|c1610."], "099": ["Robbins MS 193"], "581": ["\"Alexandre de Angelis,\" in Augustin de Backer & Alois de Backer, Biblioth\u00e8que des \u00c9crivains de la Compagnie de J\u00e9sus vol. 5, Li\u00e9ge: Imprimerie de L. Grandmont-Donders, 1859 (viewed on Google Books, 2012 February 7); Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science vol. 6, pp. 202-04, New York: Columbia University Press, 1941."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Once part of a manuscript in the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7583), now disbound and separate. Robbins MS 191 contains material disbound from the same manuscript."], "500": ["Single unbound gathering.", "Title from fol. 962r (i.e. fol. 1r)", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar, but not identical, to Briquet \"oiseau\" 12210 and 12211), fol. 10 (foliated 962- 971 in brown ink in earlier hand); 1\u00b9\u2070.", "Layout: Written in 33 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat early modern hand.", "Binding: Unbound.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 193."], "035": ["(OCoLC)775600441"], "008": ["120208s1610    it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, February 2012."], "100 1": ["Angeli, Alessandro degli,|d-1620."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20120208111931.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-8v: \"[header] Reverendi patris Alexandri de Angelis theologi Societatis Iesu pro veritate requisiti\" ; \"[title] An clericis licitum vel illicitum sit emere frumentum pro faciendo pane venale per conductas personas in suis propriis domibus et furnis circumscripta eorum necessitate quod si illicitum quo iure Divino ne an humano\" ; \"[text] Respondeo id non esse illicitum iure Divino neque positivo neque naturali...sed probant ius divinum non posse usu mutari apertam itaque committunt aequivocationem ac proinde nihil concludunt\" ; fol. 9r-10v : blank."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS163": {"001": ["ocn244300045"], "245 10": ["Discorsi super disp[utationes] matrimon[iales]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A collection of documents and letters on marriage, mostly by Paolo Bombino. Only the first work (fol. 1r-13v) is by one Franciscus Ciarpius. Most works address the question of granting dispensation from the impediment of marriage in the case of people who are related in legal ways other than by consanguinity (e.g. a father in law and daughter in law). A few of these documents relate to the Duke and Princess of Mantua. Manuscript bears contemporary foliation 135 to 249 which means it once was part of a larger manuscript. In addition, section numbers 3, 4,  5 and 6 appear on fols. 1r, 15r, 25v and 47v respectively, also indicating that this was once belonged to a larger work."], "300": ["|3Original: |a117 leaves:|bpaper ;|c320 x 218 ( 235 x 115 ) mm bound to 324 x 230 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-137) and positive (Robbins MS 163)"], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c5445."], "260": ["Italy,|c17th century."], "099": ["Robbins MS 163"], "100 1": ["Bombino, Paolo,|dca. 1575-1648."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Bookplate of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford on front pastedown (his no. 251/5). Manuscript was also in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5445)."], "500": ["Ms. documents.", "Title from spine.", "Collation: Paper (similar but not identical to Briquet, Oiseau 12250) fol. i + 145 + fol. ii; collation indiscernable.", "Layout: Written in 23 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by two hands: hand one fol. 1r-13v; hand two fol. 15r to end.", "Decoration: One 7-line decorative \"T\" drawn with the same pen as wrote text, in a square border and decorated with a floral pattern (beginning second document, fol. 15r.)", "Binding: 18th century green marbled vellum back and fore edges, gray and blue marbled panels.  Red morocco and gilt spine label.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 163."], "035": ["(OCoLC)244300045"], "008": ["080822q16001699it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen  A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5BOL."], "005": ["20080822124558.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-13v: \"Discursus super dispensatione matrimoniali\" (Franciscus Ciarpius) -- fol. 15r-25r: \"Breve resolutione del questio se il sommo Pontefice pu\u00f2 dispensar nell'impedimento del primo grado di affinit\u00e0 in linea retta ne matrimonii dove si mostra che vi sia stato dispensato altre volte\" -- fol. 25v-36v: \"Responsum de certitudine possibilitatis dispensandi in impedimento in primo gradu recta linea, et de eius convenientia, si iustae et rationabiles causae afferantur\" -- fol. 36v-47r: \"Quaesitum theologicum super canone decimo Concilii Aurelianensis [---] de incestis\" -- fol. 47v-59r: \"Solutione di cinque dubii contro a quello che il Padre Bombini ha allegato in materia di dispensa in primo di affinita tra gli ascendenti et descendenti\" -- fol. 59r- 86v: \"Additio ad primum responsum Patris Pauli Bombini S. D. N. exhibitum cum aliqui Patri Bombino nunciassens [?] nescio quem dicere ea Canonis verba. Hactenus instituta non dissoluantur. Non id velle [ut?] coniugia ad illud usque tempus contracta non dissolvantur\" -- fol. 86v-91v: \"Della giustitia delle cause, della dispensa fra i ser[enissi]mi signori Duca e Principessa di Mantova socero e nuora\" -- fol. 91v-95v: \"Obiectiones ab emi[nentissi]mo Barberino proposita Patri Bombino [die 1o Iulii?] contra potestatem dispensandi in primo gradu affinitatis in linea recta cum suis solutionibus ab eodem Bombino datis\" -- fol. 95v-103r: \"An causae sufficientes adsint ad dispensandum inter serenissimos socerum et nurum Mantuanos\" -- fol. 103r-105r: \"Item de causis strictius et nervosius\" -- fol. 105v-111r: Letter to the Bishop of Mantua from Bombino -- fol. 111r-114r: Letter from Bombino to Luigi Contarini -- 114r-116v: \"Risposta a chi oppone l'infelicit\u00e0 de matrimonii contratti con dispenza\"."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS246": {"001": ["06-B3678"], "245 10": ["[Regulations issued by Baldovino de' Monti governor of Narni concerning matters of jurisdiction and fees for legal services]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-2v: \"[prologue] Havendo l'Illustrissimo et Excellentissimo Signor el Signor Baldovino de' Monti della magnifica citta' di Narni e suo governo Governatore...tutte et singule le cose necessarie et opportune suppleno ogni defetto\"; fol. 2v-4r: \"[text] Sportole. In prima per sportole nelli cause capitali per homicidio o per assolutoria della pena de la forca o altra pena...per iuramento iudiciale decisivo se paghino baioche duoi al giudice\"; fol. 4v-6r: \"[text] Cancellaria. Alla cancellaria ciascuno inquisito per risponedere all'Inquisitione et dati la segurta'...e non se possano rogare nelle cause civili in modo alcuno\"; fol. 6rv: [text] Sigillo. Li sigilli in tutte le supplicazioni per la qual si voglia...de tutti li processi in cancelleria de la comunita'\"; fol. 6v-11v: \"[text] Essequtori. All'essequtori per prigionia un carlino il giorno per cause criminale et quando di ragione...de detta citta' che se cavano del bussolo secondo e solito e non altri notarii\"; fol. 11v: [subscription] Ita dicimus et observari mandamus nos Baldovinus de Montibus (autograph signature). Datum Romae die xxv mensis Augusti 1554. Vincentius Grottus secretarius\"; fol. 12r: [notarial subscription] \"In nomine Domini amen. Anno a nativitate eiusdem Domini millesimo quinquagentesimo quanquagesimo quarto indictionis duodecima mensis Septembris...de verbo ad verbum perlegi...et signum apposui et me hic subscripsi rogatus et requisitus (a \"signum tabellionis\" follows).\""], "520": ["The introduction that precedes the regulations deplores the absence of an orderly fee structure in the administration of the law in Narni (near Perugia, Italy); the governor, having heard many complaints from various parties, cancelled all previous regulations and proclaimed a new set of regulations henceforth to be observed uniformly in the whole territory. The text is divided into 57 numbered paragraphs, grouped under the following main headings: Sportole, Cancellaria, Sigillo, Essequtori. The regulation defines fees as well as jurisdiction and procedure. On fol. 12r there is the autograph subscription by the chancellor of Narni (\"Laurentius Mataratius, publicus apostolica et imperialis auctoritate notarius...nunc scriba et cancellarius civitatis Narnie\"), that certifies that this is an official copy, made on September 20th, 1554, while the text is said to have been written in Rome on August 25th, 1554. On fol. 11v there is the autograph signature of the governor Baldovinus de Montibus, followed by the his paper seal and by the signature of the secretary: \"Vinc[entiu]s Grottus\""], "246 1": ["Tassa Baldovina"], "300": ["14 leaves : |bpaper ;|c235 x 160 (180 x 125) mm bound to 235 x 160 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 246|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060802s1554    it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Ciocchi del Monte,|cBaldovino,|dca. 1550-1555."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger; added title from front cover.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 14; 1\u00b9\u2074. The chapters are numbered but the pages are not numbered.", "Layout: Written in 23-24 long lines, above top line. Ruled in brown ink.", "Script: The text is written in a formal cancelleresca script, by one hand. The notarial subscription is by another hand.", "Binding: The manuscript is sewn into a limp vellum leaf, which contains a papal document written in papal chancery minuscule. The document is addressed by Pope Julius III (Pope from 1550 to 1555) to the archbishop of Trier, and is dated 1554.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 246."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 246"], "260": ["[Narni,|cSeptember 20th 1554]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS146": {"001": ["ocm85182288"], "245 10": ["Institutiones iuris canonici /|cauctore Melchiorre Picarozzi, utriusque iuris professore in venerabili Seminario Tusculano."], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "520": ["The Institutiones iuris canonici by Professor Melchiorre Picarozzi of the Seminario Tusculano in three books (2 volumes)."], "300": ["|3Original:|a2 v. (170, 176 leaves) :|bpaper ;|c195 x 134 ( 164 x 115) mm bound to 200 x 146 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-13) and positive (Robbins MS 146)"], "260": ["Rome,|c[between 1770 and 1825]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 146"], "100 1": ["Picarozzi, Melchiorre."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Bookplate on the front pastedown in both volumes reads \"Monsignor Grimaldi Luogotenente dell' A.C.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from tile pages (fol. 2r in both volumes).", "Collation [Volume 1]: Paper (watermark depicts a bird atop a trimontium and the initials \"BM,\" all enclosed within a circle, with the city name \"Ascoli\" below), fol. 170 (contemporary foliation in ink that starts over at the beginning of each book; incorrect foliation in first book as fol. 40, 45, 48 are each repeated twice); 1-4\u2078 5\u2076 6-7\u2078 8\u2076 9-21\u2078 22\u2076.", "Collation [Volume 2]: Paper (same as above), fol. i + 176 (contemporary foliation in ink that begins at 98, because it is a continuation of the text in vol. 1, and starts over at the beginning of each book); 1\u00b9\u2070 2\u2078 3\u2076 4\u00b9\u2070 5\u2076 6\u00b9\u2070 7\u2076 8\u00b9\u2070 9\u2076 10\u00b9\u2070 11\u2076 12\u00b9\u2070 13-15\u2076 16\u00b9\u2070 17\u2076 18\u00b9\u2070 19\u2076 20\u00b9\u2070 21\u2076 22\u00b9\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in 20 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand that gets noticeably messier towards the end of the second volume.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard. Edges colored in mottled red and green. Titles on spines of vols. 1 and 2 read, respectively, \"Institut/ Iur. Canon/Lib. I.II./Par.I.\" and \"Institut/ Iur. Can/Lib. II P. II./Liber III.\"", "Origin: According to his own author statement (fol. 2r) Melchiorre Picarozzi was a professor of both laws at the Seminario Tuscolano, which is located in Frascati, just South East of Rome. The Seminario Tuscolano was founded in 1770 by Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 146."], "035": ["(OCoLC)85182288"], "505 8": ["Volume 2: Fol. 2r: \"[title] Institutiones iuris canonici...Liber secundus pars secunda\" ; fol. 3r-105r: \"[text] Sequitur tractatus de sacramentis...qui ad hanc rem plura spectantia desiderat adire poterit Benedictum XIV loco supra citato\" ; fol. 105v: blank ; fol. 106rv: Index to Book Two Part Two ; fol. 107r-108v: blank ; fol. 109r: [title] Institutiones iuris canonici...Liber tertius\" ; fol. 110r-170v: \"[text] Liber tertius Institutionum iuris canonici Titulus primus De beneficiis eclesiasticis (sic)...a venationibus clamorosis publicis spectantis aliisque que clerico [---] ordinem non quadrant que eis desiderung (?) videri poterunt apud Vannes[---] Reinfestum (?) aliosque perplures\" ; fol. 171rv: Index to Book Three ; fol. 171v-176v: blank."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=83;fullview=yes"], "008": ["060823q17701825it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "505 0": ["Volume 1: Fol. 2r: \"[title] Institutiones iuris canonici...Liber primus\" ; fol. 3r-26r: \"[text] Prolegomenon in institutiones iuris canonici\" ; fol. 26v- 65r: [text] Liber primus Institutionum canonicarum Titulus primus De iuris canonici divisione...et aedificent cunetos (?) tum fidei scientia quam operum disciplina\" ; fol. 65v- 66v: blank ; fol. 67rv: Index to Book One ; fol. 68r-69v: blank ; fol. 70r-167r: \"[title] Institutiones iuris canonici...Liber secundus pars prima [text] Liber secundus Titulus primus De rebus ecclesiasticis earumque divisione...ita disposuit Clemens III capitulum de homicidio\" ; fol. 167v: blank ; fol. 168r: Index to Book Two Part One ; 168v-170v: blank."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS150": {"001": ["06-B4345"], "245 10": ["Glossae singulares Decretalium."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-149r: \"[Niccol\u00f2 de' Tudeschi, Glossae] [rubr.] Incipiunt glossae singulares et nobiles Decretalium...quas dominus meus dominus Nicolaus abbas nunc archiepiscopus Panormitanus  in lecturis suis ac scriptis commendat quas ego recollexi in scolis dum cum in studio senensi audiebam et eas demum melius recolexi eius lecturas et scripta studendum. De constitucionibus. [text] Cognoscentes. Nota quod dapnum et retractacio actus sunt...gloria nobilem fi[nis?] hic quantum tene menti. [rubr.] Et hic est finis omnis glosse...ad declaracionibus...factus per reverendum in Christo patrem...archiepiscopum Panormitanum de Cicilia famosissimum doctorum doctorem hodie vero Sancte Romane Ecclesie cardinalem....et optatum finem pro laboribus consequtur. Amen. [subscription] Antonius Abellonis clericus Maioricensis utriusque iuris studens me scripsit in Basilea durantem sacro concilio anno 1441 in mense vero Marcii.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 150r-162v: \"[Alfonso de Madrigal, Tractatus quatuordecim conclusionum contra clericos concubinarios] [text] Quoniam ubi maius periculum uertitur ibi cautius est agendum...in curia romana nec tam eis [...]//\"", "Fol. 164r-167v: \"[Antonius de Butrio, Commentaria in Decretales] [rubr.] Incipit summa decem libri secundum dominum Antonium de Butrio. [text] Postquam de rebus undecumque et de spectantibus ad clericos...finis adest. [rubr.] Explicit summula decem libi decretorum fratris dompmni (sic) Antonii de Butris...amen.\"", "Fol. 167r-169r: \"[Juan Alfonso de Benavente, Tractatus de redemptione captivorum] [rubr.] Incipit brevis tractatus de [...]ia redemptionis captivorum...per Sarracenos perfidos detemptore. [text] Primo excolenae (?) huius...est Agustinus in libro de providentia (?). [rubr] Explicit brevis tractatus de [...] redempcionis captivorum per Sarracinos...quem composuit Iohannes Alfonsus de Benavente...anno domini 1444....fratris Nicolai de Valziona ...in civitate Salamantine...anno Domini 1444...\"", "Fol. 169v-182v: \"[Juan Alfonso de Benavente, Repetitio de penitentia] [text] Gaudiorum celestium operatores ac animarum zelatores...alliis casibus supra notatis. [rubr.] Istam reportationem fecit Iohannes Alfonsus de Benavente decrettorum doctor...in Salamantino studio octava die Madii anno domini 1451.\"", "Fol. 183r-183v: \"[Alvarus Pelagius, Tractatus de sacrilegio] [rubr.] Incipit tractatus de sacrilegio compositus per dominum fratrem Alvarum. [text] Queritur (?) quid est sacrilegium, quibus modis...sit benedictus in secula seculorum amen.\"", "Fol. 182v-184r: \"[Notes] Nota dictum abatis...Nota quod iudex...Nota quod lis...id quod continet...\""], "520": ["This manuscript seems to be a collection of transcripts of lessons regarding various aspects of Canon Law; these lessons took place in Spain, mainly at the University of Salamanca, in the mid 15th century. Several scribes (up to five) completed the task of copying this manuscript. It is a sort of textbook, a record of the lessons elaborated by former law students, in order to make the notes taken while listening to the professor more legible and easier to remember. The pastedown inside back cover is a scrap from a manuscript containing the \"Epistulae\" of St. Jerome, copied by a tidy 15th century humanistic cursive hand: it shows a part of the epistula 14."], "100 0": ["Niccol\u00f2,|cde' Tudeschi, Archbishop,|d1386-1445."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 150|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Alfonso,|cde Madrigal.", "Giovanni,|cda Benevento."], "260": ["Spain,|c1441-1454."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |asecundum"], "546": ["Latin."], "008": ["060906i14411454sp ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a184 leaves :|bpaper ;|c295 x 220 (225 x 160) mm bound to 300 x 225 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 97-13) and positive (Robbins MS 150)"], "561": ["The manuscript was at some point in the 15th century in Spain, according to the Spanish vernacular notes on the back flyleaf."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Paper (Watermark very similar to Briquet \"Anneaux,\" 689), fol. 184 + i; 1-2\u00b9\u00b2 3\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b3 4-11\u00b9\u00b2 12\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u2074 13-15\u00b9\u00b2. Catchwords in the right-hand corner of the lower margin, on verso. Contemporary foliation in the right corner of the bottom margin, on recto, in Roman numerals: it starts from fol. 34. Quire numbers in red ink, in the right corner of the bottom margin: a lower-case latin letter followed by a Roman numeral (numbers from i to vi, only halfway through the quire.)", "Layout: Fol. 1r-149r, written in long lines; fol. 150r, written in two columns, 45 lines for each column. Frame ruled in lead.", "Script: Fol. 1r-149r, written in cursiva bastarda; fol. 150r-184r, written in cursiva libraria script.", "Decoration: Red rubrics and red paragraph marks throughout.", "Binding: Alumed leather over wooden boards; two metal clasps on the lower board. The binding is probably the original 15th century one.", "Origin: Fol. 1r-149r: written iin the year 1441 by the scribe Antonius Abellonis from Majorca: fol. 149r: \"Antonius Abellonis clericus Maioricensis utriusque iuris studens me scripsit, in Basilea durante sacro concilio anno MCCCXLI in mense vero Marcii.\" Fol. 167r-169r, written by Nicolaus de Valziona in Salamanca, in the year of 1454. None of the scribes is listed in the \"Colophons\" by the Benedictins du Bouveret. Fol. 169v-182v, copied in the year 1451. Nevertheless, some of these dates seem to refer rather to the year when the lessons were delivered than to the year when they were copied.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 150."], "700 1": ["Butrio, Antonius de,|d1338-1408.", "Pelagius, Alvarus,|d1280?-1353.", "Benavente, Juan Alfonso."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 150"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=87;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS263": {"001": ["06-B3747"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bPope (1555-1559 : Paul IV)"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-6r: \"[title] Cause et ordine con il quale si \u00e8 proceduto fra Paolo IIII et Henrico Re di Franza per devenire alla collegation della lega che hanno raffirmato insieme [text] Essendosi quasi in uno istesso tempo fatta la creatione di Papa Paolo IIII et sequita la dissolutione dello Abboccamento...Mando anco Sua Maesta ad accordare il Duca di Ferrara concedendogli in tempo di guerra quanto gli era stato promesso et in tempo di pace denari (?) 100 a l'anno\" ; fol. 7r-11v: \"[title] Cagioni le quali ponno haver indotto il Papa Paulo IIII alla rottura con l'Imperatore e col Re suo figlio [text] Che non ostante che essendo lui in minoribus et habbia fatto sempre professione di vero ecclesiastico...perche con i fatti di maggior importanza e di maggior danno hano (sic) dimostrato loro intentione et mala volonta\" ; fol. 12r-14r : \"[title] Cagioni le quali hanno condutto gli Imperiali alla rottura contra Papa Paolo IIII [text] Prima l'esser stata casa Caraffa anticamente di fattione Francese et nelle guerre et divisioni del Regno di Napoli...ma tutte queste ragioni lasso da parte et le rimetto nel giuditio delle [---] del mondo sperando che Sua Santita non sera che non hanno fondamento et si distora da simil pensieri\" ; fol. 15r-16v: \"[title] Negotiatione ded Cardinal Carafa fatta con la Signoria di Venetia del 1556 il mese di Decembre et Genaro [text] La prima audienza hebbe dalla Signoria senza l'intervento delli Signori Capi et ringratio Sua Santita delle tanti offitii che havea fatto accio la pace potesse seguire...Che la pace qui non poteva seguire perche fino all'hora le tregue deveano esser rotte, et esortava Sua Santita a non perdere questa occasione\" ; fol. 17rv: \"[text] Il Cardinal Caraffa fu non ieri l'altro mandato a chiamar da questi signori per darli la risposta la quale per le precedenti mie io ho scritto...et che lui mai se partiva da quel che \u00e8 giusto et commendibile\" ; fol. 18r: '[text (crossed out)] Nelle [---] de primo che larmata del turco usciva nel regno de Napoli...et che darano la Puglia et darano per pegno Ravenna et Cervia secondo il solito mio\" ; fol. 18v-19v: blank."], "520": ["These apparently unpublished summaries of the European political scene from 1555-1557 take the position of condemning Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna, who was accused of being a disobedient rebel and excommunicated by Paul IV. Persuant to Colonna's excommunication, Paul IV's nephew, Carlo Carafa - mentioned several times in the present manuscripts - was made a cardinal. The later foliation in Arabic numerals at the tail edge of each folio (123-128; 129-136; 145-[149]), as well as the section headings in Roman numerals at the head edge of the first folio of each section (X, XI-XII, XV-XVI), indicate that these bifolia were once bound together. Before they were bound together into one codex (now disbound), a former owner folded some of the individual sections and wrote the title on the outside (fol. 6r, 18r), along with the numbers \"10\" and \"5,\" respectively."], "300": ["19 leaves (unbound sets of bifolia) :|bpaper ;|c340 x 221 (293 x 184) mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat ms.,|c21133."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 263|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript once belonged to Lord Guilford, and later passed into the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his ms. 21133). On fol. 16v written upside down on tail edge are the numbers \"501,\" \"512\" and \"501.5.8.\""], "260": ["Rome?,|cca. 1557."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060808s1557    it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "245 00": ["[4 manuscripts pertaining to the conflict between Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul IV]"], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "600 10": ["Colonna, Marco Antonio,|d1535-1584.", "Carafa, Carlo,|dca. 1517-1566"], "500": ["Ms. fragment.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (fol. 1-18 watermark similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"Noms,\" 12059; fol. 19 watermark similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"Croix latine,\" 5683), fol. 19 (various folioations: in Arabic numerals in the center of tail edge, 123-128; 129-136, 145-[149]; modern pagination in pencil in top right hand corner, on recto only, 101-127, 145-153); collation indiscernible because disbound.", "Layout: Written in 23 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand. Fol. 1r- 16v in a very neat hand; fol. 17rv written in a very messy hand with many corrections; fol 18r written in the same messy hand, but text crossed out.", "Documents are likely contemporary with the events being described. The author's condemnation of Colonna and his sympathetic view of Carafa indicate his allegiances in these political matters. The heavy corrections on fol. 17rv and the crossing out of the text on fol. 18r suggest that this particular section was a working copy, later to be copied out again neatly like the rest of the sections.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 263."], "700 1": ["Guilford, Francis North,|cBaron,|d1637-1685.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 263"], "600 00": ["Charles|bV,|cHoly Roman Emperor,|d1500-1558.", "Paul|bIV,|cPope,|d1476-1559."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS168": {"001": ["06-B4372"], "245 10": ["Vita di Francesco Conforti /|cscritta da Teodoro Monticelli ex Abate Celestino di S[an] Pietro a Majella della citt\u00e0 di Napoli."], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-12v: \"[title] Vita di Francesco Conforti [text] Tramandate ai posteri la storia de chiarissimi uomini...ed alla virt\u00f9 per opera dell'immortale Napoleone e del degno di lui Augusto Fratello Giuseppe\" ; fol. 13r-16v: End notes ; fol. 17r-20v: ruled but blank."], "520": ["A biography of Francesco Conforti focusing on his involvement in the revolution of Naples of 1799. The author, Teodoro Monticelli, is described as \"Ex Abate Celestino di S. Pietro\" (Monticelli was also a mineralogist)."], "300": ["20 leaves :|bpaper ;|c295 x 192 ( 263 x 165) mm bound to 230 x 203 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c6127."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 168|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 6127) and of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford (his bookplate on front on front pastedown depicting a shield supported by two dragons rampant with spread wings, gorged and chained, with an earl's crown; within the shield is a lion surrounded by three fleurs-de- lis; the motto reads \"La vertu est la seule noblesse\"). At base of spine is a small, round green sticker (6 mm in diameter). In the bottom left-hand corner of front cover is a beige sticker (12 mm in diameter) containing the number \"399.\""], "008": ["060907s1806    it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "100 1": ["Monticelli, Teodoro,|d1759-1845."], "600 10": ["Conforti, Gianfrancesco,|d1743-1799."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a donkey with small wings above the letters \"GBI\"), fol. ii + 20 + ii; collation indiscernible due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 37 long lines; frame-ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Half-leather and printed brown paper over pasteboard; title on spine reads: \"Monticalli Vita di Fr. Conforti--1806--MS.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 168."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 168"], "260": ["Naples (Italy),|c1806."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS23": {"001": ["ocn245539783"], "245 10": ["Relazione della corte o sia Curia Romana nello stato in cui si trova nel corrente anno 1766 /|cOpera di Giovanni Domenico Goffoii Romano, maestro di lingue e gia agente nella medesima corte."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["An account of the organization and functioning of the various branches of papal administration under Clement XIII (1758-1769) and his predecessors. It includes detailed descriptions of the four branches of the Roman Curia: political, ceremonial, curial, and judiciary. The author, a professor of languages in Rome, was also an agent in the Curia and thus derived first-hand knowledge of papal matters from frequenting the courts and congregations of the Roman Curia."], "300": ["|3Original:|a384 pages :|bpaper ;|c266 x 196 (230 x 125) mm bound to 330 x 215 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-96) and positive (Robbins MS 23)"], "260": ["Rome,|c1766."], "099": ["Robbins MS 23"], "100 1": ["Goffoii, Giovanni Domenico."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Once in the possession of a certain John Bellows of Gloucester (pink label inside back cover reads \"John Bellows, Gloucester, steam press, Reference no. [not given]\")."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1)", "Collation: Paper, pp. 384 (page numbering starts on the first page of text, after the index on fol. 4); 1-16\u00b9\u00b2; catchwords on the verso of each folio.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines. Margins ruled by folding.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Unbound quires. When acquired, manuscript was bound in vellum over pasteboard with individual gatherings separated from one another and from the cover. Lower edge of back cover stained red. Title on spine on paper label reads \"Relazione della Curia Romana nel 1766 Opera di Giovanni Domenico Goffoii.\" During conservation treatment this binding was removed and unbound quires are now kept in a protective box. Binding and full conservation treatment report are in manuscript file.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 23."], "600 00": ["Clement|bXIII,|cPope,|d1693-1769."], "035": ["(OCoLC)245539783"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bCuria Romana."], "008": ["080905s1766    it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "546": ["Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080905022250.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: \"[title] Relazione della corte o sia Curia Romana nello stato in cui si trova nel corrente anno 1766. Opera di Giovanni Domenico Goffoii Romano, maestro di lingue e gia agente nella medesima corte\" ; fol. 2r-3v: Index ; pp. 1-370: \"[text] Proemio. Siccome le api per fare il miele scorrono per i giardini e succhiano il meglio dai fiori pi\u0300\u00f9 prelibati...E qui f\u00f2 fine, parendomi d'aver detto abbastanza per istruzzione di quelli signori e forestieri che bramano d'essere informati dello stile della Corte di Roma tanto decantata in ogni dove\" ; last three fols. blank."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS199": {"001": ["ocn244307169"], "260": ["Rome,|cbetween 1769 and 1770."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A collection of documents relating to the sale and purchase of salt between the Basilica of Sant'Antonino in Parma and the Monastery of Chiaravalle della Colomba in Alseno."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c10409."], "099": ["Robbins MS 199"], "245 00": ["Documenti del capitolo della basilica di Sant'Antonino per la causa del sale."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 10409). Front cover also bears a paper label that reads \"No. 23\" in faded orange-ish pen, and also \"C.R. Etat no. 9...(22)\" in brown pen; front pastedown reads, in pencil, \"10409 Ph\" (i.e the Phillips catalog number) and \"B17.185\"; back pastedown reads \"199\" in pencil."], "500": ["Ms. documents.", "Title from title page; added title from front cover.", "Decoration: Handwritten notarial signs on fols. 26r, 32v and 42v; present are also three distinct stamped notarial signs: one is found on the recto of fols. 14-20, 29-30, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44,  (top left); a second is found on fols. 35r (bottom left), 38v, 41r (left middle); a third is found on fol. 45v (left, a third of the way down the page).", "Binding: Bound in faded printed paper (mottled red ground with yellow and brown blotches) over pasteboard; spine frayed. Cover bears paper label with title \"Iura Ill  \u0303mi Cap.li Insig.is Basi.cae St  \u0303i Antonini Plac.tiae\".", "Accompanying materials: Two printed bills of sale, competed in pen, dated 7 August and 28 September 1770 (fol. 3); seals on fols. 12, 32, 35, 37, 38.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 199."], "035": ["(OCoLC)244307169"], "610 20": ["Basilica di Sant'Antonino (Piacenza, Italy)", "Chiaravalle della Colomba (Abbey : Alseno, Italy)"], "246 04": ["Iura ill[ustrissi]mi cap[ito]li insig[n]is basi[li]cae S[anc]ti Antonini Plac[en]tiae"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["080822i17691770it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080822053157.0"], "300": ["47 leaves :|bpaper ;|cbound to 295 x 194 mm."], "LEADER": ["00000ntc  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS62": {"001": ["ocn690705464"], "260": ["Italy,|c1800s."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Indexes of letters from the pontificates of Pius V, Gregroy XIII, Urban VIII, Innocent X, Alexander VII, and Benedict XIII. The first item--the index of letters of Pius V--was copied from the edition by Fran\u0328cois Goubau printed in Antwerp in 1640 by Balthasar Moreti."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5357."], "099": ["Robbins MS 62"], "245 00": ["[Indexes of apostolic letters]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 5357)."], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Collation: Fol. x + 506 (last leaf is pastedown; foliated 1-505 as fol. 44 was skipped); gatherings mostly in 12s; gatherings signed 1-46 with the last few quires unsigned.", "Layout: Written in long lines; number of lines per page varies.", "Script: Written in a neat script by various hands.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard. Spine reads: \"Manoscritto. Indice di lettere apostoliche. M.S.\" At base of spine is the number 10; on the front cover is the number 2 (crossed out).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 62."], "035": ["(OCoLC)690705464"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-29v: \"Index apostolicarum S[ancti] Pii V Pontif[icis] Max[imi] epistolarum quas a Ioanne Antonio Gabutio conscriptas quinque libris consignatas in lucem edidit Franciscus Goubau Antuerpiae ex officina plantiniana Balthassaris Moreti 1640. Bibliotheca Vaticana MSS vero adservanti in Archivio Secreto Vaticano.\" Fol. 30r-57v: blank."], "505 8": ["Fol. 58r-69r: \"Index tomi iv et v epistolarum S[anctissi]mi D[omi]ni Nostri Gregorii XIII ad viros principes et alios anno pontificatus sui iv et v.\" Fol. 70r-93v: blank.", "Fol. 94r-352r: Indexes of letters of Pope Urban VIII \"ad viros principes et alios\": fol. 94r-112v: index to vols. 1 -2 (1st year of his pontificate) \"Ioanne Ciampolo Secretario\"; fol. 114r-125v: index to vol. 3 (2nd year of his pontificate); fol. 126r-143r: index to vol. 4 (3rd year of his pontificate); fol. 144r-153r: index to vol. 5 (4th year of his pontificate); fol. 156r-168v: index to vol. 6 (5th year of his pontificate); fol. 170r- 181v: index to volume 7 (6th year of his pontificate); fol. 182r -197r: index to volume 8 (7th year of his pontificate); fol. 198r-211r: index to volume 9 (8th year of his pontificate); fol. 212r-223r: index to volume 10 (9th year of his pontificate); fol. 224r-234r: index to volume 11 (10th year of his pontificate); fol. 236r-247r: index to volume 12 (11th year of his pontificate); fol. 248r-255v: index to volume 13 (12th year of his pontificate); fol. 260r-277r: index to vols. 14 and 15 (13th and 14th years of his pontificate); fol. 278r-292v: index to vols. 16 and 17 (15th and 16th years of his pontificate); fol. 294r- 312r: index to vols. 18 and 19 (17th and 18th years of his pontificate); fol. 314r-352r: index to vols. 20, 21 and 22 (19th, 20th and 21st years of his pontificate).", "Fol. 354r-362v: Index of letters of Pope Innocent X.", "Fol. 365r-388v: Indexes of letters of Pope Alexander VII \"ad viros principes et alios\": fol. 365r- : index to vol. 1 (1st year of his pontificate) \"Natale Rondanino secretario\"; fol. 391r-403v: index to vol. 2 (2nd year of his pontificate); 405r-414r: index to vol. 3 (3rd year of his pontificate), part 1; fol. 417r-448v: index to vols. 3 (part 2), 4 and 5 (3rd, 4th and 5th years of his pontificate).", "Fol. 454r-505r: Index of letters of Pope Benedict XIII \"ad principes.\""], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "700 0": ["Pius|bV,|cPope,|d1504-1572.", "Gregory|bXIII,|cPope,|d1502-1585.", "Urban|bVIII,|cPope,|d1568-1644.", "Innocent|bX,|cPope,|d1574-1655.", "Alexander|bVII,|cPope,|d1599-1667.", "Benedict|bXIII,|cPope,|d1649-1730."], "008": ["101208q17241799it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts and Jennifer K. Nelson, December 2010."], "546": ["In Latin"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20101208040807.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a506 leaves :|bpaper ;|c270-280 x 195-205 mm, bound to 285 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-53) and positive (Robbins MS 62)"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS37": {"001": ["06-B3653"], "245 10": ["[Digestum novum cum Glossa ordinaria Accursii]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-181v: \"[text] // agrorum siccantorum causa facta quintus...idem quin duo pro solito heredes esse non possunt. Idem//."], "520": ["The manuscript is acephalous and incomplete. Bottom of fol. 1-2, 26-59 worn; fol. 24-26 cut but repaired; large pieces cut from fol. 23, 110, 116, 117; the fol. after 169 was torn off. It seems to have been the working and studying copy of many different people, being full of marginal and interlinear notes by various hands regarding both the text and the Accursian gloss."], "100 0": ["Justinian|bI,|cEmperor of the East,|d483?-565."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 37|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Accursius,|cglossator,|dca. 1182-ca. 1260."], "008": ["060801q12801320fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["181 leaves :|bparchment ;|c403 x 255 (265 x 113) mm bound to 140 x 260 mm."], "561": ["According to a note in an exquisite 18th or 19th-century hand pasted on the inside of the back cover, this manuscript is supposedly the first volume of a two-volume work produced in England no later than the early 12th century, but most probably in the mid 13th century. The note refers to volume two of the set (now Robbins MS 36) as including several ownership marks, some of which are of the late 14th century; the note also says that that book at some unspecified date was also in the possession of a priest from Chicheley. The whole note is wrong on many counts: although it is probably true that Robbins MSS 36 and 37 were considered to be a set in the 15th century (judging from the fact that both contain notes in an English hand), they were surely not written at the same time or in the same place. On inside front cover, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"begins in O.39.I.4\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 181 + i (modern paper), 1-3\u00b9\u00b2 4\u00b9\u00b2 (lacks one fol.) 5\u00b9\u2070 6-7\u00b9\u00b2 8\u00b9\u00b2 (lacks one fol.) 9-10\u00b9\u00b2 13\u00b9\u00b2 (lacks one fol.) 14\u00b9\u00b2 15\u2076 16\u00b9\u2070 17\u2074. No original foliation is provided, and no quire numbering. Catchwords in the bottom margin on the right side, possibly by the hand of the scribe.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-176v, written in two columns on 47 lines; fol. 177r-181v, written in 42 long lines. The text is surrounded by an extensive marginal gloss of up to 104 lines.", "Script: Written in textualis libraria script, by apparently two scribes for the text and possibly one for the gloss. The text is written in black ink while the gloss is written in brown ink.", "Decoration: Some chapter headings written in 8-line capital or uncial letters, in blue penworked in red. Red and blue 2-line initials throughout the text. Red rubrics; red and blue paragraph marks in the text and and red ones in the gloss. Many line-fillers in brown ink. The manuscript abounds in marginal drawings, some of them associated with hunting and the military profession: fol. 36r and 140r, hare hunting; fol. 106r, soldiers climbing a ladder; fol. 106v, man and woman holding hands; fol. 106, harnessed horse; fol. 115v, torso of a horse; other drawings on fol. 109r, 100rv, 113v, 126rv, 129rv, 134r, 139r, 141v, 174v  (a list of drawings is provided on the inside of the back cover, in pencil, by a 20th century hand.)", "Binding: Dark brown paper over pasteboard; quarter bound in brown leather. Gold-tooled title on spine: \"Digestum Novum Saec. XIV. I.\". Front cover detached.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 37."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 37"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1280 and 1320]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=26;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS7": {"001": ["05-B14290"], "245 10": ["Summa decretalium."], "520": ["Bernard of Pavia's compendium of his Breviarium Extravagantium, his compiled work of Gratian's Decretum, organized into 5 books."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat. ms. |c6331.", "De Ricci, |cp. 505.", "Kuttner, Stephan G., Repertorium der kanonistik 1140-1234, |cp. 338."], "260": ["[Italy, |cca. 1225]"], "581": ["Bermardus Papiensis, Bernardi Papiensis Faventini Episcopi Summa Decretalium, ed. Ernst A. T. Aspeyres (Regensburg: J. Manz, 1860; reprint, Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1956)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["At one time in the possession of Henry Drury, who had it bound in the early nineteenth century, as evidenced by a note on fol. ir: \"MS. in membranis Bernardi Decretalium. An Ancient MS. and evidently not written by the same hand. Bound for me by the only binder C. Lewis. H. Drury 1822.\" Sir Thomas Phillipps also owned it, having purchased it at the Drury sale (note on f. iiv \"Phillipps MS 6331\"). In 1935 it passed into the hands of Jacques Rosenthal; thereafter it was successively acquired and sold by Otto H. V. Vollbehr of Washington D.C. (his MS 6), and John Howell (in 1956)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from spine.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (paper and parchment) + 82 + i (paper); 1-9\u2078 10\u00b9\u2070 11\u2078; catchwords visible on quires 1 and 2, trace of catchword visible on quire 7.", "Layout: 34-38 long lines; ruled in dry point and ink; prickings visible.", "Script: Written in a transitional Gothic script by several hands.", "Decoration: Capital letters and titles in red ink; some small letters in brown ink traced in the margins before the capitals were executed; red penwork lion on inner margin of fol. 58r.", "Binding: Stamped leather binding with gilt edges. Gilt title stamped on spine: \"Bernardus Summa Decretalium MS in pergamena\"; codex housed in a portfolio inside a cloth box with leather spine (title stamped on spine of box: \"Bernardus Summa Decretalium Manuscript on vellum XIIIth Century).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 7."], "300": ["|3Original:|a82 leaves :|bparchment ;|c285 x 185 (225 x 125) mm bound to 292 x 190 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-16) and positive (Robbins MS 7)"], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "650  0": ["Canon law."], "100 0": ["Bernard,|cof Pavia."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 7|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["051104s1225    it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2005."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-82r: \"[rubr.] Gloria patri est filius sapiens [text] Profectus discipuli gloria magistri qui non lucernam doctrine celare sub modio non verbi frumentum abscondere...Ei autem qui est alpha et omega bonorum omnium de nostris scriptis gratiam referamus Hec ego Bernardus genuit quem clara papia mitto sed emendet socii rogo vestra sophia qui Decretales ad opus comune redegi sub titulis summam, nunc christo dante peregi.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=103;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 7"]}, "RobbinsMS262": {"001": ["06-B3568"], "245 10": ["Remarques sur plusieurs articles de la cout[ume] d'Artois et sur quelques questions de droit pratique."], "505 0": ["Pp. 1-956: \"[text] par l'ordinance de 1667 les enquetes...le dix Julliet 1738\"; pp. 957-960 blank; pp. 961-1028: Table des matieres (alphabetical index of subjects)."], "520": ["This manuscript contains notes on the articles of Law in Artois: each of the 210 discussed articles is followed by his commentary on it, together with additional commentary by an untraced \"H\" citing new cases. Several marginal notes in the outer margins."], "300": ["|3Original:|a1044 pages :|bpaper ;|c300  x 175 (245 x 100) mm bound to 305 x 185 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-122) and positive (Robbins MS 262)"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 262|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060727q17501760fr ||||||||||||00|||frm|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "546": ["Middle French."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "100 1": ["Hebert, Guislaume Fran\u00e7ois,|dfl. 1695-1704."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the title page.", "Collation: Paper, pp. iii + 1044 + i; 1-42\u00b9\u00b2 46\u2076. No catchwords. Contemporary pagination on the upper corner on both recto and verso, although the table of contents is not paginated.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines, with 2-lines chapter headings.", "Script: Written in an elegant cursive script, possibly by one hand with light brown ink.", "Binding: Calf over pasteboard, possibly original. Defective spine, margins thumbed, edges painted in red. Marbled paper used as flyleaves.", "Origin: Written in France, between 1750 and 1760.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 262."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 262"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1750 and 1760]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS105": {"001": ["06-B4200"], "245 10": ["[Decretales cum glossa Bernardi Bottoni]"], "520": ["The main text of the Decretales is surrounded by the gloss of the Italian law scholar Bernardo Bottoni. At the bottom of fol. 192r there are some additions in verse, written in a variety of late-13th and early 14th-century hand. A fragment from Boniface VIII's Liber sextus (Book V, chapter ii \"De homicidio\" at \"Prelatis vel clericis quibuscumque...\") is copied at the top of fol. 193v in a late 13th-century hand. The date of the papal bull copied on fol. 193r a is given as 6 June 1319. On fol. 194r-195v there is an alphabetical index of titles in the Institutiones, Codex, Digestum vetus, Digestum novum, and Infortiatum; at least one folio is missing here, as the index is incomplete, starting towards the end of the titles grouped under C and ending with titles grouped under  S. A one-paragraph text mentioning the Franciscan order, copied in a late 13th or early 14th-century hand on the end pastedown, includes the date 1247; one of the marginal notes on fol. 192v, written in a late 13-century hand, includes the date 1293. On fol. 192r there is the amusing subscription by the scribe, a woman: \"Expliciunt Decretales per manus Gerdrudis que solebat ludere cum nudis.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[Germany?,|cbetween 1275 and 1300]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |anon retinuit"], "581": ["Decretales Domini Gregorii Papae IX suae integritati una cum glossis restitutae cum privilegio Gregorii XIII Pont. Max. et aliorum principum, Corpus iuris canonici 2 (Romae: In Aedibus Populi Romani, 1548)"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["At one time in the fourteenth century the book belonged to one Johannes (two partially erased notes written in a german hand, one at the top of end pastedown and one in the middle: \"Iste liber est Johannis[...] presbiteri ecclesie [...];\" a little further down the page there is a note mentioning the Franciscan order: \"...frater Io[hannes] ordinis fratrum Minorum minister generalis...datum anno Domino 1247...\"). From a partially Latin and partially German inscription at the bottom of the end pastedown, a German provenance might be inferred for the manuscript, or at least for the leaf used in binding."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 195; 1-4\u00b9\u2070 5\u00b9\u2070\u207a\u00b2 6-19\u00b9\u2070 20\u2074\u207b\u00b9 (the last folio of the last quire is used as a pastedown). No contemporary foliation is provided. Modern 20th century foliation in pencil in the lower bottom margin. Catchwords in the right side of the bottom margin, on verso. Quire numbers in the middle of the bottom margin, on verso, in Roman numerals.", "Layout: The main text is written in two columns, 45 lines for each column. The marginal gloss which surrounds the text is written in up to 105 lines. Ruled in lead. Prickings visible in the upper and lower margins, as well as in the outer margins.", "Script: The main text is written in a textualis libraria script, quite close to the \"littera Parisiensis\". The surrounding gloss is written in a cursiva libraria script, quite tidy at the beginning, becoming steadily messier as it progresses. The text was apparently copied by one hand, while the gloss was certainly copied by almost three different hands, but contemporary to each other.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, the opening words \"Gregorius\" and \"Firmiter\" are written in capital letters, with red and blue alternating pen flourishings; the first in on 7 lines, the second is on 4 lines. Red and blue running titles on the upper margins. Red and blue alternating penworked initials throughout, mostly on 3 lines. Alternating red and blue lombard initials on 1 line throughout. Red rubrics throughout.", "Binding: Vellum over wooden boards; clasps missing; of the supporting metal pieces only two are still affixed to the back cover. The binding could be a 14th century one. The remains of a red seal are visible on inside front cover.", "Origin: Possibly written in Germany, since the scribe names herself \"Gerdrudis\": nevertheless, the text is written in a script quite close to the \"littera Parisiensis\". A scribe named \"Gerdrudis\" of the same era is listed in Colophons, number 5354.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 105."], "300": ["|3Original: |a199 leaves :|bparchment ;|c350 x 245 (main text, 190 x 115) mm bound to 360 x 250 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-80) and positive (Robbins MS 105)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 192v: [Incertus auctor] \"[rubr.] Casus domino episcopo reseruati [text] Omnes excommunicationes tam a se quam a canone...tantum quod debita fiat restitutio de eisdem.\"", "Fol. 193r: [Johannes XXII, Bulla \"Cum nonnulle ecclesiastice\", Avignon, 5 January 1319]", "Fol. 193r: [Johannes XXII, Letter to Cardinal Bertrand de Montfauves, Archdeacon of Sologne, and Pierre Durant, Chaplain, Canon of Embrun, regarding the collection of ecclesiastical benefices, Avignon, 6 May 1319]", "Fol. 194r-195v: \"[Tabula titulorum operum Justiniani]"], "100 0": ["Gregory IX,|cPope,|dca. 1170-1241."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 105|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["John|bXXII,|cPope,|d-1334."], "008": ["060830q12751300gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Bottoni, Bernardo,|d-1266."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-192r: \"[text] Gregorius episcopus servus servorum dei dilectis filiis doctoribus et scolaribus universis Parisius commorantibus salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Rex pacificus pia miseratione disposuit...et a Romane Ecclesie consuetudine alienum ut pro spiritualibus facere quis homagium compellatur.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=66;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 105"]}, "RobbinsMS259": {"001": ["06-B3763"], "245 10": ["Le dodici Decretali clementine."], "505 0": ["Fol.1rv: \"[rubr.] Pensio pro paupere. [text] Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] Luce de Angulo. ..Hinc est hoc quod hos tibi...voluntatis infringere vel incursari.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 1v-2r: \"Clemens. Hodie dilecto filio Luce de Angulo presbitero Cordubiensis pensionem annuam...plenius continetur quo circa.\" Fol. 2v blank.", "Fol. 3rv: \"[rubr.] Resignatio simplex super simplici [...]. [text] Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] officiali...dilecti filii Francisci Colonna presbiteri de illo quod tum...Datum Romae apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] anno 1714 decimo nono Kalendis Septembrii pontificatus nostri anno quintodecimo.\"", "Fol. 3v-4v: \"[rubr.] Resignatio simplex super [...]. [text] Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] magistro Francisco Colunne...Datum Romae apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] anno 1714 decimo nono Kalendis Septembrii pontificatus nostri anno xiiii.\"", "Fol. 5r-6r: \"Clemens dilecto filio Iohanni Baptiste Afferra Archidiacono...Litterarum scientia vite ac mortis honestas aliaque laudabilia...Datum Romae apud Sanctam Mariam Maiorem anno Incarnationis dominice millesimo septuagentesimo decimo octavo, quarto Idus Novembris pontificatus nostri anno decimo octavo.\"", "Fol. 6r: \"Clemens dilectis filiis magistro Carolo Cerro...Hodie dilecto filio Iohanni Baptistae Afferra archidiacono...ac de verbo ad verbum indulto...Datum etc.\"", "Fol. 7r: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio]...archiepiscopi Ispalensis...datum Romae apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] Kal. Martii anno xv .\"", "Fol. 7v: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] Petro Marchioniae (?) canonico...et prebenda [.]exant et super eis indecisa.\" Fol. 8rv blank.", "Fol. 9r-10r: \"Clemens dilecto filio officiali...Archiepiscopo Mechiliniensis...pia mater recurrentibus ad eam...Datum apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] decimo septimo Idibus Iunii pontificatus nostri anno quintodecimo.\"", "Fol. 11rv: \"Clemens venerabili fratri Episcopo Segobricensi salutem. Dignum arbitramur et congruum ut illis...Datum Romae apud Sanctam Mariam Maiorem anno Incarnationis dominicae millesimo septuagentesimo sextodecimo pontificatus nostri anno sextodecimo.\"", "Fol. 11v-12r: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] Francisco Antonio de Castro pretori P. E. sancti Martini ville de Arenado...vel assequente vel vacet exhorbitante devoluta.\"", "Fol. 13rv: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] officiali venerabilis fratris mi Archiepiscopi Toletani salutem. Apostolica sedis circumspecta benignitas rigorem...Datum Rome apud Sanctam Mariam Maiorem anno Incarnationis dominice millesimo septuagentesimo sextodecimo, ponificatus nostri anno sextodecimo.\" Fol. 14rv blank.", "Fol. 15rv: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] Georgeo Casalonz clerici Illerdensis...Datum Romae apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] anno Incarnationis Dominice millesimo septuagentesimo decimo septimo pridie Idus Aprilis pontificatus nostri anno decimoseptimo.\" Fol. 16rv is blank.", "Fol. 17rv: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio] Fideli Dominico Flore penitentiario...Datum Romae apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] anno 1719 decimo nono Kalendis Septembris anno decimo nono.\"", "Fol. 17v: \"Clemens d[ilectissimo] f[ilio] magistro Laurentio Vanniello...mandamus quatenus (?) mentionem. Datum etc.\"Fol. 18rv blank.", "Fol. 19r-20v: \"Clemens d[ilectissimo] f[ilio] magistro. Vite [...] super quibus dilectus filius Franciscus Emanuel de Liardes...dudum siquidem omnia beneficia ecclesiastica...Datum S[ante] M[arie] M[aiori] quinto Idus Decembris anno decimonono.\"", "Fol. 21r-22v: \"Clemens dilecto filio officiali...Archiepiscopi Compostellani salutem. Dignum arbitramur et cognovimus ut illis se reddar sedes apostolica...dilectum filium Gregorium Botana Pulleixo presbitero dicte diocesis qui unum de duo precipua simplicia...mandavissemus provideri. Datum S[ancte] M[ariae] M[aiori] Idus Iunii anno vigesimo.\"", "fol. 23r-24v: \"Clemens d[ilecto] f[ilio]. Vite ac morum honestas aliaque laudabilia probitatis et virtutum merita...\"Datum S[ancte] M[ariae] M[aiori] decimis Kal. Decembris anno xx.\""], "520": ["The manuscript looks like a collection of transcriptions of documents and letters issued by Pope Clement XI during his papacy, mostly concerning members of the Spanish and Belgian clergy. One of the recepients mentioned in the letters is a member of the clergy in Cordoba, and he is named Luca de Angulo. The documents deal with the allocation of yearly payments to poor clegymen (\"pensio pro paupere\"), donations, elections to church benefices, ecclesiastical revenues etc. At the end of most letters there is the word \"taxa\" followed by Roman numerals, possibly indicating the price paid for having the letter either copied or sent."], "100 0": ["Clement|bXI,|cPope,|d1649-1721."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 259|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060808q17201750it ||||||||||||00|||lat||"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["24 leaves :|bpaper ;|c270 x 190 (230 x 140) mm bound to 270 x 190."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the paper wrapper.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 24; 1-12\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in up to 30 long lines. Not ruled. there is no contemporary foliation.", "Script: Written by several hands mostly in a confused secretary script, sometimes barely legible.", "Binding: Bound with paper wrapper, with the title written in brown ink: \"Le dodici Decretali Clementine. Manoscritto inedito rarissimo che va unito all'innocensiano e stimato Luigi dieci. N[umero?] secondo.\"", "Origin: Written in Italy in the first half of the 18th century."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 259"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1720 and 1750]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS139": {"001": ["ocm84650662"], "260": ["Italy,|cbetween 1707 and 1791."], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "520": ["Collection of renunciations made by order of the Congregation of the Holy Office (The Holy Roman Inquisition). Some loose pages."], "300": ["|3Original:|a428 pages :|bpaper ;|c256 x 184 (225 x 147) mm bound to 267 x 198 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-10) and positive (Robbins MS 139)"], "008": ["060817i17071791it            000 0 ita d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Compendio di varie abiure fatte solennemente in Roma ed altrove per ordine della suprema Congregazione del Sant' Offizio."], "099": ["Robbins MS 139"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (p. 3).", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a bird atop a trimontium and the letter \"F,\" all within curved arms; a crown appears above and the name \"Ubaldo\" below), 430 pp. (text begins on p. 5 as front pastedown is assumed to be pp. 1-2 and the title page is pp. 3-4); 1-17\u00b9\u00b2 (first and last fol. are pastedown).", "Layout: Written in up to 33 long lines. Vertical marginal bounding lines in dry point.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by two hands.", "Binding: Bound in quarter leather and marbled paper over pasteboard. Title in gilt letters on spine \"COMPEND / DI ABIUR / FATTE / PER ORD / DEL S. OFF.\" Binding is quite worn.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 139."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "505 0": ["Pp. 5-33: \"Abiura de Sante Torri di Jesi, 1707\" ; pp. 34- 40: \"Delitti del P. Felice Luneri da Sarnano\" ; pp. 41-59: \"Abiura di Suor Maria Francesca Melchiori monaca in Sezze...settembre 1703\" ; pp. 60-69: \"Compendio del processo fatto fare dalla Congregazione della Suprema Inquisitione contro Paolo Antonio Galles di Giarace in Calabria...1708\" ; pp. 70-75: \"Copia della lettera originale scritta dal Penitentiere di Brescia al Vicario di S. Officio di Ravenna sopra gli errori scoperti in Brescia ne Pelagini di Beccarelli...1708\" ; pp. 76-90: \"Ristretto dell Abiura del P. Pietro Paolo di S. Giovanni Agostiniano scalzo...1698\" ; pp. 91-106: \"Compendio del processo... sopra la vita, azzioni ed opere di suor Maria Cristina Roccoles (?) monache del terzo ordine...1680\" ; pp. 107-111: \"Relazione di alcuni delitti ed enormit\u00e0 commessi dal Reverendo Padre (?) Filippo del Rio (?) curatore della parocchia di San Salvador della Motta di Zoro nella citt\u00e0 Bagliadolio (?)...1698\" ; pp. 112-174: \"Processo del Molinos 1687\" ; pp. 175-179: \"Notizie pi\u00f9 distinte cavate del Processo, che si conserva nell' Archivio di Roma della Suprema Inquisizione...\" ; pp. 180- 181: \"Breve relazione di ci\u00f2 che occorre nell' Abiura del Dott. Molinos e i suoi seguaci...Settembre 1685\" ; pp. 182 -216: \"Abiura di Dottor Simone Ambrosetti, seguace del Molinos...1687\" ; 216-260: \"Abiura di Antonio Maria Leoni, segauace del Molinos\" ;  pp. 261-294: \"Processo concernente l'eresie e dogmi pratticati da Francesco Giu[- --] Borri\" ; pp.295-300: \"Relazione dell abiura del Borri...1661\" ; pp. 301-313: \"Abiurazioni delle abominevoli eresie del canonico Pandolfo Ricasoli, Don Giacomo Fantoni, Nicol\u00f2 Mozzetti, Don Carlo Scalandroni, Andrea Biliorti, Girolamo Mainardi e Faustina Mainardi sua sorella...1641\" ; pp. 314-336: \"Abiura di Giacinto Centini e suoi compagni...1635 ; pp. 337-340: \"Breve relazione de Beccavelisti di Brescia..1708\" ; pp. 341-415: \"Prosperit\u00e0 infelici di Francesco Canonici detto Mascombruni...composte dal Abbato Gio. Battista Rinalducii da Pesaro\" ; p. 415: \"Decreto della Congregazione del Sant' Officio contro il Cagliostro die 7 aprilis 1791\" ; pp. 416-424: blank ; pp. 425-426: Index ; pp. 427-428: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)84650662"], "546": ["Italian."], "LEADER": ["00000ctc  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS225": {"001": ["06-B3885"], "245 10": ["Super usibus pheudorum."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-56r: \"[rubr.] Reportata domini Martini de Garata Laudensis utriusque iuris doctoris super usibus pheudorum. [text] In nomine Domini Dei. Quamvis in principio principiorum non soleat fieri continuacio...explicit liber primus feudorum Deo gratias amen.\"; fol. 56v-59v blank; 2. Fol. 60r-95v: \"[rubr.] Explicit liber primus incipit secundus de feudi cognicione et in quibus feudum consistat. [text] Hic incipit secundus liber feudorum. Cum totum opus in tres libros dividatur...sumus expediti de libro secundo huius operis. Amen.\"; fol. 96rv blank; 3. Fol. 97r-151v: \"[rubr.] Explicit liber secundus. Incipit tertius in quibus rationis (?) seu amictatis rubrica. [text] Hic incipit tertius liber et ultimus feudorum...laus Deo et Virgini Marie totique [...] triumphanti, amen. [rubr.] Finis. Explicit lectura super feudis compilata per dominum Martinum Laudensem utriusque iuris doctorem famosissimum.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 151v-152v: \"[Additions and comments on the treatise by Martino Garrati] Hic secundum definit...si illud vaxallus perdit seu neglexit...per federum. Martinus Laudensis.\"", "Fol. 153r-174v: \"[Andrea d'Isernia, Summarium super usibus feudorum]. [rubr.] Summarium Andree de Ysernia super usibus pheudorum. [text] An feudum et vaxallus sint nomina nova vel Romanorum...aliter non se debet appellari. Deo gratias.\"", "Fol. 177r-179r: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Perusine civitatis statuto cavetur quod si filius...facili ut apparet. Responsio. Bartholus in civitate Pisarum.\"", "Fol. 179r-181v: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Quedam mulier habens patrimonium nupsit viro suo nulla dotis habita...et ista sufficiant pero nunc. Bartholus famosissimus.\"", "Fol. 181v-184v: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Per Italiam communiter sunt stata per que confitentes maleficia...disputata fuit hec questio per Bartholus de Saxoferrato anno Domini millesimo trigentesimo quinquagesimo primo die undecima mensis Decembris. Deo gratias amen.\"", "Fol. 184-188r: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Lapus fuit captus cui parte iudici et portatus in carceribus...in soluctione questionis. Bartholus doctor.\"", "Fol. 188r-190r: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Publicanus quidam a communi Perusii emit pedagium et omne fructus...Deo gracias. Disputatio domini Bartholi.\"", "Fol. 190r-193v: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Hic tractatus de duobus fratribus insimul habitantibus...iste tractatus de duobus fratribus non fuit completus per dominum Bartholum quia fuit morte preventus...\"", "Fol. 193v-196v: \"Octavo queritur quid si filius impendit circa primam...Explicit persequucio (sic) tractatus de duobus fratribus per Dominum Baldum.\"", "Fol. 196v: \"[Constitutiones Iuris glossed by Bartolo da Sassoferrato] Questio talis est. Iudex maleficiorum super accusacione coram eo...sit iudex ergo.\"", "Fol. 197r-205v: \"[Bartolo da Sassoferrato, Tractatus reprensaliarum] Reprensaliarum materia in frequens neque cotidiana...Deo gracias et semper dicamus Deo gracias. Amen. [rubr.] Explicit tractatus eprensaliarum editus per Bartolomeum de Saxoferrato ad utilitatem scolarium.\"", "Fol. 205v-208r: \"[Bartolo da Sassoferrato, Tractatus de insignis et armis] Horum gratia de insignis et armis que quis poterat...in rubeo et nigro. Deo gracias et sempre dico Deo gracias. [rubr.] Explicit tractatus de insignis et armis per dominum Bartholum de Saxoferrato.\"", "Fol. 208r-212v: \"[Bartolomeo da Sassoferrato, Tractatus de tyrannis] [rubr.] Incipit tractatus tirandorum (sic) editus per dominum Bartholum de Saxoferrato doctorem famosissimum.  [text] Primo quero unde dicatur tirandus (sic)...semper dicamus infinitas gratias amen, amen, amen, amen. [rubr.] Explicit tractatus de tyranno editus per dominum Bartholomeum de Saxoferrato doctorem...requiescat in pacem. Amen.\"", "Fol. 215r-230r: \"[Collection of short explanatory pieces arranged as glossary on legal terminology, incomplete] Infantis nomine...emancipata...sibi illa quere//.\"", "Fol. 232r-240v: \"[Mattheus Antonii de Gualdo, Recollecta super secunda parte Digesti Veteris, incomplete] [rubr.] De accionibus emptis. [text] Si res vendita. Si venditor est in mora tradendi...ipse dicit quod si venditor//.\""], "520": ["The manuscript is a sort of \"miscellanea iuridica\". The main text appears to be the work of Martino Garrati from Lodi, Italy; a short commentary on it, written by Andrea d'Isernia, follows the main text. In the manuscript is found a collection of \"consilia\" from the Italian scholar Bartolo da Sassoferrato, an authority on Roman Law during the Middle Ages. At the end, there is a treatise on the Digestum Vetus written by Matthaeus Antonii de Gualdo. Some pen trials on fol. 231r read the year \"1458\", but there is no other evidence that the manuscript was written before this date, although it seems a reasonable 'terminus ante quem\"."], "300": ["242 leaves: |bpaper; |c290 x 215 (185 x 125) mm bound to 300 x 220 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 225|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Andrea,|cd'Isernia,|d1220?-1316?", "Bartolo,|cof Sassoferrato,|d1313-1357.", "Matteo,|cda Gualdo,|d14th cent.", "Ubaldi, Baldo degli,|d1327?-1400."], "008": ["060816q14501470it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Garrati, Martino,|d15th cent."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Paper, fol. iii + 240 + iii; 1-4\u00b9\u2070 5\u00b9\u2074\u207b\u00b9 6\u2076 7- 9\u00b9\u2070 10\u2078\u207b\u00b9 11-12\u00b9\u2070 13-14\u00b9\u2074 15\u2078 16-17\u00b9\u2070 18\u00b9\u2074 19-20\u00b9\u2070 21\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b2 22\u00b9\u2070 23\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u2074 24\u00b9\u2070. There are at least six watermarks: a 'croix grecque' very close to Briquet 5575; a 'couronne' which seems a variant of Briquet 4742-4745; a 'char' very close, almost identical to Briquet 3539; a 'coulonne' very close to Briquet 4411; a 'mont' close to Briquet 11734; another 'mont' close to Briquet 11885, 11895, 11897. Catchwords by the hand of the scribe in the right side of the bottom margin, on verso, sometimes framed in brown ink. No contemporary foliation. Wrong 20th-century foliation in pencil on the upper right hand corner. Correct 20th century foliation in pencil in the bottom right hand corner.", "Layout: Written in up to 55 long lines, except from fol. 153r-174v, written in two columns, 46 lines for each column. Frame ruled in lead. Very wide margins; some additions and notes by contemporary hands.", "Script: Written in humanistica cursiva libraria script by at least 5 different hands, all contemporary with each other.", "Binding: Rebound in the year 1996 in full brown goatskin with titling in gold on the spine. The volume was resewn on split tawed thongs using original sewing holes.", "Origin: Written in Italy in the third quarter of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 225."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 225"], "260": ["[Italy, |cbetween 1450 and 1470]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=98;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS36": {"001": ["06-B3641"], "245 10": ["[Digestum vetus cum Glossa ordinaria Accursii]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-207v: [the incipit is not legible because it is faded]...etsi concubinam sibi adhibuerit idem erit comprobandum."], "520": ["A very interesting late 13th or early 14th century copy of the Digestum with the famous glossa by Accursius, also known as Glossa Ordinaria. The text was written in Italy, possibly Bologna, and glossed somewhere in Southern France. Occasionally, we can recognize a later English hand (mid 15th century)  that wrote several tiny notes in the outer margins. Throughout the manuscript is visible a large number of grotesques and probationes calami with human heads, human bodies, real and fantastic animals, drawn in a surprisingly accurate way in pen, possibly by the scribe himself. The text of the Digestum and the Glossa Ordinaria are both surrounded with later additions and notes (marginal ones and interlinear ones) by various hands."], "710 2": ["University of Oxford."], "100 0": ["Justinian|bI,|cEmperor of the East,|d483?-565."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 36|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Accursius,|cglossator,|dca. 1182-ca. 1260."], "008": ["060731q12901330it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["270 leaves :|bparchment ;|c400 x 200 (325 x 130) mm bound to 410 x 260."], "561": ["The manuscript was pledged by a student from Oxford by the name of Thomas Bykken in 1347, as is apparent from reading the ownership notes on fol. 270v. The book was put in the Warwick Chest at Oxford University by Bykken (whose name does not appear in the Register of Oxford scholars and students compiled by Emden) as collateral for a loan, as was a common practice at the time at Oxford (note on fol. 270v reads \"Cautio apud Thomam d[---] Bykken exponitur in cista de Warwycky in vigilia Paschae anno domini millesimo trecentesimo quadragesimo septimo. Et illa autem iacet pro apud (sic) [---] de Tymie pro una marce\"). Other pawn- broker notes are barely legible on fol. 270v. The manuscript also had a 17th-18th century owner, who wrote some marginal notes in English (e.g. on fol. 268r). This manuscripts used to have the same binding as Robbins MS 37 : the two manuscripts were clearly bound as a set by a former 19th century owner, and this manuscript was supposed to be the second one, which is why the Roman number \"II\" on the spine is there. Some notes written in pencil by a 20th century hand on the back flyleaf."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 270 + i (modern paper). No catchwords, no quire numbering and no contemporary foliation are provided. The collation seems to be impraticable because most folios have been cut and possibly resewn.", "Layout: The text is written in two columns of 60 lines, while the Glossa Ordinaria is written in two columns of 90 -92 lines. Ruled in ink and lead. The margins are very wide and mostly full of glosses. Cropped running titles on the upper margins. Visual aids in many different shapes throughout the text. No contemporary foliation and no catchwords are provided. Quires numbered in Roman numerals.", "Script: The text is written in textualis libraria script, very close to the Littera Bononiensis, while the Glossa of Accursius is written in a textualis libraria possibly from Southern France.", "Decoration: Red and blue paragraph marks throughout the text, black paragraph mark throughout the Glossa. Blue 3- line initials and red and blue 2-line initials, often penworked. Red rubrics, red and blue paragraph marks. Chapter headings written in capital or uncial blue letters, on 7 lines, penworked in red. Every single page shows an incredible amount of pen drawings which shows animals of all kind, mostly fantastic, as much as human beings in various attitudes, and many heads, legs or arms coming out of the written page. Line fillers in light brown and green ink.", "Binding: The former binding used to be in dark brown paper, hardback, leather spine and corners. Now the manuscript is bounded with pasteboard. On the leather spine is gold- tooled the title: \"Digestum vetus sec. XIV. II\".", "Origin: Written in Italy, possibly Bologna, at the very end of the 13th century or during the first decades of the 14th. Glossed in Southern France or by a scribe who was trained there.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 36."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 36"], "260": ["[Bologna?,|cbetween 1290 and 1330]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=25;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS47": {"001": ["ocn457080425"], "245 10": ["Differentiae aliquot inter ius civile et ius Saxonicum in quattuor partes distributae."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "650  0": ["Roman law.", "Civil law.", "Law|zGermany|zSaxony.", "Comparative law."], "035": ["(OCoLC)457080425"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=33;fullview=yes"], "008": ["091019q15001599gw            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 47"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-6r: \"[text] Prima pars differentias eas continens quae sunt circa contractus vel quasi obligationes atque actiones -- fol. 6r-15r: \"[text] Pars secunda continens differentias versantes circa testamenta ac ultimas voluntates. Item circa successiones ab intestato tam in bonis feudatibus quam allodialibus\" -- fol. 15r-fol. 25r: \"[text] Tertia pars continens differentias quae sunt circa ipsum ordinem seu processum iudicii\"  -- fol. 25r-32v: \"[text] Quarta et ultima pars continens differentias quae sunt circa delicta, iniuria ac damna data eorumque poenas.\""], "100 1": ["Fachs, Ludwig,|d1497-1554."], "546": ["Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from beginning of text (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. ii (modern paper) + 32 + ii (first leaf near-contemporary with manuscript, second modern); 1- 2\u2076 3-4\u00b9\u2070.", "Layout: Written in 32 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria script by one hand.", "Binding: Vellum over thick paper; bound by in-house conservator, August 2001. Full conservation treatment and binding report on file.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 47."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, October 2009."], "005": ["20091019043154.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "260": ["Germany?,|c1500s"], "300": ["32 leaves :|bpaper ;|c300 x 205 (245 x 150) mm bound to 310 x 210 mm."]}, "RobbinsMS67": {"001": ["ocn722953581"], "245 10": ["Epitome canonum"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Manuscript contains the Epitome canonum (Summary of Canon Law) by K\u014dnstantinos Harmenopoulos, plus various other texts on church doctrine and jurisdiction. This manuscript is further described, most of the short unknown texts and notes transcribed, and the characteristics and composition of the manuscript discussed, in a short paper by Jon Frey in collaboration with Maria Mavroudi and Luminita Florea, available in the manuscript file at the Robbins Collection."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7223.", "Migne, J.-P. (Jacques-Paul), Patrologiae cursus completus. Series graeca|c150.45-168."], "260": ["[Constantinople?,|cbetween 1325 and 1799]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 67"], "100 1": ["Harmenopoulos, K\u014dnstantinos,|dd. 1380?"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["The manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7223) as well as in that of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Script: Written in 7 or 9 different hands. According to Jon Frey there are 9 hands; Jesse Torgerson counts 7, identifying Texts 6 and 7 and the entirety of the front and back matter (with the exception of the text at the top of f. ivr) as the 18th-century hand of Nikolaos Karatzas, whose signature appears on the notepaper-sized insert, f. vv.  Texts 1-5 are late medieval hands of the 14th century and later; Texts 6-8 are copies and transcriptions in 18th century hands.", "Binding: Mottled paper over pasteboard.", "Origin: Based on a note bound into the manuscript in the late 18th century, this codex was compiled by Nikolaos Karatzas, a known Greek bibliophile, intellectual, and political figure, and sent to an unidentified Theodora. The logic of compilation centers on the intellectual activity of 14th century Thessalonike. Nikolaos Karatzas, who compiled the ms., cites (f. ivr) \"the Greek library of Fabricius, vol. 10 [or 1?], book 5, chapter 42, page 276\" as saying that the 14th-century portion was prepared by K\u014dnstantinos Harmenopoulos during the reign of Anna Palaiologina and her son John Palaiologos \"in the year from the creation of the world 6853 [AD 1345]...\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 67."], "300": ["|3Original:|a32 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c285 x 210 (200 x 125) mm bound to 295 x 215 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-55) and positive (Robbins MS 67)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 24v-25r: Harmenopoulos, De Fide Orthodoxa (On the Orthodox Faith).", "Fol. 25r-27r: Harmenopoulos, De Opinionibus haereticorum (On the Opinions of the Heretics).", "Fol. 27rv: Unidentified decree of Theodosius and Valentinian.", "Fol. 27v: Two excerpts in two different hands regarding ecclesiastical appointments.", "Fol. 28rv: Excerpt from Matthew Blastares's Syntagma canonum (Treatise of Canons).", "Fol. 29r-30r: Chrysobull of Andronikos II Palaiologus.", "Fol. 31r: Summary of the Donation of Constantine.", "Fol. 31v-32v: Refutation of the Donation of Constantine from the History (Vienna, 178304) of Meletius of Athens (Meletius of Janina)?"], "700 0": ["Theodosius|bI,|cEmperor of Rome,|d347-395.", "Valentinian|bII,|cEmperor of Rome,|d371-392.", "Andronicus|bII Palaeologus,|cEmperor of the East,|d1260- 1332."], "008": ["110512q13251799tu            000 0 grc d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jon Frey, Jesse W. Torgerson and Alexandre Roberts, March, 2011."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "546": ["Greek."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Blastares, Matthew,|dactive 14th century", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "005": ["20110512054011.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-24r: K\u014dnstantinos Harmenopoulos, Epitome canonum (Summary of Canon Law)."], "035": ["(OCoLC)722953581"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS10": {"001": ["ocn318921869"], "260": ["Scotland,|cbetween 1650 and 1666."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "852": ["CUL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "650  0": ["Law|zScotland."], "008": ["090421q16751699stk           000 0 eng d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 10"], "100 1": ["Stair, James Dalrymple,|cViscount of,|d1619-1695."], "546": ["In English with Latin legal terms."], "520": ["The principal text in this manuscript is The Institutions of the Law of Scotland by Sir James Dalrymple, Viscount of Stair. Before the Institutions is 44-page work titled The Form of Process Used Befor the Lords of Sessione, followed by 4 blank pages. The text of the Institutions is incomplete as the manuscript text ends in the middle of the 28th title Behaving as an Heir (the text ends somewhere in the 8th section out of a total of 18). There are other differences from the printed version of the text, most minor, although in the manuscript titles 18 and 19 are switched around. Dating of the manuscript is based on the following: James Dalrymple would not have started working on it before 1650, and the additions do not quote any Scottish cases after 1666 (many thanks to Gero Dolezalek for providing this information)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "561": ["From the library of the Honourable Hew Dalrymple (his bookplate on inside cover bearing his coat of arms). There are several individuals named Hew in the Dalrymple family, although the bookplate is not that of Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick, third son of the author, as his coat of arms includes a lion and a bird and has a different layout. Others are the author's grandson, Hew Dalrymple, Lord Drummore (d. 1755) and Sir Hew Dalrymple, grandson of the first Viscount Stair and the third son of the Hon. Sir Hew Dalrymple (d. 1830)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Binding: Dark leather binding with stamped geometrical pattern on front and back boards. In each corner of the center rectangle is a floral stamp; this same stamp is also in the center, surrounded by the letters I.C. (for iurisconsultus?). Front board detached.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 10.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), KE3320 .S782 ILS 1680.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), 293gf .S7 S782 1680."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson,  April 2009."], "005": ["20090421112445.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)318921869"], "245 14": ["The institutions of the law of Scotland"], "300": ["|3Original:|a472 pages :|bpaper ;|c295 x 180 (255 x 125) mm bound to 230 x 185 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-91) and positive (Robbins MS 10)"]}, "RobbinsMS15": {"001": ["ocn244584588"], "110 1": ["Catholic Church.|bDiocese of Salamanca (Spain)"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The book is comprised of manuscript and printed documents (items 16, 18, 19, and 20) pertaining to the process in the cause of beatification and canonization of Teresa of Avila. Item 1 is an index of documents debated during the proceedings in the presence of don Luis Fernandez de Cordoba, Bishop of Salamanca, and Juan Garcia Rodriguez Beltran de la Paz, apostolic notary of Salamanca. It is written in the latter's hand, like several of the documents included in this collection. Article 2 is a motion by Fray Luis de la Madre di Dios of the Discalced Carmelite order in behalf of Fra Josep de Jesus Maria, general of the order, requesting original documents attesting to the fame, sanctity, and miracles performed by St. Theresa. Article 3 is a notarized power of attorney granted by Fray Josep de Jesus Maria, General of the Order; authenticated (notarial sign). Article 4 is a copy of summary of witnesses and testimony at Salamanca authenticated by Juan Garcia Rodriguez Beltran de la Paz, Apostolic Notary (notarial sign). Article 5 is a transcript of documents issued by the Sacred Congregation of Rites initiating the process of canonization. The document includes the names of Cardinals Pinelli, Gallus, Bellarmino, Serafini, Pamfili, Odoardi, and Farnese, and is authenticated by Joannes Paulus Mucantius, Master of Sacred Ceremonies, Apostolic Notary, and Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Rites (notarial sign missing). Article 15 is an anonymous account of a vision of St. Theresa. Article 16, printed, is the authorization given by the City of Alva de Tormes to celebrate a mass on 5 October in memory of St. Theresa. Article 17 is a copy of the Brief of Pope Paul V, given on 3 August 1617, autheticated by Felipe Salgado, Apostolic Notary (notarial sign). Article 18, printed, is a Brief of Pope Urban VIII, given on 21 July 1527, authenticated by Juan del Cerro, Apostolic Notary (notarial sign and seal). Article 19, printed, is a Brief of Pope Paul V, given on 27 September 1616, authenticated by Johannes Prieto, Apostolic Notary (notarial sign). Article 20, printed, is a duplicate of article 19, authenticated by Johannes Prieto, Apostolic Notary (notarial sign)."], "245 10": ["[Documents concerning the canonization of Saint Teresa of Avila]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 15"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. documents.", "Title from title page inserted by the 20th century French scholar who organized these documents into this form for binding.", "Collation: Irregular since it was compiled by a 20th century French scholar. Compiler or binder bound in modern sheets between sections on which is written, in French in blue pen, a description of the contents that follow. Foliation also provided by this compiler, however fol. 15 is counted twice, so foliation thereafter is off by 1.", "Binding: 20th century French hardcover binding of dark leather over boards. Title on spine reads \"Santa Teresa de Avila/Proc\u00e8s de canonisation.\" Coverd in an additional wrapper of stiff maroon cloth over boards with a leather spine. Kept in maroon cardboard box; title on box reads \"Santa Teresa de Avila.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 15."], "600 00": ["Teresa,|cof Avila, Saint,|d1515-1582."], "300": ["|3Original:|a53 leaves :|bpaper ;|c305 x 210 mm bound to 316 x 225 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-23) and positive (Robbins MS 15)"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bCongregatio Sacrorum Rituum."], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 5r-6r: Letter from Luis de la Madre di Dios requesting information and witnesses regarding Teresa of Avila; letter of approval from Juan Prieto, apostolic notary.", "3. Fol. 7rv: Autograph letter of Fray Joseph de Jesus Maria, General of the Order of Discalced  Carmelites.", "4. Fol. 10r-15v: Autograph summary of witness and testimony at Salamanca by the apostolic notary.", "5. Fol. 16r-18r: Copy of documents from 1604-1608 of the Sacred Congregation for Rites on the subject of the canonization of Teresa of Avila.", "6. Fol. 21r-24v: List of those questioned in the canonization process by don Luis Fernandez of C\u00f3rdoba, bishop of Salamanca, with a model for the questioning process.", "7. Fol. 26r-27r: List of those questioned in the presence of the bishop of Salamanca and Juan Garcia Rodriguez Beltram de Paz, apostolic notary; letter of approbation of Fray Luis de la Madre de Dios.", "8. Fol. 29r-33v: Instruction for the execution of the Compulsory of the Cardinals of the Sacred Congregation of Rites regarding the canonization of Teresa of Avila.", "9. Fol. 35rv: Summary of the questioning done by the bishop of Salamanca, recorded by the apostolic notary.", "10. Fol. 38r-39v: Summary of inquiry by Don Manrico, bishop of Salamanca in 1592, for the canonization of Teresa of Avila.", "11. Fol. 41r: Anonymous account of the vision of Teresa of Avila.", "12. Fol. 44r-45v: Printed authorization to celebrate yearly mass on October 5th.", "13. Fol. 46r-47v: Copy of a brief of Paul V from August 3rd, 1617 with the notarial sign of Felipe Salgado, apostolic notary.", "14. Fol. 48r-49v: Printed brief of Urban VIII from 1627 \"Domini Nostri Iesu Chrisiti, qui servos et ancillas suas aeternae gloriae praemio donat...\" with the notarial signature of Juan del Cerro.", "15. Fol. 50r-51v:  Printed brief of Paul V from 1625 \"Domini nostri Iesu Christi, qui bonos et fideles servos et ancillas...\" with the notarial signature of Juan Prieto."], "650 00": ["Carmelites."], "260": ["Spain and Italy,|c[between 1590 and 1630]"], "008": ["080828q15901630sp            000 0 spa d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea, and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080828055447.0"], "505 0": ["1. Fol.  2rv: \"Pro\u00e7eso conpulsorial. Abecedario y rela\u00e7ion verdadera de los autos e ynforma\u00e7iones tocantes a la canoni\u00e7acion de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesus...en la ciudad de Salamanca...por comisiones de la Santa Sede Apostolica.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)244584588"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=109;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ntc  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS176": {"001": ["06-B4406"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1705 and 1725]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: Index ; fol. 2r-22r: \"[text] Abigeatus. Abigeatus proprie committitur quando furtum animalum fuit patratum in mandris. . .non vero de iudice laico ad Ecclessiasticum, Sabell. verb. persona n.x.\" ; fol. 25r: Index (incomplete)."], "520": ["A dictionary of legal terms from \"Abigeatus\" to \"Variatio Fori\" with illustrative case citations from 1613-1704 (most predominantly cited appear to be cases from 1696- 97). Each definition contains a reference to a passage where the term is discussed, a great many of which seem to be taken from the work of Odoricus Raynaldus. The beginning of the book contains an index, but there is also an unfinished index at the end (fol. 25r). Contemporary foliation in ink (often crossed out) that goes from 252 to 272 is evidence that this was once part of a larger work."], "650  0": ["Canon law|vDictionaries."], "300": ["25 leaves :|bpaper ;|c300 x 215 ( 283 x 100) mm bound to 305 x 220 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c7693."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 176|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060911q17001725it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Summar[ium] legum"], "245 00": ["[Dictionary of legal terms]"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "561": ["Written in pencil on front flyleaf is \"J. Lipton 5/80.\" Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7693) and of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford (his bookplate on front on front pastedown depicting a shield supported by two dragons rampant with spread wings, gorged and chained, with an earl's crown; within the shield is a lion surrounded by three fleurs-de- lis; the motto reads \"La vertu est la seule noblesse\"). Affixed below title on spine is an oval green sticker 7 x 19 mm in size. At base of spine is a small label with the Phillipps MS number (7693), as well as the number \"615\" written below it in ink."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger; added title from spine and note tipped in between fols. 1 and 2.", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a bird atop a trimontium with a letter \"F\" above), fol. i (modern paper) + 25 + i (modern paper); collation indiscernible due to tightness of binding. Catchwords at the end of each verso.", "Layout: Page layed out in 2 columns: 51 lines of writing down the left-hand column; right-hand column left blank for additions and notes.", "Script: Written in a very neat humanistic-style script by one hand.", "Binding: Half-vellum and grey-green marbled paper over pasteboard. Title in gilt letters on red leather background reads \"Summar: Legum. / M.S.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 176."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 176"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS136": {"001": ["06-B3827"], "260": ["[Spain,|bca. 1475]"], "505 8": ["Fol. 5r-6r: [Tractatus sacrilegii by Alvaro Pelayo] Queritur quid sit sacrilegium, quibus modiis sacrilegium committitur...que incipit secundum cursum causarum. [rubr.] Explicit tractatus sacrilegii per dominum fratrem Alvarum editus. Deo gratias amen.\"", "Fol. 6v-13r: \"[Tractatus de absolutione et excommunicatione, anonymous] Sciendum quod generaliter ab omni excommunicatione sive minoris sive maioris lata a iure potest absolvi...a qua sine dubio separatus est, ut exemplo de [...] si celebrat.\"", "Fol. 14r-15r: \"[rubr.] Repetitio facta in studio Salamantice super auditionem Misse et verbi Dei que constitit in quinque questionibus. [text] Prima questio. Utrum quiliber Christianus teneatur audire diebus dominicis et festivis sub pena...ut summa in quarta questione. Datum est, Deo gratias, amen.\"", "Fol. 16r-116v: \"[Tractatus de usuris by Bernardino da Siena, with an index of contents] [rubr.] Incipit tabula super tractatum de usuris sancti Bernardini de Senis ordinis Minorum. [text] Sermo de origine diversorum...intellego factum sive omissum...ad hec. [rubr.] Incipit tractatus de contractibus et usuris secundum sanctum Bernardinus de Senis ordinis Minorum. Et primo ponitur ordo dicendorum in materia dictorum contractuum et usurarum. Sabbato post quartam dominicam in Quadragesima: de origine dominiorum et rerum translatione sermo 32. [text] Vade et amplius noli peccare (Ioh 8, 11). In Evangelio hodierno a caritate...et triumphator mortis regnat in secula seculorum, amen. [rubr.] Explicit tractatus de contractibus et usuris secundum sanctum Bernardinum de Senis de ordine Minorum. Iste tractatus de contractibus et usuris fuit scriptus in conventu Sancti Francisci Ayllonensis per me fratrem Antonium de Caveis Rubeis anno Domini millesimo quadrigentesimo septuagesimo quinto tunc ibidem commorantem.\"", "Fol. 116v-117v: \"[Comments on law both in Latin and Spanish] Casus est talis. Huius tractatus unius paris...archidiacono Segobiense. Los maioradgos omeron (?) comienzo dela ley...que al ombre crio et conel.\"", "Fol. 118r-126r: \"[Brevis interrogation confessionum by Antonino da Firenze] [rubr.] Incipit quedam brevis interrogatio confessionum reverendi magistri Antonii ordinis Predicatorum. [text] Interrogationes confessionum fiende sunt de decem preceptis, septem peccatis mortalibus, quinque sensibus corporis...et vanitates faciant et vendant.\"", "Fol. 126r-136v: \"[De materia restitutionis by Antonino da Firenze] [rubr.] Sequitur de materia restitutionis composita per reverendo magistro fratrem Antonium de Florentia ordinis Predicatorum. [text] Circa materiam restitutionis seu satisfationis notandum quod omnis restitutio seu satisfactio...excusentur et faciendi sit eius constantiam, dictum est supra. [rubr.] Explicit tractatus de restitutione reverendi patris fratris Antonii de Florentia.\"", "Fol. 136v-145r: \"[Fragment of a work by Antonino da Firenze] [rubr.] Incipit alius notabilis eiusdem reverendi magistri. [text] Quomodo aliqui sunt fauctores raptorum ita quod teneantur ad restitutionem...et premissos sive eciam dispensatos [...] communicatos. [rubr.] Explicit tabula in vulgari ut invenit frater Barus (?).\"", "Fol. 145r-148v: \"[Determinationes abbreviatae by Antonino da Firenze] [rubr.] Incipiunt determinationes abreviate a fratre Antonio de Florentia ordinis Predicatorum qui postmodum fuit archiepiscopus Florentine civitatis. Si est prolongandus tempus communionis. [text] Non licet tempus communionis anticipare sed nec eciam prolongare...ad missam dies nisi de bono et equo: hec Durandus.\"", "Fol. 150rv: \"[Fragment of a work by Thomas Aquinas] [rubr.] Thomas in quodam tractatus de angulis. [text] Quantum vero ad hoc, quod dicit animas hominum mortuorum fieri demones est erronea...quod in purgatorio erit expletio residui pene: hec Ricardus.\"", "Fol. 151rv: \"[Fragment of a law concerning fruits] De fructibus precipiendorum ubi dominus et coloni sunt partiarii...in relativa mora de regulis iuris in libro quinto.\"", "Fol. 152r-168v: \"[Casus toto corpore iuris, anonymous] [rubr.] Sequuntur casus toto corpore iuris clausi quibus ipso iure incurrit maiorem exentionem in quibus hoc ordine preceditur. Primo inferunt casus...sequuntur casus exentionis in iure antiquo contenti sedi appostolice reservati. [text] Primus est incendiarius Ecclesie postquam per ecclesiasticum iudicem est denuntiatus...et reputationem in tertis casibus facit annuatim cuius copia supra (?) est inserta. Deo gratias.\"", "Fol. 169rv: \"[rubr.] Thomas in tertia parte Summe...articulo secundo. [text] Utrum participans ad excommunicationem sit excommunicatus. Dicendum quod...nisi prius absolutus ab excommunicatione: hec Thomas.\"", "Fol. 171r-176v: \"[Quaestiones, by Juan Alfonso de Benavente] [rubr] Quaestiones sequentes fuerunt determinate per reverendum doctorem Iohannem Alfonsi de Benavente regentem cathedram Decretorum in studio Salamantino mense Marci anno Domini 1454.[text] Quidam promisit cuidam iuveni dare filiam suam...heredes compelluntur implere votum defuncti, secundum in aliis votis non compelluntur.\"", "Fol. 176v, 180r-184v: \"[Repetitiones, by Pietro d'Ancarano] [rubr.] Hoc quod sequitur ponit famosissimus doctor Petrus de Ancharano. In quodam repeticione sive peccatum libro quinto De regulis iuris. [text] Set occurrit questio que sepe contingit in provincia patrimonii sancti Petri...hec questiones vide in tractatu de interdicto per d[omino?] Io[hannem] Calde[?].\"", "Fol.177r-178v: \"[Notes on division of fruits] Primum quantum clerici teneantur ad restitucionem illorum fructum quos voluptuose...in diversis locis quos nassare (?) esse lungis.\"", "Fol. 184v: \"[rubr.] Quanum potest confessor dimittere. [text] Quantum autem possit sacerdos dimittere non est multum curandum alias quam...nota quod sacerdos debet iniungere...\"", "Fol. 185r-214v: \"[A commentary on Peter Lombard ascribed to Thomas Aquinas] [rubr.] Incipit Summa sancti Thomae quarti libri secundum Magister Summarum. [text] Samaritanus interpretatur custos sanctitatis...unde ignis ille erit turbidus et furiosus et fetulentus. [rubr.] Explicit Summa quarti libri sancti Thomae secundum Magistrum Summarum. Deo gratias. Deo gratias amen in seculum et in seculum seculi seculorum et ultra.\"", "Fol. 215r-223r: \"[rubr.] Nota de bello. [text] Alexander in tertio De lege bellorum...circa quam partem queruntur tria: primo utrum mali...in consilio et in precepto; et hec predicta sufficiatur de bellis.\"", "Fol. 223v-225r: \"[Note on inheritance due to daughters in monasteries]\" Utrum locantes filias suas in monasteriis constituta qualicumque docte facientes illas...consulti de regula\".", "Fol. 227v;230v: \"[rubr.] Iste sunt gratie et indulgentie concesse diversis temporibus per diversos summos pontifices familie cismontane ordinis Minorum. [text] Eugenius quartus ob multa scandala evitanda et pacem...dicuntur satisfacere. Sixtus papa quarto concessit quos prelati nostri possint commutare legata...Ego frater Franciscus Placentinus ordinis Minorum commissarius...Ego frater Natalis de Promeret ordinis Minorum de Observantia...\""], "520": ["This manuscript contains several different works by different authors, but it is conceived to be an 'unicum', since it was probably copied by two or three different hands, that appear to be very similar: the scribes were all Spanish and contemporary with each other. The main part of the manuscript was copied in a Franciscan convent, and many of the texts contained in it are related to the 'Ordo Minorum' in one way or another. Among the authors, we have here represented most of the best-known Law scholars of the Middle Ages. Some occasional marginal additions and notes are visible, mostly by a contemporary hand."], "300": ["230 leaves :|bpaper and parchment ;|c220 x 150 (155 x 105) mm bound to 225 x 160 mm."], "546": ["Latin."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=80;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Bernardino,|cda Siena, Saint,|d1380-1444.", "Bonaguida,|cd'Arezzo,|dfl. 1251-1258.", "Bindus Guerri,|cSenensis,|d-1390.", "Antoninus,|cSaint, Archbishop of Florence,|d1389-1459.", "Pietro,|cd'Ancarano,|d1330-1416.", "Thomas,|cAquinas, Saint,|d1225?-1274."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|ain glossa qua incipit"], "099": ["Robbins MS 136"], "008": ["060811s1475    sp ||||||||||||00|||lat|c"], "245 00": ["[Miscellanea iuridica]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "561": ["On the front edge, title written in capital letters by a late 16th century hand: \"De restitute[...]\", possibly used in some convent library during the Middle Ages."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper and parchment, fol. 230; the quires appear to be regular, each one is composed of 12 folios. Fol. 16r-116v: for each quire, the opening folio and the folio in the middle are parchment, while the rest of the quire is paper. All the other quires are entirely paper. Fol. 16r-116v, catchwords in the middle of the bottom margin, on verso, framed in red; running titles in the upper margin.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-15r, 38 long lines. Fol. 16r-117v, written in two columns of 44 lines. Fol. 118r-230v, 39 long lines. Ruled in ink and dry point. No contemporary foliation.", "Script: Written in a neat cursiva libraria script, by at least two different hands, below top line.", "Decoration: Fol. 16r-116v: red initials on 3 or 2 lines, some of them penworked in red. Red paragraph marks throughout the text. Some parts of the text underlined in red. Fol. 117r-171r, red paragraph marks and red rubrics throughout the text.", "Binding: Contemporary binding, brown blind-tooled leather over wooden boards. Spine with five comparts and raised bands. Two catches and clasps on the cover (lacking).", "Origin: Fol. 16r-116v were copied in 1475 in Ayllon, Segovia, Spain, by a friar named Antonius de Caveis Rubeis who was in the convent of St. Francis of Assisi (his name is not listed in the \"Colophons\" by the Benedictine of Bouveret). Many contemporary notes in Latin and Spanish on inside back cover, some concerning linguistic and grammar (\"Si la sillaba es luenga e lazento stara...si la silaba es breve...\"). On inside front cover, notes in Spanish, possibly about plants and vegetables (\"Sangre de murziegalo...de cipres...valostias...\").", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 136."], "700 1": ["Pelagius, Alvarus,|d1280?-1353.", "Benavente, Juan Alfonso,|dca. 1454."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-4v: \"[Summula de dispensationibus by Bonaguida d'Arezzo] Attendens ego Bona Guida de Aretio licet [...] [cano]nici iuris professor quod te casibus in quibus...ortulus iste brevis dulcia poma gerit. [rubr.] Explicit summula de dispensationibus domini Bona Guida de Aretio. Deo gratias amen.\""], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 136|xCIN=JKN"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS33": {"001": ["06-B4122"], "245 10": ["[Summa de poenitentia]"], "520": ["The manuscript represents the work of several scribes and was copied in England. There are also notes and additions in the margins, some of these by a later hand (possibly mid 14th century). Its tiny format, and the fact that it looks heavily used, suggests that it could have been written for the daily use of priests dealing with the practice of hearing confession. Although the modern foliation is wrong, the manuscript could not be refoliated, due to the extreme fragility and ubiquitous mold spots. This description follows the (incorrect) modern foliation."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[England,|cbetween 1230 and 1280]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|apro redimenda vexatione"], "581": ["Augustinus Hipponensis, Sancti Augustini Confessionum libri XIII, ed. Lucas Verheijen, O. S. A., Corpus Christianorum Series Latina [henceforth CCSL] 27 (Turnholti: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1981)", "Augustinus Hipponens, Sancti Aurelii Augustini De Diversis quaestionibus octoginta tribus, ed. Almut Mutzenbecher, CCSL 44 (1975):1-249.", "Sancti Aurelii Augustini Regula, ed. Luc Verheijen (Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1976); id., Sancti Aurelii Augustini Sermones de Vetere Testamento (I-L), ed. Cyrill Lambot, O. S. B., CCSL 41/1 (1961-).", "Sancti Prosperi Aquitani Liber sententiarum, ed. M. Gastaldo, CCSL 68A (1972): 213-65.", "Raymundus de Penaforte, Summa de paenitentia S. Raimundus de Pennaforte, ed. Xaverio and Aloisio Diez, Universa bibliotheca iuris 1/C (Rome: Commentarium pro religiosis, 1976)"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Between 1713 and 1773 the book belonged to a Welsh man named John Roberts (fol. 10r: \"John Roberts is Booke;\" fol. 13r: \"John Roberts ywgwiv berehenog y llufi (?) hun 1713 (?). It seem reasonable that this man is the same John Roberts born in 1731 and died in 1806, so the date 1713 is likely a mistake, and it is also barely legible;\" fol. 81r: \"John Roberts B, John Ro,\" in an upside-down script; fol. 124r: \"John Roberts tou bibilou (in Greek);\" fol. 124v: \"John Roberts ejus manu anno Domini;\" fol. 130r : \"John Roberts\"). Other owners were: William Eastfield Laughton, Esq., residing at Eastfield House, Tickhill (inside front cover; his signature on fol. 125v; f. 137r) and Mrs Sarah Laughton, around 1780 (inside front cover; \"Sarah\" fol. 98v; fol. 137r). In 1850 the manuscript became the property of Frederic Augustus Laughton, grandson of William, residing at Wakefield (front inside cover, fol. 83r and 114r; fol. 122v and 137v: \"This book came into the possession of Frederic Augustus Laughton Grand Son of the late William Eastfield Laugton Eastfield house Tickhill Yorks. Feb. 7th 1850\"). Another possible owner was one Maurice Jones (fol. 88v: \"Maurice Jones his hand\"). Other ownership marks and inscriptions, mostly of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, are \"Dartmouth the Kingdom of England\" (upside down), fol. 65v; \"Lawier quod amor vincit omnia,\" fol. 90v (vertical script imitating early Gothic bookhand, but clearly of a much later date, possibly Frederic Laughton's hand); \"This indenture III made this 3d day,\" fol. 100r; \"Canterbury,\" fol. 122r; \"This indenture made on the third day of march one thousand seven hundred and fifty seven and in the Thirty Seven years of the Reign of our Sovering [sic] lord King George fra[..] and J. W.,\" fol. 150v. On fol. 151r a former owner composed a 4-line poem: \"A fu darfu ei derfyn / A fydo adderfyddo ddyn / Rhaid i beran anrhydedu / Myn fy ngrhed fyned i bed.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger (the title possibly used to appear in the opening rubric, but it is too faded to be legible)", "Collation: Parchment, fol. iii (modern paper) + 152 + iii (modern paper); 1\u2078 2\u00b2 3\u2078 4\u00b9\u2070 5-6\u2074 7\u00b2\u2070 8\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b9 9\u00b9\u2074 10\u00b9\u00b2 11\u00b9\u2074 12\u00b9\u00b2 13\u00b9\u2074\u207b\u2074 14\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b2 15\u00b9\u00b2. No contemporary foliation is provided. Modern (20th century) foliation in pencil, in the upper margin; this foliation is wrong because it counts both missing pages and the cut folios. Folios that had been cut away: 64, 125, 133-135, 147-148. Catchwords in the bottom margin in the right corner, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. No quire numbers or signature marks.", "Layout: Written mostly in two columns, 41-42 lines for each column. Fol. 146r-150r, written in up to 30 long lines. Running titles on the upper margins, both on recto and verso. Ruled in lead and dry point.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, below top line, by several different scribes contemporary to each other. The text of the \"Summa poenitentiae\" was copied by three hands: fol. 3r-12v, fol. 13r-34r, and fol. 34v-122r. Fourth scribe, fol. 126r-131r; many different hands on fol. 131v-150v; one scribe copied fol. 151r-162v.", "Decoration: Alternating 4-line pen flourishing initials throughout the text. Red rubrics, red paragraph signs. Alternating red and blue running titles in the upper margin.", "Binding: Late 18th century binding, brown leather over pasteboard, blind tooled. Modern flyleaves. Kept in modern, brown, cloth-covered box", "Origin: Written in England, possibly between 1230 and 1280.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 33."], "300": ["|3Original: |a152 leaves :|bparchment ;|c132 x 95 (95 x 65) mm bound to 140 x 100 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-6) and positive (Robbins MS 33)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 126r-129r: [Augustinus Hipponensis, Confessiones. Excerpta: Liber IV cap. 10, 11, 12; Liber XII cap. 25, 31; Liber XIII cap. 9, 17, 31] \"//si unum verbum non discedat consumit partes suas ut succedat...quibus tamen non tu places in ea unde frui magis ipsa quam te volunt.\"", "Fol. 129r-132v: \"[Augustinus Hipponensis, De diversis quaestionibus octoginta tribus. Excerpta: Quaestiones 2, 47, 48, 51, 71] Omne quod fit ei a qua fit par esse non potest...quemadmodum se inclinat qui manum iacenti porrigit.\"", "Fol. 136r-137v: \"[Augustinus Hipponensis, De doctrina christiana. Excerpta. Liber I cap. 36] Omnis autem fidei violator iniquus est...sub decorato tecto non iaces sed habes celum ineffabilibus stellarum pulchritudinibus perfulgentem.\"", "Fol. 137v-138r: \"[Augustinus Hipponensis, De agone christiano. Excerpta: Cap. 1, 7, 33] Quicumque mali sunt sic ordinati...ubi ullam de corpore molestiam senciemus.\"", "Fol. 138r-145v: [Augustinus Hipponensis, Sermones 109, 54, 55, 61, 62, 100, 67, 94A, 69, 72, 76, 83, 82, 84, 88, 16A, 93, 105. Excerpta]", "Fol. 146r: \"[Sermon] Egressus autem Iesus secessit in partes Tyri (Mt 15, 21). Quattuor sunt hic consideranda: primo de egressu...tertius caritatis, quartus felicitatis.\"", "Fol. 146v: \"[Sermon, possibly by Latinus Malabranca according to IN PRINCIPIO database] Fructus lucis in omni bonitate (Eph 5, 10). Duplex lux est...lumen suum.\"", "Fol. 149r: \"[Schemata sermonum] Tres sunt qui testimonium dant in celo...circa humillimos (?).\"", "Fol. 151r-160r: \"[Augustinus Hipponensis, De quantitate animae, excerpta] [text] Enumera breviter que audire de anima velis. Quero unde sit anima...quanquam sapientissimus et perfectissimus vel prorsus quilibet racionis concors atque beatissima anima. [rubr.] Explicit liber de quantitate anime.\"", "Fol. 160v-162v: \"[Sententiae variae: Prosper Aquitanus, Liber sententiarum, Pseudo-Isidorus et alii] Hii vident Domini mirabilia quibus prosunt...Hii vident Domini mirabilia quibus prosunt...ut unde non proficitur non unde (?)//.\""], "100 0": ["Raymond,|cof Pe\u00f1afort, Saint,|d1175?-1275."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 33|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Augustine,|cSaint, Bishop of Hippo.", "Prosper,|cof Aquitaine, Saint,|dca. 390-ca. 463"], "008": ["060825q12301280enk||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Laughton, F. A.|q(Frederick Augustus).|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Laughton, William Eastfield.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Laughton, Sarah.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Jones, Maurice.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Roberts, John,|d1731-1806.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 3r-122r: \"[text] Quoniam ut ait Ieronimus secunda post naufragium tabula est culpam simpliciter confiteri ne impericia ministrantis predictam tabulam submergi contingat aliquando naufragantes...mereamur audire in die iudicii Domini dulcem et ineffabilis iocunditatis vocem illam: Venite benedicti percipite regnum. Amen.\" Fol. 122v -124v: [Index rerum] [rubr.] Incipit liber primus. [text] De summa Trinitate et fide...de regulis uiris.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=119;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 33"]}, "RobbinsMS181": {"001": ["ocn177278372"], "245 10": ["De iurisdictione et privilegiis illustrorum clericorum rev[erendae] camerae apostolicae."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["A text on the offices of the Apostolic Camera, one of which is \"prefect of archives.\"  The list of twelve men (two of whom were members of the Camera under Pius VI) on f. 3r appear to be recipients of the book . At the end of the work are a letter of Pius VII dated to 1801 and a Chirograph of Innocent III."], "260": ["Rome,|cca. 1800."], "008": ["071026q17901800it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 181"], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-4v: \"[text] Illustrissimis, atque amplissimis viris...Nicolaus Maria de Nicolais. Quoniam pluribus abhinc annis beneficentia sanctissimi Domini Nostri Pii VI ad munus substituti Reverendae Camerae Apostolicae admissus sum...quae vel ad universum eorum Collegium, vel ad cuiusque praesidii munus spectare possint\" ; fol. 5rv: \"Index capitulorum\" ; fol. 6r-192r: \"[text] Cap. I. De Rev. Camera Apostolica. Nihil magnificentius esse potest eo elogio, quo Pius IV [a] nuncupavit Camerae Apostolicae Tribunal reliquis totius Curiae dignius et excellentius...illudque custodiat nec quemcumque cuiuscumque gradus, et conditionis, nisi praemonito per eum Vicecamerario, seu Decano, indeque deliberate admittere, vel introducere audeat\" ; fol. 193r-194v: \"[text] Copia delle lettere Apostoliche in forma di breve spedite sopra alcuni privilegi concessi alli Illustrissimi [Monsignori?] Chierici della [Reverendissima?] Camera Apostolica\" ; fol. 195r-197v: \"[text] Chirografo d'Innocenzo Papa XIII sulle autorizazioni di Monsignor Prefetto degli archivi.\""], "100 1": ["Nicolais, Nicolaus Maria de."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, October 2007."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5335)"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 2r)", "Collation: paper (watermark: a bird and mountains within a circle, not in Briquet ) fol. i + 198 + fol. i ; 1\u00b2 2\u2078 3\u00b9\u2070 (+ 1 bifolium stitched in) 4\u2078 (+ 1 bifoliom stitched in) 5\u00b9\u2076 6\u2078 7\u00b9\u2076 8\u2078 9\u00b9\u2076 10\u2078 11\u00b9\u2076 12\u2078 13\u00b9\u2076 14\u2078 15\u00b9\u2076\u207b\u00b2 (+ 1 sexternio and one quinio stitched in).", "Layout: Pages are divided into two columns by folding, and text is written in the right-hand column with the left- hand column left blank for notes. There is often a strong horizontal line across the page containing footnotes which are referred to in the text by means of bracketed letters of the alphabet, i.e. [f], [hh], etc.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by at least 5 hands: hand 1 title page and mainly fol. 3v-56v (hand 1 originally wrote fol. 3r but new page is glued over original); hand 2 mainly fol. 57r-172r; hand 3 writes on inserted pages and notes throughout, and then fol. 172v- 192r; hand 4 fol. 193r-194v; hand 5 fol. 195r-197v.", "Binding: Bound in paper printed with roses; leather spine with gilt decorations and leather corners. Title on spine: \"Nicolai/ De Iuris/Et Priv/ Ill. Cler/ R.C.A.\" Shelfmarks on spine: \"5335\" and \"CCXIV.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 181."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "005": ["20071101040825.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)177278372"], "300": ["198 leaves :|bpaper ;|c259 x 182; (238 x 160) mm bound to 270 x 190 mm."]}, "RobbinsMS102": {"001": ["06-B4154"], "245 10": ["[Collectio tripartita]"], "520": ["This manuscript is a very precious 12th century exemplar of a textual variant of the \"Collectio tripartita\" written by Ivo of Chartres. The greek letters at the bottom of the last page, identified in a Sotheby's description as \"presumably the signature of the original owner,\" are in fact an attempt to transcribe a Greek phrase found in the text a few lines above. There are many marginal corrections and notes in brown ink, in several hands, all contemporary with the copying of the main text, and massive erasures. The manuscript is incomplete."], "710 2": ["Stift Admont.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Lambach.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "510 4": ["Brett, Martin, The Berkeley Tripartita, \"Bulletin of Medieval and Canon Law, 16 (1986), pp. 89-91."], "260": ["[Austria?,|cbetween 1100 and 1125]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |ainueniaris mundialis negociis"], "581": ["Alvarez, Nancy, \"Sex and Power in a Textual Variant of the Collectio Tripartita: Reconstructing an Ideology of Reform Identity from a Canon Law Collection at the Benedictine Monastery of Admont, c. 1100-1125.\" Honors Thesis in Medieval Studies, Stanford University, 2001 (kept in manuscript file)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["This manuscript was possibly produced at the Benedictine monastery at Admont, Austria, and kept there until at least the 14th century, since it is recorded in the Admont catalogue of that period. Then it was transported to the neighboring Benedictine reform monastery at Lambach."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 162; 1-8\u2078 9\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b9 10\u2078 11\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b9 12- 19\u2078. No catchwords and no contemporary foliation is provided. Two sets of foliation: the earlier one (but not original) in ink, only identifies fol. 1 and 160; the more recent one, in pencil, identifies every 5 folios in Arabic numerals (fol. 1-15 are numbered in continuous sequence), but the foliation does not coincide with the earlier one and is not correct.", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines, above top line. Ruled in drypoint; prickings visible in the outer margins. Occasional marginal notes.", "Script: Written in a very tidy and professional Carolingian minuscule script.", "Decoration: Orange and red 2-line initials throughout the text. Red rubrics.", "Binding: Tawed leather cover over wooden boards. The boards are cut flush to the size of the folios, and deteriorated with major losses: upper spine corners of both boards and upper fore edge corners in the lower board are heavy damaged. Two straps to be fastened on the fore edge and one strap to be fastened on the lower board, now missing. Three double thongs with twisted cords. Primary kettle stiches; remains of the decorative tabbed end bands. Covering material loose on the spine. The spine leather is partially torn along both joints, allowing details of sewing end bands and spine folds to be seen. Outer leaves were pastedowns in this or in a previous binding: the outer margins have been trimmed. On the spine is still barely visible the title: \"Canones minores\" in a capital script, possibly 12th century style. The pastedowns are taken from a 15th century German liturgical manuscrpit. On the lower board, a 15th century German hand wrote a title, which, interestingly, is flipped as if a mirror image: \"Liber perri[...] et discr[...]ione d[...] c[...]\".", "Origin: Written possibly in Austria, Admont, at the beginning of the 12th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 102."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "300": ["162 leaves :|bparchment ;|c231 x 164 (175 x 125) mm bound to 228 x 170 mm."], "505 8": ["Fol. 160r-161r: [Appended texts] 1. fol. 158v: Deut. 17.12 -13; Deut. 17.14-17; Deut. 17.18-20; Deut. 18-19; I Samuel 8.4-18; I Samuel 12.12-19; 2. fol. 161r-v: First Council of Seville, Third Canon; 3. fol. 161v-162v: St. Jerome, Commentary on Amos."], "100 0": ["Ivo,|cSaint, Bishop of Chartres,|dca. 1040-1116."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 102|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060828q11001125au ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi and Linda Ogden. August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-160r: \"[text] Quoniam quorundam Romanorum decretalia pontificum synodalibus tempus praestant...namque per somnia et manes quasi revelationes quorumlibet hominum ubicumque constituuntur altaria omnimodo reprobentur\"."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=63;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 102"]}, "RobbinsMS303": {"001": ["ocn609705276"], "245 10": ["[Collection of Papal letters]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["This manuscript includes copies, or possibly drafts, of more than two hundred Papal letters and can thus be considered a Papal Register (a copy of outgoing documents kept by their originator), although it is not a formal one. The letters are addressed to recipients across Europe and vary widely in content and type: answers to petitions; letters addressing the foundation of parishes, chapels, churches, and monasteries; some addressing the suppression of one foundation and the establishment of a new one. The manuscript concludes with sixty-nine letters confirming the unions of parishes, monasteries, etc. (most are not dated). There is mostly some very general organization within the manuscript according to these different types of documents, and within some sections the contents are usually in a general chronological order. Most of the letters included in the volume date from the reigns of Popes Sixtus IV (1471-1484), Innocent VIII (1484-1492), Alexander VI (1492-1503), Pius III (1503), and Julius II (1503-1513); the final letter is from Leo X (1513-1521); documents from Alexander VI are probably most common. Earlier letters are also included sporadically. One of special interest on ff. 178v-179 is a letter of Pope John XXII from the sixteenth year of his papacy, or 1332, establishing a studium generalium at his birthplace in Cahors. A much fuller description of this manuscript is available in the manuscript file."], "300": ["|3Original:|a350 leaves :|bpaper ;|c290 x 215 (225 x 125) mm bound to 295 x 220 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bNOT FILMED YET"], "110 2": ["Catholic Church"], "260": ["Rome, Italy ,|c[between 1490-1519]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 303"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript once belonged to Harry A. Walton Jr. of Covington, Virginia (his manuscript A-1864)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Collation: 1\u00b2\u2070 2\u00b9\u2078 3-4\u00b2\u2074 5\u00b9\u2076 6\u00b2\u2076 7-8\u00b2\u2074 9\u00b9\u00b2 10\u00b9\u2074 11\u00b2\u2074 12\u00b2\u2070 13\u00b9\u00b2 14\u00b2\u2074 15\u00b3\u00b2 16\u2074 17\u00b2\u2078 18\u2074. Horizontal catchwords on quires one and two only; apparently unruled except for full-length vertical bounding lines in blind; each folio also has a crease in the middle as if it has been folded in half, and on some folios it appears to have been folded along the vertical bounding lines.", "Layout: Written in twenty-seven to forty-eight long lines.", "Script: Written by numerous scribes in a variety of scripts ranging from quick cursive scripts to scripts approaching a cursive humanistic minuscule.", "Decoration: Most documents begin with a simple decorative opening letter in the same ink as the text.", "Binding: Original sixteenth-century vellum binding over pasteboard; cover is flush with bookblock; spine with three raised bands; deckle fore-edge is frayed and darkened; broken head and tail bands.", "Origin: Most likely written in Rome during the period of ca. 1490-1519 as suggested by the date of the majority of the documents (the most recent document dates from 1519), and by the watermarks. Numerous scribes with frequent changes of hand copied it, but early scribes reappear later in the manuscript, and the structure of the collection is complex. It was almost certainly copied at the papal archives and consists of either copies of completed outgoing documents, drafts of documents, or possibly both. The amount of wear on the fore-edge of the paper sheets suggests that it might have been preserved as unbound paper quires for some period of time; this hypothesis would also help explain the lack of chronological order in the letters copied here.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 303."], "035": ["(OCoLC)609705276"], "505 8": ["Section 2: Fol. 50-53v: Pius III (1503) -- fol. 54-58: probably Julius II \"[incipit] Ad r[?] querendum pastoralis officii debet mei studio inpendentes...vndecimo kalendas iunii anno primo\" -- Fol. 58rv: Julius II (1503) \"[incipit] Iulius episcopus servus servorum dei. Dilectis filiis capitulo ecclesie halberstadensis salutem et apostolicam benedictionis. Deuotionis uestre sinceritas pro meretur ut votis...anno millesimo quingentisimo tertio. Pontificis nostri anno primo\" -- fol. 58v-59v: Innocent VIII (dated 1492) -- fol. 59v-60: Innocent VIII - - fol. 60v-66v: probably Pope John XXII (with a marginal note mentioning Clement V) \"[incipit] Iohannes. Ad ea ex quibus nullus augentur...\" (numerous marginal notations) - - fol. 66v-67v: \"[incipit] Nouerint universi presentes\" -- fol. 68-82: Innocent VIII (1485) -- fol. 82v-83v: \"[margin] Bulla priuilegiorum capelle Regine\" \"[incipit] Alexander VI, Carissimo in christo filio...\" -- fol. 84rv: \"[incipit] Pius III, ad perpetuam rei memoriam, siquis dominus noster custodio diuina dispositione...\" -- fol. 84v-87v: \"[incipit] Alexander vi venerabilibus futurus...uel collectis et [digites?] in casibus etiam [archepolitanum?] post pontificalibus...\"", "Section 3: Fol. 90-91v: Innocent VIII (1486) \"[margin] Bulla Innocentium...\" \"[incipit] Innocentius episcopus...ad perpetuam rei memoriam romanum pontificum in quo diuina...Providentia omnium specta...anno millesimo quadragentesimo octavagesimo sexto, xi kalendas septembris...\" -- fol. 92-94v: \"[incipit] Alexander VI, Dilecte filio petro de Campania et leo Aquint. Regimini universalis ecclesie quamquam insufficiente libris...Jo. de Gaines, F., de Attavantis F., de Valencia\" -- fol. 94v- 96: Alexander VI, ending \"A. drapo, A. de Cabredo, F, de Attavantis\" -- fol. 96-98: (new hand) Julius II (1504).", "Section 4: Fol. 104-111: (new hand) Eugene IV \"[incipit] Eugenius episcopus seruus seruorum dei ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Licet ea que de mandato nostro finit plenam obtineant...\" -- fol. lllv-118: \"[incipit] Dilecto filio magistro Lelio de Theranio Canonico felicem scriptoris et...Grata deuotionis et familiaritatis obsequia que nobis et apostolice sedi hactenus...\" (ending mentions Innocent VIII) -- fol. 118-119v: Alexander VI \"[incipit] Dilectis in christo filiabus abbatisse monasterii sancte Elisabet de Valencia [?] sororibus tam p[?]tibus apud [?] regularem vitam...\" -- fol. 120-121: \"[incipit] Ad perpetuam dei memoriam, Dilectis filius...\" -- fol. 121v-123v: Pius II (1459) \"[margin] Supprimitur monasterium et...\" -- fol. 123v-126: \"[margin] Ecclesiam Avinonensis reduantur de Regularii ad secularium\" \"[incipit] Venerabili...Juliano Episcopo sabianenesi cardinalis petrum ad vinculo...\"", "Section 5 (petitions): Fol. 128-129: records of a petition and the resulting decision, ending \"...Fiat ut petitur, R., \" \"[margin fol. 129] Fiat R\" -- fol. 129rv: \"[note] Car S praxedis\" -- fol. 129v-130: \"[margin] Fiat R\" -- fol. 130v -133v: \"[incipit] Julius II, Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, In superior dignitatis specula...\" -- fol. 134-137: Sixtus IV (1482) \"[margin] Erectio Capelle des Moutiz (or Moutim) les tours in Colle...\" \"[incipit] Sixtus, Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Illius qui pro (mentions Ludovicus, king of France)\" -- fol. 137-138v: Sixtus IV -- fol. 139-143: Innocent VIII (1485) -- fol. 143v-147v: Julius [II] \"[margin] Ecclesiae Brandeburgensis...\" -- fol. 147v-150: Iulius [II].", "Section 6 (various letters, many concerning new foundations): Fol. 153- 155: \"[incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Tertiarum omnium...\" -- fol. 156: \"[text] Confirmatio exemptionis omni noua exemptione ac certorum priuilegiorum quorum tenores habetur professis [incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Romanum pontifex pacem et [quietem?] semper desiderans subditorum...pro parte dilectorum Ludouici abbatis et conventus monasterii beatorum Marie et petri apostolorum...ordinis sancti bernardi Senonentii diocesis...\" -- fol. 157rv: \"[text] Comittitur erectio vicarie et receptio illius cui habeat conferri in canonicorum ordinis sancti Augustinum et reseruatio iuris nominari dei et profundi...[incipit] Ex iniuncto nobis de super apostolice seruatis officio ad ea libenter intendimus per que beneficia ecclesia ualeant ubilibet propagacio et Regualarem vitam...pro parte dilecte fili magistrum Antonii de Narbonesio presbiterum [Caturcensis diocesis]...canonicos prior, beate marie de Caylario ordinis sancte Augustine Lemouinencii dyocesis...\" -- fol. 158: \"[text] Committitur Erectio cap[itule] iuxta voluntatem testatoris defuncti et apostolica bonorum pro eis dote cum prestate compellendum detentores ad ill consignandum ac reseruatio Iuris prioratis quotiens per...hac prima uite uacarie...ac prouisio illius ab illa...fundatione vacantis...[incipit] Beatissime pater Olivi quondam angeletus...quod in ecclesia sancti angeli dicti castri una perpetua [capma?] pro vno perpetuo capellano missas et alia diuina...\" -- fol. 158rv: \"[incipit] Ex iniuncto nobis de supri quamquam insufficientibus meritis apostolice...quod oliui quondam angeletus eni...Spoletanii diocesis...\" -- fol. 159: \"[incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Ex iniuncto nobis de super quamquam insufficientibus meritis apost...officio ad rei libenter intendimus...quod oliui quondam angelus...anno videlicet Mccclxxxxxii de bonis...\" -- fol. 159v-160: \"[text] Erectio, Committitur resignatio parochialis ecclesie et suprimitur nomen rectoris illius ac in illa...\"[incipit] Iudex...\" -- fol. 160v-161: \"[text] Cessio regiminis monasterii monialium cum pensione procede. Et supressio ordinis...ac erectio...[incipit] Romanum pontificis prouidenter\" -- fol. 161-162: \"[margin] Erectio cappellanis...\" -- fol. 162v-163: a petition with marginal notes underlining important points, for example \"Conceditur episcopo,\" \"petitur,\" etc. -- fol. 164v: \"Licentia,\" \"Reservatio,\" \"exemptio\" -- fol. 165v-166v: short judgement -- fol. 167-169v: long petition with marginal notes -- fol. 169v-172: petition followed by short judgements -- fol. 172v: \"[margin] pro erectione cappelle\" -- fol. 173: \"[text] Confirmatio erectionis capellane per ordinarium confirmate cum certis patris [?] inter fundatorie et rectorem ecclesie in...[incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Per fidelium vota ex quibus -- fol. 173v: \"[text] Confirmatio concordie inter episcopum et capitulum Nicien[cis] ex una ac comitatem Nicien[cis] ex alia partibus...\" -- fol. 175rv: \"[text] Erectio Capelle in college\" -- fol. 176rv: \"[margin] Nova erectio prioratus...\" -- fol. 177v-178: \"[margin] Erectio [capelle?] [incipit] Alexander, Dilectis filius archiepiscopo et...ac antonio de boniensis, Inter curas...\" -- fol. 178v-179: John XXII \"[margin] Erectio studii generalis in civitatis caturcensis [Cahors] [incipit] Johannis pape xxii, Ad perpetuam rei memoriam...pontificatus nostri anno sextodecimo\" -- fol. 180-181v: Theodoricus (?) -- fol. 181v-182v: Innocent VIII (dated 1485) -- fol. 183-186v: Alexander VI \"[margin] monasterio supprimitur\" -- fol. 186v-188: Sixtus IV -- fol. 189-190v: \"[incipit] Alexander, Venerabili fratri episcopo constanencium, Vt inter beatudinis amatrices habitu sacre religionis...\" -- fol. 191-193: \"[margin] translatio ecclesie...\" -- fol. 194-197v: \"[incipit] Dilectio filius maioris et sancte marie in Gallinei...\" -- fol. 198rv: Alexander IV \"[text] Confirmatio erectionis...ecclesie...\" -- fol. 199-202v: \"[margin] Erectio cappellanis\" -- fol. 203-208: Alexander VI (1494) -- fol. 208-212: \"[margin] probatur fundatoris ecclesie\" - - fol. 215-216v: \"[incipit] Dilectis filiis prori priotatus sancti saluatorum...\" -- fol. 217-218: Alexander VI (1500) \"[incipit] Dilectis filiis Reginaldo subdecani et [?] de sancti c[?] ecclesie...\" -- fol. 218v-219: Alexander VI (1502) -- fol. 219v-220v: Sixtus IV (1480) -- fol. 220v-222v: Sixtus IV (1484) -- fol. 224v-225: \"[margin] suppresio\" -- fol. 227-228v: \"[incipit] Sacre religionis sub qua dilecti filii [servos?] ordinis predicatorum...\" -- fol. 229-231v: \"[margin] Erectio parrochialis in Collegiatam, motu proprio [incipit] Sixtus IV, Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Ex superio prouidentia...\" -- fol. 231v-232v: \"[incipit] Hodie motu proprio parrochialum...Ville de Alesto...\" -- fol. 232v-234: Sixtus IV \"[margin] confirmatio dicte rectionis\" -- fol. 234-235: Sixtus \"[margin] Vno prioratus\" -- fol. 235v-236: Innocent VIII -- fol. 236-237v: Alexander VI -- fol. 237v- 239v: Julius II \"[text] Confirmatio cum nova erectionis duorum...\" -- fol. 240-242v: Alexander VI -- fol. 243-245v : Alexander VI \"[text] Commititur confirmatio erectionis vnus et erectio alterius beneficorum...\" -- fol. 245v-251: Alexander VI \"[text] Suppressio monasterii...\"", "Section 7 (letters confirming unions): Fol. 290: a short paragraph that clearly seems to be a note concerning a union -- fol. 319rv: Nicolas (V?) \"[ incipit] Nicolaus episcopus servus servorum dei ad futuram rei memoria...Ex iunctio nobis de super...\" -- fol. 321: \"[margin] Gregorii, Confirmatio vnionis autem ordinaria facte de duobus prioratibus ad invicem -- fol. 343: Leo X (in the sixth year of his reign, 1519) \"[incipit] Dilectis filio decano...\""], "650  0": ["Letters, Papal"], "008": ["100427q14901519it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre Roberts, April 2010."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100427035855.0"], "505 0": ["Section 1: Fol. l-49v: Thirty nine letters, mostly from Pope Alexander VI, with a few earlier letters from Innocent VIII and Sixtus IV -- fol. 1-4: \"[incipit] Alexander VI. Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, cum attento considerationis\" -- fol. 4v-5v: Innocent VIII, dated 1490 -- fol. 5v-6v: Alexander VI to a bishop, ninth year of his pontificate -- fol. 6v-7v: Alexander VI to \"dilecto filio Lodovico du Val presbitero\" (in two paragraphs, ending with a judgement) \"[incipit] Nobilitas presentes uestro...\" -- fol. 8rv: Alexander VI \"[incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Postulare...\" -- fol. 8v-9: Alexander VI \"[incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Ad fidei catholice...\" -- fol. 9-10: Alexander VI \"[incipit] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam...\" -- fol. 10-11v: \"[margin] Absolutio pro fratre [?] sancta Ja. de Sp[?]\" \"[incipit] Sedes apostolica...\" -- fol. 12-13: Alexander VI \"[incipit] Venerabile seu moderno episcopo Universari Vicariis romanorum dilecte filio abbatis monasteriis S. Thome Burgundiones...pontificatus nostri anno nouo\" -- fol. 13v-14: Alexander VI \"[margin] Indulgentia pro capella regnorum Anglia\" -- fol. 14v: \"[marginal note] Iudex\" -- fol. 14-15v: \"[incipit] Alexander VI, Dilecto filio Magistro Eutt de Blandare...Gratia deuotionis et familiares obsequia...\" -- fol. 15v-17: Alexander VI (dated 1501) \"[margin] Confirmatio ecclesie...domus ordinis praedicatorum\" -- fol. 17v-18: Alexander VI (dated 1500) -- fol. 18-19v: \"[incipit] Alexander VI Carrissimo in christo filio Iohanni dant...\" -- fol. 19v-20: Innocent VIII -- fol. 20-21v: Alexander VI \"[margin] Promisio vnus proratis...\" -- fol. 22-22v: Alexander VI, to Nicholas, a Cistercian Abbot from the diocese of Brandenberg -- fol. 24-25: Sixtus IV \"[margin] Erectio studii...\" -- fol. 25- 26: Sixtus IV -- fol. 26-27: Alexander VI to \"Dilectio filio Bernardo Andree,\" rector of Toulouse (?) -- fol. 27rv: Alexander [VI] to a Bishop -- fol. 27v-28: Alexander [VI] to \"Dilecto filio Bernardo Andree\" -- fol. 28-30v: Alexander [VI] -- fol. 30v-31v: Alexander VI \"[margin] copia indul, R. d.\" -- fol. 32v-34: \"[incipit] Dilectio filio magistro Guillermo de p[?] cap[no]...\" -- fol. 34- 35v: no heading -- fol. 36-37v: \"[incipit] Dilectio filio magistro domino Jarebario cap[no] nostro...palatii apostolici auditorii...\" -- fol. 43-45 \"[margin] Reservatio\" -- fol. 47-49v: \"[incipit] Alexander VI Ad perpetuam rei memoriam, Inter nostras multiplices que nobis ex apostolatus officio...pontificis nostri anno decimo\" (and later) \"Hadrianus / Io. de Saldana.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS239": {"001": ["06-B3615"], "245 10": ["Libellus penitentialis in septem libris divisus."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-36v: \"[rubr.] Incipit libellus penitentialis in septem libros divisus a magistro Iohanne de Deo hispano doctore decretorum editus. [text] Venerabilis patri ac domino ac divina providentia...Hec est regula necessitatis a prioribus approbata quod nichil facias commendandi...acquiruntur regnum Dei. [rubr.] Explicit liber scriptus ad honorem summe trinitate et individue unitate in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. A magistro Iohanne de Deo compilatum Deo gratia. [colophon] En ego quem genuit pia patria Portuguensis diva cathedravit urbis schola Bononiensis. Hoc opus aptavi domino non absque labore sed labori est facilis Christus superatus morte.\""], "520": ["The Libellus Penitentialis by Joa\u00f5 de Deus is here complete, and has some marginal notes by the scribe himself. No index or table of contents is provided."], "100 0": ["Joa\u00f5 de Deus,|d1732-"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 239|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060728q14501475gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. Use of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "300": ["36 leaves :|bpaper ;|c315 x 220 (235 x 138) mm bound to 320 x 220 mm."], "561": ["On inside front cover, bookplate that reads: \"Ex libris Ernst Fischer 1905. Hans Vischer 1399. Vallen Fischer 1570\"; this ex-libris shows a page holding a coat of arms with two fish on it. In the manuscript are inserted two sheets written in Latin and German by two different German hands (both 20th century) describing the text and the manuscript itself. One of the sheets has a shelfmark \"Hs. 9\" written in the upper corner, which was a shelfmark from a former owner. On inside back cover, there is the number \"14880\" written in pencil by a 20th century hand."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + 36 + i (modern paper) ; 1-3\u00b9\u00b2. Catchwords on the right side of the bottom margin, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. No contemporary foliation and no quire numbers are visible. Two visible watermarks: one very close to Briquet 2403, \"Balance\"; the other one very close to Briquet 14548-50, \"Tete de boeuf\".", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 40 lines, below top line. Frame ruled in ink. Guide text for the rubricator cropped but still visible on most folios. Wide margins and some marginal notes in them.", "Script: Written in a tidy cursive bastard script by one scribe who apparently wrote the rubrics too.", "Decoration: Red simple initials on 2-4 lines, occasionally penworked. Red rubrics throughout the text.", "Binding: 19th century quarter calf over pasteboard, covered with marbled paper.", "Origin: Written in Germany, in the third quarter of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 239."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 239"], "260": ["[Germany,|cbetween 1450 and 1475]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS184": {"001": ["ocn232164394"], "260": ["Italy,|cbetween 1626 and 1628"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["A collection of reports, briefs, and related documents, dated 1626-1628, submitted from dioceses all over Italy mostly to the Sacra Congregazione super Controversiis Jurisdictionalibus, although there are a few submitted to the Sacra Congregazione dell'Immunita' et Jurisdictione Ecclesiastica (e.g. fol. 42r-44v: \"Per li diaconi selvaggi di Hostuni (i.e. Ostuni).\" All of these documents bear the name \"APD Merlino.\""], "300": ["|3Original:|a120 leaves :|bpaper ;|c274 x 206 ( 223 x 157) mm bound to 297 x 218 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS 184)"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7594."], "008": ["080617i16261628it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 184"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2008."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Collection of reports, briefs, and related documents submitted to the Sacra Congregazione super Controversiis Jurisdictionalibus]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7594); library stamp on fol. 1r: \"Bibliot. H. F., 1710.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: paper (similar but not identical to Briquet, Oiseau 12250)  fol. vi + 106 + fol. iv (paper); gatherings irregular.", "Layout: Written in long lines.", "Script: Written in cursive script by various hands.", "Binding: Limp vellum binding with leather fore edge ties (lacking). Title on spine: \"Positiones S. Cong. IM ECC APD Merlin.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 184."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL"], "005": ["20080618115555.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)232164394"], "546": ["Mostly Italian, some Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntc  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS79": {"001": ["06-B4237"], "245 10": ["[Summa]"], "505 0": ["Fol.1r-286r: \"[text] Quoniam ignorans ignorabitur, sicut ait Paulus...[rubr.] Incipit summa fratris Monaldi ex multis auctoritatibus compilata. De abate. Quis possit esse abbas. [text] Abbas debet esse...quasi stelle in perpetuas eternitates cum hiis qui ad iustitiam multos erudiunt in celesti gloria peremniteriter fulgeamus. Amen. [rubr.] Explicit Summa fratris Monaldi de ordine fratrum Minorum.\""], "520": ["This manuscript is a very neat copy of the so called \"Summa Monaldina\", with very few marginal notes. It was probably written in Italy but, in the 15th century, it came in the possession of  Arnoldus de Gheel from Hertogenbosch, Holland. Material on fol. 286rb-288ra fills lacunae in the previous text. Cuts in the outside margin of several folios; stitched cut fol. 210. Cloth place markers (one blue, two green) probably of a much later date."], "510 4": ["Bibliotheca belgica manvscripta, sive, elenchvs vniversalis codicvm MSS. in celebrioribvs Belgii coenobijs, Ecclesijs, ac Priuatorum Hominum Bibliothecis adhuc latentium, 2 vols. (Lille : T. LeClercq, 1641-44; reprint, Farnborough, England: Gregg Press, 1969), 2:164."], "100 0": ["Monaldo,|cda Capodistria,|dca. 1210-ca. 1280."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 79|xCUL=JKN"], "260": ["[Italy?,|cbetween 1280 and 1320]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |aq. i. cum uno"], "581": ["Monaldus, Summa perutilis atque aurea venerabilis viri fratris Monaldi in utroque jure tam civilique canonico (Lugduni: Venundantur per Petrum Baleti, [1516?])."], "008": ["060831q12801320it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a291 leaves :|bparchment ;|c280 x 200 (195 x 135) mm bound to 285 x 220 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bpositive (Robbins MS 79)"], "561": ["The manuscript belonged to one Arnoldus de Gheel from Hertogenbosch (ex libris on fol. 291v: \"Liber Arnodi de Gheel Busceducensis\"); thereafter the book resided in the library of the Premonstratensian Abbey of Parc, near Louvain (library pressmark on back of front cover: \"K IV\") and was reported in 1636 as Summa fratris Monaldi, in pergameno by Abbot Jean Maes (1635-36), who compiled a list of the library's holdings at the time; this list was then printed in Antonius Sanderus's Bibliotheca belgica manuscripta (see bibliography). Part of the books in the library were bought by John Lee (born Fiott; 1783-1866) of Hartwell House near Aylesbury, England (his inscription on back of front cover: \"I. Lee. Doctors Commons\"); the manuscript was repaired for Lee in 1835 (inscription on back of front cover, probably in Lee's hand: \"repaired August 1835 No 10/93\"). Unidentified shelfmarks: \"126\" and \"No. 18\" on f. 1r."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from closing rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 291 + i (modern paper); 1-25\u00b9\u2070 26\u00b9\u2074 27\u00b9\u00b2 28\u2078. No contemporary foliation, no quire numbers and no catchwords are provided.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-286r, written in two columns, 32 lines for each column; fol. 286r-288r, written in two columns, 64 lines for each column. Ruled in ink. Wide margins.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script by several hands, below top line.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, a 10-line initial, blue and gold, with blue and gold pen flourishing. Fol. 1v, a 7-line initial, blue and gold, with blue and gold pen flourishing. Many 2-line alternating blue and red penworked initials throughout the text. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks. Red rubrics. Many initials in the text touched in red. \"J-decorations\" penworked in blue and red.", "Binding: Tan calf over boards, 18th century, bearing gilt armorial (most likely of the library at the Abbey of Parc) that was effaced when the library was sold in 1829. Title on spine: \"Fratris Monaldi summa ex multis auctoritatibus compilata.\" Kept in brown, cloth-covered box with leather spine; title on box spine: \"Monaldus Summa MS on vellum.\"", "Origin: Possibly written in Italy, according to the features of the script, between the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 79."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 79"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=48;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS53": {"001": ["06-B2875"], "260": ["Italy, |c[between 1675 and 1699]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-35r: \"[text] Negli affari ordinarii Monsignor di Pamiers prendeva avviso...e questo e stato che m'ha fatto sempre il maggior rimorso in Roma, il vedere, che tutto cio, che si faceva, sembrava contrario all'intenzioni del Papa\"; fol. 35v-37r: \"[text] Capitolo ultimo. Nomi e qualit\u00e0 d'alcune persone delle quali spesso si \u00e8 parlato in questa memoria\"; fol. 37v-39v: Table of contents; fol. 40: blank."], "520": ["An accounting, in 14 chapters, of what happened in Rome before Monsignor Pamiers with respect to the issue of regalian rights. The final part of the main text is an alphabetical list of people mentioned in the main text, stating their position within the Church and the parties with which they allied themselves with respect to the controversy over regalian rights."], "650  0": ["Regalia.", "Church and state."], "300": ["|3Original: |a40 leaves :|bpaper ;|c263 x 196 (213 x 135) mm bound to 267 x 207 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-51) and positive (Robbins MS 53)"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms., |c6427."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 53|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060614q16751699it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Memoria di quello che \u00e8 passato a Roma e a Pamiers su l'affare della regalia."], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "561": ["Manuscript was once with the holdings of the Libraria Colonna (stamp on ff. ir, 1r, 40v); it then became part of the Phillips collection, catalog number MS 6427."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from first page of text.", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a bird sitting atop a mountain, all within a circle), fol. ii + 40; 1\u00b9\u2070 2\u00b9\u2074 3\u00b9\u2070 4\u2076 (6 is pastedown).", "Layout: Written in 21 long lines.", "Script: Written in a secretary script by one hand.", "Binding: Bound in brown paper.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 53."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 53"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS42": {"001": ["06-B2027"], "260": ["[Germany,|c14--]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1ra-5ra: \"[text] In civitate Romana sunt quinque ecclesie que patriarchales dicuntur videlicet ecclesia Sancti Johannis Lateranensis...Teutonici Gallici Ungari provinciales Siculi Byenniis Anglici Yspani Trienniis Ultra montana Quadrieniis Apuli Ytalici Singulis annis\"; fol. 5ra-5rb: \"[Tractatulus de coronacione imperatoris] De Romano imperatore...De Constantinopolitaneum...De Regibus christianorum\"; fol. 5va-5vb: \"[Nota de familia Herodis et de salvacione nacionum] In nomine domini amen ante Nativitate domini nostri Ihesu Christi Rex herodes regnabat...aliorum infidelium nacionum orientis seu quarum cumque aliarum parcium proficientibus etc. Explicit provinciale tocius mundi ecclesie.\""], "520": ["Description of the organization and offices of the churches of the Christian world."], "581": ["Provinciale omnium ecclesiarum excerptum a libro Cancellariae Apostolicae (Lugduni: Matthias Bonhomme, 1546); A. Werminghoff, \"Ein Tractatus de coronatione imperatoris aus dem vierzehnten Jahrhundert,\" Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung f\u00fcr Rechtsgeschichte (Germanistische Abteilung) 24 (1903): 380-385."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 42|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060502s14uu    gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Provinciale tocius mundi ec[cles]i[e]"], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original:|a5 leaves :|bpaper ;|c295 x 197 (200 x 140) mm bound to 305 x 204 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative and positive (Robbins MS 42)"], "561": ["Manuscript was once owned by the Guettenstein convent (fol. 1r: \"ex libris conventus Guettensteinensis\"); thereafter it belonged to Jorg Schafer."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from explicit (fol. 5vb)", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + 5 + ii (modern paper); 1\u2076\u207b\u00b9.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 48 lines; horizontal and vertical bounding lines in ink.", "Script: Written in a batard script by one hand.", "Binding: Bound in printed sheets from a glossed law tract with rubrics in red and initials in red and blue.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall) Robbins MS 42."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing descripiton by Luminita Florea and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, May 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 42"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=28;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS144": {"001": ["ocn244251075"], "260": ["Rome,|cca. 1721."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A collection of fifteen documents - 12 handwritten copies of letters and 3 printed letters -  illustrating Cardinal Giulio Alberoni's fall into disfavor, his banishment, and the efforts of the Vatican to have him arrested and deprived of his cardinalate between 1717 and 1721.  The documents include a series of Alberoni's correspondence (one letter bearing his signature, 28 May 1720, fol. 24v) with Spanish and Vatican representatives, and three printed pamphlets and printed letters commenting on the events and the extent of Alberoni's culpability, including the printed brief written in his defense at the time of his imprisonment (1721)."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c6191."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the possession of the Colonna family (their red stamp depicting a column on the front flyleaf, title page, and last leaf); also in the possession of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford (his 641/ 3) and in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 6191)."], "099": ["Robbins MS 144"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5BOL."], "245 00": ["Scritture e lettere nella causa del Cardinale Albaroni = [Documents and letters regarding the case of Cardinal Giulio Alberoni]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "600 10": ["Alberoni, Giulio,|d1664-1752."], "500": ["Ms. documents.", "First part of title from title page (fol. 2r); remainder of tite supplied by cataloger.", "Binding: Bound in brown paper over pasteboard; remains of ties at fore edge (part of backstrip lacking).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 144."], "505 2": ["Fol. 3r-4r: introduction -- fol. 5r-36v: letters -- fol. 37r-70r: 2 printed letters -- fol. 71r-81r: letters -- fol. 83r-90v: printed letter."], "700 3": ["Colonna family,|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["080821s1721    it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A.  Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "546": ["Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080821125838.0"], "300": ["88 leaves :|bpaper ;|cbound to 290 x 218 mm."], "035": ["(OCoLC)244251075"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS154": {"001": ["06-B4160"], "245 10": ["Aguirre contro le dichiarazioni del clero gallicano in difesa della catedra di Pietro :|bosservato compendiosam[en]te nelle cose pi\u00f9 notabili."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1rv: blank ; fol. 2r: \"[title] Aguirre contro le dichiarazioni del clero gallicano in difesa della catedra di Pietro, osservato compendiosamente nelle cose pi\u00f9 notabili\" ; fol. 2v: blank ; fol. 3r-66v: \"[text] La prima censura di Fr. Michele de Fue[--]tises merita d'esser considerata...chiudendo con Sant'Agostino il quale scrisse Nimis perverse se amat qui et alios vult errare ut error sus lateat\" ; fol. 67r-68v: blank."], "520": ["Joseph S\u00e1enz de Aguirre's work against the 1682 Declaration of the Gallican Clergy. Many marginal notes and corrections throughout in a hand that is different from the one that wrote the main text."], "300": ["68 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265 x 196 (240 x 102) mm bound to 272 x 210 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 154|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060828q16821725it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "546": ["Italian."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "100 1": ["S\u00e1enz de Aguirre, Jos\u00e9,|d1630-1699."], "561": ["On front pastedown is written in modern pencil \"A-4.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 2r).", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts an anchor within a circle with a 6-pointed star on top), fol. 68; 1\u00b2 2\u2078 3\u00b9\u00b2 4\u2076 5\u2078 6-7\u2074 8-9\u2076 10-11\u2074 12-13\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in 31 long lines; vertical bounding lines made by folding.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard. Traces of ribbon ties at fore edge, only one still attached and another torn off and kept in manuscript file. Continuous endsheet and pastedown.", "Accompanying materials: 18th cent. (?) note tipped in between front endsheet and pastedown that describes manuscript, now kept in manuscript file.", "Origin: The Declaration of the Gallican Clergy was published in 1682, so this text must have been written after that.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 154."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 154"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1682 and 1725]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS39": {"001": ["ocn455550608"], "245 10": ["De his quae practicantur in regno in materia jurisdictionis ecclesiasticae :|bPropter necessariam, atque naturalem illiusque personarum defensionem, rectam, et pacificam gubernationem."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A treatise conderning ecclesiastical jurisdiciton during the period of Kingdom of Naples under Spanish rule."], "300": ["|3Original:|a302 leaves :|bpaper ;|c330 x 215( 240 x 140 ) mm bound to 340 x 220 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-39) and positive (Robbins MS 39)"], "260": ["Italy,|c1600s."], "099": ["Robbins MS 39"], "581": ["Salmeron, Alfonso. Epistolae P. Alphonsi Salmeronis ex autographis vel originalibus exemplis potissimum depromptae a patribus ejusdem Societatis nunc primum editae, 2 vols.(Romae: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1971-72), 2:338-341 (for the printed version of article 1, edited from MS Rome, Bibliotheca Barberiniana, XXXIII, 168, duplici fol., nn. 160, 162)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was at some point in the holdings of a private library, likely in Italy (library stamp on f. iiir: \"Bibliotheca privata [illegible]\")."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. vr)", "Layout: Written in 23 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard.", "Origin: 17th manuscript copy of a 1573 text.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 39."], "035": ["(OCoLC)455550608"], "610 10": ["Naples (Kingdom)."], "008": ["091009q16001699it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, September 2009."], "100 1": ["Salmer\u00f3n, Alfonso,|d1515-1585."], "546": ["Text in Latin; introductory material in Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20091009023350.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. iir\" \"[Preface] Nel presente volume si contengono molte allegazioni trattati, et consulte pregiudiziali alla giurisdizione, et liberta ecclesiastica, et perche ve ne sono alcune del Regente Villano, ministro in quel tempo deputato alle materie giurisdizionali...et per la pura obbedienza che sono obbligato a rendere al vicario di Christo in confirmazione et attestazione della verit ho dettato, et sottoscritto di mia propria mano la presente, hoggi giorno di S[an]ta Barbara a 4 di Decembr[e] 1573. Ita est ut supra scribitur. Alphonsus Salmeron\" ; fol. iiv -ivv: \"[introductory material] Retrattione et protesta del Regente Villano per l'offesa fatta alla giurisdizione ecclesiastica nel Regno di Napoli, riferita dal P[adre] Salmerone della Comagnia di Gesu al nuntio di Napoli ; fol. vr: Title page ; fol. 1r: Table of contents ; fol. 2r -293r: \"[text] De violentia iudiciis ecclesiastici per regem auferenda, summarium. Violentia, quae ab ecclesiasticis infertur in laicos debet esse evidens et notoria ut ad remedia deveniri possit...Regentis, quod poterat tantum ab ipso eius nomine peccati absolutio, prout fuit petita et concessa.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS230": {"001": ["06-B3624"], "245 10": ["Liber sextus decretalium ;|bRegulae iuris."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. iv: \"[table of contents] De summa veritate et fide catholica...regulis iuris, 98.\""], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 1r-99v: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber VI Decretalium domini Bonifatius (sic) pape VIII. [text] Bonifatius episcopus servus servorum Dei. Dilectis filiis doctoribus...quod illicitam reputamus.", "3. Fol. 97v-99r: \"[rubr.] De regulis iuris. [text] Beneficium ecclesiasticum non potest licite sine canonica...complectens contra legis nititur voluntatem. [rubr.] Explicit liber sextus Decretalium.", "4. Fol. 99rv: \"[text] Privilegium monasterio tuo concessum ut monachi sive fratres in cellis ad monasterium ipsum spectantibus...negociis abesse contingat.\""], "520": ["The Liber sextus Decretalium completed with the Regulae iuris, and followed by a brief unidentified text concerning a privilege. A table of contents is added by a later hand on flyleaf iv."], "100 0": ["Boniface|bVIII,|cPope,|dd. 1303."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 230|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060728q13501375fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "300": ["99 leaves :|bparchment ;|c335 x 235 (230 x 160) mm bound to 345 x 250 mm."], "561": ["Inside back cover there are 2 bookplates: the first one reads \"Ex libris K.A. Jacobsen\", and the other one reads: \"Ex libris Ole Lars Jacobsen\". The first one shows two snakes on a staff, with a bird perched on top."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the opening rubrics on fol. 1r and 97v.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (medieval parchment) + 99, 1- 5\u2078 6\u2076 7-10\u2078 (quire 10 lacks first folio) 11\u2074. Catchwords in the middle of the lower margins. Leaves numbered with a series of tiny vertical red lines, or dots, in the right lower margin on recto, or with Roman numerals placed in the middle of the lower margin. Double original foliation in the upper right corner, in black ink: the same numbers are written twice by two different hands, once by the scribe himself and once by the rubricator.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 30 lines, below top line. Ruled in ink and lead. Wide margins, sometimes to host marginal notes by a later cursive hand.", "Script: Written in textualis libraria script quite close to the formata script, by one hand.", "Decoration: A large 7-line red and blue pen flourishing initial on fol. 1r. Several red and blue pen flourishing initials on 2 lines throughout the text. Red rubrics and red paragraph marks.", "Binding: White and green stenciled paper over pasteboard, 19th century. Quarter vellum, the spine reads: \"Lib[er] VI Decret[alium] Bonif[atii] VIII\" written by a 17-18th century hand.", "Origin: Written in Northern France, in the third quarter of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 230."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 230"], "260": ["[Northern France, |cbetween 1350 and 1375]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=101;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS50": {"001": ["06-B2649"], "245 10": ["Non pu\u00f2 esser papa chi non \u00e8 cardinale :|bDiscorso da passar per mano de S[ignori] Cardin[ali] a guisa di epistola circolare /|cDi Berdardino Borgarucci."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-44r: \"[title] Non pu\u00f2 esser papa chi non \u00e8 cardinale. Discorso da passar per mano de Signori Cardinali a guisa di epistola circolare\"; fol. 2r: \"[prefatory letter] Fu quasi universale oppinione nell'ultima sede vacante che il Conclave forse riuscir longo...bacio all'Eccellenze Vostre le vesti. Roma xxv luglio 1647...Bernardino Borgarucci\"; fol. 3r-38r: \"[text] Nel principio della sede vacante il comendator Tagliaferro domand\u00f2 all'autore del presente discorso, se poteva esser Papa chi non era cardinale...vi sar\u00e0 succinta risposta all'apologia del gi\u00e0 Cardinale Belarmino ed alle assertive del Concilio di Basilea riferite dal Bzonio (?), e di nuovo l'autore implora il patrocinio benigno dell'Eccellenze Vostre. Di Marzo 1651\"; fol. 38r-43r: \"[appendix] Serviranno di apendice e per digressioni queste esemplari autorit\u00e0 per mostrare quanto d'ogni tempo siano stati graditi li scritti ecclesiastici...et i pi\u00f9 celebri furono Silvestro Aldobrandini, Marc Antonio Borghese et Antonio Panfilii\"; fol. 43v-44r: \"[author biography] L'autore dello stesso presente discorso ha servito la Sede Apostolica in pi\u00f9 occasioni...Per\u00f2 pronto ad aspettare, con la patientia di Moise, e di David, come tengono ordine gli amici di Dio\"; fol. 44v-47v: blank; fol. 48r-54v: \"[title] Capitula cardinalium. Noi infrascritti omnes et singuli sante Romane Ecclesie Cardinales episcopi presbiteri et [----] nobis in partem apostolice sollicitudinis...infrascriptum rogamus in super pessimis pubblicum confici [-------].\""], "520": ["Discourse, in the form of an open letter addressed to cardinals, on the topic that someone who is to be elected Pope must first have been a cardinal."], "300": ["|3Original: |a53 leaves :|bpaper ;|c268 x 200 (235 x 133) mm bound to 274 x 211 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-48) and positive (Robbins MS 50)"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 50|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060606k16471651it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "100 1": ["Borgarucci, Bernardino."], "561": ["Catalog number at base of spine reads \"5943\"; flyleaf at front of book reads \"No. 31 di catalogo.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper (watermark of a bird between the letters \"A\" and \"N,\" all within a circle), fol. i + 54 (contemporary foliation; title page unfoliated, therefter foliated 1-8, 19-53, 18, 9-10, 87-92) + 1; 1\u2074 (fol. ii-iii are pastedown) 2\u2076 3\u2076\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e (fol. 7-9 are contiguous with fol. 46-48) 4-6\u00b9\u00b2 (quires 4-6 are nested inside quire 3) 7\u2076 8\u2074 (fol. ii-iv are pastedown).", "Layout: Fol. 1r-44r: Written in 37 long lines. Fol. 48r- 54v: Written in 22-24 long lines.", "Script: Fol. 1r-44r: Written in a neat secretary script by one hand (presumably Borgarucci's). Fol. 48r-54v: Written in a rushed, oft hard-to-read secretary script by a second hand.", "Binding: Bound in parchment.", "Origin: The main text, Borgarucci's Discorso, was written in Rome between July 25th 1647 (fol. 2r) and March 1651 (fol. 38r). The long conclave he refers to in his prefatory letter (fol. 2r) was presumably that of 1644, which resulted in the election of Innocent X.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 50"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 50"], "260": ["Rome, |cbetween 1647 and 1651."], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS293": {"001": ["ocn785903431"], "260": ["Italy (Milan?),|c[between 1525 and 1575]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "505 8": ["Fol. 128r-165v: Excerpts and quotes from commentaries on Book IV of the Decretals of Gregory IX: \"[title] De sponsalibus Rubrica (X., 4, 1, 1)...Finis quarti ad laudem dei amen.\"", "Fol. 165v-279r: Excerpts and quotes from commentaries on Book V of the Decretals of Gregory IX: \"[title] De accusationibus et inquisitionibus Rubrica\" (X., 5, 1, 1) (fol. 279v: blank).", "Fol. 280r-370r: Excerpts and quotes from commentaries on Books III to V of the Liber Sextus: \"[title] De testamentis (VI: 3, 11, 1)...De verborum significatione (VI: 5, 12, 4)...Finis [commentarii?] sexti libri decretali deo gratias et pie ipsius matri\" (fol. 370rv: blank).", "Fol. 371r-451r: Excerpts and quotes from commentaries on Books III to V of the Clementines: \"[title] De testamentis (Clem., 3, 6, 1)...De verborum significatione\" (Clem., 5, 11, 2).", "Fol. IIIv: Index written a different but contemporary hand."], "520": ["Excerpts and quotes from commentaries on Books III-V of the Decretals of Gregory IX, Books III-V of the Liber Sextus (VI: 3, 11, 1 to VI: 5, 12, 4), and Books III-V of the Clementines (Clem., 3, 6, 1 to Clem., 5, 11, 2). Excerpted commentaries favor the works of Niccol\u00f2 de Tudeschi and likely include those of Paulus Florentinus (Paolo Attavanti). Excerpts refer to additional authors by name. On rectos, current title is supplied in red in upper margin.  Contemporary or near-contemporary foliation in ink.  Script is a clear cursive bookhand.  Some quires have catchwords.  Strips of paper have been cut from the margins of some folios, but text is intact."], "300": ["454 leaves :|bpaper ;|c200 x 140 (134 x 87) mm bound to 210 x 140 mm."], "008": ["120417q15251575it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 293"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Excerpted commentaries on the Decretals, Liber Sextus, and Clementines]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Provenance: Faint erased bookseller's marks on front flyleaf and pastedown."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from", "Collation: Fol. 454 (watermarks visible on fol. 3, 5, 11, 16, and 450. The watermark on 450 seems close to Briquet, \"Serpent,\" nos. 13672 and 13673 (Milan, 1545 and 1550).", "Layout: Written in 32 long lines", "Script: Chapter incipits are in larger rounded script with red initials and are numbered in margin. Manicula and \"notae\" point to passages of interest (e.g. fol. 252v, 253v, 374v), and there are some marginal annotations (e.g. fol. 4r, 254r, 378r).", "Decoration: Illuminated border cut from earlier manuscript and pasted on fol. 1r.  Border is blue and pink baguette with white tracery terminating with colored foliate motifs with yellow, green, and gold details. Titles are centered in red. Each sentence begins on a new line with a red initial.", "Binding: Bound in light brown leather over pasteboard. Covers are stamped in black ink with multiple frames traced with filets. Ornamental and fleuron tools in intermediary and central compartments. Binding is also stamped with rope borders in its three compartments and floral borders on its two bands. Middle of binding is stamped with fleuron.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 293."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, October 2011."], "005": ["20120417105817.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-126v: Excerpts and quotes from commentaries on Book III of the Decretals of Gregory IX: \"[rubric] Rubrica prima de vita et honestate clericorum. In expeditione ipsius elici p[?]. IX conclusiones ut infra patebit. [Incipit] Continuatio triplex ponitur hic ad librum precedentem vide in flo[rentinus] g. 1. [title] Ut layci (X., 3, 1, 1)...Finis conclusionii 3ii [tertii] libri decretalium\" (fol. 127r-127v: blank)."], "035": ["(OCoLC)785903431"], "546": ["Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS100": {"001": ["06-B4180"], "245 10": ["[Decretales cum glossa Bernardi Bottoni]"], "520": ["A beautiful manuscript written a short time after the promulgation of this essential text of Medieval canon law, and shortly after the compilation of its enormous commentary. The illuminations within historiated initials are of very high quality. The quality of the parchment is very high too, because the vellum is very finely worked."], "510 4": ["Acta conciliorum et epistolae decretales, ac constitutiones summorum pontificum, 11 vols. (Parisiis: Ex typographia regia, 1714-15), 7: col. 386-395."], "260": ["[Paris?,|cbetween 1250 and 1300]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 100"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |ase sancti sunt"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["During the 15th century the first part of the book, containing the Decretales, was given to Henricus, vicar of Bremen (fol. 498r: \"Hec decretales deditur domino Henrico de [..] vicario in ecclesia Bremensis\"). After the second section was added, another possible owner was one Andreas, whose mark appears on the back pastedown: \"Andreas Duulwal anno domini 1540;\" the same hand has written \"Ama Deum p[..] omnibus,\" \"Quicquid agis prudenter agas,\" \"Deus facit s[..] oriri super bonos et malos,\" and other exhortations, immediately preceding or following the owner's name. Either before or after Andreas wrote his name, but certainly after the two sections were bound together, the book belonged to the Premonstratensian Abbey of SS. Mary, Potentinus, Felicius and Simplicianus in Steinfeld, formerly in the diocese of Cologne, now Aachen (fol. 1r: \"Liber ecclesie Sancte dei genitricis marie sanctique Potentini in Steynuelt;\" shelfmark: \"Liber 278 N 24\"). On fol. 514v, a rubbed ownership note written by a 16th century hand (now legible only with the ultraviolet lamp) reads: \"Liber Donnielli (?) Hermanni de Rinizenii studentii Colon[iae?]\". At some point in more recent times the manuscript was part of the collection of Rolf G\u00fcnther, his no. 77 (On inside front cover, a bookplate depicts a Dutch windmill, with the name: \"Sammlung. Rolf Gunther\" and then \"N. 77\" added in pen.)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i + 514; 1\u00b2\u2070 2-4\u00b2\u2074 5\u00b2\u2070 6\u00b2\u2074 7\u00b2\u2070 8\u00b2\u2074 9\u00b9\u2076 10\u00b2\u2070 11-12\u00b2\u2074 13\u00b2\u2070 14-22\u00b2\u2074 23\u00b2\u207b\u00b9 24\u00b9\u2078\u207b\u00b2. No contemporary foliation is provided. Modern foliation (20th century) in pencil, Arabic numerals, on the right upper corner. Catchwords in the right side of the bottom margins, on verso.", "Layout: The text is written in two columns; the marginal gloss surrounds the text, and it is written in up to 70 lines for each column. Running titles in the upper margins. Ruled in ink and lead.", "Script: Fol. 1r-498r: written in a textualis libraria script close to the \"littera Parisiensis\"; the text is apparently copied by one hand and the gloss is copied by a different but contemporary hand. Fol. 499r-511v, written in a textualis libraria script.", "Decoration: Sections headings with portraits at the beginning of each book of the Decretales: the colors used are blue, different shades of pink, red, green. Fol. 1r, a 6-line illuminated initials shows the pope sitting on his throne, blessing; fol. 1v, a large 26-line initial depicts Christ on his throne blessing, and a dog with wings as a \"drolerie\"; fol. 126v, a 10-line initial shows the pope, sitting, while blessing two friars who stand in front of him; fol. 242r, a 8-line initial shows three friars beside an altar; fol. 356v, a 7-line initial shows a priest marrying a man and woman; fol. 392r, a 7-line initial shows the pope blessing two friars dressed in a brown robe. Many alternating red and blue 3-line pen flourishing initials throughout the text. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks. Red rubrics.", "Binding: Blind tooled leather (fleurs-de-lys, fleurets) over wooden boards; two metal clasps; six raised bands on spine. Kept in a box with the following title on spine: \"Gregorius IX Decretales MS saec. XIII.\"", "Origin: Written in France, possibly Paris, during the second half of the 13th century. Fol. 499-514 were possibly added later, and written in Germany.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 100."], "300": ["514 leaves :|bparchment :|c210 x 130 (190 x 125) mm bound to 215 x 140 mm."], "505 8": ["Fol. 499r-511v: \"[Innocentius IV, Constitutiones cum glossa Bernardi Compostellani]. Innocencius episcopus servus servorum Dei dilectis doctoribus et scolaribus...Cum nuper in consilio Lugduniense quasdam constituciones...distinguimus inferi facientes: huiusmodi vero diffinita sunt hec.\"", "Fol. 512v: \"[Sermon] Dicite filie Syon (Mt 21,5). In verbis istis tria consideranda sunt; primum quid per filiam...quem peractum invenit super omnibus bo[...] su[..] const[...].\"", "Fol. 512v: \"[Nicolaus de Budejovice, Postilla epistolarum de tempore] Hora est iam nos (Rm 13, 11). Apostolus monet nos ad tria; primum est ad surgendum...ut luminaria.\" [author and title from IN PRINCIPIO database]", "Fol. 512v: \"[Sermon] Respicite et levate capita vestra (Lc 21,28). Hic tria sunt consideranda; primum quid debemus respicere...animam ad Dominum pure contemplandum.\"", "Fol. 512v: \"[Sermon] Fili quid fecisti nobis (Lc 2,48). Quinque sunt hic notanda...a Maria Magdalena in desco p[...].\"", "Fol. 512v: \"[Sermon] Nuptie facte sunt (Ioh 2,4). Primum quid per istas nuptias...societatis angelorum, visionis Dei.\""], "100 0": ["Gregory IX,|cPope,|dca. 1170-1241."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 100|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Bernard,|cof Compostella,|d-1267.", "Nicolaus, de Budejovice."], "008": ["060829q12501300fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Bottoni, Bernardo,|d-1266.", "G\u00fcnther, Rolf.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-495v: \"[text] Gregorius episcopus servus servorum Dei dilectis filiis doctoribus et scholaribus universis Parisius (sic) commorantibus salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Rex pacificus pia miseratione disposuit...consuetudine alienuum ut pro spiritualibus facere quis homagium compellatur.\"; fol. 496r-498r: Tabula titulorum Decretalium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=62;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS115": {"001": ["06-B4216"], "245 10": ["Summa super titulis Decretalium."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-31v: \"[rubr.] Incipit summa Gaufredi super titulis Decretalium. [Libe]r primus. [text] Glosarium diversitas intelligenciam textus non nunquam obtenebrat...cum pena assumpti non agitur quia transit in rem iudicatam ut superius dictum est et G. e. ti. li. [rubr.] Explicit liber primus.\"; 2. fol. 31v-54r: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber secundus de iudiciis. [text] Explicitis quibusdam iudiciorum preparatoriis...vel solet plus timeri et cetera ut xxiii di. quamquam XL d. quis nesciat. [rubr.] Explicit liber secundus.\"; 3. fol. 54r-75r: \"[rubr.] Incipit tercius. De vita et honestate clericorum. [text] Finito tractatu iudiciorum...constitucio super specula fit penalis et ad alios quam exprimat extendi non debet. [rubr.] Explicit liber tercius.\"; 4. fol. 75r-88r: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber quartus de sponsalibus et matrimonio. [text] Postquam de his que ad clericos pertinent superius satis tractauimus...de divorcio vel uxores secundum iura canonica non tenet.[rubr.] Explicit quartus\"; 5. fol. 88r-113r: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber quintus de accusacionibus inquisicionibus et denunciacionibus. [text] Proxime tractavimus de accusacione...quod non omnes qui summam habituri sunt habent apparatum et propterea malui reperi quam deesse. [rubr.] Explicit hec summa. Pro Summe summo Regi sit gloria Summo.\""], "520": ["This manuscript contains the Summa super titulis Decretalium compiled by the Italian law scholar Goffredo da Trani, and it must have been written very close to the date of the compilation. Considering the handwriting and the different ownership notes, we can assume that this manuscript made some peregrinations all across Europe."], "510 4": ["Gottofredo da Trano, Summa perutilis et valde necessaria domini Goffredi de Trano super titulis decretalium nouissime cum Repertorio et numeris principalium et emergentium questionum (Lugduni: In edibus Magistri Ioannis moytin alias decambray...Anno a Virginis partu 1519 die secunda mensis iunij; facsimile reprint, Berlin: Scientia Verlag, 1968)", "Schadt, Hermann, Die Darstellungen der Arbores Consanguinitatis und der Arbores Affinitatis: Bildschemata in juristischen Handschriften (T\u00fcbingen: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth, 1982)"], "100 0": ["Goffredo,|cda Trani,|dd. 1245."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 115|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo foilo: |apropter ius aut"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060830q12401260fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a117 leaves :|bparchment ;|c283 x 175 (230 x 140 ) mm bound to 290 x 180 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-88) and positive (Robbins MS 115)"], "561": ["Notes on back pastedown, in a 15th-century handwriting: \"Super omnia bona,\" and \"Pamphilus. Credo quod interdum multis mendacia prosunt. Et quoque nocet omnia vera loqui.\" Further down the page, in a different hand there is an owner's mark, giving a date in the late fifteenth century, the owner's name (a member of the Venetian family of Contarini), as well as the circumstances under which the book became his, which cost him 12 ducats; based on the ortography of several different words in the text, as well as the owner's name, it can be inferred that at this stage in its history the book was in Venice or its vicinity: \"1471 adi primo zener[o]. Que[s]ta Summa de gofredo sora tuta la Decretal zoe in raxon chanonicha si xe de mi Francisco Contarini fiol de misser Agustin la qual me vene duchati dozoe f. 12 s. 8.y Another group of notes on fol. 117v, in a third hand, written with a stylus; these notes seem to include an English or German name (\"...iudex Johannes de Wekydd (?)\")."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (modern paper) + 117; 1\u00b9\u2070 2- 3\u2078 4\u00b9\u00b2 5-9\u2078 1\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b9 11-12\u00b9\u00b2 13\u2078\u207b\u00b2. Fol. 1-86, catchwords in the middle of the bottom margin; fol. 88-113, catchwords in the right corner of the bottom margin, on verso. Some leaves have what appear to be a binder's stylus mark: the folios in each quire are marked with different kinds of symbols. A later foliation in Arabic numerals is visible in the right upper corner.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 65 lines for each column. Running titles in the upper margins. Ruled in lead; prickings still visible in the upper and bottom margins.", "Script: Written in a professional textualis libraria script, below top line, by two different scribes: fol. 1r- 86v, first scribe; fol. 88r-113r, second scribe.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, four 4-line red and blue pen flourishing initials. Fol. 88r, a 7-line blue and red pen flourishing initial. Many 3 and 2-line penworked initials throughout. Many alternating red and blue paragraphs marks throughout. Red rubrics. Beautifully painted \"Arbor consanguineitatis\" on fol. 81r, in red and blue, with infills in the blank space. Another related diagram on fol. 82r, but unfinished.", "Binding: Brown leather over wooden boards. The manuscript was rebound by Philip Dusel in 1985: gatherings resewn using the original pinholes; the entire original back cover was preserved; a matching backstrip and front cover have been added, with four clasps of the type that migh have been on the original binding, to judge by the presence of small nail-holes.", "Origin: Possibly written in Southern France, between 1240 and 1260.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 115."], "700 1": ["Contarini, Francesco,|d1421?-1460?.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Dusel, Philip."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 115"], "260": ["[France?,|cbetween 1240 and 1260]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=72;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS38": {"001": ["ocn248082651"], "245 10": ["Declarationes sacrae Congregationis illustrissimorum cardinalium super Concilium Tridentinum in eiusdem Concilii decretis."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The first section of the Declarationes (article 1.a) includes additions authored by Cardinal Antonio Carafa (1538-1591), who was a member of the Sacra Congregatio Cardinalium Concilii Tridentini Interpretum. The manuscript also includes, on fol. 12v-14r, a consilium by the Roman jurist Orazio Mandosio (d. 1594). The scribe has also copied, on fol. 259r, an annotation by Terenzio Alciati (1570-1651), member of the Commission for the revision of the Breviarium romanum. One folio prior to fol. 1, as well as fols. 10, 158, 159, and several others after fol. 261 are torn out."], "300": ["|3Original:|a261 leaves :|bpaper ;|c291 x 201 (208 x 104) mm bound to 298 x 218 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-38) and positive (Robbins MS 38)"], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bCongregatio Concilii"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1600 and 1625]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 38"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once the property of Pietro Faiano (fol. 8v : \"Pietro Faiiano son patrone di questo\" fol. 20v: \"Io Pietro Faiano\") and Antonio Faiano (fol. 8v: \"Io Ant. Faiano;\" fol. 176v: \"Antonio Faiano son patrone di ques\"). One of them has copied parts of a madrigal in the margins of fol. 1r (\"Piedi di camminare ed camminati/bocca di cantare ed cantati,\" etc.) and 2r (\"Senci che mora Io voglio morire/prima che mora fa me no piacire,\" etc.)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + 261 + 1 (modern paper); collation indiscernable due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Writte in 26 long lines.", "Script: Two different scripts, presumably by the same hand : the former (fols. 1r-2r) imitates the humanistic script of the earlier part of the sixteenth century; the latter (fols. 2r-261v) is a calligraphic hand of the early seventeenth century. Contemporary corrections, titles and annotations in the margins in the former script.", "Binding: 14th century vellum (title on front cover in a fourteenth-century hand: \"Liber bonorum...\" several lines on back cover written in the same hand). Title on spine: \"Declarationes patrum interpretum Concilii Tridentini,\" in a seventeenth-century hand.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 38."], "035": ["(OCoLC)248082651"], "611 20": ["Council of Trent|d(1545-1563)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=27;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080911q16001625it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080911035711.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-217r: \"Declarationes sacrae Congregationis Illustrissimorum Cardinalium super Concilium Tridentinum in eiusdem Concilii decretis\" [Sessio 4-Sessio 25 cap. 19] -- fol. 217v-250v: \"Declarationes et decisiones Illustrissimorum et Reverendorum D. D. Patrum Sacri Concilii Tridentini Interpretum Incipientis a 21 Martii 1591 usque ad diem 3 Junii 1601\" -- fol. 251r-261v: \"Declarationes Sacrae Congregationis Ilustrissimorum Cardinalium super Concilium Tridentinum in eiusdem Concilii decretis\" [continuatio]."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS34": {"001": ["ocn456463047"], "260": ["Italy ,|c[between 1550 and 1599]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c5982."], "099": ["Robbins MS 34"], "245 00": ["A transcription of papal conclave reports, letters, and other writings about conclaves from Clement V to Gregory XIII."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5982) and of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford (his bookplate on front on front pastedown  (no. 5982)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Script: Written in a rushed cursive hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 34."], "600 00": ["Clement|bV,|cPope,|dca. 1260-1314.", "Paul|bII,|cPope,|d1417-1471.", "Pius|bII,|cPope,|d1405-1464.", "Julius|bII,|cPope,|d1443-1513.", "Clement|bVII,|cPope,|d1478-1534.", "Paul|bIII,|cPope,|d1468-1549.", "Pius|bIV,|cPope,|d1499-1565.", "Gregory|bXIII,|cPope,|d1502-1585.", "Charles Borromeo,|cSaint,|d1538-1584."], "035": ["(OCoLC)456463047"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-15v: \"Conclave di Clemente V\" -- fol. 16r-45v: \"Conclave in quo fuit creatus Paulus secundus\" -- fol. 46r -67v: \"Pii secundi Pontificis Maximi ab eodem inscriptum conclave\" -- fol. 70r-109v: \"Alexandri VI Pontificis Maximi obitus et Pii 3 conclave ac creatio auctore Johanne Burchardo caeremoniandi magistro\" -- fol. 110r-151r: \"Pii Papae III obitus et Julii secondi creatio et conclave\" -- fol. 152r-287r: \"Conclave in quo creatus fuit Clemens Papa VII\" -- fol. 288r-308r: Conclave di Paolo III per la morte di Clemente Papa settimo\" -- fol. 309r-372r: \"Conclave in quo Pius quartus Mediolanensis vocatus est ad apicem aplatus Carolo Borromeo Cardinali amplissimo Antonius Guidus S. P. D.\" -- fol. 373r-381r: \"Lettere scritte a Papa Gregorio XIII dal serenissimo Re di Navara e dal Prencipe di Cond\u00e9\" -- fol. 382r-413v: \"Acta in pontificatus initio Gregorii XIII\" -- fol. 414r-461v: \"Discorso intorno al conclave di quanto si deve fare in sedia vacante\" -- fol. 461r-530r: \"Il Conclave di Felice Gualterio\" -- fol. 530v-549v: \"Consideratione intorno all'ultima scrittura venuta fuori circa quello che si deve fare in sede vacante.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=120;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Henry|bIV,|cKing of France,|d1553-1610."], "008": ["091014q15501599it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, September 2009."], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Burchard, Johann,|dd. 1506.", "Cond\u00e9, Henri I de Bourbon,|cprince de,|d1552-1588.", "Guidus, Antonius,|dd. 1604.", "Gualtiero, Felice.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "005": ["20091014033114.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a550 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c255 x 190 mm bound to 270 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-7) and positive (Robbins MS 34)"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS166": {"001": ["ocn232158053"], "245 10": ["Lettere della Segretaria di Stato d'Innocentio Xmo a Mons[ignor] Caetano Arci[vescov]o di Rhodi nel tempo della sua nuntiatura di Spagna"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["A collection of 191 letters, almost all signed by either Cardinal Camillo Astalli-Pamphili or Cardinal Fabio Chigi (later Pope Alexander VII) with one printed leaf (in two copies), \"Innocentius PP. X. ad futuram rei memoriam,\" 1663. Seals and addresses are present, indicating that these letters were actually sent. Several of the 42 letters from Cardinal Chigi (all but one signed) concern Carlo Massimo's retinue in Madrid. (Carlo Massimo was later the patron of Velazquez, Poussin, and other artists.) The 142 letters from Cardinal Astalli-Pamphili (all but 4 signed) pertain to many aspects of Innocent X's policy toward Spain, notably attitudes towards Cardinal Sandoval (e.g., nos. 6 and 136), church scandals in Milan (no. 33), the Inquisition (no. 40), and control of Naples (nos. 133 and 100). The collection includes a letter to Pamphili about Neapolitan corsairs (no. 138), one to Caetano signed by Cardinal Barberini (no. 25), and 3 letters from Innocent X, one of which is to King Philip of Spain. There are also two accounts of legal processes against clerics (nos. 109 and 110)."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c7570."], "260": ["Italy,|cbetween 1652 and 1654"], "099": ["Robbins MS 166"], "100 1": ["Astalli-Pamphili, Camillo"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Colonna library stamp on fol. 1r and 2r. Was once in the colleciton of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 7570), as well as in the library of Fredrick North, Earl of Guilford."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 3r).", "Collation: Paper (similar but not identical to Briquet, Ancre 491) fol. ii + 407 + fol. ii; most of the letters are single folios, bound individually into the manuscript.", "Binding: Conemporary calf (rebacked).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 166."], "600 00": ["Innocent|bX,|cPope,|d1574-1655"], "300": ["|3Original:|a407 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c267 x 194 ( 210 x 167) mm bound to 280 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-22) and positive (Robbins MS 166)"], "700 0": ["Alexander|bVII,|cPope,|d1599-1667"], "008": ["080617i16521654it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2008"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "546": ["In Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "005": ["20080618115555.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)232158053"], "LEADER": ["00000ntc  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS4": {"090": ["Robbins MS 4"], "001": ["06-B2761"], "260": ["England,|c[between 1340 and 1375]"], "505 8": ["Fol. 90ra-106va: Secreta secretorum; fol. 90ra-b: \"[prologue] Domino suo excellentissimo in cultu Christiane religionis strenuissimo Guydoni vere de Valencia civitatis Tripolis glorioso pontifici minimus Philippus suorum minimum clericorum...cum luna ceteris est lucidior\"; fol. 90va-106va: \"[text] Deus omnipotens custodiat regem nostrum ad gloriam...Explicit liber Aristoteli de Secreta secretorum sive de regimine principum vel regum vel dominorum et aliorum hominum completus et tractatus de signis et moribus naturalibus hominum ad regem magnificum Alexandrum qui donatus fuit totius orbis dictusque monarcha in septemtrione.\"", "Fol. 106vb-111rb: \"[Canones concilii legatini, 1237: text] Incipiunt constituciones Ottonis legati et celebravit concilium apud Londonias...et minus intelligentibus exponatur. Expliciunt constituciones domini Ottonis\"; fol. 111va-123ra: \"[Canones concilii legatini, 1268: text] Incipiunt constituciones Octoboni nuper in Anglia legati Octobonus miseracione divina sancti Adriani diaconus cardinalis sedis apostolice legatus ad perpetuam rei memoriam...quod mandamus circa monachos constitutos in sacertocio qui non frequenter celebrent obs[----]\"; fol. 123rb-127rb: \"[Constitutiones concilii Oxoniensis, 1222: text] Concilium Oxoniense secundum a domino Staphano archiepiscopo Cantuarie Auctoritate Dei patris omnipotentis et Beatae Virginis et omnium sanctorum et presentis concilii excommunicamus...Excommunicaciones autem in hoc concilio promulgate singulis annis in episcopalibus sinodis et quater in anno parochialibus ecclesiis uterentur. Expliciunt constituciones Oxonienses\"; fol. 127rb-130rb: \"[Canones concilii Lambethensis, 1261: text] Concilium editum a Bonefacio Cantuarie archiepiscopo apud Lambeth cum Ecclesia anglicana non contempnenda iura divina et statuta canonica...scripta remedia sacro approbante concilio [providimus?] adversis [---] apponenda In nomine sancte et individue trinitatis patris et filii et spiritui sancti Amen Expliciunt constituciones domini Benefacii archiepiscopi Cantuarie\"; fol. 30va-135va: \"[Canones concilii Lambethensis, 1261: text] Universis sancte matris ecclesie filiis per Cantuariensem provinciam constitutis Bonefacius miseracione archiepiscopus Cantuarie tocius Anglie primas...Egidius Saresbir' episcopi una cum aliis presentibus litteris sigilla nostra duximus apponenda Expliciunt constituciones domini Bonefacii episcopi Cantuarie\"; fol. 135va-142rb: \"[Canones concilii Lambethensis, 1281: text] Incipiunt constituciones domini Johannis de Peccham quondam Cantuarie episcopi Ad exordio nascentis ecclesie christiane orthodoxi patres retroactis temporibus orthodoxorum laqueis...Anno regni illustrissimi domini nostri Edwardi regis Anglie nono et consecracionis nostre tercio Expliciunt constituciones domini Johannis archiepiscopi Cantuariensis composite apud Lambethe\"; fol. 142va-144vb: \"[Canones concilii Redingensis, 1279: text] Incipiunt constituciones apud Radingis Audites fratres conscripti constituciones istius tenorem novistis eciam canones sanctorum patrum...omni sexta feria in pane et aqua ieiunare per inobedienciam nisi infirmitas impediat donec in sequenti capitulo ipsum fecerit recitari Expliciunt constituciones apud Radynd'\"; fol. 145vb-146vb: \"[Canones concilii Londoniensis, 1328: text] Incipiunt constituciones Simonis archiepiscopi elari oportet pro domino deo suo qui non est de sola sua predicione sunt dampnandi...Expliciunt constituciones Symonis archiepiscopi Cant' [edite in concilia sancti Pauli london' in fine mensi Januarij anno domini Milesimo cccxxviii add. man. sec.]\"; fol. 147ra-147vb: \"[Canones concilii Londoniensis, 1342: text] [illegible] ... sacrosanctam ecclesiam...[illegible].\""], "520": ["William of Pagula's compendium for parish priests in 3 parts (fol. 1ra-89vb); Secreta secretorum by pseudo- Aristotle (a translation of the Arabic Kitab sirr al-asrar [Book of the science of government, on the good ordering of statecraft] that takes the form of a letter supposedly written by Aristotole) (fol. 90ra-106va); decrees of various Councils in England spanning the time period of 1222 (Council of Oxford) to 1342 (Council of London). Corrections and marginal notes in the Secreta secretorum in black ink (the same hand added chapter headings missed by the original copyist). Fol. 1r is very faded and barely legible; bottom of fol. 27 torn but repaired; fol. 67 mended in 2 places."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 4|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["William,|cof Pagula,|dapproximately 1290-1332."], "008": ["060612q13401375enk||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Oculus sacerdotis ;|bSecreta secretorum ; [Canons and constitutions of English Councils, 1222-1342]"], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a147 leaves :|bparchment ;|c250 x 170 (210 x 140) mm bound to 270 x 198 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-13) and positive (Robbins MS 4)"], "561": ["Once part of the library of Sir John Cope, Bramshill House, Hampshire, with his manuscript no. 14 (fol. 2r)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Titles from explicits and incipits (fol. 24vb, 51rb, 89vb, 106va, 106vb, 111va, 127rb, 130rb, 135va, 142rb, 142va, 145vb).", "Collation: Parchment, fol. iii (modern paper) + 147 + iii (modern paper); 1-10\u2078 11\u2079 12-16\u2078 17-18\u2079; catchwords at the end of each quire.", "Layout: 2 columns of 56 lines; ruled in drypoint; prickings visible.", "Script: Written in Anglicana script by 2 hands: fol. 1-89 by the first hand and fol. 90-147 by the second hand.", "Decoration: Paragraph marks, initials and capital letters in red; red underlining especially in part 3 of the Oculus sacerdotis.", "Binding: 20th century brown leather; book repaired by sewing quires onto onglets de papier; two clasps on fore edge; gold-stamped title on spine reads \"William of Pagula Oculus sacerdotis.\"", "Origin: Copied in England not before 1342 (the date of the last section).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 4.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), MS Berkeley, Law Library 46W.716 oc."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1ra-89vb: Secreta secretorum; fol. 1ra-24vb: \"[text] (Cum ecclesie quibus perficiuntur)...et Job xxix qui humilitatus fuerit erit in gloria ad quam non producat dominus Ihesu Christo amen. Explicit summa que vocatur prima pars Oculi sacerdotum\"; fol. 25ra-51rb: \"[text] Multi sunt sacerdotes et pauci sunt sacerdotes. Multi sunt nomine pauci in opere...quam cum probatus fuerit accipiet coronam vite ad quem nos producat suum fine vivit et regnat Amen. Explicit summa que vocatur dextra pars Oculi sacerdotis\"; fol. 51rb-89vb: \"[text] Incipit summa que vocatur sinistra pars Oculi sacerdotis Ignorancia sacerdotum populum decipit...semper cum domino erimus in presenti vita per gloriam ad quam nos producat dominus Ihesu Christo Amen. Explicit summa que vocatur Sinistra pars oculi.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=100;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS2": {"001": ["06-B2050"], "245 10": ["[Carthusian liturgical works]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-6v: \"[Calendarium] Januarius habet dies xxxi...xiiii a ii Silvestri pape et confessori\" ; fol. 7r- 85v: \"[Breviarium] Feria iiam ad primam antiphona. Servite domino psalmus David beatus vir qui non abiit in consilio impiorum...Qui reminiscimi (sic) domini ne taceatis et ne detis silentium ei donec stabilitat et donec ponat Ihesum Christum laudem in terra\" ; fol. 85v-146r: \"[Hymnarium] Incipiunt hymni per totum annum tam pro festis quam pro ferialibus diebus et primo in adventu Domini...Sacerdos in eternum Christus dominus secundum ordinem Melchisedech panem et vinum obtulit. Seculorum. Alleluya alleluya alleluya Seculorum.\""], "520": ["Liturgical manuscript written for one of the Carthusian houses in France. The calendar includes several Carthusian feasts, among which those of Hugh, Bishop of Grenoble (canonized in 1134; feast on 1 April) and Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln (the first Carthusian to be canonized in 1220; feast on 17 November); the commemoration of the dead within the order (\"defunctorum ordinis nostri\") is recorded on 9 November. Three other significant entries are those for the Queen of France (5 March), the Cardinal Bishop of P\u00e9rigueux in Dordogne (17 January), and Bishop Amblardus de Intermontibus (29 April), all of whom are commemorated with a tricenarium. The chants pertain to the Proper of the Time (Advent to Corpus Christi) and to the Proper of the Saints (section incomplete); the Common of the Saints is missing. The entire manuscript, including the calendar, was copied after 1378 or 1382 (introduction of the feast of St. Anne, mother of the Virgin Mary, celebrated on 26 July); other late medieval feasts included are those of Thomas \u00e0 Becket (canonized in 1173; feast on 29 December); Francis of Assissi (canonized in 1228; feast on 4 October); St. Dominic (canonized in 1234; feast on 5 August); Peter of Verona (canonized in 1253; feast on 29 April); and Thomas Aquinas (canonized in 1323; feast on 17 March). The book was still in use after 1461 (canonization of St. Catherine of Siena, whose feast was added in a second hand for 6 May), but not since shortly before 1514, as the feast of St. Bruno, the founder of the Carthusian order, canonized that year, is not recorded."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "110 2": ["Carthusians."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 2|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060504q13751399fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning these items should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, May 2006."], "300": ["146 leaves :|bparchment ;|c338 x 234 (249 x 172) mm bound to 347 x 237 mm."], "561": ["Manuscript was part of the original collection donated by Lloyd M. Robbins."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (parchment) + 146 + ii (parchment); 1\u2076 2-7\u00b9\u2070 8-17\u2078 (+ 1 leaf at end); catchwords at the end of each quire exept for quires 1,  11, 14, 15 and 16; two systems of signatures intermittently visible (small roman numerals and tall, thin strokes), mostly cropped.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-6v: 31 lines per page; fol. 7r-85v: 18 lines per page; fol. 86r-146v: musical settings in black, square notation, 6 four- or five-line staves per page.", "Script: Written in Gothic script by several hands.", "Decoration: Initals in red, purple and black ink, some filled with drawings. Capital letters in red, purple and green ink.", "Music: Second and third sections of manuscript include antiphons and hymns notated in black square notation on four- and five-line staves; noteshapes in black ink, staves in red ink.", "Binding: Stamped leather over wooden boards with fillets, fleurons and flowers, spine torn. Two metal plates on the back for clasps (lacking); end of straps nailed to front cover; leather tabs mark sections in bookblock, a few lacking. Front and back flyleaves and pastedowns are parchment from a missal.", "Origin: The manuscript was written for one of the Carthusian houses in France.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 2."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 2"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1375 and 1399]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=98;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS172": {"001": ["06-B3858"], "245 10": ["Lectura super usibus feudorum ;|bLiber nonus."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-181v: \"Intellectum tibi dabo...Ait Dominus omnipotens per os prophete in libro Phalmorum (sic): est ergo...Domini martirius ipse est rex glorie amen. [rubr.] Explicit subtilis ac perutilis lectura super usibus feudorum domini Baldi de Perusio utriusque iuris doctoris excellentissimi et in inclita civitate Papie publicata anno Domini millesimo trigentesimo nonagesimo tertio...hec sufficiant amen.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 182r-207v: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber nonus. [text] Iste liber multum est malus quia primo ponit de accusatoribus...assigna ut ipsam. Iacobus Buttrigalis.\""], "520": ["This is a massive treatise on Medieval civil law. Ubaldo degli Ubaldi was a doctor of civil law in Perugia (Italy) his hometown. His \"Liber feudorum\" contained in this manuscript is followed by a brief account of the author's life, with an obituary note at the end. On fol. 182r begins another unidentified text about civil law: the author was possibly Jacopo Bottrigari, as the colophon says, but no other evidence was found."], "300": ["|3Original: |a270 leaves: |bpaper; |c395 x 285 (280 x 175) mm bound to 400 x 290 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bonly positive (Robbins MS 172)."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 172|xCIN=JKL"], "008": ["060814q14011450fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Ubaldi, Baldo degli,|d1327?-1400."], "561": ["On fol. 181v, a partially rubbed ownership note by a 15th century hand reads: \"Iste Baldus est Iohannis [...] in iure civili et de parochia monasterii Claromon[tanae] dioc[esis]\"; on fol. 207, the same ownership, but less detailed, is repeated: \"Iste liber est Iohannis\". On inside front cover, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"MS 98\", a shelfmark by a former owner."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Fol. 1r-181v, title from the closing rubric; fol. 182r- 207v, title from the opening rubric.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 207; 1\u00b9\u00b2 (lacks first folio) 2- 13\u00b9\u00b2 14\u00b9\u2074 15\u00b9\u00b2 16\u00b9\u2074. Watermarks: crossed keys, very close to Briquet 3863; unicorn, close to Briquet 9969; a 'croissant' not in Briquet. Most quires have a quire signature on the bottom margin on the left. Catchwords in the middle of the bottom margin or in the right side of the bottom margin, sometimes framed in black.", "Layout: Written in two columns, mostly on 42-50 lines for each column. Frame-ruled in lead and dry point.", "Script: Written in a bastarda cursive hand, below top line, by three scribes contemporary to each other: the first one copied fol. 1r-67; the second one copied fol. 67v-181v; the third one copied fol. 182r-207v.", "Decoration: On fol. 146, a pen drawing shows a crowned king (the King of France) holding the 'fleur de lys'. On fol. 1r, a 10-lines pen flourishing initial red, blue and violet. Many 6-line penworked initials, divided red and blue with elaborate penworks in both colours, used for the chapters headings (fol. 8r, 16v, 174r, 182r). Many 3-line black penworked initials. Alternated red and blue paragraph signs throughout the text. Some 'grotesques' and cadels including faces and other 'droleries'.", "Binding: Recently (1986) bound in full, blind tooled goatskin over wooden boards in the French 15th century style by the binder Philip Dusel (see inside back cover, a note written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"Bound by Phil Dusel August 1986\"). Back with four bands. It was tooled with specially made punches, which were cut from rubbings taken from a 15th century French binding.", "Origin: Written in Central France, possibly Clermont- Ferrand, during the first half of the 15th century. On fol. 181v the colophon provided by the scribe reads: \"Tu qui succisti de Virgine virgineum lac, regni celestis scriptorem participem fac. Michael\". No \"Michael\" who would fit is listed in the Colophons by the Benedectins du Bouveret.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 172."], "700 1": ["Bottrigari, Jacopo,|d1274-1347.", "Dusel, Philip,|dca. 1986.|4asn|4bnd."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 172"], "260": ["[Central France,|cbetween 1401 and 1450]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=92;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS203": {"001": ["ocn244450510"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1625 and 1675]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Laws regarding heretics and how to deal with them."], "300": ["50 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c222 x 162 (180 x 125) mm bound to 233 x 175 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c6105."], "008": ["080826q16251675it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 203"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Prattica per proceder nelle cause del s[an]to offitio...o sono d'eresia o di sospitione d'essa: Delinquenti, o siano eretici o siano sospetti, si considerano in doi modi, il p[rim]o come prevenuto in giuditio da inditii sufficienti, il [secondo] come sponte comparenti."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 6105), as well as in the collection of Fredrick North, Earl of Guilford (554/13)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. ii (modern paper) + 50; 1\u00b9\u2074 2\u00b9\u2076 3\u00b9\u2074 (+1) 4\u2074.", "Layout: Written in 19 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: When originally acquired manuscript was bound in limp vellum with remains of purple silk fore-edge ties, later covered with a leather spine and sprinkled paper sides. Now bound in stiff vellum. Original binding in manuscript file along with full conservation treatment report.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 203."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5BOL."], "005": ["20080826054352.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-48v: \"[text] Capitolo primo: Delli heretici prevenuti. Alcuni Eretici si chiamano positivi, et altri negativi...perche per poter esercitare la loro libidine con le loro figliole spirituali senza trovar resistenza li danno a credere che gl'atti e tutti carnali non siano peccati ma atti meritorii di mortificatione. Il Fine\" ; fol. 49rv: Table of contents."], "035": ["(OCoLC)244450510"], "546": ["Italian."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS12": {"001": ["ocn244493817"], "245 10": ["Trattato de' rimedi contro le scomuniche invalide e proibizioni de libri che si decretano in Roma /|cScritto da Pietro Giannone giurisconsulto ed avvocato Napoletano coll'occasione dell'invalida censura contro di lui fulminata dal Vicario di Napoli per aver fatto quivi imprimere i libri della storia civile di quel regno senza sua licenza e della proibizione de med[esim]i decretata da Roma il d\u00ec p[ri]mo luglio 1723..."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 229r-298v: \"[title] Professione di fede scritta al Padre Giuseppe Sanfelice...[text] Molto Reverendo Padre. Chi avrebbe potuto resistere, Padre Santo a' vostri pungentissmi coltelli...la proibizione di un tal libro, la quale anche h\u00e0 ridondato in beneficio di questo fedelissimo publico. Et ita conclusum...Fine della professione di fede\".", "3. Fol. 299r-325r: \"[title] Risposta...ad una lettera scrittagli da un suo amico nella quale l'avvisava la poca sodisfazione di alcuni in leggendo nel Libro XIII della di lui Istoria civile del Regno di Nap[oli]...[text] Gentilissimo signor mio. Al pari della sua cordialita\u00e0 ed attenzione, che non tralascia in tutte l'occasioni ricolmarmi d\u00e8 suoi favori...la quale per le cose gi\u00e0 dette recher\u00e0 alla Republica maggior onore, e la render\u00e0 assai pi\u00f9 degna di gloria, e di eterna commendazione. Fine\".", "4. Fol. 326r- 370v \"[title] Brevi addizioni, correzioni, ed annotazioni alla sua Storia del Regno di Napoli stampata in Francese l'anno 1723 et or tradotta nell'Italiano l'anno 1743 [text] Avvertimento ai leggitori. Coloro che han conosciuto Pietro Giannone san ben conoscere quanto mai sia meritevole di lode...e delle ceremonie allora da praticarsi nell'aggiunta al suo Corpus Hist[oriae?] Ger[maniae? manorum?] tom[us] 2, p[ars] 100, lect[io] 13. Fine\".", "5. Fol. 371r-373v: Table of contents."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "260": ["Italy,|cca. 1745."], "008": ["080827s1745    it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 12"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-228v: \"[title] Trattato de' rimedi contro le scomuniche invalide e proibizioni de libri che si decretano in Roma [text] Parte I Dell'invalit\u00e0 delle censure fulminate del Vicario di Napoli e de' rimedi contro di quelle. La storia civile del Regno di Napoli la quale io presi a scrivere...tanto \u00e8 lontano che possa recar sollieva e mettere le loro anime in istato di quiet\u00e0 , e tranquillit\u00e0. Fine della III. Parte\"."], "100 1": ["Giannone, Pietro,|d1676-1748."], "546": ["Italian."], "520": ["A treatise by Pietro Giannone in defense of his work Storia civile del Regno di Napoli, because of which he was excommunicated and his book was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the possession of Joseph Martin."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 373. Foliation starts at first page of text after title page; original foliation incorrect as it skips fol. 193, and after fol. 194 the foliation starts again at 184. Quires mostly in 12s but difficult to discern due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 24-29 long lines.", "Script: Fol. 1r-180v (i.e. parts I & II) written in a very neat cursive script; fol. 181r-end written in a much more rushed hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 12.", "Former Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), BX1767 G434 1745."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "005": ["20080827040155.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)244493817"], "300": ["|3Original:|a373 leaves :|bpaper ;|c282 x 200 (245 x 150) mm bound to 290 x 210 mm.", "|3First copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-92) and positive (Robbins MS 12)", "|3Second copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-20 ) and positive (Robbins MS 12)"]}, "RobbinsMS152": {"001": ["ocn192047764"], "260": ["Italy?,|c1705."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Transcription of two letters regarding the relative power of the papacy and the secular princes in Poland."], "300": ["|3Original: 26 leaves :|bpaper ;|c227 x 180 (203 x 152) mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-136) and positive (Robbins MS 152)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=89;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080215s1705    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 152"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Crisis politico theologica :|bEpistolae famosae larvati cuiusdam equitis Poloni de potestate Summi Pontificis Romani et eiusdem decreto adversus [dominos] primatem et episcopos regni Poloniae senatores vulgatae. Anno 1705, mense Augusto."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Housed in a manila folder marked \"Renzo Rizzi Libri Antichi...Milano\""], "500": ["Ms. document.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. 26 ; unbound quires, 1-6\u2074 7\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in 27 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Unbound quires. Quires 1-6: two nested bifolia; quire 7: one bifolium.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 152."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2008."], "005": ["20080215022016.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-26r: [title] Crisis politico theologica. Epistolae famosae... ;  fol. 2r-10v: \"[text] Postea quam epistola tua ad manus meas pervenit...Consilio proinde cum theologis inito submitto tibi quod desideras\" ; fol. 10v- 26r: \"[title] Sensus theologorum de potestate Summi Pontificis [text] Optime iudicasti vir nobilissime de potestate Summi Pontifici...si non eo facilius condonaverint tibi quo tua tum ruditatis circa statum Regni Polonia, tum haeretica impudentia, luculentum toti orbi praebuisti testimonium\" ; fol. 26v: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)192047764"], "546": ["Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS210": {"001": ["06-B3882"], "260": ["[Germany,|cbetween 1475 and 1482]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-8v: \"[Text] Hereticus est pie recipiendum ad penitentiam. Et iniunge sibi ut iniunget...tractat [...] cuius est //.\""], "520": ["A tiny manuscript containing a penitential for the use of priests. It contains two parts: an extensive list of sins including many crimes of a violent or sexual nature, and a list of quotes from several Church Fathers on the duties and functions of the priest. Among the authorities quoted, S. Bernard holds pride of place, leading to the conjecture that the text was compiled at or for a Cistercian monastery. In the manuscript, S. Bonaventura is cited without the title \"beatus\": since Bonaventura was canonized in the year 1482, this should be a suitable 'terminus ante quem for the manuscript."], "300": ["8 leaves :|bpaper; |c135 x 100 (115 x 85) mm bound to 135 x 100 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c725."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 210|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060815q14751482gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["De penitenciis iniungendis."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "561": ["Three 19th century bookplates are visible on the cover: one reads \"141\", the second reads: \"166-2\" and the last one reads: \"725\". This one is the call number from the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps, to whom the manuscripts used to belong."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 8; 1\u2076 2\u00b2. The watermark is a variant of Briquet 11808-11811 ('Monts').", "Layout: Written on up to 37 long lines, above top line. Framed ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in cursiva bastarda, by two hands: the first one copied fol. 1r, and the second one copied fol. 1v-8v.", "Decoration:Red rubrics and red 2-line initials throughout the text. Several initials touched in red.", "Binding: Bound with red and brown marbled paper.", "Origin: Written in Germany in the last quarter of the 15th century, and possibly before 1482.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 210."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 210"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=96;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS170": {"001": ["ocn212384041"], "245 10": ["Virga censoria pro sede Romana et fide conciliorum et patrum adversus scripta Caroni et Valsii [h]ereticorum."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["An attack on the Remonstance of Peter Walsh, and on Redmond (or Raymond) Caron's defense of that work, in which, supporting Charles II, he repudiated papal infallibility and church interference in public affairs. Macedo wrote this Virga Censoria while he was professor of Moral Theology at Padua (after 1667).  Many marginal and interlinear additions, perhaps autograph."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5142."], "600 10": ["Caron, R.|q(Redmond),|d1605?-1666.", "Walsh, Peter,|d1618?-1688."], "260": ["Padua?, Italy,|bbetween 1667 and 1681."], "099": ["Robbins MS 170"], "246 2": ["Pro sede Romana concilio[rum]", "Macedo pro sede Romana concilio[rum]", "Pro sede Romana conciliorum", "Macedo pro sede Romana conciliorum"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson,  February 2008."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5142). Before that it was apparently part of the library of the library of Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, although there is no bookplate (see D. Barbosa Machado, Bibliotheca Lusitana (1747) II, 96a; Hurter II, col. 356)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. ir)", "Collation: Paper, fol. 112; 1-2\u2074 (+2)  3-11\u2076 12\u00b9\u2074 13-14\u2076 15-16\u2078 17\u2076 18\u00b2; contemporary foliation 1-59, then paginated 60-153; bifolium tipped in first quire between fols. i and 1.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by at least five hands.", "Binding: Bound in limp vellum over pasteboard, upper hinge and first gathering loose. Title on spine reads \"Macedo pro Sede Romani Concilio.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 170."], "651  0": ["Ireland|xHistory|y17th century."], "300": ["|3Original:|a112 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c278 x 223 ( 230 x 130) mm bound to 284 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-138) and positive (Robbins MS 170)"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church|zIreland."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "008": ["080228q16671681it            000 0 lat d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "630 00": ["Loyal formulary, or Irish remonstrance."], "546": ["Latin."], "100 1": ["Macedo, Francisco de,|d1596-1681."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080229034438.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. iar-108v: \"[text] Praefatio ad lectorem. Multa, ne nimis te lector optime detineam, in progressu operis industria dixi...Hac ratione reddetis que sunt Caesaris Caesari, et que sunt Dei Deo\" ; fol. 109rv: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)212384041"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS233": {"001": ["06-B3169"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church|xDoctrines.", "Catholic Church|xDoctrinal and controversial works.", "Catholic Church|xControversial literature|xCatholic authors."], "520": ["Manuscript of the Sentences of Peter Lombard dating from the age of the Paris schools and the emerging university. It was consciously prepared for annotation, as the pages were ruled not just to guide the copying of the main text but in anticipation of commentary. Occasionally there is a corrector note at the end of a gathering \"correctum est\" (i.e. after quires 3, 5, 6, and 7). 3 leaves are lacking: the first leaf of Book 1 (fol. 1 in the early numbering), leaf 37 and the final leaf of text. The upper outer corner of fol. 65 (the opening of Book III) has been cut away; some darkening (soot?) of some fore-edges at the beginning and end."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=103;fullview=yes"], "100 0": ["Peter Lombard,|cBishop of Paris,|dapproximately 1100-1160."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 233|xCIN=JKN"], "245 10": ["Libri sententiarum primus, secundus, tertius et quartus."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060710s1250    fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "240 10": ["Sententiarum libri IV."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["Cataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson and Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "300": ["120 leaves :|bparchment ;|c325 x 233 (text: 195 x 124; glosses: 292 x 205) mm bound to 332 x 247 mm."], "561": ["Written on the back pastedown below the chaining staple on the back cover is the medieval inscription in red ink \"Libri sententiarum 1\u2079, 2\u2079, 3\u2079 [et] 4\u2079, followed by a library shelfmark \"LMN\"; an 18th century red library stamp bearing the initials in greek letters \"Mu Rho Theta Upsilon,\" and an ink inscription from the library of the Pious School in Vienna, can be seen at the bottom of first leaf \"Bibliotecae Viennensis Scholarum Piarum\"; early 19th century catalog slip pasted inside front cover detailing the 3 missing leaves."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from contemporary note on back pastedown.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 120 (early foliation in ink and modern foliation in pencil differ slightly because of the 3 missing leaves); 1\u2074 2\u00b9\u2070\u207d\u207b\u00b9\u207e 3-4\u00b9\u2070 5\u00b9\u2070\u207d\u207b\u00b9\u207e 6-12\u00b9\u2070 13\u00b9\u2070\u207d\u207b\u00b2\u207e; horizontal catchwords framed in black ink at the end of each quire (catchword at the end of quire 9 is cropped); signature marks (written p\u2079, II\u2079, III\u2079, IIII\u2079, V\u2079, etc.) begin with the first quire of the text, excluding the first gathering of 4, which is the table of contents. An extra signature mark has been incorrectly written on the 9th folio of the 10th gathering. Contemporary foliation in black ink using arabic numerals, on top of each folio recto, in the middle of the upper margin.", "Layout: Main text written in 2 columns of 54 lines. Ruling mosly in lead, sometimes in ink, to accommodate more than 100 lines of commentary.", "Script: Main text written in a small textualis libraria gothic script by one hand, below top line.", "Decoration: 9-line initial at the opening of the 2nd book (fol. 37v) with the letter \"Q\" in red and decorative infilling of blue tendrils - extending into the margins with a flourish - and red circles; opening word \"Samaritanus\" of book 4 (fol. 88r) written 2 lines high in alternating red and blue lombardic capitals; numerous other alternating red and blue initials throughout with penwork in other color. Red chapter headings throughout.", "Binding: 15th century dark brown, blind-tooled leather over wooden boards, rebacked; original chaining staple attached to the top of back cover.", "Origin: Manuscript dates back to the age of the Paris schools and the emerging university and was presumably prepared to be actively used and annotated.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 233."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-4v: \"[Table of contents] Incipiunt capitula primi libri...Utrum visa impiorum pena minuat vel augeat bonorum gloria\"; fol. 5r-37v: [Book I] \"[text (begins imcompletely at 1.1.3.7. 'Utrum fruendum an utendum sit virtutibus')] \"Illud autem quo fruendum est propter se amandum est...verumptamen illi actum voluerunt quem Deus non voluit [rubr.] Hic finitur primus liber de misterio trinitatis\"; fol. 37v- 66r: \"[rubr.] Incipit secundus de rerum creatione et formatione corporalium et spiritualium et aliis pluribus eis pertinentibus [text] Quae ad misterium divinae unitatis atque trinitatis licet ex parte cognoscendum pertinere noscuntur...Sic enim precepit Deus ut in malis nulli potestati obediamus [rubr.] Explicit liber secundus\"; fol. 66r-88r: \"[text] Iam nunc his intelligendis atque pertractandis que ad verbi incarnati misterium pertinet...ut Samaritanus ad vulneratum medicus ad infirmum gracia ad miserum accedat [rubr.] Incipit liber tercius De incarnatione verbi...His tractatis que ad doctrinam rerum pertinent quibus fruendum est et quibus utendum est, et que fruuntur et utuntur, ad doctrinam signorum accedamus [rubr.] Explicit liber tertius\"; fol. 88r-120v: \"[rubr] Incipit quartus. Capitulum primum. Samaritanus enim vulnerato approprians curationi eius sacramentorum alligamenta adhibuit...et illa maligna voluntas erit eis ad cumulum poenae, per quam tamen non merebuntur quia nullus meretur nisi in hac vita.\" (text ends incomplete at the beginning of 4.50.2.1 'Quare dicuntur tenebre exteriores')."], "260": ["[Paris,|cca. 1250]"], "246 3": ["Petri Lombardi Libri IV sententiarum"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 233"]}, "RobbinsMS103": {"001": ["06-B4165"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1179 and 1200]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r: [Anonymus, Collectio decem partium] Fol. 1r: \"[prologue] Voluntati vestre reverendissime pater ut valui parvi et sententias sanctorum patrorum multarum bibliothecis ecclesiarum...eum qui tollit peccata mundi pro meis dignemini interuenire peccatis.\"; 2. Fol. 1r-3v: \"[rubr.] Descriptio nominum et temporum Romanorum pontificorum. [text] Beatus Petrus natione Galileius...Adrianus...\"; 3. Fol. 4r-9v: \"[Prefatio] Exceptiones ecclesiasticarum regularum, partim ex epistolis romanorum pontificum, partim ex gestis conciliorum catholicorum episcoporum, partim ex tractatibus orthodoxorum patrum...ut hinc prudens lector advertat quod in unaquaque parte sibi necessarium querere debeat.\"; 4. Fol. 9v-10r: \"[Tabula] Prima pars continet de fide de quibusdam heresibus de baptismate...et de emendatione omnium criminum et redemptione ieiuniorum.\"; 5. Fol. ff. 10v-162v [Collectio]\"[rubr.] Incipiunt capitula prime partis....\"; \"[text] Credimus unum Dominum esse Patrem et Filium et Spiritum Sanctum...memoria eorum orationibus et oblationibus commendetur.\" (Fol. 10v-26v, Prima pars; fol. 26v-44v, Secunda pars; fol. 44v-67v, Tertia pars; fol. 68r-81r, Quarta pars; fol. 81v-93v, Quinta pars; fol. 94r-108v, Sexta pars; fol. 109r-125r, Septima pars; fol. 125r-137r, Octava pars; fol. 137r-153r, Nona pars; fol. 153r-162v Decima pars.)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 163r-169r: [Concilium Lateranense III, 1179] Licet devitanda (sic) discordia in electione romani pontificis manifesta satis...vocant invaluit dampnata perversitas ut iam non in occulto sicut alibi nequiciam suam exerceant sed.\""], "245 00": ["[Collectio decem partium]"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 103|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Gautier,|cde Th\u00e9rouanne,|dapproximately 1090-1132.", "Hildebert,|cArchbishop of Tours,|d1056?-1133."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|asilvester natus Romanus"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060828q11791200fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "581": ["Theiner, Augustin, Augustini Theineri Disquisitiones criticae in praecipuas canonum et decretalium collectiones seu Sylloges Gallandiane dissertationum de vetustis canonum collectionibus continuatio (Romae: In Collegio Urbano, 1836)"], "520": ["This is a variant of the Collectio decem partium, possibly authored by Hildebert of Lavardin, Bishop of Meaux, Archbishop of Tours, or Gautier de Th\u00e9rouanne, and based on Ivo of Chartres's Panormia. The list of popes originally enumerated on fol. 1v-3v and including the dates of accession and death for each individual starts with Peter and ends with Calixtus II (1119-1124; \"Calixte II mort en 1124\" in a modern hand in pencil); to this list, seven other names are added, in a slightly different but contemporary hand: Honorius [II, 1124-1130], Innocentius [II, 1130-1143], Celestinus [II, 1143-1144], Lucius [II, 1144-1145], Eugenius [III, 1145-1153], Anastasius [IV, 1153-1154], and Adrianus [IV, 1154-1159]; then \"4tus Av. Seculo 12\" in a 17th or 18th-century hand, in ink, and the year \"1159\" are wrtten in pencil in a modern hand; the antipopes Celestinus II (1124), Anacletus II (1130-1138), and Victor IV (1138) are not included. The hand that has foliated the manuscript has also numbered the popes on the list appearing on fol. 1v-3v. The text of the canons of the Third Lateran Council (1179) ends abruptly in the middle of a statement at the beginning of Canon 27."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a170 leaves :|bparchment ;|c230 x 155 (200 x 125) mm bound to 240 x 155 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-78) and positive (Robbins MS 103)"], "561": ["On the front pastedown is written in pencil by a 20th century hand, and enclosed in square brackets: \"[14187]\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 170; 1-11\u2078 12\u2076\u207b\u00b9 13-21\u2078 22\u2076. No catchwords and no early foliation is provided. Modern foliation (17th-18th century?) in brown ink, Arabic numerals, in the upper right corner. The same hand added \"Pars 1a,\" \"Pars 2a,\" and so on, at the top of each folio. Chapter numbers in the margin: those in red ink are apparently contemporary with the copying of the manuscript; those in brown ink could have been inscribed at the time the manuscript was foliated. A few marginal notes.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-162v, written in 34-35 long lines; fol. 163r-169r: written in 26-31 long lines. Ruled in dry point. Very narrow outer margins.", "Script: Written in Carolingian minuscule script, by at least five different but contemporary hands.", "Decoration: Fol. 68v, zoomorphic 8-line red and green initial: a dog is biting the ascender of the letter \"B\". Fol. 94r, 5-line red and green decorated initial, partly cropped. Fol. 1r, a 3-line red initial penworked in green. Fol. 1v and 4r, 6-line red initial penworked in green. Many 1, 2 and 3-line red and green initials throughout the text. Many initials touched in red.", "Binding: Parchment over pasteboard. Two thongs used as fastening ties on the boards. Two leaves from a 15th century antiphonary are used as pastedowns, with musical notation on 4 lines. On the boards are still legible, although faded, these words written by a 18th century hand : \"Marquise de la Montagne de Phibisima (?)\".", "Origin: Written in France. The text on fol. 163r-169r refers to the Concilium Lateranense III, 1179, so the manuscript was certainly copied after this date.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 103."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=64;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 103"]}, "RobbinsMS266": {"001": ["06-B3714"], "245 10": ["Discurso apologetico a la suspension de el exercicio de la juridicion de la Nunciatura de Espana /|cPor el Lic. D. Gabriel de Barreda."], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-158v: \"[title] Discurso apologetico a la suspension de el exercicio de la juridicion de la Nunciatura de Espana. Por el Lic. D. Gabriel de Barreda [text] Las acciones de los Principes en el govierno de sus subditos traen consigo la justificacion que como dixo Baldus...abutuntur magnam censuram contemptui occasione prebentes cum nulla fere partis pro qua feruntur utilitate et cum magno cultus divini detrimento.\""], "520": ["An unpublished work by Gabriel de Barreda Ceballos, it is an apology in favor of the suspension of the ability of the Nunciature of Spain to exercise any jurisdictional authority."], "300": ["160 leaves :|bpaper ;|c191 x 135 (156 x 90) mm bound to 198 x 141 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 266|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060804s16uu    sp ||||||||||||00|||spa|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "546": ["Spanish and Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "100 1": ["Barreda Ceballos, Gabriel de."], "561": ["On the back pastedown is the number \"266\"; on the front pastedown a former owner or bookseller has written, in Spanish, the author's name, stating that he is the same person who wrote a work called \"Catedra evangelica doctrina sagrada y politica sobre si es licito la reprehension de los Principes y Superiores,\" Lima 1663."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a cross within a circle with a crown on top, and below the letters \"MP\"), fol. ii + 160 + ii; 1\u2076 2-13\u2078 14\u2076 15-20\u2078 21\u2074. Quires signed at the beginning of each gathering by the same hand that wrote the text; catchwords at the end of each gathering.", "Layout: Written in 18 long lines; each folio frame ruled in lead only on the verso side; much heavy ink ruling (not particularly straight) also present to guide text, but not consistent throughout.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand, possibly the author.", "Decoration: Enclosing the title and the author statement on the title page is an architectural image, resembling the fac\u0326ade of a church with a cross on top and an orb on each side. On the top of the first page of text there is a cross.", "Binding: Bound in soft vellum over pasteboard. Trace of 2 leather ties at fore edge, now lacking. Title on spine in gold lettering reads \"EXERCI / SUSPENS / DE LA / NUNCIA\"; handwritten title on spine reads \"Nunciatura.\"", "Origin: This manuscript, possibly written by the author himself, is interesting because the writer was familiar with laying pages for type and follows the conventions of catchwords and signatures to guide the binder. The writer hand-writes each signature at the beginning of each gathering, as well as placing a catchword at the end.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 266."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 266"], "260": ["Spain,|c16--."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS130": {"090": ["Robbins MS 130"], "001": ["89-B3106"], "245 10": ["Gemeiner deutscher Civilprozess /|cnach Prof. Planck."], "043": ["e-gx---"], "100 1": ["Planck, Julius Wilhelm von,|d1817-1900."], "650  0": ["Civil procedure|zGermany|xHistory."], "260": ["Greifswald :|b[s.n.],|c1848-1849."], "008": ["890614m18481849gw            00| 0 ger d"], "590": ["Title page typewritten with note: Lectures delivered at Greifswald, 1849-1849."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 130|t1|xCIN=PAM; OID=XXX"], "500": ["Manuscript."], "300": ["|3Original:|a[118] leaves ;|c21 cm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-8) and positive (Robbins MS 130)"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000   4500"]}, "RobbinsMS35": {"001": ["ocn454748569"], "245 10": ["Collection of treatises about the marriage of Gaston, duke of Orl\u00e9ans to Marguerite de Lorraine ;|bTreatise on the power of the church and the prince over the marriage of their subjects."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-158v: Six petits traittez sur le mariage par rapport a celuy de feu monsieur le duc d'Orl\u00e9ans ; fol. 159r-301v: Le livret de Louvain avec sa r\u00e9ponse...Declarations authentiques de la bont\u00e9 et valeur du marriage de monseigneur le duc d'Orl\u00e9ans avec madame la princesse Margueritte fille de Lorraine... ; fol. 302r- 302v: blank ; fol. 304r-441r: Traitt\u00e9 du pouvoir de l'eglise et du prince sur les mariages de leurs sujets."], "260": ["France,|c[after 1757]"], "561": ["Once belonged to the Carcassone Seminary (seminary's stamp on title page)."], "008": ["091008q17571799fr            000 0 fre d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 35"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, September 2009."], "100 1": ["Marca, Pierre de,|d1594-1662."], "546": ["French."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "600 10": ["Orl\u00e9ans, Gaston,|cduc d',|d1608-1660.", "Orl\u00e9ans, Marguerite de Lorraine,|cduchesse d',|d1615-1672."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the title page of each work (fol. iir, fol. 159r, fol. 304r)", "Layout: Written in 19-20 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script.", "Binding: Marbled paper over pasteboard; leather gilt- stamped spine.", "Origin: Copied in France after 1757 in (date \"sept cent cinquante sept\" appears in title of treatise on fol. 84r).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 35."], "700 1": ["Habert, Isaac,|dca. 1560-ca. 1625"], "005": ["20091008030311.0"], "LEADER": ["00000nam  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)454748569"], "300": ["|3Original: |a441 leaves :|bpaper ;|c245 x 188 (182 x 110) mm bound to 254 x 196 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel : |b negative (MN 99-8) and positive (Robbins MS 35)"]}, "RobbinsMS281": {"001": ["06-B3815"], "245 10": ["Sefer ha-Mitsvot."], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-15r: Enumeration of the 613 Commandments ; fol. 15v-17v: blank ; fol. 18r-38v: Introduction ; 39r-139v: Sefer ha-Mitsvot (Book of Commandments) ; fol. 140r: Scribe's colophon ; 140v-144v: blank."], "520": ["Text of the Sefer ha-Mitsvot (Kit\u0101b al-far\u0101\u02bcid). Preceding the main text is an enumeration of the 613 Commandments and an introduction."], "300": ["144 leaves :|bpaper ;|c241 x 169 (186 x 110) mm bound to 257 x 176 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 281|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["Kit\u0101b al-far\u0101\u02bcid"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060810s1904    ye ||||||||||||00|||jrb|d"], "546": ["Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Saul M. Friedman and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Maimonides, Moses,|d1135-1204."], "561": ["A previous owner inscribed Psalm 24:1 in Sephardic script, upside down, on fol. 43v (a common owner's inscription), indicating that this owner was likely Yemenite."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1v).", "Collation: Paper, fol. 144 (watermark depicts a moon inside a shield); 1\u2078\u207a\u00b9 2-18\u2078 19\u2078\u207b\u00b9; catchwords at the end of each page.", "Layout: Written in 27 long lines. Ruled in dry point.", "Script: Section headings written in Yemenite square script, main text in Sephardic mashait script, by one hand.", "Decoration: Title (fol. 1v) in red and black ink in form of house; the end of the section on Positive Commandments (80v) is an intricate design in red and black; initials throughout touched with red, black and green ink.", "Binding: Modern half vellum and cloth over wooden boards; stiff, brown paper for endsheet and pastedown.", "Origin: On the title page page (fol. 1r) the scribe writes \"Written for the love and passion of (my) good friend, (a) good man...my beloved...Ya\u02bcish ibn Selim al-Badi\u1e25i...\"; the colophon on fol. the scribe writes \"God should help me...I the scribe, the dust at the feet of scribes, the weak, the wretched, the lowest of the low...the young Salem ibn Ya\u1e25ya ibn \u1e24ayim Kora\u1e25...Written for the love and passion of (my) upstanding friend of good lineage...Ya\u02bcish ibn Selim al-Badi\u1e25i, here in the holy community of \u1e62an\u02bb\u0101\u02bc on the 6th day of the week (Friday) on the first of the month of \u1e24eshvan the year 2216 of Shetarot 664 of creation (=1904)...\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 281."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 281"], "260": ["Yemen,|c1904."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS149": {"001": ["ocn761333206"], "245 10": ["Consuetudines ordinis cartusiensis."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The customs of the Carthusian order, including the Statuta antiqua, Statuta nova, and the Tertio compilatio. The manuscripts also includes the text of some prayers and an ecclesiastical calendar. It was likely created and/or used by the Certosa di San Giacomo in Capri, Italy."], "710 2": ["Carthusians."], "110 2": ["Certosa di San Giacomo (Capri, Italy)"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1475 and 1525]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 149"], "581": ["James Hogg, ed. The Evolution of the Carthusian Statutes from the Consuetudines Guigonis to the Tertia Compilatio: Documents, v. 1-3 (Salzburg, Austria: Institut f\u00fcr Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universit\u00e4t Salzburg, 1989- )."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Note on bottom of 23v reads: \"Carthusie Sti Jacobi insule caprea.\" Pencil note on front flyleaf reads \"1510.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 22r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 300; 1\u00b3 2\u2076 3\u00b9\u00b2 4\u00b9\u2070 5\u00b9\u00b2 6\u00b9\u2070 7\u00b9\u00b2 8\u00b9\u2070 9\u00b9\u00b2 10\u00b9\u2070 11\u2078 12-18\u00b9\u2070 19\u00b9\u2070 (-1) 20\u2078 21-22\u00b9\u2070 23\u00b9\u2070 (-1) 24\u00b9\u2070 25\u2076 26\u00b9\u2070 27\u2078 28\u00b9\u00b2 29\u2078 30\u00b9\u00b2 31\u2078 32\u2074; catchwords at the end of quires 4-24.", "Layout: Written in long lines, 22-24 lines per page; some ruling in lead visible.", "Script: Fol. 4r-21v and fol. 238r-300v: written in a humanistic script; fol. 22r-236v: written in a gothic script. Marginal notes are in a variety of hands and inks (e.g. fol. 40r, 52v, 169r, 195v), suggesting use by a community.", "Decoration: Blue two-line initials in ecclesiastical calendar (fol. 4r-12v). Red and blue initials throughout rest of manuscript.", "Binding: Modern vellum over pasteboard. Blue ink on foredge, with traces of gilt underneath. Stored in brown cloth-covered box. Former mottled green box (collapsed) stored in manuscript file.", "Origin: The notes in the upper margin of the of rectos 25- 233 match the hand that wrote \"Carthusie Sti Jacobi insule caprea\" on 23v. San Giacomo is also mentioned on 3r. The manuscript was likely made at San Giacomo. Folios 25-235 were likely an earlier book that was combined with the rest of the manuscript after 1510. Folio 20r mentions Franciscus de Puteo (Fran\u00e7ois du Puy), a sixteenth-century Carthusian.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 149."], "300": ["|3Original:|a299 leaves  :|bparchment ;|c110 x 80 (87 x 60) mm bound to 118 x 84 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS 149)"], "610 20": ["Carthusians|vRules."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=86;fullview=yes"], "008": ["111117q14751525it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez and Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2011."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20111117031240.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: Note in two hands with incipit: \"Non sint codigne passiones...\"  -- fol. 2r-2v: \"Oratio devota,\" a prayer with incipit: \"O Domine Iesu Christe fili Dei vivi miserere mihi misero peccatori et omnibus servis tuis...\" -- fol. 3r: Prayer with incipit: \"O Domina mea S. Maria me in tuam benedictam...\" -- fol. 3v: Inscription by Vicenzo Guittieres, monk at St. Giacomo: \"Alli 7 de septempro sono venuto Jo Vicenzo Guttierres a farme monaco certosino di Sto. Jacovo di capri, fo clausnaro alli io del vedesmo mese et fo vestito alli 18 de octobro il di de Sto. Luca et il mio nome e D. Bruno nome santissimi fondatore del ordine certosino laus Deo nome tanto tiempo desiderato / domus Capi\" (last words carry over onto bottom of 4r) -- fol. 4r-12v: Ecclesiastical calendar -- fol. 13r-18r: \"De origine ordinis cartusiensis brevis annotatio\" (rubric heading is crossed out, but text matches text with that title from printed edition) -- fol. 18v-19v: \"Modus legendi statuta\" -- fol. 20r-21v: \"Inhibitio reverendi patris ne aliquis det operam ut statuta et privilegia imprimantur Franciscus de Puteo lectori salus\" -- fol. 22r -104r: \"Incipiunt capitula prime partis consuetudinum ordinis cartusiensis\" (with chapter list on 22r-23v; rectos from 25r on read \"Prima pars antiquorum\" in upper margin in later hand) -- fol. 104r-168r: \"Incipiunt capitula secunde partis consuetudinum ordinis cartusiensis\" (with chapter list on 104v-105r; rectos from 106r on read \"2a pars antiquorum\") -- fol. 169r-195r: \"Incipiunt capitula tertie partis consuetudinum ordinis cartusiensis\" (with chapter list on 168r-168v; rectos from 169r on read \"3a p. ant.\") -- f. 195v: \"Incipit prologus in novas constitutiones ordinis cartusiensis\" -- fol. 195v -207r: \"Incipiunt capitula prime partis novarum constitutionum ordinis cartusiensis\" (with chapter list on 194r; rectos from 195r on read \"Pa p. novarum\") -- fol. 207r-226r: \"Incipiunt capitula secunde partis novarum constitutionum ordinis cartusiensis\" (with chapter list on 207r-v; rectos from 226r on, including the third part, read \"2. p. no.\") -- fol. 226r-: \"Incipiunt capitula tertie partis novarum constitutionum ordinis cartusiensis\" (with chapter list on 226r; rectos read \"2. p. no.\" even though it is part three) -- fol. 234v-236v: \"Indutus novitius\" -- fol. 238r-299v: \"Incipiunt capitula tertiae compilationis statutorum ordinis Cartusiensis\" (including list of chapters on 238r-v) -- fol. 300v: \"Explicit compilatio statutorum ordinis cartusiensis scripta die 9 dicembri 1510.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)761333206"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS226": {"001": ["06-B3591"], "245 10": ["[Legal documents concerning the family of Delfini from Corniglia, Cinque Terre, dated 1531-1545]"], "520": ["This manuscript contains 6 different legal documents plus one short vernacular note, copied by 7 different hands, gathered in order to form a collection. The documents are all related to legal matters concerning the Genoese family of the Delfini di Corniglia. Among the names of persons that it is possible to read in the documents there are: Gasparinus de Delphinibus, Octobonus, Simon, dominus Vinciguerra, Iohannes de Bonetis, Maria de Blanchis, Matthaeus de Villa, Christophorus de Bernabovis. On fol. 30v there is a note written in Italian concerning money."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1531 and 1545]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. Use of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Fol. 1r, written in black ink by a 20th century hand: \"Wilfrid Blunt / Florence 1951\"; on back flyleaf, written in pencil by a 20th century hand, there are the following numbers and letters: \"FSS-44-TES\". The back flyleaf on recto also reads: \"CL21 gamma 55 (or SS)\", written in pencil by a 20th century hand."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (medieval parchment) + 40 + i (medieval parchment); 1-5 \u2078. No quire numbers, no catchwords, no contemporary foliation.", "Layout: Written in 24-29 long lines. Frame ruled in lead, with very narrow margins.", "Script: Written by seven different hands in a cursive minuscule script, that ranges from very tidy and legible to very confusing.", "Music: Flyleaves from a medieval liturgical manuscript, possibly an antiphonary, containing musical notation on 4 lines, 3 ruled in dry point and one ruled in red.", "Binding: Wooden boards possibly original; quarter bound in leather in the 20th century.", "Origin: Possibly written around Genoa and the Cinque Terre; the documents are dated between 1531 and 1545.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 226.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), KE1780 G399 .D44."], "246 3": ["Contratti ed atti notarili riguardanti la Famiglia De' Delfini di Cornegliano (Cinque Terre, Genova)"], "300": ["40 leaves: |bparchment ;|c215 x 155 (180 x 130) mm bound to 220 x 155 mm."], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 17r-21v: \"In nomine Domini amen. Cum verum fuerit et sit quod delata fuerit sententia arbitramentalis ... ego [V?]incentius Lors de Delbara (?) manibus.\"", "3. Fol. 21v-23r: \"In nomine Domini amen. Baptista de Delfinis de Cornilia utatis legiptimo filius...Antonio Cauria...et rogatum.\"", "4. Fol. 23rv: \"In nomine Domini amen. Blanchineta filia Pelegri[ni] de Nigrono navoni (?) et uxor Iohannis Baptistae de Delphinis...Nicolus Pilinia (?) [...] notarius.", "5. Fol. 24r-30r: \"In nomine Domini amen. Notabilis salvagius de Nigrono de Simonis eamque procuram...Ego Nicolaus Palavicinus...aopstolica et imperiali auctoritatibus notarius...\"", "6. Fol. 30v: \"Nota como lo zorno supra scripto domino...de l[ire?] 413/10/4...Petro...\". Fol. 31r-34v blank.", "7. Fol. 35r-39r: \"In nomine Domini amen. Venerabilis dominus presbiter Michael de Vittiliono archipresbiter ecclexie Sancti Iohannis de Montobio...1545 die quinta Marci executum est per me notarium...Bernardus...Granullus notarius...\". Fol. 39v-40v blank."], "650  0": ["Law|zItaly|zGenoa|xHistory|xSources."], "100 0": ["Delfini di Cornegliano family."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 226|xCIN=JKN; upd=lmd"], "008": ["060728k15311545it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "651  0": ["Genoa (Italy)|xHistory|xSources."], "700 1": ["Blunt, Wilfrid,|d1901-1987.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 2r-16r: \"In nomine Domini amen. Anno a nativitate eiusdem milleximo quingenteximo trigeximo primo inditione quarta die sexto mensis octobris. Noverunt universi et singuli quod in presentia mei...Ego Iohanne Baptista de Rolandis de manarola de districti orientali Genue...rogatus sum me subscripsi et signum meum manu propria apponi consuetum ad fidem omnium premissorum.\" Fol. 16v blank."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=99;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 226"]}, "RobbinsMS301": {"001": ["ocn637257181"], "260": ["Northern Italy,|c[between 1400 and 1425]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A treatment of Roman law organized according to the chapter headings of the Decretales of Gregory IX, book 2. Includes the chapter headings of all of titulus 1, (except for chapter XVII (\"Qualiter et quando\")), all of titulus 2, and the first three chapters of titulus 3. Manuscript was once part of a larger work: old foliation in ink remains in upper right-hand corner, fol. 59-82. In addition, there is also foliation, in ink, upside-down in the bottom left- hand corner. Foliation is not sequential, indicating that, perhaps, paper that was foliated for another purpose was inverted and reused for the present manuscript. This foliation proceeds as follows: fol. 174-176, 96, 99, 183- 186, 126-139."], "650  0": ["Roman law.", "Canon law."], "300": ["|3Original:|a24 leaves :|bpaper ;|c280 x 210 (210 x 115) mm, bound to 290 x 215 mm.", "|3Copy:|aNOT YET MICROFILMED."], "008": ["100604q14001425it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 301"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Treatment of Roman law organized according to chapter headings of Gregory IX, decretals, book 2, tituli 1-3]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar, but not identical to, Briquet 2752), fol. 1-24 (fol. 24 is pastedown); 1\u00b9\u2074 2\u00b9\u2070.", "Layout: Written in 42 long lines; frame-ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a highly abbreviated cursiva currens script by one hand, below top line.", "Binding: Bound in paper over pasteboard; leather spine.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 301."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2010."], "005": ["20100604040902.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-7r: Titulus I, De iudiciis: Cap. I, \"Denuo vult Deo (sic)\"...Cap. XXI, \"Significaverunt\" -- fol. 7r-15r: Titulus II, De foro competenti: Cap. I, \"Si quis clericus\"...Cap. XX, \"Licet\" -- fol. 15r-19r: Titulus II, De libelli oblatione: Cap. I, \"Ignarus\"...Cap. III, \"Dilecti\" -- fol. 19v-23r: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)637257181"], "546": ["Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS117": {"001": ["ocn621673728"], "260": ["[Italy or Spain,|cbetween 1725 and 1775]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "300": ["93 leaves :|bpaper|c320 x 210 (295 x 125) mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5446."], "008": ["100519q17251775xx            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 117"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, May 2010."], "245 00": ["Brevis canonici iuris historia."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 5446)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1r.", "Collation: Fol. ii (modern paper) + 93 + ii (modern paper); 1\u2076 2\u2078 3\u00b9\u2070 4\u00b9\u2074 5-6\u00b9\u00b2 7\u00b9\u2078 8\u2074 9\u2076 10\u00b9\u2070 11\u00b2.", "Layout: Main text written in 65 lines only in the left- hand column of each folio. The right-hand column of each folio was left blank for notes of varying lengths, sometimes none, sometimes filling the entire space.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand. Both main text and notes are in the same hand.", "Binding: Currently bound in paper wrapper; most recent binding (vellum over pasteboard) is detached and stored in manuscript file (title on spine: \"Hist. Iuri Cano.\"", "Origin: The manuscript appears to have been copied in a Jesuit environment, either in Spain or in Italy, as the last line in the text includes the name of St. Aloysius Gonzaga (1568-1591), a Jesuit. The writing must have been completed after 1726, the date of canonization of Aloysius by Pope Benedict XIII, following the canonization of 1621 by Pope Gregory XV.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 117."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20100519044132.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-93v: \"[text] Brevis canonici iuris historia\" -- fol. 1r-6r: \"[text] Nemo profecto adeo variarum lecterarum ignavus atque expers invenitur ut ei in dubium...non auctoritate Pontifica, sed privata tantum hominis collectoris arbitrio (?) concinnata faciunt\" -- fol. 6r- 32r: \"[text] Institutionum canonicarum liber I. Ius canonicum quod et a pluribus ius sacrum nuncupatur, eo quod ex divinis oraculis et apostolorum praeceptis...videtur non ex iure divino sed ex iure humano clericorum exemptiones tum personales tum reales prodire\" -- fol. 32r-67r: \"[text] Institutionum canonicarum liber II. Personas res excipiunt quo nomine comprehenduntur sacramentae ecclesiae, beneficia, pensiones...dantque eius exempla in Chalcedonensi concilio parte secunda titulo vigesimo octavo\" -- fol. 67r-78r: \"[text] Institutionum canonicarum liber III (title erroneously given as 'Pars II').  De eclesiastica [sic] iurisdictione. Potestastem a Christo eclesiae [sic] data ex eis verbis repetenda posse videtur...ius civile sequitur ac proinde videri potest libro quarto Institutionum civilium titulo de officio iudicis Addas nonnulla de hac re libro quarto\" -- fol. 78r -93v: \"[text] Institutionum canonicarum liber IV. Titulus primus de eclesiastica (sic) in criminalibus causis iurisdictione. Nunc de iudiciis nobis erit agendum. Porro Clericorum delicta...Et haec tum de irregularitatibus tum de totius canonici iuris disciplinam et praxin sufficiunt. Laus Deo, et Mariae et S. Iuveni Aloysio Gonzage.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)621673728"], "546": ["Mostly Latin, some notes in Italian (throughout the first half of the manuscript the notes are in Latin; in the second half, the scribe/commentator switches to Italian)."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS112": {"001": ["ocn760235217"], "245 10": ["Constituciones provinciales Cantuar[iensis] Provinc[iae]."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Contains Lyndwood's Constitutiones provinciales. Chapter names are rubricated, and current chapter name is written in red in upper right margin of each recto. Short note on the nature of the heavens precedes the main text and is written in the same hand.  At the end of the text, a later scribe has added an excommunication formula and an index in a cursive hand. Text on back pastedown reads \"Quid valet in bellis...\""], "260": ["England,|c[between 1475 and 1499"], "099": ["Robbins MS 112"], "100 1": ["Lyndwood, William,|d1375?-1446."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL.|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["On front pastedown, a short text in a fifteenth-century hand reads: \"casti humiles et abstinenciam habentes . . . , \" and an owner's mark in a sixteenth-century hand: \"Johanes Barnham me tenet.\" Another owner's mark, in a fifteenth-century hand, on fol. ix-v (back flyleaf): \"Iste liber constat Johanni Buxtum Cappellano.\" Marginal digits in brown ink (e.g. fol. 5v); marginal notes in two hands: one is that of the scribe who copied the Constitutiones (e.g. fol. 7r), the other is the hand that wrote on fol. 142v-144v (e.g. fol. 15r). Note on fol. 93v, in an eighteenth-century hand: \"Lindini.\" At some point in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century the book was in the library of James Patrick Ronaldson Lyell (1871-1948; his bookplate on front pastedown, with the motto \"Viam aut inveniam aut faciam\"). Old shelf marks on fol. i(ii)r: \"182,\" in pencil and fol. ii(iii)r: \"C,\" in ink. Fol. 145v has pencil mark reading \"S. 20. 4. J1  Ny.\"  Pencil mark on back pastedown reads \"21629.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1r.", "Collation: 1-2\u00b9\u00b2 3\u00b9\u2070 4-5\u00b9\u00b9 6\u00b9\u2070 7\u00b9\u00b2 8\u00b9\u2070 9\u2078 10-11\u00b9\u00b2 12\u00b9\u00b9 13\u00b9\u00b2 14\u00b9;  catchwords.", "Layout: Written in long lines, 21 lines per page. Margins delineated in dry point and ink; prickings in the margins.", "Script: Written in a neat gothic script by one hand.", "Decoration: Book and chapter titles, line fillers, and rubrics in red ink. Penwork initials in blue and red ink on most folios.", "Binding: Fifteenth-century doeskin over wooden boards. Front cover bears remains of one red clasp. Four raised bands on spine, five compartments. The manuscript is now kept in a modern cardboard case covered with dark brown leather. Title on spine of box reads: \"William Lyndewode / Constituciones provinciales MS. SAEC. XV.\"", "Origin:", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 112."], "300": ["|3Original:|a154 leaves :|bparchment ;|c126 x 90 (85 x 58) mm bound to 137 x 100 mm."], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bProvince of Canterbury (England)", "Catholic Church|zEngland|zCanterbury (Kent)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 1r-142v: [William Lyndwood] Constituciones provinciales Cantuar[iensis] Provinc[iae] septem milia annorum\" -- fol. 1r-20r: \"[Liber primus] summa trinitate Peccham Ignorancia sacerdotum et infra. Ne quis per ignoranciam se excuset quin sciat articulos fidei...per hoc conuinci ualeant parti lese ad interesse et restituenda dampna omnia teneantur\" -- Fol. 20r-32r: \"[Liber secundus] Incipit liber secundus de iudicijs Oxon. Primo In causis et infra Statuimus ut decani rurales nullam causam matrimonialem de cetero audire presumant...Et omnes alios qui ad huiusmodi obseruacionem statuti prestiterint iuramentum absoluuimus ab eodem\" -- fol. 32r-101r: \"[Liber tertius] Incipit liber iij de uita et honestate clericorum ox. [primo] Ut clericalis ordinis honor debitus obseruetur...cum per eos in ecclesia dei per talia presumpta scandalum giretur\" -- fol. 101r-103v: \"[Liber quartus] Incipet liber iiii de sponsalibus et matrimonijs Oxon. [secundo] Walterus Matrimonium sicut alia sacramenta cum honore et reuerencia...sibi competencia ab antiquo interesse presumpserit penam in ea latam subeat ipso facto\" -- fol.103v-142v: \"Liber quintus] Incipit liber [quint]us de accusacionibus siue denunciacionibus Edmundus Sint in quolibet decanatu duo uel tres uiri...omni censura fore canonice compellendos Expliciunt constituciones prouinciales secundum Compilacionem Willelmi Lyndewode quondam meneuie episcopi Cuius Anime propitietur Deus.\"", "Fol. 142v-143r: \"[Excommunication formula] De auctoritate dei patris omnipotentis et filij et spiritui sancti et sancte marie matris domini et beati Petri apostolorum principis et omni apostolorum et omni sanctorum dei et sanctorum canonum et nostri ministerii excommunicamus et anathematizamus et a liminibus sancte matris ecclesiae sequestramus omnes illos: [text removed] et sicut extinguitur lucerna hec in conspectu hominum ita extinguantur anime eorum ante viventem deum nisi ad satisfaccionem et ad emendacionem venerint fiat fiat amen. / Ista sententia quator per annum pronuntietur post aspersione aque benedicte. / [text perpendicular in margin] malefactores ut sint maledicti vigilando dormiendo manducando bibendo ambulando sedendo in terris et in aquis ubicumque fuit.\"", "Fol. 143v-144r: Tabula constitutionum provincialium secundum ordinem librorum.", "Fol. 144v: \"[text] Sentencia excommunicacionis promulgantur prima dominica adventus domini prima dominica XL dominica proximo post festum sancte trinitatio et dominica proximo post festum assumpcionis beate marie.\""], "650  0": ["Ecclesiastical law|zGreat Britain.", "Ecclesiastical law|zEngland|zCanterbury (Province)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=70;fullview=yes"], "008": ["111110q14751499enk           000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, November 2011."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20111110035415.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. vi [vii]r-v: <Anonymus> \"[text] Celum multiplex. Celum Aerium Etherium Olympium Igneum...a centro terre usque ad centrum celi Saturni quod est septimum celum.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)760235217"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS282": {"001": ["06-B3811"], "245 10": ["[Mishneh Torah (ha-yad ha-Hazaqah)]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1(fragment) -fol.2r: Introduction ; fol. 2r-15r: Enumeration of Commandments ; fol 15r-16r: Further explication of text to come ; fol. 16r-26r: Author's table of contents of the 14 books of the Mishneh Torah ; fol. 26r- 87v: Sefer mada ; fol. 89r-152r: Sefer ahavah."], "520": ["Contains the text of the Sefer Mada (Book of Knowledge) and the Sefer Ahavah (Book of Adoration), books One and Two of the 14 books of the Mishneh Torah. Text is acephalous, as evidenced by the fact that the first folio (a fragment housed in a mylar sleeve separate from the manuscript) contains the last part of a missing introduction to the work (the text on fol. 2r is the continuation of the text on the loose leaf, the first 2 lines on fol. 2r being the last 2 lines of the introduction). On Fol. 117v and 118r in the Sefer Ahavah are diagrams of the placement of the passages of scripture on parchment in Tefilin. Pages quite browned. Conservation treatment report available in manuscript file."], "300": ["|3Original:|a152 leaves :|bpaper ;|c209 x 146 (155 x 103) mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-121) and positive (Robbins MS 282)"], "008": ["060810s1591    ye ||||||||||||00|||heb|d"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 282|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["Yemen,|c1591."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Sefer mada ;|bSefer ahavah"], "546": ["Hebrew."], "583": ["Cataloged from existing description and in hand by Saul M. Friedman and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Maimonides, Moses,|d1135-1204."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (glossy oriental, Yemenite), fol. ii (modern paper) + 152 + i (modern paper). Spine edges of leaves have been exposed and some folds are intact, so the collation can be studied. Notes on the gatherings made during conservation treatment in manuscript file. Some catchwords may be visible where previous mends have been removed.", "Layout: Written in 25 long lines. Ruled in dry point.", "Script: Section headings written in Temanic square script, text in Temanic mashait script, by one hand.", "Decoration: Each text ends with the image of two sun- looking pictures drawn in the same black ink as the text, with a black \"X\" in the center and 12 lines radiating out towards the edges (Union Jack-like, but an \"X\" rather than a cross). The 2 sun-like images on fol. 87v have 8 points each; on fol. 152v one sun has 6 points and the other has 5.", "Binding: Manuscript is disbound and is housed in an acid- free folder in a clamshell box; especially fragile leaves have been placed in mylar sleeves.", "Origin: The colophon at the end of Sefer Mada (fol. 87v) reads: \"The scribe, the servant, the insignificant, the youth David ibn Solomon ibn Joseph ibn Shemaryah known as al-Nad\u02bcaf); the colophon at the end of Sefer Ahavah (fol. 152v) reads: \"Wednesday, 24 Av 1902 by the reckoning of Shetaroth (=1591) in the city of al-\u1e62afa by the well of water al-Saka,\" followed by the scribe's name and patronym as above. Fol. 88r contains only the chapter heading from Tur/Shulkhan \u02bbArukh, Even ha-Ezer, hilkhot Kidushin, written in a different hand, suggesting that the scribe recycled some pages from another unfinished manuscript. Fol. 88r and 89r also contain some notes from the scribe of the main text that read \"test / shalom / shalom / to the far / to the near\" (fol. 88r) and \"test of the ink and choice of the pen\" (fol. 89r).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 282."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 282"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS18": {"001": ["ocn245414923"], "245 10": ["Registro di lettere della nuntiatura di Francia del Card[inale] Ubaldino."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Manuscript includes copies of letters sent by Cardinal Roberto Ubaldini, Papal nuncio, from Paris between 4 December 1612 and 27 January 1615, reporting on church affairs and socio-political circumstances in France and elsewhere in Europe. The bulk of the collection is comprised of several hundred letters addressed to Cardinal Borghese, probably Scipione (1576-1633), nephew of Pope Paul V. Other recipients were Cardinals Bandini, Roberto Bellarmino, Bevilacqua, Farnese, Filonardi, Gallo, Mellino, Monti, and Antonio Maria Sauli; the Cardinal of St. Cecilia (Paolo Emilio Sfondrati?); Antonio Caetani, Archbishop of Capua and nuncio to Madrid; the Archbishop of England; the Bishop of Savona, nuncio to Torino; the Bishop of Adria, nuncio to Lucerne; Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno, Archbishop of Patras, vice-legate to Avignon; Guido Bentivolgio d'Aragona, Archbishop of Rodi, nuncio to Brussels; the General of the Order of St. Francis; the General of the Order of St. Augustin; the General of the Order of Premonstrantensians; Stefano da Tenda, Superior of the Capucins; and other contemporary eccelsiastical figures. Also included are letters to Monseigneur de Marilliac, state advisor to the King of France; Monsieur de Villeroy; and the Marquess of Malatesta, General of the Armies of His Holiness in Avignon."], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1615 and 1625?]"], "008": ["080904q16151625it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 18"], "100 1": ["Ubaldini, Roberto,|d1581-1635."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Mostly Italian, some Latin and French."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Purple stamp on fol. 49r reads \"Biblioth. Privata P. Praep. Gen. S. J.\""], "500": ["Ms. documents.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 414 + 1; quires 1-34 alternating gatherings of 10 and 14, quire 35 is gathering of 4.", "Layout: Written in 26 long lines.", "Script: Written in a rushed cursive script mostly by one hand.", "Decoration: Fol 1r (title page) in formal capitals with floral drawing at bottom of page adorned with a cross (10 x 20 mm).", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard (detached).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 18."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson"], "005": ["20080904045549.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)245414923"], "300": ["|3Original:|a414 leaves :|bpaper ;|c260 x 194 (225 x 145) mm bound to 274 x 200 .", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-95) and positive (Robbins MS 18)"]}, "RobbinsMS28": {"001": ["06-B3963"], "245 10": ["Confessionale."], "520": ["This manuscript contains six different works, although the codex itself was clearly considered as an \"unicum\" from the beginning. The colophon on fol. 187r reads: \"Quicquid agis prudenter agas et respice finem.\" The watermarks seem to lead to the city of Bergamo in Northern Italy, but the manuscript was probably copied in the Veneto region, as attested by spellings specific to that zone such as \"constrenze\" for \"constringe\", \"zorno\" for \"giorno\", \"manzare\" for \"mangiare\", \"fuze\" for \"fugge\".  The end of text 1 is different from the printed florentine version of 1507 (see bibliography), whose text ends with \"Ma se lha facto debbelo obseruare se non e dispensato dal Papa & ladonna se uuole lopuo seguire.\" At this point the manuscript includes an additional paragraph: \"et fioli et fiole mentre che sono nella podesta del padre non possono far noto on de longo peregrinagio on daltro donde sequisse priuditio al padre del suo seruitio senza la uolunta desso Ma de la religione on castita possono fare voto et sono tenuti ad obseruarlo. Passati lo masculo xiiiio anni et la femina undesi inmediate et inanzi tale eta non e rato ne fermo voto chi facesseno de religione ma po esser annulato da padre on tutori se fusseno pupilli et simelmente cavati da la religione ma non dopo da la dita eta Amen.\" The incipit of text 2 matches the beginning of Varia de confessione et de peccatis or Moralium dogma philosophorum in MS Munich, Clm 28673 ff. 90-94, and is similar to the beginning of Moralium dogma philosophorum in MS London, British Museum, Harley 658 ff. 73-77. The incipit of text 3 is identical to MS Oxford, Bodleian Library, Canonici misc. 100 ff. 106 (ss). The incipit of text 4 matches MS Munich, Clm 28673, ff.86 (-90)."], "510 4": ["Antoninus de Florentia, Specchio di conscientia el quale e libro degno & utile a chi desidera di saluare lanima, Impresso in Firenze ad petitione di ser Piero Pacini da Pescia, 1507.", "Sancti Antonini Archiepiscopi Florentini Ordinis Praedicatorum Summa theologica in quattuor partes distributa, Veronae, Ex typographia Seminarii, apud Augustinum Carattonium, 1740."], "260": ["[Veneto?,|cbetween 1451 and 1500]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|a[constren]ze la ratione a concludere"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Early provenance not known. Ownership marks on fol. iiv and 1r have been crossed out in black ink; it is still possible to read: \"Capucinorum B[...]\", which refers to an unknown Capuchin convent. The following modern ownership marks are still legible: \"B.91\"; \"B.60\"; \"S. Antonino\"; \"Codice in volgare pergamenaceo met\u00e0 del sec. XV\"; \"Manoscritti: S. Antonino\", written in pencil by a 20th century hand. On f. iiv, in black ink, written by a 19th century hand: \"Quest'opera e inscrita nella Somma Teologica di S. Antonino da Firenze stampata in Verona 1740 Tomo I pagina LXXVIII n. V\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Fol. 1r-152v, title from fol. 1r; fol. 152v-158v, title supplied by cataloger, taken from the IN PRINCIPIO database.", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"Lettre B,\" 8060-8063), fol. iii (modern paper) + 188 + iii (modern paper); 1-18\u00b9\u2070 19\u2078. Modern foliation in ink. fol. 28 is misnumbered as 29 and the error perpetuated. Fol. 186-188 are either missing or the last gathering is a misfoliated quaternion, as the foliation skips from fol. 185 to fol. 189; the last folio, numbered 190, is in fact folio 186. Vertical catchwords in the right side of the bottom margin, by the end of the scribe. Order number of the folios in the quire provided by Latin lower case letters from \"a\" to \"e\", on verso in the bottom margin. Gatherings also numbered in pencil, 20th century, with Roman numerals in the middle of the lower magin on recto. Outer bifolium in each quire strengthened with parchment stripes taken from a 13th century manuscript.", "Layout: Written in 18 long lines, below top line. Ruled with pink ink.", "Script: Written in a neat textualis libraria with cursive elements (loops and ascenders).", "Decoration: Red rubrics. Fol. 1r, red 4-line initial. Many 2-line red initial throughout the text.", "Binding: Repaired and rebound by Linda Ogden at the Robbins Collection, 2003-4; now bound in olive green leather in protective box, with marbled flyleaves. Full treatment report is on file, along with fragments of previous (not original) binding of red cloth over binder's board.", "Origin: Written in Italy, and possibly in the region of Veneto during the second half of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 28."], "300": ["|3Original: |a193 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c150 x 103 (90 x 60) mm bound to 155 x 110 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-1) and positive (Robbins MS 28)"], "090": ["Robbins MS 28"], "505 8": ["Fol. 152v-158v: \"[Guillelmus de Conchis, Moralium dogma philosophorum] Honestum est quod sua vi nos attrahat et sua dignitate nos allicit. Partes honesti sunt quattuor...Incestus est cum homo cognoscit monialem vel copula carnali sibi coniunctam (?) vel aliqua affinitate propinqua. Peccatum contra naturam est cum homo effundit semem extra locum ad hoc deputatum.\"", "Fol. 158v- 168v: \"[rubr] Incipit de doctrina christiana. [text] Quilibet christianus debet prior scire Pater Noster ut possit orare, deinde debet bene adiscere Credo in Deum...Afflictos non consolari. Ammonitionibus non acquiescere. De iniurijs Deo factis non dolere. Et similia Amen.\"", "Fol. 168v-184v: \"[rubr.] Modus et ordo interrogandi in confessione observandus pulcherimus. [text] Cum ad audiendi confessiones alicuius precipue illius cuius statu ignoras et cuius vita tibi nota non est...Cor contristetur os dicat opus quam sequatur. Nec tria coniuncta delebunt crimina tota. Deo Gratias Amen.\"", "Fol. 185v-186r: \"Dixit Dominus domino meo: Sede a dextris meis donec ponam inimicos tuos scabellum...de torrente in via bibit, propterea exaltavit caput.\"", "Fol. 186r: \"[Confiteor] Confitebor tibi Domine in toto corde meo in consilio...voluntates eius.\""], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "100 0": ["Antoninus,|cSaint, Archbishop of Florence,|d1389-1459."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 28|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["William,|cof Conches,|d1080-approximately 1150."], "008": ["060821q14511500it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-152r: \"[rubr.] Incipit Confessionale in vulgari fratris Antonii de Florentia ordinis Fratrum Predicatorum. [text] Omnis mortalium cura quam multiplitium studiorum...Dice santo Severio nello libro ch'il fa de la philosophica consolatione che tuta la cura et sollicitudine di mortali...fermo voto che facesseno de religione ma po esser annullato da padre or tutori se fusseno pupilli et simelmente cavati da la religione ma non dopo da la dita eta'. Amen. [rubr.] Explicit Confessionale fratris  Antonii de Florentia ordinis Predicatorum.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=116;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS302": {"001": ["ocn555071012"], "110 1": ["Mexico."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["An exhaustive official report of the Fourth Provincial Council of Mexico. The council was presided over by archbishop (later cardinal) Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana, one of colonial Mexico's leading developers of ecclesiastical law. This report contains a substantial amount of theological discourse and draws heavily on Church history. Many of the suggested reforms and decisions of the council are set in the practical context of the ministry to the Indians of Mexico."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c21283."], "245 10": ["[Official report of the fourth Provincial Council of Mexico by don Pedro de Pi\u00f1a y Marso, Fiscal del Peru]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 302"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 21283); number \"33014\" written on one of front flyleaves."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in 23 long lines.", "Script: Written in a single, very neat hand.", "Binding: Contemporary calf, ornate gilt-tooled cover and spine. Colored endpapers.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 302."], "035": ["(OCoLC)555071012"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bProvince of Mexico City (Mexico). |bProvincial Council|n(4th :|d1771)", "Catholic Church|zMexico|xHistory|y18th century."], "650  0": ["Councils and synods|zMexico|zMexico City|xHistory|y18th", "Mexico|xChurch history|y18th century."], "260": ["[Madrid?,|cca. 1771]"], "008": ["100315s1771    sp            000 0 spa d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, March 2010."], "546": ["Mostly in Spanish, some Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100315054340.0"], "300": ["141 leaves :|bpaper|c295 x 205 (275 x 160) mm bound to 305 x 210 mm."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS135": {"001": ["06-B3903"], "245 10": ["Summa de casibus conscientiae ;|bConfessionale."], "505 8": ["Fol. 1r-214r: \"[rubr.] Incipit summa fratris Bartholomaei de Sancto Concordio de Pisiis ordinis Predicatorum sacre pagine professoris in qua tractat de casibus conscientiae. [text] Quoniam ut ait Gregorius super Ezechielem nullum omnipotenti Deo...tunc est invidia ut dictum est supra, invidia secundo. [rubr.] Consumatum fuit hoc opus in civitate pisana anno Domini millesimo trigentesimo trigesimo octavo de mense decembris tempore sanctissimi patris...[Word index and table of contents] Abbas Abbatissa Absolutio...et sic terminatur liber in duobus capitulis de Spiritu Sancto. Deo gratias amen. Iesus Maria.\" Fol. 214v blank.", "Fol. 215r: \"[rubr.] Incipit prologus super confessionalem fratris Iohannis Theutonici ordinis Predicatorum adiunctum de novo summe confessorum. [text] Simpliciores et minus expertos confessores de modo audiendi confessionem...expediant frequentibus admonitionibus impulsabis. [rubr.] Explicit confessionale fratris Iohannis Theutonici de ordine Predicatorum. Deo gratias amen. Iesus Maria.\""], "520": ["This manuscript comprises two major Dominican treatises on Canon Law: the first is the \"Summa de casibus conscientiae\" written by Bartolomew of San Concordio; the second text is the \"Confessionale\" of John of Fribourg. The manuscript is signed by the scribe, named 'Guilgelmus', fol. 211r: \"Qui scripsit scribat semper cum Domino vivat. Vivat in celis Guilgelmus domino felix.\" The subscription could be compared with the one in Benedictins, Colophons 5738. It is a very elegant and precious copy, without any marginal notes."], "100 0": ["Bartholomew,|cof San Concordio,|d1262-1347."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 135|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Johannes,|cvon Freiburg,|dd. 1314."], "008": ["060817q13901425it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["232 leaves :|bparchment ;|c220 x 144 (141 x 112) mm. bound to 230 x 166 mm."], "561": ["This manuscript used to belong to the Dominican convent of San Donato, near Urbino: on fol. 232 there is an ownership note by a 15th century hand which reads: \"Loci Sancti Donati prope Urbinum\". On fol. 232v, there is the number \"20041\" written in brown ink, possibly by a former owner. On fol. 1r there is a smudged ownership mark, no longer legible."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "First title from opening rubric on fol. 1r; second title from opening rubric on fol. 215r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (modern paper) + 237 + ii (modern paper); 1-21\u00b9\u2070 22\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b9 23\u00b9\u2070 24\u2078. Catchwords enclosed in black and red radiating flourishes, in the middle of the bottom margin, on verso. No contemporary foliation; modern 20th century foliation in pencil in the upper corner on recto (although these modern folio numbers are inaccurate).", "Layout: Written in two columns, 45 lines for each column. Ruled in pink ink. Prickings still visible in the lower margin.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, with cursive elements and very close to the humanistic script, by one scribe. Above top line.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, a large 10-line historiated initial shows Bartolomew of San Concordio in a Dominican habit half length, facing sideways and holding a red book. The whole fol. 1r is framed with full illuminated border, painted leafy extensions and gold bezants with whiskery penwork; fol. 215, 6-line istoriated initial: the potrait of the author, in Dominican habit holding a red quill, is inscribed in the letter. Many illuminated 4-line initials throughout the text, painted in different shades of pink, blue, green, yellow. Many 3-line initials blue penworked in pink and red penworked in pink throughout the text. Red and blue alternated paragraph marks. Red rubrics.", "Binding: Modern red morocco over pasteboard, gilt edges. Title: \"A Summa de casibus conscientiae -- Confessionale\" gilt tooled on the spine. The binding was made by Marcelin Lortic, whose signature \"M. Lortic\" is gilt tooled on inside front cover. Gilt edges.", "Origin: Written in Central Italy, possibly not far from Urbino, at the very end of the 14th century or during the first quarter of the 15th.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 135."], "700 1": ["Lortic, Marcelin,|d1822-1892.|4asn|4bnd."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[Central Italy, |cbetween 1390 and 1425]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=79;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 135"]}, "RobbinsMS185": {"001": ["ocn244396261"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1700 and 1725]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A collection of documents on various matters, including on the feudal status of barons, the imposition of taxes on the use of rivers, on choosing a papal successor, on where the papal residence should be, some sermons, edicts, and a letter--tipped in at the end--about a celebration held for the placing of a church's foundation stone. Documents were not always together which is evident from the contemporary pagination throughout (fols. 1-72 were originally paginated 112-227; 230-252; fols. 73-84 were foliated 1- 12; fols. 85-95 were foliated 84-94; fols. 96-157 were foliated 125-186)."], "300": ["159 leaves :|bpaper ;|cbound to 280 x 216 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c7541."], "008": ["080825q17001725it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 185"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2008."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Collection of miscellaneous documents on legal and other matters]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 7541)."], "500": ["Ms. documents.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Script: Written in at least seven hands: hand one, fol 1r- 49r; hand two, 50r-58v; hand three, 60v-71v; hand four, fol. 73r-94v and 108r-155v; hand five, 96r-107r; hand six, 156r-157r; hand seven, 158r-159v (i.e. the tipped-in letter).", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; spine is broken, textblock is coming loose.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 185."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "005": ["20080825043702.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1-49r: \"Barones status ecclesiastici presumi feudatarios et licet constat (?) non esse talis, esse tamen sub alto ac supremo dominio Sedis Apostolicae et de illius jurisdictione in eorum terris subdivisis et instantiis discursus legalis\" -- fol. 50r-58v: Document about the right of the emperor to impose taxes on the use of rivers for milling (?) -- fol. 60v-71v: \"Quaestio: Utrum Summus Pontifex habeat ius elegendi sibi successorem; Quaestio altera: An Sanctus Petrus elegerit sibi successorem Sanctum Clementem\" -- fol. 73-: \"Sermone fatto dalla S. M. di Clemente VIII nella visita della Basilica Lateranense\" -- fol. 77r-83v: \"Per Santa Maria in Trastevere\" -- fol. 86r- 90v: \"Editto: Ulpianus Archiepiscopus Theatinus Patavianus Cabillonensis Ludovicus Adriae, Antonius Casertanus, ac Alexander Heracensis episcopi visitatores a sanctissimo D. N. in Urbe eiusque districtu specialiter deputati\" -- fol. 91r- 94v: \"Editto che li regolari non possino tenere o andare in cocchio o carrozza\" -- fol. 96r-107r: \"Che il Sommo Pontefice stando in Roma pare pi\u00f9 obligato a residere appresso la chiesa di S. Pietro che in qualsivoglia altro luogo per\u00f2 in quella stagione a parte dell'anno che senza manifesto pericolo lo comporta\" -- 108r-121r: \"Scrittura che persuade esser pi\u00f9 lodevole la residenza del Sommo Pontefice nel Quirinale che nel Vaticano\" -- fol. 122r- 155v: \"Risposta ad una scrittura che persuade esser pi\u00f9 lodevole la residenza del Sommo Pontefice nel  Quirinale che nel Vaticano\" -- fol. 156r-157r: \"In synodo Novogrudensi anno 1415 episcopi Rutheni sequentem epistolam scripserunt Imperatori...\" -- fol. 158r-159v: \"Relazione della funzione celebrata in Berlino per la posizione della prima pietra fondamentale della chiesa Cattolica che vi si fabbrica per la graziosa concessione di sua Maest\u00e0 il Re di Prussia\"."], "035": ["(OCoLC)244396261"], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS6": {"001": ["06-B3083"], "245 10": ["[Decretales]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-6r: Table of the titles of the Decretales; fol. 6r : \"[rubr] De peccato carnis in monialibus\"; fol. 7ra-b: \"[Decretales Gregorii IX: prologue] Gregorius episcopus servus servorum Dei dilectis filiis doctoribus et scolaribus universis parisinis commorantibus salutem et apostolicam benedictionem Rex pacificus pia miseratione disposuit...ne quis presumat aliam facere absque authoritate sedis apostolice speciali\"; 7rb-221va: \"[Decretales Gregorii IX: text] Innocentius tertius in concilio generali Firmiter credimus et simpliciter confitemur quod unus solus est verus deus...Lucius tertius Indignum est et a Romane ecclesie consuetudine alienum ut pro spiritualibus facere quis homagium compellatur\"; fol. 221va-b: Urbanus IV \"[rubr] Statutum de ingressu religionis.\""], "520": ["Contains the Decretales of Gregory IX, plus two additional short texts at the beginning (\"De peccato carnis in monialibus\") and at the end (\"Statututm de ingressu religionis.\" Articles 1, 2, and 4 were copied in the same hand after 1261, the year of the coronation of Pope Urban IV (see article 4). They are a later addition to the original manuscript, which only comprised the text of the Decretales. The hand of articles 1, 2, and 4 has also written \"Robert\" at the end of the Statutum on f. 221vb. On f. 1v, an eighteenth-century hand has written: \"Raymundi Compilatio Decretalium\" and has drawn, upside- down, and image of a masculine crowned head. Marginal notes on fol. 65r, 85v, 93r, 97r, and 201r. Marginal digits on fol. 181r-v, 201r, 203v, 213v. Folios 109v-110v ruled but blank."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=102;fullview=yes"], "100 0": ["Gregory|bIX,|cPope,|dca. 1170-1241."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 6|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060630q12251275fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "240 10": ["Decretales Gregorii IX"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a221 leaves :|bparchment ;|c143 x 103 (106 x 71) mm bound to 150 x 110 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-15) and positive (Robbins MS 6)"], "561": ["Early provenance not known. Bookplate on inner front cover : \"Ex libris P. J. D. de Richardot Domini de Choisey.\" On fol. iir: \"Manuscrit du XIVe si\u00e8cle,\" in pencil, in a twentieth-century hand. The manuscript was part of the original collection assembled by Lloyd Robbins."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied from spine.", "Collation: Collation indiscernible due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Main text of the Decretales (fol. 7ra-221va) written in 2 columns of 45 lines each. Table of the titles of the Decretales (fol. 2r-6r) and the brief text \"De peccato carnis in monialibus\" (fol. 6r) written in 25 long lines. Brief text at the end (fol. 221va-b) \"Statutum de ingressu religionis (Urban IV) layed out in 2 columns. Main text frame ruled in lead; table of contents plus short texts at beginning and end ruled in ink. Prickings visible at the beginning of text (fol. 1-6).", "Script: Main text of the Decretales (fol. 7ra-221va) written in a Gothic script by one hand. Table of the titles of the Decretales (fol. 2r-6r), the brief text \"De peccato carnis in monialibus\" (fol. 6r), and the brief text at the end (fol. 221va-b) \"Statutum de ingressu religionis (Urban IV) in a second hand.", "Decoration: Illuminated initials at the beginning of each part of the text. At the very beginning of the Decretales (fol. 7r) is an historiated inital depicting Raymond, of Pe\u00f1afort giving the five books to Gregory IX. Fol. 61v, 111r 159r, and 175r are figures of animals painted in red and white on a blue background. Floral borders between columns. Capital letters, paragraph marks and line-fillers in alternating red and blue with flourishes in other color. Titles in red.", "Binding: 18th century, light-colored leather binding with gold lines delineating the borders of the front and back covers; gilt edges; title on spine reads \"Compilati Decretali Man\u016b scripta\" in gold letters on red background. Marbled endpapers. Codex stored in a modern box with title : \"Decretales 13th Cent.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 6."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 6"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1225 and 1275]"], "581": ["Stephan G. Kuttner et al., A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library, 2 vols. (Vatican: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986-87), 1:139, 156-7, 158-9, 160-61, 165, 168, 169-70, 171, 172-3, 174, 175-7, 178-9. For early printed editions, see Gregorius IX, Decretalium Gregorii Pape IX compilatio, multis vtilibus et ferme necessariis, adiuctis examussim castigata (Lugduni: J. Marechal, 1510); id., Decretales domini pape Gregorii noni accurata diligentia nuper emendate summoque studio elaborate ... (Parisijs: solerti cura Tiemanni Keruer, 1516); id., Decretales a Gregorio nono in volume hoc redacta (Ticini: per Jacob Paucidrapense de Burgofranco, 1517); id., Gregorii Noni Pontificis Maximi Decretales epistole ab innumeris penemendis cum textus, tum glossarum repurgate quarum casibus superaddita sunt brevissimi Bernardi glossatoris notabilia, nunc primum in lucem edita (Parisijs: apud Jolanda Bonhome, 1547); id., Decretales Domini Gregorii Papae IX suae integritati una cum glossis restitutae cum privilegio Gregorii XIII Pont. Max. et aliorum principum, Corpus iuris canonici 2 (Romae: In Aedibus Populi Romani, 1548)."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS194": {"090": ["Robbins MS 194"], "001": ["ocn908406080"], "245 10": ["De componendis datariae debitis|bDefensio composita sub pontificatu sa[crae] me[moriae] Urbani Papae VIII."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A treatise, written by Pietro Ottoboni (who later became a cardinal and thereafter Pope Alexander VIII) concerns the Apostolic Dataria, one of the five offices of the Roman Curia. The Dataria was in charge of granting benefices and spiritual favors, typically in exchange for money. Ottoboni lays out the arguments for and against charging for the practice and comes to the conclusion that it is right to do so. Beginning on fol. 21r there is a discussion of historical events involving taxation by popes. The dates of those events are written in the margin using a similar ink and script to that used in the rest of the manuscript. A note on the bottom of fol. 1r, in a different hand than that of the rest of the manuscript, reads \"Auctor est eminentissimus (?) Ottobonus et antequam esset sanctae Rotae auditor haec scripsit.\""], "100 0": ["Alexander|bVIII,|cPope,|d1610-1691."], "260": ["Rome,|cbetween 1650 and 1699."], "008": ["150505q16501699it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, February 2012."], "581": ["Dictionnaire d'histoire et de g\u00e9ographie eccl\u00e9siastiques, Paris: L\u00e9touzey et An\u00e9, 1912, 245-46."], "546": ["In Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "561": ["Once in the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps; now disbound from his MS 7598."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title transcribed from title page (fol. 1r).", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Disbound", "Watermark is similar to Briquet etoile 6089 (Lucca, 1587- 88; Fabriano, 1585) but with the initial \"R\" above it. Such watermarks were used throughout southern Italy in the 17th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law, Robbins MS 194."], "852": ["CU-L|dRBCAG|xCIN=jkn"], "005": ["20150505021244.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm a2200337Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)908406080"], "300": ["|3Original:|a33 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265 x 195 (245 x 140) mm."]}, "RobbinsMS126": {"001": ["ocn180147655"], "245 10": ["Facultates concess[a]e minoribus poenitentiariis basilic[a]e Divi Petri in Vaticano :|bex earum tabella desumpt[a]e ad usum p[o]enitentiariorum extraordinariorum eiusdem basilic[a]e."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A text related to the minor penitentiaries of the Basilica of St. Peter.  The text includes instructions for dealing with heretics and schismatics, as well as others."], "260": ["Rome,|cDecember 20, 1763."], "008": ["071031s1763    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 126"], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-19r: \"[text] R[everendissimi] patres poenitentiarii Domini Nostri Pap[a]e apud Sanctum Petrum a Nobis deputati, poterunt in foro conscienti[a]e, et per se ipsos tantum absolvere quascumque personas eisdem confitentes...Demum sciant esse ipsis prohibitum, super quacumque irregularitate it inhabilitate, et quocumque alio impedimento matrimoniali dispensare. Libellus hic diligenter in Sede Confessionali perpetuo asservetur. Ex Sacra Aenitentiaria apostolica die 20 Decembris 1763, A. A. Cardi. Galli, M.P.\""], "100 1": ["Galli, Antonio Andrea."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Purple, illegible, library stamp (fol. 1 r); comments on the text (fol. 19r) are signed by J. J. Bussi, May 1821, at the tribunal of the Sacred Penitentiaria."], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Title from title page (fol. 2r)", "Layout: Written in 12 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard with red printed pastedowns.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 126."], "583": ["Cataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, October 2007."], "005": ["20071101040825.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ii 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)180147655"], "300": ["|3Original:|a22 leaves :|bpaper ;|c211 x 154 (161 x 105) mm bound to 217 x 157 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-04) and positive (Robbins MS 126)"]}, "RobbinsMS98": {"001": ["ocn759003220"], "245 10": ["Declarationes Sacri Concilij Tridentini."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bCuria Romana"], "260": ["Italy,|c1700s"], "099": ["Robbins MS 98"], "246 2": ["Declarationes Sacri Concilii Tridentini"], "581": ["Collectio declarationum Sacrae Congregationis Cardinalium Sacri Concilii Tridentini Interpretum, ed. Giovanni Zamboni. 4 vols. Arras: Rousseau-Leroy, 1860-68."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Provenance: Old library stamp bearing the initials \"AS\" on spine."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1r", "Layout: Writte in long lines, 18 lines per page; ruled.", "Binding: Limp vellum, deteriorated; remains of leather tiles. Title on spine: \"Declarationes Conc.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 98."], "300": ["|3Original:|a386 leaves :|bpaper ;|c200 x 130 (165 x 90) mm bound to 200 x 130 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-80) and positive (Robbins MS 98)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 359r-386v: \"[title] Compendium Sacri Concilii Tridentini\" \"[text] Prima 2a et 3a La prima 2a et 3a Sessione dispongono gli animi a vivere riligiosamente et recitare il Credo...Fu confirmato questo Concilio da Papa Pio 4o nell'nno 1564.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=60;fullview=yes"], "008": ["111028q17001799it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, October 2011."], "546": ["Latin and Italian"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "005": ["20111031125629.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-356r: [Curia Romana, Sacra Congregatio Concilii Tridentini] \"[title] Declarationes Sacri Concilij Tridentini\" \"[text] In Bulla Pii 4. Confirmationis Concilii in illis verbis Cultumve [?] omnino interpretationis genus propter ista verba...Episcopo leodiensis qui quisivit, an publicatio Conc. Trid. facta in urbe liget leodiensis ubi nec Eodie per Capitulum publicatum fuit Rt. Congregatio ligare.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)759003220"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS157": {"001": ["06-B4182"], "245 10": ["Statuta cleri Romani in meliorem formam redacta /|cab ill[ustrissi]mo et r[everendissi]mo d[omi]no Iosepho Simonetti e[minentissi]mi et r[everendissi]mi cardinale Urbis Vicarii in civilibus locumtenente."], "505 8": ["Fol. 1r-51v: [Statuta cleri Romani in meliorem formam redacta] ; fol. 1r \"[title] Statuta cleri Romani in meliorem formam redacta ab illustrissimo et reverendissimo domino Iosepho Simonetti eminentissimi et reverendissimi cardinale Urbis Vicarii in civilibus locumtenente\" ; fol. 1v: blank ; fol. 2r-7r: \"[text] Tit. De cleri camerario. Cap. 1. De eligendo cleri camerario. In primis statuimus et ordinamus...ex pari consuetudine sibi debitum prestabit\" ; fol. 7r-51v: \"[text] Tit. De funeribus et sepulturis. Cap. primo. De iure eligendi sepulturam. Sacrorum canonum decreta sicuti statuimus...eiusque domini (?) vicesgerentis ibidem comminatis puniantur\" ; fol. 52rv : blank."], "520": ["Statutes of the Roman Curia."], "300": ["52 leaves :|bpaper ;|c274 x 196 (244 x 100) mm bound to 280 x 205 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5334."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 157|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060829q17501799it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Simonetti, Giuseppe."], "561": ["Bookplate of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford on front pastedown (depicts a shield supported by two dragons rampant with spread wings, gorged and chained, with an earl's crown; within the shield is a lion surrounded by three fleurs-de-lis; the motto reads \"La vertu est la seule noblesse\"). Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5334). Written in modern pencil on the front end paper is \"Bylaws of the Curia late 18c [---] 4/81.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a bird atop a trimontium all enclosed within a circle with a cross above), fol. 52 + i; 1-4\u00b9\u00b2 5\u00b2; catchwords at the end of each page.", "Layout: Written in 26 long lines; vertical bounding lines made by folding.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Decoration: Title is written in a combination of 4-line capital letters with pen flourishing and 2-line lower-case letters, all bold lettering. Centered at the tail edge of the title page is a decorative element with curving lines and curlycues.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; continuous endsheets and pastedowns. On spine is the title \"Statuta Cleri Romani ms.\" written in gold lettering on a green leather background. The Phillipps ms. number 5334 is printed on a small label affixed to base of spine.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 157."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["Rome,|c[between 1750 and 1799]"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 157"]}, "RobbinsMS96": {"001": ["ocn759597136"], "245 10": ["In libros IV Institutionum Imperatoris Iustiniani explicationes verborum et rerum."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1725 and 1775]"], "008": ["111104q17251775it            000 0 lat d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-112r: \"[text] Imperatori rite ac veste rempublicam moderaturo, non arma modo, verum etiam legum praesidii...Durante controversia impenditur administratio, morte tollitis inquisitio ut paratis defuncti.\""], "100 1": ["Becelli, Giulio Cesare,|d1683-1750."], "546": ["Latin."], "099": ["Robbins MS 96"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Gift of Phoebe Hearst to the UC Berkeley Library (note on front pastedown)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. ivr).", "Layout: Written in long lines; 23 lines per page; ruled.", "Script: Marginal annotations in the hand that copied the manuscript. Some marginal notes are in Greek. One marginal note reads \"Piraee quoniam incertum est qualis...,\" which is a quotation from Odyssey 17.78.", "Decoration: Gold lettering on title page.", "Binding: Dark leather with gilt decorations on front and back; five raised bands on spine; title on spine reads: \"Iustin. Inst.\" Red-edged paper label on spine with old shelfmark: \"Mss. 292k B389.\"", "Note on title page reads: \"Tradebat Julius Caesar Becellius. Excipiebam ego Nerius Tosi.\" The author of the work is most likely Giulio Cesare Becelli (1683-1750), a Jesuit (who later left the order), noted Veronese humanist, and the author of several works of literary criticism (Della novella poesia, cio\u00e8, Del vero genere e particolari bellezze della poesia italiana, libri tre [Verona: Per Dionigi Ramanzini, 1732]; Esame della retorica antica e uso della moderna, libri VII [Verona: 1735]). Becelli wrote a book on tending to a library (De biblioteca instituenda ac ordinanda liber [Veronae: apud J. A. Tumermanum, 1747]), published translations of Herodotus (Le nove muse: istoria delle imprese de'Greci e de'barbari, volgarizzata da Giulio Cesare Becelli), and authored a poem (Il Gonnella), a tragedy (Oreste), and several comedies.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 96."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, October 2011."], "005": ["20111104102921.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)759597136"], "300": ["|3Original:|a112 leaves :|bpaper ;|c240 x 170 (180 x 115) mm bound to 250 x 180 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-79) and positive (Robbins MS 96)"]}, "RobbinsMS153": {"001": ["ocn768895687"], "245 10": ["Actorum sacri pontif[icis] et amplissimorum cardinalium senatus diaria adnotatio."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Acta of the Papal Consistory compiled by Julius Antonius Santorius (Guilio Antonio Santori, 1532-1602), archbishop of Santa Severina. The first entry is that of 17 May 1570, the consistory during which Santori was made a cardinal. The latest entry is 6 March 1599. Two earlier entries are inserted in the middle of the text: 14 December 1558 and the first entry under Pope Pius V, in 1566. The ink is causing some browning of the paper, but there is no loss of text."], "110 2": ["Catholic Church."], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1570 and 1599]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 153"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Front pastedown reads \"A-2 / Sanctorius\" in pencil in later hand (\"Sanctorius\" refers to Giulio Antonio Santori, Cardinal Santa Severina, who likely created this compilation). Pencil markings in bottom right corners of some rectos."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title transcribed from folio 1r.", "Collation: Paper (at least two watermarks visible: one is similar, but not identical, to Briquet croix grecque 5576 (Naples, 1468), but with a Maltese cross, and the other to Briquet oiseau 12250 (Rome, no date) or 12251 (Salerno, 1590), fol. 514.", "Layout: Written in long lines, 21 lines per page.", "Binding: Parchment over pasteboard. Upper left of front cover has \"201\" written in pencil in a later hand. Some marginal notes are partially cut off, suggesting manuscript was cut down at some point.", "Origin: Manuscript was likely prepared by Giulio Antonio Santori (1532-1602), Cardinal Santa Severina, or copied from another manuscript he prepared. The title page includes an introductory paragraph by him, and the beginning of the manuscript coincides with his creation as a cardial.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 153.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 184."], "300": ["|3Original:|a514 leaves :|bpaper ;|c260 x 190 (220 x 150) mm bound to 273 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS 153)"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church|xHistory|xSources."], "700 1": ["Santori, Giulio Antonio,|d1532-1602."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=89;fullview=yes"], "008": ["111220q15701599it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, November 2011."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20111220030247.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: \"Actorum Sacri Pontif[icis] et Amplissimorum Cardinalium Senatus Diaria Adnotatio\" (title and introductory paragraph by Santori) -- fol. 1v-99v: Acta of 17 May 1570 through 6 February 1572 -- fol. 100r-317v: acta of 17 October 1572 through 13 December 1578 (\"Incipiunt Consistoria Gregorii XIII\") -- fol. 318r: Acta of 14 December 1558 [recto] -- fol. 318v-321r: \"Pii V in Summum Pontificem electi, habitus in prima Congregatione Generali / 1566\" [verso + 3] -- fol. 325r-331v: Acta of 4 January 1579 through 30 January 1579 -- fol. 332r-423r: acta of 7 February 1579 through 18 December 1581 (\"Acta Consistorialia / annorum / 1579, 1580, 1581\") -- fol. 423v -474v: acta of 9 January 1589 through 4 December 1591 (\"Acta Consistorialia / annorum / 1589, 1590, 1591\") -- fol. 475r-512r: acta of 14 February 1592 through 6 March 1599 (\"Acta Cons[is]torialia / annorum / 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599\"). After the 6 March 1599 entry, there is an entry dated 8 January 1590."], "035": ["(OCoLC)768895687"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS59": {"001": ["ocn464654551"], "245 10": ["Nova facultatum maiori poenitentiario concessarum collectio /|cemin[entissi]mi et rev[erendissi]mi domini d[omini] cardinalis Ludovisii m[aioris] poeni[ten]tiarii iussu."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c7374."], "260": ["Italy,|c1651"], "008": ["091110s1651    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 59"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2009."], "100 1": ["Ludovisi, Ludovico,|d1595-1632."], "546": ["Latin."], "520": ["A summary, in twelve sections (tituli), of faculties or dispensations granted to the Grand Penitentiary of the Curia Romana. Beginning on fol. 74 is an index of faculties."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 7374)."], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 94 (last folio is pastedown); 1\u2078 2\u00b9\u00b2 3\u00b9\u2070 4\u00b9\u00b2 5\u2078 6\u00b9\u00b2 7\u2076 8\u00b9\u2070 9\u2076 (+2) 10\u2078.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines.", "Script: Written in a fairly neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Parchment over pasteboard. Title on spine reads \"Facult Poenitij M.S. XLI.\"", "Origin: From the title it is clear that this collection was ordered by Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi and then executed on after his death by his cousin Cardinal Niccol\u00f2 Albergati-Ludovisi in 1651.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 59."], "700 1": ["Albergati-Ludovisi, Niccol\u00f2,|d1608-1687", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL"], "005": ["20091110124338.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)464654551"], "300": ["|3Original:|a94 leaves :|bpaper ; 218 x 150 (185 x 120) mm, bound to 224 x 157 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-57) and positive (Robbins MS 59)"]}, "RobbinsMS211": {"090": ["Robbins MS 211"], "001": ["ocn905556284"], "245 10": ["Question regarding dissolution of marriage between Francesco de Albergatis and Countess Teresa Orsi."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "505 8": ["Fol. 1r-36v: \"[text] Bononiensis matrimonii stantibus. Dubium an sit locus dissolutioni matrimonii in casus. Beatissime Pater. Celebratum fuit die 18 Februarii anni 1748 matrimonium in faciem ecclesiae inter nobiles marchionem Franciscum nunc senatorem de Albergatis...et comitissam Theresiam Orsi...propter quod locus etiam sit dissolutionis huius matrimonii, sancta beataque relicta libertate alias feliciores nuptias contrahendi ut denuo obsequentissime supplicamus quare (?) Jacobus Santagata.\""], "003": ["OCoLC"], "300": ["|3Original:|a36 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265 x 195 (240 x 140) mm bound to 275 x 200 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) & positive (Robbins MS 211)"], "008": ["150324q17501799it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, March 2015."], "100 1": ["Santagata, Giacomo|eauthor."], "546": ["In Latin."], "520": ["A question to the Roman curia (\"Beatissime Pater\"), brought by Giacomo Santagata, regarding dissolution of marriage between Francesco de Albergatis and Countess Teresa Orsi, who were married 18 February 1748."], "852": ["CU-L|dRBCAG|xCIN=jkn"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Philipps (his no. 5447)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 36 + 1; 1-6\u2076.", "Layout: Written in 20 long lines by one hand, leaving an ample (50 mm) right margin.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script.", "Binding: Marbled paper over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law, Robbins MS 211."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20150324042812.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)905556284"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200349Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS195": {"001": ["ocn908406266"], "245 10": ["Letter from Antonio Caetani to Scipione Borghese, 1613 September 22 ;|bDraft letter from Scipione Borghese to Bernardo Sandoval y Rojas."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The first two leaves are a letter from Antionio Caetani, Archbishop of Capua and papal nuncio to Madrid, to Cardinal Scipione Borghese. The letter concerns Jeronimo de Zeballo's work, Speculum aureum opinionum. The third leaf is a draft of a letter from Cardinal Scipione Borghese to Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, Archbishop of Toledo and Inquisitor General, thanking Sandoval for sending a list of prohibited books and also discussinb Zeballo's work. The fourth leaf is blank. Fol. 2v bears the seal of the Archbishop of Capua (paper seal attached with red wax)."], "300": ["4 leaves :|bpaper ;|c290 x 200 mm."], "008": ["150505q16131620sp            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez and Jennifer K. Nelson, March 8, 2012."], "100 1": ["Caetani, Antonio, 1566-1624."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["In Italian"], "099": ["Robbins MS 195"], "852": ["CU-L|dRare|xCIN=jkn"], "561": ["This letter was formerly in the collections of Frederick North, 5th Earl of Gilford, and of Sir Thomas Phillipps, his 6207."], "500": ["Ms. document.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Binding: Unbound leaves.", "Origin: The letter was written by Antonio Caetani in Madrid on 22 September 1613. It seems to be original because the verso of the second folio of the letter bears the recipient's address and Caetani's seal. The draft letter (fol. 3r-v) is an autograph of Borghese, and it concerns the same book of Zeballo, which was published in 1613.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law, Robbins MS 195"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "005": ["20150505021628.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)908406266"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm a2200313Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS65": {"001": ["ocn690936445"], "245 10": ["[Supplementum summae magistreutiae seu pisanellae]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "650  0": ["Christian ethics|xCatholic authors.", "Confessors|vHandbooks, manuals, etc."], "100 0": ["Nicholas,|cof Osimo,|d-1453"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1450 and 1499]"], "008": ["101209q14501499it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 65"], "246 0": ["Supplementum summae magistratiae seu pisanellae", "Supplementum summae pisanellae"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "546": ["In Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment; fol. iv (modern paper) + 301 + iv (modern paper); 1\u00b9\u2070 2\u00b9\u00b9 3-30\u00b9\u2070; catchwords at the end of each quire, decorated by four little crosses.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 41 lines; ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a gothica semitextualis script, below top line, possibly by three hands (1: fol. 1r-62v; 2: fol. 63r-v; 3: fol. 64r-301v).", "Decoration: 5-line intitial in blue with red and green infill on gold ground. Section heading initials in alternating red and blue throughout.", "Binding: Modern binding (was previously bound in a velvety leather on wooden boards with partial vellum covering on spine, three missing clasps, and front cover nearly detached). Old binding had a paper label affixed to back cover (probably a 16th or 17th-century library shelf mark) that read: \"Suplementum scriptum manu su...[legi non potest] 9ni 38. Coperta alba\"; title on old spine was \"Manoscritto in Pergamena.\" Formerly stored in a box of natural linen with brown leather spine and two clasps, with title on spine of box: \"Bartholomaeus Pisanus de Sancto Concordio. Pisanella seu Magistrutia. Manuscript. Italy 15thcentury.\" Full conservation report in manuscript file.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 65."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts and Jennifer K. Nelson, December 2010."], "005": ["20101209020755.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-299r: \"[text] Quoniam summa que magistreutia seu pisanelle ulgariter [sic] nuncupatur propter eius compendiositatem...Et hic zelus me fratrem Nicholaum d'Ausimo ordinis minorum indignum pro aliquali simpliciorum subsidio ad huius supplementi compilationem. Quod fauente domino nostro Yhesu Christo excepta tabla capitulorum et abbreviaturarum et rubricarum expletum est\" -- fol. 299r-301v: \"[tabula capitulorum] Abbas, Abatissa...Professio...Promissio, Prudentia.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)690936445"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=37;fullview=yes"], "300": ["|3Original:|a301 leaves :|bparchment ;|c225 x 160 (150 x 110) mm, bound to 239 x 163 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-58) and positive (Robbins MS 65)"]}, "RobbinsMS55": {"001": ["ocn503339616"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1675 and 1699]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The first text in this collection contains summary information of the assembly of archbishops and bishops of France held in Paris, with the authority of King Louis XIV, for the purpose of establishing the rights of the Gallican Church and their prelates against the encroachments of Pope Innocent XI. Bishop of Meaux, Jacques-B\u00e9nigne Bossuet , was present throughout the sittings of the assembly."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c18778."], "099": ["Robbins MS 55"], "245 00": ["[Collection of documents on the conflict between Innocent XI and the Gallican Church]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 18778); large number 8 written on base of spine; small circular sticker with the number 712 on upper spine."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in long lines.", "Script: Written in at least five hands.", "Bound in parchment over pasteboard. \"Misce. M.S.\" written on spine.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 55."], "035": ["(OCoLC)503339616"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church|zFrance."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-37r: \" \"Sommaria informatione dell'Assemblea Straordinaria de' Monsignori Archivescovi e Vescovi, tenuta nell'Arcivescovato di Parigi, ne' i mesi di Marzo, e di Maggio, 1681\" -- fol. 40r-42r: \"Atto di protesta del Reverendo Prete Cerles Vicario Generale della Chiesa di Pamiers contro l'Assemblea Generale del Clero intimata per il primo giorno d'ottobre prossimo\" -- fol. 44r-45r: Anonymous letters on the protest -- fol. 46r-49r: \"Atto di protesta del Reverendo Padre Cerle Vicario Generale della Diocesi di Pamies (sic) in sede vacante confermato dalla Sede Apostolica contro l'Assemblea Provinciale di Tolosa intimata alle [unclear] del prossimo Agosto, e contro l'Assemblea generale del Clero intimato il primo del prossimo Ottobre\" -- fol. 50r-207v: \"Ponderazioni sopra gli affari della Chiesa che devono essere proposti nella prossima Assemblea Generale del Clero di Francia dirette ad un Vescovo di quell'Assemblea. MDCLXXXI (1681).\""], "650  0": ["Gallicanism."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["100203q16751699it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Pamela Diaz and Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2010."], "546": ["Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100203045306.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a207 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265 x 205 mm bound to 275 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-53) and positive (Robbins MS 55)"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS272": {"001": ["06-B3689"], "245 10": ["[Mishneh Torah (ha-yad ha-hazaqah)]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1-105: Sefer Nezikin (Book of Torts), Book 11 of the Mishneh Torah (text starts in the middle of chapter 2, halacha 1; fol. 3 starts from chapter 5, halacha 3) ; fol. 106b-183: Sefer Kinyan (Book of Acquisitions), Book 12 of the Mishneh Torah ; fol. 184-330: Sefer Mishpatim (Book of Civil Laws) and Sefer Shoftim (Book of Judges), Books 13 and 14 of the Mishneh Torah."], "520": ["Compilation of three different, incomplete, late 15th and early 16th century Yemenite manuscripts of parts of books 11-14 of the Mishneh Torah by Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides). These manuscripts have been bound together, with missing parts supplied from leaves or quires from other Yemenite manuscripts (most also dating from the 15th to the 16th centuries, but some earlier or later, and some even filled in by 19th and 20th century hands). In the second part of the manuscript (Book of Acquisitions, fol. 106b-183), some text is missing, especially towards the end. A few folios are late completions (20th cent.) and some belong to another early Yemenite manuscript added to this volume to complete the text. The third part of the manuscript (Book of Civil Laws and Book of Judges, fol. 184-330) was incomplete, and although some text is still missing, much of the text was supplied by folios from an earlier, perhaps 14th cent., manuscript that were bound in wherever large sections of the text were missing. A few folios were supplied from another early Yemenite manuscript and some are 20th cent. completions. Some leaves damaged, torn or repaired throughout."], "300": ["330 leaves :|bpaper ;|c266 x 190 (195 x 125) mm bound to 273 x 122 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 272|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060803q14901950ye ||||||||||||00|||heb|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "581": ["Beit-Ari\u00e9, Malachi and Colette Sirat in Manuscrits m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux en caract\u00e8res h\u00e9bra\u00efques : portant des indications de date jusqu'\u00e0 1540 (Jerusalem-Paris), vol. I , no. 163."], "546": ["Hebrew."], "100 1": ["Maimonides, Moses,|d1135-1204."], "561": ["The manuscript from which the colophon of the second part was detached (Book of Acquisitions, fol. 106b-183) was copied in the town of Suda in Yemen for Yeter ha-Levi ben Kokhav ha-Levi. Manuscript once belonged to Rabbi Yihya Kapach (Kafich)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (glossy oriental, Yemenite), fol. 330 (fol. 184 counted twice).", "Script: Written in various large square Yemenite hands.", "Decoration: Some headings of sections and paragraphs outlined in red ink.", "Binding: Modern cloth and quarter-leather binding over pasteboard; modern flyleaf and pastedown both front and back.", "Origin: According to the colophon on fol. 105v the first part of the manuscript was copied by Khalaf ben Daoud (Chjalfon ben David) al-Tawili in the town of Tawil in 1820 Seleucid era (1508 or 1509). At the bottom of fol. 184r there is a short colophon with the date Tuesday 19 Ellul 1802 Seleucid era (1491); at the top of the same folio there is a faint colophon, now mostly written over, with the name of the scribe Shelomo (Solomon) ben David ben Maimon al-Tawili, dated Thursday 27 Ellul of the same year.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 272."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Saul Friedman and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["Yemen,|c[between 1490 and 1950]"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 272"]}, "RobbinsMS92": {"001": ["ocn660897998"], "260": ["England,|c[between 1625 and 1675]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "300": ["|3Original:|a253 leaves :|bpaper ;|c275 x 170 (195 x 105) mm bound to 285 x 175 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-75) and positive (Robbins MS 92)"], "008": ["100903q16251675enk           000 0 eng d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["A treatise of the high court of Starr Chamber :|bdivided into 3 parts, vizt, the first conteyninge vi consideracons concerninge the court it selfe, the judges, officers & ministers thereof ; the second conteyninge xvii consideracons concerninge the jurisdiction of the court and the causes which are there handled & properly determinable; the third and last conteyning xxvi considerations concerninge the course of the same court in what forme causes are proceeded in and there determined."], "099": ["Robbins MS 92"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Presented by S. P. Avery to the Grolier Club in New York City at an unspecified date (Grolier Club's no. 1946 is written in top left-hand corner of the verso of first flyleaf). S. P. Avery's bookplate (verso of front cover) bears a red stamp \"Withdrawn Grolier Club Library.\" Thereafter it was in the possession of one Alan G. Thomas."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. iiii (modern paper) + 253 (foliation skips title page and table of contents and begins at the prologue) + iiii (modern paper); gatherings difficult to discern due to tighness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 22-24 long lines; catchwords at the end of each page.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Brown leather, tooled, gilt decoration on the inside covers; front cover detached; raised bands on spine, five compartments. Title on spine in gilt letters reads \"Treatise of Starr Chamber.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 92."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2010."], "005": ["20100903043708.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. ir: Title page -- fol. iv-iiv: blank -- fol. iiir-vv: Table of contents -- fol. 1r-2v: Prologue \"[text] I cannot but with admiration reverence the grave judgment of the sages of the common lawe of England...for that no man heretofore hath ever taken any permit or regard to make observation of the same, more than for his owne private use or particular practise\" -- fol. 3r-54r: Book 1 \"[text] In this first part of this Treatise, concerning the Court of Starchamber (sic), I will content my selfe to handle among other things which might fittly be debated these fewe heads... I shall obteyne ad summam votorum meorum, pervenisse videbor. Finis partis primis\" -- fol. 54v: blank -- fol. 55r-135v: Book 2 \"[text] \"Being in the second part of this treatise to handle the jurisdiction of this great high Court...to the discretion of the grave and judicious moderator of this great and honorable presence. Libri Secundi Finis\" -- fol. 136rv: blank -- fol. 137r- 248v: Book 3 \"[text] Being in the last place, to intreat of the sourse of this high Court it is fit before I make particular relation...cum omnia breve in memoria et in nullo errare divinum sed potius quam humanum. Bracton (i.e. De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae) Fo. 1 Cap. 1. Finis\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)660897998"], "546": ["In English."], "610 10": ["England.|bCourt of Star Chamber."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS140": {"001": ["ocm84650673"], "260": ["[Barcelona?,|c1422]"], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "520": ["This manuscript contains some transcripts from a trial which took place in 1422 near Barcelona, in the church dedicated to the saints Iustus and Pastor. The manuscript is incomplete. Among the people cited in the transcripts, the legible names are: Petro Pujada, Bernardus Benjal, Guillelmus Cortinna, Franciscus Bugatelli."], "300": ["|3Original:|a192 leaves :|bpaper;|c225 x 150 (155 x 90) mm bound to 215 x 155 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-11) and positive (Robbins MS 140)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=82;fullview=yes"], "008": ["060818s1422    sp            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 140"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Processus cappellaniae Sancti Ivonis in ecclesia Sanctorum Iusti et Pastoris cuius patroni sunt magnifici domini nobilis Geronimus de Argensola et Iohannes Baptista Cassador et de Aguilar. In Curia Ecclesiastica Barcinonae."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the front cover.", "Collation: Paper (Watermarks: a \"clef\" which is a variant of Briquet 3852-3853; a \"mons\" close to Briquet 11851- 11851; a \"main\" very close to Briquet 10720), fol. ii + 192 + iv; 1\u00b2 2-11\u00b9\u00b2 12-14\u00b9\u2076 15\u2078 16\u2074. No catchwords and no contemporary foliation. Modern foliation in pencil, Arabic numerals in the upper margin.", "Layout: Written in up to 14 long lines; wide margins, wide spacing between the lines.", "Script: Written in a messy cursiva currens script, by one professional hand.", "Binding: Original binding in limp vellum.", "Origin: Written in Spain and possibly in Barcelona, between 1401 and 1422.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 140."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "505 0": ["Flyleaf ir: \"Inter Franciscus Bugatella et Iohanne de Lor et Iohanne Agele ...in Ecclesia Sancti Iusti...Ianer 1422. 39. Sancti Iusti num. 18.\"; fol. 1r-192v: \"Noverimus (?) universi quod die Iovis quintadecima mensis Ianuarii anno a nativitate Domini millesimo quadrigentesimo vicesimo secundo coram honorabili meo dompno Petro Pujada decretorum doctore, canonico et preposito ac librario...civitatis Barchinoniensis...[...]sualis in alodio de pubus (?) simul cum no[...] moraba[...]//.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)84650673"], "546": ["Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS57": {"001": ["ocn463657925"], "260": ["Italy,|c1701."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Report about the Roman Curia under Innocent XII, focusing on its history, structure, written for Clemente Vitelli, the ambassador to Rome from the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo III de Medici. Includes a letter, dated 1701, written by Orazio Delci (fol. 2r-3r) and biographies of about seventy cardinals starting on fol. 40r (list of all the cardinals is on fol. 38v-40r)."], "300": ["|3Original:|a296 leaves :|bpaper ;|c63 x 198 (200 x 140) mm bound to 271 x 206 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-55) and positive (Robbins MS 57)"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5104."], "008": ["091106s1701    it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 57"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2009."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Relazione della corte Romana /|ccomposta da un personaggio per servizio di sua eccellenza il sig[nore] marchese Clemente Vitelli ambasciatore straordinario al sommo pontefice Innocenzo XII ; per s[ua] a[ltezza] reale il gran duca di Toscana felicemente dominante."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 5104)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r)", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; title on spine reads \"Relazioni della Corte Romana\" (gilt letters on red background); also on spine: \"M.S. VII.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 57."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20091106040626.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-295v: Relatione della corte Romana -- fol. 2r-3r: \"Lettera del Conte Orazio Delci\" -- fol. 38v-40r: \"Lista di tutti li signori cardinali viventi, posti secondo il suo ordine\" -- fol. 40r-295v: [biographies of cardinals]."], "035": ["(OCoLC)463657925"], "546": ["Italian."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS258": {"001": ["06-B3810"], "245 10": ["Le sei decretali benedettine."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-2v: \"Benedictus dilecto filio magnifico Pompeio Aldrovandi...Rationi congruit et convenit honestati ut ea que de Romani Pontificii gratia...in aliquo approbare. Datum  Romae apud Sanctum Petrum anno Incarnationis dominice millesimo septuagentesimo vigesimo quarto pridie Nonas Iunii pontificatus nostri anno primo.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 3v-4r: \"Benedictus servus servorum Dei dilecto filio Paulo Mainardi presbitero cappuccino (?) in ecclesia Florentina salutem. Nobilius generi vite...contraire si quis autem incessum. Datum Romae apud S[anctam] M[ariam] M[aiorem] anno 1724 sexto Idus Octobris pontificatus nostri anno pimo.\"", "Fol. 4r: \"Benedictus d[ilecto] f[ilio] magnifico Carolo Cerro...canonico ecclesiae Florentinae et vicario...Ibidem dilecto filio Paulo Mainardi presbitero...in ecclesia Florentina...plenam et expressam ac de verbo ad verbum de indulto [...] mentione. Datum etc.\"", "Fol. 5r-6r: \"Benedictus dilecto filio vicario venerabilis patris...oppidi (?) Sennensis...Laudabilia dilecti filii Dantis Castiglione clerici Sennensis...mandavissemus provideri. Datum Romae apud Sanctum Petrum anno 1725 quarto Nonas Ianuarii pontificatus nostri anno secundo.\"", "Fol. 7r-7v: \"Benedictus dilecto filio Iohanni Antonio Ghio rectori preposito...prepositure loci Burgati Montis Orosii...Vite ac mortis nos inducunt ut tibi reddamus ad gratiam...infringere vel incessum. Datum Romae apud Sanctum Petrum anno 1726 duodecimo Kalendas Iunii pontificatus nostri anno secundo.\"", "Fol. 8r: \"Benedictus dilectis filiis magistro Laurentio Vannicelli...Hodie dilecto filio Iohanni Antonio Ghio rectori...per litteras apostolicas non facientes plenam et expressam ac de verbo ad verbum...Datum etc.\"", "Fol. 9r-10r: \"Benedictus dilecto filio Stefano Stronati canonico...Nobilitas generi vitae ac morts honestatis aliaque laudabilia probitatis...infringere vel incessum. Datum Romae apud Sanctum Petrum anno 1726 undecimo Kalendis Iunii pontificatus nostri anno tertio.\"", "Fol. 10r: \"Benedicts d[ilecto] f[ilio] magistro Laurentio Vannicelli...Hodie dilecto filio Stephanus Stronati canonico ecclesie...plenam et expressam de verbo ad verbum de indulto [...] mentionem. Datum etc. per il signor Fiorentini.\"", "Fol. 11r-12r: \"Benedictus dilecto filio Iacobo Galzeran Segner canonco oppidi de Cepara...Apostolice sedis circumspectu benignitas desideria iusta...infringere vel incessum. Datum Romae apud Sanctum Petrum anno 1726 sextodecimo Kalendas Iulii pontificatus nostri anno tertio.\"", "Fol. 12rv: \"Benedictus dilecto filio Iacobo Galzaran Segner canonico oppidi de Cepara...plenam et expressam ac de verbo ad verbum...Datum etc.\""], "520": ["This manuscript is a set with Robbins MS 259. Consisting of 6 unbound folia, it contains copies of letters issued by Pope Benedict XIII. At the end of each letter, there is the word: \"taxa\" followed by an Arabic numeral, possibly the price paid for having the letters either copied or sent. Among the recipients and the people mentioned in the letters are: Pompeo Aldrovandi, Paolo Mainardi, Carlo Cerro, Dante Castiglione, Giovanni Antonio Ghio, Lorenzo Vannicelli, Stefano Stronati and Iacopo Galzeran Segner. Most documents seem to be related with benefits given to members of the Italian clergy (Tuscany)."], "100 0": ["Benedict|bXIII,|cPope,|d1649-1730."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 258|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060810q17301750it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["12 leaves :|bpaper ;|c260 x 190 (220 x 140) mm bound to 265 x 195 mm."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the paper wrapper.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 12; 1-6\u00b2. No catchwords and no contemporary foliation. Watermarks: a 6-pointed star enclosed in a crowned circle.", "Layout: Written in up to 36 lines. Not ruled.", "Script: Written in a secretary cursive script by at least two hands, in brown ink.", "Binding: Bound with a paper wrapper, which reads: \"Le sei Decretali benedettine inedite rarissime vanno unite alle Decretali innocenziane e clementine. N[umero?] terzo.\", written in a 18th century cursive script, brown ink.", "Origin: Written in Italy, between 1730 and 1750.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 258."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 258"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1730 and 1750]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS192": {"001": ["ocn774702343"], "245 10": ["Felinis de Sandeis In repeticione c[?] ecc[les]ia s[an]cte Marie De constitucionibus In tercia collumna"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "650  0": ["Canon law."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=95;fullview=yes"], "008": ["120201q14901500au            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 192"], "035": ["(OCoLC)774702343"], "100 1": ["Sandeo, Felino Maria,|d1444-1503."], "546": ["Latin."], "520": ["This repetitio concerns the rights of clerics to enjoy the patrimonium of their religious foundation. It specifically mentions the church of St. Mary. This could refer to the cathedral in Pisa, where Sandeo taught canon law, which is dedicated to St. Mary of the Assumption. It could also refer to a church in the diocese of Penne and Atri, of which he became bishop in 1495, or Lucca, of which he became bishop in 1499."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "500": ["Title from fol. 1r.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 4 (Watermark on folio 2 is similar to Briquet Monts 11808 (Innsbruck, 1490-1501; Nuremberg, 1491-1500; Linz, 1492-93; Hochst\u00e4dt, 1500) and 11811 (Ratisbonne, 1497-98; Hallstadt, 1500-01), but the cross cut out of its three points (like a Maltese cross); single bifolium.", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines.", "Script: Writen in a cursive script by one hand.", "Decoration: Small pen and ink drawing of tree or flower in left margin of 2r.", "Binding: Unbound.  Wear marks on 1v and 2r suggest it was folded in quarters lengthwise (accordion folds) and stored that way for some time.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 192."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez and Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2012."], "005": ["20120201111900.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "260": ["[Austria,|cbetween 1490 and 1500]"], "300": ["|3Original:|a1 bifolium :|bpaper ;|c330 x 223 (250 x 160) mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS)"]}, "RobbinsMS88": {"001": ["06-B4439"], "245 10": ["Questiones de consilio evangelice paupertatis."], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-9v: [Religious vocabulary, letters A to C]"], "505 8": ["Fol. 10r-v: [Religious vocabulary, letter A]", "Fol. 11r-178r: \"[Religious vocabulary, letters A to N] Abba hebraicum...Nutus, vide supram...\"; fol. 178v-180v blank.", "Fol. 181r- 190v: \"[Religious vocabulary] Formantur...Christianus...chrisma venit, unde versus.\"", "Fol. 191r-260r: \"[Petrus Iohannis Olivi, Questiones XVII de perfectione evangelica] [rubr.] In nomine Domini Iesu Christi. Incipiunt questiones de consilio evangelice paupertatis. [text] Primo queritur an status altissime pauperitatis sit simpliciter melior omni statu divitiarum...ego illud abhorrere et pro viribus exterminare.\"", "Fol. 262r-v: \"[A prayer to the Virgin Mary] Has videas laudes qui Sacra Virgine gaudes...quero.\"", "Fol. 263r-318r: \"[Issac, Bishop of Nineveh, Liber de contemptu mundi] Anima que Deum diligit in solo Deo quietem habet...potest utique cogitaciones refrenare potenter quia cogitaciones in fatigacionibus cessant, amen.[rubr] O tu qui legis pro me rogare digneris.\"", "Fol. 319r-v: \"[Notes based on Seneca] Magnus honor est servo si eodem cibo...sunt fervenda.\"", "Fol. 320r-323v: \"Ut sciant episcopi...non tenetur de violentia.\"", "Fol. 324r-336r: \"[S. Bonaventura, Legenda minor Sancti Francisci. Fragmenta] [rubr.] Incipit minor vita beati Francisci et primo de conversione ipsius. Lectio prima. [text] Apparuit gratia Dei Salvatoris nostris diebus...beatus pater ex hac vita migravit. [rubr.] Explicit vita beatus Franciscus Deo gratia.\"", "Fol. 336r-338v: \"[S. Bonaventura, Legenda Sancti Francisci. Fragmenta] [rubr.] In festo traslationis lectio prima. [text] Francisscus igitur servus et amicus Altissicimis (sic)...ad omnem fidei firmitatem per miracula divine potentie comprobaretur e celo. Deo gratias.\"", "Fol. 339-vr: \"[Sermon] Erunt signa in sol et luna et stellis (Lc 21, 25). Tangit Salvator gratiam in isto evangelio...in animalibus ebreorum require in legendis.\"", "Fol. 339v-342v: \"[Sermon] Et tunc videbunt filium (Mc 13, 27). Hic tangit s[...] iudicii apparitionem...transitum [...] Dominus Iesus.\"", "Fol. 342v-346r: \"[Sermon] Cum audisset Iohannes (Mt 11, 2). In presenti evangelio...in adventus filii eius, amen.\"", "Fol. 346v: \"[Tabula questionum] Primo utrum Dominum posset facere materiam sine forma...distinguatur.\"", "Fol. 347r-358v: \"[Miscellanea franciscana] Et ministri Minorum ordinum prefatorum...priores predicatorum.\"", "Fol. 359r-v: \"[Propositiones de scientia] Partes sciencie dicemus quattuor esse...logica de conventione loquelae.\"", "Fol. 360r-367v: \"[Marian poetry and devotional prose] Gaude Virgo gloriosa verbum verbo...eterna retribuiret in secula seculorum, amen amen amen. Vergentem mundi...sit pro tanto pontifice.\"", "Fol. 368r-375v: \"[Devotional poetry] Al nome de Dio...tucte le cose che sono bene a fare...lomo che di perfecta karitate...\"", "Fol. 376r: \"[Schemata sermonum] Claritatem manifestativam, brevitatem informativam...quod verba in sacra scriptura.\"", "Fol. 382r-397v: \"[Sermons: on the apostles, on the Holy Cross, on the dead]", "Fol. 398v-410r: \"[rubr.] Florilegium de contemptu mundi videlicet honoris diviciarum et voluptatum, seu Flos florum. [text] Amor meus dulcissime Iesu Christe...potuit se excusare.\"", "Fol. 410v: [Diagram which shows the stages that lead to mystical ecstasy: items from \"Gloria\" to \"Ignis\"]"], "520": ["This is a composite ms. codex. Two different sets of foliation, both recent and probably contemporary with the modern binding. Fol. 27, 53, 56-58, 78-79, 179-180, 355, 377-381, and 390 blank. Additional leaves of a smaller size are tucked in as follows: fol. 65A (between fol. 64 and fol. 65); fol. 67A (between fol. 66 and fol. 67); fol. 84A (between fol. 83 and fol. 84); fol. 161bis (also numbered as fol. 162A; between fol. 161 and fol. 162); and fol. 175A (between fol. 174 and fol. 175). What were once fol. 93, 100, 148, 182, 397, and 411, respectively, were torn out; their inner edges are still visible. Fol. 351, 352, 362, and 375 have completely disappeared. Other folios are missing as well: a careful perusal of the preserved text of Saint Bonaventure's Legenda minor Sancti Francisci shows that the chapter \"De stigmatibus sacris,\" starting on fol. 335r, is incomplete: it only contains lectiones I-IV and a fragment from the beginning of Lectio V, not continued on fol. 336r, which begins instead with the last part of Lectio II from the final chapter \"De transitu mortis.\" The manuscript as bound now is a florilegium comprised mostly of excerpts of Franciscan lore, copied by several different scribes at different times and, probably, at different locations. The folios now numbered 1 and 412 were perhaps the original flyleaves, part of the same manuscript written in Gothic bookhand, 13th century, containing the \"Homiliae in Evangelia\" of Gregory the Great; the text on fol. 1r can be identified as a fragment from St. Augustine's \"In Iohannis evangelium tractatus\" while the fragment on fol. 1v comes from St. Gregory the Great's \"Homiliarum5spectively.) On fol. 261v is mentioned a friar from Ortona, Italy: \"Frater Angelus de Ortona\", and two friars named Iacobus and Bartholinus, all of them involved in a loan related to this manuscript."], "710 2": ["San Bartolomeo (Monastery : Foligno, Italy).|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "100 0": ["Olivi, Pierre Jean,|d1248 or 1249-1298."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 88|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Isaac,|cBishop of Nineveh,|dactive 7th century.", "Defensor,|d7th cent.", "Bonaventura,|cda Bagnorea, saint,|d1217-1274."], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1380 and 1450]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|acollationes vocant"], "546": ["Latin, Italian."], "008": ["060912q13801460it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a410 leaves :|bparchment and paper ;|c147 x 115 (100 85) mm bound to 160 x 120 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-71) and positive (Robbins MS 88)"], "561": ["At one time the manuscript belonged in the Franciscan monastery of San Bartolomeo in Foligno (inscription in black ink on back cover: \"Questiones...Sancti Bartholomei...prope Fulginum\"). On the front flyleaf, written in brown ink by a 18th century hand, there are the former shelfmarks: \"AI.II.7\" and \"MS 78\"; written in pencil, 20th century, there is the call number: \"A-9-4- 78.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the opening rubric, fol. 191r.", "Collation: Paper, and parchment (fol. 245-261 and 324-338), fol. iii (modern paper) + iv (parchment) + 410 + i (parchment) + Iii-iv (modern paper); Catchwords in the middle of the lower margins. Quire signatures in the right corner of the lower margins, on recto: a lower-case letter and a Roman numeral. The collation is impossible to discern due to the tightness of the new binding.", "Layout: Fol. 3r-178v, written in two columns, 40 lines for each column; fol. 191r-244v, written in 28 long lines; fol. 245r- 260r, written in two columns, 36 lines for each column; fol. 262r-319v, written in 21 long lines; fol. 320r-323v, written in 37 long lines; fol. 324r-338v, written in two columns, 32 lines for each column. Ruled in lead, ink and dry point.", "Script: written in textualis libraria script, at various levels of quality regarding the execution. Some parts are written in cursiva libraria script.", "Decoration: Red initials and red paragraph signs.", "Binding: Bound in brown leather over wooden boards, partly restored. One metal clasp with engraved plate representing the Lamb of God.", "Origin: Written in Italy, possibly between the end of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 88."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=55;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 88"]}, "RobbinsMS284": {"090": ["Robbins MS 284"], "001": ["ocn133004208"], "260": ["[London],|c1943."], "040": ["BOL|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Handwritten copy by one P.G. Ward of the printed copy published in London by John Hodges, Bedford Street, Strand, 1896. Library has only volume 2,  parts xxi and xxii (pp. 209-272) of the printed book. For v. 1 and the rest of v. 2, see call number: BQV190 R38"], "650  0": ["Canon law|vHandbooks, manuals, etc."], "740 0": ["Short manuals of canon law."], "245 12": ["A complete manual of canon law /|cby Oswald J. Reichel."], "008": ["850118s1943    enk      b    000 | eng d"], "079": ["ocm00869655"], "505 1": ["v. 1. The sacraments -- v. 2. Church discipline."], "100 1": ["Reichel, Oswald J.|q(Oswald Joseph),|d1840-1923."], "300": ["v. ;|c24 cm."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 284.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), BQV190 .R38."], "852": ["Pts. 21-22 only", "CU-L|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 284|t1|xCIN=brb"], "035": ["(OCoLC)133004208", "(CaOTULAS)133704508", "(CStRLIN)CUBL85-B446"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS104": {"001": ["06-B4095"], "245 10": ["Liber sextus Decretalium."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-113r: \"[rubr.] Incipit Liber sextus Decretalium domini Bonifaci pape octavi. [text] Bonifacius episcopus servus servorum Dei dilectis filiis doctoribus et scolaribus universis Tholose commorantibus...et in tuis expensis cotidie vel continue domestici commensales, etiam si ex illis aliquos aliquando pro tuis gerendis negociis abesse continguat. Bonifacius VIII.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 113r-115r: \"[rubr.] De regulis iuris rubrica. [text] Beneficium ecclesiasticum non potest licite sine institutione canonica optineri...Certum est quod is committit in legem qui legis verba complectens contra legis nititur voluntatem. [rubr.] Finito librus sit laus et gloria Christo. Dextram scribentis uirtus regat ominpotentis.\""], "520": ["This is a very preciously illuminated copy of the Liber sextus Decretalium. It has no extensive gloss, but has many marginal additions copied in a cursiva libraria script by a later hand (late 14th century?). Unlikely many other witnesses of the Liber sextus whose format is big, the small format of this manuscript suggests that this manuscript was intended to be a sort of quick reference book, very easy to handle, to carry and to study."], "510 4": ["Liber sextus decretalium D. Bonifacii Papae VIII suae integritati una cum Clementinis et Extrauagantibus, earumque glossis restitutus cum priuilegio Gregorii XIII. Pont. Max. et aliorum principum (Romae : In Aedibus Populi Romani, 1584)"], "100 0": ["Boniface|bVIII,|cPope,|dd. 1303."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 104|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[France?,|cbetween 1300 and 1325]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |asanctus eternaliter"], "546": ["Latin."], "008": ["060824q13001325fr ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a115 leaves: |bparchment; |c180 x 120 (120 x 185) mm bound to 190 x 125 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-79) and positive (Robbins MS 104)"], "561": ["Old shelfmark in the upper corner of fol. iiir: \"13501.\" In the earlier part of the 19th century the manuscript was owned by Fletcher Raincock (his initials and a date on fol. iiiv: \"FR 1829\"). Later in that century the manuscript was in the library of Henry Harris (his bookplate on front pastedown, dated 27 June 1872: in a scroll his motto reads: \"Ubique patriam reminisci\", and the coat of arms shows three hedgehogs, a bird and a dragon); other 19th-century owners were the antiquarian Edward Hailstone (1810-1890; his round bookplate stamped in gold on cream-colored leather on back pastedown; the name is spelled \"Hailctone\") and John M. Gray (his bookplate on fol. ir, dated 1880; and, on the same folio, a note initialed by him: \"See also the Hailstone bookplate on the final board JMG.\" John M. Gray bookplate shows a monk sitting at his desk, holding a hourglass in his right hand and a book in his left hand. In the background the sun is rising, and a snake with a human face is crawling up an apple tree. A human skeleton and a globe are under the monk's desk. On the upper left corner there is a coat of arms with a rampant lion and seven Greek crosses.) A 19th-century handwritten note, in pencil, fol. iiir: \"MS Sixth book of Decretals of Pope Boniface VIII,\" overwritten with notes in ink, in the same hand: \"Decretals of Pope Boniface VIII Book sixth\" and \"See 8 Vol. Sismondi's Hist. Fr. page 316 as to the Bull 'Clericis laicos' directed against Edward I and Philip IV and celebrated for its violence;\" the reference here is probably to Histoire des Fran\u00e7ais (Paris, Strasbourg, and London: [n.p.], 1821-1844), 31 vols., by Jean-Charles- L\u00e9onard Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842). On fol. iiv: \"Bibliot. Spenc. 3 Vol. &,\" in a nineteenth-century hand, in pencil; this reference is probably to one of the editions of the Bibliotheca Spenceriana; or A Descriptive Catalogue of the Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century, and of Many Valuable First Editions, in the Library of George John Earl Spencer, K.G., by Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1776-1847)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. iii (modern paper) + 115 + iii (modern paper); 1-9\u00b9\u00b2 10\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u2075. Horizontal catchwords enclosed in a scroll, in the middle of the bottom margins. No contemporary foliation. Running titles in the upper margin. Signature marks in the right corner of the bottom margins (a lower case letter and a Roman numeral.)", "Layout: Written in two columns, 29 lines for each column, below top line. Ruled in ink. Wide margins.", "Script: Written in textualis libraria script, apparently by one hand.", "Decoration: Initials marking beginnings of sections are either historiated (fol. 1r: the pope and other church officials conferring; nearly effaced) or decorated with fantastic or grotesque animals and birds (fol. 36r, a stork and a duck; 50v, a stork and a dag with wings; 83r, a hare hunting) or gargoyles (fol. 84v). Paragraph signs and line fillers in red and blue. Many illuminated initals on 2, 3 or 4 lines throughout the text. Many 2-line red and violet, or blue and red pen flourishing initials, and many alternating blue and red simple initials. Red rubrics, and alternating red and blue paragraph signs.", "Binding: Bound with nineteenth-century red leather with gilt border; paper pastedowns and flyleaves; front cover now detached. Four raised bands on spine, stamped with gilt floral decorations; five compartments, three of which are stamped with floral decorations. Title on spine, in gilt letters: \"Bonifacii VIII. Decretalium. MSS Vellum.\"", "Origin: Written and decorated in possibly in Northern France during the first quarter of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 104."], "700 1": ["Hailstone, Edward,|d1818-1890.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Raincock, Fletcher.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Gray, John M..|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 104"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=65;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS116": {"001": ["ocm83686189"], "260": ["Romae :|bEx Typographia Reverendae Camerae Apostolicae, |c1731."], "040": ["CUY|cCUY"], "043": ["e-it---|ae-fr---"], "710 2": ["Catholic Church.|bPope (1700-1721 : Clement XI)"], "650  0": ["Privileges and immunities, Ecclesiastical|zFrance|zSavoy.", "Privileges and immunities, Ecclesiastical|zItaly|zSavoy."], "008": ["940913s1731    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 116"], "041 0": ["latita"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Brevia, declarationes, decreta, monitoria, & mandata S.M. Clementis XI. super immunitate ecclesiastica :|b[et] materijs feudalibus Pedemontis, disposita iuxta oridinem bullarij eiusdem Summi Pontificis edit, Romae 1723 : et insuper praeceptun Eminentissimi ... S. Clementis S.R.E. Camerarij emanat. de 23. Decembris 1730. vigore chirographi SS.D.N. Papae Clementis XII. signat. sub die 20. mensis [et] anni praedicti."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "651  0": ["Savoy (France and Italy)|xChurch history|xSources.", "Piedmont (Italy)|xChurch history|xSources."], "500": ["Latin (chiefly) and Italian.", "Woodcut initials.", "Signatures: a\u2074 A-H\u2078 I\u00b9\u2070 K\u00b9\u00b2."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080130061745.0"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000La 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)83686189"], "300": ["[8], 167, [1] p. ;|c30 cm."]}, "RobbinsMS277": {"001": ["06-B3800"], "245 10": ["[Summa de casibus penitentiae]"], "520": ["Two quires from the most important practical textbook of penance in the 13th century, compiled in the 1220s by the Spanish Dominican Raymond of Pe\u00f1afort. It opens with the prologue followed by chapter headings for book I and the beginning of book I. This manuscript is very neat and has very few marginal notes, which means that it was not used as a textbook or a working copy."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "100 0": ["Raymond,|cof Pe\u00f1afort, Saint,|d1175?-1275."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 277|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[Paris?,|cbetween 1250 and 1275]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Summula circa iudicium animarum"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|acasus est pro operibus"], "546": ["Latin."], "008": ["060809q12501275fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["20 leaves ;|bparchment ;|c180 x 130 (120 x 80) mm bound to 190 x 135 mm."], "561": ["The manuscript has a piece of a French newspaper and a piece of a French manuscript (18th century?) inside the spine, which could mean that it was in the possession of a French family or institution: in addition, on the front cover is visible the rectangular sticker left by a bookplate. On the back flyleaf 1v, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"? 39\". On the back flyleaf iir, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"38 MN 3\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from printed edition; added title from fol. 1r, written by an early 15th century hand.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern marbled paper) + 20 + i (modern paper) + ii (modern marbled paper); 1\u00b9\u00b2 2\u2078. No catchwords and no contemporary foliation. Modern pagination in pencil, only on rectos, by a 20th century hand.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns, 40 lines for each column. Ruled in lead with double vertical bounding lines. Prickings in the outer and bottom margins.", "Script: Written in textualis libraria gothic script by two hands: first hand, pp. 1-27; second hand, pp. 28-40. Below top line.", "Decoration: P. 1, two red and blue 5-lines pen-flourishing initials. Many red and blue penworked initials, mostly on 2 lines, sometimes on 3. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks throughout the text. Red rubrics.", "Binding: Brown leather over pasteboard, 19th century. The front and back cover are blind tooled with symmetrical floral patterns, and have gilt borders. The spine is gilt tooled with six flowers and the word: \"Proces\" in capital letters. Blue, red and white marbled paper used as flyleaves.", "Origin: Written in France and possibly in Paris, between 1250 and 1275.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 277."], "505 0": ["Pp. 1-40: \"[prologue] Quoniam ut ait Ieronymus secunda tabula post naufragium...corrigas et emendes. [text] Quoniam inter crimina ecclesiastica symoniaca...pervenit enim et cetera sicut//.\""], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 277"]}, "RobbinsMS234": {"001": ["06-B3621"], "245 10": ["[Letter from Ferrante Gonzaga promising money to the army of Milan]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-8r: \"[text] In nomine Domini anno a nativitate eiusdem millesimo quingentesimo quinquagesimo tertio indicationes duodecima die decimo octavo mensis octobris Illustrissimus et eximius Dominus Dominus Don Fernandus a Gonzagha princeps Malphiti...Carolus Quintus divina favente clementia Romanorum Imperator Augustus...Recognoscimus et notum facimus tenore presentium universis quod cum pro communi bono status Mediolani proque conservatione ac defenssione eiusdem ac totius Italie quiete et tranquilitate cupiam providere ne exercitus noster quem in Italia habemus et hactenus gravibus impensis aluimus ex necessitate rei pecuniarie laboret...Ego Alexander Confanonerius filius quondam Domini Iohanni Ambrosii porte orientalis parochie Sancti Pauli Mediolani publicus Imperiali et Apostolica auctoritatibus ac Cesarie camere Illustrissimi Domini Mediolani notarius suprascriptum instrumentum sic pervolutum (?) tradidi et subscripsi\" ; fol. 8v: ruled but blank."], "520": ["Letter, dated the Wednesday, October 18th, 1553, from Ferrante (Ferdinandus) Gonzaga of Mantova, stating that he is authorized by Charles V to provide to pay the army of Milan."], "710 2": ["Casa de Subhastes de Barcelona.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "300": ["8 leaves :|bparchment ;|c237 x 162 (187 x 112) mm bound to 240 x 165 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 234|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Charles|bV,|cHoly Roman Emperor,|d1500-1558."], "008": ["060728s1553    it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson and Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "100 1": ["Gonzaga, Ferrante,|d1507-1557."], "561": ["The manuscript was a gift of the Case de Subhastes de Barcelona."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 8 + i (modern paper); 1\u2078.", "Layout: Written in 36 long lines; ruled in ink with double vertical bounding lines.", "Script: Written by one hand in a neat humanistic-style script with cursive elements.", "Decoration: First letter of opening word \"In\" has a long, 7-line descender with pen flourishings. The notary's initials, \"AC,\" written in letters 3-lines high with a cross in the middle. All decorative elements are in the same brown ink as the rest of the text.", "Binding: Blind-tooled, 16th century leather binding, likely original. Binding is very worn.", "Origin: Many of the witnesses of this document are from Asti. The document was notarized in Milan.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 234."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 234"], "260": ["Milan?,|c1553."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS83": {"001": ["ocn244846723"], "245 10": ["[Margarita decreti seu tabula Martiniana]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "650 00": ["Canon law|vIndexes."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "100 0": ["Martinus,|cPolonus,|dd. 1279."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=52;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080903q13001399enk           000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 83"], "035": ["(OCoLC)244846723"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Latin."], "520": ["Fragment contains one quire (six folios) of the Margarita decreti seu tabula Martiana of Martinus Polonus. The text contained in this quire begins with the preface (Inc.: \"Inter alia que ad fidelium christi doctrina scripta sunt...\") and continues with several titles under the letter \"a\" from \"Aaron\" to the first part of \"Appellacio\"."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. fragment.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, one quire of six leaves.", "Layout: Written in 41 long lines.", "Script: Written in an anglicana script by one hand.", "Decoration: Each head word is indicated with a red, two- line initial.", "Binding: 1 unbound quire.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 83."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "005": ["20080903012038.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-6v: \"[text] Inter alia que ad fidelium Christi doctrina scripta sunt...Q[uod] post secundam appellationem tertio appellans super eadem causa non auditur .ii.q.vi. si autem fuerit .c. siquis inquacumque...\""], "260": ["England,|c[14th cent.]"], "300": ["|3Original:|a6 leaves :|bparchment ;|c237 x 165 (201 x 137) mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-66) and positive (Robbins MS 83)"]}, "RobbinsMS66": {"001": ["ocn192009395"], "245 10": ["[Liber] fundationis ordinis B[ea]te Marie de Mercede redemptionis captivorum."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Text about the foundation of the order of the Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede redemptoris captivorum (Our Lady of Mercy of the Redemption of the Captives), a royal and military order established in 1218 by St. Peter Nolasco in Barcelona, Spain, for the redemption of Christian captives. Contains the history of the order (\"speculum ordinis\") and its \"constitutiones.\" This manuscript also contains the Regula beati Augustini and the Expositio in Regulam beati Augustini by Hugh of St. Victor."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c6559."], "260": ["Barcelona, Spain,|cbetween 1445 and 1499."], "099": ["Robbins MS 66"], "246 0": ["Speculum fratrum ordinis Sanctae Mariae de Mercede"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "581": ["James William Brodman, Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain:  The Order of Merced on Christian-Islamic Frontier (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986), 146 n. 2 (for another manuscript including the Speculum, now in Arxiu de la Corona d'Arag\u00f3) and 179 Appendix B, n. 1."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["The manuscript remained at the convent of the Order of Merced until at least 1699 and possibly later (see note on fol. ir). Fol. 133v and 134v include the professions of Didacus de Lebrixa (1 March 1529), Andreas de Torquemada (5 May, no year specified), and Johannes de Vaena[?]  (15 October 1513). Sometime in the sixteenth century the book belonged to Friar Ildefonso de Roxas (note in his hand on fol. 133r, followed by a red wax seal on the verso of that folio). On fol. i rv, notes in Spanish regarding the history of the manuscript in two different hands; the latter includes a date of 1699.  Marginal corrections in a late seventeenth-century hand (note on fol. ir: \"Y lo copi\u00f2 fr. Franc. De Alchacoa a\u00f1o 1699. Corrigendo con respeto loq. Se ha descubierto digno de Correccion.\" To this a different hand has responded: \"Nada deiba corregir pues los originales se deben conservar como estan, y se notan los yerros en la copia.\" At one time the manuscript was part of the collection assembled by Sir Thomas Phillips, his no. 3071."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric to the \"prohemium,\" fol. 1r. Additional titles from spine and from an added note on front pastedown; and from the opening rubric to the main text, fol. 6r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i + 134 + ii; 1-3\u00b9\u2070 4\u2074 5-14\u00b9\u2070; catchwords a the end of each quire.", "Layout: Written in 29 long lines, ruled in lead; prickings visible, often cropped.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script by one hand. Marginal corrections in a late seventeenth-century hand.", "Decoration: 8-line initials in red and blue with line fillers in other color on fols. 1r, 6r, 11v, 21r, 28v, 35r, 62v, 100r, and 105v. 2-line initials in red and blue with line fillers in other color denoting section headings throughout. Red paragraph marks and red \"lectio\" instruction throughout.", "Binding: Brown leather over wooden boards, bearing stamps and fillets; the two original fore edge clasps are lacking. Title on spine: \"Statuta redemptionis captivorum de Barchinone.\"", "Origin: Originally produced at the Barcelona convent of the Order of Merced after 1445, as the first article is a copy of a mid-fifteenth century chronicle of the order by Nadar Gaver, then Master of the Order.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 66."], "600 00": ["Augustine,|cSaint, Bishop of Hippo.|tRegula."], "300": ["|3Original:|a134 leaves :|bparchment ;|c237 x 172 (165 x 115) mm. bound to 249 x 180 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 82-131) and positive (Robbins MS 66)"], "610 20": ["Mercedarians."], "505 8": ["Fol. 100r-105r: \"[rubr] Incipit regula beati Augustini [text] Ante omnia fratres karissimi diligatur Deus...Caveat de futuro ut sibi debitum diminuatur et in tentationem non deducatur.  Amen. [text] Expliciunt regule beate Augustini Deo gratias.", "Fol. 105v-132v: \"[rubr] Incipit expositio regule beati Augustini [text] Hec precepta que subscripta sunt ideo regula appellantur...et quanto exterior pulchritudo diligitur tanto interior minus amatur.\""], "650 00": ["Monasticism and religious orders|vRules.", "Monastic and religious life."], "246 04": ["Statuta redemptionis captivorum de Barchinone"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=38;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Hugh,|cof Saint-Victor,|d1096?-1141."], "008": ["080213q14451499sp            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea, and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2008."], "546": ["Latin and Spanish."], "100 1": ["Gaver, Nadal."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080213061521.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-33r: Speculum fratrum ordinis Sanctae Mariae de Mercede; fol. 1r-6r: \"[rubr] Prohemium libri fundationis ordinis Beate Marie de Mercede redemptoris captivorum; [text] Frater Nathalis in artibus et in theologia professor...Et vale in Christo Ihesu domino nostro pro me orando\"; fol. 6r-33r: \"[rubr] In Christi nomine amen. Incipit speculum fratrum ordinis beatissime dei genitricis Marie de Mercede redemptoris captivorum...[text] Creatorum (sic) rerum insinuans scriptura Deum esse creatorem...et confirmata per reverendum magistrum generalem vicesima octava eiusdem mensis, si licet die apostolourm Simonis et inde anno predicto in eodem mense\" ; fol. 33r-34r: ruled but blank (except for a few non-contemporary pen trials, perhaps by a later owner) ; fol. 35r-100r: \"[rubr] In nomine domini nostri Ihesu Christi...[text] Incipiunt constitutiones fratrum ordinis sancte Marie de Mercede redemptoris captivorum. Quoniam ex precepto regule iubemur habere cor unum...in cuius rei testimonium sigillum nostrum presentibus duximus apponendum datum in nostro conventu, etc.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)192009395"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS274": {"001": ["06-B3557"], "260": ["[Southern France,|cbetween 1280 and 1300]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-27v: \"[text] // item potest fieri semper idest tam diebus...remanet enim ligatus pro aliis//.\""], "520": ["Four quires from Summa de casibus poenitentiae by Raymond of Pe\u00f1afort."], "100 0": ["Raymond, |c of Pe\u00f1afort, Saint, |d 1175?-1275"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 274|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060727q12801300fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["Commentary on Canon law"], "245 00": ["Summa de casibus poenitentiae :|k manuscript fragment."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["27 leaves :|bparchment ;|c190 x 135 (120 x 90) mm bound to 200 x 145 mm."], "561": ["On inside front cover, written in pencil by a 20th century hand, there is the number \"519\", possibly a former shelfmark."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from spine.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (modern paper) + 27 + ii (modern paper) ; 1\u2074 (fol. 4 is missing) 2-4\u2078. No catchwords and no contemporary foliation.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 36 lines, below top line. Running titles that spell out \"L[iber] III\" on the upper margins, in red and blue ink. Wide margins, but no marginal notes and no glosses.", "Script: Written in textualis libraria script, by one hand, in the late 13th century.", "Decoration: Red and blue pen flourishing initials on two lines troughout the text. Red and blue paragraphs marks and red rubrics.", "Binding: Parchment over pasteboard, 17th or 18th century. The spine reads: \"Iuris Canonici frag. MSS.\"", "Origin: Written in Southern France, at the very end of the 13th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 274."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 274"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS162": {"001": ["06-B4331"], "245 10": ["Apologia della verit\u00e0 conculata ovvero confutazione di alcuni opusculi anonimi, che con vani sforzi tentano allucinare i spiriti deboli in materia di religione ; |b[Papal Bull of Pius VII, 1809 ; Collection of prophetic texts]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-88v: \"Apologia della verit\u00e0 conculata ovvero confutazione di alcuni opusculi anonimi, che con vani sforzi tentano allucinare i spiriti deboli in materia di religione\" ; fol. 2r: \"Annotazioni necessarie ad instruzione di chi legger\u00e0\" ; fol. 2v: blank ; fol. 3r-4r: \"[preface] Sventura pi\u00f9 perigliosa non potea accadere alla religione Cattolica di quella da Lei sofferta in questi ultimi tempi...Conchiudigli dunque col Magno Leone: Quisquis huic Sedi Principatum existimat denegandum, illius quidem nullo modo potest minuere dignitatem sed inflatus spiritu superbie sue, seipsum in inferna demergit\" ; fol. 5r-83v: \"[text] Notizie relative alle quattro propozizione del Clero Gallicano. E' fuor d'ogni dubbio, che la Chiesa Gallicana fino al XVII secolo \u00e8 stata sempre attaccata alla Santa Sede...e del dovuto rispetto dai figli ai padri (?) e dai sudditi agli unti del Signore\" ; fol. 84r-85v: blank ; fol. 86r-88v: Index ; fol. 90r-121r: \"Della doppia sovranit\u00e0 Pontificia, e delle vicende prospere o avverse alla Santa Romana Sede (parte seconda)\" ; fol. 90r-94v: \"[preface] Sventura pi\u00f9 perigliosa non potea accadere alla religione Cattolica di quella da Lei sofferta in questi ultimi tempi...che fu posta per ferma base in persona di Pietro: Tu es Petrus, et super hanc Petram edificabo ecclesiam meam\" ; fol. 95r- 121r: \"[text] Della doppia sovranit\u00e0 Pontificia ed in primo luogo della potest\u00e0 spirituale del sommo Pontefice...Volendo il divin Redentore stabilire l'ordine da tenersi nel governo...e questi poteano perci\u00f2 creare gli Arcivescovi, dai quali venivano creati gli vescovi\" ; fol. 121v-122v: blank ; fol. 123r-164r: \"Parte terza. Si tratta delle vertenze tra il sommo Pontefice Pio VII e Napoleone Imperatore de Francesi...incominciando dalli 2 febraio 1808 e di lui ritorno in Roma nel maggio 1814\" ; fol. 164v: blank ; fol. 165r-169v: \"[Papal Bull: text] Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Quum memoranda illa die secunda februarii...Datur Romae apud Sanctam Mariam Majorem sub annulo piscatoris die decima iunii anni millesimi octingentesimi noni pontificatus nostri anno decimo\" ; fol. 170rv: blank ; fol. 171r-175v: Prophecies of various saints, nuns and priests, as well as from the scriptures ; fol. 176r-179v: blank ; fol. 180r-184v: \"Profezie del venerabile Padre Bartolomeo da Saluzzo Minor Riformato, morto in San Francesco a Ripa in Roma nel giorno di Pentacoste 1605\" ; fol. 185rv: \"Profezia del Venerabile Beda ritrovata nella sua camera dopo la sua morte\" ; fol. 186r-190v: blank ; fol. 191r-192v: Index to Parte Terza ; fol. 193r-194v: blank."], "520": ["A comprehensive attack on the legal and historical basis for Napoleon's annexation of the papal states in 1808, written by an apparently pseudonymous canon lawyer named Theofilo Pelchich. The work examines the entire historical background of Gallicianism and its development into the imperialist claims of the late 18th century, culminating in an examination of the contemporary events through 1808. Appended as part 3 of the work is a transcript of 55 letters and documents concerning the conflict between the Vatican and the emperor. At the end of the codex is the transcript of the 1809 Papal Bull of Pius VII, with which he excommunicated Napoleon and his troops. The last part contains various prophetic texts, including one said to be by the Venerable Bede."], "650  0": ["Gallicanism."], "300": ["194 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265 x 204 (250 x 181) mm bound to 282 x 209 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c5039."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 162|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060906q18141850it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "100 1": ["Pelchich, Teofilo."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5039). Bookdealer's description on front flyleaf in pencil."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title for the main text from title page (fol. 1r); title for other texts supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 194; gatherings are quite irregular: many different sizes of paper are present, with quires often nested within other quires but not in any regular pattern, and many singletons tipped in.", "Layout: Written in up to 37 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script predominantly by one hand.", "Binding: Half-leather binding with panels of paper with a blue and yellow weave pattern on red ground. Title zApolog. e Profez.y on paper label on spine; small green dot label on spine.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 162."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 162"], "260": ["[Rome?,|cbetween 1814 and 1850]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS41": {"001": ["ocn456566689"], "245 10": ["Recueil de divers traitt\u00e9s pour l'instruction de Monseigneur le M... de ... composes par differents autheurs."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["France,|cafter 1670."], "008": ["091015q16701699fr            000 0 fre d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 41"], "505 0": ["Pp. 5-68: \"Libertez de l'Eglise gallicane -- pp. 69-79: \"Des assembl\u00e9\u00e9s du clerg\u00e9\" [redaction A] -- pp. 80-88: \"Des assembl\u00e9\u00e9s du clerg\u00e9\" [redaction B] -- pp. 89-96: \"Des assembl\u00e9\u00e9s du clerg\u00e9\" [redaction B bis] -- pp. 97-138 : \"Des assembl\u00e9\u00e9s du clerg\u00e9 [redaction C] -- pp. 139-180: \"Des Decimes\" -- pp. 181-255: \"Trait\u00e9 des decimes\" -- pp. 257-319: \"Memoire sur les levees\" -- pp.321-355: \"Memoire concernant les rentes du clerg\u00e9\" -- pp. 357-389: \"Des universit\u00e9s et particulierement de celles de Paris\" -- pp. 391-408: \"Regles de chancellerie de Rome\" -- pp. 413-504: \"Des Estats\" -- pp. 505-536: \"Traitte de la noblesse.\""], "100 1": ["Patru, Olivier,|d1604-1681."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (p. 3).", "Paper, 264 leaves; paginated 3-536 + i; contemporary pagination on odd pages only, partially sporadic; pagination begins at 3 (title page); p. 179-180 skipped; p. 391 misnumbered as 390.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand, possilby that of the author.", "Binding: Brown speckled vellum over pasteboard.", "Origin: Likely and autograph manuscript, written in Paris (Olivier Patru was a Parisian lawyer and writer).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 41."], "581": ["Olivier Patru, \"Memoires sur les Assembl\u00e9es du Clerg\u00e9.\" (cf. redaction A) and \"Trait\u00e9 des D\u00e9cimes ou leur origine et leur suite sont marqu\u00e9es par l'ordre de la Chronologie.\" In: \u0152uvres diverses: contenant les plaidoyers, harengues, lettres et vies de quelques-uns de ses amis. University of Lausanne, 1714 & 1732, vol. 2, pp. 445-452, & 452-483. (Reprint: Genveve, Slatkine, 1972). Olivier er Patru, Plaidoyers et Ouvres diverses de Monsieur Patru de l'Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7oise. Nouvelle \u00e9dition, augment\u00e9e de plusieurs pieces qui ont est\u00e9 trouv\u00e9es parmi les papiers de l'auteur apres sa mort, 2 vols. (Paris: Mabre-Cramoisy, 1681), 2: 803-814 (\"Memoires sur les assembl\u00e9s du clerg\u00e9\"), 2: 815-867 (\"Trait\u00e9 des d\u00e9cimes\")."], "520": ["The second redaction of Des assembl\u00e9\u00e9s mistakenly began to be copied on pp. 89-96, but was stopped abruptly (cf. p. 89, \"cecy c'est le meme traitt\u00e9 precedent...\"). Probably an autograph manuscript (signature \"Patru\" on page 255). Dated 31 August 1670 (page 254); 11 May  1670, signed Mr. Petit (page 357)."], "546": ["French."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "561": ["Bauffremont library (bookplate with arms on inside front cover); Library of Fran\u00e7ois Tocaven (ex-libris on inside front cover and title page)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, October 2009."], "005": ["20091015022915.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)456566689"], "300": ["|3Original:|a264 leaves :|bpaper ;|c290 x 205 mm bound to 305  x 215 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-41) and positive (Robbins MS 41)"]}, "RobbinsMS271": {"001": ["06-B3710"], "245 10": ["Perush ha-Mishna."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-18v: Introduction ; fol. 18v-28v: Berakhot ; fol. 28v-40v: Pe\u02bcah ; fol. 40v-51v: Dem\u02bcai ; fol. 51v-68v: Kela\u02bcim ; fol. 68v-82v: Shevi\u02bbit ; fol. 82v-98r: Terumot ; fol. 98r-105r: Me\u02bbasrot ; fol. 105r-115r: Ma\u02bbaser sheni ; fol. 105r-124r: Halah ; fol. 124r-131r: \u02bbOrlah ; fol. 131v -137r: Bikurim."], "520": ["This manuscript contains the text of the Introduction to the Order of Zera\u02bbim (the first section of the Mishnah), as well as the text of the Mishnah, with the accompanying commentary of Maimonides (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, also known as the Rambam). It includes the 11 tractates of the Order of Zera\u02bbim. There are many diagrams in red, black and green ink, some square, some circular, particularly in tractate Kela\u02bcim (fol. 51v-68v), which depict planting guides for fields."], "246 1": ["Kit\u0101b al-Sir\u0101j."], "300": ["137 leaves :|bpaper ;|c327 x 216 ( 240 x 162) bound to 329 x 223 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 271|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060803s1750    ye ||||||||||||00|||jrb|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "630 00": ["Mishnah|vCommentaries."], "546": ["Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew."], "100 1": ["Maimonides, Moses,|d1135-1204."], "561": ["On front pastedown is name written in Hebrew (possibly Yemenite script); consonants in this name are \"DWD(or R) G\u02bcL,\" vowels indeterminable. On back flyleaf is a doodle in ink, now smudged. At head edge of back flyleaf is possibly a bookdealer stamp, in Hebrew, English and Arabic, of one Shalom Yitshar, Rabbi. The stamp is very faded."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Collation: Paper (oriental glossy, Yemenite), fol. i (watermark depicts a moon with a face within a shield) + 137 + ii; 1-6\u2078 7\u2077 8-15\u2078 16\u2077 17\u00b9\u2070; gatherings signed in Hebrew numbers in the left corner of the tail edge at the end of each quire; catchwords at the bottom of every leaf.", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines, below top line; frame ruled in dry point.", "Script: Written in square Yemenite Hebrew script by at least 2 hands.", "Binding: Blind-tooled, dark brown leather over pasteboard with envelope flap at fore edge. On the front and back boards and the envelope flap the tooling frames the edge with small dots within straight lines; in the center of the boards is an ogival shape with decorative in-filling; corners decorated with flowers, leaves and tendrils contained within symmetrical shapes.", "Colophon reads: \"I completed this Mishnah of the Order of Zera\u02bbim with the help of God the 28 day of the month of \u02bcIyar in the year [515]...I Shalom ha-Kohen al- \u02bbAr\u02bcaki...was very pressed for time, so God should give me the benefit of the doubt...just as I merited to complete this Order, so too may I merit to complete all of the Orders and copy many books...", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 271."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Paul Hamburg and in hand by Saul M. Friedman and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 271"], "260": ["Yemen,|c5510 [1750]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS137": {"001": ["06-B3898"], "245 10": ["Tabula auctoritatu[m] et sententiar[um] Biblie positarum in libris decretor[um] et decretalium s[e]c[un]d[u]m ordine[m] alphabeti[cum] /|cIo[hannes] Cald[erinu]s do[c]t[or]."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-132r: \"[rubr.] Incipit tabula auctoritatum et sententiarum positarum in libris decretorum et decretalium secundum ordinem alphabeticum [text] Seriem huius tabule continentis auctoritates et sententias Biblie prout in finis Decretorum et Decretalium...Zyzama dicatur messonibus colligite zyzamarum et alligate fasciculos ad comburendum. Matteus xiii xxiii quaestio prima in principio. Require eradicare .a. [rubr.] Explicit Tabula auctoritatum et sentenciarum Biblie inductarum in compilationibus decretorum et decretalium contatarum domini Iohannis Calderini Decretorum doctor. Scripta per manus Martini de Spitilinow et cetera\" ; fol. 132v: ruled but blank."], "520": ["The Tabula auctoritatum is an alphabetical index to biblical citations."], "300": ["|3Original: |a132 leaves :|bpaper ;|c219 x 150 (160 x 98) mm bound to 230 x 163 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 08-135) and positive (Robbins MS 137)"], "008": ["060816q14751525pl ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 137|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[Poland?,|cbetween 1475 and 1525]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Tabula auctoritatum et sentenciar[um] Biblie inductar[um] in compilat[i]onibus decretor[um] et decretalium co[n]tatar[um]"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Calderinus, Joannes,|dd. 1365."], "561": ["At the head edge of front pastedown is written the title in ink in a contemporary hand \"Concordancie authoritatum Biblie et Decretorum.\" On front pastedown are two modern notes: one a number written in lead pencil \"1238,\" and one a year written in purple pencil \"Anno 1392.\" Across the front cover is written in pencil by a modern hand \"Concordantia.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Collation: Paper (similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"T\u00eate e boeuf,\" 14257), fol. i (parchment) + 132 + fol. i (parchment); 1-11\u00b9\u00b2", "Script: Written in a cursive libraria formata script by one hand.", "Layout: Written in 32 long lines; frame ruled in ink.", "Binding: Bound in velvety leather over wooden boards, many wormholes. Five raised bands. Traces of two leather ties: fronts now missing; backs, which were nailed on, torn off short. Flyleaves made from 14th cent. parchment. On the front pastedown is an excerpt from the second chapter of the Moralia of Pope Gregory II that begins \"Voluntas Sathane semper iniquia est...\"; on the recto of the first flyleaf is a paragraph writte by a notary in 1392 which is signed \"Et ego Wenceslaus natus Milazkonis de Rokymana...\" (locating the scribe in Bohemia) with his notarial mark penned next to it. The back flyleaf also contains a brief legal document.", "Origin: Colophon reads \"Scripta per manus Martini de Spitilinow\" (fol. 132r).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 137."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 137"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=81;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS308": {"001": ["ocn681638239"], "245 10": ["Summarium clementinarum ;|bSummarium sexti libri decretalium."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Manuscript contains the summaria (summaries) of the decretals included in the Clementinae (the collection of decretals compiled under Clement V) and in the Liber Sextus (the canonical collection compiled under Boniface VIII). The purpose of summaria was to facilitate for practitioners the use of this massive body of material. The summaria included in this manuscript offered the prior of an abbey, in this case the abbey of St. Paul's outside the Walls (San Paolo fuori le mura), a practical, portable vademecum of canon law."], "710 2": ["Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le mura (Rome, Italy)|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "300": ["|3Original:|a103 leaves:|bpaper ;|c90 x 65 (70 x 45) mm, bound to 95 x 70 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN) and positive (Robbins MS 308)"], "260": ["[Rome? ,|cbetween 1500 and 1515]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 308"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript is Italian in origin, and was likely produced in Rome based on the rare watermark of a dog in a circle (Briquet, \"Chien,\" no. 3646 (fol.  97 and 100)) and on an ownership description in the scribe's hand stating that the book was created for use by the prior of the abbey of San Paolo fuori le mura, which is located on the via Ostiense in Rome. Modern shelfmark typed in red and black on a paper label affixed to front pastedown: MS. S. I. / .P. 12. N. 22.\" Written in pencil on back pastedown are two markings: \"3C99V\" and \"S687.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Titles from headings (fol. 1r and 25r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. iii (modern paper) + 103 + iii (modern paper); 1-12\u2078 13 \u2078 (-1). Watermarks close to Briquet, \"Agneau pascal,\" no. 49 and variant no. 50 (Rome, 1535; Florence, 1511) and \"Chien,\" no. 3646 (Rome 1515).", "Layout: Written in 23 long lines; frame ruled in brown ink and plummet; double bounding lines at top.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria script by one hand. Most of the text copied in red ink with rubrics in a darker shade of red ink or in brown ink; paragraph marks in brown; one and two-line high initials throughout in dark brown ink (occasionally eaten through leaving a few holes).", "Binding: Late 16th or early 17th century blind-stamped brown calf with a double frame composed of blind filets, central frame stamped with rosette and leaf tool at angles (rebacked and some restorations to covers; replaced paper endleaves).", "Origin: The manuscript appears to have been copied for the prior of the monastery of San Paolo fuori le mura (Saint Paul's outside the Walls. An ownership inscription in the scribe's hand on fol. 24v reads \"Iste libellus est deputatus usui prioris sancti pauli de urbe.\" \"Sancti pauli de urbe\" refers to the famous Benedictine Abbey and Basilica of San Paolo fuori le mura in Rome, the site where Saint Paul was buried.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 308."], "035": ["(OCoLC)681638239"], "505 8": ["Fol. 25r-101: Summarium sexti libri decretalium \"[heading] Liber primus. Summarium sexti libri decretalium. De summa trinitate et fide catholica. Titulus primus, capitulum primum. Fideli ac devota professione. Spiritus sanctus eternaliter a patre et filio tamquam ab uno principio et unica spiratione procedit...Sicut nobis. Privilegiato aliquot ut possit conferre beneficio clericorum suorum quid appellatio clericorum suorum designet ostendit.\"", "Fol. 101v-103v: ruled but blank."], "100 0": ["Giovanni d'Andrea,|dapproximately 1270-1348"], "008": ["101116q15001515it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2010."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20101116045117.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-24v: Summarium clementinarum \"[heading] De summa trinitate et fide catholica [text] Summarium clementinorum. Fidei catholice. Titulus primus, capitulum primum. Fatetur concilium unicum Dei filium in essentia Dei eternaliter subsistentem corpus humanum...Sepe contigit. Determinat et declarat quid significat hec verba...Explicit summarium clementinarum. Iste libellus est deputatus usui prioris sancti pauli de urbe.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS125": {"001": ["06-B3816"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-3r: \"[chapter index] Infrascripte sunt rubrice candini (?) per ordinem descripte. Quid sit accusatio et quando accusatio sit...dependentibus ab ipsis statutis, ff. xlviii.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 4r-11v: \"Canonum ac legum diversitas loquentium de materia infrascripta qua in dispersa diversa volumina...Idcirco ego Iacobus de Baysio...quamvis indignus ad dissolvendam diversitatem ...imperator Adrianus. Martinus de Fano. Signantur prout crede [...].\"", "Fol. 11r-13r: \"[rubr.] Incipit breviarium ad omnes materias in iure canonico inveniendas. [text] Verborum superficie penitus resecata de talento...item utrum abstinentes sint vocati (?) tractari (?) viii q. v. secundus (?) [...].\"", "Fol. 13r-75v: \"[rubr] In nomine Domini amen. Incipit libelus super ordinem et causis mallorum dudum Perusii compilatus et postea Senis refformatus correctus et suppletus 1298. [text] Cum assiderem Perusii iam est diu...non solvit quia de facto pendebatur.'"], "520": ["This manuscript contains 3 different works. The texts on fol. 11r-13r and 13r-75v both have an entry in the IN PRINCIPIO database: the first is an anonymous treatise on Canon Law, and the second is a treatise written by the Italian scholar Alberto Gandino and completed in the year 1298, as the opening rubric says. Regarding the text copied on fol. 4r-11v, the closing rubric on fol. 11v mentions the scholar Martinus de Fano; nevertheless, the prologue ascribes the work to Jacobus de Baysio, a brother of the most famous Guido de Baysio, both important canonists."], "300": ["|3Original: |a76 leaves :|bpaper ;|c300 x 220 (215 x 115) mm bound to 305 x 225 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-03) and positive (Robbins MS 125)"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 125|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Martino,|cda Fano,|dactive 1229-1272.", "Jacopo,|cde Baysio,|d13th cent."], "008": ["060811q13501400it ||||||||||||00|||lat||"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Super ordinem et causis mallorum ;|bBreviarum ad omnes materias in iure canonico inveniendis ; [Compilation on wills inheritance]."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "561": ["On inside back cover, written in pencil by a 20th century hand, there is the number \"125\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Fol. 4r-11v, title supplied by cataloger; fol. 11v-13r and 13r-75v, title from the opening rubrics.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + 76 + i (modern paper); 1\u2074 (lacks fol. 4) 2\u00b9\u2076 (1 folio detached) 2-4\u00b9\u2076 5\u00b9\u00b2 (lacks of fol. 9-12). Watermarks: \"Huchet\" close but not identical to Briquet 7708; \"Arc\" very close to Briquet 780; a curvy lines with two circles on top, not in Briquet. Catchwords by the hand of the scribe in the bottom margin on verso, enclosed in a rectangle.", "Layout: Written in up to 70 long lines. No ruling and and no prickings visible. No later additions and no notes are visible.", "Script: Written in a neat cursiva libraria script, possibly by one hand, in brown ink.", "Binding: Bound in mottled tan-and-brown paper over pasteboard.", "Origin: Written in Italy, possibly in the second half of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 125."], "700 1": ["Gandino, Alberto,|dactive 13th century|tTractatus de maleficiis."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 125"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=74;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS76": {"001": ["ocn691293976"], "260": ["Eichstatt, Germany,|c1580."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Manuscript is of local historical and genealogical importance for the Trugenhofen family. The manuscript was compiled and copied in Eichstatt, in 1580, by one Kilian Geiger von Lewenstam (f. iiir). A modern description appears on the front pastedown."], "300": ["|3Original:|a35 leaves :|bpaper ;|c310 x 200 (225 x 135) mm, bound to 315 x 215 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-62) and positive (Robbins MS 76)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=47;fullview=yes"], "008": ["101210s1580    gw            000 0 ger d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 76"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Berichts Ordnung zue Khuenberg inn denn Hofmarchen Trugenhofen unnd Bertoltzhaim."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["The first owner was Ruland von und zu Trugenhofen. His family coat of arms, including the initials R. V. V. Z. T., and a date of 1587, is found on fol. ir; his name and a date of 1580 is found on fol. iir."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol iiir).", "Layout: Written in 25 long lines; frame ruled in ink.", "Script: Written in a cursiva currens script by one hand.", "Binding: Modern green paper over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 76."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, December 2010."], "005": ["20101210012434.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. iir-35r: \"Berichts Ordnung zue Khuenberg inn denn Hofmarchen Trugenhofen unnd Bertoltzhaim. Wie solche vol allter hero befreit unnd gehalten worden ist. Beschreiben d\u00fcrch Kilianum Geigern von Lewenstam. Diser Zeitt Wonhafft zue Eistett. Anno Domini 1580.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)691293976"], "546": ["In German, with section headings in Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMSCould not find valid shelfmark": {"001": ["06-B4440"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1652 and 1663]"], "520": ["A collection of 191 letters, mostly copies, 142 of which are from Cardinal Camillo Astalli (Pamphili) and 42 of which are from Cardinal Fabio Chigi (elected Pope Alexander VII in 1655). The vast majority of Astalli's letters are dated 1653; the vast majority of Chigi's letters are dated 1654 (a year before he was elected pope). A few seals and addresses are present (fol. 49v, 109v, 110v, and 116v). Several of the 42 letters from Chigi concern Carlo Massimo's retinue in Madrid (Carlo Massimo was later the patron of Vel\u00e1zquez, Poussin, and other artists). The 142 letters from Pamphili pertain to many aspects of Innocent X's policy toward Spain, notably attitudes towards Cardinal Sandoval (letters 6 and 136), church scandals in Milan (letter 33), the Inquisition (letter 40), and control of Naples (letters 133 and 100). The collection includes a letter to Pamphili about Neapolitan corsairs (letter 138), one to Caetano signed by Cardinal Barberini (letter 25), and 2 letters from Innocent X (letters 79 and 83), one of which is to Philip of Spain. There are also two accounts of legal processes against clerics (letters 109 and 110). Two copies of a printed leaf tipped in between letters 121 and 122 and 145 and 146 bearing the title \"Innocentius PP. X. ad futuram rei memoriam\" 1663. Many blank leaves throughout."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c7570."], "700 3": ["Colonna family.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hIN PROCESS|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060912q16521663it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Lettere della Segretaria di Stato d'Innocentio [Decimo] a Mons[ignor] Caetano Arcivescovo di Rhodi nel tempo della sua Nuntiatura di Spagna"], "245 03": ["[A collection of letters concerning various religious and political matters between Italy and Spain]"], "546": ["Italian and Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "300": ["404 leaves :|bpaper ;|c267 x 194 ( 210 x 167) mm bound to 280 x 205 mm."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of the Colonna family (their red stamp visible depicting a column within a circle), as well as in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7570). At base of spine below the Phillipps catalog number is a small green dot, 6 mm in diameter."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (2 watermarks visible: one depicting a bird atop a trimontium enclosed in a circle with a \"G\" above; one depicting an anchor enclosed in a circle with a star above), fol. ii (modern paper) + 404 + ii (modern paper); collation indiscernible due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Variable up to 45 lines per page.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by many hands.", "Binding: Contemporary calf over pasteboard (rebacked). Title in gilt on red leather reads \"Miscellanea Manus.s.\"", "Accompanying materials: A few seals present (fol. 49v, 109v, 110v, and 116v).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 166."], "700 1": ["Alexander|bVII,|cPope,|d1599-1667.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"], "090 8": ["|hIN PROCESS"]}, "RobbinsMS99": {"001": ["06-B738"], "245 10": ["Summa de poenitentia ;|bSumma de matrimonio."], "505 0": ["1. fol. 1r-115v: Summa de poenitentia; fol. 1ra-1rb: \"[prologue] Quoniam ut ait ieronimus secunda post naufragium tabula est semper confiteri ne imperitia ministrantis predictam tabulam mergi contingat aliquando naufragantes...a me praeter propositum cogitans inserta caritate fraterna corrigas et emendes\"; fol. 1rb-116rb: \"[contents] De symonia...De sepulturis\"; \"[text] Quoniam inter crimina ecclesiastica symoniaca heresis optinet primum locum...quod habet specialiter locum in luxuria et gula Contra hoc dicitur computuerunt iumenta in stercore suo.\""], "505 8": ["2. fol. 116rb-130vb: \"[text] ...contrahuntur sponsalia aut ambo minores scilicet infra xii aut xiiii annum et supra septennium...si tamen vir egisset penitentiam et uxor monita nollet agere penitentiam sed perseveraverat in ad< ulterio>.\""], "520": ["Raymond of Penaforte's Summa de poenitentia and Summa de matrimonio. One folio is missing the fifth sexternion (between fol. 52 and 53) and another in the tenth sexternion (between fol. 115 and 116); at least one full quire is also missing causing the text of the Summa de matrimonio to begin imperfectly at Title 1.6 \"De effectu sponsalium,\" and end abruptly in the middle of Title XXII.5 \"De divortio propter fornicationem.\""], "100 0": ["Raymond,|cof Pe\u00f1afort, Saint,|d1175?-1275."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 99|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060216s1290    enk||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "581": ["S. Raimundus de Pennaforte, Summa de paenitentia, ed. Xaverio Ochoa and Aloisio Diez, in Universa Bibliotheca Iuris 1/B (Rome: Commentarium pro religiosis, 1976); ibid., Summa de matrimonio, ed. Xaverio Ochoa and Aloisio Diez, in Universa Bibliotheca Iuris 1/C (Rome: Commentarium pro religiosis, 1978); Alfred J. Horwood, \"Helmingham Hall: the Seat, in Suffolk, of John Tollemache, esq., M. P: Report of Manuscripts in the Library of Helmingham Hall,\" in Great Britain Historical Manuscript Commission. First Report. Appendix (London, [s.n.], 1870), 60-61; Thomas Kaepelli, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Medii Aevi, vols. 1-3 (Romae ad S. Sabinae: 1970-1980), 3: 285; Stephan Kuttner, \"Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Summa de casibus poenitentiae des hl. Raymund von Penyafort.\" Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung f\u00fcr Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 39 (1953): 419-34; Sotheby & Co., Catalogue of Highly Important Manuscripts and Printed Books from the Library at Helmingham Hall, Suffolk, the Property of the Rt. Hon. Lord Tollemache...Which Will be Sold at Auction...Tuesday, June 6th, 1961. [London, 1961]; and ibid., Catalogue of Medieval Manuscripts and Valuable Printed Books from the Library of Helmingham Hall, Suffolk, the Property of the Rt. Hon. Lord Tollemache...Which Will be Sold by Auction by Messrs. Sotheby & Co., 14th June, 1965 [London, 1965]."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original:|a130 leaves :|bparchment ;|c188 x 133 (127 x 84) mm. bound to 193 x 142 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-82) and positive (Robbins MS 99)"], "561": ["Manuscript was once part of the library of Lord Tollemache at Helmington Hall, supposedly acquired shortly before or after 1600 by Sir Lionel (Diamond and Hood, Catalog, 44). It was sold to Vatchell by Sotheby's (Lot 7) on June 14, 1965 and to A.G. Thomas, again by Southeby's (Lot 21), on July 10, 1972. \"Summula Raimundi\" and \"Raimundus\" visible in a 17th century cursive hand."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i + 130 ; 1-4\u00b9\u00b2 5\u00b9\u00b9 6-9\u00b9\u00b2 10 \u00b9\u00b9 11\u00b9\u00b2 ; no signatures or catchwords visible.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 40 lines; frame ruled in lead with double inner bounding lines.", "Script: Written in a gothic script by one hand (marginal corrections and additions/commentary in two additional hands: one contemporary with the copying of the manuscript; the other slightly later, possibly from the early 15th. century).", "Decoration: Illuminated 5-line initial at the beginning of the first book drawn in red and blue with brown and green in-filling and long tendrils down the left margin and across the top; 2-line initials in alternating red and blue with in-filling of the opposite color and ink tendrils demarcate chapter headings; alternating red and blue paragraph headings throughout.", "Binding: Leather stamped binding over wooden boards with intersecting vertical and horizontal lines framing mythological animals; binding displays stamp of the binder Nicholas Spierinck. Front flyleaf and pastedown are from a 14th or 15th century missal; back pastedown contains medieval monophonic Nativity carols probably from the 15th century.", "Origin: Written in England, probably towards the end of the 13th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 99."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2006."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[England, |cbetween 1275 and 1299]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=61;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 99"]}, "RobbinsMS16": {"001": ["ocn245202894"], "260": ["Rome?,|c[ca. 1606]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The manuscript is a collection of texts and letters concerning the Venetian interdict, compiled for Cardinal Ascanio Colonna (1560-1608). Made a cardinal by Pope Sixtus V in 1585, Colonna was viceroy of Aragon between 1602 and 1604, and was appointed Bishop of Palestrina by Pope Clement VIII on 5 June 1606. The prefatory letter in the manuscript was written shortly after the latter appointment, on the Day of the Cross (14 September) 1606. The name of the compiler (who is also the author of the first letter) was cut off when the several different texts were bound as one manuscript. From the prefatory letter, however, it can be inferred that he was a longtime client and a familiar of Cardinal Colonna's household."], "300": ["|3Original:|a122 leaves :|bpaper ;|c236 x 197 (204 x 122) mm bound to 277 x 230 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-93) and positive (Robbins MS 16)"], "600 14": ["Colonna, Ascanio,|d1560-1608."], "008": ["080904s1606    it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 16"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Antipologetico o vero esamine dell' apologia incerti auctoris pro Reipub[licae] Veneta[e] Epi[scopi]s."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["On verso of the end flyleaf is a note in pencil: \"Venezia et Saint Si\u00e8ge,\" suggesting that the book in its present binding was once in the hands of a Frenchman."], "500": ["Ms. document.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r)", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + 122 + i (modern paper); modern foliation in pencil skips 104, i.e. fol. 104 is actually 105; 1-3\u00b9\u2070 4\u2076 5-6\u00b9\u00b2 7\u2076 8\u00b9\u00b2 9\u2076 10\u00b9\u2074 11\u00b9\u2076 13\u2076.", "Layout: Written in 18 long lines. Catchwords at the end of each verso.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by various hands.", "Binding: Modern white hand-made paper over pasteboard. Title on spine: \"Apologia incerti auctoris.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 16."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "005": ["20080904125212.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-36v: \"Antipologetico o vero esamine dell'apologia incerti auctoris pro Reipublicae Venetae Episcopis -- fol. 37r-39v: \"Discorso in cui si mostra che i Venetiani in questa loro disobedienza verso il Papa fanno contra l'obligo loro, et l'osservanza di loro maggiori\" -- fol. 40r-47v:  \"Lettera al Proveditor Moro di Terraferma\" -- fol. 48r-51v: \"Copia di una lettera della Signoria di Genova in risposta alla Republica di Venetia\" -- fol. 52r- 59v: \"Lettera de Veronesi a Bresciani\" -- fol. 60r-77v: \"Instruttione et Avvertimenti all'Illustrissimo Signor Don Annibale di Capua per la sua legatione di Venetia del modo che ha da tenere nel trattare et negotiare con quella Serenissima Republica\" -- fol. 78r-102v: \"Rimostranza fatta a un clarissimo Venetiano contra la Republica\" -- fol. 103r-122v: \"Ravedimento o sia protesta d'un clarissimo Senatore Veneto scritta al Rettore H. suo fratello continente le cause per le quali rinuntia in tutto et per tutto all'oppinione del Serenissimo Donati et alla sua fattione adherendo alli commandamenti di Sua Santita.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)245202894"], "546": ["Mostly in Italian, some Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ntc  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS241": {"001": ["06-B3799"], "260": ["Germany,|c[between 1700 and 1725]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-7r: \"Recessus lipsiensis confectus ibidem anno 1665 Executioni datus Erffurti anno 1667 wie auch die Versicherung \u00fcber die Freiheit un das Exercitium der Religion Augspurglicher Confession von dem durchlauchstigsten hochw\u00fcrdigen f\u00fcrsten und Herrn Johann Philippen...\" ; fol. 7v-25v: \"Recessus lipsiensis confectus ibidem anno 1665 executione datus Erffurti anno 1667 mediatore Serenissimi et Potentissimi Domini Domini Electoris Saxoniae Georgii Secundi inter Reverentissumum Eminentissimum ac Celcissimum Principem ac Dominum Dominum Archi Episcopum Electorem Moguntii ex una et Serenissumum Domum Saxoniae Vinariensem ex altera parte praetensa in civitate Erffurtensi hinc inde Jura concernens\" ; fol. 26r -30r: \"Vergleich zwischen Sachsen Weimar und denen Carth\u00e4usern zu Erfurth Anno 1643\" ; fol. 30v-42v: \"Executions Recessus 1667\" ; fol. 43r-65r: \"Folgen die Beilagen\" ; fol. 65v-66v: blank."], "520": ["This manuscript contains a transcription of various documents having to do with Erfurt's passing from a Saxon protectorate to a territory of the Archbishop of Mainz in 1667 as the result of a resolution from a recess in Leipzig (referred to in the text as the \"Recessus lipsiensis\") in 1665. The documents also discuss Erfurt's consequent loss of status as a free imperial city and the religious freedoms of Catholics and Lutherans within its borders. Also included is a transcript of a settlement, reached in 1643, between Saxe-Weimar and the Carthusians regarding Erfurt. Pages very brown and aged-looking."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 241|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["On front pastedown written in brown ink in an 18th cent. hand is the underlined letter \"M\" and the words \"cost 20 gl\"; also at the top of the front pastedown is written in modern pencil \"64 [-----]\" and \"EDV 504731.\""], "008": ["060809q17001725gw ||||||||||||00|||ger|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Recessus Lipsiensis confectus ibidem an[n]o 1665. Executioni datus Erffurti an[n]o 1667..."], "245 00": ["[Collection of documents concerning the status of the city of Erfurt during the years 1643 and 1667]"], "546": ["German and Latin."], "300": ["66 leaves :|bpaper ;|c318 x 203 (260 x 150) mm bound to 323 x 205 mm."], "600 10": ["Sch\u00f6nborn, Johann Philipp von,|d1605-1673."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger; added title from title page (fol. 2r).", "Collation: Paper (2 watermarks visible: both depict castles, one symmetrical with dome in the middle and two conical looking towers on each side with orbs on the top; one asymmetrical with a tower in the middle with two orbs, the smaller atop the larger, and a side tower with a cross on top), fol. 66; 1\u00b2 2-3\u2078 4\u00b9\u00b2 5-6\u2078 7\u2076 8\u2078 9\u2074; catchwords on the verso side of each folio at the bottom.", "Layout: Written in 28 long lines; left-hand margin on recto and verso guided by folding.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Decorated paper over pasteboard. Binding very worn: layers of pasteboard separating particularly at corners; spine is torn in a few places.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 241."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Tyler Lange and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 241"], "600 00": ["Johann Georg|bII,|cElector of Saxony,|d1613-1680."], "610 10": ["Erfurt (Germany)", "Saxony (Electorate).|bElector (1656-1680 : Johann Georg II)", "Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS276": {"001": ["06-B3552"], "260": ["[Northern France or Germany,|cbetween 1450-1475]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1rv: \"[table of contents] De treuga (sic) et pace XXXIII...; fol 2r-327v: [text] // per decretum gratie...ubi statutum quoque //.\""], "245 00": ["[Summa and notabilia on the Decretales Gregorii IX, on the Liber VI and on the Clementinae]"], "520": ["This manuscript is a kind of extensive commentary on the Decretales, the Liber VI and the Clementinae with notabilia, organized in the form of a treatise. The text is acephalous and incomplete. On fol. Ir, there is a French title supplied by a 20th century hand, in pencil, that reads : \"Glosse des Decretales de Gregoire et une partie du Corpus Iuris Canonici.\""], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 276|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060727q14501475fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|aper decretum gratie"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "300": ["327 leaves :|bparchment ;|c145 x 100 (100 x 65) mm bound to 160 x 120 mm."], "561": ["On inside back cover, there is a tiny label that reads \"05.55\", possibly from a former owner."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 327 + i (modern paper) ; 1-42\u2078, but the first quire lacks of fol. 1 and the last one lacks of fol. 3-6. Horizontal catchwords on the right side of the lower margins, on verso of each quire, although not always visible. Original foliation in arabic numerals that goes from 2 to 385, in black ink, in the upper right corner of each folio recto. Modern foliation in pencil.", "Layout: Written in 19 long lines, below top line. Occasionally glossed in the outer margins, which are quite wide. Ruled in lead and dry point. Prickings in the outer margins.", "Script: Written in cursiva libraria gothic script.", "Decoration: Simple red and blue initials, mostly on 1-2 lines, throughout the text. Many initials touched in yellow. Section headings written in textualis libraria script.", "Binding: Parchment over pasteboards, with semi-Yapp edges, 17th or possibly 18th century.", "Origin: Written in Northern France or Germany, in the third quarter of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 276."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 276"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS46": {"001": ["ocn463503360"], "245 10": ["Notationes iuris."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["This manuscript comprises mostly Andreas Coquus \"Notationes iuris\"; topics in alphabetical order with many leaves left blank to allow for additional material. The remainder of the manuscript contains other legal texts, including Johannes de Deo (Jo\u00e3o de Deus) \"Concordia decretorum cum titulis decretalium,\" the sections of the Decretals in verse, and alphabetical table of notes, ending imperfectly in \"I.\" Much of the text is illegible because of pervasive water damage and fading."], "300": ["202 leaves :|bpaper ;|c202x145 mm, bound to 210x150 mm."], "260": ["Italy, 1485."], "099": ["Robbins MS 46"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "581": ["Kuttner, \"Repertorium\" 159, 372-73, 382-83; Kuttner et al., \"Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts\" 2:147; Pierre Michaud-Quantin, \"Sommes de casuistique et manuels de confession au moyen \u00e2ge\" (Louvain: Nauwelaerts, 1962), 26-7."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Long lines ruled in hard point; number of lines per page varies greatly.", "Script: Writtin in a cursiva libraria script by one hand.", "Binding: Cream paper with red and blue dots over pasteboard; spine is lacking.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 46."], "035": ["(OCoLC)463503360"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=32;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Joa\u00f5 de Deus,|d1732-"], "008": ["091105s1485    it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2009."], "100 1": ["Coquus, Andreas."], "546": ["Latin."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20091105063108.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-163v: [Andreas Coquus, Notationes iuris] -- fol. 164r-167: <Abbreviatio decreti> -- fol. 167v-168r: <Nota de ratione Pasce> -- fol. 168v: <Oratio> -- fol. 170rv: < Notationes> -- fol. 171r-175v <Johannes de Deo, Concordia decretorum cum titulis decretalium> -- fol. 176rv: <Versus de titulis decretalium> -- fol.  176v: <Notationes> -- fol. 177r-192r: <Tabula alphabetica notationum> [fragment: A-I]"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS268": {"001": ["06-B3522"], "245 10": ["Decretales VI libri [with the Glossa Ordinaria of Johannes Andreae] ;|bDe regulis iuris ; [rules of Canon Law]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r: \"[rubric] Incipiunt rubricae sexti libri domini Bonifatii...de regulis iuris\" ; fol. 2r-204v: \"[text] Bonifatius episcopus servus servorum Dei...[gloss] Quia preposterus est ordo...[text]...gerendi negociis abesse contingat. [glossa]...de iudiciis i. s. longius. Io[hannes] An[dree].\""], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 226v-227r: \"[rubric] De regulis iuris. [text] Non est novum ut aliquibus...iam licet noviter. Io[hannes] Andree.\"", "3. Fol. 205r-226v: \"[text] Beneficium ecclesiasticum non potest licite...an id quod petetur deberetur.\""], "520": ["Well-preserved manuscript of the Liber sextus of Boniface VIII with wide margins, and several marginal notes written in a cursive script, added later. Book used in the juridical schools."], "100 0": ["Boniface|bVIII,|cPope,|dd. 1303."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 268|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Giovanni d'Andrea,|dapproximately 1270-1348."], "260": ["[Avignon?,|cbetween 1350 and 1370]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060726q13501370fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "581": ["Illuminating the law. Legal manuscripts in Cambridge Collections. An exhibition in Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, 3 Nov-16 Dec 2001, Brepols 2001 / Susan L'Engle, Robert Gibbs"], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["228 leaves :|bparchment ;|c395 x 225 (325 x 200) mm bound to 410 x 260 mm."], "561": ["Provenance: fol. 1r, notes of ownership by a 15th century hand: \"Io Giuliano fui presente a questo. Io Ionito B[ar]nero fui presente a questo.\" ; fol. 2v: \"MCCCCXXXI die ultimo octobris Iohannis.\" On the bottom page of fol. 2r, rubbed coat of arms. Rubbed ownership note on fol. 1r."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric (fol. 1r); opening rubric (fol. 205r); for the text beginning at fol. 226v, title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (modern paper) + 228 + ii (modern paper) ; 1-9\u00b9\u2070 10\u2078 11\u00b9\u00b2 12\u2078 13-14\u00b9\u00b2 15-19\u00b9\u2070, 20\u00b9\u00b9 (199 is a  detached folio) 21-22\u00b9\u2070 23\u2074 (fol. 225 and 227 are detached folios) ; horizontal catchwords for quires 1- 9, 21-22, vertical catchwords for quires 10-20. Contemporary foliation in arabic numerals, from 1 to 22, on folios 205 to 226, on top of each folio recto, in the right corner.", "Layout: Fol. 2r-204v written in two columns with continuing marginal glosses (the number of lines for the text and for the glosses may vary in a significant way); fol. 205r-227v written on two columns of 54 lines, no glosses.", "Written in textualis libraria script, similar to the littera bononiensis.", "Decoration: One primary 9-line illuminated initial on fol. 2r; one secondary 2-line illuminated initial on fol. 2r, and two more on fol. 4r, on 3-4 lines. Grotesque on fol. 50r, 79v. Several pen flourishing initials in red and violet and blue and red throughout the text.", "Binding: Modern binding in medieval style, light brown leather over pasteboard, 2 clasps, 4 decorative raised bands.", "Origin: Written and decorated in Southern France, possibly Avignon, during the third quarter of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 268."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 268"]}, "RobbinsMS71": {"001": ["ocn607380124"], "245 10": ["[Inspeximus of Pope Innocent VIII's bull \"Apostolice sedis intuitus\" of 27 May 1487]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "035": ["(OCoLC)607380124"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=42;fullview=yes"], "008": ["100415s1488    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 71"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-39v: \"[text] In nomine d[omi]ni noverint universi et singuli presentes litteras sive presens publicum transsumpti instrume[n]tum lecturi quod nos Dominicus de Mangoneschis canonicus narniensis juris utriusque doctor reverendissimi que in christo patris et d[omi]ni d[omi]ni Raynaldi de Ursinis...Datum et actu[m] Floren[tiae] in archiep[iscop]ali palatio flore[n]tin[o] anno i[n]carnationis d[ome]nice millesimo quadringe[n]tesimo octuagesimo ocatvo indictione sexta die vero septima me[n]sis maii pontificatus s[an]ctissimi in Christo patris et d[omi]ni nostri d[omi]ni I[n]nocencii divina providentia pape octavi anno quarto. Presentibus ibidem prudentibus et discretis viris ser Dominico Antonii Johannis de Figino et Ser Angleo Antonii de Marinis civibus et notariis Florentinis testibus ad premissa vocatis habitis et rogatis.\" -- fol. 39v: \"[text] Et ego Paulus Amerigi Bartoli Grassi civis floren[tinus] imp[er]iali auctoritate judex ordinarius atque notarius publicus floren[tinus] necnon archiep[iscop]alis curiae floren[tiae]...Ideoque me subscripsi signoque et nom[ine] meis solitis et consuetis una cum praefati r[everendissi]mi d[omi]ni archiep[iscop]i floren[tini] sigillo signavi su[m]psi et publicavi in fide[m] et testimonium om[n]i[u]m et sing[u]l[orum] permissum rogatus neque [---].\" -- fol. 40rv: blank."], "100 1": ["Mangoneschi, Domenico dei."], "546": ["Latin."], "520": ["Domenico dei Mangoneschi was Vicar General to Rinaldo Orsini, Archbishop of Florence. The original bull by Innocent VIII includes transcripts of the following bulls issued by former popes: Alexander IV, \"Devotionis tue precibus\" (13 May 1259) and \"Religionis vestre\" (1 April 1259); Benedict IX, \"Dum levamus\" (11 February 1304); Clement VI, \"Regimini universalis ecclesie\" (23 March 1346); Urban VII, \"Sacer ordo vester\" and \"Sacre religionis\" (both of 14 April 1380); Boniface IX, \"Sincere devotionis affectus\" and \"Pastoralis officii debitum\" (both of 13 January 1398); John XXIII, \"Sacer ordo vester\" (7 October 1412) and \"Super gregem dominicum\" (26 March 1414); and Martin V, \"Sedis Apostolice providentia,\" \"Sacre religionis,\" and \"Sacer ordo vester.\" The Inspeximus was notarized on 7 May 1488 by Paolo Amerigo Grassi, ordinary judge, public notary, and chancery clerk for the Archbishop of Florence (notarial sign on f. 39v), in the presence of Domenico de Figino and Angelo de Marino, witnesses."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the library of St. Annunziata in Florence."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (parchment) ii-iii (paper) + 40 + i-ii (paper) iii (parchment); 1-3\u00b9\u2070 4\u2079; catchwords at the end of each quire.", "Layout: Written in 25 long lines, below top line; frame ruled in ink.", "Script: Written in a humanistic script by one hand.", "Decoration: On fol. 1r is a 15-line decorative initial in pink, yellow, green, and blue on golden ground, and a floral border in blue, red, green, and gold in Italian Renaissance style; two putti holding a shield bearing inscription \"Ordinis servorum.\" Marginal notes.", "Binding: Blind-stamped leather over wooden boards with fillets and stamps representing human silhouettes; one of the two leather fore edge clasps is lacking; spine torn at top and bottom; gilt edges. Parchment flyleaves are from a copy of the Liber cum glossa ordinaria, France, 14th century.", "The document was drafted in Florence in 1488 at the request of Giovanni Filippo de Pizleone, then prior of Santa Maria Annunziata, a Servite convent (f. 1r), to verify papal privileges and immunities previously granted to the order.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 71."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, April 2010."], "005": ["20100415032839.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "260": ["Florence, Italy,|c1488."], "300": ["|3Original:|a39 leaves :|bparchment ;|c235 x 160 (155 x 90) mm, bound to 245 x 170 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-58) and positive (Robbins MS 71)"]}, "RobbinsMS25": {"001": ["ocn245542291"], "245 10": ["Liber primus decisionum R[everendissimi] P[atris] D[omini] Hieronimi Pamphilij Rotae auditoris."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "035": ["(OCoLC)245542291"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=115;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080905q16751725it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 25"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: title page ; fol. 2r-7v: Index of decisions arranged alphabetically by diocese ; fol. 1 (i.e. fol. 10) - 203v: \"[text] \"[Decisio prima] Romana domus de Vicecomitibus Mercurii 4 Julii 1584. Proposui dubium in causa Romana...[Decisio 123] Ravennatensis bonourm lunae? 20 Julij 1582 Ut satisfacerem agentibus...\""], "100 1": ["Pamphilj, Girolamo,|d1544-1610."], "546": ["Latin."], "520": ["Contains 123 decisions of the Roman Rota by rotal auditor Girolamo Pamphilj between 1584 and 1587."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN\\"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bRota Romana."], "500": ["Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 221(foliation starts on first page of text, i.e. fol. 9r; last 10 leaves unnumbered); 1-20\u00b9\u2070 (fol. 1 is pastedown) 21\u00b9\u2074 22\u2078; catchwords at the end of each verso.", "Layout: Written in 21 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by two hands: hand one (fol. 1r-14v) is very neat; hand two (fol. 15r-end) is more rushed and less legible.", "Binding: Limp vellum binding.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 25."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "005": ["20080908123505.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "260": ["Rome,|c[between 1675 and 1725]"], "300": ["|3Original:|a221 leaves :|bpaper ;|c268 x 200 (203 x 110) mm bound to 271 x 204 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-98) and positive (Robbins MS 25)"]}, "RobbinsMS20": {"700 12": ["Wolsey, Thomas,|d1475?-1530."], "001": ["ocn318936238"], "245 10": ["Letters and instructions from King Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey to several ambassadors."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Copies of diplomatic correspondence, ca. 1515-1524, between Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey, and the following: the Bishop of Bath (Thomas Wolsey?) and Thomas Hannibal (both English ambassadors to the Vatican); the Bishop of London (Cuthbert Tunstall?); Sir Richard Sampson (Dean of the Chapel Royal); Sir Richard Farmingham; Sir Richard Wingfield (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster); Sir Thomas Boleyn (Treasurer to the King's Household); Richard Pace (Cardinal Wolsey's, and afterwards Henry VIII's, secretary and English ambassador to the Swiss cantons and the State of Venice); and Margaret of Savoy. The original letters belong to a period not earlier than 1515 when Richard Pace was sent by Cardinal Wolsey on a mission to induce the Swiss to attack Francis I of France on their side of the Alps. Richard Sampson, here addressed as Dean of the King's Chapel, was appointed to that post in 1516. Cardinal Wolsey, referred to as a papal legate (to England), was appointed to the position (in latere with Cardinal Campeggio) in 1518 by Pope Leo X. Thomas Boleyn, here mentioned as the Treasurer to the King's Household, was appointed to that post in 1522. That same year he and Richard Sampson were sent as ambassadors to Valladolid, where Sampson was to remain for several years as resident ambassador. Richard Pace was dispatched to Venice immediately after Pope Leo X's death (2 December 1521) to further Cardinal Wolsey's interest in the papal throne. The original letters by Cardinal Wolsey to the Bishop of Bath and Thomas Hannibal, ambassadors to Vatican, were composed in 1523, the year of Clement VII's election. It appears that Hannibal's chief mission in Rome between 1522 and 1524 was to attempt to secure an enlargement of Cardinal Wolsey's powers as a legate. In 1524 Hannibal and Peace were commissioned, jointly with Clark, to negotiate a treaty for a peace or truce with France by the mediation of the pope. Richard Wingfield, who in 1520 succeeded Thomas Boleyn as ambassador to France, was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1524."], "260": ["England ,|c[between 1675 and 1699]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 20"], "700 1": ["Sampson, Richard,|dd. 1554.", "Bullen, Thomas,|cSir,|db. 1477.", "Pace, Richard,|d1482?-1536.", "Wolsey, Thomas,|d1475?-1530.", "Tunstall, Cuthbert,|d1474-1559."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Once belonged in the library of Sir Richard Grosvenor, first Earl Grosvenor (1731-1802; his signature [?] on f. 2r), or possibly his grandson, Richard Grosvenor, second Marquis of Westminster (1795-1869). The book was numbered as MS 10 in the library (library plate on front inside cover: \"case xxi no. 10\"), which was hosted at the family estate at Eaton (\"MSS Eaton\" at foot of spine)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Script: Written in a late secretary script by one hand.", "Binding: Dark leather binding.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 20."], "300": ["|3Original:|a277 leaves :|bpaper ;|c305 x 190 (275 x 120) bound to 310 x 195 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-37) and positive (Robbins MS 20)"], "100 0": ["Henry|bVIII,|cKing of England,|d1491-1547."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=111;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Marguerite,|cde France, duchesse de Savoie et de Berry, |d1523-1574."], "008": ["090421q16751699enk           000 0 eng d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, April 2009."], "546": ["English."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CUL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20090421051301.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-12r: A coppy of my Lord legates letter to the Kings orators at Rome the xxvth of March -- fol. 13r-18r: King Henry VIII his letter to his ambassador the Bishop of Bath att Rome -- fol. 19r-26r: Cardinall Woollsey his letter to Mr. Sampson and Mr. Farmeingham residing with the Emperour -- fol. 27r-41v: A coppy of my Lord legates letter sent to the ambassadors att Rome upon knowledge of the Popes election -- fol. 42r-60v: A coppye of my Lord legates letter to my Lord of Bathe -- fol. 61r-82r: My Lord legates letter to Mr. Sampson, ambassador -- fol. 82v -91v: A coppy of a letter of my Lord legate to the ambassador -- fol. 92r-99v: A coppy of Mr. Farmingham and Mr. Sampsons letters to Cardynall Woolsey -- fol. 100r- 101v: A coppy of Mr. Pace his letter to the Kings highness -- fol. 102r-end: Instructions from King Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey to several ambassadors."], "035": ["(OCoLC)318936238"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS3": {"001": ["06-B2596"], "245 10": ["[Statuta synodalia ex mandato Concilii provincialis Gnesnensis promulgata Wratislaviae anno Domini 1423]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-42v: Statuta synodalia ex mandato Concilii provincialis Gnesnensis promulgata Wratislaviae anno Domini 1423; fol. 1r-v: Protocollum Synodi Dioecesanae Wratislaviensis anni 1423; fol. 1v-42r: Statuta provincialia in Welun tradita; fol. 1v-2r: Praefatio; fol. 2r-3r: Tenor litterarum Ioannis papae vicesimitertii depositi; fol. 3r-4r: Tenor bullae Martini papae V; fol. 4r-42r: Statuta Concilii provincialis provinciae Gnenensis anni 1420; fol. 42r-42v: Protocollum Synodi Dioecesanae Wratislaviensis anni 1423; fol. 43r-45v: Transsumptum litterae confirmatoriae Nicolai V Concordati Viennensisanni 1448; fol. 43r: Instrumentum Federici de Emmerberg Archiepiscopi Salisburgensis; fol. 43r-45v: Tenor litterarum confirmatoriarum Nicolai papae V; fol. 45v: \"Declaratio beneficorum reservatorum in concordatis positorum.\""], "520": ["Transcript of the diocesan statutes of the Provincial Council of Gniezno of 1420, promulgated in Wratislavia in 1423. Marginal notes in 2 different hands. At the bottom of fol. 1r a note in a later (17th cent.?) hand reads: \"Statuta synodalia ex mandato \"Concilii provincialis Gnesnensis promulgata Wratislaviae anno Domini 1423.\" Modern foliation continuous, however codex is missing a folio between fol. 36 and 37."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=99;fullview=yes"], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bProvince of Gniezno (Poland).|bSynodus Provincialis."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 3|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060601q14481499gw ||||||||||||00|||lat||"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2006."], "300": ["|3Original:|a45 leaves :|bpaper ;|c263 x 192 (195 x 125) mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-12) and positive (Robbins MS 3)"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from note in a later hand (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar, but not identical to, Briquet \"T\u00eate de boeuf,\" 14598), fol. 45 + ii; 1-3\u00b9\u00b2 4\u00b9\u2070\u207d\u207b\u00b9\u207e.", "Layout: Written in 42 long lines; ruled in lead and dry point.", "Script: Written in a b\u00e2tarde script by one hand.", "Decoration: Initial in red and blue ink on fol. 1; titles rubricated.", "Binding: Binding lacking; 2 flyleaves at end of text.", "Origin: Jakub Sawiki (\"Synodalia Polonica in einer Handschrift der Robbins Collection in Berkeley\" in Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 1 (1971), 57-61) suggested that this unbound 15th century manuscript was once part of a manuscript (now lost?) of the Prince-Bishopric of Breslau (sign. A.III.q.1) from Weidenau in the Prussian province of Silesia (today Vidnava).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 3.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), gBR817 .G572 1423."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 3"], "260": ["[Germany,|c1423]"], "581": ["P\u00e9ter Erd\u00f6, \"Die Glossen in der Handschrift MS 3 der Robbins Collection in Berkeley: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der wissenschaftlichen Bearbeitung des Partikularkirchensrechts im Mittelalter,\" Archiv f\u00fcr katolisches Kirchenrecht 164 (1995): 390-414; Jakub Th. Sawicki, \"Synodalia Polonica in einer Handschrift der Robbins Collection in Berkeley,\" Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 1 (1971), 57-61."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS30": {"001": ["ocn246763068"], "260": ["Spain,|c1752."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["An imperfect copy of an older manuscript preserved in the Library of the Colegio Mayor in Alcala. The latter is a collection of texts pertaining primarily to the Councils of Toledo of 1565-66 and 1582-83. The documents were originally collated by Juan Bautista P\u00e9rez (1534-1597) -- also known as Juan Bautista P\u00e9rez Rubert -- canon and archivist of the Toledo cathedral and later Bishop of Segorbe. Since ca. 1566, and for the entire duration of the 1582-83 council, P\u00e9rez was the secretary of Cardinal de Quiroga (see article 14). In this capacity and at the request of Pope Gregory XIII he drafted the text of three volumes (1575, 1576, and 1580, respectively) containing the variants of the Spanish councils. The original manuscript now in the Colegio Mayor includes extensive marginal commentaries by Juan Antonio de las Infantas, Dean of the Toledo cathedral; these are copied in the Robbins manuscript in a second hand on fol. 35r, 48r, 69v, 75v, 122r, 125v, 127r, 128v, and 132r. The Robbins manuscript also includes the index compiled by de las Infantas for the Colegio Mayor manuscript, fol. 215r-220v. Copies of several different articles in the Robbins manuscript exist in the Library of the Toledo cathedral and in the Library of the Colegio de la Compa\u00f1a de Jesus (manuscript collection of Juan de Mariana) in Toledo."], "510 4": ["Philipps, T. Cat. ms.|c18028."], "099": ["Robbins MS 30"], "245 00": ["[Documents pertaining to the provincial councils of Toledo, 1565-56 and 1582-83]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Philipps (two of his labels present, 18028 and 20843; penciled note in book on verso of flyleaf identifies this as Philipps 18028). The number 1345 is also written in pen at base of spine."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 220 (manuscript is paginated, some errors; pagination skips blank pages); 1-8\u00b9\u2070 9\u2078 10-21\u00b9\u2070 22\u00b9\u00b2; gatherings signed 1-22 in top, right hand corner.", "Layout: Written primarily in 18 long lines; fols. 185r- 187r are layed out in two columns of over 30 lines.", "Script: Main text written in a neat cursive script by one hand. Marginal notes by Juan Antonio de las Infantas, Dean of the Toledo cathedral, added to manuscript in a second hand.", "Binding: Contemporary mottled calf binding with gilt ecclesiastical coat of arms in compartments of spine. Title on spine reads \"Papeles varios.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 30."], "035": ["(OCoLC)246763068"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bProvince of Toledo (Spain).|bProvincial council."], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r: \"[foreword] Este Tomo contiene varios papeles recogidos por Don Juan Bautista P\u00e9rez, canonigo de Toledo, y despues obispo de Segorbe, la maior parte de los quales pertenece al Concilio Provincial de Toledo A\u00f1o de 1582, y 1583...con un indice de cada Papel hacho por el Dn. Don Juan Antonio de las Infantas, Dean de la Santa Iglesia de Toledo, hombre eruditissimo, y quien entre otros se le dejo al Colegio, despues de su muerte\" -- fol. 3r-35r: \"Instruccion de lo que se ha de hacer en la convocacion, prosecucion, y celebracion delos concilios provinciales\" - - fol. 36r-48r: \"De hiis, que tractari poterunt in Concilio Provinciali\" -- fol. 49r-66r: \"Relacion del discurso que tubo il Concilio que se celebro en la Santa Iglesia de Toledo el A\u00f1o de MDLXV [1565] y MDLXVI [1566]\" -- fol. 67r-75v: \"[Tres] Cedulas Reales [of King Phillip II of Spain] para que se guarde lo decretado en el Concilio de Trento y en el Provincial de Toledo\" [Madrid, 4 December 1564; Escorial, 1 June 1566; Madrid, 13 July 1567] -- fol. 76r-79r: De habendis sinodis provincialibus haec sequentia statuuntur in conciliis et iure canonico\" - - fol. 80r-86r: \"Que personas han de asistir en el Concilio Provincial y tener voto en el\" -- 87r-92v: \"Las Ceremonias que se guardaran en la primera session\" -- fol. 93r-106r: \"Actos y decretos de la Primera Session\" -- fol. 107r- 114v: \"Las dificultades que se apuntan sobre la tercia parte de los frutos de las dignidades para distribucioners\" -- fol. 115r-116v: \"Los lugares que se han de ver en los Concilios Toledanos\" -- 117r-119r: \"Que legos no tienen voto en el Concilio\" -- fol. 120r-132r: [Consultas y cartas varias: Consulta del Doctor Calderon, canonigo de Toledo; consulta anonima; Doctor Neroni, vicario de Madrid, carta al Cardinal de Quiroga; Padre Pedro Riva, risposta dada al Cardinal de Quiroga; consulta anonima] -- fol. 133r-146r: Memorial de un Religioso presentado por el Reverendissimo Se\u00f1or Obispo de Ja\u00e9n\" -- fol. 147r-150r: \"Sessione 25 capitulo primo De reformatione\" -- fol. 151r- 153r: \"Memoria de los canonigos que son al presente en esta Santa Iglesia\" -- fol. 154r: \"Lo que gana un canonigo en esta Santa Iglesia de Toledo cada dia y las horares lo siguiente\" -- fol. 155r-163r: \"Resoluciones que se tomaron en diversas congregaciones de este Santo Concilio Provincial de Toledo\" -- fol. 164r-184v: [Consultas sobre el canon de reformatione matrimonii: Pedro Nu\u00f1ez de Toledo, Los matrimonios clandestinos; Gutierre de Pisa, Sobre el Canon 1 De reformatione matrimonii sess. 24 Concilii Tridentini; Pedro Nun\u00f1ez de Toledo, Parecer sobre el Canon primero De reformatione Matrimonii sess. 24 Concilii Tridentini; Gutierre de Pisa, De reformatione matrimonii sess. 24 Concilii Tridentini] -- fol. 185r-187r: [Questiones y adbertimientos acerca de algunos decretos del Concilio Tridentino] -- fol. 188r-192v: \"Apuntamientos que se han embiado sobre los decretos hechos en el Santo Concilio Provincial de Toledo\" -- 193r-200v: \"Adbertimientos sobre lo contenido en algunos de los decretos del Concilio Provincial de Toledo que se embian por orden de su Magestad de Campo maior a primero de Marzo 1583\" -- fol. 201r-209v: \"Reformacion de las Escuelas de Ni\u00f1os en esta Ciudad de Toledo 1582\" -- fol. 216rv: [King Philip II of Spain, Carta al Cardenal Arzobispo de Toledo, 22 Febrero 1583 -- fol. 211r-212r: [Anonimo: Lo que se ofrece cerca de los apuntadmientos que embio Su Magestad en los oficios de las festas propias del Arzobispado de Toledo] -- fol. 215r-220r: Index with commentary."], "650  0": ["Councils and synods|zSpain."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["080908s1752    sp            000 0 spa d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "546": ["Mostly Spanish, some Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080908052258.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a220 leaves :|bpaper ;|c295 x 205 mm (237 x 125) bound to 305 x 215 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-4) and positive (Robbins MS 30)"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS160": {"001": ["06-B4219"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1700 and 1750]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-78v: \"Animadversio critico diplomatica in autographus bullae Urbani Papae IV etsi universae urbis ecclesie et datum abbati et conventui monasterii Montis Verginis apud urbem veterem idibus ianuarii indictione VII incarnationis Dominicae anno MCCLIV (sic - should be 1264) Pontificatus vero Domini Urbani Papae IV anno III.\""], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 79r-123v: Quaestiones and Probationes.", "3. Fol. 125r-128v: \"Perci\u00f2 lastarei la proibitione Pontificia nella sua generalit\u00e0.\"", "4. Fol. 129r-132v: \"Alcune osservazioni fatte nella vita nella vita (sic) di San Francesco di Sales composta in lingua francese par Monsier Marsollier et tradotta dal Signor Dottor Salecini Froventino.\"", "5. Fol. 133r-134v: \"S. Augustini Sententia circa peccatum originale ab omnibus contractum excepto Christo.\"", "6. Fol. 135r-170v: \"Theologicum examen iudicium et censura illarum quinque propositionum\" (the topic is duelling).", "7. Fol. 171r-174v: \"Ristretto del libro [sopra la giurisdizione spirituale].\"", "8. Fol. 175r-182v: \"Censura theologica in Iohannem Clericum [Amstelodami 1699].\"", "9. Fol. 183r-186v: \"Ordonnance de Monseigneur l'Archevesque de Paris pour la tonsure [1696].\"", "10. Fol. 189r-190v: \"Editto di Monsignor Arcivescovo di Parigi sopra preparamento al santissimo ordine [1696].\"", "11. Fol. 191rv: [Sopra un giuramento in tempo di conclave]", "12. Fol. 193r-204r: \"Ordonnance et instruction pastorale de Monseigneur l'Archevesque de Paris portant condemnation du livre in titule Exposition de la foi tonchant la grace et la predestination imprime a Mons. chez Gaspard Migeot [1696]\"", "13. Fol. 205r-231v: [Vita di Beato Brandano da Siena]"], "520": ["A collection of texts on various theological topics. As evidenced by the different sized folios throughout the book and the variation in the handwriting, it is clear that most of these texts were written separately and bound together at a later date. They were not originally intended to be a single, coherent codex, which is the form that they find themselves in now."], "300": ["231 leaves :|bpaper ;|c268 x 198 (245 x 105) mm bound to 296 x 212 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c7552."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 160|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060830q17001750it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["[Miscellaneous theological texts]"], "546": ["Latin, Italian and French."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "561": ["In ink on front flyleaf is written \"ON 61 286/25 G\" and what appears to be a brief description in pencil \"(386) pp, 20 ff, (14) pp, 322 pp., plus 12 blank leaves.\" At base of spine is number \"61.\" Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7552)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 231; 1\u2076\u207d\u207a\u00b2\u207e 2-8\u00b9\u2070 9\u2076 10-16\u2074 17\u2076\u207d\u207a\u2076\u207e 18-19\u2074 20\u00b2 21\u2076 22\u2078\u207d\u207a\u2074\u207e 23\u2078 24\u2074 25\u2078 26\u2074 27\u2076\u207d\u207a\u00b2\u207e 28\u2076 29-31\u00b2 32\u00b9\u2070 33\u00b9\u2076 34\u00b9\u2070\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e; only quires 1-8 signed in contemporary Arabic numerals in upper left hand corner (fol. 1r-78v).", "Layout: Various, written in up to 34 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by at least 12 hands.", "Binding: Bound in grayish brown paper over pasteboard, possibly original; leather bands visible inside front and back cover. Binding very loose. Title written in ink on spine reads \"Materie Div[ine] M + S\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 160."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 160"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS19": {"001": ["06-B4040"], "245 10": ["[Novella super III, IV et V Decretalium]"], "520": ["This manuscript is a very tidy and neat copy of the commentary written by Giovanni d'Andrea on the Decretales of Boniface VIII. Since it does not have many marginal notes or additions, it was clearly not intended to be a working copy."], "710 2": ["Chiesa di San Bernardino (Verona, Italy).|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "260": ["[Germany,|cbetween 1425 and 1450]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |ahospicia commatrum (?)"], "581": ["Ioannes Andreae, In quinque Decretalium libros novella commentaria, 5 vols., Venetiis, apud Franciscum Franciscium Senensem, 1581; reprint, Torino, Bottega d'Erasmo, 1963."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["One of the early owners was Gabriele Verit\u00e0 of Verona, son of Benedetto, who had purchased it from a certain Marco Santagata: see the ownership note on fol. 367v: \"Ista novella est mei Gabrielis filii domini Benedicti de Veritate de Verona Empta a domino Marco de Sancta Agata.\" Later, Gabriele became a Minorite friar and, in expiation of his sins, he bequeathed the book to the church of St. Bernard in Verona: see fol. 367v: \"Hunc librum legavit Dominus Gabriel de Veritate nunc vero frater Gabriel ordinis Minorum observantie loco Sancti Bernardini Verone in remissionem suorum peccatorum.\" The manuscript was once in the R. H. Charlton collection, then recorded in the sale by Anderson (New York, 12 December 1914, no. 16) to G. D. Smith and in the sale by the American Art Society (New York, 24 February 1925, no. 439) to Dawson. It then became part of the collection of Mrs. Milton E. Getz of Beverly Hills, California. At some point the manuscript was in the library of Joseph M. Gleason (ex libris on bookplate inside front cover: a man in curial robes is writing at his working table; the motto, written in a scroll, reads: \"Tamdiu discendum est quamdiu vivas\"). It was acquired for the Robbins Collection in 1970. On inside front cover are glued 2 pieces of paper, possibly taken from bookdealers catalogues; another typed sheet of paper is pasted on flyleaf ir, with the description of the manuscript and the number \"82551\". On flyleaf ir, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"Compilata. Decretale of Papa Boniface VIII. Glosses by Andrea.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts a griffin, not in Briquet), fol. ii + 367 + ii; 1\u00b9\u2070 2-21\u00b9\u00b2 22\u00b9\u2070 23-30\u00b9\u00b2 31\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b9. No contemporary foliation. Modern foliation on some folios, such as 215, 260, 299, 300, and 300, all of which are numbered in pencil in 20th century hand. Catchwords in the bottom margin in the right corner, mostly written in a scroll. Quire numbering in the right corner of the bottom margin, with Arabic numerals from 1 to 12. Prickings visible in the lower margins, sometimes simple, sometimes double.", "Layout: Written in two columns of 60-70 lines each. Wide margins. Frame-ruled in ink and dry point. Very few marginal notes.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria gothic script by one hand.", "Binding: Bound with blind tooled vellum over wooden boards, with brass corners and center pieces; parchment reinforcements at quire centers.", "Origin: Written in Germany during the second quarter of the 15th century. The manuscript was copied by Iohannes Wydenvelt; the colophon on fol. 260r reads: \"Explicit liber quartus Novelle domini Ioannis Andree per manus Iohanni Wydenvelt\" and the one on fol. 367v reads: \"Et sic est finis huius novelle per manus Iohannis Widenwelt.\" (cfr. Colophons 11851, sub voce Iohannes Weidenfeldt)", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 19."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "300": ["367 leaves :|bpaper ;|c410 x 290 (285 x 180) mm bound to 425 x 300 mm."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "100 0": ["Giovanni d'Andrea,|dapproximately 1270-1348."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 19|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060822q14251450gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Verit\u00e0, Gabriele.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Santagata, Marco.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Getz, Milton E.,|cMrs.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Gleason, Joseph M.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-214v: \"[rubr.] De vita et honestate clericorum. [text] Finito tractatu iudiciorum a quibus clerici quantum possunt abstinere debent...Dicit Ieronimus super Malachiam : quod regula scripturarum est in manifestis non exterminare que scripta sunt. Cum igitur satis sit manifestemus (?) habere. Ioannes Andree. [rubr.] Explicit liber tercius novelle domini Ioannis Andree per manus.\"; 2. Fol. 215r-260r: \"[text] Postquam satis tractavimus ea que spectant a clericos, ad ea que spectant ad laycos stilum vertamus...Et contra pelagianos vel [...] michi cure non est quid Aristotiles sed quid apostolus doceat. [rubr.] Explicit liber quartus novelle domini Ioannis Andree per manus Iohanni Wydenvelt.\"; 3. Fol. 262r-367v: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber quintus de accusacionibus inquisicionibus et denunciacionibus rubrica. [text] Proxime tractavimus de accusatione matrimonii et de divorciis...quod de hebreo transtulerunt septuaginta idest (?) fiat fiat, ut in epistola ad Marcellam octava scribit ipse Ieronimus. Et sic est finis huius novelle per manus Iohannis Widenvelt et est secunda pars. [rubr.] Explicit secunda pars Novelle domini Iohannis Andree super tribus libris Decretalium.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=110;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 19"]}, "RobbinsMS75": {"001": ["06-B4229"], "245 10": ["[Lectura super quinque libris Decretalium]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-2r: Tituli Decretalium; 2. fol. 2r-9v: [Tabula Decretalium]; 3. fol. 10r-91v: \"[text] Fecit Deus duo luminaria magna (Gn 1, 16)...semper in generalibus specialia intelliguntur ff. e. e. Semper quantum tantum speciale derogat generali ut dictum est sub tytulus de rescriptis. [rubr.] Expliciunt.\""], "520": ["A very neat copy of the \"Lectura super quinque libris Decretalium\" by Henricus de Merseburg, also known as Henricus Minor. The manuscript is written by a professional scribe and shows very few marginal additions and marginal notes."], "100 0": ["Henricus,|cde Merseburg."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 75|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |aDe magistris"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060831q12501300fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a91 leaves :|bparchment ;|c193 x 135 (145 x 90) mm bound to 200 x 145 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative and positive (Robbins MS 75)"], "561": ["On flyleaf Ir, the number \"50\" is written in the middle of the page, presumably by a 16th century hand."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i + 91; 1\u2074 2\u2078\u207b\u00b3 3-6\u2078 7\u00b9\u00b2 8\u2078\u207b\u2074 9 -11\u2078 12\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b2. No contemporary foliation. Quire numbers in the middle of the bottom margin, on verso, by the hand of the scribe in Roman numerals.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 38 lines for each column. The table of contents, fol. 2r, is written on 4 columns, 38 lines for each column. Ruled in ink and dry point. Running titles in the upper margins.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, by at least two, perhaps three different hands but contemporary to each other.", "Decoration: Fol. 10r, a 8-line pen flourishing initial, red and blue. Red and blue alternating penworked initials throughout the text, mostly on one or two lines. Red rubrics. Red and blue alternating paragraph marks. Red running titles in capital letters, in the upper margins.", "Binding: Brown leather over wooden boards (possibly 15th century), repaired; two clasps, missing. Title on spine: \"Decret. Libr. V.\"", "Origin: Written in France during the second half of the 13th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 75."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 75"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1250 and 1300]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=46;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS52": {"001": ["ocn463483213"], "260": ["Italy or France,|c[between 1681 and 1699]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Collection of transcriptions, in various hands, of documents concerning the dispute of Louis XIV and Innocent XI over regalian right."], "581": ["William Henley Jervis, \"History of the church of France from the Concordat of Bologna, A.D. 1516, to the Revolution,\" volume 2, \"The Gallican Church: A History of the Church of France from the Concordat of Bologna, A.D. 1516, to the Revolution\" (1872), chapter II: 23-59. For the text on fol. 9-14r: cf. Pierre F\u00e9ret, La facult\u00e9 de th\u00e9ologie de Paris et ses docteurs les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres (A. Picard et fils: 1906): 360. For the text on fol. 33: cf. Robert Wodrow, \"The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, \" (Blackie: 1839, vol. 3): 368."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7354 & 7779."], "099": ["Robbins MS 52"], "245 00": ["[Dispute intorno alla regalia in Francia]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Once part of the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his nos. 7354 & 7779), and of that Frederic North, Earl of Guilford (his armorial bookplate on the inside front cover)"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from a note in pencil on the front pastedown.", "Collation: Modern foliation in pencil; former pagination on ff. 129v-149r: pp.2-39; f. 134 is an insertion (addition to treatise is in a different hand; stub is glued down to f. 133v.); fol. 8, 15-16, 36, 40, 60-62, 84, 116, 122, 151 are blank.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; title on spine printed in gilt on dark leather label: \"Dispute intorno all[a] regalia in Francia. MS.\"", "Accompanying materials: The codex included a printed insert: Innocent XI, \"Paternae Charitati,\" 1682. This is now kept separately as Robbins Document 101.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 52."], "600 00": ["Louis|bXIV,|cKing of France,|d1638-1715.", "Innocent|bXI,|cPope,|d1611-1689."], "035": ["(OCoLC)463483213"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1-7: Excerpt from Trait\u00e9 de la Regale by Charles d'Aubery (Bk. 3, ch. 1, pub. 1678) and Response -- fol. 9- 14r: \"Ragioni contro la pretensione della regalia\" -- fol. 17- 32: \"Anonymi regalium seu regaliorum confutatio\" -- fol. 33: \"Protestatio cleri Gallicani, 1682\" -- fol. 34-35 : Innocent XI to Jean Cerle, Vicar general of Pamiers, 1 January 1681 (Latin) -- fol. 37-39r: \"Cleri Gallicani de ecclesiastica potestate declaratio\" -- fol. 41-46: Documents in French: a) letter from the Bishop of Pamiers to the Archbishop of Paris; b) letter from the Francois, Bishop of Pamiers to the Archbishop of Toulouse (8 May 1680); c) Last will and testament of Francois Estienne de Caulet, Bishop of Pamiers (18 October 1677). Date and conditions of death precede text (7 August 1680); d) Letter from the Bishop of Pamiers to the Archbishop of Toulouse et al. on the judgment given by the Archbishop of Toulouse, 01 September 1677 and 18 October in Pamiers -- fol. 47-48: \"Editto del Re sopra la dichiarazione fatta dal clero di Francia delli suoi sentimenti circa la potest\u00e0 ecclesiastica\" (Translation of Louis XIV's edict of March 1682) -- fol. 49-50r: \"Copia voti in quo fuit Dominus Chamillard Doctor Sardonicus\" -- fol. 51-52: Letter from the vicars of the ecclesiasical chapter of Pamiers to Innocent XI (Latin) -- fol. 53-54r: Letter from Innocent XI and response from Louis XIV, 1680 (Latin) -- fol. 55r: Letter, Joseph, Archbishop of Toulouse to Innoncent XI, 1680 (Latin) -- fol. 56r: Letter, Inncocent XI to the chapter and canons of Pamiers, 1680 (Latin) -- fol. 57-59: Letter from Pope Innocent XI to King Louis, 1679 (Latin, \"Breve iii\" noted in margin;  \"Capitulo Appamiensis\" written on 61v.) -- 63-66r: 2 letters, Archbishop of Adrianople (Latin, \"Breve i, ii\" noted in margin; \"Archiepiscopo Tolosano\" written on 62v.) -- fol. 67-78: \"Lettera giuridica di Mons. Vescovo di Pamiers scritta a Monsignor Arcivescovo di Tolosa\" (on not being able to absolve Signore Palarino from excommunication) -- fol. 79-83: \"Arresto della corte del Parlamento sopra la copia del Breve del Papa (January 1681)\"; excerpt from the register of Parliament, signed Dongois (79v, 83v) -- fol. 85-89r: \"Lettera ad Sanctisimum Divinum Nostrum Papam Innocentium XI Vicarii Capitularis Ecclesiae Appamiensis referentis erumnas et penas passas ab eo, et aliis insistentibus contra regaliam\" -- fol. 89r-92r: \"Ristretto delle cose occorse nell'affare della regalia\" -- fol. 92v- 97r: \"Riposta al ristretto delle cose occorse nell'affare della regalia -- fol. 97r-110: \"Memorie intorno la regalia\" -- fol. 111-115: \"Riposta al ristretto\" (same as 92v-97r, different hand) -- fol. 117 -121r: \"Ristretto delle cose occorse nell'affare della regalia\" (same text as 89r-92r different hand from both 89r-92r and 111-115) - - fol. 123-124: \"Relation de ce qui s'est pass\u00e9 a Agen en l'affaire des Religieux -- fol. 125-128r: \"Remonstrance de l'assemblee generale du clerg\u00e9 de France faite au Roy par Monsigneur l'Archevesque coadiuteur de Reims\" -- fol. 129- 149r: \"Trait\u00e9 de la R\u00e9gale. Partie IV\" -- fol. 150: Conclusion (French) -- fol. 152-153r: \"Lettera circolare dell'Agenti Generali del Clero di Francia alli Arcivescovi del Regno."], "650  0": ["Regalia|zFrance.", "Prerogative, Royal|zFrance.", "Church and state|zFrance.", "Patronage, Ecclesiastical."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "008": ["091105q16811699xx            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description from Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, November 2009."], "546": ["Latin, Italian, and French."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20091105125042.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a153 leaves :|bpaper ;|c291 x 216 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-51) and positive (Robbins MS 52)"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS80": {"001": ["ocn727189636"], "245 10": ["De appellationibus."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "100 1": ["Gambiglioni, Angelo,|d15th cent."], "300": ["|3Original:|a114 leaves :|bpaper ;|c410 x 270 (265 x 180) mm bound to 420 x 290 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-64) and positive (Robbins MS 80)"], "260": ["Italy,|c1443."], "099": ["Robbins MS 80"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript once belonged to one Baldassare Rosetti(?) (his signature at the bottom of fol. 1r: \"Baldasar Ruseto\") and, in 1714, to Lodovico of the same family (his signature on 1r: \"Ludovicus Rosettus, 1714 30 aprile\")."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from explicit (fol. 114r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. iii + 114 + iv; 1-11\u00b9\u2070 12\u2078; decorative catchwords at the end of each quire.", "Layout: Written in two columns of 50 lines; ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a semitextualis libraria script by one hand. Marginal notes in cursive in two different hands, one of which also penned an index of select sections on f. iiir (presumably the hand of Lodovico Rosetti (?), one of the former owners of the codex).", "Decoration: Paragraph marks in alternating red and blue ink.", "Binding: Bound in parchment manuscript fragments, one of which can be identified as a leaf from the Codex of Justinian (legible are the headings \"Ut actiones et ab herede et contra heredem incipiant\" (4.11) and \"Ne filius pro patre vel pater pro filio emancipato vel libertus pro patrono conveniatur (4.13)).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 80."], "035": ["(OCoLC)727189636"], "650  0": ["Roman law."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=49;fullview=yes"], "008": ["110526s1443    it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, May 2011."], "240 10": ["Lectura super titulo De appellationibus"], "546": ["In Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20110526035104.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-114r: \"Hec rubrica continuatur hoc ordine secundum raf[faelem]...et hic sit finis materie appellationum laus deo eius gloriose beate Katerine beato Ieronimo patronis amen 1461. Per angelus de arecio m[illesimo] cccc xliii die 5 semptembris [sic].\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS252": {"001": ["06-B3632"], "260": ["[Hungary, |cca. 1729]."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-102r: \"[rubr.] De processu iudiciario civitatum quorundam cisdanubianorum...de officiis procuratorum. [text] Causa seu actio iuridica quatenus...quae obscuriora videbuntur, illuminabitur. Fol. 21v-23r, 24v and 102v-135v are blank."], "520": ["The text in the manuscript is divided into seven major chapters: 1. De causae iuridicae definitione et divisione, 2. De processu iudicii origine et gradibus, 3. De processu iudicii in tres classes distributione, 4. De speciali consuetudine, 5. De ordinario magistruum cortuum, 6. De officiis causantium, 7. De officiis verorum procuratorum. On fol. iir there is a series of numbers: 1 1729 134567\", so possibly 1729 stands for the date of the manuscript, which seems reasonable."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 252|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060731s1729    hu ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["De processu iudiciario comitatuum quorundam cisdanubianorum."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["140 leaves :|bpaper ;|c190 x 150 (150 x 100) mm bound to 200 x 155."], "561": ["On inside front cover, written in black ink, 19th century: \"8792  C. 42\"; written in pencil, 20th century: \"\"EDU 54858\". On inside back cover, written in pencil, 20th century: \"950- CHH 9903\". A violet stamp on the title page, fol. 1r, proves that the manuscript used to belong to the Egyetemi K\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r, The University Library of E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1r.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 140, 1\u2076, 2-17\u2078, 18\u2076. No prickings and no contemporary foliation provided. Catchwords on each single folio (not only at the end of the quire), on verso, on the right of the bottom margin.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines. Frame-ruled in dry point, possibly with the tabula ad rigandum.", "Script: Written in a tidy cursive with many abbreviation, brown ink. Chapter headings on fol. 1r and 25r are written in capital script.", "Binding: parchment over pasteboard. The parchment used as a cover is a fragment of an early 14th century manuscript containing Book of Jeremiah from the Bible.", "Origin: Written in Hungary, at the beginning of the 18th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 252."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 252"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS257": {"001": ["06-B3750"], "245 00": ["Histoire des Etats Generaux /|cPar monsieur Freret."], "505 0": ["Pp. 1-428: \"[rubr.] Des Etats Generaux premier partie. [text] Les Etats ne sont autre chose q'une assemblee generale...tout ce qui regardoit la discipline militaire\"; pp. 429-473 blank."], "520": ["The manuscript contains a very detailed history of the Etats Generaux, starting from the Middle Ages and explaining the development of this institution through the centuries. The treatise is divided into paragraphs and provided with very detailed footnotes. The title page reads: \"Histoire des Etats Generaux par monsieur...Freret\" : an existing description of the manuscript ascribes the work to Nicolas Freret, but there is no evidence that can lead us to assume that this is actually one of his works. Some important parts of the text are underlined."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAGE|hRobbins MS 257|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060808q18001820fr ||||||||||||00|||fre|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["French."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["473 pages :|bpaper ;|c240 x 170 (170 x 120) mm bound to 250 x180."], "561": ["On inside front cover, a bookplate by a former owner: a coat of arms in the shape of a crowned shield, containing three stags in a triangle formation, two on the top and one on the bottom. The bookplate is an engraving made by Pierre Gabriel Berthault and signed with his motto \"Le sage direxit\". Marbled paper used as flyleaves. The family to which the manuscript used to belong to is unknown."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (marbled paper) + 473 + i (marbled paper). Contemporary pagination in the outer corners.", "Layout: Written in 18 long lines. Many footnotes refer to the main text using lower-case letters.", "Script: Written by one very neat cursive hand, in brown ink.", "Binding: Brown leather over pasteboards, gilt tooled with a coat of arms in the middle of both plates: a crowned oval containing an \"X\" with a tassle in each quadrant. The oval is surrounded by garlands. A small flower gilt tooled on each corner. Gilt tooled spine with floral patterns and the title which reads: \"Histoire des Etats Generaux\". Edges red-painted.", "Origin: Written in France, possibly at the very beginning of the 19th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 257."], "700 1": ["Berthault, Pierre Gabriel,|d1737-1831."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 257"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS48": {"001": ["06-B4266"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1300 and 1400]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r6v: \"[rubr.] Hic sunt redditus episcopatus Autissiodorensis. [text] Autissiodorum. Sigillum cum emendis valet circa V lib[rarum?] per annum. Tallia circa XX l[i]b[rarum?]. Census et decima Sancti Gervasii...pratorum circa X arpent[orum?] sunt domini episcopi.\"; 2. Fol. 7rv: fol. 7r-v: \"[rubr.] Hos redditus debet episcopatus annuatim. [text] Fabrice Sancti Stephani VI libr[arum?]. Capitulo XXXIIII super Toulevini (?) pro luminari angelorum et lampade trinitatis X...item capitulo XVI d. (?) et ob[?] pro sede Minorum capitulo II sol[idi] pro prato decani.\"; 3. Fol. 8r-11r: \"[rubr.] Hic incipit inventarium cartarum et privilegiorum que faciunt ad ius et iurisditionem episcopi Autissiodorensis et invenientur in scriniis suis signatis per ordinem alphabeti et ita scripta sunt et signata in hoc libro. [text] In scrinio signato per A invenientur littere sive carte que faciunt ad ius et iurisdictionem episcopi in civitate Autissiodorensis et pertinenciis. Item littere sancti Bernardi...in scrinio signato per T Invenientur littere de ordinibus fattis a domino episcopo et de nominibus ordinatorum.\"; 4. Fol. 11v-15v: \"[rubr.] De cordis. [text] Coustume de cordis et polanis et vinagium omnino sunt comitis exceptis illis que sunt de Sanctis Germano et Iuliano...episcopus et comes habunt stalla insimul in foro, et census in foro.\"; 5. Fol. 16r-66v: \"[rubr.] Hic incipit liber cartarum episcopi Autissiodorensis que invenientur in scriniis signatis per ordinem alphabeti; et primo continentur littere que faciunt ad ius et iurisdiccionem episcopi in civitate Autissiodorensis et pertinentiis in scriniis signatis per A. [text] In nomine sancte et indiviue Trinitatis. Ego Bernardus Clarevallensis vocatus abbas cognita...item littere de ordinibus fas a convi[?]o de gressibus Autissodorensis episcopo invenietur in scrinio signatus per T//.\""], "245 00": ["[Cartularium episcopi Autissiodorensis]"], "520": ["The cartulary is incomplete: manuscript contains copies of documents kept in scrinia of the abbey; the items following the scrinium marked \"Q\" are missing, but rubrics exist for charters kept in scrinia \"S\" and \"T.\" The first charter is probably a copy of the agreement drawn by Bernard de Clairvaux in 1145 settling the dispute between Bishop Hugues de Macon (1137-1151) and William II, Count of Nevers with regard to jurisdiction over clerics and laymen, and other related matters. Occasional 4th and 15th century marginal notes in Latin and French (the latter identifying locations and giving French names of places and an occasional date); one document in the scrinium marked \"F\" in a 14th-century hand that is different from the hand of the manuscript, in all probability a later addition. Large hole on fol. 28. Sewn tears in fol. 40 and 46."], "581": ["Constance Brittain Bouchard, Spirituality and Administration: The Role of the Bishop in Twelfth-Century Auxerre (Cambridge, Ma: The Medieval Academy of America, 1979), 54-55."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 48|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060905q13001400fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a66 leaves :|bparchment ;|c283 x 221 (220 x 170) mm bound to 290 x 225 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bpositive (Robbins MS 48)"], "561": ["This manuscript used to belong to the church of St. Marthe, Auxerre (fol. 1r, ownership note written in a 16th century hand, partly cropped: \"De Sanctae Marthae\"); on the binding there is the coat of arms of Nicolas Colbert; the old inventory numbers and shelfmarks on font pastedown (\"Inventori\u00e9 premi\u00e8re partie chapitre unique seconde partie\"), fol. ir (\"Premi\u00e8re partie chapitre unique seconde partie 1741\"), and fol. 1r (\"Cott\u00e9 trois cent de l'Inventaire de 1755\" and \"Cott\u00e9 CC le vingt et un Septembre soixante et seize C. Miotte greffier du chapitre d'Auxerre\") are from the Chapter of Auxerre Cathedral."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i + 66 + i; 1-4\u2078 5\u2076 7-8\u2078 9\u2074. No contemporary foliation. Quires numbered on recto of each quire, using the ordinal numbers (cfr. the words: \"quartus\", \"quintus\"...still legible on some quires). Modern foliation in pencil, Arabic numerals, in the upper right corner on verso, by a 20th century hand.", "Layout: Written in 29 long lines, below top line. Ruled in lead.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, by one hand.", "Decoration: Red rubrics; some initial touched in red; red running titles on the upper margin.", "Binding: 17th-century leather over pasteboard (veau tachet\u00e9), bearing the gilt armorial of the Colbert family. Title on spine: \"Cartulaire de l'\u00e9v\u00each\u00e9.\"", "Origin: Written in France during the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 48."], "700 1": ["Colbert, Nicolas,|d1628-1676.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 48"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=34;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS29": {"001": ["06-B2232"], "245 10": ["Casus decretorum."], "520": ["Fol. 3, 6, 9, 11, 43, 84, 94, 95, 113, 115, 117, 129, 132, 148, 150, 160, 164, 165, 192, 221, 277, 292, and 304 mended. On fol. 323r after the explicit is an added text written by the hand of the scribe that reads: \"Iste liber est scriptus qui scripxit (sic) sit benedictus. Amen.\" Marginal notes on fol. 8v, 58r, 182v, and 255r (erased), all post-dating the copying of the manuscript. The incipits of both prologue and text as well as the explicit of the tract match those in Ms. Vat. Lat. 1438."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "510 4": ["Kuttner, Stephan, et al., Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts|c1:246.", "De Ricci, |cp. 649.", "De Ricci, |cp. 1172."], "260": ["[Northern France,|cbetween 1280 and 1320]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|ascilicet quod canonicum alii sunt decreta pontificum"], "581": ["Bartholomaeus Brixiensis [da Brescia], Casus Decretorum Bartholomei Brixiensis (In vrbe Basiliensi: per Nicolaum Kesler ..., v. Idus Augusti anno salutis millesimo quadringentesimo octuagesimo nono [9 August 1489])."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Early provenance not known. Manuscript was probably in Britain (possibly Wales) at one time and in the possession of a certian William (owner's marks in a late 14th/early 15th century hand visible on fol. 291v (\"Wyll\") and fol. 292r (\"Wyllyam\"). During the 17th century the manuscript was owned by Hugh Roberts (fol. 81r: \"Hugh Roberts 1673\"). In a modern hand (late 19th century or 20th century) is written on the inside front cover: \"Bartholomeus Brixiensis. Casus Decretorum. Unpublished MS of the 15th century.\""], "500": ["Ms codex.", "Title from opening rubric (fol. 1ra) and from explicit (fol. 323 rb).", "Collation: Parchment, fol. iv (modern parchment ) + 323 + iii (modern parchment) ; 1-16\u2078 17\u2076 18-25\u2078 26\u2076 27-33\u2078 34\u2076 35-40\u2078 41\u2076, plus the last folio detached. No original foliation is provided. The quire signing system consists of Roman numerals on the upper margins on recto (quire numbers) in the middle of the page; a small \"q\" followed by Roman numerals in the right corner of the upper margin (folio numbers, usually from i to iv)", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 38 lines, below top line; ruled in lead; prickings visible in the outer margins. Catchwords in the bottom margins on verso, close to the right side, by the hand of the scribe.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, by one hand.", "Decoration: Initials in red ink, some filled with drawings. Capital letters, paragraph signs, and line fillers in red ink. Two human faces drawn in light brown ink at the bottom of fol. 165v and 166r. Drawing of a red and black bird on fol. 271r.", "Binding: Bound in the 19th century, in brown leather over wooden boards, by F. Bedford (bottom of inside cover reads : \"Bound by F. Bedford\"); the title on spine reads: \"Casus decretorum Brixiensis\"; gilt edges.", "Written in France, possibly Northern France, in the last 2 decades of the 13th century or during the first 2 decades of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 29."], "300": ["|3Original: |a323 leaves :|bparchment ;|c205 x 142 (153 x 113) mm bound to 217 x 160 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-3) and positive (Robbins MS 29)"], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "100 0": ["Bartolomeo,|cda Brescia,|d-1258."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 29|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060516q12801320fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi and Jennifer K. Nelson, July 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Bedford, Francis,|d1799-1883.|4bnd|5CUL."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1ra: \"[prologue] Quoniam suffragantibus antiquorum laborantibus minores possunt interdum perspicacius intueri...posito igitur casu ubi praeces incipiant legendo litteram assignabis, nunc in positione casus dices ubi pars prima incipia (sic) vel secunda\" ; fol. 1ra-323rb: \"[text] Humanum genus. Casus iste sic ponitur: Dicitur enim hic quod duo sunt intstrumenta per que humanum genus regitur et gubernatur...tertio dicit quod spiritus sanctus non potest aliquid audire a filio quod ipse nesciat. Expliciunt Casus decretorum. Amen. [colophon] Iste liber est scriptus. Qui scripsit sit benedictus. Amen.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=117;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 29"]}, "RobbinsMS93": {"001": ["ocn662527619"], "245 10": ["Dictata v[iri] cl[arissimi] J[ohan] M[elchior] Kemper de jure naturae 1818-1819."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["A transcription of lecture notes taken by dictation during the academic year 1818-1819. The main text was copied just on the recto of each folio, with additional notes and corrections appearing on facing pages (i.e., the verso of the preceding folio)."], "260": ["Netherlands,|cafter 1819."], "099": ["Robbins MS 93"], "100 1": ["Kemper, Johan Melchior,|d1776-1824."], "246 08": ["Dictata de jure naturae"], "561": ["Gift from Mrs. James L. de Fremery. James de Fremery was Consul General for the Netherlands in San Francisco from 1863 to 1891. On the back pastedown is affixed a piece of brown paper with the number \"235887\" stamped on it, and below is written \"Kemper, J. M.\" Fol. 127r  bears the stamp \"L38252.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Title from title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i +131 + i; 1-6\u2074 7\u00b2 8-19\u2074 20\u2078(-2) 21-22\u2074 23\u2076 24\u2074 25\u00b3 26-33\u2074 (last fol is pastedown).", "Layout: Written in 26 long lines.", "Script: Written in a quick cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Brown paper over pasteboard; leather spine with gilt pattern (bands). Title on spine in gilt letters on red background reads \"J. M. Kemper Dictata de jure naturae.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 93.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), g290 K32."], "300": ["|3Original:|a131 leaves :|b;|c210 x 165 (195 x 140) mm, bound to cover 215 x 170 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-76) and positive (Robbins MS 93)"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson."], "008": ["100907q18181819ne            000 0 lat d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 02": ["Praelectiones de jure naturae"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "700 1": ["De Fremery, James,|d1826-1899."], "005": ["20100907043757.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-8r: Prolegomena -- fol. 9r-49r: Pars I -- fol. 50r -125r: Pars altera -- fol. 126r, 127r: Index -- fol. 128r- 131v: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)662527619"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS292": {"001": ["ocn221732766"], "260": ["[S.l. : s.n.],|c1805."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Unpublished \"Petite Eglise\" schismatic manuscript expounding the position of the French bishops who fled to London after the French Revolution and following the Concordat of 1801 between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte."], "300": ["104 leaves :|bpaper ;|c260 x 180 (245 x 140) mm bound to 260 x 190 mm."], "099": ["Robbins MS 292"], "245 00": ["Memoria dei vescovi Franzesi residenti in Londra che non hanno dato la loro dismissione."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "600 10": ["Dillon, Arthur-Richard,|d1721-1806."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 52 + i; 1-2\u00b9\u00b2 3\u2074.", "Layout: Written in 34 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat 19th century script in brown ink. A few light marginal ink stains.", "Binding: Bound in a 19th century full, dark calf leather binding. Upper margin closely trimmed but with no loss of text. Paper flyleafs and pastedowns (pastedowns have writing on them -  on the recto at the front and the verso at the back - before being pasted down, such that the writing is backwards and difficult to make out.", "Origin: The colopon in the manuscript makes reference to Cox and Baylis, printers who had published other, similar pamphlets of dissident bishops: \"De l'imprimerie de Cox et Baylis No. 75, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields a Londres.\" As yet there is no evidence that this pamphlet was ever published.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 292."], "600 00": ["Pius|bVII,|cPope,|d1742-1823."], "035": ["(OCoLC)221732766"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church|zFrance|xHistory|y19th century.", "Catholic Church|zEngland|xHistory|y19th century.", "Catholic Church|zFrance|xBishops|xHistory|y19th century.", "Petite Eglise."], "650  0": ["Church and state|zFrance.", "France|xChurch history|y19th century"], "008": ["080409s1805    xx            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, April 2008."], "546": ["In Italian, with some Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080409054056.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-52v: \"[Text] Memoria dei vescovi Franzesi residenti in Londra che non hanno dato la loro dimissione. In Londra 23 [Octo]bre 1805 ; Un Breve di S.S. Pio VII dato in Roma in Santa Maria Maggiore il 15 Agosto 1805...Non vi disaproveremo se voi ricusate di fare cio' che prave insinuazioni ci avrebbero potuto suggerire (followed by note 181 which is a citation from book 10 of the Ius Canonicum) ; fol. 52v: List of fourteen names: Arthur Richard Dillon, Arch[ev\u00eaque] e Primate di Narbone, Louis Ev\u00eaque d'Arres, Joseph Francois Ev\u00eaque de Montpellier, Louis Andr\u00e8 Ev\u00eaque Conte de Noyon Pair de France, Jan Francois Ev\u00eaque de Lion, Emanuel Louis Ev\u00eaque de Perigueux, Pierre Augustin Ev\u00eaque de Avrances, Sebastien Michel Ev\u00eaque de Vannes, Henri Benoit Jules de Bethisy Ev\u00eaque de Us\u00e8s, Seignelay Colbert Ev\u00eaque de Rodez, Charles Eutrope Ev\u00eaque de Nantes, Philippe Francois d'Albignac Ev\u00eaque d'Angouleme, Alessandre Henri de Chauvigni Ev\u00eaque de Lombez, Etienne Jean Baptiste Louis des Halois (?) de la Tour Ev\u00eaque Nom[ine?] de Moulins.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS145": {"001": ["ocm84650682"], "260": ["[Rome?,|c16--]"], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "520": ["Discussion of canonical principles in four books."], "300": ["|3Original:|a516 pages :|bpaper ;|c205 x 147 (182 x 124) mm bound to 212 x 155 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-12) and positive (Robbins MS 145)"], "008": ["060821s16uu    it            000 0 lat d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Ad canonicas institutiones."], "099": ["Robbins MS 145"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening page of text (p. 1).", "Collation: Paper, 518 pp. (contemporary pagination in ink starting at fol. 3; first two unnumbered pages are part of the first quire; incorrect pagination after p. 445 as p. 448 follows it directly, skipping pp. 446-447); 1\u00b9\u2070 2\u00b9\u2074 3\u00b9\u2070 4\u00b9\u00b2\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e 5\u00b9\u2070\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e 6\u00b9\u2078 7\u00b2 8\u00b9\u2078 9\u00b2 10\u00b9\u2078 11\u00b2 12\u00b9\u2078 13\u00b2 14\u00b9\u2078 15\u00b2 16\u00b9\u2078 17\u00b2 18\u00b9\u2078 19\u00b2 20\u00b9\u2078 21\u00b2 22\u00b9\u2078 23\u00b2 24\u00b9\u2078.", "Layout: Written in up to 28 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; cover nearly detached. Title written in ink on spine: \"Institu / Canonic.\"", "Origin: Author was probably attached to the Curia.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 145."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "505 0": ["Pp. 1-496: Ad canonicas institutiones ; pp. 1-21: Introduction ; pp. 21-183: Liber primus \"[text] De iure personarum...De professione religiosa et professis\"  ; pp. 183-300: Liber secundus \"[text] De rebus...De rebus ecclesie non alienandis\" ; pp. 301-408: Liber tertius \"[text] De iudiciis...De in integrum restitutione\" ; pp. 408-596: Liber quartus \"[text] De accusationibus, denunciationibus et inquisitionibus...De dispensatione ab irregularitate\" ; pp. 497--500: blank ; pp. 501-507: Index ; pp. 508-512: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)84650682"], "546": ["Latin."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS54": {"001": ["ocn471519396"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1676 and 1689]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Historical discourse on the origin and the development of regalian rights. The history makes reference to the resistance of the bishops of Alet and Pamiers to Louis XIV's declaration extending the droit de regale (regalian rights) over all of France, and their appeal to Pope Innocent XI."], "300": ["|3Original:|a62 leaves :|bpaper ;|c305 x 215 ( 280 x 150) mm bound to 315 x 220 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-52) and positive (Robbins MS 54)"], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c5441 & 7325."], "099": ["Robbins MS 54"], "245 00": ["Discorso istorico sopra l'origine e progressi della regalia."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 5441 & 7325). Stamp of the Libraria Colonna also present (fol. 1r and fol. 59v)."], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Title from beginning of text (fol. 1r)", "Layout: Written in 29 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat, cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Embossed parchment over pasteboard; part of parchment on back cover has been torn off; clasps lacking.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 54."], "035": ["(OCoLC)471519396"], "650  0": ["Regalia.", "Church and state."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "008": ["091130q16761689it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Pamela Diaz, November 2009."], "546": ["Italian, with marginal notes in Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20091130035326.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-59r: \"[text] Discorso istorico sopra l'origine e progressi della regalia. Le chiese e i vescovadi nelli primordii della fede d'altro non furon dotate, che dell'oblationi e decime che la piet\u00e0 de' fedeli a[i] sacerdoti di Christo somministrava...ne si dubita che dalla condotta di s\u00ec santo Pontefice, e s\u00ec pio, e veramente Christianissimo Re possino in altro terminare queste differenze che in maggior honore e gloria di Dio et esaltazione della Chiesa."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS186": {"001": ["ocm81336371"], "260": ["A Bruxelles :|bChez Pauwels ...,|c1787."], "040": ["CUY|cCUY"], "043": ["e------|ae-gx---"], "710 2": ["Holy Roman Empire.|bEmperor (1765-1790 : Joseph II)"], "650  0": ["Ecclesiastical law|zHoly Roman Empire|y18th century |xSources.", "Church and state|zHoly Roman Empire|y18th century.", "Popes|xPrimacy."], "245 04": ["Les Cent nullit\u00e9s :|bdes \u00e9dits, ordonnances, principes de l\u00e9gislation, & autres pieces qui ont paru sous le nom de l'Empereur Joseph II, sur les matieres eccl\u00e9siastiques & religieuses, jusqu'au 28 septembre 1784, adress\u00e9e \u00e0 l'Empereur lui-m\u00eame."], "008": ["930407s1787    be            000 0 fre d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bbUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "250": ["Seconde \u00e9dition, plus correcte que la premiere."], "099": ["Robbins MS 186"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "500": ["Includes (p. 66) errata."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080130061745.0"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000La 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)81336371"], "300": ["66 p. ;|c19 cm. bound to 30 cm."]}, "RobbinsMS169": {"001": ["06-B3829"], "260": ["Rome,|cca. 1591."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-2v: \"Sub pontificatu Bonifacii pape noni\" ; fol. 3r: \"Sub Johanne papa XXIII\" ; fol. 4v-7r: \"Sub Martino Vto\" ; fol. 7v-8r: \"Sub Eugenio IIII\" ; fol. 8v-9r: \"Sub Nicolao Vto\" ; fol. 9v: \"Sub Calixto papa III\" ; fol. 10r: \"Tempore Pii pape II\" ; fol. 10v: \"Sub Paulo papa II\" ; fol. 11rv: \"Sub pontificatu Sixti pape IIII\" ; fol. 12r: \"Sub Innocentio papa VIII\" ; fol. 12v-13v: \"Sub Alexandro papa VI\" ; fol. 14r-16r: \"Sub Julio papa secundo\" ; fol. 16v-19r: \"Sub Leone papa X\" ; fol. 19rv :Sub Adriano papa VI\" ; fol. 20r-24r: \"Sub pontificatu Clementis pape VII\" ; fol. 24v-29v: \"Sub pontificatu Pauli pape III\" ; fol. 30rv : \"Sub pontificatu Julii pape III\" ; fol. 31rv: \"Sub pontificatu Pauli IIII\" ; fol. 32r-33v: \"Sub Pio quarto\" ; fol. 34r: \"Sub pontificatu Pii pape V\" ; fol. 34v: \"Usque ad annum V Gregorii XIII\" ; fol. 35r-39v: ruled but blank."], "520": ["A list of names of cathedrals or monasteries, together with a record of the source of their commendation (e.g. the king of Portugal, the emperor, the queen of England), beginning from the pontificate of Boniface IX up to the 5th year of the pontificate of Gregory XIII (ca. 1389- 1577). Of particular interest are the records of cathedrals and monasteries in the British Isles. Evidence for their changing relations with the Holy See due to the policies of Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, is revealed in the changing sources of the commendations."], "300": ["39 leaves :|bpaper ;|c282 x 215 (221 x 170) mm bound to 283 x 217 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5367."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 169|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060811s1591    it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 0": ["Compendiolum in cathedralibus"], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "245 00": ["Annotationes in cathedralibus etiam metropolitanis ecclesiis ex registro l[itte]rarum ap[osto]licar[um] desumpte :|bV[ideli]c[et] si ad regum aut aliorum principum supplicationem presentationem instantiam vel capitulorum electionem seu al[iis] quovismodo eis provisum sit. Reliquis vero hic non insertis a sede ap[osto]lica simpliciter eis provideri mandatum extitisse."], "546": ["Latin."], "100 1": ["Rambaldo, Nicolo."], "561": ["On front flyleaf (fol. iiiv) is a coat of arms that depicts, on the left side, a pelican biting its own chest and drawing blood to feed her young; and on the right side 5 fleurs-de-lis, two above, two below, separated by a crown. Floating above both of these images is a red cross on a white background in a circle. All of these images are contained within a shield, which is itself surrounded by a burgundy frame. Atop the whole is a red, wide-brimmed cardinal's hat perched on a cross with red tassles hanging down both sides. The motto associated with this coat of arms is \"Ut suos allat seipsum necat.\" The book was once in the library of Alessandro Albani, as evidenced by a strip of paper tipped in between the first flyleaf and pastedown (now in MS file) that reads \"Bibliotheca Albano\" and on the recto of the second flyleaf is a note in pen that reads \"No. B11 B\" and \"Biblioteca Albano.\" Pasted to the verso of the first flyleaf is a printed label that reads \"Ex Bibl. Callisti Marini Pisauren,\" which demonstrates that it was once in the collection of Callisto Marini of Pesaro. The manuscript was also once in the collection of the Earl of Guilford, and of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5367). Written in modern pencil on front pastedown are the numbers \"196/7\" and \"5367 Ph\" and on the recto of the first flyleaf, in English, \"Seen N[--- -] Important.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. iiir)", "Collation: Paper (watermark depicts an \"F\" atop a trimontium, all enclosed within a shield), fol. iii + 39; 1-5\u2078 (last leaf of last quire is pastedown; quires numbered 1-5, in a contemporary hand, at the beginning of each gathering in the top right hand corner).", "Layout: Written in 14 long lines; vertical ruling in ink to guide listed entries by city.", "Script: Written in a semi-italic and an ornamental gothic script by one hand.", "Decoration: First letter of the first word of the title (fol. iiir) is a 4-line capital with an elaborate floral decoration. The first letter of the first word of the title on the cover is similarly large and ornate. The first words of the subtitles also begin with a similarly decorated capital but not quite as big.", "Binding: Bound in contemporary soft vellum; remains of two cloth ties visible. Title on front cover, written in the same hand as the text with the same decorative elements, reads \"Compendiolum in Cathedralibus.\"", "Origin: On fol. 35v is written a note \"Romae accepi dono Nicolai Raimbaldi, Registratoris supplicationum et capellari regesti bullorum die XX martii MDXCI.\" Nicolo Rambaldo was the Registrar of Supplications and Chaplain of the Register of Bulls during the pontificate of Gregory XIV (5 December 1590 to 15 October 1591).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 169."], "700 1": ["Albani, Alessandro,|d1692-1779.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Marini, Callisto.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 169"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=91;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS64": {"001": ["ocn603987459"], "260": ["Germany,|c[between 1575 and 1625]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Commentary on the Institutes of Justinian. The Proemium (fol. 1r) makes reference the Vita Iustiniani Imperatoris, a compilation by Egidio Perrino, usually published as part of Perrino's Commentaria in institutiones. Marginal notes underlined in red ink, seemingly in the hand that has copied the entire manuscript."], "099": ["Robbins MS 64"], "245 00": ["[Commentary on the Institutes of Justinian]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was part of the Prince Lichtenstein library (bookplate on front pastedown reads \"Ex Libris Lichtensteinianis\" above coat of arms)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Undiscernable due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 28 long lines.", "Script: Written in a rushed cursiva currens script by one hand.", "Binding: Paper over pasteboard; leather spine and corners. Leather spine blind-stamped with animals and portraits of saints. Four raised bands. Title on spine reads \"Ivstiniani Institutiones.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 64."], "300": ["436 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c320 x 210 (270 x 160) mm bound to 330 x 230 mm."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-414r: Commentary on the Institutes of Justinian -- fol. 1r-11r: \"[text] In Prooemium. Ex Justiniani Imperatoris vita, qua ex multis satis studiose Aegydius Perrinus colegisse videtur...Quod ut verus Jurisprudentie scopus est, ita quoque non minus pius est quam honorificum.\" -- fol. 1v-128r: \"[text] Institutionum seu elementorum D. Iustiniani sacratissimi principis Liber I. De Iustitia et Iure\" -- fol. 128v-134v: blank -- fol. 135r -262r: \"[text] Liber II. De rerum divisione et acquerendo (sic) ipsarum dominio\" -- fol. 262v-267v: blank -- fol. 268r-388v: \"[text] Liber III. De hoereditatibus quae ab iuste pacto deferuntur\" -- fol. 389r-395v: blank -- fol. 396r-414r: \"[text] Liber IV. De obligationibus que ex delicto nascuntur\" -- fol. 414v-436v: blank."], "650  0": ["Roman law."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=36;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Justinian|bI,|cEmperor of the East,|d483?-565."], "008": ["100407q15751625gw            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, April 2010."], "630 00": ["Institutiones."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100407035105.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)603987459"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS151": {"001": ["ocn768894430"], "245 10": ["[Letters patent]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Letters patent granting the manor of Markynfield and various other properties to Laurence Meres for 21 years. The reversion of the properties goes to Henry Gates, knight (b. before 1523, d. 1589).  They had previously been held by the Earl of Northumberland, then convicted of high treason. Henry Gates is also given Bemyshe (Beamish), in the See of Durham, and various properties formerly held by Robert Tempest, also convicted of high treason. He is also given Castle Grenewithe, in Kent, in free socage. Northumberland and Tempest were instigators of the Rising of the North in 1569, while Meres and Gates fought the rebels for the Crown. The three sheets each have three holes and a folded lower margin. They were originally attached to each other there by a twisted cord and later by a red cloth tie (kept in manuscript file)."], "500": ["Ms. document.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in long lines; ruled.", "Decoration: First sheet is decorated on top border in pen and ink with a picture of Queen Elizabeth, a lion, a rose, a griffin, a fleur-de-lys, and a harp.", "Origin: This letters patent was issued by Queen Elizabeth in 1571. There are two other dates, each of which seems to support a different date for the document, but the document itself gives \"13 Eliz.\" (i.e., 1571).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 151."], "100 0": ["Elizabeth|bI,|cQueen of England,|d1533-1603."], "260": ["England,|c1571 June 27"], "008": ["111220s1571    enk           000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 151"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "581": ["\"John Gates\" in Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography (London: Oxford University Press; consulted online version, 2011); Henry Gates's will (housed at The National Archives, U.K., PROB 11/73, ff. 376-9) mentions the Beamish property; for Cuthbert Sharp see his Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569 (London: J. B. Nichols and Son, 1840; consulted on Google Books, 2011)."], "546": ["Latin."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["There are two sets of marks on verso of first sheet. Bottom left of verso where it is folded to front bears mark in contemporary hand including \"1572.\"  Middle of verso has faded paragraph in later hand with heading \"Ao 15 Eliz. R.,\" which would be 1573."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL :|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Ana E. Enriquez, November 2011."], "005": ["20111220020345.0"], "505 0": ["\"[Incipit] Elizabeth dei gracia Anglie Francie et Hibernie regina fidei defensor ut Omnibus ad quos presentes literes pervenerunt salutem Cum nos prefata regina per literas nostras patentes sub magno sigillo nostro Anglie confectas gerentes datum vicesimo septimo dei Junii Anno regni nostri terciodecimo [27 June 1571] tradiderimus concesserimus et ad firmam dimiserimus Dilecto nobis Laurentio Meres Armigero...\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)768894430"], "300": ["3 sheets :|bparchment ;|c675 x 765 (530 x 580) mm; 538 x 760 (415 x 570) mm ; 490 x 770 (295 x 575) mm."]}, "RobbinsMS178": {"001": ["06-B4435"], "245 10": ["Consulta a Sua Maest\u00e0 del pres[en]te delegato della r[ea]le giuri[s]d[izio]ne reg[nan]te Duca Domino Gaetano Argento intorno il concilio provinciale Romano celebrato dal Sommo Pontefice Benedetto XIII Signore."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-105v: \"[title] Consulta a Sua Maest\u00e0 del presente delegato della reale giurisdizione regnante Duca Domino Gaetano Argento intorno il concilio provinciale Romano celebrato dal Sommo Pontefice Benedetto XIII Signore [text] Per esecuzione degli ordini veneratissimi di Vostra Maest\u00e0 communicati al Collateral Consiglio con viglietto, di cui si rimette copia...c\u00f2 quali ne si prescrivano le leggi che dovr\u00e0 eseguire la nostra cieca ubbidienza, ed umile rassegnazione. Nostro signore iddio. La sua [---] et Maest\u00e0 Vostra guardi ed esalti conforme da suoi fedelissimi vassalli e creati si desidera datus l\u00ec 15 Novembre 1726 [V. V. C. C. M.?]\" ; fol. 106r-193r (=194): \"[text] Appendice delle autorit\u00e0, documenti ed altro attinente alla presente consulta in comprovazione di quel che in essa si asserische (1) Essendo tale stabilimento conforme non solo al detto concilio di Trento...non quidem sero comperit experimento manifestissimo quantum calamitatis rei publicae invexerit. Finis.\""], "520": ["Gaetano Argento (1661-1730) was an exponent of the Neapolitan historico-juridical school which sustained the rights of the crown and civil power against that of the Holy See. This manuscript is one of Argento's \"consulte\" concerning the decisions of a council of the province of Rome which were felt to be prejudicial to the jurisdiction of the king of Naples. An appendix of relevant documents has been added."], "300": ["194 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265 x 190 ( 210 x 115) mm bound to 270 x 200 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, Cat. ms.|c5145."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 178|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060912q17261775it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Italian."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "100 1": ["Argento, Gaetano,|d1661-1730."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (small label at base of spine displays his catalog number \"5145\"), as well as in the collection of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford (his bookplate on front on front pastedown depicting a shield supported by two dragons rampant with spread wings, gorged and chained, with an earl's crown; within the shield is a lion surrounded by three fleurs-de-lis; the motto reads \"La vertu est la seule noblesse\"). Small green dot above Phillipps number measuring 6 mm in diameter."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper (similar to Briquet \"Fleur de Lis,\" 7121 but with an \"F\" above the circle), i + 194 (foliation incorrect after fol. 145 as one folio is skipped) + i; collation indiscernible due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 18 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Half-vellum and marbled paper over pasteboard. Gilt title on brown background on spine reads \"Consulta del Duca D. G. Argento MS.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 178."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 178"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1726 and 1775]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS283": {"001": ["06-B4028"], "260": ["Lombardy,|c1695."], "505 0": ["Fol. 4r-8r: \"Rubrica del Statuto criminale di Chiavenna e sua giurisdizione\" ; fol. 8v: blank ; fol. 9r-12r: \"Rubrica del Statuto civile e sindicato generale della Valle di Santo Giacomo ed altre cose spettanti alla valle\" ; fol. 12v-16v: blank ; fol. 17r-73r: \"[title] Statuto criminale della giurisdizione di Chiavenna [text] Capitolo I. Dell'officio del Signore Commissario di Chiavenna e del suo giuramento nell'introito del suo officio. Prima \u00e8 statuito che ciascheduno Signore Commissario della giurisdizione di Chiavenna ed il suo luogotenente debba giurare...ed Ecclesi Signori delle Tre Leghe e di quelli alli quali per li prefatti Signori delle Tre Leghe per special commissione sar\u00e0 dato commando e non altrimenti\" ; fol. 73v: blank ; fol. 74r-92r: \"[title] Statuto civile della valle di Santo Giacomo [text] In nomine Domini amen. Anno \u00e0 nativitate eiusdem millesimo quingentesimo trigesimo octavo Indictione duodecimo die Martis decimo septimo mensis Decembris. Questa \u00e8 la reformazione de statuti, capitoli ed ordini della raggione (sic) della Valle di Santo Giacomo...e non sia lecito ad alcuno di proseguire pi\u00f9 oltre detta causa d'appellazione avanti li predetti giudici d'appellazioni [rubr.] Il fine del statuto vecchio della Valle Santo Giacomo\" ; fol. 92v: blank ; fol. 93r-97v: \"[title] Statuto nuovo della Valle di Santo Giacomo [text] Uomini eletti sopra l'aggionta delli nuovi statuti. In nome del Signore l'anno della nativit\u00e0 del medemo millesimo quingentesimo quadragesimo quinto in giorno di Dominica alli dieci nove del mese d'aprile Inditione terza. Questa \u00e8 l'addizione \u00f2 sia la reformazione delli statuti \u00f2 vero decreti della raggione (sic) della Valle Santo Giacomo...Data in Chiavenna in giorno di sabbato alli venti quattro del mese d'aprile dell'anno del parto virginale mille cinqueceneto quaranta cinque Inditione terza. Giorgio Traverso ha sottoscritto\" ; fol. 98r--108v: \"[title] Sindicato generale da osservarsi nella Valle Santo Giacomo [text] Nel nome del Signore amen. L'anno della nativit\u00e0 del medemo millesimo seicentesimo quinquagesimo giorno di Dominica agli venti sette del mese di febbraio Inditione terza. Sedendo il Magnifico Signore Ministrale Antonio Rosirolo di Santo Giacomo come Deputato ed eletto da quattro quartieri della nostra magnifica Valle di Santo Giacomo...Ex post die suprascripta non potendosi per ora attendere alla revisione ricercatta delli conti delli ministrali passati dell'anno 1620 in qua si definisce questo negozio \u00e0 prima luoro commodit\u00e0 e rinchiesta che ne faranno li popoli della Valle. Subscriptum D. Florin de Gregoriis de Spluga notaio\" ; fol. 109r-119v: \"[title] Arbitramento dell'Illustrissimo Signore Governatore Giovanni Gaudentio De  Capol (=Campodolino?) arbitro eletto tr\u00e0 li dodeci quarti della Valle di Santo Giacomo [text] In nomine Domini amen Anno ab eiusdem nativitate millesimo sexcentesimo nonagesimo tertio Indictione secunda, die sabbati vigesima prima mensis novembris. L'Illustrissimo Signore Landtricter, Vicario e Governatore Giovanni Gaudentio de Capoli (=Campodolino?) come arbitro loro Dominorum eletto dalli dodeci quartieri della Magnifica Valle Santo Giacomo, come al compromesso sopra di ci\u00f2 seguito agli dieci del mese di settembre 1693 in tante...Di pi\u00f9 io giuro di non crear debiti alla Valle senza commissione espressa delli quartieri della medema, ne fan puoco dare, ne menare in debito alla Valle veruna sorte di spese di mangiare, tanto del passato come del futuro. In fede Io Giovanni Antonio Tomella di Campodolcino publico notaio e cancelliere ho copiato sudetta forma di giuramento\" ; fol. 120r-130v: blank."], "520": ["Contains the penal and civil code in use in the Northern Italian district of Val Chiavenna-San Giacomo for use by judges and barristers. The code sets the prerogatives and limits of the jurisdiction of the prosecuting bodies, as well as classifying crimes and detailing punishments. It ends with the formula of the oath to be taken by judges upon being appointed. Occasional light spotting, light thumbing to lower corners."], "710 2": ["Valchiavenna (Italy)", "San Giacomo Valley (Italy)"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 283|xCIN=JKN"], "610 20": ["Valchiavenna (Italy)", "San Giacomo Valley (Italy)"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060822s1695    it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "245 00": ["Libro che contiene il Statuto criminale di Chiavenna e sua giurisdizione, il Statuto civile e Sindicato generale della Valle di Santo Giacomo, Forma di giuramento da darsi a giudici, Arbitramento /|cdell'Illustrissimo Signor Governatore Gio[vanni] Gaudentio de Ca[mpodolino?]"], "546": ["Italian."], "300": ["131 leaves :|bpaper ;|c287 x 192 (229 x 145) mm bound to 303 x 202 mm."], "561": ["Some penciled marks on front and back pastedown. Front: \"XXV-3705\"; back: \"c/p BS pp BQ 03/06\" and \"H2028 S [ ] / %.\" Also written on back pastedown is \"Clz. 9/84. Ts.\" and \"Rey & Compe (?)\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 2r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. 130 (contemporary pagination in ink beginning at fol. 17r and ending at fol. 119v) + i; 1-4\u00b9\u2076 5\u00b9\u2078 6-7\u00b9\u2076 8\u00b9\u2076\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e.", "Layout: Written in 21 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Decoration: Decorative devices to demarcate the beginnings and ends of sections, sometimes also used as page fillers.", "Binding: Contemporary full calf; panelled spine.", "Origin: This manuscript was copied from the original code notarized by one Iohannes Gaudentius (Gaudenzio Manini?), which in turn was copied from the (lost) original code written by one Chancellor Antonio Tomella.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 283."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 283"], "581": ["Valchiavenna (Italy). Sommario di alcuni statuti civili, e criminali delle giurisdizioni di Chiavenna, e Piuro (Como : Ostinelli, 1794)."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS147": {"001": ["ocm85182303"], "245 10": ["Institutiones iuris civilis /|cauctore Melchiorre Picarozzi, utriusque iuris professore in venerabili Seminario Tusculano."], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "520": ["The Institutiones iuris civilis by Professor Melchiorre Picarozzi of the Seminario Tusculano in four books (2 volumes). The bindings of the two volumes are similar but not identical, and the text blocks themselves are quite different in terms of script, watermark, folio size, size of the written space, the text block edges, to name just a few aspects. Volume one of this work is identical to Robbins 146 (Picarozzi's Institutiones iuris canonici in 2 volumes), which leads one to believe that, at some point, an identical volume existed for part two of the Institutiones iuris civilis as well. Robbins does not have this matching item, but has acquired the second volume from a different set in order to make up a whole."], "260": ["Rome,|c[between 1770 and 1825]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 147"], "246 0": ["Iuris elementa clare solideque explicata"], "100 1": ["Picarozzi, Melchiorre."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Bookplate on the front pastedown in Volume 1 reads \"Monsignor Grimaldi Luogotenente dell' A.C.\" (cf. Robbins MS 146)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title pages (fol. 2r, ir); added title from vol. 1, fol. 1r.", "Collation [Volume 1]: Paper (watermark depicts a bird atop a trimontium and the initials \"BM,\" all enclosed within a circle, with the city name \"Ascoli\" below), fol. 210 (contemporary foliation in ink that starts over at the beginning of each book); 1-17\u2078 18\u2076 19\u2078 20\u2076 21-27\u2078.", "Collation [Volume 2]: Paper (no discernible watermarks), fol. i + 264 (contemporary foliation that skips blank pages and starts over at the beginning of each book)  + i; 1\u00b9\u2078 2-3\u00b2\u2070 4\u00b2\u2074 5\u00b9\u2076 6-7\u00b2\u2074 8\u00b2\u2078 9-11\u00b2\u2074 12\u00b9\u2078; quires signed 1- 12 in upper left-hand corner; catchwords at the end of each page.", "Layout [Volume 1]: Written in 20 long lines.", "Layout [Volume 2]: Fol 1r-28r and 158r-255r written in 12- 16 long lines; fol. 39r-153r written in up to 23 long lines.", "Script [Volume 1]: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Script [Volume 2]: Written in a cursive script by two hands; indexes possibly written by a third hand.", "Binding: Both volumes are bound in vellum over pasteboard. The binding on Volume 1 has a whiter hue and a smoother surface, whereas the binding on Volume 2 has a yellower hue and the surface is rougher to the touch. Both volumes have a gilt title on the spine, but that on Volume 2 has a brown background. The titles read, respectively, \"Institut / juris / civilis / lib. I et II\" and \"Institution / iuris / civilis / lib III e IV.\"", "Origin: According to his own author statement (fol. 1r) Melchiorre Picarozzi was a professor of both laws at the Seminario Tuscolano, which is located in Frascati, just South East of Rome. The Seminario Tuscolano was founded in 1770 by Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 147."], "300": ["|3Original:|a2 v. (210, 264):|bpaper ;|c190 x 130 (155, 185 x 110) mm both bound to 198 x 138 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-14) and positive (Robbins MS 147)"], "505 8": ["Volume 2: Fol. ir \"[title] Institutiones iuris civilis...Liber tertius\" ; fol. 1r-28r: \"[text] Liber tertius Titulus primus De successionibus ab intestato...quoad sucessionem in ea bona praevalet sententia priori loco expolita\" ; fol. 28v-38v: blank ; fol. 39r-153v: \"[text] Titulus (number erased) De obligationibus. Obligatio si consideretur in tota sui significatione...nam eo ipso creditum suum admittit...quod metus causa\" ; fol. 154rv: Index to Book Three ; fol. 155r -156v: blank ; fol. 157r: \"[title] Institutiones iuris civilis...Liber quartus\" ; fol. 157v: blank ; fol. 158r- 255r: \"[text] Institutionum iuris civilis...Liber quartus Titulus (no number given) De obligationibus quae ex delicto nascuntur...Elapso quadriennio nequit regulariter implorari remedium de quo sermo est\" ; fol. 255v-256r: Index to Book Four ; fol. 257v-264v: blank."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=84;fullview=yes"], "008": ["060823q17701825it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Thalia Anagnostopoulos and Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "505 0": ["Volume 1: Fol. 2r: \"[title] Institutiones iuris civilis...Liber primus\" ; fol. 2v: blank ; fol. 3r-4v: \"[text] Praefatio. Ii homines in eo felicitatis ac perfectionis statu quo conditi fuerant...ut et vobis honori amicis utilitati Rei publice emolumento esse possitis\" ; fol. 5r-68v: \"[text] Liber primus Titulus primus De iustitia et iure...ut teneatur remotus rigorosam redere rationem, cogendus erit ad damna illata reficienda, quae si dolo asmiserit infamis est\" ; fol. 69r-70r: Index to Book One ; fol. 70v-72v: blank ; fol. 73r: \"[title] Institutionum iuris civilis...Liber secundus\" ; fol. 73v: blank ; fol. 74r-205r: \"[text] Institutionum iuris civilis Liber secundus Titulus primus De rerum divisione et acquirendo earum dominio...et sequentibus aliique qui ex professo de primogenitoris pertractant\" ; fol. 205v: blank ; fol. 206r-207r: Index to Book Two ; fol. 207v-210v: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)85182303"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS294": {"001": ["ocn224077567"], "245 10": ["Notes de l'avocat P. G. Malfait sur louvrage de Mr. D'outrepont ayant pour titre|b: remarques sur le commentaire de Me Louis Le Grand sur la Coutume de Troyes."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["France,|cbetween 1750 and 1799."], "008": ["080415q17501799fr            000 0 fre d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1-87r: \"[text] Notes de l'avocat P. G. Malfait...Discours Pr\u00e8liminiaire Il me paroit aussi ridicule d'avoir fait des notes...mais il faut avoir \u00e8gard \u00e0 l'article 250 de la coutume de Bruxelles. Fin.\" ; fol. 87v-88v: Table of contents ; fol. 90r-111r: \"[Text] Notulae domini Malfait ad Decisiones domini Wynants. Notulae ad Decisionem 1. ad prolog[um] In congruam post unionem beneficiorum impendi debent...Decis. 222.  Vide du Laurii arr. 189 Voet 2.4.45. Finis.\" ; fol. 111v-114v: Ad indicem alphabeticum rerum et verborum.\""], "003": ["OCoLC"], "099": ["Robbins MS 294"], "100 1": ["Malfait, Philippe Guillaume."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r)", "Collation: Paper, fol. ii + 114 + i ; 1\u2076 (+1) 2-18\u2076 19\u2076 (- 1).", "Layout: Written in 16-19 long lines ; paper has rectangular indentation that serves as a frame for the written space.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script.", "Binding: Brown leather binding over pasteboard ; marbled paper flyleaf and pastedown.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 66."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, April 2008."], "005": ["20080415042204.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)224077567"], "300": ["114 leaves:|bpaper ;|c225 x 145 (175 x 100) mm bound to 230 x 150 mm."]}, "RobbinsMS261": {"001": ["06-B3730"], "245 10": ["Wijsbegeerte van het Recht."], "520": ["This manuscript provides an opportunity to audit a seminar on the philosophy of law (Rechtsphilosophie), taught by William van der Vlught, an important scholar and international lawyer, at the University of Leiden. As was customary at the time, the first version of this manuscript was a \"verbatim\" transcription of the teacher's lectures. After that, it was neatly copied and lightly edited, resulting in the present manuscript. It is also possible that it was produced by a professional copyist from the notes of one or more students for later sale. In either case it was considered important enough to be put into a permanent binding with a gilt-stamped spine title."], "300": ["97 leaves :|bpaper ;|c225 x 114 (200 x 115) mm bound to 230 x 155."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 261|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060807s1893    ne ||||||||||||00|||dut|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "546": ["Dutch."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "100 1": ["Vlugt, W. van der|q(Willem),|d1853-1928."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the title page.", "Collation: paper, fol. i + 97 + i; written on a modern, lined composition book.", "Layout: Written in 33 long lines; very narrow margins. Rectos of all leaves but three are completely filled, versos have occasional brief comments. There is no original foliation nor catchword system.", "Script: Written in a tidy and professional fine cursive hand.", "Binding: Contemporary quarter pebbled cloth over marbled boards, gilt title on spine.", "Origin: Written in Leiden presumably in the year 1893 (right after the seminar of the academic year 1892-1893).", "On inside front cover, there is a bookplate by a former 19th century owner, that reads: \"Bibliotheek van Mr. J. Wolterbeek Muller\".", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 261."], "700 1": ["Wolterbeek Muller, Johannes,|c1870.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[Leiden],|c1893?."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 261"]}, "RobbinsMS17": {"001": ["ocn244951508"], "245 10": ["Votum em[inentissim]i d[omi]ni Cardinalis Detii Azzolini in causa beatificationis servi Dei Cardinali Bellarmini."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Copy of the vote of Cardinal Decio Azzolini concerning the beatification of Roberto Bellarmino (1542-1621). Azzolini was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent X in 1654, and held two appointments as an interim Secretary of State under Innocent X and Clement IX, respectively. The procedure of Roberto Bellarmino's beatification and canonization was initiated in the year following his death. He was beatified in 1923 and canonized in 1930, and in 1931 he was granted the title of Doctor of the Church."], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1654 and 1699]"], "008": ["080903q16541699it            000 0 ita d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 17."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-26r: \"[text] In causa beatificationis et canonizzationis ven[erandi] servi Dei Cardinalis Bellarmini. Super dubium. An constet de virtutibus theologalibus fide, spe et charitate...o il cercare l'informazione pi\u00f9 precisa, o il perdonare questa fama per quanto importi cosie com ella corre nel concetto di molti, ed alla santit\u00e0 vostra bacio con umilissimo ossequio i santissimi piedi."], "100 1": ["Azzolino, Decio,|d1623-1689."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Italian."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "600 10": ["Bellarmino, Roberto Francesco Romolo,|cSaint,|d1542-1621"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. 1r)", "Collation: Paper (bird atop a trimontium), fol. i (modern paper) + 26 + i (modern paper); 1\u00b2\u2076.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Green printed paper over pasteboard. Title on spine reads \"Voto del Card. Azzolini nella causa di beatificazione del Card. Bellarmino.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 17."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "005": ["20080903040608.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)244951508"], "300": ["|3Original:|a26 leaves :|bpaper ;|c272 x 202 (246 x 185) mm bound to 275 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-94) and positive (Robbins MS 17)"]}, "RobbinsMS198": {"001": ["ocn212416389"], "245 10": ["In synodum provincialem Goritiensem dubia ab eminentissimis patribus sacrosancti Tridentini Concilii interpretibus declaranda, ac definienda traduntur ut ad eam confirmandam Apostolice Sedis auctoritas rite tutoque accedat."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Clarifications on the decrees of the Council of Trent from a synod held in October, 1768, in the province of Gorizia located in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Notes and corrections appear at the end of the document (p. 101-144), followed by two letters dated 1771 and 1772, the latter explaining some of the context of the synod."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c23952."], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bArchdiocese of Gorizia (Italy)"], "260": ["Gorizia, Italy,|bbetween 1768 and 1772."], "099": ["Robbins MS 198"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of the Colonna family (their red stamp visible depicting a column within a circle). It was also in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 23952) and in that of Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (p. 1).", "Collation: paper,  pp. 152; 1\u00b2 2-5\u00b9\u00b2 6-7\u2076 8\u2078 9\u00b2 10\u2074.", "Script: Main text (pp. 5-99) written in a neat cursive script by one hand. The same hand writes some clarificatory notes on the \"dubia\" on pp. 125-137 and transcribes the two letters on pp. 147-152. In a second hand are clarificatory notes on pp. 102-122 and pp. 139- 144.", "Binding: Bound in a 19th? century hard-cover leather binding with marbled endpapers and pastedown. Title on spine reads \"Synodi Gortiensis Dubia\".", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 198"], "300": ["152 pages :|bpaper  ;|c275 x 197 ( 241 x 148) mm bound to 290 x 208 mm."], "700 3": ["Colonna family.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "008": ["080229q17681772it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2008."], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080229040448.0"], "505 0": ["Pp. 5-99: \"[text] Dubium primum. Ad orationem in aperitione synodi provincialis Goritiensis p. 1. Quod primum observandum occurrit...Hi enim pro peccato poenam peccati, id est mortem intelligunt\" ; pp. 100-101: blank ; pp. 102-122: \"[notes] Qua animadvertit apprima doctus dubiorum auctor...perturbationibus occasionem praebant\" ; pp. 123-124: blank ; pp. 125-137: \"[notes] Il graziosissimo foglio deino del papato col quale Vostra Eminenza mi onora...fit omissis ceteris. An vos ipsi venerabilis fratres earum observantiam\" ; p. 138: blank ; pp. 139-144: \"[notes] Opinio de notis et correctionibus ad concilii Goritiensis decreta spectantibus...In oratione serie habet prior nota, item et posterior\" ; p. 145: blank ; pp. 147-148: \"[letter] Gorizia il 7 ottobre 1771. Dell'Eminenza Vostra la quale si compiaccia...l'espediente per ottenere la stampa\" ; pp. 149-152: \"[letter] 6 Agosto 1772. Circa il Dubbio saviamente proposto cioe' se debba giudicarsi...pronto ad ogni cenno ad intervenire nel luogo da indicarsi.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)212416389"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS253": {"001": ["06-B3746"], "260": ["[England,|cbetween 1625 and 1663]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-56v: ''[rubr.]1. Quod curiae celebrantur auctoritate...; [text] Curia Cantuariensis [...] celebratur infra...quam summa aliter laxata; fol. 57rv blank; fol. 58r-64r: \"[rubr.] Iurisdictio [...] civitatibus Londinii..; [text] Licet uti (?) tamquam istos perdurantur ministrare...si istos perducti sunt...testimoniales super premissis est; fol. 64v-70v blank; fol. 71r-73r: chapter list."], "245 00": ["Ordo Curiarum spiritualium."], "520": ["The text is divided into 203 paragraphs, and explains the jurisdictional rankings and relations of the ecclesiastical courts of England, trying to unify  and order significant precedents in matters likely to arise in future court cases. The entire volume is indexed at the end with a chapter list."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 253|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060808q16251663enk||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["73 leaves :|bpaper ;|c320 x 220 (305 x 150) mm bound to 325 x 225 mm."], "561": ["On fol. 1r there is a former owner's note which reads: \"Sum liber Rich[ard]us Manning 1663\". On the upper corner of the first flyleaf, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"4750 PRBM C4\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1r.", "Collation:Paper, fol. iii (modern paper) + 73 + iii (modern paper); collation pratically impossible due to the tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in up to 45 long lines. Catchwords in the right side of the bottom margin. Not ruled. There are occasional marginal notes usually explicating something significant regarding the text, or inserting phrases omitted in the original writing.", "Script: Written possibly by an ecclesiastical notary: the script is quite clean, but the presence of many loops makes it difficuilt to read.", "Binding: Modern full calf antique style. Covers tooled in gilt and blind, using a rule and two fillets to form concentric compartments, one of which is a lighter shade of brown. Round spine with raised bands accented with gilt tooling. Gilt center devices in spine compartments. On the spine, gilt tooled, the title: \"Curiae in Britannia. Manning.\"", "Origin: Written in England, before 1663 and possibly after 1625.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 253."], "700 1": ["Manning, Richard|dca. 1663.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 253"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS82": {"001": ["ocn768850864"], "245 10": ["[Compilation of canon law texts]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Compilation of texts on various topics of canon law by Bartholomaeus de Chaimis, Antonius, Archbishop of Florence, Alessandro Ariosto and Angelo Perigli. Topics include confession, excommunication, marriage, and usury. Also included are bulls of Popes Paul II and Pius II."], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1475 and 1499]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 82"], "700 1": ["Ariosto, Alessandro."], "581": ["For Bartholomaeus de Chaimis, see Bartholomaeus de Chaimis, Interogatorium siue confessionale ([Milan]: Christoforus...Valdafer...impressit, 1474 3 kalendas Octobres [29 Sept. 1474]). For Antoninus, Bishop of Florence, see Kuttner et al., Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law 2:35, 264; Antoninus Florentinus, Summa theologica Tercia Pars (Nurenbergae: Koberger, 1486); and id., Summa theologica Partes I-IV [with additions of Franciscus Moneliensis] (Venice: Nicolaus Jenson, 1477-80). For Angelo Perigli, see Kuttner et al., Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law 1:323, 2:213; Angelus de Periglis, Tractatus de societatibus, in Tractatus universi iuris, duce, et auspice Gregorio XIII, 18 vols.(Venetiis: [F. Zilettus], 1584-1586), 6/1:130b-32b; [Tractatus in materia societatum] ([Siena : Henricus de Harlem, 4 July 1493]); and id., Tractatus perutilis in materia societatum tam de jure civili quam in foro conscientie, in Joannes Franciscus de Pavinis, Enchiridion tractatuum iuris utriusque subscriptos complectens tractatus cum singulorum tabulis ([Paris?]: Jacobi Pouchin sumptibus et expensis Francisci Regnault, anno domini M.CCCCC.xvi.xxii Martii [22 March 1516). For the Tractatus de usuris in article 6 and MS Lucca, BCF 224 containing a copy of the tract in question attributed to Alexander de Ariostis, see Giovanna Murano, Initia operum iuris canonici medii aevi: A shortlist of works, arranged by their incipit words, s. v. \"Exegisti\" (http://www.uni-leipzig.de/j\u0303urarom/manuscr/ murano/murano.htm)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["At one point, possibly in the nineteenth century, manuscript had a German owner (note on fol. 234v reads \"Dieses Buch ist in L[owen?] gekauft\"); this owner may or may not have been Karl J. Tr\u00fcbner of Strassburg (note on old fol. ir)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Collation: Parchment, 1-23\u00b9\u2070 24\u2076; vertical catchwords. According to the modern foliation in pencil, the codex is comprised of 234 folios. Closer inspection by Linda K. Ogden has established that the folio between fol. 143 and fol. 144 was left unnumbered; it is now assigned no. 143a. Two consecutive folios had been numbered 225; the second is now no. 225a. Fol. 233-234 (old foliation) ruled in preparation for the copying of some text; the last tract, however, ends on fol. 232r.", "Layout: Written in 45 long lines; ruled in lead.", "Written in a small gothic script by one hand. Extensive marginal glosses on fol. 169v and 171v in a hand contemporary with the hand of the manuscript; occasional marginal notes and corrections in several (quasi-) contemporary hands.", "Decoration: Gold initials filled with green on blue ground (fol. 1r); pink initial on golden ground with green and blue touches (fol. 53r). Capital letters and paragraph marks in red and blue ink, titles in red ink.", "Binding: Conservation treatment and rebinding (modern brown goatskin) by Linda K. Ogden, August 2001. Full treatment report in manuscript file. Previous binding and flyleaves now kept separately. Manuscript stored in box covered with brown bookcloth; label on box spine reads \"R[obbins] C[ollection] MS 82.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 82."], "300": ["|3Original:|a236 leaves :|bparchment ;|c135 x 100 (95 x 70) mm bound to 145 x 105 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-44) and positive (Robbins MS 82)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 53r-119v: Antoninus de Florentia, Tractatus de censuris ecclesiasticis [Summa theologica, Pars tertia: De excommunicationibus et censuris]: Fol. 53r-118r: Tractatus de censuris ecclesiasticis. \"Excommunicatio dicitur exclusio a communione sicut autem triplex est communio fidelium...De penis que inferuntur a iudicibus habes etiam infra in tertia parte ti. De iudicijs Amen et gloria christo\" -- fol. 118r-119v: Tabula super Tractatus de censuris ecclesiasticis. \"Excommunicatio...Explicit tabula super .T. de censuris ecclesiasticis. Reverendi patris et domini domini fratris Antonini archiepiscopi florentini de ordine praedicatorum. Amen.\"", "Fol. 120r-121v: Paulus II, Bullae (Cum omnibus iudiciis, Rome, May 1465; Cum detestabile, Rome, December 1464; Etsi doci gregis, Rome, March 1469); Pius II, Bulla (Auctem apostolica, Rome, December 1461).", "Fol. 121v-153r: Antoninus de Florentia, De matrimonio [Summa theologica, Pars tertia: De sponsalibus et matrimonio]: \"Beatus es, et bene tibi erit: uxor tua sicut uitis abundans in lateribus domus tue filij tui sicut nouelle oliuarum. psal. 127...et eam mittit ad consanguineos ipsius uxoris pro maiori honestate\" -- fol. 153rv: Summula quadam de omnibus uitijs tam uirorum quam mulierum coniugatorum que sunt mortalia.", "Fol. 154r: Tabula super Tractatus de sponsalibus et matrimonio.", "Fol. 154v-204v: [Alexander de Ariostis?] Tractatus de usuris: Fol. 154v: \"Exegisti a me iure tuo venerabilis pater ut de usuarie pravitatis casibus nonnulla tibi scriptis digererem...Demum cuiusmodi debeat esse ista[?] satisfactio: ut ex ea salutem miseri consequantur iam uero de his dice[re?] incipiamus\" -- fol. 154v-203r: Tractatus de usuris. \"Usura quod est Exemplo secundum host[iensis] in su[mma] ti. de usuris [section] .i. Usura est quodcumque solutioni rei mutuate accidit...De contractu locationis et conductionis et de contractu pignoris patet in summa pisa. in verbi suis et in emphiteosis in additionibus Finis.\"", "Fol. 203r-204v: Tabula super Tractatus de usuris.", "Fol. 204v-209r: Angelus de Periglis de Perusio, Tractatus de societatibus: \"Quoniam laicorum frequens est usus in contrahendis societatibus negociandi ut unus sociorum pecuniam alter operam ponat...tam de iure civili quam canonico quam etiam in foro consciencie dicenda occurunt michi Angelo parigli de perusio iudicio tamen saniori semper salvo Amen.\"", "Fol. 209v-232r: Tractatus de restitutione: Queritur cui restitutione teneatur inventor rei alie Respondit S. B. in suo X [libro?] de religione christiana sermone 33 ar. i. ch. i...nisi probabiliter et rationabiliter presumatur qui melius talia per ipsum heredem poterunt expleri hec S. B. finis.\""], "100 0": ["Bartholomaeus,|cde Chaimis."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=51;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Antoninus,|cSaint, Archbishop of Florence,|d1389-1459.", "Paul|bII,|cPope,|d1417-1471.", "Pius|bII,|cPope,|d1405-1464."], "008": ["111220q14751499it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, December 2011."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20111220110734.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-53r: Bartholomaeus de Chaimis, Interrogatorium sive confessionale: Fol. 1r: Proemium. \"Incipit confessionale...Cum ars artium sit regimen animarum ex. de eta et. qua. Cum sit Et inter humana exercitia tanto sit periculosius si eo quis male fungatur quanto anime preciosiores sunt...2um de panitentis [sic] solerti ad confessionem admissione 4um est de penem iniunctione et peccatorum absolutione\" -- fol. 1r-5v: Prima pars. \"Circa primam notandum quod non sacerdos etsi possit audire peccata confitentis in articulo mortis...exponendo eis periculum consulendo semper quod totius est supra ab huiusmodi se abstineant\" -- fol. 5v-8r: Secunda pars. \"Circa secundum notandum quod confessor peccatorem uenientem ad confessionem benigne dulciter et caritatiue recipere debet...propter quod et ipsi multam temporis amittunt et alijs sepius occasionem scandali tribuunt\" -- fol. 8r-49r: Tertia pars. \"Circa tertium principale sciendum Quod non sufficit confessorem solum audire ea que sibi a peccatore dicuntur...excommunicationem incurrit extra sen. ex. cum ex eo. in clementinis\" -- fol. 49r-53r: Quarta pars. \"Expeditis tribus huius opusculi principalibus partibus restat videndum ultimam que in duobus consistit...plenariam indulgentiam tibi concessam a domino papa pro ultimo articulo mortis tue In nomine patris et filij et spiritus sancti Amen Deo gratias amen.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)768850864"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS148": {"001": ["ocm85182313"], "245 10": ["[Decisiones Romanae Rotae] ;|bRegulae cancellariae ; De carceribus ; De nobilitate."], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY"], "520": ["Compilation of various legal treatises: William of Horborch's Decisiones antiquae Romanae Rotae and Decisiones novae Romanae Rotae, Pietro d'Ancarano's De carceribus, and Bartolo di Sassoferrato's De nobilitate. Also bound with these works are the Regulae cancellariae approved by John XXII through Eugene IV, a calendar of feast days, and a fragment of a Constitutio of Martin V (Quod antidota morbis). The codex is misbound so that the Decisiones novae Romanae Rotae and the Regulae Cancellarie are each divided up, ending abruptly in the middle but then picking up later on in the codex (see contents and collation notes for detailed description)."], "260": ["[Spain?,|cbetween 1380 and 1440]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 148"], "100 1": ["Horborch, Guillelmus,|dfl. 1373-1381."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Written in a modern hand in ink in the middle of the tail edge of the first and last folios (fol. 1r and 262v) are the initials \"C. D.\" Also written in a modern hand in ink at the top of fol. 1r is the number \"66.\" On the recto of the flyleaf at the end, in modern pencil, is written \"Tratado del derecho y de la nobleza per Bartolome de Saxo Ferrato (sic) 1447 - 262 folios en vitela\" (presumably a bookdealer's description)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title of William of Horborch's work supplied by cataloger; other titles from incipits and explicits of individual works (fol. 146r, 244r, 245r, 248v, and 262v).", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 262 + i (parchment); 1-19\u00b9\u00b2 20\u2074 21-22\u00b9\u00b2 23\u2074 24\u00b2. Catchwords at the end of each quire. Quires signed with lower case and upper case letters in red; folios signed with Arabic numerals in brown ink on the first half of the quire. Signature marks regular until the end of the 11th quire (the letters are not completely sequential, appearing a-h, k-l, k, but the catchwords match). After quire 11 the scribe changes, the catchword does not match, and the signature marks become capital letters A, G-I until quire 16 (again, the catchwords match in this span although the letters are not sequential). From quire 17-20 the signature marks are back to lower- case letters m, o, q-r; quires 21-23 are signed K? L, M and quire 24 is unsigned. The first word of quire 21 (fol. 233r) picks up the catchword at the end of quire 16 (fol. 192v): \"beneficii.\" In many instances catchwords are not picked up, and in some cases they are entirely lacking. Presumably this manuscripts was originally signed more or less regularly with capital letters following lower-case letters, as was standard practice. However at some point the manuscript was disbound, some quires were likely lost, and then was rebound incorrectly with the quires signed in upper-case letters being interspersed among the quires signed in lower-case letters. This is confirmed by the fact that the second title in this codex, Horborch's Decisiones novae Romanae Rotae, is interrupted in the middle at fol. 145v and then picks up again on fol. 193r.", "Layout: Written in 32 long lines, above top line. Ruled in lead. Prickings visible on fore edge and on head and tail edge to guide vertical bounding lines.", "Script: Written in a gothic cursiva libraria script by three hands: Scribe 1, fol. 1r-132v and 193r-232v; Scribe 2, 133r-192v and 233r-262r; Scribe 3, fol. 262v. \"Many litterae elongatae\" above the first line of text.", "Decoration: 4-line red and blue initial (fol. 1r, 245r, 248v) with extended flourishings of up to 13 lines, with infilling of blue and other decoration in red; 2-line paragraph marks throughout in alternating red and blue; red rubrics.", "Binding: Early 19th cent. dark brown leather over pasteboard. Gilt decoration around border on front and back. 7 panels on spine with gilt floral decoration in 6 of them and gilt title in one (2nd panel from the top) that reads \"Bartolomeum / De Saxsofera / Tractatus de / Nobilitatib.\" Marbled flyleaves and pastedowns.", "Shelfmark: Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 148."], "300": ["|3Original:|a262 leaves :|bparchment ;|c300 x 200 (190 x 134) mm bound to 305 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-15) and positive (Robbins MS 148)"], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 73v-145v, 193r-232v: [Decisiones novae Romanae Rotae] \"[incipit] In nomine Domini Amen Anno a nativitate Domini millesimo trecentesimo septuagesimo sexto die mercurii tricesima mensis ianuarii pontificatus Domini Gregorii Pape Undecimi anno sexto...ego Guilhermus de Horboch alemanus Decretorum doctor minimus ac inter dominos auditores minor, conclusiones seu determinationes infrascriptas incepi colligere et conscribere...continuando usque ad annum Domini MCCCLXXXII et mensem maii...[text] De appellationibus ad diffinitiva. Prima est quod attemptata appellatione pendente a diffinitiva post ipsius desertionem non veniunt...Breviter omnes Domini dixerunt opinionem glosse ordinarie prestantiorem...\"", "3. Fol. 146r-192v, 233r-243v: [Regulae cancellariae] \"[rubr.] Regule cancellarie date in cancelleria per dominum Iohannem papam XXII, Benedictum XII, Clementem VI, Innocencium VI, Urbanum V, Gregorium XI, Urbanum VI, Bonifacium VIII, Innocencium VII, Martinum quintum et Eugenium quartum [text] Infrascripte regule restructorie sunt tradite de mandato sanctissimi in Christo patris domini domini Iohannis divina providentia Pape XXII...decernens irritum et inane quicquid in contrarium a quacumque quavis auctoritate scienter vel ignoranter contigerit attemptari. Publicata fuit in cancelleria et registrata xxiii die mensis novembris Anno primo. B. Graden.\"", "4. Fol. 244rv: [Calendar of feast days] \"[rubr.] Festa in Romana Curia festivanda in palatio causarum apostolico per reverendos in Christo patres et dominos auditores sacri palatii apostolici et audientie contradictarum [text] De mense ianuarii...Item cum Papa equitat. Deo gratias.\"", "5. Fol. 245r-248r: [De carceribus] \"[rubr.] Incipit tractatus domini Petri de Ancharano De carceribus [text] Quia legum precepta principaliter sunt inventa ne pauperes persone afficiantur...An debeant relaxari si preste cautionem de satisfaciendo, Glossa quod sic in c. Dilectis de appellationibus, in verbo diversis modis [rubr.] Explicit tractatus de carceribus. Deo gracias.\"", "6. Fol. 248v-262r: [De nobilitate] \"[rubr.] Incipit tractatus de nobilitate [text] Si ut propinis Quero in quo differat iste tractatus a tractatu primi libri in quo de dignitatibus tractatur...Licet sculpere signum Salvatoris, ut C. ne[mini?] licere signum salvatoris Ihesu Christi in silice vel marmore sculpere, in rubro et in nigro. Bar[tolus?] [rubr.] Explicit in tractatus de nobilitatibus seu dignitatibus insigniis et armis compositus per famosissimum Legum doctorem Bartholum de Saxoferrato. Deo gracias.\"", "7. Fol. 262v: [Fragment of the constitution Quod antidota morbis of Martin V] \"[rubr.] Constitutio domini Martini Pape Quinti contra ordinarios et officiales eorum non permittentes exsequi litteras apostolicas sive litteras de preatis vel visa est [text] Martinus episcopus, servus servorum Dei. Ad futuram rei memoriam. Quod antidota morbis, hec prestare solent statuta negotiis...quicumque deputati et alii quicumque ad quos spectabit...\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=85;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Pietro,|cd'Ancarano,|d1330-1416.", "Bartolo,|cof Sassoferrato,|d1313-1357."], "008": ["060825q13801440sp            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080129054118.0"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-73v: [Decisiones antiquae Romanae Rotae] \"[text] Auditor cause appellationis et negotii principalis in partibus interposite statim potest inhibere iudici a quo...quid si hominem vel servum petere volo.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)85182313"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS26": {"001": ["ocn762187817"], "245 10": ["Miscellanea."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "110 2": ["Church of England.|bDiocese of Canterbury."], "260": ["England,|c[between 1610 and 1634]"], "008": ["111123q16101634enk           000 0 eng d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 26."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Lists and long lines.", "Binding: Modern tan cloth over pasteboard. Leather on spine.", "Origin: The dated documents copied in this collection come from a period comprised between 1610 (article 4, fol. 7v) and 1634 (article 22, fol. 91r). The original documents in article 7 were drafted during the reign of James I, thus James (d. 1636), first Earl of Carlisle, first Viscount Doncaster, first Baron Hay, was a gentleman of the bedchamber under James I and Master of the Wardrobe between 1613 and 1618 (see article 7b). Lionel Cranfield (1575-1645), Earl of Middlesex, was knighted in 1613 and made lieutenant of Dover Castle and surveyor general of the customs; he was appointed Master of the Great Wardrobe (see article 7a) on 14 September 1618, and became treasurer in 1623. The Bishop of London mentioned in 7a is George Montaigne (Mountain) (accessed 1621). William Noy (1577-1634), the co-signer of article 1 and the author of article 22, was appointed Attorney General to Charles I on 27 October 1631 and Treasurer in 1632. His award (article 22 here) adjusts a difference regarding metropolitical visitation between William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (accessed 1633) and John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln (accessed 1621). Prior to his accession to the see of Canterbury, Laud had been the Bihsop of the diocese of St. David (accessed 1621; see article 18). St. David's (known as Menevensis) was the claimed successor of the primitive metropolitan see of Wales.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 26."], "581": ["D. Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae 4 (London: R. Gosling, F. Gyles, T. Woodward, and C. Davis, 1737), 488 (for the printed version of article 22); Irene Josephine Churchill, Canterbury Administration, 2 vols. (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1933), 1: 592 (the final portion of article 22)."], "546": ["English (with some headings in Latin)."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once with the holdings of Sir Thomas Phillips (manuscript number not present; presumably lost in rebinding)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Lumita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, November 2011."], "005": ["20111123013854.0"], "505 0": ["Fol.1r-v: William Noy, Attorney General, and John Brisco, Resolution in the matter of parsonage benefices -- fol. 2r -3v: Verdict in the case of a lease made by Mr Roane, parson of the church of Dalingho, Suffolk, of the parsonage house and lands in Dalingho -- fol. 5r-6v: Bishopric of London, Rents due at various feasts -- fol. 7r-v: Bishopric of London, Estimate of profits -- fol. 8r- 10v: Bishopric of London, Values of benefices in London, Middlesex, Essex, Hertfordshire, Ruthlandshire, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Huntingtonshire, Gloucestershire, Surrey, Worcestershire, and Nottinghamshire -- fol. 11r-12r: List of benefices in the King's patronage -- fol. 13r-20r: \"Seuerall Directions and instructions touching the Mawndy, the seuerall offices, allowances & Fees to the Bishop Almoner & his Deputie, with all the Fees due at the Homage, making & Consecration of a Bishop to euery officer & Minister theire\": (fol. 13r -v) The Mawndy Bill, signed Jacobus Rex: \"Wee will, and comand you, forthwith upon the sight heereof that of our money and treasure of our Chamber being in your Custodie you deliver or cause to be delivered unto...George, Bishop of London...and these our letters shall be your sufficient warrant and discharge in this behalfe Given under our signett at our Pallace at...20th day of March in the 17th yeare of our Raigne of England France and Ireland and of Scotland the three and fifteth To our honestie, and welbeloved Sir [W H?] knight our Treasorer of our Chamber\" ; (fol. 13v) A Warrant to the great Wardrobe for Delivering necessaries for his Majesties Mawndy. Signed by the King: :Wee will and comand you, that imediately upon the sight hereof, you deliver or cause to be delivered to...the Lord Hay, viscount Doncaster...And these our letters signed with our own hand shall be your sufficient warrant...Given under our signett at our Pallace at Westminster the first day of February Anno Domini 1618 And in the 16th yeare of our raigne of our realmes of England...& of Scotland 52th To our honestie and welbeloved Lyonell Cranfeild knight Maister of our great Wardrobe: ; (fol. 14r-15r) Maundy fees ; (fol. 15v-17r) Instructions for a Deputie Almoner ; (fol. 17r-v) The office of a Coroner [W. Johnson attornat pro Regis] ; (fol. 18r) Fees of a Bishop at his doeing of Homage in the Court ; (fol. 18v-20r) The Particular Fees & Charges at the making of a Bishop (royal assent, restitution, consecration and confirmation, homage) -- fol. 21 r-v: The Valuation of the Severall Deaneries in England with the Tenthes that every one of them payeth -- fol. 22r-24r: The Valuation of the Severall Liveings of all the Bishopps in England, with the tenths that every of them payeth -- fol. 24r-v: A Note of the Bishops & how they are to take place each before, or after other -- fol. 24v-25r: An Estimate of all the Benifices Presentative, within this realme, with theire valuations in the kings books -- fol. 25r: Memorandum that...the Benifices of ten pounds and upwards in the kings books may be lymited to students of the universities of Oxford & Cambridge -- fol. 25v-26r: An Estimate out of the office of the First Fruites Spirituall Promotions & Liveings -- fol. 26r-27r: The Proportion of all the Benifices in England -- fol. 27v-28r: The Proportion of the Churches of the late Foundation what they yearely give -- fol. 28r-v: The Number of Churches within every Shire as they are in the Booke of First Fruites -- fol. 29r-66r: The yearely value of all & singuler Dignities Spirituall Promotions & other Ecclesiasticall Benefices of the yearely value of xx \u00a3 & upwards bring within the Realme of England & Wales [& Calais] viz. the Provinces of Canterbury & Yorke -- fol. 67r-73r: Extractus Primitiarum [?] omnium Beneficiorum ac promotionum Ecclesiasticorum quorum cunque infra Dioc: Meneven Ex Recordis Dominis Regis exhausti -- fol. 77r: Funerall Charges -- fol. 78r-79v: The Orders for duties for Church Parson & Clerke of the parish of St. Marie Newington in the County of Surrey as hath bene allowed to be sett downe taken as they were formerly in Tables -- fol. 80r-84v: Tabula Feodorum Reverendo in Christo Patris Domini Richardi Londonensis Episcopo -- fol. 85r-91r: Extractus e Registro principali [?] Sedis Archiepiscopalis Cantuarii: \"Whereas the most Reverend father in God William by the divine providente Archbishop of Canterbury primate of all England...and the Right Reverend father in God John Lord Bishopp of Lincolne...required me William Noye to bestowe my paines...I thinke it convenient and doe advise that if the Lord Bishop of Lincolne be inhibited during the Visitation Metropoliticall hee forbeare to exercise Jurisdiction Ecclesiasticall within his Church or dioces...In witness of allwith I have made two parts of all these presents...dated the 25th day of March...in the yeare of our Lord God 1634 William Noye\" -- fol. 93r-94v: An Order & Direction sett Downe by Doctors of the Civill Lawes to the Number of 15[?] Assembled together in the Comon Dyning[?] Hall of Doctor Comons London Touching a Course to be taken & observed by the Assessors of theire Taxations of the Church & walls of the Church yards in & about London & Middlesex to be applied generally upon occasions of Reparations to all Places in England whatsoever."], "035": ["(OCoLC)762187817"], "300": ["|3Original:|a95 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c190 x 155 mm bound to 195 x 165 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-99) and positive (Robbins MS 26)"]}, "RobbinsMS118": {"001": ["ocn535271261"], "260": ["Germany?,|c18th century"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "650  0": ["Canon law"], "246 18": ["Miscellanea Juridica 1700"], "008": ["100301q17001799gw            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 118"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. iiir. Title on spine reads \"Miscellanea Juridica 1700.\"", "Collation: Paper, fol. iii + 133; fol. 1-95 foliated in ink, in the same hand as manuscript; fol. 96-133 foliated in pencil in a modern hand.", "Layout: Written in 18 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 118."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "245 00": ["Collectaneum Juris Canonici Congestum."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, February 2010."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "561": ["An old shelfmark penciled in red on front and back pastedowns reads \"K12.\" At the beginning of the 18th century the book was the property of one Johannes Henricus Reichart (owner's mark and a date, 1709, at the bottom of fol. iii recto); it might have been no. 2349 in his library (number on fol. iii recto)."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "005": ["20100301035839.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-125r: \"Abbatissa potest conferre ecclesias et preficia et instituere clericos...Ille non iustus este, qui intellegit iusta, sed qui ex voluntate iuste agit...\" ; fol. 125v-133v: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)535271261"], "546": ["Latin"], "300": ["|3Original:|a133 leaves :|bpaper ;|c100 x 150 (70 x 130) mm bound to 105 x 155 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-92) and positive (Robbins MS 118)"]}, "RobbinsMS128": {"001": ["ocn180191375"], "245 10": ["[Margarita decreti]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Manuscript contains the Margarita Decreti of Martinus Polonus (fol. 1r-117r). The last pages of the manuscript (fol. 117rv) contains the text (or part of the text) of Iohannes de Deo's Breviarium super toto corpore Decretorum."], "246 1": ["Tabula martiana", "Tabula martini"], "260": ["Italy|c[between 1400 and 1425]"], "099": ["Robbins MS 128"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper; fol. i + 120; 1-12\u00b9\u2070 catchwords at the end of each quire.", "Layout: Written in 2 colums of 45 lines; vertical bounding lines ruled in lead, horizontal lines ruled in ink.", "Script: Written in an early humanistic script by one hand.", "Decoration: Initials touched throughout in red, yellow and green.", "Binding: Bound in parchment over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 128."], "600 00": ["Gratian,|dactive 12th century.|tDecretum|vIndexes."], "300": ["|3Original:|a120 leaves :|bpaper  ;|c295 x 215 ( 195 x 144) mm bound to 297 x 219 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-06) and positive (Robbins MS 128)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 1r-117r: \"Inter alia quecumque ad fidelium Christi doctrinam scripta sunt...Finito libro sit laus et gloria Christo\" ; fol. 117rv: \"Humanum genus. Magister Gratianus intendends providere utilitati universalis ecclesie compilavit hoc opus...Laudem in duobus ultimis capitulis concludit opus suum de spirito sancto. Amen\" ; fol. 118rv: \"Beneficium ecclesiasticum non potest licite sine institutione canonica obtineri...Ceterum si layci --- per suos ordinarios ab hoc excessu omni cessante privilegio per censuram ecclesiasticam conpescantur\" ; fol. 119r-120v : ruled but blank."], "650  0": ["Canon law|vIndexes."], "100 0": ["Martinus,|cPolonus,|dd. 1279."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=76;fullview=yes"], "700 0": ["Jo\u00e3o de Deus,|dapproximately 1190-1267."], "008": ["071101q14001425it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged by Kathleen A. Stewart and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, December 2007."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080123050458.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)180191375"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS89": {"001": ["ocn660254076"], "260": ["Italy,|c1500s."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Manuscript contains transcriptions of privileges, papal bulls, and statutes relating to the history of the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia. The first item transcribed in the main text is an example of a privilege of Poppone, the Patriarch of the basilica, written on his orders and signed by a notary and scribe named Bertaldo. Additional commentaries regarding more recently adopted statutes are written on the initial folios in Latin and Italian, include the following years (here rearranged in proper chronological sequence): 1500, 1502, 1540, 1543, 1548, 1555, 1557, 1607, and 1609. Marginal corrections; marginal notes in several later hands, some giving dates for the promulgation of specific statutes, others indicating that certain statutes have become obsolete."], "099": ["Robbins MS 89"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["Statuta venerandi capituli aquileiensis ecclesiae."], "246 08": ["Statuta Popponi patriarce"], "561": ["Ownership note on front pastedown: \"Di Gio[vanni] Fran[ces]co di Prampiro, Can[oni]co d'Aq[uilei]a\" (it is possible that Giovanni Francesco is the writer of the notes on fol. ir, vir-viir, and 80v, in addition to the table of contents found on fol. iv-iiv). Old inventory number in pencil on back pastedown: \"612126 KAMP 12.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from incipit of main text (fol. 10r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. 88 (foliation, in a later hand, starts on the sixth folio of the manuscript, on the second folio of the main text; modern foliation in pencil in the lower right-hand corner records continuous foliation from the very first to last folio); 1\u2076 2-11\u2078 12\u00b2; catchwords at the end of most quires.", "Layout: Main text written in 22 long lines.", "Script: Main text (fol. i (i.e. 5)r - 80 (i.e. 86)r) written in a humanistic miniscule script by one hand. Table of contents and notes on the first five and last two folios written in cursive in various later hands.", "Decoration: Initials and chapter headings in red ink.", "Binding: Blind-stamped brown leather; holes for fore-edge clasps (now lacking). Gilt edges. Title on front cover, in black ink, reads \"Statuta reverendi capituli aquillensis\" (sic); title on spine, on brittle paper label affixed at a later date, reads \"Statuta [P]opponi [pa]triarce.\" On front pastedown is inscribed \"Di Gio[vanni] Fran[ces]co di Prampiro canonico d'Aq[uilei]a\"; on back pastedown are aathematical additions in ink.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 89."], "600 00": ["Poppone,|cPatriarch of Aquileia,|d-1042."], "300": ["|3Original:|a88 leaves :|bpaper ;|c210 x 155 (130 x 95) mm, bound to 215 x 155 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-72) and positive (Robbins MS 89)"], "610 20": ["Basilica di Aquileia (Aquileia, Italy)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 1v-2v: List, in a later hand, of topics and chapter numbers referring to the statutes in the main text.", "Fol. 3r: Italian note, in a later hand, of a statute from 1602.", "Fol. 3v-4r: blank.", "Fol. 4v-5r: List of statutes in a later hand.", "Fol. 5v-8v: \"[text] In Christi nomine amen. Hoc est exemplum privilegii reverendissimi in Christo patris et domini domini Popponis sanctae Aquileiensis (originally spelled Acquilegiensis but the \"c\" and the \"g\" are struck through) ecclesie Patriarce cuius tenor talis est...sig[nu]m man[us] B[er]taldi not[ari]i q[u]i ha[n]c cartula[m] ex iussa d[omi]ni Popponis r[everendissi]mi Pat[riarc]he conscripsi atque complevi.\"", "Fol. 9r-14r: \"Tabula statutor[um] venerandi capituli aquileien[sis] ecclesie fideliter incipit caput\"", "Fol. 14v: blank.", "Fol. 15r-85r: \"[text] Ad honorem omnipotentis Dei...Incipiunt statuta venerandi capituli Aquileiensis ecclesie...Datum Senis anno incarnationis Domini mill[esim]o quadringentesimo sexagesimo quarto nonis Augusti pontificatus n[ost]ri anno secundo.\"", "Fol. 85v-87r: List, in a later hand, of deliberations and statutes.", "Fol. 87v-88r: blank.", "Fol. 88v: Italian notes in a later hand."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2010."], "246 04": ["Statuta reverendi capituli aquillensis"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=56;fullview=yes"], "008": ["100902q15001599it            000 0 lat d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Mostly Latin, some Italian."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100902034031.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: List of statutes in a later hand."], "035": ["(OCoLC)660254076"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS164": {"001": ["06-B4351"], "245 10": ["De electione Pontificum."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1-r-431r: \"[text] Duplici potissimum disputatione primus hic liber constabit, altera erit de vario genere electoris, altera de iure eligendi in illa agetur de laicis, principibus, maxime Romae imperatoribus et Italiae regibus...utrumque aut hoc periculum sive certum certitudine naturali sive morali dico in hac forma per se spectata non contineri."], "520": ["A treatise on the legal theory behind papal elections written by the vicar general of the Dominican Order, Pietro Maria Passerini. The work discusses the status of various types of electors who have traditionally taken a role in choosing the pope, and the law of election by which lay princes, the Roman Emperor, and the Italian kings justify their roles in the choice. Comments in the margin in a contemporary hand."], "300": ["431 leaves :|bpaper ;|c318 x 226 ( 252 x 135 ) mm bound to 331 x 231 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c5951."], "700 3": ["Colonna family.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 164|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060906q16751699it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "100 1": ["Passerini, Pietro Maria,|d1596-1677."], "561": ["At the bottom of the front flyleaf in a 17th cent. hand in ink is written \"Ex libris Domini Antonii Campii.\" The front and back flyleaves bear the red stamp of the Colonna family (a column within a circle). In pencil in a contemporary hand on the front flyleaf are some bookdealer's notes \"Seen [---],\" \"491/6\" and \"5951 Ph.\" This last note, as well as the small catalog number attached to the base of the spine, indicate that this book was once in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 5951). The manuscript was apparently also in the collection of Frederick North, Earl of Guilford, but his bookplate is not present."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from spine.", "Collation: Collation: Paper (similar but not identical to Briquet \"Oiseau,\" 12250) ii + 430 + fol. i ; 1-5\u00b9\u2070 6\u00b9\u2074 7\u2076 8\u00b9\u2074 9\u2076 10\u00b9\u2074 1\u00b9\u2076 12\u00b9\u2074 13\u00b2 14\u00b2 15\u00b9\u2070 16\u2078 17-25\u00b9\u2070 26\u00b9\u2074 27- 43\u00b9\u2070. Contemporary foliation in ink in upper right-hand corner is incorrect: 1 folio is skipped after fol. 63; after fol. 79 foliation starts again at fol. 76; and fol. 294 is counted twice.", "Layout: Written in 25 long lines; vertical bounding lines ruled in dry point.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: 18th century vellum over pasteboard. Title in ink on spine reads \"De electione Pontificum.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 164."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "North, Frederick,|cEarl of Guilford,|d1766-1827.|4asn|4fmo |5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 164"], "260": ["Rome,|c[between 1675 and 1699]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS238": {"001": ["06-B3664"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1775 and 1799]"], "505 0": ["Pp. 1-49 \"[rubric] Nota dei mobili, ed altro occorrenti per le celle degli eminentissimi signori Cardinali, e conclavisti. [text] Letto per Sua Eminenza con lettiera, cortinaggio, tornaletto e sua coperta...con una parte fissa, e l'altra che si alzi\"; pp. 50-51: \"[rubric] Arrivo de signori Cardinali in Roma chiuso che sia il conclave. [text] Quel Cardinale che arriva in Roma sede vaccante, serrato il conclave, deve mandare...due per servitore al giorno, ed al decano, ed ufficiali paoli tre.\"; pp. 56-57: \"[text] Indice. Nota dei mobili ed altro occorrente per le celle degli eminentissimi signori Cardinali e conclavisti...arrivo dei signori Cardinali in Roma, chiuso che sia il conclave, c. 50.\""], "520": ["This tiny illustrated manuscript contains a detailed inventory of the physical furnishing and other necessities required for holding a conclave. The work offers an opportunity to study in a concrete way the physical reality and needs of the cardinals and their servants permitted to attend the conclave: it is a descriptive list of items, numbered from A to T, each one with a picture. Although there is no acknowledged author, the use of Italian instead of Latin and the content make it likely that the manuscript was employed by workmen responsible for building the necessary furnishing. All the dimensions are given precisely, and all the objects are pictured in simple line-drawings, so it seems that the present work translates the regulations of the Curia into terms intellegible to a workman. The text refers to pope Pius VI as being still alive (\"Pio VI felicemente regnante\"), so we can assume that the manuscript was prepared for the conclave of the year 1800."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 238|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060801k17751799it ||||||||||||00|||ita|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Nota dei mobili, ed altro occorrenti per le celle degli emi[nentissimi] sig[nori] Cardinali, e conclavisti."], "546": ["Italian."], "300": ["63 pages :|bpaper ;|c190 x 140 (160 x 110) mm bound to 200 x 145."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from p. 1.", "Collation: Paper, pp. vi + 29; 1-2\u2078 3\u2075. Watermark: a bird on a \"trimontium\" enclosed within a circle. Original pagination in the upper corners, by the hand of the scribe : numbered 1-52 with 49 bis.", "Layout: Written in up to 23 long lines. Very narrow lateral margins. The manuscript is not ruled. The drawings are on the left page while the description is on the right page.", "Script: Written in a tidy cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Green and white striped paper over pasteboards, possibly original.", "Origin: Written in Italy at the very end of the 18th century, during the papacy of Pius VI (1775-1799).", "On the first flyleaf, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"CGLL 2146\" (or \"CGU 2146\").", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 238."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 238"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS24": {"001": ["ocn251503512"], "245 10": ["Decisiones Romanae Rotae coram Cardinali Plato."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "505 8": ["Volume 2: Fol. 1r-174r (i.e. fol. 9r-182r): \"[Decisiones Romanae Rotae coram Cardinali Plato liber secundus] Cesenatensis spolii Ven. 21 Aprilis 1589. In hac causa saepius proposita antea Domini nunquam potuerunt esse concordes, aliis extimantibus bona de quibus agitur ab Antonio Tiberto Canonico Cesenatensis ...[Civitatis Castelli spolii bonorum lunae 18 februarij 1592 ] Nec obstat Bulla Pii Quinti edita super reformatione Rotae quia non mandat simpliciter in causa civili supersederi sed ita demum si causa criminalis sit praeiudicialis patet autem ex prefatis non esse preiudicialem in casu proposito causam criminalem causae civili. Finis\""], "003": ["OCoLC"], "035": ["(OCoLC)251503512"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=114;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080916q15751625it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 24"], "505 0": ["Volume 1: Fol 1r--241r (i.e. fol. 8r-248r): \"[Decisiones Romanae Rotae coram Cardinali Plato liber primus] Vercillensis pensionis spolii lunae 5 Maii 1586. Proposui dubium in una Vercellensis pensioni spolii an sententia in partibus lata ad favorem Marii Antonii Babbi veniret confirmanda aut infirmanda...[Lunae 17 Aprilis 1589] in conditionem prout ipsi habebant gravari non debet ut pro crescenti [--] ingenti [--] aliquid soluatur.\""], "100 1": ["Piatti, Flaminio,|d1552-1611."], "520": ["Transcript of decisions in cases brought before Cardinal Flaminio Piatti in the Sacred Roman Rota. Indexes of decisions are arranged alphabetically by diocese at the beginning of each volume. Flaminio Piatti, appointed cardinal by Gregory XIV in 1590, was a judge in the Rota Romana under Sixtus V."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "610 20": ["Catholic Church.|bRota Romana."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page.", "Collation [Volume 1]: Paper, fol. i + 248 + 1. Contemporary foliation skips index and starts at first page of text (i.e. fol. 8r).", "Collation [Volume 2]: Paper, fol. i + 185. Contemporary foliaiton skips index and starts at first page of text (i.e. fol. 9r); last three folios are unnumbered.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by at least two hands.", "Binding: Bound in limp vellum.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 24."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "005": ["20080916124517.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1575 and 1625]"], "300": ["|3Original:|a2 v. (248, 185 leaves) :|bpaper ;|c270 x 200 (240 x 112) mm bound to 270 x 200 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 98-97) and positive (Robbins MS 24)"]}, "RobbinsMS8": {"001": ["06-B4280"], "245 10": ["Commentum libri Decretalium."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-406v: \"[rubr.] Commentum libri Decretalium et prohemium rubrica. [text] Ad Dei omnipotens gloria et universalis Ecclesie decus et decorem necnon rei publice...quia sicut odoratus fetorem discernit sive sentit et fugit, sic tractatus ipsius crimina detestatur et punit. [rubr.] Prohemium libri Decretalium. [text] Gregorius episcopus: omnes sunt episcopi licet vocentur archiepiscopi...dampnaturo. [rubr.] De summa trinitate et fide catholica rubrica. [text] Quoniam omne quod non est ex fide peccatum est...durat tamen quandoque propter accessiones quod dic ut legitur... [rubr.] Explicit liber primus. Incipit secundus de iudiciis rubrica. [text] De quo vult Deus et cetera supple ita...Explicit liber secundus. Deo gratias.\""], "520": ["This manuscript is a very precious illuminated copy of the commentary on the Decretales by the cardinal Henricus de Segusio; there are very few marginal notes, and the handwriting is extremely neat, quite close with the \"textualis formata.\" No glosses are provided."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=104;fullview=yes"], "100 0": ["Henricus,|cde Segusio, Cardinal,|dapproximately 1200-1271."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 8|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |atitubabant quid"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060905q13201340it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a406 leaves :|bparchment ;|c440 x 285 (235 x 195) mm bound to 455 x 300 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-17) and positive (Robbins MS 8)"], "561": ["The manuscript was at one time part of the collection of John Howell."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (modern paper) + 406 + ii (modern paper); 1-16\u00b9\u00b2 17\u2076 18-19\u00b9\u00b2 20\u00b9\u00b0 21-34\u00b9\u00b2 35\u2076. Catchwords in the middle of the lower margin, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. Quire signatures in the right corner of the lower margin, in red ink, using letters and symbols. The manuscript was copied with the pecia system: many pecia marks are still visible, although cropped, in the outer margins. The average length of each pecia appears to be 5 folios.", "Layout: Written in two columns, 101 lines in each column. Running titles in the upper margin. Ruled in lead; prickings visible in the lower and upper margin. Wide margins.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script (littera Bononiensis), apparently by one hand.", "Decoration: Two historiated initials on fol. 1r (on 9 lines) and 199r (on 11 lines), both representing Pope Gregory IX, painted in red, pink, white, and yellow on blue background. Two vertical borders on the same folios bearing grotesque characters, humans, animals, birds, and flowers, painted in pink, yellow, and blue. Painted initials representing human faces, animals, stylized flowers, and geometrical motives, mostly on 4 lines. On the lower margin of fol. 1r there is the painting of a lion, brown on blue background with red border; on fol. 199r there is the painting of a yellow bird. Many 3-line alternating red and blue pen flourishing initials throughout the text. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks. Red rubrics, and alternating red and blue running titles in the upper margins.", "Binding: Brown leather over wooden boards, blind tooled with fillets, stamps, and fleurons. Four new leather closing straps: top, bottom, and side. New spine with some of the old leather glued to it.", "Origin: Written and decorated in Italy, possibly in Bologna, between 1320 and 1340.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 8.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), I BX1935 .H518 le."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 8"], "260": ["[Bologna?,|cbetween 1320 and 1340]"], "581": ["Henricus de Segusio, In primum [-quartum] Decretalium librum Commentaria ... 4 vols. (Venetiis: apud Ivntas, 1581; reprint, Torino: Bottega d'Erasmo, 1965)."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS22": {"001": ["06-B4066"], "245 10": ["[De citationibus] ;|b[Statuta Universitatis Bononiensis]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-23r: \"[text] In nomine Patris et filii et Spiritu Sancti, amen, et ad honorem et statum Universitatis Bononiensis et nostre nationis provincialis...Ego Bonacursius de Aliseis de Florentia in legibus dictus doctor Bononie morans...colliges evidenter hic in aliquo loco circa aliquam consuetudo contradiceret spiritualis municipalis.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 23v-24v: \"[rubr.] Rubrica de hiis que pertinent ad doctores et processum lectionum. Nota quod doctores et magistri non possunt facere collectam nisi post festum sancti Andree. [text] In nomine Domini amen. Universitate scolarium tam ultramontanorum quam citramontanorum per generalem bidellum...Quod si non fecerit non possit proprio aliquam collectam facere nisi primo omnes penas solvit in quibus incidenter et fecit dictum depositum a qua pena se nullatenus valeat excusare cum semper per se vel per substitutum possit ad puncta venire.\""], "520": ["The first 23 folios of the manuscript contain a diminutive law tract by the Florentine exile Bonaccorso degli Elisei, a doctor in law from the University of Bologna and a contemporary of Dante Alighieri. The last 2 folios include the text of the earliest known statutes governing the Faculty of Law at the University of Bologna, presumably promulgated in 1252. The manuscript was once the final (and smaller) part of MS 67 (its fol. 118-141) in the library of Admont Abbey, Austria, whose first one hundred and seventeen folios contained the Casus longi of Bernardo da Parma on the Decretals of Gregory IX. The present location of the first part of MS 67 is not known."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "300": ["|3Original: |a24 leaves :|bparchment ;|c380 x 240 (290 x 170) mm bound to 385 x 259 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative and positive (Robbins MS 22)"], "510 4": ["Maffei, Domenico, Domenico Maffei, \"Un trattato di Bonaccorso degli Elisei e i pi\u00f9 antichi statuti dello Studio di Bologna nel manoscritto 22 della Robbins Collection,\" Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 5 (1975): 73- 101 (includes complete transcription of the Statutes of the University of Bologna, and partial transcription of Bonacursius's tract)."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 22|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[Southern France?,|cbetween 1275 and 1325]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060823q12751325fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |alex non antiqua"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "100 1": ["Elisei, Bonaccorso degli,|d13th cent."], "561": ["The manuscript was sold to E. P. Goldschmidt in London, who in turn offered it for sale after June 1940. It was acquired for the Bodmer Collection in Zurich and later sold to H. P. Kraus, from whom it was acquired for the Robbins Collection in 1971."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Fol. 1r, title from the spine; fol. 23v, title suplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (modern paper) + 24 + ii (modern paper); 1\u00b9\u2070 2\u00b9\u00b2 3\u00b2. Catchwords in the right corner of the bottom margin, by the hand of the scribe, framed in brown ink. No quire numbering is provided. No contemporary foliation; double modern foliation, in pencil by two different 20th century hands. The first one is on the upper right corner, and goes from 118 to 141; the second is in the right bottom corner, and goes from 1 to 24.", "Layout: Written in two columns of 62 lines each. Ruled in lead. Prickings visible only in the bottom and upper margins. Wide margins, very few marginal additions and notes.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, by one hand. Above top line.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, 6-line blue and red pen flourishing initial. Alternating red and blue penworked initials throughout the text, mostly on 2 lines. Red and blue alternating paragraph signs, red rubrics.", "Binding: Grey paper over pasteboard. Quarter bound in leather, title gilt tooled on the spine: \"Bonaccursius de Aliseis. De citationibus. MS.\"", "Origin: Written possibly in Southern France, or in Italy but by a scribe trained in Southern France, between the last quarter of the 13th century and the first quarter of the 4th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 22."], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=113;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 22"]}, "RobbinsMS129": {"001": ["ocn192024923"], "245 10": ["[Rules governing the sisters of the H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Laon]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Texts concerning the rules and regulations of the religious daughters of the H\u00f4tel-Dieu of Laon."], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bDiocese of Laon (France)"], "260": ["Laon, France,|cbetween 1671 and 1727."], "099": ["Robbins MS 129"], "581": ["Saint-Denis, Alain. L'H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Laon, 1150-1300: institution hospitali\u00e8re et societe aux XIIe et XIIIe si\u00e8cles (Nancy : Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1983)"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (paper) + 43 + ii (parchment and paper); 1-10\u2074 11\u00b2 (+1).", "Layout: Written in 34 long lines; frame ruled in lead, double vertical and horizontal bounding at top, bottom, outer, and inner margins of text block, continuing out to edge of page.", "Script: Main text (p. 1-82) written in a neat, humanistic book script by one hand; p. 83 written in a second hand.", "Decoration: 12-line initial infilled in red, been and brown ink at beginning of text, p. 1.", "Binding: Maroon printed paper over pasteboard, vellum corners and spine; 4 cloth ties (intact).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 129."], "300": ["|3Original:|a84 pages :|bparchment ;|c365 x 290 ( 272 x 199) mm. bound to 374 x 295 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-07) and positive (Robbins MS 129)"], "610 20": ["H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Laon."], "650 00": ["Monasticism and religious orders|vRules."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=77;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080214q16711727fr            000 0 fre d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2008."], "546": ["In French."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080214050825.0"], "505 0": ["P. 1-73: \"[text] Doyen et chapitre de l'Eglise de Laon a l'Eglise de rome immediatement subjects...et involontaires \u00e0 recevoir les monitions ou corrections de icelles Voulons \u00e0 Nous ou \u00e0 nostre commis estre signifi\u00e9 afin de y donner provision et remede par punitions convenables comme au cas appartiendra\" ; p. 74: ruled but blank ; p. 75: \"[text] Extrait des registres de parlement\" ; p. 76: ruled but blank ; p. 77-82: \"[text] Carte de visite et reformation dress\u00e9e par nous, Benjamin de Brichanteau, Evesque et Duc de Laon...et du consentement desdits sieurs de chapitre, desquelles modifications le texte en a est\u00e9 remply\" ; p. 83: \"[text] Extrait des registres aux actes capitulaires de l'Eglise Cathedral de Laon du vingt sept Aoust mil sept cent vingt sept...Par Mr. le Doyen en freference de Mrs Barbier Tucien maitre et sous maitre de l'Hotel Dieu Mrs Bott\u00e9e Levent l'ain\u00e9 et Bailleu Butillier sign\u00e9 Jadot secretair du chapitre de la ditte Eglise\" ; p. 84: ruled but blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)192024923"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS1": {"001": ["05-B14617"], "245 10": ["[Carta executoria]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-47r: \"[Inc.] Por la gracia de dios rey de Castilla de Leon de Aragon de las dos Secilias de Jerusalem de Portugal de Navarra de Granada...[text] Al nuestro iusticia mayor y a los del nuestro consejo presidentes e oydores de las nuestras audiencias Alcades Alguaciles de la nuestra casa corte e chancillerias...Salude y gracia sepates que pleito paso ese trato en la nuestra corte e chancilleria...[exp.]...esta nuestra carta executoria de las dichas sentencias difinitivas en el dicho pleito dadas e scripta en pergamino de cuero y sellada con nuestro sello de plomo pendiente en filos de seda a colores librada de los dichos nuestros alcades de los hijos dalgo e de otros oficiales e de la dicha nuestra audiencia. Dada en la Ciudad de Valladolid a treinta un dias del mes de henero de mill e quinientos y noventa e nueve anos\"; fol. 47v-48v: ruled but blank."], "520": ["Contains documentation for two legal matters involving the Manueco family: a letters patent issued in 1599 in response to the petition of Antionio, Juan, Miguel, Gabriel, and Francisco de Manueco; and the lawsuit for exemption from taxation on the grounds of noble lineage, initiated in 1599 by Rodrigo Manueco, father of the petitioners, tried in Valladolid. Fol. 47r bears multiple signatures. Title page missing. Some marginal notes in a later (possibly 17th cent.) hand."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "100 0": ["Philip |bIII,|cKing of Spain,|d1578-1621."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 1|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["051117s1599    sp ||||||||||||00|||spa|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Spanish."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, November 2005."], "300": ["|3Original:|a48 leaves :|bparchment ;|c310 x 215 (210 x 110) mm bound to 327 x 228 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-10) and positive (Robbins MS 1)"], "561": ["Early provenance unknown. Manuscript was part of the original collection assembled by Lloyd M. Robbins."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 48 (unfoliated); 1\u2074\u2078 (24 nested bifolia folded in half).", "Layout: Written in 28 long lines; text block framed by double bounding-lines ruled in ink, individual lines ruled in lead; only prickings guiding double bounding-lines visible, often cropped.", "Script: Written in a neat humanistic book hand by one hand.", "Decoration: Portrait on fol. 46r; large gold headings on red and blue backgrounds throughout.", "Binding:17th century tooled leather binding over pasteboard with gold leaf; decorations include clasped hands, deer, unicorns and flowers; single pink and gold cord threaded through spine and center of text block at two points holds text block to binding. Traces of front and back clasps at top, bottom and fore edge, now lacking.", "Accompanying materials: Seal mentioned in text (fol. 47r) is lacking.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 1.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), gKB170 .F315 CE 1599."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 1"], "260": ["Spain,|c1599."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=97;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS101": {"001": ["ocn759598167"], "245 10": ["Elementa iuris canonici ;|bDeffinitiones (sic), et conclusiones institutionum canonicarum."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "505 8": ["Fol. 160r-251v: Deffinitiones (sic), et conclusiones institutionum canonicarum \"[text] \"Actiones humanae...Finis tertiae partis.\""], "003": ["OCoLC"], "260": ["Italy,|c1692"], "008": ["111104s1692    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 101"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-150r: Elementa iuris canonici \"[text] Pars p[rim]a : De origine juris can[oni]ci et causis eius. Jus canonicu[m] decretis pontificu[m], et statutis concilionu[m] tu[m] Generaliu[m], tum provincialiu[m] constat...Pars operis superest, pars e[st] exacta laboris. Igitur hoc anno literario hic teneat nostras ancora iacta rates. Finis\" (N.B. this last phrase is an allusion to Ovid Ars Amatoria 1.771-2: \"Pars superat coepti, pars est exhausta laboris. / Hic teneat nostras ancora iacta rates\")."], "100 1": ["Benino, Bartolomeo."], "546": ["Latin"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Titles from fol. 1r and fol. 160r.", "Text block of the first text (1r-150r) appears to have been re-cut after the text was written in order to fit the format of the second text (160r-251v), eliminating margins and occasionally cropping words at the bottom of pages.", "Layout: Written in long lines.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard; title on spine reads \"Ius Canonicum Manoscritto.\"", "Written in Rome, in the hand of Benino himself. Fol. iir reads: \"In celeberimo Romae studio fo Acceptu \u00e0 me Bartolomeo Benino Anno Domini 1692\" ; fol. 154 reads: \"In sapientissimo Romae studio factum \u00e0 me Bartolomeo Benino Anno Domini 1692.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 101."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, October 2011."], "005": ["20111104095123.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)759598167"], "300": ["|3Original:|a251 leaves :|bpaper ;|c195 x 130 (195 x 130) mm bound to 205 x 130 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-72) and positive (Robbins MS 101)"]}, "RobbinsMS61": {"001": ["ocn600220099"], "245 10": ["[Collection of apostolic letters]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["A collection of transcripts of apostolic letters (favors, privileges, declarations, bulls, constitutions, etc.) issued by popes from Adrian IV to Clement X. Includes letters from Adrian VI, Clement IV, Eugene IV, Nicholas V, Pius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Paul III, Pius IV, Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, Clement VIII, Paul V, Gregory XV, Urban VIII, Innocent X, Alexander VII, Clement IX, and Clement X. Document on fol. 275r-285v is sealed and authenticated by Franciscus Serantonius, Apostolic Notary (fol. 285v); document on fol. 406r-410v is sealed and authenticated by Fabritius [---], Apostolic Notary (fol. 410v). Manuscript leaves are interspersed with printed material (fol. 8-15, 22-37, 51-60, 65-68, 89-97, 142-145, 185-201, 248-257, 289-295, 386-397, 426-427, 463-464, 492- 503). Foliation jumps from 225 to 230; folio 388 incorrectly numbered as 387 (thus the number 387 appears on two consecutive folios)."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c5361."], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bPope."], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1650 and 1699]"], "008": ["100405q16501699it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 61"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Latin"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 5361)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in long lines.", "Script: Written in early modern cursive script by various hands.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard. Spine badly torn at top, missing a piece. Title on spine reads \"Registrum bullarum.\"", "Accompanying materials: Notarial seals on fol. 285v and 410v.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 61."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre Roberts, April 2010."], "005": ["20100405024615.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)600220099"], "300": ["|3Original:|a678 leaves :|bpaper ;|c265-280 x 205 bound to 290 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-54) and positive (Robbins MS 61)"]}, "RobbinsMS124": {"001": ["06-B3916"], "260": ["[Italy, Veneto, |cbetween 1506 and 1525]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r: \"[table of contents] Campesium a carta 1, Campuslongus a carta 25...Cartanum a carta 45.\"; 2. Fol. 1r-15v: \"[rubr.] Registrum abbreviatum omnium instrumentorum monasterii Santae Crucis de Camposion tam antiquorum quam modernorum eorum, que sunt in rotulis distincta secundum loca in quibus sunt ipse terre praenotatis eorum nominibus ut immo patebit. Et primus in Campesio. [text] Livellum domine Amerine et eius filii Bonaventure...signatus numero 183.\"; 3. Fol. 16r-18r: \"[rubr.] Donationes facte monasterio Sanctae Crucis de Camposion a diversis viris et faeminis per diversa tempora. [text] Donatio facta per dominum Ezzelino da Romano et per nonnullos alios...de uno manso impertinentis Bassani.\" 4. Fol.19rv: [rubr.] Privilegia et gratie concesse monasterio Sancte Crucis in diversis temporibus. [text] Privilegia Lotarii tertii imperatoris pro immunitate monasterii...procuratore dicte ecclesie.\"; 5. Fol. 20r-23r: \"[rubr.] Instrumenta reliquorum contractuum preter livella in Campesi. [text] Testificatio quadam quod contractum (?) Campesii...Angarani et cetera ut in eo.\"; 6. Fol. 24v-26r: \"[rubr.] In villa Campi Longi. [text] Livellum Manfredum quondam Riprandi de Foza...facta monasterio Sancte Crucis per Bonoram qui Nicolai de Campo Longo.\"; 7. Fol. 27r-28r: \"[rubr.] In villa Olerii. [text] Livellum Antonii quondam [...] Ognibene detto Bonolo...olerii secudum que debet...\"; 8. Fol. 29r-30v: \"[rubr.] In villa Vallistagne. [text] Livellum solidi donati quondam [...] Azolini de Valstagna...bone monete et non aliud.\"; 9. Fol. 32rv: \"[rubr.] In villa Foze. [text] Livellum communis Foze de monte Mella pro quo tenetur...per dominum Andream priorem Sancte Crucis 1483.\"; 10. Fol. 33v: \"[rubr.] In villa Cismonis. [text] Livellum communis Cismoni...in ipsa petri (?) terre.\"; 11. Fol. 34rv: \"[rubr.] In Texino. [text] Livellum Iohannis filii Bebi quondam Morandi...debet annuatim soldos triginta duo.\"; 12. Fol. 35r: \"[rubr.] In villa Povedii. [text] Livellum Bompressi quondam Petri de Solagna de medio campo terre...ad monasterium libera.\"; 13. Fol. 35v- 36r: \"[rubr.] In villa Romani. [text] Livellum tonxi (?) quondam domini Bendrigeti...pro quibus debet...solidi 18.\"; 14. Fol. 37rv: \"[rubr.] In villa Bursii. [text] Livellum Ioannis quondam Reprandini de Bursio...solidi 10.\"; 15. Fol. 38v: \"[rubr.] In villa Avasii. [text] Conventio quedam pasculandi pecora in monte...nuncium.\"; 16. Fol. 39v-40r: \"[rubr.] In Crespano. [text] Livellum Mathei quondam Alterii de Crespano...et surdos quinque, et non alius.\"; 17. Fol. 41r: \"[rubr.] In villa sancti Zenonis. [text] Livellum Paxolini quondam Guidi de Bolegnella...monasterio Sancte Crucis quas tenebat titulo lota[...].\"; 18. Fol. 42r: \"[rubr.] S. Abdon et Senten. [text] Investitura facta per priorem...una facta fuit anno 1433, et altera 1465.\"; 19. Fol. 42v-43v: \"[rubr.] In Valle Mergnani extra Bassanum. [text] Livellum Victoris andree de Curtis de Mergnano...livellum Benedicti quondam Gonfarini.\"; 20. Fol. 44rv: \"[rubr.] In Bassano oppido. [text] Livellum Iuniani quondam Herrici de Ponedo...et unum par gallinarum.\"; 21. Fol. 45r: \"[In villa Rossani.] Livellum Benedicti dicto Brigada...viginti quatuor segalle ad mensuram bassa.\"; 22. Fol. 45v: \"[rubr.] In villa Cartiani. [text] Livellum Donati quondam Boni de Valstagna...et par unum gallinarum.\"; 23. Fol. 46rv: \"[rubr.] In monasterio Campreti et in Campreto. [text] Livellum solidi (?) Benedicti quondam Melchioris de Baldis...et quartum unum [...]misarium fasollorum.\"; 24. Fol. 47v-48r: \"[rubr] In villa Sancti Georgi de Buscho. [text] Livellum Bini Frarzosi et Iohannis Marie Franzosi...livellus continetur.\"; 25. Fol. 49r: \"[rubr.] In villa Tomboli. [text] Livellum Perini quondam Andree de Tombolo...in citadella tenet.\"; 26. Fol. 49v: \"[rubr.] In San Martino de Tuparo. [text] Livella Endrici quondam...tenet Andrigetus de Tombolo.\"; 27. Fol. 50r: \"[rubr.] In villa Labie. [text] Livellum renovationis marsiliani...civis paduani.\"; 28. Fol. 50v: \"[rubr.] In Burgoligo. [text] Livellum Martini quondam...idest pullorum.\"; 29. Fol. 51rv: \"[rubr.] In villa Bregantie. [text] Livellum Boni Iohannis quondam Francisci Brugnoli...et solidos [...].\"; 30. Fol. 52v: \"[rubr.] In villa Sancti Endrici. [text] Livellum [...] quondam Gulielmi de Cassis...pro quod debet solidi 5.\"; 31. Fol. 52v: \"[rubr.] Livellum Bartholomei quondam Nicolai de Lupia...supra dictis terris.\"; 32. Fol. 53r: \"[rubr.] In villa Sclavoni. [text] Livellum Zampetra quondam Gonzi de Sclavono...modium unum bladi.\"; 33. Fol. 54r-55v: \"[rubr.] In villa Angarani. [text] Livellum Catanei quondam Iacobini de Angarano...permutatio facta inter monasterium et ipsum secundum (?) Baldassarrem.\"; Fol. 56r-61v blank."], "520": ["This manuscript is a list of abridged legal documents, but not cronologically arranged: the abridgements are divided into chapters, and each chapter is related to a city or a village in Northern Italy. The documents cited in this manuscript are all connected to the region of Veneto, and particularly the area surrounding Vicenza, Treviso and Belluno; among the villages and cities cited, we have Foza, Valstagna, Bassano, Rossano, Crespano del Grappa, San Zenone degli Ezzelini, Romano d'Ezzelino, Cismon del Grappa, Caltrano, San Giorgio in Bosco, Schiavon, Campolongo sul Brenta, Trissino, Campese. A note added by a later hand mentions the year 1563."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms., |c6559."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 124|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872."], "008": ["060817q15061525it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. Use of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Index scripturarum Campesii."], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a61 leaves :|bpaper ;|c205 x 155 (160 x 115) mm bound to 210 x 165 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 05-1) and positive (Robbins MS 124)"], "561": ["Flyleaf iv, written in pencil by a 20th century hand: \"Mantua\". This manuscript used to belong to Sir Thomas Phillips, call number 6559. On inside front cover: \"Payne 1883\"."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from the title page.", "Collation: Paper, fol. ii (modern paper) + 61 + ii (modern paper); 1\u00b2\u00b2\u207b\u00b2 2-4\u00b9\u2074. No catchwords are provided. Contemporary foliation in brown ink in the upper corner in Arabic numerals. In the manuscripts there are at least two different watermarks, not in Briquet.", "Layout: Written in up to 28 long lines, above top line. Frame ruled in lead. Quire numbers in the bottom margin, in the right corner.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria, sometimes currens, apparently by two hands: the scribe and the rubricator.", "Decoration: Red chapter headings.", "Binding: Rebound in limp vellum in the year 2003. The previous binding (grey-brown paper over thin, rigid board) is now kept in the manuscript file.", "Origin: Written in Italy, Veneto, during the first quarter of the 16th century, but surely after 1506.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 124."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 124"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=73;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS240": {"001": ["06-B3560"], "245 10": ["Ordo iudicialis ;|bLiber de exceptionibus."], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 1r-33v: \"[rubr.] Ordo iudicialis [...] Egidium doctorem decretorum [...]. [text] In nomine Domini nostri iesu Christi ego Egidius de P[...] civis bononiensis doctor decretorum licet indignus...testimonium et inimicum. Factum etc.\"", "3. Fol. 58r-74v: \"[rubr.] Incipit liber primus de exceptionibus. [text] Quidem litteris imperavit sub tali forma Gregorius...fideiussit pro talis//.\""], "520": ["This is a composite ms. codex, most likely compiled and assembled for a legal practitioner. The manuscript offers its users a series of formulae extracted from various collections of Canon Law. Both sections are incomplete. The flyleaf IIr contains the text of an anonymous sermon which lacks the end. Many notes, some rubbed, throughout both sections of the manuscript. On flyleaf Iv there is a small table of contents written by a 14th century hand."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "300": ["50 leaves :|bparchment ;|c210 x 135 (155 x 105) mm bound to 216 x 148 mm."], "246 0": ["Incipit de exceptionibus qui dicitur auctor et reus"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 240|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Tancred,|dca. 1185-1236?"], "260": ["[Paris?,|cbetween 1280 and 1300]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection.Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060727q12801300fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|alevetur ab homine"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "100 1": ["Foscarari, Egidio,|dd. 1289."], "561": ["Inside back cover, initials \"c.a.C.b.\" written in pencil by a 20th century hand, possibly by a former owner."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Fol. 1r: title from opening rubric. Fol. 58r: title from opening rubric (added title entry for this text from IN PRINCIPIO database).", "Conservation treatment added double-folio handmade paper ends; textblock was resewn with handmade paper wrapper, and boxed. Previous covers (not contemporary to the manuscript) and conservation documentation in curatorial file.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (medieval parchment) + 50 (numbered 1-33 and 58-74); 1-3\u2078 4\u2074 (lacks fol. 3-4) 5\u2078 (lacks the last 3 fols.) 6\u2078 7\u00b9\u00b2 (lacks fols. 5 and 12). Horizontal catchwords on the right side of the bottom margin, on verso. Leaves signed with latin minuscule letters from \"a\" to \"d\" on recto, with lead.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-33v: written in two columns of 50 lines; fol. 58r-74v: written in two columns of 39 lines. Both sections below top line. Ruled in lead. Pricking sometimes visible in the upper margins.", "Script: Written in gothic textualis libraria script by two different scribes: the first one copied fol. 1r-33v, the second one copied fol. 58r-74r.", "Decoration: Penwork red and blue initials, mostly on 2 or 3 lines. Red rubrics. On fol. 58r-74v, red paragraph marks and some initials touched in red.", "Binding: Resewn in handmade paper wrapper.", "Origin: Written in Northern France, possibly Paris, in the last quarter of the 13th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 240."], "505 0": ["1. Fol. IIr: \"[text] Ecce nunc tempus acceptabile [2Cor 6, 2]. Illud verbum est beati Pauli in epistula hodierna...et quod emitur magis diligitur//.\""], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 240"]}, "RobbinsMS300": {"001": ["ocn319876305"], "260": ["Edinburgh, Scotland ,|cca. 1634."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "505 8": ["Fol. 109r-368v: Feudorum liber tertius (sic) continens ea quae ad amissionem feudi pertinent de resignationibus et renunciationibus diegesis.\"", "Fol. 369r-392v: [Summary records of salient Parliamentary sessions, 1581-1633] ; fol. 393r-425v: blank."], "520": ["Three texts on Scottish law."], "300": ["|3Original:|a425 leaves :|bpaper ; 200 x 155 mm, bound to 205 x 160 mm."], "008": ["090501s1634    stk           000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 300"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Observations on contemporary Scottish feudal law ; |bCommentary on the Feudorum liber ; Summary records of salient Parliamentary sessions, 1581-1633]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CUL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 425 (infrequent contemporary pagination present); i + 1-31\u00b9\u00b2 32\u2078 34-35\u00b9\u00b2 (last fol. is pastedown); catchwords.", "Layout: Written in long lines, number of lines per page varies; contemporary signing in Arabic numerals in tail margins, mostly cropped but added back in pencil by a later hand. Some guide scores present particulary in third part.", "Binding: Contemporary binding of English calf.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 300."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, May 2009."], "005": ["20090501123425.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-99r: \"Some generall observations [on Scottish feudal law]; fol. 5v-7r: \"Anent the table and continuation of sumonds\" ; fol. 7v-12r: \"Of kirks and benifices\" ; fol. 12r-14r: \"Of the priviledge of bishops, abbots, etc.\" ; fol. 14r-19v: \"Of the jurisdiction of bishops\" ; fol. 19v- : \"Of heirs and ex[ecutors?] and of the difference betwix her[itable] and mov[able] bonds\" ;  fol. 99v-108v: blank."], "035": ["(OCoLC)319876305"], "546": ["Commentary on the Liber feudorum in Latin, other texts in English."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS91": {"001": ["06-B4424"], "245 10": ["[Arbre des batailles /|ccompos\u00e9 par Honor\u00e9 Bonet prieur de Salon]"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-127r: \"[rubr.] L'arbre des batailles compos\u00e9 par Honor\u00e9 Bonet prieur de Salon. Dedi\u00e9 au roy Charles VI. [text] La sainte couronne de France en laquelle auiourdhuy per l'ordonnance de Dieu regne Charles Le Sixieme, en celuy nom tre bien...et produise a la sienne saincte gloire de paradis, amen.\"; 2. Fol. 127v-130v: table of contents."], "520": ["This work by Honor\u00e9 Bonet is an important discussion of the right to arms, and was composed at the end of the 14th century, and possibly between 1386 and 1389. The first folio of this manuscript is missing, and was therefore replaced in the 18th century. The text is sometimes attributed to Christine de Pisan (ca. 1364-ca. 1431; see fol. iv, viv for seller's manuscript description); in fact, only books III and IV of Christine's \"The book of fayttes of armes and of Chyualrye\" are based on \"L'Arbre de bataille\". A contemporary hand underlined many passages in the text and made some marginal notes and additions in a cursiva currens hand."], "300": ["|3Original: |a130 leaves :|bpaper ;|c270 x 210 (165 x 125) mm bound to 280 x 215 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-74) and positive (Robbins MS 91)"], "510 4": ["Honor\u00e9 de Bonet, L'Arbre des batailles, ed. Ernest Nys (Brussels: C. Muquardt, 1883."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 91|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |afortes sont"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060911s1425    fr ||||||||||||00|||frm|d"], "546": ["Middle French."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "100 1": ["Bonet, Honor\u00e9,|dfl. 1378-1398."], "561": ["At one time, the manuscript was part of the library of the Abbot of Mersan, no. 1150 in his catalogue (note on flyleaf iii v, in the hand of one of the later owners (late 18th century?): \"Ce manuscrit provient de la biblioth[\u00e8que] de l'Abb\u00e9 de Mersan, no. 1150 de son catalogue. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait pour Charles VI, except\u00e9 la pr[emi\u00e8]re page qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 recopi\u00e9e\"). Further down the page, a note, in all probability in the same hand, with a reference to a text published in the M\u00e9moires de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions establishing the name Bonnet for the author of the work, as opposed to the (erroneously) corrected \"Bonnor\" appearing on fol. 1r. Another note, in the same hand, refers to Monseigneur de Roquefort's \"Glossaire de la langue romaine\"; according to this work, there were 18 known manuscripts of the \"L'arbre des batalles\" in the Royal Library at the time. This manuscript used to belong to Henry J. B. Clements: on the inside front cover there is his bookplate showing an eagle, the motto \"Patris virtutibus\" and the name \"Henry J. B. Clements.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 1r (the whole fol. 1rv has been copied by a later hand).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (marbled paper) + ii (modern paper) + 130 + ii (modern paper) + i (marbled paper); 1- 5\u00b9\u00b2 6\u00b9\u2076 7-9\u00b9\u2074 10\u00b9\u2070. Contemporary foliation in Roman numerals, red ink, in the upper margins in the right corner (ii to ccxxvii). Catchwords in the right side of the lower margins, on verso, sometimes decorated with grotesques. Watermarks: a \"raisin\" which is a variant of those in Briquet 11992-13007; an \"arc\" not in Briquet (the closest seems to be Briquet 809).", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines. Wide margins. Contemporary foliation using Roman numerals in the upper margins, in the right corner.", "Script: Written in a cursiva libraria script close to the \"littera bastarda\", apparently by one scribe.", "Decoration: Red initials, sometimes penworked, throughout the text, mostly on 2 lines. Red rubrics and red paragraph marks. Many \"grotesques\" showing animals, human heads and \"droleries\".", "Binding: Red morocco over pasteboards; gilt spine; gilt edges. Title on spine: \"Bonor Arbre des Bataille Manuscr. 1425.\" Marbled paper used for the flyleaves (red, yellow, blue and green).", "Origin: Written in Limoges, France, in 1425. The colophon appearing on fol. 127r states that the manuscript was copied by one Johannes de Quadrinno, diocesan clerk in Limoges: \"Anno domini millesimo quadrincentesimo vicesimo quinto presens liber fuit scriptus per Johannes de Quadrinno clericum diocesis Lemovicensis. Quem Dominus in eternum benedicat amen. Finito libro sit laus Domino Ihesu Christo amen. Benedicamus Domino deo gratias.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 91."], "700 1": ["Clements, Henry J. B.|q(Henry John Beresford),|d1869-1940."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 91"], "260": ["Limoges,|c1425."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=58;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS114": {"001": ["ocn669862775"], "245 10": ["Acta synodi provincialis goritiensis de anno 1768."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Acts of a synod held in October 1768 in the province of Gorizia, located in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Articles 1 and 3 are copies of the opening and closing statements by Karl Michael von Attems, Archbishop of Gorizia, made on 15 October 1768 and on 18 October 1768, respectively. The materials were originally collated by one Johannes Petrus Barbadicus, acting delegate notary (f. 208r)."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c7312."], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bArchdiocese of Gorizia (Italy)"], "260": ["Italy,|cafter 1768."], "099": ["Robbins MS 114"], "700 1": ["Attems, Karl Michael von,|d1711-1774.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "581": ["Chiara de Nicolo, Daniela Fain, Alessandra Martina, and Luigi Tavano, \"Fonti archivistiche su C. M. d'Attems a Gorizia,\" in Carlo M. d'Attems, primo arcivescovo di Gorizia 1752-1774 fra Curia Romana e stato absburgico, 2 vols. (Gorizia: Istituto di Storia Sociale e Religiosa, Istituto per gli Incontri Culturali Mitteleuropei, 1988), 1:59-99; see especially p. 99 for the identification of two relevant manuscripts, both in the Biblioteca Civica di Gorizia: MS 113 is an 1870 copy, made from the exemplar found in the de Grazia library, of the Scritti illustrativi il Sinodo quasi provinciale Goriziano del 1768, and MS 151-bis is an 18th-century copy of the Acta Synodi Provincialis Goritiensis de anno 1768; see also Gabriele de Rosa, \"Il sinodo provinciale del 1768,\" in Carlo M. d'Attems, 2:343-70."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of the Colonna family (their red stamp visible depicting a column within a circle on a front flyleaf, the title page, the first page of text, the last page of text, and a back flyleaf). It was also in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7312). Other library markings, \"1015\" and \"58,\" in pencil on front pastedown."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (fol. iiir).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + ii (contemporary paper) + 213 (foliation begins on first page of text); 1\u00b22 -5\u00b9\u00b2 6-8\u00b9\u2070 9-10\u00b9\u00b2 11\u00b9\u00b2(-1) 12\u00b9\u00b2 13\u00b9\u2070 14\u00b9\u00b2 15\u2076 16\u00b9\u00b2 17\u2076 18- 19\u00b9\u00b2 20\u2078 (-1); catchwords at the bottom of each verso.", "Layout: Written in 26-29 long lines.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by at least six hands.", "Binding: Colored paper with floral pattern over pasteboard; spine is worn and faded.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 114."], "300": ["|3Original:|a213 leaves :|bpaper ;|c280 x 195 (250 x 150) mm bound to 295 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-87) and positive (Robbins MS 114)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 6r-210r: \"Constitutiones et decreta in provinciali synodo Goritiensi edita Anno 1768. Ad laudem omnipotentis Dei. Nos Carolus Michael Dei, et Apostolicae Sedis gratia primus Ecclesiae Goritiensis Archiepiscopus de consilio...Tandem concludetur eodem dicente: Recedamus in pace. Respondentibus omnibus. In nomine Domini. Amen.\"", "Fol. 210r-213v: \"Oratio celsissimi et r[everendissi]mi d[omin]i metropolitani in dimissionem synodi die 18 octobris 1768. Quo auspice ante quatriduum incohavimus magnum huius provincialis synodi opus...qui cum sua benedictione vos dimittit. Benedicat vos Deus pater, et filius, et spiritus sanctus. Amen. Loco (et) sigilli: Carolus Michael Archiepiscopus Guritiensis (sic) et metropolitan(us).\""], "700 3": ["Colonna family.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "008": ["101012q17681799it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, October 2010."], "546": ["Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20101108062119.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-6r: \"Oratio a celsissimo et reverendissimo domino domino Carolo Michaele primo metropolitano Goritiensi in aperitionem synodi provincialis die 15ma mensis octobris anno 1768 habita. Dudum jam faustissimum hunc diem exoptavimus...et charitas, et gratia D(omini) N(ostri) I(esu) C(hristi) sit cum omnibus vobis, et maneat semper. Amen.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)669862775"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS60": {"001": ["ocn656296712"], "260": ["Italy,|cafter 1681."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL|dBOL"], "520": ["Transcriptions, in various hands, of treatises on various topics: lay rulership, ecclesiastical immunity, royal jurisdiction, and a bull issued by Pope Innocent XI, Alias felicis recordationis (January 28, 1681). Three of the docuements are authored by the office of the Congregation of Immunity (Sacra Congregatio Immunitatis); the treatise on royal jurisdiction is by Antonio Miroballo. Changes in watermarks follows the major change in texts and paper size creating the following groups: fol. 1-156 and fol. 157-212. Note that fol. ii, 198, and 204 have the same watermark (bird atop a trimontium), indicating that the compiler of the documents at the back of the manuscript was the compiler of the manuscript as a whole, and the author of the table of contents."], "710 2": ["Catholic Church.|bCongregatio Jurisdictionis et Immunitatis Ecclesiasticae."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7571."], "099": ["Robbins MS 60"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Collection of treatises on lay rulership and ecclesiastical immunity]"], "246 08": ["Miscello di cose diverse m. s."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 7571); at base of spine is written \"XX\" and below that is the Phillips MS catalog number 7571; at top of spine is a round sticker with the number (upside down) \"287/25.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. iii + 212 + i ; foliation accurate up to fol. 206; thereafter foliator misread \"206\" as \"200, \" thus fol. 207-212 are mislabelled as 201-206 ; fol. ii, fol. 198, and fol. 204 have the watermark of a bird atop a trimontium.", "Layout: Various lines per page.", "Script: Written in various early modern cursive hands: fol. 1-156: neat cursive; fol. 157-184: stylized cursive ; fol. 185-206: 8 different notational cursive hands ; fol. 209-212: neat, cramped, cursive.", "Binding: Vellum over pasteboard. Title on spine reads \"Miscello di cose diverse M. S.\"", "Origin:", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 60."], "300": ["|3Original:|a212 leaves :|bpaper ; fol. 1-156: 260 x 195 (220 x 150) mm ; fol. 157-212: 265 x 200 (250 x 105) mm ; bound to 275 x 210 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-59) and positive (Robbins MS 60)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 1r-86r: \"[title] Pro principatu laicali Consultatio [text] Insurgit antiqua nec iure satis unquam explosa...et immunitatis ecclesiasticae affectari in fraudem, et perniciem communitatum, atque ita consulo sub utriusque fori correctione.\"", "Fol. 87r-156r: \"[title] Responsio pro imunitate ecclesiastica, seu libertate ecclesiae adversus libellum quemdam, cuius titulus est Pro principatu laicali consultatio [text] Exurge (sic) Deus iudica causam tuam memor esto improperiorum tuorum eorum, quae ab insipiente sunt tota die Psal. 73.  Offenderem utique potius...et caelos semper habebit propugnatores, et uindices.\"", "Fol. 157r-181r: Antonius Miroballus \"[title] Antonii Miroballi regis consiliaris Pro regia iurisdictione consultatio aduersus ecclesiasticos rebelles...[text] Dominus illuminatio mea. Summae potestati quaedam iura adeo annexa et reservata sunt, quae dignitatem, reverentia auctoritatem, ac potestatem solius maiestatis extra Regalia concernunt...quas multiplices suauiorum musarum Regis spiritus implent. Vale\" ; fol. 182-184: blank.", "Fol. 185r-206r: Curia Romana, Sacra Congregatio Immunitatis: \"[title] Instruzione per Monsignor Segretario della Sacra Congregazione delle Immunit\u00e0 [text] La sac(ra) Congreg(atio) si suol intimare otto, dieci giorni avanti a quella...Alia vero, quae ex communi forma a Secretario expediri solent, vivente Pontifice, posse itidem expediri sede vacante\" ; \"[title] Decisiones, censurae, epistolae et formulae [text] Come vuole la piet\u00e0, e zelo che tiene la santit\u00e0...\" ; documents, transcripts, notes, a circular , and list of attendees ascribed with various dates including: fol. 185-190 (8 September, 1644); fol. 191-193 (20 July, 1666); fol. 197: Notes on Gregory XIV Bulla 7, Sec. 3 (14 Feb, 1670); fol. 198-199 (20 March, 1630); fol. 202 (1680); fol. 195r-196v, 200rv, 203r-204v, and 207r- 208v: blank.", "Fol. 209-211: Pope Innocent XI \"[text] Innocentius Papa XI Ad futuram rei memoriam.  Alias foel[icis] record[ationis] Paulo Papae V praedecessori nostro pro parte tunc in humanis agentis boni mei Cosmi Medices Hatruria...non obstare caeterisque contrariis quibuscumque. Datum Romae apud S. Petrum sub Anulo Piscatoris die 28 Januarii 168 Pontificatus nostri Anno quinto."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre Roberts and Jesse Torgerson, August 2010."], "650  0": ["Privileges and immunities, Ecclesiastical."], "700 0": ["Innocent|bXI,|cPope,|d1611-1689."], "008": ["100816q16801699it            000 0 lat d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "581": ["Petrus Gambacurta. De Immunitate Ecclesiae (1622, London); T. L. The Life and Reign of Innocent XI Late Pope of Rome (Abel Roper: London, 1690) esp. pp. 23-36; The bull of Bull of Innocent XI in this manuscript is not present in the standard edition of Papal Bulls. See: Luigi Bilio, ed. Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum.  v. 19 (Turin, 1870) pp. 384-390; Raymond J. Marras. Innocent XI: Pope of Christian Unity. (Notre Dame, 1984); Pierre Blet. Le Clerg\u00e9 de Grand si\u00e8cle en ses assembl\u00e9es: 1615-1715.  (Paris, 1995); Renata Ago. \"Hegemony over the social scene and Zealous Popes (1676- 1700)\" in G. Signorotto and M. A. Visceglia. Court Politics in Papal Rome, 1492-1700. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002)."], "546": ["Mostly Latin, some Italian."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "005": ["20100816031951.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. ii: Table of contents."], "035": ["(OCoLC)656296712"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS14": {"001": ["06-B4026"], "245 10": ["[Summa de casibus conscientiae]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-225v: [text] //Nam et impediunt ordinis executionem. Talia sunt tria scilicet homicidium...non tenetur ad restitutionem. Utrum liceat furari usurario ut elemosina detur, vide...Et sequitur capitulum de (?).\""], "520": ["The quality of the parchment used for this exemplar of the famous Summa de casibus conscientiae by Bartholomew of San Concordio is quite bad, which means that this manuscript was not probably intended to be a luxury copy; nevertheless, it is not a working copy either, because it does not show any marginal note: the main text is actually pretty neat. The manuscript has some loss of folios: the entire text pertaining to letters A-D is missing, as well as a portion of the entries under letter E. The manuscript is also acephalous."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=108;fullview=yes"], "100 0": ["Bartholomew,|cof San Concordio,|d1262-1347."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 14|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060822q14511500fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a225 leaves :|bparchment ;|c230 x 165 (160 x 110) mm bound to 240 x 170 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-22) and positive (Robbins MS 14)"], "561": ["Early provenance not known. Once in the possession of Alan G. Thomas, the manuscript was acquired for the Robbins collection in 1970."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (modern paper) + 225 + ix (modern paper); 1\u2078 2\u2076 3-5\u2078 6\u00b2 7-12\u2078 13\u2076\u207a\u00b9 14\u2076 15-16\u2078 17\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b2 18\u2078 1 folio detached 19\u00b2 20-21\u2078 22-23\u2074 24\u2076 25-30\u2078 31\u2074\u207a\u00b9 32\u00b2. Quire numbers written in red ink in the right side of the bottom margin, on verso. No contemporary foliation is provided. Catchwords in the middle of the bottom margin, on verso, framed in red ink.", "Layout: Written in 31 long lines, below top line. Very wide margins. \"Notabilia\" in the outer margins. Ruled in dry point; a double line of prickings is visible in the outer margin: this kind of double prickings is not the most common one.", "Script: Written in a tidy cursiva libraria script (\"littera bastarda\"), by at least two different contemporary hands. The first line of every chapter heading is written in a textualis formata script.", "Decoration: Large 8-line initial on fol. 53v, 138v, 164v, with pen flourishing in red and blue. Many 2 or 3-lines , with pen flourishing initials throughout the text, alternating red and blue. Alternating red and blue paragraph marks; some \"lemmata\" are underlined in red.", "Binding: Rebound in the 19th century: red grain-leather, bearing golden fillets and fleurons in the corners. Flyleaves of modern paper. Stored in a dark red box.", "Origin: Written in Northern France during the second half of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 14."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 14"], "260": ["[Northern France,|cbetween 1451 and 1500]"], "581": ["Barholomeus de Sancto Concordio, Summa Pisana edita per reuerendum patrem fratrem Bartholomeum de Pisis almi Ordinis Predicatorum, Venetijs, per Nicolaum Girardengum de Nouis, die xij mensis Maij 1481."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS109": {"001": ["06-B4324"], "245 10": ["Summa in foro penitentiali."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-13r: \"[rubr.] Incipit summa in foro penitentiali valde necessaria maxime sacerdotibus super hoc noticiam non habentibus. [text] In primis debet sacerdos interrogare penitentem utrum sciat Pater Noster, Credo in Dominum et cetera...nonne lacrime viduarum ad maxillas descendunt et exclamacio earum super deducentes. [rubr.] Explicit liber iste sit tibi laus et gloria Christe. Amen.\""], "520": ["This is a very neat copy of the Summa for the use of confessors written by B\u00e9renger Fr\u00e9dol; there are no marginal additions or annotations, but several \"maniculae\" and \"Nota\" marks are visible. The scribe ascribed (or confused) this work with the Summa of St. Raymund de Penafort in the closing rubric of the third chapter, fol. 34v: \"Explicit summa Magistri Raymundi.\""], "300": ["|3Original: |a43 leaves :|bpaper ;|c210 x 145 (155 x 115) mm bound to 215 x 159 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-84) and positive (Robbins MS 109)"], "510 4": ["P. Michaud-Quantin, \"La 'Summula in foro poenitentiali' attribu\u00e9e \u00e0 B\u00e9renger Fr\u00e9dol,\" Studia Gratiana 11 (1967): 145-167."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 109|xCIN=JKN"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|ainterrogaciones quod"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["060906q14151450it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "100 1": ["Fr\u00e9dol, B\u00e9renger,|dd. 1323."], "561": ["Ownership mark on fol. 1r, in a 16th-century hand: \"Iste libellus fuit quodam domini...\", but the following portion of the page, bearing the name of the owner, was cut out. Sotheby's believes that \"the book may well have been made in the Aragonese Kingdom of Naples;\" an anonymous typewritten description of British provenance kept in file at the Robbins Collection suggests a Dominican origin in the region of Naples."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Paper, fol. ii (modern paper) + 43 + ii (modern paper); 1-2\u2078 3-4\u00b9\u2070 5\u00b9\u2070\u207b\u00b3. Catchwords in the middle of the lower margin, on verso, by the hand of the scribe and decorated with red dots. Quires numbered on verso in the right corner of the lower margin, using Roman numerals. Watermarks: a \"fleur\" close to Briquet 6383 and 6391; a \"mons\" close to Briquet 11689. Modern foliation in pencil, 20th century, in the right corner of the bottom margin, on recto.", "Layout: Written in 33 long lines. One row of prickings visible in the outer margins. Frame ruled in dry point.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, by one hand, below top line.", "Decoration: Fol. 34v, a 6-line blue initial penworked in red. Many 2-line red initials. Red rubrics, red paragraph signs throughout the text; many initials in the text touched in red.", "Binding: Parchment over pasteboard. The previous binding, detached from the manuscript at the time of the acquisition, is now kept separately; it is a legal document on vellum, dated 29 April 1580, and involving one Antonio de Fraia from Pozzuoli. Various modern annotations in pencil: \"MS 43;\" \"Summa 4o;\" \"De M.\" (Sotheby's hypothesizes that the initials refer to De Marinis); several inventory numbers. Title on spine: \"Summula casuum conscienciae.\" The manuscript was restored and rebound by Linda Ogden at the Robbins Collection in August 2001: the leaves were dry-cleaned, new end papers were added, and the volume was covered with limp vellum (Ms. Ogden's full conservation treatment report on file, together with the previous binding described above, fragments of sewing and spine lining, and the photographs taken before and after the treatment.)", "Origin: Written in Italy and possibly in Tuscany or Umbria, during the first half of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 109."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 109"], "260": ["[Tuscany?,|cbetween 1415 and 1450]"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=69;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS171": {"001": ["ocm85182494"], "260": ["[Italy,|cbetween 1725 and 1775]"], "040": ["CUL|eamremm|cCUY|dBOL"], "520": ["A collection of 4 disparate documents bound together to make a single codex. The first, second, and fourth documents have to do with the Sacred Congregation of the Council (now called the Congregation for the Clergy). The third document is a list of financial pledges made to the parish of Cireggio in Verbania to fund the building of a new chapel for the church of San Rocco (there still exists today an Oratorio di San Rocco in Crusinallo near Cireggio). On The fourth document is a printed work, not a manuscript. Each section is wrapped in a bifolium of colored paper that often contains traces of printing in mirror-image (this colored paper could have been used as blotting paper for other works or could have simply come in contact with still-wet printings). Although the print is often too faint to read, the colored bifolium separating the second and the third work contains a printed work titled \"Sacra Congregatione Concilii R.P.D Furietto\" printed in 1759 by Bernab\u00f2, the same printing house that printed the fourth work in this codex."], "300": ["54 leaves :|bpaper ;|c269 x 196 (239 x 167) mm bound to 275 x 202 mm."], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c7585."], "099": ["Robbins MS 171"], "245 00": ["[Documents pertaining to the Sacred Congregation of the Council ;|bList of financial pledges to the parish of Cireggio]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL:|bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 7585). On p. 100 there is a note saying that this document was once owned by one \"Presbyter Johannes Baptista de nobilibus Romenie (?).\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 54; 1\u2078 2\u00b9\u2070 3\u00b3\u00b2 4\u2074.", "Layout: First part written in 25 long lines; second part written in 22 long lines; third part written in 26 long lines; fourth part printed in 45 lines.", "Script: Written in cursive script by at least 4 hands. Additional, later notarial signature on p. 98.", "Binding: Brown paper over stiff pasteboard. Each section is wrapped in a bifolium of colored paper that often contains traces of printing.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 171."], "035": ["(OCoLC)85182494"], "610 20": ["Verbania (Italy)"], "505 8": ["2. Fol. 9r-15r: \"[title] Sacra Congregazionis Concilii in concedendis infrascriptis facultatibus clara praxis [text] Ceteras inter materias saepe saepius resolvendas illa cum sit de missarum reductione...per praesentis innotescere volumus eique nos fausta omnia ab domino precamur.\"", "3. Fol. 20r-49v: \"[text] In nomine domini anno a nativitate eiusdem millesimo septingentesimo quadragesimo quinto...edidi et pro fide cum appositione mei soliti tabelionatus signi me subscripsi salvo\" [additional notarial subscription by one Christophorus Caccini who appears in a database of notable Verbanese citizens working in 1837] ; p. 100 \"[text] Erectio Beneficii in loco Ciretis quod possidet Presbyter Johannes Baptista de nobilibus Romenie (?).\"", "4. Fol. 51r-54v: \"[rubr.] Eminentissimi, e Reverendissimi Signori [text] Antonio Vidal, e Almeida Brasiliano umilissimo oratore delle Eccellenze vostre, col dovuto ossepuio (sic =ossequio) rappresenta, che attesta la comune costante ripugnanza de' vescovi...E ci\u00f2 lo credo certissimo per averlo inteso a moltissime persone tanto secolari, che ecclesiastiche, o Brasiliesi nativi, o che ivi si sono fermati pi\u00f9 anni. In sede etc. questo d\u00ec 23 Agosto 1760 D. Antonio da Costa Capellano di S. Antonio de Portoghesi. [rubr.] Alla Sagra Congregazione del Concilio per Antonio Vidal e Almeida Brasiliano. Ag. Memoriale col Sommario annesso. 26. Typis Bernabo 1760.\""], "852 8": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060911q17251775it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Kathleen A. Stewart and Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2006."], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "005": ["20080502025830.0"], "505 0": ["1. Fol. 1r-5v: \"[title] Suggerimenti che occorrono pratticarsi per l'adempimento della carica di segretario della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio [text] La sagra congregazione del concilio fu istituita ad effetto di presedere a tutto ci\u00f2 che si racchiude...diverse materie che propsono accadere.\""], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000La 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS108": {"001": ["06-B3187"], "260": ["Germany,|c[between 1425 and 1475]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-155v: \"[text] Iube Dompne benedicere et cetera. Utitur christianitas in officiis ecclesie mihi desiderio mihi (sic) et aliis proficientibus in eis que scripta sunt de septem sacramentis circa summula Raymundi...Quia in quibus (?) vita contemplativa ut deum congrua stat et actam ut puniam per bonam operam adimpleat et cetera [colophon] Et sic est finis Deo gracias et ista est glossa super Raymundum finita et completa sabato proxima ante dominicam Innocentium compulsu hora quinta post prandium per manus (sic) Bernhardi Soltkoctan (?) et cetera.\""], "245 00": ["Glossa super Raymundum."], "520": ["The manuscript contains the complete text of an anonymous commentary on Saint Raymond of Pe\u00f1afort's Summa de iure canonico, Summa de poenitentia, and Summa de matrimonio. Marginal notes on folios following fol. 64 refer to corresponding titles in St. Raymond's Summa de poenitentia. The Summula Raymundi septem sacramenta ecclesiastica ingeniose complectens mentioned in the first paragraph on fol. 1r is an anonymous work that used to be commonly attributed to St. Raymond. The manuscript was copied by one Bernard Soltkotten (colophon on f. 155v: \"Et ista est glosa super Raymundum finita et completa...Per manus (sic) Bernhardi Soltkoctan (?) et cetera\"). Sotheby's hypothesizes that the scribe \"may have been related to the Augustinian scribe Johannes Saltkotten from the convent of B\u00f6ddeken...\" (see Colophons 11309). In any case, the scribe seems to have been made to copy this manuscript as penitence for some wrongdoing, as he states in the colophon \"ut puniam (sic) per bonam operam\" and describes his labor as \"compulsu\" (fol. 155v), although the exact words are hard to make out because of the difficulty of the script."], "300": ["|3Original: |a156 leaves :|bpaper ;|c202 x 139 (162 x 112) mm bound to 210 x 150.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-83) and positive (Robbins MS 108)"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.|c698"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 108|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060711q14251475gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio:|aQuarta nota quod omnes"], "581": ["Sotheby's, Western Manuscripts and Miniatures, London, 26 November 1985, no. 103. See also Catalogues of Manuscripts and Early Printed Books Sold by Leander van Ess to Sir Thomas Phillips, Bart. (New York, NY: Friends of the Burke Library of Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, 1993; published on microfiche from originals in the Bodleian Library, Oxford). St. Raymundus de Penaforte, Summula Raymundi: Septem sacramenta ecclesiastica ingeniose complectens commentariis ac succulentis glossis scientifici viri magistri Joannis Chappuis explanata atque enucleata (Parisiis: Ex officina Thielmanni Keruer, Anno Salutis .MCCCCCXVI. Die XXIII. mensis Decembris; and other editions)."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson and Silvia Donghi, July 2006."], "561": ["The manuscript was once no. 314 in the catalogue of the collection of Leander van Ess (1772-1847), who sold it with other manuscripts to Sir Thomas Phillipps in 1823 (\"Phillipps MS 698\" on fol. 1r). It was then sold by Sotheby's on 9 June 1910 as lot 687; sold again by Hodgson on 12 December 1957 as lot 527 (see Sotheby's, Western Manuscripts, below). Fol. ir reads \"15th Century German MS\" in pencil in a late 19th-early 20th-century hand, erased but still legible; two numbers in pencil on front pastedown: \"237\" and \"1691.\" Correspondence regarding the manuscript kept separately in a file at the Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from colophon (fol. 155v).", "Collation: Paper (watermark appears to depict a t\u00eate de boeuf), fol. ii (modern paper)  + 156 (original foliation by scribe; foliation on fol. 1-10 has been written over with pencil) + ii (modern paper) ; 1\u00b9\u00b2 2-3\u00b9\u2076 4-10\u00b9\u00b2.", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 37 lines. Frame-ruled in ink.", "Script: Written in a gothic libraria script by one hand; section headings written in a gothic textualis script.", "Decoration: Paragraph marks in red; section headings underlined in red; chapter initials touched in red.", "Binding: Modern brown pigskin by J. P. Bray & Son, Cambridge (binder's mark on back of front cover). A fragment of the medieval (original?) binding, in very good condition, on front pastedown, includes the title \"Summula Raymundi\"; also attached to front pastedown is a tear- shaped fragment (from an earlier binding?) with the drawing of a putto holding reins and wearing a hat (that looks like the top of a pumpkin or a tomato). Four raised bands on spine. Title on spine reads \"Glossa super Raymundum\" in gilt letters; edges colored green.", "Written in Germany by one Bernhardus Soltkoctan (?), mid 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 108."], "700 1": ["Ess, Leander van,|d1772-1847.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 108"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=68;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS95": {"001": ["ocn664597218"], "260": ["Italy,|c1482."], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Text is incomplete; an examination of the index of witnesses appearing on fol. 1r shows that the original manuscript was comprised of at least 93 folios containing depositions of twenty six witnesses. Marginal notes and digits in several different hands, all possibly contemporary with the writing of the manuscript. The examination took place in Modena in 1482 (fol. 1r-v) but the scribe, the notary Franciscus Curionus, was a citizen of Ferrara, and so were several other lawyers and notaries who were present at the examination and enumerated in the text proper. Fols. i-ii were added after the text was completed and are of a different type of paper; they have suffered worse damage (including water damage) than the rest of the preserved manuscript and are now kept in plastic slips."], "300": ["|3Original:|a50 leaves :|bpaper ;|c325 x 225 (250x110) mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-78) and positive (Robbins MS 95)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=59;fullview=yes"], "008": ["100920s1482    it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 95"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Transcript of the examination of witnesses in the trial of Lady Belina de Fontana]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Single quire of 25 nested bifolia sewn together with string.", "Layout: Written in 30 long lines.", "Script: Written in a gothic, semitextualis script by one hand.", "Binding: Unbound; stored in manuscript box.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 95."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Alexandre M. Roberts, September 2010."], "005": ["20100920023649.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r: Index of witnesses -- 1r-50v: \"[text] Jesus. Testes producti et examinati pro parte nobilis mulieris domine Beline uxoris quondam comendibilis viri Danielis de Fontana...et mortis ex quibus dictus testis a dicto tempore  et citra veram cognitionem et notitum habuit per frequentissimam conuersationem.\""], "035": ["(OCoLC)664597218"], "546": ["Mostly Latin, some Italian phrases."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS43": {"001": ["06-B4241"], "245 10": ["Expositio regulae beati Augustini."], "520": ["The version of the Regula is that labelled \"praeceptum\" in Verheijen's critical edition, which begins \"Haec sunt quae ut observetis\" and ends \"in temptationem non inducatur.\" It is also known as the \"Regula Tertia\". The consuetudines of Augustinian houses vary enormously, and could be very summary. Regular canons were left largely to their own devices, and thus while the customs prescribed in fol. 6v- 18r of this manuscript have affinities and overlaps with various printed versions, this does not bear an especially close relationship to any that have been located. Lietbertus was abbot of St. Ruf 1100-c.1111. This version of the \"Epistula\" is more complete than the text printed in the Patrologia Latina, which is missing 18 words from (717.13) \"deduxit\" to (717.14) \"sive regula\". The version in MS 43 does not contain the final sentence of the printed edition: \"tria his verbis maxime commendantur, id est ordo, vita et habitus\". Fol. 57-59 are missing, so the text of the \"Expositio regulae\" of Hugo de S. Victore is missing some parts.."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "260": ["[Italy?,|cbetween 1275 and 1300]"], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio: |a[ver]setur in corde"], "581": ["Jacques-Paul Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina, 221 vols. (Paris: Garnier, 1878-1904), 157:715-9.", "Migne, Patrologia Latina, 176: 881-924.", "Stephanus Weinfurter, Consuetudines Canonicorum Regularium Springirsbacenses-Rodenses, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis [henceforth CCCM] 48 (Turnholti: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1978)", "Lucas Jocqu\u00e9 and Ludovicus Milis, Liber Ordinis Sancti Victoris Parisensis, CCCM61 (Turnholti: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1984)", "Regula et constitutiones canonicorum regularium congregationis S. Salvatoris, Ordinis Sancti Augustini (Romae: Apud Paulum Bladum, Impressorem Cameralem, 1592)", "Luc Verheijen, La R\u00e8gle de Saint Augustin (Paris: Etudes Augustiniennes, 1967)"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["In the inside front cover, a 20th century hand writes catalogue numbers: \"CB 92915\" and \"8\u2070 37243 S I 3\". A big capital \"L\" is written in blue crayon on the inside front cover; \"S. Augustinus\" is written in pencil at the top of fol. 1r. There is a marginal notation \"Clothes\" on fol. 14r, by a 20th century hand, in pencil. The manuscript was in the collection of Acton Griscom of High Point, New Jersey, in 1937 (G. 10), and that of Lathrop C. Harper in 1974."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric, fol. 21r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. 1 (modern paper) + 62 + i (modern paper); 1-3\u00b9\u2070 4\u2078 5\u00b9\u2070 6\u2078 7\u2076\u207b\u00b3. Catchwords in the middle of the bottom margins, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. No quire numbers and no contemporary foliation is provided.", "Layout: Written in 27 long lines, above top line. Frame ruled in dry point.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script, apparently by one hand.", "Decoration: Alternating red and blue initials, mostly on two or three lines, sometimes penworked. Red rubrics.", "Binding: Bound with beige paper over pasteboards. On the spine, a bookplate reads: \"37243 I\u00b3.\"", "Origin: Possibly written in Italy during the last quarter of the 13th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 43."], "300": ["|3Original: |a62 leaves :|bparchment ;|c145 x 100 (100 x 65) mm bound to 150 x 110 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-43) and positive (Robbins MS 43)"], "505 8": ["Fol. 6v-18r: \"[Consuetudines monachorum Augustinianorum]. Quia infirmorum fratrum maior instat necessitas ut pervigili cura visitentur et provvida dispensatione circa eos in cunctis agatur...damus tibi societatem nostram et participationem oracionum nostrarum, et beneficium elimosinarum nostrarum. Deo gracias.\"", "Fol. 18v-20r: \"[Lietbertus of St. Ruf, Epistola ad Ogerium praepositum congregationis Ferranice]. Ferranice congregationis venerabili proposito sanctoque eius conventui et omnibus in canonico ordine...vos estis lux mundi, vos estis sal terre, luceat ergo lux vestra...\"", "Fol. 21r-62r: \"[Hugo de S. Victore, Expositio in Regulam beati Augustini]. Hec precepta que subscripta sunt, ideo regula appellantur quia videlicet in eis nobis recte vivendi norma exprimitur...orans ut et debitum ei dimittatur et in temptationem non inducatur. Amen. [rubr.] Explicit expositio Regule beati Augustini.\""], "100 0": ["Hugh,|cof Saint-Victor,|d1096?-1141."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 43|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Augustine,|cSaint, Bishop of Hippo.", "Lietbertus,|cde Sancto Rufo."], "008": ["060901q12751300it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "546": ["Latin."], "700 1": ["Lathrop C. Harper, Inc.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL.", "Griscom, Acton, 1891-|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-6v: \"[Augustinus Hipponensis, Regula] Hec sunt que ut observetis precipimus in monasterio constituti. Primo propter quod in unum estis conggregati...ut et ei debitum dimittatur et in temptationem ne inducatur. Amen. [rubr.] Explicit regula sancti Augustini episcopi.\""], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=29;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 43"]}, "RobbinsMS9": {"001": ["05-B14647"], "245 10": ["Summa de casibus poenitentiae;|bSumma de matrimonio."], "505 0": ["Fol. 2r-261v: Summa de casibus poenitentiae: fol. 2r-2v: \"[prologue] Quoniam ut ait Ieronimus secunda post naufragium tabula est culpam simpliciter confiteri...a me preter propositum inserta cogitans caritate fraterna corrigas et emendes\"; fol. 2v: [table of contents]; fol. 3r-261v: \"[text] Quoniam inter crimina ecclesiastica symoniaca heresis optinet primum locum...mereamur audire in die domini dulcem et ineffabilem iocunditatis vocem illam venite benedicti precipite regnum amen [rubr.] Explicit summa de casibus.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 262r-295v: Summa de matrimonio: fol. 262r: \"[rubr.] Incipit de matrimonio [prologue] Quoniam frequenter in foro provinciali dubitationes circa matrimonium immo et interdum qua perplexitates occurunt...ponendo rubricas in locis debitis et dubitationes diversas ad rubricas singulas pertinentes [rubr.] De sponsalibus [text] Quoniam matrimonium sponsalia precedere consueverunt ideo primo loco de sponsalibus est agendum...que corrigenda vidit et addenda non invidienti animo sed benigno corrigat et emendet [crossed out: Explicit summa de matrimonio] Expliciunt summa de casibus et summa de matrimonio.\""], "520": ["Raymond of Pe\u00f1aforte's Summa de poenitentia and Summa de matrimonio. On ther verso of fol. ii reads: \"Summa de casibus\" in a fourteenth-century hand; \"Summa de casibus conscientiae\" and \"13e s. comp.[os\u00e9] par R. des fr\u00e8res V[...]rs\" in an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century hand."], "530": ["Selected digital images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=105;fullview=yes"], "510 4": ["Kuttner et al., Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts,|c2:1, 3-6."], "100 0": ["Raymond,|cof Pe\u00f1afort, Saint,|d1175?-1275."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 9|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[France, |cca. 1290]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "008": ["051118s1290    fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, December 2005."], "300": ["|3Original:|a295 leaves :|bparchment ;|c155 x 110 (95 x 58) mm bound to 158 x 115 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-18) and positive (Robbins MS 9)"], "561": ["The manuscript once belonged into the library of Count Chandon de Briailles, where it was catalogued as MS 30 (book plate on f. iir). It was purchased at some point by Lloyd M. Robbins and was part of the original bequest that created the Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening and closing rubrics (fol. 261v, 262r & 295v).", "Collation: Parchment, fol. ii (2nd flyleaf incorrectly numbered as fol. 1) + 295 + i (incorrecly numbered as 297); 1\u00b9\u00b0 2-6\u00b9\u00b2 7 \u00b9\u00b2\u207d\u207b\u00b9\u207e 8-24\u00b9\u00b2 25\u00b9\u00b0; catchwords sometimes visible, often cropped; roman numeral signatures added in pencil in a modern hand.", "Layout: Written in 27 long lines. Ruled in lead; some prickings visible along fore-edge, most cropped.", "Script: Written in a Gothic script by one hand.", "Decoration: Red, blue, and green initials; paragraph marks in red and blue; titles rubricated; line fillers on fol. 2r, 134r, and 262r.", "Binding: Stamped leather over wooden boards. Front cover damaged where clasp (now lacking) was torn off; nail holes for clasp in back (now lacking).", "Accompanying materials: Modern, round tag on string from spine bearing two different call numbers: \"I 46 R273 sum,\" and BV761 .A8 .R21.\"", "Origin: Manuscript was probably copied, and certainly bound, in lower Normandy. Fol i, used as a front flyleaf in the present binding, contains, on its verso, samples of episcopal letters of dispensation and benefit for the dioceses of Bayeux: \"Tenor litterarum que episcopus dispensat ex residentia\";  \"item alia\"; \"Tenor que episcopus confert alicui beneficium.\" According to Marie- Ther\u00e8se D'Alverny, who perused this manuscript in 1981 at the Robbins Collection, the five sexterniones, marked in pencil, are presumably from southern France, as the hue of red is lighter than that from Paris; the script, however, is not south-French.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 9."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "581": ["For manuscripts including the texts of the Summae in U.S. collections, see de Ricci and Wilson, Census 2: 1206 (Buffalo, NY, the library of the Buffalo Historical Society) and 2154 (Providence, R.I., the library of Howard S. Preston); and Faye and Bond, Supplement to the Census, 53 (Yale University Library), 79 (the library of T. E. Marston, CT), 106 (Washington, DC, Catholic University), 215 (Boston Public Library), and 402 (New York, the library of Phyllis W. and Howard L. Goodhart). See also Raymundus de Penaforte, Summa de paenitentia S. Raimundus de Pennaforte, ed. Xaverio and Aloisio Diez, Universa bibliotheca iuris 1/C (Rome: Commentarium pro religiosis, 1976)."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 9"]}, "RobbinsMS251": {"001": ["06-B3677"], "260": ["Spain,|c18--."], "505 0": ["Pp. 1-339: \"[title] Appuntes sobre las leyes del libro primero de la Novissima recopilacion [text] Libro primero Titolo primero De los contractos y obligaciones en general...Ya hemos dicho que el [----] no debe ser ambicioso en reclamar estos derechos mientran haya parientes\" ; p. 340: blank ; pp. 341-342: \"[text] Indice de los titulos que contiene este tomo de apuntes \u00e0 las leyes del libro primero della Novissima recopilacion.\""], "520": ["Manuscript contains the notes of a legal scholar on the first book of the Novissima recopilacion (presumably that of Spain in 1805)."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 251|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060802s18uu    sp ||||||||||||00|||spa|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Apuntes sobre las leyes del libro [primero] de la Novissima recopilacion."], "546": ["Spanish."], "300": ["342 pages :|bpaper ;|c207 x 140 (181 x 120) mm bound to 214 x 141 mm."], "561": ["On first page is an oval-shaped ownership stamp (20 x 17 mm) displaying the letter \"N\" in a black background. The front and back pastedown both contain the label of the Libreria Puvil in Barcelona, Spain. On verso of front flyleaf is the numbe \"18H.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from title page (p.1).", "Collation: Paper (watermark has word \"BILBAO\"), pp. ii + 342 + iii; collation indiscernable due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 21 long lines; running titles across top of page; frame ruled in dry point. Table of contents (pp. 341-342) has double verticle bounding lines at fore edge, ruled in ink.", "Script: Written in a neat cursive script by one hand.", "Decoration: Section headings in 2-line bold letters.", "19th century brown leather over pasteboard; gold-tooling on spine with decorative bands creating 5 compartments, four containing a flower and one displaying the title. Marbled flyleaf and pastedown at front and back.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 251."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, August 2006."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 251"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS69": {"001": ["06-B4371"], "245 10": ["[Institutiones cum glossa Iohannis Andreae]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-203r: \"[rubr.] In nomine Domini nostri Iesu Christi imperator Cesar Flavius Iustinianus Alamannicus Gothicus Francus Germanicus...[text] Imperatoriam maiestatem non solum armis decoratam...titulum de appellationibus qui sequitur, et cetera. Deo gracias, 1468.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 203v: \"[Notae de senatu] Senatus consultum est quod senatus iubet atque constituit leges...item senatus consulto Velleyano mulieribus...\" Fol. 204r-v is blank.", "Fol. 205r-236v: \"[Gerardus de Rivo, Defensorium iuris] Bone rei dare consilium est...si autem lis non fuit contra perit [..]. Deo Gracias.\" Fol. 237r-241v are blank.", "Fol. 242r-253v: \"[Giovanni d'Andrea, Apparatus in Librum sextum Decretalium] Quia preposterus est ordo...contradicit hec per concilium manicheis.\" Fol. 254r -v is blank."], "520": ["This manuscript contains three important works related to canon and civil law: the \"Institutiones\" by Emperor Justinian with its gloss by Giovanni d'Andrea, the \"apparatus\" to the Liber Sextus of pope Boniface VIII writtten by Giovanni d'Andrea, and the \"Defensor iuris\" by a Cistercian monk named Gerardus Monachus, also known as Gerardus de Rivo. Pastedown includes the fragmentary text of a notarial instrument from the diocese of Halberstadt, Germany. The manuscript was copied by at least three different hands but the watermark is the same in the three sections, which means that the manuscript was conceived from the beginning as a whole work."], "100 0": ["Justinian|bI,|cEmperor of the East,|d483?-565."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 69|xCIN=JKN"], "700 0": ["Giovanni d'Andrea,|dapproximately 1270-1348.", "Gerardus,|cde Rivo."], "260": ["[Germany],|c1468."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|anam per hoc quod ipse"], "581": ["Corpus iuris civilis, 3 vols. (Berolini: apud Weidmannos, 1954), 1: Institutiones, recognovit P. Krueger."], "008": ["060907s1468    gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "546": ["Latin."], "300": ["|3Original: |a254 leaves :|bpaper ;|c310 x 215 (225 x 1250) mm bound to 325 x 220 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bpositive (Robbins MS 69)"], "561": ["The manuscript once belonged to one Martinus Niitel (contemporary ex libris in red ink on end pastedown: \"Martinus Niitel, baccalarius in utroque jure, est possessor hujus [...]).\" On the inside back cover, there is a note concerning a price: \"Nota LXXXI aurei faciunt libr[arum] VIII auri ut iusti de [...]\", written by a 15th century hand. The book was at one time in the library of Leander van Esp (his MS 192 probably inventoried in 1823), then it became part of the collection assembled by Sir Thomas Phillipps (\"Phillipps MS 576\" on fol. iir; his stamp with lion rampant on fol. iv); thereafter it successively passed into the hands of R. S. Saxton."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper (watermarks: a 'mons' very close to Briquet 11799, 11800 and 11804), fol. ii (modern paper) + 254; 1-5\u00b9\u00b2 6\u00b9\u00b2\u207b\u00b2\u207b\u00b9 7-17\u00b9\u00b2 18\u00b9\u00b2\u207a\u00b9 19\u00b9\u00b2 20-21\u00b9\u2074. Ruled in dry point. Catchwords in the right corner of the bottom margin, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. No contemporary foliation and no quire signature are provided.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-203v, written in up to 51 long lines; fol. 205r-236r, written in 48 long lines; fol. 242r-253v, written in up to 56 long lines.", "Script: Written in cursiva libraria script, below top line, by at least three different hands.", "Decoration: fol. 1r, a 6-line red penworked initial. Red and blue Lombard initials mostly on 2 lines, very rarely penworked. Red rubrics, red paragraph signs and initials touched in red throughout the text. Red running titles.", "Binding: Blind stamped dark calf over oak boards, 15th century, rebacked; stamps and fillets. Red, yellow, and green headbands. Metal corner pieces; two clasps, missing; some worm holes; hole in the outer edge of back cover; holes in the center of both front and back cover; evidence of bosses or plates. Paper flyleaves. Title on spine: \"Justinian Institutes.\"", "Origin: Fol. 1r-203v, written in Germany in 1468 (the date is stated in the colophon).", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 69."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=40;fullview=yes"], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 69"]}, "RobbinsMS87": {"001": ["ocn606023941"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1475 and 1550]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Statements verifying the accuracy of the copies of papal privileges are signed by Leonardo Tassara, Apostolic and Imperial notary (fol. 46v), and by Niccol\u0300\u00f2 Vitali[ani], notary of the Paduan chancery (fol. 47r). The former statement includes Tassara's notarial sign; the latter is dated 1540 and includes a seal."], "510 4": ["Phillips, T. Cat ms.|c26122."], "099": ["Robbins MS 87"], "245 00": ["[Collection of privileges and papal letters]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once owned by the Convent of San Pietro in Oliveto, Brescia, as indicated by note (in a later hand than the manuscript) on fol. iv: \"In del [sic] convento di S. Piero in Oliveto\"; a note on fol. ir, also in a later hand, reads \"manoscritto dei primi bei caratteri.\" There is an unidentified call number \"643\" on a round label on the spine. Manuscript was once in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps (his no. 26122)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Parchment, iii (paper) +58 + i (paper); 1-5\u00b9\u2070 6\u2078.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-49v written in 24 long lines, below top line; ruled in ink. Fol. 51r-56v writtin in 25 long lines, below top line; horizontal ruling in ink, vertical bounding lines in lead.", "Script: Written in at least five hands: humanistic script (fol. 1r-46r, 47v-49v); two different notarial hands (fol. 46v and 47r); cursiva libraria script (fol. 51r-56v).", "Binding: Dark brown leather over pasteboard. Front cover is decorated with the image of a crucifix, back cover with the image of the Virgin and Child. Originally two fore edge clasps, one now lacking.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 87."], "035": ["(OCoLC)606023941"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-35v: Privilegia congregationis Sancte Justine ordinis Sancti Benedicti \"[text] Incipiunt capitula privilegii Quarti...Datum Romae apud Sanctum Petrum Anno incarnationis dominice M. D. i. KL aprilis Pontificatus nostri anno nono. Gratis de mandato santissimi Domini N[ostr]ri Papae / Hadrianus / .P. Tuba / Franciscus de Turre Cremata / A Tergo R[---]ta: apud Hadrianum.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 36r-40v: ruled but blank.", "Fol. 41r-46r: Petrus Paulus Parisius, Inspeximus of apostolic letters by Paul III, 27 March 1538 \"[text] [I]n nomine sancte et individue trinitatis Patris et filii et spiritus sancti Amen. Noverint universi hoc presens publicum transumpti instrumentum inspecturi visuri lecturi pariter et audituri...signavi in omnium fidem robur et testimonium premissorum rogatus.\"", "Fol. 46v-47r: Notarial statements verifying the accuracy of the copies of papal privileges.", "Fol. 47v-49v: Pius V, Motus proprius Pii V de precedentia \"[text] [P]ius Papa V motu proprio. Cum alias no postquam dilecti filii Rector Generalis et Can[oni]ci Cong[regation]is S[an]cti Georgii in Alga...Collationati p[er] me Paulum Magium regri mag[ist]rum.\"", "Fol. 50rv: ruled but blank.", "Fol. 51r-56v: Gregorius XII, Bulla Illis que pro divini cultus, Rome, 27 June 1407 \"[text] Gregorius Eps. servus servorum dei. Ad futuram rei moriam. Illis que pro divum cultus augmento auctoritate...Dat[um] Rome apud Sanctum petrum. d. kl Iulii. Pontificatus m[e]i Anno Primo.\""], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5BOL."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=54;fullview=yes"], "008": ["100409q14751550it            000 0 lat d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Alexandre Roberts, April 2010."], "546": ["Latin and Italian."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100409032852.0"], "300": ["|3Original:|a58 leaves :|bparchment ;|c240 x 180 (180 x 125) mm bound to 250 x 185 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-70) and positive (Robbins MS 87)"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS13": {"001": ["06-B838"], "260": ["Toulouse, |c[between 1575 and 1599]"], "505 0": ["|gFol. 1r-77r. |tAnnotationes ad quatuor libros institutum / Gabriel Dulaur -- |gFol. 81r-101v. |t[Annotationes] ad cap[itulum] Consultationibus ex. de iure patronatus / Fran\u00e7ois de Lagarde -- |gFol. 103r-130v. |t[Annotationes] ad titulum De inofficioso testamento / Martin Rossel -- |gFol. 136r-168v. |t[Annotationes] ad titulum De rebus creditis / Martin Rossel -- |gFol. 172r-205v. |tIn caput primum De homicidio Annotationes / Pierre Gr\u00e9goire."], "520": ["Annotationes from the mid to late 16th century by 4 canon law professors, at least 3 of whom taught at the University of Toulouse: Martin Rossel, Pierre Gr\u00e9goire, Fran\u00e7ois de Lagarde. Extensive marginal notes on fol. 136- 205. Fol. 77v-80v, 102rv, 131r-135v, 169r-171v blank."], "530": ["Selected images available in Digital Scriptorium."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=107;fullview=yes"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 13|xCIN=JKN"], "300": ["|3Original:|a205 leaves :|bpaper ;|c263 x 195 (208 x 129) mm bound to 266 x 205 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 99-21) and positive (Robbins MS 13)"], "008": ["060224q15751599fr ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Annotationes ad quatuor libros institutionum iuris pontifici ;|b[Annotationes] ad cap[itulum] Consulationibus ex de iure patronatus ; [Annotationes] ad titulum De inofficioso testamento ; [Annotationes] ad titulum De rebus creditis ; In caput primum De homicidio."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, March 2006."], "561": ["Once in the library of Emmanuel Moret."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from section headings.", "Collation: Paper (watermark similar to Briquet \"Fleur,\" 6580), fol. i + 205; 1\u00b9\u00b2 2\u00b9\u2070 3\u00b9\u2074 4\u00b9\u2070 5\u00b9\u00b2 6\u00b9\u2070 7\u00b9\u00b2 8\u00b9\u2070\u207a\u00b9 9\u2078\u207a\u00b2 10\u00b9\u00b2\u207a\u00b9 11\u00b9\u00b2 12\u00b9\u2070 13-15\u00b9\u00b2 16-17\u2078 18-19\u00b9\u2070.", "Layout: 34 long lines; ruled in dry point around writing space only.", "Script: Written in a cursive script by one hand.", "Binding: Bound in parchment; front cover detached. Front fly leaf and front and back pastedowns torn; endbands sewn in.", "Origin: Manuscript was probably copied in Toulouse in the latter part of the 16th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 13.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), gBX1935 L377 15--."], "700 1": ["Dulaur, Gabriel.", "Lagarde, Fran\u00e7ois de.", "Rossel, Martin.", "Gr\u00e9goire, Pierre,|d1540-1617."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 13"], "581": ["Pierre Gregoire, Opera omnia ad ius pontificium spectanta ... (Lugduni: sumptibus I. Pillehotte, 1612)."], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS45": {"001": ["ocn251595892"], "260": ["England, [ca. 1600]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Essays on papal elections and the College of Cardinals, in particular the election of Adrian VI (9 January 1522 to 14 September 1523) and Gregory XIV (5 December 1590 to 15 /16 October 1591) and a description of the death of the latter. A list of cardinals 1590-91 is found at the end of the text."], "300": ["|3Original:|a158 leaves :|bpaper ;|c168 x 101 (135 x 82) mm bound to 175 x 112 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 00-46) and positive (Robbins MS 45)"], "099": ["Robbins MS 45"], "245 00": ["[Essays on papal elections and the College of Cardinals, 1521-1591]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. 158 (foliation starts at first page of text (i.e. on fol. 6); fols. containing text are numbered 1-118 but there are 6 blank fols. before text begins, and 34 blank fols. after end of text); collation indiscernable due to tightness of binding.", "Layout: Written in 27-32 long lines. Fol. 1r-64v frame ruled in brown ink; fol. 65r-80v frame ruled in red ink. Catchwords at the end of each page.", "Script: Written in a neat script, possibly by three hands: the first hand has copied article 1; the second parts of article 2; the remaining text might have been copied by a third scribe or by the second using a different pen, as the ductus of the characters is slightly different from the first half of article 2.", "Binding: Brown leather binding over pasteboard. Small, gilt diamond pattern on fore edge of binding; front and back boards decorated with tooled border of three lines. Title on spine: \"Old Manuscript,\" in golden letters on red label.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 45."], "600 00": ["Adrian|bVI,|cPope,|d1459-1523.", "Gregory|bXIV,|cPope,|d1535-1591."], "035": ["(OCoLC)251595892"], "505 8": ["Fol. 37r-110v: \"The Conclave of Pope Gregory the 14th wherin are recompted distinctly & orderly all the actions that happened in the same anno Domini 1591. A vertuous desire, in truth, and a lawdable custome it is...but that in this issue and successe politique discourse and civile prudence had alsoe their stroake [?] Finis.\"", "Fol. 113r-115r: \"The Manner of the carriage of Pope Gregorie 14th on his death bedd of which there were divers coppies inclosed in the former letters intercepted. Our Lord the Pope, after hee had tertaine daies bene greatly troubled with his infirmities, being nowe advertised by Father Toledo of the imminent dainger of his life...And soe all of them having reteined the Benediction of his Holynesse departed.\"", "Fol. 116r-117v: \"A list of the Cardinalls of Rome taken in October Anno 1590.\"", "Fol. 118rv: \"Cardinalls 1591 viz. Anno 1591.\""], "650  0": ["Popes|xElection."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=31;fullview=yes"], "008": ["080916s1600    enk           000 0 eng d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, September 2008."], "546": ["English."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["CU-L|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20080916042615.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-36r: \"[Election of Adrian VI] After the death of Leo the tenth who departed this life the first of December 1521, those Princes of Italy who had formerly bene streightned, and kept under by his power...the Cardinalls promising him that at his coming to Rome hee would make addition to this beginning and hoped in tyme to give him full contentment in this and all other his demannds [sic].\""], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS270": {"001": ["06-B3712"], "245 10": ["[Digestum novum cum Glossa ordinaria Accursii]"], "505 0": ["Fol. iiv: \"[table of contents] Domini Iustiniani sacratissimi principis ...De operis novi nuntiatione...De diversis regulis iuris antiquis\"; fol.1r-271v: \"[rubric] Domini Iustiniani sacratissimi principis perpetui augusti iuris et nucleati ex omni veteri iure collecti Digestorum sive Pandectarum libri xxxviii explicit. Incipit xxxviiii de operis novi nuntiatione. [text] Ulpianus. Hoc edicto permittat ut sive iure sive iniuria...[gloss] De operis novi nunciatione. Sed cum septem...[text] Servus rei publice cause abesse non potest. [gloss] ...pretoris barbar ius."], "520": ["This manuscript appears to be a study copy for use by a law professor, since it is full of marginal and interlinear notes, in the form of comments both on the main text of the Digestum and on the Accursian gloss. The flyleaves contain some unidentified texts, barely legible, but they seem like notes and drafts taken from some part of the main text, and put at the beginning of the manuscript as a \"memorandum\" for the professor. The high level of the illuminations, nevertheless, suggests that this manuscript was created to hold an important place in the textual tradition and in the University Library as well."], "700 3": ["De Saporta family.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 270|xCIN=JKN"], "561": ["On inside front cover, three verses on hexameters: \"Iesus Maria. Religio et pietas omnium (?) comitantur in astris. Post obitum bene facta manet eternaque virtutis. Non metuit Stigiis ne rapiatur aquis.\" On inside front cover, a 18th century bookplate with the coat of arms of the De Saporta family with the motto \"Fortis custodia\" written in a scroll; under the coat of arms there are the names \"De Saporta. Lordonn\u00e9 F. Adol\u00e9\". In the manuscript were also found: a business card belonging to \"Charles Hanoteau, agreg\u00e9 de la Facult\u00e9 de Droit, Lyon, Rue de Castries 13\"; an invitation to lunch from Gabriel Alapetite prefect of Rhone and his wife to Monsieur Caillemer, and dated \"dimanche 16 Novembre \u00e0 midi\"; a letter with his stamp (\"Republique Francaise\"), containing notes taken from the manuscript by a 19th century hand, in Latin: \"Numquid res et pena possint peti? Distingue...Si de pena legali, pena legalis habetur...Si queritur de pena conventionali, aut queritur de pena que succedit loco contemptus...Ea littera ista determinatur...quod sic per litteram istam\". The letter is addressed to \"Monsieur Caillemer Doyen de la Facult\u00e9 de Droit\", but the date on the stamp is not legible."], "700 0": ["Accursius,|cglossator,|dca. 1182-ca. 1260."], "008": ["060804q12501300it ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "300": ["274 leaves :|bparchment ;|c420 x 260 (230 x 130) mm bound to 440 x 250 mm."], "100 0": ["Justinian|bI,|cEmperor of the East,|d483?-565."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening rubric.", "Collation: parchment, fol. ii (medieval parchment) + 271 + i (medieval parchment); most likely in quires of 8 folios (unable to confirm due to fragility of the codex). Catchword in the bottom margin on the right, on verso. The manuscript appears to be written using the pecia system: the length of each pecia should have been some 4-5 folios. The pecia marks are still legible in the outer margins of fol. 57r, 61r, 228r.", "Layout: Fol. 1r-263v: written in two columns, 47 lines for each column; fol. 264r-271v: written in 47 long lines. Wide margins, the bottom margin is the widest. Marginal gloss on two columns of up to 105 lines. Many interlinear glosses. Pricking in the outer and the bottom margin. Ruled in dry point.", "Script: The main text is written in a textualis libraria Bononiensis script, below top line, by one hand: the gloss is written in a textualis libraria possibly by a Southern France hand, apparently by one hand too.", "Decoration: Fol. 3r, a man (possibly Ulpianus) in red robes with a cowl, on 8 lines, holding a scroll that reads : \"Ulpianus\", written in capital and uncial white letters, on a blue and yellow background; fol. 22v, Ulpianus is sitting on his throne, in a red and pink robe, with a book in his right hand. The whole picture is framed in blue and pink. On his left side, the name \"Ulpianus\" written in capital and uncial white letters is framed in blue and pink too; fol. 71v, Ulpianus, dressed in red and pink, sitting under an arch on his throne with a book in his left hand and a pointing right finger. The background is painted in blue with white stars, resembling the sky at night. On his right side, framed in blue, there is the name \"Ulpianus\" written in white capital and uncial script; other illuminated initials that show Ulpianus in various attitudes on fol. 112r, 126r, 145r, 169v, 195r, 222r, 240r. Many \"droleries\" painted in blue and red throughout the text; many 2-line initials painted in blue, pink, red and pale yellow throughout the text (some of them are animal-shaped); fol. 86v: a capital 4-line U decorated with a human face, possibly Ulpianus. Fol. 10v, pen drawing showing a human face with a pointing finger which resembles a bunch of flowers; fol. 182v, pen drawing showing a king with a tree on his head. Blue 3-line penworked initials and red 2-line penworked initials throughout the text. Alternated red and blue paragraph signs. Red rubrics.", "Music: On inside front cover, used as pastedown, is a parchment leaf written in a cursive 15th-16th century German or Dutch hand, with musical notation on 5 lines.", "Binding: Medieval binding (possibly early 15th century): leather over wooden boards, defective spine (it is possible to see that the spine was resewn). Many pins for the clasps (lacking) still attached on the boards.", "Origin: Written in Bologna and glossed in Southern France during the second half of the 13th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 270."], "700 1": ["Alapetite,|bGabriel,|d1854-1932.|4asn.", "Hanoteau,|bCharles,|d1851-?|4asn.", "Caillemer,|bExup\u00e8re,|d1837-1913.|4asn."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 270"], "260": ["[Bologna,|cbetween 1250 and 1300]"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS58": {"001": ["ocn505876040"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1650 and 1699]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["The subject of most of the documents in this manuscript is the dispute over regalian rights in France. The first text (fol. 1r-12v) contains excerpts from a book titled Memoria Polonica by Samuel Nakiolsky, printed in Krakow, Poland, in 1634. Nakiolsky was a Doctor of Theology and a Canon Regular of the Order of the Sacred Sepulcher in Miechow (diocese of Krakow)."], "300": ["|3Original:|a233 leaves:|bpaper ;|c189 x 130 mm bound to 195 x 137 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-81) and positive (Robbins MS 58)"], "510 4": ["Phillipps, T. Cat. ms.,|c6079."], "099": ["Robbins MS 58"], "245 00": ["[Documents regarding the dispute between Innocent XI and Louis XIV over regalian rights]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "561": ["Manuscript was once part of the collection of Sir Thomas Phillips (his no. 6079)."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Layout: Written in long lines, varying number of lines per page. The first text and beginning of second text (fol. 1r -18r) are enclosed in a frame ruled in pencil.", "Script: Written in at least five hands. The first text, the excerpt from Memoria Polonica, is written in by far the neatest hand.", "Bound in vellum over pasteboard.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 58."], "035": ["(OCoLC)505876040"], "650  0": ["Regalia|zFrance.", "Church and state|zFrance."], "700 1": ["Phillipps, Thomas,|cSir,|d1792-1872.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "008": ["100210q16501699it            000 0 ita d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2010"], "546": ["Mostly in Italian; some Latin."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "852": ["BOL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "005": ["20100210063223.0"], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-12v: \"Memoria Polonica, ex libro intitulato Miechovia sive Promptuarium antiquitatum monitorii miechoviensis ordinis canonicorum regularium Sanctissimi Sepulchri D. N. in Polonia...impresso Cracoviae 1634, Auctore Samuele Nakiolski\" --  Fol. 13r-23r: \"De Pugna Gigantum. Discursus Politicus\" -- 23v-41v: \"Memorie delle raggioni che hanno obligato il R\u00e8 a pigliare l'armi, e che devono persuadere tutta la Christianit\u00e0 delle sincere intentioni di S. M. per lo stabilimento della tranquillit\u00e0 publica\" -- Fol. 42r-63v: \"Responsio ad manifestum retroscriptum Gallicum\" -- Fol. 64r-65v: \"Lettera dell'Armiraglio (sic) Herbert a tutti gli officiali di marina di Sua Maiest\u00e0 Brittanica -- Fol. 65v: Prophesy in verse (vaticinum) against France (12 lines) -- Fol. 66r- 111r: \"Risposta alla lettera, o vero Manifesto del Re di Francia\" -- Fol. 112v-114r: Copy of a letter from Pope Innocent XI to Louis XIV, King of France (15 January 1649) -- Fol. 114r-117r: \"Copia di una lettera scritta da un Cattolico in Amsterdam\" (24 December 1666) -- Fol. 117v- 118r: \"Copia della lettera scritta dalla Regina d'Inghilterra al Re Christianissimo Ludovico XIV di Francia et di Navarra al suo arrivo in Francia\" -- Fol. 118r-120v: Estratto della sesta lettera pastorale del Ministro Sutieu. Avviso intorno all'emergenze del tempo\" - - Fol. 120v-143v: \"  L'ingiuste procedure della Maest\u00e0 di Luigi XIV Re di Francia e di Navarra\" -- Fol. 144r-145r: Copy of a letter from Pope Innocent XI to Louis XIV, King of France (15 January 1669) -- Fol. 145v-149r: \"Manifesto dato fuori in Ratisbona dall Ministro dell'Elettore di Sassonia\" -- Fol. 49v-154v: \"Lettera d'un pedante grammatico al Re di Francia\" -- Fol. 55r-204v: Letters to various Vatican officials -- Fol. 205r-228v: Discourse on the controversy over regalian rights -- Fol. 229r-233v: \"Circa iurisdictionem Summi Pontificis temporalem\"."], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS106": {"001": ["06-B4434"], "245 10": ["Quaestiones dominicales."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-46r: \"[rubr.] Incipiunt questiones dominicales magistri Bartolomei Brixiensis. [text] Ad honorem omnipotentis Dei et Ecclesie Romane cui presidet Gregorius IX...Solutio. Satis credo misericordiam adhibendam circam istum condempnatum.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 46v-66v: \"[rubr.] Incipiunt questiones veneriales domini Bartolomei Brixiensis. De rescripti questio prima. [text] Queritur utrum in rescriptis aliquis teneatur facere mensionem de primo rescripto...Sed certe contrarium videtur per iura in prima parte allegata. [rubr.] Explicit. Deo laus.\""], "520": ["This manuscript contains the \"Questiones dominicales\" and the \"Quaestiones veneriales\" by the Italian scholar Bartolomeo da Brescia. The manuscript is very elegant, the handwriting is tidy and very is professional, and fol. 1r has a beautiful illumination which includes the use of gold. It was possibly copied for the library of a wealthy family to be used as a reading copy, but it was certainly never used as a working or studying copy. Fol. 66 and 67 are blank, but ruled in preparation for the copying of the text. Some room was left on fol. 46v, at the beginning of the \"Quaestiones veneriales\", for an initial which, however, was never completed."], "510 4": ["Bartholomaeus Brixiensis, Qvaestiones dominicales antiqvissimi ivris doctoris D. Bartholomaei Brixiensis ... per titulos digestae, in Qvaestiones ivris variae ac selectae (Lvgdvni [n.p.], 1572): 89-138.", "Bartholomaeus Brixiensis, Qvaestiones veneriales ... Bartholomaei Brixiensis ..., in Qvaestiones ivris variae: 138-164."], "100 0": ["Bartolomeo,|cda Brescia,|d-1258."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 106|xCIN=JKN"], "260": ["[Netherlands?,|cbetween 1475 and 1500]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "246 2": ["|iSecundo folio :|aquia ultima voluntas"], "546": ["Latin."], "008": ["060912q14751500ne ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Silvia Donghi, September 2006."], "300": ["|3Original: |a68 leaves :|bparchment ;|c235 x 160 (150 x 110) mm bound to 240 x 175 mm.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 03-81) and positive (Robbins MS 106)"], "561": ["Flyleaf iii v has a note in pencil, in a 20th-century hand : \"Bartholomeus Brixiensis Questiones dominicales Manuscript on Vellum\" The rest of the text is effaced to the point of being illegible: only a few words can be read, with difficulty, and they pertain to the description of the decoration of the manuscript; the number of folios is given as \"66 pages.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from openong rubric, fol. 1r.", "Collation: Parchment, fol. i (marbled paper) + ii-iii (modern paper) + 68 + i-ii (modern paper) + iii (marbled paper); 1-8\u2078 9\u2074. Catchwords in the middle of the lower margin, on verso, by the hand of the scribe. Quire signatures in the right corner of the lower margin, on recto: a lower-case letter and a Roman numeral from i to iv. No contemporary foliation is provided. One row of pricking holes is visible on the outer margins.", "Layout: Written in 34 long lines; wide lower and outer margin. Ruled in lead. Few marginal additions.", "Script: Written in a textualis libraria script with a few cursive elements.", "Decoration: Fol. 1r, a 6-line illuminated initials, blue on a gold background, with black pen flourishings. Red rubrics; the ascenders often form loops. Many 2-line alternating red and blue initials throughout the text. Red paragraph marks.", "Binding: Modern brown morocco, slightly worn around the spine; gilt double borders with floral decorations at the corners on front and back cover; five raised bands on spine, six compartments with gilt floral ornamentation; paper flyleaves; marbled paper pastedowns. Title gilt- tooled on spine: \"Quaestiones dominicales Bartholomew of Brescia,\" where the English version of the author's name suggests that the book was bound in England.", "Origin: Written possibly in the Netherlands, during the last quarter of the 15th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 106."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 106"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=67;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS243": {"001": ["06-B3667"], "260": ["[France,|cbetween 1679 and 1700]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-159r: \"[text] Le s[eigneu]r Ihuillier qui est de la maison en societe' se Sorbonne et depuis grand maistre du college du Cardinal Le Moyne devant que de recevoir...19 Juin 1679 au pleine assemblee apres le rapour des quatres docteurs depoute' pour en faire lenamen (?).\""], "520": ["The manuscript is a well preserved book that recounts a discussion that took place at the Sorbonne in Paris, which involved the contribution of theology and law specialists. The last document cited in the manuscript (the final approval) is dated 1679, so the whole manuscript must have been copied after this date. Inserted between fol. 140 and 140 there was a receipt for a payment of \"trente sols pour une annee de la cense du siege qu'il occupe dans l'eglise de Notre Dame\", dated 29 march 1755 and signed by Artusot (?) Fabrienne."], "710 2": ["Bibliotheque du Chateau de Laplagne.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "300": ["161 leaves :|bpaper ;|c190 x 110 (104 x 700) mm bound to 200 x 120 mm."], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 243|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060802q17691700fr ||||||||||||00|||fre|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection.bbins Collection."], "245 00": ["Relation de ce qui s'est passe au Parlement le 16 febvrier 1677 a l'occasion d'une theze soutenue en Sorbonne le huict juine 1675."], "546": ["French."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Silvia Donghi, August 2006."], "561": ["Inside back cover, two 18th-19th century bookplates by two former owners. The first ex-libris reads: \"Bibliotheque de m[onsieur] le baron Zangiacomi\", and shows a coat of arms with a tree under a crown. The second ex-libris reads: \"Bibliotheque de Chateau de Laplagne\". On fol. 2r there is a note in French written in brown ink by a 18th century hand, that explains the contents of the manuscript. On flyleaf i verso there in the number \"A112\" written in pencil by a 20th century hand; the same hand writes down the number of the folios in the manuscript: \"c. 161.\" On f. 1r there is a big red capital \"C\" written in crayon."], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from fol. 3r.", "Collation: Paper, fol. i (modern paper) + 161 + i (modern paper). No contemporary foliation is provided. Catchwords on the right side of the bottom margin.", "Layout: Written in 22 long lines. Not ruled.", "Script: Written in a tidy cursive hand with many loops, by one hand.", "Binding: Marbled leather over wooden boards; marbled paper used for the flyleaves. Raised bands on spine, 6 compartments. The spine is gold-tooled with floreal motives, the title: \"Relation d'un theze\", and the initial \"M\". Edges painted red. Edge of the boards gold-tooled.", "Origin: Written in France after 1679, and possibly before the end of the 17th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 243.", "Former shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), KJV642 .R44."], "700 1": ["Zangiacomi, Joseph,|cBaron,|d1766-1846.|4asn|4fmo|5CUL."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 243"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS70": {"001": ["06-B3040"], "245 10": ["Ad memoriam reducendo."], "505 0": ["Fol. 1r-3r: \"[rubr.] Copia bulle indulgentie Jubilei que fuit olim de centum in centum annos sed Clemens papa VI statuit eandem de quinquaginta in quinguaginta [text] Clemens episcopus servus servorum Dei Ad memoriam reducendo causam cuius gracia per filium suum celo misit ex alto...et eternam maledictionem se noverit incurrisse. Datum Avinione sexto februarii (?) pontificatus nostri anno primo que fuit dies XXVI januarii anno Domini MCCCXLIV."], "520": ["15th Century transcription of a Bull of Clement VI, \"Ad memoriam reducendo,\" issued in 1344."], "650  0": ["Bulls, Papal."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=41;fullview=yes"], "110 2": ["Catholic Church.|bPope (1342-1352 : Clement VI)"], "852 8": ["CUL|bRBCAG|hRobbins MS 70|xCIN=JKN"], "008": ["060627q14251475gw ||||||||||||00|||lat|d"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. USE POSITIVE MICROFILM COPY ONLY: |bUse of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "546": ["Latin."], "583": ["|zCataloged in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, July 2006."], "300": ["|3Original:|a3 leaves :|bpaper ;|c206 x 142 (185 x 120) mm. bound to 212 x 149.", "|3Copy: |a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-57) and positive (Robbins MS 70)"], "561": ["Written in pencil on the front pastedown: \"ADr. 1083/40 Clemens VI (\u0308F\u0308\u00e4lschung) Handschrift Deutschland ca. Mitte 15. Jh.\" ; on the bottom right-hand corner of the back pastedown is the number \"70.\""], "500": ["Ms. codex.", "Title from opening sentence (fol. 1r).", "Collation: Paper, fol. i + 3 + i; 1\u00b2\u207d\u207a\u00b9\u207e.", "Layout: 44 long lines, ruled in ink on fol. 1r.", "Script: Written in a cursive libraria script by one hand.", "Decoration: 3-line inital in red at beginning of text. First letter of each paragraph touched in red throughout.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 70."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 70"], "260": ["[Germany,|cbetween 1425 and 1475]"], "246 3": ["Copia bulle indulgentie Jubilei"], "LEADER": ["00000ctm  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS244": {"001": ["ocn375587154"], "245 10": ["[Formulae instrumentorum]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["Complete reference manual of notarial theory and practice as was current in 15th century Piedmont (possibly Savona or Acqui), Italy. Its compiler, the lawyer and notary Battista Granoni (Granonis) of Genoa, studied law in Florence (fol. 1va \"hanc sic dictam artem legi in alma civitate florentie\"). The introductory pages are followed by a detailed index listing about 550 topics such as the proper form of a document, record-keeping and filing systems, validity of copies, qualifications of a notary, proper language, wording of contracts, emphyteusis, dowry, arbitration of disputes, guardianship, duties and qualifications of witnesses, donations and bequests. There are also about 100 specimens of various types (formae) of instruments. This is possibly an autograph manuscript."], "260": ["Italy,|c[15th century]"], "008": ["090608q14011499it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 244"], "505 0": ["Fol. ir: some notes with date 1554 ; fol. ir: introductory material (not in main hand); fol. iiv-iiir: more introductory material in main hand ; fol. ivr-vr: more introductory material (not in main hand) ; fol. vir: half column of text (not in main hand) ; fol. viv-xv: index of legal topics ; fol. 1ra-2va: [introduction] In exercendis humanorum actibus pot---siam pars est scriptura...Ego Batista Granonis legum doctor Januensis ad correctionem melius sententium suplicas quod si quid est male postium cum bene posito compensetur. Deo gratias Amen\" ; fol. 2vb- 131ra: \"[text] Cupiens rite et recte operari in officio notarius, ut recte sibi consulat, sibi duos libros constituat, unum brevem et longum alterum quadratum et maiorem...et sub obligatione dicti monasterii omnium bonorum p[--]um et futurorum ac dicti [------] insuper dicti d[--]s Abas et monaci praelibati et qualibus? eorum manibus eorum et [----]libus eorum beatis scripturis iuramentum [------] praedicta fieri ad utilitatem et non [ ------] dicti monasterii de quibus actum\" ; fol. 131v-132r : ruled columns left blank ; fol. 132v-133r: \"[brief tract, not in main hand] Quid sit ars notariatus\" ; fol. 133v- 145r: ruled columns left blank ; fol. 145v: brief text, not in main hand."], "100 1": ["Granoni, Battista."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "546": ["Latin."], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. Use of original only by permission. Inquiries concerning this item should be directed, in writing, to the reference librarian for The Robbins Collection."], "852": ["CUL|bRBCAG|xCIN=JKN"], "500": ["Ms. codex", "Title supplied by cataloger.", "Collation: Paper, fol. x + 145; 1-14\u00b9\u2070 15 \u2076 (-1).", "Layout: Written in 2 columns of 30-33 lines; catchwords at the end of each quire.", "Script: Most of the text is written in a small,  neat notarial cursive by one hand (fol. iiv-iiiv, vir-xv, 1r- 131r); some short texts, additions, and notes throughout written in a second, less legible hand (fol. iv-iir, ivr- vr, 145v); half-column of text (fol. vir) in possible third hand; brief note after very end of main text, in second column, in a fourth hand: \"Ego Iohanes Scataratius\" dated 1531 (fol. 131rb) ; short text in fifth hand with title \"Quid sit ars notariatus\" written in long lines (fol. 132v-133r).", "Binding: Original binding. Two heavy wooden boards fastened onto three leather thongs. Three clasps, lacking; two catches preserved on back cover. Leather spine, now lacking; sewing and thongs exposed. One-half of front cover is lacking, remaining half heavily wormed. Missing half has been replaced (complete with wormholes); inside front cover is reinforced with glued-on 16th century paper fragments with Latin and Italian texts and scribbles. Pastedown on back cover has some pen trials, and a cursive 4-line note dated 1574 (22 March).", "Origin: It is likely that the notary was in the Piedmont city of Savona or Acqui and the concluding part of Granoni's introduction (fol. 1v) suggests that he intended this text to be circulated among his colleagues: \"Ego Batista Granonis legum doctor Januensis ad correctionem melius sententium suplicas quod si quid est male postium cum bene posito compensetur.\"", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 244."], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, June 2009."], "005": ["20090608024708.0"], "LEADER": ["00000ntm  2200000Ia 4500"], "035": ["(OCoLC)375587154"], "300": ["|3Original:|a155 leaves :|bpaper ; 300 x 220 (190 x 170) mm bound to 310 x 225 mm."]}, "RobbinsMS72": {"001": ["ocn505684145"], "260": ["Italy,|c[between 1550 and 1570]"], "040": ["BOL|eamremm|cBOL"], "520": ["All three documents are concerned with the granting of privileges and immunities to the Society of San Giovanni Battista Decollato in Florence. Francesco Alberico was apostolic protonotary and General Auditor for the Chamber of Causes in the Roman Curia. Articles 1 and 2 were notarized by Desiderio Bo[nis?], apostolic notary (notarial sign on fols. 7r and 9v); article 3 was notarized by Fausto Piroli, apostolic notary (notarial sign on fol. 12v)."], "300": ["|3Original:|a14 leaves :|bparchment ;|c230 x 155 (180 x 115) mm bound to 235 x 165 mm.", "|3Copy:|a1 microfilm reel :|bnegative (MN 02-59) and positive (Robbins MS 72)"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=43;fullview=yes"], "008": ["100209q15501570it            000 0 lat d"], "099": ["Robbins MS 72"], "583": ["|zCataloged from existing description by Luminita Florea and in hand by Jennifer K. Nelson, February 2010."], "003": ["OCoLC"], "245 00": ["[Documents concerning the granting of privileges and immunities to the Society of San Giovanni Battista Decollato in Florence]"], "506": ["RESTRICTED ORIGINAL. 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Maij. i506.", "Leaf e2a: Explicit mare magnum cu[m] innouati\u00f5e ipsi[us] per pontificem maximum Sixtu[m] quartu[m] feliciter innouatu[m].", "Large woodcut apparently of St. Augustine on t.p.; full- page woodcut of a bishop (St. Augustine?) and an abbot on e2b."], "246 30": ["Priuilegia ordinis fratrum heremitar\u0169 sancti Augustini"], "246 3": ["Incipiunt priuilegia ordinis fratrum heremitarum sancti Augustini", "Incipiunt privilegia ordinis fratrum heremitarum sancti Augustini", "Priuilegia ordinis fratrum heremitarum sancti Augustini", "Privilegia ordinis fratrum heremitarum sancti Augustini", "Mare magnum", "Sixtus Quartus ep\u0303s seru' seruor\u0169 dei", "Sixtus Quartus ep\u0303s seru[us] seruor\u0169 dei", "Sixtus Quartus episcopus seruus seruor\u0169 dei", "Sixtus Quartus episcopus servus servorum dei"], "300": ["[144] p. :|b[2] ill. (woodcuts) ;|c15 cm. (8vo)"], "610 20": ["Augustinians|zItaly|zLombardy.", "Augustinians."], "043": ["e-it---"], "650  0": ["Indulgences.", "Friars|vPrivileges and immunities."], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?shelfmark=Robbins%20ms;smode=basic;rmode=digscript; docsPerPage=1;startDoc=53;fullview=yes"], "008": ["920128s1506    it a          000 0 lat d"], "079": ["ocm84850161"], "003": ["OCoLC"], "655  7": ["Privileges and immunities.|2lcgft"], "700 1": ["Tortis, Alexander de.", "Garaldi, Bernardino,|d15th/16th cent.|4bkp|5CUL"], "005": ["20111024045338.0"], "035": ["(OCoLC)670502434", "(CStRLIN)CUBL92-B248"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}, "RobbinsMS32": {"001": ["06-B4070"], "245 10": ["[Liber sextus Decretalium cum glossa Iohannis Andree]"], "505 0": ["Fol. 3r-99r: \"[Bonifacius episcopus serv]us servorum dei dilectis filiis doctoribus et scolaribus universis Bononie commorantibus salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Sacrosancte Romane Ecclesie quam imperscrutabilis divine providencie altitudo...et in tuis expensis continue domestici commensales etiam si ex illis aliquos aliquando pro tuis gerendis negociis ab esse contingat. Bonifacius VIII.\""], "505 8": ["Fol. 99v-108v: \"[rubr.] De regulis iuris rubrica. [text] Beneficium ecclesiasticum non potest licite sine institutione canonica optineri...Certum est quod is committit in legem qui legis verba complectens contra legis nititur voluntatem. Idem. Data Rome apud Sanctum Petrum quinto nonas Marcii pontificatus nostri anno quarto. [rubr.] Explicit textus sexti libri, Deo gracias amen.\"", "Fol. 3r-108v: [gloss] ...offeram iam licet nouiter inchoatos. Iohannes Andree. Deo gratias et Virginis gloriose Marie matris eiusdem, amen amen amen. [rubr.] Explicit apparatus domini Iohannis Andree super vi liber Decretalium.\""], "520": ["This preciously illuminated manuscript of the Liber sextus with the gloss of Giovanni d'Andrea was apparently also a working copy, since it has many additions and marginal and interlinear notes, both related to the main text and to the gloss. On the flyleaves ii and iii, now numbered as fol. 1 and 2, there are some extensive notes taken from the Liber sextus in a contemporary textualis currens script, and a \"versus\" and some \"exempla\" against the Black Friars. The first extensive note is signed: \"Io. de Bor.\" which could possibly refer to the 14th cetury canonist Iohannes de Borbonio."], "510 4": ["Liber sextus decretalium D. Bonifacii Papae VIII suae integritati una cum Clementinis et Extrauagantibus, earumque glossis restitutus cum priuilegio Gregorii XIII. Pont. 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Fol. 3r, the upper half of the large 10-line illuminated initial, showing Boniface VIII, has torn and replaced with a piece of parchment; fol. 5r, a priest blessing with his hand; fol. 10v, a bird; fol. 28r, 30v, 31v, 34r, 37v, 38r, 39v, 43r, 46r, 46v, 47r, 50v, 62r, 67v, 69r, 70r, 72v, 74v, 75v, 84v, 86r, 89v, 99v, 108v, men's heads; fol. 69v, a nun's head with a veil; fol. 54r, 62r, 67v, a pope's head (Boniface VIII); fol. 41v, 77v, ivy leaves; fol. 10v, a bird; fol. 39v, two animals (dogs? foxes?); fol. 72v, a dragon; fol. 78r, a man pointing his finger; fol. 86v, 98r, a blossom. The main colours used are blue, gold, orange, pink, green, sometimes black. Fol. 103r, a large 17-line red and blue penworked initial. Many red and violet, and blue and red pen flourishing initials throughout the text, mostly on 2 lines. Alternating red and blue paragraph signs. Red and blue running titles in the upper margin. Red rubrics. Many \"maniculae\" and grotesques.", "Binding: 14th century, original goatskin over wooden boards, blindstamped, partly restored; four new clasps and metal corner pieces. Modern paper flyleaves.", "Origin: Written and decorated in Italy, in the third quarter of the 14th century.", "Shelfmark: Berkeley, CA, The Robbins Collection, UC Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall), Robbins MS 32."], "090 8": ["Robbins MS 32"], "856 42": ["|3Digital Scriptorium|uhttp://ucblibrary4.berkeley.edu: 8088/xtf22/ search?bid=11;smode=bid;rmode=digscript;docsPerPage=1;star tDoc=118;fullview=yes"], "LEADER": ["00000cam  2200000 a 4500"]}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/update_database.py b/armarium_app/update_database.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b15e4da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/update_database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from app import db
+db.drop_all()
+db.create_all()

From f008fca66ed6b0420a19711d69887dc6569a48fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jtshed2016 <jshedlock@berkeley.edu>
Date: Sun, 1 May 2016 23:47:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] uploading code for class project submission.  not
 including dependencies such as local virtualenv and d3 files.

---
 armarium_app/app.db                         | Bin 116736 -> 568320 bytes
 armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py     | 308 +++++++++++++++++---
 armarium_app/app/forms.py                   |   6 +-
 armarium_app/{ => app}/loccountrycodes.json |   0
 armarium_app/{ => app}/loclangcodes.json    |   0
 armarium_app/{ => app}/locrelcodes.json     |   0
 armarium_app/app/models.py                  |  26 +-
 armarium_app/app/static/main.css            | 122 +++++++-
 armarium_app/app/static/robbins_icon.gif    | Bin 0 -> 3953 bytes
 armarium_app/app/static/script.js           |  16 +
 armarium_app/app/templates/base.html        |  10 +-
 armarium_app/app/templates/home.html        |  46 ++-
 armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html       |  17 +-
 armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html      | 217 ++++++++++++--
 armarium_app/app/templates/personlist.html  |  32 ++
 armarium_app/app/templates/personview.html  | 128 ++++++++
 armarium_app/app/templates/placelist.html   |  21 ++
 armarium_app/app/templates/placeview.html   | 123 ++++++++
 armarium_app/app/templates/wmlist.html      |  25 ++
 armarium_app/app/templates/wmview.html      | 105 +++++++
 armarium_app/{ => app}/trial_II160119.json  |   0
 armarium_app/app/views.py                   | 269 +++++++++++++++--
 armarium_app/armarium.wsgi                  |   8 +
 armarium_app/dbdemo.py                      |  52 ----
 armarium_app/exscript.py                    |   2 -
 25 files changed, 1351 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-)
 rename armarium_app/{ => app}/loccountrycodes.json (100%)
 rename armarium_app/{ => app}/loclangcodes.json (100%)
 rename armarium_app/{ => app}/locrelcodes.json (100%)
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/static/robbins_icon.gif
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/static/script.js
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/personlist.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/personview.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/placelist.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/placeview.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/wmlist.html
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/app/templates/wmview.html
 rename armarium_app/{ => app}/trial_II160119.json (100%)
 create mode 100644 armarium_app/armarium.wsgi
 delete mode 100644 armarium_app/dbdemo.py
 delete mode 100644 armarium_app/exscript.py

diff --git a/armarium_app/app.db b/armarium_app/app.db
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ArT_o{

diff --git a/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py b/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py
index a6355c0..a64177e 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py
+++ b/armarium_app/app/data_parse_and_load.py
@@ -1,28 +1,36 @@
 #load necessary libraries
-
-import json
-import re
-import csv
+import json, re, csv, os
 from urllib import urlopen
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
+relpath = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+
 #get existing manuscript data in JSON format
-sourcefile = 'trial_II160119.json'
+sourcefile = os.path.join(relpath, 'trial_II160119.json')
 sourceobj = open(sourcefile)
 sourcedict = json.load(sourceobj)
 sourceobj.close()
 
 #get reference dictionaries for country, language, association codes
-countryObj = open('loccountrycodes.json')
-langObj = open('loclangcodes.json')
-relObj = open('locrelcodes.json')
+countryObj = open(os.path.join(relpath, 'loccountrycodes.json'))
+langObj = open(os.path.join(relpath,'loclangcodes.json'))
+relObj = open(os.path.join(relpath,'locrelcodes.json'))
 countryCodesDict = json.load(countryObj)
 countryCodesInverted = {countryCodesDict[key]: key for key in countryCodesDict}
 langCodesDict = json.load(langObj)
 relCodesDict = json.load(relObj)
 regionList = ['Northern', 'Southern', 'Central', 'Eastern', 'Western']
+numerals = {'I': 1, 'II': 2, 'III': 3, 'IV': 4, 'V': 5, 'VI': 6, 'VII': 7, 'VIII': 8, 'IX': 9, 'X': 10}
 
 
+placeCache = {}
+#store places here after call to server; prevent unnecessary multiple calls
+
+##################################################
+#API keys for external services
+#geonames
+key_geonames = 'jtshed_geo2015'
+
 ##################################################
 #define regular expressions for extracting data
 lines = r'([0-9\-]*) [A-Za-z]* *lines'
@@ -110,7 +118,25 @@
 onedate = re.compile(r'(?P<date1>[0-9]+)\??')
 twodate = re.compile(r'(?P<ca1>ca\. ?)?(?P<date1>[0-9]+)\??-(?P<ca2>ca\. ?)?(?P<date2>[0-9]+)\??')
 centurypat = re.compile('[0-9]+(?=th)')
+##
+
+##patterns for extracting contents from 505 field
+#for identifying folio markers
+contentsstring = r'[Ff]ol\. ?[0-9IVXLivxlvrab -]*'
+contentspat = re.compile(contentsstring)
 
+#for finding and eliminating leading punctuation
+beginstring = r'^ ?[:.)\]] ?'
+beginpat = re.compile(beginstring)
+
+#for finding and eliminating trailing punctuation
+endstring = r';?[ -]*$'
+endpat = re.compile(endstring)
+
+#for eliminating trailing numbers at end
+trailingnumstring = r' [0-9]{1,2}\. ?$'
+trailnumpat = re.compile(trailingnumstring)
+##
 
 ########################################################
 #field-specific processing functions
@@ -142,15 +168,19 @@ def getStructuredData(field008):
 
 	return returnDict
 
-def getPlaceandPublisher(field260, country):
+def getPlace(field260, country):
 	#gets location information from field 260, comparing to country from field 008
 	#returns dict with additional locations and publisher, if in 260
-	returnDict = {'places': {}}
+	returnDict = {'places': []}
 
 	place = field260.strip('[]').split('|')[0].strip('?,[]]: ')
+
+	if place == '':
+		return None
 	if len(re.split('[,[\]()?]+', place)) == 1:
 		if (place.split(' ')[0] in regionList) and (place.split(' ')[1] == country):
 		#ignore if this is the same as in field 008
+		#discards a more specific region (e.g. "Western...") of a country
 			pass
 		elif ' and ' in place:
 		#evaluate multiple countries in "and" clause
@@ -159,7 +189,11 @@ def getPlaceandPublisher(field260, country):
 				#discard if it's the same as assigned country
 					pass
 				elif segment.strip('?,[]]: ') in countryCodesInverted:
-					returnDict['places'][segment.strip('?,[]]: ')] = 'country'
+					placeItem = {'name': segment.strip('?,[]]: '), 'type':'country'}
+					placeCoords = get_coords(placeItem['name'])
+					placeItem['lat'] = placeCoords['lat']
+					placeItem['lon'] = placeCoords['lon']
+					returnDict['places'].append(placeItem)
 		elif (' or ') in place:
 		#evaluate multiple countries in "or" clause
 			for segment in place.split(' or '):
@@ -167,9 +201,19 @@ def getPlaceandPublisher(field260, country):
 				#discard if it's the same as assigned country
 					pass
 				elif segment.strip('?,[]]: ') in countryCodesInverted:
-					returnDict['places'][segment.strip('?,[]]: ')] = 'country'
+					placeItem = {'name': segment.strip('?,[]]: '), 'type':'country'}
+					placeCoords = get_coords(placeItem['name'])
+					placeItem['lat'] = placeCoords['lat']
+					placeItem['lon'] = placeCoords['lon']
+					returnDict['places'].append(placeItem)
+
+
 		elif ((place not in countryCodesInverted) and (re.search('[Ss]\.[Ll]', place) == None)):
-			returnDict['places'][place] = 'area'
+			placeItem = {'name': place, 'type':'area'}
+			placeCoords = get_coords(placeItem['name'])
+			placeItem['lat'] = placeCoords['lat']
+			placeItem['lon'] = placeCoords['lon']
+			returnDict['places'].append(placeItem)
 	else:
 		for segment in re.split('[,[\]()?]+', place):
 			if (
@@ -180,16 +224,34 @@ def getPlaceandPublisher(field260, country):
 				(segment.strip() not in countryCodesInverted)
 			):
 						
-				returnDict['places'][segment.strip()] = 'area'
+				placeItem = {'name': segment.strip('?,[]]: '), 'type':'area'}
+				placeCoords = get_coords(placeItem['name'])
+				placeItem['lat'] = placeCoords['lat']
+				placeItem['lon'] = placeCoords['lon']
+				returnDict['places'].append(placeItem)
 	
-	#if pubpatt.search(recs[record][field][0]):
-	#	returnDict['publisher'] = pubpatt.search(recs[record][field][0]).group()
-	if pubpatt.search(field260):
-		returnDict['publisher'] = pubpatt.search(field260)
-	else:
-		returnDict['publisher'] = None
 	return returnDict
 
+def get_coords(placename):
+	###LIVE SERVER CALL
+	#Sends place name from record to Geonames API, retrieves latitude and longitude
+
+	namequery = 'http://api.geonames.org/searchJSON?q=' + placename + '&maxRows=10&username=' + key_geonames
+	print 'Call to server'
+	try:
+
+		namerecords = urlopen(namequery).read().decode("utf-8")
+		responsedict = json.loads(namerecords)
+		#GeoNames brings up "New England" as first request for "England", so substitute 'United Kingdom'
+		if placename == 'England':
+			return {'lat': responsedict['geonames'][1]['lat'], 'lon': responsedict['geonames'][1]['lng']}
+		else:
+			return {'lat': responsedict['geonames'][0]['lat'], 'lon': responsedict['geonames'][0]['lng']}
+	except:
+		print 'Call to server failed'
+		
+		return {'lat': None, 'lon': None}
+
 def getTitles(titleField, titleType):
 	#takes title fields and returns cleaned up titles with appropriate values
 	if titleType == '245':
@@ -418,18 +480,21 @@ def getBriq(number):
 	baseurl = 'http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/loadRepWmark.php?rep=briquet&refnr='
 	endurl = '&lang=fr'
 	targeturl = baseurl + number + endurl
-	#print 'Simulated Briquet request fired'
-	###
-	#actual URL request turned off now
-	#page = urlopen(targeturl)
-	#soup = BeautifulSoup(page, "html.parser")
-	#motiftext = soup.find('td', class_='wm_text').get_text()
-	###
-
 	
-	#return (motifpatt.search(motiftext).group(1).strip(), targeturl)
-	return ('dummyname', targeturl)
-
+	##Set 1: actual request to server (comment out to avoid)
+	##
+	print 'Briquet request fired'
+	page = urlopen(targeturl)
+	soup = BeautifulSoup(page, "html.parser")
+	motiftext = soup.find('td', class_='wm_text').get_text()
+	return (motifpatt.search(motiftext).group(1).strip(), targeturl)
+	##
+
+	##Set 2: Don't make server call, return dummy name
+	##
+	#print 'Simulated Briquet request fired'
+	#return ('dummyname', targeturl)
+	##
 
 def get_person_dates(datestring):
 	returnDict = {'date1': None, 'date2': None, 'datetype': None}
@@ -513,14 +578,73 @@ def parsePerson(personField):
 				returnDict['relationship'].append(str(attribute[1].strip()))
 
 	if ',' in mainName:
-		returnDict['displayName'] = mainName.split(',')[1].strip() + ' ' + mainName.split(',')[0].strip()
+		returnDict['displayName'] = mainName.split(',')[1].strip(' .,') + ' ' + mainName.split(',')[0].strip(' .,')
 	if (returnDict['Numeration'] != None) and (returnDict['displayName'] != None):
 		returnDict['displayName'] = returnDict['displayName'] + ' ' + returnDict['Numeration']
 	if returnDict['displayName'] == None:
 		returnDict['displayName'] = mainName
 	return (mainName, returnDict)
 
+def parseContentsCoarse(inputString, matchList):
+	#Takes a string of unstructured contents, list of RE matches, and REs for subfields, final numbers, and front-back trimming
+	#Returns a list of dictionaries with key=foliation, value=contents
+	contentsList = []
+	for x in range(0, len(matchList)):
+		key = matchList[x].group(0)
+		start = matchList[x].end()
+		if len(matchList) - x >=2:
+			end = matchList[x+1].start()
+		else:
+			end = len(inputString)
+		#eliminate numbers at end
+		numberTrimmed = re.sub(trailnumpat, '', inputString[start:end])
+		#eliminate subfield markers
+		sectionString = re.sub(subfieldpat, '', numberTrimmed)
+		#get rid of leading punctuation
+		frontTrimmed = re.sub(beginpat, '', sectionString)
+		#get rid of unnecessary characters at the end
+		outputString = re.sub(endpat, '', frontTrimmed)
+		#switch 'blank' to correct field if it's been wrongly assigned
+		if key[-3:] == 'bla':
+			key = key[:-4]
+			outputString = 'bla' + outputString
+		contentsList.append({key: outputString})
+	return contentsList
+
+def parseContentsFine(folia):
+	#Takes string foliation of contents item and returns range of folia and sides
+	returnDict = {'startFol': None, 'startSide': None, 'endFol': None, 'endSide': None}
+	folnums = [match for match in re.finditer(r'(?P<num>[0-9]+)(?P<side>[rv]?)', folia)]
+	#issue here: can't decide between grabbing 'verso' into greedy Roman numeral pattern, or ignoring Roman
+	#numeral foliation...leaving out Roman numerals for now.  
+	#find matches of <number><side> pattern ,e.g. "12v" or "149r"
+
+	if len(folnums)==0:
+		print 'ERROR'
+		print(folia)
+
+	#add beginning leaf and side; should be in all
+	if len(folnums) >=1:
+		if folnums[0].group('num'):
+			returnDict['startFol'] = int(folnums[0].group('num'))
+		
+		if folnums[0].group('side'):
+			returnDict['startSide'] = folnums[0].group('side')
+
+	#add ending leaf and side, if there is one
+	if len(folnums) >1:
+		if folnums[1].group('num'):
+			returnDict['endFol'] = int(folnums[1].group('num'))
+		
+		if folnums[1].group('side'):
+			returnDict['endSide'] = folnums[1].group('side')
+	return returnDict
+
+#########################################################
 #########################################################
+#########################################################
+
+#chief function that calls all the other functions:
 
 def load(recs):
 	outputdict = {}
@@ -531,23 +655,41 @@ def load(recs):
 		#create dictionary for each one, populated with initial empty arrays for multiple values(external entities)
 		#add none for all values to avoid key errors
 		outputdict[record] = {'shelfmark': None, 'volumes': None, 'language': None, 'date1': None, 
-		'date2': None, 'datetype': None, 'publisher': None, 'places': {}, 'titles': [], 'people': {}}
-
+		'date2': None, 'datetype': None, 'datecertain': True, 'publisher': None, 'places': [], 
+		'titles': [], 'people': {}, 'contents': [], 'summary': None, 'ownership_history': None}
+		
 
 		#get structured data from field 008
 		#print(record)
 		structuredData = getStructuredData(recs[record]['008'][0])
+		#iterate over components retrieved from 008
 		for infoComp in structuredData:
+			#'country' is treated differently: need to get latitude and longitude
 			if (infoComp == 'country') and (structuredData[infoComp] != None):
-				outputdict[record]['places'][structuredData['country']] = 'country'
+				if structuredData[infoComp] in placeCache:
+					#check to see whether it's in the cache first to avoid unnecessary server call
+					print 'place cache hit'
+					outputdict[record]['places'].append(placeCache[structuredData[infoComp]])
+				else:
+					#get coords from server
+					place008 = {'name': structuredData[infoComp], 'type': 'country'}
+					###LIVE CALL TO SERVER
+					place008coords = get_coords(place008['name'])
+					place008['lat'] = place008coords['lat']
+					place008['lon'] = place008coords['lon']
+					#add to output dict, and add to cache
+					outputdict[record]['places'].append(place008)
+					placeCache[place008['name']] = place008
+
 			elif (infoComp == 'country') and (structuredData[infoComp] == None):
 				pass
+			#other info components go straight into output dict
 			else:
 				outputdict[record][infoComp] = structuredData[infoComp]
 		
 
 		#iterate over fields and get all information
-		#sort keys to ensure necessary information is available further down the line
+		#sort keys to ensure prerequisite information is available when needed
 		for field in sorted(recs[record]):
 
 			
@@ -557,15 +699,31 @@ def load(recs):
 			elif '099' in field:
 				outputdict[record]['shelfmark'] = recs[record][field][0].strip('.; ,')
 
-			#get place and publisher data
+			#get place data
 			if ('260' in field):
 				#feed field 260 and country into function
-				locInfo = getPlaceandPublisher(recs[record][field][0], 
+				locInfo = getPlace(recs[record][field][0], 
 					countryCodesDict[recs[record]['008'][0][15:18].strip()])
 				
-				for loc in locInfo['places']:
-					outputdict[record]['places'][loc] = locInfo['places'][loc]
-				outputdict[record]['publisher'] = locInfo['publisher']
+				if locInfo != None:
+					for loc in locInfo['places']:
+						outputdict[record]['places'].append(loc)
+				
+				if pubpatt.search(field):
+					outputdict[record]['publisher'] = pubpatt.search(field).group()
+				else:
+					outputdict[record]['publisher'] = None
+
+				#see if there are markers of uncertainty in the date, and adjust accordingly
+				#this sets the "dateCertain" value to True or False
+				#determines how the date is displayed in the manuscript view page, msview.html c. line 33
+				try:
+					date260 = recs[record][field][0].split('|c')[1]
+					if(('?' in date260) or ('--' in date260) or ('ca.' in date260) or ('cent' in date260)):
+						dateCertain = False
+				except:
+					#if the pattern doesn't work, remains "true" by default
+					pass
 
 			#get titles	
 			if ('240' in field) or ('245' in field):
@@ -595,7 +753,7 @@ def load(recs):
 			
 
 			#get AMREMM note field descriptions from fields 500
-			
+############			
 			if '500' in field:
 				#start with volume-sensitive ones; iterate over volumes in volumeInfo list
 				for volnum in range(1, outputdict[record]['volumes'] +1):
@@ -654,6 +812,8 @@ def load(recs):
 								else:
 									outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volnum-1]['arrangement'] = None
 
+			
+			#get person info from relevant main entry, subject, or added entry fields
 			if ('100' in field) or ('600' in field) or ('700' in field):
 				for personInstance in recs[record][field]:
 					personData  = parsePerson(personInstance)
@@ -664,16 +824,68 @@ def load(recs):
 						personData[1]['relationship'].append('subject')
 					outputdict[record]['people'][personData[0]] = personData[1]
 
-	
+			
 
+			
+			if '505' in field:
+				#print(recs[record][field])
+				#get content items (specifically listed textual elements with foliation and titles)
+				#contentsHolder declared in outermost loop, because there may be multiple 505 fields
+				
+				#see if there are separate items by volume;
+				
 
+				for contentChunk in recs[record][field]:
+					#set volume index (to determine what volume to assign contents to) to 0 by default
+					volIndex = 0
+					if re.search(r'^[Vv]olume (?P<number>[0-9IV])', contentChunk):
+						#print(re.search(r'^[Vv]olume (?P<number>[0-9IV])', contentChunk).group('number'))
+						contentsVolIndex = re.search(r'^[Vv]olume (?P<number>[0-9IV])', contentChunk).group('number')
+						try:
+						#get relevant volume number if Arabic numeral
+							volIndex = int(contentsVolIndex) -1
+						except ValueError:
+							#if Roman numeral, try to get corresponding Arabic
+							if contentsVolIndex in numerals:
+								volIndex = numerals[contentsVolIndex] -1
+							#otherwise, remains at default of zero
+							
+					#contentChunk: one item in the field 505 list, which may contain one or more content items
+					matches = [result for result in contentspat.finditer(contentChunk)]
+					smallContentsList = parseContentsCoarse(contentChunk, matches)
+					
+					for text in smallContentsList:
+						for key in text:
+							contentsHolder = {}
+							contentsHolder['text'] = text[key]
+							pagerange = parseContentsFine(key)
+							for pageItem in pagerange:
+								contentsHolder[pageItem] = pagerange[pageItem]
+							#print(parseContentsFine(key))
+							if 'contents' in outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volIndex]:
+								outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volIndex]['contents'].append(contentsHolder)
+							else:
+								outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'][volIndex]['contents'] = [contentsHolder]
+							
+
+			if '520' in field:
+				if len(recs[record][field]) >1:
+					print('Multiple 520!!!')
+				outputdict[record]['summary'] = recs[record][field][0]
 
+			if '561' in field:
+				if len(recs[record][field]) >1:
+					print('Multiple 561!!!')
+				outputdict[record]['ownership_history'] = recs[record][field][0]
 
+############
+#^top-level MARC field indent depth
 
 
 		#sanity check for volume info and collation; should break this out later to separate function
-			
-		#print(outputdict[record])
+		
+		#print outputdict[record]['volumeInfo']
+		print '\n'
 		if 'volumeInfo' not in outputdict[record]:
 			outputdict[record]['volumeInfo'] = []
 			#print(record, ': MISSING VOLUME INFO')
@@ -685,12 +897,12 @@ def load(recs):
 			for component in ['quires', 'arrangement']:
 				if component not in volumeItem:
 					volumeItem[component] = None;
-			if 'watermarks' not in volumeItem:
-				volumeItem['watermarks'] = []
+			for listComponent in ['watermarks', 'contents']:
+				if listComponent not in volumeItem:
+					volumeItem[listComponent] = []
 	return outputdict
 
 
-
 	
 						
 								
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/forms.py b/armarium_app/app/forms.py
index 72fd206..515489b 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/forms.py
+++ b/armarium_app/app/forms.py
@@ -6,4 +6,8 @@
 class MsForm(Form):
 	shelfmark = StringField('shelfmark', validators=[DataRequired()])
 	mstitle = StringField('mstitle', validators=[DataRequired()])
-	mstitle_var = StringField('mstitle')
\ No newline at end of file
+	mstitle_var = StringField('mstitle')
+
+
+class SearchForm(Form):
+	searchfield = StringField('query', validators=[DataRequired()])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/loccountrycodes.json b/armarium_app/app/loccountrycodes.json
similarity index 100%
rename from armarium_app/loccountrycodes.json
rename to armarium_app/app/loccountrycodes.json
diff --git a/armarium_app/loclangcodes.json b/armarium_app/app/loclangcodes.json
similarity index 100%
rename from armarium_app/loclangcodes.json
rename to armarium_app/app/loclangcodes.json
diff --git a/armarium_app/locrelcodes.json b/armarium_app/app/locrelcodes.json
similarity index 100%
rename from armarium_app/locrelcodes.json
rename to armarium_app/app/locrelcodes.json
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/models.py b/armarium_app/app/models.py
index 8b9f0ad..69eb3c4 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/models.py
+++ b/armarium_app/app/models.py
@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@
 	db.Column('wm_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('watermark.id'))
 	)
 
+#association table for manuscript and place
+has_place = db.Table('has_place',
+	db.Column('ms_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id')),
+	db.Column('place_id', db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('place.id'))
+	)
+
 
 #the central entity of the system, representing a unified textual item
 class manuscript(db.Model):
@@ -15,8 +21,6 @@ class manuscript(db.Model):
 	date2 = db.Column(db.Integer)
 	datetype = db.Column(db.Integer)
 	language = db.Column(db.String(60))
-	#pub_place = db.Column(db.String(50))
-	#need to break out pub_place and make its own entity
 	summary = db.Column(db.String(1000))
 	#520
 	ownership_history = db.Column(db.String(1000))
@@ -40,6 +44,10 @@ class manuscript(db.Model):
 	assoc_people = db.relationship('person_ms_assoc',
 		backref = 'ms',
 		lazy='dynamic')
+	places = db.relationship('place',
+		secondary = has_place,
+		backref = db.backref('mss', lazy='dynamic')
+		)
 
 
 	def __repr__(self):
@@ -64,6 +72,9 @@ class volume(db.Model):
 	quire_register = db.Column(db.String(60))
 	phys_arrangement = db.Column(db.String(60))
 	decoration = db.Column(db.String(1000))
+	contents = db.relationship('content_item', 
+		backref = 'volume', 
+		lazy='dynamic')
 
 	ms_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('manuscript.id'))
 	
@@ -72,7 +83,6 @@ class volume(db.Model):
 class content_item(db.Model):
 	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
 	text = db.Column(db.String(1000))
-	#label = db.Column(db.string(20))
 	fol_start_num = db.Column(db.Integer)
 	fol_start_side = db.Column(db.String(1))
 	fol_end_num = db.Column(db.Integer)
@@ -126,3 +136,13 @@ class watermark(db.Model):
 	def __repr__(self):
 		return '<watermark Briquet ' + self.name + str(self.id) + '>'
 
+class place(db.Model):
+	id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key = True)
+	place_name = db.Column(db.String(60))
+	place_type = db.Column(db.String(10))
+	lat = db.Column(db.Float)
+	lon = db.Column(db.Float)
+
+	def __repr__(self):
+		return '<place ' + self.place_name + ' (' + self.place_type + ')>'
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/static/main.css b/armarium_app/app/static/main.css
index 2c5e7e8..0e18467 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/static/main.css
+++ b/armarium_app/app/static/main.css
@@ -45,8 +45,11 @@ table {
 }
 
 /*----------------- CSS RESET ------------------*/
-body {
+html, body {
 	background-color: #FEFAE9;
+	height: 100%;
+	margin: 0;
+	padding: 0;
 }
 
 #wrapper {
@@ -64,14 +67,32 @@ h1, h2 {
 	font-style: italic;
 }
 
-h3, h4, h5, h6,{
+h3, h4, h5, h6 {
 	font-family: "Times New Roman";
 	color: #3F3E3A;
 }
 
-p{
+h3 {
+	font-size: 1.5em;
+	margin-left: .5em;
+}
+
+h4 {
+	font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+p, td, th {
 	color: #3F3E3A;
 	font-family: "Times New Roman";
+	font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+em {
+	font-style: italic;
+}
+
+header {
+	text-align: center;
 }
 
 nav a {
@@ -82,13 +103,47 @@ nav a {
 
 }
 
-.section {
+#collectionmap {
+	height: 60%;
+	width: 75%;
+	margin: .5em;
+	display: inline-block;
+	text-align: center;
+}
+
+#map {
+	height: 100%;
+	width: 100%;
+	text-align: right;
+}
+
+.section, .mapholder {
 	margin: .75em;
 	border-style: solid;
 	border-width: 1px;
 	border-color: #000000;
+	padding: .5em;
+}
+
+.mapholder {
+	text-align: center;
+	height: 100%;
 }
 
+.placemapholder {
+	text-align: right;
+	display: inline-block;
+	width: 48%;
+}
+
+.mstable {
+	vertical-align: top;
+	text-align: left;
+	display: inline-block;
+	width: 48%;
+}
+
+
 header {
 	margin: .5em;
 }
@@ -99,12 +154,71 @@ footer {
 	border-width: 1px;
 	border-color: #000000;
 	padding: .5em;
+	margin: .5em;
 }
 footer *{
 	display: inline-block;
+	margin: .5em;
 }
 
 img.logo {
 	height: 49px;
 }
 
+table, th, td {
+	vertical-align: top;
+	border-width: 2px;
+	border-style: solid;
+	border-color: #C5C3BC;
+	border-collapse: collapse;
+	padding: 3px;
+	margin: 2px;
+}
+
+th *{
+	font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+
+b {
+	font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+
+
+/* for D3 vis */
+.node {
+  stroke: #fff;
+  stroke-width: 1.5px;
+}
+
+.link {
+  stroke: #999;
+  stroke-opacity: .6;
+}
+
+.label {
+	font-family: sans-serif;
+	font-size: .5em;
+}
+
+#textvis, #relationvis {
+	max-width: 50%
+	max-height: 100%;
+	text-align: center;
+}
+
+#contentsdiv {
+	overflow-y: scroll;
+	height: 50%;
+	margin: .5em;
+	border-style: solid;
+	border-color: #3F3E3A;
+	border-width: 2px;
+}
+/*
+#graphcanvas {
+	max-width: 50%
+	max-height: 100%;
+}
+*/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/static/robbins_icon.gif b/armarium_app/app/static/robbins_icon.gif
new file mode 100644
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LUK2qT0PBAMJHj(H

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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/armarium_app/app/static/script.js b/armarium_app/app/static/script.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0bae3a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/static/script.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+var tablelookup = {0: 'manuscript', 1: 'person', 2: 'place', 3: 'watermark', 4: 'organization',
+5: 'ex_doc', 6: 'subject', 7: 'publisher'};
+
+var jsonEndpoint = '/sendjson'
+
+function getNewNodes (node) {
+	//query = jsonEndpoint + tablelookup[node.getAttribute('group')] + '&id=' + node.getAttribute('dbkey');
+	//console.log(query);
+	$.get(jsonEndpoint, 
+		{'entity': tablelookup[node.getAttribute('group')],
+	 'id': node.getAttribute('dbkey')},
+	 function(data) {
+	 	console.log(data);
+	 },
+	 "json");
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html
index f10a3ac..4fa0944 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/base.html
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 <html>
 	<head>
 		<title>{{ pagetitle }}</title>
-		<link rel="stylesheet" href="static/main.css">
+		<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='main.css') }}">
+		<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
+		<script type="text/javascript" src="{{url_for('static', filename='script.js') }}"></script>
+
+
 		<meta charset="UTF-8">
 	</head>
 	
@@ -13,7 +17,9 @@ <h2>Manuscripts of the Robbins Collection</h2>
 			<nav>
 				<a href="{{ url_for('homepage') }}">Home</a>
 				<a href="{{ url_for('list_mss') }}">The Manuscripts</a>
-				<a href="{{ url_for('mss_search') }}">Search</a>
+				<a href="{{ url_for('list_people') }}">People</a>
+				<a href="{{ url_for('list_places') }}">Places</a>
+				<a href="{{ url_for('list_watermarks') }}">Watermarks</a>
 				<a href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/">The Robbins Collection</a>
 			</nav>
 		</header>
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html
index 7e22af8..708997e 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/home.html
@@ -1,11 +1,39 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-	<head>
-		<title>Armarium</title>
-	</head>
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+	<div class="mapholder">
+		<div id="collectionmap"></div>
+		<script>
+		function initCollMap() {
+		var collectionMap = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('collectionmap'), {
+			center: {lat: {{ avgLat }}, lng: {{ avgLon }} },
+			zoom: 3,
+			zoomControl: false,
+			mapTypeControl: false,
+			scaleControl: false,
+			streetViewControl: false
+		});
 
-	<body>
-		<h1>Welcome to the Armarium!</h1>
-	</body>
+	var countrycircs;
+	countrycircs = {{ places }};
 
-<html>
\ No newline at end of file
+	for (country in countrycircs) {
+		var countryCircle = new google.maps.Circle({
+			strokeColor: '#FF0000',
+			strokeOpacity: .8,
+			strokeWeight: 2,
+			fillColor: '#FF0000',
+			fillOpacity: 0.35,
+			map: collectionMap,
+			center: countrycircs[country].center,
+			radius: 150000 + 1000*countrycircs[country].count 
+		});
+	}
+}
+		
+		
+		//console.log(countrycircs);
+		</script>
+		<script async defer src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyD9rloC3_q9b1ZwhocaDBpuXaXyJeZkKjk&callback=initCollMap"></script>
+		<p><em>Circles indicate countries of origin of Robbins Collection manuscripts</em></p>
+	</div>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html
index e23570f..d117b48 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/home2.html
@@ -2,29 +2,28 @@
 
 {% block content %}
 
-
-		<table>
+	<div id="contentsdiv">
+		<table id="contentstable">
 		<tr>
 			<td>Title</td>
 			<td>Shelfmark</td>
-			<td>Date 1</td>
-			<td>Date 2</td>
-			<td>Date Type</td>
+			<td>Date</td>
 			<td>Language</td>
-			<td>Volumes</td>
 		</tr>
 		{% for record in recs %}
 		<tr>
 			<td>{{record.titles.filter_by(title_type='main').first()}}</td>
 			<td><a href="ms{{record.id}}">{{record.shelfmark}}</a></td>
+			{% if record.date2 %}
+			<td>{{record.date1}}-{{record.date2}}</td>
+			{% else %}
 			<td>{{record.date1}}</td>
-			<td>{{record.date2}}</td>
-			<td>{{record.datetype}}</td>
+			{% endif %}
 			<td>{{record.language}}</td>
-			<td>{{record.num_volumes}}</td>
 		</tr>
 		{% endfor %}
 		</table>
+	</div>
 {% endblock %}
 
 
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html
index 2ac181b..846f3fd 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/msview.html
@@ -1,79 +1,238 @@
 {% extends "base.html" %}
 {% block content %}
 
-<h3>Robbins MS {{ ms.id }} - {{ ms.title }}</h3>
+<h3>Robbins MS {{ ms.id }} - {{ ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='main').first() }}</h3>
 <div class="section">
 
-{% if ms.title_alt %}
-<p>Alternate Title: {{ ms.title_alt }}</p>
-{% endif %}
 
-{% if ms.title_uni %}
-<p>Uniform Title: {{ ms.title_uni }}</p>
+{% if ms.titles.filter(title_type in['uniform', 'varying', 'secundo']) %}
+	<!--<h4>Variations of Title:</h4>-->
+	{% if ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='uniform').first() %}
+	<p><b>Uniform Title:</b> {{ ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='uniform').first() }}</p>
+	<br>
+	{% endif %}
+	
+	{% if ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='secundo').first() %}
+	<p><b>Secundo folio:</b> {{ ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='secundo').first() }}</p>
+	<br>
+	{% endif %}
+	
+
+	{% if ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='varying') %}
+	<p><b>Variations of Title:</b></</p>
+		<ul>
+		{% for alt_title in ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='varying') %}
+		<li>{{ alt_title }}</li>
+
+		{% endfor %}
+		</ul>
+	{% endif %}
 {% endif %}
 
-<p>Date: {{ ms.date1 }}</p>
+{% if ms.datetype == 's' %}
+	{% if ms.datecertain == True %}
+	<p><b>Date:</b> {{ ms.date1 }}</p>
+	{% else %}
+	<p><b>Date:</b> ca. {{ ms.date1 }}</p>
+
+	{% endif %}
+
+{% elif ms.datetype in ['k','q','i'] %}
+
+<p><b>Dates:</b> between {{ms.date1}} and {{ms.date2}}</p>
+
+{% else %}
+
+<p><b>Dates:</b> {{ms.date1}}-{{ms.date2}}</p>
 
-{% if ms.date2 %}
-<p>End Date: {ms.date2}</p>
 {% endif %}
 
-<p>Language: {{ ms.language }}</p>
+<p><b>Language:</b> {{ ms.language }}</p>
 
 {% if ms.publisher %}
 <p>Published by: {{ ms.publisher }}</p>
 {% endif %}
 
-<p>Origin: </p>
+{% if ms.places|length() > 1 %}
+<p><b>Places of Origin:</b><p>
+{% else %}
+<p><b>Place of Origin:</b><p>
+{% endif %}
 {% for place in ms.places %}
-<a href="{{ url_for('view_place', place.id) }}">{{ place.name }}</a>
+<a href="{{ 'place' + (place.id|string) }}">{{ place.place_name }}</a>
 {% endfor %}
 
+{% if ms.watermarks|length() > 0 %}
+<p><b>Watermarks:</b><p>
+{% for wm in ms.watermarks %}
+<a href="{{ 'watermark' + (wm.id|string) }}">Briquet {{ wm.id }} "{{ wm.name }}"</a>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
 {% if ms.summary %}
-<h6>Summary</h6>
+<p><b>Summary</b></p>
 <p>{{ ms.summary }}</p>
 {% endif %}
 
-<p>Number of Volumes: {{ ms.volumes }}</p>
+{% if ms.ownership_history %}
+<p><b>Ownership History</b></p>
+<p>{{ ms.ownership_history }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+<p><b>Number of Volumes:</b> {{ ms.num_volumes }}</p>
 
 {% for volume in ms.volumes %}
 
-<p>Material: {{ volume.support }}</p>
 
-<p>Extent: {{ volume.extent }} {{volume.extent_unit }}</p>
+<p><b>Material:</b> {{ volume.support }}</p>
+
+<p><b>Extent:</b> {{ volume.extent }} {{volume.extent_unit }}</p>
 
+<p><b>Dimensions:</b></p>
 <ul>
-{% if volume.supportheight and volume.supportwidth %}
-<li>Support dimensions: {{volume.supportheight}} x {{ volume.supportwidth }} {{volume.unit}}</li>
+{% if volume.leaf_height and volume.leaf_width %}
+<li>Support dimensions: {{volume.leaf_height}} x {{ volume.leaf_width }} {{volume.size_unit}}</li>
 {% endif %}
 
-{% if volume.writtenheight and volume.writtenwidth %}
-<li>Written area: {{volume.writtenheight}} x {{volume.writtenwidth}} {{volume.unit}}</li>
+{% if volume.written_height and volume.written_width %}
+<li>Written area: {{volume.written_height}} x {{volume.written_width}} {{volume.size_unit}}</li>
 {% endif %}
 
-{% if volume.boundheight and volume.boundwidth %}
-<li>Bound to {{volume.boundheight}} x {{volume.boundwidth}} {{volume.unit}}</li>
+{% if volume.bound_height and volume.bound_width %}
+<li>Bound to {{volume.bound_height}} x {{volume.bound_width}} {{volume.size_unit}}</li>
 {% endif %}
 </ul>
 
-{% if volume.quires %}
-<p>Register of Quires: {{ volume.quires }}</p>
+{% if volume.quire_register %}
+<p><b>Register of Quires:</b> {{ volume.quire_register }}</p>
+{% endif %}
+
+{% if volume.phys_arrangement %}
+<p><b>Arrangement:</b> {{ volume.phys_arrangement }}</p>
 {% endif %}
 
 {% endfor %}
 </div>
 
 
+{% if ms.volumes.first() %}
+<h4>Contents<h4>
+{% endif %}
+
+{% for volume in ms.volumes %}
+<table>
+{% for textitem in volume.contents %}
+<tr>
+	<td>{{ textitem.fol_start_num }}{{ textitem.fol_start_side }} 
+	{% if textitem.fol_end_num != None %}
+	- {{ textitem.fol_end_num }}
+	{% endif %}
+	{% if textitem.fol_end_side != None %}
+	{{ textitem.fol_end_side }}
+	{% endif %}
+	</td>
+	<td>{{ textitem.text }}</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+{% endfor %}
+</table>
+
+{% endfor %}
+
 <!--canvases for d3 visualizations-->
-<div class="section"
-<svg id="textvis">
+<div class="section" id="relationvis">
 </div>
-
-<div class="section"
-<svg id="relationvis">
+<script src="static/d3.js"></script>
+<script>
+
+var width = 490,
+    height = 250;
+
+var color = d3.scale.category20();
+
+var force = d3.layout.force()
+    .charge(-120)
+    .linkDistance(30)
+    .size([width, height]);
+
+var svg = d3.select("#relationvis").append("svg")
+    .attr("id", "graphcanvas")
+    .attr("width", width)
+    .attr("height", height);
+
+var msGraph = {{ graphsend|safe }}
+/*for (element in msGraph) {
+  for (point in msGraph[element]) {
+    console.log(msGraph[element][point])
+  }
+
+} */
+
+/*d3.json(msGraph, function(error, graph) {
+  if (error) throw error;
+  console.log(msGraph);
+*/
+graph = msGraph
+console.log(msGraph);
+  force
+      .nodes(graph.nodes)
+      .links(graph.links)
+      .linkStrength(.01) //function(links) { return (links.value/20)};);
+      .start();
+
+  var link = svg.selectAll(".link")
+      .data(graph.links)
+    .enter().append("line")
+      .attr("class", "link")
+      .style("stroke-width", function(d) { return Math.sqrt(d.value); });
+
+  var node = svg.selectAll(".node")
+      .data(graph.nodes)
+    .enter().append("circle")
+      .attr("class", "node")
+      .attr("r", 5)
+      .style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.group); })
+      .call(force.drag)
+      .attr("name", function(d) {return d.name })
+      .attr("group", function(d) {return d.group })
+      .attr("dbkey", function(d) {return d.dbkey })
+      .attr("onclick", "getNewNodes(this)");
+
+  var texts = svg.selectAll("text.label")
+  	.data(graph.nodes)
+  	.enter().append("text")
+  	.attr("class", "label")
+  	.attr("fill", "black")
+  	.text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+  node.append("text")
+  	.attr("dx", 12)
+  	.attr("dy", ".35em")
+      .text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+
+  force.on("tick", function() {
+    link.attr("x1", function(d) { return d.source.x; })
+        .attr("y1", function(d) { return d.source.y; })
+        .attr("x2", function(d) { return d.target.x; })
+        .attr("y2", function(d) { return d.target.y; });
+
+    node.attr("cx", function(d) { return d.x; })
+        .attr("cy", function(d) { return d.y; });
+
+    texts.attr("transform", function(d) {
+        return "translate(" + (d.x +5) + "," + d.y + ")";
+    });
+  });
+//});
+
+</script>
+
+<div class="section" id="textvis">
 </div>
 
 
 
+
+
 </div>
 {% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/personlist.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/personlist.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47ea338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/personlist.html
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block content %}
+
+	<div id="contentsdiv">
+		<table id="contentstable">
+		<tr>
+			<td><b>Name</b></td>
+			<td><b>Dates</b></td>
+		</tr>
+		{% for person in people %}
+		<tr>
+			<td><a href="person{{ person.id }}">
+			{{person.name_display}}
+
+			{% if person.numeration %}
+			{{ person.numeration }}
+			{% endif %}
+
+			{% if person.title %}
+			, {{ person.title }}
+			{% endif %}
+			</a></td>
+
+			<td>{{ person.year_1 }}-{{ person.year_2 }}
+		</tr>
+		{% endfor %}
+		</table>
+	</div>
+{% endblock %}
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/personview.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/personview.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..857ac6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/personview.html
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+
+<h3>{{person.name_display }}
+  {% if person.numeration %}
+  {{ person.numeration }}
+  {% endif %}
+
+  {% if person.title %}
+  , {{ person.title }}
+  {% endif %}
+
+  {% if person.fuller %}
+  ({{ person.fuller }})
+  {% endif %}
+</h3>
+<br>
+{%if (person.year_1 == None) and (person.year_2 == None) %}
+{% elif person.datetype == 'life' %}
+  {%if (person.year_1 != None) and (person.year_2 == None) %}
+  <h4>({{ person.year_1 }}-)</h4>
+  {% elif (person.year_1 == None) and (person.year_2 != None) %}
+  <h4>(-{{ person.year_2 }})</h4>
+  {% endif %}
+{% elif person.datetype =='approx' %}
+ {%if (person.year_1 != None) and (person.year_2 == None) %}
+  <h4>(c.{{ person.year_1 }}-)</h4>
+  {% elif (person.year_1 == None) and (person.year_2 != None) %}
+  <h4>(c. -{{ person.year_2 }})</h4>
+  {% endif %}
+{% elif person.datetype =='profess' %}
+  {%if (person.year_1 != None) and (person.year_2 == None) %}
+  <h4>(active {{ person.year_1 }}-)</h4>
+  {% elif (person.year_1 == None) and (person.year_2 != None) %}
+  <h4>(active -{{ person.year_2 }})</h4>
+  {% endif %}
+{% elif person.datetype == 'century' %}
+  {% if year_2 %}
+  <h4>({{ person.year_1/100 }}-{{ person.year_2/100 }} centuries)</h4>
+  {% else %}
+  <h4>({{ person.year_1/100 }} century)</h4>
+  {% endif %}
+{% endif %}
+
+<div class="section">
+
+
+
+
+
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="section" id="relationvis">
+</div>
+<script src="static/d3.js"></script>
+<script>
+
+var width = 490,
+    height = 250;
+
+var color = d3.scale.category20();
+
+var force = d3.layout.force()
+    .charge(-120)
+    .linkDistance(30)
+    .size([width, height]);
+
+var svg = d3.select("#relationvis").append("svg")
+    .attr("id", "graphcanvas")
+    .attr("width", width)
+    .attr("height", height);
+
+  d3.json("/sendjson?entity=person&id={{person.id}}", function(error, graph) {
+  if (error) throw error;
+  console.log(graph);
+
+  force
+      .nodes(graph.nodes)
+      .links(graph.links)
+      //.linkStrength(function(links) { return (links.value/20)};);
+      .start();
+
+  var link = svg.selectAll(".link")
+      .data(graph.links)
+    .enter().append("line")
+      .attr("class", "link")
+      .style("stroke-width", function(d) { return Math.sqrt(d.value); });
+
+  var node = svg.selectAll(".node")
+      .data(graph.nodes)
+    .enter().append("circle")
+      .attr("class", "node")
+      .attr("r", 5)
+      .style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.group); })
+      .call(force.drag);
+
+  var texts = svg.selectAll("text.label")
+  	.data(graph.nodes)
+  	.enter().append("text")
+  	.attr("class", "label")
+  	.attr("fill", "black")
+  	.text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+ /* node.append("text")
+  	.attr("dx", 12)
+  	.attr("dy", ".35em")
+      .text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+*/
+  force.on("tick", function() {
+    link.attr("x1", function(d) { return d.source.x; })
+        .attr("y1", function(d) { return d.source.y; })
+        .attr("x2", function(d) { return d.target.x; })
+        .attr("y2", function(d) { return d.target.y; });
+
+    node.attr("cx", function(d) { return d.x; })
+        .attr("cy", function(d) { return d.y; });
+
+    texts.attr("transform", function(d) {
+        return "translate(" + (d.x +5) + "," + d.y + ")";
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+</script>
+
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/placelist.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/placelist.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c283481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/placelist.html
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block content %}
+
+	<div id="contentsdiv">
+		<table id="contentstable">
+		<tr>
+			<td>Name</td>
+			<td>Records</td>
+		</tr>
+		{% for record in recs %}
+		<tr>
+			<td><a href="place{{ record.id }}">{{record.place_name}}</a></td>
+			<td>{{ record.mss.count()}}</td>
+		</tr>
+		{% endfor %}
+		</table>
+	</div>
+{% endblock %}
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/placeview.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/placeview.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d40df7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/placeview.html
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+
+<h3>{{ location.place_name }}</h3>
+<div class="section">
+
+<div class="mstable">
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <th>Manuscript</th>
+      <th>Title</th>
+    </tr>
+  {% for ms in location.mss %}
+    <tr>
+      <td><a href="ms{{ ms.id }}">{{ ms.shelfmark }}</a></td>
+      <td>{{ ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='main').first() }}</td>
+      </tr>
+  {% endfor %}
+  </table>
+</div>
+
+<div class="placemapholder">
+  <div id="map">
+    <script>
+    function initMap() {
+      var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map'), {
+        center: {lat: {{ location.lat}}, lng: {{location.lon }} },
+        zoom: 6,
+        zoomControl: false,
+        mapTypeControl: false,
+        scaleControl: false,
+        streetViewControl: false
+      });
+
+      var image = '{{ url_for('static', filename='robbins_icon.gif') }}';
+      var msMarker = new google.maps.Marker({
+        position: {lat: {{ location.lat }}, lng: {{ location.lon }} },
+        map: map,
+        icon: image
+      });
+    }
+    </script>
+    <script async defer src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyD9rloC3_q9b1ZwhocaDBpuXaXyJeZkKjk&callback=initMap"></script>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--canvases for d3 visualizations-->
+<div class="section" id="relationvis">
+</div>
+<script src="static/d3.js"></script>
+<script>
+
+var width = 490,
+    height = 250;
+
+var color = d3.scale.category20();
+
+var force = d3.layout.force()
+    .charge(-120)
+    .linkDistance(30)
+    .size([width, height]);
+
+var svg = d3.select("#relationvis").append("svg")
+    .attr("id", "graphcanvas")
+    .attr("width", width)
+    .attr("height", height);
+
+  d3.json("/sendjson?entity=place&id={{location.id}}", function(error, graph) {
+  if (error) throw error;
+  console.log(graph);
+
+  force
+      .nodes(graph.nodes)
+      .links(graph.links)
+      //.linkStrength(function(links) { return (links.value/20)};);
+      .start();
+
+  var link = svg.selectAll(".link")
+      .data(graph.links)
+    .enter().append("line")
+      .attr("class", "link")
+      .style("stroke-width", function(d) { return Math.sqrt(d.value); });
+
+  var node = svg.selectAll(".node")
+      .data(graph.nodes)
+    .enter().append("circle")
+      .attr("class", "node")
+      .attr("r", 5)
+      .style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.group); })
+      .call(force.drag);
+
+  var texts = svg.selectAll("text.label")
+    .data(graph.nodes)
+    .enter().append("text")
+    .attr("class", "label")
+    .attr("fill", "black")
+    .text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+ /* node.append("text")
+    .attr("dx", 12)
+    .attr("dy", ".35em")
+      .text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+*/
+  force.on("tick", function() {
+    link.attr("x1", function(d) { return d.source.x; })
+        .attr("y1", function(d) { return d.source.y; })
+        .attr("x2", function(d) { return d.target.x; })
+        .attr("y2", function(d) { return d.target.y; });
+
+    node.attr("cx", function(d) { return d.x; })
+        .attr("cy", function(d) { return d.y; });
+
+    texts.attr("transform", function(d) {
+        return "translate(" + (d.x +5) + "," + d.y + ")";
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+</script>
+
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/wmlist.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/wmlist.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..554fe84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/wmlist.html
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+{% block content %}
+
+	<div class="section">
+		<p>This page lists watermarks occurring in Robbins Collection manuscripts, organized according to the categories of Briquet's <em>Les Filigranes</em>.</p>
+
+	<div id="contentsdiv">
+		<table id="contentstable">
+		{% for wmtuple in recs %}
+		<tr>
+			<td><b>{{ wmtuple[0].name }}</b></td>
+		</tr>
+			{% for wminstance in wmtuple[1] %}
+			<tr>
+				<td><a href="watermark{{ wminstance.id }}">{{wminstance.id}}</a></td>
+			</tr>
+			{% endfor %}
+		{% endfor %}
+
+		</table>
+	</div>
+{% endblock %}
+
+
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/templates/wmview.html b/armarium_app/app/templates/wmview.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..878da7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/app/templates/wmview.html
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% block content %}
+
+<h3>Watermark Briquet {{ mainwm.id }}, {{ mainwm.name }}</h3>
+<div class="section">
+<p><a href="{{ mainwm.url }}">View this watermark</a> <em>(external link to Briquet Online at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and Paris Laboratory for Western Medieval Studies)</em></p>
+<br>
+<p><b>Robbins manuscripts in which this watermark appears:</b></p>
+<table>
+	<tr>
+		<th>MS</th>
+		<th>Title</th>
+		<th>Origin</th>
+	</tr>
+{% for ms in mainwm.mss %}
+	<tr>
+		<td><a href="ms{{ ms.id }}">{{ ms.shelfmark }}</a> </td>
+		<td>{{ ms.titles.filter_by(title_type='main').first() }}</td>
+		<td>
+		{% for place in ms.places %}
+		<a href="{{ 'place' + (place.id|string) }}">{{ place.place_name }}</a>, 
+		{% endfor %}
+		</td>
+	</tr>
+{% endfor %}
+
+
+</table>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="section" id="relationvis">
+</div>
+<script src="static/d3.js"></script>
+<script>
+
+var width = 490,
+    height = 250;
+
+var color = d3.scale.category20();
+
+var force = d3.layout.force()
+    .charge(-120)
+    .linkDistance(30)
+    .size([width, height]);
+
+var svg = d3.select("#relationvis").append("svg")
+    .attr("id", "graphcanvas")
+    .attr("width", width)
+    .attr("height", height);
+
+  d3.json("/sendjson?entity=watermark&id={{mainwm.id}}", function(error, graph) {
+  if (error) throw error;
+  console.log(graph);
+
+  force
+      .nodes(graph.nodes)
+      .links(graph.links)
+      //.linkStrength(function(links) { return (links.value/20)};);
+      .start();
+
+  var link = svg.selectAll(".link")
+      .data(graph.links)
+    .enter().append("line")
+      .attr("class", "link")
+      .style("stroke-width", function(d) { return Math.sqrt(d.value); });
+
+  var node = svg.selectAll(".node")
+      .data(graph.nodes)
+    .enter().append("circle")
+      .attr("class", "node")
+      .attr("r", 5)
+      .style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.group); })
+      .call(force.drag);
+
+  var texts = svg.selectAll("text.label")
+  	.data(graph.nodes)
+  	.enter().append("text")
+  	.attr("class", "label")
+  	.attr("fill", "black")
+  	.text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+ /* node.append("text")
+  	.attr("dx", 12)
+  	.attr("dy", ".35em")
+      .text(function(d) { return d.name; });
+*/
+  force.on("tick", function() {
+    link.attr("x1", function(d) { return d.source.x; })
+        .attr("y1", function(d) { return d.source.y; })
+        .attr("x2", function(d) { return d.target.x; })
+        .attr("y2", function(d) { return d.target.y; });
+
+    node.attr("cx", function(d) { return d.x; })
+        .attr("cy", function(d) { return d.y; });
+
+    texts.attr("transform", function(d) {
+        return "translate(" + (d.x +5) + "," + d.y + ")";
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+</script>
+
+{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/trial_II160119.json b/armarium_app/app/trial_II160119.json
similarity index 100%
rename from armarium_app/trial_II160119.json
rename to armarium_app/app/trial_II160119.json
diff --git a/armarium_app/app/views.py b/armarium_app/app/views.py
index 2d2d673..38edb55 100644
--- a/armarium_app/app/views.py
+++ b/armarium_app/app/views.py
@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
+import os, sys
+
+relpath = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+sys.path.append(relpath)
+
 from flask import render_template, redirect, request
+from flask.json import dumps, jsonify
 from app import app, models, db
-#need to create "forms.py" doc in "app" directory when I determine needs
-#from .forms import CustomerForm, AddressForm, OrderForm
+from .forms import SearchForm
 from .data_parse_and_load import load
 import json, re, csv
 #from urllib.request import urlopen
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+from sqlalchemy import func, distinct
+
+
+'''
+print(relpath)
 
-"""
 #load data
-sourcefile = 'trial_II160119.json'
+sourcefile = os.path.join(relpath, 'trial_II160119.json')
 sourceobj = open(sourcefile)
 sourcedict = json.load(sourceobj)
 sourceobj.close()
@@ -21,10 +30,20 @@
 for record in allrecs:
 	if record == 'RobbinsMSCould not find valid shelfmark':
 		continue
-	print(record)
+	print record
+	#print(allrecs[record]['places'])
+	#for place in allrecs[record]['places']:
+	#	print '\t', place, 'type:', allrecs[record]['places'][place]
+	#print allrecs[record]['publisher']
+	#print '\n'
+
+
+	#print(record)
 	#print(allrecs[record])
 	#print(int(allrecs[record]['shelfmark'].split(' ')[2]))
-	print('\n')
+	#print('\n')
+
+
 
 
 
@@ -35,12 +54,16 @@
 		date2 = allrecs[record]['date2'],
 		datetype = allrecs[record]['datetype'],
 		language = allrecs[record]['language'],
-		num_volumes = allrecs[record]['volumes']
+		num_volumes = allrecs[record]['volumes'],
+		summary = allrecs[record]['summary'],
+		ownership_history = allrecs[record]['ownership_history']
+
 		)
 	db.session.add(ms)
 
 	db.session.commit()
 
+	#iterate over volumes to add volume-specific entities (volume attributes, watermarks, content items)
 	for msvol in allrecs[record]['volumeInfo']:
 		#print(msvol)
 		volItem = models.volume(
@@ -59,9 +82,11 @@
 			ms_id = ms.id
 			)
 		db.session.add(volItem)
+		db.session.commit()
+		#commit here to have id
 		
-		if 'watermarks' not in msvol:
-			print allrecs[record]
+		#if 'watermarks' not in msvol:
+			#print allrecs[record]
 
 		for ms_wm in msvol['watermarks']:
 			wmQuery = models.watermark.query.get(ms_wm[0])
@@ -77,6 +102,18 @@
 				wmItem = models.watermark.query.get(ms_wm[0])
 				wmItem.mss.append(models.manuscript.query.get(ms.id))
 
+		for contentItem in msvol['contents']:
+			contentObj = models.content_item(
+				text = contentItem['text'],
+				fol_start_num = contentItem['startFol'],
+				fol_start_side = contentItem['startSide'],
+				fol_end_num = contentItem['endFol'],
+				fol_end_side = contentItem['endSide'],
+				ms_id = ms.id,
+				vol_id = volItem.id
+				)
+			db.session.add(contentObj)
+
 
 	db.session.commit()
 
@@ -90,10 +127,13 @@
 	db.session.commit()
 
 	for person in allrecs[record]['people']:
-		print(person)
-		print(allrecs[record]['people'][person])
-		print(allrecs[record]['people'][person]['relationship'])
+		#print(person)
+		#print(allrecs[record]['people'][person])
+		#print(allrecs[record]['people'][person]['relationship'])
 
+		#check to see if person is already in database; 
+		#if not, add to DB
+		#if so, retrieve and add new relationships
 		personQuery = models.person.query.filter_by(name_simple=person).first()
 		if personQuery == None:
 			personRec = models.person(
@@ -129,15 +169,62 @@
 					)
 				db.session.add(relRec)
 				db.session.commit()
-"""
+
+	for placelisting in allrecs[record]['places']:
+		#iterate over places
+		#check db to see if it exists
+		placeQuery = models.place.query.filter_by(place_name = placelisting['name']).first()
+		if placeQuery == None:
+		#if not, create new place
+			addedPlace = models.place(
+				place_name = placelisting['name'],
+				place_type = placelisting['type'],
+				lat = placelisting['lat'],
+				lon = placelisting['lon'],
+				mss = [models.manuscript.query.get(ms.id)]
+				)
+			db.session.add(addedPlace)
+			db.session.commit()
+		else:
+			placeQuery.mss.append(models.manuscript.query.get(ms.id))
+			db.session.commit()
+
+'''
 
 @app.route('/')
 def homepage():
+	lats = 0
+	lons = 0
+	count = 0
+	placedict = {}
+
+	allmss = models.manuscript.query.all()
+	for ms in allmss:
+		count +=1
+		for allPlace in ms.places:
+			if allPlace.place_type == 'country':
+				
+				if allPlace.place_name not in placedict:
+					placedict[allPlace.place_name] = {'center': {'lat': allPlace.lat, 'lng': allPlace.lon}, 'count': 1}
+				else:
+					placedict[allPlace.place_name]['count'] += 1
+					lats = lats + allPlace.lat
+					lons = lons + allPlace.lon
+
+	avlats = lats/count
+	avlons = lons/count
+	#print placedict
+	print avlats, avlons
+	placeobj = dumps(placedict)
+	#need to use regex to remove quotes in json string and 
+	subbedplace =re.sub(r'[\"\' ]', '', placeobj)
+	print(subbedplace)
 
-	return render_template('home.html')
+	return render_template('home.html', avgLat = avlats, avgLon = avlons, places=subbedplace, pagetitle = 'Manuscripts of the Robbins Collection')
 
 @app.route('/add_ms', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
 def add_ms():
+	#to be implemented later
 	pass
 
 @app.route('/list_mss', methods = ['GET'])
@@ -149,18 +236,154 @@ def list_mss():
 def ms_view(idno):
 	"""Page view for individual MS"""
 	
-	focusms = models.manuscript.query.get(idno)
-	print(focusms.shelfmark)
+	pagems = models.manuscript.query.get(idno)
+
+	#pagedict: dictionary of nodes and links in a graph centered on the MS; to be used for vis
+	pagedict = {'nodes': [{"name": pagems.shelfmark, "group": 0, "role": 'manuscript', "dbkey": pagems.id}], 'links': []}
+	index = 1
+	for person_rel in pagems.assoc_people:
+		pagedict['nodes'].append({"name": person_rel.person.name_display, "group": 1,
+		 "role": person_rel.assoc_type, "dbkey": person_rel.person.id})
+		pagedict['links'].append({"source": index, "target": 0, "value": 10})
+		index +=1
+
+	for place_rel in pagems.places:
+		pagedict['nodes'].append({"name": place_rel.place_name, "group": 2, "role": place_rel.place_type, "dbkey": place_rel.id})
+		pagedict['links'].append({"source": index, "target": 0, "value": 10})
+		index +=1
+
+	#if pagems.publisher
+	#publisher not yet implemented, but need to add
+	#print(pagedict)
+
+	graphobj = json.dumps(pagedict)
+	#graphobj = jsonify(pagedict)
+	
+	return render_template('msview.html', pagetitle = pagems.shelfmark, ms=pagems, graphsend=graphobj)
 
 @app.route('/search', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
 def mss_search():
-	pass
+	#needs lots of work, not yet fully implemented
+	searchform = SearchForm()
+	if searchform.validate_on_submit():
+		searchquery = searchform.searchfield.data
+		results = models.manuscript.query.filter(searchquery in manuscript.summary)
+		print(results)
+		return render_template('searchresult.html', results =results)
+
+@app.route('/places', methods = ['GET'])
+def list_places():
+	place_list = models.place.query.all()
+
+	return render_template('placelist.html', recs=place_list, pagetitle='Places of the Robbins Manuscripts')
+
+
+@app.route('/place<placeid>', methods = ['GET'])
+def view_place(placeid):
+	#show info about a place in conjunction with their relationships with MSS
+	focusplace = models.place.query.get(placeid)
+	return render_template ('placeview.html', location=focusplace, pagetitle=focusplace.place_name + ' in the Robbins Manuscripts')
+
+@app.route('/person<personid>', methods = ['GET'])
+def view_person(personid):
+	#show info about a person in conjunction with their relationships with MSS
+	focusperson = models.person.query.get(personid)
+
+	return render_template('personview.html', person = focusperson, pagetitle = focusperson.name_display + ' in the Robbins Manuscripts')
+
+@app.route('/people', methods = ['GET'])
+def list_people():
+	allpeople = models.person.query.order_by(models.person.name_display).all()
+
+	return render_template('personlist.html', pagetitle='People in the Robbins Manuscripts', people=allpeople)
+
+@app.route('/watermark<wmid>', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
+def view_wm(wmid):
+	#show info about a watermark, link to Briquet page, graph of use in MSS
+	page_wm = models.watermark.query.get(wmid)
+	
+	return render_template('wmview.html', mainwm = page_wm, pagetitle = page_wm.name + ', ' + str(page_wm.id))
+
+@app.route('/watermarks', methods = ['GET'])
+def list_watermarks():
+	returnlist = []
+	wmtypes = models.watermark.query.group_by(models.watermark.name).all()
+	for x in wmtypes:
+		holder = []
+		for y in models.watermark.query.filter_by(name=x.name).all():
+			holder.append(y)
+		returnlist.append((x, holder))
+	return render_template('wmlist.html', pagetitle='Watermarks', recs = returnlist)
+
+
+
+@app.route('/sendjson', methods = ['GET'])
+def send_json():
+	#return JSON of relationships, to expand and re-render graphs
+	valuemap = {'manuscript': models.manuscript, 'person': models.person, 'watermark': models.watermark, 'place': models.place}
+	table = request.args.get('entity')
+	ent_id = request.args.get('id')
+	result = valuemap[table].query.get(ent_id)
+
+	returndict = {'nodes': [], 'links': []}
+	index = 1
+	#index starts from 0; on transferring to vis, will have to append and adjust indices
+	if table == 'manuscript':
+		#this function was called from a manuscript; send back MS and related entities
+		#don't need the manuscript itself; calling item is already in the graph and doesn't need to be added
+		#actually, this is contextually dependent; need to figure out a way to deal
+		for person_rel in result.assoc_people:
+			returndict['nodes'].append({'name': person_rel.person.name_display, 'group': 1,
+			 'role': person_rel.assoc_type, "dbkey": person_rel.person.id})
+			returndict['links'].append({'source': index, 'target': 0, 'value': 10})
+			index +=1
+
+		for place_rel in result.places:
+			returndict['nodes'].append({"name": place_rel.place_name, "group": 2, "role": place_rel.place_type, "dbkey": place_rel.id})
+			returndict['links'].append({"source": index, "target": 0, "value": 10})
+			print place_rel.place_name, place_rel.lat, place_rel.lon
+			index +=1
+
+		for wm in result.watermarks:
+			returndict['nodes'].append({'name': wm.name, 'group': 3, 'role': 'watermark', 'dbkey': wm.id})
+			returndict['links'].append({'source': index, 'target': 0, 'value': 10})
+			index +=1
+		#need to add orgs, external docs, subject, publisher here when implemented
+
+		return jsonify(returndict)
+
+	elif table == 'person':
+		returndict['nodes'].append({'name': result.name_display, 'group': 1, 'role': '', 'dbkey': result.id})
+		#returndict['links'].append({'source': index, 'target': 0, 'value': 10})
+		index +=1
+
+		for ms_rel in result.ms_relations:
+			returndict['nodes'].append({'name': models.manuscript.query.get(ms_rel.ms_id).shelfmark, 'group': 0, 'role': 'manuscript', 'dbkey': ms_rel.id})
+			returndict['links'].append({'source': index, 'target': 0, 'value': 10})
+			index +=1
+
+		return jsonify(returndict)
+
+	elif table == 'watermark':
+		returndict['nodes'].append({'name': ('Watermark '+ result.name), 'group': 3, 'role': 'watermark', 'dbkey': result.id})
+		
+		for ms_rel in result.mss:
+			returndict['nodes'].append({'name': ms_rel.shelfmark, 'group': 0, 'role': 'manuscript', 'dbkey': ms_rel.id})
+			returndict['links'].append({'source': index, 'target': 0, 'value': 10})
+			index +=1
+
+		return jsonify(returndict)
+
+	elif table == 'place':
+		returndict['nodes'].append({'name': (result.place_name), 'group': 1, 'role': 'place', 'dbkey': result.id})
+		
+		for ms_rel in result.mss:
+			returndict['nodes'].append({'name': ms_rel.shelfmark, 'group': 0, 'role': 'manuscript', 'dbkey': ms_rel.id})
+			returndict['links'].append({'source': index, 'target': 0, 'value': 10})
+			index +=1
 
-#@app.route('/<facet>/<value>', methods = ['GET'])
-#def show_facet():
-	#Linking from a list or individual MS page
-	#show all MSS that share this attribute
+		return jsonify(returndict)
 
-	#Need to redo this: set up as a GET and get arguments to use as DB queries 
+	else:
+		raise NotImplentedError('Entity not yet implemented')
 
-#	pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/armarium.wsgi b/armarium_app/armarium.wsgi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2598466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/armarium_app/armarium.wsgi
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import sys
+
+sys.path.append('/var/www/armarium_app/')
+sys.path.append('/var/www/armarium_app/static')
+
+from app import app as application
+# from app import app as app
+# from app import views
diff --git a/armarium_app/dbdemo.py b/armarium_app/dbdemo.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a2bdd62..0000000
--- a/armarium_app/dbdemo.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-### optional DB query script ###
-
-### RUN USING PYTHON 3 ###
-### Must be in same directory as app.db ###
-### Asks user to input a manuscript ID number, returns small
-### subset of data (manuscript info and volume info for that manuscript)
-### in response to query ***
-
-import sqlite3
-
-
-conn = sqlite3.connect('app.db')
-
-#c = conn.cursor()
-conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
-c = conn.cursor()
-
-msshelfmark = ''
-while type(msshelfmark ) != int:
-	msshelfmark = input('Enter a shelfmark number (valid integer) from 1 to 308: ')
-	try:
-		msshelfmark = int(msshelfmark)
-	except:
-		continue
-
-c.execute('SELECT * FROM manuscript WHERE id=?', [msshelfmark])
-ms = c.fetchone()
-if ms == None:
-	print('No record with that number in database.')
-	exit()
-cols = ms.keys()
-
-print('Manuscript info: ')
-for x in range(0,len(ms)):
-	print(cols[x], ': ', ms[x])
-
-
-
-c.execute('SELECT * FROM volume WHERE ms_id=?', [msshelfmark])
-vols = c.fetchall()
-print('\nVolume info: ')
-for codex in vols:
-	volcols = codex.keys()
-	for columns in range(0, len(volcols)):
-		print(volcols[columns], codex[columns])
-	print('\n')
-
-#c.execute('SELECT * FROM manuscript WHERE id=?', [msshelfmark])
-
-#print
-
-conn.close()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/armarium_app/exscript.py b/armarium_app/exscript.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b19bb1..0000000
--- a/armarium_app/exscript.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-mytestvar = 42
-myteststring = 'Doodly-doo, ding dong doodly doodly doo'
\ No newline at end of file
